Wikipedia kabwiki https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asebter_agejdan MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.21 first-letter Media Uslig Mmeslay Amseqdac Amyannan umsqedac Wikipedia Amyannan n Wikipedia Tugna Amyannan n tugna MediaWiki Amyannan n MediaWiki Talɣa Amyannan n talɣa Tallat Amyannan n tallat Taggayt Amyannan n taggayt Awwur Amyannan uwwur Asenfaṛ Amyannan usenfaṛ TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk Sujet 0 25569 117501 117498 2026-09-27T15:42:56Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 117501 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:OpenAI logo 2025 (symbol).svg|vignette|Alugu n ChatGPT]] '''ChatGPT''' d amallal n udiwenni s [[Tigzi Taragmawant|tigzi taragmawant]] (AI) i d-tesnulfa taṛmist OpenAI. Yeffeɣ-d i useqdec azayez deg 30 Wamber 2022, deg tazwara am rusenfaṛ n unadi, iwakken OpenAI ad telmed seg useqdec n yimdanen, ad tissin tizemmar d tilisa n unagraw-is. Deg lqem-is amezwaru, ChatGPT yebna ɣef umudam seg twacult GPT-3.5. Isem ChatGPT yebḍa ɣef sin yiḥricen: Chat, anamek-is adiwenni, akked GPT — Generative Pre-trained Transformer, tawacult n yimudam n tutlayt i ɣef yebna. Tamiḍrant tagejdant d ad yerr tazmert n yimudam imeqqranen n tutlayt deg ugrudem anda amdan yezmer ad yesseqdec tigzi taragmawant s tutlayt tagamant, amzun yettmeslay akked umeggay. Ass-a, ChatGPT yugar aṭas tamiḍrant n chatbot. Yezmer ad iɛiwen deg tira, tussna, anadi, asihel, tasleḍt n yisefka d yisemliyen, tugniwin, tifrat n wuguren, aseggem n yisenfaren d waṭas n twuriwin-nniḍen. OpenAI tessegza-t am umallal AI i izemren ad iɛiwen deg twuriwin n yal ass. == 1. Talalit n ChatGPT == Mi d-yeffeɣ ChatGPT deg 2022, tamiḍrant n umeslay akked tmacint ur telli ara d tamaynut. Llan ''chatbots'' uqbel-is s waṭas n yiseggasen. Ayen i ibeddlen akked ChatGPT d tazmert n umudam-is ad yegzu asiḍen n udiwenni, ad ikemmel ameslay ɣef waṭas n yisteqsiyen, ad yessegzi timiḍranin, ad yaru iḍrisen ɣezzifen, yerna ad ixdem tiwuriwin yemgaraden war ma ilaq ad yettwaselmed s talɣa tusridt i yal yiwet seg-sent. [[OpenAI]] tessegza deg ussufeɣ n 2022 belli talɣa n udiwenni tettak i ChatGPT tazmert ad d-yerr ɣef yisteqsiyen i d-iteddun deffir yisteqsi amezwaru, ad iqbel mi yecceḍ, ad yesseɣti kra n turdiwin ur nṣeḥḥa ara deg usteqsi, yerna ad yagi kra n yisutar ur nemṣada ara akked tɣellist. Lqem amezwaru yettwaselmed s tarrayt n RLHF — Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback, anda imdanen ɛawnen deg uselmed n unagraw s usmenyif gar tririyin yemgaraden. ChatGPT n tazwara yebna ɣef GPT-3.5, maca deg yiseggasen i d-yeḍfernen OpenAI ternu imudam s tzemmar ugar. == 2. D acu i d GPT? == Iwakken ad nefhem ChatGPT, ilaq ad nefhem GPT. GPT d agzul n '''Aselkat n usaraw uzarsileɣ'''('''Generative Pre-trained Transformer)'''. Asaraw yemmal-d belli amudam yezmer ad d-isnulfu agbur am uḍris, tangalt n useɣẓan neɣ igemmaḍ-nniḍen. Azarsileɣ yemmal-d belli uqbel ad yebdu udiwenni akked useqdac, amudam yettwaselmad yakan ɣef yisefka imeqqranen. Aselkat d anaw n taneɣruft n uẓeṭṭa n uselmed alaway i yerran imudam n tutlayt imeqqranen n tura zemren ad xedmen tasleḍt n wassaɣen gar wawalen, tefyar d yimektayen deg yiḍrisen. ChatGPT, ihi, mačči d adlis ameqqran anda tella tririt i yal asteqsi. D anagraw n uselmed n tmacint i yesseqdacen imudam i yettwaselmaden ɣef waṭas n yisefka, syin yesseqdac ayen yelmed iwakken ad d-isuddes tiririt almend n usteqsi d usatal. == 3. Amek iteddu ChatGPT? == Mi ara taruḍ asteqsi, aḍris-ik yettwabḍa ɣer iferdisen imeẓyanen i nezmer ad nessemmi tiddas(tokens). ''Tiddest'' tezmer ad yili awal, aḥric n wawal, azamul neɣ kra n usekkil almend n tutlayt d umsiddes(tokenizer) i yettwaseqdacen. Amudam yettawi tiddest-a, yettales tasleḍt