Wikipedia kabwiki https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asebter_agejdan MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.21 first-letter Media Uslig Mmeslay Amseqdac Amyannan umsqedac Wikipedia Amyannan n Wikipedia Tugna Amyannan n tugna MediaWiki Amyannan n MediaWiki Talɣa Amyannan n talɣa Tallat Amyannan n tallat Taggayt Amyannan n taggayt Awwur Amyannan uwwur Asenfaṛ Amyannan usenfaṛ TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk Sujet 0 11991 117497 117475 2026-09-26T12:54:52Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 17168 117497 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox adeg asugnan | name = The Known World | colour = #C0C0C0 | image = File:Map of the Known World.jpg | imagesize = 250px | caption = "A Map of The Known World"<br>by [[George R. R. Martin]] | source = ''[[A Song of Ice and Fire]]'' | creator = [[George R. R. Martin]] | genre = Aṛuman/Tiliẓri | type = [[Fantasy world]] | locations = Westeros<br>Essos<br>Sothoryos<br>Ulthos | people = Irgazen imezwura<br>Andals<br>Tarwa n Tiẓgi<br>Icacfalen<br>[[Imedduten Imellalen]] }} Amaḍal asugnan aydeg iṛumanen ''[[A Song of Ice and Fire]]'' n [[George R. R. Martin]] dran yetwagzam s aṭas imenẓawen. Amur ameqran tedra deg umenẓaw n '''Westeros''', neɣ Sat Tigeldiwin. Yesɛa idetti tẓat tigeldiwin (Agafa, Tigzirin n Uzzal, Akal n Isafen, Iɣzer, Akal n Ataram, Akal n Tizekkiwin, Targa, Akal n Tikuṛunin, d Dorne)<ref group=S name=eventhorizon_chat />{{sfn|''A Game of Thrones''|loc=Arya I, p. 71}}{{sfn|''A Game of Thrones''|loc=Appendix: House Martell, p. 830}}. ==Amaḍal d umezruy n tmedyazt {{anchor|World|World and fictional history|Backstory|Background}}== ===Westeros {{anchor|Westeros|Seven Kingsdoms}}=== ===Essos {{anchor|Essos|Valyria}}=== ===Timnaḍin nniḍen {{anchor|Sothoryos|Sothoros|Sothyros|Ulthos}}=== ===Maps=== ==Agafa (The North) {{anchor|The North|The Neck}}== [[File:Scotland in the UK and Europe.svg|thumb|Author George R. R. Martin compared the North of Westeros to {{color box|darkgreen}} [[Scotland]].<ref group=S name=denverpost_grrm />]] Agafa (The North) d azgen n ugafa n Sat Tigeldiwin{{sfn|''A Game of Thrones''|loc=Map}} dɣa yettwaḥkem sɣur [[Axxam Stark]] seg Winterfell.{{sfn|''A Game of Thrones''|loc=Bran I, p. 14}} Agafa d ameqran qrib anect sḍiset tigeldiwin nniḍen ttwassemlilent, maca yesɛa cwit kan n imezdaɣen.{{sfn|''A Game of Thrones''|loc=Eddard I, p. 41}} Martin yequren Agafa s Tikust.<ref group=S name=denverpost_grrm /> D asemmiḍ deg Ugafa; yekkat wadfel s uskir maca deg akkw tisemhuyin, yili tigersin ttwaglament am aken d tiweɛṛanin macci d kra.{{sfn|''A Game of Thrones''|loc=Eddard I, p. 41}} Talast tagafat n aẓi d New Gift, azawag n wakal n 80 km yettwammestenen sɣur [[Taɛessast n Iḍ]].{{sfn|''A Storm of Swords''|loc=Bran III, p. 546}} ===Winterfell=== Winterfell d tamdint tazaykarawant n [[axxam Stark]], inebbaḍen n ugafa n Westeros. Yettwabnu sɣur Brandon Stark « ameṣkaw » (''{{lang|en|Bran the Builder}}''), d yiwen n igelliden imezwura n Ugafa, d netta yellan deg taneṣlit n Aɣrab. Ɣas anezwi n Ugafa, imezdaɣen n Winterfell ur tenyenɣa ara usemmiḍ acku tamdint tettwabnu ɣef tala n waman aḥmayan yettɛaddan gar iɣerban sɣur anagraw amegzu n [[aẓeṭṭa n tregwa|iẓeṭwan n tregwa|]], i ttsseḥmun aka tizeɣwin d tixxamin dɣa yetssinef tagrist n lqaɛa, deg unebdu am deg tagrest<ref group="R" name="AGOT Catelyn II">''A Game of Thrones'', Catelyn II.