Asfukel war tukci n tmusni

<mediawiki xmlns="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/ http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11.xsd" version="0.11" xml:lang="kab">
  <siteinfo>
    <sitename>Wikipedia</sitename>
    <dbname>kabwiki</dbname>
    <base>https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asebter_agejdan</base>
    <generator>MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.23</generator>
    <case>first-letter</case>
    <namespaces>
      <namespace key="-2" case="first-letter">Media</namespace>
      <namespace key="-1" case="first-letter">Uslig</namespace>
      <namespace key="0" case="first-letter" />
      <namespace key="1" case="first-letter">Mmeslay</namespace>
      <namespace key="2" case="first-letter">Amseqdac</namespace>
      <namespace key="3" case="first-letter">Amyannan umsqedac</namespace>
      <namespace key="4" case="first-letter">Wikipedia</namespace>
      <namespace key="5" case="first-letter">Amyannan n Wikipedia</namespace>
      <namespace key="6" case="first-letter">Tugna</namespace>
      <namespace key="7" case="first-letter">Amyannan n tugna</namespace>
      <namespace key="8" case="first-letter">MediaWiki</namespace>
      <namespace key="9" case="first-letter">Amyannan n MediaWiki</namespace>
      <namespace key="10" case="first-letter">Talɣa</namespace>
      <namespace key="11" case="first-letter">Amyannan n talɣa</namespace>
      <namespace key="12" case="first-letter">Tallat</namespace>
      <namespace key="13" case="first-letter">Amyannan n tallat</namespace>
      <namespace key="14" case="first-letter">Taggayt</namespace>
      <namespace key="15" case="first-letter">Amyannan n taggayt</namespace>
      <namespace key="100" case="first-letter">Awwur</namespace>
      <namespace key="101" case="first-letter">Amyannan uwwur</namespace>
      <namespace key="102" case="first-letter">Asenfaṛ</namespace>
      <namespace key="103" case="first-letter">Amyannan usenfaṛ</namespace>
      <namespace key="710" case="first-letter">TimedText</namespace>
      <namespace key="711" case="first-letter">TimedText talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="828" case="first-letter">Module</namespace>
      <namespace key="829" case="first-letter">Discussion module</namespace>
      <namespace key="1728" case="first-letter">Event</namespace>
      <namespace key="1729" case="first-letter">Event talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="2600" case="first-letter">Sujet</namespace>
    </namespaces>
  </siteinfo>
  <page>
    <title>Asfukel war tukci n tmusni</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25606</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117585</id>
      <parentid>117580</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T09:48:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117585</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9017" sha1="4ykrl3zz0kxkff8fk1pl1z8chqtw64r" xml:space="preserve">'''Asfukel war tukci n tmusni''' (s teglizit: zero-knowledge proof, ZKP) d tarrayt deg uwgelhan i yessemras yiwen umdan neɣ yiwen unagraw iwakken ad isfukel i wayeḍ belli yiwet n tenfalit d tidet, war ma yefka-as talɣut nniḍen ɣef wayen yeffren, nnig wayen i d-temmal tenfalit-nni d yisefka izuyaz. Taɣara-a teqqen ɣer wamek i yettwasileɣ usfukel, mačči kan ɣer usuffeɣ neɣ war asuffeɣ n tuffirt s wudem usrid.

== Isem d unamek ==
« War tukci n tmusni » ur d-yemmal ara belli win yesneqden ur d-yelmid acemma. Yettwali belli tanfalit i as-d-yettunefken tettwaqbel s yilugan n unagraw. Ayen ur d-ilemmid ara d talɣut nniḍen ɣef tuffirt i yellan deffir usfukel. S umedya, ad iselken belli amdan yesɛa tasarut tuffirt, war ma yessen azal n tsarut-nni.

== Amezruy d usnerni n tmiḍrant ==

=== Seg yisfukal imatuten ɣer yisfukal s usdiwen ===
Deg usfukel n tusnakt i nennum, win i d-yettaken asfukel yeskanay-d tikli i izemren ad teḍfer tayeḍ. Maca deg uwgelhan, tikli-nni tezmer ad tesban talɣut i ilaq ad teqqim d tuffirt. Timiḍrant n ZK tefruri-d seg usteqsi-a: amek ara nesfukel tidet n kra, war ma nesban-d meṛṛa ayen i aɣ-yeǧǧan ad t-nessen?

''Shafi Goldwasser, Silvio Micali'' akked ''Charles Rackoff'' sbedden tigejda n taɣult-a deg leqdic i d-yeffɣen deg STOC deg 1985. Lqem-is aɣezfan yeffeɣ-d deg ''SIAM Journal on'' ''Computing'' deg 1989. Leqdic-a yesdukkel asfukel s '''usdiwen''', '''taseqqart''' d '''usenqed n''' '''tmusni''' i yezmer ad d-yerbeḥ win yesneqden. 

=== Asemres ɣef ugur imatu ===
''Oded Goldreich, Silvio Micali'' akked ''Avi Wigderson'' sbegnen belli, ma llan kra n tesɣunin i yessehlen i usiḍen deg yiwet n tnila maca iweɛren i tuɣalin ɣer deffir (one-way functions), yal tutlayt deg taggayt NP tesɛa asfukel s usdiwen war tukci n tmusni. Leqdic-nsen yettwabder deg 1986, lqem aɣezfan-is deg 1991. Aya yessuffeɣ timiḍrant seg kra n wuguren n yimḍanen ɣer yiwet n taɣult tasnaẓrayant wessiɛen.

=== Tuɣalin ɣer leqdic war asdiwen ===
Deg 1988, ''Manuel Blum'', ''Paul Feldman'' akked ''Silvio Micali'' ssuffɣen-d leqdic agejdan ɣef yisfukal war asdiwen d yiseqdacen-nsen. Iɣewwaṛen izuyaz yezdin gar win yesfukulen d win yesneqden zemren ad ilin d lsas n leqdic-a. Ihi, « war asdiwen » ur yemmal ara « war uheggi » neɣ « war tawsit n unagraw ». 

