Iqbayliyen

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      <text bytes="13605" sha1="5od4nrfhgyeid61q96qwq9i4t3ycd95" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = Iqbayliyen
| native_name      = Igawawen, Izwawen, Igelsisen
| native_name_lang = kab
| image            = Pittura famiglia Kabyle.jpg
| image_caption    = Femmes kabyles préparant le [[seksu|couscous]], Isidore Pils
| image_alt        = 
| image_upright    = 1.0
| flag             = 
| flag_caption     = 
| population       = 
| total            = {{circa}} {{formatnum:7000000}}
| total_year       = 
| total_source     = 
| total_ref        = &lt;ref name=e25&gt;{{e25|kab|Amazigh}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Pereltsvaig2020&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pereltsvaig |first=Asya|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108783071 |title=Languages of the World: An Introduction |date=2020-09-03 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-78307-1|chapter=6.3 Berber languages|page=203|doi=10.1017/9781108783071}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| genealogy        = 
| regions          = 
| region1          = [[Tamurt n Leqbayel]]
| pop1             = 3–4 imelyunen
| ref1             = 
| region2          = {{flagcountry|Algeria}} (n verra)
| pop2             = 2–3 imelyunen
| ref2             = &lt;ref&gt;https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2080080.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;C&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Montenay |first=Yves |date=2020-08-20 |title=L'Algérie a mal à la Kabylie |url=https://www.contrepoints.org/2020/08/24/378707-lalgerie-a-mal-a-la-kabylie |journal=Contrepoints |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KABYLES : Le peuple kabyle&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-01-29 |title=KABYLES: Le peuple kabyle |url=https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/kabyles/2-le-peuple-kabyle/ |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=Encyclopædia Universalis |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Multiculturalism and Democracy in North Africa: Aftermath of the Arab Spring&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ennaji |first=Moha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OhVgAwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=diasporas+kabyles+oran+constantine&amp;pg=PA1927 |title=Multiculturalism and Democracy in North Africa: Aftermath of the Arab Spring |date=2014-04-16 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-81361-3 |language=en |access-date=2025-04-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region3          = {{flagcountry|France}}
| pop3             = {{circa}} 1 umelyun
| ref3             = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 2013 |title=Rapport du Comité consultatif pour la promotion des langues régionales et de la pluralité linguistique interne (2013) |url=https://www.culture.gouv.fr/Thematiques/Langue-francaise-et-langues-de-France/Agir-pour-les-langues/Promouvoir-les-langues-de-France/Nos-publications/Rapport-du-Comite-consultatif-pour-la-promotion-des-langues-regionales-et-de-la-pluralite-linguistique-interne-2013 |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=www.culture.gouv.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chaker |first=S. |date=2004-05-01 |title=Kabylie: La langue |journal=Encyclopédie berbère |language=fr |volume=26 |issue=26 |pages=4055–4066 |doi=10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.1431 |issn=1015-7344 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region4          = {{flagcountry|Canada}}
| pop4             = 37,415
| ref4             = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=7 May 2021 |title=Knowledge of languages by age and gender: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810021601 |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=Census Profile, 2021 Census |publisher=Statistics Canada Statistique Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| languages        = [[Taqbaylit]]&lt;br&gt;[[Taɛrabt]], [[Tafransist]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Frawley|first1=William J.|title=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: AAVE - Esperanto, Volume 1|date=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0195139778|page=221|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC&amp;pg=PA221|accessdate=21 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| religions        = [[Tasunnit]]&lt;br&gt;[[Tamasiḥit]], war ddin
| related_groups   = 
| footnotes        = 
}}

'''Iqbayliyen/Tiqbayliyin (s [[Tifnaɣ|tfinaɣ]] ⵉⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵢⴻⵏ / ⵜⵉⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵢⵉⵏ)'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Web |title=Archive copy |url=http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/download/pdf/994288?name=Weisheit |access-date=2020-03-01 |archive-date=2022-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121233735/https://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/download/pdf/994288?name=Weisheit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; neɣ '''Igawawen''', '''Izwawen''' (llan daɣen '''leqbayel (ⵍⴻⵇⴱⴰⵢⴻⵍ)''' aked '''Igelsisen'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.editions-harmattan.fr/index.asp?navig=catalogue&amp;obj=livre&amp;no=62705]&lt;/ref&gt;), d agdud [[imaziɣen|amaziɣ]] yettidir deg [[Tamurt n Leqbayel|Tmawya]] i d-yezgan degʷugafa-asammer n [[Lezzayer (tamanaɣt)|Lezzayer]].

== Ansa i d yekka wawal n &quot;''Leqbayel''&quot; == 
Aẓaṛ n wawal &quot;aqbayli&quot; yekka-d seg [[taɛrabt|teɛṛabt]] « ''قبائل »'' (qaba'il) anamek-is s [[Taqbaylit|Teqbaylit]] « tiwsitin » neɣ « laɛruc ». Iṛumanen ssawalen-asen d ''Quinquegentanei'' (semmus [5] n Iderman), (wid izedɣen neɣ yettidiren ''Mons Ferratus'', &quot;[[Ǧerǧer|Adrar n ğerğer]]&quot;), wissen isem n tura ma yekka-d seg win n zik neɣ ala. 

Qqaren-asen daɣen i leqbayel &quot;izwawen&quot;, ɣer Ibn Xeldun, azaraw-is d aneflas (laɛskar), ɣur-nnaɣ Azwaw d aneflas yeḍfer tasuli (laɛda) n zik, ila (isɛa) azal n imezwura, yekkat wuzzal war kukru, yezmer i wiyyaḍ. Yella aẓar ZW, azaraw-is d win yetsuɣu g umennuɣ. 

Aẓar n wawal &quot;Amawti/Imawtiyen&quot; yekka-d seg tangaṭ (tamaziɣt taqurant n leqbayel), yera (yebɣa) ad-yini &quot;win n tawsit&quot;, acku zik isem n tmurt leqbayel d &quot;Tamawya&quot;, yera ad-yini s tarumit &quot;les familles, les tribus&quot; g tangaṭ qqaren ayt zik i &quot;la famille&quot; : Tawya. 

S umata ur llin ara aɣbalu ameqqʷran ɣef umezruy n yisem-agi, maca nezmer a nefk yiwet n turda yelan assaɣ s tawtilt n Tamurt n Iqbayliyen deg ukud-nni (tallit-nni) imi medden ddren seddaw n tezmert n tiddukla n iderman.

Ass-a, iqbayliyen ɛaqlen iman-nsen d imaziɣen. Amaziɣ d isem ig curken yal imezdaɣ n tafriqt ugafa. Awal-agi yekka-d seg uẓar MZƔ lmaɛna-s d aɣerman ilelli (ur yelli d akli).&lt;ref&gt;&lt;abbr&gt;(en)&lt;/abbr&gt; Michael Brett et Elizabeth W. B. Fentress, , Blackwell pub, &lt;abbr&gt;coll.&lt;/abbr&gt; « The Peoples of Africa », 1996 &lt;small&gt;(&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-631-16852-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;, &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 5–6.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aẓaṛ n wawal ''izdayen'' ==

==Agdud Aqbayli==
[[Tugna:Algerian Kabyle woman in traditional dress and jewels - 1970.jpg|vignette|'''Tameṭṭut taqbaylit''']]
'''Amezruy n wegdud aqbayli''', d amezruy ameqqʷran akk-d yewwin i g issewhamen, zran igiman n iseggasen, azal 10 000 iseggasen send talalit n [[Ɛisa]] ; d imezdaɣ imezwura n [[Tafriqt n Ugafa|Tefriqt ugafa]] send n tlalit n umezruy amaynut, agdud aqbayli d yiwen wegdud gar yegduden imzikiyen i yeğğan later deg umezruy n yemdanen.