</ref>. ===The Wall=== ===Beyond the Wall=== ===Pyke=== === Old Wyk === == The Riverlands == ===Harrenhal=== ===Riverrun=== ===The Twins=== ==The Vale of Arryn== ===The Eyrie=== ==The Westerlands== ===Casterly Rock=== ==The Reach== ===Oldtown=== ==The Stormlands== ===Storm's End=== ==The Crownlands== ===Dragonstone=== ===King's Landing=== ==Dorne== ==Free Cities and vicinity {{anchor|The Free Cities|Free Cities|Andalos|Rhoyne}}== ===Braavos=== ===Pentos=== ===Volantis=== ===Other Free Cities {{anchor|Lorath|Lys|Myr|Norvos|Qohor|Tyrosh|Volantis}}=== ==Central Essos== === Valyria === ===Dothraki Sea {{anchor|The Dothraki Sea|Dothraki Sea|Vaes Dothrak}}=== ===Lhazar=== ==Slaver's Bay {{anchor|Slaver's Bay|Slavers Bay}}== ===Astapor=== ===Yunkai=== ===Meereen=== == Summer Sea == === Basilisk Isles === === Summer Islands {{anchor|Summer Islands|The Summer Islands}} === == Eastern Essos == ===Red Waste=== ===Qarth=== == Unvisited lands {{anchor|Other lands|Unvisited lands}} == ===Asshai and the Shadow Lands {{anchor|Asshai|The Shadow Lands|Asshai and the Shadow Lands}}=== ===Ibben=== ===Yi Ti=== === Plains of Jogos Nhai === == Sothoros or Sothoryos == == Tiwelhiwin == {{Reflist|30em}} m96bt0e1npnknepejt8irlg2ogbri96 0 25569 117498 117482 2026-09-26T14:57:12Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117498 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:OpenAI logo 2025 (symbol).svg|vignette|Alugu n ChatGPT]] '''ChatGPT''' d amallal n udiwenni s [[Tigzi Taragmawant|tigzi taragmawant]] (AI) i d-tesnulfa taṛmist OpenAI. Yeffeɣ-d i useqdec azayez deg 30 Wamber 2022, deg tazwara am rusenfaṛ n unadi, iwakken OpenAI ad telmed seg useqdec n yimdanen, ad tissin tizemmar d tilisa n unagraw-is. Deg lqem-is amezwaru, ChatGPT yebna ɣef umudam seg twacult GPT-3.5. Isem ChatGPT yebḍa ɣef sin yiḥricen: Chat, anamek-is adiwenni, akked GPT — Generative Pre-trained Transformer, tawacult n yimudam n tutlayt i ɣef yebna. Tamiḍrant tagejdant d ad yerr tazmert n yimudam imeqqranen n tutlayt deg ugrudem anda amdan yezmer ad yesseqdec tigzi taragmawant s tutlayt tagamant, amzun yettmeslay akked umeggay. Ass-a, ChatGPT yugar aṭas tamiḍrant n chatbot. Yezmer ad iɛiwen deg tira, tussna, anadi, asihel, tasleḍt n yisefka d yisemliyen, tugniwin, tifrat n wuguren, aseggem n yisenfaren d waṭas n twuriwin-nniḍen. OpenAI tessegza-t am umallal AI i izemren ad iɛiwen deg twuriwin n yal ass. == 1. Talalit n ChatGPT == Mi d-yeffeɣ ChatGPT deg 2022, tamiḍrant n umeslay akked tmacint ur telli ara d tamaynut. Llan ''chatbots'' uqbel-is s waṭas n yiseggasen. Ayen i ibeddlen akked ChatGPT d tazmert n umudam-is ad yegzu asiḍen n udiwenni, ad ikemmel ameslay ɣef waṭas n yisteqsiyen, ad yessegzi timiḍranin, ad yaru iḍrisen ɣezzifen, yerna ad ixdem tiwuriwin yemgaraden war ma ilaq ad yettwaselmed s talɣa tusridt i yal yiwet seg-sent. [[OpenAI]] tessegza deg ussufeɣ n 2022 belli talɣa n udiwenni tettak i ChatGPT tazmert ad d-yerr ɣef yisteqsiyen i d-iteddun deffir yisteqsi amezwaru, ad iqbel mi yecceḍ, ad yesseɣti kra n turdiwin ur nṣeḥḥa ara deg usteqsi, yerna ad yagi kra n yisutar ur nemṣada ara akked tɣellist. Lqem amezwaru yettwaselmed s tarrayt n RLHF — Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback, anda imdanen ɛawnen deg uselmed n unagraw s usmenyif gar tririyin yemgaraden. ChatGPT n tazwara yebna ɣef GPT-3.5, maca deg yiseggasen i d-yeḍfernen OpenAI ternu imudam s tzemmar ugar. == 2. D acu i d GPT? == Iwakken ad nefhem ChatGPT, ilaq ad nefhem GPT. GPT d agzul n '''Aselkat n usaraw uzarsileɣ'''('''Generative Pre-trained Transformer)'''. Asaraw yemmal-d belli amudam yezmer ad d-isnulfu agbur am uḍris, tangalt n useɣẓan neɣ igemmaḍ-nniḍen. Azarsileɣ yemmal-d belli uqbel ad yebdu udiwenni akked useqdac, amudam yettwaselmad yakan ɣef yisefka imeqqranen. Aselkat d anaw n taneɣruft n uẓeṭṭa n uselmed alaway i yerran imudam n tutlayt imeqqranen n tura zemren ad xedmen tasleḍt n wassaɣen gar wawalen, tefyar d yimektayen deg yiḍrisen. ChatGPT, ihi, mačči d adlis ameqqran anda tella tririt i yal asteqsi. D anagraw n uselmed n tmacint i yesseqdacen imudam i yettwaselmaden ɣef waṭas n yisefka, syin yesseqdac ayen yelmed iwakken ad d-isuddes tiririt almend n usteqsi d usatal. == 3. Amek iteddu ChatGPT? == Mi ara taruḍ asteqsi, aḍris-ik yettwabḍa ɣer iferdisen imeẓyanen i nezmer ad nessemmi tiddas(tokens). ''Tiddest'' tezmer ad yili awal, aḥric n wawal, azamul neɣ kra n usekkil almend n tutlayt d umsiddes(tokenizer) i yettwaseqdacen. Amudam yettawi tiddest-a, yettales tasleḍt n wassaɣen gar-asen akked usatal i d-yezwaren, syin yettak tilisa i wayen i izemren ad d-iḍfer. S talɣa taḥerfit, yezmer ad yettwafhem am unagraw i yettaznen yal tikkelt: «D acu i ilaqen ad d-iḍfer tura?» Maca mi ara nales ayagi ɣef yimelyunen neɣ yimelyaren n yiferdisen d yassaɣen ussnanen i yelmed umudam, ad d-teffeɣ tazmert i yugar s waṭas asnimer n wawal i d-iteddun: asegzi, tira, agdal, tasleḍt, asihel, tifrat n wuguren d usuddes n tamusni. Dɣa, ma tella tririt tettban amzun tamacint «tessen» ayen i d-tenna, ilaq ad nefrez gar tarrayt n umudam d tegzi n umdan. ChatGPT d anagraw n tigzi taragmawant; ur ilaq ara ad as-nefk iḥulfan, iman neɣ tamuɣli tudmawant n umaḍal war ad yili ufus ussnan i waya. == 4. Aselmed s tallelt n yimdanen == Yiwen seg yiferdisen i d-yerran ChatGPT yemgarad ɣef kra n yimudam iqburen d aselmed iwakken ad iḍfer tanaḍt n useqdac yerna ad yerr s talɣa iwulmen i udiwenni. Deg lqem amezwaru, OpenAI tessemres ''supervised fine-tuning'': imselmaden imdanen ttaken-d imedyaten n yidiwenniyen gar useqdac d umeggay. Syin, OpenAI tessemres '''RLHF'''. Imdanen smenyafen gar waṭas n tririyin; isefka-a ttwasqedcen iwakken ad yelmed unagraw anwa anaw n tririt i d-yettwasmenyafen. Tarrayin n uselmed n yimudam imaynuten n tura zemrent ad mgaradent ɣef tarrayt-a tamezwarut, maca tamuɣli tagejdant teqqim: ur ilaq ara umudam ad yissin kan amek ara d-isnulfu aḍris; ilaq daɣen ad yelmed amek ara iḍfer tanaḍt d wamek ara d-yerr s talɣa ara yilin d abaɣur i useqdac. == 5. Seg GPT-3.5 ɣer yimudam imaynuten == Amezruy n ChatGPT yeqqen ɣer unerni n yimudam n OpenAI. Deg 2022, ChatGPT amezwaru yebna ɣef GPT-3.5. Deg Meɣres 2023, GPT-4 yekcem ɣer ChatGPT Plus. Deg Mayyu 2024, GPT-4o yekcem ɣer ChatGPT. Deg Sebtember 2024, OpenAI tebda tessemras imudam n uwemmam/reasoning s o1-preview d o1-mini. Deg Ɣuct 2025, GPT-5 yekcem ɣer ChatGPT. Deg 2026, tawacult GPT-5.6 tettwaseqdec deg ChatGPT. OpenAI tessegza GPT-5.6 Sol am umudam i yesseqdacen