New York

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    <title>New York</title>
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      <text bytes="3231" sha1="mlr98rqf4kmtefrkbnzzllkhvxjy58e" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox city}}

[[File:NYC Montage 2011.jpg|thumb|NYC Montage 2011]]

'''New York''' d nettat ay d tamdint tameqqrant akk deg [[Iwunak Yedduklen|Yiwunak Yeddukklen]]. Tezga-d deg ugafa-agmuḍan n tmurt, ɣef [[Agaraw Aṭlasi|Ugaraw Aṭlasi]]. Zedɣen-tt 8.336.697 n yimezdaɣen (19.006.798 s yegmamen ay d-yezzin fell-as). Tamdint-a tezga-d deg [[New York (Awanak)|uwanak n New York]].

Tamdint-a tettwassen s yixxamen-is ɣezzifen, s tnezzut, s tdamsa tameqqrant, s tẓuri, s tesdawiyin, s tmusni d umezruy-is amesbaɣur.

New York mačči d tamdint n tnezzut kan. D amkan anda mlalen yigduden seg waṭas n tmura, s tutlayin yemgaraden, s yidles yemgaraden d wallalen yemgaraden n tudert.

Ɣas akken tamdint-a tettwassen am yiwet n tɣerma tameqqrant n umaḍal amiran, amezruy-is yezga yeqqen ɣer yigduden inaṣliyen n Marikan n Ugafa...

Tamsalt i ilaq ad nseɣti deg tazwara: igduden inaṣliyen n New York d '''Lenape''', seg yigduden inasliyen n Marikan n Ugafa. Amezruy n temdint yemmal-d amek i tettwabna ɣef wakal-nsen, syin akin amek i tuɣal d yiwet seg temdinin tigejdanin n umaḍal.

== Tarakalt d ugama n New York ==
New York tezga deg umkan yesɛan azal ameqqran deg trakalt n Marikan. Tella gar yisaffen d yilellen, ayen i tt-yerran d tamdint n yinig d tnezzut seg zik.

Deg tama-s n umalu yella ''Asif Hudson'', deg tama-s n usamar yella ''East River'', i d aferdis n waman meẓẓiyen yeqqnen ɣer yilel. Deg unẓul, tella tagnit tameqqrant n waman i yettwassnen s yisem n ''New York Harbor'', anda i d-keččmen yiseflinen.

Tarakalt-a tettak-as kraḍ n lfaydat:

* Yezmer ad yili deg-s unermis n tnezzut gar Marikan, Turuft d tmura nniḍen.
* Isaffen d yilellen ttaken-d iberdan n usiweḍ n yiferdisen d medden.
* Igelluyen n wakal d yigziren ttawin-d aṭas n temnaḍin i lebni n temdint.

Maca amkan-a yesɛa ula d uguren: iḥemmalen n waman, ahuzzu n yilel, leɣla n wakal d uguren n lebni deg temnaḍin i d-yettwarran zdat n waman.

==Isunen n weɣrem n New York== 

Llan semmus (5) n yisunen deg New York, s tenglizt qqaren-as ''Boroughs''. [[File:5 Boroughs Labels New York City Map.png|thumb|5 Isunen n weɣrem n New York sɣur Julius Schorzman : 1- Manhattan, 2-Queens, 3-Brooklyn, 4-The Bronx, 5- Staten Island]]

*[[Manhattan]] : agwans n temdint, tella af tegzirt n Manhattan. Llant deg-s [[Wall Street]], [[Tasdawit n New York]], [[Tasdawit n Columbia]], asutel n Yiwunak Yeddukklen (ONU/NU). Ɣur-es imezdaɣen 1 546 856 deg-s. 
*[[The Bronx]] : ay d asun agellil akk deg weɣrem n New York akwd tdersiwin (minorités) tiberkanin d tispanikin maca tuɣal-d cwiṭ n teɣlist seg 20 iseggassen i yezrin. Ay d dduḥ n uẓawan Hip-Hop, deg-s illa [[Asarir Yankees Stadium]]. Ɣur-es  1 354 068 imezdaɣen deg-s. 
*[[Queens]] :  Ɣur-es  2 237 815 imezdaɣen deg-s. Yeḍra [[US Open]] dinna yal uggur n ctember, deg-s llan imafagen n JFK d La Guardia. Illa d agemim n tmezduɣt d tmugri (industry). 
*[[Brooklyn]] : Agemim n tmezduɣt n New-Yorkers. Ɣur-es 2 488 194 imezdaɣen deg-s
*[[Staten Island]] :  Ɣur-es imezdaɣen 491 730 deg-s. Daɣem d agemim n tmezduɣt n New-Yorkers, yuggug si Manhattan. 

[[Category:New York]][[Category:Timdinin]][[Category:Iwunak Yeddukklen]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dyuklisyan</title>
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      <text bytes="16974" sha1="1p4kehbb4psmxd2dz9o7sg1edu5w97j" xml:space="preserve">'''Dyuklisyan''' (Diocletianus s tlaṭinit; azal n 244–311 SL.Ɛ.) yella d amenkad arumani seg 284 ar 305 SL.Ɛ. Yettwaḥsab gar yimenkaden 

{{Infobox biography|item=Q43107|image=[[File:Istanbul Archaeology Museum Bust of Diocletian, from Nikomedia, Izmit, end 3rd century AD 1536.jpg|thumb|Asalay n Isṭanbul, Asebdad n uqeṛṛu n Dyuklisyan]]|caption=Amenkad Dyuklisyan.}}

i yesɛan azal meqqren deg umezruy n Tmenkda Tarumanit, acku deg tallit-is i yettwabeddel s wudem ameqqran wamek i tettuddus tmenkda, wamek i tettwaḍebber, wamek i tettwaseḥbes tsertit-is d wamek i yettwasebded ujerriḍ-is askari.

Dyuklisyan ur d-yusi ara seg twacult n yimenkaden. Yekker-d seg yiwet n tallit anda Tamenkda Tarumanit tettidir uguren imeqqranen: uguren isertanen, imeɣriyen gar iserdasen, ṭṭraḍ deg yidurar n tilisa, uguren n tedrimt, d ubeddel n yimenkaden s lemɣawla. Mi yekcem ɣer leḥkem deg 284, yebda ad yerr adabu d tmenkda ɣer yiwen n unagraw iǧehden ugar.

== 1. Talalit-is d temẓi-is ==
Isem-is n talalit yella, ɣef wakken i d-ttawin tuget n yinagmayen, '''Diocles'''. Ilul azal n 244 SL.Ɛ. deg tmurt n Dalmatia, deg yiwet n temnaḍt n Balkans i yellan imir-nni ddaw Tmenkda Tarumanit.

Ur d-yekki ara seg yiwet n twacult tameqrant neɣ tamerkantit. Amedya-is yemgarad ɣef waṭas n yimenkaden yezrin: abrid-is ɣer leḥkem ibna-t s waṭas ɣef unekcum-is ɣer tredsa n Rum d usali-is deg yiswiren n tredsa n tɛessast n umenkad.

Ayagi yesɛa azal meqqren deg tallit-nni. Tamenkda Tarumanit n tasut tis kraḍ tettɛawan s waṭas ɣef iserdasen: win i yesɛan tazmert ad yawi iserdasen ɣer tama-s yezmer ad yuɣal d amenkad.

== 2. Tamenkda Tarumanit uqbel Dyuklisyan ==
Iwakken ad nefhem azal n Dyuklisyan, ilaq ad nefhem ayen i d-yellan uqbel-is.

Gar azal n 235 d 284 SL.Ɛ., Rum tedder yiwet n tallit i yettwassnen deg umezruy am tazɣent n tasut tis kraḍ. Deg kra n 50 n yiseggasen kan, aṭas n yimenkaden kkin-d ɣer leḥkem, waṭas seg-sen ttwanɣan neɣ ttwaksen s ṭṭraḍ.

Tamenkda tettwaɛreḍ s waṭas n wuguren: iɣerfan d trebbuyaɛ iǧirmaniyen deg ugafa, Tamenkda Tasasanit n yifarisiyen deg usammar, igrawen iserdasen yemgaraden d ṭṭraḍ gar iserdasen irumaniyen, aɣlay n tedrimt, timerna n ssuma n lḥwayeǧ, akked uxṣar n laman deg tsertit.

Deg kra n yiseggasen, Tamenkda Tarumanit qrib ad tebḍu ɣef kraḍ n tmenkadin yemgaraden.

Dyuklisyan yewweḍ ɣer leḥkem deg yiwet n taɣzent akka.

== 3. Anekcum-is ɣer leḥkem ==
Deg 284, amenkad '''Numerianus''' yemmut deg tegnatin ur nettwassen ara akken iwata. Iserdasen i yellan deg usammar xtaren Dyuklisyan d amenkad.

Maca '''Carinus''', gma n Numerianus, yella mazal yeṭṭef adabu deg umalu.

Gar sin-nsen yella ṭṭraḍ. Deg 285, ''Carinus'' yemmut, Dyuklisyan yuɣal d win i yettḥekkimen ɣef tuget n Tmenkda Tarumanit.

Maca Dyuklisyan yegza yiwet n tɣawsa: tmenkda tewsaɛ d tameqrant nezzeh i wakken ad tt-iḥkem yiwen n umdan kan.

Seg dagi i d-yebda yiwen seg yibeddilen-is imeqqranen.

