Wikipedia kabwiki https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asebter_agejdan MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.21 first-letter Media Uslig Mmeslay Amseqdac Amyannan umsqedac Wikipedia Amyannan n Wikipedia Tugna Amyannan n tugna MediaWiki Amyannan n MediaWiki Talɣa Amyannan n talɣa Tallat Amyannan n tallat Taggayt Amyannan n taggayt Awwur Amyannan uwwur Asenfaṛ Amyannan usenfaṛ TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk Sujet 0 25583 117495 117493 2026-09-26T10:15:42Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117495 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Early migrations mercator.svg|vignette|Inigen imezwura n talsa.]] '''Asmaḍel''' (neɣ '''Tasmaḍelt''', s tefransist: Mondialisation neɣ Globalisation, s teglizit: Globalization) d akala d umussu ameqran n usemres, n tuqqna d usegrew gar tmura, tidamsiwin, tmettiyin d yidelsan n umtiweg n Lqaɛa meṛṛa. Yettgensis-d assaɣen i d-yezzin i umaḍal akk, ideg ay ssenqasen tlisa gar yiwanaken, yerna yettili-d userked n yiwen n wulzuz (ssuq) agraɣlan ideg ttazzalen yilzazen (sselɛat), imeẓla, idrimen (ihriten), tilɣa d yimdanen s tazzla tameqrant yerna war aḥbaṣ. Xas akken asmaḍel yebda-d seg zik s tnezzut tagraɣlant d unadi ɣef yimuka imaynuten, aswir-is yulin s lǧehd seg tagara n tasut tis 20, ladɣa seld aɣelluy n Uɣrab n Berlin (1989) d unnerni ussnan d utiknuluji, ladɣa s usnulfu n Internet d ttawilat n taywalt tatrart. == 1. Amezruy n usmaḍel == === 1.1 Talliyin timenza === Abrid ɣer usmaḍel ur d-yelli ara d ayen i d-yusan deg yiwen wass. Seg tallit taqburt, llan yimussuyen n wembaddel deg wulzuz gar yegduden: '''Abrid n Usilki''' (Abrid n leḥrir): Yeqqen Asya d Turuft d Tefriqt Ugafa, yegla-d s wembaddel n sselɛat, d ussegrew n tmusniwin. '''Isaffen d yillelen''': Ilel Agrakal yella d asayes ameqran ideg mlalen Yimaziɣen (Inumidiyen, Ifniqiyen), Igrigiyen d Yirumanen. === 1.2 Tagrawla tamgurant d usehres === Deg tasut tis 15 d tis 16, tizmert n tmura n Turuft terna mi d-ufan imuka imaynuten (am Marikan). Deg tasut tis 18 d tis 19, tagrawla tamgurant tessaweḍ ɣer usedmer n tmacint n iraggen, abrid n wuzzal d uselket alemmas n sselɛa. Tallit-a tella daɣen d tallit n usehres (tameharsa) ansa i d-yewwi Umalu tabaɣurt tameqrant seg Tefriqt d Wasya. === 1.3 Tallit tamezdayt deffir 1945 === Deffir Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Wis Sin, timura timeqranin sbeddent-d anagraw n Bretton Woods (1944)[4]. Dɣa d aya i d-yeslulen: Asenduq n Tedrimt Agraɣlan (FMI) Lbanka Tamaḍlant (Banque Mondiale) GATT, i yuɣalen d Tuddsa Tanmaḍalt n Tnezzut (OMC) deg useggas n 1995. Seg useggas n 1990 d asawen, mi yeɣli Uɣrab n Berlin tekfa [[Tadukli n Tegdudiwin Tinemlayin