Wikipedia kabwiki https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asebter_agejdan MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.20 first-letter Media Uslig Mmeslay Amseqdac Amyannan umsqedac Wikipedia Amyannan n Wikipedia Tugna Amyannan n tugna MediaWiki Amyannan n MediaWiki Talɣa Amyannan n talɣa Tallat Amyannan n tallat Taggayt Amyannan n taggayt Awwur Amyannan uwwur Asenfaṛ Amyannan usenfaṛ TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk Sujet 0 5139 117466 77919 2026-09-23T06:44:37Z Mlili2002 17169 117466 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography}} [[Tugna:Lla Yamina (Arab Ferroudja) Chanteuse Kabyle.png|vignette|Lla Yamina]] '''Lla Yamina''' d tacennayt ger tmezwura n teqbaylit. Isem-is n tidett s teqbaylit '''At Waɛrab Farruǧa''', tulled deg temnaṭ n [[Iɣil Aɛli|Yiɣil Aɛli]] di tama n wadda n tmurt Leqbayel (Basse Kabylie) deg usegwas 1905, temmut deg Yennayer 2008. == Agwad n Lla Yamina ar radyu == Lla Yamina tekccem ar ccna asmi id wwed ar [[Lezzayer]] deg usegwas n 1924. Imiren di laɛmar-is urɛad ɛcrin. Anekccum-is a [[Radyu n teqbaylit]] yellad s lemɛawna n snat tullawin. Yiwet deg sent qqaren-as [[Lla Tassaɛdit]] ( nettat d-tarumit, isem-is aḥeqani d Madame Lafages). Tissnat d [[Lla Wenissa]], umi qqaren '''Qdim Ḥlima''' n tmurt n Umalu (Akruma n wassa). Ccna n Lla Wenissa d [[Lla Yamina]] akk [[Lla Zina]], yezzi kkan s icewwiqen. Ulac allalen imiren, ala tuɣac-nsent. Uyrna [[radyu n teqbaylit]] n yimiren ur tesawad-ara ar [[tmurt n leqbayel]] hacca ar tmurt n lɣurba kkan ig iteffaɣ ṣṣut-nsent. Lla Yamina nettat tigjdit n ccna n [[teqbaylit]], ger dit yerzan asalu ar ccna n tulawin di lweqt-nni anda ccna yella amzun d lɛar. Lla Yamina, [[Lla Wenissa]] akd [[Lla Zina]], skerented tarbaɛt umi qqaren " Tarbaɛt n Lla Wenissa" deg segwasen nni n 30. Sakkin arnanted ɣursent [[Lla Cṛifa]], [[Lla Lǧida Tamuqrant]], [[Cabḥa]], [[Jamila]], sekrented nnuba umi qqaren " [[Urar Lxalat]]" yuɣlen d "[[Nnuba Lxalat]]". Lla Yamina tedda di ccna alami d asmi Imdebren n Radyu (Amaṭṭaf wis ssin) bgsend ad sngren urar n lxalat f lemwaǧi n radyu. Dɣa Lla Yamina teffaɣ si radyu deg segwasen n tesɛin. ==Tizlatin n Lla Yamina == *Tafzimt-iw lfeṭṭa *Aɛyiɣ Mulaɣ *Berkayi deg zwaǧ ur nesliḥ *A tarwa aɛzizen felli *Ṭṭir lhawa *Ay Asaru *Ccaḥ ccah a ṛṛay-iw *Ccurafa == Tamedyazt n Lla Yamina == 1) Amer llan igad yeccfan, D lfaḥmin yeɣran, Nettḥibi lward nettezut, Nneqbed tiregwa waman, Ar leǧnan iyi rran(t), Yefraḥ wergaz d-tameṭṭut, Mid negra deg laxxar n zman, Neḥdar mi-tt kksan, Ɛudna-s bab-is yemmut, Ma nruḥ nugad, Ma neqqim rebbi akka ig rad. 2) Ccaḥ ccaḥ a ṛṛay-iw D kecc ig bɣan, Mi teddid d win ik yehwan, Teǧǧid imawlan [[Category:Tameddurt]][[Category:Aẓawan]][[Category:Acennay]] gvjevhckyqfx8nka1gi260ipjdnppm3 117467 117466 2026-09-23T07:19:49Z Mlili2002 17169 117467 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography}} [[Tugna:Lla Yamina (Arab Ferroudja) Chanteuse Kabyle.png|vignette|Lla Yamina]] '''Lla Yamina''' d tacennayt ger tmezwura n teqbaylit. Isem-is n tidett s teqbaylit '''At Waɛrab Farruǧa''', tulled deg temnaṭ n [[Iɣil Aɛli|Yiɣil Aɛli]] di tama n wadda n tmurt Leqbayel (Basse Kabylie) deg usegwas 1905, temmut deg Yennayer 2008. == Agwad n Lla Yamina ar radyu == Lla Yamina tekccem ar ccna asmi id wwed ar [[Lezzayer]] deg usegwas n 1924. Imiren di laɛmar-is urɛad ɛcrin. Anekccum-is a [[Radyu n teqbaylit]] yellad s lemɛawna n snat tullawin. Yiwet deg sent qqaren-as [[Lla Tassaɛdit]] ( nettat d-tarumit, isem-is aḥeqani d Madame Lafages). Tissnat d [[Lla Wenissa]], umi qqaren '''Qdim Ḥlima''' n tmurt n Umalu (Akruma n wassa). Ccna n Lla Wenissa d [[Lla Yamina]] akk [[Lla Zina]], yezzi kkan s icewwiqen. Ulac allalen imiren, ala tuɣac-nsent. Uyrna [[radyu n teqbaylit]] n yimiren ur tesawad-ara ar [[tmurt n leqbayel]] hacca ar tmurt n lɣurba kkan ig iteffaɣ ṣṣut-nsent. Lla Yamina nettat tigjdit n ccna n [[teqbaylit]], ger dit yerzan asalu ar ccna n tulawin di lweqt-nni anda ccna yella amzun d lɛar. Lla Yamina, [[Lla Wenissa]] akd [[Lla Zina]], skerented tarbaɛt umi qqaren " Tarbaɛt n Lla Wenissa" deg segwasen nni n 30. Sakkin arnanted ɣursent [[Lla Cṛifa]], [[Lla Lǧida Tamuqrant]], [[Cabḥa]], [[Jamila]], sekrented nnuba umi qqaren " [[Urar Lxalat]]" yuɣlen d "[[Nnuba Lxalat]]". Lla Yamina tedda di ccna alami d asmi Imdebren n Radyu (Amaṭṭaf wis ssin) bgsend ad sngren urar n lxalat f lemwaǧi n radyu. Dɣa Lla Yamina teffaɣ si radyu deg segwasen n tesɛin. ==Tizlatin n Lla Yamina == *Tafzimt-iw lfeṭṭa *Aɛyiɣ Mulaɣ *Berkayi deg zwaǧ ur nesliḥ *A tarwa aɛzizen felli *Ṭṭir lhawa *Ay Asaru *Ccaḥ ccah a ṛṛay-iw *Ccurafa == Tamedyazt n Lla Yamina == 1) Amer llan igad yeccfan, D lfaḥmin yeɣran, Nettḥibi lward nettezut, Nneqbed tiregwa waman, Ar leǧnan iyi rran(t), [[Tugna:Lla Yamina deg seggasen n 1990.png|vignette|Lla Yamina deg seggasen n 1990]] Yefraḥ wergaz d-tameṭṭut, Mid negra deg laxxar n zman, Neḥdar mi-tt kksan, Ɛudna-s bab-is yemmut, Ma nruḥ nugad, Ma neqqim rebbi akka ig rad. 2) Ccaḥ ccaḥ a ṛṛay-iw D kecc ig bɣan, Mi teddid d win ik yehwan, Teǧǧid imawlan [[Category:Tameddurt]][[Category:Aẓawan]][[Category:Acennay]] 5x1flsx5wh5kbimpniwx6y7xp94ifyo 117468 117467 2026-09-23T07:24:18Z Mlili2002 17169 117468 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography}} '''Lla Yamina''' d tacennayt ger tmezwura n