Talɣa:Infobox person

<mediawiki xmlns="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/ http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11.xsd" version="0.11" xml:lang="kab">
  <siteinfo>
    <sitename>Wikipedia</sitename>
    <dbname>kabwiki</dbname>
    <base>https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asebter_agejdan</base>
    <generator>MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.21</generator>
    <case>first-letter</case>
    <namespaces>
      <namespace key="-2" case="first-letter">Media</namespace>
      <namespace key="-1" case="first-letter">Uslig</namespace>
      <namespace key="0" case="first-letter" />
      <namespace key="1" case="first-letter">Mmeslay</namespace>
      <namespace key="2" case="first-letter">Amseqdac</namespace>
      <namespace key="3" case="first-letter">Amyannan umsqedac</namespace>
      <namespace key="4" case="first-letter">Wikipedia</namespace>
      <namespace key="5" case="first-letter">Amyannan n Wikipedia</namespace>
      <namespace key="6" case="first-letter">Tugna</namespace>
      <namespace key="7" case="first-letter">Amyannan n tugna</namespace>
      <namespace key="8" case="first-letter">MediaWiki</namespace>
      <namespace key="9" case="first-letter">Amyannan n MediaWiki</namespace>
      <namespace key="10" case="first-letter">Talɣa</namespace>
      <namespace key="11" case="first-letter">Amyannan n talɣa</namespace>
      <namespace key="12" case="first-letter">Tallat</namespace>
      <namespace key="13" case="first-letter">Amyannan n tallat</namespace>
      <namespace key="14" case="first-letter">Taggayt</namespace>
      <namespace key="15" case="first-letter">Amyannan n taggayt</namespace>
      <namespace key="100" case="first-letter">Awwur</namespace>
      <namespace key="101" case="first-letter">Amyannan uwwur</namespace>
      <namespace key="102" case="first-letter">Asenfaṛ</namespace>
      <namespace key="103" case="first-letter">Amyannan usenfaṛ</namespace>
      <namespace key="710" case="first-letter">TimedText</namespace>
      <namespace key="711" case="first-letter">TimedText talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="828" case="first-letter">Module</namespace>
      <namespace key="829" case="first-letter">Discussion module</namespace>
      <namespace key="1728" case="first-letter">Event</namespace>
      <namespace key="1729" case="first-letter">Event talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="2600" case="first-letter">Sujet</namespace>
    </namespaces>
  </siteinfo>
  <page>
    <title>Talɣa:Infobox person</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>20349</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117520</id>
      <parentid>117446</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T05:06:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asorev</username>
        <id>17084</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>117520</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13093" sha1="r5vseksmcdc939gdeb4h4i54hpb96er" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:infobox|infoboxTemplate|child={{if empty|{{{child|}}}|{{{embed|}}}}}
| bodyclass  = biography vcard

| above      = {{#if:{{{honorific_prefix|}}}|&lt;div class=&quot;honorific-prefix&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;{{{honorific_prefix|}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}&lt;div class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;{{if empty|{{{name|}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}&lt;/div&gt;{{#if:{{{honorific_suffix|}}}|&lt;div class=&quot;honorific-suffix&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;{{{honorific_suffix|}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}

| subheader    = {{#ifeq:{{lc: {{if empty|{{{child|}}}|{{{embed|}}}}}}}|yes|{{#if:{{{embed_title|}}}|'''{{{embed_title|}}}'''}}}}
| subheader2  = {{#switch:{{if empty|{{{child|}}}|{{{embed|}}}}}|yes=&lt;!--empty when this infobox is embedded--&gt;|#default={{#if:{{{native_name|}}}|{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|&lt;div class=&quot;nickname&quot; lang=&quot;{{{native_name_lang}}}&quot;&gt;}}{{{native_name}}}{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|&lt;/div&gt;}} }} }}
| subheaderstyle2 = font-size: 125%

| image      = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}}|size={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{landscape|}}}}}|yes|{{min|300|{{#if:{{#ifexpr:{{{image_size|}}}}}|300|{{{image_size|}}}}}}}x200px|{{{image_size|}}}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{if empty|{{{image_upright|}}}|1}}|alt={{if empty|{{{alt|}}}|{{{image_alt|}}}}}|class={{{image_class|}}}|suppressplaceholder=yes}}
| caption    = {{if empty|{{{caption|}}}|{{{image_caption|}}}}}

| label2     = Pronunciation
| data2      = {{{pronunciation|}}}

| label10    = Talalit
| data10     = {{br separated entries
   |1={{#if:{{{birth_name|}}}|&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline&quot; class=&quot;nickname&quot;&gt;{{{birth_name|}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
   |2={{#invoke:person date|birth}}
   |3={{#if:{{{birth_place|}}}|&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline&quot; class=&quot;birthplace&quot;&gt;{{{birth_place|}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
}}

| label11    = Bapti{{#if:{{{baptized|}}}|z|s}}ed
| data11     = {{#if:{{{birth_date|}}}||{{if empty|{{{baptized|}}}|{{{baptised|}}}}}}}

| label12    = Disappeared
| data12     = {{Br separated entries|1={{{disappeared_date|}}}|2={{{disappeared_place|}}}}}

| label13    = Status
| data13     = {{{disappeared_status|}}}

| label14    = Lmut
| data14     = {{br separated entries
  |1={{#invoke:person date|death}}
  |2={{#if:{{{death_place|}}}|&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline&quot; class=&quot;deathplace&quot;&gt;{{{death_place|}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
}}

| label15    = {{longitem|Cause&amp;nbsp;of death}}
| data15     = {{{death_cause|}}}

| label16    = {{longitem|Body discovered}}
| data16     = {{{body_discovered|}}}

| label17    = {{longitem|{{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|Burial place|Ideg n uẓekka}}}}
| data17     = {{#if:{{{burial_place|}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{{burial_place|}}}|2={{{burial_coordinates|}}}}}|{{Br separated entries|1={{{resting_place|}}}|2={{{resting_place_coordinates|}}}}}}}
| class17    = label

| label18    = Monuments
| data18     = {{{monuments|}}}

| label21    = Other&amp;nbsp;name{{pluralize from text|{{{other_names|}}}|plural=s}}
| data21     = {{{other_names|}}}
| class21    = nickname

| label22    = Siglum
| data22     = {{{siglum|}}}

| label23    = Taɣlent
| data23     = {{{citizenship|}}}
| class23    = category

| label24    = Education
| data24     = {{{education|}}}

| label25    = Alma&amp;nbsp;mater
| data25     = {{{alma_mater|}}}

| label26    = Amahil
| data26     = {{{occupation|}}}
| class26    = role

| label27    = Years&amp;nbsp;active
| data27     = {{{years_active|}}}

| label28    = Amussu
| data28     = {{{era|}}}
| class28    = category

| label29    = Employer{{Pluralize from text|{{{employer|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}
| data29     = {{{employer|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{employer|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple employers]]}}}}
| class29    = org

| label30    = {{#if:{{{organisation|}}}|Organisation|Organization}}{{#if:{{{organizations|}}}|s|{{pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{organization|}}}|{{{organisation|}}}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}}
| data30     = {{if empty|{{{organisation|}}}|{{{organization|}}}|{{{organizations|}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{organization|}}}|{{{organisation|}}}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple organizations]]}}}}
| class30    = org

| label31    = Agent{{Pluralize from text|{{{agent|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}
| data31     = {{{agent|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{agent|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple agents]]}}}}
| class31    = agent

| label32    = Known&amp;nbsp;for
| data32     = {{{known_for|}}}

| label33    = Works
| data33     = {{{works|}}}

| label34    = Notable&amp;nbsp;credit{{Pluralize from text|{{{credits|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}
| data34     = {{#if:{{{works|}}}|{{#if:{{{credits|}}}|{{preview warning|Note that if {{para|works}} is supplied, {{para|credits}} will not display.}}}}|&lt;!--
                 --&gt;{{{credits|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{credits|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple credits]]}}}}}}

| label35    = Label{{Pluralize from text|{{{label_name|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}
| data35     = {{#if:{{{works|}}}{{{credits|}}}|{{#if:{{{label_name|}}}|{{preview warning|Note that if {{para|works}} or {{para|credits}} is supplied, {{para|label_name}} will not display.}}}}|&lt;!--
                 --&gt;{{{label_name|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{label_name|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple labels]]}}}}}}

| label36    = Notable&amp;nbsp;work
| data36     = {{#if:{{{works|}}}{{{credits|}}}{{{label_name|}}}|{{#if:{{{notable_works|}}}|{{preview warning|Note that if {{para|works}}, {{para|credits}} or {{para|label_name}} is supplied, {{para|notable_works}} will not display.}}}}|{{{notable_works|}}}}}

| label37    = Style
| data37     = {{{style|}}}
| class37    = category

| label40    = Television
| data40     = {{{television|}}}

| label41    = Height
| data41     = {{#if:{{{height_m|}}}{{{height_cm|}}}{{{height_ft|}}}{{{height_in|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{if empty|{{{height_m|}}}|{{{height_cm|}}}}}|{{#if:{{{height_m|}}}|m|cm}}|{{{height_ft|}}}|ft|{{{height_in|}}}|in}}}}{{#if:{{{height|}}} | {{infobox person/height|{{{height|}}}}}}}

| label42    = {{#if:{{{office|}}}|Office|Title}}
| data42     = {{if empty|{{{office|}}}|{{{title|}}}}}
| class42    = title

| label43    = Term
| data43     = {{{term|}}}

| label44    = Predecessor
| data44     = {{{predecessor|}}}

| label45    = Successor
| data45     = {{{successor|}}}

| label46    = {{longitem|Political party}}
| data46     = {{{political_party|}}}
| class46    = org

| label47    = {{longitem|Other political&lt;br /&gt;affiliations}}
| data47     = {{{other_party|}}}
| class47    = org

| label48    = Movement
| data48     = {{{movement|}}}
| class48    = category

| label49    = Opponent{{Pluralize from text|{{{opponents|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}
| data49     = {{{opponents|}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{opponents|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple opponents]]}}}}

| label50    = {{longitem|Board member&amp;nbsp;of}}
| data50     = {{{boards|}}}

| label51    = {{longitem|{{#if:{{{criminal_charges|}}}|Criminal charges|Criminal charge{{pluralize from text|{{{criminal_charge|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}}}}
| data51     = {{if empty|{{{criminal_charges|}}}|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{criminal_charge|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple criminal charges]]}}}}

| label52    = {{longitem|Criminal penalty}}
| data52     = {{{criminal_penalty|}}}

| label53    = {{longitem|{{#if:{{{judicial_status|}}}|Judicial status|Criminal status}}}}
| data53     = {{if empty|{{{judicial_status|}}} | {{{criminal_status|}}}}}
| class53    = category

| label54    = Tameṭṭut
| data54     = {{if empty|{{{spouse|}}}|{{{spouses|}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{spouse|}}} |likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple spouses]]}}}}

| label55    = Partner{{#if:{{{partners|}}}|s|{{Pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{partner|}}}|{{{domesticpartner|}}}|{{{domestic_partner|}}}|{{{partner(s)|}}}}} |likely=(s)|plural=s}}}}
| data55     = {{if empty|{{{partner|}}}|{{{partners|}}}}}{{main other|{{Pluralize from text| {{{partner|}}} |likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple partners]]}}}}

| label56    = Children
| data56     = {{{children|}}}

| label57    = {{#if:{{{parents|}}}|Parent{{Pluralize from text|{{{parents|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}|&lt;!--
               --&gt;{{#if:{{{father|}}}|{{#if:{{{mother|}}}|Parents|Baba-s}}|{{#if:{{{mother|}}}|Yemma-s}}}}}}
| data57     = {{#if:{{{parents|}}}|{{{parents}}}|{{#if:{{{father|}}}|{{#if:{{{mother|}}}|{{Unbulleted list|{{{father}}} (father)|{{{mother}}} (mother)}}|{{{father}}}}}|{{{mother|}}}}}}}&lt;!--
                 --&gt;{{main other|{{Pluralize from text|{{{parents|}}}|likely=[[Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple parents]]}}}}

| label58    = Relatives
| data58     = {{{relatives|}}}

| label59    = Family
| data59     = {{{family|}}}

| label60    = Call&amp;nbsp;sign
| data60     = {{{callsign|}}}

| label61    = Awards
| data61     = {{{awards|}}}

| label62    = {{#if:{{{honours|}}}|Honours|Honors}}
| data62     = {{if empty|{{{honours|}}}|{{{honors|}}}}}

| data64     = {{{module|}}}
| data65     = {{{module2|}}}
| data66     = {{{module3|}}}
| data67     = {{{module4|}}}
| data68     = {{{module5|}}}
| data69     = {{{module6|}}}

| label70    = Website
| data70     = {{{website|}}}

| header71   = {{#if:{{{signature|}}}|{{if empty|{{{signature_type|}}}|Signature}}}}
| data72     = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{signature|}}}|size={{{signature_size|}}}|class=infobox-signature skin-invert|sizedefault=150px|alt={{{signature_alt|}}}}}

| header73   = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|Notes}}
| data74     = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;{{{footnotes}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}