=== Tallit n yisfukal iwezlan ===
Deg yiseggasen 2010, inadiyen ɣef yisfukal iwezlan, aselken arurad d leḥsab ameqqran ssawḍen ɣer twaculin am '''Groth16''', '''Bulletproofs''', '''STARK''', '''PLONK''' d '''Halo'''. Yal tawacult tesɛa ilugan d yiswan-is: temẓi n usfukel, akud n usnulfu, tmara n uselken neɣ tukksa n uheggi i yettḥwaǧen laman deg umdan wis kraḍ.

== 2. Tabadut tusnakt d yiwudam n leqdic ==
I ussegzi n tarrayt, nettsemmi P i win yesfukulen (prover), V i win yesneqden (verifier), x i yisefka izuyaz, w i uselkin uffir (witness). Assaɣ R yesbadu ayen ilaq ad yili d tidet gar x d w. 

'''R(x, w) = 1'''

Tanfalit i nettḥeqqiq d tin i d-yeqqaren belli '''illa''' w i yesɛan assaɣ-a d x. Tagrumma n yisefka izuyaz i yesɛan aselkin yettwabdar s:

'''L = { x : illa w, R(x, w) = 1 }'''

S umedya n ussegzi, x yezmer ad yili d azal y n tesɣent n ugeddeḥ H; w d amḍan uffir s = w. Assaɣ yettwasenqed d H(s) = y. Yezmer daɣen ad yili x d agmuḍ n leḥsab, w d isefka uffiren akked tikli n leḥsab i d-yessawḍen ɣer ugmuḍ-nni. Umḍan n yiwudam ur yettbeddilara tabadut: zemren ad ilin d imdanen, d iqeddacen neɣ d iseɣẓanen.

=== Kraḍ n tewtilin tigejdanin ===
'''Aqbal n wayen iṣeḥḥan''' (completeness). Ma x yesɛa aselkin iwatan, yerna P d V ḍefren ilugan, asfukel ilaq ad yettwaqbel s tseqqart meqqren, neɣ dima deg kra n yinagrawen.

'''Agi n wayen ur neṣṣiḥ ara''' (soundness). Ma x ur yesɛi ula d yiwen n uselkin iwatan, ilaq ad tili tseqqart n uɣelli n V deg tuccḍa d tameẓyant akken iwata, ɣas P yeɛreḍ ad iɣucc. Taɣara-a tḥerrez tidet n usfukel.

'''War tukci n tmusni''' (zero knowledge). Talɣut i d-yettawi V seg leqdic ilaq ad tezmer

ad tettwaserwes war aselkin uffir. Taɣara-a tḥerrez ayen i yessen P; ur tettwasefhem ara s wawal « uffir » kan.  Taɣellist tettwasbadu s yiwen uɣewwaṛ λ. Taseqqart i wumi neqqar « tameẓyant akken iwata » tezmer ad tili d tin i yettidiren ddaw n 1/λk i yal k &gt; 0, ma λ meqqer akken iwata. D aya i d-anamek n negligible deg tbadutin-a.

== Asfukel d afukal ==
Deg unamek usdid, ''anza'' yesseḥbibir ɣef tidet ula mgal win yesfukulen s tzemmar n leḥsab ur nesɛi ara tilisa. Afukal(Argument) yettḥerrez tidet mgal aɣuccam(win iɣuccen) i yesɛan tazmert n leḥsab talast. Deg uḍris imatu, awal « asfukel » yettwasemras i snat-a; deg usenqed tusnakt, amgired-a ilaq ad yettwaḥrez.

=== Tugna 1. Asfukel d uselkin uffir ===
Win yesfukulen yessemras aselkin uffir; win yesneqden yesseḥḥay tanfalit s usfukel d yisefka izuyaz.
[[Tugna:Tugna 1 Asfukel d uselkin uffir.png|centré|400x400px]]

== 3. Aserwes d unamek usdid n ZK ==

=== Aserwas am tewtilt n usfukel ===
'''Aserwas''' (simulator) d axwerzim(alguritm) i d-yeslalayen ayen i izemren ad iwali win yesneqden, war ma yesɛa aselkin uffir. Deg tabadut n ZK, ilaq ayen i d-yessuffeɣ userwas ad yemcabi, ilmend n tewtilt tusnakt i nettsemras, ayen i d-yettawi win yesneqden seg leqdic ilaw. Ma nezmer ad neslal talɣut-nni war tuffirt, tikli n usfukel ur as-d-terni ara talɣut i izemren ad tessegzi tuffirt. Aya ur d-yemmal ara belli '''aɣuccam''' yezmer ad d-yesnulfu yal asfukel yebɣa deg unagraw ilaw. Aserwes yezmer ad yessemres tarrayt tasnaẓrayant am tuɣalin ɣer kra n waddaden n win yesneqden, neɣ yiwen n uheggi n usenqed i yemgaraden ɣef uheggi ilaw. Iwakkenad tettwaḥrez tidet, tarrayin-a ilaq ad ttwasbadunt deg umedya tusnakt n tɣellist.

=== Kraḍ n talɣiwin n umcabi ===
'''War tukci n tmusni s wudem ummid''' (perfect zero knowledge). Tiski n wayen i d-yessuffeɣ userwas d tin n leqdic ilaw d yiwet s tusnakt.

'''War tukci n tmusni s waddadan''' (statistical zero knowledge). Sin n yisuffaɣ qriben nezzeh deg tseqqart; amgired-nsen d ameẓyan akken iwata, ɣas win i ten-yesneqden yesɛa tazmert n usiḍen(leḥsab) war tilisa.

'''War tukci n tmusni n usiḍen''' (computational zero knowledge). Axwerzim i yesɛan tilisa n usiḍen(leḥsab) ur yezmir ara ad yefrez gar sin n yisuffaɣ s tzemmar yugaren talast tameẓyant i tettwasbadun. Taɣara-a tezmer ad tbedd ɣef ugur tusnakt i yettwaḥsaben d aweɛran.

== Win yesneqden s laman d win iɣuccen ==
Kra n yisfukal ttwaseknen kan d ''War tukci n tmusni'''''('''ZK) ma ara yelli win yesneqden yeḍfer ilugan: aya d &quot;''honest-verifier zero knowledge, HVZK&quot;''. ''War tukci n tmusni(''ZK) mgal win yesneqden iɣuccen ilaq ad tesseḥbiber ɣef tuffirt ula ma ibeddel isteqsiyen neɣ ixeddem s talɣut nniḍen. Ur ilaq ara ad nerr HVZK d agdazal n ZK mgal yal aɣuccam. 

