Wikipedia kabwiki https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asebter_agejdan MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.21 first-letter Media Uslig Mmeslay Amseqdac Amyannan umsqedac Wikipedia Amyannan n Wikipedia Tugna Amyannan n tugna MediaWiki Amyannan n MediaWiki Talɣa Amyannan n talɣa Tallat Amyannan n tallat Taggayt Amyannan n taggayt Awwur Amyannan uwwur Asenfaṛ Amyannan usenfaṛ TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk Sujet Imaziɣen 0 258 117488 117372 2026-09-25T00:24:51Z InternetArchiveBot 10734 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 117488 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Imaziɣen<!-- [[WP:NOETHNICGALLERIES]] --> | native_name = ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ, ⵎⵣⵗⵏ | image = File:Berber_flag.svg | caption = Annay/Akenyal n yimaziɣen | population = 20–30 imelyan<ref>''Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia.'' Ed. [[Steven L. Danver]], M. E. Sharpe/Mesa Verde Publishing, 2013, p. 23f.</ref><ref name="Berber people">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Berber|title=Berber people|access-date=2016-08-17}}</ref><ref name="Berber speakers">{{cite web |url= http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/05/05/north-africa-berbers-get-boost-from-arab-spring/ |title= North Africa's Berbers get boost from Arab Spring |publisher= [[Fox News Channel|Fox News]] |date= 5 May 2012 |accessdate= 8 December 2013 |archive-date= 9 October 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131009114511/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/05/05/north-africa-berbers-get-boost-from-arab-spring/ |url-status= dead}}</ref> – 50 imelyan<ref name="Bilingualism, p. 860">{{cite book|authors=Tej K. Bhatia, William C. Ritchie|title=The Handbook of Bilingualism|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=0631227350|page=860|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=pNqVaUk4dM0C|accessdate=16 July 2016}}</ref> | region1 = {{flagcountry|Morocco}} | pop1 = seg ≈ 14 imelyan<ref name="Berber people"/> ar ≈ 20 imelyan<ref name="minorityrights.org">{{cite web|url=http://minorityrights.org/minorities/berber/|title=Morocco – Berber|work=World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples}}</ref><ref name="axl.cefan.ulaval.ca">{{cite web|url=http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/afrique/berberes_Afrique.htm|title=Les Berbères en Afrique du Nord|publisher=Chaire pour le développement de la recherche sur la culture d'expression française en Amérique du Nord|access-date=2019-09-16|archive-date=2019-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022181215/http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/afrique/berberes_Afrique.htm|url-status=dead}}, Université Laval Québec, 2016.</ref><ref>Peter Prengaman: [http://m.sfgate.com/news/article/Morocco-s-Berbers-Battle-to-Keep-From-Losing-2941557.php ''Morocco's Berbers Battle to Keep From Losing Their Culture / Arab minority forces majority to abandon native language''], Chronicle Foreign Service, March 16, 2001, on sfgate.com.</ref><ref name="axl.cefan.ulaval.ca"/> | region2 = {{flagcountry|Algeria}} | pop2 = seg 9<ref name="Berber people"/> ar ≈ 13 imelyan<ref name="axl.cefan.ulaval.ca"/><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-35515769 |title= Algeria reinstates term limit and recognises Berber language |work= BBC News}}</ref> | region3 = {{flagcountry|Libya}} | pop3 = ~3,850,000<ref name="Bilingualism, p. 860"/> | region4 = {{flagcountry|Tunisia}} | pop4 = 110,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tsg.html|title=Tunisia|publisher=The World Factbook}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ar ≈ 389,652<ref name="Bilingualism, p. 860"/> | region5 = {{flagcountry|France}} | pop5 = kter n 2 imelyan<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140929080724/http://www.dglflf.culture.gouv.fr/lgfrance/lgfrance_presentation.htm ''Les langues de France : un patrimoine méconnu, une réalité vivante''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140929080724/http://www.dglflf.culture.gouv.fr/lgfrance/lgfrance_presentation.htm |date=2014-09-29 }}, originally published by CultureComm unication.gouv.fr.</ref> | region6 = {{flagcountry|Mauritania}} | pop6 = 2,883,000 (2,768,000<ref>{{cite book|last1=Scholastic Library Publishing|title=Lands and Peoples: Africa|date=2005|publisher=Grolier|isbn=0717280241|page=135|url=https://archive.org/details/landspeoples00unse|accessdate=17 August 2016}}; Moors 80% of population of 3,460,000</ref> & 115,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/15607/MR|title=Tuareg, Tamasheq in Mauritania|author=Joshua Project|publisher=}}</ref>) | region7 = {{flagcountry|Niger}} | pop7 = 1,620,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ng.html|title=Niger|publisher=The World Factbook|access-date=2019-09-16|archive-date=2020-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424124158/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ng.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region8 = {{flagcountry|Mali}} | pop8 = 850,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ml.html|title=Mali|publisher=The World Factbook|access-date=2019-09-16|archive-date=2015-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110042640/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ml.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region9 = {{flagcountry|Belgium}} | pop9 = 500,000<small>(Including descendants)</small><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2016/03/23/la-belgique-est-devenue-un-trou-noir-securitaire_4888420_3232.html|title=Au cœur des réseaux djihadistes européens, le passé douloureux du Rif marocain|last=Truong|first=Nicolas|date=2016-03-23|newspaper=Le Monde.fr|language=fr|issn=1950-6244|access-date=2016-11-16}}</ref> | region10 = {{flagcountry|Netherlands}} | pop10 = 367,455<small>(Including descendants)</small> | region11 = {{flagcountry|Burkina Faso}} | pop11 = 50,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/15607/UV|title=Tuareg, Tamasheq in Burkina Faso|author=Joshua Project|publisher=}}</ref> | region12 = {{flagcountry|Egypt}} | pop12 = 34,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/14958/EG|title=Berber, Siwa in Egypt|author=Joshua Project|publisher=}}</ref> neɣ 1,826,580<ref name="Bilingualism, p. 860"/> | region13 = {{flagcountry|Canada}} | pop13 = 37,060 <small>(Including those of mixed ancestry)</small><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=&Code2=&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1|title=Census Profile, 2016 Census - Canada [Country] and Canada [Country]|first=Statistics Canada|last=Government of Canada|date=February 8, 2017|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref> | region14 = {{flagcountry|Israel}} | pop14 = 3,500<ref>Moshe Shokeid: ''The Dual Heritage: Immigrants from the Atlas Mountains in an Israeli Village''. Manchester University Press, 1971.</ref> | region15 = {{flagcountry|United States}} | pop15 = 1,327<ref>{{cite web |author=US Census Bureau|title=The Arab Population: 2000| url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/c2kbr-23.pdf|accessdate=2013-05-05 }}</ref> | langs = [[Tutlayin timaziɣin]], ttwurant s [[Tifinaɣ]] neɣ s [[Agemmay Amaziɣ Alatin|ugemmay Amaziɣ Alatin]];<br />[[Ddarja n Tefriqt Ugafa]] (gar [[Arabized Berber]]s) | rels = Amur ameqqran seg-sen [[tasunnit]].<br> Lbaqi ttekkin ɣer ifurkawen nniḍen n lislam ([[Taciɛit]], [[Taɛibadit]]), [[Tamasiḥt]] (ladɣa [[Taprutistant]]),<ref name="Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background">{{cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087/Believers_in_Christ_from_a_Muslim_Background_A_Global_Census |title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census &#124; Duane A Miller Botero - Academia.edu |publisher=academia.edu |accessdate=27 March 2016 |archive-date=28 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928201901/https://www.academia.edu/16338087/Believers_in_Christ_from_a_Muslim_Background_A_Global_Census |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>*(s trumit) [http://matoub.kabylie.free.fr/kabylie/article.php3?id_article=174 Sadek Lekdja: ''Christianity in Kabylie'', Radio France Internationale, 7 mai 2001] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404003445/http://matoub.kabylie.free.fr/kabylie/article.php3?id_article=174 |date=2019-04-04 }}.</ref> [[Udayen Imaziɣen|Tudayt]], akked [[Liman amaziɣ aqdim|liman aqdim]]<!-- as per [[Infobox ethnic group]], the religion parameter is for the "group's religious affiliations" - irreligion is having no religious affiliation --> | related-c = At [[tutlayin tifrusyawiyin]] nniḍen<ref>Blench, Roger. Archaeology, Language, and the African Past. Rowman: Altamira, 2006 {{ISBN|9780759104662}}</ref><ref>Diakonoff, Igor. The Earliest Semitic Society: Linguistic Data. Journal of Semitic Studies, Vol. 43 Iss. 2 (1998).</ref><ref name="Shirai, Noriyuki 2010">Shirai, Noriyuki. The Archaeology of the First Farmer-Herders in Egypt: New Insights into the Fayum Epipalaeolithic and Neolithic. Leiden University Press, 2010. {{ISBN|9789087280796}}.</ref><ref name=blench2006>Blench R (2006) Archaeology, Language, and the African Past, Rowman Altamira, {{ISBN|0-7591-0466-2}}, {{ISBN|978-0-7591-0466-2}}, books.google.be/books?id=esFy3Po57A8C</ref><ref name=Ehret2004>Ehret C, Keita SOY, Newman P (2004) The Origins of Afroasiatic a response to Diamond and Bellwood (2003) in the Letters of SCIENCE 306, no. 5702, p. 1680 {{doi|10.1126/science.306.5702.1680c}}</ref><ref name=bender1997>Bender ML (1997), Upside Down Afrasian, Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere 50, pp. 19–34</ref><ref name=militarev2005>Militarev A (2005) Once more about glottochronology and comparative method: the Omotic-Afrasian case, Аспекты компаративистики – 1 (Aspects of comparative linguistics – 1). FS S. Starostin. Orientalia et Classica II (Moscow), p. 339-408. http://starling.rinet.ru/Texts/fleming.pdf</ref> | native_name_lang = ber | related_groups = }} '''Imaziɣen''' d imezdaɣ ineṣliyen deg [[Tafriqt ugafa|tefriqt ugafa]], d nutni i yellan d amur ameqqṛan deg yimezdaɣ n [[Tamazɣa|Tmazɣa]]/Tafriqt n ugafa, tutlayt-sen d [[Tamaziɣt]], xas ma yella aṭas deg-sen ass-a la ttmeslayen [[Taɛrabt]]. Imaziɣen ḥerren-d akal d ameqqran, yewweḍ seg wemda n [[Isiwan]], deg Utaram (lɣerb) n [[Maṣer]] alamma d Targa Zewwaɣen d [[Muriṭanya]], ɣef yiri n ugaraw Aṭlasi. Yuɣ lḥal, d Imaziɣen i d agdud n Tefriqt awḥid id-iḥerren anect-a n wakal, imi amur ameqqran deg yegduden ifriqiyen-nniḍen, tikwal sɛan kan akal d amecṭuḥ, tikwal bitt, cerken-t akked yegduden-nniḍen. Imaziɣen ttuneḥsaben d agdud n yiri (race) amellal, xas ma yella nettaf gar-asen aṭas n yimibriken d yiberkanen. Aṭas n Yimaziɣen id-mazal la ttmeslayen [[tamaziɣt]], rnu deg yiseggasen-a ineggura, aṭas n trebbaɛin timaziɣin id-yennulfan i wakken ad wtent ad ḥerzent tutlayt-nsent. Xas ma yella tantalyin (dialectes) i ttmeslayen Yimaziɣen mgaradent si tama ɣer tayeḍ, maca kkant-d akk seg yiwen n uẓar, seg yiwet n tutlayt, yernu yeshel ɣef waṭas n timaziɣin ad msegzunt(msefhament) gar-asent s tutlayt-nsent, xas ma yella mgaradent tentalyin-nsent. Imaziɣen mazal ṭṭfen deg waṭas n wansayen (lɛaddat), ladɣa wid yettidiren di Merruk akk d [[Uneẓruf]] (ṣṣeḥra), dacu kan, ass-a, aṭas n wansayen imaziɣen i yellan ɣef yiri n nnger, la ten-ttaǧǧan medden yernu ur d asen-ttgen ara leqrar. Nnig waya, ula d tutlayt tamaziɣt la tettuɣal ɣer deffir deg waṭas n tamiwin n Tmazɣa, medden la d-ttaǧǧan, ilmeẓyen ur ttlemden ara, dɣa yessefk ad yettwaxdem kra n leqdic s lḥir i lmend n ussukkes n tutlayt di tmiwa-a. Ass-a llan azal n 45 imelyan n imaziɣen deg ddunit merra. ==Iɣsan d iẓuran imqqṛanen n Imaziɣen== * [[Iznaten]] (زناتة / إيزناتن ) * [[Iẓnagen]] ( ژناگة / صنهاجة / إيژناگن) * [[Imṣmuden]] ( مصمودة / إيمسمودن ) * [[Iktamen]] (كتامة / إيكوتامن ) * [[Iɣumaren]] ( غمارة / إيغومارن)  * [[Iguzulen]] ( جزولة / إيگوزولن)  * [[Igdalen]] (جدالة / إيگدالن ) * [[Imdyunen]] ( مديونة / إيمديونن ) * [[Isedraten]] ( سدراتة / إيسدراتن ) * [[Infzawen]] ( نفزة / نفزاوة / إينفزاون ) * [[Izwawen]] ( زواوة / إيزواون ) * [[Ihuwwaren]] ( هوارة / إيهوارن)  * [[Imssufen]] ( مسوفة / إيمسوفن)  * [[Iskuren]] ( هسكورة / إيهسكورن ) * [[Imẓẓujen]] ( مژّوجة / إيمژّوجن ) * [[Imḍlasen]] ( مطالسة / إيمضالسن ) * [[Ihntaten]] ( هنتاتة / إيهنتاتن ) * [[Imɣrawen|Imɣran]] (مغراوة / إيمغرلن ) * [[Imknasen]] ( مكناسة / إيمكناسن ) * [[Imssiwan]] (إمسوان/مسيوة) * [[Infeṭwak]] (فطواكة/إنفطواك) * [[Iɣejdamen]] (غجدامة/إغجدامن) * [[Inffusen]] (إنفوسن/نفوسة) * [[Iḥaḥan]] (حاحا/إحاحان) * [[Innultan]] (إنولتان/ولتانة) * [[Igliwwa]] (إگليوا/گلاوة) * [[Icawiyen]] (إشاوين/الشاوية) * [[Imdɣren]] (إمدغرن/مدغرة أو مطغرة) * [[Iwraben]] (إورابن/أوربة) * [[Izwwaren]] (إزواغن/زواغة) * [[Mɣila|Imɣilen]] (مغيلا/مغيلة) * [[Iɣyyaten]] (إغياتن/غياثة) * [[Ilwaten]] (إلواتن/لواتة) * [[Iwrdiɣen]] (إورديغن/ورديغة) == Imaziɣen yettwasnen == : Ẓer ''[[Imaziɣen ittwasnen]]'' Daɣen : Ẓer ''[[Iqbayliyen ittwasnen]]'' == Wali == * [[Leqbayel]] * [[Icawiyen]] * [[Imuhaɣ]] (touareg) == Tamselyut == * http://amastan1.tripod.com/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717101657/http://amastan1.tripod.com/ |date=2011-07-17 }} Sɣur Umar Muffuk [[Taggayt:iɣerfan]] [[Taggayt:Iɣerfan iẓaranen n tferka n ugafa]] [[Taggayt:Imaziɣen]] asbz8ncsbllcl5wqtfqkmqlnvdnj1s0 Iqbayliyen 0 7276 117484 112876 2026-09-24T20:11:01Z Naslechat 12951 117484 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Iqbayliyen | native_name = Igawawen, Izwawen, Igelsisen | native_name_lang = kab | image = AFR_V2_D285_Kabyle_family_group.jpg | image_caption = Agraw n twacult taqbaylit, 1891 | image_alt = | image_upright = 1.0 | flag = | flag_caption = | population = | total = {{circa}} {{formatnum:6000000}} | total_year = | total_source = | total_ref = <ref name=e25>{{e25|kab|Amazigh}}</ref><ref name=Pereltsvaig2020>{{Cite book |last=Pereltsvaig |first=Asya|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108783071 |title=Languages of the World: An Introduction |date=2020-09-03 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-78307-1|chapter=6.3 Berber languages|page=203|doi=10.1017/9781108783071}}</ref> | genealogy = | regions = | region1 = [[Tamurt n Leqbayel]] | pop1 = 3–4 imelyunen | ref1 = | region2 = {{flagcountry|Algeria}} (n verra) | pop2 = 2–3 imelyunen | ref2 = <ref>https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2080080.html</ref><ref name="C">{{Cite journal |last=Montenay |first=Yves |date=2020-08-20 |title=L'Algérie a mal à la Kabylie |url=https://www.contrepoints.org/2020/08/24/378707-lalgerie-a-mal-a-la-kabylie |journal=Contrepoints |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="KABYLES : Le peuple kabyle">{{Cite web |date=2025-01-29 |title=KABYLES: Le peuple kabyle |url=https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/kabyles/2-le-peuple-kabyle/ |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=Encyclopædia Universalis |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="Multiculturalism and Democracy in North Africa: Aftermath of the Arab Spring">{{Cite book |last=Ennaji |first=Moha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OhVgAwAAQBAJ&dq=diasporas+kabyles+oran+constantine&pg=PA1927 |title=Multiculturalism and Democracy in North Africa: Aftermath of the Arab Spring |date=2014-04-16 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-81361-3 |language=en |access-date=2025-04-04}}</ref> | region3 = {{flagcountry|France}} | pop3 = {{circa}} 1 umelyun | ref3 = <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2013 |title=Rapport du Comité consultatif pour la promotion des langues régionales et de la pluralité linguistique interne (2013) |url=https://www.culture.gouv.fr/Thematiques/Langue-francaise-et-langues-de-France/Agir-pour-les-langues/Promouvoir-les-langues-de-France/Nos-publications/Rapport-du-Comite-consultatif-pour-la-promotion-des-langues-regionales-et-de-la-pluralite-linguistique-interne-2013 |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=www.culture.gouv.fr |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chaker |first=S. |date=2004-05-01 |title=Kabylie: La langue |journal=Encyclopédie berbère |language=fr |volume=26 |issue=26 |pages=4055–4066 |doi=10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.1431 |issn=1015-7344 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | region4 = {{flagcountry|Canada}} | pop4 = 37,415 | ref4 = <ref>{{cite web |date=7 May 2021 |title=Knowledge of languages by age and gender: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810021601 |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=Census Profile, 2021 Census |publisher=Statistics Canada Statistique Canada}}</ref> | languages = [[Taqbaylit]]<br>[[Taɛrabt]], [[Tafransist]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Frawley|first1=William J.|title=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: AAVE - Esperanto, Volume 1|date=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0195139778|page=221|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC&pg=PA221|accessdate=21 December 2017}}</ref> | religions = [[Tasunnit]]<br>[[Tamasiḥit]], war ddin | related_groups = | footnotes = }} '''Iqbayliyen/Tiqbayliyin (s [[Tifnaɣ|tfinaɣ]] ⵉⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵢⴻⵏ / ⵜⵉⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵢⵉⵏ)'''<ref>{{Cite Web |title=Archive copy |url=http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/download/pdf/994288?name=Weisheit |access-date=2020-03-01 |archive-date=2022-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121233735/https://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/download/pdf/994288?name=Weisheit |url-status=dead }}</ref> neɣ '''Igawawen''', '''Izwawen''' (llan daɣen '''leqbayel (ⵍⴻⵇⴱⴰⵢⴻⵍ)''' aked '''Igelsisen'''<ref>[https://www.editions-harmattan.fr/index.asp?navig=catalogue&obj=livre&no=62705]</ref>), d agdud [[imaziɣen|amaziɣ]] yettidir deg [[Tamurt n Leqbayel|Tmawya]] i d-yezgan degʷugafa-asammer n [[Lezzayer (tamanaɣt)|Lezzayer]]. == Ansa i d yekka wawal n "''Leqbayel''" == Aẓaṛ n wawal "aqbayli" yekka-d seg [[taɛrabt|teɛṛabt]] « ''قبائل »'' (qaba'il) anamek-is s [[Taqbaylit|Teqbaylit]] « tiwsitin » neɣ « laɛruc ». Iṛumanen ssawalen-asen d ''Quinquegentanei'' (semmus [5] n Iderman), (wid izedɣen neɣ yettidiren ''Mons Ferratus'', "[[Ǧerǧer|Adrar n ğerğer]]"), wissen isem n tura ma yekka-d seg win n zik neɣ ala. Qqaren-asen daɣen i leqbayel "izwawen", ɣer Ibn Xeldun, azaraw-is d aneflas (laɛskar), ɣur-nnaɣ Azwaw d aneflas yeḍfer tasuli (laɛda) n zik, ila (isɛa) azal n imezwura, yekkat wuzzal war kukru, yezmer i wiyyaḍ. Yella aẓar ZW, azaraw-is d win yetsuɣu g umennuɣ. Aẓar n wawal "Amawti/Imawtiyen" yekka-d seg tangaṭ (tamaziɣt taqurant n leqbayel), yera (yebɣa) ad-yini "win n tawsit", acku zik isem n tmurt leqbayel d "Tamawya", yera ad-yini s tarumit "les familles, les tribus" g tangaṭ qqaren ayt zik i "la famille" : Tawya. S umata ur llin ara aɣbalu ameqqʷran ɣef umezruy n yisem-agi, maca nezmer a nefk yiwet n turda yelan assaɣ s tawtilt n Tamurt n Iqbayliyen deg ukud-nni (tallit-nni) imi medden ddren seddaw n tezmert n tiddukla n iderman. Ass-a, iqbayliyen ɛaqlen iman-nsen d imaziɣen. Amaziɣ d isem ig curken yal imezdaɣ n tafriqt ugafa. Awal-agi yekka-d seg uẓar MZƔ lmaɛna-s d aɣerman ilelli (ur yelli d akli).<ref><abbr>(en)</abbr> Michael Brett et Elizabeth W. B. Fentress, , Blackwell pub, <abbr>coll.</abbr> « The Peoples of Africa », 1996 <small>(<nowiki>ISBN 978-0-631-16852-2</nowiki>)</small>, <abbr>p.</abbr> 5–6.</ref> == Aẓaṛ n wawal ''izdayen'' == ==Agdud Aqbayli== [[Tugna:Algerian Kabyle woman in traditional dress and jewels - 1970.jpg|vignette|'''Tameṭṭut taqbaylit''']] '''Amezruy n wegdud aqbayli''', d amezruy ameqqʷran akk-d yewwin i g issewhamen, zran igiman n iseggasen, azal 10 000 iseggasen send talalit n [[Ɛisa]] ; d imezdaɣ imezwura n [[Tafriqt n Ugafa|Tefriqt ugafa]] send n tlalit n umezruy amaynut, agdud aqbayli d yiwen wegdud gar yegduden imzikiyen i yeğğan later deg umezruy n yemdanen. Agdud aqbayli yedder, yerna yexlef [[Irrumanen]], yiwen amenkud i yestaɛmren ddunit irkul, yexlef [[Ifniqen]], ladɣa [[Yugurten]] yemmut s tidet agdud-is yedder, yexlaf [[Maryus]]; tura arraw-is kren ţlaɛin i wid ur numin ara; adgud aqbayli atan dagi andaţ [[Rum]] ? [[Dihya]] temmut, s tidet, yessi-is krent tura ttnadin; anda-t [[Ɛuqba Ibn Nafiɛ]]? I wid mazal ur numin ara agdud aqbayli atan mazal dagi! Tidet amezruy n wegdud aqbayli yessewham acku d yiwen n umezruy yeţwebnan ɣef taɣert, tuccda, akk-d iseflan n imawlan-is. Ussan agi Iqbayliyen ttidiren g wakud (lweqt) n [[Taleslalit|la renaissance]] n-sen, sennig aɣebbar n wakud akk-d d leqhar n iɛdawen, tteddun ɣer zdat, aqlaɣ nettwali tallit n aɣlan (ljens), Aɣlan aqbayli. Iqbayliyen g zik semman iman-sen [[Help:Imaziɣen|Imaziɣen]] , [[Help:Agdud Amaziɣ|Agdud Amaziɣ]], win ur neqbil ara lbatel neɣ akerwa. [[Tugna:Amazigh Flag.jpg|vignette|Annay amaziɣ]] ===Amezruy Atrar=== Deg Amezruy Atrar, Iqbayliyen mači d inumidyen inumdiyen d icawiyen d icenwiyen lqbayel nutni des maures pas numides]], llan iɣerfan n yewen uwanek, yeddren azal n 100 n iseggasen (seg azal 206 UL* di lweqt n tageldit n [[Masnsen]], ''agellid di facto'' n [[Numidya]], armi lexsara n [[Yugurten]] g 104 UL) awanek agi yettusema Numidya. Numidya tella azal n '''Dzayer''' akk-d '''Tamurt n Yiqbayliyen''' lwahid. Numidya tbedd meyya iseggasen, llan wid qqaren dakken meyya n isegwassen d wacemma, maɛna timura n ddunit merra ur sɛant ara akter n 30 iseggassen di laɛmer-nsent, amek yezmer yewin ad inni belli Numidya d ulac i tella? Numidya i gɛacen akter n meyya n iseggasen, ugar n Dzayer akk-d timura n Tefriqt merra, akter n uhric ameqran n timura n [[Turuft Tagmuḍant]], mi teɣli Numidya tsɛa azal n laɛmer n [[Kanada]]. ===Amnekcam arumani=== Lestaɛmar arumani yenzeg akter n 525 isegassen, seg lexsara n Yugurtan zdat irumaniyen g 104 UL armi uɣelluy n inugura agi s iffassen n [[Help:Geiseric Aɛiban|Geiseric Aɛiban]] (agellid n [[Help:Ivandaliyen|Ivandaliyen]]) akk-d inelmaden-is mi g kecmen ɣer Tafriqt ugafa g 429. ===Imnekcamen Ivandalen=== Geiseric yebnad tageldit tamezwarut n Ivandaliyen g Tafriqt ugafa s Saldae ('''Bgayet''') am tamaneɣt-is; yestaɛmered [[Sičilya|Sicillia]], [[Sardinya|Sardenya]], [[Kursika]], akk-ed tegzirin n [[Baleares]], yernad yekcem ɣef [[Rum]] yewid yides mi i gefeɣ, azal n yewen n ddurt g 455, atas n igerrujen akk-ed iseflawen n [[Tamesgida n el-Aqṣa|lğameɛ n Lquds]] (iseflawen i yefkan [[Udayen]] i lğameɛ-nsen) i d yewi [[Titus]] ɣef Roma melmi igstaɛmered [[Lquds]]. ===Amnekcam Abyzanti=== Ivandaliyen ţwakssent di Tafriqt ugafa s iɛsekriyen n [[Help:Justinianus I|Justinianus I]], agellid n umekad Abyzanti; amenkad n ivandaliyen ydum-d 105 isegassen (429-534). Yiwen lamer yesɛan atas n wazal di lwegt-nni; ahric ameqran n imaziɣen rebhen telelli-nsen, mi yal aggay yetsnaɣ mgal wayid. [[Help:Amenkad Abyzanti|Amenkad Abyzanti]] ydumed g Tafriqt ugafa s 534 armi i gxser amgaru mgal [[Aɛraben|Iɛraben]] wid bdan [[Help:Ttrad n Lesteɛmar n Tefriqt|Ttrad n Lesteɛmar n Tefriqt]] g lqern wis tmanya (azal n 642 -705). ===Amnekcam Aɛrab=== Iɛraben qetɛen lebher, staɛmren [[Help:Maser|Maser]] g 642, kemlen alhu-nsen, zedmen ɣef tamurt n yimaziɣen, tamurt n leqbayel. Listiɛmar Aɛrab, am lbers, di tamuggit ɣef Iqbayliyen i yella; imi Imaziɣen rebhen kkra n lehna, akk-d tallalit, seqsefen azaglu akk-d alehu n amenkud abyzanti ɣer usamer n tilisa-nsen. Iqbayliyen nnuɣen-d mgal Iɛraben s wayen akk yellan, s tezmart, s tdusi (lğehd), s tudert-nsen, imi ţwallan simmal iţeddu aɛdaw simmal yexreb, yenɣa, yehreq, yeqher ayen yellan d amaziɣ, ayen yesɛan rruh n umaziɣ. Mbeɛd akter n sebɛa meyya n isegassen n tagrawla, Imaziɣen ɛyan, cban izem nni ur sɛin ara azuren merra imi