== 4. Tetrarkiya — leḥkem n ukuẓ ==
Dyuklisyan ur yebɣi ara ad yebḍu Tamenkda Tarumanit d timura tilelliyin. Deg umḍiq n waya, yebɣa ad yebḍu amek ara tettwaḍebber.

Deg 285–286, yerra ''Maximianus'' d amḍebber ameqqran ɣer yid-s, sakin yerna-as azal n umenkad.
[[Tugna:Map of the Roman Empire during the First Tetrarchy c. 293–305 AD.png|vignette|250x250px|Beṭṭu n tmenkda tarumanit ɣef kuẓ n temnaḍin deg tallit n umenkad Duklisyan.]]
Deg 293, anagraw yettwasebded s wudem uffir ugar. Llan sin n yimenkaden imeqqranen (Augusti):

'''Dyuklisyan''' deg usammar;

'''Maximianus''' deg umalu.

Yal yiwen seg-sen yesɛa yiwen n umɛiwen s uzwel '''''Caesar''''':

'''Galerius''' yella d ''Caesar'' n Dyuklisyan;

'''Constantius Chlorus''' yella d ''Caesar'' n ''Maximianus''.

Anagraw-a yettwassen s yisem '''Tetrarchia''', anamek-is «leḥkem n ukuẓ».

Tikti-is tamezwarut mačči d beṭṭu n Rum ɣef ukuẓ n tmenkadin, maca d asebded n ukuẓ n yixefawen n leḥkem i zemren ad ɛiwnen iman-nsen deg ṭṭraḍ, deg tsertit d uḍebber.

== 5. Acuɣer tetrarkiya? ==
Tamenkda Tarumanit tettwasebded seg Britain ar Masṛ, seg Iberia ar Syria. Iserdasen ur zmiren ara ad awḍen s lemɣawla seg yiwet n temnaḍt ɣer tayeḍ. Ulac tilifun, ulac internet, ulac tarrayin n teywalt n tura; izen yezmer ad yeṭṭef ussan neɣ smanat iwakken ad yaweḍ.

Dyuklisyan yebɣa yal tama tameqrant n tmenkda ad tesɛu amḍebber asertan d asertan i iqerben ɣer tilisa.

'''Tetrarkiya''', ihi, tella d tiririt ɣef yiwen n wugur n tidet: amek ara tettwaḍebber tmenkda tameqrant s wudem arurad?

== 6. Abeddel deg talɣa n udabu ==
[[Tugna:Diocletianus and Maximianus Herculius DE-MUS-814819-18200802-av.jpg|vignette|Dyuklisyan akked Maximianus deg tedrimt tarumanit n tallit-is.]]
Deg talliyin n [[Ugustus]] d yimenkaden imezwura, amenkad arumani yebɣa ad d-iban amzun d amezwaru gar yimdanen.

Deg tallit n Dyuklisyan, talɣa-a tebeddel.

Anekcum ɣer umenkad yuɣal d ayen yesɛan ilugan d tgejdit tameqrant. Tamenkda tebda tettruḥu seg unagraw aqbur i yettwasemman s Principatus ɣer talɣa n leḥkem anda amenkad yesɛa tazmert iǧehden ugar, i yettwassemman s umata Dominatus.

Mačči Dyuklisyan kan i d-yewwin abeddel-a, maca tallit-is tettwaḥsab d yiwet seg talliyin anda abeddel-a iban-d s wudem iwulmen.

== 7. Aḍebber n tmenkda ==
[[Tugna:Sbeitla 10.jpg|vignette|Tagenzi n tmerniwt n tetrarkiya, deg Tunes n wass-a.]]
Dyuklisyan ibeddel daɣen anagraw n uḍebber.

Iḥuza timura n tmenkda i yellan meqqrit nezzeh, yebḍa kra seg-sent ɣef timnaḍin meẓẓiyen iwakken ad tent-id-yeḍfer uḍebber s wudem yelhan.

Timnaḍin-a ttusduklent deg yigrawen imeqqranen n uḍebber.

Tikti tagejdant tella: ula d amḍebber n yiwet n temnaḍt ur ilaq ara ad yesɛu tazmert tameqqrant nezzeh ara t-yerren d amennuɣ mgal leḥkem agejdan.

Yebɣa daɣen ad yemgarad ugar gar tazmert taresdast d tazmert n uḍebber.

== 8. Iserdasen n Rum ==
Yiwen seg wuguren i d-yemlal Dyuklisyan yella d aḥraz n tilisa.

Deg usammar, Tamenkda Tasasanit n yifarisiyen tella d amennuɣ ameqqran n Rum. Deg ugafa, igrawen n Iǧermaniyen ttaɛraḍen ɣef tilisa n Rhine d Danube. Deg Masr d kra n temnaḍin n usammar llan n ccwal d tegrawliwin.

Dyuklisyan d yimdukal-is n tetrarkiya rnan deg waṭas n yimennuɣen.

Gar tid yettwassnen ugar yella rrbeḥ n Galerius ɣef Tmenkda Tasasanit deg 298. '''Talwit n Nisibis''' i d-yeḍfer rrbeḥ-a yerra Rum deg tegnit iǧehden nezzeh deg usammar.

== 9. Tadrimt d tdamsa ==
Ṭṭraḍat d tsertit ur llin ara kan d uguren n Dyuklisyan. Tadrimt tarumanit tella daɣen deg tegnit iweɛren.

Deg tasut tis kraḍ, imenkaden ssneqsen azal n yidrimen, iwakken ad sersen ugar n yidrimen deg tedrimt. Aya yerna uguren n laman deg tedrimt d ssuma n lḥwayeǧ.

Dyuklisyan yebɣa ad yerr anagraw ɣer leqdic.

Yessuffeɣ-d idrimen imaynuten, ibeddel anagraw n tebzert, yerna aḍebber agejdan ɣef tdamsa.

Maca kra n yibeddilen-is ur d-wwin ara ayen yebɣa.

== 10. Azal n ssuma — Edict on Maximum Prices ==
Deg 301, Dyuklisyan yessuffeɣ-d yiwen n usaḍuf ameqqran i yebɣan ad yesbadu atig(ssuma) afellay i waṭas n lḥwayeǧ d leqdicat.

Iswi yella ad yesseḥbes timerna n wazal n watig d usenqes n tazmert n tedrimt.

Asaḍuf yesbadu ssuma tafellayt n yirden, aksum, lebsa, leqdicat d waṭas n tɣawsiwin-nniḍen.

Maca deg tilawt, anagraw-a yufa-d uguren imeqqranen. Ma yella ssuma neɣ atig i d-yesbadu udabu meẓẓiyet ɣef ssuma n uselḥu, imzenza ur bɣin ara ad zenzen. Ttbanen-d wadigen uffiren n tnezzut, neɣ tɣawsiwin ttruḥunt seg ssuq.

Ɣef waya, asaḍuf ur yezmir ara ad yeseɣti ugur s wudem ira Dyuklisyan.

== 11. Tarrayt n tebzert ==
Yiwen seg yibeddilen-is i yellan d imeqqranen yella deg unagraw n tebzert.

Tamenkda tesra idrimen i wakken ad tesbedd iserdasen, i wakken ad txelles imḍebbren d yixeddamen, i wakken ad tḥareb tilisa.

Dyuklisyan yebɣa ad yesɛu anagraw n tebzert i d-yettawin idrimen s wudem yettwassnen ugar.

Ayen i yebda deg tallit-is ad ikemmel sakin deg Tmenkda Tarumanit n umalu d Tmenkda Tabeznantit.

== 12. Dyuklisyan d Rome ==
Yella yiwen ubeddel nniḍen yesɛan azal: Rome ur tezgi ara d talemmast n leḥkem n tmenkda.

Tamenkda tella meqqret nezzeh; uguren imeqqranen llan ɣef tilisa, mačči deg Rome.

Dyuklisyan iḥkem s waṭas seg '''Nicomedia''' deg '''Anatolia''', i yellan iqreb ɣer Balkans, Asia Tamecṭuḥt, Surya d tilisa n yifarisiyen.

Aya yessegza abeddel ameqqran: tazmert n Rum ur tezgi ara d tin n temdint n Rome kan; tuɣal d tazmert n tmenkda s timmad-is.

== 13. Taddart n Dyuklisyan deg Split ==
[[Tugna:Croatia-01239 - The Peristil (9551533404).jpg|vignette|Timeẓriwt tatrat n wadig n Duklisyan(ul n taddart n Duklisyan) deg Karwaṣya.]]
Deg Croatia n wass-a mazal yettwassen uɣerbaz ameqqran n Dyuklisyan deg Split — Diocletian's Palace/Adig n Duklisyan.

Yebna-t i tallit ara d-yas seld ad yeǧǧ leḥkem.

Mačči d axxam n umenkad kan. Yella d agraw ameqqran n yixxamen, iḥeṛṛasen, iɣerbazen d yixxamen n uḍebber, s talɣa i jemɛen gar uɣanib n yiserdasen d uxxam n umenkad.

Azal-is ameqqran deg umezruy n tẓuri d tɣerma tarumanit, acku kra seg-s mazal yella ar ass-a, yerna temdint n Split tebna iman-is s waṭas ɣef tlemmast n uɣerbaz-nni aqbur.

== 14. Dyuklisyan d imasiḥiyen ==
Aḥric-a d yiwen seg yidisan iḥercawen n leḥkem-is.