Deg unagraw anda aṭas n yisfukal teddun deg yiwet n tallit, taɣara n ZK n yiwen n leqdic ur tekfi ara i usfukel n tɣellist n wammud. Leqdic yezdin, allus d ubeddel n umizwer n yiznan ḥwaǧen asenqed i iman-nsen.

== 4. Imedyaten d wassaɣ d NP ==

=== Asfukel n umḍan n yiseggasen ===
Amedya n ussegzi: yiwen n umdan yebɣa ad isfukel belli yesɛa 18 n yiseggasen neɣ ugar, war ma yesban-d azemz n tlalit-is. Isefka izuyaz zemren ad ilin d azemz n wass-a, talast 18, akked tsarut tazayezt n win i d-yefkan aselkin. Isefka uffiren zemren ad ilin d azemz n tlalit d uzmul umḍin i t-yesseḥḥan.

Asfukel ilaq ad yesdukkel snat n tewtilin: azemz yeqqen ɣer uselkin iṣeḥḥan, yerna amḍan n yiseggasen yellan deg-s ugar neɣ yewweḍ 18. Ma yesneqed kan tanaḍt « age ≥ 18 » war tuqqna ɣer uselkin, amdan yezmer ad yefk amḍan i d-isnulfa. Ihi, ZK yettḥerrez tikli n uselken; aɣbalu n yisefka ilaq ad yili d win i nezmer ad namen.

=== Amedya n tfelwit n wurar ===
Yezmer umdan ad yebɣu ad isfukel belli yesɛa tifrat n yiwen n '''Sudoku''', war ma d-yesban tifrat. Isefka izuyaz d tafelwit n wurar; aselkin uffir d imḍanen i yefka i texxamin tilemmas. Assaɣ R yesneqed belli yal izirig, yal tigejdit d yal aḥric yesɛa imḍanen ilaqen, yerna imḍanen i yellan seg tazwara ur beddlen ara. Amedya-a yeskanay belli aselkin ur ilaq ara ad yili d awal uffir; yezmer ad yili d tifrat n ugur.

=== Anamek n NP ===
NP d taggayt n wuguren anda tifrat i aɣ-d-yettunefken tezmer ad tettwasenqed deg wakud i yettnernin s wudem agetfulan ilmend n teɣzi n yisefka. Aya ur d-yemmal ara belli tifrat-nni teshel i tifin. Yal tifrat n kra n wuguren tezmer ad tettwasenqed s lemɣawla, maca tifin-is tezmer ad teḥwaǧ leḥsab meqqren. 

Agmuḍ n Goldreich, Micali d Wigderson yemmal belli, s kra n turdiwin n uwgelhan, nezmer ad nesfukel tilin n tifrat i yal ugur deg NP war tukci n tmusni. Maca tilin n tarrayt deg tusnakt ur d-yemmal ara belli tarrayt-nni d taruradt neɣ teshel i usemres. Asenqed n wakud, tkatut d teɣzi n usfukel d aḥric nniḍen n unadi.</text>
      <sha1>4ykrl3zz0kxkff8fk1pl1z8chqtw64r</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Evemerus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25607</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117584</id>
      <parentid>117579</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T09:09:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117584</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5378" sha1="p2ol9dwufr77dlw1d11losme0mqz0gq" xml:space="preserve">'''Evemerus''' ('''Euhemeros / Εὐήμερος''') d afelsaf u d amyaru Agrigi aqbur, yettwasnen s teẓri i d-yefka ɣef yirebbiten: ɣur-s, kra n 

{{Infobox biography|item=Q317942|caption=Euhemerus}}

yirebbiten yellan zemren ad ilin deg tazwara d imdanen n tidet — igelliden, imnekcamen neɣ imdanen yesɛan azal — syin akkin, deffir n tmettant-nsen, ttwaɛebden am yirebbiten. Tikti-a i d-yefka yiwen n ubrid nniḍen i usefhem n tmucuha d tmiṭulujit.

== 1. Anwa i yella Evemerus? ==
Evemerus yedder deg taggara n tasut tis IV uqbel talalit n Ɛisa, akked tazwara n tasut tis III uqbel talalit n Ɛisa, deg tallit i d-yeḍfaren tameddit n [[Aliksandr Ameqqran]]. Iɣbula iqburen ur d-ttakken ara talɣut ɣef tudert-is, ihi ur nezmir ara ad nessekfel s telqayt melmi d wanda i d-ilul.

Yettwasen deg umezruy n tfelsafit ladɣa s umahil-is '''Hiera Anagraphē''' (Ἱερὰ Ἀναγραφή), i nezmer ad nefhem am « Tira Tuqdist » neɣ « Asekles Uqdis ». Aḍris agejdan n udlis-a iruḥ, maca kra seg-s yettwassen s yisebtar d yisuɣal i d-qqimen deg yimezwura n tallit taqburt.

== 2. Tallit ideg yedder ==
Evemerus yedder deg tallit tahellenistit, mi yekfa udabu n Aliksandr Ameqqran, imi timura i yekcem deg-sent mgaradent gar yigliden d yimnekcamen-is.

Tallit-a tesɛa azal meqqren deg umezruy n tmitulujit: tuddsa n yirebbiten d tmucuha n Yigrigiyen teṭṭef tamurt tameqqrant, maca deg yiwen wakud llan ifilasafiyen d yimyura i ibeddun ad sqerdcen timsal-a s tmuɣli n umezruy, n tfelsafit d usegzi aɣaran.

Evemerus yella gar wid i d-yefkan yiwet seg teẓriwin i d-yettbanen d timaynutin: ma yella kra n yirebbiten d imdanen n zik i yettwaɛebden deffir?

== 3. « Hiera Anagraphē » — amahil-is agejdan ==
Deg udlis-is, Evemerus yules-d ɣef tinigin ara t-yawin ɣer tegzirt n ''Panchaia.''

