Imaziɣen

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| group = Imaziɣen&lt;!-- [[WP:NOETHNICGALLERIES]] --&gt;
| native_name = ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ, ⵎⵣⵗⵏ
| image = Tatouages berbères — Femme.png
| caption = 
| population = 20–30 imelyan&lt;ref&gt;''Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia.'' Ed. [[Steven L. Danver]], M. E. Sharpe/Mesa Verde Publishing, 2013, p. 23f.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Berber people&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Berber|title=Berber people|access-date=2016-08-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Berber speakers&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/05/05/north-africa-berbers-get-boost-from-arab-spring/ |title= North Africa's Berbers get boost from Arab Spring |publisher= [[Fox News Channel|Fox News]] |date= 5 May 2012 |accessdate= 8 December 2013 |archive-date= 9 October 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131009114511/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/05/05/north-africa-berbers-get-boost-from-arab-spring/ |url-status= dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; – 50 imelyan&lt;ref name=&quot;Bilingualism, p. 860&quot;&gt;{{cite book|authors=Tej K. Bhatia, William C. Ritchie|title=The Handbook of Bilingualism|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=0631227350|page=860|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=pNqVaUk4dM0C|accessdate=16 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region1 = {{flagcountry|Morocco}}
| pop1 = seg ≈ 14 imelyan&lt;ref name=&quot;Berber people&quot;/&gt; ar ≈ 20 imelyan&lt;ref name=&quot;minorityrights.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://minorityrights.org/minorities/berber/|title=Morocco – Berber|work=World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;axl.cefan.ulaval.ca&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/afrique/berberes_Afrique.htm|title=Les Berbères en Afrique du Nord|publisher=Chaire pour le développement de la recherche sur la culture d'expression française en Amérique du Nord|access-date=2019-09-16|archive-date=2019-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022181215/http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/afrique/berberes_Afrique.htm|url-status=dead}}, Université Laval
Québec, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Peter Prengaman: [http://m.sfgate.com/news/article/Morocco-s-Berbers-Battle-to-Keep-From-Losing-2941557.php ''Morocco's Berbers Battle to Keep From Losing Their Culture / Arab minority forces majority to abandon native language''], Chronicle Foreign Service, March 16, 2001, on sfgate.com.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;axl.cefan.ulaval.ca&quot;/&gt;
| region2 = {{flagcountry|Algeria}}
| pop2 = seg 9&lt;ref name=&quot;Berber people&quot;/&gt; ar ≈ 13 imelyan&lt;ref name=&quot;axl.cefan.ulaval.ca&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-35515769 |title= Algeria reinstates term limit and recognises Berber language |work= BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region3 = {{flagcountry|Libya}}
| pop3 = ~3,850,000&lt;ref name=&quot;Bilingualism, p. 860&quot;/&gt;
| region4 = {{flagcountry|Tunisia}}
| pop4 = 110,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tsg.html|title=Tunisia|publisher=The World Factbook}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; ar ≈ 389,652&lt;ref name=&quot;Bilingualism, p. 860&quot;/&gt;
| region5 = {{flagcountry|France}}
| pop5 = kter n 2 imelyan&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140929080724/http://www.dglflf.culture.gouv.fr/lgfrance/lgfrance_presentation.htm ''Les langues de France : un patrimoine méconnu, une réalité vivante''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140929080724/http://www.dglflf.culture.gouv.fr/lgfrance/lgfrance_presentation.htm |date=2014-09-29 }}, originally published by CultureComm unication.gouv.fr.&lt;/ref&gt;
| region6 = {{flagcountry|Mauritania}}
| pop6 = 2,883,000 (2,768,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Scholastic Library Publishing|title=Lands and Peoples: Africa|date=2005|publisher=Grolier|isbn=0717280241|page=135|url=https://archive.org/details/landspeoples00unse|accessdate=17 August 2016}}; Moors 80% of population of 3,460,000&lt;/ref&gt; &amp; 115,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/15607/MR|title=Tuareg, Tamasheq in Mauritania|author=Joshua Project|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;)
| region7 = {{flagcountry|Niger}}
| pop7 = 1,620,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ng.html|title=Niger|publisher=The World Factbook|access-date=2019-09-16|archive-date=2020-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424124158/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ng.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region8 = {{flagcountry|Mali}}
| pop8 = 850,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ml.html|title=Mali|publisher=The World Factbook|access-date=2019-09-16|archive-date=2015-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110042640/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ml.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region9 = {{flagcountry|Belgium}}
| pop9 = 500,000&lt;small&gt;(Including descendants)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2016/03/23/la-belgique-est-devenue-un-trou-noir-securitaire_4888420_3232.html|title=Au cœur des réseaux djihadistes européens, le passé douloureux du Rif marocain|last=Truong|first=Nicolas|date=2016-03-23|newspaper=Le Monde.fr|language=fr|issn=1950-6244|access-date=2016-11-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region10 = {{flagcountry|Netherlands}}
| pop10 = 367,455&lt;small&gt;(Including descendants)&lt;/small&gt;
| region11 = {{flagcountry|Burkina Faso}}
| pop11 = 50,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/15607/UV|title=Tuareg, Tamasheq in Burkina Faso|author=Joshua Project|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region12 = {{flagcountry|Egypt}}
| pop12 = 34,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/14958/EG|title=Berber, Siwa in Egypt|author=Joshua Project|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; neɣ 1,826,580&lt;ref name=&quot;Bilingualism, p. 860&quot;/&gt;
| region13 = {{flagcountry|Canada}}
| pop13 = 37,060 &lt;small&gt;(Including those of mixed ancestry)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&amp;Geo1=PR&amp;Code1=01&amp;Geo2=&amp;Code2=&amp;Data=Count&amp;SearchText=Canada&amp;SearchType=Begins&amp;SearchPR=01&amp;B1=All&amp;TABID=1|title=Census Profile, 2016 Census - Canada [Country] and Canada [Country]|first=Statistics Canada|last=Government of Canada|date=February 8, 2017|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region14 = {{flagcountry|Israel}}
| pop14 = 3,500&lt;ref&gt;Moshe Shokeid: ''The Dual Heritage: Immigrants from the Atlas Mountains in an Israeli Village''. Manchester University Press, 1971.&lt;/ref&gt;
| region15 = {{flagcountry|United States}}
| pop15 = 1,327&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=US Census Bureau|title=The Arab Population: 2000| url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/c2kbr-23.pdf|accessdate=2013-05-05
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| langs = [[Tutlayin timaziɣin]], ttwurant s [[Tifinaɣ]] neɣ s [[Agemmay Amaziɣ Alatin|ugemmay Amaziɣ Alatin]];&lt;br /&gt;[[Ddarja n Tefriqt Ugafa]] (gar [[Arabized Berber]]s)
| rels = Amur ameqqran seg-sen [[tasunnit]].&lt;br&gt; Lbaqi ttekkin ɣer ifurkawen nniḍen n lislam ([[Taciɛit]], [[Taɛibadit]]), [[Tamasiḥt]] (ladɣa [[Taprutistant]]),&lt;ref name=&quot;Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087/Believers_in_Christ_from_a_Muslim_Background_A_Global_Census |title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census &amp;#124; Duane A Miller Botero - Academia.edu |publisher=academia.edu |accessdate=27 March 2016 |archive-date=28 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928201901/https://www.academia.edu/16338087/Believers_in_Christ_from_a_Muslim_Background_A_Global_Census |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;*(s trumit) [http://matoub.kabylie.free.fr/kabylie/article.php3?id_article=174 Sadek Lekdja: ''Christianity in Kabylie'', Radio France Internationale, 7 mai 2001] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404003445/http://matoub.kabylie.free.fr/kabylie/article.php3?id_article=174 |date=2019-04-04 }}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Udayen Imaziɣen|Tudayt]], akked [[Liman amaziɣ aqdim|liman aqdim]]&lt;!-- as per [[Infobox ethnic group]], the religion parameter is for the &quot;group's religious affiliations&quot; - irreligion is having no religious affiliation --&gt;
| related-c = At [[tutlayin tifrusyawiyin]] nniḍen&lt;ref&gt;Blench, Roger. Archaeology, Language, and the African Past. Rowman: Altamira, 2006 {{ISBN|9780759104662}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Diakonoff, Igor. The Earliest Semitic Society: Linguistic Data. Journal of Semitic Studies, Vol. 43 Iss. 2 (1998).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Shirai, Noriyuki 2010&quot;&gt;Shirai, Noriyuki. The Archaeology of the First Farmer-Herders in Egypt: New Insights into the Fayum Epipalaeolithic and Neolithic. Leiden University Press, 2010. {{ISBN|9789087280796}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=blench2006&gt;Blench R (2006) Archaeology, Language, and the African Past, Rowman Altamira, {{ISBN|0-7591-0466-2}}, {{ISBN|978-0-7591-0466-2}}, books.google.be/books?id=esFy3Po57A8C&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Ehret2004&gt;Ehret C, Keita SOY, Newman P (2004) The Origins of Afroasiatic a response to Diamond and Bellwood (2003) in the Letters of SCIENCE 306, no. 5702, p. 1680 {{doi|10.1126/science.306.5702.1680c}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=bender1997&gt;Bender ML (1997), Upside Down Afrasian, Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere 50, pp. 19–34&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=militarev2005&gt;Militarev A (2005) Once more about glottochronology and comparative method: the Omotic-Afrasian case, Аспекты компаративистики – 1 (Aspects of comparative linguistics – 1). FS S. Starostin. Orientalia et Classica II (Moscow), p. 339-408. http://starling.rinet.ru/Texts/fleming.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
| native_name_lang = ber
| related_groups =
}}
'''Imaziɣen''' d imezdaɣ ineṣliyen deg [[Tafriqt ugafa|tefriqt ugafa]], d nutni i yellan d amur ameqqṛan deg yimezdaɣ n [[Tamazɣa|Tmazɣa]]/Tafriqt n ugafa, tutlayt-sen d [[Tamaziɣt]], xas ma yella aṭas deg-sen ass-a la ttmeslayen [[Taɛrabt]]. 

Imaziɣen ḥerren-d akal d ameqqran, yewweḍ seg wemda n [[Isiwan]], deg Utaram (lɣerb) n [[Maṣer]] alamma d Targa Zewwaɣen d [[Muriṭanya]], ɣef yiri n ugaraw Aṭlasi. Yuɣ lḥal, d Imaziɣen i d agdud n Tefriqt awḥid id-iḥerren anect-a n wakal, imi amur ameqqran deg yegduden ifriqiyen-nniḍen, tikwal sɛan kan akal d amecṭuḥ, tikwal bitt, cerken-t akked yegduden-nniḍen. Imaziɣen ttuneḥsaben d agdud n yiri (race) amellal, xas ma yella nettaf gar-asen aṭas n yimibriken d yiberkanen.