teqbaylit. Isem-is n tidett s teqbaylit '''At Waɛrab Farruǧa''', tulled deg temnaṭ n [[Iɣil Aɛli|Yiɣil Aɛli]] di tama n wadda n tmurt Leqbayel (Basse Kabylie) deg usegwas 1905, temmut deg Yennayer 2008. [[Tugna:Lla Yamina (Arab Ferroudja) Chanteuse Kabyle.png|vignette|Lla Yamina]] == Agwad n Lla Yamina ar radyu == Lla Yamina tekccem ar ccna asmi id wwed ar [[Lezzayer]] deg usegwas n 1924. Imiren di laɛmar-is urɛad ɛcrin. Anekccum-is a [[Radyu n teqbaylit]] yellad s lemɛawna n snat tullawin. Yiwet deg sent qqaren-as [[Lla Tassaɛdit]] ( nettat d-tarumit, isem-is aḥeqani d Madame Lafages). Tissnat d [[Lla Wenissa]], umi qqaren '''Qdim Ḥlima''' n tmurt n Umalu (Akruma n wassa). Ccna n Lla Wenissa d [[Lla Yamina]] akk [[Lla Zina]], yezzi kkan s icewwiqen. Ulac allalen imiren, ala tuɣac-nsent. Uyrna [[radyu n teqbaylit]] n yimiren ur tesawad-ara ar [[tmurt n leqbayel]] hacca ar tmurt n lɣurba kkan ig iteffaɣ ṣṣut-nsent. Lla Yamina nettat tigjdit n ccna n [[teqbaylit]], ger dit yerzan asalu ar ccna n tulawin di lweqt-nni anda ccna yella amzun d lɛar. Lla Yamina, [[Lla Wenissa]] akd [[Lla Zina]], skerented tarbaɛt umi qqaren " Tarbaɛt n Lla Wenissa" deg segwasen nni n 30. Sakkin arnanted ɣursent [[Lla Cṛifa]], [[Lla Lǧida Tamuqrant]], [[Cabḥa]], [[Jamila]], sekrented nnuba umi qqaren " [[Urar Lxalat]]" yuɣlen d "[[Nnuba Lxalat]]". Lla Yamina tedda di ccna alami d asmi Imdebren n Radyu (Amaṭṭaf wis ssin) bgsend ad sngren urar n lxalat f lemwaǧi n radyu. Dɣa Lla Yamina teffaɣ si radyu deg segwasen n tesɛin. ==Tizlatin n Lla Yamina == *Tafzimt-iw lfeṭṭa *Aɛyiɣ Mulaɣ *Berkayi deg zwaǧ ur nesliḥ *A tarwa aɛzizen felli *Ṭṭir lhawa *Ay Asaru *Ccaḥ ccah a ṛṛay-iw *Ccurafa == Tamedyazt n Lla Yamina == [[Tugna:Lla Yamina deg seggasen n 1990.png|vignette|Lla Yamina deg seggasen n 1990]]1) Amer llan igad yeccfan, D lfaḥmin yeɣran, Nettḥibi lward nettezut, Nneqbed tiregwa waman, Ar leǧnan iyi rran(t), Yefraḥ wergaz d-tameṭṭut, Mid negra deg laxxar n zman, Neḥdar mi-tt kksan, Ɛudna-s bab-is yemmut, Ma nruḥ nugad, Ma neqqim rebbi akka ig rad. 2) Ccaḥ ccaḥ a ṛṛay-iw D kecc ig bɣan, Mi teddid d win ik yehwan, Teǧǧid imawlan [[Category:Tameddurt]][[Category:Aẓawan]][[Category:Acennay]] kl1rm63xt7b635qljbm8ovfe78s6nai 0 25566 117460 117456 2026-09-22T18:52:55Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117460 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Alexander Severus Musei Capitolini MC471.jpg|vignette|Aliksandr Severus.]] '''Aliksandr Severus''' (''Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander'') yella d amenkad n Tmenkda {{Infobox biography|item=Q1769|image=[[File:0 Alexandre Sévère - MR 408 - Louvre (1b).JPG|thumb]]|caption=Amenkad Aliksandr Severus}} Tarumanit seg 222 ar 235 n tallit-nneɣ. Yuli ɣer uselway n tmenkda mi yesɛa kan azal n 13 neɣ 14 n yiseggasen, deffir tmettant n gma-s n yemma-s, amenkad Elagabalus. Tallit-is tettuneḥsab gar talliyin tineggura n twacult n Severus, uqbel ad tebdu tazɣent tameqqrant n wurfan d yimenɣiyen i yettwassnen deg umezruy arumani s yisem n tezɣent n lqern wis III. == 1. Tilalit, tawacult d tneflit-is == Aliksandr Severus ilul deg 208 deg Arqa Caesarea, deg tmurt n Surya n wass-a, i yellan deg tallit-nni d aḥric n Tmenkda Tarumanit. Isem-is amezwaru yella ''Marcus Julius Gessius Bassianus Alexianus''. Yella d mmi-s n ''Julia Mamaea'' akked ''Marcus Julius Gessius Marcianus''. Tawacult-is tettcudd s waṭas ɣer twacult n Severus. Jidda-s, ''Julia Maesa'', tettuneḥsab gar tlawin yesɛan azal ameqqran deg tsertit tarumanit n tallit-nni. Nettat d weltma-s n ''Julia Domna'', tameṭṭut n umenkad [[Septimyus Severus]]. Aya yeǧǧa Aliksandr ad yesɛu azref awaraw i tmenkda. == 2. Tagnit uqbel ad yali ɣer tmenkda == Uqbel ad yawweḍ ɣer uselway, Tamenkda Tarumanit tella deg tallit n ubeddel. [[Elagabalus]], i yellan d amenkad seg 218, yessexleḍ tasertit, asɣan(tadyanit) d tsertit n uxxam n tmenkda s tarrayt i yessewḥalen aṭas n yimdanen deg Roma. Elagabalus yebɣa ad yerr asɣan n Elagabal, ṛebbi n tafat n Emesa, deg wadeg unnig deg tudert tadeyyanit tarumanit. Aṭas n yimdanen n Roma, ladɣa Isinaṭuren d yiserdasen, ur qeblen ara aya. Julia Maesa teẓra belli tagnit n Elagabalus ur tettkemmil ara. Ihi, tessaweḍ-it ad yeqbel Aliksandr d mmi-s s uzref(s usmemmi). Deg 221, Aliksandr yuɣal d '''''Caesar''''', anamek-is belli yettwali d win ara d-iḍefren amenkad. == 3. Aɣelluy n Elagabalus d usali n Aliksandr == Deg 11 Meɣres 222, iɛessasen n Tredsa Praetorian nɣan Elagabalus akked yemma-s Julia Soaemias. Deffir waya, Aliksandr yettwafren d amenkad. Yesɛa azal n 13 neɣ 14 n yiseggasen kan. Aya yessefk ad nefhem yiwen n uḥric agejdan n tmenkda-s: imi meẓẓi aṭas, tasertit n tmenkda deg yiseggasen imezwura tella s waṭas gar ifassen n yemma-s Julia Mamaea d jedda-s Julia Maesa. == 4. Julia Mamaea d wazal n tlawin deg tsertit == [[Tugna:Julia mammea01 pushkin.