Agdud aqbayli yedder, yerna yexlef [[Irrumanen]], yiwen amenkud i yestaɛmren ddunit irkul, yexlef [[Ifniqen]], ladɣa [[Yugurten]] yemmut s tidet agdud-is yedder, yexlaf [[Maryus]]; tura arraw-is kren ţlaɛin i wid ur numin ara; adgud aqbayli atan dagi andaţ [[Rum]] ? [[Dihya]] temmut, s tidet, yessi-is krent tura ttnadin; anda-t [[Ɛuqba Ibn Nafiɛ]]?  I wid mazal ur numin ara agdud aqbayli atan mazal dagi! Tidet amezruy n wegdud aqbayli yessewham acku d yiwen n umezruy yeţwebnan ɣef  taɣert, tuccda,  akk-d iseflan n imawlan-is.  

Ussan agi Iqbayliyen ttidiren g wakud (lweqt) n [[Taleslalit|la renaissance]] n-sen, sennig aɣebbar n wakud akk-d d leqhar n iɛdawen, tteddun ɣer zdat, aqlaɣ nettwali tallit n aɣlan (ljens), Aɣlan aqbayli. 

Iqbayliyen g zik semman iman-sen [[Help:Imaziɣen|Imaziɣen]] , [[Help:Agdud Amaziɣ|Agdud Amaziɣ]], win ur neqbil ara lbatel neɣ akerwa.
[[Tugna:Amazigh Flag.jpg|vignette|Annay amaziɣ]]

===Amezruy Atrar===
Deg Amezruy Atrar, Iqbayliyen mači d inumidyen inumdiyen d icawiyen d icenwiyen lqbayel nutni des maures pas numides]], llan iɣerfan n yewen uwanek, yeddren azal n 100 n iseggasen (seg azal 206 UL* di lweqt n tageldit n [[Masnsen]], ''agellid di facto'' n [[Numidya]], armi lexsara n [[Yugurten]] g 104 UL) awanek agi yettusema Numidya.

Numidya tella azal n '''Dzayer''' akk-d '''Tamurt n Yiqbayliyen''' lwahid.

Numidya tbedd meyya iseggasen, llan wid qqaren dakken meyya n isegwassen d wacemma, maɛna timura n ddunit merra ur sɛant ara akter n 30 iseggassen di laɛmer-nsent, amek yezmer yewin ad inni belli Numidya d ulac i tella? Numidya i gɛacen akter n meyya n iseggasen, ugar n Dzayer akk-d timura n Tefriqt merra, akter n uhric ameqran n timura n [[Turuft Tagmuḍant]],  mi teɣli Numidya tsɛa azal n laɛmer n [[Kanada]].

===Amnekcam arumani===
Lestaɛmar arumani yenzeg akter n 525 isegassen, seg lexsara n Yugurtan zdat irumaniyen g 104 UL armi uɣelluy n inugura agi s iffassen n [[Help:Geiseric Aɛiban|Geiseric Aɛiban]] (agellid n [[Help:Ivandaliyen|Ivandaliyen]]) akk-d inelmaden-is mi g kecmen ɣer Tafriqt ugafa g 429.

===Imnekcamen Ivandalen===
Geiseric yebnad tageldit tamezwarut n Ivandaliyen g Tafriqt ugafa s Saldae ('''Bgayet''') am tamaneɣt-is; yestaɛmered [[Sičilya|Sicillia]], [[Sardinya|Sardenya]], [[Kursika]], akk-ed tegzirin n [[Baleares]], yernad yekcem ɣef [[Rum]] yewid yides mi i gefeɣ, azal n yewen n ddurt g 455, atas n igerrujen akk-ed iseflawen  n [[Tamesgida n el-Aqṣa|lğameɛ n Lquds]] (iseflawen i yefkan [[Udayen]] i lğameɛ-nsen) i d yewi [[Titus]] ɣef Roma melmi igstaɛmered [[Lquds]].

===Amnekcam Abyzanti===
Ivandaliyen ţwakssent di Tafriqt ugafa s iɛsekriyen n [[Help:Justinianus I|Justinianus I]], agellid n umekad Abyzanti; amenkad n ivandaliyen ydum-d 105 isegassen (429-534).

Yiwen lamer yesɛan atas n wazal di lwegt-nni; ahric ameqran n imaziɣen rebhen telelli-nsen, mi yal aggay yetsnaɣ mgal wayid.

[[Help:Amenkad Abyzanti|Amenkad Abyzanti]] ydumed g Tafriqt ugafa s 534 armi i gxser amgaru mgal [[Aɛraben|Iɛraben]] wid bdan [[Help:Ttrad n Lesteɛmar n Tefriqt|Ttrad n Lesteɛmar n Tefriqt]] g lqern wis tmanya (azal n 642 -705).

===Amnekcam Aɛrab===
Iɛraben qetɛen lebher, staɛmren [[Help:Maser|Maser]] g 642, kemlen alhu-nsen, zedmen ɣef tamurt n yimaziɣen, tamurt n leqbayel. 

Listiɛmar Aɛrab, am lbers, di tamuggit ɣef Iqbayliyen i yella; imi Imaziɣen rebhen kkra n lehna, akk-d tallalit, seqsefen azaglu akk-d alehu n amenkud abyzanti ɣer usamer n tilisa-nsen. 

Iqbayliyen nnuɣen-d mgal Iɛraben s wayen akk yellan, s tezmart, s tdusi (lğehd), s tudert-nsen, imi ţwallan simmal iţeddu aɛdaw simmal yexreb, yenɣa, yehreq, yeqher ayen yellan d amaziɣ, ayen yesɛan rruh n umaziɣ. Mbeɛd akter n sebɛa meyya n isegassen n tagrawla, Imaziɣen ɛyan, cban izem nni ur sɛin ara azuren merra imi tazzla n idammen-is texla ayen yeqimen di lğehd-is, ayen yeqimmen di tmanegt-is, ur yezmir ad yeker; izem aqbayli yeɣli-d ur yekkir ara, Iɛraben hesben d lmut i g yemut. 

Mbeɛd amerni aqher; ilulufen n imaziɣen, tilawen xesrent lherma-nsent akk-d asehru-nsent, ilulufen n warrac n Iqbayliyen imelsiyen ufan lmut si ifassen n iɛsekriyen Iɛraben, ilulufen nnidden zzenzen-ten aklan g leswaq n [[Mekka]]. 

Imi tfuk Taslekt ni Iɛraben, Tafriqt ugafa tuɣaled d amɣiz ni iklan ɣef leswaq n [[Agmuḍ Alemmas|Wegmuḍ Alemmas]].