Tisuvyitiyin|Tdukli Tasuvyatit]], anagraw n [[Asihri|usihri]] yessaweḍ ɣer yal tiɣmert deg umaḍal, dɣa yekcem umaḍal deg wayen iwumi neqqar Asmaḍel atrar. == 2. Iḥricen igejdanen n usmaḍel == === 2.1 Tadamsa d ulzuz amaḍlan === Deg wenrar n tdamsa, asmaḍel yesnulfa-d yiwen n wulzuz anmaḍal ameqran: '''Tanezzut tilellit''' : Tukksa n tewsitin neɣ n yizerfan n tedwant d usekru n yiweẓla gar yiwanaken. '''Tikebbaniyin tigetɣelnawin''' (Multinationales): D tikebbaniyin timeqranin (am Apple, Toyota, Samsung, Total) i yesɛan iẓuran d tiṛmisin deg ugar n tmurt tamyiwent. Tikebbaniyin-a feṛṛqent afares-nsent: ttgent anadi ussnan deg tmura timekcbirin, ma d tafellaḥt neɣ amguri gen-t anect-a deg tmura ideg atig n uxeddim rxiṣ. '''Taggazin n yidrimen''' : Adrim, talɣut d yihriten ttazzalen deg kra n tsinin seg New York ɣer Tokyo neɣ London s useqdec n yizeḍwan iliktruniyen. === 2.2 Tatiknulujit d taywalt === Tatiknulujit d azaglu iɣef ibedd usmaḍel amirant: '''Internet d yizeḍwan imettiyen''': Asnulfu n Web, n yismartfunen d wallalen n taywalt yerran amaḍal am yiwet n taddart meẓẓiyen ("taddart tanmaḍalt"). Yal talɣut tettuɣal d tin yettwassnen deg yal tama deg tasint kan. '''Assiweḍ atrar''': Iɣerruba imeqranen n yIgburen, d yibriden n tmacinin yeskelsen akud d watug n yinig d sselɛa. === 2.3 Tasertit d tsuda tigraɣlanin === Asmaḍel yessedrem azref n Uwanek-aɣlan i yesɛan tanaya tummidt ɣef tmurt-is: Tizmar n yiwanaken ttwarnant sɣur tudsiwin timaḍlanin (am ONU, OMC, FMI, Tadukli n Turuft). Llan yilugan d yisuḍaf igraɣlanen i yettḥettimen iman-nsen ɣef tsertit n yal tamurt deg wayen yeɛnan tadamsa, izerfan n umdan, d uselḥu n tsertit n tedrimt. === 2.4 Idles d tmetti === Idles yegla-d s unbeddel ameqran: '''Asured n yidles amaḍlan''': Abrid n tudert n tmura n Umalu (ladɣa Marikan) yuɣal d amedya deg umaḍal: aselsi (am djinz), učči arurad (fast-food), sinima n Hollywood, d uẓawan apupiler. '''Tutlayt taglizit''': Tuɣal d tutlayt tagraɣlant n tnezzut, n tussna d tesnatiknulujit. '''Amanuḍ adelsan deg umihi''': Tuget n tutlayin d yidelsan inasliyen ttqabalen imihi n ungar acku ur zmirent ara ad ddunt d tneflit n wallalen n taywalt atraren yebnan ɣef kra n tutlayin kan timeqqranin. === 2.5 Tawennaḍt d tekriḍt tamezdayt === Tawennaḍt ur tefriq ara gar tlisa: '''Abeddel n unezwi''': Asuget n lgaz n ussemdu yeḥman d ufus n temguri yegla-d s teẓɣelt n umtiweg d uceṛceṛ n ugris deg yigarawen d yisafen. '''Aluɣu''': Asuffeɣ n yiḍumman, asṛuḥu n tẓegwa deg Amazonya neɣ deg Tefriqt, d usemres s yir udem n tebaɣurin tigamanin d tamsalt i yeɛnan amaḍal akk, mačči kan yiwen n uwanek. == 3. Tanfiwin n usmaḍel == Asmaḍel yewwi-d kra n tenfiwin timeqranin i talsa: '''Asider n wazal n sselɛa''': Aserxes n