}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using {{if empty|{{lcfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|infobox person}} with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview = Page using [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]] with unknown parameter &quot;_VALUE_&quot;|ignoreblank=y| agent | alma_mater | alt | awards | baptised | baptized | birth_date | birth_name | birth_place | boards | body_discovered | burial_coordinates | burial_place | callsign | caption | child | children | citizenship | credits | criminal_charge | criminal_charges | criminal_penalty | criminal_status | death_cause | death_date | death_place | disappeared_date | disappeared_place | disappeared_status | domestic_partner | domesticpartner | education | embed | embed_title | employer | era | family | father | footnotes | height | height_cm | height_ft | height_in | height_m | honorific_prefix | honorific_suffix | honors | honours | image | image_alt | image_caption | image_class | image_size | image_upright | judicial_status | known_for | label_name | landscape | module | module2 | module3 | module4 | module5 | module6 | monuments | mother | movement | name | native_name | native_name_lang | nocat_wdimage | notable_works | occupation | office | opponents | organisation | organization | organizations | other_names | other_party | parents | partner | partner(s) | partners | political_party | predecessor | pronunciation | relatives | resting_place | resting_place_coordinates | siglum | signature | signature_alt | signature_size | signature_type | spouse | spouses | style | successor | television | template_name | term | title | website | works | years_active }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{Main other|{{#if:{{{pronunciation|}}}|[[Category:Biography template using pronunciation]]}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:{{{signature|}}}|[[Category:Biography with signature]]}}&lt;!--
--&gt;[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
}}{{#if:{{{alma_mater|}}}|{{preview warning|Page using [[Template:Infobox person]] with deprecated parameter {{code|alma_mater}} which should be merged with/replaced by {{code|education}}.}}{{main other|[[Category:Pages using infobox person with deprecated parameters]]}}}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#invoke:Check for conflicting parameters|check
| nested = 1
| template = [[Template:{{#if:{{{template_name|}}}|{{ucfirst:{{{template_name|}}}}}|Infobox person}}]]
| cat = {{main other|Category:Pages using {{if empty|{{{template_name|}}}|infobox person}} with conflicting parameters}}
| alma_mater; education
| child; embed
| image_alt; alt
| height_m; height_cm; height_ft; height
| caption; image_caption
| baptized; baptised
| organisation; organization; organizations
| {{#if:{{{works|}}}|works;}} {{#if:{{{credits|}}}|credits;}} {{#if:{{{label_name|}}}|label_name;}} notable_works
| height_m; height_cm
| office; title
| criminal_charges; criminal_charge
| spouse; spouses
| partner; partners
| {{#if:{{{parents|}}}||NULL_}}parents; {{#if:{{{father|}}}||NULL_}}father
| {{#if:{{{parents|}}}||NULL_}}parents; {{#if:{{{mother|}}}||NULL_}}mother
| honours; honors
}}{{#ifeq:{{if empty|{{{child|}}}|{{{embed|}}}}}|yes||{{Wikidata image|1={{{image|}}}|2={{{nocat_wdimage|}}}}}}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>r5vseksmcdc939gdeb4h4i54hpb96er</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Riyal Madrid (ddabex uḍar)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23660</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117521</id>
      <parentid>110358</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T09:46:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Makenzis</username>
        <id>8801</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>117521</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="962" sha1="fn7d557kg93rnjj29orb76bwo6c1ihp" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football club|clubname=Real Madrid|image=|fullname=|nickname=Los Blancos (yimellalen)|founded=1902|ground=Estadio Santiago Bernabéu|capacity=84 744|chairman=|mgrtitle=|manager=|league=[[Talɣuɣa taspenyulit n ddabex uḍar|LaLiga]]|season=|position=|current=|website=http://www.realmadrid.com/|pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=|pattern_ra1=|pattern_sh1=|pattern_so1=|leftarm1=|body1=|rightarm1=|shorts1=|socks1=|pattern_la2=|pattern_b2=|pattern_ra2=|leftarm2=|body2=|rightarm2=|shorts2=|socks2=}}

'''Riyal Madrid''' neɣ '''Real Madrid''' (s [[Tutlayt taspenyult|taspenyult]] : ''Real Madrid Club de Fútbol''), d tarbaɛt n [[ddabex uḍar]] [[Spenyul|taspenyulit]], d tin yettwasbedden deg [[1902]] deg tamdint n [[Madrid]], d yiwet seg tirbuyaɛ mucaεen akk di [[Amaḍal|ddunit]], tesɛa yimferrǧen deg waṭas n timura&lt;ref&gt;{{En}} [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Real-Madrid Real Madrid], deg ''britannica.com''.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Tizmilin ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>fn7d557kg93rnjj29orb76bwo6c1ihp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dyuklisyan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25586</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117516</id>
      <parentid>117511</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-29T19:19:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117516</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16723" sha1="hq7ki9681mwm6j11qsd0eci7thpqolk" xml:space="preserve">'''Dyuklisyan''' (Diocletianus s tlaṭinit; azal n 244–311 SL.Ɛ.) yella d amenkad arumani seg 284 ar 305 SL.Ɛ. Yettwaḥsab gar yimenkaden 

{{Infobox biography|item=Q43107|image=[[File:Istanbul Archaeology Museum Bust of Diocletian, from Nikomedia, Izmit, end 3rd century AD 1536.jpg|thumb|Asalay n Isṭanbul, Asebdad n uqeṛṛu n Dyuklisyan]]|caption=Amenkad Dyuklisyan.}}

i yesɛan azal meqqren deg umezruy n Tmenkda Tarumanit, acku deg tallit-is i yettwabeddel s wudem ameqqran wamek i tettuddus tmenkda, wamek i tettwaḍebber, wamek i tettwaseḥbes tsertit-is d wamek i yettwasebded ujerriḍ-is askari.

Dyuklisyan ur d-yusi ara seg twacult n yimenkaden. Yekker-d seg yiwet n tallit anda Tamenkda Tarumanit tettidir uguren imeqqranen: uguren isertanen, imeɣriyen gar iserdasen, ṭṭraḍ deg yidurar n tilisa, uguren n tedrimt, d ubeddel n yimenkaden s lemɣawla. Mi yekcem ɣer leḥkem deg 284, yebda ad yerr adabu d tmenkda ɣer yiwen n unagraw iǧehden ugar.

== 1. Talalit-is d temẓi-is ==
Isem-is n talalit yella, ɣef wakken i d-ttawin tuget n yinagmayen, '''Diocles'''. Ilul azal n 244 SL.Ɛ. deg tmurt n Dalmatia, deg yiwet n temnaḍt n Balkans i yellan imir-nni ddaw Tmenkda Tarumanit.

Ur d-yekki ara seg yiwet n twacult tameqrant neɣ tamerkantit. Amedya-is yemgarad ɣef waṭas n yimenkaden yezrin: abrid-is ɣer leḥkem ibna-t s waṭas ɣef unekcum-is ɣer tredsa n Rum d usali-is deg yiswiren n tredsa n tɛessast n umenkad.

Ayagi yesɛa azal meqqren deg tallit-nni. Tamenkda Tarumanit n tasut tis kraḍ tettɛawan s waṭas ɣef iserdasen: win i yesɛan tazmert ad yawi iserdasen ɣer tama-s yezmer ad yuɣal d amenkad.

== 2. Tamenkda Tarumanit uqbel Dyuklisyan ==
Iwakken ad nefhem azal n Dyuklisyan, ilaq ad nefhem ayen i d-yellan uqbel-is.

Gar azal n 235 d 284 SL.Ɛ., Rum tedder yiwet n tallit i yettwassnen deg umezruy am tazɣent n tasut tis kraḍ. Deg kra n 50 n yiseggasen kan, aṭas n yimenkaden kkin-d ɣer leḥkem, waṭas seg-sen ttwanɣan neɣ ttwaksen s ṭṭraḍ.

Tamenkda tettwaɛreḍ s waṭas n wuguren: iɣerfan d trebbuyaɛ iǧirmaniyen deg ugafa, Tamenkda Tasasanit n yifarisiyen deg usammar, igrawen iserdasen yemgaraden d ṭṭraḍ gar iserdasen irumaniyen, aɣlay n tedrimt, timerna n ssuma n lḥwayeǧ, akked uxṣar n laman deg tsertit.

Deg kra n yiseggasen, Tamenkda Tarumanit qrib ad tebḍu ɣef kraḍ n tmenkadin yemgaraden.

Dyuklisyan yewweḍ ɣer leḥkem deg yiwet n taɣzent akka.

== 3. Anekcum-is ɣer leḥkem ==
Deg 284, amenkad '''Numerianus''' yemmut deg tegnatin ur nettwassen ara akken iwata. Iserdasen i yellan deg usammar xtaren Dyuklisyan d amenkad.

Maca '''Carinus''', gma n Numerianus, yella mazal yeṭṭef adabu deg umalu.

Gar sin-nsen yella ṭṭraḍ. Deg 285, ''Carinus'' yemmut, Dyuklisyan yuɣal d win i yettḥekkimen ɣef tuget n Tmenkda Tarumanit.

Maca Dyuklisyan yegza yiwet n tɣawsa: tmenkda tewsaɛ d tameqrant nezzeh i wakken ad tt-iḥkem yiwen n umdan kan.

Seg dagi i d-yebda yiwen seg yibeddilen-is imeqqranen.

== 4. Tetrarkiya — leḥkem n ukuẓ ==
Dyuklisyan ur yebɣi ara ad yebḍu Tamenkda Tarumanit d timura tilelliyin. Deg umḍiq n waya, yebɣa ad yebḍu amek ara tettwaḍebber.

Deg 285–286, yerra ''Maximianus'' d amḍebber ameqqran ɣer yid-s, sakin yerna-as azal n umenkad.

Deg 293, anagraw yettwasebded s wudem uffir ugar. Llan sin n yimenkaden imeqqranen (Augusti):

'''Dyuklisyan''' deg usammar;

'''Maximianus''' deg umalu.

Yal yiwen seg-sen yesɛa yiwen n umɛiwen s uzwel '''''Caesar''''':

'''Galerius''' yella d ''Caesar'' n Dyuklisyan;

'''Constantius Chlorus''' yella d ''Caesar'' n ''Maximianus''.

Anagraw-a yettwassen s yisem '''Tetrarchia''', anamek-is «leḥkem n ukuẓ».

Tikti-is tamezwarut mačči d beṭṭu n Rum ɣef ukuẓ n tmenkadin, maca d asebded n ukuẓ n yixefawen n leḥkem i zemren ad ɛiwnen iman-nsen deg ṭṭraḍ, deg tsertit d uḍebber.

== 5. Acuɣer tetrarkiya? ==
Tamenkda Tarumanit tettwasebded seg Britain ar Masṛ, seg Iberia ar Syria. Iserdasen ur zmiren ara ad awḍen s lemɣawla seg yiwet n temnaḍt ɣer tayeḍ. Ulac tilifun, ulac internet, ulac tarrayin n teywalt n tura; izen yezmer ad yeṭṭef ussan neɣ smanat iwakken ad yaweḍ.

Dyuklisyan yebɣa yal tama tameqrant n tmenkda ad tesɛu amḍebber asertan d asertan i iqerben ɣer tilisa.

'''Tetrarkiya''', ihi, tella d tiririt ɣef yiwen n wugur n tidet: amek ara tettwaḍebber tmenkda tameqrant s wudem arurad?

== 6. Abeddel deg talɣa n udabu ==
[[Tugna:Diocletianus and Maximianus Herculius DE-MUS-814819-18200802-av.jpg|vignette|Dyuklisyan akked Maximianus deg tedrimt tarumanit n tallit-is.]]
Deg talliyin n [[Ugustus]] d yimenkaden imezwura, amenkad arumani yebɣa ad d-iban amzun d amezwaru gar yimdanen.

Deg tallit n Dyuklisyan, talɣa-a tebeddel.

Anekcum ɣer umenkad yuɣal d ayen yesɛan ilugan d tgejdit tameqrant. Tamenkda tebda tettruḥu seg unagraw aqbur i yettwasemman s Principatus ɣer talɣa n leḥkem anda amenkad yesɛa tazmert iǧehden ugar, i yettwassemman s umata Dominatus.

Mačči Dyuklisyan kan i d-yewwin abeddel-a, maca tallit-is tettwaḥsab d yiwet seg talliyin anda abeddel-a iban-d s wudem iwulmen.

== 7. Aḍebber n tmenkda ==
[[Tugna:Sbeitla 10.jpg|vignette|Tagenzi n tmerniwt n tetrarkiya, deg Tunes n wass-a.]]
Dyuklisyan ibeddel daɣen anagraw n uḍebber.

Iḥuza timura n tmenkda i yellan meqqrit nezzeh, yebḍa kra seg-sent ɣef timnaḍin meẓẓiyen iwakken ad tent-id-yeḍfer uḍebber s wudem yelhan.

Timnaḍin-a ttusduklent deg yigrawen imeqqranen n uḍebber.

Tikti tagejdant tella: ula d amḍebber n yiwet n temnaḍt ur ilaq ara ad yesɛu tazmert tameqqrant nezzeh ara t-yerren d amennuɣ mgal leḥkem agejdan.

Yebɣa daɣen ad yemgarad ugar gar tazmert taresdast d tazmert n uḍebber.

== 8. Iserdasen n Rum ==
Yiwen seg wuguren i d-yemlal Dyuklisyan yella d aḥraz n tilisa.

