Wikipedia kabwiki https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asebter_agejdan MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.21 first-letter Media Uslig Mmeslay Amseqdac Amyannan umsqedac Wikipedia Amyannan n Wikipedia Tugna Amyannan n tugna MediaWiki Amyannan n MediaWiki Talɣa Amyannan n talɣa Tallat Amyannan n tallat Taggayt Amyannan n taggayt Awwur Amyannan uwwur Asenfaṛ Amyannan usenfaṛ TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk Sujet 0 7276 117504 117484 2026-09-28T13:00:35Z Naslechat 12951 117504 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Iqbayliyen | native_name = Igawawen, Izwawen, Igelsisen | native_name_lang = kab | image = Pittura famiglia Kabyle.jpg | image_caption = Femmes kabyles préparant le [[seksu|couscous]], Isidore Pils | image_alt = | image_upright = 1.0 | flag = | flag_caption = | population = | total = {{circa}} {{formatnum:6000000}} | total_year = | total_source = | total_ref = <ref name=e25>{{e25|kab|Amazigh}}</ref><ref name=Pereltsvaig2020>{{Cite book |last=Pereltsvaig |first=Asya|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108783071 |title=Languages of the World: An Introduction |date=2020-09-03 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-78307-1|chapter=6.3 Berber languages|page=203|doi=10.1017/9781108783071}}</ref> | genealogy = | regions = | region1 = [[Tamurt n Leqbayel]] | pop1 = 3–4 imelyunen | ref1 = | region2 = {{flagcountry|Algeria}} (n verra) | pop2 = 2–3 imelyunen | ref2 = <ref>https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2080080.html</ref><ref name="C">{{Cite journal |last=Montenay |first=Yves |date=2020-08-20 |title=L'Algérie a mal à la Kabylie |url=https://www.contrepoints.org/2020/08/24/378707-lalgerie-a-mal-a-la-kabylie |journal=Contrepoints |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="KABYLES : Le peuple kabyle">{{Cite web |date=2025-01-29 |title=KABYLES: Le peuple kabyle |url=https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/kabyles/2-le-peuple-kabyle/ |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=Encyclopædia Universalis |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="Multiculturalism and Democracy in North Africa: Aftermath of the Arab Spring">{{Cite book |last=Ennaji |first=Moha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OhVgAwAAQBAJ&dq=diasporas+kabyles+oran+constantine&pg=PA1927 |title=Multiculturalism and Democracy in North Africa: Aftermath of the Arab Spring |date=2014-04-16 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-81361-3 |language=en |access-date=2025-04-04}}</ref> | region3 = {{flagcountry|France}} | pop3 = {{circa}} 1 umelyun | ref3 = <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2013 |title=Rapport du Comité consultatif pour la promotion des langues régionales et de la pluralité linguistique interne (2013) |url=https://www.culture.gouv.fr/Thematiques/Langue-francaise-et-langues-de-France/Agir-pour-les-langues/Promouvoir-les-langues-de-France/Nos-publications/Rapport-du-Comite-consultatif-pour-la-promotion-des-langues-regionales-et-de-la-pluralite-linguistique-interne-2013 |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=www.culture.gouv.fr |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chaker |first=S. |date=2004-05-01 |title=Kabylie: La langue |journal=Encyclopédie berbère |language=fr |volume=26 |issue=26 |pages=4055–4066 |doi=10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.1431 |issn=1015-7344 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | region4 = {{flagcountry|Canada}} | pop4 = 37,415 | ref4 = <ref>{{cite web |date=7 May 2021 |title=Knowledge of languages by age and gender: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810021601 |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=Census Profile, 2021 Census |publisher=Statistics Canada Statistique Canada}}</ref> | languages = [[Taqbaylit]]<br>[[Taɛrabt]], [[Tafransist]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Frawley|first1=William J.|title=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: AAVE - Esperanto, Volume 1|date=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0195139778|page=221|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC&pg=PA221|accessdate=21 December 2017}}</ref> | religions = [[Tasunnit]]<br>[[Tamasiḥit]], war ddin | related_groups = | footnotes = }} '''Iqbayliyen/Tiqbayliyin (s [[Tifnaɣ|tfinaɣ]] ⵉⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵢⴻⵏ / ⵜⵉⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵢⵉⵏ)'''<ref>{{Cite Web |title=Archive copy |url=http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/download/pdf/994288?name=Weisheit |access-date=2020-03-01 |archive-date=2022-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121233735/https://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/download/pdf/994288?name=Weisheit |url-status=dead }}</ref> neɣ '''Igawawen''', '''Izwawen''' (llan daɣen '''leqbayel (ⵍⴻⵇⴱⴰⵢⴻⵍ)''' aked '''Igelsisen'''<ref>[https://www.editions-harmattan.fr/index.asp?navig=catalogue&obj=livre&no=62705]</ref>), d agdud [[imaziɣen|amaziɣ]] yettidir deg [[Tamurt n Leqbayel|Tmawya]] i d-yezgan degʷugafa-asammer n [[Lezzayer (tamanaɣt)|Lezzayer]]. == Ansa i d yekka wawal n "''Leqbayel''" == Aẓaṛ n wawal "aqbayli" yekka-d seg [[taɛrabt|teɛṛabt]] « ''قبائل »'' (qaba'il) anamek-is s [[Taqbaylit|Teqbaylit]] « tiwsitin » neɣ « laɛruc ». Iṛumanen ssawalen-asen d ''Quinquegentanei'' (semmus [5] n Iderman), (wid izedɣen neɣ yettidiren ''Mons Ferratus'', "[[Ǧerǧer|Adrar n ğerğer]]"), wissen isem n tura ma yekka-d seg win n zik neɣ ala. Qqaren-asen daɣen i leqbayel "izwawen", ɣer Ibn Xeldun, azaraw-is d aneflas (laɛskar), ɣur-nnaɣ Azwaw d aneflas yeḍfer tasuli (laɛda) n zik, ila (isɛa) azal n imezwura, yekkat wuzzal war kukru, yezmer i wiyyaḍ. Yella aẓar ZW, azaraw-is d win yetsuɣu g umennuɣ. Aẓar n wawal "Amawti/Imawtiyen" yekka-d seg tangaṭ (tamaziɣt taqurant n leqbayel), yera (yebɣa) ad-yini "win n tawsit", acku zik isem n tmurt leqbayel d "Tamawya", yera ad-yini s tarumit "les familles, les tribus" g tangaṭ qqaren ayt zik i "la famille" : Tawya. S umata ur llin ara aɣbalu ameqqʷran ɣef umezruy n yisem-agi, maca nezmer a nefk yiwet n turda yelan assaɣ s tawtilt n Tamurt n Iqbayliyen deg ukud-nni (tallit-nni) imi medden ddren seddaw n tezmert n tiddukla n iderman. Ass-a, iqbayliyen ɛaqlen iman-nsen d imaziɣen. Amaziɣ d isem ig curken yal imezdaɣ n tafriqt ugafa. Awal-agi yekka-d seg uẓar MZƔ lmaɛna-s d aɣerman ilelli (ur yelli d akli).<ref><abbr>(en)</abbr> Michael Brett et Elizabeth W. B. Fentress, , Blackwell pub, <abbr>coll.</abbr> « The Peoples of Africa », 1996 <small>(<nowiki>ISBN 978-0-631-16852-2</nowiki>)</small>, <abbr>p.