Aṭas n Yimaziɣen id-mazal la ttmeslayen [[tamaziɣt]], rnu deg yiseggasen-a ineggura, aṭas n trebbaɛin timaziɣin id-yennulfan i wakken ad wtent ad ḥerzent tutlayt-nsent. Xas ma yella tantalyin (dialectes) i ttmeslayen Yimaziɣen mgaradent si tama ɣer tayeḍ, maca kkant-d akk seg yiwen n uẓar, seg yiwet n tutlayt, yernu yeshel ɣef waṭas n timaziɣin ad msegzunt(msefhament) gar-asent s tutlayt-nsent, xas ma yella mgaradent tentalyin-nsent. 

Imaziɣen mazal ṭṭfen deg waṭas n wansayen (lɛaddat), ladɣa wid yettidiren di Merruk akk d [[Uneẓruf]] (ṣṣeḥra), dacu kan, ass-a, aṭas n wansayen imaziɣen i yellan ɣef yiri n nnger, la ten-ttaǧǧan medden yernu ur d asen-ttgen ara leqrar. Nnig waya, ula d tutlayt tamaziɣt la tettuɣal ɣer deffir deg waṭas n tamiwin n Tmazɣa, medden la d-ttaǧǧan, ilmeẓyen ur ttlemden ara, dɣa yessefk ad yettwaxdem kra n leqdic s lḥir i lmend n ussukkes n tutlayt di tmiwa-a.

Ass-a llan azal n 45 imelyan n imaziɣen deg ddunit merra.

==Iɣsan d iẓuran imqqṛanen n Imaziɣen==

* [[Iznaten]]    (زناتة / إيزناتن )
* [[Iẓnagen]]    ( ژناگة / صنهاجة / إيژناگن)
* [[Imṣmuden]]  ( مصمودة / إيمسمودن )
* [[Iktamen]]   (كتامة / إيكوتامن )
* [[Iɣumaren]]   ( غمارة / إيغومارن) 
* [[Iguzulen]]   ( جزولة / إيگوزولن) 
* [[Igdalen]]    (جدالة / إيگدالن )
* [[Imdyunen]]  ( مديونة / إيمديونن )
* [[Isedraten]]  ( سدراتة / إيسدراتن )
* [[Infzawen]]  ( نفزة / نفزاوة / إينفزاون )
* [[Izwawen]]    ( زواوة / إيزواون )
* [[Ihuwwaren]]  ( هوارة / إيهوارن) 
* [[Imssufen]]  ( مسوفة / إيمسوفن) 
* [[Iskuren]]  ( هسكورة / إيهسكورن )
* [[Imẓẓujen]]  ( مژّوجة / إيمژّوجن )
* [[Imḍlasen]]   ( مطالسة / إيمضالسن )
* [[Ihntaten]]    ( هنتاتة / إيهنتاتن )
* [[Imɣrawen|Imɣran]]   (مغراوة / إيمغرلن )
* [[Imknasen]]  ( مكناسة / إيمكناسن )
* [[Imssiwan]]   (إمسوان/مسيوة)
* [[Infeṭwak]]   (فطواكة/إنفطواك)
* [[Iɣejdamen]]   (غجدامة/إغجدامن)
* [[Inffusen]] (إنفوسن/نفوسة)
* [[Iḥaḥan]] (حاحا/إحاحان)
* [[Innultan]] (إنولتان/ولتانة) 
* [[Igliwwa]] (إگليوا/گلاوة)
* [[Icawiyen]] (إشاوين/الشاوية)
* [[Imdɣren]] (إمدغرن/مدغرة أو مطغرة)
* [[Iwraben]] (إورابن/أوربة)
* [[Izwwaren]] (إزواغن/زواغة)
* [[Mɣila|Imɣilen]] (مغيلا/مغيلة)
* [[Iɣyyaten]] (إغياتن/غياثة)
* [[Ilwaten]] (إلواتن/لواتة)
* [[Iwrdiɣen]] (إورديغن/ورديغة)

== Imaziɣen yettwasnen ==


: Ẓer ''[[Imaziɣen ittwasnen]]''

Daɣen

: Ẓer ''[[Iqbayliyen ittwasnen]]''


== Wali ==

* [[Leqbayel]]
* [[Icawiyen]]
* [[Imuhaɣ]] (touareg)

== Tamselyut ==
* http://amastan1.tripod.com/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717101657/http://amastan1.tripod.com/ |date=2011-07-17 }} Sɣur Umar Muffuk
[[Taggayt:iɣerfan]]
[[Taggayt:Iɣerfan iẓaranen n tferka n ugafa]]
[[Taggayt:Imaziɣen]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>New York</title>
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        <username>Mastiman Anumidi</username>
        <id>17235</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Aḍris amaynut</comment>
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      <text bytes="4471" sha1="hsnmdrl98z7xisow9alzs0e3ypesf4r" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox city}}

'''New York''' d nettat ay d tamdint tameqqrant akk deg [[Iwunak Yedduklen|Yiwunak Yeddukklen]]. Tezga-d deg ugafa-agmuḍan n tmurt, ɣef [[Agaraw Aṭlasi|Ugaraw Aṭlasi]]. Zedɣen-tt 8.336.697 n yimezdaɣen (19.006.798 s yegmamen ay d-yezzin fell-as). Tamdint-a tezga-d deg [[New York (Awanak)|uwanak n New York]].

Tamdint-a tettwassen s yixxamen-is ɣezzifen, s tnezzut, s tdamsa tameqqrant, s tẓuri, s tesdawiyin, s tmusni d umezruy-is amesbaɣur.

New York mačči d tamdint n tnezzut kan. D amkan anda mlalen yigduden seg waṭas n tmura, s tutlayin yemgaraden, s yidles yemgaraden d wallalen yemgaraden n tudert.

Ɣas akken tamdint-a tettwassen am yiwet n tɣerma tameqqrant n umaḍal amiran, amezruy-is yezga yeqqen ɣer yigduden inaṣliyen n Marikan n Ugafa...

Tamsalt i ilaq ad nseɣti deg tazwara: igduden inaṣliyen n New York d '''Lenape''', seg yigduden inasliyen n Marikan n Ugafa. Amezruy n temdint yemmal-d amek i tettwabna ɣef wakal-nsen, syin akin amek i tuɣal d yiwet seg temdinin tigejdanin n umaḍal.

== Tarakalt d ugama n New York ==
New York tezga deg umkan yesɛan azal ameqqran deg trakalt n Marikan. Tella gar yisaffen d yilellen, ayen i tt-yerran d tamdint n yinig d tnezzut seg zik.

Deg tama-s n umalu yella ''Asif Hudson'', deg tama-s n usamar yella ''East River'', i d aferdis n waman meẓẓiyen yeqqnen ɣer yilel. Deg unẓul, tella tagnit tameqqrant n waman i yettwassnen s yisem n ''New York Harbor'', anda i d-keččmen yiseflinen.

Tarakalt-a tettak-as kraḍ n lfaydat:

* Yezmer ad yili deg-s unermis n tnezzut gar Marikan, Turuft d tmura nniḍen.
* Isaffen d yilellen ttaken-d iberdan n usiweḍ n yiferdisen d medden.
* Igelluyen n wakal d yigziren ttawin-d aṭas n temnaḍin i lebni n temdint.

Maca amkan-a yesɛa ula d uguren: iḥemmalen n waman, ahuzzu n yilel, leɣla n wakal d uguren n lebni deg temnaḍin i d-yettwarran zdat n waman.

=== Tiɣiwanin tisudisin ===
New York tebḍa ɣef semmus n tiɣiwanin timeqqranin (boroughs).

==== '''Manhattan''' ====
[[Tugna:West side of Manhattan from Hudson Commons (95103p).jpg|centré|cadre|Manhattan.]]
D ul n tdamsa n temdint, anda ''llan Wall Street, Times Square, Central Park'' d waṭas n yixxamen ɣezzifen. D tamnaḍt yettwassnen aṭas deg umaḍal.

==== '''Brooklyn''' ====
[[Tugna:Dumbo Neighborhood in Brooklyn, NYC.jpg|centré|cadre|Brooklyn]]
D tamnaḍt yesɛan agdud meqqren, tuddar tiqdimin, taẓuri, izerfan idelsanen d yimḍiqen imeqqranen n tudert n temdint.

==== '''Queens''' ====
[[Tugna:Flushing Queens from roof of Starlight Hotel.jpg|centré|cadre|Queens]]
Tettwassen s tmeslayin d yidles yemgaraden. Deg-s llan yimḍiqen n yinig, timnaḍin n tnezzut d waṭas n tdukliwin n yimezdaɣ.

==== '''The Bronx''' ====
[[Tugna:Yankee Stadium 001.JPG|centré|vignette|650x650px|Bronx.]]
D yiwet seg temnaḍin ideg d-yennulfa uɣanib aẓawan n hip-hop. Deg-s daɣen azrib ameqqran ɣer Bronx Zoo d Yankee Stadium.

==== '''Staten Island''' ====
[[Tugna:Freshkills Park in Staten Island, New York.jpg|centré|vignette|650x650px|Staten Island.]]
D tamnaḍt i yesɛan aṭas n yigran imenza, izerfan izegzawen d tuddar ur neččur ara d imezdaɣ am Manhattan.

==Isunen n weɣrem n New York== 

Llan semmus (5) n yisunen deg New York, s tenglizt qqaren-as ''Boroughs''. [[File:5 Boroughs Labels New York City Map.png|thumb|5 Isunen n weɣrem n New York sɣur Julius Schorzman : 1- Manhattan, 2-Queens, 3-Brooklyn, 4-The Bronx, 5- Staten Island]]

*[[Manhattan]] : agwans n temdint, tella af tegzirt n Manhattan. Llant deg-s [[Wall Street]], [[Tasdawit n New York]], [[Tasdawit n Columbia]], asutel n Yiwunak Yeddukklen (ONU/NU). Ɣur-es imezdaɣen 1 546 856 deg-s. 
*[[The Bronx]] : ay d asun agellil akk deg weɣrem n New York akwd tdersiwin (minorités) tiberkanin d tispanikin maca tuɣal-d cwiṭ n teɣlist seg 20 iseggassen i yezrin. Ay d dduḥ n uẓawan Hip-Hop, deg-s illa [[Asarir Yankees Stadium]]. Ɣur-es  1 354 068 imezdaɣen deg-s. 
*[[Queens]] :  Ɣur-es  2 237 815 imezdaɣen deg-s. Yeḍra [[US Open]] dinna yal uggur n ctember, deg-s llan imafagen n JFK d La Guardia. Illa d agemim n tmezduɣt d tmugri (industry). 
*[[Brooklyn]] : Agemim n tmezduɣt n New-Yorkers. Ɣur-es 2 488 194 imezdaɣen deg-s
*[[Staten Island]] :  Ɣur-es imezdaɣen 491 730 deg-s. Daɣem d agemim n tmezduɣt n New-Yorkers, yuggug si Manhattan. 

