Wikipedia kabwiki https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asebter_agejdan MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.22 first-letter Media Uslig Mmeslay Amseqdac Amyannan umsqedac Wikipedia Amyannan n Wikipedia Tugna Amyannan n tugna MediaWiki Amyannan n MediaWiki Talɣa Amyannan n talɣa Tallat Amyannan n tallat Taggayt Amyannan n taggayt Awwur Amyannan uwwur Asenfaṛ Amyannan usenfaṛ TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk Sujet 0 11976 117555 67296 2026-10-03T04:08:21Z EmausBot 1720 تصليح تحويلة مزدوجة إلى [[Amaḍal n A Song of Ice and Fire]] 117555 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECTION [[Amaḍal n A Song of Ice and Fire#Winterfell]] {{R to section}} {{FictR to list entry|A Song of Ice and Fire}} 7n699pxj4d6su07k90dr8egu5syfw58 0 11992 117554 67316 2026-10-03T04:08:11Z EmausBot 1720 تصليح تحويلة مزدوجة إلى [[Amaḍal n A Song of Ice and Fire]] 117554 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECTION [[Amaḍal n A Song of Ice and Fire#The North]] {{R to section}} {{FictR to list entry|A Song of Ice and Fire|North}} gc5j0swsok20synflgixt0bdtmoibcg 0 12440 117553 93185 2026-10-03T04:08:01Z EmausBot 1720 تصليح تحويلة مزدوجة إلى [[Anavaḍ aqvayli di verra]] 117553 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECTION [[Anavaḍ aqvayli di verra]] 8nlsaz0qjqioymo9ixkb2sa13jzziv8 0 15374 117557 82777 2026-10-03T10:55:20Z Abillardoo 16203 117557 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Agman''' (Asget: '''igmanen''') deg [[tasnudert]] d tagrawt n [[imeẓdi (tasnudert)|imeẓda]] ittgin (ixeddmen) kra n tawuri neɣ ugar deg [[tafekka|tfekka]] n [[afgan|ufgan]] neɣ n [[Aɣersiw|uɣersiw]] akk d [[imɣan|yemɣan]] == Ideggan n yegmanen n deg tafekka-ines n wumdan == '''[[aqerruy]]''' d '''[[iri (agman)|yiri]]''' * [[Allaɣ]] * [[Tallaɣt]] * [[Agiger n wallaɣ]] * [[Udem]] * [[Ameẓẓuɣ]] * [[Taylalt n tiṭ]] * [[Inzer]] * [[Tiṭṭ]] * [[Imi]] * [[Agerjum]] * [[Tizelmeẓt]] * [[Taɣuct (agman)|Taɣuct]] * [[Tuɣmest|Tuɣmas]] * [[Aɣesmaṛ]] * [[Iles]] * [[Amayeg]] * [[Acenfir]] * [[Akaẓuẓ]] * [[Timɣi]] '''[[idmaren]]''': * [[Iff]] * [[Ul]] * [[Aberfiw]] * [[Tirkidin]] '''[[Adis]]''': * [[Iliwi]] * [[Adan]] neɣ [[adan|iẓerman]] * [[Tasa]] * [[Timestay]] * [[Tunet]] * [[Tigẓelt]] * [[Timerni]] '''[[Anda (agman)|Anda]]''': * [[Askiw]] * [[Isirew]] == Igmanen n iɣersiwen == Igmanen deg iɣersiwen d win igan am [[ul|wul]], [[aberfiw|iberfiwen]], [[tasa]], [[allaɣ]], [[ineṛfed]], [[iliwi]], [[tigeẓẓal]] d [[uglim|aglim]] igan d agman ameqran yakk di [[tafekka|tfekka]] == Igmanen n yemɣan == f7ti0fvayfp8di0qvy7rrt8xrvrc49r 0 17984 117552 93187 2026-10-03T04:07:51Z EmausBot 1720 تصليح تحويلة مزدوجة إلى [[Anavaḍ aqvayli di verra]] 117552 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECTION [[Anavaḍ aqvayli di verra]] 8nlsaz0qjqioymo9ixkb2sa13jzziv8 