</abbr> 5–6.</ref> == Aẓaṛ n wawal ''izdayen'' == ==Agdud Aqbayli== [[Tugna:Algerian Kabyle woman in traditional dress and jewels - 1970.jpg|vignette|'''Tameṭṭut taqbaylit''']] '''Amezruy n wegdud aqbayli''', d amezruy ameqqʷran akk-d yewwin i g issewhamen, zran igiman n iseggasen, azal 10 000 iseggasen send talalit n [[Ɛisa]] ; d imezdaɣ imezwura n [[Tafriqt n Ugafa|Tefriqt ugafa]] send n tlalit n umezruy amaynut, agdud aqbayli d yiwen wegdud gar yegduden imzikiyen i yeğğan later deg umezruy n yemdanen. Agdud aqbayli yedder, yerna yexlef [[Irrumanen]], yiwen amenkud i yestaɛmren ddunit irkul, yexlef [[Ifniqen]], ladɣa [[Yugurten]] yemmut s tidet agdud-is yedder, yexlaf [[Maryus]]; tura arraw-is kren ţlaɛin i wid ur numin ara; adgud aqbayli atan dagi andaţ [[Rum]] ? [[Dihya]] temmut, s tidet, yessi-is krent tura ttnadin; anda-t [[Ɛuqba Ibn Nafiɛ]]? I wid mazal ur numin ara agdud aqbayli atan mazal dagi! Tidet amezruy n wegdud aqbayli yessewham acku d yiwen n umezruy yeţwebnan ɣef taɣert, tuccda, akk-d iseflan n imawlan-is. Ussan agi Iqbayliyen ttidiren g wakud (lweqt) n [[Taleslalit|la renaissance]] n-sen, sennig aɣebbar n wakud akk-d d leqhar n iɛdawen, tteddun ɣer zdat, aqlaɣ nettwali tallit n aɣlan (ljens), Aɣlan aqbayli. Iqbayliyen g zik semman iman-sen [[Help:Imaziɣen|Imaziɣen]] , [[Help:Agdud Amaziɣ|Agdud Amaziɣ]], win ur neqbil ara lbatel neɣ akerwa. [[Tugna:Amazigh Flag.jpg|vignette|Annay amaziɣ]] ===Amezruy Atrar=== Deg Amezruy Atrar, Iqbayliyen mači d inumidyen inumdiyen d icawiyen d icenwiyen lqbayel nutni des maures pas numides]], llan iɣerfan n yewen uwanek, yeddren azal n 100 n iseggasen (seg azal 206 UL* di lweqt n tageldit n [[Masnsen]], ''agellid di facto'' n [[Numidya]], armi lexsara n [[Yugurten]] g 104 UL) awanek agi yettusema Numidya. Numidya tella azal n '''Dzayer''' akk-d '''Tamurt n Yiqbayliyen''' lwahid. Numidya tbedd meyya iseggasen, llan wid qqaren dakken meyya n isegwassen d wacemma, maɛna timura n ddunit merra ur sɛant ara akter n 30 iseggassen di laɛmer-nsent, amek yezmer yewin ad inni belli Numidya d ulac i tella? Numidya i gɛacen akter n meyya n iseggasen, ugar n Dzayer akk-d timura n Tefriqt merra, akter n uhric ameqran n timura n [[Turuft Tagmuḍant]], mi teɣli Numidya tsɛa azal n laɛmer n [[Kanada]]. ===Amnekcam arumani=== Lestaɛmar arumani yenzeg akter n 525 isegassen, seg lexsara n Yugurtan zdat irumaniyen g 104 UL armi uɣelluy n inugura agi s iffassen n [[Help:Geiseric Aɛiban|Geiseric Aɛiban]] (agellid n [[Help:Ivandaliyen|Ivandaliyen]]) akk-d inelmaden-is mi g kecmen ɣer Tafriqt ugafa g 429. ===Imnekcamen Ivandalen=== Geiseric yebnad tageldit tamezwarut n Ivandaliyen g Tafriqt ugafa s Saldae ('''Bgayet''') am tamaneɣt-is; yestaɛmered [[Sičilya|Sicillia]], [[Sardinya|Sardenya]], [[Kursika]], akk-ed tegzirin n [[Baleares]], yernad yekcem ɣef [[Rum]] yewid yides mi i gefeɣ, azal n yewen n ddurt g 455, atas n igerrujen akk-ed iseflawen n [[Tamesgida n el-Aqṣa|lğameɛ n Lquds]] (iseflawen i yefkan [[Udayen]] i lğameɛ-nsen) i d yewi [[Titus]] ɣef Roma melmi igstaɛmered [[Lquds]]. ===Amnekcam Abyzanti=== Ivandaliyen ţwakssent di Tafriqt ugafa s iɛsekriyen n [[Help:Justinianus I|Justinianus I]], agellid n umekad Abyzanti; amenkad n ivandaliyen ydum-d 105 isegassen (429-534). Yiwen lamer yesɛan atas n wazal di lwegt-nni; ahric ameqran n imaziɣen rebhen telelli-nsen, mi yal aggay yetsnaɣ mgal wayid. [[Help:Amenkad Abyzanti|Amenkad Abyzanti]] ydumed g Tafriqt ugafa s 534 armi i gxser amgaru mgal [[Aɛraben|Iɛraben]] wid bdan [[Help:Ttrad n Lesteɛmar n Tefriqt|Ttrad n Lesteɛmar n Tefriqt]] g lqern wis tmanya (azal n 642 -705). ===Amnekcam Aɛrab=== Iɛraben qetɛen lebher, staɛmren [[Help:Maser|Maser]] g 642, kemlen alhu-nsen, zedmen ɣef tamurt n yimaziɣen, tamurt n leqbayel. Listiɛmar Aɛrab, am lbers, di tamuggit ɣef Iqbayliyen i yella; imi Imaziɣen rebhen kkra n lehna, akk-d tallalit, seqsefen azaglu akk-d alehu n amenkud abyzanti ɣer usamer n tilisa-nsen. Iqbayliyen nnuɣen-d mgal Iɛraben s wayen akk yellan, s tezmart, s tdusi (lğehd), s tudert-nsen, imi ţwallan simmal iţeddu aɛdaw simmal yexreb, yenɣa, yehreq, yeqher ayen yellan d amaziɣ, ayen yesɛan rruh n umaziɣ. Mbeɛd akter n sebɛa meyya n isegassen n tagrawla, Imaziɣen ɛyan, cban izem nni ur sɛin ara azuren merra imi tazzla n idammen-is texla ayen yeqimen di lğehd-is, ayen yeqimmen di tmanegt-is, ur yezmir ad yeker; izem aqbayli yeɣli-d ur yekkir ara, Iɛraben hesben d lmut i g yemut. Mbeɛd amerni aqher; ilulufen n imaziɣen, tilawen xesrent lherma-nsent akk-d asehru-nsent, ilulufen n warrac n Iqbayliyen imelsiyen ufan lmut si ifassen n iɛsekriyen Iɛraben, ilulufen nnidden zzenzen-ten aklan g leswaq n [[Mekka]]. Imi tfuk Taslekt ni Iɛraben, Tafriqt ugafa tuɣaled d amɣiz ni iklan ɣef leswaq n [[Agmuḍ Alemmas|Wegmuḍ Alemmas]]. Iqbayliyen am akken ad menɛen tudert n tarwa-nesn, akk-d ayen i geqimen di lherma n tilawen-nsen qeblen, ijenwiyen g ullawen nsen, ddin amaynut n iɛraben; iɛraben wwden anda yewin n lğens ur yewwi-d, zzuɣren telelli n yimaziɣen. Syenna d asawen, tutlayt n yimaziɣen akk-d ismawen-nsen uɣallen d lehram. G 705 anbaz Aɛrab i-bereh belli tamurt n yiqbayliyen d yiwet n tamnatt tamenzut n umnkad aɛrab ara tilli; Tafriqt ugafa tɛeda g yiwen n ukala ig bedlen idles-is, tamuɣli-is, akk-d imal-is. Amnekcam Aɛrab yeqqim armi yetwabdal s lestiɛmar n [[Iɛetmaniyen]] seddaw n timelwi n [[Xayreddin]] d ayetma-s [[Ɛeruj]], i d-xelqen atrar ussamer n '''Dzayer''', bdan asseɣwel n tama agi am asutel n iflisen n ddunit merra. Taflist-nsen ternu, temɣid ɣef lqrun 1600; taflist mgal lbaburat n [[Iwunak Yedduklen]] g [[Ilel agrakal]] sebba n [[Help:Ttrad n Taflist Tamezwarut|Ttrad n Taflist Tamezwarut]], akk-d [[Help:Ttrad n Taflist Tis Snat|Ttrad n Taflist Tis Snat]], anda mutten atas n imddanen imelsiyen. ===Amnekcam arumi (Fransa)=== Deg 1830, s sebba belli [[Lbay n Dzayer]] yewwet amalway n tamahelt-is, [[Fransa]] tenbez Dzayer; lameɛna, azbu i g qquren n Yiqbayliyen, [[Muḥend At-Meqqran|Amɣar Ameqran]] (El-Mokrani) akk-d [[Faḍma n Sumer]], stɛetlen taslekt agi almi Agud aqbayli yeţwaxdɛen s ageldun n Yiɛraben yettuseman [[Ɛebdelqader|Ɛebedlqader]] imi d-yefka takbabt-is ɣef [[Amtawa n Tafna|Wemtawa n Tefna]] wahid Fransa. '''Amtawa n Tafna''', [[30 mayyu]] [[1837]], yeswejd abrid ɣef wanger n Tamurt n Yiqbayliyen ihi kan teqled agezdir n Fransa. [[Fransa]], isegassen kkra mbeɛd, tefka-d Aguldun Ɛebdelqader amidag n la Légion d'honneur akk-d tajɛelt n 4000 Louis (idrimen n Fransa) mkul aggur armi yemut g [[26 mayyu]] [[1883]]. Wagi d adris n Amtawa n Tafna: Melmi amgaru mgal tamurt n Iqbayliyen ifuk, Fransa tezdem ɣef leğwahi nidden n Tafriqt ugafa terna texleq Ldzayer n tura; Tamurt n Yiqbayliyen, Timura n uguldun ɛabd