[[Category:New York]][[Category:Timdinin]][[Category:Iwunak Yeddukklen]]</text>
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    <title>Talɣa:Infobox biography/localize</title>
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| Life = Tameddurt 
| Full name = Isem-is ummid
| Birth = Talalit
| years = n yiseggasen
| Nationality = Taɣlent
| Residence = Axxam-is
| Ethnic group = Agraw anitni
| First language = Tutlayt tayemmat
| Death = [[Lmut]]
| Place of internment = Ideg n uẓekka
| Manner of death = Tamentilt n tmettant
| Father = Baba-s
| Mother = Yemma-s
| Spouse(s) = Tissulya akked
| Couple(s) = Abusin
| Children = Arraw-is
| Siblings = Atmaten-is d yissetma-s
| Family = Tawacult
| Tribe = Tawsit
| Education = Asegmi
| Alma mater = Aɣerbaz n tɣuri
| Education level = Aswir n ussegmi
| Thesis = Asentel
| Thesis director = Anemhal n usentel
| Doctoral students = Inelmaden n duktuṛa
| Languages = Tutlayin
| Teachers = Iselmaden
| Students = Inelmaden 
| Occupation = Amahil
| Participant of = {{#switch:{{#invoke:Wikidata|claim|property=P21|formatting = raw}}|Q6581072=Tettiki|#default=Yettiki}} deg
| Position or speciality = Position or speciality
| Sport-number = Addal-uṭṭun
| Weight = [[Azuk]]
| Height = [[Tiddi (tusnakt)|Addud]]
| Workplace = Ideg n umahil
| Employers = Imɛellmen
| Important works = Imahilen ixataren
| Prizes = Arrazen
| Nominated to = Asummed ar
| Influenced by = S tezrirt n
| Membership = Taɛeggalt
| Movement = Amussu
| Surnames = Aflisem
| Artistic movement = Amussu aẓuran
| Voice type = Anaw n taɣect
| Music instrument = Dduzan n lmusiqa
| Record label = Tabzimt n usekles
| Feast = Tafaska
| Military service = Ameẓlu aserdasi
| Military branch = Afurk aserdasi
| Degree = Taseddart
| Fought at = {{#switch:{{#invoke:Wikidata|claim|property=P21|formatting = raw}}|Q6581072=Tennuɣ|#default=Yennuɣ}} deg
| Mission(s) =  Tuɣḍaḍt (-in) 
| Mission patch =  Asɣal n tuɣḍaḍt 
| Time at space =   Akud deg tallunt
| Belief =  Taflest
| Religion = [[Ajjed|Asɣan]]
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  <page>
    <title>Aɣray di Lezzayer</title>
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      <text bytes="1666" sha1="iilsry9n8xzpt9n6gxafy5nb4rlnmzp" xml:space="preserve">Asaḍuf azzayri yegdel aɣruy akked assewsen fellas s yinuzal neɣ temliliyin&lt;ref&gt;https://www.safeabortionwomensright.org/news/algeria-abortion-has-not-been-legalised-in-algeria/ {{Assaɣ yerrẓen|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Yal yiwen yeggar-d iman-is deg uzerruy n waɣray yezmer ad ikcem ar usekraf.

== Timella n waɣray aẓerfan ==
Yiwen usenfar n usaḍuf n unabaḍ ɣef uguren n tdawsa yessumer-d ad d-iger waɣray ɣef kraḍ n waddaden kan:

# Tadist tesres-d tameṭṭut deg umihi usnamnan neɣ allaɣan. 
# Amgun ur yezmir ara ad yedder axaṭer yesεa tazenbegt neɣ aṭṭan imeqsuḥen.
# Tazmert neɣ tudert n tmeṭṭut tella deg umihi mi tekfa tadest. 


== Tikliniyin n waɣray s tuffra ==
Llant kra n tikliniyin i teggent takala war assireg n unabaḍ, Aṭaṣ n temsaɣin-nsent d tiqcicin i uɣalent s tadist maɛna nedment imi ur ttheggint ara iman-nsent i tmasit n tyemmatt, neɣ d tilawin terra-tent tmara ad sseɣlin tadist ɣef ssebbat tidamsanin maca ur bɣint ara ad tent-negren twacult-nsent.

== Aɣray d takerḍa ==
Deg useggas n 1998, yella kra n dderz ɣef waɣray imi tɛeddan iremmaɣen insenselmen deg lḥeṛma n yimiyyaten n tlawin. Tameṭṭut tebɣa azref ad tesseɣli tadist maɛna yegdel-t aṣaḍuf. azzayri imi aɣray ur d-yettili ara deg kraḍ n waddaden.

== Amsizzel Agraɣlan i wazref n waɣray aksaɣeṛtan ==
Lezzayer tella gar tmura i yettekkan deg-s drus i umsizzel n wazref-a ula gar timura n Tafriqt n Ugafa ɣef lǧal n yisuḍaf d tanelayt n tmetti i ttaṭṭafen mliḥ deg tid n zik, ur wjiden ara i udiwenni anafri am wa.

== Tiwelhiwin ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Asfukel war tukci n tmusni</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
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      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
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      <text bytes="11511" sha1="dhqw1tispqolcv4fng1acetebnr4sdg" xml:space="preserve">'''Asfukel war tukci n tmusni''' (s teglizit: zero-knowledge proof, ZKP) d tarrayt deg uwgelhan i yessemras yiwen umdan neɣ yiwen unagraw iwakken ad isfukel i wayeḍ belli yiwet n tenfalit d tidet, war ma yefka-as talɣut nniḍen ɣef wayen yeffren, nnig wayen i d-temmal tenfalit-nni d yisefka izuyaz. Taɣara-a teqqen ɣer wamek i yettwasileɣ usfukel, mačči kan ɣer usuffeɣ neɣ war asuffeɣ n tuffirt s wudem usrid.

== Isem d unamek ==
« War tukci n tmusni » ur d-yemmal ara belli win yesneqden ur d-yelmid acemma. Yettwali belli tanfalit i as-d-yettunefken tettwaqbel s yilugan n unagraw. Ayen ur d-ilemmid ara d talɣut nniḍen ɣef tuffirt i yellan deffir usfukel. S umedya, ad iselken belli amdan yesɛa tasarut tuffirt, war ma yessen azal n tsarut-nni.

== Amezruy d usnerni n tmiḍrant ==

=== Seg yisfukal imatuten ɣer yisfukal s usdiwen ===
Deg usfukel n tusnakt i nennum, win i d-yettaken asfukel yeskanay-d tikli i izemren ad teḍfer tayeḍ. Maca deg uwgelhan, tikli-nni tezmer ad tesban talɣut i ilaq ad teqqim d tuffirt. Timiḍrant n ZK tefruri-d seg usteqsi-a: amek ara nesfukel tidet n kra, war ma nesban-d meṛṛa ayen i aɣ-yeǧǧan ad t-nessen?

''Shafi Goldwasser, Silvio Micali'' akked ''Charles Rackoff'' sbedden tigejda n taɣult-a deg leqdic i d-yeffɣen deg STOC deg 1985. Lqem-is aɣezfan yeffeɣ-d deg ''SIAM Journal on'' ''Computing'' deg 1989. Leqdic-a yesdukkel asfukel s '''usdiwen''', '''taseqqart''' d '''usenqed n''' '''tmusni''' i yezmer ad d-yerbeḥ win yesneqden. 

=== Asemres ɣef ugur imatu ===
''Oded Goldreich, Silvio Micali'' akked ''Avi Wigderson'' sbegnen belli, ma llan kra n tesɣunin i yessehlen i usiḍen deg yiwet n tnila maca iweɛren i tuɣalin ɣer deffir (one-way functions), yal tutlayt deg taggayt NP tesɛa asfukel s usdiwen war tukci n tmusni. Leqdic-nsen yettwabder deg 1986, lqem aɣezfan-is deg 1991. Aya yessuffeɣ timiḍrant seg kra n wuguren n yimḍanen ɣer yiwet n taɣult tasnaẓrayant wessiɛen.

=== Tuɣalin ɣer leqdic war asdiwen ===
Deg 1988, ''Manuel Blum'', ''Paul Feldman'' akked ''Silvio Micali'' ssuffɣen-d leqdic agejdan ɣef yisfukal war asdiwen d yiseqdacen-nsen. Iɣewwaṛen izuyaz yezdin gar win yesfukulen d win yesneqden zemren ad ilin d lsas n leqdic-a. Ihi, « war asdiwen » ur yemmal ara « war uheggi » neɣ « war tawsit n unagraw ». 

=== Tallit n yisfukal iwezlan ===
Deg yiseggasen 2010, inadiyen ɣef yisfukal iwezlan, aselken arurad d leḥsab ameqqran ssawḍen ɣer twaculin am '''Groth16''', '''Bulletproofs''', '''STARK''', '''PLONK''' d '''Halo'''. Yal tawacult tesɛa ilugan d yiswan-is: temẓi n usfukel, akud n usnulfu, tmara n uselken neɣ tukksa n uheggi i yettḥwaǧen laman deg umdan wis kraḍ.

== 2. Tabadut tusnakt d yiwudam n leqdic ==
I ussegzi n tarrayt, nettsemmi P i win yesfukulen (prover), V i win yesneqden (verifier), x i yisefka izuyaz, w i uselkin uffir (witness). Assaɣ R yesbadu ayen ilaq ad yili d tidet gar x d w. 

'''R(x, w) = 1'''

Tanfalit i nettḥeqqiq d tin i d-yeqqaren belli '''illa''' w i yesɛan assaɣ-a d x. Tagrumma n yisefka izuyaz i yesɛan aselkin yettwabdar s:

'''L = { x : illa w, R(x, w) = 1 }'''

S umedya n ussegzi, x yezmer ad yili d azal y n tesɣent n ugeddeḥ H; w d amḍan uffir s = w. Assaɣ yettwasenqed d H(s) = y. Yezmer daɣen ad yili x d agmuḍ n leḥsab, w d isefka uffiren akked tikli n leḥsab i d-yessawḍen ɣer ugmuḍ-nni. Umḍan n yiwudam ur yettbeddilara tabadut: zemren ad ilin d imdanen, d iqeddacen neɣ d iseɣẓanen.