ufares yegla-d s usedmer n watugen, ayen i yeǧǧan iɣerfan ad afen allalen n tetiknulujit (iselkimen, tilifunan, isafaren n tujjya) s rrexs. '''Taneflit tadamsant deg kra n tmura''': Timura yellan d tigellilin am Ccinwa, Lhend neɣ Vietnam snernant tadamsa-nsent s usekcem n uxeddim d usebded n temguri tameqrant. '''Anbeddel n tussna d umeslay''': Asnerni n tmusni deg tussna, d tallelt n umɛawan gar tmura deg talliyin n tzeɣnin neɣ watṭanen (am waṭṭan n COVID-19). '''Tilleli n ufus d inig''': Tuget n yimdanen zemren ad inigen, ad lemmden deg tesdawiyin n berra, yerna ad ssnen idelsan nniḍen. == 4. Uguren, iɣilifen d uzɣan == Mgal leḥsabat ifazen, llan waṭas n wuguren i d-yefrurin seg usmaḍel: '''Amgired gar yibaɣuren d yigellilen''': Tabaɣurt tettnerni gar yifassen n tdersi n yimdanen (am wid i d-yettallen seg Wall Street neɣ Silicon Valley), ma d ixeddamen imenza ttidiren swaswa kan war aseǧǧaw amuqqran n taṛmist iten-id-iṣaḥen. '''Tarwla n uxeddim''': Tiṛmisin tteffɣent seg tmura ideg llan yizerfan n yixeddamen yuli ɣer tmura ideg axeddim yerxeṣ yerna ulac leḥdeṛ n tezmert. '''Lǧennet tazeṭṭant''': Tikebbaniyin timeqranin snegzayent adrim-nsent seg leqwanin n tbezzart, ayen i yessexṛaben tadamsa n yiwanaken imeẓyanen. '''Angar n tgemmi d tutlayin''': Tuqqna ɣer yiwen kan n udem n tudert tettekkes azalen n tmettiyin tinasliyin. == 5. Tanmegla n usmaḍel == Seg tagara n yiseggasen n 1990, yeffeɣ-d umussu agraɣlan iwumi qqaren Tanmegla n usmaḍel (Altermondialisme). Amussu-a ur yugi ara amsawal d unmireg gar yagduden, maca ibedd mgal asmaḍel alibiral i d-yessuturen kan rrbeḥ n yidrimen ɣef yiri n tezmert n umdan d twennaḍt. Tazwirt-nsen: « Amaḍal nniḍen yezmer ad yili ». Isuturen-nsen: Tanezzut taḥeqqit i d-yettaken azref i yimezdaɣ d yifellaḥen imeẓyanen. Aḥraz n twennaḍt mgal asemres azayez n tebaɣurin n Lqaɛa. Tabzert ɣef umussu n yihriten(yikabitalen) deg yulzuzen n tedrimt (am tebzert n Tobin). Tiɣri n Unmager Ametti Amaḍlan i d-yettilin s umata deg Porto Alegre neɣ deg temdinin nniḍen. == 6. Asmaḍel deg Tmazɣa d Tefriqt Ugafa == Asmaḍel yesɛa asemdu d ameqran ɣef tmetti d tdamsa n Tefriqt Ugafa d tmurt n Leqbayel ladɣa: '''Tadamsa''': Timura n Tmazɣa mazal-itent ttkelent ɣef ufeṣṣel n tebaɣurin tigamanin (am lpitrul d lgaz deg Lezzayer) s wid i d-yettaɣen sselɛat d wallalen s watug yulin seg berra. '''Inig''': Tanezzut d wassaɣen fkan abrid i uxeddim d ubaɣur i tmettiyin i yeddren deg lɣerba (ladɣa deg Fṛansa, Kanada d Turuft), i d-yettawzen idrimen i twaculin-nsen deg tuddar. '''Tutlayt d yidles''': Deg yiwet n tama, asmaḍel d Internet fkan ttiɛad i tutlayt tamaziɣt ad tfares allalen n umeslay, ad tuɣal d tutlayt yuran deg yisebtar n Internet d tseqsiwin titrartin, yerna ssemlalen Imaziɣen n umaḍal (seg Siwa almi d Tikanariyin d lɣerba). Deg tama nniḍen, aɣmar n tutlayin timeqqranin n udabu (Taglizit, Tafransist, Taɛrabt) yeǧǧa tutlayt ad tqabel uguren n waddad d unegmu. 