0 18725 117550 93186 2026-10-03T04:07:31Z EmausBot 1720 تصليح تحويلة مزدوجة إلى [[Anavaḍ aqvayli di verra]] 117550 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECTION [[Anavaḍ aqvayli di verra]] 8nlsaz0qjqioymo9ixkb2sa13jzziv8 0 18869 117551 93184 2026-10-03T04:07:41Z EmausBot 1720 تصليح تحويلة مزدوجة إلى [[Anavaḍ aqvayli di verra]] 117551 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECTION [[Anavaḍ aqvayli di verra]] 8nlsaz0qjqioymo9ixkb2sa13jzziv8 3 25307 117556 115239 2026-10-03T04:08:31Z EmausBot 1720 تصليح تحويلة مزدوجة إلى [[Amyannan umsqedac:Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE]] 117556 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECTION [[Amyannan umsqedac:Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE]] fi6v9uml187q1wjfkvtbrfgkltc8rvi 0 25597 117547 117539 2026-10-02T16:14:49Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117547 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography|item=Q7407093|image=[[File:Sam Altman speaking at TED (cropped).jpg|thumb|Sam Altman, april 2025]]|caption=Sam Altman.}}'''Samuel Harris Altman''', yettwassnen s yisem '''Sam Altman''', d aṛemmas, amsefti yerna d amsihel amarikan. D yiwen seg yimsnulfayen n OpenAI, yerna d anemhal amatu (CEO) n taṛmist-a. Uqbel OpenAI, yettwassen s waṭas deg umaḍal n tgemma(''startups)'', ladɣa s leqdic-is deg '''Y Combinator''', anda yella d amsefrak agejdan seg 2014 ar 2019. Ass-a, azal-is yeqqen ladɣa ɣer unerni n tigzi taragmawant (AI), ChatGPT d tmuɣli n OpenAI ɣef '''tigzi taragmawant tamatut''' '''(AGI)'''. == 1. Talalit d ulmad == Sam Altman ilul deg yiwet n twacult tayudayt deg [[Chicago]], maca yekker-d deg temdint n Saint-Louis deg uwanak n Missouri. Yemma-s d tamejjayt n wul (takardyulijit). Mi yesɛa 8 n yiseggasen deg leɛmer-is, yefka-yas baba-s aselkim-is amezwaru, d anaw n ''Apple Macintosh''. Seg tallit-nni, yebda yelmed asihel d useggem n warrumen n uselkim. Yezrew deg tesnawit n J''ohn Burroughs School'' deg temdint n ''Ladue''. Deg useggas n 2004, yekcem ɣer Tesdawit n ''Stanford'' akken ad iɣer tasenselkimt. Maca am waṭas n yimaswaḍen n ''Silicon Valley'' (am ''Steve Jobs'' neɣ ''Mark Zuckerberg''), Altman yeǧǧa tasdawit deg useggas n 2005 bla ma yekfa turagt-is, iwakken ad yerr akk lwelha-s ɣer teṛmist-is tamezwarut. == 2. Aban n umahil (akarir) == === 2.1. Loopt (2005–2012) === Deg useggas n 2005, mi yella yesɛa 19 n yiseggasen, Altman d yimdukkal-is sbedden taṛmist tamezwarut umi semman '''''Loopt'''''. Asnas-a d yiwen seg yisnasen imezwura deg ''tilifunat'' i yesseqdacen imsidag n GPS akken ad d-yemel i yiseqdacen anda llan yimdukkal-nsen deg wakud ilaw. '''''Loopt''''' tekcem deg tegrawt tamezwarut i yeffɣen seg tkebbanit n useddu '''Y Combinator'''. Xas akken asnas-a ur d-yewwi ara aṭas n yiseqdacen akken llan ttraǧun, taṛmist n tazzla Green