=== Kraḍ n tewtilin tigejdanin ===
'''Aqbal n wayen iṣeḥḥan''' (completeness). Ma x yesɛa aselkin iwatan, yerna P d V ḍefren ilugan, asfukel ilaq ad yettwaqbel s tseqqart meqqren, neɣ dima deg kra n yinagrawen.

'''Agi n wayen ur neṣṣiḥ ara''' (soundness). Ma x ur yesɛi ula d yiwen n uselkin iwatan, ilaq ad tili tseqqart n uɣelli n V deg tuccḍa d tameẓyant akken iwata, ɣas P yeɛreḍ ad iɣucc. Taɣara-a tḥerrez tidet n usfukel.

'''War tukci n tmusni''' (zero knowledge). Talɣut i d-yettawi V seg leqdic ilaq ad tezmer

ad tettwaserwes war aselkin uffir. Taɣara-a tḥerrez ayen i yessen P; ur tettwasefhem ara s wawal « uffir » kan.  Taɣellist tettwasbadu s yiwen uɣewwaṛ λ. Taseqqart i wumi neqqar « tameẓyant akken iwata » tezmer ad tili d tin i yettidiren ddaw n 1/λk i yal k &gt; 0, ma λ meqqer akken iwata. D aya i d-anamek n negligible deg tbadutin-a.

== Asfukel d afukal ==
Deg unamek usdid, ''anza'' yesseḥbibir ɣef tidet ula mgal win yesfukulen s tzemmar n leḥsab ur nesɛi ara tilisa. Afukal(Argument) yettḥerrez tidet mgal aɣuccam(win iɣuccen) i yesɛan tazmert n leḥsab talast. Deg uḍris imatu, awal « asfukel » yettwasemras i snat-a; deg usenqed tusnakt, amgired-a ilaq ad yettwaḥrez.

=== Tugna 1. Asfukel d uselkin uffir ===
Win yesfukulen yessemras aselkin uffir; win yesneqden yesseḥḥay tanfalit s usfukel d yisefka izuyaz.
[[Tugna:Tugna 1 Asfukel d uselkin uffir.png|centré|400x400px]]

== 3. Aserwes d unamek usdid n ZK ==

=== Aserwas am tewtilt n usfukel ===
'''Aserwas''' (simulator) d axwerzim(alguritm) i d-yeslalayen ayen i izemren ad iwali win yesneqden, war ma yesɛa aselkin uffir. Deg tabadut n ZK, ilaq ayen i d-yessuffeɣ userwas ad yemcabi, ilmend n tewtilt tusnakt i nettsemras, ayen i d-yettawi win yesneqden seg leqdic ilaw. Ma nezmer ad neslal talɣut-nni war tuffirt, tikli n usfukel ur as-d-terni ara talɣut i izemren ad tessegzi tuffirt. Aya ur d-yemmal ara belli '''aɣuccam''' yezmer ad d-yesnulfu yal asfukel yebɣa deg unagraw ilaw. Aserwes yezmer ad yessemres tarrayt tasnaẓrayant am tuɣalin ɣer kra n waddaden n win yesneqden, neɣ yiwen n uheggi n usenqed i yemgaraden ɣef uheggi ilaw. Iwakkenad tettwaḥrez tidet, tarrayin-a ilaq ad ttwasbadunt deg umedya tusnakt n tɣellist.

=== Kraḍ n talɣiwin n umcabi ===
'''War tukci n tmusni s wudem ummid''' (perfect zero knowledge). Tiski n wayen i d-yessuffeɣ userwas d tin n leqdic ilaw d yiwet s tusnakt.

'''War tukci n tmusni s waddadan''' (statistical zero knowledge). Sin n yisuffaɣ qriben nezzeh deg tseqqart; amgired-nsen d ameẓyan akken iwata, ɣas win i ten-yesneqden yesɛa tazmert n usiḍen(leḥsab) war tilisa.

'''War tukci n tmusni n usiḍen''' (computational zero knowledge). Axwerzim i yesɛan tilisa n usiḍen(leḥsab) ur yezmir ara ad yefrez gar sin n yisuffaɣ s tzemmar yugaren talast tameẓyant i tettwasbadun. Taɣara-a tezmer ad tbedd ɣef ugur tusnakt i yettwaḥsaben d aweɛran.

== Win yesneqden s laman d win iɣuccen ==
Kra n yisfukal ttwaseknen kan d ''War tukci n tmusni'''''('''ZK) ma ara yelli win yesneqden yeḍfer ilugan: aya d &quot;''honest-verifier zero knowledge, HVZK&quot;''. ''War tukci n tmusni(''ZK) mgal win yesneqden iɣuccen ilaq ad tesseḥbiber ɣef tuffirt ula ma ibeddel isteqsiyen neɣ ixeddem s talɣut nniḍen. Ur ilaq ara ad nerr HVZK d agdazal n ZK mgal yal aɣuccam. 

Deg unagraw anda aṭas n yisfukal teddun deg yiwet n tallit, taɣara n ZK n yiwen n leqdic ur tekfi ara i usfukel n tɣellist n wammud. Leqdic yezdin, allus d ubeddel n umizwer n yiznan ḥwaǧen asenqed i iman-nsen.

== 4. Imedyaten d wassaɣ d NP ==

=== Asfukel n umḍan n yiseggasen ===
Amedya n ussegzi: yiwen n umdan yebɣa ad isfukel belli yesɛa 18 n yiseggasen neɣ ugar, war ma yesban-d azemz n tlalit-is. Isefka izuyaz zemren ad ilin d azemz n wass-a, talast 18, akked tsarut tazayezt n win i d-yefkan aselkin. Isefka uffiren zemren ad ilin d azemz n tlalit d uzmul umḍin i t-yesseḥḥan.

Asfukel ilaq ad yesdukkel snat n tewtilin: azemz yeqqen ɣer uselkin iṣeḥḥan, yerna amḍan n yiseggasen yellan deg-s ugar neɣ yewweḍ 18. Ma yesneqed kan tanaḍt « age ≥ 18 » war tuqqna ɣer uselkin, amdan yezmer ad yefk amḍan i d-isnulfa. Ihi, ZK yettḥerrez tikli n uselken; aɣbalu n yisefka ilaq ad yili d win i nezmer ad namen.

=== Amedya n tfelwit n wurar ===
Yezmer umdan ad yebɣu ad isfukel belli yesɛa tifrat n yiwen n '''Sudoku''', war ma d-yesban tifrat. Isefka izuyaz d tafelwit n wurar; aselkin uffir d imḍanen i yefka i texxamin tilemmas. Assaɣ R yesneqed belli yal izirig, yal tigejdit d yal aḥric yesɛa imḍanen ilaqen, yerna imḍanen i yellan seg tazwara ur beddlen ara. Amedya-a yeskanay belli aselkin ur ilaq ara ad yili d awal uffir; yezmer ad yili d tifrat n ugur.

=== Anamek n NP ===
NP d taggayt n wuguren anda tifrat i aɣ-d-yettunefken tezmer ad tettwasenqed deg wakud i yettnernin s wudem agetfulan ilmend n teɣzi n yisefka. Aya ur d-yemmal ara belli tifrat-nni teshel i tifin. Yal tifrat n kra n wuguren tezmer ad tettwasenqed s lemɣawla, maca tifin-is tezmer ad teḥwaǧ leḥsab meqqren. 

Agmuḍ n Goldreich, Micali d Wigderson yemmal belli, s kra n turdiwin n uwgelhan, nezmer ad nesfukel tilin n tifrat i yal ugur deg NP war tukci n tmusni. Maca tilin n tarrayt deg tusnakt ur d-yemmal ara belli tarrayt-nni d taruradt neɣ teshel i usemres. Asenqed n wakud, tkatut d teɣzi n usfukel d aḥric nniḍen n unadi.

=== Tugna 2. Aselken n umḍan n yiseggasen ===
Amedya n ussegzi: asfukel belli amdan yesɛa 18 n yiseggasen neɣ ugar, war asban n uzemz n tlalit-is.
[[Tugna:Tugna 1 Asfukel d uselkin uffir.png|centré|vignette|380x380px|Tugna n uselken n umḍan n yiseggasen.]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 2. Asfukel yesdukkel tidet n uzmul akked tewtilt n yiseggasen. Ilaq daɣen aselkin ad yeqqen ɣer umdan iwatan, ad ur yemmut ara wakud n usemres-is, ad ur tettwakkes ara tsiregt-is. D amedya n ussegzi, mačči d anagraw ummid n usesteb.&lt;/small&gt;

== 5. Isfukal war asdiwen (NIZK) ==
Deg usfukel s usdiwen, P d V ttmeslayen s yiznan: P yezmer ad yefk aḥric amezwaru, V ad yefren asteqsi agacuran, P ad d-yerr. Deg NIZK, P yeslalay-d asfukel π, V yesneqed-it s yisefka izuyaz, war ma yuḥwaǧ ad d-yesteqsi P deg tallit-nni. Yezmer daɣen ad yiselkenasfukel seld azemz n usnulfu-is.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Aḥric
!Ayen i ixeddem
|-
|Setup
|Iheggi iɣewwaṛen izuyaz pp, ilmend n tarrayt.
|-
|Prove(pp, x, w)
|Yeslalay-d asfukel π s yisefka x d uselkin uffir w.
|-
|Verify(pp, x, π)
|Yettarra aqbal neɣ agi n usfukel.
|}

=== Iɣewwaṛen yezdin d laman ===
Kra n yinagrawen semrasen ''common reference string (CRS)'': d azrar n yisefka izuyaz i ttsemrasen sin yiwudam. Deg kra n talɣiwin, aheggi yeslalay-d daɣen talɣut tuffirt i ilaq ad tettwakkes; ma teqqim ɣer kra n umdan, yezmer ad tesruḥ taɣara n tɣellist. D ta i wumi qqaren ''trusted setup''.

'''Aheggi''' s waṭas n yimttekkiyen yezmer ad yesneɣṣ laman i nettara deg yiwen umdan, ilmend n tewtilin n tarrayt. Kra n yiɣewwaṛen zemren ad ttwasemrsen i waṭas n leḥsabat, yerna ad ttwalqamen s lmendad n yimttekkiyen imaynuten; PLONK aneṣli d amedya n uheggi amatu i izemren ad yettwalqem. 

=== Aheggi ibanen (transparent setup) ===
Deg kra n twaculin, ulac talɣut tuffirt n uheggi i ilaq ad tettwakkes. Iɣewwaṛen zemren add-ttwasnulfun s tarrayt ibanenn neɣ s yimḍanen ugacuranen izuyaz. '''STARK''' d '''Bulletproofs''' d sin n yimedyaten yemgaraden n tarrayin war &quot;''trusted setup&quot;''. Aya ur yekkesara ilugan n tusnakt d turdiwin n uwgelhan iɣef bḍan. 