n wassaɣen gar-asen akked usatal i d-yezwaren, syin yettak tilisa i wayen i izemren ad d-iḍfer. S talɣa taḥerfit, yezmer ad yettwafhem am unagraw i yettaznen yal tikkelt: «D acu i ilaqen ad d-iḍfer tura?» Maca mi ara nales ayagi ɣef yimelyunen neɣ yimelyaren n yiferdisen d yassaɣen ussnanen i yelmed umudam, ad d-teffeɣ tazmert i yugar s waṭas asnimer n wawal i d-iteddun: asegzi, tira, agdal, tasleḍt, asihel, tifrat n wuguren d usuddes n tamusni. Dɣa, ma tella tririt tettban amzun tamacint «tessen» ayen i d-tenna, ilaq ad nefrez gar tarrayt n umudam d tegzi n umdan. ChatGPT d anagraw n tigzi taragmawant; ur ilaq ara ad as-nefk iḥulfan, iman neɣ tamuɣli tudmawant n umaḍal war ad yili ufus ussnan i waya. == 4. Aselmed s tallelt n yimdanen == Yiwen seg yiferdisen i d-yerran ChatGPT yemgarad ɣef kra n yimudam iqburen d aselmed iwakken ad iḍfer tanaḍt n useqdac yerna ad yerr s talɣa iwulmen i udiwenni. Deg lqem amezwaru, OpenAI tessemres ''supervised fine-tuning'': imselmaden imdanen ttaken-d imedyaten n yidiwenniyen gar useqdac d umeggay. Syin, OpenAI tessemres '''RLHF'''. Imdanen smenyafen gar waṭas n tririyin; isefka-a ttwasqedcen iwakken ad yelmed unagraw anwa anaw n tririt i d-yettwasmenyafen. Tarrayin n uselmed n yimudam imaynuten n tura zemrent ad mgaradent ɣef tarrayt-a tamezwarut, maca tamuɣli tagejdant teqqim: ur ilaq ara umudam ad yissin kan amek ara d-isnulfu aḍris; ilaq daɣen ad yelmed amek ara iḍfer tanaḍt d wamek ara d-yerr s talɣa ara yilin d abaɣur i useqdac. == 5. Seg GPT-3.5 ɣer yimudam imaynuten == Amezruy n ChatGPT yeqqen ɣer unerni n yimudam n OpenAI. Deg 2022, ChatGPT amezwaru yebna ɣef GPT-3.5. Deg Meɣres 2023, GPT-4 yekcem ɣer ChatGPT Plus. Deg Mayyu 2024, GPT-4o yekcem ɣer ChatGPT. Deg Sebtember 2024, OpenAI tebda tessemras imudam n uwemmam/reasoning s o1-preview d o1-mini. Deg Ɣuct 2025, GPT-5 yekcem ɣer ChatGPT. Deg 2026, tawacult GPT-5.6 tettwaseqdec deg ChatGPT. OpenAI tessegza GPT-5.6 Sol am umudam i yesseqdacen Plus d Pro i twuriwin i yeḥwaǧǧen tizemmar ugar, ma d GPT-5.6 Luna d amudam agejdan i yiseqdacen Free d Go deg ubeddel i d-tessegza deg Ɣuct 2026. Anamek-is d akken ChatGPT mačči d yiwen n umudam. D afaris neɣ d agrudem i izemren ad yesseqdec imudam yemgaraden almend n lqem, n twuri d unaw n umiḍan. == 6. Adiwenni d usatal == Tazmert tagejdant n ChatGPT d asatal n udiwenni. Ma testeqsaḍ, syin terniḍ: «Segzi-d ugar», ChatGPT yezmer ad yegzu belli tmeslayeḍ ɣef tririt yezrin. Ur ilaq ara ad talseḍ asteqsi seg tazwara. Anect-a yettili acku iznan n udiwenni zemren ad ilin deg usatal i yettwafkan i umudam. S waya, adiwenni yezmer ad yuɣal d axeddim s kra n yimeḍqan: asteqsi → tiririt → aseɣti → tasleḍt → lqem aneggaru. D ayen i d-yefkan azal ameqqran i ChatGPT am wallal n uselmed, tira, asihel d unadi. == 7. Tifrat n wuguren d «uxemmam» == Imudam imaynuten n ChatGPT ur ttwasqedcen ara kan i tira n tutlayt; zemren daɣen ad xedmen ɣef tifrat n wuguren. Deg leḥsab, asihel, tussna neɣ tasleḍt, anagraw yezmer ad yesseqdec tarrayin i as-yettaken akud ugar i usuddes n tririt uqbel ad tt-id-yefk. Anect-a ur ilaq ara ad yettwafhem amzun ChatGPT yettxemmim s yiḥulfan neɣ s teɣzi n umdan. Awal axemmam neɣ s teglizit ''reasoning'' dagi yettuseqdac i tzemmar n unagraw ad yesseqdec kra n yimenzayen d tarrayin n tifrat n wuguren iwakken ad yawi ɣer ugemmuḍ igerrzen. Deg 2026, OpenAI tettak deg kra n yimudam-is tarrayin i yettaǧǧan aseqdac ad yefren acḥal n wakud d tzemmar ara yefk unagraw i tifrat n wugur. == 8. Agetaskarant — multimodality == ChatGPT n tura ur yettqimi ara deg uḍris kan. Imudam d wallalen-is zemren, almend n lqem d umiḍan, ad xedmen akked tugniwin, ifuyla d yisemliyen, ad ten-sleḍ, ad ten-id-ssegzin neɣ ad d-rren ɣef yisteqsiyen fell-asen. OpenAI tessegza ChatGPT am umeggay i