Dot Corporation tuɣ-itt deg 2012 s wazal n 43 n yimelyunen n yidulaṛen. === 2.2. Y Combinator (2011–2019) === Deg useggas n 2011, Altman yuɣal d amedraw deg teṛmist n useddu n teṛmisin tigemma '''Y Combinator'''. Deg 2014, amesbeddi agejdan n Y Combinator, Paul Graham, yextar Sam Altman ad yuɣal d aselway n teṛmist-a s lekmal-is. Deg wakud ideg yella Altman d aselway, Y Combinator tennulfa yerna tefti deg yisenfaren imeqqranen deg umaḍal, gar-asen tiṛmisin mucaɛen am '''Airbnb''', '''Stripe''', '''Dropbox, DoorDash, Instacart, d Reddit''' (deg Reddit, Altman yella d anemhal amatu i kra n wussan deg 2014). Deg meɣres 2019, Altman yeǧǧa taselwit n Y Combinator iwakken ad yerr afus d wakk tazmert-is ɣer teṛmist [[OpenAI]]. === 2.3. OpenAI d tegrawla n tiɣist tagemdant (seg 2015) === Deg dujember 2015, '''Sam Altman''', '''Elon Musk''', '''Greg Brockman''', '''Ilya Sutskever''' d kra n yimuzzayen nniḍen sbedden [[OpenAI]]. Deg tazwara, OpenAI d tuddsa n unadi ussnan ur nqessad ara lfayda tadrimant (non-profit organization), s yiswi n usegmi d usnegmu n '''tiɣist tagemdant tamatut''' (AGI - '''Tigzi taragmawant tamatut''') ara yilin d tabaɣurt yerna d talwit i talsa. Deg 2019, mi wala d akken anadi deg taɣult-a yesra tadrimt tameqqrant d wallalen n uselkim iǧehden aṭas, Altman yebdel talɣa n teṛmist-a ɣer talɣa yesɛan lfayda yettwaḥedden (capped-profit company). Deg useggas-nni yakan, taṛmist [[Microsoft]] tsefti deg OpenAI azal n yiwen n umelyar n yidulaṛen. Deg 30 wember 2022, OpenAI tessufeɣ-d [[ChatGPT]] (tamudemt n tutlayt tameqqrant), asnas i yerran '''tiɣist tagemdant''' gar yifassen n yal amdan deg umaḍal.ChatGPT yegla-d s yiwet n tegrawla tasnatwilant tameqqrant, dɣa aya yessaweḍ Sam Altman ad yuɣal d yiwen gar yirgazen ifazen akk deg tfelsift d tnezzut tatrart. === 2.4. Tadyant n wember 2023 (Tuffɣa d tuɣalin) === Ass n 17 wember 2023, aseqqamu n tedbelt n OpenAI yessewhem amaḍal mi d-yessufeɣ Altman seg twuri-s n unemhal amatu. Nnan-d dakken Altman «ur yelli ara d aṣaḍi deg teywalt-is yid-sen». Tadyant-a tessekker aɣilif d ameqqran: Uggar n 700 n yixeddamen n OpenAI (ugar n 95% seg yimahalen) ssenyan tanaḍt ideg ggzen ad fɣen akk ma yella ur d-yuɣal ara Altman. Imseftiyen imeqqranen, ladɣa Microsoft, fkan-as afus yerna ssutren ad d-yuɣal. Deffir n semmus (5) n wussan kan, ass n 22 wember 2023, Altman yuɣal-d d anemhal amatu n OpenAI, ma d imaslaḍen n useqqamu n tedbelt i t-yessufɣen rran-d imukan-nsen i yimḍebbren imaynuten. agbqoqwc00pazzjqwhrwkp46o7off2h 117548 117547 2026-10-02T16:15:25Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography|item=Q7407093|image=[[File:Sam Altman speaking at TED (cropped).jpg|thumb|Sam Altman, april 2025]]|caption=Sam Altman.