tazzla n idammen-is texla ayen yeqimen di lğehd-is, ayen yeqimmen di tmanegt-is, ur yezmir ad yeker; izem aqbayli yeɣli-d ur yekkir ara, Iɛraben hesben d lmut i g yemut. Mbeɛd amerni aqher; ilulufen n imaziɣen, tilawen xesrent lherma-nsent akk-d asehru-nsent, ilulufen n warrac n Iqbayliyen imelsiyen ufan lmut si ifassen n iɛsekriyen Iɛraben, ilulufen nnidden zzenzen-ten aklan g leswaq n [[Mekka]]. Imi tfuk Taslekt ni Iɛraben, Tafriqt ugafa tuɣaled d amɣiz ni iklan ɣef leswaq n [[Agmuḍ Alemmas|Wegmuḍ Alemmas]]. Iqbayliyen am akken ad menɛen tudert n tarwa-nesn, akk-d ayen i geqimen di lherma n tilawen-nsen qeblen, ijenwiyen g ullawen nsen, ddin amaynut n iɛraben; iɛraben wwden anda yewin n lğens ur yewwi-d, zzuɣren telelli n yimaziɣen. Syenna d asawen, tutlayt n yimaziɣen akk-d ismawen-nsen uɣallen d lehram. G 705 anbaz Aɛrab i-bereh belli tamurt n yiqbayliyen d yiwet n tamnatt tamenzut n umnkad aɛrab ara tilli; Tafriqt ugafa tɛeda g yiwen n ukala ig bedlen idles-is, tamuɣli-is, akk-d imal-is. Amnekcam Aɛrab yeqqim armi yetwabdal s lestiɛmar n [[Iɛetmaniyen]] seddaw n timelwi n [[Xayreddin]] d ayetma-s [[Ɛeruj]], i d-xelqen atrar ussamer n '''Dzayer''', bdan asseɣwel n tama agi am asutel n iflisen n ddunit merra. Taflist-nsen ternu, temɣid ɣef lqrun 1600; taflist mgal lbaburat n [[Iwunak Yedduklen]] g [[Ilel agrakal]] sebba n [[Help:Ttrad n Taflist Tamezwarut|Ttrad n Taflist Tamezwarut]], akk-d [[Help:Ttrad n Taflist Tis Snat|Ttrad n Taflist Tis Snat]], anda mutten atas n imddanen imelsiyen. ===Amnekcam arumi (Fransa)=== Deg 1830, s sebba belli [[Lbay n Dzayer]] yewwet amalway n tamahelt-is, [[Fransa]] tenbez Dzayer; lameɛna, azbu i g qquren n Yiqbayliyen, [[Muḥend At-Meqqran|Amɣar Ameqran]] (El-Mokrani) akk-d [[Faḍma n Sumer]], stɛetlen taslekt agi almi Agud aqbayli yeţwaxdɛen s ageldun n Yiɛraben yettuseman [[Ɛebdelqader|Ɛebedlqader]] imi d-yefka takbabt-is ɣef [[Amtawa n Tafna|Wemtawa n Tefna]] wahid Fransa. '''Amtawa n Tafna''', [[30 mayyu]] [[1837]], yeswejd abrid ɣef wanger n Tamurt n Yiqbayliyen ihi kan teqled agezdir n Fransa. [[Fransa]], isegassen kkra mbeɛd, tefka-d Aguldun Ɛebdelqader amidag n la Légion d'honneur akk-d tajɛelt n 4000 Louis (idrimen n Fransa) mkul aggur armi yemut g [[26 mayyu]] [[1883]]. Wagi d adris n Amtawa n Tafna: Melmi amgaru mgal tamurt n Iqbayliyen ifuk, Fransa tezdem ɣef leğwahi nidden n Tafriqt ugafa terna texleq Ldzayer n tura; Tamurt n Yiqbayliyen, Timura n uguldun ɛabd Qader, akk-d d Uneẓruf Ameqran (timura n Twareg/[[Imuhaɣ]]). G [[1954]], [[Igen n Taslullit Taɣelnawt]] (ALN) tebda ţţrad n taslullit; mbaɛd n sebɛa isegassen n imenɣi, Fransa teğğa Dzayer g 19962. Aḥric ameqran n 1,025,000 [[Iḍaren Iberkanen]] akk-d 91,000 iḥerkiyyen, azal n 10% n imezdaɣ n Ledzayer g 1962, rewlen ɣef [[Fransa]] g useggwas-nni. == Ẓeṛ daɣen == [[Taggayt:imaziɣen|Q]] [[Taggayt:iɣerfan]] [[Taggayt:Iɣerfan iẓaranen n tferka n ugafa]] qaawnjqpv6rkbiaks7sabve4z2jchqe Shahnez Boushaki 0 22942 117492 116492 2026-09-25T00:35:50Z InternetArchiveBot 10734 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 117492 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Shahnez Boushaki''', ilul ass 22 Tuber 1985 di [[Lezzayer (tamanaɣt)|tamanaɣt Lezzayer]], yebda yetturar di basketball uḍar asmi yella 11 iseggasen di imezzyanen n [[Lmuludeyya n Lezzayer]] (MCA), almi yewwi-d 20 iseggasen iruḥ ad iɣar di [[Lezzayer]] Groupement Sportif des Petroliers (GSP).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shahnez BOUSHAKI at the Afrobasket Women 2015|url=https://www.fiba.basketball/fr/afrobasketwomen/2015/player/Shahnez-Boushaki|access-date=2022-02-19|website=Fiba.basketball|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Shahnez Boushaki|url=https://play.fiba3x3.com/players/60a075a6-69cd-4eb8-8436-e3fc920b3ae2|access-date=2022-02-19|website=Play.fiba3x3.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Web |title=Archive copy |url=https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/p/rpp//q//pid/95216/_//players.html |access-date=2022-06-07 |archive-date=2021-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418144308/https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/p/rpp//q//pid/95216/_//players.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lesoirdalgerie/179295|title=BASKET-BALL : COUPE D'ALGERIE SENIORS DAMES|website=Djazairess.com|access-date=February 20, 2022|archive-date=February 17, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217091721/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lesoirdalgerie/179295|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/latribune/109326|title=Le GSP premier qualifié pour les demies|website=Djazairess.com|access-date=February 20, 2022|archive-date=February 17, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217092258/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/latribune/109326|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Aslaɣmay== * [[2002|2002-2010]] : {{ALG-d}} [[Lmuludeyya n Lezzayer]] (MCA) * [[2010|2010-2018]] : {{ALG-d}} [[Groupement Sportif des Petroliers]] (GSP) == Tiwelhiwin == {{refs}} [[Taggayt:Addal|Shahnez Boushaki]] [[Taggayt:Anaddal|Shahnez Boushaki]] [[Taggayt:Tameddurt|Shahnez Boushaki]] 6ogzzetso44q0zldnwu9t02hr9yraf8 Mitra 0 23166 117489 106809 2026-09-25T00:31:48Z InternetArchiveBot 10734 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 117489 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mitra''' neɣ '''Lmitra''' neɣ daɣen '''Amiter''' (s [[taglizit]] : ''metre'' neɣ ''meter''<ref name=":0">{{En}} [https://www.britannica.com/science/metre-measurement metre], deg ''britannica.com''.</ref>, s [[tafrensist]] : ''mètre''<ref>{{Fr}} [https://www.cnrtl.fr/lexicographie/m%C3%A8tre/0 Mètre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127161211/https://www.cnrtl.fr/lexicographie/m%C3%A8tre/0 |date=2022-11-27 }}, deg ''cnrtl.fr''.</ref>), [[azamul]]-is (m), d [[Tigget n usekti|tigget]] tidusal n [[Teɣzi (tusnakt)|teɣzi]] deg [[Anagraw agraɣlan n tiynin|unagraw agraɣlan n tiynin]]<ref name=":0" />. == Isem == Isem-is yekka-d seg [[talatint]] : ''metrum'' ed seg tagrikt : ''metron'', anamek-is d lkil<ref>{{Fr}} [https://www.lne.fr/fr/comprendre/systeme-international-unites/metre Le mètre], deg ''lne.fr''.</ref>. == Tizmilin == <references /> 78q0sgzv2w3j55vb210zm7t44upht6b Amine Gouiri 0 23899 117485 110135 2026-09-25T00:00:42Z InternetArchiveBot 10734 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 117485 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography|image=|caption=Gouiri akked [[Stade Rennais F.C.|Rennes]] deg 2023|date of birth={{birth date and age|2000|02|16|df=y}}|nationality=Tazzayrit, tafransist}} <big>'''Amine Ferid Gouiri''' (s teqbaylit : '''Amin Farid Gwiri''', s taɛrabt : '''أمين فريد غويري''' ; ilul ass n '''16 Fuṛaṛ 2000''') d amyurar n tkurt n uḍar amsadur, yetturar d imessinded neɣ d ifer azelmaḍ deg terbaɛt n Rennes n Ligue 1 . Ilul deg Fransa, yetturar deg terbaɛt taɣelnawt n Lezzayer.</big> == <big>'''amecwar deg teɣlamin'''</big> == === <big>Lyon</big> === <big>Amarir n Lyon ay yebdan deg 2013, Gouiri yestenya leɛqed-nnes amezwaru n tcirḍart d teɣlamt-a ass n 3 Yulyu 2017 i kraḍ n yiseggasen.</big> <big>D yiwet n tmuɣli tagraɣlant mucaɛen, Gouiri yexdem amkan i Lyon deg umennuɣ n ligue 1 gar bordeaux ass n 10 ctember 2013 mi yella yesɛa 16 n yiseggasen, dɣa yebda i Lyon B mi yella 17. Yexdem timlilit-is tamezwarut deg terbaɛt ass n 19 Wamber 2017 deg yiwet n temlilit n 0-0 mgal Montpellier deg Ligue 1. Yekcem deg unnar deffir 73 n tedqiqin deg umkan n Tanguy Ndombele.</big> === <big>Nice</big> === <big>Ass n 1 yulyu 2020, Gouiri yekcem ɣer terbaɛt-is n Nice n Ligue 1 s leɛqed n 4 n yiseggasen s wazal n 7 n yimelyunen n yuruten.</big> <big>Ass n 23 Ɣuct 2020, yessadef sin n yiswan deg temlilit-is tamezwarut n temsizzelt i Nice, deg yiwet n rrbeḥ n 2-1 deg uxxam mgal Lens i d-yeffɣen s wudem amaynut, yuɣal d amarir ameẓyan akk n teɣlamt-a deg 70 n yiseggasen-a ineggura i yessadef ma drus snat n tikkal deg temlilit-is tamezwarut n teɣlamt . deg tcirḍart tamezwarut n Fṛansa. Ass n 29 Tuber 2020, yessadef iswi-nni kan deg temlilit n 1-0 mgal Hapoel Be'er Sheva deg Temɣunt n Urupa n UEFA n 2020-21.</big> === <big>Rennes</big> === <big>Ass n 1 Ṭuber 2022, Gouiri yekcem ɣer Rennes s leɛqed n semmus n yiseggasen arma d 30 Yunyu 2027.</big> == <big>'''Amecwar agraɣlan'''</big> == <big>Gouiri ilul-d deg Fṛansa n ubabat azzayri n Bgayet akked tyammat n Sṭif; dɣa, yesɛa sin tɣelnawin : tazzayrit akked tafransist. Yella d agraɣlan n yilemẓiyen i Fṛansa, Gouiri d netta ay d amseḍru ameqran akk deg telɣuɣa n UEFA n ddaw 17 n yiseggasen n 2017, yerna yessadef 7 n yiswan u d netta ay d amseḍru ameqran akk deg telɣuɣa-a daɣen.</big> <big>Gouri yella daɣen d agensas n Fṛansa deg Teqbuct n Umaḍal n FIFA n U-17 n 2017 deg Lhend,[13] yerna yessadef sin n yiswan deg temlilit-nnes tamezwarut deg telɣuɣa-a mgal Kalidunya Tamaynut n U17.S uɣruḍ, yessadef 5 n yiswan deg telɣuɣa-a.</big> <big>Deg UEFA U19 Euro n 2018, Gouiri yessadef sin n yiswan s tmerniwt mgal Ṭṭerk d Langliz, deg temlilit tis snat d tis kraḍt n tuzzya n tegrawin, yal yiwet deg-sent.</big> <big>Ass n 5 Ctembeṛ 2023, Djamel Belmadi yenna-d deg temnaḍt n tmeẓdiyin (zone mixte) dakken abeddel n tɣellist (sécurité) taddalant i Gouiri seg tefṛensist ɣer tezzayrit "yefru-d s tedbelt".</big> <big>Ass n 26 Ctembeṛ 2023, Gouiri yenna-d d akken yefka iman-nnes s lekmal-nnes deg terbaɛt taɣelnawt n Lezzayer.</big> == <big>'''tastaḍt deg teɣlamin'''</big> == === <big>taɣlamt</big> === <big>armi temlilit i d-yurar ass n 1 ctember 2024.</big> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+<big>Amḍan n temlilitin i d yuran d yiswan s terbaɛt, tasemhuyt d temsizzelt</big> ! rowspan="2" |<big>taɣlamt</big> ! rowspan="2" |<big>tasemhuyt</big> ! colspan="3" |<big>Liga</big> ! colspan="2" |<big>taqbuct n Fṛansa</big> ! colspan="2" |<big>taqbuct n Liga</big> ! colspan="2" |<big>Turuft</big> ! colspan="2" |<big>Total</big> |- !<big>tagzemt</big> !<big>yurar</big> !<big>iswi</big> !<big>yurar</big> !<big>iswi</big> !<big>yurar</big> !<big>Iswi</big> !<big>yurar</big> !<big>iswi</big> !<big>yurar</big> !<big>iswi</big> |- | rowspan="4" |<big>Lyon</big> |<big>2017–18</big> |<big>Ligue 1</big> |<big>7</big> |<big>0</big> |<big>1</big> |<big>0</big> |<big>1</big> |<big>0</big> |<big>1{{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[UEFA Europa League]]|name=UEL}}</big> |<big>0</big> |<big>10</big> |<big>0</big> |- |<big>2018–19</big> |<big>Ligue 1</big> |<big>0</big> |<big>0</big> |<big>0</big> |<big>0</big> |<big>0</big> |<big>0</big> |<big>0</big> |<big>0</big> |<big>0</big> |<big>0</big> |- |<big>2019–20</big> |<big>Ligue 1</big> |<big>1</big> |<big>0</big> |<big>2</big> |<big>0</big> |<big>1</big> |<big>0</big> |<big>1{{Efn|Appearance in [[UEFA Champions League]]|name=UCL}}</big> |<big>0</big> |<big>5</big> |<big>0</big> |- ! colspan="2" |<big>aɣruḍ</big> !<big>8</big> !<big>0</big> !<big>3</big> !<big>0</big> !<big>2</big> !<big>0</big> !<big>2</big> !<big>0</big> !<big>15</big> !<big>0</big> |- | rowspan="4" |<big>Nice</big> |<big>2020–21</big> |<big>Ligue 1</big> |<big>34</big> |<big>12</big> |<big>2</big> |<big>0</big> | colspan="2" |<big>—</big> |<big>5{{Efn|name=UEL}}</big> |<big>4</big> |<big>41</big> |<big>16</big> |- |<big>2021–22</big> |<big>Ligue 1</big> |<big>38</big> |<big>10</big> |<big>5</big> |<big>2</big> | colspan="2" |<big>—</big> | colspan="2" |<big>—</big> |<big>43</big> |<big>12</big> |- |<big>2022–23</big> |<big>Ligue 1</big> |<big>3</big> |<big>0</big> |<big>0</big> |<big>0</big> | colspan="2" |<big>—</big> |<big>2{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa Conference League]]|name=UECL}}</big> |<big>0</big> |<big>5</big> |<big>0</big> |- ! colspan="2" |<big>aɣruḍ</big> !<big>75</big> !<big>22</big> !<big>7</big> !<big>2</big> ! colspan="2" |<big>—</big> !<big>7</big> !<big>4</big> !<big>89</big> !