Wikipedia kabwiki https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asebter_agejdan MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.24 first-letter Media Uslig Mmeslay Amseqdac Amyannan umsqedac Wikipedia Amyannan n Wikipedia Tugna Amyannan n tugna MediaWiki Amyannan n MediaWiki Talɣa Amyannan n talɣa Tallat Amyannan n tallat Taggayt Amyannan n taggayt Awwur Amyannan uwwur Asenfaṛ Amyannan usenfaṛ TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk Sujet 0 2206 117691 117675 2026-10-17T09:51:32Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117691 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tanzeggit''' d tigezmi tameqrant ger igzumen n [[tusnakt]] d win i izerwen [[tawella|tiwellatin]] neɣ Udmawen deg [[Tallunt|tallunin]] s myal [[tasekta]], deg tsekta Tis kraḍ (3) nezmar ad nemmeslay ɣef [[tenzeggit tuklidt]]. Ass-a ur nezmir ad d nesbin tilisa yellan ger tenzeggit akk d [[Asebrurez|wesebrurez]] neɣ d [[aljiber|uljiber]], acku ur nezmir ad nemmeslay ɣef [[Tanzeggit taljibirt|tenzeggit taljibirt]] ma yella ur d-neddim ara kra din kra da. Tanzeggit diɣen d tafurk n tusnakt i izerrwen talɣiwin, tallunin, imeccaqen, tiɣmar d wassaɣen gar tneqqiḍin d yiḥricen n talɣiwin. Tesɛa azal deg usket n wakal d lebni, maca tuɣal daɣen d taɣult tamatut n tusnakt i yezmer ad tzerrew tallunin ur nezmir ara ad nwali s wallen, neɣ tallunin i yesɛan ugar n kraḍ n tsektiwin. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-16 11-19-35.png|centré|553x553px]] == 1. Amezruy n tenzeggit == Awal agraɣlan géométrie yekka-d seg yigrigiyen i d-yemmalen asket n wakal. Isketen d yisiḍen inzeggane ttwasqedcen deg Maṣer, Mezupuṭamya d tɣermiwin nniḍen uqbel tanzeggit n Yigrigiyen. Ur ilaq ara ad nerṛ tanzeggit meṛṛa d asnulfu n yiwen ugdud kan. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Tallit !Amhaz agenjdan |- |Taglest |Asket n wakal, lebni, asiḍen n teɣzi, n wanrar d ubleɣ. |- |Tasut tis 3 uqbel tallit-nneɣ |Aklid deg Iskandariya yesdukkel tizrawin deg "Iferdisen". |- |Tallit talemmast |Tigawt n yimusnawen deg tmura n Tineslemt, Lehend d Cinwa: asektiɣmer(trigonométrie), asali d tsenallunt. |- |Tasut tis 17 |Descartes d Fermat qqnen talɣiwin ɣer imsidag d tegdiwin. |- |Tasut tis 19 |Lobachevsky d Bolyai snernan tanzeggit taknudemt; Gauss d Riemann snernan tazrawt n tiknit d tallunin. |- |1872 d mbeɛd |Klein yeskan azal n yibeddilen d yigrawen; Hilbert yessegzi lsas s yinagrawen n yigejdan. |- |Tasut tis 20–21 |Tanzeggit taljibṛant, taneẓlayt, tukrist, asiḍen s uselkim d uẓeṭṭa n twuriwin gar tfurka. |} "'''Iferdisen'''" n Aklid yesseqdac isbaduten d yigejdan iwakken ad yebnu isekkuden. Abrid-a yesɛa tazrirt tameqqrant deg tusnakt. Maca tanzeggit tamirant ur teqqim ara deg yigejdan n Aklid: tazrawt n umṣadaɣ tewwi-d timusniwin ɣef tallunin nniḍen. Tanzeggit tamirant tettawi ula d tallunin yellan deg tfizikt, isefka, tigniwin d yisiḍen. Amezruy-is d anerni n yisental d terrayin, mačči d asemselsi n yiwet n tanzeggit s tayeḍ kan. ==Imuren imeqranen n tenzeggit == * [[Tanzeggit tuklidit]] * [[Tanzeggit artuklidit]] * [[Tanzeggit tummit]] * [[Tanzeggit tigriwt]] * [[Tanzeggit taljibirt]] * [[Tanzeggit tanebrurzant]] * [[Aljiber imzireg]] == Amezruy n tenzeggit == [[Taggayt:Tusnakt]] q5fnem6i1u4sa76y1lwjvni5c1my2pz 0 5351 117690 117674 2026-10-17T09:33:56Z Mastiman Anumidi 17235 Aḍris amaynut 117690 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox city}} '''New York''' d nettat ay d tamdint tameqqrant akk deg [[Iwunak Yedduklen|Yiwunak Yeddukklen]]. Tezga-d deg ugafa-agmuḍan n tmurt, ɣef [[Agaraw Aṭlasi|Ugaraw Aṭlasi]]. Zedɣen-tt 8.336.697 n yimezdaɣen (19.006.798 s yegmamen ay d-yezzin fell-as). Tamdint-a tezga-d deg [[New York (Awanak)|uwanak n New York]]. Tamdint-a tettwassen s yixxamen-is ɣezzifen, s tnezzut, s tdamsa tameqqrant, s tẓuri, s tesdawiyin, s tmusni d umezruy-is amesbaɣur. New York mačči d tamdint n tnezzut kan. D amkan anda mlalen yigduden seg waṭas n tmura, s tutlayin yemgaraden, s yidles yemgaraden d wallalen yemgaraden n tudert. Ɣas akken tamdint-a tettwassen am yiwet n tɣerma tameqqrant n umaḍal amiran, amezruy-is yezga yeqqen ɣer yigduden inaṣliyen n Marikan n Ugafa... Tamsalt i ilaq ad nseɣti deg tazwara: igduden inaṣliyen n New York d '''Lenape''', seg yigduden inasliyen n Marikan n Ugafa. Amezruy n temdint yemmal-d amek i tettwabna ɣef wakal-nsen, syin akin amek i tuɣal d yiwet seg temdinin tigejdanin n umaḍal. == Tarakalt d ugama n New York == New York tezga deg umkan yesɛan azal ameqqran deg trakalt n Marikan. Tella gar yisaffen d yilellen, ayen i tt-yerran d tamdint n yinig d tnezzut seg zik. Deg tama-s n umalu yella ''Asif Hudson'', deg tama-s n usamar yella ''East River'', i d aferdis n waman meẓẓiyen yeqqnen ɣer yilel. Deg unẓul, tella tagnit tameqqrant n waman i yettwassnen s yisem n ''New York Harbor'', anda i d-keččmen yiseflinen. Tarakalt-a tettak-as kraḍ n lfaydat: * Yezmer ad yili deg-s unermis n tnezzut gar Marikan, Turuft d tmura nniḍen. * Isaffen d yilellen ttaken-d iberdan n usiweḍ n yiferdisen d medden. * Igelluyen n wakal d yigziren ttawin-d aṭas n temnaḍin i lebni n temdint. Maca amkan-a yesɛa ula d uguren: iḥemmalen n waman, ahuzzu n yilel, leɣla n wakal d uguren n lebni deg temnaḍin i d-yettwarran zdat n waman. === Tiɣiwanin tisudisin === New York tebḍa ɣef semmus n tiɣiwanin timeqqranin (boroughs). ==== '''Manhattan''' ==== [[Tugna:West side of Manhattan from Hudson Commons (95103p).jpg|centré|cadre|Manhattan.]] D ul n tdamsa n temdint, anda ''llan Wall Street, Times Square, Central Park'' d waṭas n yixxamen ɣezzifen. D tamnaḍt yettwassnen aṭas deg umaḍal. ==== '''Brooklyn''' ==== [[Tugna:Dumbo Neighborhood in Brooklyn, NYC.jpg|centré|cadre|Brooklyn]] D tamnaḍt yesɛan agdud meqqren, tuddar tiqdimin, taẓuri, izerfan idelsanen d yimḍiqen imeqqranen n tudert n temdint. ==== '''Queens''' ==== [[Tugna:Flushing Queens from roof of Starlight Hotel.jpg|centré|cadre|Queens]] Tettwassen s tmeslayin d yidles yemgaraden. Deg-s llan yimḍiqen n yinig, timnaḍin n tnezzut d waṭas n tdukliwin n yimezdaɣ. ==== '''The Bronx''' ==== [[Tugna:Yankee Stadium 001.JPG|centré|vignette|650x650px|Bronx.]] D yiwet seg temnaḍin ideg d-yennulfa uɣanib aẓawan n hip-hop. Deg-s daɣen azrib ameqqran ɣer Bronx Zoo d Yankee Stadium. ==== '''Staten Island''' ==== [[Tugna:Freshkills Park in Staten Island, New York.jpg|centré|vignette|650x650px|Staten Island.]] D tamnaḍt i yesɛan aṭas n yigran imenza, izerfan izegzawen d tuddar ur neččur ara d imezdaɣ am Manhattan. == 3. Amezruy uqbel ad d-awḍen Yirupiyen == Uqbel ad d-awḍen Yirupiyen, akal n New York yella d aḥric seg wakal amenzu n ''Lenape'', i d-yettwasemman ''Lenapehoking''. Igduden-a zedɣen deg temnaḍt-a i waṭas n yiseggasen s waṭas uqbel asnulfu n temdint tamirant. Lenape sɛan tudert i d-yettwaznen ɣef ugama. Ttidiren s: * Ugmar n yiɣersiwen. * Uṣeggem n tiferkiwin d wakal n