Deg usammar, Tamenkda Tasasanit n yifarisiyen tella d amennuɣ ameqqran n Rum. Deg ugafa, igrawen n Iǧermaniyen ttaɛraḍen ɣef tilisa n Rhine d Danube. Deg Masr d kra n temnaḍin n usammar llan n ccwal d tegrawliwin.

Dyuklisyan d yimdukal-is n tetrarkiya rnan deg waṭas n yimennuɣen.

Gar tid yettwassnen ugar yella rrbeḥ n Galerius ɣef Tmenkda Tasasanit deg 298. '''Talwit n Nisibis''' i d-yeḍfer rrbeḥ-a yerra Rum deg tegnit iǧehden nezzeh deg usammar.

== 9. Tadrimt d tdamsa ==
Ṭṭraḍat d tsertit ur llin ara kan d uguren n Dyuklisyan. Tadrimt tarumanit tella daɣen deg tegnit iweɛren.

Deg tasut tis kraḍ, imenkaden ssneqsen azal n yidrimen, iwakken ad sersen ugar n yidrimen deg tedrimt. Aya yerna uguren n laman deg tedrimt d ssuma n lḥwayeǧ.

Dyuklisyan yebɣa ad yerr anagraw ɣer leqdic.

Yessuffeɣ-d idrimen imaynuten, ibeddel anagraw n tebzert, yerna aḍebber agejdan ɣef tdamsa.

Maca kra n yibeddilen-is ur d-wwin ara ayen yebɣa.

== 10. Azal n ssuma — Edict on Maximum Prices ==
Deg 301, Dyuklisyan yessuffeɣ-d yiwen n usaḍuf ameqqran i yebɣan ad yesbadu atig(ssuma) afellay i waṭas n lḥwayeǧ d leqdicat.

Iswi yella ad yesseḥbes timerna n wazal n watig d usenqes n tazmert n tedrimt.

Asaḍuf yesbadu ssuma tafellayt n yirden, aksum, lebsa, leqdicat d waṭas n tɣawsiwin-nniḍen.

Maca deg tilawt, anagraw-a yufa-d uguren imeqqranen. Ma yella ssuma neɣ atig i d-yesbadu udabu meẓẓiyet ɣef ssuma n uselḥu, imzenza ur bɣin ara ad zenzen. Ttbanen-d wadigen uffiren n tnezzut, neɣ tɣawsiwin ttruḥunt seg ssuq.

Ɣef waya, asaḍuf ur yezmir ara ad yeseɣti ugur s wudem ira Dyuklisyan.

== 11. Tarrayt n tebzert ==
Yiwen seg yibeddilen-is i yellan d imeqqranen yella deg unagraw n tebzert.

Tamenkda tesra idrimen i wakken ad tesbedd iserdasen, i wakken ad txelles imḍebbren d yixeddamen, i wakken ad tḥareb tilisa.

Dyuklisyan yebɣa ad yesɛu anagraw n tebzert i d-yettawin idrimen s wudem yettwassnen ugar.

Ayen i yebda deg tallit-is ad ikemmel sakin deg Tmenkda Tarumanit n umalu d Tmenkda Tabeznantit.

== 12. Dyuklisyan d Rome ==
Yella yiwen ubeddel nniḍen yesɛan azal: Rome ur tezgi ara d talemmast n leḥkem n tmenkda.

Tamenkda tella meqqret nezzeh; uguren imeqqranen llan ɣef tilisa, mačči deg Rome.

Dyuklisyan iḥkem s waṭas seg '''Nicomedia''' deg '''Anatolia''', i yellan iqreb ɣer Balkans, Asia Tamecṭuḥt, Surya d tilisa n yifarisiyen.

Aya yessegza abeddel ameqqran: tazmert n Rum ur tezgi ara d tin n temdint n Rome kan; tuɣal d tazmert n tmenkda s timmad-is.

== 13. Taddart n Dyuklisyan deg Split ==
[[Tugna:Croatia-01239 - The Peristil (9551533404).jpg|vignette|Timeẓriwt tatrat n wadig n Duklisyan(ul n taddart n Duklisyan) deg Karwaṣya.]]
Deg Croatia n wass-a mazal yettwassen uɣerbaz ameqqran n Dyuklisyan deg Split — Diocletian's Palace/Adig n Duklisyan.

Yebna-t i tallit ara d-yas seld ad yeǧǧ leḥkem.

Mačči d axxam n umenkad kan. Yella d agraw ameqqran n yixxamen, iḥeṛṛasen, iɣerbazen d yixxamen n uḍebber, s talɣa i jemɛen gar uɣanib n yiserdasen d uxxam n umenkad.

Azal-is ameqqran deg umezruy n tẓuri d tɣerma tarumanit, acku kra seg-s mazal yella ar ass-a, yerna temdint n Split tebna iman-is s waṭas ɣef tlemmast n uɣerbaz-nni aqbur.

== 14. Dyuklisyan d imasiḥiyen ==
Aḥric-a d yiwen seg yidisan iḥercawen n leḥkem-is.

Deg 303, leḥkem n ''tetrarkiya'' yebda aqhaṛ ameqqran ɣef yimasiḥiyen, i yettwassnen deg umezruy s yisem ''Great Persecution''.

Ttwasuffɣen-d yisura i yebɣan ad huddent kra n yimukan n taɛebbadt tamasiḥit, ad kksen kra n yizerfan n yimasiḥiyen, ad ḥebsen imḍebbren n tmezdayin timasiḥiyin, sakin ad ilin kra n yisaḍufen i ibɣan seg yimasiḥiyen ad qeblen taɛebbadt tunṣibt n tmenkda.

Aqhaṛ ur yelli ara s yiwen n wudem deg yal tama n tmenkda. Deg kra n temnaḍin yella iḥerṣ ugar ɣef kra nniḍen.

Tallit-a tettwaḥsab d yiwet gar talliyin tukrifin n umezruy n yimasiḥiyen uqbel abeddel ameqqran ara d-yawwi Kusṭuntin.

== 15. Acuɣer yella uqhaṛ ɣef yimasiḥiyen? ==
Iwakken ad nefhem tasertit n Dyuklisyan, ilaq ur tt-neḥsib ara kan s tmuɣli tasɣanant(tadayanit) n tura.

Deg tmenkda tarumanit, taɛebbadt, tasertit d tmenkda qqnent gar-asent. Ansayen d tfaskiwin n tmenkda ḥesben-ten kra n yimḍebbren d ayen ilaqen i teflest d rṛbeḥ n Rum.

Kra n yimasiḥiyen ugin ad ččen deg kra n tfaskiwin-a.

I kra n yimḍebbren irumaniyen, aya yezmer ad d-iban mačči kan d amgired n ddin, maca amzun d ttugin n uẓayer asertan d unagraw n tmenkda.

Aya ur isemmaḥ ara i uqhaṛ, maca yessegza talɣa n tmuɣli tasertant n tallit-nni.

== 16. Dyuklisyan d Galerius ==
Deg umezruy, yella umeslay ɣef wamek i Galerius iḥeṛṛes Dyuklisyan iwakken ad yesseǧhed aqhaṛ ɣef yimasiḥiyen.

Izmamen iqburen, ladɣa wid i d-uran yimasiḥiyen, rran azal ameqqran i Galerius deg waya.

Maca imezrayen n tura ḥezzben ugar mi ara ssuddsen taɣawsa akka. Dyuklisyan yella d amenkad ameqqran n tetrarkiya, yerna inaḍen imezwura n uqhaṛ ffɣen-d ddaw leḥkem-is.

Ɣef waya, ur nezmir ara ad nerr akk taluft ɣef Galerius kan.

== 17. Aneḍru aneggaru n udabu-is ==
Deg 305 SL.Ɛ., Dyuklisyan yexdem ayen ur nxeddem ara waṭas n yimenkaden irumaniyen: yeǧǧ leḥkem s lebɣi-s.

Netta d Maximianus ffɣen seg leḥkem deg yiwen n wakud.

Tikti n tetrarkiya tella ad d-ḍefren yimḍebbren imaynuten s wudem anagrawan, war ṭṭraḍ n leḥkem.

Dyuklisyan yebɣa ad yessekfel belli tazmert n tmenkda ur tettɛallaq ara ɣef yiwen n umdan kan, maca ɣef unagraw.

Deg teẓri, tikti-a tban d tameslayt tameqqrant.

Deg tilawt, ugur yella d ameqran.

== 18. Aɣelluy n tetrarkiya ==
Seld beṭṭu n Dyuklisyan seg leḥkem, anagraw ur yezmir ara ad yeṭṭef iman-is akken yebɣa.

Mi yemmut Kusṭuntin Klurus deg 306, iserdasen-is xtaren mmi-s Kusṭuntin d amenkad.

Imenkaden d yimḍebbren nniḍen ur qeblen ara akk taluft s wudem-nni.

Ihi, bdan yimennuɣen gar wid i ibɣan tazmert.

Dyuklisyan, i yellan yeǧǧa leḥkem, yeɛreḍ ad ɛiwen ad yerr anagraw ɣer ubrid, maca ur yezmir ara.

Seld kra n yiseggasen n ṭṭraḍ, Kunsṭuntin ad yuɣal d yiwen seg yimenkaden iǧehden ugar.

== 19. Tudert-is seld leḥkem ==
Dyuklisyan iruḥ ɣer taddart-is deg Dalmatia.

Yella deg yiwet n tegnit anda yezmer ad yuɣal ɣer leḥkem, maca ur yebɣi ara.

Yettwales-d deg yizmaz iqburen belli mi t-id-ɛerḍen ad yuɣal ɣer leḥkem, yugi, yessegza belli tudert-is deg tferka-s d ayen iḥemmel ugar ɣef tsertit.

Ula ma kra n yimeslayen-a yezmer ad ilin sɛan aḥric n usefru, ttaken-d yiwen n wudem n Dyuklisyan: amdan i yebɣan ad yerr leḥkem d anagraw, mačči d taɣawsa i ilaq ad yeṭṭef umenkad armi yemmut.

Yemmut azal n 311 SL.Ɛ.

== 20. Dyuklisyan d Kusṭuntin ==
Dyuklisyan d Kusṭuntin ttwasemrasen s waṭas iwakken ad d-nessegzi abeddel n Tmenkda Tarumanit.

Dyuklisyan yebna kra n yigejda n tmenkda n tallit taneggarut: aḍebber agejdan iǧehden, timerna n yimḍebbren, abeddel n temnaḍin, aseǧhed n iserdasen, d talɣa n leḥkem i yerran amenkad ɣer tama n ufella.

Kusṭuntin, seld-is, ad ikemmel kra n yibeddilen-a, ad ibeddel kra nniḍen, ad yessebded '''Constantinople''', yerna ad ibeddel s wudem ameqqran tarrayt n tmenkda ɣer yimasiḥiyen.

Ihi, ula ma tetrarkiya n Dyuklisyan s wudem ummid ur tḍul ara seg wass mi yeǧǧa adabu, aṭas n yibeddilen-is kemmlen seld-is.

== 21. Tamenkda uqbel d seld Dyuklisyan ==
Uqbel Dyuklisyan, talɣa n leḥkem mazal tettɛallaq s waṭas ɣer tarrayin n tallit n [[Ugustus]]: Senatus(Sina) mazal yesɛa azal n tmuɣli(ulamma ula d wagi iṛuḥas aṭas seg wazal-is seld leḥkem n Spitimyus Severus), Rome mazal tettwaḥsab d talemmast, amenkad yettɛaraḍ ad d-iban amzun d amezwaru gar yimdanen.

Seld Dyuklisyan, Tamenkda tebda tettban s wudem nniḍen: aḍebber agejdan, iserdasen, imḍebbren ugar, timnaḍin ugar, tiɣremt n umenkad iǧehden, d waṭas n yixefawen n leḥkem i yellan qrib ɣer tilisa.

Ɣef waya, Dyuklisyan yettwaḥsab d yiwen gar wid i ibeddlen Tamenkda Tarumanit seg talɣa n Tmenkda Taqburt ɣer tin n Tmenkda n tallit taneggarut.

== 22. Iswi aserdasi n yibeddilen-is ==
Dyuklisyan yefhem belli tazmert n Rum ur tezmir ara ad tbedd ɣef ṭṭraḍ kan.

Iserdasen ilaq ad sɛun:

* '''idrimen;'''
* '''akayad;'''
* '''imḍebbren;'''
* '''abrid n teywalt;'''
* '''tilisa i yettwaḥerzen;'''
* '''anagraw n tebzert;'''
* '''d leḥkem i yezmer ad yerr tiririt s lemɣawla.'''

Ihi, ibeddilen n uḍebber d wid n iserdasen ur llin ara d sin n yiberdan yemgaraden. Llan d yiwen n unagraw.

== 23. Ayen i yerbeḥ ==
Leḥkem n Dyuklisyan yerra kra n laman seld tazɣent n tasut tis kraḍ.

'''Tamenkda ur teɣli ara.'''

'''Tilisa tettwaḥrez ugar.'''

'''Tamenkda Tasasanit tettwarbeḥ deg usammar.'''

'''Aḍebber yuɣal yesɛa talɣa tusdidt ugar.'''

'''Tebzert tettwasebded s wudem anagrawan ugar.'''

'''''Tetrarkiya'', ula ma teɣli seld-is, tessekna belli leḥkem n tmenkda tameqrant yezmer ad yettwabḍu gar waṭas n yimḍebbren.'''

== 24. Ayen ur yerbiḥ ara ==
Mačči akk ibeddilen n Dyuklisyan i yelhan neɣ i yedren.