Iqbayliyen am akken ad menɛen tudert n tarwa-nesn, akk-d ayen i geqimen di lherma n tilawen-nsen qeblen, ijenwiyen g ullawen nsen, ddin amaynut n iɛraben; iɛraben wwden anda yewin n lğens ur yewwi-d, zzuɣren telelli n yimaziɣen.

Syenna d asawen, tutlayt n yimaziɣen akk-d ismawen-nsen uɣallen d lehram. 

G 705 anbaz Aɛrab i-bereh belli tamurt n yiqbayliyen d yiwet n tamnatt tamenzut n umnkad aɛrab ara tilli; Tafriqt ugafa tɛeda g yiwen n ukala ig bedlen idles-is, tamuɣli-is, akk-d imal-is. 

Amnekcam Aɛrab yeqqim armi yetwabdal s lestiɛmar n [[Iɛetmaniyen]] seddaw n timelwi n [[Xayreddin]] d ayetma-s [[Ɛeruj]], i d-xelqen atrar ussamer n '''Dzayer''', bdan asseɣwel n tama agi am asutel n iflisen n ddunit merra. Taflist-nsen ternu, temɣid ɣef lqrun 1600; taflist mgal lbaburat n [[Iwunak Yedduklen]] g [[Ilel agrakal]] sebba n [[Help:Ttrad n Taflist Tamezwarut|Ttrad n Taflist Tamezwarut]], akk-d [[Help:Ttrad n Taflist Tis Snat|Ttrad n Taflist Tis Snat]], anda mutten atas n imddanen imelsiyen.

===Amnekcam arumi (Fransa)===
Deg 1830, s sebba belli [[Lbay n Dzayer]] yewwet amalway n tamahelt-is, [[Fransa]] tenbez Dzayer; lameɛna, azbu i g qquren n Yiqbayliyen, [[Muḥend At-Meqqran|Amɣar Ameqran]] (El-Mokrani) akk-d [[Faḍma n Sumer]], stɛetlen taslekt agi almi Agud aqbayli yeţwaxdɛen s ageldun n Yiɛraben yettuseman [[Ɛebdelqader|Ɛebedlqader]] imi d-yefka takbabt-is ɣef [[Amtawa n Tafna|Wemtawa n Tefna]] wahid Fransa.


'''Amtawa n Tafna''', [[30 mayyu]] [[1837]], yeswejd abrid ɣef wanger n Tamurt n Yiqbayliyen ihi kan teqled agezdir n Fransa. [[Fransa]], isegassen kkra mbeɛd, tefka-d Aguldun Ɛebdelqader amidag n la Légion d'honneur akk-d tajɛelt n 4000 Louis (idrimen n Fransa) mkul aggur armi yemut g [[26 mayyu]] [[1883]].

Wagi d adris n Amtawa n Tafna:

Melmi amgaru mgal tamurt n Iqbayliyen ifuk, Fransa tezdem ɣef leğwahi nidden n Tafriqt ugafa terna texleq Ldzayer n tura; Tamurt n Yiqbayliyen, Timura n uguldun ɛabd Qader, akk-d d Uneẓruf Ameqran (timura n Twareg/[[Imuhaɣ]]). 

G [[1954]], [[Igen n Taslullit Taɣelnawt]] (ALN) tebda ţţrad n taslullit; mbaɛd n sebɛa isegassen n imenɣi, Fransa teğğa Dzayer g 19962.  Aḥric ameqran n 1,025,000 [[Iḍaren Iberkanen]] akk-d 91,000 iḥerkiyyen, azal n 10% n imezdaɣ n Ledzayer g 1962, rewlen ɣef [[Fransa]] g useggwas-nni.

== Ẓeṛ daɣen ==
[[Taggayt:imaziɣen|Q]]
[[Taggayt:iɣerfan]]
[[Taggayt:Iɣerfan iẓaranen n tferka n ugafa]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tawennaḍt</title>
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        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
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      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
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      <text bytes="6204" sha1="q51sd8lpdki2gfa871k2i0486wtqax9" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Hopetoun falls.jpg|vignette|Asefrek n wakal yeḥraz agama n iɣlluyen n &quot;Hopetoun&quot; deg Ustralya.]]
'''Tawennaḍt''' d tazrirt takullit n yiferdisen igamanen (am akal, aman, aḍu, tafukt) d yimuddiren (amɣan, iɣersiwen, ibaktiriyen) i d-yezzin ɣef umdan neɣ ɣef yal amuddir nniḍen. Deg tussna n tesnawennaḍt, tawennaḍt tessemlil akk tiwtilin tifizikin, tikimiyin d tnudranin i d-iteggin anagraw awnḍan ideg tettidir yerna tettnerni tudert.

Deg tallit tamirant, awal « tawennaḍt » yeqqen nezzeh ɣer temsal n ummesten n ugama mgal tawaɣiyin i d-igellu warmud n wemdan, gar-asent asluɣu, abeddel anezwan d wengar n tenḍa tamudrant.

== 1. Tasenwalt d uẓar n wawal ==
Awal '''tawennaḍt''' d awal amaynut i d-yennulfan deg yiseggasen n 70 deg tallit n usegmer n umawal amaynut n tmaziɣt (deg Umawal n Tmaziɣt Tatrart s ddaw n ufus n Mulud Mɛemmri). Aẓar-is yekka-d seg wemyag « wenweḍ » neɣ « awezzi » (d ayen i d-yezzin, le milieu environnant).

S umata, tawennaḍt d awal yesɛan sin n yinumak:

'''Anamek ussnan''': d akk timliliyin gar yimuddiren d ugama ideg ttidiren.

'''Anamek ametti d tsertant''': d akk ayen i icudden ɣer tezmert n wemdan ad yeḥrez agama, ad iqabel asluɣu, yerna ad yesseqdec iɣbula igamanen s tefsest d uḥezzeb.

== 2. Iferdisen n twennaḍt ==
Tawennaḍt tebḍa ɣef sin n yidrasen imeqranen i yettemyurawen gar-asen:

=== 2.1 Iferdisen irgamayen ===
[[Tugna:Hawaii Creek.jpg|vignette|Asif gar yidɣaɣen deg Hawai.]]
D akk iferdisen ur nelli ara d imuddiren maca fkan-d talɣa i tudert:

'''Aḍu (Tignewt)''': Azal-is meqqer deg usgunfes n yimuddiren. Yegber seg uksyijin (21%), anitrujin (78%) d kra n yigazen nniḍen am ukaṛbun.

'''Aman (Tahidrusfirt)''': Aman d aɣbalu n tudert. Llant deg yigarawen, ilellen, isaffen, tilmatin d waman n ddaw wakal.

'''Akal (Talitustfirt)''': D adig n ugama anda d-ttekkren yemɣan, yerna d amkan n tnezduɣt n waṭas n yimuddiren imecṭaḥ.

'''Tafukt d teẓɣelt''': Ttakkent-d tazmert tamezwarut i usekles n tfat (photosynthèse) i yessefran tudert n yimɣan.

=== 2.2 Iferdisen imuddiren ===
D tajumma n akk imuddiren yellan deg yiwen n ugama:

'''Infarasen''': Imɣan izegzawen i ixeddmen tamurt d lqis n tudert s tallelt n tezmert n tfukt (autotrophes).

'''Imsuder''': Iɣersiwen imseččayen n tuga (herbivores), imseččayen n uksum (carnivores), d wemdan.