}}'''Samuel Harris Altman''', yettwassnen s yisem '''Sam Altman''', d aṛemmas, amsefti yerna d amsihel amarikan. D yiwen seg yimsnulfayen n OpenAI, yerna d anemhal amatu (CEO) n taṛmist-a. Uqbel OpenAI, yettwassen s waṭas deg umaḍal n tgemma(''startups)'', ladɣa s leqdic-is deg '''Y Combinator''', anda yella d amsefrak agejdan seg 2014 ar 2019. Ass-a, azal-is yeqqen ladɣa ɣer unerni n tigzi taragmawant (AI), ChatGPT d tmuɣli n OpenAI ɣef '''tigzi taragmawant tamatut''' '''(AGI)'''. == 1. Talalit d ulmad == Sam Altman ilul deg yiwet n twacult tayudayt deg [[Chicago]], maca yekker-d deg temdint n Saint-Louis deg uwanak n Missouri. Yemma-s d tamejjayt n wul (takardyulijit). Mi yesɛa 8 n yiseggasen deg leɛmer-is, yefka-yas baba-s aselkim-is amezwaru, d anaw n ''Apple Macintosh''. Seg tallit-nni, yebda yelmed asihel d useggem n warrumen n uselkim. Yezrew deg tesnawit n J''ohn Burroughs School'' deg temdint n ''Ladue''. Deg useggas n 2004, yekcem ɣer Tesdawit n ''Stanford'' akken ad iɣer tasenselkimt. Maca am waṭas n yimaswaḍen n ''Silicon Valley'' (am ''Steve Jobs'' neɣ ''Mark Zuckerberg''), Altman yeǧǧa tasdawit deg useggas n 2005 bla ma yekfa turagt-is, iwakken ad yerr akk lwelha-s ɣer teṛmist-is tamezwarut. == 2. Aban n umahil (akarir) == === 2.1. Loopt (2005–2012) === Deg useggas n 2005, mi yella yesɛa 19 n yiseggasen, Altman d yimdukkal-is sbedden taṛmist tamezwarut umi semman '''''Loopt'''''. Asnas-a d yiwen seg yisnasen imezwura deg ''tilifunat'' i yesseqdacen imsidag n GPS akken ad d-yemel i yiseqdacen anda llan yimdukkal-nsen deg wakud ilaw. '''''Loopt''''' tekcem deg tegrawt tamezwarut i yeffɣen seg tkebbanit n useddu '''Y Combinator'''. Xas akken asnas-a ur d-yewwi ara aṭas n yiseqdacen akken llan ttraǧun, taṛmist n tazzla Green Dot Corporation tuɣ-itt deg 2012 s wazal n 43 n yimelyunen n yidulaṛen. === 2.2. Y Combinator (2011–2019) === Deg useggas n 2011, Altman yuɣal d amedraw deg teṛmist n useddu n teṛmisin tigemma '''Y Combinator'''. Deg 2014, amesbeddi agejdan n Y Combinator, Paul Graham, yextar Sam Altman ad yuɣal d aselway n teṛmist-a s lekmal-is. Deg wakud ideg yella Altman d aselway, Y Combinator tennulfa yerna tefti deg yisenfaren imeqqranen deg umaḍal, gar-asen tiṛmisin mucaɛen am '''Airbnb''', '''Stripe''', '''Dropbox, DoorDash, Instacart, d Reddit''' (deg Reddit, Altman yella d anemhal amatu i kra n wussan deg 2014). Deg meɣres 2019, Altman yeǧǧa taselwit n Y Combinator iwakken ad yerr afus d wakk tazmert-is ɣer teṛmist [[OpenAI]]. === 2.3. OpenAI d tegrawla n tiɣist tagemdant (seg 2015) === Deg dujember 2015, '''Sam Altman''', '''Elon Musk''', '''Greg Brockman''', '''Ilya Sutskever''' d kra n yimuzzayen nniḍen sbedden [[OpenAI]]. Deg tazwara, OpenAI d tuddsa n unadi ussnan ur nqessad ara lfayda tadrimant (non-profit organization), s yiswi n usegmi d usnegmu n '''tiɣist tagemdant tamatut''' (AGI - '''Tigzi taragmawant tamatut''') ara yilin d tabaɣurt yerna d talwit i talsa. Deg 2019, mi wala d akken anadi deg