Deg 303, leḥkem n ''tetrarkiya'' yebda aqhaṛ ameqqran ɣef yimasiḥiyen, i yettwassnen deg umezruy s yisem ''Great Persecution''.

Ttwasuffɣen-d yisura i yebɣan ad huddent kra n yimukan n taɛebbadt tamasiḥit, ad kksen kra n yizerfan n yimasiḥiyen, ad ḥebsen imḍebbren n tmezdayin timasiḥiyin, sakin ad ilin kra n yisaḍufen i ibɣan seg yimasiḥiyen ad qeblen taɛebbadt tunṣibt n tmenkda.

Aqhaṛ ur yelli ara s yiwen n wudem deg yal tama n tmenkda. Deg kra n temnaḍin yella iḥerṣ ugar ɣef kra nniḍen.

Tallit-a tettwaḥsab d yiwet gar talliyin tukrifin n umezruy n yimasiḥiyen uqbel abeddel ameqqran ara d-yawwi [[Qusṭantin Amezwaru]].

== 15. Acuɣer yella uqhaṛ ɣef yimasiḥiyen? ==
Iwakken ad nefhem tasertit n Dyuklisyan, ilaq ur tt-neḥsib ara kan s tmuɣli tasɣanant(tadayanit) n tura.

Deg tmenkda tarumanit, taɛebbadt, tasertit d tmenkda qqnent gar-asent. Ansayen d tfaskiwin n tmenkda ḥesben-ten kra n yimḍebbren d ayen ilaqen i teflest d rṛbeḥ n Rum.

Kra n yimasiḥiyen ugin ad ččen deg kra n tfaskiwin-a.

I kra n yimḍebbren irumaniyen, aya yezmer ad d-iban mačči kan d amgired n ddin, maca amzun d ttugin n uẓayer asertan d unagraw n tmenkda.

Aya ur isemmaḥ ara i uqhaṛ, maca yessegza talɣa n tmuɣli tasertant n tallit-nni.

== 16. Dyuklisyan d Galerius ==
Deg umezruy, yella umeslay ɣef wamek i Galerius iḥeṛṛes Dyuklisyan iwakken ad yesseǧhed aqhaṛ ɣef yimasiḥiyen.

Izmamen iqburen, ladɣa wid i d-uran yimasiḥiyen, rran azal ameqqran i Galerius deg waya.

Maca imezrayen n tura ḥezzben ugar mi ara ssuddsen taɣawsa akka. Dyuklisyan yella d amenkad ameqqran n tetrarkiya, yerna inaḍen imezwura n uqhaṛ ffɣen-d ddaw leḥkem-is.

Ɣef waya, ur nezmir ara ad nerr akk taluft ɣef Galerius kan.

== 17. Aneḍru aneggaru n udabu-is ==
Deg 305 SL.Ɛ., Dyuklisyan yexdem ayen ur nxeddem ara waṭas n yimenkaden irumaniyen: yeǧǧ leḥkem s lebɣi-s.

Netta d Maximianus ffɣen seg leḥkem deg yiwen n wakud.

Tikti n tetrarkiya tella ad d-ḍefren yimḍebbren imaynuten s wudem anagrawan, war ṭṭraḍ n leḥkem.

Dyuklisyan yebɣa ad yessekfel belli tazmert n tmenkda ur tettɛallaq ara ɣef yiwen n umdan kan, maca ɣef unagraw.

Deg teẓri, tikti-a tban d tameslayt tameqqrant.

Deg tilawt, ugur yella d ameqran.

== 18. Aɣelluy n tetrarkiya ==
Seld beṭṭu n Dyuklisyan seg leḥkem, anagraw ur yezmir ara ad yeṭṭef iman-is akken yebɣa.

Mi yemmut [[Qusṭantin Klurus]] deg 306, iserdasen-is xtaren mmi-s [[Qusṭantin Amezwaru|Qusṭantin]] d amenkad.

Imenkaden d yimḍebbren nniḍen ur qeblen ara akk taluft s wudem-nni.

Ihi, bdan yimennuɣen gar wid i ibɣan tazmert.

Dyuklisyan, i yellan yeǧǧa leḥkem, yeɛreḍ ad ɛiwen ad yerr anagraw ɣer ubrid, maca ur yezmir ara.

Seld kra n yiseggasen n ṭṭraḍ, Qusṭantin ad yuɣal d yiwen seg yimenkaden iǧehden ugar.

== 19. Tudert-is seld leḥkem ==
Dyuklisyan iruḥ ɣer taddart-is deg Dalmatia.

Yella deg yiwet n tegnit anda yezmer ad yuɣal ɣer leḥkem, maca ur yebɣi ara.

Yettwales-d deg yizmaz iqburen belli mi t-id-ɛerḍen ad yuɣal ɣer leḥkem, yugi, yessegza belli tudert-is deg tferka-s d ayen iḥemmel ugar ɣef tsertit.

Ula ma kra n yimeslayen-a yezmer ad ilin sɛan aḥric n usefru, ttaken-d yiwen n wudem n Dyuklisyan: amdan i yebɣan ad yerr leḥkem d anagraw, mačči d taɣawsa i ilaq ad yeṭṭef umenkad armi yemmut.

Yemmut azal n 311 SL.Ɛ.

== 20. Dyuklisyan d Qusṭantin ==
Dyuklisyan d Qusṭuntin ttwasemrasen s waṭas iwakken ad d-nessegzi abeddel n Tmenkda Tarumanit.

Dyuklisyan yebna kra n yigejda n tmenkda n tallit taneggarut: aḍebber agejdan iǧehden, timerna n yimḍebbren, abeddel n temnaḍin, aseǧhed n iserdasen, d talɣa n leḥkem i yerran amenkad ɣer tama n ufella.

[[Qusṭantin Amezwaru|Qusṭuntin]], seld-is, ad ikemmel kra n yibeddilen-a, ad ibeddel kra nniḍen, ad yessebded '''Constantinople''', yerna ad ibeddel s wudem ameqqran tarrayt n tmenkda ɣer yimasiḥiyen.

Ihi, ula ma tetrarkiya n Dyuklisyan s wudem ummid ur tḍul ara seg wass mi yeǧǧa adabu, aṭas n yibeddilen-is kemmlen seld-is.

== 21. Tamenkda uqbel d seld Dyuklisyan ==
Uqbel Dyuklisyan, talɣa n leḥkem mazal tettɛallaq s waṭas ɣer tarrayin n tallit n [[Ugustus]]: Senatus(Sina) mazal yesɛa azal n tmuɣli(ulamma ula d wagi iṛuḥas aṭas seg wazal-is seld leḥkem n Spitimyus Severus), Rome mazal tettwaḥsab d talemmast, amenkad yettɛaraḍ ad d-iban amzun d amezwaru gar yimdanen.

Seld Dyuklisyan, Tamenkda tebda tettban s wudem nniḍen: aḍebber agejdan, iserdasen, imḍebbren ugar, timnaḍin ugar, tiɣremt n umenkad iǧehden, d waṭas n yixefawen n leḥkem i yellan qrib ɣer tilisa.

Ɣef waya, Dyuklisyan yettwaḥsab d yiwen gar wid i ibeddlen Tamenkda Tarumanit seg talɣa n Tmenkda Taqburt ɣer tin n Tmenkda n tallit taneggarut.

== 22. Iswi aserdasi n yibeddilen-is ==
Dyuklisyan yefhem belli tazmert n Rum ur tezmir ara ad tbedd ɣef ṭṭraḍ kan.

Iserdasen ilaq ad sɛun:

* '''idrimen;'''
* '''akayad;'''
* '''imḍebbren;'''
* '''abrid n teywalt;'''
* '''tilisa i yettwaḥerzen;'''
* '''anagraw n tebzert;'''
* '''d leḥkem i yezmer ad yerr tiririt s lemɣawla.'''

Ihi, ibeddilen n uḍebber d wid n iserdasen ur llin ara d sin n yiberdan yemgaraden. Llan d yiwen n unagraw.

== 23. Ayen i yerbeḥ ==
Leḥkem n Dyuklisyan yerra kra n laman seld tazɣent n tasut tis kraḍ.

'''Tamenkda ur teɣli ara.'''

'''Tilisa tettwaḥrez ugar.'''

'''Tamenkda Tasasanit tettwarbeḥ deg usammar.'''

'''Aḍebber yuɣal yesɛa talɣa tusdidt ugar.'''

'''Tebzert tettwasebded s wudem anagrawan ugar.'''

'''''Tetrarkiya'', ula ma teɣli seld-is, tessekna belli leḥkem n tmenkda tameqrant yezmer ad yettwabḍu gar waṭas n yimḍebbren.'''

== 24. Ayen ur yerbiḥ ara ==
Mačči akk ibeddilen n Dyuklisyan i yelhan neɣ i yedren.

Aqhaṛ ɣef yimasiḥiyen ur yezmir ara ad yekkes tamasiḥit; s yin, tamasiḥit ad tuɣal s timmad-is d yiwet seg tɣawsiwin i ibeddlen Rum.

Asaḍuf n ssuma tafellayt ur yezmir ara ad yesbeddi uguren n tdamsa.

Tetrarkiya teɣli s lemɣawla seld beṭṭu-s seg leḥkem.