tfellaḥt. * Uṣeyyeḍ n yiselman deg yisaffen. * Tnezzut d wussawel gar tuddar d yigrawen yemgaraden. Tudert-nsen tella teqqen ɣer tmettiwin n twaculin, taddart, tiɣawsiwin n ugama d tmenna n yimezwura. Deg trakalt-nsen, '''Manhattan''' tettwassen s yisem yeqqnen ɣer '''Manahatta'''. Isem-a d yiwen seg yisemawen iqburen i d-yeggran deg temdint tamirant. Aselmed n umezruy n New York ilaq ad yebdu s ''Lenape'', acku ur tebdi ara tudert d tademsa n temnaḍt-a deg 1624. == 4. Tallit n Hulanda — New Amsterdam (1624–1664) == Deg useggas 1609, '''amnadi Henry Hudson''', i ixeddmen i tdukla n tnezzut tahulandit, yewweḍ ɣer temnaḍt n New York. Hudson yella yettnadi abrid amaynut n tnezzut ɣer Asya, maca yeẓra azal n temnaḍt-a, ladɣa isaffen-is d waman i tt-id-yezgan. Deg 1624, Ihulandiyen bdan ad d-sbedden imezdaɣ-nsen deg temnaḍt. Deg yiseggasen i d-iteddun, '''New Amsterdam''' tuɣal d tamdint tameẓẓyant n tnezzut ɣef yiri n Manhattan. Deg 1653, tettwaɛqal s wudem unṣib am temdint. New Amsterdam ur tettwasebded ara deg wakal ur nesɛi ara imezdaɣ, maca deg wakal i zedɣen yakan yigduden inasliyen Lenape. Yella d aḥric n tɣawsa tameqqrant n ikuluniyen Irupiyen,i yekksen kra n wakal i yigduden inasliyen Lenape, yerna i d-yessawḍen anagraw n '''useqdec n yimdanen i lfayda n wiyaḍ''' d tnezzut n waklan. ». Tamdint tettnerni s: * Tnezzut n yigelman n yiɣersiwen. * Usiweḍ n yiferdisen ɣer Turuft. * Lebni n yixxamen d lebni tqenṭyar n waman. * Tnezzut gar tigdudin yemgaraden. Deg tallit-a, tamdint tella d amkan n waṭas n tutlayin d yisɣanen. Llant temettiyin tihulandiyin, talmaniyin, tafransisin, tagliziyin, tiyahudiyin d yimezdaɣ iberkanen. tilelli n usɣan(n tedyanit) ur tettunefk ara i meṛṛa s yiwen wudem, yerna taklit d uɛzel n kra n yigrawen n yimezdaɣ d ayen yellan deg temdint. == 5. Tallit n Lingliziyen (1664–1783) == Deg 1664, Lingliziyen ṭṭfen New Amsterdam. Beddlen-as isem, semman-as New York, ilmend n ''James'', ''Duke of York''. Deg tallit-a, tamdint tettnerni s waṭas, tuɣal d yiwet seg temdinin tigejdanin n tmura i yellan ddaw udabu n [[Legliz|Leglizi]] deg Marikan n Ugafa. Tanezzut tettnerni, llan imezdaɣ imaynuten, ttemḍafaren-d yimseftiyen n tnezzut. Maca tadamsa n temdint tella tesɛa ula d aḥric i ibedden ɣef umahil n waklan. Deg ṭṭrad n timunent n Marikan, New York teqqim ddaw n udabu aserdasi n Lingliziyen seg 1776 armi 1783. Mi ifukk ṭṭrad, tamdint tebda tallit tamaynut, tuɣal d yiwet seg temdinin i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg usbeddi n uwanek amarikani. == 6. New York deg tazwara n Uwanek Amarikani == Seg 1789 armi 1790, New York tella d tamdint tagejdant n Marikan (tamanaɣt tafidiralit). Deg-s i yeṭṭef George Washington tanbaḍt-is tamezwarut am umenzu n tmurt deg 1789. Ayen i d-yerr New York d tamdint tameqqrant n tnezzut deg lqern wis 19 mačči d tadamsa kan, maca d amkan-is: * Asif n Hudson i d-yettɛawanen asirag ɣer daxel n tmurt. * Asiweḍ n yiferdisen gar taddart d tmeddurt. * Abrid n ''Erie Canal'', i d-yeldin deg 1825. * Tanezzut n Marikan s usiweḍ n waman. ''Erie Canal'' yessuddes assaɣ n tnezzut gar New York d temnaḍin n wadda n Ilel Erie, ayen i yesnernan azal n temdint deg tedamsa n Marikan. == 7. New York deg lqern wis 19 — tamdint n yinigen == [[Tugna:New-York-Fifth-Avenue 1900.jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|aNew York deg 1900.]] Deg lqern wis 19, New York tuɣal d yiwet seg temdinin i d-yettawin aṭas n yinigen seg Turuft. Imdanen n waṭas n tmura kecmen ɣer New York i wakken ad afen amahil, tilelli n usɣan neɣ tudert yelhan ugar. Gar yinigen-a llan: * '''Irlandiyen''' i d-iffɣen seg tazɣent n laẓ deg tmurt-nsen. * '''Iṭalyanen''' i d-yusan seg waṭas n temnaḍin n [[Ṭṭelyan|Ṭelyan]]. * '''Ilmaniyen''' d yinigen n Turuft Talemmast. * '''Iyahudiyen''' i d-iffɣen seg Turuft n Usamar, ladɣa seg ussan n miḥyaf. Deg 1892, tigzirt n Ellis Island tebda ad tesɛu tawuri tameqqrant deg usqerdec n yinigen i d-yekcemen ɣer Marikan. New York tuɣal d tamdint n tutlayin yemgaraden, n yiɣaniben n tudert yemgaraden, d tnezzut i yettnernin. Maca amhaz-a ur yelli ara war uguren. Imezdaɣ aṭas zedɣen deg yixxamen imecṭaḥ, gar-asen tella Maca aṭas n yimezdaɣ ttidiren deg tegnatin iweɛren: lehlakat, laẓ d tegnatin n umahil iwaɛren d uɛeddi ɣef yizerfan n yixeddamen. === Asbeddi n New York tamirant deg 1898 === Deg 1 Yennayer 1898, tiɣiwanin i d-yettwasemman ass-a '''Manhattan''', '''Brooklyn''', '''Queens''', '''Bronx''' d '''Staten Island''' dduklent deg yiwet n temdint tameqqrant. Aneḍru-a yerr-a New York d yiwet seg temdinin timeqqranin n Marikan, s tmurt d ugdud meqqren aṭas. == 8. Lqern wis 20 — tallit n lebni d tẓuri == [[Tugna:Fifth Avenue and 25th Street, New York 1900.png|vignette|New York deg 1900.]] Deg tazwara n lqern wis 20, New York tebda ad tettbeddil s wudem ur nelli ara yakan. Timdinin nniḍen n Marikan sɛant daɣen lebni ɣezzifen, maca New York tuɣal d yiwet seg temdinin i d-yettbanen s waṭas s yixxamen-is ɣezzifen, imahilen n tnezzut, tesdawiyin d tẓuri. Deg 1904, aẓeṭṭa n umitru ddaw n wakal (subway) yeldi deg temdint. Anagraw-a yessizmir i waṭas n yimezdaɣ ad ddun gar temnaḍin yemgaraden. === Ixxamen ɣezzifen d lebni amaynut === [[Tugna:Chrysler Building NYC-20090519-RM-094845.jpg|vignette|D yiwen seg yixxamen yettwassnen s uɣanib n lebni Art déco.]] [[Tugna:Empire State Building (aerial view).jpg|vignette|519x519px|Yettwabna deg tallit n tazɣent tadamsant tameqqrant, yuɣal d azamul n New York.]] Deg 1929, tazɣent tadamsant tameqqrant tebda seld aɣelluy n tggazt n ''Wall Street''. New York tuɣal d yiwet seg temdinin i yettwaḥuzzen s waṭas s twaɣit-a n tdamsa. Maca seg yiseggasen n 1930 armi d taggara n ṭṭrad wis sin n umaḍal, tamdint tettnerni s lebni n yixxamen, iberdan d useggem n yizerfan n umahil. == 9. New York d yidles amaḍlan == New York tesɛa azal ameqqran deg yidles n umaḍal. '''Aẓawan''': Harlem yuɣal d amḍiq yesɛan azal ameqqran deg umezruy n jazz. Deg Bronx, deg yiseggasen n 1970, d-yennulfa hip-hop, i d-yuɣalen d yiwen seg yiɣaniben n uẓawan yettwassnen aṭas. '''Amezgun''': Broadway d amkan yettwassnen s waṭas deg umaḍal s yimezguyen, ineccaden d tneḍruyin n tẓuri. '''Taẓuri d tsekla''': New York tesɛa timkerḍiwin, tiẓuriwin, tizeɣwa n sinima, isensayen n tẓuri d waṭas n yimukan n uselmed. '''Tisdawiyin''': Columbia University d New York University d snat seg tesdawiyin yettwassnen n temdint, i yesɛan tawuri deg unadi ussnan d uselmed. == 10. New York deg tallit tamirant == Deg 11 Ctember 2001, New York teḥuza-tt twaɣit tameqqrant n tremaɣt, mi i d-yeɣli ''World Trade Center'' seld ineḍruyen n usekcem n isafagen yrttwaxḍfen deg yixxamen-a. Ayen i d-yeḍran yesseḥzen tamdint d Marikan meṛṛa, yerna ibeddel kra n tsertiyin n tɣellist d tnezzut deg umaḍal. Deg tallit i d-iteddun, tamdint tebna tikkelt nniḍen kra n yimḍiqen i yettwaḥuzzen, gar-asen '''One World Trade Center''', i d-yuɣalen d azamul