Aqhaṛ ɣef yimasiḥiyen ur yezmir ara ad yekkes tamasiḥit; s yin, tamasiḥit ad tuɣal s timmad-is d yiwet seg tɣawsiwin i ibeddlen Rum.

Asaḍuf n ssuma tafellayt ur yezmir ara ad yesbeddi uguren n tdamsa.

Tetrarkiya teɣli s lemɣawla seld beṭṭu-s seg leḥkem.

Aḍebber ameqqran i yebna yesra daɣen tebzert ugar, imi imḍebbren d iserdasen ilaq ad ttuxellsen.

Ihi, leḥkem-is yesɛa irbiben imeqqranen d wuguren imeqqranen ɣef tikkelt.

== 25. Azal-is deg umezruy ==
Azal n Dyuklisyan ur yelli ara deg wakken yerbeḥ kra n yimennuɣen kan.

Azal-is ameqqran yella deg ubeddel n tikti n tmenkda tarumanit s timmad-is.

Uqbel-is, aṭas n yimenkaden ɛerḍen ad ḥerzen anagraw aqbur.

Dyuklisyan yefhem belli tmenkda n tasut tis kraḍ ur tezmir ara ad tettwaḍebber am tin n tallit n [[Ugustus]].

Deg umḍiq n usirem ad yerr Rum ɣer deffir, yebɣa ad yebnu Rum tamaynut i izemren ad tidir deg tegnatin timaynutin.

Deg waya i yella wazal-is ameqqran.

== 26. Tamuɣli ɣer Dyuklisyan ==
Dyuklisyan yezmer ad d-iban s sin n wudmawen yemgaraden.

Seg tama, yella d amenkad i yesseḥbes aɣelluy n tmenkda, i yerran kra n laman, i ibeddlen aḍebber, i iǧehden iserdasen d tilisa, i yebɣan ad yerr leḥkem d anagraw mačči d amennuɣ n yal ass ɣef tmenkda.

Seg tama-nniḍen, yella d amenkad n leḥkem iǧehden nezzeh, n tebzert taẓayant, n usenqed ameqqran, yerna tallit-is tesɛa yiwet seg talliyin yiḍḍiqen timeqqranin ɣef yimasiḥiyen.

Ur ilaq ara ad nekkes yiwen seg sin n wudmawen-a iwakken ad nefhem amdan d tallit-is.</text>
      <sha1>hq7ki9681mwm6j11qsd0eci7thpqolk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>117517</id>
      <parentid>117516</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-29T19:49:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117517</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16881" sha1="1jhh9t6e1akv4gzlwsluhmts0gf4ywq" xml:space="preserve">'''Dyuklisyan''' (Diocletianus s tlaṭinit; azal n 244–311 SL.Ɛ.) yella d amenkad arumani seg 284 ar 305 SL.Ɛ. Yettwaḥsab gar yimenkaden 

{{Infobox biography|item=Q43107|image=[[File:Istanbul Archaeology Museum Bust of Diocletian, from Nikomedia, Izmit, end 3rd century AD 1536.jpg|thumb|Asalay n Isṭanbul, Asebdad n uqeṛṛu n Dyuklisyan]]|caption=Amenkad Dyuklisyan.}}

i yesɛan azal meqqren deg umezruy n Tmenkda Tarumanit, acku deg tallit-is i yettwabeddel s wudem ameqqran wamek i tettuddus tmenkda, wamek i tettwaḍebber, wamek i tettwaseḥbes tsertit-is d wamek i yettwasebded ujerriḍ-is askari.

Dyuklisyan ur d-yusi ara seg twacult n yimenkaden. Yekker-d seg yiwet n tallit anda Tamenkda Tarumanit tettidir uguren imeqqranen: uguren isertanen, imeɣriyen gar iserdasen, ṭṭraḍ deg yidurar n tilisa, uguren n tedrimt, d ubeddel n yimenkaden s lemɣawla. Mi yekcem ɣer leḥkem deg 284, yebda ad yerr adabu d tmenkda ɣer yiwen n unagraw iǧehden ugar.

== 1. Talalit-is d temẓi-is ==
Isem-is n talalit yella, ɣef wakken i d-ttawin tuget n yinagmayen, '''Diocles'''. Ilul azal n 244 SL.Ɛ. deg tmurt n Dalmatia, deg yiwet n temnaḍt n Balkans i yellan imir-nni ddaw Tmenkda Tarumanit.

Ur d-yekki ara seg yiwet n twacult tameqrant neɣ tamerkantit. Amedya-is yemgarad ɣef waṭas n yimenkaden yezrin: abrid-is ɣer leḥkem ibna-t s waṭas ɣef unekcum-is ɣer tredsa n Rum d usali-is deg yiswiren n tredsa n tɛessast n umenkad.

Ayagi yesɛa azal meqqren deg tallit-nni. Tamenkda Tarumanit n tasut tis kraḍ tettɛawan s waṭas ɣef iserdasen: win i yesɛan tazmert ad yawi iserdasen ɣer tama-s yezmer ad yuɣal d amenkad.

== 2. Tamenkda Tarumanit uqbel Dyuklisyan ==
Iwakken ad nefhem azal n Dyuklisyan, ilaq ad nefhem ayen i d-yellan uqbel-is.

Gar azal n 235 d 284 SL.Ɛ., Rum tedder yiwet n tallit i yettwassnen deg umezruy am tazɣent n tasut tis kraḍ. Deg kra n 50 n yiseggasen kan, aṭas n yimenkaden kkin-d ɣer leḥkem, waṭas seg-sen ttwanɣan neɣ ttwaksen s ṭṭraḍ.

Tamenkda tettwaɛreḍ s waṭas n wuguren: iɣerfan d trebbuyaɛ iǧirmaniyen deg ugafa, Tamenkda Tasasanit n yifarisiyen deg usammar, igrawen iserdasen yemgaraden d ṭṭraḍ gar iserdasen irumaniyen, aɣlay n tedrimt, timerna n ssuma n lḥwayeǧ, akked uxṣar n laman deg tsertit.

Deg kra n yiseggasen, Tamenkda Tarumanit qrib ad tebḍu ɣef kraḍ n tmenkadin yemgaraden.

Dyuklisyan yewweḍ ɣer leḥkem deg yiwet n taɣzent akka.

== 3. Anekcum-is ɣer leḥkem ==
Deg 284, amenkad '''Numerianus''' yemmut deg tegnatin ur nettwassen ara akken iwata. Iserdasen i yellan deg usammar xtaren Dyuklisyan d amenkad.

Maca '''Carinus''', gma n Numerianus, yella mazal yeṭṭef adabu deg umalu.

Gar sin-nsen yella ṭṭraḍ. Deg 285, ''Carinus'' yemmut, Dyuklisyan yuɣal d win i yettḥekkimen ɣef tuget n Tmenkda Tarumanit.

Maca Dyuklisyan yegza yiwet n tɣawsa: tmenkda tewsaɛ d tameqrant nezzeh i wakken ad tt-iḥkem yiwen n umdan kan.

Seg dagi i d-yebda yiwen seg yibeddilen-is imeqqranen.

== 4. Tetrarkiya — leḥkem n ukuẓ ==
Dyuklisyan ur yebɣi ara ad yebḍu Tamenkda Tarumanit d timura tilelliyin. Deg umḍiq n waya, yebɣa ad yebḍu amek ara tettwaḍebber.

Deg 285–286, yerra ''Maximianus'' d amḍebber ameqqran ɣer yid-s, sakin yerna-as azal n umenkad.
[[Tugna:ChatGPT Image Sep 29, 2026, 08 42 38 PM.png|vignette|250x250px|Beṭṭu n tmenkda tarumanit ɣef kuẓ n temnaḍin deg tallit n umenkad Duklisyan.]]
Deg 293, anagraw yettwasebded s wudem uffir ugar. Llan sin n yimenkaden imeqqranen (Augusti):

'''Dyuklisyan''' deg usammar;

'''Maximianus''' deg umalu.

Yal yiwen seg-sen yesɛa yiwen n umɛiwen s uzwel '''''Caesar''''':

'''Galerius''' yella d ''Caesar'' n Dyuklisyan;

'''Constantius Chlorus''' yella d ''Caesar'' n ''Maximianus''.

Anagraw-a yettwassen s yisem '''Tetrarchia''', anamek-is «leḥkem n ukuẓ».

Tikti-is tamezwarut mačči d beṭṭu n Rum ɣef ukuẓ n tmenkadin, maca d asebded n ukuẓ n yixefawen n leḥkem i zemren ad ɛiwnen iman-nsen deg ṭṭraḍ, deg tsertit d uḍebber.

== 5. Acuɣer tetrarkiya? ==
Tamenkda Tarumanit tettwasebded seg Britain ar Masṛ, seg Iberia ar Syria. Iserdasen ur zmiren ara ad awḍen s lemɣawla seg yiwet n temnaḍt ɣer tayeḍ. Ulac tilifun, ulac internet, ulac tarrayin n teywalt n tura; izen yezmer ad yeṭṭef ussan neɣ smanat iwakken ad yaweḍ.

Dyuklisyan yebɣa yal tama tameqrant n tmenkda ad tesɛu amḍebber asertan d asertan i iqerben ɣer tilisa.

'''Tetrarkiya''', ihi, tella d tiririt ɣef yiwen n wugur n tidet: amek ara tettwaḍebber tmenkda tameqrant s wudem arurad?

== 6. Abeddel deg talɣa n udabu ==
[[Tugna:Diocletianus and Maximianus Herculius DE-MUS-814819-18200802-av.jpg|vignette|Dyuklisyan akked Maximianus deg tedrimt tarumanit n tallit-is.]]
Deg talliyin n [[Ugustus]] d yimenkaden imezwura, amenkad arumani yebɣa ad d-iban amzun d amezwaru gar yimdanen.

Deg tallit n Dyuklisyan, talɣa-a tebeddel.

Anekcum ɣer umenkad yuɣal d ayen yesɛan ilugan d tgejdit tameqrant. Tamenkda tebda tettruḥu seg unagraw aqbur i yettwasemman s Principatus ɣer talɣa n leḥkem anda amenkad yesɛa tazmert iǧehden ugar, i yettwassemman s umata Dominatus.

Mačči Dyuklisyan kan i d-yewwin abeddel-a, maca tallit-is tettwaḥsab d yiwet seg talliyin anda abeddel-a iban-d s wudem iwulmen.

== 7. Aḍebber n tmenkda ==
[[Tugna:Sbeitla 10.jpg|vignette|Tagenzi n tmerniwt n tetrarkiya, deg Tunes n wass-a.]]
Dyuklisyan ibeddel daɣen anagraw n uḍebber.

Iḥuza timura n tmenkda i yellan meqqrit nezzeh, yebḍa kra seg-sent ɣef timnaḍin meẓẓiyen iwakken ad tent-id-yeḍfer uḍebber s wudem yelhan.

Timnaḍin-a ttusduklent deg yigrawen imeqqranen n uḍebber.

Tikti tagejdant tella: ula d amḍebber n yiwet n temnaḍt ur ilaq ara ad yesɛu tazmert tameqqrant nezzeh ara t-yerren d amennuɣ mgal leḥkem agejdan.

Yebɣa daɣen ad yemgarad ugar gar tazmert taresdast d tazmert n uḍebber.

== 8. Iserdasen n Rum ==
Yiwen seg wuguren i d-yemlal Dyuklisyan yella d aḥraz n tilisa.

Deg usammar, Tamenkda Tasasanit n yifarisiyen tella d amennuɣ ameqqran n Rum. Deg ugafa, igrawen n Iǧermaniyen ttaɛraḍen ɣef tilisa n Rhine d Danube. Deg Masr d kra n temnaḍin n usammar llan n ccwal d tegrawliwin.

Dyuklisyan d yimdukal-is n tetrarkiya rnan deg waṭas n yimennuɣen.

Gar tid yettwassnen ugar yella rrbeḥ n Galerius ɣef Tmenkda Tasasanit deg 298. '''Talwit n Nisibis''' i d-yeḍfer rrbeḥ-a yerra Rum deg tegnit iǧehden nezzeh deg usammar.

== 9. Tadrimt d tdamsa ==
Ṭṭraḍat d tsertit ur llin ara kan d uguren n Dyuklisyan. Tadrimt tarumanit tella daɣen deg tegnit iweɛren.

Deg tasut tis kraḍ, imenkaden ssneqsen azal n yidrimen, iwakken ad sersen ugar n yidrimen deg tedrimt. Aya yerna uguren n laman deg tedrimt d ssuma n lḥwayeǧ.

Dyuklisyan yebɣa ad yerr anagraw ɣer leqdic.

Yessuffeɣ-d idrimen imaynuten, ibeddel anagraw n tebzert, yerna aḍebber agejdan ɣef tdamsa.

Maca kra n yibeddilen-is ur d-wwin ara ayen yebɣa.

== 10. Azal n ssuma — Edict on Maximum Prices ==
Deg 301, Dyuklisyan yessuffeɣ-d yiwen n usaḍuf ameqqran i yebɣan ad yesbadu atig(ssuma) afellay i waṭas n lḥwayeǧ d leqdicat.

Iswi yella ad yesseḥbes timerna n wazal n watig d usenqes n tazmert n tedrimt.