''Panchaia'' tettwasegza am wakal aberkan d amerkanti, anda i yufa Evemerus kra n uḍris neɣ n usekles uqdis. Ɣef wakken i d-yenna, deg-s llan yismawen d umezruy n yirebbiten am:

'''Zeus, Kronos d Uranos.'''

Maca ayen i d-yufa — ilmend n wayen i d-yules — yessefk ad ibeddel tamuɣli ɣef-sen: ur llin ara seg tazwara d yirebbiten n igenni, maca d imdanen n zik, d igelliden neɣ d imdanen yesɛan adabu d wazal meqqren.

''Panchaia'' tezmer ad tili d amkan asugnan i yesseqdec umyaru iwakken ad d-yefk tiktiwin-is. Imusnawen n wass-a ur ttwalin ara taleqqimt-is am umezruy ussid n tinigt i yeḍran akken i d-yettwales.

== 4. Tikti tagejdant n Evemerus ==
Tikti-s nezmer ad tt-id-nessegzi akka:

'''Amdan → ameqqran deg tmetti → amazray → aɛebbad → arebbi.'''

S unamek nniḍen, amdan yezmer ad yili d agellid neɣ d amnekcam yesɛan azal meqqren. Mi yemmut, imdanen ad cfun fell-as. Tallit tettɛeddi, tamacahut tettnerni, tamektit-is tettbeddil, alamma amdan-nni yettuɣal deg tmiṭulujit d arebbi(illu/akuc).

Ɣef wakken i t-id-yessegza Evemerus, ihi, tmiṭulujit tezmer ad tesɛu aẓar amazray.

== 5. Amedya n Zeus ==
Deg tmuɣli-a, '''Zeus''' ur yelli ara seg tazwara d arebbi ur nesɛi ara talalit. Yella d amdan, neɣ d agellid ameqqran, i yellan deg umezruy aqbur. Seld tamettant-is, imezwura ɛebden-t, syin akkin tuget n yimdanen tettut belli yella d amdan.

S wakka, tamacahut tessexlaḍ gar tamektit n umezruy d tmiṭulujit.

Ur ilaq ara ad nefhem aya am '''yisemli''' amazray yettwaselken s wallalen n yimussnawen n wass-a; d tarrayt tafelsafant d tsekla i yesseqdec Evemerus i usefhem n yirebbiten.

== 6. « Evemerisme » ==
Seg yisem-is i d-yekka wawal ''evhémérisme'' / ''euhemerism''.

Deg useqdec atrar, ''evemerisme'' d tarrayt n usefhem n tmiṭulujit s unadi n uẓar amazray i yezmer ad yili deffir n tmacahut.

Amedya: ma tella yiwet n tmacahut ɣef ugellid i yesɛan tizemmar n yirebbi, win yettnadin s tarrayt n Evemerus ad yesteqsi:

Ma yella ugellid-a d amdan amazray n tidet, maca tamektit-is(cfawat-is) tbeddel deg yiseggasen alamma yuɣal d arebbi deg tmiṭulujit?

Tarrayt-a ur tettak ara azal kan i wayen i d-tenna tmacahut, maca tettɛassa amek i tezmer tmacahut ad d-tban seg umezruy.

== 7. Evemerus d usɣan(tadeyyanit) ==
Ur ilaq ara ad nerr Evemerus, war aselken, am win i yugin akk tadeyyanit neɣ am « amezwaru n wid ur nettamen s yirebbiten ». Tikti-s tezmer ad tettwafhem ugar am usefhem aɣaran n kra n yirebbiten n tmitulujit.

Deg tmura tiqburin, aya yesɛa anamek meqqren, acku ɛibada n yirebbiten ur telli ara d tamsalt n teflest(liman) kan; tezdi daɣen akked tsertit, igelliden, leɛwayed d tudert n tmetti.

== 8. Amgired akked tmuɣli n yifilasafiyen nniḍen ==
Evemerus ur yelli ara d amezwaru i yettnadin ad yefk asefhem i tmitulujit war ma yeqqim kan ɣer taleqqimt n tmacahut.

Kra n Yigrigiyen n zik ttwalin timucuha am inzan neɣ d izamulen, ma d wiyaḍ ttaken-asent anamek n ugama. Evemerus, deg tama-s, yefka azal meqqren i umezruy n yimdanen.

Aya i t-yerran d win yesɛan amkan iman-is deg umezruy n usefhem n tmitulujit.

== 9. Ennius d usiweḍ n tikti-s ɣer yirumanen ==
Aḍris agejdan n Evemerus ur d-yewwiḍ ara ɣer-neɣ s talɣa-is tamezwarut. Yiwen seg yimdanen yesɛan azal meqqren deg usiweḍ n tiktiwin-is d umyaru arumani '''Ennius'''.

'''Ennius''' yura amahil s tlatinit i yettwassnen s yisem '''Euhemerus''', i yesseqdec neɣ i d-yesuqlen seg umahil Agrigi. S waya, tikti n Evemerus tekcem daɣen ɣer tsekla d tfelsafit tarumanit.</text>
      <sha1>p2ol9dwufr77dlw1d11losme0mqz0gq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Elon Musk</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25608</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117582</id>
      <parentid>117576</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-07T13:38:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117582</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5574" sha1="2390kjn5oirpsx2smamd93c4n6zccoy" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox biography|item=Q317521|image=[[File:Elon Musk (54816836217) (cropped 2) (b).jpg|thumb|Elon Musk (54816836217) (cropped 2) (b)]]|caption=Elon Musk}}

'''Elon Musk''' (ilul s yisem unṣib n '''Elon Reeve Musk''' ass n 28 yunyu 1971 deg Pretoria, [[Tafriqt Wenẓul|Tafriqt n Wenẓul]]) d aṛemmas, d ajenyuṛ, d amsefti yerna d amsidag n tnezzut amarikani-akanadi i d-yekkan seg Tefriqt n Wenẓul. 

Yettwassen aṭas imi d anemhal amatu (CEO) d amaswaḍ amezwaru n teṛmist n tesnatallunt '''[[SpaceX]]''', d anemhal amatu n teṛmist n tkerrusin tiliktranin '''Tesla''', d bab n uzeṭṭa anmetti '''X''' (i yettwassnen zik s yisem n Twitter). Yettekki daɣen deg usbeddi n teṛmisin am '''Neuralink''' (taywalt gar wallaɣ d uselkim), '''The Boring Company''' (eɣẓ n tgennariyin ddaw wakal), '''xAI''' ([[Tigzi Taragmawant|tiɣist tagemdant]]), yerna yella gar yimesbeddiyen imezwura n [[OpenAI]] d PayPal. 