=== Fiat-Shamir ===
Tarrayt n '''Fiat-Shamir''' tettbeddil, i kra n yisfukal s usdiwen i iwulmen, asteqsi agacuran n V s ugmuḍ n tesɣent n ugeddeḥ. Tanfalit, aḥric amezwaru n usfukel d usatal ilaq ad qqnen ɣer usiḍen-a. Taɣellist tettwasenqed deg umedya n &quot;''random oracle&quot;''; ur ilaq ara adnerr yal asdiwen d NIZK s ubeddel-a war asfukel n tɣellist.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>SpaceX</title>
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        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
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      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
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      <text bytes="4960" sha1="cvhgkiusonwop7zinvpzomefwz3zpan" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Starship - Flight 13 (Sunset).jpg|vignette|Starship (Timeẓdit tamuqqrant n) deg taɣsert n usekker deg Teksas.]]
'''Space Exploration Technologies Corp'''., yettwassnen s yisem n '''SpaceX''', d takebbanit tamarikanit n temguri tallunant d yimeẓla n usiweḍ ɣer tallunt. Asutel-is (ammas-is agejdan) yezga-d deg temdint n Hawthorne, deg twilayt n [[Kalifurnya|Kalifuṛnya]], deg Y[[Iwunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt|iwunak Yeddukklen n Marikan]]. Yessers-itt [[Elon Musk]] deg useggas n 2002, s yiswi ameqran n usenqes n wazal n watig n yisiklen ɣer tallunt akken ad yili wemdan deg yimal d talmest tamaget-mtiwgan (ara izedɣen ugar n yiwen n umtiweg), ladɣa s usebded n temharsa deg umtiweg n [[Mezweɣ]].

SpaceX tewwi-d asnulfu ameqran deg tesnatwilt tallunant imi d nettat i d tamezwarut deg umaḍal i d-yesbedden timeẓda yettwalsen useqdec (i yettallisen useqdec n tfekkiwin-nsent tigejdanin), ayen yessadren aṭas atig n usekkar n yigensiyen d yinawen allunanen.

== 1. Amezruy d usbeddi ==
[[Tugna:Falcon 1 Flight 4 liftoff.jpg|vignette|Tameẓḍit Falcon 1, asenker-ines amezwaru deg 2008.]]
Deg useggas n 2001, [[Elon Musk]] yebɣa ad yeldi asenfar n usiwweḍ n yimɣan ɣer umtiweg n Mezweɣ s yisem n '''Mars Oasis''', akken ad d-yessaki lebɣi n lɣaci ɣer usnirem n tallunt. Maca mi yerra ɣer Rrus ad d-yaɣ '''timeẓḍiyin n tiwḍin tiḥbawiyin''' (fusées balistiques intercontinentales), yufa-d tasqamt-nsent teɣlay mliḥ. Seg yimir, yefhem dakken amur ameqran n watig n tmeẓda yekka-d seg wammud n temguri d usebded ur nelli d unzig, mačči seg watig(ssuma) n sselɛa tamezwarut.

Deg 14 Meɣres 2002, Elon Musk yesbedd SpaceX deg temdint n El Segundo (uqbel ad tunag ɣer Hawthorne). Iswi-ines yella d aheggi n tmeẓḍiyin fessusen, ur ɣlayit ara, i yettawḍen ɣer uḥbu n Lqaɛa.

=== Falcon 1: Allal amezwaru ===
Deg tazwara, takebbanit tennuɣ aṭas d wuguren iteknikiyen. Timeẓḍit tamezwarut, '''Falcon 1''', terza deg kraḍ n yisenkar imezwura gar 2006 d 2008. SpaceX tqerreb ɣer uɣelluy d leflas n tedrimt. Maca deg 28 Ctembeṛ 2008, Falcon 1 tewweḍ akken iwata ɣer uḥbu n Lqaɛa; d nettat i d timeẓḍit tamezwarut tusligt yesseqdacen '''aserɣu imengi''' i yessawḍen annect-a deg umezruy.

=== Agatu d NASA (Amtawa CRS) ===
Mi d-teḍra teswiɛt-a, tasudut n tallunt tamarikanit (NASA) tefka i SpaceX yiwen n ugatu ameqran deg ukatar n wahil ''Commercial Resupply Services (CRS)'' s wazal n 1.6 n yimelyaren n yidulaṛen. Agatu-agi yella d asiweḍ n yisafaren ɣer Tɣsert Tallunant Tagraɣlant (ISS) s tmeẓḍa Falcon 9 d unaw Dragon. D aya i iselken takebbanit seg lexsaṛa, yerna yeldi-yas tawwurt ɣer unegmu ameqran.

== 2. Allalen d yisenfaren igejdanen ==

=== Timeẓḍit Falcon 9 d Falcon Heavy ===
Falcon 9 d timeẓḍit n sin n yiswiren i ibeddun s yimsedda n tawsit Merlin (i yesseqdacen kirusin RP-1 akked uksijin aleggaɣ / LOX). Tamezwarut deg Falcon 9 d tawila-ines i useqdec uzzig: tafekka tamezwarut (premier étage) ur tettwaglaz ara deg yilel am akken teḍra d tmeẓḍiyin tiqburin; tettuɣal-d s leɛqel s useqdec n yimsedda-s akken ad ters ɣef wakal neɣ ɣef tefliwin tiylalanin deg yilel (autonomous spaceport drone ships).

Falcon Heavy d timeẓḍit teččur d tazmert, tebna ɣef kraḍt n tfekkiwin n Falcon 9 yeddukklen (27 n yimsedda Merlin). Asenker-ines amezwaru yella-d deg Fuṛar 2018, anida i tewwi takeṛṛust n ''Tesla Roadster'' ɣer tallunt.

=== Anaw allunan Dragon d Crew Dragon ===
Dragon d allal allunan i d-yessawḍen sselɛa ɣer Tɣsert Tallunant Tagraɣlant deg 2012. D nettat i d anaw amezwaru uslig i iqerben ɣer ISS.

Seg-s i d-yennulfa Crew Dragon (Dragon 2), anaw yesɛan tazmert i yimsallunen (astronautes). Deg Mayyu 2020, SpaceX tessuli sin n yimsallunen n NASA (Bob Behnken d Doug Hurley) deg tuɣdaḍt Demo-2, d ayen i d-yerran tuɣḍaḍin n usali n yimdanen ɣer tallunt seg wakal n Temrikt deffir mi yekfa wahil n ''Navette Spatiale'' deg 2011.

=== Asenfar n Starship ===
Starship d asenfar ameqran akk n SpaceX. Yebna s sin n yiḥricen: tafekka tamezwarut i wumi semman Super Heavy, d unaw amatu i wumi qqaren Starship. D timezdit yettwalsen useqdec s lekmal-is (100%), yesɛan imseddayen n tewsit Raptor i iteddun s lmitan (methalox) d uksijin aleggaɣ.

Iswi n Starship d asiweḍ n ugar n 100 n yiṭunnen n sselɛa neɣ n yimdanen ɣer waggur (Ayyur), ɣer [[Mezweɣ]], d tiɣula tiḥerfiyin n tallunt taqribt. NASA textar Starship akken ad yili d amessikel i wahil-is Artemis III ara yessersen imdanen ɣef wayyur.

=== Aẓeṭṭa n yigensaten Starlink ===
Starlink d '''tayemmunt''' tameqrant n yigensaten imeẓẓyanen deg uḥbu amadday n Lqaɛa (LEO - Low Earth Orbit). Iswi n usenfar-a d asiweḍ n uẓeṭṭa n internet s tazzla tameqrant d unqas n tanzagt n tririt (low latency) ɣer yal tama deg umaḍal, ladɣa timnaḍin ur nesɛi ara tilifun neɣ ifibren n trisiti d Internet.</text>
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    <title>Qusṭantin Amezwaru</title>
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        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
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      <text bytes="5958" sha1="ioy2pxrjnuv7gkc2llazxh0bwy722em" xml:space="preserve">'''Qusṭantin Amezwaru''', i yettwassnen daɣen s yisem n '''Qusṭantin Ameqqran''' (''Constantinus Magnus s tlatinit''), d yiwen seg 

{{Infobox biography|item=Q8413|image=[[File:0 Gaius Flavius Valerius Constantinus, Palatino.jpg|thumb|Asebdad n Qusṭantin Amezwaru]]|caption=Qusṭantin Amezwaru.}}

yimenkaden irumanen i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg umezruy n umaḍal aqdim.

Yella d amenkad n Tgelda Tarumanit seg useggas 306 armi d 337, maca ur yuɣal d amenkad awḥid n tgelda meṛṛa alamma d aseggas 324.

Deg 31 n yiseggasen n udabu-is, Qusṭantin yessaweḍ ad ibeddel aṭas n tɣawsiwin deg tsertit, deg tedbelt, deg tsertit taserdasit, deg tdamsa, ladɣa deg wassaɣ gar uwanek arumani d tmeslayt tamasiḥit.

Gar wayen i t-yeskanayen deg umezruy:

- Yerbeḥ ṭṭradat imeqqranen mgal imenkaden i t-yettnaɣen ɣef udabu.

- Yerr-a tamurt tarumanit meṛṛa ddaw yiwen n umenkad deg 324.

- Yesnerna tasertit n tsureft d uḥraz n tilelli n ddin i yimasḥiyen.

- Yefka afus n tallelt i tmeslayt tamasiḥit, armi tuɣal d yiwet n tɣessa timeqqranin n tmetti tarumanit.

- Yebna tamezdeɣt tamanekdat tamaynut deg Qusṭanṭiniya, ɣef wakal n temdint taqdimt n Byzantion.

- Yesdukkel amussu n uselḥu n tmeslayt tamasiḥit deg ugraw n Nikiya, deg 325.

- Yesnerna yiwet n tsertit tamaynut n tedrimt, taserdast d tedbelt.

S wakka, Qusṭantin ur yelli ara kan d amenkad i yerbeḥ ṭṭradat. Yella daɣen d yiwen n yimdanen i d-yeslulfen tallit tamaynut deg umezruy n Tgelda Tarumanit, tin ara yessiwḍen sya ɣer temsalt tarumanit n usamar, i yettwassnen deg umezruy am Tgelda Tabizantin.

== 1. Talalit d temẓi n Qusṭantin ==

=== 1.1. Talalit-is ===
Qusṭantin ilul, ilmend n tɣbula i d-yewḍen ɣur-neɣ, ɣef useggas 272 neɣ deg kra n yiseggasen i t-id-yezwaren, deg temdint n ''Naissus'', i d-yeqqimen ass-a d Nič deg [[Ṣerbya]].

Isem-is arumani yella d ''Flavius Valerius Constantinus''.