taɣult-a yesra tadrimt tameqqrant d wallalen n uselkim iǧehden aṭas, Altman yebdel talɣa n teṛmist-a ɣer talɣa yesɛan lfayda yettwaḥedden (capped-profit company). Deg useggas-nni yakan, taṛmist [[Microsoft]] tsefti deg OpenAI azal n yiwen n umelyar n yidulaṛen. Deg 30 wember 2022, OpenAI tessufeɣ-d [[ChatGPT]] (tamudemt n tutlayt tameqqrant), asnas i yerran '''[[Tigzi Taragmawant|tiɣist tagemdant]]''' gar yifassen n yal amdan deg umaḍal.ChatGPT yegla-d s yiwet n tegrawla tasnatwilant tameqqrant, dɣa aya yessaweḍ Sam Altman ad yuɣal d yiwen gar yirgazen ifazen akk deg tfelsift d tnezzut tatrart. === 2.4. Tadyant n wember 2023 (Tuffɣa d tuɣalin) === Ass n 17 wember 2023, aseqqamu n tedbelt n OpenAI yessewhem amaḍal mi d-yessufeɣ Altman seg twuri-s n unemhal amatu. Nnan-d dakken Altman «ur yelli ara d aṣaḍi deg teywalt-is yid-sen». Tadyant-a tessekker aɣilif d ameqqran: Uggar n 700 n yixeddamen n OpenAI (ugar n 95% seg yimahalen) ssenyan tanaḍt ideg ggzen ad fɣen akk ma yella ur d-yuɣal ara Altman. Imseftiyen imeqqranen, ladɣa Microsoft, fkan-as afus yerna ssutren ad d-yuɣal. Deffir n semmus (5) n wussan kan, ass n 22 wember 2023, Altman yuɣal-d d anemhal amatu n OpenAI, ma d imaslaḍen n useqqamu n tedbelt i t-yessufɣen rran-d imukan-nsen i yimḍebbren imaynuten. 7zxag0azj9ik3027aox99yb8cdmyn0n 0 25598 117549 117545 2026-10-02T18:12:03Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117549 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Qusṭantin Klurus''' (s tlaṭinit Flavius Valerius Constantius; yezga yettwassen s yisem Constantius Chlorus) yella d yiwen gar {{Infobox biography|item=Q131195|image=[[File:Const.chlorus01 pushkin.jpg|thumb|Const.chlorus01 pushkin]]|caption=Amenkad Qusṭantin Klurus.}} imenkaden igejdanen n Tmenkda Tarumanit deg taggara n tasut tis III d tazwara n tasut tis IV. Yella d yiwen seg yimḍebbaren n Tetrarkiya, anagraw n leḥkem i d-yessnulfa umenkad Dyuklisyan akken ad yebḍu tadbelt n tmenkda gar ukuẓ n yimḍebbaren. Maca ayen i t-yeǧǧan yettwassen ugar deg umezruy d akken netta i d baba-s n Qusṭantin Ameqqran, win ara ibeddlen s waṭas udem n Tmenkda Tarumanit. == 1. Talalit d tazwara n tudert-is == '''Qusṭantin Klurus''' ilul azal n 250 n Tallit Tatrart, deg tmurt n ''Illyria'' neɣ deg temnaḍt n ''Dardanya'', ɣas akken imedyaten iqburen ur msefhamen ara akk ɣef wadeg d useggas n talalit-is. Iɣbula iqburen i d-yettawin d akken yella seg twacult tameqqrant, deg tilawt ur tettwasebded ara s tidet; aṭas n yimazrayen ttwalin belli assaɣ i as-rran sin ɣer umenkad ''Claudius II Gothicus'' yezmer ad yili d asnulfu asertan n twacult n Qusṭantin Ameqqran akken ad tesɛu aẓar amenkadi aqbur. Am waṭas n yimḍebbaren n tallit-nni, abrid-is ɣer leḥkem ibda s tredsa. Yettban-d d amdan yesɛan tazmert deg ṭṭrad d tedbelt, armi yuɣal d amḍebber n ''Dalmatia''. Tallit-nni tella d tallit n