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n Julia Mamaea.]] '''''Julia Mamaea''''' tesɛa azal ameqqran deg tmenkda n mmi-s. Tella d tameṭṭut yettwasnen s leḥḍara, s tḥerci d useḥbiber ɣef tedrimt. Mi temmut ''Julia Maesa'', ''Mamaea'' tuɣal d yiwet gar tid yesɛan azal ameqqran ɣef umenkad. Iswi-s yella d asnerni n tugna n Aliksandr am umenkad iḥerzen ilugan, Isinaṭuren d tsertit taqburt tarumanit, mgal tugna n Elagabalus i yettwali aṭas n yimdanen d win ur nettekki ara deg leɛwayed n Roma. Maca azal d tezrirt tameqqrant n yemma-s fell-as yuɣal daɣen d ugur. Iserdasen d kra n yimeqqranen bdan ttwalin amenkad amzun ur yezmir ara ad yerfed ɣef yiman-is taẓæyt d tmasit n tmenkda. == 5. Tasertit-is tagensant == [[Tugna:Marble portrait bust of Severus Alexander MET DP345023.jpg|vignette|Tarudemt s arxam n Aliksandr Severus.]] Aliksandr d wid i t-id-yezzin bɣan ad d-rren kra n wansayen n leḥkem aqbur n Roma. Yebɣa ad yesseḥbiber ɣef '''Senatus''', ad yesnerni azal n yimawlan d yimdanen yettwassnen s tmusni, yerna ad yegzem azal n yiserdasen deg tsertit. Deg tazwara n leḥkem-is, imeḍebbaren d yimussnawen n yizerfan am ''Ulpian'' sɛan azal deg tedbelt n tmenkda. ''Ulpian'', yiwen gar yimussnawen n yizerfan imuqranen n Roma, yuɣal d yiwen seg imeḍebbaren n Tredsa Praetorian. Maca yella-d umennuɣ gar-as d iɛessasen n Tredsa Praetorian, alamma nɣan-t deg 223. Tadyant-a tettak-d tugna n wugur ameqqran i yellan deg tmenkda: amenkad yebɣa ad yerr iɛessasen n Tredsa Praetorian ddaw n leḥkem, maca iɛessasen-a bdan sɛan azal n tsertit i yettnernin. == 6. Tadbelt d tdamsa == Tallit n Aliksandr tettuneḥsab s umata d tallit n uɛraḍ n useḥbiber ɣef tdamsa n tmenkda. Akken i d-ttawin kra n yimyura iqburen, Aliksandr d yemma-s bɣan ad ḥerzen tedrimt n tmenkda, ad ḥebsen ṣṣerf ur nesɛi ara azal, yerna ad snernin leḥkem yebnan ɣef uḥareb n tedbelt. Maca Tamenkda Tarumanit tella d tameqqrant aṭas: seg ''Britanya'' deg umalu ar ''Mesopotamia'' deg usammar, seg Ufrat ar Tefriqt Ugafa. Iserdasen, iɣerbazen n tmenkda, iberdan, imukan n laman d tedbelt n yal tamnaḍt sran idrimen imeqqranen. Ihi, asnerni n tdamsa ur yelli ara d ayen fessusen. == 7. Aliksandr d Senatus == Yiwen gar yiswan n leḥkem-is yella d tuɣalin ɣer umyizwer gar umenkad d Senatus. Deg talliyin yezrin, ladɣa ddaw n kra n yimenkaden, Senatus yella yettwaḥqar neɣ yettwakkes-as kra n wazal-is. Aliksandr yebɣa ad d-yerr azal-is, neɣ ma drus ad d-yerr tugna n leḥkem anda imsenqaden d yimeqqranen n Roma ttekkin deg tsertit. Maca deg tidet, Tamenkda Tarumanit n lqern wis III ur tezmir ara ad tuɣal ɣer tarrayt n leḥkem n tallit n Augustus. Ajgu n tezmert yella yettbeddil: aserdasi yuɣal d yiwen gar yiferdisen igejdanen n leḥkem. == 8. Asɣan d tsertit tasɣanant == Aliksandr ur yelli ara d amenkad yettwasnen s tsertit tasɣanant taɣelnawt am Elagabalus. Leḥkem-is yebɣa ad d-yerr leɛwayed d wansayen n Roma d yixxamen n yirebbiten n Roma ɣer waddad-nsen. Imyura iqburen, ladɣa Historia Augusta, ttawin-d belli Aliksandr yella yesɛa azal i waṭas n yimdanen yettwassnen deg umezruy n usɣan d tfelsafit, gar-asen ''Abraham'' d ''Yasuɛ''. Maca Historia Augusta d aɣbalu i deg llan waṭas n yisallen ur nettwaḍmen ara, ihi yessefk ad ten-nwali s leḥḍara. Ur ilaq ara ad d-nini s teẓẓi belli Aliksandr yella d amasiḥi. Ur nesɛi ara anagi amezwaru i d-yessenkanen aya. == 9. Tamenkda Tasasanit — abrid amaynut n Persia == Yiwen gar yibeddilen imeqqranen n tallit-is yeḍra deg usammar. Tamenkda n '''''Parthia''''', i yellan d acengu aqdim n Roma, teɣli. Deg wadeg-is, '''''Ardashir''''' yebna Tamenkda Tasasanit azal n 224. Aya ibeddel akk tagnit tasertasant deg usammar. Sasanid-nni ur bɣin ara kan ad ḥerzen akal n Parthia. Bɣan ad snernin tazmert-nsen ɣef Mesopotamia d kra n tmura i yellan ddaw n Roma. Roma tesɛa tura acengu amaynut, yesɛan tadbelt yeqwan, aserdasi ameqqran d tikti n tmenkda i yebɣan ad tennerni. == 10. Amennuɣ mgal Ardashir I == Azal n 230, Sasanid-nni bdan ttawin-d aḍar ameqqran ɣef tmura n Roma deg usammar. Aliksandr yessekcem iman-is deg umennuɣ. Deg 231–232, yewwi iserdasen ar usammar. Imennuɣ yella d awezɣi i Roma. Iɣallen irumanen ttwabḍan ɣef waṭas n yiberdan. Kra n yiserdasen uɣen-d lǧehd, wiyaḍ xesren aṭas n yimdanen. Aɣawas arumani ur yessaweḍ ara ad yerẓ akk Tamenkda Tasasanit, maca Sasanid-nni daɣen ur ssiwḍen ara ad rnun akal ameqqran ɣef Roma deg tagnit-nni. Aliksandr yuɣal ɣer Roma, anda i d-yessken iman-is am win yerna deg umennuɣ. Maca tilawt tella ugar n waya: ur telli d timernit tameqqrant n Roma, ur yelli daɣen d aɣelluy n Persia. == 11. Ugur n limes n Rhine d Danube == Mi yella Aliksandr deg usammar, kra n yigrawen n yijermanen bdan ttaẓen ɣer tlisa n Tmenkda Tarumanit ɣef ''limes'' deg ''Rhine'' d ''Danube''. Tamenkda tesra ihi ad d-terr iɣallen-is ɣer umalu. Deg 234–235, Aliksandr yewwi iserdasen-is ɣer tmurt n Germanya. Dagi i tebda tagnit ara t-yawin ɣer tmettant. == 12. Ugur-is akked yiserdasen == Aliksandr ur yelli ara d amenkad yellan yettkel ɣef yiman-is am kra n yimenkaden i t-id-yeḍfren. Yettwali ameslay, tamsalt d tifrat tasertit am tarrayin i izemren ad ssiwḍent ɣer talwit. Maca iserdasen n ''limes'' ur bɣin ara aya. Nutni bɣan amennuɣ mgal igrawen ijermaḍen. Aliksandr, s unamek n kra n yiɣbula, yebɣa ad yeg tamsalt s wawal d tedrimt uqbel ad yebdu amennuɣ ameqqran. I yiserdasen, aya yella d anamek n teḍɛaf. Yerna llan wid i yettwalin belli amenkad yettawi awal n yemma-s Julia Mamaea ugar n wayen ilaq. == 13. Maximinus Thrax == Gar yiserdasen yella yiwen n umɣar n yiserdasen i wumi qqaren ''Maximinus Thrax''. Yella d argaz n usatal aserdasan, yettwassen gar yiserdasen, yerna tugna-s tella mgal tin n Aliksandr: Maximinus yettwali d argaz n umennuɣ, n lǧehd d tsertit taserdasant. Deg 235, kra n yiserdasen fernen ''Maximinus'' d amenkad. Aya yella d aɛraḍ n usenser n Aliksandr. == 