Aḍebber ameqqran i yebna yesra daɣen tebzert ugar, imi imḍebbren d iserdasen ilaq ad ttuxellsen.

Ihi, leḥkem-is yesɛa irbiben imeqqranen d wuguren imeqqranen ɣef tikkelt.

== 25. Azal-is deg umezruy ==
Azal n Dyuklisyan ur yelli ara deg wakken yerbeḥ kra n yimennuɣen kan.

Azal-is ameqqran yella deg ubeddel n tikti n tmenkda tarumanit s timmad-is.

Uqbel-is, aṭas n yimenkaden ɛerḍen ad ḥerzen anagraw aqbur.

Dyuklisyan yefhem belli tmenkda n tasut tis kraḍ ur tezmir ara ad tettwaḍebber am tin n tallit n [[Ugustus]].

Deg umḍiq n usirem ad yerr Rum ɣer deffir, yebɣa ad yebnu Rum tamaynut i izemren ad tidir deg tegnatin timaynutin.

Deg waya i yella wazal-is ameqqran.

== 26. Tamuɣli ɣer Dyuklisyan ==
Dyuklisyan yezmer ad d-iban s sin n wudmawen yemgaraden.

Seg tama, yella d amenkad i yesseḥbes aɣelluy n tmenkda, i yerran kra n laman, i ibeddlen aḍebber, i iǧehden iserdasen d tilisa, i yebɣan ad yerr leḥkem d anagraw mačči d amennuɣ n yal ass ɣef tmenkda.

Seg tama-nniḍen, yella d amenkad n leḥkem iǧehden nezzeh, n tebzert taẓayant, n usenqed ameqqran, yerna tallit-is tesɛa yiwet seg talliyin yiḍḍiqen timeqqranin ɣef yimasiḥiyen.

Ur ilaq ara ad nekkes yiwen seg sin n wudmawen-a iwakken ad nefhem amdan d tallit-is.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Asfukel war tukci n tmusni</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25606</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117594</id>
      <parentid>117585</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T11:11:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117594</origin>
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      <text bytes="10123" sha1="fm8l5biet7wz89z7czb6bfbi82yry1m" xml:space="preserve">'''Asfukel war tukci n tmusni''' (s teglizit: zero-knowledge proof, ZKP) d tarrayt deg uwgelhan i yessemras yiwen umdan neɣ yiwen unagraw iwakken ad isfukel i wayeḍ belli yiwet n tenfalit d tidet, war ma yefka-as talɣut nniḍen ɣef wayen yeffren, nnig wayen i d-temmal tenfalit-nni d yisefka izuyaz. Taɣara-a teqqen ɣer wamek i yettwasileɣ usfukel, mačči kan ɣer usuffeɣ neɣ war asuffeɣ n tuffirt s wudem usrid.

== Isem d unamek ==
« War tukci n tmusni » ur d-yemmal ara belli win yesneqden ur d-yelmid acemma. Yettwali belli tanfalit i as-d-yettunefken tettwaqbel s yilugan n unagraw. Ayen ur d-ilemmid ara d talɣut nniḍen ɣef tuffirt i yellan deffir usfukel. S umedya, ad iselken belli amdan yesɛa tasarut tuffirt, war ma yessen azal n tsarut-nni.

== Amezruy d usnerni n tmiḍrant ==

=== Seg yisfukal imatuten ɣer yisfukal s usdiwen ===
Deg usfukel n tusnakt i nennum, win i d-yettaken asfukel yeskanay-d tikli i izemren ad teḍfer tayeḍ. Maca deg uwgelhan, tikli-nni tezmer ad tesban talɣut i ilaq ad teqqim d tuffirt. Timiḍrant n ZK tefruri-d seg usteqsi-a: amek ara nesfukel tidet n kra, war ma nesban-d meṛṛa ayen i aɣ-yeǧǧan ad t-nessen?

''Shafi Goldwasser, Silvio Micali'' akked ''Charles Rackoff'' sbedden tigejda n taɣult-a deg leqdic i d-yeffɣen deg STOC deg 1985. Lqem-is aɣezfan yeffeɣ-d deg ''SIAM Journal on'' ''Computing'' deg 1989. Leqdic-a yesdukkel asfukel s '''usdiwen''', '''taseqqart''' d '''usenqed n''' '''tmusni''' i yezmer ad d-yerbeḥ win yesneqden. 

=== Asemres ɣef ugur imatu ===
''Oded Goldreich, Silvio Micali'' akked ''Avi Wigderson'' sbegnen belli, ma llan kra n tesɣunin i yessehlen i usiḍen deg yiwet n tnila maca iweɛren i tuɣalin ɣer deffir (one-way functions), yal tutlayt deg taggayt NP tesɛa asfukel s usdiwen war tukci n tmusni. Leqdic-nsen yettwabder deg 1986, lqem aɣezfan-is deg 1991. Aya yessuffeɣ timiḍrant seg kra n wuguren n yimḍanen ɣer yiwet n taɣult tasnaẓrayant wessiɛen.

=== Tuɣalin ɣer leqdic war asdiwen ===
Deg 1988, ''Manuel Blum'', ''Paul Feldman'' akked ''Silvio Micali'' ssuffɣen-d leqdic agejdan ɣef yisfukal war asdiwen d yiseqdacen-nsen. Iɣewwaṛen izuyaz yezdin gar win yesfukulen d win yesneqden zemren ad ilin d lsas n leqdic-a. Ihi, « war asdiwen » ur yemmal ara « war uheggi » neɣ « war tawsit n unagraw ». 

=== Tallit n yisfukal iwezlan ===
Deg yiseggasen 2010, inadiyen ɣef yisfukal iwezlan, aselken arurad d leḥsab ameqqran ssawḍen ɣer twaculin am '''Groth16''', '''Bulletproofs''', '''STARK''', '''PLONK''' d '''Halo'''. Yal tawacult tesɛa ilugan d yiswan-is: temẓi n usfukel, akud n usnulfu, tmara n uselken neɣ tukksa n uheggi i yettḥwaǧen laman deg umdan wis kraḍ.

== 2. Tabadut tusnakt d yiwudam n leqdic ==
I ussegzi n tarrayt, nettsemmi P i win yesfukulen (prover), V i win yesneqden (verifier), x i yisefka izuyaz, w i uselkin uffir (witness). Assaɣ R yesbadu ayen ilaq ad yili d tidet gar x d w. 

'''R(x, w) = 1'''

Tanfalit i nettḥeqqiq d tin i d-yeqqaren belli '''illa''' w i yesɛan assaɣ-a d x. Tagrumma n yisefka izuyaz i yesɛan aselkin yettwabdar s:

'''L = { x : illa w, R(x, w) = 1 }'''

S umedya n ussegzi, x yezmer ad yili d azal y n tesɣent n ugeddeḥ H; w d amḍan uffir s = w. Assaɣ yettwasenqed d H(s) = y. Yezmer daɣen ad yili x d agmuḍ n leḥsab, w d isefka uffiren akked tikli n leḥsab i d-yessawḍen ɣer ugmuḍ-nni. Umḍan n yiwudam ur yettbeddilara tabadut: zemren ad ilin d imdanen, d iqeddacen neɣ d iseɣẓanen.

=== Kraḍ n tewtilin tigejdanin ===
'''Aqbal n wayen iṣeḥḥan''' (completeness). Ma x yesɛa aselkin iwatan, yerna P d V ḍefren ilugan, asfukel ilaq ad yettwaqbel s tseqqart meqqren, neɣ dima deg kra n yinagrawen.

'''Agi n wayen ur neṣṣiḥ ara''' (soundness). Ma x ur yesɛi ula d yiwen n uselkin iwatan, ilaq ad tili tseqqart n uɣelli n V deg tuccḍa d tameẓyant akken iwata, ɣas P yeɛreḍ ad iɣucc. Taɣara-a tḥerrez tidet n usfukel.

'''War tukci n tmusni''' (zero knowledge). Talɣut i d-yettawi V seg leqdic ilaq ad tezmer

ad tettwaserwes war aselkin uffir. Taɣara-a tḥerrez ayen i yessen P; ur tettwasefhem ara s wawal « uffir » kan.  Taɣellist tettwasbadu s yiwen uɣewwaṛ λ. Taseqqart i wumi neqqar « tameẓyant akken iwata » tezmer ad tili d tin i yettidiren ddaw n 1/λk i yal k &gt; 0, ma λ meqqer akken iwata. D aya i d-anamek n negligible deg tbadutin-a.

== Asfukel d afukal ==
Deg unamek usdid, ''anza'' yesseḥbibir ɣef tidet ula mgal win yesfukulen s tzemmar n leḥsab ur nesɛi ara tilisa. Afukal(Argument) yettḥerrez tidet mgal aɣuccam(win iɣuccen) i yesɛan tazmert n leḥsab talast. Deg uḍris imatu, awal « asfukel » yettwasemras i snat-a; deg usenqed tusnakt, amgired-a ilaq ad yettwaḥrez.