1m80vgpqp7ypxx31czk0k7cpp6c8b15 117496 117495 2026-09-26T10:16:00Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117496 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Early migrations mercator.svg|vignette|Inigen imezwura n talsa.]] '''Asmaḍel''' (neɣ '''Tasmaḍelt''', s tefransist: Mondialisation neɣ Globalisation, s teglizit: Globalization) d akala d umussu ameqran n usemres, n tuqqna d usegrew gar tmura, tidamsiwin, tmettiyin d yidelsan n umtiweg n Lqaɛa meṛṛa. Yettgensis-d assaɣen i d-yezzin i umaḍal akk, ideg ay ssenqasen tlisa gar yiwanaken, yerna yettili-d userked n yiwen n wulzuz (ssuq) agraɣlan ideg ttazzalen yilzazen (sselɛat), imeẓla, idrimen (ihriten), tilɣa d yimdanen s tazzla tameqrant yerna war aḥbaṣ. Xas akken asmaḍel yebda-d seg zik s tnezzut tagraɣlant d unadi ɣef yimuka imaynuten, aswir-is yulin s lǧehd seg tagara n tasut tis 20, ladɣa seld aɣelluy n Uɣrab n Berlin (1989) d unnerni ussnan d utiknuluji, ladɣa s usnulfu n Internet d ttawilat n taywalt tatrart. == 1. Amezruy n usmaḍel == === 1.1 Talliyin timenza === Abrid ɣer usmaḍel ur d-yelli ara d ayen i d-yusan deg yiwen wass. Seg tallit taqburt, llan yimussuyen n wembaddel deg wulzuz gar yegduden: '''Abrid n Usilki''' (Abrid n leḥrir): Yeqqen Asya d Turuft d Tefriqt Ugafa, yegla-d s wembaddel n sselɛat, d ussegrew n tmusniwin. '''Isaffen d yillelen''': Ilel Agrakal yella d asayes ameqran ideg mlalen Yimaziɣen (Inumidiyen, Ifniqiyen), Igrigiyen d Yirumanen. === 1.2 Tagrawla tamgurant d usehres === Deg tasut tis 15 d tis 16, tizmert n tmura n Turuft terna mi d-ufan imuka imaynuten (am Marikan). Deg tasut tis 18 d tis 19, tagrawla tamgurant tessaweḍ ɣer usedmer n tmacint n iraggen, abrid n wuzzal d uselket alemmas n sselɛa. Tallit-a tella daɣen d tallit n usehres (tameharsa) ansa i d-yewwi Umalu tabaɣurt tameqrant seg Tefriqt d Wasya. === 1.3 Tallit tamezdayt deffir 1945 === Deffir Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Wis Sin, timura timeqranin sbeddent-d anagraw n Bretton Woods (1944)[4]. Dɣa d aya i d-yeslulen: Asenduq n Tedrimt Agraɣlan (FMI) Lbanka Tamaḍlant (Banque Mondiale) GATT, i yuɣalen d Tuddsa Tanmaḍalt n Tnezzut (OMC) deg useggas n 1995. Seg useggas n 1990 d asawen, mi yeɣli Uɣrab n Berlin tekfa [[Tadukli n Tegdudiwin Tinemlayin Tisuvyitiyin|Tdukli Tasuvyatit]], anagraw n [[Asihri|usihri]] yessaweḍ ɣer yal tiɣmert deg umaḍal, dɣa yekcem umaḍal deg wayen iwumi neqqar Asmaḍel atrar. == 2. Iḥricen igejdanen n usmaḍel == === 2.1 Tadamsa d ulzuz amaḍlan === Deg wenrar n tdamsa, asmaḍel