Qader, akk-d d Uneẓruf Ameqran (timura n Twareg/[[Imuhaɣ]]). G [[1954]], [[Igen n Taslullit Taɣelnawt]] (ALN) tebda ţţrad n taslullit; mbaɛd n sebɛa isegassen n imenɣi, Fransa teğğa Dzayer g 19962. Aḥric ameqran n 1,025,000 [[Iḍaren Iberkanen]] akk-d 91,000 iḥerkiyyen, azal n 10% n imezdaɣ n Ledzayer g 1962, rewlen ɣef [[Fransa]] g useggwas-nni. == Ẓeṛ daɣen == [[Taggayt:imaziɣen|Q]] [[Taggayt:iɣerfan]] [[Taggayt:Iɣerfan iẓaranen n tferka n ugafa]] 3nnd0q2f0q7vvhkjlymz3zhjueaqm7y 0 11991 117512 117497 2026-09-29T01:24:31Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 17168 Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi yebeddel isem n usebtar seg [[World of A Song of Ice and Fire]] ar [[Amaḍal n A Song of Ice and Fire]] 117497 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox adeg asugnan | name = The Known World | colour = #C0C0C0 | image = File:Map of the Known World.jpg | imagesize = 250px | caption = "A Map of The Known World"<br>by [[George R. R. Martin]] | source = ''[[A Song of Ice and Fire]]'' | creator = [[George R. R. Martin]] | genre = Aṛuman/Tiliẓri | type = [[Fantasy world]] | locations = Westeros<br>Essos<br>Sothoryos<br>Ulthos | people = Irgazen imezwura<br>Andals<br>Tarwa n Tiẓgi<br>Icacfalen<br>[[Imedduten Imellalen]] }} Amaḍal asugnan aydeg iṛumanen ''[[A Song of Ice and Fire]]'' n [[George R. R. Martin]] dran yetwagzam s aṭas imenẓawen. Amur ameqran tedra deg umenẓaw n '''Westeros''', neɣ Sat Tigeldiwin. Yesɛa idetti tẓat tigeldiwin (Agafa, Tigzirin n Uzzal, Akal n Isafen, Iɣzer, Akal n Ataram, Akal n Tizekkiwin, Targa, Akal n Tikuṛunin, d Dorne)<ref group=S name=eventhorizon_chat />{{sfn|''A Game of Thrones''|loc=Arya I, p. 71}}{{sfn|''A Game of Thrones''|loc=Appendix: House Martell, p. 830}}. ==Amaḍal d umezruy n tmedyazt {{anchor|World|World and fictional history|Backstory|Background}}== ===Westeros {{anchor|Westeros|Seven Kingsdoms}}=== ===Essos {{anchor|Essos|Valyria}}=== ===Timnaḍin nniḍen {{anchor|Sothoryos|Sothoros|Sothyros|Ulthos}}=== ===Maps=== ==Agafa (The North) {{anchor|The North|The Neck}}== [[File:Scotland in the UK and Europe.svg|thumb|Author George R. R. Martin compared the North of Westeros to {{color box|darkgreen}} [[Scotland]].<ref group=S name=denverpost_grrm />]] Agafa (The North) d azgen n ugafa n Sat Tigeldiwin{{sfn|''A Game of Thrones''|loc=Map}} dɣa yettwaḥkem sɣur [[Axxam Stark]] seg Winterfell.{{sfn|''A Game of Thrones''|loc=Bran I, p. 14}} Agafa d ameqran qrib anect sḍiset tigeldiwin nniḍen ttwassemlilent, maca yesɛa cwit kan n imezdaɣen.{{sfn|''A Game of Thrones''|loc=Eddard I, p. 41}} Martin yequren Agafa s Tikust.<ref group=S name=denverpost_grrm /> D asemmiḍ deg Ugafa; yekkat wadfel s uskir maca deg akkw tisemhuyin, yili tigersin ttwaglament am aken d tiweɛṛanin macci d kra.{{sfn|''A Game of Thrones''|loc=Eddard I, p. 41}} Talast tagafat n aẓi d New Gift, azawag n wakal n 80 km yettwammestenen sɣur [[Taɛessast n Iḍ]].{{sfn|''A Storm of Swords''|loc=Bran III, p. 546}} ===Winterfell=== Winterfell d tamdint tazaykarawant n [[axxam Stark]], inebbaḍen n ugafa n Westeros. Yettwabnu sɣur Brandon Stark « ameṣkaw » (''{{lang|en|Bran the Builder}}''), d yiwen n igelliden imezwura n Ugafa, d netta yellan deg taneṣlit n Aɣrab. Ɣas anezwi n Ugafa, imezdaɣen n Winterfell ur tenyenɣa ara usemmiḍ acku tamdint tettwabnu ɣef tala n waman aḥmayan yettɛaddan gar iɣerban sɣur anagraw amegzu n [[aẓeṭṭa n tregwa|iẓeṭwan n tregwa|]], i ttsseḥmun aka tizeɣwin d tixxamin dɣa yetssinef tagrist n lqaɛa, deg unebdu am deg tagrest<ref group="R" name="AGOT Catelyn II">''A Game of Thrones'', Catelyn II.</ref>. ===The Wall=== ===Beyond the Wall=== ===Pyke=== === Old Wyk === == The Riverlands == ===Harrenhal=== ===Riverrun=== ===The Twins=== ==The Vale of Arryn== ===The Eyrie=== ==The Westerlands== ===Casterly Rock=== ==The Reach== ===Oldtown=== ==The Stormlands== ===Storm's End=== ==The Crownlands== ===Dragonstone=== ===King's Landing=== ==Dorne== ==Free Cities and vicinity {{anchor|The Free Cities|Free Cities|Andalos|Rhoyne}}== ===Braavos=== ===Pentos=== ===Volantis=== ===Other Free Cities {{anchor|Lorath|Lys|Myr|Norvos|Qohor|Tyrosh|Volantis}}=== ==Central Essos== === Valyria === ===Dothraki Sea {{anchor|The Dothraki Sea|Dothraki Sea|Vaes Dothrak}}=== ===Lhazar=== ==Slaver's Bay {{anchor|Slaver's Bay|Slavers Bay}}== ===Astapor=== ===Yunkai=== ===Meereen=== == Summer Sea == === Basilisk Isles === === Summer Islands {{anchor|Summer Islands|The Summer Islands}} === == Eastern Essos == ===Red Waste=== ===Qarth=== == Unvisited lands {{anchor|Other lands|Unvisited lands}} == ===Asshai and the Shadow Lands {{anchor|Asshai|The Shadow Lands|Asshai and the Shadow Lands}}=== ===Ibben=== ===Yi Ti=== === Plains of Jogos Nhai === == Sothoros or Sothoryos == == Tiwelhiwin == {{Reflist|30em}} m96bt0e1npnknepejt8irlg2ogbri96 1 22670 117514 117474 2026-09-29T01:24:31Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 17168 Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi yebeddel isem n usebtar seg [[Mmeslay:World of A Song of Ice and Fire]] ar [[Mmeslay:Amaḍal n A Song of Ice and Fire]] 117474 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 25569 117508 117501 2026-09-28T15:18:16Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117508 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:OpenAI logo 2025 (symbol).svg|vignette|Alugu n ChatGPT]] '''ChatGPT''' d amallal n udiwenni s [[Tigzi Taragmawant|tigzi taragmawant]] (AI) i d-tesnulfa taṛmist OpenAI. Yeffeɣ-d i useqdec azayez deg 30 Wamber 2022, deg tazwara am rusenfaṛ n unadi, iwakken OpenAI ad telmed seg useqdec n yimdanen, ad tissin tizemmar d tilisa n unagraw-is. Deg lqem-is amezwaru, ChatGPT yebna ɣef umudam seg twacult GPT-3.5. Isem ChatGPT yebḍa ɣef sin yiḥricen: Chat, anamek-is adiwenni, akked GPT — Generative Pre-trained Transformer, tawacult n yimudam n tutlayt i ɣef yebna. Tamiḍrant tagejdant d ad yerr tazmert n yimudam imeqqranen n tutlayt deg ugrudem anda amdan yezmer ad yesseqdec tigzi taragmawant s tutlayt tagamant, amzun yettmeslay akked umeggay. Ass-a, ChatGPT yugar aṭas tamiḍrant n chatbot. Yezmer ad iɛiwen deg tira, tussna, anadi, asihel, tasleḍt n yisefka d yisemliyen, tugniwin, tifrat n wuguren, aseggem n yisenfaren d waṭas n twuriwin-nniḍen. OpenAI tessegza-t am umallal AI i izemren ad iɛiwen deg twuriwin n yal ass. == 1. Talalit n ChatGPT == Mi d-yeffeɣ ChatGPT deg 2022, tamiḍrant n umeslay akked tmacint ur telli ara d tamaynut. Llan ''chatbots'' uqbel-is s waṭas n yiseggasen. Ayen i ibeddlen akked ChatGPT d tazmert n umudam-is ad yegzu asiḍen n udiwenni, ad ikemmel ameslay ɣef waṭas n yisteqsiyen, ad yessegzi timiḍranin, ad yaru iḍrisen ɣezzifen, yerna ad ixdem tiwuriwin yemgaraden