Baba-s d [[Qusṭantin Klurus]] (Constantius Chlorus), yiwen n yimeqqranen iserdasiyen irumanen i yuɣalen d imenkaden.

Yemma-s d [[Helena (yemma-s n Qusṭantin Amezwaru)|Helena]], tameṭṭut i yuɣalen sya ɣer zdat d yiwet n tuqdisin timeqqranin n umezruy amasiḥi.

Ur nessin ara s tidet meṛṛa ma [[Helena (yemma-s n Qusṭantin Amezwaru)|Helena]] d tameṭṭut tamezwarut n Qusṭantin Klurus s uzref, neɣ d tameṭṭut i yesɛa yid-s assaɣ uqbel zwaǧ-is ameskaran. Tameṭṭut-a ur tesɛi ara tazmert n tsertit deg tazwara, maca mmi-s mi yuɣal d amenkad, ad as-yefk azal ameqqran.

=== 1.2. Axxam-is d tugna n tmetti n wakud-nni ===
Deg tazwara n tasut tis IV, Tgelda Tarumanit d tamurt tameqqrant i yeṭṭfen aḥric ameqqran n Tuṛuft, Tafriqt n ugafa d Asya n umalu.

Deg tallit-a, aṭas n yimenkaden ur d-ttilalen ara deg temdint n Ruma. Llan-d seg temnaḍin n Danub, Illyricum d Balkans, anda taserdast tesɛa azal ameqqran deg usefru n udabu.

Qusṭantin yella seg tɣiwant-a n tsertit taserdasit. Ihi, talalit-is deg Naissus ur telli ara d ayen iweɛren ad nefhem, imi taserdast tarumanit tuɣal d yiwen n yigejdan n tɣessa n tgelda.

=== 1.3. Tamẓi deg yixxamen n yimenkaden ===
Qusṭantin yessaweḍ ad ikker deg tɣiwant n yimenkaden. Yedder deg yixxamen n udabu deg usamar n tgelda, anda yella Dyuklisyan d amenkad.

Yelmed amek tettwaselḥu tgelda, amek tettwasebdad taserdast, akked wamek tteddun wassaɣen gar yimenkaden.

Yexdem daɣen deg teserdast, yedda deg kra n yikabar iserdasiyen, yessen tamsalt n usefrek n yimukan d uselḥu n yimrigen.

Tudert-is deg tallit-a tefka-yas tirmit i as-yettunefken kan i kra n yimeqqranen irumanen.

== 2. Tagnit n Tgelda Tarumanit uqbel ad d-yili Qusṭantin ==

=== 2.1. Tazɣent n tasut tis III ===
Deg tasut tis III, Tgelda Tarumanit tɛedda ɣef yiwet n tallit iweɛren aṭas.

Llan aṭas n yimenkaden i d-ttilin s tallelt n teserdast, maca ur ttɣimin ara deg udabu aṭas n wakud.

Ṭṭradat n daxel, tazɣent n tedrimt, asenqes n uselḥu n temnaḍin, akked ṭṭradat ɣef tilisa rnan-d ccwal i tgelda.

Seg 235 armi d 284, aṭas n yimenkaden uɣalen-d ɣer udabu, kra seg-sen ttwaneɣan neɣ ttwakksen deg wakud ameẓẓyan.

=== 2.2. Aɣelluy n tetrarkiya ===
Dyuklisyan, mi yuɣal d amenkad deg 284, yeɛreḍ ad yefru ugur-a.

Yesbed tasertit n tetrarkiya, anda tgelda tettwasefru s ukuẓ n yimeqqranen: sin n yimenkaden imeqqranen (Augusti) d sin n yimenkaden imawlan n lɛehd (Caesares).

Iswi n tetrarkiya yella d:

- Asefru n tgelda s wudem iqriben ɣer temnaḍin-is.

- Aḥraz n tilisa seg igduden ibarbaren.

- Asenqes n ṭṭradat n udabu gar yimeqqranen.

- Aḍman n usemḍfer n udabu war ṭṭradat.

Maca tarrayt-a ur tessawaḍ ara ad teḥrez talwit i lebda.

Mi Dyuklisyan d Maximian ǧǧan adabu deg 305, tamukrist(ugur) n wamek ara d-yilin yimenkaden imaynuten tebda tettban-d.

Qusṭantin ad yuɣal d yiwen n yimdanen i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg uɣelluy n tetrarkiya.

=== 3. Abrid n Qusṭantin ɣer udabu (305–306) ===
Deg 305, baba-s [[Qusṭantin Klurus]] yuɣal d amenkad ameqqran n umalu n tgelda.

Qusṭantin, i yellan deg usamar, yuɣal ɣer baba-s, yedda yid-s deg yigrawen iserdasiyen n Britanya.

Deg 25 Yulyu 306, Qusṭantin Klurus yemmut deg temdint n Eboracum, i d-yuɣalen ass-a d York deg Ngliz.

Deffir tmettant-is, iserdasen-is ssutren ad yili mmi-s Qusṭantin d amenkad.

Tettwanefk-as teserdast n baba-s adabu deg 306, maca Galerius, amenkad ameqqran n usamar, ur iqbil ara ad t-yessisem d Augustus s tazwara. Yefka-yas kan azwel n Caesar.

Tamsalt-a tessekcem Qusṭantin deg yiwet n tɣawsa tameqqrant: anadi ɣef adabu arumani s tallelt n teserdast.

Deg yiseggasen i d-iteddun, Qusṭantin isnerna adabu-is deg Galiya, Britanya d kra n temnaḍin n Uṛupa n umalu.

Yesbed daɣen assaɣen n tsertit s yimenkaden nniḍen.

Deg 307, yezweǧ Fausta, yell-is n umenkad aqdim Maximian. Zwaǧ-a yella daɣen d yiwet n tarrayt n usdukkel n yiɛeggalen n udabu.</text>
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        <id>14292</id>
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      <comment>seɣtiɣ kra n tuccḍiwin</comment>
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      <text bytes="5959" sha1="3iw61bc38nlg9p77qw7ol2bx5ejt0hm" xml:space="preserve">'''Qusṭantin Amezwaru''', i yettwassnen daɣen s yisem n '''Qusṭantin Ameqqran''' (''Constantinus Magnus s tlatinit''), d yiwen seg 

{{Infobox biography|item=Q8413|image=[[File:0 Gaius Flavius Valerius Constantinus, Palatino.jpg|thumb|Asebdad n Qusṭantin Amezwaru]]|caption=Qusṭantin Amezwaru.}}

yimenkaden irumanen i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg umezruy n umaḍal aqdim.

Yella d amenkad n Tgelda Tarumanit seg useggas 306 armi d 337, maca ur yuɣal d amenkad awḥid n tgelda meṛṛa alamma d aseggas 324.

Deg 31 n yiseggasen n udabu-is, Qusṭantin yessaweḍ ad ibeddel aṭas n tɣawsiwin deg tsertit, deg tedbelt, deg tsertit taserdasit, deg tdamsa, ladɣa deg wassaɣ gar uwanek arumani d tmeslayt tamasiḥit.

Gar wayen i t-yeskanayen deg umezruy:

- Yerbeḥ ṭṭradat imeqqranen mgal imenkaden i t-yettnaɣen ɣef udabu.

- Yerr-a tamurt tarumanit meṛṛa ddaw yiwen n umenkad deg 324.

- Yesnerna tasertit n tsureft d uḥraz n tilelli n ddin i yimasḥiyen.

- Yefka afus n tallelt i tmeslayt tamasiḥit, armi tuɣal d yiwet n tɣessa timeqqranin n tmetti tarumanit.

- Yebna tamezdeɣt tamanekdat tamaynut deg Qusṭanṭiniya, ɣef wakal n temdint taqdimt n Byzantion.

- Yesdukkel amussu n uselḥu n tmeslayt tamasiḥit deg ugraw n Nikiya, deg 325.

- Yesnerna yiwet n tsertit tamaynut n tedrimt, taserdast d tedbelt.

S wakka, Qusṭantin ur yelli ara kan d amenkad i yerbeḥ ṭṭradat. Yella daɣen d yiwen n yimdanen i d-yeslulfen tallit tamaynut deg umezruy n Tgelda Tarumanit, tin ara yessiwḍen sya ɣer temsalt tarumanit n usamar, i yettwassnen deg umezruy am Tgelda Tabizantin.

== 1. Talalit d temẓi n Qusṭantin ==

=== 1.1. Talalit-is ===
Qusṭantin ilul, ilmend n tɣbula i d-yewḍen ɣur-neɣ, ɣef useggas 272 neɣ deg kra n yiseggasen i t-id-yezwaren, deg temdint n ''Naissus'', i d-yeqqimen ass-a d Nič deg [[Ṣerbya]].

Isem-is arumani yella d ''Flavius Valerius Constantinus''.

Baba-s d [[Qusṭantin Klurus]] (Constantius Chlorus), yiwen n yimeqqranen iserdasiyen irumanen i yuɣalen d imenkaden.

Yemma-s d [[Helena (yemma-s n Qusṭantin Amezwaru)|Helena]], tameṭṭut i yuɣalen sya ɣer zdat d yiwet n tuqdisin timeqqranin n umezruy amasiḥi.

Ur nessin ara s tidet meṛṛa ma [[Helena (yemma-s n Qusṭantin Amezwaru)|Helena]] d tameṭṭut tamezwarut n Qusṭantin Klurus s uzref, neɣ d tameṭṭut i yesɛa yid-s assaɣ uqbel zwaǧ-is ameskaran. Tameṭṭut-a ur tesɛi ara tazmert n tsertit deg tazwara, maca mmi-s mi yuɣal d amenkad, ad as-yefk azal ameqqran.

=== 1.2. Axxam-is d tugna n tmetti n wakud-nni ===
Deg tazwara n tasut tis IV, Tgelda Tarumanit d tamurt tameqqrant i yeṭṭfen aḥric ameqqran n Tuṛuft, Tafriqt n ugafa d Asya n umalu.

Deg tallit-a, aṭas n yimenkaden ur d-ttilalen ara deg temdint n Ruma. Llan-d seg temnaḍin n Danub, Illyricum d Balkans, anda taserdast tesɛa azal ameqqran deg usefru n udabu.

Qusṭantin yella seg tɣiwant-a n tsertit taserdasit. Ihi, talalit-is deg Naissus ur telli ara d ayen iweɛren ad nefhem, imi taserdast tarumanit tuɣal d yiwen n yigejdan n tɣessa n tgelda.

=== 1.3. Tamẓi deg yixxamen n yimenkaden ===
Qusṭantin yessaweḍ ad ikker deg tɣiwant n yimenkaden. Yedder deg yixxamen n udabu deg usamar n tgelda, anda yella Dyuklisyan d amenkad.