=== Tugna 1. Asfukel d uselkin uffir ===
Win yesfukulen yessemras aselkin uffir; win yesneqden yesseḥḥay tanfalit s usfukel d yisefka izuyaz.
[[Tugna:Tugna 1 Asfukel d uselkin uffir.png|centré|400x400px]]

== 3. Aserwes d unamek usdid n ZK ==

=== Aserwas am tewtilt n usfukel ===
'''Aserwas''' (simulator) d axwerzim(alguritm) i d-yeslalayen ayen i izemren ad iwali win yesneqden, war ma yesɛa aselkin uffir. Deg tabadut n ZK, ilaq ayen i d-yessuffeɣ userwas ad yemcabi, ilmend n tewtilt tusnakt i nettsemras, ayen i d-yettawi win yesneqden seg leqdic ilaw. Ma nezmer ad neslal talɣut-nni war tuffirt, tikli n usfukel ur as-d-terni ara talɣut i izemren ad tessegzi tuffirt. Aya ur d-yemmal ara belli '''aɣuccam''' yezmer ad d-yesnulfu yal asfukel yebɣa deg unagraw ilaw. Aserwes yezmer ad yessemres tarrayt tasnaẓrayant am tuɣalin ɣer kra n waddaden n win yesneqden, neɣ yiwen n uheggi n usenqed i yemgaraden ɣef uheggi ilaw. Iwakkenad tettwaḥrez tidet, tarrayin-a ilaq ad ttwasbadunt deg umedya tusnakt n tɣellist.

=== Kraḍ n talɣiwin n umcabi ===
'''War tukci n tmusni s wudem ummid''' (perfect zero knowledge). Tiski n wayen i d-yessuffeɣ userwas d tin n leqdic ilaw d yiwet s tusnakt.

'''War tukci n tmusni s waddadan''' (statistical zero knowledge). Sin n yisuffaɣ qriben nezzeh deg tseqqart; amgired-nsen d ameẓyan akken iwata, ɣas win i ten-yesneqden yesɛa tazmert n usiḍen(leḥsab) war tilisa.

'''War tukci n tmusni n usiḍen''' (computational zero knowledge). Axwerzim i yesɛan tilisa n usiḍen(leḥsab) ur yezmir ara ad yefrez gar sin n yisuffaɣ s tzemmar yugaren talast tameẓyant i tettwasbadun. Taɣara-a tezmer ad tbedd ɣef ugur tusnakt i yettwaḥsaben d aweɛran.

== Win yesneqden s laman d win iɣuccen ==
Kra n yisfukal ttwaseknen kan d ''War tukci n tmusni'''''('''ZK) ma ara yelli win yesneqden yeḍfer ilugan: aya d &quot;''honest-verifier zero knowledge, HVZK&quot;''. ''War tukci n tmusni(''ZK) mgal win yesneqden iɣuccen ilaq ad tesseḥbiber ɣef tuffirt ula ma ibeddel isteqsiyen neɣ ixeddem s talɣut nniḍen. Ur ilaq ara ad nerr HVZK d agdazal n ZK mgal yal aɣuccam. 

Deg unagraw anda aṭas n yisfukal teddun deg yiwet n tallit, taɣara n ZK n yiwen n leqdic ur tekfi ara i usfukel n tɣellist n wammud. Leqdic yezdin, allus d ubeddel n umizwer n yiznan ḥwaǧen asenqed i iman-nsen.

== 4. Imedyaten d wassaɣ d NP ==

=== Asfukel n umḍan n yiseggasen ===
Amedya n ussegzi: yiwen n umdan yebɣa ad isfukel belli yesɛa 18 n yiseggasen neɣ ugar, war ma yesban-d azemz n tlalit-is. Isefka izuyaz zemren ad ilin d azemz n wass-a, talast 18, akked tsarut tazayezt n win i d-yefkan aselkin. Isefka uffiren zemren ad ilin d azemz n tlalit d uzmul umḍin i t-yesseḥḥan.

Asfukel ilaq ad yesdukkel snat n tewtilin: azemz yeqqen ɣer uselkin iṣeḥḥan, yerna amḍan n yiseggasen yellan deg-s ugar neɣ yewweḍ 18. Ma yesneqed kan tanaḍt « age ≥ 18 » war tuqqna ɣer uselkin, amdan yezmer ad yefk amḍan i d-isnulfa. Ihi, ZK yettḥerrez tikli n uselken; aɣbalu n yisefka ilaq ad yili d win i nezmer ad namen.

=== Amedya n tfelwit n wurar ===
Yezmer umdan ad yebɣu ad isfukel belli yesɛa tifrat n yiwen n '''Sudoku''', war ma d-yesban tifrat. Isefka izuyaz d tafelwit n wurar; aselkin uffir d imḍanen i yefka i texxamin tilemmas. Assaɣ R yesneqed belli yal izirig, yal tigejdit d yal aḥric yesɛa imḍanen ilaqen, yerna imḍanen i yellan seg tazwara ur beddlen ara. Amedya-a yeskanay belli aselkin ur ilaq ara ad yili d awal uffir; yezmer ad yili d tifrat n ugur.

=== Anamek n NP ===
NP d taggayt n wuguren anda tifrat i aɣ-d-yettunefken tezmer ad tettwasenqed deg wakud i yettnernin s wudem agetfulan ilmend n teɣzi n yisefka. Aya ur d-yemmal ara belli tifrat-nni teshel i tifin. Yal tifrat n kra n wuguren tezmer ad tettwasenqed s lemɣawla, maca tifin-is tezmer ad teḥwaǧ leḥsab meqqren. 

Agmuḍ n Goldreich, Micali d Wigderson yemmal belli, s kra n turdiwin n uwgelhan, nezmer ad nesfukel tilin n tifrat i yal ugur deg NP war tukci n tmusni. Maca tilin n tarrayt deg tusnakt ur d-yemmal ara belli tarrayt-nni d taruradt neɣ teshel i usemres. Asenqed n wakud, tkatut d teɣzi n usfukel d aḥric nniḍen n unadi.

=== Tugna 2. Aselken n umḍan n yiseggasen ===
Amedya n ussegzi: asfukel belli amdan yesɛa 18 n yiseggasen neɣ ugar, war asban n uzemz n tlalit-is.
[[Tugna:Tugna 1 Asfukel d uselkin uffir.png|centré|vignette|380x380px|Tugna n uselken n umḍan n yiseggasen.]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 2. Asfukel yesdukkel tidet n uzmul akked tewtilt n yiseggasen. Ilaq daɣen aselkin ad yeqqen ɣer umdan iwatan, ad ur yemmut ara wakud n usemres-is, ad ur tettwakkes ara tsiregt-is. D amedya n ussegzi, mačči d anagraw ummid n usesteb.&lt;/small&gt;

== 5. Isfukal war asdiwen (NIZK) ==
Deg usfukel s usdiwen, P d V ttmeslayen s yiznan: P yezmer ad yefk aḥric amezwaru, V ad yefren asteqsi agacuran, P ad d-yerr. Deg NIZK, P yeslalay-d asfukel π, V yesneqed-it s yisefka izuyaz, war ma yuḥwaǧ ad d-yesteqsi P deg tallit-nni. Yezmer daɣen ad yiselkenasfukel seld azemz n usnulfu-is.
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!Aḥric
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|Prove(pp, x, w)
|Yeslalay-d asfukel π s yisefka x d uselkin uffir w.
|-
|Verify(pp, x, π)
|Yettarra aqbal neɣ agi n usfukel.
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  <page>
    <title>Evemerus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25607</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117591</id>
      <parentid>117584</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-08T22:09:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
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      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
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      <text bytes="7023" sha1="f0eizvg397sab5dfae4nqe9c3vyq9vu" xml:space="preserve">'''Evemerus''' ('''Euhemeros / Εὐήμερος''') d afelsaf u d amyaru Agrigi aqbur, yettwasnen s teẓri i d-yefka ɣef yirebbiten: ɣur-s, kra n 

{{Infobox biography|item=Q317942|caption=Euhemerus}}

yirebbiten yellan zemren ad ilin deg tazwara d imdanen n tidet — igelliden, imnekcamen neɣ imdanen yesɛan azal — syin akkin, deffir n tmettant-nsen, ttwaɛebden am yirebbiten. Tikti-a i d-yefka yiwen n ubrid nniḍen i usefhem n tmucuha d tmiṭulujit.

== 1. Anwa i yella Evemerus? ==
Evemerus yedder deg taggara n tasut tis IV uqbel talalit n Ɛisa, akked tazwara n tasut tis III uqbel talalit n Ɛisa, deg tallit i d-yeḍfaren tameddit n [[Aliksandr Ameqqran]]. Iɣbula iqburen ur d-ttakken ara talɣut ɣef tudert-is, ihi ur nezmir ara ad nessekfel s telqayt melmi d wanda i d-ilul.

Yettwasen deg umezruy n tfelsafit ladɣa s umahil-is '''Hiera Anagraphē''' (Ἱερὰ Ἀναγραφή), i nezmer ad nefhem am « Tira Tuqdist » neɣ « Asekles Uqdis ». Aḍris agejdan n udlis-a iruḥ, maca kra seg-s yettwassen s yisebtar d yisuɣal i d-qqimen deg yimezwura n tallit taqburt.

== 2. Tallit ideg yedder ==
Evemerus yedder deg tallit tahellenistit, mi yekfa udabu n Aliksandr Ameqqran, imi timura i yekcem deg-sent mgaradent gar yigliden d yimnekcamen-is.

Tallit-a tesɛa azal meqqren deg umezruy n tmitulujit: tuddsa n yirebbiten d tmucuha n Yigrigiyen teṭṭef tamurt tameqqrant, maca deg yiwen wakud llan ifilasafiyen d yimyura i ibeddun ad sqerdcen timsal-a s tmuɣli n umezruy, n tfelsafit d usegzi aɣaran.