Musk d yiwen gar yemdanen imarkantiyen akk deg umezruy n talsa. Deg waṭas n talliyin, yella d netta i d amezwaru deg tfelwiyin n Forbes d Bloomberg ɣef wid yesɛan ayla d uẓayer ameqqran akk deg umaḍal.

== 2. Almad asdawan ==
Musk yebda leqraya-s tatrart deg Tesdawit n ''Queen's'' deg temdint n ''Kingston'' (deg uwanak n ''Ontario'', deg ''Kanada''). Sin n yiseggasen syin, yusa-d ɣer Iwunak Yeddukklen n Marikan akken ad ikemmel leqraya-s deg Tesdawit n ''Pennsylvania''. Dinna i d-yewwi snat n turagin tusnanin deg 1997:

Turagt deg tdamsa (deg uɣerbaz n ''Wharton School'').

Turagt deg tfizikt (deg ugezdu n Tussniwin d Tẓuriwin).

Deg 1995, Musk yekcem ɣer Tesdawit n ''Stanford'' deg ''[[Kalifurnya|Kalifuṛnya]]'' akken ad yexdem duktura deg tfizikt tatrart d tussna n yinganen. Maca deffir sin kan n wussan seg wasmi i d-tekcem &quot;tefsut&quot; n Internet, yeǧǧa tasdawit akken ad d-yesnulfu tiṛmisin-is timzwura.

== 3. Aban n umahil d teṛmisin ==

=== 3.1. Zip2 d X.com (PayPal) (1995–2002) ===
Deg 1995, Elon Musk d gma-s Kimbal sbedden taṛmist umi semman '''Zip2''' s tallelt n kra n yimseftiyen. ''Zip2'' tella tettak-d imagraden d tkarḍiwin tumḍinin i yiɣmisen imeqqranen am ''The New York Times'' d ''Chicago Tribune''. Deg 1999, taṛmist '''Compaq''' tuɣ '''Zip2''' s wazal n 307 n yimelyunen n yidulaṛen; Musk yewwi deg-s 22 n yimelyunen.

S yidrimen-nni, deg 1999 yakan, Musk yesbeddi '''X.com''', d yiwet gar tbankiwin timzwura i yeddun srid deg Internet. Deg useggas n 2000, '''X.com''' teddukkul d tkebbanit tamseddayt '''Confinity''', i d-yesnulfan anagraw n tenigawt n tedrimt '''PayPal'''. Deg tuber 2002, taṛmist '''eBay''' tuɣ '''PayPal''' s wazal n 1.5 n umelyar n yidulaṛen. Musk yewwi amur n 175 n yimelyunen n yidulaṛen.

=== 3.2. SpaceX (seg 2002) ===
Deg mayyu 2002, Musk yesbeddi '''SpaceX''' (Space Exploration Technologies Corp.) s yiswi n usenqes n watig n tuffɣa ɣer tallunt d usedger n wemdan akken ad yuɣal d aɣref amsallun i yezmren ad yidir deg umtiweg n [[Mezweɣ]] (Mars).

SpaceX tessaweḍ ad d-tesnulfu timseddiyin d timeẓdiyina (fusées) ur nessutur ara aṭas n tnezzut, ladɣa s usnulfu n tmeẓdit i yettuɣalen ad ttwasseqdcent am '''Falcon 9''' d '''Falcon Heavy''':

'''Dragon''': D allal i yessawḍen imasallunen ɣer Tɣerɣert Tagraɣlant n Tallunt (ISS) s umtawa d NASA.

'''Starlink''': D aẓeṭṭa ameqqran n yigensawen i d-yettaken Internet azayez deg wakk tiɣemmar n umaḍal.

'''Starship''': D timeẓdit tameqqrant yerna d tin iǧehden akk deg umezruy n umdan, i yettwaxedmen iwakken ad tawi imdanen ɣer waggur d Mezweɣ.

=== 3.3. Tesla (seg 2004) ===
Deg useggas n 2004, Musk yekcem d amsefti amezwaru deg teṛmist '''Tesla Motors''' (i sbedden Martin Eberhard d Marc Tarpenning). Deg useggas n 2008, yuɣal d anemhal amatu (CEO) d umḍebber n usnulfu n tkerrusin.

Tesla tbeddel tamuɣli n umaḍal ɣef tkerrusin tiliktranin, mi d-tessufeɣ kra n tmudmawin ifazen am '''Roadster''', '''Model S''', '''Model X''', '''Model 3''', d '''Model Y''', rnu-as takerrust n wuzzal '''Cybertruck'''. Tesla tebda daɣen tesseqdac anagraw n umseddu awurman (Autopilot / Full Self-Driving), d anagraw i yettdun s [[Tigzi Taragmawant|tiɣist tagemdant]] d tsekna n tkamiriwin.

=== 3.4. Neuralink (seg 2016) ===
Musk yettekki deg usbeddi n Neuralink, d taṛmist iqeddcen deg wannar n taknulujit n inuṛunen (neurotechnologie). Iswi-ines d asbeddi n ugrudem n taywalt srid gar wallaɣ n wemdan d yiselkimen. Ay-a yezmer ad yefk tifrat i wid yesɛan akukel n tfekka (paralysie) neɣ aṭanen n inuṛunen, yerna ad yerr amdan ad yeqqim deg uswir iweznen mgal '''tiɣist tagemdant'''. Deg yennayer 2024, Neuralink tsers s rrbeḥ tasfift taliktrunit tamezwarut deg wallaɣ n wemdan.

=== 3.5. The Boring Company (seg 2016) ===
Iswi n teṛmist-a d taɣuzi n tgennariyin ddaw n temdinin timeqqranin s watig tameẓyant, akken ad d-tefk tifrat i ucebbel d uzuɣer n tkerrusin deg yiberdan.