14. Tamatut n Aliksandr Severus == Deg Meɣres 235, iserdasen nɣan Aliksandr Severus akked yemma-s Julia Mamaea, deg temnaḍt n Mogontiacum — Mainz n wass-a — neɣ deg kra n wadeg iqerben ɣur-s. Yesɛa azal n 26 neɣ 27 n yiseggasen. Tamttant-is ur telli ara kan d taggara n yiwen umenkad. Tettuneḥsab d yiwen n ubeddel ameqqran deg umezruy n Roma. == 15. Taggara n twacult n Severus == S tmettant n Aliksandr, tettfakka s tidet twacult n Severus, i yebdan s [[Septimyus Severus]] deg 193. Gar yimenkaden-is llan: Septimius Severus → Karakalla → Geta → Elagabalus → Aliksandr Severus. [[Makrinus]], i yeḥkmen gar Karakalla d Elagabalus, ur yettekki ara ɣer twacult-a. Twacult n Severus teḥkem azal n 42 n yiseggasen, maca tallit-is tettban-d daɣen amek i yettnerni wazal n yiserdasen deg ufran d usenser n yimenkaden. == 16. Tazɣent n lqern wis III == Tamettant n Aliksandr deg 235 tettwaḥsab s umata d tazwara n wayen i wumi semman imezzayen n umezruy Tazɣent n lqern wis III (Crisis of the Third Century). Gar 235 d 284/285, Tamenkda Tarumanit tettidir tallit n wurfan: imenɣiyen ɣef tmenkda, imenkaden yettbeddilen s lemɣawla, iserdasen i yettferanen imenkaden, imenɣiyen mgal Sasanid, anṭag n yigrawen ijermanen ɣef tlisa ''limes'', uguren n tdamsa, d unṭaḍ n waṭṭanen deg kra n talliyin. Deg kra n yiseggasen, Tamenkda qarib ad tebḍu ɣef kra n tmura. Ihi, 235 d aseggas agejdan deg umezruy arumani. == 17. Ayen i yellan yelhan deg leḥkem-is == Aliksandr yettwali s umata am umenkad ur nebɣi ara tirrugza taserdasant neɣ adabu s yiɣil. Yebɣa: ad d-yerr azal i Senatus(Sina n Ruma); ad yesnerni tadbelt; ad iḥareb ɣef tedrimt n tmenkda; ad yesnerni tarrayt n leḥkem yebnan ɣef yimḍebbaren d yimussnawen; ad yeḥrez talwit tasɣanant; ad yesseḥbiber ɣef tmenkda mgal Sasanid-nni d yicenga n ugafa. Deg tarrayt-a, nezmer ad t-nwali am umenkad yebɣan talwit d leḥkem s yilugan ugar n leḥkem s tissas n yiserdasen. == 18. Anda i ixuṣṣ leḥkem-is == Maca ayen yellan d lǧehd-is yuɣal, deg kra n tegnatin, d taḍɛaf-is. Tamenkda n lqern wis III tesra amenkad i izemren ad yesseḥbiber ɣef yiserdasen. Aliksandr ur yessaweḍ ara ad yerr aserdasi ddaw n leḥkem-is s tarrayt iwatan. Yerna azal n yemma-s deg tsertit yessexṣer tugna-s gar kra n yiserdasen. Nutni bɣan ad walin amenkad i yettawi leqrar s yiman-is. Tifrat-is n tamsalt tajermanit s tarrayt n ustag daɣen tettwafhem am taḍɛaf. Deg Tmenkda Tarumanit n tallit-nni, tugna n lǧehd tella tikwal tesɛa azal am lǧehd s timmad-is. == 19. Amek i nezmer ad t-nefhem ass-a? == Ur ilaq ara ad nefhem Aliksandr kan am «amenkad ur yeǧhid ara». Ugur yella ugar n yiwen umdan. Anagraw asertan arumani yella yettbeddil. Deg lqern wis I d wis II, tawacult n umenkad, Senatus d usardas zemren, s kra n wuguren, ad ṭṭfen tawenza n tmenkda. Deg lqern wis III, aserdasi yuɣal yesɛa azal ameqqran deg ufran n win ara yeḥkmen. Ma ur k-qeblen ara yiserdasen-ik, tzemreḍ ad teɣliḍ — ɣas ma yella Senatus, izerfan neɣ tawacult n tmenkda ɣer tama-k. Tamettant n Aliksandr tettak-d tugna tameqqrant n ubeddel-a. == 20. Aliksandr d Elagabalus — sin yimenkaden yemgaraden == Yelha ad nesmenyif Aliksandr d win i t-id-yezrin, Elagabalus. Elagabalus yebɣa abeddel ameqqran deg leɛwayed d tedyanit n Roma; Aliksandr yebɣa tuɣalin ɣer leɛwayed. Elagabalus yessewḥal Senatus d kra n yimdanen n Roma; Aliksandr yebɣa ad d-yerr azal n Senatus. Elagabalus yettwali deg umezruy arumani am amenkad n ubeddel d wurfan; Aliksandr yettwali am amenkad n useḥbiber d useggem. Maca sin fukken s yiwen n wudem: iɛessasen n Tredsa Praetorian neɣ iserdasen qqimen d aferdis agejdan deg tmettant-nsen. == 21. Azal-is deg umezruy n Roma == Azal ameqqran n Aliksandr Severus deg umezruy ur d-yekki ara kan seg wayen ixdem, maca seg tallit anda yemmut. Tamettant-is tettmarki taggara n yiwet n tallit. Deffir-s, ''Maximinus Thrax'' yuli ɣer tmenkda s tallelt n yiserdasen. Ur yelli ara d ameqqran n Senatus neɣ d warraw n twacult n yimenkaden. Aya yesseknen-d belli tazmert n tmenkda tezmer tura ad d-teffeɣ srid seg usardas. Deg yiseggasen i d-yeḍfren, aya yuɣal yettɛawad-d tikwal. == 22. Tugna-is deg yiɣbula iqburen == Aṭas n wayen i neẓra ɣef Aliksandr yekka-d seg yimyura iqburen am ''Cassius Dio'', ''Herodian'' d ''Historia Augusta''. Maca yessefk ad nefrez gar-asen. Cassius Dio yella d amdan n tsertit n tallit-nni, maca aḥric aneggaru n umezruy-is ur aɣ-d-yewwiḍ ara s talɣa-is tamezwarut. Herodian yura ɣef tallit n yimenkaden seg [[Mark Urel]] ar tallit-is. ''Historia Augusta'' tesɛa aṭas n yisallen ɣef Aliksandr, maca imezzayen n wass-a ḥesben belli aṭas n wayen i d-tettawi ur yezmir ara ad yettwaḍmen. Ihi, tugna n «Aliksandr, amenkad yelhan, aḥnin, iḥerzen ilugan» ilaq ad tettwaqra s leḥḍara: kra deg-s yezmer ad yili d tidet, kra nniḍen yezmer ad yili d tugna tasertit i d-snulfuyen yimyura n deffir tmettant-is. 4y4c8hrt6luk1ipbqh5t4gcep5i697t 0 25569 117459 117454 2026-09-22T14:00:09Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117459 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:OpenAI logo 2025 (symbol).svg|vignette|Alugu n ChatGPT]] '''ChatGPT''' d amallal n udiwenni s [[Tigzi Taragmawant|tigzi taragmawant]] (AI) i d-tesnulfa taṛmist OpenAI. Yeffeɣ-d i useqdec azayez deg 30 Wamber 2022, deg tazwara am rusenfaṛ n unadi, iwakken OpenAI ad telmed seg useqdec n yimdanen, ad tissin tizemmar d tilisa n unagraw-is. Deg