yesnulfa-d yiwen n wulzuz anmaḍal ameqran: '''Tanezzut tilellit''' : Tukksa n tewsitin neɣ n yizerfan n tedwant d usekru n yiweẓla gar yiwanaken. '''Tikebbaniyin tigetɣelnawin''' (Multinationales): D tikebbaniyin timeqranin (am Apple, Toyota, Samsung, Total) i yesɛan iẓuran d tiṛmisin deg ugar n tmurt tamyiwent. Tikebbaniyin-a feṛṛqent afares-nsent: ttgent anadi ussnan deg tmura timekcbirin, ma d tafellaḥt neɣ amguri gen-t anect-a deg tmura ideg atig n uxeddim rxiṣ. '''Taggazin n yidrimen''' : Adrim, talɣut d yihriten ttazzalen deg kra n tsinin seg New York ɣer Tokyo neɣ London s useqdec n yizeḍwan iliktruniyen. === 2.2 Tatiknulujit d taywalt === Tatiknulujit d azaglu iɣef ibedd usmaḍel amirant: '''Internet d yizeḍwan imettiyen''': Asnulfu n Web, n yismartfunen d wallalen n taywalt yerran amaḍal am yiwet n taddart meẓẓiyen ("taddart tanmaḍalt"). Yal talɣut tettuɣal d tin yettwassnen deg yal tama deg tasint kan. '''Assiweḍ atrar''': Iɣerruba imeqranen n yIgburen, d yibriden n tmacinin yeskelsen akud d watug n yinig d sselɛa. === 2.3 Tasertit d tsuda tigraɣlanin === Asmaḍel yessedrem azref n Uwanek-aɣlan i yesɛan tanaya tummidt ɣef tmurt-is: Tizmar n yiwanaken ttwarnant sɣur tudsiwin timaḍlanin (am ONU, OMC, FMI, Tadukli n Turuft). Llan yilugan d yisuḍaf igraɣlanen i yettḥettimen iman-nsen ɣef tsertit n yal tamurt deg wayen yeɛnan tadamsa, izerfan n umdan, d uselḥu n tsertit n tedrimt. === 2.4 Idles d tmetti === Idles yegla-d s unbeddel ameqran: '''Asured n yidles amaḍlan''': Abrid n tudert n tmura n Umalu (ladɣa Marikan) yuɣal d amedya deg umaḍal: aselsi (am djinz), učči arurad (fast-food), sinima n Hollywood, d uẓawan apupiler. '''Tutlayt taglizit''': Tuɣal d tutlayt tagraɣlant n tnezzut, n tussna d tesnatiknulujit. '''Amanuḍ adelsan deg umihi''': Tuget n tutlayin d yidelsan inasliyen ttqabalen imihi n ungar acku ur zmirent ara ad ddunt d tneflit n wallalen n taywalt atraren yebnan ɣef kra n tutlayin kan timeqqranin. === 2.5 Tawennaḍt d tekriḍt tamezdayt === Tawennaḍt ur tefriq ara gar tlisa: '''Abeddel n unezwi''': Asuget n lgaz n ussemdu yeḥman d ufus n temguri yegla-d s teẓɣelt n umtiweg d uceṛceṛ n ugris deg yigarawen d yisafen. '''Aluɣu''': Asuffeɣ n yiḍumman, asṛuḥu n tẓegwa deg Amazonya neɣ deg Tefriqt, d usemres s yir udem n tebaɣurin tigamanin d tamsalt i yeɛnan amaḍal akk, mačči kan yiwen n uwanek. == 3. Tanfiwin n usmaḍel == Asmaḍel yewwi-d kra n tenfiwin timeqranin i talsa: '''Asider n wazal n sselɛa''': Aserxes n ufares yegla-d s usedmer n watugen, ayen i yeǧǧan iɣerfan ad afen allalen n tetiknulujit (iselkimen, tilifunan, isafaren n tujjya) s rrexs. '''Taneflit tadamsant deg kra n tmura''': Timura yellan d tigellilin am Ccinwa, Lhend neɣ Vietnam snernant tadamsa-nsent