'''Isefrurayen''': Ibaktiriyen d igersalen i yessefruruyen idrasen n tfekkiwin yemmuten iwakken ad ten-rren d iferdisen ikimiyen i yesseqdac wakal.

=== 2.3 Anagraw awnḍan d tebrusfirt ===
Mi mlalen yiferdisen ibyutiyen irgamayen d imuddiren deg yiwet n tmiwa, teggin-d anagraw awnḍan. Tajumma n yinagrawen iwnḍanen akk n Umaḍal tettusemma Tabrusfirt (Biosphère), i d talast tangarut anda tetteddu tudert deg tegnit.

== 3. Uguren igejdanen n twennaḍt ==
Seg tallit n Tegrawla Tamgurant, armud n wemdan yegla-d s ucewwel meqqren deg unagraw agaman:

=== 3.1 Asluɣu d telmas-is ===
Asluɣu d asemres n leqdicat imguranen akked yisemda-s deg ugama:

'''Asluɣu n waḍu:''' I d-yettasen seg yifurman n temguri, tikerrusin, d usedmer n lpetṛul. Yettawi-d aṭṭanen n turin d ucewwel n tignewt.

'''Asluɣu n waman''': Asufeɣ n yibriken d yiḍumman ikimiyen ɣer yisaffen d yilellen, d ayen ineqqen leṣnaf n yiselman yerna yettrunu lexṣas n waman yesfan.

'''Asluɣu n wakal''': Aseqdec n yisufaren n tkerza takimit d uplastik i ur yettmettaten ara s lmeɣawla.

=== 3.2 Abeddel anezwan d usemdu n lgazat ===
Abeddel anezwan d yiwen seg wuguren imeqranen akk i tqabel tegduda talsant ass-a:

'''Asemdu n lgazat''': Igazat am CO₂ (duksid n ukaṛbun) d CH₄ (mitan) ṭṭafaren teẓɣelt deg tignewt, d ayen i d-yettawin alluy n teẓɣelt tamatut n umaḍal.

'''Igmaḍ''': '''''Asfaylu''''' '''''ugafa''''' n ugris deg yidurar d yidisen n umaḍal, alluy n uswir n yilellen, assenqes deg uswir n wedfel deg yidurar d tmerna n yiɣurar d yiḥemmalen.

=== 3.3 Tukksa n tẓegwa ===
Tukksa n tẓegwa (Déforestation): Agzam n usɣaṛ n teẓgi s waṭas deg teẓgi n Amazun d Tefriqt talemmast i lmend n tnezduɣt neɣ n tfellaḥt, d ayen i yessenqasen asgunfes n tegnit.

=== 3.4 Angar n tanḍa tamudrant ===
Aṭas n leṣnaf n yimɣan d yiɣersiwen i yettawḍen ɣer wengar s leqdecat imguranen n umdan, d usluɣu. Tamseddart n tudert tettidir aẓɣal ameqran i izemren ad yesseɣli akk tiwuriwin tisnudranin.

== 4. Ammesten n twennaḍt d usnefli imezgi ==
Iwakken ad tqabel tmetti talsant tawaɣit-a, llan-d yiberdan d tifratin timaynutin:

=== 4.1 Asnefli imezgi ===
'''Asnefli imezgi''' d tasertit itadamsant d tmettit i d-yeqqaren: « yessefk ad nerr i yesra n tasuta tamirant war ma nḍurr tizemmar(neɣ tasarɣt) n tsutwin i d-iteddun ad arrent i yesra-nsent ». Yebna ɣef krad n yigejda:

* Tadamsa 
* Timetti
* Tawennaḍt 

=== 4.2 Tisraɣ yettulisen ===
D tizmar ur nfennu ara yerna ur d-nettak ara ddeqs n usluleɣ:

'''Tasaraɣt n tfukt''' (Énergie solaire): Aseqdec n yiswilen ifutubultayiyen.

'''Tasaraɣt n waḍu''' (Énergie éolienne): Aseqdec n tmacinin n waḍu.

'''Tasaraɣt timeswit''': Aseqdec n lebni n wuggugen d yisaffen.

=== 4.3 Isaḍufen d yimtawayen igraɣlanen ===
Seg 1972 (Agraw n Stockholm) armi d Imtawayen n Paris deg 2015, timura n umaḍal zmlent aṭas n yimtawayen iwakken ad senqasent deg usufeɣ n yigazen i yesseḥmayen anezwi, ad ḥadrent timnaḍin tiẓegwawin, yerna ad sbeddent '''urtiyen iɣelnawen'''.

== 5. Tawennaḍt di Tmazɣa d Tmurt n Leqbayel ==
Di temnaḍt n Tmazɣa (Tafriqt Ugafa), tawennaḍt tqabel uguren n usluɣu, asehrew d ucewwel anezwan.

Deg Tmurt n Leqbayel:

'''Tiẓegwa d yidurar''': Llan yisefsiyen d yideggen n uḥraz am Urti Aɣelnaw n Ǧerǧer d win n Guraya.

'''Uguren''': Tiwaɣiyin n tmes deg unebdu, asluɣu n yisaffen s yibriken d yiḍumman (ladɣa Asif n Summam d Wasif n Sabaw), d usqdec n uplastik war alus n useqdec.

'''Tansayt tamaziɣt d twennaḍt''': Di tmetti taqbaylit taqburt, amdan yella yesɛa assaɣ uzzig d ugama s tallelt n Tiwezin (tiwizi n tebḥirin, asizdeg n tregwa d tala) d leɛwayed am Tislit n Wanzar i d-ittawin aḥader n waman d usirem n ugeffur.</text>
      <sha1>q51sd8lpdki2gfa871k2i0486wtqax9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sam Altman</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25597</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117538</id>
      <parentid>117525</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T13:27:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117538</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1374" sha1="1g3d2icj6xkci50u6mxg5w8eybse7la" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox biography|item=Q7407093|image=[[File:Sam Altman speaking at TED (cropped).jpg|thumb|Sam Altman, april 2025]]|caption=Sam Altman.}}'''Samuel Harris Altman''', yettwassnen s yisem '''Sam Altman''', d aṛemmas, amsefti yerna d amsihel amarikan. D yiwen seg yimsnulfayen 

n OpenAI, yerna d anemhal amatu (CEO) n taṛmist-a. Uqbel OpenAI, yettwassen s waṭas deg umaḍal n ''startups'', ladɣa s leqdic-is deg '''Y Combinator''', anda yella d amsefrak agejdan seg 2014 ar 2019. Ass-a, azal-is yeqqen ladɣa ɣer unerni n tigzi taragmawant (AI), ChatGPT d tmuɣli n OpenAI ɣef tigzi taragmawant tamatut (AGI).

== 1. Talalit d ulmud ==
Sam Altman ilul deg yiwet n twacult tayudayt deg [[Chicago]], maca yekker-d deg temdint n Saint-Louis deg uwanak n Missouri. Yemma-s d tamejjayt n wul (takardyulijit).

Mi yesɛa 8 n yiseggasen deg leɛmer-is, yefka-yas baba-s aselkim-is amezwaru, d anaw n ''Apple Macintosh''. Seg tallit-nni, yebda yelmed asihel d useggem n warrumen n uselkim. Yezrew deg tesnawit n J''ohn Burroughs School'' deg temdint n ''Ladue''.