Plus d Pro i twuriwin i yeḥwaǧǧen tizemmar ugar, ma d GPT-5.6 Luna d amudam agejdan i yiseqdacen Free d Go deg ubeddel i d-tessegza deg Ɣuct 2026. Anamek-is d akken ChatGPT mačči d yiwen n umudam. D afaris neɣ d agrudem i izemren ad yesseqdec imudam yemgaraden almend n lqem, n twuri d unaw n umiḍan. == 6. Adiwenni d usatal == Tazmert tagejdant n ChatGPT d asatal n udiwenni. Ma testeqsaḍ, syin terniḍ: «Segzi-d ugar», ChatGPT yezmer ad yegzu belli tmeslayeḍ ɣef tririt yezrin. Ur ilaq ara ad talseḍ asteqsi seg tazwara. Anect-a yettili acku iznan n udiwenni zemren ad ilin deg usatal i yettwafkan i umudam. S waya, adiwenni yezmer ad yuɣal d axeddim s kra n yimeḍqan: asteqsi → tiririt → aseɣti → tasleḍt → lqem aneggaru. D ayen i d-yefkan azal ameqqran i ChatGPT am wallal n uselmed, tira, asihel d unadi. == 7. Tifrat n wuguren d «uxemmam» == Imudam imaynuten n ChatGPT ur ttwasqedcen ara kan i tira n tutlayt; zemren daɣen ad xedmen ɣef tifrat n wuguren. Deg leḥsab, asihel, tussna neɣ tasleḍt, anagraw yezmer ad yesseqdec tarrayin i as-yettaken akud ugar i usuddes n tririt uqbel ad tt-id-yefk. Anect-a ur ilaq ara ad yettwafhem amzun ChatGPT yettxemmim s yiḥulfan neɣ s teɣzi n umdan. Awal axemmam neɣ s teglizit ''reasoning'' dagi yettuseqdac i tzemmar n unagraw ad yesseqdec kra n yimenzayen d tarrayin n tifrat n wuguren iwakken ad yawi ɣer ugemmuḍ igerrzen. Deg 2026, OpenAI tettak deg kra n yimudam-is tarrayin i yettaǧǧan aseqdac ad yefren acḥal n wakud d tzemmar ara yefk unagraw i tifrat n wugur. == 8. Agetaskarant — multimodality == ChatGPT n tura ur yettqimi ara deg uḍris kan. Imudam d wallalen-is zemren, almend n lqem d umiḍan, ad xedmen akked tugniwin, ifuyla d yisemliyen, ad ten-sleḍ, ad ten-id-ssegzin neɣ ad d-rren ɣef yisteqsiyen fell-asen. OpenAI tessegza ChatGPT am umeggay i yezmer ad yettwaseqdec i tesleḍt n tugniwin d yifuyla, rnu ɣer tira, asiḍen(leḥsab), asihel d usuddes n yimektayen. Tazmert-a tettusemma s Teglizit ''multimodality'': anagraw ur yettqabal ara yiwen n wanaw n yisefka kan. Anect-a yessekcem ChatGPT seg umaḍal n chatbot n uḍris ɣer unagraw wessiɛen i izemren ad ixdem akked waṭas n wanawen n yisefka. == 9. Anadi deg Web == Yiwen seg wuguren n yimudam n tutlayt d akken tamusni i d-yettwaselmed ur tezmir ara ad tili d tamaynut i lebda. Tella talast gar wakud n uselmed d wayen iḍerrun tura deg umaḍal. I tifrat n waya, ChatGPT yezmer ad yesseqdec anadi deg Web. Deg umḍiq n wakken ad d-yerr kan seg tamusni n umudam, yezmer ad inadi ɣef yisallen imaynuten deg Internet, ad ten-yesleḍ, syin ad d-yefk tiririt s tuɣalin ɣer yɣbula. OpenAI tessegza belli ''ChatGPT Search'' yettaǧǧa ChatGPT ad d-yawi isallen imaynuten seg Internet srid ɣer udiwenni. Aya yesɛa azal deg yisental i yettbeddilen s lemɣawla: isallen n wass, tetiknulujit, ibeddilen n yifarisen, tasertit, tadamsa, imeslayen ussnanen imaynuten d wayen-nniḍen. == 10. Anadi Lqayen == I unadi yeḥwaǧǧen ugar n telqayt, OpenAI tesnulfa ''Deep Research''. Deg umḍiq n unadi aḥerfi i d-yettawin kra n yɣbula, Anadi Lqayen(Deep Research) yezmer ad yebnu abrid n unadi, ad inadi deg waṭas n yɣbula, ad ten-yesmenyaf, ad yessemlil isallen, syin ad d-isuffeɣ aneqqis neɣ tasleḍt s yɣbula. Deg 2026, OpenAI terni tazmert i Deep Research ad yeqqen ɣer yisnasen d yiɣbula-nniḍen, yerna aseqdac yezmer ad iwali