s usekcem n uxeddim d usebded n temguri tameqrant. '''Anbeddel n tussna d umeslay''': Asnerni n tmusni deg tussna, d tallelt n umɛawan gar tmura deg talliyin n tzeɣnin neɣ watṭanen (am waṭṭan n COVID-19). '''Tilleli n ufus d inig''': Tuget n yimdanen zemren ad inigen, ad lemmden deg tesdawiyin n berra, yerna ad ssnen idelsan nniḍen. == 4. Uguren, iɣilifen d uzɣan == Mgal leḥsabat ifazen, llan waṭas n wuguren i d-yefrurin seg usmaḍel: '''Amgired gar yibaɣuren d yigellilen''': Tabaɣurt tettnerni gar yifassen n tdersi n yimdanen (am wid i d-yettallen seg Wall Street neɣ Silicon Valley), ma d ixeddamen imenza ttidiren swaswa kan war aseǧǧaw amuqqran n taṛmist iten-id-iṣaḥen. '''Tarwla n uxeddim''': Tiṛmisin tteffɣent seg tmura ideg llan yizerfan n yixeddamen yuli ɣer tmura ideg axeddim yerxeṣ yerna ulac leḥdeṛ n tezmert. '''Lǧennet tazeṭṭant''': Tikebbaniyin timeqranin snegzayent adrim-nsent seg leqwanin n tbezzart, ayen i yessexṛaben tadamsa n yiwanaken imeẓyanen. '''Angar n tgemmi d tutlayin''': Tuqqna ɣer yiwen kan n udem n tudert tettekkes azalen n tmettiyin tinasliyin. == 5. Tanmegla n usmaḍel == Seg tagara n yiseggasen n 1990, yeffeɣ-d umussu agraɣlan iwumi qqaren Tanmegla n usmaḍel (Altermondialisme). Amussu-a ur yugi ara amsawal d unmireg gar yagduden, maca ibedd mgal asmaḍel alibiral i d-yessuturen kan rrbeḥ n yidrimen ɣef yiri n tezmert n umdan d twennaḍt. Tazwirt-nsen: « Amaḍal nniḍen yezmer ad yili ». Isuturen-nsen: Tanezzut taḥeqqit i d-yettaken azref i yimezdaɣ d yifellaḥen imeẓyanen. Aḥraz n twennaḍt mgal asemres azayez n tebaɣurin n Lqaɛa. Tabzert ɣef umussu n yihriten(yikabitalen) deg yulzuzen n tedrimt (am tebzert n Tobin). Tiɣri n '''''Unmager Ametti Amaḍlan''''' i d-yettilin s umata deg Porto Alegre neɣ deg temdinin nniḍen. == 6. Asmaḍel deg Tmazɣa d Tefriqt Ugafa == Asmaḍel yesɛa asemdu d ameqran ɣef tmetti d tdamsa n Tefriqt Ugafa d tmurt n Leqbayel ladɣa: '''Tadamsa''': Timura n Tmazɣa mazal-itent ttkelent ɣef ufeṣṣel n tebaɣurin tigamanin (am lpitrul d lgaz deg Lezzayer) s wid i d-yettaɣen sselɛat d wallalen s watug yulin seg berra. '''Inig''': Tanezzut d wassaɣen fkan abrid i uxeddim d ubaɣur i tmettiyin i yeddren deg lɣerba (ladɣa deg Fṛansa, Kanada d Turuft), i d-yettawzen idrimen i twaculin-nsen deg tuddar. '''Tutlayt d yidles''': Deg yiwet n tama, asmaḍel d Internet fkan ttiɛad i tutlayt tamaziɣt ad tfares allalen n umeslay, ad tuɣal d tutlayt yuran deg yisebtar n Internet d tseqsiwin titrartin, yerna ssemlalen Imaziɣen n umaḍal (seg Siwa almi d Tikanariyin d lɣerba). Deg tama nniḍen, aɣmar n tutlayin timeqqranin n udabu (Taglizit, Tafransist, Taɛrabt) yeǧǧa tutlayt ad tqabel uguren n waddad d unegmu. 