Deg useggas n 2004, yekcem ɣer Tesdawit n ''Stanford'' akken ad iɣer tasenselkimt. Maca am waṭas n yimaswaḍen n ''Silicon Valley'' (am ''Steve Jobs'' neɣ ''Mark Zuckerberg''), Altman yeǧǧa tasdawit deg useggas n 2005 bla ma yekfa turagt-is, iwakken ad yerr akk lwelha-s ɣer teṛmist-is tamezwarut.</text>
      <sha1>1g3d2icj6xkci50u6mxg5w8eybse7la</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>117539</id>
      <parentid>117538</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T13:28:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>seɣtiɣ kra n tucdiwin</comment>
      <origin>117539</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1374" sha1="68xxngo5zf61schsuunz4du6ldn4147" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox biography|item=Q7407093|image=[[File:Sam Altman speaking at TED (cropped).jpg|thumb|Sam Altman, april 2025]]|caption=Sam Altman.}}'''Samuel Harris Altman''', yettwassnen s yisem '''Sam Altman''', d aṛemmas, amsefti yerna d amsihel amarikan. D yiwen seg yimsnulfayen 

n OpenAI, yerna d anemhal amatu (CEO) n taṛmist-a. Uqbel OpenAI, yettwassen s waṭas deg umaḍal n ''startups'', ladɣa s leqdic-is deg '''Y Combinator''', anda yella d amsefrak agejdan seg 2014 ar 2019. Ass-a, azal-is yeqqen ladɣa ɣer unerni n tigzi taragmawant (AI), ChatGPT d tmuɣli n OpenAI ɣef tigzi taragmawant tamatut (AGI).

== 1. Talalit d ulmad ==
Sam Altman ilul deg yiwet n twacult tayudayt deg [[Chicago]], maca yekker-d deg temdint n Saint-Louis deg uwanak n Missouri. Yemma-s d tamejjayt n wul (takardyulijit).

Mi yesɛa 8 n yiseggasen deg leɛmer-is, yefka-yas baba-s aselkim-is amezwaru, d anaw n ''Apple Macintosh''. Seg tallit-nni, yebda yelmed asihel d useggem n warrumen n uselkim. Yezrew deg tesnawit n J''ohn Burroughs School'' deg temdint n ''Ladue''.

Deg useggas n 2004, yekcem ɣer Tesdawit n ''Stanford'' akken ad iɣer tasenselkimt. Maca am waṭas n yimaswaḍen n ''Silicon Valley'' (am ''Steve Jobs'' neɣ ''Mark Zuckerberg''), Altman yeǧǧa tasdawit deg useggas n 2005 bla ma yekfa turagt-is, iwakken ad yerr akk lwelha-s ɣer teṛmist-is tamezwarut.</text>
      <sha1>68xxngo5zf61schsuunz4du6ldn4147</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Qusṭantin Klurus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25598</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117545</id>
      <parentid>117527</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T20:20:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117545</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3660" sha1="cs7r23egt1pb7k3mimu6ifujjlars35" xml:space="preserve">'''Qusṭantin Klurus''' (s tlaṭinit Flavius Valerius Constantius; yezga yettwassen s yisem Constantius Chlorus) yella d yiwen gar 

{{Infobox biography|item=Q131195|image=[[File:Const.chlorus01 pushkin.jpg|thumb|Const.chlorus01 pushkin]]|caption=Amenkad Qusṭantin Klurus.}}

imenkaden igejdanen n Tmenkda Tarumanit deg taggara n tasut tis III d tazwara n tasut tis IV. Yella d yiwen seg yimḍebbaren n Tetrarkiya, anagraw n leḥkem i d-yessnulfa umenkad Dyuklisyan akken ad yebḍu tadbelt n tmenkda gar ukuẓ n yimḍebbaren. Maca ayen i t-yeǧǧan yettwassen ugar deg umezruy d akken netta i d baba-s n Qusṭantin Ameqqran, win ara ibeddlen s waṭas udem n Tmenkda Tarumanit. 

== 1. Talalit d tazwara n tudert-is ==
'''Qusṭantin Klurus''' ilul azal n 250 n Tallit Tatrart, deg tmurt n ''Illyria'' neɣ deg temnaḍt n ''Dardanya'', ɣas akken imedyaten iqburen ur msefhamen ara akk ɣef wadeg d useggas n talalit-is. Iɣbula iqburen i d-yettawin d akken yella seg twacult tameqqrant, deg tilawt ur tettwasebded ara s tidet; aṭas n yimazrayen ttwalin belli assaɣ i as-rran sin ɣer umenkad ''Claudius II Gothicus'' yezmer ad yili d asnulfu asertan n twacult n Qusṭantin Ameqqran akken ad tesɛu aẓar amenkadi aqbur. 

Am waṭas n yimḍebbaren n tallit-nni, abrid-is ɣer leḥkem ibda s tredsa. Yettban-d d amdan yesɛan tazmert deg ṭṭrad d tedbelt, armi yuɣal d amḍebber n ''Dalmatia''. Tallit-nni tella d tallit n ubeddel ameqqran: Tazɣent n tasut tis III teǧǧa Tamnekda Tarumanit tesra talɣa tamaynut n leḥkem, iserdasen iǧehden d tlisa yettwaɛassan akken iwata.

== 2. Helena d talalit n Qusṭantin Ameqqran ==
Deg tudert-is tusligt, Qusṭantin Klurus yesɛa assaɣ akked '''Helena,''' tameṭṭut ara yuɣalen deffir d yiwet seg tulawin yettwassnen aṭas deg umezruy amasiḥi. Gar-asen i d-ilul Qusṭantin Ameqqran.

Mi yebda Qusṭantin Klurus yettali deg uswir asertan, assaɣen n twacult uɣalen d aferdis n leḥkem. Yebra i Helena neɣ yemsefraq yid-s, syin yuɣ ''Theodora'', yell-is n tmeṭṭut n umenkad ''Maximian''. Aya yesseǧhed assaɣ-is akked twacult timenkadit. Iɣbula ttemgaraden ɣef talɣa tusligt n wassaɣ-is akked Helena, ihi ilaq ad neḥrez tamawt-a mi ara d-nemmeslay ɣef tudert-is.

== 3. Tetrarkiya n Dyuklisyan ==
Akken ad yerr Tamnekda Tarumanit ɣer lebni iǧehden deffir Tazɣent n tasut tis III, [[Dyuklisyan]] yebna anagraw n Tetrarkiya.

Deg unagraw-a llan ukuẓ n yimḍebbaren: sin d Augustus, ma d sin-nniḍen d Caesar, d imḍebbaren ddaw-asen yerna ilaq ad ten-id-ḍefren deg leḥkem.

Deg 293, Maximian yerra Qusṭantin Klurus d Caesar n Tmenkda Tarumanit n umalu, ma d Galerius yuɣal d Caesar n Dyuklisyan deg usamar.

Qusṭantin Klurus yewwi deg leḥkem-is s umata Gaul, Britanniya, akked kra n tmura n umalu. Aya yerra-t d yiwen gar wid yesɛan azal ameqqran deg tsertit tarumanit.