amek iteddu unadi yerna ad t-id-ibeddel deg tazwara ar taggara. S waya, ChatGPT yezmer ad yuɣal seg umeggay n yisteqsiyen d tririyin ɣer umallal n unadi. == 11. Takatut — ccfawat n ChatGPT == Yiwen seg yibeddilen imeqqranen deg ChatGPT d takatut/Memory. Deg udiwenni aḥerfi, ChatGPT yezmer ad yeḥrez asatal n wayen i d-nnan yiseqdacen deg udiwenni-nni. Memory, tezmer ad tessekcem kra n usatal i wakud ɣezzifen, iwakken idiwenniyen imaynuten ur beddun ara yal tikkelt seg zeru. OpenAI tessegza belli Takatut/Memory tezmer ad tɛiwen ChatGPT ad yissin ismenyifen, isenfaren d tilisa n useqdac iwakken idiwenniyen i d-iteddun ad bdun seg usatal i yellan yakan. Deg Yunyu 2026, OpenAI tessegza taneɣruft tamaynut n ''Memory'' i semma ''Dreaming,'' i d-yessuddusen ccfawat s wudem ara yeḥrez tatrart, akemmel d wazal n yisallen i useqdac. Tamiḍrant-a tettak i ChatGPT tazmert ad yuɣal d allal n uxeddim ɣef wakud ɣezzifen, mačči d yiwen n udiwenni kan. == 12. Isenfaṛen == ''Projects'' ''neɣ isenfaṛen'' d imeḍqan deg ChatGPT anda aseqdac yezmer ad yessemlil idiwenniyen, ifuyla, tinaḍin d usatal n yiwen n usenfar. Amedya, amdan ixeddmen ɣef unadi ussnan yezmer ad yesnulfu ''Project'' i unadi-nni, ad yernu isemliyen, idiwenniyen d tinaḍin. ChatGPT yezmer ad yesseqdec asatal n usenfar iwakken ur ilaq ara useqdac ad d-yales yal tikkelt ayen akk i yellan yakan. ''Projects'' sɛan azal ladɣa i leqdicat i yettkemmilen ɣef waṭas n wussan neɣ n wagguren: tira n udlis, anadi, asenfar n useɣẓan, aselmed neɣ axeddim n ugraw. == 13. ChatGPT Work == Deg 2026, OpenAI tessemgarad gar Udiwenni/Chat d Uxeddim/Work. Adiwenni iwulem ugar i yisteqsiyen, isegziyen, asnulfu n yimektayen, aseɣti n uḍris neɣ tiwuriwin iwezzlanen. Axeddim/Work, ma d netta, yettwabna i leqdicat imeqqranen i yeḥwaǧǧen waṭas n yimahilen, asatal d ugemmuḍ aneggaru i yezmer useqdac ad isenqed. Tamiḍrant-a teskanay anerni n ChatGPT seg «steqsi-d, ad k-d-rreɣ» ɣer «efk-iyi-d asenfar, ad xedmeɣ fell-as armi d agemmuḍ». D abeddel agejdan deg wamek i yezmer assaɣ gar umdan d tigzi taragmawant ad yettnerni. == 14. ChatGPT d usihel == Asihel d yiwet seg taɣulin anda ChatGPT yesɛa aseqdec wessiɛen. Yezmer ad yessegzi tangalt, ad yesseɣti tuccḍiwin, ad d-yefk imedyaten, ad iɛiwen deg usenfar n taneɣruft n useɣẓan, ad ixdem tasleḍt n tangalt, neɣ ad isenqed kra n wuguren n tɣellist. Amsihel yezmer, amedya, ad yefk ugur s [[Rust (Tutlayt Usihel)|Rust]], Python, [[TypeScript]] neɣ [[Java (tutlayt)|Java]], syin ChatGPT ad yessegzi anida tella tuccḍa d wamek ara tettwaseɣti. Akken ttnernin wallalen n OpenAI am Codex, assaɣ gar ChatGPT d usihel yettbeddil seg tallelt deg tira n tengalt ɣer yinagrawen i izemren ad xedmen ɣef usenfar s talɣa ugar tudmawant. == 15. Aselmed d tussna == ChatGPT yezmer ad yettwaseqdec am umselmad ameẓyan i yellan yal tikkelt mi ara t-teḥwaǧeḍ. Aseqdac yezmer ad yessuter asegzi s talɣa taḥerfit, syin ad yessuter lqem ugar n telqayt; yezmer ad yessuter imedyaten, iseqsiyen n usekyed, neɣ ad yessegzi yiwet n tmiḍrant s waṭas n tarrayin. Deg tussna, ChatGPT yezmer ad iɛiwen deg tegzi n yimagraden ussnanen, tasleḍt n yisefka, tusnakt, asihel d usuddes n unadi. Maca ilaq ad yettwaseqdec am wallal n tallelt, mačči am uɣbalu i ur yettceḍen ara. Deg temsal ussnanen ilaq asenqed n yɣbula, ladɣa mi ara yili ugemmuḍ yesɛa azal meqqren. == 16. Tutlayin == Yiwen seg yibaɣuren imeqqranen n yimudam n tutlayt d tazmert ad xedmen s waṭas n tutlayin. Tazmert-a tettak i ChatGPT azal meqqran i tutlayin ur nesɛi ara aṭas n wallalen n tetiknulujit. Yezmer ad yessegzi, ad yaru, ad isuqqel neɣ ad iɛiwen deg usnerni n ugbur s tutlayin yemgaraden. Maca taswiɛt n umudam ur tettili ara kifkif deg yal tutlayt. Tutlayin i yesɛan isefka imeqqranen deg Internet d yisefka n uselmed zemrent ad sɛunt agemmuḍ igerrzen ugar ɣef tutlayin i yesɛan isefka drus. Ɣef waya, deg tutlayt am taqbaylit, aseqdec n yimawalen, iɣbula n tutlayt d useɣti n useqdac yezmer ad yesɛu azal ameqqran i tɣara n ugemmuḍ. == 17. Tugniwin d usnulfu == ChatGPT yezmer daɣen ad yili d agrudem gar useqdac d yimudam n usnulfu n tugniwin. Aseqdac yezmer ad yessegzi tugna i yebɣa s tutlayt tagamant: amḍiq, tafat, ini, amezruy, iselsa, tarrayt n unekcum n kamera d wayen-nniḍen. Anagraw yezmer syin ad d-isnulfu tugna almend n usegzi. Yezmer daɣen ad yesseɣti tugna yellan: ad ibeddel aɣawas, ad yekkes neɣ ad yernu aferdis, ad ibeddel ini neɣ ad yerr tugna s tarrayt taẓurant yemgaraden. S waya, tutlayt tuɣal d agrudem n usnulfu: deg umḍiq n useqdec n wallalen yellan sran aswir afellay n useqdec, amdan yezmer ad yessegzi kan ayen yebɣa. == 18. Tameslayt s imesli == ChatGPT yezmer daɣen ad yettwaseqdec s ṣṣut. Deg umḍiq n tira n uḍris, aseqdac yezmer ad yini asteqsi-s s yimi yerna ad yesel i tririt. Aya iqerreb ugar adiwenni akked tigzi taragmawant ɣer tarrayt n umeslay gar yimdanen. Aseqdec s imesli yesɛa azal i uselmed n tutlayin, i udiwenni mi ur yezmir ara useqdac ad yaru, i tira n yimektayen s lemɣawla, neɣ i useqdec n ChatGPT mi yellan uxeddim-nniḍen deg ufus. == 19. Ifuyla d tesleḍt n yisefka == ChatGPT yezmer ad iqbel isemliyen d yifuyla, syin ad ixdem fell-asen. Amedya, yezmer ad yesleḍ PDF, ad d-yessufeɣ tiktiwin tigejdanin seg uneqqis, ad iqaren sin n yisemliyen, ad ixdem ɣef yisefka n tfelwit, neɣ ad yessegzi tugna. Aya ibeddel tarrayt n useqdec-is: deg umḍiq n tira n yisefka meṛṛa deg "prompt", aseqdac yezmer ad yefk isemli yellan yakan syin ad yessuter ayen i yebɣa. == 20. Tɣellist == Tazmert n ChatGPT tettawi-d daɣen uguren n tɣellist. Anagraw n tigzi taragmawant yezmer ad yettwaseqdec i wayen yelhan, maca kra n yiseqdacen zemren ad ɛerḍen ad t-sqedcen i ukellex, tɣellist tasenselkamt, asnulfu n yisallen n lekdeb neɣ ayen-nniḍen i izemren ad d-yawi lexṣara. Ɣef waya, OpenAI tessemras tarrayin n tɣellist i yebnan deg yimudam d yifarisen-is. ChatGPT yezmer ad yagi kra n yisutar neɣ ad ibeddel tarrayt n tririt ma yella usuter yezmer ad d-yawi lexṣara. cbwjsak53o5k5ny7ecgrbwa51x2tq1o 0 25586 117499 117494 2026-09-26T17:59:34Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117499 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dyuklisyan''' (Diocletianus s tlaṭinit; azal n 244–311 SL.Ɛ.) yella d amenkad arumani seg 284 ar 305 SL.Ɛ. Yettwaḥsab gar yimenkaden {{Infobox biography|item=Q43107|image=[[File:Istanbul Archaeology Museum Bust of Diocletian, from Nikomedia, Izmit, end 3rd century AD 1536.jpg|thumb|Asalay n Isṭanbul, Asebdad n uqeṛṛu n Dyuklisyan]]|caption=Amenkad Dyuklisyan.