Evemerus yella gar wid i d-yefkan yiwet seg teẓriwin i d-yettbanen d timaynutin: ma yella kra n yirebbiten d imdanen n zik i yettwaɛebden deffir?

== 3. « Hiera Anagraphē » — amahil-is agejdan ==
Deg udlis-is, Evemerus yules-d ɣef tinigin ara t-yawin ɣer tegzirt n ''Panchaia.''

''Panchaia'' tettwasegza am wakal aberkan d amerkanti, anda i yufa Evemerus kra n uḍris neɣ n usekles uqdis. Ɣef wakken i d-yenna, deg-s llan yismawen d umezruy n yirebbiten am:

'''Zeus, Kronos d Uranos.'''

Maca ayen i d-yufa — ilmend n wayen i d-yules — yessefk ad ibeddel tamuɣli ɣef-sen: ur llin ara seg tazwara d yirebbiten n igenni, maca d imdanen n zik, d igelliden neɣ d imdanen yesɛan adabu d wazal meqqren.

''Panchaia'' tezmer ad tili d amkan asugnan i yesseqdec umyaru iwakken ad d-yefk tiktiwin-is. Imusnawen n wass-a ur ttwalin ara taleqqimt-is am umezruy ussid n tinigt i yeḍran akken i d-yettwales.

== 4. Tikti tagejdant n Evemerus ==
Tikti-s nezmer ad tt-id-nessegzi akka:

'''Amdan → ameqqran deg tmetti → amazray → aɛebbad → arebbi.'''

S unamek nniḍen, amdan yezmer ad yili d agellid neɣ d amnekcam yesɛan azal meqqren. Mi yemmut, imdanen ad cfun fell-as. Tallit tettɛeddi, tamacahut tettnerni, tamektit-is tettbeddil, alamma amdan-nni yettuɣal deg tmiṭulujit d arebbi(illu/akuc).

Ɣef wakken i t-id-yessegza Evemerus, ihi, tmiṭulujit tezmer ad tesɛu aẓar amazray.

== 5. Amedya n Zeus ==
Deg tmuɣli-a, '''Zeus''' ur yelli ara seg tazwara d arebbi ur nesɛi ara talalit. Yella d amdan, neɣ d agellid ameqqran, i yellan deg umezruy aqbur. Seld tamettant-is, imezwura ɛebden-t, syin akkin tuget n yimdanen tettut belli yella d amdan.

S wakka, tamacahut tessexlaḍ gar tamektit n umezruy d tmiṭulujit.

Ur ilaq ara ad nefhem aya am '''yisemli''' amazray yettwaselken s wallalen n yimussnawen n wass-a; d tarrayt tafelsafant d tsekla i yesseqdec Evemerus i usefhem n yirebbiten.

== 6. « Evemerisme » ==
Seg yisem-is i d-yekka wawal ''evhémérisme'' / ''euhemerism''.

Deg useqdec atrar, ''evemerisme'' d tarrayt n usefhem n tmiṭulujit s unadi n uẓar amazray i yezmer ad yili deffir n tmacahut.

Amedya: ma tella yiwet n tmacahut ɣef ugellid i yesɛan tizemmar n yirebbi, win yettnadin s tarrayt n Evemerus ad yesteqsi:

Ma yella ugellid-a d amdan amazray n tidet, maca tamektit-is(cfawat-is) tbeddel deg yiseggasen alamma yuɣal d arebbi deg tmiṭulujit?

Tarrayt-a ur tettak ara azal kan i wayen i d-tenna tmacahut, maca tettɛassa amek i tezmer tmacahut ad d-tban seg umezruy.

== 7. Evemerus d usɣan(tadeyyanit) ==
Ur ilaq ara ad nerr Evemerus, war aselken, am win i yugin akk tadeyyanit neɣ am « amezwaru n wid ur nettamen s yirebbiten ». Tikti-s tezmer ad tettwafhem ugar am usefhem aɣaran n kra n yirebbiten n tmitulujit.

Deg tmura tiqburin, aya yesɛa anamek meqqren, acku ɛibada n yirebbiten ur telli ara d tamsalt n teflest(liman) kan; tezdi daɣen akked tsertit, igelliden, leɛwayed d tudert n tmetti.

== 8. Amgired akked tmuɣli n yifilasafiyen nniḍen ==
Evemerus ur yelli ara d amezwaru i yettnadin ad yefk asefhem i tmitulujit war ma yeqqim kan ɣer taleqqimt n tmacahut.

Kra n Yigrigiyen n zik ttwalin timucuha am inzan neɣ d izamulen, ma d wiyaḍ ttaken-asent anamek n ugama. Evemerus, deg tama-s, yefka azal meqqren i umezruy n yimdanen.

Aya i t-yerran d win yesɛan amkan iman-is deg umezruy n usefhem n tmitulujit.

== 9. Ennius d usiweḍ n tikti-s ɣer yirumanen ==
Aḍris agejdan n Evemerus ur d-yewwiḍ ara ɣer-neɣ s talɣa-is tamezwarut. Yiwen seg yimdanen yesɛan azal meqqren deg usiweḍ n tiktiwin-is d umyaru arumani '''Ennius'''.

'''Ennius''' yura amahil s tlatinit i yettwassnen s yisem '''Euhemerus''', i yesseqdec neɣ i d-yesuqlen seg umahil Agrigi. S waya, tikti n Evemerus tekcem daɣen ɣer tsekla d tfelsafit tarumanit.

== 10. Evemerisme d Irumaniyen Imaziɣen n tallit nniḍen ==
Tikti n Evemerus tesɛa azal deg talliyin i d-yeḍfaren, ladɣa mi bdan yimyura imasiḥiyen ad sqerdcen tadeyyanit taɣerfant n Tmenkda Tarumanit.

Deg tmuɣli-nsen, teẓri n Evemerus tezmer ad tettwaseqdec am ufus: ma yella « irebbiten » d imdanen i yettwaɛebden seld tmettant-nsen, ihi ur llin ara d irebbiten n tidet.

Aya yettban ladɣa deg yimeslayen n kra n yimyura imasiḥiyen iqburen. Maca ilaq ad nessemgired gar teẓri tamezwarut n Evemerus d useqdec i tt-gan wiyaḍ seld-s.

== 11. Tazrirt-is ɣef unadi n tmitulujit ==
Ass-a, imusnawen ur ttaken ara i &quot;evemerisme&quot; azal n tarrayt i yezmer ad yessefhem akk timiṭulujiyin.

Tamacahut tezmer ad d-teffeɣ seg waṭas n tɣawsiwin: aneḍru amazray, izumal n ugama, leɛwayed, tasertit, timetti, tasreḍt, neɣ asugen aseklan. Ihi ur nezmir ara ad nini yal arebbi aqbur yella deg tazwara d amdan amazray.

Maca tikti n Evemerus teqqim d tameqqrant acku tessekcem asteqsi agejdan:

D acu i yezmer ad yili d tidet tamazrayt deffir n tmacahut?

== 12. Azal-is deg umezruy n tfelsafit ==
Evemerus ur yettwassen ara s unagraw afelsafan am [[Flaṭun|Aflaṭun]] neɣ [[Aristot|Aristoteles]]. Azal-is yella ugar deg tarrayt n usqerdec n tmiṭulujit.

Yessekcem kra n tɣawsiwin tigejdanin:

'''amezruy''', acku yettnadi aẓar n tmacahut deg yineḍruyen n yimdanen;

'''tamektit(cfawat)''', acku tamacahut tezmer ad tettnerni mi ara ɛeddin leqrun;

'''adabu''', acku igelliden d yimnekcamen zemren ad uɣalen d imdanen iqedsen;

'''tadeyyanit''', acku aɛebbad yezmer ad ibeddel tamektit n umdan ɣer tmiṭulujit.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>SpaceX</title>
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      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
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      <text bytes="2601" sha1="l4026pdtqmy3cy2fa24rn7owgvcpaeq" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Starship - Flight 13 (Sunset).jpg|vignette|Starship (Timeẓdit tamuqqrant n) deg taɣsert n usekker deg Teksas.]]
'''Space Exploration Technologies Corp'''., yettwassnen s yisem n '''SpaceX''', d takebbanit tamarikanit n temguri tallunant d yimeẓla n usiweḍ ɣer tallunt. Asutel-is (ammas-is agejdan) yezga-d deg temdint n Hawthorne, deg twilayt n [[Kalifurnya|Kalifuṛnya]], deg Y[[Iwunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt|iwunak Yeddukklen n Marikan]]. Yessers-itt [[Elon Musk]] deg useggas n 2002, s yiswi ameqran n usenqes n wazal n watig n yisiklen ɣer tallunt akken ad yili wemdan deg yimal d talmest tamaget-mtiwgan (ara izedɣen ugar n yiwen n umtiweg), ladɣa s usebded n temharsa deg umtiweg n [[Mezweɣ]].

SpaceX tewwi-d asnulfu ameqran deg tesnatwilt tallunant imi d nettat i d tamezwarut deg umaḍal i d-yesbedden timeẓda yettwalsen useqdec (i yettallisen useqdec n tfekkiwin-nsent tigejdanin), ayen yessadren aṭas atig n usekkar n yigensiyen d yinawen allunanen.