war ma ilaq ad yettwaselmed s talɣa tusridt i yal yiwet seg-sent. [[OpenAI]] tessegza deg ussufeɣ n 2022 belli talɣa n udiwenni tettak i ChatGPT tazmert ad d-yerr ɣef yisteqsiyen i d-iteddun deffir yisteqsi amezwaru, ad iqbel mi yecceḍ, ad yesseɣti kra n turdiwin ur nṣeḥḥa ara deg usteqsi, yerna ad yagi kra n yisutar ur nemṣada ara akked tɣellist. Lqem amezwaru yettwaselmed s tarrayt n RLHF — Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback, anda imdanen ɛawnen deg uselmed n unagraw s usmenyif gar tririyin yemgaraden. ChatGPT n tazwara yebna ɣef GPT-3.5, maca deg yiseggasen i d-yeḍfernen OpenAI ternu imudam s tzemmar ugar. == 2. D acu i d GPT? == Iwakken ad nefhem ChatGPT, ilaq ad nefhem GPT. GPT d agzul n '''Aselkat n usaraw uzarsileɣ'''('''Generative Pre-trained Transformer)'''. Asaraw yemmal-d belli amudam yezmer ad d-isnulfu agbur am uḍris, tangalt n useɣẓan neɣ igemmaḍ-nniḍen. Azarsileɣ yemmal-d belli uqbel ad yebdu udiwenni akked useqdac, amudam yettwaselmad yakan ɣef yisefka imeqqranen. Aselkat d anaw n taneɣruft n uẓeṭṭa n uselmed alaway i yerran imudam n tutlayt imeqqranen n tura zemren ad xedmen tasleḍt n wassaɣen gar wawalen, tefyar d yimektayen deg yiḍrisen. ChatGPT, ihi, mačči d adlis ameqqran anda tella tririt i yal asteqsi. D anagraw n uselmed n tmacint i yesseqdacen imudam i yettwaselmaden ɣef waṭas n yisefka, syin yesseqdac ayen yelmed iwakken ad d-isuddes tiririt almend n usteqsi d usatal. == 3. Amek iteddu ChatGPT? == Mi ara taruḍ asteqsi, aḍris-ik yettwabḍa ɣer iferdisen imeẓyanen i nezmer ad nessemmi tiddas(tokens). ''Tiddest'' tezmer ad yili awal, aḥric n wawal, azamul neɣ kra n usekkil almend n tutlayt d umsiddes(tokenizer) i yettwaseqdacen. Amudam yettawi tiddest-a, yettales tasleḍt n wassaɣen gar-asen akked usatal i d-yezwaren, syin yettak tilisa i wayen i izemren ad d-iḍfer. S talɣa taḥerfit, yezmer ad yettwafhem am unagraw i yettaznen yal tikkelt: «D acu i ilaqen ad d-iḍfer tura?» Maca mi ara nales ayagi ɣef yimelyunen neɣ yimelyaren n yiferdisen d yassaɣen ussnanen i yelmed umudam, ad d-teffeɣ tazmert i yugar s waṭas asnimer n wawal i d-iteddun: asegzi, tira, agdal, tasleḍt, asihel, tifrat n wuguren d usuddes n tamusni. Dɣa, ma tella tririt tettban amzun tamacint «tessen» ayen i d-tenna, ilaq ad nefrez gar tarrayt n umudam d tegzi n umdan. ChatGPT d anagraw n tigzi taragmawant; ur ilaq ara ad as-nefk iḥulfan, iman neɣ tamuɣli tudmawant n umaḍal war ad yili ufus ussnan i waya. == 4. Aselmed s tallelt n yimdanen == Yiwen seg yiferdisen i d-yerran ChatGPT yemgarad ɣef kra n yimudam iqburen d aselmed iwakken ad iḍfer tanaḍt n useqdac yerna ad yerr s talɣa iwulmen i udiwenni. Deg lqem amezwaru, OpenAI tessemres ''supervised fine-tuning'': imselmaden imdanen ttaken-d imedyaten n yidiwenniyen gar useqdac d umeggay. Syin, OpenAI tessemres '''RLHF'''. Imdanen smenyafen gar waṭas n tririyin; isefka-a ttwasqedcen iwakken ad yelmed unagraw anwa anaw n tririt i d-yettwasmenyafen. Tarrayin n uselmed n yimudam imaynuten n tura zemrent ad mgaradent ɣef tarrayt-a tamezwarut, maca tamuɣli tagejdant teqqim: ur ilaq ara umudam ad yissin kan amek ara d-isnulfu aḍris; ilaq daɣen ad yelmed amek ara iḍfer tanaḍt d wamek ara d-yerr s talɣa ara yilin d abaɣur i useqdac. == 5. Seg GPT-3.5 ɣer yimudam imaynuten == Amezruy n ChatGPT yeqqen ɣer unerni n yimudam n OpenAI. Deg 2022, ChatGPT amezwaru yebna ɣef GPT-3.5. Deg Meɣres 2023, GPT-4 yekcem ɣer ChatGPT Plus. Deg Mayyu 2024, GPT-4o yekcem ɣer ChatGPT. Deg Sebtember 2024, OpenAI tebda tessemras imudam n uwemmam/reasoning s o1-preview d o1-mini. Deg Ɣuct 2025, GPT-5 yekcem ɣer ChatGPT. Deg 2026, tawacult GPT-5.6 tettwaseqdec deg ChatGPT. OpenAI tessegza GPT-5.6 Sol am umudam i yesseqdacen Plus d Pro i twuriwin i yeḥwaǧǧen tizemmar ugar, ma d GPT-5.6 Luna d amudam agejdan i yiseqdacen Free d Go deg ubeddel i d-tessegza deg Ɣuct 2026. Anamek-is d akken ChatGPT mačči d yiwen n umudam. D afaris neɣ d agrudem i izemren ad yesseqdec imudam yemgaraden almend n lqem, n twuri d unaw n umiḍan. == 6. Adiwenni d usatal == Tazmert tagejdant n ChatGPT d asatal n udiwenni. Ma testeqsaḍ, syin terniḍ: «Segzi-d ugar», ChatGPT yezmer ad yegzu belli tmeslayeḍ ɣef tririt yezrin. Ur ilaq ara ad talseḍ asteqsi seg tazwara. Anect-a yettili acku iznan n udiwenni zemren ad ilin deg usatal i yettwafkan i umudam. S waya, adiwenni yezmer ad yuɣal d axeddim s kra n yimeḍqan: asteqsi → tiririt → aseɣti → tasleḍt → lqem aneggaru. D ayen i d-yefkan azal ameqqran i ChatGPT am wallal n uselmed, tira, asihel d unadi. == 7. Tifrat n wuguren d «uxemmam» == Imudam imaynuten n ChatGPT ur ttwasqedcen ara kan i tira n tutlayt; zemren daɣen ad xedmen ɣef tifrat n wuguren. Deg leḥsab, asihel, tussna neɣ tasleḍt, anagraw yezmer ad yesseqdec tarrayin i as-yettaken akud ugar i usuddes n tririt uqbel ad tt-id-yefk. Anect-a ur ilaq ara ad yettwafhem amzun ChatGPT yettxemmim s yiḥulfan neɣ s teɣzi n umdan. Awal axemmam neɣ s teglizit ''reasoning'' dagi yettuseqdac i tzemmar n unagraw ad yesseqdec kra n yimenzayen d tarrayin n tifrat n wuguren iwakken ad yawi ɣer ugemmuḍ igerrzen. Deg 2026, OpenAI tettak deg kra n yimudam-is tarrayin i yettaǧǧan aseqdac ad yefren acḥal n wakud d tzemmar ara yefk unagraw i tifrat n wugur. == 8. Agetaskarant — multimodality == ChatGPT n tura ur yettqimi ara deg uḍris kan. Imudam d wallalen-is zemren, almend n lqem d umiḍan, ad xedmen akked tugniwin, ifuyla d yisemliyen, ad ten-sleḍ, ad ten-id-ssegzin neɣ ad d-rren ɣef yisteqsiyen fell-asen. OpenAI tessegza ChatGPT am umeggay i yezmer ad yettwaseqdec i tesleḍt n tugniwin d yifuyla, rnu ɣer tira, asiḍen(leḥsab), asihel d usuddes n yimektayen. Tazmert-a tettusemma s Teglizit ''multimodality'': anagraw ur yettqabal ara yiwen n wanaw n yisefka kan. Anect-a yessekcem ChatGPT seg umaḍal n chatbot n uḍris ɣer unagraw wessiɛen i izemren ad ixdem akked waṭas n wanawen n yisefka. == 9. Anadi deg Web == Yiwen seg wuguren n yimudam n tutlayt d akken tamusni i d-yettwaselmed ur tezmir ara ad tili d tamaynut i lebda. Tella talast gar wakud n uselmed d wayen iḍerrun tura deg umaḍal. I tifrat n waya, ChatGPT yezmer ad yesseqdec anadi deg Web. Deg umḍiq n wakken ad d-yerr kan seg tamusni n umudam, yezmer ad inadi ɣef yisallen imaynuten deg Internet, ad ten-yesleḍ, syin ad d-yefk tiririt s tuɣalin ɣer yɣbula. OpenAI tessegza belli ''ChatGPT Search'' yettaǧǧa ChatGPT ad d-yawi isallen imaynuten seg Internet srid ɣer udiwenni. Aya yesɛa azal deg yisental i yettbeddilen s lemɣawla: isallen n wass, tetiknulujit, ibeddilen n yifarisen, tasertit, tadamsa, imeslayen ussnanen imaynuten d wayen-nniḍen. == 10. Anadi Lqayen == I unadi yeḥwaǧǧen ugar n telqayt, OpenAI tesnulfa ''Deep Research''. Deg umḍiq n unadi aḥerfi i d-yettawin kra n