ubeddel ameqqran: Tazɣent n tasut tis III teǧǧa Tamnekda Tarumanit tesra talɣa tamaynut n leḥkem, iserdasen iǧehden d tlisa yettwaɛassan akken iwata. == 2. Helena d talalit n Qusṭantin Ameqqran == Deg tudert-is tusligt, Qusṭantin Klurus yesɛa assaɣ akked '''Helena,''' tameṭṭut ara yuɣalen deffir d yiwet seg tulawin yettwassnen aṭas deg umezruy amasiḥi. Gar-asen i d-ilul Qusṭantin Ameqqran. Mi yebda Qusṭantin Klurus yettali deg uswir asertan, assaɣen n twacult uɣalen d aferdis n leḥkem. Yebra i Helena neɣ yemsefraq yid-s, syin yuɣ ''Theodora'', yell-is n tmeṭṭut n umenkad ''Maximian''. Aya yesseǧhed assaɣ-is akked twacult timenkadit. Iɣbula ttemgaraden ɣef talɣa tusligt n wassaɣ-is akked Helena, ihi ilaq ad neḥrez tamawt-a mi ara d-nemmeslay ɣef tudert-is. == 3. Tetrarkiya n Dyuklisyan == Akken ad yerr Tamnekda Tarumanit ɣer lebni iǧehden deffir Tazɣent n tasut tis III, [[Dyuklisyan]] yebna anagraw n Tetrarkiya. Deg unagraw-a llan ukuẓ n yimḍebbaren: sin d Augustus, ma d sin-nniḍen d Caesar, d imḍebbaren ddaw-asen yerna ilaq ad ten-id-ḍefren deg leḥkem. Deg 293, Maximian yerra Qusṭantin Klurus d Caesar n Tmenkda Tarumanit n umalu, ma d Galerius yuɣal d Caesar n Dyuklisyan deg usamar. Qusṭantin Klurus yewwi deg leḥkem-is s umata Gaul, Britanniya, akked kra n tmura n umalu. Aya yerra-t d yiwen gar wid yesɛan azal ameqqran deg tsertit tarumanit. == 4. Ṭṭrad mgal Carausius d Allectus == Yiwen seg wuguren imeqqranen i d-yufa Qusṭantin Klurus yella deg Britanniya. Amezwaru n tallit-nni, Carausius, yiwen n umeskar aserdasi arumani, yugi leḥkem n Roma yerna yerr-a iman-is d amenkad deg Britanniya. Mi yemmut Carausius, Allectus yeṭṭef adeg-is. Qusṭantin Klurus yebɣa ad d-yerr Britanniya ddaw leḥkem n Tmenkda Tarumanit. Deg 293, yesseḥbes tamnaḍt n Gesoriacum — Boulogne n wass-a — i yellan d yiwen n yiɣbula igejdanen n tezmert n Carausius deg Gaul. Deg 296, iserdasen n Qusṭantin Klurus zgeren ilel ɣer Britannia. Allectus yettwanɣa deg ṭṭrad, yerna Britannia tuɣal tikelt-nniḍen ddaw leḥkem arumani. Aya yella d yiwen seg leqdicat iserdasen imeqqranen n Qusṭantin Klurus. == 5. Tilisa n Rhine d ṭṭrad mgal Alamanni == Ur yelli ara deg Britanniya kan i yesɛan uguren. Tilisa n Tmenkda deg Rhine tettwaḥaz s waṭas s trebbuyaɛ iǧermaniyen. Deg 298, Qusṭantin Klurus yerna '''Alamanni''' deg temnaḍt n Lingones, azal n Langres n wass-a. Syin yesseǧhed tilisa n Rhine akken ad iḥareb ɣef tmura tarumanin deg Gaul. Ṭṭraḍat-a rran-t d yiwen gar imḍebbaren iserdasen yesɛan azal deg umalu n Tmenkda deg tallit n Tetrarkiya. == 6. Qusṭantin Klurus d imasiḥiyen == Deg 303, [[Dyuklisyan]] d yimḍebbaren-nniḍen n Tetrarkiya ssuffɣen isuḍaf i bedden mgal imasiḥiyen. Tallit-a tettwassen deg umezruy am yiwet seg talliyin n uqhaṛ ameqqran mgal tamasiḥit deg Tmenkda Tarumanit. Maca deg tmura i yellan ddaw Qusṭantin Klurus, asuter n yisudar-a