yezmer ad yettwaseqdec i tesleḍt n tugniwin d yifuyla, rnu ɣer tira, asiḍen(leḥsab), asihel d usuddes n yimektayen. Tazmert-a tettusemma s Teglizit ''multimodality'': anagraw ur yettqabal ara yiwen n wanaw n yisefka kan. Anect-a yessekcem ChatGPT seg umaḍal n chatbot n uḍris ɣer unagraw wessiɛen i izemren ad ixdem akked waṭas n wanawen n yisefka. == 9. Anadi deg Web == Yiwen seg wuguren n yimudam n tutlayt d akken tamusni i d-yettwaselmed ur tezmir ara ad tili d tamaynut i lebda. Tella talast gar wakud n uselmed d wayen iḍerrun tura deg umaḍal. I tifrat n waya, ChatGPT yezmer ad yesseqdec anadi deg Web. Deg umḍiq n wakken ad d-yerr kan seg tamusni n umudam, yezmer ad inadi ɣef yisallen imaynuten deg Internet, ad ten-yesleḍ, syin ad d-yefk tiririt s tuɣalin ɣer yɣbula. OpenAI tessegza belli ''ChatGPT Search'' yettaǧǧa ChatGPT ad d-yawi isallen imaynuten seg Internet srid ɣer udiwenni. Aya yesɛa azal deg yisental i yettbeddilen s lemɣawla: isallen n wass, tetiknulujit, ibeddilen n yifarisen, tasertit, tadamsa, imeslayen ussnanen imaynuten d wayen-nniḍen. == 10. Anadi Lqayen == I unadi yeḥwaǧǧen ugar n telqayt, OpenAI tesnulfa ''Deep Research''. Deg umḍiq n unadi aḥerfi i d-yettawin kra n yɣbula, Anadi Lqayen(Deep Research) yezmer ad yebnu abrid n unadi, ad inadi deg waṭas n yɣbula, ad ten-yesmenyaf, ad yessemlil isallen, syin ad d-isuffeɣ aneqqis neɣ tasleḍt s yɣbula. Deg 2026, OpenAI terni tazmert i Deep Research ad yeqqen ɣer yisnasen d yiɣbula-nniḍen, yerna aseqdac yezmer ad iwali amek iteddu unadi yerna ad t-id-ibeddel deg tazwara ar taggara. S waya, ChatGPT yezmer ad yuɣal seg umeggay n yisteqsiyen d tririyin ɣer umallal n unadi. == 11. Takatut — ccfawat n ChatGPT == Yiwen seg yibeddilen imeqqranen deg ChatGPT d takatut/Memory. Deg udiwenni aḥerfi, ChatGPT yezmer ad yeḥrez asatal n wayen i d-nnan yiseqdacen deg udiwenni-nni. Memory, tezmer ad tessekcem kra n usatal i wakud ɣezzifen, iwakken idiwenniyen imaynuten ur beddun ara yal tikkelt seg zeru. OpenAI tessegza belli Takatut/Memory tezmer ad tɛiwen ChatGPT ad yissin ismenyifen, isenfaren d tilisa n useqdac iwakken idiwenniyen i d-iteddun ad bdun seg usatal i yellan yakan. Deg Yunyu 2026, OpenAI tessegza taneɣruft tamaynut n ''Memory'' i semma ''Dreaming,'' i d-yessuddusen ccfawat s wudem ara yeḥrez tatrart, akemmel d wazal n yisallen i useqdac. Tamiḍrant-a tettak i ChatGPT tazmert ad yuɣal d allal n uxeddim ɣef wakud ɣezzifen, mačči d yiwen n udiwenni kan. == 12. Isenfaṛen == ''Projects'' ''neɣ isenfaṛen'' d imeḍqan deg ChatGPT anda aseqdac yezmer ad yessemlil idiwenniyen, ifuyla, tinaḍin d usatal n yiwen n usenfar. Amedya, amdan ixeddmen ɣef unadi ussnan yezmer ad yesnulfu ''Project'' i unadi-nni, ad yernu isemliyen, idiwenniyen d tinaḍin. ChatGPT yezmer ad yesseqdec asatal n usenfar iwakken ur ilaq ara useqdac ad d-yales yal tikkelt ayen akk i yellan yakan. ''Projects'' sɛan azal ladɣa i leqdicat i yettkemmilen ɣef waṭas n wussan neɣ n wagguren: tira n udlis, anadi, asenfar n useɣẓan, aselmed neɣ axeddim n ugraw. == 13. ChatGPT Work == Deg 2026, OpenAI tessemgarad gar Udiwenni/Chat d Uxeddim/Work. Adiwenni iwulem ugar i yisteqsiyen, isegziyen, asnulfu n yimektayen, aseɣti n uḍris neɣ tiwuriwin iwezzlanen. Axeddim/Work, ma d netta, yettwabna i leqdicat imeqqranen i yeḥwaǧǧen waṭas n yimahilen, asatal d ugemmuḍ aneggaru i yezmer useqdac ad isenqed. Tamiḍrant-a teskanay anerni n ChatGPT seg «steqsi-d, ad k-d-rreɣ» ɣer «efk-iyi-d asenfar, ad xedmeɣ fell-as armi d agemmuḍ». D abeddel agejdan deg wamek i yezmer assaɣ gar umdan d tigzi taragmawant ad yettnerni. == 14. ChatGPT d usihel == Asihel d yiwet seg taɣulin anda ChatGPT yesɛa aseqdec wessiɛen. Yezmer ad yessegzi tangalt, ad yesseɣti tuccḍiwin, ad d-yefk imedyaten, ad iɛiwen deg usenfar n taneɣruft n