yɣbula, Anadi Lqayen(Deep Research) yezmer ad yebnu abrid n unadi, ad inadi deg waṭas n yɣbula, ad ten-yesmenyaf, ad yessemlil isallen, syin ad d-isuffeɣ aneqqis neɣ tasleḍt s yɣbula. Deg 2026, OpenAI terni tazmert i Deep Research ad yeqqen ɣer yisnasen d yiɣbula-nniḍen, yerna aseqdac yezmer ad iwali amek iteddu unadi yerna ad t-id-ibeddel deg tazwara ar taggara. S waya, ChatGPT yezmer ad yuɣal seg umeggay n yisteqsiyen d tririyin ɣer umallal n unadi. == 11. Takatut — ccfawat n ChatGPT == Yiwen seg yibeddilen imeqqranen deg ChatGPT d takatut/Memory. Deg udiwenni aḥerfi, ChatGPT yezmer ad yeḥrez asatal n wayen i d-nnan yiseqdacen deg udiwenni-nni. Memory, tezmer ad tessekcem kra n usatal i wakud ɣezzifen, iwakken idiwenniyen imaynuten ur beddun ara yal tikkelt seg zeru. OpenAI tessegza belli Takatut/Memory tezmer ad tɛiwen ChatGPT ad yissin ismenyifen, isenfaren d tilisa n useqdac iwakken idiwenniyen i d-iteddun ad bdun seg usatal i yellan yakan. Deg Yunyu 2026, OpenAI tessegza taneɣruft tamaynut n ''Memory'' i semma ''Dreaming,'' i d-yessuddusen ccfawat s wudem ara yeḥrez tatrart, akemmel d wazal n yisallen i useqdac. Tamiḍrant-a tettak i ChatGPT tazmert ad yuɣal d allal n uxeddim ɣef wakud ɣezzifen, mačči d yiwen n udiwenni kan. == 12. Isenfaṛen == ''Projects'' ''neɣ isenfaṛen'' d imeḍqan deg ChatGPT anda aseqdac yezmer ad yessemlil idiwenniyen, ifuyla, tinaḍin d usatal n yiwen n usenfar. Amedya, amdan ixeddmen ɣef unadi ussnan yezmer ad yesnulfu ''Project'' i unadi-nni, ad yernu isemliyen, idiwenniyen d tinaḍin. ChatGPT yezmer ad yesseqdec asatal n usenfar iwakken ur ilaq ara useqdac ad d-yales yal tikkelt ayen akk i yellan yakan. ''Projects'' sɛan azal ladɣa i leqdicat i yettkemmilen ɣef waṭas n wussan neɣ n wagguren: tira n udlis, anadi, asenfar n useɣẓan, aselmed neɣ axeddim n ugraw. == 13. ChatGPT Work == Deg 2026, OpenAI tessemgarad gar Udiwenni/Chat d Uxeddim/Work. Adiwenni iwulem ugar i yisteqsiyen, isegziyen, asnulfu n yimektayen, aseɣti n uḍris neɣ tiwuriwin iwezzlanen. Axeddim/Work, ma d netta, yettwabna i leqdicat imeqqranen i yeḥwaǧǧen waṭas n yimahilen, asatal d ugemmuḍ aneggaru i yezmer useqdac ad isenqed. Tamiḍrant-a teskanay anerni n ChatGPT seg «steqsi-d, ad k-d-rreɣ» ɣer «efk-iyi-d asenfar, ad xedmeɣ fell-as armi d agemmuḍ». D abeddel agejdan deg wamek i yezmer assaɣ gar umdan d tigzi taragmawant ad yettnerni. == 14. ChatGPT d usihel == Asihel d yiwet seg taɣulin anda ChatGPT yesɛa aseqdec wessiɛen. Yezmer ad yessegzi tangalt, ad yesseɣti tuccḍiwin, ad d-yefk imedyaten, ad iɛiwen deg usenfar n taneɣruft n useɣẓan, ad ixdem tasleḍt n tangalt, neɣ ad isenqed kra n wuguren n tɣellist. Amsihel yezmer, amedya, ad yefk ugur s [[Rust (Tutlayt Usihel)|Rust]], Python, [[TypeScript]] neɣ [[Java (tutlayt)|Java]], syin ChatGPT ad yessegzi anida tella tuccḍa d wamek ara tettwaseɣti. Akken ttnernin wallalen n OpenAI am Codex, assaɣ gar ChatGPT d usihel yettbeddil seg tallelt deg tira n tengalt ɣer yinagrawen i izemren ad xedmen ɣef usenfar s talɣa ugar tudmawant. == 15. Aselmed d tussna == ChatGPT yezmer ad yettwaseqdec am umselmad ameẓyan i yellan yal tikkelt mi ara t-teḥwaǧeḍ. Aseqdac yezmer ad yessuter asegzi s talɣa taḥerfit, syin ad yessuter lqem ugar n telqayt; yezmer ad yessuter imedyaten, iseqsiyen n usekyed, neɣ ad yessegzi yiwet n tmiḍrant s waṭas n tarrayin. Deg tussna, ChatGPT yezmer ad iɛiwen deg tegzi n yimagraden ussnanen, tasleḍt n yisefka, tusnakt, asihel d usuddes n unadi. Maca ilaq ad yettwaseqdec am wallal n tallelt, mačči am uɣbalu i ur yettceḍen ara. Deg temsal ussnanen ilaq asenqed n yɣbula, ladɣa mi ara yili ugemmuḍ yesɛa azal meqqren. == 16. Tutlayin == Yiwen seg yibaɣuren imeqqranen n yimudam n tutlayt d tazmert ad xedmen s waṭas n tutlayin. Tazmert-a tettak i ChatGPT azal meqqran i tutlayin ur nesɛi ara aṭas n wallalen n tetiknulujit. Yezmer ad yessegzi, ad yaru, ad isuqqel neɣ ad iɛiwen deg usnerni n ugbur s tutlayin yemgaraden. Maca taswiɛt n umudam ur tettili ara kifkif deg yal tutlayt. Tutlayin i yesɛan isefka imeqqranen deg Internet d yisefka n uselmed zemrent ad sɛunt agemmuḍ igerrzen ugar ɣef tutlayin i yesɛan isefka drus. Ɣef waya, deg tutlayt am taqbaylit, aseqdec n yimawalen, iɣbula n tutlayt d useɣti n useqdac yezmer ad yesɛu azal ameqqran i tɣara n ugemmuḍ. == 17. Tugniwin d usnulfu == ChatGPT yezmer daɣen ad yili d agrudem gar useqdac d yimudam n usnulfu n tugniwin. Aseqdac yezmer ad yessegzi tugna i yebɣa s tutlayt tagamant: amḍiq, tafat, ini, amezruy, iselsa, tarrayt n unekcum n kamera d wayen-nniḍen. Anagraw yezmer syin ad d-isnulfu tugna almend n usegzi. Yezmer daɣen ad yesseɣti tugna yellan: ad ibeddel aɣawas, ad yekkes neɣ ad yernu aferdis, ad ibeddel ini neɣ ad yerr tugna s tarrayt taẓurant yemgaraden. S waya, tutlayt tuɣal d agrudem n usnulfu: deg umḍiq n useqdec n wallalen yellan sran aswir afellay n useqdec, amdan yezmer ad yessegzi kan ayen yebɣa. == 18. Tameslayt s imesli == ChatGPT yezmer daɣen ad yettwaseqdec s ṣṣut. Deg umḍiq n tira n uḍris, aseqdac yezmer ad yini asteqsi-s s yimi yerna ad yesel i tririt. Aya iqerreb ugar adiwenni akked tigzi taragmawant ɣer tarrayt n umeslay gar yimdanen. Aseqdec s imesli yesɛa azal i uselmed n tutlayin, i udiwenni mi ur yezmir ara useqdac ad yaru, i tira n yimektayen s lemɣawla, neɣ i useqdec n ChatGPT mi yellan uxeddim-nniḍen deg ufus. == 19. Ifuyla d tesleḍt n yisefka == ChatGPT yezmer ad iqbel isemliyen d yifuyla, syin ad ixdem fell-asen. Amedya, yezmer ad yesleḍ PDF, ad d-yessufeɣ tiktiwin tigejdanin seg uneqqis, ad iqaren sin n yisemliyen, ad ixdem ɣef yisefka n tfelwit, neɣ ad yessegzi tugna. Aya ibeddel tarrayt n useqdec-is: deg umḍiq n tira n yisefka meṛṛa deg "prompt", aseqdac yezmer ad yefk isemli yellan yakan syin ad yessuter ayen i yebɣa. == 20. Taɣellist == Tazmert n ChatGPT tettawi-d daɣen uguren n tɣellist. Anagraw n tigzi taragmawant yezmer ad yettwaseqdec i wayen yelhan, maca kra n yiseqdacen zemren ad ɛerḍen ad t-sqedcen i ukellex, tɣellist tasenselkamt, asnulfu n yisallen n lekdeb neɣ ayen-nniḍen i izemren ad d-yawi lexṣara. Ɣef waya, OpenAI tessemras tarrayin n tɣellist i yebnan deg yimudam d yifarisen-is. ChatGPT yezmer ad yagi kra n yisutar neɣ ad ibeddel tarrayt n tririt ma yella usuter yezmer ad d-yawi lexṣara. == 21. Aḥraz n yisefka d tudert tusligt == Aseqdec n ChatGPT yessufeɣ-d daɣen asteqsi ɣef tudert tusligt. Aseqdac yezmer ad yefk isallen, ifuyla, tugniwin neɣ iḍrisen. Ɣef waya, ilaq ad yissin acu i d-yettazen ɣer unagraw, acu ara yettwaḥerzen, d wamek i izmer ad yessefrek ismenyifen-is n yisefka. OpenAI tettak i yiseqdacen ismenyifen d wallalen i usefrek n yisefka d tɣellist n umiḍan. Deg useqdec n wallal am ChatGPT, imenzayen n tɣellist tasenselkamt mazal ttwaseqdacen: ur