Yelmed amek tettwaselḥu tgelda, amek tettwasebdad taserdast, akked wamek tteddun wassaɣen gar yimenkaden.

Yexdem daɣen deg teserdast, yedda deg kra n yikabar iserdasiyen, yessen tamsalt n usefrek n yimukan d uselḥu n yimrigen.

Tudert-is deg tallit-a tefka-yas tirmit i as-yettunefken kan i kra n yimeqqranen irumanen.

== 2. Tagnit n Tgelda Tarumanit uqbel ad d-yili Qusṭantin ==

=== 2.1. Tazɣent n tasut tis III ===
Deg tasut tis III, Tgelda Tarumanit tɛedda ɣef yiwet n tallit iweɛren aṭas.

Llan aṭas n yimenkaden i d-ttilin s tallelt n teserdast, maca ur ttɣimin ara deg udabu aṭas n wakud.

Ṭṭradat n daxel, tazɣent n tedrimt, asenqes n uselḥu n temnaḍin, akked ṭṭradat ɣef tilisa rnan-d ccwal i tgelda.

Seg 235 armi d 284, aṭas n yimenkaden uɣalen-d ɣer udabu, kra seg-sen ttwaneɣan neɣ ttwakksen deg wakud ameẓẓyan.

=== 2.2. Aɣelluy n tetrarkiya ===
Dyuklisyan, mi yuɣal d amenkad deg 284, yeɛreḍ ad yefru ugur-a.

Yesbed tasertit n tetrarkiya, anda tgelda tettwasefru s ukuẓ n yimeqqranen: sin n yimenkaden imeqqranen (Augusti) d sin n yimenkaden imawlan n lɛehd (Caesares).

Iswi n tetrarkiya yella d:

- Asefru n tgelda s wudem iqriben ɣer temnaḍin-is.

- Aḥraz n tilisa seg iɣerfan ibarbaren.

- Asenqes n ṭṭradat n udabu gar yimeqqranen.

- Aḍman n usemḍfer n udabu war ṭṭradat.

Maca tarrayt-a ur tessawaḍ ara ad teḥrez talwit i lebda.

Mi Dyuklisyan d Maximian ǧǧan adabu deg 305, tamukrist(ugur) n wamek ara d-yilin yimenkaden imaynuten tebda tettban-d.

Qusṭantin ad yuɣal d yiwen n yimdanen i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg uɣelluy n tetrarkiya.

=== 3. Abrid n Qusṭantin ɣer udabu (305–306) ===
Deg 305, baba-s [[Qusṭantin Klurus]] yuɣal d amenkad ameqqran n umalu n tgelda.

Qusṭantin, i yellan deg usamar, yuɣal ɣer baba-s, yedda yid-s deg yigrawen iserdasiyen n Britanya.

Deg 25 Yulyu 306, Qusṭantin Klurus yemmut deg temdint n Eboracum, i d-yuɣalen ass-a d York deg Ngliz.

Deffir tmettant-is, iserdasen-is ssutren ad yili mmi-s Qusṭantin d amenkad.

Tettwanefk-as teserdast n baba-s adabu deg 306, maca Galerius, amenkad ameqqran n usamar, ur iqbil ara ad t-yessisem d Augustus s tazwara. Yefka-yas kan azwel n Caesar.

Tamsalt-a tessekcem Qusṭantin deg yiwet n tɣawsa tameqqrant: anadi ɣef adabu arumani s tallelt n teserdast.

Deg yiseggasen i d-iteddun, Qusṭantin isnerna adabu-is deg Galiya, Britanya d kra n temnaḍin n Uṛupa n umalu.

Yesbed daɣen assaɣen n tsertit s yimenkaden nniḍen.

Deg 307, yezweǧ Fausta, yell-is n umenkad aqdim Maximian. Zwaǧ-a yella daɣen d yiwet n tarrayt n usdukkel n yiɛeggalen n udabu.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>117600</id>
      <parentid>117599</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T21:08:32Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>seɣtiɣ kra n tuccḍiwin</comment>
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      <text bytes="5958" sha1="7lci2cgxifkh6jw1odar9ntrbnz4hiu" xml:space="preserve">'''Qusṭantin Amezwaru''', i yettwassnen daɣen s yisem n '''Qusṭantin Ameqqran''' (''Constantinus Magnus s tlatinit''), d yiwen seg 

{{Infobox biography|item=Q8413|image=[[File:0 Gaius Flavius Valerius Constantinus, Palatino.jpg|thumb|Asebdad n Qusṭantin Amezwaru]]|caption=Qusṭantin Amezwaru.}}

yimenkaden irumanen i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg umezruy n umaḍal aqdim.

Yella d amenkad n Tgelda Tarumanit seg useggas 306 armi d 337, maca ur yuɣal d amenkad awḥid n tgelda meṛṛa alamma d aseggas 324.

Deg 31 n yiseggasen n udabu-is, Qusṭantin yessaweḍ ad ibeddel aṭas n tɣawsiwin deg tsertit, deg tedbelt, deg tsertit taserdasit, deg tdamsa, ladɣa deg wassaɣ gar uwanek arumani d tmeslayt tamasiḥit.

Gar wayen i t-yeskanayen deg umezruy:

- Yerbeḥ ṭṭradat imeqqranen mgal imenkaden i t-yettnaɣen ɣef udabu.

- Yerr-a tamurt tarumanit meṛṛa ddaw yiwen n umenkad deg 324.

- Yesnerna tasertit n tsureft d uḥraz n tilelli n ddin i yimasḥiyen.

- Yefka afus n tallelt i tmeslayt tamasiḥit, armi tuɣal d yiwet n tɣessa timeqqranin n tmetti tarumanit.

- Yebna tamezdeɣt tamanekdat tamaynut deg Qusṭanṭiniya, ɣef wakal n temdint taqdimt n Byzantion.

- Yesdukkel amussu n uselḥu n tmeslayt tamasiḥit deg ugraw n Nikiya, deg 325.

- Yesnerna yiwet n tsertit tamaynut n tedrimt, taserdast d tedbelt.

S wakka, Qusṭantin ur yelli ara kan d amenkad i yerbeḥ ṭṭradat. Yella daɣen d yiwen n yimdanen i d-yeslulfen tallit tamaynut deg umezruy n Tgelda Tarumanit, tin ara yessiwḍen sya ɣer temsalt tarumanit n usamar, i yettwassnen deg umezruy am Tgelda Tabizantin.

== 1. Talalit d temẓi n Qusṭantin ==

=== 1.1. Talalit-is ===
Qusṭantin ilul, ilmend n tɣbula i d-yewḍen ɣur-neɣ, ɣef useggas 272 neɣ deg kra n yiseggasen i t-id-yezwaren, deg temdint n ''Naissus'', i d-yeqqimen ass-a d Nič deg [[Ṣerbya]].

Isem-is arumani yella d ''Flavius Valerius Constantinus''.

Baba-s d [[Qusṭantin Klurus]] (Constantius Chlorus), yiwen n yimeqqranen iserdasiyen irumanen i yuɣalen d imenkaden.

Yemma-s d [[Helena (yemma-s n Qusṭantin Amezwaru)|Helena]], tameṭṭut i yuɣalen sya ɣer zdat d yiwet n tuqdisin timeqqranin n umezruy amasiḥi.

Ur nessin ara s tidet meṛṛa ma [[Helena (yemma-s n Qusṭantin Amezwaru)|Helena]] d tameṭṭut tamezwarut n Qusṭantin Klurus s uzref, neɣ d tameṭṭut i yesɛa yid-s assaɣ uqbel zwaǧ-is ameskaran. Tameṭṭut-a ur tesɛi ara tazmert n tsertit deg tazwara, maca mmi-s mi yuɣal d amenkad, ad as-yefk azal ameqqran.

=== 1.2. Axxam-is d tugna n tmetti n wakud-nni ===
Deg tazwara n tasut tis IV, Tgelda Tarumanit d tamurt tameqqrant i yeṭṭfen aḥric ameqqran n Tuṛuft, Tafriqt n ugafa d Asya n umalu.

Deg tallit-a, aṭas n yimenkaden ur d-ttilalen ara deg temdint n Ruma. Llan-d seg temnaḍin n Danub, Illyricum d Balkans, anda taserdast tesɛa azal ameqqran deg usefru n udabu.

Qusṭantin yella seg tɣiwant-a n tsertit taserdasit. Ihi, talalit-is deg Naissus ur telli ara d ayen iweɛren ad nefhem, imi taserdast tarumanit tuɣal d yiwen n yigejdan n tɣessa n tgelda.

=== 1.3. Tamẓi deg yixxamen n yimenkaden ===
Qusṭantin yessaweḍ ad ikker deg tɣiwant n yimenkaden. Yedder deg yixxamen n udabu deg usamar n tgelda, anda yella Dyuklisyan d amenkad.

Yelmed amek tettwaselḥu tgelda, amek tettwasebdad taserdast, akked wamek tteddun wassaɣen gar yimenkaden.

Yexdem daɣen deg teserdast, yedda deg kra n yikabar iserdasiyen, yessen tamsalt n usefrek n yimukan d uselḥu n yimrigen.

Tudert-is deg tallit-a tefka-yas tirmit i as-yettunefken kan i kra n yimeqqranen irumanen.

== 2. Tagnit n Tgelda Tarumanit uqbel ad d-yili Qusṭantin ==

=== 2.1. Tazɣent n tasut tis III ===
Deg tasut tis III, Tgelda Tarumanit tɛedda ɣef yiwet n tallit iweɛren aṭas.

Llan aṭas n yimenkaden i d-ttilin s tallelt n teserdast, maca ur ttɣimin ara deg udabu aṭas n wakud.

Ṭṭradat n daxel, tazɣent n tedrimt, asenqes n uselḥu n temnaḍin, akked ṭṭradat ɣef tilisa rnan-d ccwal i tgelda.

Seg 235 armi d 284, aṭas n yimenkaden uɣalen-d ɣer udabu, kra seg-sen ttwaneɣan neɣ ttwakksen deg wakud ameẓẓyan.

=== 2.2. Aɣelluy n tetrarkiya ===
Dyuklisyan, mi yuɣal d amenkad deg 284, yeɛreḍ ad yefru ugur-a.

Yesbed tasertit n tetrarkiya, anda tgelda tettwasefru s ukuẓ n yimeqqranen: sin n yimenkaden imeqqranen (Augusti) d sin n yimenkaden imawlan n lɛehd (Caesares).

Iswi n tetrarkiya yella d:

- Asefru n tgelda s wudem iqriben ɣer temnaḍin-is.

- Aḥraz n tilisa seg iɣerfan ibarbaren.

- Asenqes n ṭṭradat n udabu gar yimeqqranen.