n usnerni amaynut n temdint. Deg 2020, tazɣent n COVID-19 teḥuza New York s waṭas. Tamdint tesɛa aṭas n uguren deg tɣellist tazayezt, tadamsa d tudert n yal ass. Ass-a, New York tezga gar temdinin tigejdanin n tdamsa tamaḍlant. Maca tesɛa daɣen uguren imeqqranen n tnezduɣt, asnerni n wazal n wakal d yixxamen, lḥif, leɣla n tudert d umgired adamsan gar yimezdaɣ. ==Isunen n weɣrem n New York== Llan semmus (5) n yisunen deg New York, s tenglizt qqaren-as ''Boroughs''. [[File:5 Boroughs Labels New York City Map.png|thumb|5 Isunen n weɣrem n New York sɣur Julius Schorzman : 1- Manhattan, 2-Queens, 3-Brooklyn, 4-The Bronx, 5- Staten Island]] *[[Manhattan]] : agwans n temdint, tella af tegzirt n Manhattan. Llant deg-s [[Wall Street]], [[Tasdawit n New York]], [[Tasdawit n Columbia]], asutel n Yiwunak Yeddukklen (ONU/NU). Ɣur-es imezdaɣen 1 546 856 deg-s. *[[The Bronx]] : ay d asun agellil akk deg weɣrem n New York akwd tdersiwin (minorités) tiberkanin d tispanikin maca tuɣal-d cwiṭ n teɣlist seg 20 iseggassen i yezrin. Ay d dduḥ n uẓawan Hip-Hop, deg-s illa [[Asarir Yankees Stadium]]. Ɣur-es 1 354 068 imezdaɣen deg-s. *[[Queens]] : Ɣur-es 2 237 815 imezdaɣen deg-s. Yeḍra [[US Open]] dinna yal uggur n ctember, deg-s llan imafagen n JFK d La Guardia. Illa d agemim n tmezduɣt d tmugri (industry). *[[Brooklyn]] : Agemim n tmezduɣt n New-Yorkers. Ɣur-es 2 488 194 imezdaɣen deg-s *[[Staten Island]] : Ɣur-es imezdaɣen 491 730 deg-s. Daɣem d agemim n tmezduɣt n New-Yorkers, yuggug si Manhattan. [[Category:New York]][[Category:Timdinin]][[Category:Iwunak Yeddukklen]] qavts704jebc3owav6wdby41hp2qycr 0 25611 117686 117672 2026-10-16T18:32:48Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117686 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Qusṭantin Amezwaru''', i yettwassnen daɣen s yisem n '''Qusṭantin Ameqqran''' (''Constantinus Magnus s tlatinit''), d yiwen seg {{Infobox biography|item=Q8413|image=[[File:0 Gaius Flavius Valerius Constantinus, Palatino.jpg|thumb|Asebdad n Qusṭantin Amezwaru|300px]]|caption=Qusṭantin Amezwaru.}} yimenkaden irumanen i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg umezruy n umaḍal aqdim. Yella d amenkad n Tgelda Tarumanit seg useggas 306 armi d 337, maca ur yuɣal d amenkad awḥid n tgelda meṛṛa alamma d aseggas 324. Deg 31 n yiseggasen n udabu-is, Qusṭantin yessaweḍ ad ibeddel aṭas n tɣawsiwin deg tsertit, deg tedbelt, deg tsertit taserdasit, deg tdamsa, ladɣa deg wassaɣ gar uwanek arumani d tmeslayt tamasiḥit. Gar wayen i t-yeskanayen deg umezruy: - Yerbeḥ ṭṭradat imeqqranen mgal imenkaden i t-yettnaɣen ɣef udabu. - Yerr-a tamurt tarumanit meṛṛa ddaw yiwen n umenkad deg 324. - Yesnerna tasertit n tsureft d uḥraz n tilelli n ddin i yimasḥiyen. - Yefka afus n tallelt i tmeslayt tamasiḥit, armi tuɣal d yiwet n tɣessa timeqqranin n tmetti tarumanit. - Yebna tamezdeɣt tamanekdat tamaynut deg Qusṭanṭiniya, ɣef wakal n temdint taqdimt n Byzantion. - Yesdukkel amussu n uselḥu n tmeslayt tamasiḥit deg ugraw n Nikiya, deg 325. - Yesnerna yiwet n tsertit tamaynut n tedrimt, taserdast d tedbelt. S wakka, Qusṭantin ur yelli ara kan d amenkad i yerbeḥ ṭṭradat. Yella daɣen d yiwen n yimdanen i d-yeslulfen tallit tamaynut deg umezruy n Tgelda Tarumanit, tin ara yessiwḍen sya ɣer temsalt tarumanit n usamar, i yettwassnen deg umezruy am Tgelda Tabizantin. == 1. Talalit d temẓi n Qusṭantin == === 1.1. Talalit-is === Qusṭantin ilul, ilmend n tɣbula i d-yewḍen ɣur-neɣ, ɣef useggas 272 neɣ deg kra n yiseggasen i t-id-yezwaren, deg temdint n ''Naissus'', i d-yeqqimen ass-a d Nič deg [[Ṣerbya]]. Isem-is arumani yella d ''Flavius Valerius Constantinus''. Baba-s d [[Qusṭantin Klurus]] (Constantius Chlorus), yiwen n yimeqqranen iserdasiyen irumanen i yuɣalen d imenkaden. Yemma-s d [[Helena (yemma-s n Qusṭantin Amezwaru)|Helena]], tameṭṭut i yuɣalen sya ɣer zdat d yiwet n tuqdisin timeqqranin n umezruy amasiḥi. Ur nessin ara s tidet meṛṛa ma [[Helena (yemma-s n Qusṭantin Amezwaru)|Helena]] d tameṭṭut tamezwarut n Qusṭantin Klurus s uzref, neɣ d tameṭṭut i yesɛa yid-s assaɣ uqbel zwaǧ-is ameskaran. Tameṭṭut-a ur tesɛi ara tazmert n tsertit deg tazwara, maca mmi-s mi yuɣal d amenkad, ad as-yefk azal ameqqran. === 1.2. Axxam-is d tugna n tmetti n wakud-nni === Deg tazwara n tasut tis IV, Tgelda Tarumanit d tamurt tameqqrant i yeṭṭfen aḥric ameqqran n Tuṛuft, Tafriqt n ugafa d Asya n umalu. Deg tallit-a, aṭas n yimenkaden ur d-ttilalen ara deg temdint n Ruma. Llan-d seg temnaḍin n Danub, Illyricum d Balkans, anda taserdast tesɛa azal ameqqran deg usefru n udabu. Qusṭantin yella seg tɣiwant-a n tsertit taserdasit. Ihi, talalit-is deg Naissus ur telli ara d ayen iweɛren ad nefhem, imi taserdast tarumanit tuɣal d yiwen n yigejdan n tɣessa n tgelda. === 1.3. Tamẓi deg yixxamen n yimenkaden === Qusṭantin yessaweḍ ad ikker deg tɣiwant n yimenkaden. Yedder deg yixxamen n udabu deg usamar n tgelda, anda yella Dyuklisyan d amenkad. Yelmed amek tettwaselḥu tgelda, amek tettwasebdad taserdast, akked wamek tteddun wassaɣen gar yimenkaden. Yexdem daɣen deg teserdast, yedda deg kra n yikabar iserdasiyen, yessen tamsalt n usefrek n yimukan d uselḥu n yimrigen. Tudert-is deg tallit-a tefka-yas tirmit i as-yettunefken kan i kra n yimeqqranen irumanen. == 2. Tagnit n Tgelda Tarumanit uqbel ad d-yili Qusṭantin == === 2.1. Tazɣent n tasut tis III === Deg tasut tis III, Tgelda Tarumanit tɛedda ɣef yiwet n tallit iweɛren aṭas. Llan aṭas n yimenkaden i d-ttilin s tallelt n teserdast, maca ur ttɣimin ara deg udabu aṭas n wakud. Ṭṭradat n daxel, tazɣent n tedrimt, asenqes n uselḥu n temnaḍin, akked ṭṭradat ɣef tilisa rnan-d ccwal i tgelda. Seg 235 armi d 284, aṭas n yimenkaden uɣalen-d ɣer udabu, kra seg-sen ttwaneɣan neɣ ttwakksen deg wakud ameẓẓyan. === 2.2. Aɣelluy n tetrarkiya === Dyuklisyan, mi yuɣal d amenkad deg 284, yeɛreḍ ad yefru ugur-a. Yesbed tasertit n tetrarkiya, anda tgelda tettwasefru s ukuẓ n yimeqqranen: sin n yimenkaden imeqqranen (Augusti) d sin n yimenkaden imawlan n lɛehd (Caesares). Iswi n tetrarkiya yella d: - Asefru n tgelda s wudem iqriben ɣer temnaḍin-is. - Aḥraz n tilisa seg iɣerfan ibarbaren. - Asenqes n ṭṭradat n udabu gar yimeqqranen. - Aḍman n usemḍfer n udabu war ṭṭradat. Maca tarrayt-a ur tessawaḍ ara ad teḥrez talwit i lebda. Mi Dyuklisyan d Maximian ǧǧan adabu deg 305, tamukrist(ugur) n wamek ara d-yilin yimenkaden imaynuten tebda tettban-d. Qusṭantin ad yuɣal d yiwen n yimdanen i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg uɣelluy n tetrarkiya. === 3. Abrid n Qusṭantin ɣer udabu (305–306) === Deg 305, baba-s [[Qusṭantin Klurus]] yuɣal d amenkad ameqqran n umalu n tgelda. Qusṭantin, i yellan deg usamar, yuɣal ɣer baba-s, yedda yid-s deg yigrawen iserdasiyen n Britanya. Deg 25 Yulyu 306, Qusṭantin Klurus yemmut deg temdint n Eboracum, i d-yuɣalen ass-a d York deg Ngliz. Deffir tmettant-is, iserdasen-is ssutren ad yili mmi-s Qusṭantin