4b7sutigl073eybqzlqw6wtjbrvpr8m 0 25586 117494 117483 2026-09-25T20:30:34Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117494 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dyuklisyan''' (Diocletianus s tlaṭinit; azal n 244–311 SL.Ɛ.) yella d amenkad arumani seg 284 ar 305 SL.Ɛ. Yettwaḥsab gar yimenkaden {{Infobox biography|item=Q43107|image=[[File:Istanbul Archaeology Museum Bust of Diocletian, from Nikomedia, Izmit, end 3rd century AD 1536.jpg|thumb|Asalay n Isṭanbul, Asebdad n uqeṛṛu n Dyuklisyan]]|caption=Amenkad Dyuklisyan.}} i yesɛan azal meqqren deg umezruy n Tmenkda Tarumanit, acku deg tallit-is i yettwabeddel s wudem ameqqran wamek i tettuddus tmenkda, wamek i tettwaḍebber, wamek i tettwaseḥbes tsertit-is d wamek i yettwasebded ujerriḍ-is askari. Dyuklisyan ur d-yusi ara seg twacult n yimenkaden. Yekker-d seg yiwet n tallit anda Tamenkda Tarumanit tettidir uguren imeqqranen: uguren isertanen, imeɣriyen gar iserdasen, ṭṭraḍ deg yidurar n tilisa, uguren n tedrimt, d ubeddel n yimenkaden s lemɣawla. Mi yekcem ɣer leḥkem deg 284, yebda ad yerr adabu d tmenkda ɣer yiwen n unagraw iǧehden ugar. == 1. Talalit-is d temẓi-is == Isem-is n talalit yella, ɣef wakken i d-ttawin tuget n yinagmayen, '''Diocles'''. Ilul azal n 244 SL.Ɛ. deg tmurt n Dalmatia, deg yiwet n temnaḍt n Balkans i yellan imir-nni ddaw Tmenkda Tarumanit. Ur d-yekki ara seg yiwet n twacult tameqrant neɣ tamerkantit. Amedya-is yemgarad ɣef waṭas n yimenkaden yezrin: abrid-is ɣer leḥkem ibna-t s waṭas ɣef unekcum-is ɣer tredsa n Rum d usali-is deg yiswiren n tredsa n tɛessast n umenkad. Ayagi yesɛa azal meqqren deg tallit-nni. Tamenkda Tarumanit n tasut tis kraḍ tettɛawan s waṭas ɣef iserdasen: win i yesɛan tazmert ad yawi iserdasen ɣer tama-s yezmer ad yuɣal d amenkad. == 2. Tamenkda Tarumanit uqbel Dyuklisyan == Iwakken ad nefhem azal n Dyuklisyan, ilaq ad nefhem ayen i d-yellan uqbel-is. Gar azal n 235 d 284 SL.Ɛ., Rum tedder yiwet n tallit i yettwassnen deg umezruy am tazɣent n tasut tis kraḍ. Deg kra n 50 n yiseggasen kan, aṭas n yimenkaden kkin-d ɣer leḥkem, waṭas seg-sen ttwanɣan neɣ ttwaksen s ṭṭraḍ. Tamenkda tettwaɛreḍ s waṭas n wuguren: iɣerfan d trebbuyaɛ iǧirmaniyen deg ugafa, Tamenkda Tasasanit n yifarisiyen deg usammar, igrawen iserdasen yemgaraden d ṭṭraḍ gar iserdasen irumaniyen, aɣlay n tedrimt, timerna n ssuma n lḥwayeǧ, akked uxṣar n laman deg tsertit. Deg kra n yiseggasen, Tamenkda Tarumanit qrib ad tebḍu ɣef kraḍ n tmenkadin yemgaraden. Dyuklisyan yewweḍ ɣer leḥkem deg yiwet n taɣzent akka. == 3. Anekcum-is ɣer leḥkem == Deg 284, amenkad '''Numerianus''' yemmut deg tegnatin ur nettwassen ara akken iwata. Iserdasen i yellan deg usammar xtaren Dyuklisyan d amenkad. Maca '''Carinus''', gma n Numerianus, yella mazal yeṭṭef adabu