== 1. Amezruy d usbeddi ==
Deg useggas n 2001, [[Elon Musk]] yebɣa ad yeldi asenfar n usiwweḍ n yimɣan ɣer umtiweg n Mezweɣ s yisem n '''Mars Oasis''', akken ad d-yessaki lebɣi n lɣaci ɣer usnirem n tallunt. Maca mi yerra ɣer Rrus ad d-yaɣ '''timeẓḍiyin n tiwḍin tiḥbawiyin''' (fusées balistiques intercontinentales), yufa-d tasqamt-nsent teɣlay mliḥ. Seg yimir, yefhem dakken amur ameqran n watig n tmeẓda yekka-d seg wammud n temguri d usebded ur nelli d unzig, mačči seg watig(ssuma) n sselɛa tamezwarut.

Deg 14 Meɣres 2002, Elon Musk yesbedd SpaceX deg temdint n El Segundo (uqbel ad tunag ɣer Hawthorne). Iswi-ines yella d aheggi n tmeẓḍiyin fessusen, ur ɣlayit ara, i yettawḍen ɣer uḥbu n Lqaɛa.

=== Falcon 1: Allal amezwaru ===
Deg tazwara, takebbanit tennuɣ aṭas d wuguren iteknikiyen. Timeẓḍit tamezwarut, '''Falcon 1''', terza deg kraḍ n yisenkar imezwura gar 2006 d 2008. SpaceX tqerreb ɣer uɣelluy d leflas n tedrimt. Maca deg 28 Ctembeṛ 2008, Falcon 1 tewweḍ akken iwata ɣer uḥbu n Lqaɛa; d nettat i d timeẓḍit tamezwarut tusligt yesseqdacen '''aserɣu imengi''' i yessawḍen annect-a deg umezruy.

=== Agatu d NASA (Amtawa CRS) ===
Mi d-teḍra teswiɛt-a, tasudut n tallunt tamarikanit (NASA) tefka i SpaceX yiwen n ugatu ameqran deg ukatar n wahil ''Commercial Resupply Services (CRS)'' s wazal n 1.6 n yimelyaren n yidulaṛen. Agatu-agi yella d asiweḍ n yisafaren ɣer Tɣsert Tallunant Tagraɣlant (ISS) s tmeẓḍa Falcon 9 d unaw Dragon. D aya i iselken takebbanit seg lexsaṛa, yerna yeldi-yas tawwurt ɣer unegmu ameqran.</text>
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      <text bytes="2705" sha1="61gkkhn7ndake1ou6s8n37tw9lqvoio" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Starship - Flight 13 (Sunset).jpg|vignette|Starship (Timeẓdit tamuqqrant n) deg taɣsert n usekker deg Teksas.]]
'''Space Exploration Technologies Corp'''., yettwassnen s yisem n '''SpaceX''', d takebbanit tamarikanit n temguri tallunant d yimeẓla n usiweḍ ɣer tallunt. Asutel-is (ammas-is agejdan) yezga-d deg temdint n Hawthorne, deg twilayt n [[Kalifurnya|Kalifuṛnya]], deg Y[[Iwunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt|iwunak Yeddukklen n Marikan]]. Yessers-itt [[Elon Musk]] deg useggas n 2002, s yiswi ameqran n usenqes n wazal n watig n yisiklen ɣer tallunt akken ad yili wemdan deg yimal d talmest tamaget-mtiwgan (ara izedɣen ugar n yiwen n umtiweg), ladɣa s usebded n temharsa deg umtiweg n [[Mezweɣ]].

SpaceX tewwi-d asnulfu ameqran deg tesnatwilt tallunant imi d nettat i d tamezwarut deg umaḍal i d-yesbedden timeẓda yettwalsen useqdec (i yettallisen useqdec n tfekkiwin-nsent tigejdanin), ayen yessadren aṭas atig n usekkar n yigensiyen d yinawen allunanen.

== 1. Amezruy d usbeddi ==
[[Tugna:Falcon 1 Flight 4 liftoff.jpg|vignette|Tameẓḍit Falcon 1, asenker-ines amezwaru deg 2008.]]
Deg useggas n 2001, [[Elon Musk]] yebɣa ad yeldi asenfar n usiwweḍ n yimɣan ɣer umtiweg n Mezweɣ s yisem n '''Mars Oasis''', akken ad d-yessaki lebɣi n lɣaci ɣer usnirem n tallunt. Maca mi yerra ɣer Rrus ad d-yaɣ '''timeẓḍiyin n tiwḍin tiḥbawiyin''' (fusées balistiques intercontinentales), yufa-d tasqamt-nsent teɣlay mliḥ. Seg yimir, yefhem dakken amur ameqran n watig n tmeẓda yekka-d seg wammud n temguri d usebded ur nelli d unzig, mačči seg watig(ssuma) n sselɛa tamezwarut.

Deg 14 Meɣres 2002, Elon Musk yesbedd SpaceX deg temdint n El Segundo (uqbel ad tunag ɣer Hawthorne). Iswi-ines yella d aheggi n tmeẓḍiyin fessusen, ur ɣlayit ara, i yettawḍen ɣer uḥbu n Lqaɛa.

=== Falcon 1: Allal amezwaru ===
Deg tazwara, takebbanit tennuɣ aṭas d wuguren iteknikiyen. Timeẓḍit tamezwarut, '''Falcon 1''', terza deg kraḍ n yisenkar imezwura gar 2006 d 2008. SpaceX tqerreb ɣer uɣelluy d leflas n tedrimt. Maca deg 28 Ctembeṛ 2008, Falcon 1 tewweḍ akken iwata ɣer uḥbu n Lqaɛa; d nettat i d timeẓḍit tamezwarut tusligt yesseqdacen '''aserɣu imengi''' i yessawḍen annect-a deg umezruy.

=== Agatu d NASA (Amtawa CRS) ===
Mi d-teḍra teswiɛt-a, tasudut n tallunt tamarikanit (NASA) tefka i SpaceX yiwen n ugatu ameqran deg ukatar n wahil ''Commercial Resupply Services (CRS)'' s wazal n 1.6 n yimelyaren n yidulaṛen. Agatu-agi yella d asiweḍ n yisafaren ɣer Tɣsert Tallunant Tagraɣlant (ISS) s tmeẓḍa Falcon 9 d unaw Dragon. D aya i iselken takebbanit seg lexsaṛa, yerna yeldi-yas tawwurt ɣer unegmu ameqran.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Qusṭantin Amezwaru</title>
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      <text bytes="3620" sha1="hpual2lzbox54vvh6vvoehs0ifuuxrg" xml:space="preserve">'''Qusṭantin Amezwaru''', i yettwassnen daɣen s yisem n '''Qusṭantin Ameqqran''' (''Constantinus Magnus s tlatinit''), d yiwen seg 

{{Infobox biography|item=Q8413|image=[[File:0 Gaius Flavius Valerius Constantinus, Palatino.jpg|thumb|Images from Roma Project]]|caption=Qusṭantin Amezwaru.}}

yimenkaden irumanen i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg umezruy n umaḍal aqdim.

Yella d amenkad n Tgelda Tarumanit seg useggas 306 armi d 337, maca ur yuɣal d amenkad awḥid n tgelda meṛṛa alamma d aseggas 324.

Deg 31 n yiseggasen n udabu-is, Qusṭantin yessaweḍ ad ibeddel aṭas n tɣawsiwin deg tsertit, deg tedbelt, deg tsertit taserdasit, deg tdamsa, ladɣa deg wassaɣ gar uwanek arumani d tmeslayt tamasiḥit.

Gar wayen i t-yeskanayen deg umezruy:

- Yerbeḥ ṭṭradat imeqqranen mgal imenkaden i t-yettnaɣen ɣef udabu.

- Yerr-a tamurt tarumanit meṛṛa ddaw yiwen n umenkad deg 324.

- Yesnerna tasertit n tsureft d uḥraz n tilelli n ddin i yimasḥiyen.

- Yefka afus n tallelt i tmeslayt tamasiḥit, armi tuɣal d yiwet n tɣessa timeqqranin n tmetti tarumanit.

- Yebna tamezdeɣt tamanekdat tamaynut deg Qusṭanṭiniya, ɣef wakal n temdint taqdimt n Byzantion.

- Yesdukkel amussu n uselḥu n tmeslayt tamasiḥit deg ugraw n Nikiya, deg 325.

- Yesnerna yiwet n tsertit tamaynut n tedrimt, taserdast d tedbelt.

S wakka, Qusṭantin ur yelli ara kan d amenkad i yerbeḥ ṭṭradat. Yella daɣen d yiwen n yimdanen i d-yeslulfen tallit tamaynut deg umezruy n Tgelda Tarumanit, tin ara yessiwḍen sya ɣer temsalt tarumanit n usamar, i yettwassnen deg umezruy am Tgelda Tabizantin.

== 1. Talalit d temẓi n Qusṭantin ==

=== 1.1. Talalit-is ===
Qusṭantin ilul, ilmend n tɣbula i d-yewḍen ɣur-neɣ, ɣef useggas 272 neɣ deg kra n yiseggasen i t-id-yezwaren, deg temdint n ''Naissus'', i d-yeqqimen ass-a d Nič deg [[Ṣerbya]].

Isem-is arumani yella d ''Flavius Valerius Constantinus''.