d amenkad. Deffir tmettant n baba-s, iserdasen-is sbedden Qusṭantin d amenkad deg 306, maca Galerius, amenkad ameqqran n usamar, ur iqbil ara ad t-yessisem d Augustus s tazwara. Yefka-yas kan azwel n Caesar. Tamsalt-a tessekcem Qusṭantin deg yiwet n tɣawsa tameqqrant: anadi ɣef adabu arumani s tallelt n teserdast. Deg yiseggasen i d-iteddun, Qusṭantin isnerna adabu-is deg Galiya, Britanya d kra n temnaḍin n Uṛupa n umalu. Yesbed daɣen assaɣen n tsertit s yimenkaden nniḍen. Deg 307, yezweǧ Fausta, yell-is n umenkad aqdim Maximian. Zwaǧ-a yella daɣen d yiwet n tarrayt n usdukkel n yiɛeggalen n udabu. == 4. Ṭṭradat n Qusṭantin akked Maxentius (312) == === 4.1. Anwa i yellan d ''Maxentius''? === ''Maxentius'' d mmi-s n ''Maximian'', yiwen n yimenkaden iqburen n tetrarkiya. Yuɣal d amenkad deg Ruma deg 306, yerna yeṭṭef kra n temnaḍin n ṭṭelyan d Tafriqt Tarumanit. Qusṭantin d ''Maxentius'' uɣalen d imnaɣen ɣef udabu n umalu. Deg 312, Qusṭantin yefren ad yessekcem taserdast-is ɣer ṭṭelyan iwakken ad yernu Maxentius. === 4.2. Akabar n Itelya === Qusṭantin yessufeɣ taserdast-is seg ''Galiya'', yezger idurar n ''Alpes'', yerna kra n isedasen n yigen n ''Maxentius'' deg temdinin n usamar n ṭṭelyan. Yerbeḥ deg ''Turin'', ''Verona'' d yimukan nniḍen, syin yuɣal ɣer [[Roma|Ruma]]. Maxentius yefren ad yessuffeɣ taserdast-is seg Ruma iwakken ad yemmager Qusṭantin. === 4.3. Ṭṭrad n Teqenṭert n Milvius === [[Tugna:Ponte Milvio-side view-antmoose.jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Tiqenṭart n Milvius, anda i d-yeḍra amennuɣ gar Qusṭantin d Maxentius.]] Deg 28 Kṭuber 312, sin n yimeqqranen mmagren ɣef teqenṭert n Milvius (Pons Milvius), deg ugafa n Ruma. Tarrayt n Qusṭantin, akked udabu-s ɣef yigen, teǧǧa-t ad yerbeḥ ṭṭrad. Deg trewla-ines ɣer Ruma, Maxentius yeɣli deg wasif n Tiber, yemmut deg waman. Tameɣra n Qusṭantin tebna ɣef rbeḥ-a, imi seg wass-nni yuɣal d amenkad yesɛan adabu ɣef umalu n Tgelda Tarumanit. Ṭṭrad-a ad yesɛu daɣen azal ameqqran deg umezruy n tmeslayt tamasiḥit. == 5. Tirgit n Qusṭantin d uqerrub-is ɣer usɣan(ddin) amasiḥi == === 5.1. D acu i d-yellan uqbel ṭṭrad? === Imezrayen n tallit taqdimt ḥkan-d belli Qusṭantin yeẓra azamul deg yigenni neɣ yurga tirgit uqbel ṭṭrad n Milvius. Maca iɣbula ur msefhamen ara ɣef wamek i yeḍra. '''''Lactantius''''', ameskar amasiḥi n tasut tis IV, yura belli Qusṭantin yettwawelleh deg targit iwakken ad yerr azamul amasiḥi ɣef yiwen seg yizamulen n teserdast-is. Eusebius n Qaysariya, i yuran Vita Constantini, yefka-d taḥkayt nniḍen, anda Qusṭantin yeẓra, ilmend n wayen i d-yenna, azamul n ufus amasiḥi(amidag) deg yigenni. Deg yiɣbula n tmasiḥit, taḥkayt-a tettwaqqen ɣer wawal alatini: '''In hoc signo vinces — «S uzamul-a ara terbeḥeḍ.»''' Maca ur nezmir ara ad nini s tidet belli ayen i d-yettwaḥkan deg yiɣbula-a yeḍra akken i t-id-uran. Imezrayen imiranen kkaten-d deg taḥkayat-a imi tella deg-sent tmuɣli n ddin, tazerfa n udabu-s d usnulfu n tugna n umenkad. Amgired gar ''Lactantius'' d ''Eusebius'', akked wakud anda ttwarun iɣbula-nsen, yettaǧǧa tamsalt-a d tin ɣef mazal yettili unadi n umezruy. === 5.2. Qusṭantin d amasiḥi neɣ d afagan? === Tamsalt-a ur tefru ara s yiwet n tririt tafessast. Qusṭantin yella deg tmetti tarumanit anda llan aṭas n yisɣanen d leɛwayed n wafagan. Deg tazwara n udabu-is, yella yesskanay-d assaɣen d ddin n yiṭij, ladɣa d Sol Invictus. Maca seg 312 d asawen, aselḥu-s yesɛa ugar n wassaɣen d tmeslayt [[tamasiḥit]]. Yebda yettak-as tallelt, yettqabal imrabḍen-is, yerna yebna tallelt-is tasertant ɣef tɣessa-s. Ihi, nezmer ad nini belli Qusṭantin yuɣal yettak afus i ddin amasiḥi, maca '''ur nezmir ara ad nẓer s tidet''' melmi i tbeddel tikti-s n ddin, neɣ amek i tella taflest-is tagensant. Tamsalt n ddin-is tban-d daɣen deg wayen i yeḍran ɣer taggara n tudert-is, imi ur yettwaɣḍes ara deg waman n lebni amasiḥi (baptême) alamma d aseggas 337, deg wakud i yella yettwaḍen. == 6. Asaḍuf n Milan (313): abeddel ameqqran deg umezruy n ddin == Deg useggas 313, Qusṭantin yemlal d ''Licinius'', amenkad n usamar n Tgelda Tarumanit, deg temdint n Milan. Sin n yimenkaden msefhamen ɣef yiwet n tsertit tamaynut i yeɛnan tilelli n ddin deg tgelda. Tizrawin n umezruy semman-as '''Asaḍuf n Milan''' (Edictum Mediolanense). === 6.1. D acu i d-yella deg talwit-a? === Iswi-is yella d aḥraz n tilelli n ddin i yimdanen n Tgelda Tarumanit. Imasḥiyen, i yellan d wid i yettwaḥebsen neɣ yettwaneɣan deg kra n talliyin yezrin, uɣalen sɛan azref ad ɛebden ddin-nsen war aḥebbes seg tmenkda. Adabu yessuter daɣen ad ttwaldin kra n yixxamen n usɣan [[Tamasiḥit|amasiḥi]] akked wayen i as-yettwakkesen deg tallit n uqehher. Maca ilaq ad nefhem yiwet n tɣawsa: Asaḍuf n Milan ur yerr ara ddin amasiḥi d ddin unṣib n Tmenkda Tarumanit. Tefka tilelli n ddin, ur teḥbis ara meṛṛa leɛwayed n wafagan, ur tessekcem ara akk imdanen deg usɣan amasiḥi. Ddɣa, deg tallit n Qusṭantin, isɣanen iqburen mazal llan deg tmetti tarumanit. === 6.2. Amgired gar Qusṭantin d Dyuklisyan === Deg 303, deg wakud n [[Dyuklisyan]], tella yiwet n tsertit taẓayant mgal yimasḥiyen. Kra n tklizin ttwamdlent, idlisen n ddin ttwaseṛɣen, yerna aṭas n yimasḥiyen ɛeddan ɣef lmeḥna. Deg tallit n Qusṭantin, tamsalt-a tbeddel. Anekcum n ddin amasiḥi deg tsertit n uwanek yella d yiwen n yiberdan imeqqranen n ubeddel n tmetti tarumanit. Maca anamek n ubeddel-a ur d-yemmal ara belli Tmenkda Tarumanit tuɣal d tamasiḥit deg yiwen wass. Abeddel yella s leɛqel, yerna yedda deg waṭas n tasutin. == 7. Ṭṭradat d Licinius d usdukkel n Tgelda Tarumanit (316–324) == Deffir talwit n Milan, Qusṭantin d ''Licinius'' llan d sin n yimenkaden imeqqranen. Qusṭantin yeṭṭef amalu n tgelda, Licinius yeṭṭef aḥric ameqqran n usamar. Assaɣen-nsen llan d wid iweɛren, ɣas akken Licinius yezweǧ Kunsṭantiya, ultma-s n Qusṭantin. === 7.1. Ṭṭrad n Cibalae === Deg 316, neɣ 314 ilmend n kra n yiɣbula, ṭṭrad amezwaru ameqqran gar-asen yeḍra deg ''Cibalae'', deg temnaḍt n Karwasya n wass-a. Qusṭantin yerbeḥ ṭṭrad-a. Deffir-s, ṭṭrad nniḍen yeḍra ɣef temnaḍt n ''Mardia''. Sin n yimenkaden msefhamen ɣef talwit, maca assaɣen-nsen warǧǧin llan rakden. === 7.2. Ṭṭrad aneggaru deg 324 === Deg 324, Qusṭantin yessufeɣ agraw aserdasi ameqqran mgal Licinius. Ṭṭradat imeqqranen ḍran deg: - ''Adrianopolis'', deg [[Tturk|Tturkya]] n wass-a. - ''Hellespont'', deg yilel gar Uṛupa d Asya. - ''Chrysopolis'', i d-yeqqimen ass-a deg tama tasya n Istanbul. Qusṭantin yerbeḥ Licinius deg Kṭuber 324. Licinius yeqbel ad yefk adabu, maca deg useggas 325 yettwanɣa s unamek n uḥraz n udabu n Qusṭantin. Sya ɣer zdat, Qusṭantin yuɣal d amenkad awḥid n Tmenkda Tarumanit meṛṛa. Ayen ur nessawaḍ ara ad yeg Dyuklisyan s tetrarkiya, Qusṭantin yessaweḍ ad t-yeg s ṭṭradat d wassaɣen n udabu. == 8. Asbeddi n Qusṭanṭiniya: tamdint tamaynut n tgelda == [[Tugna:Theodosian Walls in Constantinople 2.jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Iɣraben