ur yelli ara s leǧhed am wakken yella deg kra n tmura n usamar. Iɣbula ttwawin-d belli kra n Ideggen Uqdisen n yimasiḥiyin ttwahuddent, maca afqhaṛ mgal imdanen yella d afessas ugar. Ilaq, maca, ad neḥrez amgired gar Qusṭantin Klurus d mmi-s: aya ur d-yemmal ara belli Klurus yella d amasiḥi. Ula d tarrayt n Qusṭantin Ameqqran akked tmasiḥit, ara d-ibanen deffir, ur ilaq ara ad tettwarr ɣer baba-s war abeggen. == 7. Seg Caesar ɣer Augustus == Deg 1 Mayyu 305, Dyuklisyan d Maximian ǧǧan leḥkem. S unagraw n Tetrarkiya, wid yellan d Caesares ilaq ad uɣalen d Augusti. Ihi: Qusṭantin Klurus yuɣal d Augustus deg umalu, ma d Galerius yuɣal d Augustus deg usamar. Caesares imaynuten llan Severus d Maximinus Daia. Maca anagraw-a yella ɣur-s wugur ameqqran: mmi-s n Qusṭantin Klurus, Qusṭantin, ur yettwafren ara d Caesar. Aya ara yuɣalen d yiwen seg yisebdaden n tazɣent tasertant ara yeḍrun deffir tamettant n Klurus. 33b0h3vjxyaobqaz4wk6ny21ipi4uws 0 25605 117558 2026-10-03T11:20:05Z Gurzil90x 14292 Amagrad amaynut 117558 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alexis-Charles-Henri Clérel de Tocqueville''' (ilul ass n 29 yulyu 1805 deg Paris – yemmut ass n 16 yebrir 1859 deg Cannes) d {{Infobox biography|item=Q140694|image=[[File:Alexis de Tocqueville (Théodore Chassériau - Versailles).jpg|thumb|Alexis de Tocqueville (Théodore Chassériau - Versailles)]]|caption=Alexis de Tocqueville.}} aflusuf asertan, d amsunmetti, d amezray yerna d asertay afransis. Yettwaḥseb d yiwen gar yimezwura i d-yessersen llsan i tussna n tsertit tatrart d tesnamettit tasemyifant. Yettwassen deg umaḍal s sin n yidlisen-is imeqranen: '''Tugdut deg''' '''Marikan'''(De la démocratie en Amérique), ideg i d-yesleḍ anagraw amagday d waddad n tgadda deg Iwunak Yeddukklen n Marikan, deg udlis-is wis sin Anagraw Aqbur d Tegrawla(L'Ancien Régime et la Révolution), ideg i d-yefka tamuɣli tasertant ɣef tmentilin d yigemmaḍ n [[Tagrawla Tafṛansist|Tegrawla Tafransist n 1789]]. Tocqueville yella daɣen d amazzan deg Texxamt n yimazanen, dɣa yuɣal d Aneɣlaf n Temsal n Beṛṛa deg useggas n 1849. Yura daɣen aṭas n tneqqisin ɣef temsalt n Lezzayer d usehres afransis, ideg i d-yefka tamuɣli tusligt yerna tamagdazt ɣef [[Tamurt n Leqbayel|Tmurt n Leqbayel]]. rluca6bxjq7bo4pzpnefvrmzavtjh36 0 25606 117559 2026-10-03T11:25:27Z Gurzil90x 14292 Amagrad amaynut 117559 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Asfukel war tukci n tmusni''' (s teglizit: zero-knowledge proof, ZKP) d tarrayt deg uwgelhan i yessemras yiwen umdan neɣ yiwen unagraw iwakken ad isfukel i wayeḍ belli yiwet n tenfalit d tidet, war ma yefka-as talɣut nniḍen ɣef wayen yeffren, nnig wayen i d-temmal tenfalit-nni d yisefka izuyaz. Taɣara-a teqqen ɣer wamek i yettwasileɣ usfukel, mačči kan ɣer usuffeɣ neɣ war asuffeɣ n tuffirt s wudem usrid. ce3ql7dx5ff42gpsne21snj2x4w9o5p