Asaḍuf yesbadu ssuma tafellayt n yirden, aksum, lebsa, leqdicat d waṭas n tɣawsiwin-nniḍen.

Maca deg tilawt, anagraw-a yufa-d uguren imeqqranen. Ma yella ssuma neɣ atig i d-yesbadu udabu meẓẓiyet ɣef ssuma n uselḥu, imzenza ur bɣin ara ad zenzen. Ttbanen-d wadigen uffiren n tnezzut, neɣ tɣawsiwin ttruḥunt seg ssuq.

Ɣef waya, asaḍuf ur yezmir ara ad yeseɣti ugur s wudem ira Dyuklisyan.

== 11. Tarrayt n tebzert ==
Yiwen seg yibeddilen-is i yellan d imeqqranen yella deg unagraw n tebzert.

Tamenkda tesra idrimen i wakken ad tesbedd iserdasen, i wakken ad txelles imḍebbren d yixeddamen, i wakken ad tḥareb tilisa.

Dyuklisyan yebɣa ad yesɛu anagraw n tebzert i d-yettawin idrimen s wudem yettwassnen ugar.

Ayen i yebda deg tallit-is ad ikemmel sakin deg Tmenkda Tarumanit n umalu d Tmenkda Tabeznantit.

== 12. Dyuklisyan d Rome ==
Yella yiwen ubeddel nniḍen yesɛan azal: Rome ur tezgi ara d talemmast n leḥkem n tmenkda.

Tamenkda tella meqqret nezzeh; uguren imeqqranen llan ɣef tilisa, mačči deg Rome.

Dyuklisyan iḥkem s waṭas seg '''Nicomedia''' deg '''Anatolia''', i yellan iqreb ɣer Balkans, Asia Tamecṭuḥt, Surya d tilisa n yifarisiyen.

Aya yessegza abeddel ameqqran: tazmert n Rum ur tezgi ara d tin n temdint n Rome kan; tuɣal d tazmert n tmenkda s timmad-is.

== 13. Taddart n Dyuklisyan deg Split ==
[[Tugna:Croatia-01239 - The Peristil (9551533404).jpg|vignette|Timeẓriwt tatrat n wadig n Duklisyan(ul n taddart n Duklisyan) deg Karwaṣya.]]
Deg Croatia n wass-a mazal yettwassen uɣerbaz ameqqran n Dyuklisyan deg Split — Diocletian's Palace/Adig n Duklisyan.

Yebna-t i tallit ara d-yas seld ad yeǧǧ leḥkem.

Mačči d axxam n umenkad kan. Yella d agraw ameqqran n yixxamen, iḥeṛṛasen, iɣerbazen d yixxamen n uḍebber, s talɣa i jemɛen gar uɣanib n yiserdasen d uxxam n umenkad.

Azal-is ameqqran deg umezruy n tẓuri d tɣerma tarumanit, acku kra seg-s mazal yella ar ass-a, yerna temdint n Split tebna iman-is s waṭas ɣef tlemmast n uɣerbaz-nni aqbur.

== 14. Dyuklisyan d imasiḥiyen ==
Aḥric-a d yiwen seg yidisan iḥercawen n leḥkem-is.

Deg 303, leḥkem n ''tetrarkiya'' yebda aqhaṛ ameqqran ɣef yimasiḥiyen, i yettwassnen deg umezruy s yisem ''Great Persecution''.

Ttwasuffɣen-d yisura i yebɣan ad huddent kra n yimukan n taɛebbadt tamasiḥit, ad kksen kra n yizerfan n yimasiḥiyen, ad ḥebsen imḍebbren n tmezdayin timasiḥiyin, sakin ad ilin kra n yisaḍufen i ibɣan seg yimasiḥiyen ad qeblen taɛebbadt tunṣibt n tmenkda.

Aqhaṛ ur yelli ara s yiwen n wudem deg yal tama n tmenkda. Deg kra n temnaḍin yella iḥerṣ ugar ɣef kra nniḍen.

Tallit-a tettwaḥsab d yiwet gar talliyin tukrifin n umezruy n yimasiḥiyen uqbel abeddel ameqqran ara d-yawwi Kusṭuntin.

== 15. Acuɣer yella uqhaṛ ɣef yimasiḥiyen? ==
Iwakken ad nefhem tasertit n Dyuklisyan, ilaq ur tt-neḥsib ara kan s tmuɣli tasɣanant(tadayanit) n tura.

Deg tmenkda tarumanit, taɛebbadt, tasertit d tmenkda qqnent gar-asent. Ansayen d tfaskiwin n tmenkda ḥesben-ten kra n yimḍebbren d ayen ilaqen i teflest d rṛbeḥ n Rum.

Kra n yimasiḥiyen ugin ad ččen deg kra n tfaskiwin-a.

I kra n yimḍebbren irumaniyen, aya yezmer ad d-iban mačči kan d amgired n ddin, maca amzun d ttugin n uẓayer asertan d unagraw n tmenkda.

Aya ur isemmaḥ ara i uqhaṛ, maca yessegza talɣa n tmuɣli tasertant n tallit-nni.

== 16. Dyuklisyan d Galerius ==
Deg umezruy, yella umeslay ɣef wamek i Galerius iḥeṛṛes Dyuklisyan iwakken ad yesseǧhed aqhaṛ ɣef yimasiḥiyen.

Izmamen iqburen, ladɣa wid i d-uran yimasiḥiyen, rran azal ameqqran i Galerius deg waya.

Maca imezrayen n tura ḥezzben ugar mi ara ssuddsen taɣawsa akka. Dyuklisyan yella d amenkad ameqqran n tetrarkiya, yerna inaḍen imezwura n uqhaṛ ffɣen-d ddaw leḥkem-is.

Ɣef waya, ur nezmir ara ad nerr akk taluft ɣef Galerius kan.

== 17. Aneḍru aneggaru n udabu-is ==
Deg 305 SL.Ɛ., Dyuklisyan yexdem ayen ur nxeddem ara waṭas n yimenkaden irumaniyen: yeǧǧ leḥkem s lebɣi-s.

Netta d Maximianus ffɣen seg leḥkem deg yiwen n wakud.

Tikti n tetrarkiya tella ad d-ḍefren yimḍebbren imaynuten s wudem anagrawan, war ṭṭraḍ n leḥkem.

Dyuklisyan yebɣa ad yessekfel belli tazmert n tmenkda ur tettɛallaq ara ɣef yiwen n umdan kan, maca ɣef unagraw.

Deg teẓri, tikti-a tban d tameslayt tameqqrant.

Deg tilawt, ugur yella d ameqran.

== 18. Aɣelluy n tetrarkiya ==
Seld beṭṭu n Dyuklisyan seg leḥkem, anagraw ur yezmir ara ad yeṭṭef iman-is akken yebɣa.

Mi yemmut Kusṭuntin Klurus deg 306, iserdasen-is xtaren mmi-s Kusṭuntin d amenkad.

Imenkaden d yimḍebbren nniḍen ur qeblen ara akk taluft s wudem-nni.

Ihi, bdan yimennuɣen gar wid i ibɣan tazmert.

Dyuklisyan, i yellan yeǧǧa leḥkem, yeɛreḍ ad ɛiwen ad yerr anagraw ɣer ubrid, maca ur yezmir ara.

Seld kra n yiseggasen n ṭṭraḍ, Kunsṭuntin ad yuɣal d yiwen seg yimenkaden iǧehden ugar.

== 19. Tudert-is seld leḥkem ==
Dyuklisyan iruḥ ɣer taddart-is deg Dalmatia.

Yella deg yiwet n tegnit anda yezmer ad yuɣal ɣer leḥkem, maca ur yebɣi ara.

Yettwales-d deg yizmaz iqburen belli mi t-id-ɛerḍen ad yuɣal ɣer leḥkem, yugi, yessegza belli tudert-is deg tferka-s d ayen iḥemmel ugar ɣef tsertit.

Ula ma kra n yimeslayen-a yezmer ad ilin sɛan aḥric n usefru, ttaken-d yiwen n wudem n Dyuklisyan: amdan i yebɣan ad yerr leḥkem d anagraw, mačči d taɣawsa i ilaq ad yeṭṭef umenkad armi yemmut.

Yemmut azal n 311 SL.Ɛ.

== 20. Dyuklisyan d Kusṭuntin ==
Dyuklisyan d Kusṭuntin ttwasemrasen s waṭas iwakken ad d-nessegzi abeddel n Tmenkda Tarumanit.

Dyuklisyan yebna kra n yigejda n tmenkda n tallit taneggarut: aḍebber agejdan iǧehden, timerna n yimḍebbren, abeddel n temnaḍin, aseǧhed n iserdasen, d talɣa n leḥkem i yerran amenkad ɣer tama n ufella.

Kusṭuntin, seld-is, ad ikemmel kra n yibeddilen-a, ad ibeddel kra nniḍen, ad yessebded '''Constantinople''', yerna ad ibeddel s wudem ameqqran tarrayt n tmenkda ɣer yimasiḥiyen.

Ihi, ula ma tetrarkiya n Dyuklisyan s wudem ummid ur tḍul ara seg wass mi yeǧǧa adabu, aṭas n yibeddilen-is kemmlen seld-is.

== 21. Tamenkda uqbel d seld Dyuklisyan ==
Uqbel Dyuklisyan, talɣa n leḥkem mazal tettɛallaq s waṭas ɣer tarrayin n tallit n [[Ugustus]]: Senatus(Sina) mazal yesɛa azal n tmuɣli(ulamma ula d wagi iṛuḥas aṭas seg wazal-is seld leḥkem n Spitimyus Severus), Rome mazal tettwaḥsab d talemmast, amenkad yettɛaraḍ ad d-iban amzun d amezwaru gar yimdanen.

Seld Dyuklisyan, Tamenkda tebda tettban s wudem nniḍen: aḍebber agejdan, iserdasen, imḍebbren ugar, timnaḍin ugar, tiɣremt n umenkad iǧehden, d waṭas n yixefawen n leḥkem i yellan qrib ɣer tilisa.

Ɣef waya, Dyuklisyan yettwaḥsab d yiwen gar wid i ibeddlen Tamenkda Tarumanit seg talɣa n Tmenkda Taqburt ɣer tin n Tmenkda n tallit taneggarut.

== 22. Iswi aserdasi n yibeddilen-is ==
Dyuklisyan yefhem belli tazmert n Rum ur tezmir ara ad tbedd ɣef ṭṭraḍ kan.

Iserdasen ilaq ad sɛun:

* '''idrimen;'''
* '''akayad;'''
* '''imḍebbren;'''
* '''abrid n teywalt;'''
* '''tilisa i yettwaḥerzen;'''
* '''anagraw n tebzert;'''
* '''d leḥkem i yezmer ad yerr tiririt s lemɣawla.'''

Ihi, ibeddilen n uḍebber d wid n iserdasen ur llin ara d sin n yiberdan yemgaraden. Llan d yiwen n unagraw.

== 23. Ayen i yerbeḥ ==
Leḥkem n Dyuklisyan yerra kra n laman seld tazɣent n tasut tis kraḍ.

'''Tamenkda ur teɣli ara.'''

'''Tilisa tettwaḥrez ugar.'''

'''Tamenkda Tasasanit tettwarbeḥ deg usammar.'''

'''Aḍebber yuɣal yesɛa talɣa tusdidt ugar.'''

'''Tebzert tettwasebded s wudem anagrawan ugar.'''

'''''Tetrarkiya'', ula ma teɣli seld-is, tessekna belli leḥkem n tmenkda tameqrant yezmer ad yettwabḍu gar waṭas n yimḍebbren.'''

== 24. Ayen ur yerbiḥ ara ==
Mačči akk ibeddilen n Dyuklisyan i yelhan neɣ i yedren.

Aqhaṛ ɣef yimasiḥiyen ur yezmir ara ad yekkes tamasiḥit; s yin, tamasiḥit ad tuɣal s timmad-is d yiwet seg tɣawsiwin i ibeddlen Rum.

Asaḍuf n ssuma tafellayt ur yezmir ara ad yesbeddi uguren n tdamsa.

Tetrarkiya teɣli s lemɣawla seld beṭṭu-s seg leḥkem.

Aḍebber ameqqran i yebna yesra daɣen tebzert ugar, imi imḍebbren d iserdasen ilaq ad ttuxellsen.

Ihi, leḥkem-is yesɛa irbiben imeqqranen d wuguren imeqqranen ɣef tikkelt.

== 25. Azal-is deg umezruy ==
Azal n Dyuklisyan ur yelli ara deg wakken yerbeḥ kra n yimennuɣen kan.

Azal-is ameqqran yella deg ubeddel n tikti n tmenkda tarumanit s timmad-is.

Uqbel-is, aṭas n yimenkaden ɛerḍen ad ḥerzen anagraw aqbur.

Dyuklisyan yefhem belli tmenkda n tasut tis kraḍ ur tezmir ara ad tettwaḍebber am tin n tallit n [[Ugustus]].

Deg umḍiq n usirem ad yerr Rum ɣer deffir, yebɣa ad yebnu Rum tamaynut i izemren ad tidir deg tegnatin timaynutin.

Deg waya i yella wazal-is ameqqran.

== 26. Tamuɣli ɣer Dyuklisyan ==
Dyuklisyan yezmer ad d-iban s sin n wudmawen yemgaraden.