<big>28</big> |- | rowspan="4" |<big>Rennes</big> |<big>2022–23</big> |<big>Ligue 1</big> |<big>33</big> |<big>15</big> |<big>2</big> |<big>0</big> | colspan="2" |<big>—</big> |<big>7{{Efn|name=UEL}}</big> |<big>2</big> |<big>42</big> |<big>17</big> |- |<big>2023–24</big> |<big>Ligue 1</big> |<big>31</big> |<big>7</big> |<big>3</big> |<big>2</big> | colspan="2" |<big>—</big> |<big>7{{Efn|name=UEL}}</big> |<big>2</big> |<big>41</big> |<big>11</big> |- |<big>2024–25</big> |<big>Ligue 1</big> |<big>3</big> |<big>1</big> |<big>0</big> |<big>0</big> | colspan="2" |<big>—</big> | colspan="2" |<big>—</big> |<big>3</big> |<big>1</big> |- ! colspan="2" |<big>aɣruḍ</big> !<big>67</big> !<big>23</big> !<big>5</big> !<big>2</big> ! colspan="2" |<big>—</big> !<big>14</big> !<big>4</big> !<big>86</big> !<big>29</big> |- ! colspan="3" |<big>Career total</big> !<big>150</big> !<big>45</big> !<big>15</big> !<big>4</big> !<big>2</big> !<big>0</big> !<big>23</big> !<big>8</big> !<big>190</big> !<big>57</big> |} === <big>agraɣlan</big> === <big>armi temlilit i d-yurar ass n 10 ctember 2024.</big> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+<big>Amḍan n temlilitin i d yuran d yiswan s terbaɛt, tasemhuyt d temsizzelt</big> !<big>Tarbaɛt taɣelnawt</big> !<big>Aseggas</big> !<big>Yurar</big> !<big>iswi</big> |- | rowspan="2" |<big>Lezzayer</big> |<big>2023</big> |<big>4</big> |<big>0</big> |- |<big>2024</big> |<big>4</big> |<big>3</big> |- ! colspan="2" |<big>aɣruḍ</big> !<big>8</big> !<big>3</big> |} <big>timlilit yetturaren 10 ctenber 2024,</big> {| class="wikitable" |+<big>umuɣ n yiswan igraɣlanen n Amine Gouiri</big> ! scope="col" |<big>No.</big> ! scope="col" |<big>Azemz</big> ! scope="col" |<big>annar</big> ! scope="col" |<big>Cap</big> ! scope="col" |<big>mgal</big> ! scope="col" |<big>Skur</big> ! scope="col" |<big>Agemmuḍ</big> ! scope="col" |<big>Timsizzelt</big> |- | style="text-align: center;" |<big>1</big> |<big>22 March 2024</big> |<big>Nelson Mandela Stadium, [[Lezzayer (tamanaɣt)|Algiers]], Algeria</big> | style="text-align: center;" |<big>5</big> |<big> Bolivia</big> | style="text-align: center;" |<big>1–0</big> | style="text-align: center;" |<big>3–2</big> |<big>2024 FIFA Series</big> |- | style="text-align: center;" |<big>2</big> |<big>5 September 2024</big> |<big>Miloud Hadefi Stadium, [[Wehran|Oran]], Algeria</big> | style="text-align: center;" |<big>7</big> |<big> Equatorial Guinea</big> | style="text-align: center;" |<big>2–0</big> | style="text-align: center;" |<big>2–0</big> |<big>2025 Africa Cup of Nations qualification</big> |- | style="text-align: center;" |<big>3</big> |<big>10 September 2024</big> |<big>Samuel Kanyon Doe Sports Complex, [[Monrovia]], Liberia</big> | style="text-align: center;" |<big>8</big> |<big> Liberia</big> | style="text-align: center;" |<big>1–0</big> | style="text-align: center;" |<big>3–0</big> |<big>2025 Africa Cup of Nations qualification</big> |} == <big>Iserhuyen</big> == <big><br /></big> * <big>[[:en:Coupe_de_la_Ligue|Coupe de la Ligue]] amnafeḍ wis sin: [[:en:2019–20_Coupe_de_la_Ligue|2019–20]]<ref>{{cite web|date=31 July 2020|title=Paris St-Germain beat Lyon in French League Cup final for another treble|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/53617357|access-date=16 June 2022|work=BBC Sport}}</ref></big> '''<big>Nice</big>''' <big>[[:en:Coupe_de_France|Coupe de France]] amnafeḍ wis sin : [[:en:2021–22_Coupe_de_France|2021–22]]<ref>{{cite web|date=7 May 2022|title=Nice 0–1 Nantes: Ludovic Blas penalty wins French Cup for Nantes|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/61366648|access-date=7 May 2022|work=BBC Sport}}</ref></big> '''<big>Amdanan</big>''' * <big>[[:en:2017_UEFA_European_Under-17_Championship#Goalscorers|UEFA European Under-17 Championship Top Scorer]]: [[:en:2017_UEFA_European_Under-17_Championship|2017]]<ref name="U17 Top Scorer">{{cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/under17/news/newsid=2471260.html|title=Gouiri takes U17 EURO top scorers' prize|website=uefa.com|publisher=[[UEFA|Union of European Football Associations]]|date=19 May 2017|access-date=20 November 2017}}</ref></big> * <big>UEFA European Under-17 Championship Team of the Tournament: [[:en:2017_UEFA_European_Under-17_Championship#Team_of_the_Tournament|2017]]<ref name="U17 Team of Tournament">{{cite web|title=Team of the Tournament|url=http://www.uefa.com/under17/season=2017/technical-report/uefa-technical-team/index.html|website=UEFA.com|publisher=Union of European Football Associations|access-date=20 November 2017|archive-date=16 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916010923/http://www.uefa.com/under17/season=2017/technical-report/uefa-technical-team/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref></big> [[Taggayt:Ligue 1]] [[Taggayt:OGC Nice]] [[Taggayt:Lezzayer tamanaɣt]] [[Taggayt:Amyurar]] <references group="lower-alpha" /> rmv4up9rfwll4mji779la87i8qvdbxw Radja Al-qrq 0 25107 117490 115653 2026-09-25T00:35:01Z InternetArchiveBot 10734 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 117490 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography | charte = femme d'affaires | image = | légende = }} '''Raja Eisa Al Gurg''' d [[tamezdagant]] [[Tigrawin Yedduklen n Timmura|timmurit]], d-tamheggart tag var n ugraw '''Easa Saleh Al Gurg''' akked tiseddawin-is i yellan deg [[trade|tzmert]] n uznuzu, [[industrie|twanaḍt n tṣenṭaɛ]], [[retail|aznuzu n usmad]], tesferkut d tnekkit n tfrensiwin akked [[immobilier|amekkan n tmnaḍt]]. Teddun ɣer ugraw di 1989 am tameskriwt n ugmis n tedbelt, tura tettɛeddaḍ ad iwali urfad n yimiḍanen deg [[Tigrawin Yedduklen n Timmura]]. Tesɛa [[lisansi]] di tmezlit n tnglizit seg [[tasdawit n l-Kuwait]] (1977), tbeddu-d amahil-is am umezwar n lqima n tmeẓẓyan n Zabeel di [[Dubay]] (1978).<ref>https://arabic.arabianbusiness.com/special-reports/253106/58</ref> Di temhalin-is, Al Gurg tella tennid belli ur tessird ara awal ar tmezdag — tebɣa ad tili tamelmad, sakin tamekki n taddart; amekkan-agi i tɛeddaḍ ugar n tlata-ɛeṣrin n isggasen. Tettḥemlel s baba-s i yebɣan tafat deg-s, sakin seld ddeqs n yimrawen, teddun ɣer ugraw n twacult di 1989.<ref>https://www.zahratalkhaleej.ae/article/4428634/ماذا-تعرفون-عن-الإماراتية-رجاء-عيسى-القرق</ref> Deg yisuddam n wesqerdec, teṭṭefka-d amkan 28 deg tebdart n ''Top 100 Most Powerful Arabs 2018'' n ''Gulf Business'', tettazyal amkan s umektiqen ɣef 2017.<ref>{{Cite Web |title=Archive copy |url=http://gulfbusiness.com/lists/top-100-most-powerful-arabs-2018/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |archive-date=2023-11-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124174144/http://gulfbusiness.com/lists/top-100-most-powerful-arabs-2018/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Forbes Middle East'' tesemmas ɣef 2017 d tamezdagant tamezwarut n Timmura deg tebdart n tilawin n tmezdag iɛezzalen,<ref>{{Cite Web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.forbesmiddleeast.com/en/powerful-emirati-businesswomen |access-date=2025-09-06 |archive-date=2018-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613111846/https://www.forbesmiddleeast.com/en/powerful-emirati-businesswomen/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> u d tis 3 deg tebdart n ''Top 100 Powerful Arab Businesswomen 2017''.<ref>{{Cite Web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.forbesmiddleeast.com/en/list/top-100-powerful-arab-businesswomen-2017/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |archive-date=2017-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905070920/https://www.forbesmiddleeast.com/en/list/top-100-powerful-arab-businesswomen-2017/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Di 2023, ''Forbes'' teskecm-it deg umkan 91 deg tebdart n ''The World’s Most Powerful Women''; yella yakan tladit 3 deg tebdart 2020 n tilawin n tmezdag iɛezzalen deg tamazrayt n Wammuḍ.<ref>https://www.algurg.com/News-Details/Dr-Raja-Al-Gurg-is-third-in-Forbes-100-most-powerful-Arab-businesswomen-ranking/16125</ref><ref>{{Cite Web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/power-women/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |archive-date=2026-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260118132340/https://www.forbes.com/lists/power-women/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tigrawin n tuddsa == Raja Eisa Al Gurg d tameskriwt neɣ d tamendad n:<ref>https://www.uaew.ae/search/cv?id=ODA2Mg==</ref> * Agmis n tedbelt n Tigdimin n tẓuṛi d twanaḍt n Dubay. * Agmis n tedbelt n LB Bank n Wammuḍ n Tmurt n Tisefra (BBME). * Agmis n tedbelt n Tamezda An-Nahda (Dubay). * Agmis n usenfell n Coutts (agraw RBS). * Agmis n iḥeffaden n ''Mohammed bin Rashid Global Initiatives''. * Agmis n iḥeffaden n ''Université Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart''. * Agmis n tedbelt n Ugraw Easa Saleh Al Gurg. * Di Mars 2020, ''National Bank of Fujairah'' tsemmas-it d taddayt n umeskar n tedbelt.<ref>https://nbf.ae/en/media-content/announcements/press-release/2020/25-03-2020</ref> == Ixfawen == * 2023 : ''Forbes'' tessker-itt deg ''100 Women Most Powerful in the Middle East'' n useggas. * 2022 : tettḥebs d tettwasemmas d taddayt n lqima n ''Université Heriot-Watt – Dubay''. * Tamezwarut n Timmura i tettɛeddaḍ di tedbelt n ''HSBC Middle East''. * 2018 : amkan 28 deg ''Gulf Business'' (''Top 100 Most Powerful Arabs'').<ref>{{Cite Web |title=Archive copy |url=http://gulfbusiness.com/lists/top-100-most-powerful-arabs-2018/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |archive-date=2023-11-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124174144/http://gulfbusiness.com/lists/top-100-most-powerful-arabs-2018/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 2019 : tesuffeɣ tazmert-is ''Raja Al Gurg… Autobiographie''. * 2014 : ''Excellence in Leadership Award'' – Global Thinkers Forum. * 2009 : ''World of Difference Award'' – TIAW (The International Alliance for Women). * Tamsa n Cheikh Hamdan bin Rashid deg tebdart n ''World Bank''.<ref>https://www.zahratalkhaleej.ae/article/4428634/ماذا-تعرفون-عن-الإماراتية-رجاء-عيسى-القرق</ref> * Septamber 2003 : tettzger d [[Lubna Khalid Al Qasimi]] d imeddukal n tilawin n tmezdag n Dubay ar ''U.S.–Arab Economic Forum'' di Detroit.<ref>http://www.ameinfo.com/news/Detailed/28535.html</ref> == Wali daɣen == * [[Rasha Al-Dhanhani]] == Tiwelhiwin == {{Reflist}} {{liens}} {{Portail|Émirats arabes unis|économie|Femmes}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Al Gurg, Raja Eisa}} [[Taggayt:Imdanen n Dubay]] 3cygiquzbbl6p5cmfu3izl4p6uzqvn7 Camma Al Mazruɛi 0 25119 117486 116827 2026-09-25T00:15:37Z InternetArchiveBot 10734 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 117486 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography}} '''Shamma bint Suhail Faris Al Mazrui''' (tettwaled 22 février 1993) d tamettut n tbaḍnit n Imarat n Tɛraben Yedduklen; d tiministra n tneqqict n tmezdagnut seg 6 mars 2023.<ref>Décret : nomination de S. E. Shamma Al Mazrui ministre du Développement communautaire — URL : https://www.protocol.dubai.ae/ar/Media-Center/News/NewsDetail?id=5dc8ce7d-21e8-4d9a-8431-2c7dad2bebf2 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328182650/https://www.protocol.dubai.ae/ar/Media-Center/News/NewsDetail?id=5dc8ce7d-21e8-4d9a-8431-2c7dad2bebf2 |date=2024-03-28 }} — (ar) — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20240328182650/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.</ref> Yakan tella d tminisṭra n tedrimt i yiseqdacen n yilelliyen (2016–2023) di 22 n iseggwasen, u tbedlen d tamecčiṭ n tminisṭren di tudert.<ref>« Les Émirats nomment la plus jeune ministre au monde » — Sky News Arabia — URL : https://www.skynewsarabia.com/middle-east/815134-… — (ar) — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20170509100450/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.