useɣẓan, ad ixdem tasleḍt n tangalt, neɣ ad isenqed kra n wuguren n tɣellist. Amsihel yezmer, amedya, ad yefk ugur s [[Rust (Tutlayt Usihel)|Rust]], Python, [[TypeScript]] neɣ [[Java (tutlayt)|Java]], syin ChatGPT ad yessegzi anida tella tuccḍa d wamek ara tettwaseɣti. Akken ttnernin wallalen n OpenAI am Codex, assaɣ gar ChatGPT d usihel yettbeddil seg tallelt deg tira n tengalt ɣer yinagrawen i izemren ad xedmen ɣef usenfar s talɣa ugar tudmawant. == 15. Aselmed d tussna == ChatGPT yezmer ad yettwaseqdec am umselmad ameẓyan i yellan yal tikkelt mi ara t-teḥwaǧeḍ. Aseqdac yezmer ad yessuter asegzi s talɣa taḥerfit, syin ad yessuter lqem ugar n telqayt; yezmer ad yessuter imedyaten, iseqsiyen n usekyed, neɣ ad yessegzi yiwet n tmiḍrant s waṭas n tarrayin. Deg tussna, ChatGPT yezmer ad iɛiwen deg tegzi n yimagraden ussnanen, tasleḍt n yisefka, tusnakt, asihel d usuddes n unadi. Maca ilaq ad yettwaseqdec am wallal n tallelt, mačči am uɣbalu i ur yettceḍen ara. Deg temsal ussnanen ilaq asenqed n yɣbula, ladɣa mi ara yili ugemmuḍ yesɛa azal meqqren. == 16. Tutlayin == Yiwen seg yibaɣuren imeqqranen n yimudam n tutlayt d tazmert ad xedmen s waṭas n tutlayin. Tazmert-a tettak i ChatGPT azal meqqran i tutlayin ur nesɛi ara aṭas n wallalen n tetiknulujit. Yezmer ad yessegzi, ad yaru, ad isuqqel neɣ ad iɛiwen deg usnerni n ugbur s tutlayin yemgaraden. Maca taswiɛt n umudam ur tettili ara kifkif deg yal tutlayt. Tutlayin i yesɛan isefka imeqqranen deg Internet d yisefka n uselmed zemrent ad sɛunt agemmuḍ igerrzen ugar ɣef tutlayin i yesɛan isefka drus. Ɣef waya, deg tutlayt am taqbaylit, aseqdec n yimawalen, iɣbula n tutlayt d useɣti n useqdac yezmer ad yesɛu azal ameqqran i tɣara n ugemmuḍ. == 17. Tugniwin d usnulfu == ChatGPT yezmer daɣen ad yili d agrudem gar useqdac d yimudam n usnulfu n tugniwin. Aseqdac yezmer ad yessegzi tugna i yebɣa s tutlayt tagamant: amḍiq, tafat, ini, amezruy, iselsa, tarrayt n unekcum n kamera d wayen-nniḍen. Anagraw yezmer syin ad d-isnulfu tugna almend n usegzi. Yezmer daɣen ad yesseɣti tugna yellan: ad ibeddel aɣawas, ad yekkes neɣ ad yernu aferdis, ad ibeddel ini neɣ ad yerr tugna s tarrayt taẓurant yemgaraden. S waya, tutlayt tuɣal d agrudem n usnulfu: deg umḍiq n useqdec n wallalen yellan sran aswir afellay n useqdec, amdan yezmer ad yessegzi kan ayen yebɣa. == 18. Tameslayt s imesli == ChatGPT yezmer daɣen ad yettwaseqdec s ṣṣut. Deg umḍiq n tira n uḍris, aseqdac yezmer ad yini asteqsi-s s yimi yerna ad yesel i tririt. Aya iqerreb ugar adiwenni akked tigzi taragmawant ɣer tarrayt n umeslay gar yimdanen. Aseqdec s imesli yesɛa azal i uselmed n tutlayin, i udiwenni mi ur yezmir ara useqdac ad yaru, i tira n yimektayen s lemɣawla, neɣ i useqdec n ChatGPT mi yellan uxeddim-nniḍen deg ufus. == 19. Ifuyla d tesleḍt n yisefka == ChatGPT yezmer ad iqbel isemliyen d yifuyla, syin ad ixdem fell-asen. Amedya, yezmer ad yesleḍ PDF, ad d-yessufeɣ tiktiwin tigejdanin seg uneqqis, ad iqaren sin n yisemliyen, ad ixdem ɣef yisefka n tfelwit, neɣ ad yessegzi tugna. Aya ibeddel tarrayt n useqdec-is: deg umḍiq n tira n yisefka meṛṛa deg "prompt", aseqdac yezmer ad yefk isemli yellan yakan syin ad yessuter ayen i yebɣa. == 20. Taɣellist == Tazmert n ChatGPT tettawi-d daɣen uguren n tɣellist. Anagraw n tigzi taragmawant yezmer ad yettwaseqdec i wayen yelhan, maca kra n yiseqdacen zemren ad ɛerḍen ad t-sqedcen i ukellex, tɣellist tasenselkamt, asnulfu n yisallen n lekdeb neɣ ayen-nniḍen i izemren ad d-yawi lexṣara. Ɣef waya, OpenAI tessemras tarrayin n tɣellist i yebnan deg yimudam d yifarisen-is. ChatGPT yezmer ad yagi kra n yisutar neɣ ad ibeddel tarrayt n tririt ma yella usuter yezmer ad d-yawi lexṣara. == 21. Aḥraz n yisefka d tudert tusligt == Aseqdec n ChatGPT yessufeɣ-d daɣen asteqsi ɣef tudert