== 4. Ṭṭrad mgal Carausius d Allectus ==
Yiwen seg wuguren imeqqranen i d-yufa Qusṭantin Klurus yella deg Britanniya.

Amezwaru n tallit-nni, Carausius, yiwen n umeskar aserdasi arumani, yugi leḥkem n Roma yerna yerr-a iman-is d amenkad deg Britanniya. Mi yemmut Carausius, Allectus yeṭṭef adeg-is.

Qusṭantin Klurus yebɣa ad d-yerr Britanniya ddaw leḥkem n Tmenkda Tarumanit. Deg 293, yesseḥbes tamnaḍt n Gesoriacum — Boulogne n wass-a — i yellan d yiwen n yiɣbula igejdanen n tezmert n Carausius deg Gaul.

Deg 296, iserdasen n Qusṭantin Klurus zgeren ilel ɣer Britannia. Allectus yettwanɣa deg ṭṭrad, yerna Britannia tuɣal tikelt-nniḍen ddaw leḥkem arumani.

Aya yella d yiwen seg leqdicat iserdasen imeqqranen n Qusṭantin Klurus.</text>
      <sha1>cs7r23egt1pb7k3mimu6ifujjlars35</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talɣa:Infobox military person</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>25602</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117541</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T15:35:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Naslechat</username>
        <id>12951</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Asebtar amaynut: &lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Template wrapper|wrap|_template = Infobox person | _alias-map = other_name:other_names, relations:relatives, module:module2 | _exclude   = allegiance, branch, service_years, rank, service_number, unit, units, commands, known_for, battles, awards, memorials, other_work, branch_label, service_years_label, rank_label, unit_label, battles_label, nickname, &lt;!-- suppressing this for now --&gt; burial_label | _reuse     = known_for, awards  | template_name = In...</comment>
      <origin>117541</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2445" sha1="pr2nw7h8zu9kxrk67fpt57skzl9mtle" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Template wrapper|wrap|_template = Infobox person
| _alias-map = other_name:other_names, relations:relatives, module:module2
| _exclude   = allegiance, branch, service_years, rank, service_number, unit, units, commands, known_for, battles, awards, memorials, other_work, branch_label, service_years_label, rank_label, unit_label, battles_label, nickname, &lt;!-- suppressing this for now --&gt; burial_label
| _reuse     = known_for, awards

| template_name = Infobox military person

| embed_title = Military career

| module = {{#if:{{{allegiance|}}}{{{branch|}}}{{{service_years|}}}{{{rank|}}}{{{service_number|}}}{{{unit|}}}{{{units|}}}{{{commands|}}}{{{known_for|}}}{{{battles|}}}{{{awards|}}}{{{memorials|}}}{{{other_work|}}}{{{nickname|}}}

  |{{Infobox
  | child  = yes
  | title  =  {{#if:{{{child|}}}{{{embed|}}}||'''Military career'''}}
  | label1  = Allegiance
  | data1   = {{{allegiance|}}}
  
  | label2  = {{longitem|{{if empty|{{{branch_label|}}}|Branch}}}}
  | data2   = {{{branch|}}}
  
  | label3  = {{longitem|{{if empty|{{{service_years_label|}}}|Service&amp;nbsp;years}}}}
  | data3   = {{{service_years|}}}
  
  | label4  = {{longitem|{{if empty|{{{rank_label|}}}|Rank}}}}
  | data4   = {{{rank|}}}
  
  | label5  = Nickname{{pluralize from text|{{{nickname|}}}|plural=s}}
  | data5   = {{{nickname|}}}
  
  | label6  = {{nowrap|[[Service number]]}}
  | data6   = {{{service_number|}}}
  
  | label7  = {{if empty|{{{unit_label|}}}|Unit{{#if:{{{units|}}}|s}}}}
  | data7   = {{if empty|{{{unit|}}}|{{{units|}}}}}
  
  | label8  = Commands
  | data8   = {{{commands|}}}
  
  | label9  = Known&amp;nbsp;for
  | data9   = {{{known_for|}}}
  
  | label10 = {{longitem|{{if empty|{{{battles_label|}}}|Conflicts}}}}
  | data10  = {{{battles|}}}
  
  | label11 = Awards
  | data11  = {{{awards|}}}
  
  | label12 = Memorials
  | data12  = {{{memorials|}}}
  
  | label13 = Other&amp;nbsp;work
  | data13  = {{{other_work|}}}

}} }}

}}{{Main other|{{#if:{{{embed|}}}{{{child|}}}|[[Category:Pages using infobox military person with embed|{{#if:{{{embed_title|}}}|Τ}}{{FULLPAGENAME}}]]}}}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Check for conflicting parameters|check
| template = [[Template:Infobox military person]]
| cat = {{main other|Category:Pages using infobox military person with conflicting parameters}}
| other_name; other_names
| relations; relatives
| module; module2
| unit; units 
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>pr2nw7h8zu9kxrk67fpt57skzl9mtle</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:Template wrapper</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>25603</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117542</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T15:36:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Naslechat</username>
        <id>12951</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Asebtar amaynut: require('strict');  local error_msg = '&lt;span style=\&quot;font-size:100%\&quot; class=\&quot;error\&quot;&gt;&lt;code style=\&quot;color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;\&quot;&gt;&amp;#124;_template=&lt;/code&gt; missing or empty&lt;/span&gt;';   --[[--------------------------&lt; I S _ I N _ T A B L E &gt;--------------------------------------------------------  scan through tbl looking for value; return true if found, false else  ]]  local function is_in_table (tbl, value)     for k, v in pairs (tbl) do         if v == va...</comment>
      <origin>117542</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="12769" sha1="b0ambjffywwcjy4rlrl344s9i200kdz" xml:space="preserve">require('strict');

local error_msg = '&lt;span style=\&quot;font-size:100%\&quot; class=\&quot;error\&quot;&gt;&lt;code style=\&quot;color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;\&quot;&gt;&amp;#124;_template=&lt;/code&gt; missing or empty&lt;/span&gt;';


--[[--------------------------&lt; I S _ I N _ T A B L E &gt;--------------------------------------------------------

scan through tbl looking for value; return true if found, false else

]]

local function is_in_table (tbl, value)
    for k, v in pairs (tbl) do
        if v == value then return true end
    end
    return false;
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; A D D _ P A R A M E T E R &gt;----------------------------------------------------

adds parameter name and its value to args table according to the state of boolean list argument; kv pair for
template execution; k=v string for template listing.