ilaq ara ad tazenḍ awalen uffiren, tasarut tusligt, neɣ isefka ur teḥwaǧeḍ ara ad ten-tefkḍ. == 22. Aseqdec deg uxeddim == ChatGPT yekcem daɣen s waṭas ɣer umaḍal n uxeddim. Yezmer ad iɛiwen deg tira n yimaylen, aneqqis, tasleḍt n yisefka, asuddes n udiwenni, anadi, asihel, aseggem n yisenfaren, asnulfu n yimektayen d waṭas n twuriwin-nniḍen. OpenAI tenna deg 2026 belli aseqdec n ChatGPT yewweḍ ɣer uswir ameqqran deg umaḍal, yerna iseqdacen ttnernin s wakud anaw d umḍan n twuriwin i deg t-seqdacen. Aya yessufeɣ-d asteqsi ameqqran ɣef uzekka n uxeddim: ChatGPT d yinagrawen am netta zemren ad beddlen kra n twuriwin, ad semɣiwlen tid yellan, yerna ad d-snulfun tiwuriwin timaynutin. == 23. ChatGPT d usnulfu == ChatGPT yezmer ad yettwaseqdec deg tira n tullisin, isefra, isekla, isinariyuten, ismawen, tiktiwin n yifarisen d wayen-nniḍen. Maca assaɣ gar tigzi taragmawant d usnulfuy n umdan yessufeɣ-d isteqsiyen imaynuten: d acu i d tamagit n umsawal? Amek ara nettwali azal n usnulfu mi yella anagraw yezmer ad d-isnulfu aḍris deg kra n tsanin? Amek ara ttwaḥerzen izerfan n yimyura d yineẓẓuren? ChatGPT yezmer ad yili d allal n usnulfu, maca amdan i izemren ad yefren iswi, ad yessenqed agemmuḍ, ad ibeddel tikti, ad yefk tamuɣli-s d tmagit-is i uxeddim. == 24. ChatGPT d tutlayin timeẓyanin == Yiwen seg yiseqdacen i yezmer ad yesɛu azal ameqqran deg uzekka d aseqdec n ChatGPT i tutlayin i yesɛan isefka drus. Ma yella amudam yezmer ad yegzu tutlayt, yezmer ad iɛiwen deg usnulfu n ugbur, asuqqel, asegzi n tussna, tira n yisemliyen, aselmed n tutlayt d useɣti n yiḍrisen. Maca dagi i d-yettban ugur n yisefka. Tutlayt ur nesɛi ara aṭas n yiḍrisen s tɣara deg yisefka n uselmed tezmer ad tesɛu tuccḍiwin ugar. I tutlayt am teqbaylit, imawalen, idlisen, isegzawalen, imagraden d useɣti n yiseqdacen zemren ad ɛiwnen s waṭas deg usemres iwatan n wallal. S waya, ChatGPT yezmer ad yuɣal d allal n usnerni n ugbur s teqbaylit, maca tɣara n ugemmuḍ teḥwaǧǧ asenqed d useɣti sɣur yimdanen i yessnen tutlayt akken iwata. == 25. Aseqdac amaḍlan == Seg ussufeɣ-is deg 2022, ChatGPT yenerna s lemɣawla deg waṭas n tmura d tutlayin. Deg Yunyu 2026, OpenAI tesken-d, s yisefka-ines yettwasemlilen, belli useqdec n ChatGPT yettnerni deg waṭas n temnaḍin, yerna iseqdacen ttasen ad t-seqdacen ugar s wakud d deg waṭas n twuriwin. Deg Ɣuct 2026, OpenAI tenna belli azal n yiwen n umelyar n yimdanen yal ddurt seqdacen ChatGPT i yisteqsiyen, anadi deg Web, asuddes, anadi ussnan, tallelt d twuriwin deg yal aḥric. Anect-a yeskanay abeddel ameqqran i d-yeḍran deg kraḍ-neɣ kuẓ n yiseggasen kan: tigzi taragmawant n udiwenni teffeɣ seg '''tnaremt''' ɣer useqdec n yal ass. == 27. D acu i ibeddel ChatGPT? == Azal n ChatGPT ur yeqqin ara kan ɣer tzemmar-is tiknulujiyin. Abeddel agejdan d agrudem. Uqbel n yinagrawen am ChatGPT, aseqdec n uselkim yeḥwaǧǧ s umata ad tissineḍ amek ara tesqedceḍ yal asnas: anida ara ttekkiḍ, anwa taqeffalt ara ttekseḍ, anwa amur ara tɛemmreḍ. ChatGPT yessekcem tarrayt-nniḍen: ini-d kan acu tebɣiḍ s tutlayt-ik. S waya, tutlayt tagamant iman-is tuɣal d agrudem gar umdan d uselkim. Aya yezmer ad yili yiwen seg yibeddilen imeqqranen n useqdec n yiselkimen seg mi d-nnulfan igrudam n tugna. == 28. Seg ugrudem n udiwenni ɣer umeggi == Tazwara n ChatGPT tella tebna ɣef udiwenni: aseqdac yettazen asteqsi, anagraw yettarra-d. Maca anerni n yimeggiyen n tigzi taragmawant (AI agents) ibeddel tamiḍrant-a. Anagraw yezmer ad yesseqdec allalen, ad inadi, ad ixdem ɣef yifuyla, ad yesseqdec isnasen neɣ ad ikemmel ddeqs n yimahilen iwakken ad yawi ɣer yiswi. ''Deep Research, Codex d Work'' d imedyaten n tmuɣli-a: tigzi taragmawant ur tettqimi ara kan tettmeslay, maca tettnerni ɣer uxeddim ɣef twuri. Ma yettkemmil unerni-a, assaɣ gar umdan d uselkim yezmer ad ibeddel ugar: amdan ad yefk iswi, anagraw ad yessefrek aḥric ameqqran n ubrid ara yawin ɣer yiswi-nni. == 29. Tilisa n ChatGPT == Ɣas akken tizemmar-is ttwarnant s waṭas, ChatGPT mazal yesɛa tilisa. Yezmer ad yecceḍ; yezmer ad yegzu asuter s wudem ur nelli d win i yebɣa useqdac; yezmer ad d-yefk aɣbalu ur iwatan; tamusni-s tezmer ad tili teqdem ma ur yesseqdec ara anadi; tazmert-is tezmer ad temgarad seg tutlayt ɣer tayeḍ; yerna agemmuḍ yezmer ad ibeddel almend n wamek i d-yettwafka usteqsi. Ɣef waya, tazmert n useqdac ad yessenqed, ad yesteqsi, ad yesseɣti yerna ad yefrez gar wayen i d-yenna unagraw d tidet n yɣbula mazal d tagejdant. Tigzi taragmawant ur tekkes ara azal n tegzi n umdan; deg useqdec igerrzen, tettak-as allal amaynut. == 30. Azekka n ChatGPT == Azekka n ChatGPT yezmer ad yeqqen ɣer kra n yibeddilen igejdanen: imudam s tzemmar ugar, ccfawat i yettkemmilen s wakud, tizemmar n unadi d tifrat n wuguren, imeggiyen i izemren ad xedmen tiwuriwin ɣezzifen, akked wassaɣ ugar gar ChatGPT d yisnasen i yesseqdac umdan. Abrid-a yeskanay abeddel seg umallal n udiwenni ɣer umallal n tigzi taragmawant i yezmer ad yili d amɛiwen n wakud ɣezzifen. lpt65z8ogp2rlzsuuq5aqdar1qlp3sb 0 25586 117511 117502 2026-09-28T19:01:50Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117511 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dyuklisyan''' (Diocletianus s tlaṭinit; azal n 244–311 SL.Ɛ.) yella d amenkad arumani seg 284 ar 305 SL.Ɛ. Yettwaḥsab gar yimenkaden {{Infobox biography|item=Q43107|image=[[File:Istanbul Archaeology Museum Bust of Diocletian, from Nikomedia, Izmit, end 3rd century AD 1536.jpg|thumb|Asalay n Isṭanbul, Asebdad n uqeṛṛu n Dyuklisyan]]|caption=Amenkad Dyuklisyan.}} i yesɛan azal meqqren deg umezruy n Tmenkda Tarumanit, acku deg tallit-is i yettwabeddel s wudem ameqqran wamek i tettuddus tmenkda, wamek i tettwaḍebber, wamek i tettwaseḥbes tsertit-is d wamek i yettwasebded ujerriḍ-is askari. Dyuklisyan ur d-yusi ara seg twacult n yimenkaden. Yekker-d seg yiwet n tallit anda Tamenkda Tarumanit tettidir uguren imeqqranen: uguren isertanen, imeɣriyen gar iserdasen, ṭṭraḍ deg yidurar n tilisa, uguren n tedrimt, d ubeddel n yimenkaden s lemɣawla. Mi yekcem ɣer leḥkem deg 284, yebda ad yerr adabu d tmenkda ɣer yiwen n unagraw iǧehden ugar. == 1. Talalit-is d temẓi-is == Isem-is n talalit yella, ɣef wakken i d-ttawin tuget n yinagmayen, '''Diocles'''. Ilul azal n 244 SL.Ɛ. deg tmurt n Dalmatia, deg yiwet n temnaḍt n Balkans i yellan imir-nni ddaw Tmenkda Tarumanit. Ur d-yekki ara seg yiwet n twacult tameqrant neɣ tamerkantit. Amedya-is yemgarad ɣef waṭas n yimenkaden yezrin: abrid-is ɣer leḥkem ibna-t s waṭas ɣef unekcum-is ɣer tredsa n Rum d usali-is deg yiswiren n tredsa n tɛessast n umenkad. Ayagi yesɛa azal meqqren deg tallit-nni. Tamenkda Tarumanit n tasut tis kraḍ tettɛawan s waṭas ɣef iserdasen: win i yesɛan tazmert ad yawi iserdasen ɣer tama-s yezmer ad yuɣal d amenkad. == 2. Tamenkda Tarumanit uqbel Dyuklisyan == Iwakken ad nefhem azal n Dyuklisyan, ilaq ad nefhem ayen i d-yellan uqbel-is. Gar azal n 235 d 284 SL.