tusligt. Aseqdac yezmer ad yefk isallen, ifuyla, tugniwin neɣ iḍrisen. Ɣef waya, ilaq ad yissin acu i d-yettazen ɣer unagraw, acu ara yettwaḥerzen, d wamek i izmer ad yessefrek ismenyifen-is n yisefka. OpenAI tettak i yiseqdacen ismenyifen d wallalen i usefrek n yisefka d tɣellist n umiḍan. Deg useqdec n wallal am ChatGPT, imenzayen n tɣellist tasenselkamt mazal ttwaseqdacen: ur ilaq ara ad tazenḍ awalen uffiren, tasarut tusligt, neɣ isefka ur teḥwaǧeḍ ara ad ten-tefkḍ. == 22. Aseqdec deg uxeddim == ChatGPT yekcem daɣen s waṭas ɣer umaḍal n uxeddim. Yezmer ad iɛiwen deg tira n yimaylen, aneqqis, tasleḍt n yisefka, asuddes n udiwenni, anadi, asihel, aseggem n yisenfaren, asnulfu n yimektayen d waṭas n twuriwin-nniḍen. OpenAI tenna deg 2026 belli aseqdec n ChatGPT yewweḍ ɣer uswir ameqqran deg umaḍal, yerna iseqdacen ttnernin s wakud anaw d umḍan n twuriwin i deg t-seqdacen. Aya yessufeɣ-d asteqsi ameqqran ɣef uzekka n uxeddim: ChatGPT d yinagrawen am netta zemren ad beddlen kra n twuriwin, ad semɣiwlen tid yellan, yerna ad d-snulfun tiwuriwin timaynutin. == 23. ChatGPT d usnulfu == ChatGPT yezmer ad yettwaseqdec deg tira n tullisin, isefra, isekla, isinariyuten, ismawen, tiktiwin n yifarisen d wayen-nniḍen. Maca assaɣ gar tigzi taragmawant d usnulfuy n umdan yessufeɣ-d isteqsiyen imaynuten: d acu i d tamagit n umsawal? Amek ara nettwali azal n usnulfu mi yella anagraw yezmer ad d-isnulfu aḍris deg kra n tsanin? Amek ara ttwaḥerzen izerfan n yimyura d yineẓẓuren? ChatGPT yezmer ad yili d allal n usnulfu, maca amdan i izemren ad yefren iswi, ad yessenqed agemmuḍ, ad ibeddel tikti, ad yefk tamuɣli-s d tmagit-is i uxeddim. == 24. ChatGPT d tutlayin timeẓyanin == Yiwen seg yiseqdacen i yezmer ad yesɛu azal ameqqran deg uzekka d aseqdec n ChatGPT i tutlayin i yesɛan isefka drus. Ma yella amudam yezmer ad yegzu tutlayt, yezmer ad iɛiwen deg usnulfu n ugbur, asuqqel, asegzi n tussna, tira n yisemliyen, aselmed n tutlayt d useɣti n yiḍrisen. Maca dagi i d-yettban ugur n yisefka. Tutlayt ur nesɛi ara aṭas n yiḍrisen s tɣara deg yisefka n uselmed tezmer ad tesɛu tuccḍiwin ugar. I tutlayt am teqbaylit, imawalen, idlisen, isegzawalen, imagraden d useɣti n yiseqdacen zemren ad ɛiwnen s waṭas deg usemres iwatan n wallal. S waya, ChatGPT yezmer ad yuɣal d allal n usnerni n ugbur s teqbaylit, maca tɣara n ugemmuḍ teḥwaǧǧ asenqed d useɣti sɣur yimdanen i yessnen tutlayt akken iwata. 0a9nq5f4v13c6l4tfzhazothbrzlrla 0 25586 117502 117499 2026-09-27T19:09:54Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117502 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dyuklisyan''' (Diocletianus s tlaṭinit; azal n 244–311 SL.Ɛ.) yella d amenkad arumani seg 284 ar 305 SL.Ɛ. Yettwaḥsab gar yimenkaden {{Infobox biography|item=Q43107|image=[[File:Istanbul Archaeology Museum Bust of Diocletian, from Nikomedia, Izmit, end 3rd century AD 1536.jpg|thumb|Asalay n Isṭanbul, Asebdad n uqeṛṛu n Dyuklisyan]]|caption=Amenkad Dyuklisyan.}} i yesɛan azal meqqren deg umezruy n Tmenkda Tarumanit, acku deg tallit-is i yettwabeddel s wudem ameqqran wamek i tettuddus tmenkda, wamek i tettwaḍebber, wamek i tettwaseḥbes tsertit-is d wamek i yettwasebded ujerriḍ-is askari. Dyuklisyan ur d-yusi ara seg twacult n yimenkaden. Yekker-d seg yiwet n tallit anda Tamenkda Tarumanit tettidir uguren imeqqranen: uguren isertanen, imeɣriyen gar iserdasen, ṭṭraḍ deg yidurar n tilisa, uguren n tedrimt, d ubeddel n yimenkaden s lemɣawla. Mi yekcem ɣer leḥkem deg 284, yebda ad yerr adabu d tmenkda ɣer yiwen n unagraw iǧehden ugar. == 1. Talalit-is d temẓi-is == Isem-is n talalit yella, ɣef wakken i d-ttawin tuget n yinagmayen, '''Diocles'''. Ilul azal n 244 SL.