Seg tama, yella d amenkad i yesseḥbes aɣelluy n tmenkda, i yerran kra n laman, i ibeddlen aḍebber, i iǧehden iserdasen d tilisa, i yebɣan ad yerr leḥkem d anagraw mačči d amennuɣ n yal ass ɣef tmenkda.

Seg tama-nniḍen, yella d amenkad n leḥkem iǧehden nezzeh, n tebzert taẓayant, n usenqed ameqqran, yerna tallit-is tesɛa yiwet seg talliyin yiḍḍiqen timeqqranin ɣef yimasiḥiyen.

Ur ilaq ara ad nekkes yiwen seg sin n wudmawen-a iwakken ad nefhem amdan d tallit-is.</text>
      <sha1>1jhh9t6e1akv4gzlwsluhmts0gf4ywq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>117518</id>
      <parentid>117517</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T04:27:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Borhan</username>
        <id>13465</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:ChatGPT Image Sep 29, 2026, 08 42 38 PM.png]] → [[File:Map of the Roman Empire during the First Tetrarchy c. 293–305 AD.png]] [[c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless or ambiguous name) · image generated with chatgpt</comment>
      <origin>117518</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16908" sha1="46n4h4kav849q2x8lw44zf2qxksrusk" xml:space="preserve">'''Dyuklisyan''' (Diocletianus s tlaṭinit; azal n 244–311 SL.Ɛ.) yella d amenkad arumani seg 284 ar 305 SL.Ɛ. Yettwaḥsab gar yimenkaden 

{{Infobox biography|item=Q43107|image=[[File:Istanbul Archaeology Museum Bust of Diocletian, from Nikomedia, Izmit, end 3rd century AD 1536.jpg|thumb|Asalay n Isṭanbul, Asebdad n uqeṛṛu n Dyuklisyan]]|caption=Amenkad Dyuklisyan.}}

i yesɛan azal meqqren deg umezruy n Tmenkda Tarumanit, acku deg tallit-is i yettwabeddel s wudem ameqqran wamek i tettuddus tmenkda, wamek i tettwaḍebber, wamek i tettwaseḥbes tsertit-is d wamek i yettwasebded ujerriḍ-is askari.

Dyuklisyan ur d-yusi ara seg twacult n yimenkaden. Yekker-d seg yiwet n tallit anda Tamenkda Tarumanit tettidir uguren imeqqranen: uguren isertanen, imeɣriyen gar iserdasen, ṭṭraḍ deg yidurar n tilisa, uguren n tedrimt, d ubeddel n yimenkaden s lemɣawla. Mi yekcem ɣer leḥkem deg 284, yebda ad yerr adabu d tmenkda ɣer yiwen n unagraw iǧehden ugar.

== 1. Talalit-is d temẓi-is ==
Isem-is n talalit yella, ɣef wakken i d-ttawin tuget n yinagmayen, '''Diocles'''. Ilul azal n 244 SL.Ɛ. deg tmurt n Dalmatia, deg yiwet n temnaḍt n Balkans i yellan imir-nni ddaw Tmenkda Tarumanit.

Ur d-yekki ara seg yiwet n twacult tameqrant neɣ tamerkantit. Amedya-is yemgarad ɣef waṭas n yimenkaden yezrin: abrid-is ɣer leḥkem ibna-t s waṭas ɣef unekcum-is ɣer tredsa n Rum d usali-is deg yiswiren n tredsa n tɛessast n umenkad.

Ayagi yesɛa azal meqqren deg tallit-nni. Tamenkda Tarumanit n tasut tis kraḍ tettɛawan s waṭas ɣef iserdasen: win i yesɛan tazmert ad yawi iserdasen ɣer tama-s yezmer ad yuɣal d amenkad.

== 2. Tamenkda Tarumanit uqbel Dyuklisyan ==
Iwakken ad nefhem azal n Dyuklisyan, ilaq ad nefhem ayen i d-yellan uqbel-is.

Gar azal n 235 d 284 SL.Ɛ., Rum tedder yiwet n tallit i yettwassnen deg umezruy am tazɣent n tasut tis kraḍ. Deg kra n 50 n yiseggasen kan, aṭas n yimenkaden kkin-d ɣer leḥkem, waṭas seg-sen ttwanɣan neɣ ttwaksen s ṭṭraḍ.

Tamenkda tettwaɛreḍ s waṭas n wuguren: iɣerfan d trebbuyaɛ iǧirmaniyen deg ugafa, Tamenkda Tasasanit n yifarisiyen deg usammar, igrawen iserdasen yemgaraden d ṭṭraḍ gar iserdasen irumaniyen, aɣlay n tedrimt, timerna n ssuma n lḥwayeǧ, akked uxṣar n laman deg tsertit.

Deg kra n yiseggasen, Tamenkda Tarumanit qrib ad tebḍu ɣef kraḍ n tmenkadin yemgaraden.

Dyuklisyan yewweḍ ɣer leḥkem deg yiwet n taɣzent akka.

== 3. Anekcum-is ɣer leḥkem ==
Deg 284, amenkad '''Numerianus''' yemmut deg tegnatin ur nettwassen ara akken iwata. Iserdasen i yellan deg usammar xtaren Dyuklisyan d amenkad.

Maca '''Carinus''', gma n Numerianus, yella mazal yeṭṭef adabu deg umalu.

Gar sin-nsen yella ṭṭraḍ. Deg 285, ''Carinus'' yemmut, Dyuklisyan yuɣal d win i yettḥekkimen ɣef tuget n Tmenkda Tarumanit.

Maca Dyuklisyan yegza yiwet n tɣawsa: tmenkda tewsaɛ d tameqrant nezzeh i wakken ad tt-iḥkem yiwen n umdan kan.

Seg dagi i d-yebda yiwen seg yibeddilen-is imeqqranen.

== 4. Tetrarkiya — leḥkem n ukuẓ ==
Dyuklisyan ur yebɣi ara ad yebḍu Tamenkda Tarumanit d timura tilelliyin. Deg umḍiq n waya, yebɣa ad yebḍu amek ara tettwaḍebber.

Deg 285–286, yerra ''Maximianus'' d amḍebber ameqqran ɣer yid-s, sakin yerna-as azal n umenkad.
[[Tugna:Map of the Roman Empire during the First Tetrarchy c. 293–305 AD.png|vignette|250x250px|Beṭṭu n tmenkda tarumanit ɣef kuẓ n temnaḍin deg tallit n umenkad Duklisyan.]]
Deg 293, anagraw yettwasebded s wudem uffir ugar. Llan sin n yimenkaden imeqqranen (Augusti):

'''Dyuklisyan''' deg usammar;

'''Maximianus''' deg umalu.

Yal yiwen seg-sen yesɛa yiwen n umɛiwen s uzwel '''''Caesar''''':

'''Galerius''' yella d ''Caesar'' n Dyuklisyan;

'''Constantius Chlorus''' yella d ''Caesar'' n ''Maximianus''.

Anagraw-a yettwassen s yisem '''Tetrarchia''', anamek-is «leḥkem n ukuẓ».

Tikti-is tamezwarut mačči d beṭṭu n Rum ɣef ukuẓ n tmenkadin, maca d asebded n ukuẓ n yixefawen n leḥkem i zemren ad ɛiwnen iman-nsen deg ṭṭraḍ, deg tsertit d uḍebber.

== 5. Acuɣer tetrarkiya? ==
Tamenkda Tarumanit tettwasebded seg Britain ar Masṛ, seg Iberia ar Syria. Iserdasen ur zmiren ara ad awḍen s lemɣawla seg yiwet n temnaḍt ɣer tayeḍ. Ulac tilifun, ulac internet, ulac tarrayin n teywalt n tura; izen yezmer ad yeṭṭef ussan neɣ smanat iwakken ad yaweḍ.

Dyuklisyan yebɣa yal tama tameqrant n tmenkda ad tesɛu amḍebber asertan d asertan i iqerben ɣer tilisa.

'''Tetrarkiya''', ihi, tella d tiririt ɣef yiwen n wugur n tidet: amek ara tettwaḍebber tmenkda tameqrant s wudem arurad?

== 6. Abeddel deg talɣa n udabu ==
[[Tugna:Diocletianus and Maximianus Herculius DE-MUS-814819-18200802-av.jpg|vignette|Dyuklisyan akked Maximianus deg tedrimt tarumanit n tallit-is.]]
Deg talliyin n [[Ugustus]] d yimenkaden imezwura, amenkad arumani yebɣa ad d-iban amzun d amezwaru gar yimdanen.

Deg tallit n Dyuklisyan, talɣa-a tebeddel.

Anekcum ɣer umenkad yuɣal d ayen yesɛan ilugan d tgejdit tameqrant. Tamenkda tebda tettruḥu seg unagraw aqbur i yettwasemman s Principatus ɣer talɣa n leḥkem anda amenkad yesɛa tazmert iǧehden ugar, i yettwassemman s umata Dominatus.

Mačči Dyuklisyan kan i d-yewwin abeddel-a, maca tallit-is tettwaḥsab d yiwet seg talliyin anda abeddel-a iban-d s wudem iwulmen.

== 7. Aḍebber n tmenkda ==
[[Tugna:Sbeitla 10.jpg|vignette|Tagenzi n tmerniwt n tetrarkiya, deg Tunes n wass-a.]]
Dyuklisyan ibeddel daɣen anagraw n uḍebber.

Iḥuza timura n tmenkda i yellan meqqrit nezzeh, yebḍa kra seg-sent ɣef timnaḍin meẓẓiyen iwakken ad tent-id-yeḍfer uḍebber s wudem yelhan.

Timnaḍin-a ttusduklent deg yigrawen imeqqranen n uḍebber.

Tikti tagejdant tella: ula d amḍebber n yiwet n temnaḍt ur ilaq ara ad yesɛu tazmert tameqqrant nezzeh ara t-yerren d amennuɣ mgal leḥkem agejdan.

Yebɣa daɣen ad yemgarad ugar gar tazmert taresdast d tazmert n uḍebber.

== 8. Iserdasen n Rum ==
Yiwen seg wuguren i d-yemlal Dyuklisyan yella d aḥraz n tilisa.

Deg usammar, Tamenkda Tasasanit n yifarisiyen tella d amennuɣ ameqqran n Rum. Deg ugafa, igrawen n Iǧermaniyen ttaɛraḍen ɣef tilisa n Rhine d Danube. Deg Masr d kra n temnaḍin n usammar llan n ccwal d tegrawliwin.

Dyuklisyan d yimdukal-is n tetrarkiya rnan deg waṭas n yimennuɣen.

Gar tid yettwassnen ugar yella rrbeḥ n Galerius ɣef Tmenkda Tasasanit deg 298. '''Talwit n Nisibis''' i d-yeḍfer rrbeḥ-a yerra Rum deg tegnit iǧehden nezzeh deg usammar.

== 9. Tadrimt d tdamsa ==
Ṭṭraḍat d tsertit ur llin ara kan d uguren n Dyuklisyan. Tadrimt tarumanit tella daɣen deg tegnit iweɛren.

Deg tasut tis kraḍ, imenkaden ssneqsen azal n yidrimen, iwakken ad sersen ugar n yidrimen deg tedrimt. Aya yerna uguren n laman deg tedrimt d ssuma n lḥwayeǧ.

Dyuklisyan yebɣa ad yerr anagraw ɣer leqdic.

Yessuffeɣ-d idrimen imaynuten, ibeddel anagraw n tebzert, yerna aḍebber agejdan ɣef tdamsa.

Maca kra n yibeddilen-is ur d-wwin ara ayen yebɣa.

== 10. Azal n ssuma — Edict on Maximum Prices ==
Deg 301, Dyuklisyan yessuffeɣ-d yiwen n usaḍuf ameqqran i yebɣan ad yesbadu atig(ssuma) afellay i waṭas n lḥwayeǧ d leqdicat.

Iswi yella ad yesseḥbes timerna n wazal n watig d usenqes n tazmert n tedrimt.

Asaḍuf yesbadu ssuma tafellayt n yirden, aksum, lebsa, leqdicat d waṭas n tɣawsiwin-nniḍen.

Maca deg tilawt, anagraw-a yufa-d uguren imeqqranen. Ma yella ssuma neɣ atig i d-yesbadu udabu meẓẓiyet ɣef ssuma n uselḥu, imzenza ur bɣin ara ad zenzen. Ttbanen-d wadigen uffiren n tnezzut, neɣ tɣawsiwin ttruḥunt seg ssuq.

Ɣef waya, asaḍuf ur yezmir ara ad yeseɣti ugur s wudem ira Dyuklisyan.

== 11. Tarrayt n tebzert ==
Yiwen seg yibeddilen-is i yellan d imeqqranen yella deg unagraw n tebzert.

Tamenkda tesra idrimen i wakken ad tesbedd iserdasen, i wakken ad txelles imḍebbren d yixeddamen, i wakken ad tḥareb tilisa.

Dyuklisyan yebɣa ad yesɛu anagraw n tebzert i d-yettawin idrimen s wudem yettwassnen ugar.

Ayen i yebda deg tallit-is ad ikemmel sakin deg Tmenkda Tarumanit n umalu d Tmenkda Tabeznantit.

== 12. Dyuklisyan d Rome ==
Yella yiwen ubeddel nniḍen yesɛan azal: Rome ur tezgi ara d talemmast n leḥkem n tmenkda.

Tamenkda tella meqqret nezzeh; uguren imeqqranen llan ɣef tilisa, mačči deg Rome.