}} i yesɛan azal meqqren deg umezruy n Tmenkda Tarumanit, acku deg tallit-is i yettwabeddel s wudem ameqqran wamek i tettuddus tmenkda, wamek i tettwaḍebber, wamek i tettwaseḥbes tsertit-is d wamek i yettwasebded ujerriḍ-is askari. Dyuklisyan ur d-yusi ara seg twacult n yimenkaden. Yekker-d seg yiwet n tallit anda Tamenkda Tarumanit tettidir uguren imeqqranen: uguren isertanen, imeɣriyen gar iserdasen, ṭṭraḍ deg yidurar n tilisa, uguren n tedrimt, d ubeddel n yimenkaden s lemɣawla. Mi yekcem ɣer leḥkem deg 284, yebda ad yerr adabu d tmenkda ɣer yiwen n unagraw iǧehden ugar. == 1. Talalit-is d temẓi-is == Isem-is n talalit yella, ɣef wakken i d-ttawin tuget n yinagmayen, '''Diocles'''. Ilul azal n 244 SL.Ɛ. deg tmurt n Dalmatia, deg yiwet n temnaḍt n Balkans i yellan imir-nni ddaw Tmenkda Tarumanit. Ur d-yekki ara seg yiwet n twacult tameqrant neɣ tamerkantit. Amedya-is yemgarad ɣef waṭas n yimenkaden yezrin: abrid-is ɣer leḥkem ibna-t s waṭas ɣef unekcum-is ɣer tredsa n Rum d usali-is deg yiswiren n tredsa n tɛessast n umenkad. Ayagi yesɛa azal meqqren deg tallit-nni. Tamenkda Tarumanit n tasut tis kraḍ tettɛawan s waṭas ɣef iserdasen: win i yesɛan tazmert ad yawi iserdasen ɣer tama-s yezmer ad yuɣal d amenkad. == 2. Tamenkda Tarumanit uqbel Dyuklisyan == Iwakken ad nefhem azal n Dyuklisyan, ilaq ad nefhem ayen i d-yellan uqbel-is. Gar azal n 235 d 284 SL.Ɛ., Rum tedder yiwet n tallit i yettwassnen deg umezruy am tazɣent n tasut tis kraḍ. Deg kra n 50 n yiseggasen kan, aṭas n yimenkaden kkin-d ɣer leḥkem, waṭas seg-sen ttwanɣan neɣ ttwaksen s ṭṭraḍ. Tamenkda tettwaɛreḍ s waṭas n wuguren: iɣerfan d trebbuyaɛ iǧirmaniyen deg ugafa, Tamenkda Tasasanit n yifarisiyen deg usammar, igrawen iserdasen yemgaraden d ṭṭraḍ gar iserdasen irumaniyen, aɣlay n tedrimt, timerna n ssuma n lḥwayeǧ, akked uxṣar n laman deg tsertit. Deg kra n yiseggasen, Tamenkda Tarumanit qrib ad tebḍu ɣef kraḍ n tmenkadin yemgaraden. Dyuklisyan yewweḍ ɣer leḥkem deg yiwet n taɣzent akka. == 3. Anekcum-is ɣer leḥkem == Deg 284, amenkad '''Numerianus''' yemmut deg tegnatin ur nettwassen ara akken iwata. Iserdasen i yellan deg usammar xtaren Dyuklisyan d amenkad. Maca '''Carinus''', gma n Numerianus, yella mazal yeṭṭef adabu deg umalu. Gar sin-nsen yella ṭṭraḍ. Deg 285, ''Carinus'' yemmut, Dyuklisyan yuɣal d win i yettḥekkimen ɣef tuget n Tmenkda Tarumanit. Maca Dyuklisyan yegza yiwet n tɣawsa: tmenkda tewsaɛ d tameqrant nezzeh i wakken ad tt-iḥkem yiwen n umdan kan. Seg dagi i d-yebda yiwen seg yibeddilen-is imeqqranen. == 4. Tetrarkiya — leḥkem n ukuẓ == Dyuklisyan ur yebɣi ara ad yebḍu Tamenkda Tarumanit d timura tilelliyin. Deg umḍiq n waya, yebɣa ad yebḍu amek ara tettwaḍebber. Deg 285–286, yerra ''Maximianus'' d amḍebber ameqqran ɣer yid-s, sakin yerna-as azal n umenkad. Deg 293, anagraw yettwasebded s wudem uffir ugar. Llan sin n yimenkaden imeqqranen (Augusti): '''Dyuklisyan''' deg usammar; '''Maximianus''' deg umalu. Yal yiwen seg-sen yesɛa yiwen n umɛiwen s uzwel '''''Caesar''''': '''Galerius''' yella d ''Caesar'' n Dyuklisyan; '''Constantius Chlorus''' yella d ''Caesar'' n ''Maximianus''. Anagraw-a yettwassen s yisem '''Tetrarchia''', anamek-is «leḥkem n ukuẓ». Tikti-is tamezwarut mačči d beṭṭu n Rum ɣef ukuẓ n tmenkadin, maca d asebded n ukuẓ n yixefawen n leḥkem i zemren ad ɛiwnen iman-nsen deg ṭṭraḍ, deg tsertit d uḍebber. == 5. Acuɣer tetrarkiya? == Tamenkda Tarumanit tettwasebded seg Britain ar Masṛ, seg