deg umalu. Gar sin-nsen yella ṭṭraḍ. Deg 285, ''Carinus'' yemmut, Dyuklisyan yuɣal d win i yettḥekkimen ɣef tuget n Tmenkda Tarumanit. Maca Dyuklisyan yegza yiwet n tɣawsa: tmenkda tewsaɛ d tameqrant nezzeh i wakken ad tt-iḥkem yiwen n umdan kan. Seg dagi i d-yebda yiwen seg yibeddilen-is imeqqranen. == 4. Tetrarkiya — leḥkem n ukuẓ == Dyuklisyan ur yebɣi ara ad yebḍu Tamenkda Tarumanit d timura tilelliyin. Deg umḍiq n waya, yebɣa ad yebḍu amek ara tettwaḍebber. Deg 285–286, yerra ''Maximianus'' d amḍebber ameqqran ɣer yid-s, sakin yerna-as azal n umenkad. Deg 293, anagraw yettwasebded s wudem uffir ugar. Llan sin n yimenkaden imeqqranen (Augusti): '''Dyuklisyan''' deg usammar; '''Maximianus''' deg umalu. Yal yiwen seg-sen yesɛa yiwen n umɛiwen s uzwel '''''Caesar''''': '''Galerius''' yella d ''Caesar'' n Dyuklisyan; '''Constantius Chlorus''' yella d ''Caesar'' n ''Maximianus''. Anagraw-a yettwassen s yisem '''Tetrarchia''', anamek-is «leḥkem n ukuẓ». Tikti-is tamezwarut mačči d beṭṭu n Rum ɣef ukuẓ n tmenkadin, maca d asebded n ukuẓ n yixefawen n leḥkem i zemren ad ɛiwnen iman-nsen deg ṭṭraḍ, deg tsertit d uḍebber. == 5. Acuɣer tetrarkiya? == Tamenkda Tarumanit tettwasebded seg Britain ar Masṛ, seg Iberia ar Syria. Iserdasen ur zmiren ara ad awḍen s lemɣawla seg yiwet n temnaḍt ɣer tayeḍ. Ulac tilifun, ulac internet, ulac tarrayin n teywalt n tura; izen yezmer ad yeṭṭef ussan neɣ smanat iwakken ad yaweḍ. Dyuklisyan yebɣa yal tama tameqrant n tmenkda ad tesɛu amḍebber asertan d asertan i iqerben ɣer tilisa. '''Tetrarkiya''', ihi, tella d tiririt ɣef yiwen n wugur n tidet: amek ara tettwaḍebber tmenkda tameqrant s wudem arurad? == 6. Abeddel deg talɣa n udabu == Deg talliyin n [[Ugustus]] d yimenkaden imezwura, amenkad arumani yebɣa ad d-iban amzun d amezwaru gar yimdanen. Deg tallit n Dyuklisyan, talɣa-a tebeddel. Anekcum ɣer umenkad yuɣal d ayen yesɛan ilugan d tgejdit tameqrant. Tamenkda tebda tettruḥu seg unagraw aqbur i yettwasemman s Principatus ɣer talɣa n leḥkem anda amenkad yesɛa tazmert iǧehden ugar, i yettwassemman s umata Dominatus. Mačči Dyuklisyan kan i d-yewwin abeddel-a, maca tallit-is tettwaḥsab d yiwet seg talliyin anda abeddel-a iban-d s wudem iwulmen. == 7. Aḍebber n tmenkda == Dyuklisyan ibeddel daɣen anagraw n uḍebber. Iḥuza timura n tmenkda i yellan meqqrit nezzeh, yebḍa kra seg-sent ɣef timnaḍin meẓẓiyen iwakken ad tent-id-yeḍfer uḍebber s wudem yelhan. Timnaḍin-a ttusduklent deg yigrawen imeqqranen n uḍebber. Tikti tagejdant tella: ula d amḍebber n yiwet n temnaḍt ur ilaq ara ad yesɛu tazmert tameqqrant nezzeh ara t-yerren d amennuɣ mgal leḥkem agejdan. Yebɣa daɣen ad yemgarad ugar gar tazmert taresdast d tazmert n uḍebber. t2p8m0in7ewub4yu4wgdiii5dpgyzhe