== 4. Tudert tudmawant ==
Musk yezweǧ acḥal d tikkelt:

Tameṭṭut-is tamezwarut d tamyarut takanadit ''Justine Wilson'' (gar 2000 d 2008), sɛan 5 n warraw-nsen.

Yezweǧ daɣen d tmeskirt tasebgart ''Talulah Riley'' snat n tikkal (2010–2012, syin 2013–2016).

Yella yesɛa iseggasen n tdukli d tnaẓurt n uẓawan ''Grimes'', yid-s i d-yesɛa kraḍ (3) n yigerdan.

Yesɛa daɣen arraw-is d ''Shivon Zilis'', yiwet gar tmḍebbriyin n Neuralink.

Deg wayen yerzan tdamsa d waddad n '''tɣermi''', Musk yesɛa kṛad n tiɣelnin: tin n Tefrikt n Wenẓul (anda ilul), tin n Kanada (s yemma-s), d tin n Yiwunak Yeddukklen n Marikan (seg 2002)</text>
      <sha1>2390kjn5oirpsx2smamd93c4n6zccoy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Helena (yemma-s n Qusṭantin Amezwaru)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25609</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117583</id>
      <parentid>117577</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-07T18:48:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117583</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10972" sha1="jun2nl8i6llel08n6karhbtkxhuwk84" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox biography|item=Q170164|image=[[File:Elena Colosseo Rome Italy.jpg|thumb|Asbdad n Helena deg Ruma]]|caption=Helena Augusta}}

'''Helena''', neɣ '''Flavia Julia Helena Augusta''', d yiwet seg tlawin i yesɛan azal meqqren deg umezruy n Tmenkda Tarumanit deg tasut tis kraḍet d tis ukkuẓet. Ɣas akken ur telli ara d tamenkat i iḥekkmen s yiman-is, tettwassen ladɣa imi d yemma-s n umenkad Qusṭantin Ameqqran, maca daɣen imi tella d yiwet seg tlawin timezwura n twacult tamenkat tarumanit i iqeblen tamasiḥit. Deg taggara n tudert-is, tuɣal d yiwet seg tgezmiwin tigejdanin n tmezdayt tamasiḥit deg Tmenkda Tarumanit.

== 1. Talalit d temẓi n Helena ==
Ur nettwassen ara s tidet wass d umḍiq anda tlul Helena. Iɣbula iqburen d yimazrayen mxalafen deg wayagi, maca aṭas n yimezrayen ttwalin belli tlul azal n 247–250 n talalit, ahat deg Drepanum, tamdint n Bitiniya deg Anatoliya, qrib n Nicomedia. Qusṭantin isemma-yas deffir Helenopolis, s yisem n yemma-s.

Helena ur d-tekk ara seg twacult n yigelliden neɣ seg yimeqqranen n Tmenkda. Iɣbula imasiḥiyen iqburen mmalen-d belli tella seg twacult taḥerfit. Ambrosius n Milan, i yura deg tasut tis ukkuẓet, isemma-yas stabularia, awal alatini i izemren ad yemmel tameṭṭut ixeddmen deg yiwen n umḍiq n yimsafaren neɣ n usensu. Aya, maca, ur aɣ-d-yefki ara aṭas n telqayt ɣef temẓi-s.

Timucuha deffir-is i tt-id-yerran d yelli-s n ugellid n Britanya ur sɛint ara lsas amezrayan.

== 2. Helena d Qusṭantin Klurus ==
Deg tazwara n tudert-is, Helena teddukkel akked [[Qusṭantin Klurus]] (Constantius Chlorus), aserdas arumani i yuɣalen deffir d yiwen seg imenkaden n ''tetrarkiya''.

Ur nettwassen ara akken ilaq ma Helena d Qusṭantiyus zewǧen s uzref arumani neɣ ma tella gar-asen kan ''concubinatus,'' assaɣ yettwasnen deg Tmenkda Tarumanit, ladɣa gar yimdanen n yidgan inmettiyen yemgaraden. Iɣbula iqburen ur d-ttakken ara tiririt yiwet ɣef waya. 

Azal n 272–274, Helena tesɛa-d Qusṭantin, win ara yuɣalen deffir d '''Qusṭantin Ameqqran'''.

Mi tebda tetrarkiya n [[Dyuklisyan]] ad tbeddel taɣessa tasertant n Tmenkda, Qusṭantin yebra i Helena neɣ yemsefrak yid-s. Deg 293, yuɣ ''Theodora'', yelli-s s tissulya n umenkad Maximianus. Azwaj-a yella d allal asertan: yesdukkel Qusṭantin akked twacult tamenkat i iḥekkmen. 

Seg wakud-nni armi d tallit n Qusṭantin, Helena tettban-d drus deg yiɣbula.

== 3. Helena d mmi-s Qusṭantin ==
Assaɣ gar Helena d mmi-s Qusṭantin yella d agejdan deg tudert-is.

Mi yemmut Qusṭantin Klurus deg Eboracum (York) deg 306, isedasen-is sbedden Qusṭantin d amenkad. Maca Qusṭantin ilaq-as aṭas n yiseggasen n ṭṭraḍ d unadi ɣef udabu iwakken ad yuɣal d amenkad agejdan.

Mi yuli Qusṭantin deg udabu, Helena tuɣal ɣer twacult tamenkat. Mmi-s yefka-as azal meqqren, yerna yessuffeɣ-d idrimen s tugna-s.

Deg 325, tettunefk-as tezmer tamenkat Augusta, yiwen seg yismawen unnigen n tlawin n twacult tamenkat. S waya Helena ur tezgi ara kan d «yemma-s n umenkad»; tuɣal tesɛa addad unṣib deg twacult iḥekkmen Tamenkda. 

== 4. Helena d tmasiḥit ==
Yiwen seg yisental i ɣef mazal yella umgired gar yimezrayen d melmi i tuɣal Helena d tamasiḥit.

'''''Eusebius n Qaysariya''''', i yuran Tudert n Qusṭantin, yemmal-d belli Qusṭantin yesɛa azal deg tuɣalin n yemma-s ɣer tmasiḥit. Maca ur nɛlim ara s wass neɣ s useggas melmi teḍra tuɣalin-a. 