lqem-is amezwaru, ChatGPT yebna ɣef umudam seg twacult GPT-3.5. Isem ChatGPT yebḍa ɣef sin yiḥricen: Chat, anamek-is adiwenni, akked GPT — Generative Pre-trained Transformer, tawacult n yimudam n tutlayt i ɣef yebna. Tamiḍrant tagejdant d ad yerr tazmert n yimudam imeqqranen n tutlayt deg ugrudem anda amdan yezmer ad yesseqdec tigzi taragmawant s tutlayt tagamant, amzun yettmeslay akked umeggay. Ass-a, ChatGPT yugar aṭas tamiḍrant n chatbot. Yezmer ad iɛiwen deg tira, tussna, anadi, asihel, tasleḍt n yisefka d yisemliyen, tugniwin, tifrat n wuguren, aseggem n yisenfaren d waṭas n twuriwin-nniḍen. OpenAI tessegza-t am umallal AI i izemren ad iɛiwen deg twuriwin n yal ass. == 1. Talalit n ChatGPT == Mi d-yeffeɣ ChatGPT deg 2022, tamiḍrant n umeslay akked tmacint ur telli ara d tamaynut. Llan ''chatbots'' uqbel-is s waṭas n yiseggasen. Ayen i ibeddlen akked ChatGPT d tazmert n umudam-is ad yegzu asiḍen n udiwenni, ad ikemmel ameslay ɣef waṭas n yisteqsiyen, ad yessegzi timiḍranin, ad yaru iḍrisen ɣezzifen, yerna ad ixdem tiwuriwin yemgaraden war ma ilaq ad yettwaselmed s talɣa tusridt i yal yiwet seg-sent. [[OpenAI]] tessegza deg ussufeɣ n 2022 belli talɣa n udiwenni tettak i ChatGPT tazmert ad d-yerr ɣef yisteqsiyen i d-iteddun deffir yisteqsi amezwaru, ad iqbel mi yecceḍ, ad yesseɣti kra n turdiwin ur nṣeḥḥa ara deg usteqsi, yerna ad yagi kra n yisutar ur nemṣada ara akked tɣellist. Lqem amezwaru yettwaselmed s tarrayt n RLHF — Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback, anda imdanen ɛawnen deg uselmed n unagraw s usmenyif gar tririyin yemgaraden. ChatGPT n tazwara yebna ɣef GPT-3.5, maca deg yiseggasen i d-yeḍfernen OpenAI ternu imudam s tzemmar ugar. == 2. D acu i d GPT? == Iwakken ad nefhem ChatGPT, ilaq ad nefhem GPT. GPT d agzul n '''Aselkat n usaraw uzarsileɣ'''('''Generative Pre-trained Transformer)'''. Asaraw yemmal-d belli amudam yezmer ad d-isnulfu agbur am uḍris, tangalt n useɣẓan neɣ igemmaḍ-nniḍen. Azarsileɣ yemmal-d belli uqbel ad yebdu udiwenni akked useqdac, amudam yettwaselmad yakan ɣef yisefka imeqqranen. Aselkat d anaw n taneɣruft n uẓeṭṭa n uselmed alaway i yerran imudam n tutlayt imeqqranen n tura zemren ad xedmen tasleḍt n wassaɣen gar wawalen, tefyar d yimektayen deg yiḍrisen. ChatGPT, ihi, mačči d adlis ameqqran anda tella tririt i yal asteqsi. D anagraw n uselmed n tmacint i yesseqdacen imudam i yettwaselmaden ɣef waṭas n yisefka, syin yesseqdac ayen yelmed iwakken ad d-isuddes tiririt almend n usteqsi d usatal. == 3. Amek iteddu ChatGPT? == Mi ara taruḍ asteqsi, aḍris-ik yettwabḍa ɣer iferdisen imeẓyanen i nezmer ad nessemmi tiddas(tokens). ''Tiddest'' tezmer ad yili awal, aḥric n wawal, azamul neɣ kra n usekkil almend n tutlayt d umsiddes(tokenizer) i yettwaseqdacen. Amudam yettawi tiddest-a, yettales tasleḍt n wassaɣen gar-asen akked usatal i d-yezwaren, syin yettak tilisa i wayen i izemren ad d-iḍfer. S talɣa taḥerfit, yezmer ad yettwafhem am unagraw i yettaznen yal tikkelt: «D acu i ilaqen ad d-iḍfer tura?» Maca mi ara nales ayagi ɣef yimelyunen neɣ yimelyaren n yiferdisen d yassaɣen ussnanen i yelmed umudam, ad d-teffeɣ tazmert i yugar s waṭas asnimer n wawal i d-iteddun: asegzi, tira, agdal, tasleḍt, asihel, tifrat n wuguren d usuddes n tamusni. Dɣa, ma tella tririt tettban amzun tamacint «tessen» ayen i d-tenna, ilaq ad nefrez gar tarrayt n umudam d tegzi n umdan. ChatGPT d anagraw n tigzi taragmawant; ur ilaq ara ad as-nefk iḥulfan, iman neɣ tamuɣli tudmawant n umaḍal war ad yili ufus ussnan i waya. == 4. Aselmed s tallelt n yimdanen == Yiwen seg yiferdisen i d-yerran ChatGPT yemgarad ɣef kra n yimudam iqburen d aselmed iwakken ad iḍfer tanaḍt n useqdac yerna ad yerr s talɣa iwulmen i udiwenni. Deg lqem amezwaru, OpenAI tessemres ''supervised fine-tuning'': imselmaden imdanen ttaken-d imedyaten n yidiwenniyen gar useqdac d umeggay. Syin, OpenAI tessemres '''RLHF'''. Imdanen smenyafen gar waṭas n tririyin; isefka-a ttwasqedcen iwakken ad yelmed unagraw anwa anaw n tririt i d-yettwasmenyafen. Tarrayin n uselmed n yimudam imaynuten n tura zemrent ad mgaradent ɣef tarrayt-a tamezwarut, maca tamuɣli tagejdant teqqim: ur ilaq ara umudam ad yissin kan amek ara d-isnulfu aḍris; ilaq daɣen ad yelmed amek ara iḍfer tanaḍt d wamek ara d-yerr s talɣa ara yilin d abaɣur i useqdac. == 5. Seg GPT-3.5 ɣer yimudam imaynuten == Amezruy n ChatGPT yeqqen ɣer unerni n yimudam n OpenAI. Deg 2022, ChatGPT amezwaru yebna ɣef GPT-3.5. Deg Meɣres 2023, GPT-4 yekcem ɣer ChatGPT Plus. Deg Mayyu 2024, GPT-4o yekcem ɣer ChatGPT. Deg Sebtember 2024, OpenAI tebda tessemras imudam n uwemmam/reasoning s o1-preview d o1-mini. Deg Ɣuct 2025, GPT-5 yekcem ɣer ChatGPT. Deg 2026, tawacult GPT-5.6 tettwaseqdec deg ChatGPT. OpenAI tessegza GPT-5.6 Sol am umudam i yesseqdacen Plus d Pro i twuriwin i yeḥwaǧǧen tizemmar ugar, ma d GPT-5.6 Luna d amudam agejdan i yiseqdacen Free d Go deg ubeddel i d-tessegza deg Ɣuct 2026. Anamek-is d akken ChatGPT mačči d yiwen n umudam. D afaris neɣ d agrudem i izemren ad yesseqdec imudam yemgaraden almend n lqem, n twuri d unaw n umiḍan. == 6. Adiwenni d usatal == Tazmert tagejdant n ChatGPT d asatal n udiwenni. Ma testeqsaḍ, syin terniḍ: «Segzi-d ugar», ChatGPT yezmer ad yegzu belli tmeslayeḍ ɣef tririt yezrin. Ur ilaq ara ad talseḍ asteqsi seg tazwara. Anect-a yettili acku iznan n udiwenni zemren ad ilin deg usatal i