Dyuklisyan iḥkem s waṭas seg '''Nicomedia''' deg '''Anatolia''', i yellan iqreb ɣer Balkans, Asia Tamecṭuḥt, Surya d tilisa n yifarisiyen.

Aya yessegza abeddel ameqqran: tazmert n Rum ur tezgi ara d tin n temdint n Rome kan; tuɣal d tazmert n tmenkda s timmad-is.

== 13. Taddart n Dyuklisyan deg Split ==
[[Tugna:Croatia-01239 - The Peristil (9551533404).jpg|vignette|Timeẓriwt tatrat n wadig n Duklisyan(ul n taddart n Duklisyan) deg Karwaṣya.]]
Deg Croatia n wass-a mazal yettwassen uɣerbaz ameqqran n Dyuklisyan deg Split — Diocletian's Palace/Adig n Duklisyan.

Yebna-t i tallit ara d-yas seld ad yeǧǧ leḥkem.

Mačči d axxam n umenkad kan. Yella d agraw ameqqran n yixxamen, iḥeṛṛasen, iɣerbazen d yixxamen n uḍebber, s talɣa i jemɛen gar uɣanib n yiserdasen d uxxam n umenkad.

Azal-is ameqqran deg umezruy n tẓuri d tɣerma tarumanit, acku kra seg-s mazal yella ar ass-a, yerna temdint n Split tebna iman-is s waṭas ɣef tlemmast n uɣerbaz-nni aqbur.

== 14. Dyuklisyan d imasiḥiyen ==
Aḥric-a d yiwen seg yidisan iḥercawen n leḥkem-is.

Deg 303, leḥkem n ''tetrarkiya'' yebda aqhaṛ ameqqran ɣef yimasiḥiyen, i yettwassnen deg umezruy s yisem ''Great Persecution''.

Ttwasuffɣen-d yisura i yebɣan ad huddent kra n yimukan n taɛebbadt tamasiḥit, ad kksen kra n yizerfan n yimasiḥiyen, ad ḥebsen imḍebbren n tmezdayin timasiḥiyin, sakin ad ilin kra n yisaḍufen i ibɣan seg yimasiḥiyen ad qeblen taɛebbadt tunṣibt n tmenkda.

Aqhaṛ ur yelli ara s yiwen n wudem deg yal tama n tmenkda. Deg kra n temnaḍin yella iḥerṣ ugar ɣef kra nniḍen.

Tallit-a tettwaḥsab d yiwet gar talliyin tukrifin n umezruy n yimasiḥiyen uqbel abeddel ameqqran ara d-yawwi Kusṭuntin.

== 15. Acuɣer yella uqhaṛ ɣef yimasiḥiyen? ==
Iwakken ad nefhem tasertit n Dyuklisyan, ilaq ur tt-neḥsib ara kan s tmuɣli tasɣanant(tadayanit) n tura.

Deg tmenkda tarumanit, taɛebbadt, tasertit d tmenkda qqnent gar-asent. Ansayen d tfaskiwin n tmenkda ḥesben-ten kra n yimḍebbren d ayen ilaqen i teflest d rṛbeḥ n Rum.

Kra n yimasiḥiyen ugin ad ččen deg kra n tfaskiwin-a.

I kra n yimḍebbren irumaniyen, aya yezmer ad d-iban mačči kan d amgired n ddin, maca amzun d ttugin n uẓayer asertan d unagraw n tmenkda.

Aya ur isemmaḥ ara i uqhaṛ, maca yessegza talɣa n tmuɣli tasertant n tallit-nni.

== 16. Dyuklisyan d Galerius ==
Deg umezruy, yella umeslay ɣef wamek i Galerius iḥeṛṛes Dyuklisyan iwakken ad yesseǧhed aqhaṛ ɣef yimasiḥiyen.

Izmamen iqburen, ladɣa wid i d-uran yimasiḥiyen, rran azal ameqqran i Galerius deg waya.

Maca imezrayen n tura ḥezzben ugar mi ara ssuddsen taɣawsa akka. Dyuklisyan yella d amenkad ameqqran n tetrarkiya, yerna inaḍen imezwura n uqhaṛ ffɣen-d ddaw leḥkem-is.

Ɣef waya, ur nezmir ara ad nerr akk taluft ɣef Galerius kan.

== 17. Aneḍru aneggaru n udabu-is ==
Deg 305 SL.Ɛ., Dyuklisyan yexdem ayen ur nxeddem ara waṭas n yimenkaden irumaniyen: yeǧǧ leḥkem s lebɣi-s.

Netta d Maximianus ffɣen seg leḥkem deg yiwen n wakud.

Tikti n tetrarkiya tella ad d-ḍefren yimḍebbren imaynuten s wudem anagrawan, war ṭṭraḍ n leḥkem.

Dyuklisyan yebɣa ad yessekfel belli tazmert n tmenkda ur tettɛallaq ara ɣef yiwen n umdan kan, maca ɣef unagraw.

Deg teẓri, tikti-a tban d tameslayt tameqqrant.

Deg tilawt, ugur yella d ameqran.

== 18. Aɣelluy n tetrarkiya ==
Seld beṭṭu n Dyuklisyan seg leḥkem, anagraw ur yezmir ara ad yeṭṭef iman-is akken yebɣa.

Mi yemmut Kusṭuntin Klurus deg 306, iserdasen-is xtaren mmi-s Kusṭuntin d amenkad.

Imenkaden d yimḍebbren nniḍen ur qeblen ara akk taluft s wudem-nni.

Ihi, bdan yimennuɣen gar wid i ibɣan tazmert.

Dyuklisyan, i yellan yeǧǧa leḥkem, yeɛreḍ ad ɛiwen ad yerr anagraw ɣer ubrid, maca ur yezmir ara.

Seld kra n yiseggasen n ṭṭraḍ, Kunsṭuntin ad yuɣal d yiwen seg yimenkaden iǧehden ugar.

== 19. Tudert-is seld leḥkem ==
Dyuklisyan iruḥ ɣer taddart-is deg Dalmatia.

Yella deg yiwet n tegnit anda yezmer ad yuɣal ɣer leḥkem, maca ur yebɣi ara.

Yettwales-d deg yizmaz iqburen belli mi t-id-ɛerḍen ad yuɣal ɣer leḥkem, yugi, yessegza belli tudert-is deg tferka-s d ayen iḥemmel ugar ɣef tsertit.

Ula ma kra n yimeslayen-a yezmer ad ilin sɛan aḥric n usefru, ttaken-d yiwen n wudem n Dyuklisyan: amdan i yebɣan ad yerr leḥkem d anagraw, mačči d taɣawsa i ilaq ad yeṭṭef umenkad armi yemmut.

Yemmut azal n 311 SL.Ɛ.

== 20. Dyuklisyan d Kusṭuntin ==
Dyuklisyan d Kusṭuntin ttwasemrasen s waṭas iwakken ad d-nessegzi abeddel n Tmenkda Tarumanit.

Dyuklisyan yebna kra n yigejda n tmenkda n tallit taneggarut: aḍebber agejdan iǧehden, timerna n yimḍebbren, abeddel n temnaḍin, aseǧhed n iserdasen, d talɣa n leḥkem i yerran amenkad ɣer tama n ufella.

Kusṭuntin, seld-is, ad ikemmel kra n yibeddilen-a, ad ibeddel kra nniḍen, ad yessebded '''Constantinople''', yerna ad ibeddel s wudem ameqqran tarrayt n tmenkda ɣer yimasiḥiyen.

Ihi, ula ma tetrarkiya n Dyuklisyan s wudem ummid ur tḍul ara seg wass mi yeǧǧa adabu, aṭas n yibeddilen-is kemmlen seld-is.

== 21. Tamenkda uqbel d seld Dyuklisyan ==
Uqbel Dyuklisyan, talɣa n leḥkem mazal tettɛallaq s waṭas ɣer tarrayin n tallit n [[Ugustus]]: Senatus(Sina) mazal yesɛa azal n tmuɣli(ulamma ula d wagi iṛuḥas aṭas seg wazal-is seld leḥkem n Spitimyus Severus), Rome mazal tettwaḥsab d talemmast, amenkad yettɛaraḍ ad d-iban amzun d amezwaru gar yimdanen.

Seld Dyuklisyan, Tamenkda tebda tettban s wudem nniḍen: aḍebber agejdan, iserdasen, imḍebbren ugar, timnaḍin ugar, tiɣremt n umenkad iǧehden, d waṭas n yixefawen n leḥkem i yellan qrib ɣer tilisa.

Ɣef waya, Dyuklisyan yettwaḥsab d yiwen gar wid i ibeddlen Tamenkda Tarumanit seg talɣa n Tmenkda Taqburt ɣer tin n Tmenkda n tallit taneggarut.

== 22. Iswi aserdasi n yibeddilen-is ==
Dyuklisyan yefhem belli tazmert n Rum ur tezmir ara ad tbedd ɣef ṭṭraḍ kan.

Iserdasen ilaq ad sɛun:

* '''idrimen;'''
* '''akayad;'''
* '''imḍebbren;'''
* '''abrid n teywalt;'''
* '''tilisa i yettwaḥerzen;'''
* '''anagraw n tebzert;'''
* '''d leḥkem i yezmer ad yerr tiririt s lemɣawla.'''

Ihi, ibeddilen n uḍebber d wid n iserdasen ur llin ara d sin n yiberdan yemgaraden. Llan d yiwen n unagraw.

== 23. Ayen i yerbeḥ ==
Leḥkem n Dyuklisyan yerra kra n laman seld tazɣent n tasut tis kraḍ.

'''Tamenkda ur teɣli ara.'''

'''Tilisa tettwaḥrez ugar.'''

'''Tamenkda Tasasanit tettwarbeḥ deg usammar.'''

'''Aḍebber yuɣal yesɛa talɣa tusdidt ugar.'''

'''Tebzert tettwasebded s wudem anagrawan ugar.'''

'''''Tetrarkiya'', ula ma teɣli seld-is, tessekna belli leḥkem n tmenkda tameqrant yezmer ad yettwabḍu gar waṭas n yimḍebbren.'''

== 24. Ayen ur yerbiḥ ara ==
Mačči akk ibeddilen n Dyuklisyan i yelhan neɣ i yedren.

Aqhaṛ ɣef yimasiḥiyen ur yezmir ara ad yekkes tamasiḥit; s yin, tamasiḥit ad tuɣal s timmad-is d yiwet seg tɣawsiwin i ibeddlen Rum.

Asaḍuf n ssuma tafellayt ur yezmir ara ad yesbeddi uguren n tdamsa.

Tetrarkiya teɣli s lemɣawla seld beṭṭu-s seg leḥkem.

Aḍebber ameqqran i yebna yesra daɣen tebzert ugar, imi imḍebbren d iserdasen ilaq ad ttuxellsen.

Ihi, leḥkem-is yesɛa irbiben imeqqranen d wuguren imeqqranen ɣef tikkelt.

== 25. Azal-is deg umezruy ==
Azal n Dyuklisyan ur yelli ara deg wakken yerbeḥ kra n yimennuɣen kan.

Azal-is ameqqran yella deg ubeddel n tikti n tmenkda tarumanit s timmad-is.

Uqbel-is, aṭas n yimenkaden ɛerḍen ad ḥerzen anagraw aqbur.

Dyuklisyan yefhem belli tmenkda n tasut tis kraḍ ur tezmir ara ad tettwaḍebber am tin n tallit n [[Ugustus]].

Deg umḍiq n usirem ad yerr Rum ɣer deffir, yebɣa ad yebnu Rum tamaynut i izemren ad tidir deg tegnatin timaynutin.

Deg waya i yella wazal-is ameqqran.

== 26. Tamuɣli ɣer Dyuklisyan ==
Dyuklisyan yezmer ad d-iban s sin n wudmawen yemgaraden.

Seg tama, yella d amenkad i yesseḥbes aɣelluy n tmenkda, i yerran kra n laman, i ibeddlen aḍebber, i iǧehden iserdasen d tilisa, i yebɣan ad yerr leḥkem d anagraw mačči d amennuɣ n yal ass ɣef tmenkda.

Seg tama-nniḍen, yella d amenkad n leḥkem iǧehden nezzeh, n tebzert taẓayant, n usenqed ameqqran, yerna tallit-is tesɛa yiwet seg talliyin yiḍḍiqen timeqqranin ɣef yimasiḥiyen.

Ur ilaq ara ad nekkes yiwen seg sin n wudmawen-a iwakken ad nefhem amdan d tallit-is.</text>
      <sha1>46n4h4kav849q2x8lw44zf2qxksrusk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tawennaḍt</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25592</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117522</id>
      <parentid>117503</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T10:04:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117522</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4401" sha1="p1s9wyneakmd9omebzaknq6z9jn4xy0" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Hopetoun falls.jpg|vignette|Asefrek n wakal yeḥraz agama n iɣlluyen n &quot;Hopetoun&quot; deg Ustralya.]]
'''Tawennaḍt''' d tazrirt takullit n yiferdisen igamanen (am akal, aman, aḍu, tafukt) d yimuddiren (amɣan, iɣersiwen, ibaktiriyen) i d-yezzin ɣef umdan neɣ ɣef yal amuddir nniḍen. Deg tussna n tesnawennaḍt, tawennaḍt tessemlil akk tiwtilin tifizikin, tikimiyin d tnudranin i d-iteggin anagraw awnḍan ideg tettidir yerna tettnerni tudert.