Ɛ. deg tmurt n Dalmatia, deg yiwet n temnaḍt n Balkans i yellan imir-nni ddaw Tmenkda Tarumanit. Ur d-yekki ara seg yiwet n twacult tameqrant neɣ tamerkantit. Amedya-is yemgarad ɣef waṭas n yimenkaden yezrin: abrid-is ɣer leḥkem ibna-t s waṭas ɣef unekcum-is ɣer tredsa n Rum d usali-is deg yiswiren n tredsa n tɛessast n umenkad. Ayagi yesɛa azal meqqren deg tallit-nni. Tamenkda Tarumanit n tasut tis kraḍ tettɛawan s waṭas ɣef iserdasen: win i yesɛan tazmert ad yawi iserdasen ɣer tama-s yezmer ad yuɣal d amenkad. == 2. Tamenkda Tarumanit uqbel Dyuklisyan == Iwakken ad nefhem azal n Dyuklisyan, ilaq ad nefhem ayen i d-yellan uqbel-is. Gar azal n 235 d 284 SL.Ɛ., Rum tedder yiwet n tallit i yettwassnen deg umezruy am tazɣent n tasut tis kraḍ. Deg kra n 50 n yiseggasen kan, aṭas n yimenkaden kkin-d ɣer leḥkem, waṭas seg-sen ttwanɣan neɣ ttwaksen s ṭṭraḍ. Tamenkda tettwaɛreḍ s waṭas n wuguren: iɣerfan d trebbuyaɛ iǧirmaniyen deg ugafa, Tamenkda Tasasanit n yifarisiyen deg usammar, igrawen iserdasen yemgaraden d ṭṭraḍ gar iserdasen irumaniyen, aɣlay n tedrimt, timerna n ssuma n lḥwayeǧ, akked uxṣar n laman deg tsertit. Deg kra n yiseggasen, Tamenkda Tarumanit qrib ad tebḍu ɣef kraḍ n tmenkadin yemgaraden. Dyuklisyan yewweḍ ɣer leḥkem deg yiwet n taɣzent akka. == 3. Anekcum-is ɣer leḥkem == Deg 284, amenkad '''Numerianus''' yemmut deg tegnatin ur nettwassen ara akken iwata. Iserdasen i yellan deg usammar xtaren Dyuklisyan d amenkad. Maca '''Carinus''', gma n Numerianus, yella mazal yeṭṭef adabu deg umalu. Gar sin-nsen yella ṭṭraḍ. Deg 285, ''Carinus'' yemmut, Dyuklisyan yuɣal d win i yettḥekkimen ɣef tuget n Tmenkda Tarumanit. Maca Dyuklisyan yegza yiwet n tɣawsa: tmenkda tewsaɛ d tameqrant nezzeh i wakken ad tt-iḥkem yiwen n umdan kan. Seg dagi i d-yebda yiwen seg yibeddilen-is imeqqranen. == 4. Tetrarkiya — leḥkem n ukuẓ == Dyuklisyan ur yebɣi ara ad yebḍu Tamenkda Tarumanit d timura tilelliyin. Deg umḍiq n waya, yebɣa ad yebḍu amek ara tettwaḍebber. Deg 285–286, yerra ''Maximianus'' d amḍebber ameqqran ɣer yid-s, sakin yerna-as azal n umenkad. Deg 293, anagraw yettwasebded s wudem uffir ugar. Llan sin n yimenkaden imeqqranen (Augusti): '''Dyuklisyan''' deg usammar; '''Maximianus''' deg umalu. Yal yiwen seg-sen yesɛa yiwen n umɛiwen s uzwel '''''Caesar''''': '''Galerius''' yella d ''Caesar'' n Dyuklisyan; '''Constantius Chlorus''' yella d ''Caesar'' n ''Maximianus''. Anagraw-a yettwassen s yisem '''Tetrarchia''', anamek-is «leḥkem n ukuẓ». Tikti-is tamezwarut mačči d beṭṭu n Rum ɣef ukuẓ n tmenkadin, maca d asebded n ukuẓ n yixefawen n leḥkem i zemren ad ɛiwnen iman-nsen deg ṭṭraḍ, deg tsertit d uḍebber. == 5. Acuɣer tetrarkiya? == Tamenkda Tarumanit tettwasebded seg Britain ar Masṛ, seg Iberia ar Syria. Iserdasen ur zmiren ara ad awḍen s lemɣawla seg yiwet n temnaḍt ɣer tayeḍ. Ulac tilifun, ulac internet, ulac tarrayin n teywalt n tura; izen yezmer ad yeṭṭef ussan neɣ smanat iwakken ad yaweḍ. Dyuklisyan yebɣa yal tama tameqrant n tmenkda ad tesɛu amḍebber asertan d asertan i iqerben ɣer tilisa. '''Tetrarkiya''', ihi, tella d tiririt ɣef yiwen n wugur n tidet: amek ara tettwaḍebber tmenkda tameqrant s wudem arurad? == 6. Abeddel deg talɣa n udabu == Deg talliyin n [[Ugustus]] d yimenkaden imezwura, amenkad arumani yebɣa ad d-iban amzun d amezwaru gar yimdanen. Deg tallit n Dyuklisyan, talɣa-a tebeddel. Anekcum ɣer umenkad yuɣal d ayen yesɛan ilugan d tgejdit tameqrant. Tamenkda tebda tettruḥu seg unagraw aqbur i yettwasemman s Principatus ɣer talɣa n leḥkem anda amenkad yesɛa tazmert iǧehden ugar, i yettwassemman s umata Dominatus. Mačči Dyuklisyan kan i d-yewwin abeddel-a, maca tallit-is tettwaḥsab d yiwet seg talliyin anda abeddel-a iban-d s wudem iwulmen. == 7. Aḍebber n tmenkda == Dyuklisyan ibeddel daɣen anagraw n uḍebber. Iḥuza timura n tmenkda i yellan meqqrit nezzeh, yebḍa kra seg-sent ɣef timnaḍin meẓẓiyen iwakken