yettwafkan i umudam. S waya, adiwenni yezmer ad yuɣal d axeddim s kra n yimeḍqan: asteqsi → tiririt → aseɣti → tasleḍt → lqem aneggaru. D ayen i d-yefkan azal ameqqran i ChatGPT am wallal n uselmed, tira, asihel d unadi. == 7. Tifrat n wuguren d «uxemmam» == Imudam imaynuten n ChatGPT ur ttwasqedcen ara kan i tira n tutlayt; zemren daɣen ad xedmen ɣef tifrat n wuguren. Deg leḥsab, asihel, tussna neɣ tasleḍt, anagraw yezmer ad yesseqdec tarrayin i as-yettaken akud ugar i usuddes n tririt uqbel ad tt-id-yefk. Anect-a ur ilaq ara ad yettwafhem amzun ChatGPT yettxemmim s yiḥulfan neɣ s teɣzi n umdan. Awal axemmam neɣ s teglizit ''reasoning'' dagi yettuseqdac i tzemmar n unagraw ad yesseqdec kra n yimenzayen d tarrayin n tifrat n wuguren iwakken ad yawi ɣer ugemmuḍ igerrzen. Deg 2026, OpenAI tettak deg kra n yimudam-is tarrayin i yettaǧǧan aseqdac ad yefren acḥal n wakud d tzemmar ara yefk unagraw i tifrat n wugur. == 8. Agetaskarant — multimodality == ChatGPT n tura ur yettqimi ara deg uḍris kan. Imudam d wallalen-is zemren, almend n lqem d umiḍan, ad xedmen akked tugniwin, ifuyla d yisemliyen, ad ten-sleḍ, ad ten-id-ssegzin neɣ ad d-rren ɣef yisteqsiyen fell-asen. OpenAI tessegza ChatGPT am umeggay i yezmer ad yettwaseqdec i tesleḍt n tugniwin d yifuyla, rnu ɣer tira, asiḍen(leḥsab), asihel d usuddes n yimektayen. Tazmert-a tettusemma s Teglizit ''multimodality'': anagraw ur yettqabal ara yiwen n wanaw n yisefka kan. Anect-a yessekcem ChatGPT seg umaḍal n chatbot n uḍris ɣer unagraw wessiɛen i izemren ad ixdem akked waṭas n wanawen n yisefka. == 9. Anadi deg Web == Yiwen seg wuguren n yimudam n tutlayt d akken tamusni i d-yettwaselmed ur tezmir ara ad tili d tamaynut i lebda. Tella talast gar wakud n uselmed d wayen iḍerrun tura deg umaḍal. I tifrat n waya, ChatGPT yezmer ad yesseqdec anadi deg Web. Deg umḍiq n wakken ad d-yerr kan seg tamusni n umudam, yezmer ad inadi ɣef yisallen imaynuten deg Internet, ad ten-yesleḍ, syin ad d-yefk tiririt s tuɣalin ɣer yɣbula. OpenAI tessegza belli ''ChatGPT Search'' yettaǧǧa ChatGPT ad d-yawi isallen imaynuten seg Internet srid ɣer udiwenni. Aya yesɛa azal deg yisental i yettbeddilen s lemɣawla: isallen n wass, tetiknulujit, ibeddilen n yifarisen, tasertit, tadamsa, imeslayen ussnanen imaynuten d wayen-nniḍen. == 10. Anadi Lqayen == I unadi yeḥwaǧǧen ugar n telqayt, OpenAI tesnulfa ''Deep Research''. Deg umḍiq n unadi aḥerfi i d-yettawin kra n yɣbula, Anadi Lqayen(Deep Research) yezmer ad yebnu abrid n unadi, ad inadi deg waṭas n yɣbula, ad ten-yesmenyaf, ad yessemlil isallen, syin ad d-isuffeɣ aneqqis neɣ tasleḍt s yɣbula. Deg 2026, OpenAI terni tazmert i Deep Research ad yeqqen ɣer yisnasen d yiɣbula-nniḍen, yerna aseqdac yezmer ad iwali amek iteddu unadi yerna ad t-id-ibeddel deg tazwara ar taggara. S waya, ChatGPT yezmer ad yuɣal seg umeggay n yisteqsiyen d tririyin ɣer umallal n unadi. 13o8222eh5e8i9lcakca74sjrhek9vi 0 25570 117465 117407 2026-09-23T05:50:39Z Land useqdac 17167 Tugar n yisallen 117465 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox}} '''Tilkayu''' neɣ '''Amcic aɣilas n Tilkayu''' ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Leopardus tilcayo''') d yiwet n [[talmest|telmest]] n [[tiserɣuda|tserɣuda]] yettidiren di [[Bulivya]]. Talmest n wemcic-a tga d talmest tamezwart i d-ittugelmen seg wugar n tsut (lqern). Maca, telmest-a tella tettwassen yakan ɣer yimezdaɣ n tamiwin deg wanda yettidir. Tikli-nnes tcudd ɣer tin n ṣṣenɛat niḍen n yimcic n tigert am oncilla, yerna amkan-nnes d aɣref ay d-yemgerraden s tgemmi ur t-id-sseknen ara yimusnawen n yiɣersiwen arma d tazrawt n 2026. == Aglam == == Amezruy == == Tasensartut == == Taẓuni (Ideggan n tudert) == == Taggaẓt == == Imniren == [[Taggayt:iɣersiwen]] [[Taggayt:tiserɣuda]] rswxcl1sw906cpbz1e1t1wbtq05dbq2 0 25583 117469 117452 2026-09-23T10:42:12Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117469 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Early migrations mercator.svg|vignette|Inigen imezwura n talsa.]] '''Asmaḍel''' (neɣ '''Tasmaḍelt''', s tefransist: Mondialisation neɣ Globalisation, s teglizit: Globalization) d akala d umussu ameqran n usemres, n tuqqna d usegrew gar tmura, tidamsiwin, tmettiyin d yidelsan n umtiweg n Lqaɛa meṛṛa. Yettgensis-d assaɣen i d-yezzin i umaḍal akk, ideg ay ssenqasen tlisa gar yiwanaken, yerna yettili-d userked n yiwen n wulzuz (ssuq) agraɣlan ideg ttazzalen yilzazen (sselɛat), imeẓla, idrimen (ihriten), tilɣa d yimdanen s tazzla tameqrant yerna war aḥbaṣ. Xas akken asmaḍel yebda-d seg zik s tnezzut tagraɣlant d unadi ɣef yimuka imaynuten, aswir-is yulin s lǧehd seg tagara n tasut tis 20, ladɣa seld aɣelluy n Uɣrab n Berlin (1989) d unnerni ussnan d utiknuluji, ladɣa s usnulfu n Internet d ttawilat n taywalt tatrart. == 1. Amezruy n usmaḍel == === 1.1 Talliyin timenza === Abrid ɣer usmaḍel ur d-yelli ara d ayen i d-yusan deg yiwen wass. Seg tallit taqburt, llan yimussuyen n wembaddel deg wulzuz gar yegduden: '''Abrid n Usilki''' (Abrid n leḥrir): Yeqqen Asya d Turuft d Tefriqt Ugafa, yegla-d s wembaddel n sselɛat, d ussegrew n tmusniwin. '''Isaffen d yillelen''': Ilel Agrakal yella d asayes ameqran ideg mlalen Yimaziɣen (Inumidiyen, Ifniqiyen), Igrigiyen d Yirumanen. === 1.2 Tagrawla tamgurant d usehres === Deg tasut tis 15 d tis 16, tizmert n tmura n Turuft terna mi d-ufan imuka imaynuten (am