Ɛ., Rum tedder yiwet n tallit i yettwassnen deg umezruy am tazɣent n tasut tis kraḍ. Deg kra n 50 n yiseggasen kan, aṭas n yimenkaden kkin-d ɣer leḥkem, waṭas seg-sen ttwanɣan neɣ ttwaksen s ṭṭraḍ. Tamenkda tettwaɛreḍ s waṭas n wuguren: iɣerfan d trebbuyaɛ iǧirmaniyen deg ugafa, Tamenkda Tasasanit n yifarisiyen deg usammar, igrawen iserdasen yemgaraden d ṭṭraḍ gar iserdasen irumaniyen, aɣlay n tedrimt, timerna n ssuma n lḥwayeǧ, akked uxṣar n laman deg tsertit. Deg kra n yiseggasen, Tamenkda Tarumanit qrib ad tebḍu ɣef kraḍ n tmenkadin yemgaraden. Dyuklisyan yewweḍ ɣer leḥkem deg yiwet n taɣzent akka. == 3. Anekcum-is ɣer leḥkem == Deg 284, amenkad '''Numerianus''' yemmut deg tegnatin ur nettwassen ara akken iwata. Iserdasen i yellan deg usammar xtaren Dyuklisyan d amenkad. Maca '''Carinus''', gma n Numerianus, yella mazal yeṭṭef adabu deg umalu. Gar sin-nsen yella ṭṭraḍ. Deg 285, ''Carinus'' yemmut, Dyuklisyan yuɣal d win i yettḥekkimen ɣef tuget n Tmenkda Tarumanit. Maca Dyuklisyan yegza yiwet n tɣawsa: tmenkda tewsaɛ d tameqrant nezzeh i wakken ad tt-iḥkem yiwen n umdan kan. Seg dagi i d-yebda yiwen seg yibeddilen-is imeqqranen. == 4. Tetrarkiya — leḥkem n ukuẓ == Dyuklisyan ur yebɣi ara ad yebḍu Tamenkda Tarumanit d timura tilelliyin. Deg umḍiq n waya, yebɣa ad yebḍu amek ara tettwaḍebber. Deg 285–286, yerra ''Maximianus'' d amḍebber ameqqran ɣer yid-s, sakin yerna-as azal n umenkad. Deg 293, anagraw yettwasebded s wudem uffir ugar. Llan sin n yimenkaden imeqqranen (Augusti): '''Dyuklisyan''' deg usammar; '''Maximianus''' deg umalu. Yal yiwen seg-sen yesɛa yiwen n umɛiwen s uzwel '''''Caesar''''': '''Galerius''' yella d ''Caesar'' n Dyuklisyan; '''Constantius Chlorus''' yella d ''Caesar'' n ''Maximianus''. Anagraw-a yettwassen s yisem '''Tetrarchia''', anamek-is «leḥkem n ukuẓ». Tikti-is tamezwarut mačči d beṭṭu n Rum ɣef ukuẓ n tmenkadin, maca d asebded n ukuẓ n yixefawen n leḥkem i zemren ad ɛiwnen iman-nsen deg ṭṭraḍ, deg tsertit d uḍebber. == 5. Acuɣer tetrarkiya? == Tamenkda Tarumanit tettwasebded seg Britain ar Masṛ, seg Iberia ar Syria. Iserdasen ur zmiren ara ad awḍen s lemɣawla seg yiwet n temnaḍt ɣer tayeḍ. Ulac tilifun, ulac internet, ulac tarrayin n teywalt n tura; izen yezmer ad yeṭṭef ussan neɣ smanat iwakken ad yaweḍ. Dyuklisyan yebɣa yal tama tameqrant n tmenkda ad tesɛu amḍebber asertan d asertan i iqerben ɣer tilisa. '''Tetrarkiya''', ihi, tella d tiririt ɣef yiwen n wugur n tidet: amek ara tettwaḍebber tmenkda tameqrant s wudem arurad? == 6. Abeddel deg talɣa n udabu == Deg talliyin n [[Ugustus]] d yimenkaden imezwura, amenkad arumani yebɣa ad d-iban amzun d amezwaru gar yimdanen. Deg tallit n Dyuklisyan, talɣa-a tebeddel. Anekcum ɣer umenkad yuɣal d ayen yesɛan ilugan d tgejdit tameqrant. Tamenkda tebda tettruḥu seg unagraw aqbur i yettwasemman s Principatus ɣer talɣa n leḥkem anda amenkad yesɛa tazmert iǧehden ugar, i yettwassemman s umata Dominatus. Mačči Dyuklisyan kan i d-yewwin abeddel-a, maca tallit-is tettwaḥsab d yiwet seg talliyin anda abeddel-a iban-d s wudem iwulmen. == 7. Aḍebber n tmenkda == Dyuklisyan ibeddel daɣen anagraw n uḍebber. Iḥuza timura n tmenkda i yellan meqqrit nezzeh, yebḍa kra seg-sent ɣef timnaḍin meẓẓiyen iwakken ad tent-id-yeḍfer uḍebber s wudem yelhan. Timnaḍin-a ttusduklent deg yigrawen imeqqranen n uḍebber. Tikti tagejdant tella: ula d amḍebber n yiwet n temnaḍt ur ilaq ara ad yesɛu tazmert tameqqrant nezzeh ara t-yerren d amennuɣ mgal leḥkem agejdan. Yebɣa daɣen ad yemgarad ugar gar tazmert taresdast d tazmert n uḍebber. == 8. Iserdasen n Rum == Yiwen seg wuguren i d-yemlal Dyuklisyan yella d aḥraz n tilisa. Deg usammar, Tamenkda Tasasanit n yifarisiyen tella d amennuɣ ameqqran n Rum. Deg ugafa, igrawen n Iǧermaniyen ttaɛraḍen ɣef tilisa n Rhine d Danube. Deg Masr d kra n temnaḍin n usammar llan n ccwal d tegrawliwin. Dyuklisyan d yimdukal-is n tetrarkiya rnan deg waṭas n yimennuɣen. Gar tid yettwassnen ugar yella rrbeḥ n Galerius ɣef Tmenkda Tasasanit deg 298. '''Talwit n Nisibis''' i d-yeḍfer rrbeḥ-a yerra Rum deg tegnit iǧehden nezzeh deg usammar. == 9. Tadrimt d tdamsa == Ṭṭraḍat d tsertit ur llin ara kan d uguren n Dyuklisyan. Tadrimt tarumanit tella daɣen deg tegnit iweɛren. Deg tasut tis kraḍ, imenkaden ssneqsen azal n yidrimen, iwakken ad sersen ugar n yidrimen deg tedrimt. Aya yerna uguren n laman deg tedrimt d ssuma n lḥwayeǧ. Dyuklisyan yebɣa ad yerr anagraw ɣer leqdic. Yessuffeɣ-d idrimen imaynuten, ibeddel anagraw n tebzert, yerna aḍebber agejdan ɣef tdamsa. Maca kra n yibeddilen-is ur d-wwin ara ayen yebɣa. == 10. Azal n ssuma — Edict on Maximum Prices == Deg 301, Dyuklisyan yessuffeɣ-d yiwen n usaḍuf ameqqran i yebɣan ad yesbadu atig(ssuma) afellay i waṭas n lḥwayeǧ d leqdicat. Iswi yella ad yesseḥbes timerna n wazal n watig d usenqes n tazmert n tedrimt. Asaḍuf yesbadu ssuma tafellayt n yirden, aksum, lebsa, leqdicat d waṭas n tɣawsiwin-nniḍen. Maca deg tilawt, anagraw-a yufa-d uguren imeqqranen. Ma yella ssuma neɣ atig i d-yesbadu udabu meẓẓiyet ɣef ssuma n uselḥu, imzenza ur bɣin ara ad zenzen. Ttbanen-d wadigen uffiren n tnezzut, neɣ tɣawsiwin ttruḥunt seg ssuq. Ɣef waya, asaḍuf ur yezmir ara ad yeseɣti ugur s wudem ira Dyuklisyan. == 11. Tarrayt n tebzert == Yiwen seg yibeddilen-is i yellan d imeqqranen yella deg unagraw n tebzert. Tamenkda tesra idrimen i wakken ad tesbedd iserdasen, i wakken ad txelles imḍebbren d yixeddamen, i wakken ad tḥareb tilisa. Dyuklisyan yebɣa ad yesɛu anagraw n tebzert i d-yettawin idrimen s wudem yettwassnen ugar. Ayen i yebda deg tallit-is ad ikemmel sakin deg Tmenkda Tarumanit n umalu d Tmenkda Tabeznantit. == 12. Dyuklisyan d Rome == Yella yiwen ubeddel nniḍen yesɛan azal: Rome ur tezgi ara d talemmast n leḥkem n tmenkda. Tamenkda tella meqqret nezzeh; uguren imeqqranen llan ɣef tilisa, mačči deg Rome. Dyuklisyan iḥkem s waṭas seg '''Nicomedia''' deg '''Anatolia''', i yellan iqreb ɣer Balkans, Asia Tamecṭuḥt, Surya d tilisa n yifarisiyen. Aya yessegza abeddel ameqqran: tazmert n Rum ur tezgi ara d tin n temdint n Rome kan; tuɣal d tazmert n tmenkda s timmad-is. == 13. Taddart n Dyuklisyan deg Split == Deg Croatia n wass-a mazal yettwassen uɣerbaz ameqqran n Dyuklisyan deg Split — Diocletian's Palace/Adig n Duklisyan. Yebna-t i tallit ara d-yas seld ad yeǧǧ leḥkem. Mačči d axxam n umenkad kan. Yella d agraw ameqqran n yixxamen, iḥeṛṛasen, iɣerbazen d yixxamen n uḍebber, s talɣa i jemɛen gar uɣanib n yiserdasen d uxxam n umenkad. Azal-is ameqqran deg umezruy n tẓuri d tɣerma tarumanit, acku kra seg-s mazal yella ar ass-a, yerna temdint n Split tebna