Deg taggara n tudert-is, tamasiḥit-is tettban-d s waṭas deg leqdicat-is. Eusebius yesnifel-itt d tameṭṭut yettaken idrimen i yigellilen, tettɛawan wid yettwaḥebsen, wid yettwasekṛen ad xedmen deg uḥric n unaɣez n wuzzal, d wid yettwanfan. 

Aya yeskanay-d daɣen abeddel meqqren i d-yellan deg Tmenkda Tarumanit: tamasiḥit, i tettwaḍeyyeq s waṭas deg tallit n Dyuklisyan, tebda deg tallit n Qusṭantin ad tuɣal d tadeyyanit i yesɛan azal meqqren deg tsertit d tmetti n Tmenkda.

== 5. Tirza tameqqrant ɣer Akal Amqaddes ==
Deg 326–327, mi qrib tesɛa 80 n yiseggasen, Helena teffeɣ ɣer usammar n Tmenkda, ladɣa ɣer ''Palestina''.

'''Eusebius''', i yella d yiwen seg yiɣbula iqburen i d-yewwin ɣef tirza-a, yemmal-d belli Helena tettṛuḥu ɣer temnaḍin timasiḥiyin timqaddesin, maca tettɛeddi daɣen ɣef temdinin d tmettiyin n usammar n Tmenkda. 

Tirza-a tesɛa azal meqqren deg umezruy n tmasiḥit, acku Helena tettwasen daɣen s lebni neɣ s tallelt i lebni n kra n yiẓekwan d tfaskiwin timasiḥiyin.

Gar wid yettwasnen ugar:

- Taklizt n Talalit deg Bethlehem, deg umḍiq i yettwamen belli din i d-ilul [[Ɛisa]].

- Taklizt n Eleona deg Udrar n Izemuren, deg temnaḍt n [[Uṛacalim|Uṛčalim]], i yeqqnen ɣer usmekti n tuɣalin n Ɛisa ɣer igenni.

Eusebius yessawal s telqayt ɣef snat n tzeɣwin-a, yerna yeqqen lebni-nsent ɣer Helena d tallelt tameqqrant n Qusṭantin.

== 6. Helena d «Umidag n Uẓekka Amqaddes» ==
Deg tmucuha timasiḥiyin, Helena tettwassen ugar s unadi ɣef Umidag Amqaddes (True Cross), i yettwamen belli d aẓekka i ɣef yettwaṣemmer Ɛisa.

Timucuha n deffir qqaren-d belli mi tewweḍ ɣer Uṛčalim, Helena tefka lamer ad ɣzen kra n yimukan, armi d-ufan kraḍ n yimidagen; yiwen seg-sen yettwaf deffir d aẓekka n Ɛisa.

Maca dagi ilaq ad nefrez gar amezruy d tansayt tadeyyanit.

'''Eusebius n Qaysariya''', i yuran qrib n tallit n Helena yerna i d-yewwin s telqayt ɣef tirza-s, ur d-yebdir ara belli Helena tuf-d Amidag Amqaddes. Ula d iɣbula n tazwara n tasut tis ukkuẓet ur d-beddren ara tadyant-a. Tineqqisin i tt-yesdukklen srid akked tifin n Umidag Amqaddes bdant ad d-banent s wudem ifazen kan ɣer taggara n tasut tis ukkuẓet. 

Ɣef waya, nezmer ad nini:

Tirza n Helena ɣer Palestina d tadyant tamezrayt yettwassnen; tifin n Umidag Amqaddes s ufus-is d tansayt tamasiḥit i d-yernan deffir.

== 7. Helena d Uṛčalim ==
Tirza n Helena tesɛa daɣen azal meqqren i Uṛčalim.

Segmi [[Hadriyan]] ibeddel tamdint ɣer '''Aelia Capitolina''' deg tasut tis snat, aṭas n yimukan i yettwaḥesben d imqaddesen ɣer yimasiḥiyen beddlen udem.

Deg tallit n Qusṭantin, tadbelt tamenkdant tebda asenfar meqqren n lebni n tzeɣwin timasiḥiyin. Amḍiq n usemmer d uẓekka n Ɛisa yuɣal d agejdan deg usenfar-a, anda tebna Taklizt n Uẓekka Amqaddes — Church of the Holy Sepulchre.

Ihi, Helena tella deg yiwet n tallit tagejdant anda Uṛčalim tebda ad tuɣal d yiwen seg yimukan imqaddesen igejdanen n tmasiḥit.

== 8. Tallit n Crispus d Fausta ==
Deg 326, tella yiwet n twaɣit tameqqrant deg twacult n Qusṭantin.

Qusṭantin yefka lamer i tmenɣiwt n mmi-s ''Crispus'', d mmi-s seg tmuṭṭut-is tamezwarut ''Minervina''. Kra n wakud kan deffir, tameṭṭut n Qusṭantin tis snat Fausta ula d nettat temmut deg tegnatin ur nettwassen ara akken ilaq.

Iɣbula n deffir rnan-d tamacahut i deg Helena tella terfa ɣef tmenɣiwt n ''Crispus'', yerna belli tuɣalin-is ɣer Qusṭantin tesɛa azal deg tmettant n Fausta. Maca iɣbula n tallit-nni ur d-ssegzayen ara s wudem ibanen acu i yeḍran. Ɣef waya, ur nezmir ara ad nḥseb tadyant-a am wakken tettwasekles s tidet. 

Tirza n Helena ɣer Palestina teḍra-d deffir n tmenɣiwt n Crispus, maca assaɣ srid gar snat n tedyanin mazal ur yettwasebgen ara.

== 9. Helena am Augusta ==
[[Tugna:Elena, madre di costantino il grande, solido, 324 dc.JPG|vignette|Tadrimt taqburt tarumanit deg tallit n Qusṭantin, tegber tugna n Helena seg yiwen n wudmawen-is.]]
Azal n Helena ur yeqqim ara kan deg tedyanin n ddin.

Azwel Augusta i as-yefka Qusṭantin yesɛa anamek asertan. Idrimen n Tmenkda ttwasuffɣen-d s tugna-s, aya yeskanay-d belli tettwaḥsab am uḥric n twacult tamenkdat.