Baba-s d [[Qusṭantin Klurus]] (Constantius Chlorus), yiwen n yimeqqranen iserdasiyen irumanen i yuɣalen d imenkaden.

Yemma-s d [[Helena (yemma-s n Qusṭantin Amezwaru)|Helena]], tameṭṭut i yuɣalen sya ɣer zdat d yiwet n tuqdisin timeqqranin n umezruy amasiḥi.

Ur nessin ara s tidet meṛṛa ma [[Helena (yemma-s n Qusṭantin Amezwaru)|Helena]] d tameṭṭut tamezwarut n Qusṭantin Klurus s uzref, neɣ d tameṭṭut i yesɛa yid-s assaɣ uqbel zwaǧ-is ameskaran. Tameṭṭut-a ur tesɛi ara tazmert n tsertit deg tazwara, maca mmi-s mi yuɣal d amenkad, ad as-yefk azal ameqqran.

=== 1.2. Axxam-is d tugna n tmetti n wakud-nni ===
Deg tazwara n tasut tis IV, Tgelda Tarumanit d tamurt tameqqrant i yeṭṭfen aḥric ameqqran n Tuṛuft, Tafriqt n ugafa d Asya n umalu.

Deg tallit-a, aṭas n yimenkaden ur d-ttilalen ara deg temdint n Ruma. Llan-d seg temnaḍin n Danub, Illyricum d Balkans, anda taserdast tesɛa azal ameqqran deg usefru n udabu.

Qusṭantin yella seg tɣiwant-a n tsertit taserdasit. Ihi, talalit-is deg Naissus ur telli ara d ayen iweɛren ad nefhem, imi taserdast tarumanit tuɣal d yiwen n yigejdan n tɣessa n tgelda.

=== 1.3. Tamẓi deg yixxamen n yimenkaden ===
Qusṭantin yessaweḍ ad ikker deg tɣiwant n yimenkaden. Yedder deg yixxamen n udabu deg usamar n tgelda, anda yella Dyuklisyan d amenkad.

Yelmed amek tettwaselḥu tgelda, amek tettwasebdad taserdast, akked wamek tteddun wassaɣen gar yimenkaden.

Yexdem daɣen deg teserdast, yedda deg kra n yikabar iserdasiyen, yessen tamsalt n usefrek n yimukan d uselḥu n yimrigen.

Tudert-is deg tallit-a tefka-yas tirmit i as-yettunefken kan i kra n yimeqqranen irumanen.</text>
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        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
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      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
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      <text bytes="3626" sha1="opyb9l7x2mbopljsa4j2r8m1p7phr1z" xml:space="preserve">'''Qusṭantin Amezwaru''', i yettwassnen daɣen s yisem n '''Qusṭantin Ameqqran''' (''Constantinus Magnus s tlatinit''), d yiwen seg 

{{Infobox biography|item=Q8413|image=[[File:0 Gaius Flavius Valerius Constantinus, Palatino.jpg|thumb|Asebdad n Qusṭantin Amezwaru]]|caption=Qusṭantin Amezwaru.}}

yimenkaden irumanen i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg umezruy n umaḍal aqdim.

Yella d amenkad n Tgelda Tarumanit seg useggas 306 armi d 337, maca ur yuɣal d amenkad awḥid n tgelda meṛṛa alamma d aseggas 324.

Deg 31 n yiseggasen n udabu-is, Qusṭantin yessaweḍ ad ibeddel aṭas n tɣawsiwin deg tsertit, deg tedbelt, deg tsertit taserdasit, deg tdamsa, ladɣa deg wassaɣ gar uwanek arumani d tmeslayt tamasiḥit.

Gar wayen i t-yeskanayen deg umezruy:

- Yerbeḥ ṭṭradat imeqqranen mgal imenkaden i t-yettnaɣen ɣef udabu.

- Yerr-a tamurt tarumanit meṛṛa ddaw yiwen n umenkad deg 324.

- Yesnerna tasertit n tsureft d uḥraz n tilelli n ddin i yimasḥiyen.

- Yefka afus n tallelt i tmeslayt tamasiḥit, armi tuɣal d yiwet n tɣessa timeqqranin n tmetti tarumanit.

- Yebna tamezdeɣt tamanekdat tamaynut deg Qusṭanṭiniya, ɣef wakal n temdint taqdimt n Byzantion.

- Yesdukkel amussu n uselḥu n tmeslayt tamasiḥit deg ugraw n Nikiya, deg 325.

- Yesnerna yiwet n tsertit tamaynut n tedrimt, taserdast d tedbelt.

S wakka, Qusṭantin ur yelli ara kan d amenkad i yerbeḥ ṭṭradat. Yella daɣen d yiwen n yimdanen i d-yeslulfen tallit tamaynut deg umezruy n Tgelda Tarumanit, tin ara yessiwḍen sya ɣer temsalt tarumanit n usamar, i yettwassnen deg umezruy am Tgelda Tabizantin.

== 1. Talalit d temẓi n Qusṭantin ==

=== 1.1. Talalit-is ===
Qusṭantin ilul, ilmend n tɣbula i d-yewḍen ɣur-neɣ, ɣef useggas 272 neɣ deg kra n yiseggasen i t-id-yezwaren, deg temdint n ''Naissus'', i d-yeqqimen ass-a d Nič deg [[Ṣerbya]].

Isem-is arumani yella d ''Flavius Valerius Constantinus''.

Baba-s d [[Qusṭantin Klurus]] (Constantius Chlorus), yiwen n yimeqqranen iserdasiyen irumanen i yuɣalen d imenkaden.

Yemma-s d [[Helena (yemma-s n Qusṭantin Amezwaru)|Helena]], tameṭṭut i yuɣalen sya ɣer zdat d yiwet n tuqdisin timeqqranin n umezruy amasiḥi.

Ur nessin ara s tidet meṛṛa ma [[Helena (yemma-s n Qusṭantin Amezwaru)|Helena]] d tameṭṭut tamezwarut n Qusṭantin Klurus s uzref, neɣ d tameṭṭut i yesɛa yid-s assaɣ uqbel zwaǧ-is ameskaran. Tameṭṭut-a ur tesɛi ara tazmert n tsertit deg tazwara, maca mmi-s mi yuɣal d amenkad, ad as-yefk azal ameqqran.

=== 1.2. Axxam-is d tugna n tmetti n wakud-nni ===
Deg tazwara n tasut tis IV, Tgelda Tarumanit d tamurt tameqqrant i yeṭṭfen aḥric ameqqran n Tuṛuft, Tafriqt n ugafa d Asya n umalu.

Deg tallit-a, aṭas n yimenkaden ur d-ttilalen ara deg temdint n Ruma. Llan-d seg temnaḍin n Danub, Illyricum d Balkans, anda taserdast tesɛa azal ameqqran deg usefru n udabu.

Qusṭantin yella seg tɣiwant-a n tsertit taserdasit. Ihi, talalit-is deg Naissus ur telli ara d ayen iweɛren ad nefhem, imi taserdast tarumanit tuɣal d yiwen n yigejdan n tɣessa n tgelda.

=== 1.3. Tamẓi deg yixxamen n yimenkaden ===
Qusṭantin yessaweḍ ad ikker deg tɣiwant n yimenkaden. Yedder deg yixxamen n udabu deg usamar n tgelda, anda yella Dyuklisyan d amenkad.

Yelmed amek tettwaselḥu tgelda, amek tettwasebdad taserdast, akked wamek tteddun wassaɣen gar yimenkaden.

Yexdem daɣen deg teserdast, yedda deg kra n yikabar iserdasiyen, yessen tamsalt n usefrek n yimukan d uselḥu n yimrigen.

Tudert-is deg tallit-a tefka-yas tirmit i as-yettunefken kan i kra n yimeqqranen irumanen.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Tajmaɛt/Tuber 2026</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>25612</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117592</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T09:28:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MediaWiki message delivery</username>
        <id>4167</id>
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      <comment>/* Wikidata Sitelink changes in Recent Changes and Watchlist */ tigezmi tamaynut</comment>
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      <text bytes="1906" sha1="rr7jr1667oa7qt961j4zmog499z7301" xml:space="preserve">== Wikidata Sitelink changes in Recent Changes and Watchlist ==
''(Apologies for cross-posting in English, translating it will help spread the message)''

Earlier last month, all Wikis were contacted for feedback on our proposal to remove language link changes, this change has already been deployed to Wikisource, Wikibooks, Wikivoyage, Wikiquote, Wikiversity and Wiktionary.

The same change is now being rolled out globally to all Wikipedias on '''October 13, 07:00 UTC'''. Editors will no longer see notifications after this time on their [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]] when a link to ''another'' language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item (it does not affect language link notifications to the home wiki). There will then be a two-week monitoring period to observe if a reduction of high-volume but low-value notifications takes place, or if higher-value changes become easier to identify. Editors who rely on these notifications should be aware of the change and can share feedback or concerns on the  Wikidata For Wikimedia [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|Projects talk page]].&lt;br/&gt;
Wikidata's own Recent Changes page is not affected as it serves as the repository for these changes.

Please reach out if you have any questions, or if your wiki would like to opt-out, thank you! -- [[User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User_talk:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|talk]])  sent via [[Amseqdac:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Amyannan umsqedac:MediaWiki message delivery|asqerdec]]) 9 Tuber 2026 à 09:28 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message envoyé par User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&amp;oldid=31142775 --&gt;</text>
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