Marikan). Deg tasut tis 18 d tis 19, tagrawla tamgurant tessaweḍ ɣer usedmer n tmacint n iraggen, abrid n wuzzal d uselket alemmas n sselɛa. Tallit-a tella daɣen d tallit n usehres (tameharsa) ansa i d-yewwi Umalu tabaɣurt tameqrant seg Tefriqt d Wasya. === 1.3 Tallit tamezdayt deffir 1945 === Deffir Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Wis Sin, timura timeqranin sbeddent-d anagraw n Bretton Woods (1944)[4]. Dɣa d aya i d-yeslulen: Asenduq n Tedrimt Agraɣlan (FMI) Lbanka Tamaḍlant (Banque Mondiale) GATT, i yuɣalen d Tuddsa Tanmaḍalt n Tnezzut (OMC) deg useggas n 1995. Seg useggas n 1990 d asawen, mi yeɣli Uɣrab n Berlin tekfa [[Tadukli n Tegdudiwin Tinemlayin Tisuvyitiyin|Tdukli Tasuvyatit]], anagraw n [[Asihri|usihri]] yessaweḍ ɣer yal tiɣmert deg umaḍal, dɣa yekcem umaḍal deg wayen iwumi neqqar Asmaḍel atrar. == 2. Iḥricen igejdanen n usmaḍel == === 2.1 Tadamsa d ulzuz amaḍlan === Deg wenrar n tdamsa, asmaḍel yesnulfa-d yiwen n wulzuz anmaḍal ameqran: '''Tanezzut tilellit''' : Tukksa n tewsitin neɣ n yizerfan n tedwant d usekru n yiweẓla gar yiwanaken. '''Tikebbaniyin tigetɣelnawin''' (Multinationales): D tikebbaniyin timeqranin (am Apple, Toyota, Samsung, Total) i yesɛan iẓuran d tiṛmisin deg ugar n tmurt tamyiwent. Tikebbaniyin-a feṛṛqent afares-nsent: ttgent anadi ussnan deg tmura timekcbirin, ma d tafellaḥt neɣ amguri gen-t anect-a deg tmura ideg atig n uxeddim rxiṣ. '''Taggazin n yidrimen''' : Adrim, talɣut d yihriten ttazzalen deg kra n tsinin seg New York ɣer Tokyo neɣ London s useqdec n yizeḍwan iliktruniyen. === 2.2 Tatiknulujit d taywalt === Tatiknulujit d azaglu iɣef ibedd usmaḍel amirant: '''Internet d yizeḍwan imettiyen''': Asnulfu n Web, n yismartfunen d wallalen n taywalt yerran amaḍal am yiwet n taddart meẓẓiyen ("taddart tanmaḍalt"). Yal talɣut tettuɣal d tin yettwassnen deg yal tama deg tasint kan. '''Assiweḍ atrar''': Iɣerruba imeqranen n yIgburen, d yibriden n tmacinin yeskelsen akud d watug n yinig d sselɛa. === 2.3 Tasertit d tsuda tigraɣlanin === Asmaḍel yessedrem azref n Uwanek-aɣlan i yesɛan tanaya tummidt ɣef tmurt-is: Tizmar n yiwanaken ttwarnant sɣur tudsiwin timaḍlanin (am ONU, OMC, FMI, Tadukli n Turuft). Llan yilugan d yisuḍaf igraɣlanen i yettḥettimen iman-nsen ɣef tsertit n yal tamurt deg wayen yeɛnan tadamsa, izerfan n umdan, d uselḥu n tsertit n tedrimt. === 2.4 Idles d tmetti === Idles yegla-d s unbeddel ameqran: '''Asured n yidles amaḍlan''': Abrid n tudert n tmura n Umalu (ladɣa Marikan) yuɣal d amedya deg umaḍal: aselsi (am djinz), učči arurad (fast-food), sinima n Hollywood, d uẓawan apupiler. '''Tutlayt taglizit''': Tuɣal d tutlayt tagraɣlant n tnezzut, n tussna d tesnatiknulujit[17][18]. '''Amanuḍ adelsan deg umihi''': Tuget n tutlayin d yidelsan inasliyen ttqabalen imihi n ungar acku ur zmirent ara ad ddunt d tneflit n wallalen n taywalt atraren yebnan ɣef kra n tutlayin kan timeqqranin. === 2.5 Tawennaḍt d tekriḍt tamezdayt === Tawennaḍt ur tefriq ara gar tlisa: '''Abeddel n unezwi''': Asuget n lgaz n ussemdu yeḥman d ufus n temguri yegla-d s teẓɣelt n umtiweg d uceṛceṛ n ugris deg yigarawen d yisafen. '''Aluɣu''': Asuffeɣ n yiḍumman, asṛuḥu n tẓegwa deg Amazonya neɣ deg Tefriqt, d usemres s yir udem n tebaɣurin tigamanin d tamsalt i yeɛnan amaḍal akk, mačči kan yiwen n uwanek. 3zupymlwpz6gsbr8wheg06kw5l3pju3 117470 117469 2026-09-23T10:42:27Z Gurzil90x 14292 seɣtiɣ kra n tuccḍiwin 117470 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Early migrations mercator.svg|vignette|Inigen imezwura n talsa.]] '''Asmaḍel''' (neɣ '''Tasmaḍelt''', s tefransist: Mondialisation neɣ Globalisation, s teglizit: Globalization) d akala d umussu ameqran n usemres, n tuqqna d usegrew gar tmura, tidamsiwin, tmettiyin d yidelsan n umtiweg n Lqaɛa meṛṛa. Yettgensis-d assaɣen i d-yezzin i umaḍal akk, ideg ay ssenqasen tlisa gar yiwanaken, yerna yettili-d userked n yiwen n wulzuz (ssuq) agraɣlan ideg ttazzalen yilzazen (sselɛat), imeẓla, idrimen (ihriten), tilɣa d yimdanen s tazzla tameqrant yerna war aḥbaṣ. Xas akken asmaḍel yebda-d seg zik s tnezzut tagraɣlant d unadi ɣef yimuka imaynuten, aswir-is yulin s lǧehd seg tagara n tasut tis 20, ladɣa seld aɣelluy n Uɣrab n Berlin (1989) d unnerni ussnan d utiknuluji, ladɣa s usnulfu n Internet d ttawilat n taywalt tatrart. == 1. Amezruy n usmaḍel == === 1.1 Talliyin timenza === Abrid ɣer usmaḍel ur d-yelli ara d ayen i d-yusan deg yiwen wass. Seg tallit taqburt, llan yimussuyen n wembaddel deg wulzuz gar yegduden: '''Abrid n Usilki''' (Abrid n leḥrir): Yeqqen Asya d Turuft d Tefriqt Ugafa, yegla-d s wembaddel n sselɛat, d ussegrew n tmusniwin. '''Isaffen d yillelen''': Ilel Agrakal yella d asayes ameqran ideg mlalen Yimaziɣen (Inumidiyen, Ifniqiyen), Igrigiyen d Yirumanen. === 1.2 Tagrawla tamgurant d usehres === Deg tasut tis 15 d tis 16, tizmert n tmura n Turuft terna mi d-ufan imuka imaynuten (am Marikan). Deg tasut tis 18 d tis 19, tagrawla tamgurant tessaweḍ ɣer usedmer n tmacint n iraggen, abrid n wuzzal d uselket alemmas n sselɛa. Tallit-a tella daɣen d tallit n usehres (tameharsa) ansa i d-yewwi Umalu tabaɣurt tameqrant seg Tefriqt d Wasya. === 1.3 Tallit tamezdayt deffir 1945 === Deffir Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Wis Sin, timura timeqranin sbeddent-d anagraw n Bretton Woods (1944)[4]. Dɣa d aya i d-yeslulen: Asenduq n Tedrimt Agraɣlan (FMI) Lbanka