</ref> == Taselkimt == Tessider master deg tizemrin tazayezt (public policy) s tasedda deg [[Université d’Oxford]] (tessuddes d tamezwarut n Imarat n tɛraben yedduklen i tfernent tabursa Rhodes i imeqranen n umeẓlu n tmezdagnut), d tesarut tazedɣant deg iserkehden gar ddeqs n yidduren deg [[Université de New York]] akked lauréa deg tedrimt (economics) s yitranen ifassen di [[Université de New York|NYU]].<ref>Al-Bayan : « Découvrez Shamma Al Mazrui, ministre d’État à la Jeunesse » — URL : http://www.albayan.ae/across-the-uae/news-and-reports/2016-02-10-1.2570336 — (ar) — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20170607084010/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.</ref><ref>Al-Bayan : « Shamma Al Mazrui : excellence, leadership et innovation » — URL : http://www.albayan.ae/across-the-uae/news-and-reports/2016-02-11-1.2571029 — (ar) — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20160212082610/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.</ref> == Abrid n umahil == Send mi d-tedda ɣer tneɣruft, t-xedmet deg [[capital-investissement]] deg yiwen n yifellahen isefrak n [[Abu Dhabi]], u d tbanent n tizemrin i tnebdanin n Imarat ar [[ONU|Tiddukla n Tmomart yedduklen]].<ref>Newsweek Middle East : « UAE: Meet the World's Youngest Minister » — Lelia Hatoum — 27 avril 2016 — URL : http://newsweekme.com/uae-meet-the-worlds-youngest-minister/ — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20230715060257/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.</ref> Illa d tbanent n unadi di tbeddit n Imarat di [[Washington (district de Columbia)|Washington, D.C.]],<ref>Khaleej Times : « Meet your new ministers in UAE Cabinet » — 11 février 2016 — URL : http://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/government/shaikh-mohammed-to-announce-new-cabinet-today {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920224332/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/government/shaikh-mohammed-to-announce-new-cabinet-today |date=2023-09-20 }} — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20230920224332/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.</ref> d tbanent n tizemrin di [[Cabinet des Émirats arabes unis|Uxxam n Umekkan]] n Imarat,<ref>ABLF Network : « H.E. Shamma Bint Suhail Faris Al Mazrui — Alumni » — URL : https://www.ablf.com/network/shamma-bint-suhail-faris-al-mazrui — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20230207150102/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.</ref> d tameɣṛut n tizemrin ɣef tneflit n tlmadin di « Tamkeen » (Tebgert n yimeẓlayen n Abu Dhabi).<ref>RewirEd Summit : « Shamma bint Suhail bin Faris Al Mazrui — Speaker » — URL : https://rewiredsummit.org/speaker2/shamma-bint-suhail-bin-faris-al-mazrui/ — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20230922155801/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.</ref> Tettekki deg Youth Innovation Lab n Uxxam n Umekkan,<ref>CNN Arabic : « Découvrez Shamma Al Mazrui… la plus jeune ministre du monde » — 11 février 2016 — URL : https://arabic.cnn.com/middleeast/2016/02/11/shamma-almazroui — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20161111233358/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.</ref> tettawi tameslayt d isɣewnen n berra n [[Oxford Gulf and Arabian Peninsula Studies Forum]] (UK) u tella d tameslayt n yimendayen di [[Blavatnik School of Government]] (Oxford).<ref>RT Arabic : « Photos : la plus jeune ministre au monde distribue des repas d’iftar » — 16 juin 2016 — URL : https://arabic.rt.com/news/828053-… — Archive : (16 décembre 2019) — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.</ref> Tettekki daɣen deg usbeddi n « Institute for Renaissance » di [[Université de New York à Abou Dabi|NYU Abu Dhabi]].<ref>Monte Carlo Doualiya : « Qui est Shamma Al Mazrui, la plus jeune ministre au monde ? » — 12 février 2016 — URL : https://www.mc-doualiya.com/articles/20160212-…{{Assaɣ yerrẓen|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20160627031233/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.</ref> Ass n 10 février 2016, [[Mohammed ben Rachid Al Maktoum]] yessers t-tesbeddeḍ d tminisṭra n tedrimt i yiseqdacen n yilelliyen; d tamecčiṭ n uxxam n Imarat.<ref>The Times of Israel : « UAE names women ministers for happiness, tolerance » — 10 février 2016 — URL : http://www.timesofisrael.com/uae-names-women-ministers-for-happiness-tolerance/ — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20230715105052/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.</ref><ref>CNN (edition) : « Happy days? United Arab Emirates appoints first minister of happiness » — Sheena MacKenzie — 15 février 2016 — URL : http://edition.cnn.com/2016/02/15/middleeast/united-arab-emirates-minister-of-happiness/ — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20240112100300/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.</ref> Tettusbedday d tameslayt n [[Conseil national de la jeunesse (Émirats arabes unis)|Ugraw Agelzim n yilelliyen]] u d tamesnawt n usenker n [[Markaz n yilelliyen araḍiyen|Centre de la jeunesse arabe]].<ref>WAM — « Shamma Al Mazrouei chairs 1st meeting of Emirates Youth Council » — 4 mars 2016 — URL : http://www.wam.ae/en/news/emirates/1395292372897.html — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20230715060257/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.</ref><ref>The National (editorial) : « Harnessing the power of youth » — 11 juin 2016 — URL : http://www.thenational.ae/opinion/editorial/harnessing-the-power-of-youth {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419153200/http://www.thenational.ae/opinion/editorial/harnessing-the-power-of-youth |date=2017-04-19 }} — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20230715060253/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.</ref> == Igerracen icudden ɣer tagnawt d isemtiyen (2023) == Ass n 12 janvier 2023, tettusbedday d « Youth Climate Champion » n Imarat i [[COP28]].<ref>Ambassade des EAU à Washington : « … appoints COP28 UAE President-Designate » — URL : https://www.uae-embassy.org/news/following-presidential-directive-mansour-bin-zayed-appoints-cop28-uae-president-designate — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20231130105547/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.</ref> Tella daɣen deg ugraw n usmiggel (advisory) akked ugraw ameqran n COP28.<ref>COP28 UAE — « Advisory Committee » — URL : https://www.cop28.com/en/advisory-committee — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20231001143508/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.</ref><ref>WAM : « UAE forms Higher Committee for COP28 » — URL : https://wam.ae/en/details/1395303060068 — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20240127182602/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.</ref> Ass n 7 février 2023, yella usnifel n uxxam: Shamma Al Mazrui tettusbedday d tiministra n tneqqict n tmezdagnut; tuɣal di tmeɣra ass n 6 mars 2023.<ref>The National : « Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid announces Cabinet reshuffle » — 7 février 2023 — URL : https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/2023/02/07/sheikh-mohammed-bin-rashid-announces-uae-cabinet-reshuffle/ — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20230323213914/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.</ref><ref>Décret — protocol.dubai.ae — URL : https://www.protocol.dubai.ae/ar/Media-Center/News/NewsDetail?id=5dc8ce7d-21e8-4d9a-8431-2c7dad2bebf2 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328182650/https://www.protocol.dubai.ae/ar/Media-Center/News/NewsDetail?id=5dc8ce7d-21e8-4d9a-8431-2c7dad2bebf2 |date=2024-03-28 }} — (ar) — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20240328182650/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.</ref> Tella daɣen d tasɣent n [[Conseil n tlemmast d tegrurin n yiseqdacen|Ugraw n tlimmad d tegrurin n yemsiraden]] (Education and Human Resources Council),<ref>MOFAIC (EAU) : « H.H. Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed chairs meeting… » — 1 février 2023 — URL : https://www.mofaic.gov.ae/en/mediahub/news/2023/2/1/01-02-2023-uae-minister — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20230330103441/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.</ref><ref>WAM : « Abdullah bin Zayed… national identity and Arabic language in education » — 13 août 2022 — URL : http://wam.ae/en/details/1395303074266 — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20230207143449/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.</ref> d taddayt n [[Centre national de la qualité de l’éducation|Tamacahut tagelda n tɣellist n tlmadin]],<ref>Dubai Media Office : « UAE Government Annual Meetings – Closing Session » — 23 novembre 2022 — URL : https://www.mediaoffice.ae/en/news/2022/November/23-11/Closing-Session-of-the-UAE-Government-Annual-Meetings — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20230207145027/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.</ref> u seg yulyu 2023 d taddayt n ugraw n tnebdanin n [[Université Zayed]].<ref>Khaleej Times : « … restructuring of Zayed University’s Board of Trustees » — URL : https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/sheikh-mohammed-approves-restructuring-of-zayed-universitys-board-of-trustees — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20231122175116/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.</ref><ref>Zayed University : « Board of Trustees Holds Inaugural Meeting… » — URL : https://www.zu.ac.ae/main/en/news/2023/September/bot-meet-sept — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20231209013340/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.</ref> Tella daɣen d tameslayt deg [[International Humanitarian and Philanthropic Council|Ugraw Amadalan Amehban d Usmhim]] in Imarat.<ref>The National : « UAE President issues law to establish International Humanitarian and Philanthropic Council » — 5 janvier 2024 — URL : https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/government/2024/01/05/uae-president-issues-law-to-establish-international-humanitarian-and-philanthropic-council/ — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20240127190324/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.</ref> Di 2017, tettusbedday d taddayt n ugraw n [[Special Olympics UAE]] u d tamesnawt n tigwidin n « Tamezdagnut d Leḥriṭ » n yUraren n Umaḍal 2019.<ref>Special Olympics : « Special Olympics UAE to become an independent association » — URL : https://staging.specialolympics.org/Stories/GENERAL/Special_Olympics_UAE_to_become_an_independent_association.aspx {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011214709/https://staging.specialolympics.org/Stories/GENERAL/Special_Olympics_UAE_to_become_an_independent_association.aspx |date=2018-10-11 }} — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20230715060249/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.</ref><ref>Gulf Today — URL : https://www.gulftoday.ae/ — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20240322165110/http://www.gulftoday.ae/ — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.</ref> == Asnifel == * Azref n Cheikh Mansour bin Zayed i tfazilt.<ref>Monte Carlo Doualiya : « Qui est Shamma Al Mazrui, la plus jeune ministre au monde ? » — URL : https://www.mc-doualiya.com/articles/20160212-…{{Assaɣ yerrẓen|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20160627031233/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.</ref> * « Kotos » Future Leader Award.<ref>almrsal.com : « La plus jeune ministre de la Jeunesse au monde : Shamma Al Mazrui » — 17 février 2016 — URL : https://www.almrsal.com/post/312585 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915060011/http://www.almrsal.com/post/312585 |date=2016-09-15 }} — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20160915060011/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.