Iberia ar Syria. Iserdasen ur zmiren ara ad awḍen s lemɣawla seg yiwet n temnaḍt ɣer tayeḍ. Ulac tilifun, ulac internet, ulac tarrayin n teywalt n tura; izen yezmer ad yeṭṭef ussan neɣ smanat iwakken ad yaweḍ. Dyuklisyan yebɣa yal tama tameqrant n tmenkda ad tesɛu amḍebber asertan d asertan i iqerben ɣer tilisa. '''Tetrarkiya''', ihi, tella d tiririt ɣef yiwen n wugur n tidet: amek ara tettwaḍebber tmenkda tameqrant s wudem arurad? == 6. Abeddel deg talɣa n udabu == Deg talliyin n [[Ugustus]] d yimenkaden imezwura, amenkad arumani yebɣa ad d-iban amzun d amezwaru gar yimdanen. Deg tallit n Dyuklisyan, talɣa-a tebeddel. Anekcum ɣer umenkad yuɣal d ayen yesɛan ilugan d tgejdit tameqrant. Tamenkda tebda tettruḥu seg unagraw aqbur i yettwasemman s Principatus ɣer talɣa n leḥkem anda amenkad yesɛa tazmert iǧehden ugar, i yettwassemman s umata Dominatus. Mačči Dyuklisyan kan i d-yewwin abeddel-a, maca tallit-is tettwaḥsab d yiwet seg talliyin anda abeddel-a iban-d s wudem iwulmen. == 7. Aḍebber n tmenkda == Dyuklisyan ibeddel daɣen anagraw n uḍebber. Iḥuza timura n tmenkda i yellan meqqrit nezzeh, yebḍa kra seg-sent ɣef timnaḍin meẓẓiyen iwakken ad tent-id-yeḍfer uḍebber s wudem yelhan. Timnaḍin-a ttusduklent deg yigrawen imeqqranen n uḍebber. Tikti tagejdant tella: ula d amḍebber n yiwet n temnaḍt ur ilaq ara ad yesɛu tazmert tameqqrant nezzeh ara t-yerren d amennuɣ mgal leḥkem agejdan. Yebɣa daɣen ad yemgarad ugar gar tazmert taresdast d tazmert n uḍebber. == 8. Iserdasen n Rum == Yiwen seg wuguren i d-yemlal Dyuklisyan yella d aḥraz n tilisa. Deg usammar, Tamenkda Tasasanit n yifarisiyen tella d amennuɣ ameqqran n Rum. Deg ugafa, igrawen n Iǧermaniyen ttaɛraḍen ɣef tilisa n Rhine d Danube. Deg Masr d kra n temnaḍin n usammar llan n ccwal d tegrawliwin. Dyuklisyan d yimdukal-is n tetrarkiya rnan deg waṭas n yimennuɣen. Gar tid yettwassnen ugar yella rrbeḥ n Galerius ɣef Tmenkda Tasasanit deg 298. '''Talwit n Nisibis''' i d-yeḍfer rrbeḥ-a yerra Rum deg tegnit iǧehden nezzeh deg usammar. == 9. Tadrimt d tdamsa == Ṭṭraḍat d tsertit ur llin ara kan d uguren n Dyuklisyan. Tadrimt tarumanit tella daɣen deg tegnit iweɛren. Deg tasut tis kraḍ, imenkaden ssneqsen azal n yidrimen, iwakken ad sersen ugar n yidrimen deg tedrimt. Aya yerna uguren n laman deg tedrimt d ssuma n lḥwayeǧ. Dyuklisyan yebɣa ad yerr anagraw ɣer leqdic. Yessuffeɣ-d idrimen imaynuten, ibeddel anagraw n tebzert, yerna aḍebber agejdan ɣef tdamsa. Maca kra n yibeddilen-is ur d-wwin ara ayen yebɣa. fjpf36yu467dc4yvnq8x4x3py49fg90 0 25592 117500 2026-09-27T11:05:57Z Gurzil90x 14292 Amagrad amaynut 117500 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Hopetoun falls.jpg|vignette|Asefrek n wakal yeḥraz agama n iɣlluyen n "Hopetoun" deg Ustralya.]] '''Tawennaḍt''' d tazrirt takullit n yiferdisen igamanen (am akal, aman, aḍu, tafukt) d yimuddiren (amɣan, iɣersiwen, ibaktiriyen) i d-yezzin ɣef umdan neɣ ɣef yal amuddir nniḍen. Deg tussna n tesnawennaḍt, tawennaḍt tessemlil akk tiwtilin tifizikin, tikimiyin d tnudranin i d-iteggin anagraw awnḍan ideg tettidir yerna tettnerni tudert. Deg tallit tamirant, awal « tawennaḍt » yeqqen nezzeh ɣer temsal n ummesten n ugama mgal tawaɣiyin i d-igellu warmud n wemdan, gar-asent asluɣu, abeddel anezwan d wengar n tenḍa tamudrant. l4x2961hqn7efyg7myzstg410o6qaek