Deg tallit tamirant, awal « tawennaḍt » yeqqen nezzeh ɣer temsal n ummesten n ugama mgal tawaɣiyin i d-igellu warmud n wemdan, gar-asent asluɣu, abeddel anezwan d wengar n tenḍa tamudrant.

== 1. Tasenwalt d uẓar n wawal ==
Awal '''tawennaḍt''' d awal amaynut i d-yennulfan deg yiseggasen n 70 deg tallit n usegmer n umawal amaynut n tmaziɣt (deg Umawal n Tmaziɣt Tatrart s ddaw n ufus n Mulud Mɛemmri). Aẓar-is yekka-d seg wemyag « wenweḍ » neɣ « awezzi » (d ayen i d-yezzin, le milieu environnant).

S umata, tawennaḍt d awal yesɛan sin n yinumak:

'''Anamek ussnan''': d akk timliliyin gar yimuddiren d ugama ideg ttidiren.

'''Anamek ametti d tsertant''': d akk ayen i icudden ɣer tezmert n wemdan ad yeḥrez agama, ad iqabel asluɣu, yerna ad yesseqdec iɣbula igamanen s tefsest d uḥezzeb.

== 2. Iferdisen n twennaḍt ==
Tawennaḍt tebḍa ɣef sin n yidrasen imeqranen i yettemyurawen gar-asen:

=== 2.1 Iferdisen irgamayen ===
D akk iferdisen ur nelli ara d imuddiren maca fkan-d talɣa i tudert:

'''Aḍu (Tignewt)''': Azal-is meqqer deg usgunfes n yimuddiren. Yegber seg uksyijin (21%), anitrujin (78%) d kra n yigazen nniḍen am ukaṛbun.

'''Aman (Tahidrusfirt)''': Aman d aɣbalu n tudert. Llant deg yigarawen, ilellen, isaffen, tilmatin d waman n ddaw wakal.

'''Akal (Talitustfirt)''': D adig n ugama anda d-ttekkren yemɣan, yerna d amkan n tnezduɣt n waṭas n yimuddiren imecṭaḥ.

'''Tafukt d teẓɣelt''': Ttakkent-d tazmert tamezwarut i usekles n tfat (photosynthèse) i yessefran tudert n yimɣan.

=== 2.2 Iferdisen imuddiren ===
D tajumma n akk imuddiren yellan deg yiwen n ugama:

'''Infarasen''': Imɣan izegzawen i ixeddmen tamurt d lqis n tudert s tallelt n tezmert n tfukt (autotrophes).

'''Imsuder''': Iɣersiwen imseččayen n tuga (herbivores), imseččayen n uksum (carnivores), d wemdan.

'''Isefrurayen''': Ibaktiriyen d igersalen i yessefruruyen idrasen n tfekkiwin yemmuten iwakken ad ten-rren d iferdisen ikimiyen i yesseqdac wakal.

=== 2.3 Anagraw awnḍan d tebrusfirt ===
Mi mlalen yiferdisen ibyutiyen irgamayen d imuddiren deg yiwet n tmiwa, teggin-d anagraw awnḍan. Tajumma n yinagrawen iwnḍanen akk n Umaḍal tettusemma Tabrusfirt (Biosphère), i d talast tangarut anda tetteddu tudert deg tegnit.

== 3. Uguren igejdanen n twennaḍt ==
Seg tallit n Tegrawla Tamgurant (Révolution industrielle), armud n wemdan yegla-d s ucewwel meqqren deg unagraw agaman:

=== 3.1 Asluɣu d telmas-is ===
Asluɣu d asemres n leqdicat imguranen akked yisemda-s deg ugama:

'''Asluɣu n waḍu:''' I d-yettasen seg yifurman n temguri, tikerrusin, d usedmer n lpetṛul. Yettawi-d aṭṭanen n turin d ucewwel n tignewt.

'''Asluɣu n waman''': Asufeɣ n yibriken d yiḍumman ikimiyen ɣer yisaffen d yilellen, d ayen ineqqen leṣnaf n yiselman yerna yettrunu lexṣas n waman yesfan.

'''Asluɣu n wakal''': Aseqdec n yisufaren n tkerza takimit d uplastik i ur yettmettaten ara s lmeɣawla.

=== 3.2 Abeddel anezwan d usemdu n lgazat ===
Abeddel anezwan d yiwen seg wuguren imeqranen akk i tqabel tegduda talsant ass-a:

'''Asemdu n lgazat''': Igazat am CO₂ (duksid n ukaṛbun) d CH₄ (mitan) ṭṭafaren teẓɣelt deg tignewt, d ayen i d-yettawin alluy n teẓɣelt tamatut n umaḍal.

'''Igmaḍ''': '''''Asfaylu''''' '''''ugafa''''' n ugris deg yidurar d yidisen n umaḍal, alluy n uswir n yilellen, assenqes deg uswir n wedfel deg yidurar d tmerna n yiɣurar d yiḥemmalen.

=== 3.3 Tukksa n tẓegwa ===
Tukksa n tẓegwa (Déforestation): Agzam n usɣaṛ n teẓgi s waṭas deg teẓgi n Amazun d Tefriqt talemmast i lmend n tnezduɣt neɣ n tfellaḥt, d ayen i yessenqasen asgunfes n tegnit.

=== 3.4 Angar n tanḍa tamudrant ===
Aṭas n leṣnaf n yimɣan d yiɣersiwen i yettawḍen ɣer wengar s leqdecat imguranen n umdan, d usluɣu. Tamseddart n tudert tettidir aẓɣal ameqran i izemren ad yesseɣli akk tiwuriwin tisnudranin.</text>
      <sha1>p1s9wyneakmd9omebzaknq6z9jn4xy0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>117523</id>
      <parentid>117522</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T10:04:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>seɣtiɣ kra n tuccḍiwin</comment>
      <origin>117523</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4374" sha1="2t5y7me7y4beswa7n0cpig46hhzu7ds" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Hopetoun falls.jpg|vignette|Asefrek n wakal yeḥraz agama n iɣlluyen n &quot;Hopetoun&quot; deg Ustralya.]]
'''Tawennaḍt''' d tazrirt takullit n yiferdisen igamanen (am akal, aman, aḍu, tafukt) d yimuddiren (amɣan, iɣersiwen, ibaktiriyen) i d-yezzin ɣef umdan neɣ ɣef yal amuddir nniḍen. Deg tussna n tesnawennaḍt, tawennaḍt tessemlil akk tiwtilin tifizikin, tikimiyin d tnudranin i d-iteggin anagraw awnḍan ideg tettidir yerna tettnerni tudert.

Deg tallit tamirant, awal « tawennaḍt » yeqqen nezzeh ɣer temsal n ummesten n ugama mgal tawaɣiyin i d-igellu warmud n wemdan, gar-asent asluɣu, abeddel anezwan d wengar n tenḍa tamudrant.

== 1. Tasenwalt d uẓar n wawal ==
Awal '''tawennaḍt''' d awal amaynut i d-yennulfan deg yiseggasen n 70 deg tallit n usegmer n umawal amaynut n tmaziɣt (deg Umawal n Tmaziɣt Tatrart s ddaw n ufus n Mulud Mɛemmri). Aẓar-is yekka-d seg wemyag « wenweḍ » neɣ « awezzi » (d ayen i d-yezzin, le milieu environnant).

S umata, tawennaḍt d awal yesɛan sin n yinumak:

'''Anamek ussnan''': d akk timliliyin gar yimuddiren d ugama ideg ttidiren.

'''Anamek ametti d tsertant''': d akk ayen i icudden ɣer tezmert n wemdan ad yeḥrez agama, ad iqabel asluɣu, yerna ad yesseqdec iɣbula igamanen s tefsest d uḥezzeb.

== 2. Iferdisen n twennaḍt ==
Tawennaḍt tebḍa ɣef sin n yidrasen imeqranen i yettemyurawen gar-asen:

=== 2.1 Iferdisen irgamayen ===
D akk iferdisen ur nelli ara d imuddiren maca fkan-d talɣa i tudert:

'''Aḍu (Tignewt)''': Azal-is meqqer deg usgunfes n yimuddiren. Yegber seg uksyijin (21%), anitrujin (78%) d kra n yigazen nniḍen am ukaṛbun.

'''Aman (Tahidrusfirt)''': Aman d aɣbalu n tudert. Llant deg yigarawen, ilellen, isaffen, tilmatin d waman n ddaw wakal.

'''Akal (Talitustfirt)''': D adig n ugama anda d-ttekkren yemɣan, yerna d amkan n tnezduɣt n waṭas n yimuddiren imecṭaḥ.

'''Tafukt d teẓɣelt''': Ttakkent-d tazmert tamezwarut i usekles n tfat (photosynthèse) i yessefran tudert n yimɣan.

=== 2.2 Iferdisen imuddiren ===
D tajumma n akk imuddiren yellan deg yiwen n ugama:

'''Infarasen''': Imɣan izegzawen i ixeddmen tamurt d lqis n tudert s tallelt n tezmert n tfukt (autotrophes).

'''Imsuder''': Iɣersiwen imseččayen n tuga (herbivores), imseččayen n uksum (carnivores), d wemdan.

'''Isefrurayen''': Ibaktiriyen d igersalen i yessefruruyen idrasen n tfekkiwin yemmuten iwakken ad ten-rren d iferdisen ikimiyen i yesseqdac wakal.

=== 2.3 Anagraw awnḍan d tebrusfirt ===
Mi mlalen yiferdisen ibyutiyen irgamayen d imuddiren deg yiwet n tmiwa, teggin-d anagraw awnḍan. Tajumma n yinagrawen iwnḍanen akk n Umaḍal tettusemma Tabrusfirt (Biosphère), i d talast tangarut anda tetteddu tudert deg tegnit.

== 3. Uguren igejdanen n twennaḍt ==
Seg tallit n Tegrawla Tamgurant, armud n wemdan yegla-d s ucewwel meqqren deg unagraw agaman:

=== 3.1 Asluɣu d telmas-is ===
Asluɣu d asemres n leqdicat imguranen akked yisemda-s deg ugama:

'''Asluɣu n waḍu:''' I d-yettasen seg yifurman n temguri, tikerrusin, d usedmer n lpetṛul. Yettawi-d aṭṭanen n turin d ucewwel n tignewt.

'''Asluɣu n waman''': Asufeɣ n yibriken d yiḍumman ikimiyen ɣer yisaffen d yilellen, d ayen ineqqen leṣnaf n yiselman yerna yettrunu lexṣas n waman yesfan.

'''Asluɣu n wakal''': Aseqdec n yisufaren n tkerza takimit d uplastik i ur yettmettaten ara s lmeɣawla.

=== 3.2 Abeddel anezwan d usemdu n lgazat ===
Abeddel anezwan d yiwen seg wuguren imeqranen akk i tqabel tegduda talsant ass-a:

'''Asemdu n lgazat''': Igazat am CO₂ (duksid n ukaṛbun) d CH₄ (mitan) ṭṭafaren teẓɣelt deg tignewt, d ayen i d-yettawin alluy n teẓɣelt tamatut n umaḍal.

'''Igmaḍ''': '''''Asfaylu''''' '''''ugafa''''' n ugris deg yidurar d yidisen n umaḍal, alluy n uswir n yilellen, assenqes deg uswir n wedfel deg yidurar d tmerna n yiɣurar d yiḥemmalen.

=== 3.3 Tukksa n tẓegwa ===
Tukksa n tẓegwa (Déforestation): Agzam n usɣaṛ n teẓgi s waṭas deg teẓgi n Amazun d Tefriqt talemmast i lmend n tnezduɣt neɣ n tfellaḥt, d ayen i yessenqasen asgunfes n tegnit.

=== 3.4 Angar n tanḍa tamudrant ===
Aṭas n leṣnaf n yimɣan d yiɣersiwen i yettawḍen ɣer wengar s leqdecat imguranen n umdan, d usluɣu. Tamseddart n tudert tettidir aẓɣal ameqran i izemren ad yesseɣli akk tiwuriwin tisnudranin.</text>
      <sha1>2t5y7me7y4beswa7n0cpig46hhzu7ds</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talɣa:Count</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>25596</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117519</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-30T05:02:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Asorev</username>
        <id>17084</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Asebtar amaynut: {{safesubst&lt;noinclude/&gt;:#ifexpr:{{safesubst&lt;noinclude/&gt;:#invoke:ParameterCount|main|pattern1=^[%d]+$}}&gt;0|{{safesubst&lt;noinclude/&gt;:#invoke:ParameterCount|main|pattern1=^[%d]+$}}|{{{base|0}}}}}&lt;noinclude&gt;{{documentation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</comment>
      <origin>117519</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="230" sha1="nxgj5k0v7d0slmbxwqstpth3pxp36v7" xml:space="preserve">{{safesubst&lt;noinclude/&gt;:#ifexpr:{{safesubst&lt;noinclude/&gt;:#invoke:ParameterCount|main|pattern1=^[%d]+$}}&gt;0|{{safesubst&lt;noinclude/&gt;:#invoke:ParameterCount|main|pattern1=^[%d]+$}}|{{{base|0}}}}}&lt;noinclude&gt;{{documentation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>nxgj5k0v7d0slmbxwqstpth3pxp36v7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>