Helena tesɛa daɣen tallelt seg tedrimt tamenkdat i leqdicat-is. Eusebius yemmal-d belli deg tirza-s ɣer usammar tettak-d lɛeṭaya i temdinin, i yiserdasen d yigellilen, yerna tettɛawan kra n wid yettwaḥebsen neɣ yettwanfan.

S waya, nettat d amedya n wudem amaynut n tamenkda tamasiḥit: tameṭṭut n twacult tamenkdat i iseqdacen idrimen d udabu n twacult i lebni n tzeɣwin, tallelt i tmezdayt d leqdicat n twiziwin.

== 10. Tamettant n Helena ==
Azemz n tmettant-is ur yettwassen ara s leqqayt. Aṭas n yimezrayen ttawin-d azal n 327–330. Eusebius yemmal-d belli temmut mi tella meqqret deg leɛmer, deffir tirza-s ɣer usammar, yerna mmi-s Qusṭantin yella yid-s deg taggara n tudert-is.

Iɣbula mxalafen daɣen ɣef wanda tettwamḍel deg tazwara. Tansayt n umalu teqqen-itt s Roma, anda yella yiwen n uẓekka ameqqran — Mausoleum of Helena — i yettwaḥesben d win i as-yettuheggan. 

== 11. Helena d tamqaddest ==
[[Tugna:Helena of Constantinople (Cima da Conegliano)FXD.jpg|vignette|Helena tamqaddest, sɣur Cima da Conegliano, 1495.]]
Deffir tmettant-is, tugna n Helena teqqim tettnerni deg tmezdayin timasiḥiyin.

Tettwaḥseb d tamqaddest deg kra n tmezdayin timasiḥiyin, ladɣa Tamezdayt Takatulikit d Tmezdayt Turtuduksit. Deg tugniwin d tẓuri tamasiḥit, tettwasekkan s waṭas tesɛa '''amidag''' deg ufus-is, acku tansayt teqqen-itt ɣer tifin n Umidag Amqaddes.

S wakud, tansayt tesseɣzif azal-is arma tuɣal Helena d yiwet seg tlawin yettwassnen ugar deg umezruy amasiḥi.

== 12. Amgired gar Helena tamezrayt d Helena n tensayt ==
Iwakken ad negzu tudert-is akken iwata, ilaq ad nebḍu sin n yiswiren:

=== Helena tamezrayt: ===
Tella d tameṭṭut seg uẓar aḥerfi; teddukkel akked [[Qusṭantin Klurus]]; d yemma-s n Qusṭantin; mmi-s yerra-tt ɣer twacult tamenkat yerna yefka-as azwel Augusta; tuɣal ɣer tmasiḥit; terza ɣer Palestina mi tella meqqret; tettɛawan lebni n tzeɣwin timasiḥiyin yerna tettak seg wayla-s i yigellilen. Ayagi yesɛa iɣbula iqburen, ladɣa Eusebius. 

=== Helena n tensayt: ===
Tuf-d '''Amidag Amqaddes neɣ anda yemmut [[Ɛisa]]'''; tuf-d imesmar n usemmer; tesɛa assaɣ akked waṭas n lɛejayeb d yireṭṭalen imqaddesen. Kra seg yineḍruyen-a rnan-d deg tensayt timasiḥit deffir n tmettant-is, ur d-ttwabedren ara deg yiɣbula iqburen i iqerben ɣer tallit-is.

Afraz-a d agejdan acku aṭas n yimagraden ɣef Helena sduklen sin n yiswiren-a war ma ferzen-ten.

== 13. Azal-is deg umezruy n Tmenkda Tarumanit ==
Helena tesɛa azal ladɣa acku tudert-is teḍra deg yiwet n tallit n ubeddel ameqqran.

Mi d-tlul, Tamenkda Tarumanit mazal teqqen s waṭas ɣer ddiyanat tiqburin. Mi tella Helena meqqret, Qusṭantin yebda ad iseggem assaɣ gar udabu amenkad d tmasiḥit.

Helena tettban-d deg ubeddel-a am uzamul: seg tameṭṭut ur d-nekk ara seg twacult n yigelliden, tuɣal d Augusta; seg tudert i ɣef ur nesɛi ara aṭas n telqayt, tuɣal d yiwet seg wudmawen yettwassnen ugar n tmasiḥit tarumanit.

Tirza-s ɣer Palestina tesɛa daɣen azal deg umezruy n tirza tadeyyanit. Lebni n tzeɣwin deg yimukan i yettwaḥesben d imqaddesen iɛawen ad yerr tamurt-a d aniccan agejdan i yimasiḥiyen n Tmenkda d wid n talliyin i d-iteddun.</text>
      <sha1>jun2nl8i6llel08n6karhbtkxhuwk84</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>SpaceX</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25610</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117581</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-07T13:37:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Amagrad amaynut</comment>
      <origin>117581</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="984" sha1="ilx011dyryxm7dlfo81r8td5374f0q3" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Starship - Flight 13 (Sunset).jpg|vignette|Starship (Timeẓdit tamuqqrant n) deg taɣsert n usekker deg Teksas.]]
'''Space Exploration Technologies Corp'''., yettwassnen s yisem n '''SpaceX''', d takebbanit tamarikanit n temguri tallunant d yimeẓla n usiweḍ ɣer tallunt. Asutel-is (ammas-is agejdan) yezga-d deg temdint n Hawthorne, deg twilayt n [[Kalifurnya|Kalifuṛnya]], deg Y[[Iwunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt|iwunak Yeddukklen n Marikan]]. Yessers-itt [[Elon Musk]] deg useggas n 2002, s yiswi ameqran n usenqes n wazal n watig n yisiklen ɣer tallunt akken ad yili wemdan deg yimal d talmest tamaget-mtiwgan (ara izedɣen ugar n yiwen n umtiweg), ladɣa s usebded n temharsa deg umtiweg n [[Mezweɣ]].

SpaceX tewwi-d asnulfu ameqran deg tesnatwilt tallunant imi d nettat i d tamezwarut deg umaḍal i d-yesbedden timeẓda yettwalsen useqdec (i yettallisen useqdec n tfekkiwin-nsent tigejdanin), ayen yessadren aṭas atig n usekkar n yigensiyen d yinawen allunanen.</text>
      <sha1>ilx011dyryxm7dlfo81r8td5374f0q3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>