iqburen n Qusṭanṭiniya.]] === 8.1. Ayɣer Qusṭantin yefren Byzantion? === Deffir rbeḥ-is ɣef Licinius, Qusṭantin yebɣa ad yesbed yiwet n temdint tamanaɣt i udabu-is. Yefren temdint taqdimt n Byzantion, i yellan deg uḍiq agensu gar ilel Aberkan d ilel n Marmara. Tamnaḍt-a tesɛa azal ameqqran deg umezruy, deg ttjara d tsertit taserdasit. ''Byzantion'' teṭṭef amkan gar Uṛupa d Asya. Tella ɣef teqenṭert n yiberdan n ttjara i d-yettasen seg usamar ɣer umalu. Aman n Bosphorus, akked ufran n umkan-is, teǧǧa-tt d yiwet n temdint yezmer ad ttwaḥrez s shala ugar n waṭas n temdinin. === 8.2. Asbeddi n Qusṭanṭiniya === Deg 11 Mayyu 330, Qusṭantin yessekcem tamdint tamaynut deg wudmawen n udabu. Yefka-yas azal n yiwet n temdint tanamkant n tgelda. Tamdint-a tettwasemma Constantinopolis, anamek-is «Tamdint n Qusṭantin». Tettwafren daɣen s yisem n Ruma Tamaynut (Nova Roma). Maca ilaq ad nẓer belli Qusṭantin ur yebni ara tamdint-a seg ulac. Yessnerna tamezdeɣt n Byzantion, isbedd deg-s iberdan imeqqranen, tigejda n tedbelt, imukan n tɣuri, isayesen, temsirin d yixxamen n udabu. === 8.3. Tamsalt n Qusṭanṭiniya deg umezruy === Tamdint-a tuɣal sya ɣer zdat d yiwet n temdinin timeqqranin n umaḍal. Deffir tmettant n Qusṭantin, ad teqqim d amkan agejdan n udabu arumani deg usamar. Deg 395, mi tbeddel tɣessa n udabu gar umalu d usamar, Qusṭanṭiniya tuɣal d tamezdeɣt n udabu n tgelda tarumanit n usamar. Deffir aɣelluy n udabu arumani deg umalu deg 476, tamdint-a teqqim d amkan agejdan n tgelda i d-yettkemmilen amezruy arumani. Deg umezruy amiran, tgelda-a tettwasemma aṭas Tgelda Tabizantin. Maca imezdaɣ-is ur semman ara i yiman-nsen «Bizantiyen» deg unamek amiran. Ttwalin iman-nsen d Irumanen, yerna ssawalen i tgelda-nsen tagelda tarumanit. == 9. Agraw n Nikiya (325) d ubeddel n tmeslayt tamasiḥit == [[Tugna:Nicea.jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Agraw n Nikiya.]] Deg useggas 325, Qusṭantin yessuter ad yemlil ugraw ameqqran n yimrabḍen imasiḥiyen deg temdint n Nikiya, i d-yeqqimen ass-a d ''İznik'' deg [[Tturk|Turkya]]. Agraw-a yettwassnen s yisem n Agraw Amezwaru n Nikiya. === 9.1. D acu i d-ugur i yellan? === Deg tallit-a, tella temgarda tameqqrant gar yimasḥiyen ɣef tɣawsa n tɣessa n Yasuɛ Lmasiḥ d wassaɣ-is d Rebbi. [[Aryus]] yella d yiwen n yimrabḍen(argaz n ddin neɣ n usɣan) n temdint n Aleksandriya. Yella yettwali belli Mmi-s n Rebbi ur yelli ara d aqdim am Baba-s, imi tella tallit anda ur yelli ara. Imrabḍen nniḍen ur qbilen ara tikti-a. Llan ttwalin belli Mmi-s d aqdim am Baba-s, yerna d yiwen n ugama n tɣellist tarrabanit. Tamsalt-a tessekcem imasiḥiyen deg yiwen n ccwal ameqqran. === 9.2. D acu i yexdem Qusṭantin? === Qusṭantin, i yebɣan ad yesɛu talwit deg tmeslayt tamasiḥit, yessuter ad yemlil ugraw n yimrabḍen. Ur yelli ara d amrabḍ, ur yelli ara d ameqqran n tussna n ddin, maca yella d amenkad i yesɛan tazmert ad yesdukkel imdanen deg yiwen n ugraw. Agraw n Nikiya yefka azal i tikti n ''homoousios'', i d-yemmalen belli Mmi-s d Baba-s sɛan yiwet n tɣessa n ugama n yillu(agama n ṛebbi). Agraw yefren daɣen kra n yilugan i yesɛan assaɣ d ddin, d uselḥu n tmeslayt s tmuɣli tamasiḥit. === 9.3. Azal n ugraw-a === Agraw n Nikiya yesɛa azal ameqqran deg umezruy amasiḥi, imi d yiwen seg yigrawen imeqqranen imezwura i yebnan tikti tamasiḥit n tmeslayin d tmuɣliwin timeqqranin n usɣan-agi. Maca ur yelli ara d taggara n ccwal. Amgired gar yimasḥiyen ɣef tamsalt n Aryus akked taluft n [[Tadunatit|yidunatiden]] tekkemmel deg yiseggasen i d-iteddun, ɣas akken Qusṭantin yeɛreḍ ad yefru. Ilaq daɣen ad nẓer belli agraw-a ur d-yessnulfa ara ddin amasiḥi. Ddin-a yella uqbel Qusṭantin s waṭas n tasutin. Agraw yeɛreḍ ad yefru amgired gar yimasḥiyen ɣef kra n tɣawsiwin n lmendad n ddin. == 10. Tasertit n Qusṭantin deg Tafriqt n Ugafa == Aḥric-a yesɛa azal ameqqran i umezruy n yimaziɣen, imi Tafriqt n Ugafa tella d yiwet seg temnaḍin timeqqranin n Tgelda Tarumanit. === 10.1. Tafriqt deg tallit n Qusṭantin === Deg tazwara n tasut tis IV, Tafriqt n Ugafa tella d tamnaḍt i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg tdamsa, deg tsertit d ddin. Gar temdinin-is timeqqranin: - '''Qerṭaj''' (Carthago), tamdint tameqqrant n Tafriqt Tarumanit. - '''Sirta'''(Kirtan), i yettwasemman sya ɣer zdat Constantine. - '''Hippo Regius''', i d-yeqqimen ass-a deg temnaḍt n Ɛennaba. - '''Kwikul'''(Cuicul), i d-yuɣalen ass-a d Ǧmila. - '''Tamugadi''', i d-yuɣalen ass-a d Timgad. - '''Tivest'''(Theveste), i d-yeqqimen ass-a d Tebessa. Amezruy n temnaḍin-a yella d amezruy n tdukli d umgired gar tmetti tarumanit, timettiyin timaziɣin tiqburin, ddin amasiḥi d leɛwayed n wafagan. === 10.2. Qusṭantin d temdint n Kirtan(Sirta) === Tamdint n Sirta tella d yiwet seg temdinin timeqqranin n Numidya. Deg tallit n Qusṭantin, tamdint-a tettwaseggem deffir kra n yimenɣiyen iserdasiyen i d-yeḍran. Yettwassnen belli deg 313, Sirta tuɣal tettwasemma Qunṭantin, s yisem n umenkad Qusṭantin. Tamdint-a teqqim tesɛa isem-is armi d tallit tamirant: Qusṭanṭina. Abeddel n yisem-a yeskanay-d azal i yesɛa Qusṭantin deg tsertit n Numidya n tallit-nni. === 10.3. Tazɣent n Dunatus deg Tafriqt === Deg tallit-a tella yiwen n umgirred ameqqran gar yimasḥiyen n Tafriqt. Deg taggara n tallit n uqehher n [[Dyuklisyan]], kra n yimrabḍen ttwaccahden belli fkan idlisen n ddin i udabu arumani. Deffir uqehher, tella taluft-a: ma yezmer umrabḍ i yellan deg ugur-a ad yuɣal ɣer tmasiḥit s wudem n wargaz n ddin, neɣ ilaq ad yettwakks seg umkan-is? Tamsalt-a teǧǧa imasiḥiyen n Tafriqt ad bḍun ɣef sin n yiberdan. Yiwen n uḥric yella yedda d ''Caecilianus'', amrabḍ n Qerṭaj. Aḥric nniḍen yella yedda d ''Majorinus'', syin d [[Dunatus Maɣnus|Dunatus]], i d-yuɣalen d yiwen n yimeqqranen n umussu-a. Amussu-a yettwassnen deg umezruy s yisem [[Tadunatit]](Donatisme). === 10.4. Anekcum n Qusṭantin deg taluft-a === Qusṭantin yeɛreḍ ad yefru amgirred-a. Deg 313, yessuter ad yemlil ugraw n yimrabḍen deg Ruma. Agraw-a yefka afus i ''Caecilianus'', maca imdukkal n Dunatus ur qbilen ara taɣtas-is. Deg 314, Qusṭantin yessuter agraw nniḍen deg Arles, deg Galiya. Agraw-a yesbedd daɣen taɣtas i d-yefka ugraw n Ruma. Maca amgirred ur yefru ara. Deg 316, Qusṭantin yessekcem adabu-is iwakken ad iḥbes imdukkal n Dounatus. Kra n yixxamen n ddin ttwakksen, kra n yimrabḍen ttwassenɣen seg temnaḍin-nsen. Tasertit-a ur tessawaḍ ara ad teḥbes uamussu-a. Deg 321, Qusṭantin yessers aḥric ameqqran n tsertit n uḥebbes, maca Tadunatit ikemmel ad yettnerni deg Tafriqt. Imezrayen n ddin sneqdacen tazɣent-a am yiwet n tɣawsa tameqqrant deg umezruy n usɣan amasiḥi n Tafriqt ugafa. === 10.5. Tadunatit d yimaziɣen === Tella yiwet n tamsalt i ilaq ad d-nessuter deg umezruy-a: assaɣ gar Tadunatit d yimaziɣen. Deg kra n temnaḍin n Numidya, Tadunatit tesɛa imdukkal aṭas, ladɣa deg temnaḍin n berra n temdinin timeqqranin. Maca ur nezmir ara ad nini belli Tadunatit tella d ddin n yimaziɣen kan, neɣ belli tella deg-s tagrawla n yimaziɣen mgal Ruma. Yella deg-s umgirred n ddin, assaɣen n udabu, timsal n leḥkem n yimrabḍen, akked kra n yimgirrden n tmetti. Imezrayen ttwalin belli assaɣ gar Tadunatit, timettiyin timaziɣin d tsertit tarumanit yella d tin iweɛren ad yettwafhem s yiwet n tekti kan. Aḥric ameqqran n umezruy-a ad ikemmel deg tasut tis IV d tis V, ladɣa deg tallit n [[Agerram Augustin (Saint Augustin)|Uɣustin n Hippo]]. == 11. Tadamsa d tedrimt deg tallit n Qusṭantin == === 11.1. Asnerni n tedrimt n wureɣ === [[Tugna:Constantinus I. - Münzkabinett, Berlin - 5548253.jpg|centré|vignette|350x350px|Tadrimt tarumanit deg tallit n Qusṭantin Amezwaru.]] Yiwen seg leqdicat imeqqranen n Qusṭantin yella deg tsertit n tedrimt. Yesnerna aseqdec n yiwet n tedrimt n wureɣ i yettwasemman '''solidus'''. Solidus ytella d tadrimt n wureɣ i yesɛan azal yettwasbadun, d ayen i yessnernan taɣellist n tedrimt deg kra n yiḥricen n tdamsa. S usemḍfer n yiseggasen, solidus tuɣal d yiwet n yidrimen imeqqranen n tgelda tarumanit, yerna ikemmel useqdec-is deg tallit tabizantin. Maca tasertit-a ur tefru ara meṛṛa uguren n tdamsa. Timetti tarumanit mazal teɛna-tt tazɣent n tedrimt n lfeḍḍa d yidrimen imeẓẓyanen, ladɣa gar yimezdaɣen ur nesɛi ara aṭas n wayla. === 11.2. Timdinin d yixeddamen n tdamsa === Qusṭantin yeḥrez, yerna yesnerna, kra n tɣessiwin n tedamsa i d-yellan seg tallit n [[Dyuklisyan]]. Taddart n yifellaḥen, amkan n yimeẓẓyanen deg temdinin, akked ilugan n lexlaṣ n tebzar d wamek i ttwaxllaṣent ilmend n umhaz-nsent . Adabu yella yebɣa ad yesɛu idrimen i useḥrez n teserdast, labni n temdinin d leqdicat n tedbelt. Maca kra n yisutar n tebzar sɛan aẓayer aẓayan ɣef temnaḍin n lexla(beṛṛa n temdinin). === 12. Taserdast n Qusṭantin === Qusṭantin yella d amenkad i yellan yesɛa tirmit tameqqrant deg teserdast(igen). Yessnerna tɣessa taserdasit i d-yebna Dyuklisyan. Deg tallit-is, taserdast tarumanit tella tesɛa sin n yiḥricen imeqqranen: '''Iserdasen n tlisa''', i yellan ttwaḥrazen deg temnaḍin n berra n tgelda, akked iserdasen n daxel, i yezmer umenkad ad yessekcem ɣer kra n yigrawen d temdinin s zreb. Tarrayt-a teǧǧa-t ad yesɛu tazmert ad yessufeɣ tiserdasin ɣer yimukan i yeḥwaǧen tallelt. === 12.1. Iɛessasen n umenkad === Qusṭantin yesbed daɣen tɣessa n yiɛessasen iserdasiyen i yettwassnen s yisem n '''Scholae Palatinae'''. Tigrawin-a uɣalent d yiwet n tɣessa taserdasit i yettwaḥsaben d taɣawsa n umenkad. S wakka, Qusṭantin yessefk daɣen aɣelluy n tɣessa taqdimt n iɛessasen n ''Tredsa Praetorian'', i yellan tesɛa azal ameqqran deg tsertit n Ruma. Tredsa-a tella tesɛa aṭas n wassaɣen d yimenkaden iqburen, yerna deg talliyin yezrin tesɛa afus deg usbeddi neɣ deg usseɣli n yimenkaden. Qusṭantin yebɣa ad as-yekkes tazmert-a. === 12.2. Tilisa n tmnekda === Deg tallit n Qusṭantin, Tgelda Tarumanit teqqim tettnaɣ ɣef kra n tlisa-s. Deg ugafa n Uṛupa, llan ṭṭradat mgal iɣerfanen iǧermaniyen, ladɣa ama deg temnaḍin n Rhin ama deg temnaḍin n Danub. Deg usamar, yella ccwal d Tgelda Tasanit n Fars. Qusṭantin yella yettsewjed tirnit taserdasit mgal Fars uqbel tamettant-is, maca ur yessaweḍ ara ad yessufeɣ amenuɣ-a. == 13. Ilugan d tsertit n tmetti == Qusṭantin yessufeɣ-d aṭas n yilugan i yeɛnan tudert n yimdanen deg tgelda. Leqdicat-is deg taɣult-a sɛan sin n wudmawen: kra ttawin-d abeddel ɣer wayen yelhan, maca kra n yilugan nniḍen ttwaḥsaben d iqesḥanen aṭas. === 13.1. Tamsalt n waklan === Deg tallit-is, Qusṭantin yessekcem kra n ubeddel deg yilugan i yeɛnan aklan. Yesseɣti kra n yisutar i yeɛnan tmetti, maca ur yekkes ara tamsalt n yimaklan. Tamsalt n waklan teqqim d yiwet n tɣessiwin n tmetti tarumanit. === 13.2. Izrefen n twaculin === Qusṭantin yessekcem ilugan imaynuten i yeɛnan zwaǧ, tameṭṭut, iḥricen n twacult, akked wayla n yimdanen. Deg 320, yekkes kra n yiɣilifen n uzref i yellan ɣef wid ur nezwiǧ ara, ilmend n yilugan iqburen n [[Ugustus|Uɣustus]]. Maca ilugan-is nniḍen deg tamsalt n zwaǧ d yizerfan n twaculin qqimen d wid iweɛren. Tazrawt n tmezrayt ''Judith Evans Grubb''s teskanay-d belli ur ilaq ara ad neḥseb yal abeddel n uzref deg tallit-a d aḥric n tsertit tamasiḥit, imi aṭas n yilugan sdukklen leɛwayed tiqburin n Ruma d tɣessiwin timaynuten n tmetti. === 13.3. Ilugan iqesḥanen === Deg kra n temsal n uzref, Qusṭantin yesnerna tazmert n uɛaqeb. Kra n tilufa, ladɣa tin i yeɛnan zwaǧ d yizerfan n tmetti, sɛant aɛaqeb aqesḥan. Tamsalt-a teskanay-d belli Qusṭantin ur yelli ara d amenkad i yessuturen kan talwit d tilelli. Yella daɣen d amenkad i yesɛan tasertit taẓayant n uḥraz n udabu d tɣessiwin n tmetti. ezl02yoet7umw84wwulpqjllyg5wfmj 10 25614 117676 117654 2026-10-16T13:36:38Z Gurzil90x 14292 117676 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{Infobox | name = {{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}} | image = <div style="text-align:center;">{{#if:{{{logo_file|}}}|[[File:{{{logo_file}}}|frameless|200px]]|{{#if:{{{logo|}}}|{{{logo}}}|{{#if:{{{image_file|}}}|[[File:{{{image_file}}}|frameless|280px]]|{{{image|}}}}}}}}}</div> | caption = <div style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;">{{#if:{{{logo_file|}}}{{{logo|}}}|{{{logo_caption|}}}|{{{image_caption|}}}}}</div> | data1 = <div style="background:#eaecf0; padding:0.45em; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:0.5em;">Talɣut ɣef termist</div>{{#if:{{{logo_file|}}}{{{logo|}}}|{{#if:{{{image_file|}}}{{{image|}}}|<div style="text-align:center;">{{#if:{{{image_file|}}}|[[File:{{{image_file}}}|frameless|280px]]|{{{image|}}}}}<div style="font-size:90%; color:#54595d; margin-top:0.3em;">{{{image_caption|}}}</div></div>}}}} | label2 = Isem unṣib | data2 = {{{official_name|}}} | label3 = Alugu | data3 = {{{logo_name|}}} | label4 = Azamul | data4 = {{{symbol|}}} | label5 = Tabzimt | data5 = {{{label|}}} | label6 = Anaw n teṛmist | data6 = {{{type|}}} | label7 = Azemz n usbeddi | data7 = {{{founded|}}} | label8 = Amesbedday | data8 = {{{founder|}}} | label9 = Tasɣimt tagejdant | data9 = {{{headquarters|}}} | label10 = Tamurt | data10 = {{{country|}}} | label11 = Taɣult n urmud | data11 = {{{industry|}}} | label12 = Ifarisen | data12 = {{{products|}}} | label13 = Imeẓla | data13 = {{{services|}}} | label14 = Imḍebbren | data14 = {{{key_people|}}} | label15 = Ixeddamen | data15 = {{{employees|}}} | label16 = Amaduf | data16 = {{#if:{{{revenue|}}}|{{{revenue}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{wikidata_revenue|}}}|yes|{{#invoke:AmadufWikidata/bac-asen|revenue|item={{{wikidata_item|}}}}}|}}}} | label17 = Tagenfit | data17 = {{{profit|}}} | label18 = Tigenfit n taggara | data18 = {{{net_income|}}} | label19 = Tiṛmisin tinaddawin | data19 = {{{subsidiaries|}}} | label20 = Tiɣbula | data20 = {{{resources|}}} | label21 = Taɛkwamt | data21 = {{{expenses|}}} | label22 = Asmel unṣib | data22 = {{{website|}}} }}</includeonly><noinclude> == Aseqdec == <pre> {{Infobox company | name = | logo = | logo_caption = | official_name = | logo_name = | symbol = | label = | type = | founded = | founder = | headquarters = | country = | industry = | products = | services = | key_people = | employees = | revenue = | profit = | net_income = | subsidiaries = | resources = | expenses = | website = }} </pre> </noinclude> <noinclude> <templatedata> { "description": "Talɣa n yisallen ɣef termist.", "format": "block", "params": { "name": { "label": "Isem", "description": "Isem n termist.", "type": "line", "suggested": true }, "official_name": { "label": "Isem unsib", "type": "line" }, "image": { "label": "Tugna", "description": "Tugna n termist.", "type": "content" }, "image_file": { "label": "Afaylu n tugna", "description": "Isem n ufaylu n tugna, war tira n [[File:...]].", "type": "wiki-file-name" }, "image_caption": { "label": "Asegzi n tugna", "description": "Asegzi n tugna n termist.", "type": "string" }, "type": { "label": "Anaw n termist", "type": "line" }, "founded": { "label": "Azemz n usebddi", "type": "line" }, "founder": { "label": "Amesbedday", "type": "string" }, "headquarters": { "label": "Tasɣimt tagejdant", "type": "line" }, "country": { "label": "Tamurt", "type": "line" }, "industry": { "label": "Taɣult n urmud", "type": "line" }, "products": { "label": "Ifarisen", "type": "string" }, "website": { "label": "Asmel unsib", "type": "url" }, "logo": { "label": "Alugu", "description": "Alugu n termist.", "type": "content" }, "logo_file": { "label": "Afaylu n ulugu", "description": "Isem n ufaylu n ulugu, war tira n [[File:...]].", "type": "wiki-file-name" }, "logo_caption": { "label": "Asegzi n ulugu", "type": "string" }, "logo_name": { "label": "Isem n ulugu", "type": "line" }, "symbol": { "label": "Azamul", "type": "line" }, "label": { "label": "Tabzimt", "type": "line" }, "services": { "label": "Imeẓla", "type": "string" }, "key_people": { "label": "Imdanen igejdanen", "type": "string" }, "employees": { "label": "Ixeddamen", "type": "line" }, "revenue": { "label": "Amaduf", "type": "line" }, "profit": { "label": "Tagenfit", "type": "line" }, "net_income": { "label": "Tigenfit n taggara", "type": "line" }, "subsidiaries": { "label": "Tiṛmisin tinaddawin", "type": "string" }, "resources": { "label": "Tiɣbula", "type": "string" }, "expenses": { "label": "Taɛkwamt", "type": "line" } } } </templatedata> </noinclude> 680l3l19u90buqko69q69x4774w44bz 117678 117676 2026-10-16T13:43:19Z Gurzil90x 14292 117678 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{Infobox | name = {{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}} | image = <div style="text-align:center;">{{#if:{{{logo_file|}}}|[[File:{{{logo_file}}}|frameless|200px]]|{{#if:{{{logo|}}}|{{{logo}}}|{{#if:{{{image_file|}}}|[[File:{{{image_file}}}|frameless|280px]]|{{{image|}}}}}}}}}</div> | caption = <div style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;">{{#if:{{{logo_file|}}}{{{logo|}}}|{{{logo_caption|}}}|{{{image_caption|}}}}}</div> | data1 = <div style="background:#eaecf0; padding:0.45em; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:0.5em;">Talɣut ɣef termist</div>{{#if:{{{logo_file|}}}{{{logo|}}}|{{#if:{{{image_file|}}}{{{image|}}}|<div style="text-align:center;">{{#if:{{{image_file|}}}|[[File:{{{image_file}}}|frameless|280px]]|{{{image|}}}}}<div style="font-size:90%; color:#54595d; margin-top:0.3em;">{{{image_caption|}}}</div></div>}}}} | label2 = Isem unṣib | data2 = {{{official_name|}}} | label3 = Alugu | data3 = {{{logo_name|}}} | label4 = Azamul | data4 = {{{symbol|}}} | label5 = Tabzimt | data5 = {{{label|}}} | label6 = Anaw n teṛmist | data6 = {{{type|}}} | label7 = Azemz n usbeddi | data7 = {{{founded|}}} | label8 = Amesbedday | data8 = {{{founder|}}} | label9 = Tasɣimt tagejdant | data9 = {{{headquarters|}}} | label10 = Tamurt | data10 = {{{country|}}} | label11 = Taɣult n urmud | data11 = {{{industry|}}} | label12 = Ifarisen | data12 = {{{products|}}} | label13 = Imeẓla | data13 = {{{services|}}} | label14 = Imḍebbren | data14 = {{{key_people|}}} | label15 = Ixeddamen | data15 = {{{employees|}}} | label16 = Amaduf | data16 = {{#if:{{{revenue|}}}|{{{revenue}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{wikidata_revenue|}}}|yes|{{#invoke:AmadufWikidata/bac-asen|revenueWithChange|item={{{wikidata_item|}}}}}|}}}} | label17 = Tagenfit | data17 = {{{profit|}}} | label18 = Tigenfit n taggara | data18 = {{{net_income|}}} | label19 = Tiṛmisin tinaddawin | data19 = {{{subsidiaries|}}} | label20 = Tiɣbula | data20 = {{{resources|}}} | label21 = Taɛkwamt | data21 = {{{expenses|}}} | label22 = Asmel unṣib | data22 = {{{website|}}} }}</includeonly><noinclude> == Aseqdec == <pre> {{Infobox company | name = | logo = | logo_caption = | official_name = | logo_name = | symbol = | label = | type = | founded = | founder = | headquarters = | country = | industry = | products = | services = | key_people = | employees = | revenue = | profit = | net_income = | subsidiaries = | resources = | expenses = | website = }} </pre> </noinclude> <noinclude> <templatedata> { "description": "Talɣa n yisallen ɣef termist.", "format": "block", "params": { "name": { "label": "Isem", "description": "Isem n termist.", "type": "line", "suggested": true }, "official_name": { "label": "Isem unsib", "type": "line" }, "image": { "label": "Tugna", "description": "Tugna n termist.", "type": "content" }, "image_file": { "label": "Afaylu n tugna", "description": "Isem n ufaylu n tugna, war tira n [[File:...]].", "type": "wiki-file-name" }, "image_caption": { "label": "Asegzi n tugna", "description": "Asegzi n tugna n termist.", "type": "string" }, "type": { "label": "Anaw n termist", "type": "line" }, "founded": { "label": "Azemz n usebddi", "type": "line" }, "founder": { "label": "Amesbedday", "type": "string" }, "headquarters": { "label": "Tasɣimt tagejdant", "type": "line" }, "country": { "label": "Tamurt", "type": "line" }, "industry": { "label": "Taɣult n urmud", "type": "line" }, "products": { "label": "Ifarisen", "type": "string" }, "website": { "label": "Asmel unsib", "type": "url" }, "logo": { "label": "Alugu", "description": "Alugu n termist.", "type": "content" }, "logo_file": { "label": "Afaylu n ulugu", "description": "Isem n ufaylu n ulugu, war tira n [[File:...]].", "type": "wiki-file-name" }, "logo_caption": { "label": "Asegzi n ulugu", "type": "string" }, "logo_name": { "label": "Isem n ulugu", "type": "line" }, "symbol": { "label": "Azamul", "type": "line" }, "label": { "label": "Tabzimt", "type": "line" }, "services": { "label": "Imeẓla", "type": "string" }, "key_people": { "label": "Imdanen igejdanen", "type": "string" }, "employees": { "label": "Ixeddamen", "type": "line" }, "revenue": { "label": "Amaduf", "type": "line" }, "profit": { "label": "Tagenfit", "type": "line" }, "net_income": { "label": "Tigenfit