]]

local function add_parameter (k, v, args, list)
	if list then
		table.insert( args, table.concat ({k, '=', v}));						-- write parameter names and values to args table as string
	else
		args[k] = v;															-- copy parameters to args table
	end
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; A L I A S _ M A P _ G E T &gt;----------------------------------------------------

returns a table of local template (parent frame) parameter names and the target template names that match where
in [key]=&lt;value&gt; pairs where:
	[key] is local template parameter name (an alias)
	&lt;value&gt; is target template parameter name (the canonical parameter name used in the working template)

The parameter |_alias-map= has the form:
	|_alias-map=&lt;list&gt;
where &lt;list&gt; is a comma-separated list of alias / canonical parameter name pairs in the form
	&lt;from&gt; : &lt;to&gt;
where:
	&lt;from&gt; is the local template's parameter name (alias)
	&lt;to&gt; is the target template's parameter name (canonical)
	for enumerated parameters place an octothorp (#) where the enumerator digits are placed in the parameter names:
		&lt;from#&gt; : &lt;to#&gt;

]]

local function alias_map_get (_alias_map)
	local T = mw.text.split (_alias_map, '%s*,%s*');							-- convert the comma-separated list into a table of alias pairs
	local mapped_aliases = {};													-- mapped aliases will go here
	local l_name, t_name;														-- parameter names
	
	for _, alias_pair in ipairs (T) do											-- loop through the table of alias pairs
		l_name, t_name = alias_pair:match ('(.-)%s*:%s*(.+)');					-- from each pair, get local and target parameter names
		if l_name and t_name then												-- if both are set
			if tonumber (l_name) then
				l_name = tonumber (l_name);										-- convert number-as-text to a number
			end
			mapped_aliases[l_name] = t_name;									-- add them to the map table
		end
	end

	return mapped_aliases;
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; F R A M E _ A R G S _ G E T &gt;--------------------------------------------------

Fetch the wrapper template's 'default' and control parameters; adds default parameters to args

returns content of |_template= parameter (name of the working template); nil else

]]

local function frame_args_get (frame_args, args, list)
	local template;

	for k, v in pairs (frame_args) do											-- here we get the wrapper template's 'default' parameters
		if 'string' == type (k) and (v and ('' ~= v)) then						-- do not pass along positional or empty parameters
			if '_template' == k then
				template = v;													-- save the name of template that we are wrapping
			elseif '_exclude' ~= k and '_reuse' ~= k and '_include-positional' ~= k  and '_alias-map' ~= k then	-- these already handled so ignore here; 
				add_parameter (k, v, args, list);								-- add all other parameters to args in the style dictated by list
			end
		end
	end

	return template;															-- return contents of |_template= parameter
end


--[=[--------------------------&lt; P F R A M E _ A R G S _ G E T &gt;------------------------------------------------

Fetches the wrapper template's 'live' parameters; adds live parameters that aren't members of the exclude table to
args table; positional parameters may not be excluded

no return value

]=]

local function pframe_args_get (pframe_args, args, exclude, _include_positional, list)
	for k, v in pairs (pframe_args) do
		if 'string' == type (k) and not is_in_table (exclude, k) then			-- do not pass along excluded parameters
			if v and ('' ~= v) then												-- pass along only those parameters that have assigned values
				if 'unset' == v:lower() then									-- special keyword to unset 'default' parameters set in the wrapper template
					v = '';														-- unset the value in the args table
				end
				add_parameter (k, v, args, list)								-- add all other parameters to args in the style dictated by list; alias map only supported for local-template parameters
			end
		end
	end

	if _include_positional then
		for i, v in ipairs (pframe_args) do										-- pass along positional parameters
			if 'unset' == v:lower() then										-- special keyword to unset 'default' parameters set in the wrapper template
				v = '';															-- unset the value in the args table
			end
			add_parameter (i, v, args, list);
		end
	end
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; _ M A I N &gt;--------------------------------------------------------------------

Collect the various default and live parameters into args styled according to boolean list.

returns name of the working or listed template or nil for an error message

]]

local function _main (frame, args, list)
	local template;
	local exclude = {};															-- table of parameter names for parameters that are not passed to the working template
	local reuse_list = {};														-- table of pframe parameter names whose values are modified before they are passed to the working template as the same name
	local alias_map = {};														-- table that maps parameter aliases to working template canonical parameter names
	local _include_positional;
	
	if frame.args._exclude and ('' ~= frame.args._exclude) then					-- if there is |_exclude= and it's not empty
		exclude = mw.text.split (frame.args._exclude, &quot;%s*,%s*&quot;);				-- make a table from its contents
	end
																				-- TODO: |_reuse= needs a better name (|_reuse=)
	if frame.args._reuse and ('' ~= frame.args._reuse) then					-- if there is |_reuse= and it's not empty
		reuse_list = mw.text.split (frame.args._reuse, &quot;%s*,%s*&quot;);				-- make a table from its contents
	end

	if frame.args['_alias-map'] and ('' ~= frame.args['_alias-map']) then		-- if there is |_alias-map= and it's not empty
		alias_map = alias_map_get (frame.args['_alias-map']);					-- make a table from its contents
	end

	template = frame_args_get (frame.args, args, list);							-- get parameters provided in the {{#invoke:template wrapper|...|...}}
	if nil == template or '' == template then									-- this is the one parameter that is required by this module
		return nil;																-- not present, tell calling function to emit an error message
	end
	
	_include_positional = 'yes' == frame.args['_include-positional'];			-- when true pass all positional parameters along with non-excluded named parameters to ...
																				-- ... the working template; positional parameters are not excludable
																				
	local _pframe_args = frame:getParent().args;								-- here we get the wrapper template's 'live' parameters from pframe.args
	local pframe_args = {};														-- a local table that we can modify

	for k, v in pairs (_pframe_args) do											-- make a copy that we can modify
		pframe_args[k] = v;
	end
	
-- here we look for pframe parameters that are aliases of canonical parameter names; when found
-- we replace the alias with the canonical.  We do this here because the reuse_list works on
-- canonical parameter names so first we convert alias parameter names to canonical names and then
-- we remove those canonical names from the pframe table that are reused (provided to the working
-- template through the frame args table)

	for k, v in pairs (alias_map) do											-- k is alias name, v is canonical name
		if pframe_args[k] then													-- if pframe_args has parameter with alias name
			pframe_args[v] = _pframe_args[k];									-- create new canonical name with alias' value
			pframe_args[k] = nil;												-- unset the alias
		end
	end

	for k, v in pairs (pframe_args) do											-- do enumerated parameter alias -&gt; canonical translation
		if 'string' == type (k) then											-- only named parameters can be enumerated
			if alias_map[k..'#'] then											-- non-enumerated alias matches enumerated parameter pattern? enumerator at end only
				pframe_args[alias_map[k..'#']:gsub('#', '')] = v;				-- remove '#' and copy parameter to pframe_args table
				pframe_args[k] = nil;											-- unset the alias
			elseif k:match ('%d+') then											-- if this parameter name contains digits
				local temp = k:gsub ('%d+', '#');								-- make a copy; digits replaced with single '#'
				local enum = k:match ('%d+');									-- get the enumerator
				
				if alias_map[temp] then											-- if this parameter is a recognized enumerated alias
					pframe_args[alias_map[temp]:gsub('#', enum)] = v;			-- use canonical name and replace '#' with enumerator and add to pframe_args
					pframe_args[k] = nil;										-- unset the alias
				end
			end
		end
	end

-- pframe parameters that are _reused are 'reused' have the form something like this:
--	|chapter=[[wikisource:{{{chapter}}}|{{{chapter}}}]]
-- where a parameter in the wrapping template is modified and then passed to the working template
-- using the same parameter name (in this example |chapter=)

																				-- remove parameters that will be reused
	for k, v in ipairs (reuse_list) do											-- k is numerical index, v is canonical parameter name to ignore
		if pframe_args[v] then													-- if pframe_args has parameter that should be ignored
			pframe_args[v] = nil;												-- unset the ignored parameter
		end
	end

	pframe_args_get (pframe_args, args, exclude, _include_positional, list);	-- add parameters and values to args that are not listed in the exclude table

	return template;															-- args now has all default and live parameters, return working template name
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; W R A P &gt;----------------------------------------------------------------------