ad tent-id-yeḍfer uḍebber s wudem yelhan. Timnaḍin-a ttusduklent deg yigrawen imeqqranen n uḍebber. Tikti tagejdant tella: ula d amḍebber n yiwet n temnaḍt ur ilaq ara ad yesɛu tazmert tameqqrant nezzeh ara t-yerren d amennuɣ mgal leḥkem agejdan. Yebɣa daɣen ad yemgarad ugar gar tazmert taresdast d tazmert n uḍebber. == 8. Iserdasen n Rum == Yiwen seg wuguren i d-yemlal Dyuklisyan yella d aḥraz n tilisa. Deg usammar, Tamenkda Tasasanit n yifarisiyen tella d amennuɣ ameqqran n Rum. Deg ugafa, igrawen n Iǧermaniyen ttaɛraḍen ɣef tilisa n Rhine d Danube. Deg Masr d kra n temnaḍin n usammar llan n ccwal d tegrawliwin. Dyuklisyan d yimdukal-is n tetrarkiya rnan deg waṭas n yimennuɣen. Gar tid yettwassnen ugar yella rrbeḥ n Galerius ɣef Tmenkda Tasasanit deg 298. '''Talwit n Nisibis''' i d-yeḍfer rrbeḥ-a yerra Rum deg tegnit iǧehden nezzeh deg usammar. == 9. Tadrimt d tdamsa == Ṭṭraḍat d tsertit ur llin ara kan d uguren n Dyuklisyan. Tadrimt tarumanit tella daɣen deg tegnit iweɛren. Deg tasut tis kraḍ, imenkaden ssneqsen azal n yidrimen, iwakken ad sersen ugar n yidrimen deg tedrimt. Aya yerna uguren n laman deg tedrimt d ssuma n lḥwayeǧ. Dyuklisyan yebɣa ad yerr anagraw ɣer leqdic. Yessuffeɣ-d idrimen imaynuten, ibeddel anagraw n tebzert, yerna aḍebber agejdan ɣef tdamsa. Maca kra n yibeddilen-is ur d-wwin ara ayen yebɣa. == 10. Azal n ssuma — Edict on Maximum Prices == Deg 301, Dyuklisyan yessuffeɣ-d yiwen n usaḍuf ameqqran i yebɣan ad yesbadu atig(ssuma) afellay i waṭas n lḥwayeǧ d leqdicat. Iswi yella ad yesseḥbes timerna n wazal n watig d usenqes n tazmert n tedrimt. Asaḍuf yesbadu ssuma tafellayt n yirden, aksum, lebsa, leqdicat d waṭas n tɣawsiwin-nniḍen. Maca deg tilawt, anagraw-a yufa-d uguren imeqqranen. Ma yella ssuma neɣ atig i d-yesbadu udabu meẓẓiyet ɣef ssuma n uselḥu, imzenza ur bɣin ara ad zenzen. Ttbanen-d wadigen uffiren n tnezzut, neɣ tɣawsiwin ttruḥunt seg ssuq. Ɣef waya, asaḍuf ur yezmir ara ad yeseɣti ugur s wudem ira Dyuklisyan. == 11. Tarrayt n tebzert == Yiwen seg yibeddilen-is i yellan d imeqqranen yella deg unagraw n tebzert. Tamenkda tesra idrimen i wakken ad tesbedd iserdasen, i wakken ad txelles imḍebbren d yixeddamen, i wakken ad tḥareb tilisa. Dyuklisyan yebɣa ad yesɛu anagraw n tebzert i d-yettawin idrimen s wudem yettwassnen ugar. Ayen i yebda deg tallit-is ad ikemmel sakin deg Tmenkda Tarumanit n umalu d Tmenkda Tabeznantit. == 12. Dyuklisyan d Rome == Yella yiwen ubeddel nniḍen yesɛan azal: Rome ur tezgi ara d talemmast n leḥkem n tmenkda. Tamenkda tella meqqret nezzeh; uguren imeqqranen llan ɣef tilisa, mačči deg Rome. Dyuklisyan iḥkem s waṭas seg '''Nicomedia''' deg '''Anatolia''', i yellan iqreb ɣer Balkans, Asia Tamecṭuḥt, Surya d tilisa n yifarisiyen. Aya yessegza abeddel ameqqran: tazmert n Rum ur tezgi ara d tin n temdint n Rome kan; tuɣal d tazmert n tmenkda s timmad-is. == 13. Taddart n Dyuklisyan deg Split == Deg Croatia n wass-a mazal yettwassen uɣerbaz ameqqran n Dyuklisyan deg Split — Diocletian's Palace/Adig n Duklisyan. Yebna-t i tallit ara d-yas seld ad yeǧǧ leḥkem. Mačči d axxam n umenkad kan. Yella d agraw ameqqran n yixxamen, iḥeṛṛasen, iɣerbazen d yixxamen n uḍebber, s talɣa i jemɛen gar uɣanib n yiserdasen d uxxam n umenkad. Azal-is ameqqran deg umezruy n tẓuri d tɣerma tarumanit, acku kra seg-s mazal yella ar ass-a, yerna temdint n Split tebna iman-is s waṭas ɣef tlemmast n uɣerbaz-nni aqbur. == 14. Dyuklisyan d imasiḥiyen == Aḥric-a d yiwen seg yidisan iḥercawen n leḥkem-is. Deg 303, leḥkem n ''tetrarkiya'' yebda aqhaṛ ameqqran ɣef yimasiḥiyen, i yettwassnen deg umezruy s yisem ''Great Persecution''. Ttwasuffɣen-d yisura i yebɣan ad huddent kra n yimukan n taɛebbadt tamasiḥit, ad kksen kra n yizerfan n yimasiḥiyen, ad ḥebsen imḍebbren n tmezdayin