iman-is s waṭas ɣef tlemmast n uɣerbaz-nni aqbur. == 14. Dyuklisyan d imasiḥiyen == Aḥric-a d yiwen seg yidisan iḥercawen n leḥkem-is. Deg 303, leḥkem n ''tetrarkiya'' yebda aqhaṛ ameqqran ɣef yimasiḥiyen, i yettwassnen deg umezruy s yisem ''Great Persecution''. Ttwasuffɣen-d yisura i yebɣan ad huddent kra n yimukan n taɛebbadt tamasiḥit, ad kksen kra n yizerfan n yimasiḥiyen, ad ḥebsen imḍebbren n tmezdayin timasiḥiyin, sakin ad ilin kra n yisaḍufen i ibɣan seg yimasiḥiyen ad qeblen taɛebbadt tunṣibt n tmenkda. Aqhaṛ ur yelli ara s yiwen n wudem deg yal tama n tmenkda. Deg kra n temnaḍin yella iḥerṣ ugar ɣef kra nniḍen. Tallit-a tettwaḥsab d yiwet gar talliyin tukrifin n umezruy n yimasiḥiyen uqbel abeddel ameqqran ara d-yawwi Kusṭuntin. == 15. Acuɣer yella uqhaṛ ɣef yimasiḥiyen? == Iwakken ad nefhem tasertit n Dyuklisyan, ilaq ur tt-neḥsib ara kan s tmuɣli tasɣanant(tadayanit) n tura. Deg tmenkda tarumanit, taɛebbadt, tasertit d tmenkda qqnent gar-asent. Ansayen d tfaskiwin n tmenkda ḥesben-ten kra n yimḍebbren d ayen ilaqen i teflest d rṛbeḥ n Rum. Kra n yimasiḥiyen ugin ad ččen deg kra n tfaskiwin-a. I kra n yimḍebbren irumaniyen, aya yezmer ad d-iban mačči kan d amgired n ddin, maca amzun d ttugin n uẓayer asertan d unagraw n tmenkda. Aya ur isemmaḥ ara i uqhaṛ, maca yessegza talɣa n tmuɣli tasertant n tallit-nni. == 16. Dyuklisyan d Galerius == Deg umezruy, yella umeslay ɣef wamek i Galerius iḥeṛṛes Dyuklisyan iwakken ad yesseǧhed aqhaṛ ɣef yimasiḥiyen. Izmamen iqburen, ladɣa wid i d-uran yimasiḥiyen, rran azal ameqqran i Galerius deg waya. Maca imezrayen n tura ḥezzben ugar mi ara ssuddsen taɣawsa akka. Dyuklisyan yella d amenkad ameqqran n tetrarkiya, yerna inaḍen imezwura n uqhaṛ ffɣen-d ddaw leḥkem-is. Ɣef waya, ur nezmir ara ad nerr akk taluft ɣef Galerius kan. == 17. Aneḍru aneggaru n udabu-is == Deg 305 SL.Ɛ., Dyuklisyan yexdem ayen ur nxeddem ara waṭas n yimenkaden irumaniyen: yeǧǧ leḥkem s lebɣi-s. Netta d Maximianus ffɣen seg leḥkem deg yiwen n wakud. Tikti n tetrarkiya tella ad d-ḍefren yimḍebbren imaynuten s wudem anagrawan, war ṭṭraḍ n leḥkem. Dyuklisyan yebɣa ad yessekfel belli tazmert n tmenkda ur tettɛallaq ara ɣef yiwen n umdan kan, maca ɣef unagraw. Deg teẓri, tikti-a tban d tameslayt tameqqrant. Deg tilawt, ugur yella d ameqran. == 18. Aɣelluy n tetrarkiya == Seld beṭṭu n Dyuklisyan seg leḥkem, anagraw ur yezmir ara ad yeṭṭef iman-is akken yebɣa. Mi yemmut Kusṭuntin Klurus deg 306, iserdasen-is xtaren mmi-s Kusṭuntin d amenkad. Imenkaden d yimḍebbren nniḍen ur qeblen ara akk taluft s wudem-nni. Ihi, bdan yimennuɣen gar wid i ibɣan tazmert. Dyuklisyan, i yellan yeǧǧa leḥkem, yeɛreḍ ad ɛiwen ad yerr anagraw ɣer ubrid, maca ur yezmir ara. Seld kra n yiseggasen n ṭṭraḍ, Kunsṭuntin ad yuɣal d yiwen seg yimenkaden iǧehden ugar. == 19. Tudert-is seld leḥkem == Dyuklisyan iruḥ ɣer taddart-is deg Dalmatia. Yella deg yiwet n tegnit anda yezmer ad yuɣal ɣer leḥkem, maca ur yebɣi ara. Yettwales-d deg yizmaz iqburen belli mi t-id-ɛerḍen ad yuɣal ɣer leḥkem, yugi, yessegza belli tudert-is deg tferka-s d ayen iḥemmel ugar ɣef tsertit. Ula ma kra n yimeslayen-a yezmer ad ilin sɛan aḥric n usefru, ttaken-d yiwen n wudem n Dyuklisyan: amdan i yebɣan ad yerr leḥkem d anagraw, mačči d taɣawsa i ilaq ad yeṭṭef umenkad armi yemmut. Yemmut azal n 311 SL.Ɛ. lleoz06kbewz44jxx0zeyw6pmt5x978 0 25593 117505 2026-09-28T15:05:17Z BOUKHIMA Tarik 14591 Créé en traduisant la section d'ouverture de la page « [[:fr:Special:Redirect/revision/196898983|Ceinture volcanique andine]] » 117505 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichier:MAGMAARC1.jpg|vignette|Taswir n yimḍebren n tmes n lmunik n Andines.]] {{Awwur|Amérique|volcanisme}} h8u1hbxa80frg9j2xq89mhworgrrv2c 117506 117505 2026-09-28T15:10:59Z BOUKHIMA Tarik 14591 /* */ 117506 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 117507 117506 2026-09-28T15:15:31Z BOUKHIMA Tarik 14591 117507 wikitext text/x-wiki Idurar n Andes ls7rg29jhrv2cs8ol6s8xt885usarru 117509 117507 2026-09-28T15:24:55Z BOUKHIMA Tarik 14591 Yekkes akk aḍris seg usebter 117509 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 117510 117509 2026-09-28T15:29:12Z BOUKHIMA Tarik 14591 117510 wikitext text/x-wiki Idurar n Andes Idurar n Andes d taggayt n idurar yezzuzren ugar n 7 000 km, ɣer yidis n usammar n Tmurt n Umrikan n Wenẓul. D taggayt n idurar teɣzifen akk deg umaḍal. Timura i ɣ-ttwaḥesben Idurar-a ldin ɣef sebɛa n tmura: Venezuela, Kulumbya, Ekwadur, Peru, Bulivya, Ccili d Arjantin. Amek i d-ilulen Idurar n Andes ilulen imi tafekka tameqqrant n tmurt, i gețțusemma Nazca, tekcem ddaw tin n Umrikan n Wenẓul. Asmi ttemsekḥalen, d-teddun idurar d lɣaba ɣer uksawen. Daymen, tamnaṭ-a ittwaḥsab d yiwet seg tmura yettlunen deg "Ṭṭaq n tmes n Lmuḥiṭ Pasifik": nețța i d ideg llan waṭas n ibercanen (volcans) d zzelzlat. Tiggayin n Andes Ɣef wayen yeḥwaj, ttwabḍan Andes ɣer tlata n ttiqsimin: Andes n Ugafa (Kulumbya, Ekwadur, Venezuela): ẓẓayen d ilfan ceṭṭaḥen. Andes n Tlemmast (Peru, Bulivya): fell-asen i d-ilul Altiplano, aglim ameqqran yezdeɣ deg wakal aɣezfan, d tala n Titicaca, yellan d yiwet seg tejjilin ineẓẓaṛen akk n umaḍal. Andes n Wenẓul (Ccili, Arjantin): d timenɣi n yiḥeddaden d yiceḍḍa, yeṭṭfen ɣer Aconcagua (6 961 m), aẓeggaɣ ameqqran n Andes, d win n Umrikan meṛṛa. Tamiwt d tudert Deg Andes i ilul Tamurt n Inka, s wakken i d-yeqqim uḥric n Machu Picchu. Ttwaḥsab dagi lqedd n tabṭaṭa (pomme de terre) d quinoa, i d-yekkren seg-s ɣer akk amaḍal. Tudert-nsen: llama, alpaca d aɛeqqab n Andes (condor), yellan d aɛeqqab ameqqran akk deg wuɣerrabu. Deg idurar-a llan tiyita n lfeṭṭa, n nnḥas d lithium, yellan d yiwet n tmuɣliwin yellan deg uḥric n tmurt. Acu i yeǧǧan Andes ad ilin d ayen ineqqen? Andes d aḥric n tudert n imezdaɣ, d azref n tmurt, d taɣawsa n tmeddit d n waman (aṣebbuḥ n waman, ilfan n usemmiḍ), d asirem n tin-a i d-yettalsen tadamsa. gbe7lygyzdio2nx6k5ncx8852uw56pn 0 25594 117513 2026-09-29T01:24:31Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 17168 Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi yebeddel isem n usebtar seg [[World of A Song of Ice and Fire]] ar [[Amaḍal n A Song of Ice and Fire]] 117513 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECTION [[Amaḍal n A Song of Ice and Fire]] 4xed5r9tyo1z6ml1hzcvhho9f3xvy2c 1 25595 117515 2026-09-29T01:24:31Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 17168 Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi yebeddel isem n usebtar seg [[Mmeslay:World of A Song of Ice and Fire]] ar [[Mmeslay:Amaḍal n A Song of Ice and Fire]] 117515 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECTION [[Mmeslay:Amaḍal n A Song of Ice and Fire]] 6bi10ed979r0nwe78idiwhyuczs60xf