</ref> * Tabursiwin n tfazilt n yimeqqranen sɣur Cheikh Khalifa bin Zayed akked [[Mohammed ben Zayed Al Nahyane|Mohammed bin Zayed]] i yimacahd n tmalaladt n lqurci n tarmit n tmezruy.<ref>Arab Youth Survey : « Discours d’ouverture par S. E. Shamma Al Mazrui » — URL : https://www.arabyouthsurvey.com/ar/media/details/7{{Assaɣ yerrẓen|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20200407064742/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.</ref> == Iseɣzaf uffiren == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7yP3igXyiaQ Tasnut n Shamma Al Mazrui (Forum n Tilawin n Umaḍal – Dubai)] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4FPBp2SdGLM Tasḥunt n tminisṭra tamecčiṭ di Imarat] == Références == {{Reflist}} [[Taggayt:Ttwaled di 1993]] [[Taggayt:Tamettut n tbaḍnit n Imarat n Tɛraben Yedduklen]] [[Taggayt:Tamesnawt di Taddart n Oxford]] [[Taggayt:Tamesnawt di Taddart n New York]] c2lenzuui6cskr4exd17nkmwmiwqe7b Ibtisam Ɛabd Al Ɛziz 0 25156 117487 114023 2026-09-25T00:22:49Z InternetArchiveBot 10734 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 117487 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography}} '''Ibtisam Ɛabd Al Ɛziz''' (tettwaled di 1975) d taznayt tamarat tayerza d taredactit, ttwaled-t tezra di [[Šarqa]], Imarat.<ref>[Ebtisam AbdulAziz — Nafas Art Magazine — http://universes-in-universe.org/eng/nafas/articles/2005/abdulaziz]</ref><ref>[Taylor Woodman, “Negotiating New Dynamics. Navi Gating New Trails…”, International Gallerie 24(2):26–47 — https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=asu&AN=156953993&site=eds-live&scope=site]</ref> Tettxeddem s tgeometri d tusnakt iwakken ad tserkeb isaffen n tnekkist d tmagit, sɣur isbedden (''installation''), tnarit n taznayt (''performance'') d imidyaten-nniḍen.<ref>[Ebtisam AbdulAziz — The Third Line (tasensast/umdegger) — http://www.thethirdline.com/artists/ebtisam-abdulaziz/biography/]</ref> == Tisegzayen == * 2014: NYU Abu Dhabi Art Gallery, Abū Ẓabi, Imarat * 2014: ''View From Inside'' – FotoFest * 2014: 32nd [[Emirates Fine Arts Society]] Annual Exhibition, Imarat * 2013: ''Autobiography'', The Third Line, Dubay * 2013: Biennale, Houston, USA * 2013: ''Emirati Expressions'', Manarat Al Saadiyat, Abū Ẓabi.<ref>[“Emirati artists on display at Manarat Al Saadiyat”, The National — http://www.thenational.ae/uae/heritage/emirati-artists-on-display-at-manarat-al-saadiyat {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624142753/http://www.thenational.ae/uae/heritage/emirati-artists-on-display-at-manarat-al-saadiyat |date=2015-06-24 }}]</ref> * 2013: ''The Beginning of Thinking is Geometric'', Maraya Arts Centre, Šarqa * 2013: ''Three Generations'', [[Sotheby's]], Lundrez (UK).<ref>[Sotheby’s Blog: “Three Generations” Marks the First-Ever Emirati Group Show in the UK — http://www.sothebys.com/en/news-video/blogs/all-blogs/Cultural-Crossroads/2013/07/three-generations-emirati-art.html]</ref> * 2012: ''Arab Express'', [[Mori Art Museum]], Tokyo, Jepun * 2012: ''25 years of Arab Creativity'', L’Institut du Monde Arabe, Paris, Fransa * 2012: ''Inventing The World: The Artist as a Citizen'', Benin Biennial, Kora Centre, Benin * 2009: Pavilyonnen n Imarat di 53rd [[Venice Biennale]] * 2007: ''Ebtisam Abdulaziz'', Sharjah Contemporary Art Museum, Šarqa<ref>[ADMAF – Ebtisam Abdul Aziz — http://www.admaf.org/en/artist/programs-projects/national-gallery/established-artists/ebtisam-abdul-aziz.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624140946/http://www.admaf.org/en/artist/programs-projects/national-gallery/established-artists/ebtisam-abdul-aziz.html |date=2015-06-24 }}]</ref> * 2005: [[Sharjah Biennale|Sharjah Biennial]], Imarat == Tigrummiyin == Ixeddamen n Ebtisam llan deg ddeqs n tigrumma tizdamin d timaẓlayin, gar-asen:<ref>[“A Visit With Ebtisam Abdulaziz”, db-artmag — http://db-artmag.com/en/63/feature/a-visit-with-ebtisam-abdulaziz/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624135022/http://db-artmag.com/en/63/feature/a-visit-with-ebtisam-abdulaziz/ |date=2015-06-24 }}]</ref> * Farook Collection * Ministry of Culture, UAE * Youth and Community Development, UAE * [[Renault|Renault Collection]], Fransa * [[Deutsche Bank|Deutsche Bank AG]], Almanya == Tiwelhiwin == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Abdulaziz, Ebtisam}} [[Taggayt:Imezruy 1975]] [[Taggayt:Wid yettidiren]] [[Taggayt:Iẓnayen imaraten imudernen]] [[Taggayt:Tiznayyin timaratin n Imarat]] [[Taggayt:Iẓnayen n usbeddi (installation)]] [[Taggayt:Imdanen n Šarqa]] [[Taggayt:Tiznayyin timaratin n usbeddi (installation)]] [[Taggayt:Tiznayyin timaratin n tnarit (performance)]] ebny0vvmue3voaj7c1ujgcrkyawys20 Rim Al Marzuqi 0 25160 117491 114030 2026-09-25T00:35:15Z InternetArchiveBot 10734 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 117491 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography}} '''Reem Al Marzouqi''' (ريم المرزوقي; d. cca 1990) d tneǧṛiṭt imaratenni d tinnuveṇṭṭart; d tameṭṭut tamezwarut n [[Limarat Taɛrabin Yeddukklen]] i yellan yessawlen aserrek n usṛig deg [[Tigeldunlin n Marikan]] i tesnulfa-d amecwaṛ n tmubilit i yettwadren war ifassen.<ref>{{Cite Web |title=Young+: “Young achiever: Reem Al Marzouqi” |url=http://youngplusmag.net/teen-stuff/young-achievers/young-achiever-reem-al-marzouqi/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |archive-date=2015-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402103530/http://youngplusmag.net/teen-stuff/young-achievers/young-achiever-reem-al-marzouqi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tamezdagnut == Tett grew deg umdakkel “adig umɛawan d igmawen” deg Imarat, ayen i yessutren-tt ɣer tgmiyin d tmubilin.<ref>[https://aeworld.com/lifestyle/meet-emirati-engineer-reem-al-marzooqi/ AE World – “Meet Emirati Engineer Reem Al Marzooqi”]</ref> Tekkcem di [[University of the United Arab Emirates]] deg 2008 s iswi ad tili d taɣerdayt n tizegrarin, tett-id effɣeḍ s Ba-k n tineǧra n tizegrarin, mačči d talmidt n “A” maca tgemreḍ.<ref>[https://anchor.fm/rove-hotels/episodes/Chat-with-Reem-Al-Marzouqi---Emirati-Engineer--Inventor-e1b2886 Rove/Anchor – “Chat with Reem Al Marzouqi”]</ref> Mi tella tettalemsas, tgejjed di tedrimt n tduddin deg [[Abu Ḍabi]] d [[Dubay]] (am ''Musanada''). Ttuffeɣ-d di wis sin deg ''Emirates National Skills Carpentry Competition'' d tameṭṭut tamezwarut n tatekki-a.<ref>{{Cite Web |title=Khaleej Times – “Lucky to be an Emirati woman today” |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/news/general/lucky-to-be-an-emirati-woman-today-says-inventor- |access-date=2025-09-13 |archive-date=2022-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109223716/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/news/general/lucky-to-be-an-emirati-woman-today-says-inventor- |url-status=dead }}</ref> Reem tmesɛa-d usṛig n Marikan i umesnulfu-is amezwaru, ''Lower Extremity Vehicle Navigation Control System'';<ref>[https://patents.google.com/patent/US8590416B2 US Patent 8590416B2]</ref> sakin yettwaserkem di Ljapon daɣen.<ref>[https://patents.google.com/patent/JP6101637B2 JP Patent 6101637B2]</ref> Anagraw-agi iseqdec iḍawen n uḍar kan (tangalt n uderɣal, tasnireft n usɣen d tasnireft n uḥbes), i yettmuddun ad yettadren wid ur ssawlen ara ifassen.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150402144341/http://www.bqdoha.com/2014/12/patent-experience bq magazine – “Patent experience”]</ref><ref>[http://www.thenational.ae/uae/technology/expect-more-emirati-women-in-engineering-young-uae-inventor-says The National – “Expect more Emirati women in engineering”]</ref> D amenzu n umesnulfu-a; [[UAEU]] tesɛa-d daɣen isuter n usṛig di Cayina d Ttḥada n Turubba (EU).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150402120804/http://gulftoday.ae/portal/095c0de4-5fa4-44e9-ab6d-2570a6613db3.aspx Gulf Today – “UAE team invents car with hands-free driving”]</ref><ref>[https://gulfnews.com/uae/education/emirati-students-invent-foot-based-navigation-system-for-a-car-1.1248633 Gulf News – “Emirati students invent foot-based navigation system for a car”]</ref> Yebɣa-d d yiwen seg yirniyen n useɣwen n ''Takamul''.<ref>{{Cite Web |title=The National – “Abu Dhabi on track … Takamul” |url=http://www.thenational.ae/business/industry-insights/technology/abu-dhabi-on-track-with-a-patently-good-idea-with-takamul |access-date=2025-09-13 |archive-date=2017-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212135231/http://www.thenational.ae/business/industry-insights/technology/abu-dhabi-on-track-with-a-patently-good-idea-with-takamul |url-status=dead}}</ref> Iselken n usṛig d-yewweḍen-d seg tadrimt n ''ethics'' di tmesɣelt; tettcekkir i tebrat n tiliɣri n [[Jessica Cox]] (amezzwer n umsafer war ifassen) i tella tettmeslay ɣef wuguren n tadrimt s yiḍawen kan.<ref>[https://aeworld.com/lifestyle/meet-emirati-engineer-reem-al-marzooqi/ AE World – idem]</ref> Amek i d-yelbedd tasunfel-t, amsal n tsura, ameddaz-ines yebɣa yessenseḍ; mi yewwi tsurya, yennad-as ad tesutreɣ i usṛig n Marikan — imi texdem-d aɣelluy i wuguren n tidett.<ref>[https://anchor.fm/rove-hotels/episodes/Chat-with-Reem-Al-Marzouqi---Emirati-Engineer--Inventor-e1b2886 Rove/Anchor – idem]</ref> Ttekki deg Expo Science International. Amezruy-is yettban di “A History of the World in 100 Objects” n [[Musée Britannique]], di Manarat Al Saadiyat (Abu Dabi) 4/2014–8/2014; Neil MacGregor yessel-it d “ameddakwel ameẓẓyan n unnamus n umdan i uznuz i iferjen imaynuten”.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150402112119/http://vision.ae/articles/object_lesson Vision Magazine – “Object lesson”]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123651/http://uae-embassy.ae/Embassies/uk/news/2014/03/27/4942 Embassy of the UAE in London – press]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150402154900/http://myoasisliving.com/oasis_living_magazine/show_detail/encid/9qd/opt/features/offset/20 Oasis Living – feature]</ref> Di 2014 tettwafer zdat ''Academy of Achievement'' d tamedlayt n tinnovasyon d tknulit di usqerḍ n 51 n usqerreḍ amatu di San Francisco.<ref>[https://www.achievement.org/summit/2014/ Academy of Achievement – 2014 Summit]</ref> Tεella-d snat n '''Guinness World Records''' di 2014: amecriq ameqran n unniḍen yeddan s tballunin n tḥelium d uzdir aɣezfan n wazzal; tazwirin d ''Dubai Club for the Disabled'' i wakken ad d-sqedcent tmezliyin-nsen.<ref>[https://gulfnews.com/uae/dubai-women-with-special-needs-to-design-longest-wedding-dress-1.1283776 Gulf News – “Women with special needs to design longest wedding dress”]</ref> Tettban daɣen deg ''Arabian Business'' “50 most influential women” (2018) d “100 smartest people in the UAE”.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180311115615/http://www.arabianbusiness.com/lists/391091-2018-arab-women10reem-al-marzouqi Arabian Business – 50 Most Influential Women (2018)]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170930161019/http://www.arabianbusiness.com/lists/379383-100-smartest-people-in-the-uae-15reem-al-marzouqi Arabian Business – 100 Smartest People in the UAE]</ref> Seg usensu n tmesɣelt, Reem tettxedmet deg usenfaṛ n [[Abu Dhabi Airport]] ɣef usenfel n ''Midfield Terminal'' i wakken ad yettali-d d ameẓlu n tgujjit s tknulit timaynutin.<ref>[http://robertmcgovern.com/index.php/reem-al-marzouqi-interview/ WIRED ME (interview) – Robert McGovern]</ref> Reem tettɣel as tmeṭṭut, yesɛan snat n warrac.