timasiḥiyin, sakin ad ilin kra n yisaḍufen i ibɣan seg yimasiḥiyen ad qeblen taɛebbadt tunṣibt n tmenkda. Aqhaṛ ur yelli ara s yiwen n wudem deg yal tama n tmenkda. Deg kra n temnaḍin yella iḥerṣ ugar ɣef kra nniḍen. Tallit-a tettwaḥsab d yiwet gar talliyin tukrifin n umezruy n yimasiḥiyen uqbel abeddel ameqqran ara d-yawwi Kusṭuntin. == 15. Acuɣer yella uqhaṛ ɣef yimasiḥiyen? == Iwakken ad nefhem tasertit n Dyuklisyan, ilaq ur tt-neḥsib ara kan s tmuɣli tasɣanant(tadayanit) n tura. Deg tmenkda tarumanit, taɛebbadt, tasertit d tmenkda qqnent gar-asent. Ansayen d tfaskiwin n tmenkda ḥesben-ten kra n yimḍebbren d ayen ilaqen i teflest d rṛbeḥ n Rum. Kra n yimasiḥiyen ugin ad ččen deg kra n tfaskiwin-a. I kra n yimḍebbren irumaniyen, aya yezmer ad d-iban mačči kan d amgired n ddin, maca amzun d ttugin n uẓayer asertan d unagraw n tmenkda. Aya ur isemmaḥ ara i uqhaṛ, maca yessegza talɣa n tmuɣli tasertant n tallit-nni. t3ofw6gatmsb6kpda6xr6pkrq45ve1n 0 25592 117503 117500 2026-09-28T10:32:45Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117503 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Hopetoun falls.jpg|vignette|Asefrek n wakal yeḥraz agama n iɣlluyen n "Hopetoun" deg Ustralya.]] '''Tawennaḍt''' d tazrirt takullit n yiferdisen igamanen (am akal, aman, aḍu, tafukt) d yimuddiren (amɣan, iɣersiwen, ibaktiriyen) i d-yezzin ɣef umdan neɣ ɣef yal amuddir nniḍen. Deg tussna n tesnawennaḍt, tawennaḍt tessemlil akk tiwtilin tifizikin, tikimiyin d tnudranin i d-iteggin anagraw awnḍan ideg tettidir yerna tettnerni tudert. Deg tallit tamirant, awal « tawennaḍt » yeqqen nezzeh ɣer temsal n ummesten n ugama mgal tawaɣiyin i d-igellu warmud n wemdan, gar-asent asluɣu, abeddel anezwan d wengar n tenḍa tamudrant. == 1. Tasenwalt d uẓar n wawal == Awal '''tawennaḍt''' d awal amaynut i d-yennulfan deg yiseggasen n 70 deg tallit n usegmer n umawal amaynut n tmaziɣt (deg Umawal n Tmaziɣt Tatrart s ddaw n ufus n Mulud Mɛemmri). Aẓar-is yekka-d seg wemyag « wenweḍ » neɣ « awezzi » (d ayen i d-yezzin, le milieu environnant). S umata, tawennaḍt d awal yesɛan sin n yinumak: '''Anamek ussnan''': d akk timliliyin gar yimuddiren d ugama ideg ttidiren. '''Anamek ametti d tsertant''': d akk ayen i icudden ɣer tezmert n wemdan ad yeḥrez agama, ad iqabel asluɣu, yerna ad yesseqdec iɣbula igamanen s tefsest d uḥezzeb. == 2. Iferdisen n twennaḍt == Tawennaḍt tebḍa ɣef sin n yidrasen imeqranen i yettemyurawen gar-asen: === 2.1 Iferdisen irgamayen === D akk iferdisen ur nelli ara d imuddiren maca fkan-d talɣa i tudert: '''Aḍu (Tignewt)''': Azal-is meqqer deg usgunfes n yimuddiren. Yegber seg uksyijin (21%), anitrujin (78%) d kra n yigazen nniḍen am ukaṛbun. '''Aman (Tahidrusfirt)''': Aman d aɣbalu n tudert. Llant deg yigarawen, ilellen, isaffen, tilmatin d waman n ddaw wakal. '''Akal (Talitustfirt)''': D adig n ugama anda d-ttekkren yemɣan, yerna d amkan n tnezduɣt n waṭas n yimuddiren imecṭaḥ. '''Tafukt d teẓɣelt''': Ttakkent-d tazmert tamezwarut i usekles n tfat (photosynthèse) i yessefran tudert n yimɣan. === 2.2 Iferdisen imuddiren === D tajumma n akk imuddiren yellan deg yiwen n ugama: '''Infarasen''': Imɣan izegzawen i ixeddmen tamurt d lqis n tudert s tallelt n tezmert n tfukt (autotrophes). '''Imsuder''': Iɣersiwen imseččayen n tuga (herbivores), imseččayen n uksum (carnivores), d wemdan. '''Isefrurayen''': Ibaktiriyen d igersalen i yessefruruyen idrasen n tfekkiwin yemmuten iwakken ad ten-rren d iferdisen ikimiyen i yesseqdac wakal. === 2.3 Anagraw awnḍan d tebrusfirt === Mi mlalen yiferdisen ibyutiyen irgamayen d imuddiren deg yiwet n tmiwa, teggin-d anagraw awnḍan. Tajumma n yinagrawen iwnḍanen akk n Umaḍal tettusemma Tabrusfirt (Biosphère), i d talast tangarut anda tetteddu tudert deg tegnit. thz15y0c19uz5jgezmsegdvyoitk91m