Template entry point.  Call this function to 'execute' the working template

]]

local function wrap (frame)
	local args = {};															-- table of default and live parameters and their values to be passed to the wrapped template
	local template;																-- the name of the working template

	template = _main (frame, args, false);										-- get default and live parameters and the name of the working template
	if not template then														-- template name is required
		return error_msg;														-- emit error message and abandon if template name not present
	end

	return frame:expandTemplate {title=template, args=args};					-- render the working template
end


--[[--------------------------&lt; L I S T &gt;----------------------------------------------------------------------

Template entry point.  Call this function to 'display' the source for the working template.  This function added
as a result of a TfD here: Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2018_April_28#Module:PassArguments

This function replaces a similarly named function which was used in {{cite compare}} and {{cite compare2}}

Values in the args table are numerically indexed strings in the form 'name=value'

]]

local function list(frame, do_link)
	local args = {};						-- table of default and live parameters and their values to be passed to the listed template
	local template;							-- the name of the listed template

	template = _main (frame, args, true);	-- get default and live parameters and the name of the listed template
	if not template then					-- template name is required
		return error_msg;					-- emit error message and abandon if template name not present
	end
	if do_link then
		template = ('[[%s|%s]]'):format(frame:expandTemplate{ title='Transclude', args = {template} }, template)
	end
	table.sort(args)
	for i = 1, #args do
		local stripped = args[i]:match('^' .. i .. '=([^=]*)$')
		if stripped then args[i] = stripped else break end
	end
	return frame:preprocess(table.concat({
		'&lt;code style=&quot;color:inherit; background:inherit; border:none;&quot;&gt;&amp;#123;&amp;#123;',
		template,
		('&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;|%s&lt;/nowiki&gt;'):rep(#args):format(unpack(args)), '&amp;#125;&amp;#125;&lt;/code&gt;'}));	-- render the template
end

local function link (frame)
	return list(frame, true)
end

--[[--------------------------&lt; E X P O R T E D   F U N C T I O N S &gt;------------------------------------------
]]

return {
	link = link,
	list = list,
	wrap = wrap,
	};</text>
      <sha1>b0ambjffywwcjy4rlrl344s9i200kdz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Julius Evola</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25604</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117543</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T15:44:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Naslechat</username>
        <id>12951</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Asebtar amaynut: {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix   =  | name               = Julius Evola | honorific_suffix   =  | native_name        =  | native_name_lang   =  | image              = Evola.jpg | image_upright      =  | landscape          =  | alt                =  | caption            =  | birth_name         = Giulio Cesare Andrea Evola | birth_date         = 19 mayyu 1898 | birth_place        = [[Roma]], [[Ṭṭelyan]] | baptised           =  | death_date         = 11 yunyu 1974 | d...</comment>
      <origin>117543</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2043" sha1="gw114lz5bfzgilj2qyh3pvum8h5rpxl" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix   = 
| name               = Julius Evola
| honorific_suffix   = 
| native_name        = 
| native_name_lang   = 
| image              = Evola.jpg
| image_upright      = 
| landscape          = 
| alt                = 
| caption            = 
| birth_name         = Giulio Cesare Andrea Evola
| birth_date         = 19 mayyu 1898
| birth_place        = [[Roma]], [[Ṭṭelyan]]
| baptised           = 
| death_date         = 11 yunyu 1974
| death_place        = [[Roma]], [[Ṭṭelyan]]
| monuments          = 
| other_names        = 
| siglum             = 
| citizenship        = 
| education          = 
| occupation         = [[Afelsuf]], [[amaru]]
| era                = Tafelsuft n lqern wis 20
| employer           = 
| organization       = 
| agent              = 
| known_for          = 
| notable_works      = 
| style              = 
| height             = 
| title              = 
| term               = 
| predecessor        = 
| successor          = 
| political_party    = 
| other_party        = 
| movement           = Philosophie pérenne&lt;br&gt;Traditionalisme&lt;br&gt;
Révolution conservatrice
| opponents          = 
| boards             = 
| spouse             = 
| partner            = 
| children           = 
| parents            = 
| mother             = 
| father             = 
| relatives          = 
| family             = 
| callsign           = 
| awards             = 
| module             = {{Infobox military person
  |embed             = yes
  |embed_title       = Military service
  |allegiance        = [[Ṭṭelyan]]
  |branch            = Esercito Italiano
  |service_years     = 1917–1918
  |rank              = Artillery officer
  |battles_label     = Conflict
  |battles           = [[Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Amezwaru]]
}}
| signature          = 
| signature_type     = 
| signature_size     = 
| signature_alt      = 
| footnotes          = 
}}

'''Julius Evola''' (19 mayyu 1898-11 yunyu 1974) yella d afelsaf aṭelyani.

[[Taggayin:Tafelsuft]]
[[Taggayin:Tameddurt]]</text>
      <sha1>gw114lz5bfzgilj2qyh3pvum8h5rpxl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>117544</id>
      <parentid>117543</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T15:45:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Naslechat</username>
        <id>12951</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>117544</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2043" sha1="ecw25rysc7gi00n92uoghy4ec2o2vor" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix   = 
| name               = Julius Evola
| honorific_suffix   = 
| native_name        = 
| native_name_lang   = 
| image              = Evola.jpg
| image_upright      = 
| landscape          = 
| alt                = 
| caption            = 
| birth_name         = Giulio Cesare Andrea Evola
| birth_date         = 19 mayyu 1898
| birth_place        = [[Roma]], [[Ṭṭelyan]]
| baptised           = 
| death_date         = 11 yunyu 1974
| death_place        = [[Roma]], [[Ṭṭelyan]]
| monuments          = 
| other_names        = 
| siglum             = 
| citizenship        = 
| education          = 
| occupation         = [[Afelsuf]], [[amaru]]
| era                = Tafelsuft n lqern wis 20
| employer           = 
| organization       = 
| agent              = 
| known_for          = 
| notable_works      = 
| style              = 
| height             = 
| title              = 
| term               = 
| predecessor        = 
| successor          = 
| political_party    = 
| other_party        = 
| movement           = Philosophie pérenne&lt;br&gt;Traditionalisme&lt;br&gt;
Révolution conservatrice
| opponents          = 
| boards             = 
| spouse             = 
| partner            = 
| children           = 
| parents            = 
| mother             = 
| father             = 
| relatives          = 
| family             = 
| callsign           = 
| awards             = 
| module             = {{Infobox military person
  |embed             = yes
  |embed_title       = Military service
  |allegiance        = [[Ṭṭelyan]]
  |branch            = Esercito Italiano
  |service_years     = 1917–1918
  |rank              = Artillery officer
  |battles_label     = Conflict
  |battles           = [[Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Amezwaru]]
}}
| signature          = 
| signature_type     = 
| signature_size     = 
| signature_alt      = 
| footnotes          = 
}}

'''Julius Evola''' (19 mayyu 1898-11 yunyu 1974) yella d afelsaf aṭelyani.

[[Category:Tafelsuft]]
[[Category:Tameddurt]]</text>
      <sha1>ecw25rysc7gi00n92uoghy4ec2o2vor</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>