<ref>[https://anchor.fm/rove-hotels/episodes/Chat-with-Reem-Al-Marzouqi---Emirati-Engineer--Inventor-e1b2886 Rove/Anchor – idem]</ref> == Tiwelhiwin == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Marzouqi, Reem}} [[Taggayt:Tneǧṛiḍ mekkaniyet]] [[Taggayt:Imdanen n Tmesɣelt n Imarat n Timmura Yedduklen]] [[Taggayt:Wid yettidiren]] [[Taggayt:Inuventaren n Imarat]] [[Taggayt:Imimaraten (tizegrarin)]] [[Taggayt:Tilawin inǧinyurat n Imarat]] [[Taggayt:Tiltawin n wezzin n 21 n tsrut]] [[Taggayt:Inuventaren n 21 n tsrut]] [[Taggayt:Tiltawin inuventaren n 21 n tsrut]] [[Taggayt:Aseggas n tlalit ur yettwassen ara]] [[Taggayt:Tiwḍi n 20 n tsrut]] njvb3nzthxqzsvfin6onfx3c55xig7t ChatGPT 0 25569 117482 117476 2026-09-24T14:06:23Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117482 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:OpenAI logo 2025 (symbol).svg|vignette|Alugu n ChatGPT]] '''ChatGPT''' d amallal n udiwenni s [[Tigzi Taragmawant|tigzi taragmawant]] (AI) i d-tesnulfa taṛmist OpenAI. Yeffeɣ-d i useqdec azayez deg 30 Wamber 2022, deg tazwara am rusenfaṛ n unadi, iwakken OpenAI ad telmed seg useqdec n yimdanen, ad tissin tizemmar d tilisa n unagraw-is. Deg lqem-is amezwaru, ChatGPT yebna ɣef umudam seg twacult GPT-3.5. Isem ChatGPT yebḍa ɣef sin yiḥricen: Chat, anamek-is adiwenni, akked GPT — Generative Pre-trained Transformer, tawacult n yimudam n tutlayt i ɣef yebna. Tamiḍrant tagejdant d ad yerr tazmert n yimudam imeqqranen n tutlayt deg ugrudem anda amdan yezmer ad yesseqdec tigzi taragmawant s tutlayt tagamant, amzun yettmeslay akked umeggay. Ass-a, ChatGPT yugar aṭas tamiḍrant n chatbot. Yezmer ad iɛiwen deg tira, tussna, anadi, asihel, tasleḍt n yisefka d yisemliyen, tugniwin, tifrat n wuguren, aseggem n yisenfaren d waṭas n twuriwin-nniḍen. OpenAI tessegza-t am umallal AI i izemren ad iɛiwen deg twuriwin n yal ass. == 1. Talalit n ChatGPT == Mi d-yeffeɣ ChatGPT deg 2022, tamiḍrant n umeslay akked tmacint ur telli ara d tamaynut. Llan ''chatbots'' uqbel-is s waṭas n yiseggasen. Ayen i ibeddlen akked ChatGPT d tazmert n umudam-is ad yegzu asiḍen n udiwenni, ad ikemmel ameslay ɣef waṭas n yisteqsiyen, ad yessegzi timiḍranin, ad yaru iḍrisen ɣezzifen, yerna ad ixdem tiwuriwin yemgaraden war ma ilaq ad yettwaselmed s talɣa tusridt i yal yiwet seg-sent. [[OpenAI]] tessegza deg ussufeɣ n 2022 belli talɣa n udiwenni tettak i ChatGPT tazmert ad d-yerr ɣef yisteqsiyen i d-iteddun deffir yisteqsi amezwaru, ad iqbel mi yecceḍ, ad yesseɣti kra n turdiwin ur nṣeḥḥa ara deg usteqsi, yerna ad yagi kra n yisutar ur nemṣada ara akked tɣellist. Lqem amezwaru yettwaselmed s tarrayt n RLHF — Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback, anda imdanen ɛawnen deg uselmed n unagraw s usmenyif gar tririyin yemgaraden. ChatGPT n tazwara yebna ɣef GPT-3.5, maca deg yiseggasen i d-yeḍfernen OpenAI ternu imudam s tzemmar ugar. == 2. D acu i d GPT? == Iwakken ad nefhem ChatGPT, ilaq ad nefhem GPT. GPT d agzul n '''Aselkat n usaraw uzarsileɣ'''('''Generative Pre-trained Transformer)'''. Asaraw yemmal-d belli amudam yezmer ad d-isnulfu agbur am uḍris, tangalt n useɣẓan neɣ igemmaḍ-nniḍen. Azarsileɣ yemmal-d belli uqbel ad yebdu udiwenni akked useqdac, amudam yettwaselmad yakan ɣef yisefka imeqqranen. Aselkat d anaw n taneɣruft n uẓeṭṭa n uselmed alaway i yerran imudam n tutlayt imeqqranen n tura zemren ad xedmen tasleḍt n wassaɣen gar wawalen, tefyar d yimektayen deg yiḍrisen. ChatGPT, ihi, mačči d adlis ameqqran anda tella tririt i yal asteqsi. D anagraw n uselmed n tmacint i yesseqdacen imudam i yettwaselmaden ɣef waṭas n yisefka, syin yesseqdac ayen yelmed iwakken ad d-isuddes tiririt almend n usteqsi d usatal. == 3. Amek iteddu ChatGPT? == Mi ara taruḍ asteqsi, aḍris-ik yettwabḍa ɣer iferdisen imeẓyanen i nezmer ad nessemmi tiddas(tokens). ''Tiddest'' tezmer ad yili awal, aḥric n wawal, azamul neɣ kra n usekkil almend n tutlayt d umsiddes(tokenizer) i yettwaseqdacen. Amudam yettawi tiddest-a, yettales tasleḍt n wassaɣen gar-asen akked usatal i d-yezwaren, syin yettak tilisa i wayen i izemren ad d-iḍfer. S talɣa taḥerfit, yezmer ad yettwafhem am unagraw i yettaznen yal tikkelt: «D acu i ilaqen ad d-iḍfer tura?» Maca mi ara nales ayagi ɣef yimelyunen neɣ yimelyaren n yiferdisen d yassaɣen ussnanen i yelmed umudam, ad d-teffeɣ tazmert i yugar s waṭas asnimer n wawal i d-iteddun: asegzi, tira, agdal, tasleḍt, asihel, tifrat n wuguren d usuddes n tamusni. Dɣa, ma tella tririt tettban amzun tamacint «tessen» ayen i d-tenna, ilaq ad nefrez gar tarrayt n umudam d tegzi n umdan. ChatGPT d anagraw n tigzi taragmawant; ur ilaq ara ad as-nefk iḥulfan, iman neɣ tamuɣli tudmawant n umaḍal war ad yili ufus ussnan i waya. == 4. Aselmed s tallelt n yimdanen == Yiwen seg yiferdisen i d-yerran ChatGPT yemgarad ɣef kra n yimudam iqburen d aselmed iwakken ad iḍfer tanaḍt n useqdac yerna ad yerr s talɣa iwulmen i udiwenni. Deg lqem amezwaru, OpenAI tessemres ''supervised fine-tuning'': imselmaden imdanen ttaken-d imedyaten n yidiwenniyen gar useqdac d umeggay. Syin, OpenAI tessemres '''RLHF'''. Imdanen smenyafen gar waṭas n tririyin; isefka-a ttwasqedcen iwakken ad yelmed unagraw anwa anaw n tririt i d-yettwasmenyafen. Tarrayin n uselmed n yimudam imaynuten n tura zemrent ad mgaradent ɣef tarrayt-a tamezwarut, maca tamuɣli tagejdant teqqim: ur ilaq ara umudam ad yissin kan amek ara d-isnulfu aḍris; ilaq daɣen ad yelmed amek ara iḍfer tanaḍt d wamek ara d-yerr s talɣa ara yilin d abaɣur i useqdac. == 5. Seg GPT-3.5 ɣer yimudam imaynuten == Amezruy n ChatGPT yeqqen ɣer unerni n yimudam n OpenAI. Deg 2022, ChatGPT amezwaru yebna ɣef GPT-3.5. Deg Meɣres 2023, GPT-4 yekcem ɣer ChatGPT Plus. Deg Mayyu 2024, GPT-4o yekcem ɣer ChatGPT. Deg Sebtember 2024, OpenAI tebda tessemras imudam n uwemmam/reasoning s o1-preview d o1-mini. Deg Ɣuct 2025, GPT-5 yekcem ɣer ChatGPT. Deg 2026, tawacult GPT-5.6 tettwaseqdec deg ChatGPT. OpenAI tessegza GPT-5.6 Sol am umudam i yesseqdacen Plus d Pro i twuriwin i yeḥwaǧǧen tizemmar ugar, ma d GPT-5.6 Luna d amudam agejdan i yiseqdacen Free d Go deg ubeddel i d-tessegza deg Ɣuct 2026. Anamek-is d akken ChatGPT mačči d yiwen n umudam. D afaris neɣ d agrudem i izemren ad yesseqdec imudam yemgaraden almend n lqem, n twuri d unaw n umiḍan. == 6. Adiwenni d usatal == Tazmert tagejdant n ChatGPT d asatal n udiwenni. Ma testeqsaḍ, syin terniḍ: «Segzi-d ugar», ChatGPT yezmer ad yegzu belli tmeslayeḍ ɣef tririt yezrin. Ur ilaq ara ad talseḍ asteqsi seg tazwara. Anect-a yettili acku iznan n udiwenni zemren ad ilin deg usatal i yettwafkan i umudam. S waya, adiwenni yezmer ad yuɣal d axeddim s kra n yimeḍqan: asteqsi → tiririt → aseɣti → tasleḍt → lqem aneggaru. D ayen i d-yefkan azal ameqqran i ChatGPT am wallal n uselmed, tira, asihel d unadi. == 7. Tifrat n wuguren d «uxemmam» == Imudam imaynuten n ChatGPT ur ttwasqedcen ara kan i tira n tutlayt; zemren daɣen ad xedmen ɣef tifrat n wuguren. Deg leḥsab, asihel, tussna neɣ tasleḍt, anagraw yezmer ad yesseqdec tarrayin i as-yettaken akud ugar i usuddes n tririt uqbel ad tt-id-yefk. Anect-a ur ilaq ara ad yettwafhem amzun ChatGPT yettxemmim s yiḥulfan neɣ s teɣzi n umdan. Awal axemmam neɣ s teglizit ''reasoning'' dagi yettuseqdac i tzemmar n unagraw ad yesseqdec kra n yimenzayen d tarrayin n tifrat n wuguren iwakken ad yawi ɣer ugemmuḍ igerrzen. Deg 2026, OpenAI tettak deg kra n yimudam-is tarrayin i yettaǧǧan aseqdac ad yefren acḥal n wakud d tzemmar ara yefk unagraw i tifrat n wugur. == 8. Agetaskarant — multimodality == ChatGPT n tura ur yettqimi ara deg uḍris kan. Imudam d wallalen-is zemren, almend n lqem d umiḍan, ad xedmen akked tugniwin, ifuyla d yisemliyen, ad ten-sleḍ, ad ten-id-ssegzin neɣ ad d-rren ɣef yisteqsiyen fell-asen. OpenAI tessegza ChatGPT am umeggay i yezmer ad yettwaseqdec i tesleḍt n tugniwin d yifuyla, rnu ɣer tira, asiḍen(leḥsab), asihel d usuddes n yimektayen. Tazmert-a tettusemma s Teglizit ''multimodality'': anagraw ur yettqabal ara yiwen n wanaw n yisefka kan. Anect-a yessekcem ChatGPT seg umaḍal n chatbot n uḍris ɣer unagraw wessiɛen i izemren ad ixdem akked waṭas n wanawen n yisefka. == 9. Anadi deg Web == Yiwen seg wuguren n yimudam n tutlayt d akken tamusni i d-yettwaselmed ur tezmir ara ad tili d tamaynut i lebda. Tella talast gar wakud n uselmed d wayen iḍerrun tura deg umaḍal. I tifrat n waya, ChatGPT yezmer ad yesseqdec anadi deg Web. Deg umḍiq n wakken ad d-yerr kan seg tamusni n umudam, yezmer ad inadi ɣef yisallen imaynuten deg Internet, ad ten-yesleḍ, syin ad d-yefk tiririt s tuɣalin ɣer yɣbula. OpenAI tessegza belli ''ChatGPT Search'' yettaǧǧa ChatGPT ad d-yawi isallen imaynuten seg Internet srid ɣer udiwenni. Aya yesɛa azal deg yisental i yettbeddilen s lemɣawla: isallen n wass, tetiknulujit, ibeddilen n yifarisen, tasertit, tadamsa, imeslayen ussnanen imaynuten d wayen-nniḍen. == 10. Anadi Lqayen == I unadi yeḥwaǧǧen ugar n telqayt, OpenAI tesnulfa ''Deep Research''. Deg umḍiq n unadi aḥerfi i d-yettawin kra n yɣbula, Anadi Lqayen(Deep Research) yezmer ad yebnu abrid n unadi, ad inadi deg waṭas n yɣbula, ad ten-yesmenyaf, ad yessemlil isallen, syin ad d-isuffeɣ aneqqis neɣ tasleḍt s yɣbula. Deg 2026, OpenAI terni tazmert i Deep Research ad yeqqen ɣer yisnasen d yiɣbula-nniḍen, yerna aseqdac yezmer ad iwali amek iteddu unadi yerna ad t-id-ibeddel deg tazwara ar taggara. S waya, ChatGPT yezmer ad yuɣal seg umeggay n yisteqsiyen d tririyin ɣer umallal n unadi. == 11. Takatut — ccfawat n ChatGPT == Yiwen seg yibeddilen imeqqranen deg ChatGPT d takatut/Memory. Deg udiwenni aḥerfi, ChatGPT yezmer ad yeḥrez asatal n wayen i d-nnan yiseqdacen deg udiwenni-nni. Memory, tezmer ad tessekcem kra n usatal i wakud ɣezzifen, iwakken idiwenniyen imaynuten ur beddun ara yal tikkelt seg zeru. OpenAI tessegza belli Takatut/Memory tezmer ad tɛiwen ChatGPT ad yissin ismenyifen, isenfaren d tilisa n useqdac iwakken idiwenniyen i d-iteddun ad bdun seg usatal i yellan yakan. Deg Yunyu 2026, OpenAI tessegza taneɣruft tamaynut n ''Memory'' i semma ''Dreaming,'' i d-yessuddusen ccfawat s wudem ara yeḥrez tatrart, akemmel d wazal n yisallen i useqdac. Tamiḍrant-a tettak i ChatGPT tazmert ad yuɣal d allal n uxeddim ɣef wakud ɣezzifen, mačči d yiwen n udiwenni kan. == 12. Isenfaṛen == ''Projects'' ''neɣ isenfaṛen'' d imeḍqan deg ChatGPT anda aseqdac yezmer ad yessemlil idiwenniyen, ifuyla, tinaḍin d usatal n yiwen n usenfar. Amedya, amdan ixeddmen ɣef unadi ussnan yezmer ad yesnulfu ''Project'' i unadi-nni, ad yernu isemliyen, idiwenniyen d tinaḍin. ChatGPT yezmer ad yesseqdec asatal n usenfar iwakken ur ilaq ara useqdac ad d-yales yal tikkelt ayen akk i yellan yakan. ''Projects'' sɛan azal ladɣa i leqdicat i yettkemmilen ɣef waṭas n wussan neɣ n wagguren: tira n udlis, anadi, asenfar n useɣẓan, aselmed neɣ axeddim n ugraw. == 13. ChatGPT Work == Deg 2026, OpenAI tessemgarad gar Udiwenni/Chat d Uxeddim/Work. Adiwenni iwulem ugar i yisteqsiyen, isegziyen, asnulfu n yimektayen, aseɣti n uḍris neɣ tiwuriwin iwezzlanen. Axeddim/Work, ma d netta, yettwabna i leqdicat imeqqranen i yeḥwaǧǧen waṭas n yimahilen, asatal d ugemmuḍ aneggaru i yezmer useqdac ad isenqed. Tamiḍrant-a teskanay anerni n ChatGPT seg «steqsi-d, ad k-d-rreɣ» ɣer «efk-iyi-d asenfar, ad xedmeɣ fell-as armi d agemmuḍ». D abeddel agejdan deg wamek i yezmer assaɣ gar umdan d tigzi taragmawant ad yettnerni. == 14. ChatGPT d usihel == Asihel d yiwet seg taɣulin anda ChatGPT yesɛa aseqdec wessiɛen. Yezmer ad yessegzi tangalt, ad yesseɣti tuccḍiwin, ad d-yefk imedyaten, ad iɛiwen deg usenfar n taneɣruft n useɣẓan, ad ixdem tasleḍt n tangalt, neɣ ad isenqed kra n wuguren n tɣellist. Amsihel yezmer, amedya, ad yefk ugur s [[Rust (Tutlayt Usihel)|Rust]], Python, [[TypeScript]] neɣ [[Java (tutlayt)|Java]], syin ChatGPT ad yessegzi anida tella tuccḍa d wamek ara tettwaseɣti. Akken ttnernin wallalen n OpenAI am Codex, assaɣ gar ChatGPT d usihel yettbeddil seg tallelt deg tira n tengalt ɣer yinagrawen i izemren ad xedmen ɣef usenfar s talɣa ugar tudmawant. == 15. Aselmed d tussna == ChatGPT yezmer ad yettwaseqdec am umselmad ameẓyan i yellan yal tikkelt mi ara t-teḥwaǧeḍ. Aseqdac yezmer ad yessuter asegzi s talɣa taḥerfit, syin ad yessuter lqem ugar n telqayt; yezmer ad yessuter imedyaten, iseqsiyen n usekyed, neɣ ad yessegzi yiwet n tmiḍrant s waṭas n tarrayin. Deg tussna, ChatGPT yezmer ad iɛiwen deg tegzi n yimagraden ussnanen, tasleḍt n yisefka, tusnakt, asihel d usuddes n unadi. Maca ilaq ad yettwaseqdec am wallal n tallelt, mačči am uɣbalu i ur yettceḍen ara. Deg temsal ussnanen ilaq asenqed n yɣbula, ladɣa mi ara yili ugemmuḍ yesɛa azal meqqren. == 16. Tutlayin == Yiwen seg yibaɣuren