- Aḍman n usemḍfer n udabu war ṭṭradat.

Maca tarrayt-a ur tessawaḍ ara ad teḥrez talwit i lebda.

Mi Dyuklisyan d Maximian ǧǧan adabu deg 305, tamukrist(ugur) n wamek ara d-yilin yimenkaden imaynuten tebda tettban-d.

Qusṭantin ad yuɣal d yiwen n yimdanen i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg uɣelluy n tetrarkiya.

=== 3. Abrid n Qusṭantin ɣer udabu (305–306) ===
Deg 305, baba-s [[Qusṭantin Klurus]] yuɣal d amenkad ameqqran n umalu n tgelda.

Qusṭantin, i yellan deg usamar, yuɣal ɣer baba-s, yedda yid-s deg yigrawen iserdasiyen n Britanya.

Deg 25 Yulyu 306, Qusṭantin Klurus yemmut deg temdint n Eboracum, i d-yuɣalen ass-a d York deg Ngliz.

Deffir tmettant-is, iserdasen-is ssutren ad yili mmi-s Qusṭantin d amenkad.

Tettwanefk-as tserdast n baba-s adabu deg 306, maca Galerius, amenkad ameqqran n usamar, ur iqbil ara ad t-yessisem d Augustus s tazwara. Yefka-yas kan azwel n Caesar.

Tamsalt-a tessekcem Qusṭantin deg yiwet n tɣawsa tameqqrant: anadi ɣef adabu arumani s tallelt n teserdast.

Deg yiseggasen i d-iteddun, Qusṭantin isnerna adabu-is deg Galiya, Britanya d kra n temnaḍin n Uṛupa n umalu.

Yesbed daɣen assaɣen n tsertit s yimenkaden nniḍen.

Deg 307, yezweǧ Fausta, yell-is n umenkad aqdim Maximian. Zwaǧ-a yella daɣen d yiwet n tarrayt n usdukkel n yiɛeggalen n udabu.</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>117601</id>
      <parentid>117600</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-09T21:09:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117601</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5989" sha1="j6rwfc1fwbny6ss6z2fvnd4i3qcdtrf" xml:space="preserve">'''Qusṭantin Amezwaru''', i yettwassnen daɣen s yisem n '''Qusṭantin Ameqqran''' (''Constantinus Magnus s tlatinit''), d yiwen seg 

{{Infobox biography|item=Q8413|image=[[File:0 Gaius Flavius Valerius Constantinus, Palatino.jpg|thumb|Asebdad n Qusṭantin Amezwaru]]|caption=Qusṭantin Amezwaru.}}

yimenkaden irumanen i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg umezruy n umaḍal aqdim.

Yella d amenkad n Tgelda Tarumanit seg useggas 306 armi d 337, maca ur yuɣal d amenkad awḥid n tgelda meṛṛa alamma d aseggas 324.

Deg 31 n yiseggasen n udabu-is, Qusṭantin yessaweḍ ad ibeddel aṭas n tɣawsiwin deg tsertit, deg tedbelt, deg tsertit taserdasit, deg tdamsa, ladɣa deg wassaɣ gar uwanek arumani d tmeslayt tamasiḥit.

Gar wayen i t-yeskanayen deg umezruy:

- Yerbeḥ ṭṭradat imeqqranen mgal imenkaden i t-yettnaɣen ɣef udabu.

- Yerr-a tamurt tarumanit meṛṛa ddaw yiwen n umenkad deg 324.

- Yesnerna tasertit n tsureft d uḥraz n tilelli n ddin i yimasḥiyen.

- Yefka afus n tallelt i tmeslayt tamasiḥit, armi tuɣal d yiwet n tɣessa timeqqranin n tmetti tarumanit.

- Yebna tamezdeɣt tamanekdat tamaynut deg Qusṭanṭiniya, ɣef wakal n temdint taqdimt n Byzantion.

- Yesdukkel amussu n uselḥu n tmeslayt tamasiḥit deg ugraw n Nikiya, deg 325.

- Yesnerna yiwet n tsertit tamaynut n tedrimt, taserdast d tedbelt.

S wakka, Qusṭantin ur yelli ara kan d amenkad i yerbeḥ ṭṭradat. Yella daɣen d yiwen n yimdanen i d-yeslulfen tallit tamaynut deg umezruy n Tgelda Tarumanit, tin ara yessiwḍen sya ɣer temsalt tarumanit n usamar, i yettwassnen deg umezruy am Tgelda Tabizantin.

== 1. Talalit d temẓi n Qusṭantin ==

=== 1.1. Talalit-is ===
Qusṭantin ilul, ilmend n tɣbula i d-yewḍen ɣur-neɣ, ɣef useggas 272 neɣ deg kra n yiseggasen i t-id-yezwaren, deg temdint n ''Naissus'', i d-yeqqimen ass-a d Nič deg [[Ṣerbya]].

Isem-is arumani yella d ''Flavius Valerius Constantinus''.

Baba-s d [[Qusṭantin Klurus]] (Constantius Chlorus), yiwen n yimeqqranen iserdasiyen irumanen i yuɣalen d imenkaden.

Yemma-s d [[Helena (yemma-s n Qusṭantin Amezwaru)|Helena]], tameṭṭut i yuɣalen sya ɣer zdat d yiwet n tuqdisin timeqqranin n umezruy amasiḥi.

Ur nessin ara s tidet meṛṛa ma [[Helena (yemma-s n Qusṭantin Amezwaru)|Helena]] d tameṭṭut tamezwarut n Qusṭantin Klurus s uzref, neɣ d tameṭṭut i yesɛa yid-s assaɣ uqbel zwaǧ-is ameskaran. Tameṭṭut-a ur tesɛi ara tazmert n tsertit deg tazwara, maca mmi-s mi yuɣal d amenkad, ad as-yefk azal ameqqran.

=== 1.2. Axxam-is d tugna n tmetti n wakud-nni ===
Deg tazwara n tasut tis IV, Tgelda Tarumanit d tamurt tameqqrant i yeṭṭfen aḥric ameqqran n Tuṛuft, Tafriqt n ugafa d Asya n umalu.

Deg tallit-a, aṭas n yimenkaden ur d-ttilalen ara deg temdint n Ruma. Llan-d seg temnaḍin n Danub, Illyricum d Balkans, anda taserdast tesɛa azal ameqqran deg usefru n udabu.

Qusṭantin yella seg tɣiwant-a n tsertit taserdasit. Ihi, talalit-is deg Naissus ur telli ara d ayen iweɛren ad nefhem, imi taserdast tarumanit tuɣal d yiwen n yigejdan n tɣessa n tgelda.

=== 1.3. Tamẓi deg yixxamen n yimenkaden ===
Qusṭantin yessaweḍ ad ikker deg tɣiwant n yimenkaden. Yedder deg yixxamen n udabu deg usamar n tgelda, anda yella Dyuklisyan d amenkad.

Yelmed amek tettwaselḥu tgelda, amek tettwasebdad taserdast, akked wamek tteddun wassaɣen gar yimenkaden.

Yexdem daɣen deg teserdast, yedda deg kra n yikabar iserdasiyen, yessen tamsalt n usefrek n yimukan d uselḥu n yimrigen.

Tudert-is deg tallit-a tefka-yas tirmit i as-yettunefken kan i kra n yimeqqranen irumanen.

== 2. Tagnit n Tgelda Tarumanit uqbel ad d-yili Qusṭantin ==

=== 2.1. Tazɣent n tasut tis III ===
Deg tasut tis III, Tgelda Tarumanit tɛedda ɣef yiwet n tallit iweɛren aṭas.

Llan aṭas n yimenkaden i d-ttilin s tallelt n teserdast, maca ur ttɣimin ara deg udabu aṭas n wakud.

Ṭṭradat n daxel, tazɣent n tedrimt, asenqes n uselḥu n temnaḍin, akked ṭṭradat ɣef tilisa rnan-d ccwal i tgelda.

Seg 235 armi d 284, aṭas n yimenkaden uɣalen-d ɣer udabu, kra seg-sen ttwaneɣan neɣ ttwakksen deg wakud ameẓẓyan.

=== 2.2. Aɣelluy n tetrarkiya ===
Dyuklisyan, mi yuɣal d amenkad deg 284, yeɛreḍ ad yefru ugur-a.

Yesbed tasertit n tetrarkiya, anda tgelda tettwasefru s ukuẓ n yimeqqranen: sin n yimenkaden imeqqranen (Augusti) d sin n yimenkaden imawlan n lɛehd (Caesares).

Iswi n tetrarkiya yella d:

- Asefru n tgelda s wudem iqriben ɣer temnaḍin-is.

- Aḥraz n tilisa seg iɣerfan ibarbaren.

- Asenqes n ṭṭradat n udabu gar yimeqqranen.

- Aḍman n usemḍfer n udabu war ṭṭradat.

Maca tarrayt-a ur tessawaḍ ara ad teḥrez talwit i lebda.

Mi Dyuklisyan d Maximian ǧǧan adabu deg 305, tamukrist(ugur) n wamek ara d-yilin yimenkaden imaynuten tebda tettban-d.

Qusṭantin ad yuɣal d yiwen n yimdanen i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg uɣelluy n tetrarkiya.

=== 3. Abrid n Qusṭantin ɣer udabu (305–306) ===
Deg 305, baba-s [[Qusṭantin Klurus]] yuɣal d amenkad ameqqran n umalu n tgelda.

Qusṭantin, i yellan deg usamar, yuɣal ɣer baba-s, yedda yid-s deg yigrawen iserdasiyen n Britanya.

Deg 25 Yulyu 306, Qusṭantin Klurus yemmut deg temdint n Eboracum, i d-yuɣalen ass-a d York deg Ngliz.

Deffir tmettant-is, iserdasen-is ssutren ad yili mmi-s Qusṭantin d amenkad.

Deffir tmettant n baba-s, iserdasen-is sbedden Qusṭantin d amenkad deg 306, maca Galerius, amenkad ameqqran n usamar, ur iqbil ara ad t-yessisem d Augustus s tazwara. Yefka-yas kan azwel n Caesar.

Tamsalt-a tessekcem Qusṭantin deg yiwet n tɣawsa tameqqrant: anadi ɣef adabu arumani s tallelt n teserdast.

Deg yiseggasen i d-iteddun, Qusṭantin isnerna adabu-is deg Galiya, Britanya d kra n temnaḍin n Uṛupa n umalu.

Yesbed daɣen assaɣen n tsertit s yimenkaden nniḍen.

Deg 307, yezweǧ Fausta, yell-is n umenkad aqdim Maximian. Zwaǧ-a yella daɣen d yiwet n tarrayt n usdukkel n yiɛeggalen n udabu.</text>
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