Tamaḍlant (Banque Mondiale) GATT, i yuɣalen d Tuddsa Tanmaḍalt n Tnezzut (OMC) deg useggas n 1995. Seg useggas n 1990 d asawen, mi yeɣli Uɣrab n Berlin tekfa [[Tadukli n Tegdudiwin Tinemlayin Tisuvyitiyin|Tdukli Tasuvyatit]], anagraw n [[Asihri|usihri]] yessaweḍ ɣer yal tiɣmert deg umaḍal, dɣa yekcem umaḍal deg wayen iwumi neqqar Asmaḍel atrar. == 2. Iḥricen igejdanen n usmaḍel == === 2.1 Tadamsa d ulzuz amaḍlan === Deg wenrar n tdamsa, asmaḍel yesnulfa-d yiwen n wulzuz anmaḍal ameqran: '''Tanezzut tilellit''' : Tukksa n tewsitin neɣ n yizerfan n tedwant d usekru n yiweẓla gar yiwanaken. '''Tikebbaniyin tigetɣelnawin''' (Multinationales): D tikebbaniyin timeqranin (am Apple, Toyota, Samsung, Total) i yesɛan iẓuran d tiṛmisin deg ugar n tmurt tamyiwent. Tikebbaniyin-a feṛṛqent afares-nsent: ttgent anadi ussnan deg tmura timekcbirin, ma d tafellaḥt neɣ amguri gen-t anect-a deg tmura ideg atig n uxeddim rxiṣ. '''Taggazin n yidrimen''' : Adrim, talɣut d yihriten ttazzalen deg kra n tsinin seg New York ɣer Tokyo neɣ London s useqdec n yizeḍwan iliktruniyen. === 2.2 Tatiknulujit d taywalt === Tatiknulujit d azaglu iɣef ibedd usmaḍel amirant: '''Internet d yizeḍwan imettiyen''': Asnulfu n Web, n yismartfunen d wallalen n taywalt yerran amaḍal am yiwet n taddart meẓẓiyen ("taddart tanmaḍalt"). Yal talɣut tettuɣal d tin yettwassnen deg yal tama deg tasint kan. '''Assiweḍ atrar''': Iɣerruba imeqranen n yIgburen, d yibriden n tmacinin yeskelsen akud d watug n yinig d sselɛa. === 2.3 Tasertit d tsuda tigraɣlanin === Asmaḍel yessedrem azref n Uwanek-aɣlan i yesɛan tanaya tummidt ɣef tmurt-is: Tizmar n yiwanaken ttwarnant sɣur tudsiwin timaḍlanin (am ONU, OMC, FMI, Tadukli n Turuft). Llan yilugan d yisuḍaf igraɣlanen i yettḥettimen iman-nsen ɣef tsertit n yal tamurt deg wayen yeɛnan tadamsa, izerfan n umdan, d uselḥu n tsertit n tedrimt. === 2.4 Idles d tmetti === Idles yegla-d s unbeddel ameqran: '''Asured n yidles amaḍlan''': Abrid n tudert n tmura n Umalu (ladɣa Marikan) yuɣal d amedya deg umaḍal: aselsi (am djinz), učči arurad (fast-food), sinima n Hollywood, d uẓawan apupiler. '''Tutlayt taglizit''': Tuɣal d tutlayt tagraɣlant n tnezzut, n tussna d tesnatiknulujit. '''Amanuḍ adelsan deg umihi''': Tuget n tutlayin d yidelsan inasliyen ttqabalen imihi n ungar acku ur zmirent ara ad ddunt d tneflit n wallalen n taywalt atraren yebnan ɣef kra n tutlayin kan timeqqranin. === 2.5 Tawennaḍt d tekriḍt tamezdayt === Tawennaḍt ur tefriq ara gar tlisa: '''Abeddel n unezwi''': Asuget n lgaz n ussemdu yeḥman d ufus n temguri yegla-d s teẓɣelt n umtiweg d uceṛceṛ n ugris deg yigarawen d yisafen. '''Aluɣu''': Asuffeɣ n yiḍumman, asṛuḥu n tẓegwa deg Amazonya neɣ deg Tefriqt, d usemres s yir udem n tebaɣurin tigamanin d tamsalt i yeɛnan amaḍal akk, mačči kan yiwen n uwanek. h9gahiwa9egd44i1y2pkoo4hkyhqwj6 0 25586 117461 2026-09-22T19:12:13Z Gurzil90x 14292 Amagrad amaynut 117461 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dyuklisyan''' (Diocletianus s tlaṭinit; azal n 244–311 SL.Ɛ.) yella d amenkad arumani seg 284 ar 305 SL.Ɛ. Yettwaḥsab gar yimenkaden {{Infobox biography|item=Q43107|image=[[File:Istanbul Archaeology Museum Bust of Diocletian, from Nikomedia, Izmit, end 3rd century AD 1536.jpg|thumb|Asalay n Isṭanbul, Asebdad n uqeṛṛu n Dyuklisyan]]|caption=Amenkad Dyuklisyan.}} i yesɛan azal meqqren deg umezruy n Tmenkda Tarumanit, acku deg tallit-is i yettwabeddel s wudem ameqqran wamek i tettuddus tmenkda, wamek i tettwaḍebber, wamek i tettwaseḥbes tsertit-is d wamek i yettwasebded ujerriḍ-is askari. Dyuklisyan ur d-yusi ara seg twacult n yimenkaden. Yekker-d seg yiwet n tallit anda Tamenkda Tarumanit tettidir uguren imeqqranen: uguren isertanen, imeɣriyen gar iserdasen, ṭṭraḍ deg yidurar n tilisa, uguren n tedrimt, d ubeddel n yimenkaden s lemɣawla. Mi yekcem ɣer leḥkem deg 284, yebda ad yerr adabu d tmenkda ɣer yiwen n unagraw iǧehden ugar. 7zu7nb5ja8ynq4csdksy3g6nfsvdrb6 0 25587 117462 2026-09-23T05:14:48Z Land useqdac 17167 Asebtar amaynut: {{Databox}} Ass n 18 Ctembeṛ 2026, ḍḍfen yiɣewwaɣen imsellḥen yerna ṭṭfen asenfar n Yizirigen Iqburen n Temsulta deg Kohat, deg [[Pakistan]]. Deffir yiwen n ussehres amezwaru mgal tmesgida n usmel-a, tkemmel sakkin yiwet n temhelt n yimenɣi d ussefqed azal n 22 n tsaɛtin, dɣa d aya ay d-yeglan s tmettant n ma ulac 31 n medden d tmettant n 103 niḍen. ==Tirid== ==Tasestant== ==Timiriwin== ==Deffir== ==Ẓer daɣ== [[Category:Ctembeṛ 2026 n tmenɣiwin]] 117462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ass n 18 Ctembeṛ 2026, ḍḍfen yiɣewwaɣen imsellḥen yerna ṭṭfen asenfar n Yizirigen Iqburen n Temsulta deg Kohat, deg [[Pakistan]]. Deffir yiwen n ussehres amezwaru mgal tmesgida n usmel-a, tkemmel sakkin yiwet n temhelt n yimenɣi d ussefqed azal n 22 n tsaɛtin, dɣa d aya ay d-yeglan s tmettant n ma ulac 31 n medden d tmettant n 103 niḍen. ==Tirid== ==Tasestant== ==Timiriwin== ==Deffir== ==Ẓer daɣ== [[Category:Ctembeṛ 2026 n tmenɣiwin]] c7ez0wxsmzfqo3gc1m5d2uffqzl1991 14 25588 117463 2026-09-23T05:16:49Z Land useqdac 17167 Page vide créée 117463 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 2 25589 117464 2026-09-23T05:19:18Z Land useqdac 17167 Asebtar amaynut: Isem-iw s [[taqbaylit]] {{#babel:zgh|ber-5|kab-2}} 117464 wikitext text/x-wiki Isem-iw s [[taqbaylit]] {{#babel:zgh|ber-5|kab-2}} 84u21tlpqm1l8x57dcga09iz2op7yjw