imeqqranen n yimudam n tutlayt d tazmert ad xedmen s waṭas n tutlayin. Tazmert-a tettak i ChatGPT azal meqqran i tutlayin ur nesɛi ara aṭas n wallalen n tetiknulujit. Yezmer ad yessegzi, ad yaru, ad isuqqel neɣ ad iɛiwen deg usnerni n ugbur s tutlayin yemgaraden. Maca taswiɛt n umudam ur tettili ara kifkif deg yal tutlayt. Tutlayin i yesɛan isefka imeqqranen deg Internet d yisefka n uselmed zemrent ad sɛunt agemmuḍ igerrzen ugar ɣef tutlayin i yesɛan isefka drus. Ɣef waya, deg tutlayt am taqbaylit, aseqdec n yimawalen, iɣbula n tutlayt d useɣti n useqdac yezmer ad yesɛu azal ameqqran i tɣara n ugemmuḍ. dv5303ryct9ziwgn2aubv1h9cc5avva Asmaḍel 0 25583 117493 117481 2026-09-25T11:03:49Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117493 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Early migrations mercator.svg|vignette|Inigen imezwura n talsa.]] '''Asmaḍel''' (neɣ '''Tasmaḍelt''', s tefransist: Mondialisation neɣ Globalisation, s teglizit: Globalization) d akala d umussu ameqran n usemres, n tuqqna d usegrew gar tmura, tidamsiwin, tmettiyin d yidelsan n umtiweg n Lqaɛa meṛṛa. Yettgensis-d assaɣen i d-yezzin i umaḍal akk, ideg ay ssenqasen tlisa gar yiwanaken, yerna yettili-d userked n yiwen n wulzuz (ssuq) agraɣlan ideg ttazzalen yilzazen (sselɛat), imeẓla, idrimen (ihriten), tilɣa d yimdanen s tazzla tameqrant yerna war aḥbaṣ. Xas akken asmaḍel yebda-d seg zik s tnezzut tagraɣlant d unadi ɣef yimuka imaynuten, aswir-is yulin s lǧehd seg tagara n tasut tis 20, ladɣa seld aɣelluy n Uɣrab n Berlin (1989) d unnerni ussnan d utiknuluji, ladɣa s usnulfu n Internet d ttawilat n taywalt tatrart. == 1. Amezruy n usmaḍel == === 1.1 Talliyin timenza === Abrid ɣer usmaḍel ur d-yelli ara d ayen i d-yusan deg yiwen wass. Seg tallit taqburt, llan yimussuyen n wembaddel deg wulzuz gar yegduden: '''Abrid n Usilki''' (Abrid n leḥrir): Yeqqen Asya d Turuft d Tefriqt Ugafa, yegla-d s wembaddel n sselɛat, d ussegrew n tmusniwin. '''Isaffen d yillelen''': Ilel Agrakal yella d asayes ameqran ideg mlalen Yimaziɣen (Inumidiyen, Ifniqiyen), Igrigiyen d Yirumanen. === 1.2 Tagrawla tamgurant d usehres === Deg tasut tis 15 d tis 16, tizmert n tmura n Turuft terna mi d-ufan imuka imaynuten (am Marikan). Deg tasut tis 18 d tis 19, tagrawla tamgurant tessaweḍ ɣer usedmer n tmacint n iraggen, abrid n wuzzal d uselket alemmas n sselɛa. Tallit-a tella daɣen d tallit n usehres (tameharsa) ansa i d-yewwi Umalu tabaɣurt tameqrant seg Tefriqt d Wasya. === 1.3 Tallit tamezdayt deffir 1945 === Deffir Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Wis Sin, timura timeqranin sbeddent-d anagraw n Bretton Woods (1944)[4]. Dɣa d aya i d-yeslulen: Asenduq n Tedrimt Agraɣlan (FMI) Lbanka Tamaḍlant (Banque Mondiale) GATT, i yuɣalen d Tuddsa Tanmaḍalt n Tnezzut (OMC) deg useggas n 1995. Seg useggas n 1990 d asawen, mi yeɣli Uɣrab n Berlin tekfa [[Tadukli n Tegdudiwin Tinemlayin Tisuvyitiyin|Tdukli Tasuvyatit]], anagraw n [[Asihri|usihri]] yessaweḍ ɣer yal tiɣmert deg umaḍal, dɣa yekcem umaḍal deg wayen iwumi neqqar Asmaḍel atrar. == 2. Iḥricen igejdanen n usmaḍel == === 2.1 Tadamsa d ulzuz amaḍlan === Deg wenrar n tdamsa, asmaḍel yesnulfa-d yiwen n wulzuz anmaḍal ameqran: '''Tanezzut tilellit''' : Tukksa n tewsitin neɣ n yizerfan n tedwant d usekru n yiweẓla gar yiwanaken. '''Tikebbaniyin tigetɣelnawin''' (Multinationales): D tikebbaniyin timeqranin (am Apple, Toyota, Samsung, Total) i yesɛan iẓuran d tiṛmisin deg ugar n tmurt tamyiwent. Tikebbaniyin-a feṛṛqent afares-nsent: ttgent anadi ussnan deg tmura timekcbirin, ma d tafellaḥt neɣ amguri gen-t anect-a deg tmura ideg atig n uxeddim rxiṣ. '''Taggazin n yidrimen''' : Adrim, talɣut d yihriten ttazzalen deg kra n tsinin seg New York ɣer Tokyo neɣ London s useqdec n yizeḍwan iliktruniyen. === 2.2 Tatiknulujit d taywalt === Tatiknulujit d azaglu iɣef ibedd usmaḍel amirant: '''Internet d yizeḍwan imettiyen''': Asnulfu n Web, n yismartfunen d wallalen n taywalt yerran amaḍal am yiwet n taddart meẓẓiyen ("taddart tanmaḍalt"). Yal talɣut tettuɣal d tin yettwassnen deg yal tama deg tasint kan. '''Assiweḍ atrar''': Iɣerruba imeqranen n yIgburen, d yibriden n tmacinin yeskelsen akud d watug n yinig d sselɛa. === 2.3 Tasertit d tsuda tigraɣlanin === Asmaḍel yessedrem azref n Uwanek-aɣlan i yesɛan tanaya tummidt ɣef tmurt-is: Tizmar n yiwanaken ttwarnant sɣur tudsiwin timaḍlanin (am ONU, OMC, FMI, Tadukli n Turuft). Llan yilugan d yisuḍaf igraɣlanen i yettḥettimen iman-nsen ɣef tsertit n yal tamurt deg wayen yeɛnan tadamsa, izerfan n umdan, d uselḥu n tsertit n tedrimt. === 2.4 Idles d tmetti === Idles yegla-d s unbeddel ameqran: '''Asured n yidles amaḍlan''': Abrid n tudert n tmura n Umalu (ladɣa Marikan) yuɣal d amedya deg umaḍal: aselsi (am djinz), učči arurad (fast-food), sinima n Hollywood, d uẓawan apupiler. '''Tutlayt taglizit''': Tuɣal d tutlayt tagraɣlant n tnezzut, n tussna d tesnatiknulujit. '''Amanuḍ adelsan deg umihi''': Tuget n tutlayin d yidelsan inasliyen ttqabalen imihi n ungar acku ur zmirent ara ad ddunt d tneflit n wallalen n taywalt atraren yebnan ɣef kra n tutlayin kan timeqqranin. === 2.5 Tawennaḍt d tekriḍt tamezdayt === Tawennaḍt ur tefriq ara gar tlisa: '''Abeddel n unezwi''': Asuget n lgaz n ussemdu yeḥman d ufus n temguri yegla-d s teẓɣelt n umtiweg d uceṛceṛ n ugris deg yigarawen d yisafen. '''Aluɣu''': Asuffeɣ n yiḍumman, asṛuḥu n tẓegwa deg Amazonya neɣ deg Tefriqt, d usemres s yir udem n tebaɣurin tigamanin d tamsalt i yeɛnan amaḍal akk, mačči kan yiwen n uwanek. == 3. Tanfiwin n usmaḍel == Asmaḍel yewwi-d kra n tenfiwin timeqranin i talsa: '''Asider n wazal n sselɛa''': Aserxes n ufares yegla-d s usedmer n watugen, ayen i yeǧǧan iɣerfan ad afen allalen n tetiknulujit (iselkimen, tilifunan, isafaren n tujjya) s rrexs. '''Taneflit tadamsant deg kra n tmura''': Timura yellan d tigellilin am Ccinwa, Lhend neɣ Vietnam snernant tadamsa-nsent s usekcem n uxeddim d usebded n temguri tameqrant. '''Anbeddel n tussna d umeslay''': Asnerni n tmusni deg tussna, d tallelt n umɛawan gar tmura deg talliyin n tzeɣnin neɣ watṭanen (am waṭṭan n COVID-19). '''Tilleli n ufus d inig''': Tuget n yimdanen zemren ad inigen, ad lemmden deg tesdawiyin n berra, yerna ad ssnen idelsan nniḍen. == 4. Uguren, iɣilifen d uzɣan == Mgal leḥsabat ifazen, llan waṭas n wuguren i d-yefrurin seg usmaḍel: '''Amgired gar yibaɣuren d yigellilen''': Tabaɣurt tettnerni gar yifassen n tdersi n yimdanen (am wid i d-yettallen seg Wall Street neɣ Silicon Valley), ma d ixeddamen imenza ttidiren swaswa kan war aseǧǧaw amuqqran n taṛmist iten-id-iṣaḥen. '''Tarwla n uxeddim''': Tiṛmisin tteffɣent seg tmura ideg llan yizerfan n yixeddamen yuli ɣer tmura ideg axeddim yerxeṣ yerna ulac leḥdeṛ n tezmert. '''Lǧennet tazeṭṭant''': Tikebbaniyin timeqranin snegzayent adrim-nsent seg leqwanin n tbezzart, ayen i yessexṛaben tadamsa n yiwanaken imeẓyanen. '''Angar n tgemmi d tutlayin''': Tuqqna ɣer yiwen kan n udem n tudert tettekkes azalen n tmettiyin tinasliyin. cf67taerax5bywdv36pq0hxvh6apd7z Dyuklisyan 0 25586 117483 117478 2026-09-24T18:35:04Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117483 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dyuklisyan''' (Diocletianus s tlaṭinit; azal n 244–311 SL.Ɛ.) yella d amenkad arumani seg 284 ar 305 SL.Ɛ. Yettwaḥsab gar yimenkaden {{Infobox biography|item=Q43107|image=[[File:Istanbul Archaeology Museum Bust of Diocletian, from Nikomedia, Izmit, end 3rd century AD 1536.jpg|thumb|Asalay n Isṭanbul, Asebdad n uqeṛṛu n Dyuklisyan]]|caption=Amenkad Dyuklisyan.}} i yesɛan azal meqqren deg umezruy n Tmenkda Tarumanit, acku deg tallit-is i yettwabeddel s wudem ameqqran wamek i tettuddus tmenkda, wamek i tettwaḍebber, wamek i tettwaseḥbes tsertit-is d wamek i yettwasebded ujerriḍ-is askari. Dyuklisyan ur d-yusi ara seg twacult n yimenkaden. Yekker-d seg yiwet n tallit anda Tamenkda Tarumanit tettidir uguren imeqqranen: uguren isertanen, imeɣriyen gar iserdasen, ṭṭraḍ deg yidurar n tilisa, uguren n tedrimt, d ubeddel n yimenkaden s lemɣawla. Mi yekcem ɣer leḥkem deg 284, yebda ad yerr adabu d tmenkda ɣer yiwen n unagraw iǧehden ugar. == 1. Talalit-is d temẓi-is == Isem-is n talalit yella, ɣef wakken i d-ttawin tuget n yinagmayen, '''Diocles'''. Ilul azal n 244 SL.Ɛ. deg tmurt n Dalmatia, deg yiwet n temnaḍt n Balkans i yellan imir-nni ddaw Tmenkda Tarumanit. Ur d-yekki ara seg yiwet n twacult tameqrant neɣ tamerkantit. Amedya-is yemgarad ɣef waṭas n yimenkaden yezrin: abrid-is ɣer leḥkem ibna-t s waṭas ɣef unekcum-is ɣer tredsa n Rum d usali-is deg yiswiren n tredsa n tɛessast n umenkad. Ayagi yesɛa azal meqqren deg tallit-nni. Tamenkda Tarumanit n tasut tis kraḍ tettɛawan s waṭas ɣef iserdasen: win i yesɛan tazmert ad yawi iserdasen ɣer tama-s yezmer ad yuɣal d amenkad. == 2. Tamenkda Tarumanit uqbel Dyuklisyan == Iwakken ad nefhem azal n Dyuklisyan, ilaq ad nefhem ayen i d-yellan uqbel-is. Gar azal n 235 d 284 SL.Ɛ., Rum tedder yiwet n tallit i yettwassnen deg umezruy am tazɣent n tasut tis kraḍ. Deg kra n 50 n yiseggasen kan, aṭas n yimenkaden kkin-d ɣer leḥkem, waṭas seg-sen ttwanɣan neɣ ttwaksen s ṭṭraḍ. Tamenkda tettwaɛreḍ s waṭas n wuguren: iɣerfan d trebbuyaɛ iǧirmaniyen deg ugafa, Tamenkda Tasasanit n yifarisiyen deg usammar, igrawen iserdasen yemgaraden d ṭṭraḍ gar iserdasen irumaniyen, aɣlay n tedrimt, timerna n ssuma n lḥwayeǧ, akked uxṣar n laman deg tsertit. Deg kra n yiseggasen, Tamenkda Tarumanit qrib ad tebḍu ɣef kraḍ n tmenkadin yemgaraden. Dyuklisyan yewweḍ ɣer leḥkem deg yiwet n taɣzent akka. == 3. Anekcum-is ɣer leḥkem == Deg 284, amenkad '''Numerianus''' yemmut deg tegnatin ur nettwassen ara akken iwata. Iserdasen i yellan deg usammar xtaren Dyuklisyan d amenkad. Maca '''Carinus''', gma n Numerianus, yella mazal yeṭṭef adabu deg umalu. Gar sin-nsen yella ṭṭraḍ. Deg 285, ''Carinus'' yemmut, Dyuklisyan yuɣal d win i yettḥekkimen ɣef tuget n Tmenkda Tarumanit. Maca Dyuklisyan yegza yiwet n tɣawsa: tmenkda tewsaɛ d tameqrant nezzeh i wakken ad tt-iḥkem yiwen n umdan kan. Seg dagi i d-yebda yiwen seg yibeddilen-is imeqqranen. == 4. Tetrarkiya — leḥkem n ukuẓ == Dyuklisyan ur yebɣi ara ad yebḍu Tamenkda Tarumanit d timura tilelliyin. Deg umḍiq n waya, yebɣa ad yebḍu amek ara tettwaḍebber. Deg 285–286, yerra ''Maximianus'' d amḍebber ameqqran ɣer yid-s, sakin yerna-as azal n umenkad. Deg 293, anagraw yettwasebded s wudem uffir ugar. Llan sin n yimenkaden imeqqranen (Augusti): '''Dyuklisyan''' deg usammar; '''Maximianus''' deg umalu. Yal yiwen seg-sen yesɛa yiwen n umɛiwen s uzwel '''''Caesar''''': '''Galerius''' yella d ''Caesar'' n Dyuklisyan; '''Constantius Chlorus''' yella d ''Caesar'' n ''Maximianus''. Anagraw-a yettwassen s yisem '''Tetrarchia''', anamek-is «leḥkem n ukuẓ». Tikti-is tamezwarut mačči d beṭṭu n Rum ɣef ukuẓ n tmenkadin, maca d asebded n ukuẓ n yixefawen n leḥkem i zemren ad ɛiwnen iman-nsen deg ṭṭraḍ, deg tsertit d uḍebber. == 5. Acuɣer tetrarkiya? == Tamenkda Tarumanit tettwasebded seg Britain ar Masṛ, seg Iberia ar Syria. Iserdasen ur zmiren ara ad awḍen s lemɣawla seg yiwet n temnaḍt ɣer tayeḍ. Ulac tilifun, ulac internet, ulac tarrayin n teywalt n tura; izen yezmer ad yeṭṭef ussan neɣ smanat iwakken ad yaweḍ. Dyuklisyan yebɣa yal tama tameqrant n tmenkda ad tesɛu amḍebber asertan d asertan i iqerben ɣer tilisa. '''Tetrarkiya''', ihi, tella d tiririt ɣef yiwen n wugur n tidet: amek ara tettwaḍebber tmenkda tameqrant s wudem arurad? == 6. Abeddel deg talɣa n leḥkem == Deg talliyin n [[Ugustus]] d yimenkaden imezwura, amenkad arumani yebɣa ad d-iban amzun d amezwaru gar yimdanen. Deg tallit n Dyuklisyan, talɣa-a tebeddel. Anekcum ɣer umenkad yuɣal d ayen yesɛan ilugan d tgejdit tameqrant. Tamenkda tebda tettruḥu seg unagraw aqbur i yettwasemman s Principatus ɣer talɣa n leḥkem anda amenkad yesɛa tazmert iǧehden ugar, i yettwassemman s umata Dominatus. Mačči Dyuklisyan kan i d-yewwin abeddel-a, maca tallit-is tettwaḥsab d yiwet seg talliyin anda abeddel-a iban-d s wudem iwulmen. 69gtj9t087hgzknq1wzpcd3eidqeymx