n taggara", "type": "line" }, "subsidiaries": { "label": "Tiṛmisin tinaddawin", "type": "string" }, "resources": { "label": "Tiɣbula", "type": "string" }, "expenses": { "label": "Taɛkwamt", "type": "line" } } } </templatedata> </noinclude> 2sdjogkl0t6sh1y0a429aurjfmeaq1r 117679 117678 2026-10-16T13:49:45Z Gurzil90x 14292 117679 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{Infobox | name = {{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}} | image = <div style="text-align:center;">{{#if:{{{logo_file|}}}|[[File:{{{logo_file}}}|frameless|200px]]|{{#if:{{{logo|}}}|{{{logo}}}|{{#if:{{{image_file|}}}|[[File:{{{image_file}}}|frameless|280px]]|{{{image|}}}}}}}}}</div> | caption = <div style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;">{{#if:{{{logo_file|}}}{{{logo|}}}|{{{logo_caption|}}}|{{{image_caption|}}}}}</div> | data1 = <div style="background:#eaecf0; padding:0.45em; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:0.5em;">Talɣut ɣef termist</div>{{#if:{{{logo_file|}}}{{{logo|}}}|{{#if:{{{image_file|}}}{{{image|}}}|<div style="text-align:center;">{{#if:{{{image_file|}}}|[[File:{{{image_file}}}|frameless|280px]]|{{{image|}}}}}<div style="font-size:90%; color:#54595d; margin-top:0.3em;">{{{image_caption|}}}</div></div>}}}} | label2 = Isem unṣib | data2 = {{{official_name|}}} | label3 = Alugu | data3 = {{{logo_name|}}} | label4 = Azamul | data4 = {{{symbol|}}} | label5 = Tabzimt | data5 = {{{label|}}} | label6 = Anaw n teṛmist | data6 = {{{type|}}} | label7 = Azemz n usbeddi | data7 = {{{founded|}}} | label8 = Amesbedday | data8 = {{{founder|}}} | label9 = Tasɣimt tagejdant | data9 = {{{headquarters|}}} | label10 = Tamurt | data10 = {{{country|}}} | label11 = Taɣult n urmud | data11 = {{{industry|}}} | label12 = Ifarisen | data12 = {{{products|}}} | label13 = Imeẓla | data13 = {{{services|}}} | label14 = Imḍebbren | data14 = {{{key_people|}}} | label15 = Ixeddamen | data15 = {{{employees|}}} | label16 = Amaduf | data16 = {{#if:{{{revenue|}}}|{{{revenue}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{wikidata_revenue|}}}|yes|{{#invoke:AmadufWikidata/bac-asen|revenueWithChange|item={{{wikidata_item|}}}}}|}}}} | label17 = Tagenfit | data17 = {{{profit|}}} | label18 = Tigenfit n taggara | data18 = {{{net_income|}}} | label19 = Tiṛmisin tinaddawin | data19 = {{{subsidiaries|}}} | label20 = Tiɣbula | data20 = {{{resources|}}} | label21 = Taɛkwamt | data21 = {{{expenses|}}} | label22 = Asmel unṣib | data22 = {{{website|}}} }}</includeonly><noinclude> == Aseqdec == <pre> {{Infobox company | name = | logo = | logo_caption = | official_name = | logo_name = | symbol = | label = | type = | founded = | founder = | headquarters = | country = | industry = | products = | services = | key_people = | employees = | revenue = | profit = | net_income = | subsidiaries = | resources = | expenses = | website = }} </pre> </noinclude> <noinclude> <templatedata> { "description": "Talɣa n yisallen ɣef termist.", "format": "block", "params": { "name": { "label": "Isem", "description": "Isem n termist.", "type": "line", "suggested": true }, "official_name": { "label": "Isem unsib", "type": "line" }, "image": { "label": "Tugna", "description": "Tugna n termist.", "type": "content" }, "image_file": { "label": "Afaylu n tugna", "description": "Isem n ufaylu n tugna, war tira n [[File:...]].", "type": "wiki-file-name" }, "image_caption": { "label": "Asegzi n tugna", "description": "Asegzi n tugna n termist.", "type": "string" }, "type": { "label": "Anaw n termist", "type": "line" }, "founded": { "label": "Azemz n usebddi", "type": "line" }, "founder": { "label": "Amesbedday", "type": "string" }, "headquarters": { "label": "Tasɣimt tagejdant", "type": "line" }, "country": { "label": "Tamurt", "type": "line" }, "industry": { "label": "Taɣult n urmud", "type": "line" }, "products": { "label": "Ifarisen", "type": "string" }, "website": { "label": "Asmel unsib", "type": "url" }, "logo": { "label": "Alugu", "description": "Alugu n termist.", "type": "content" }, "logo_file": { "label": "Afaylu n ulugu", "description": "Isem n ufaylu n ulugu, war tira n [[File:...]].", "type": "wiki-file-name" }, "logo_caption": { "label": "Asegzi n ulugu", "type": "string" }, "logo_name": { "label": "Isem n ulugu", "type": "line" }, "symbol": { "label": "Azamul", "type": "line" }, "label": { "label": "Tabzimt", "type": "line" }, "services": { "label": "Imeẓla", "type": "string" }, "key_people": { "label": "Imdanen igejdanen", "type": "string" }, "employees": { "label": "Ixeddamen", "type": "line" }, "revenue": { "label": "Amaduf", "type": "line" }, "wikidata_revenue": { "label": "Amaduf seg Wikidata", "description": "Sekcem yes i wakken ad d-yettwawi umaduf s wudem awurman seg Wikidata, ma ulac azal i d-yettunefken s ufus.", "type": "line", "example": "yes" }, "wikidata_item": { "label": "Asulay Wikidata", "description": "Asulay n termist deg Wikidata, am Q20718. Yettwaseqdec ma yella ilaq.", "type": "line", "example": "Q20718" }, "profit": { "label": "Tagenfit", "type": "line" }, "net_income": { "label": "Tigenfit n taggara", "type": "line" }, "subsidiaries": { "label": "Tiṛmisin tinaddawin", "type": "string" }, "resources": { "label": "Tiɣbula", "type": "string" }, "expenses": { "label": "Taɛkwamt", "type": "line" } } } </templatedata> </noinclude> b06iu4ausx0s62c6fu4qnsrt7omcs7h 0 25616 117689 117673 2026-10-16T23:15:39Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117689 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography|item=Q7198|image=[[File:Ovid by an anonymous sculptor.jpg|thumb|Ovid sɣur yiwen umserɣta udrig]]|caption=Ovid.}} '''Ovid''', s yisem-is ummid '''Publius Ovidius Naso''', d yiwen seg yimedyazen irumanen imeqqranen n tallit taɣustit. Yella d amedyaz, amaru n tmucuha timiṭulujiyin, d win i yerran tayri, tuttya, tafekka, tamagit, lḥif akked unejli d isental igejdanen n tsekla-s. Yettwassen ladɣa s udlis-is Metamorphoses (tuttyiwin), yiwen seg yedlisen i yesɛan tazrirt tameqqrant ɣef tsekla, tasugna, tasertit n tfekka d tẓuriwin n Umaḍal n Utrim. Tudert-is tbeddel s wudem ameqqran deg useggas 8 mbaɛd talalit n Ɛisa, mi t-yessufeɣ umenkad Uɣustus seg Ruma, yerra-t ɣer Tomis, ɣef yiri n Yilel Aberkan. Dinna i yemmut, war ma yuɣal ɣer temdint i iḥemmel. Yettwaḥsab Ovid gar kraḍ n yimedyazen irumanen i d-yettwabedren s waṭas deg tsekla talaṭinit, akked '''Virgil''' (Vergilius) d '''Horace''' (Horatius). Maca yal yiwen deg-sen yesɛa aɣanib d yisental yemgaraden. == 2. Talalit d twacult-is == === 2.1. Sulmo, tamdint n Ovid === [[Tugna:PanoramaSulmona.JPG|centré|vignette|550x550px|Tamdint Sulmona deg ṭṭelyan.]] Ovid ilul ass n 20 Meɣres, deg useggas 43 send Ɛisa, di Sulmo, i d-yettwasemman ass-a Sulmona, deg temnaḍt n Abruzzo, di [[ṭṭelyan]] n wass-a. Sulmo tella d tamdint tarumanit di tmurt n Peligni, yiwen seg yiɣerfan n ṭṭelyan alqayan i yellan uqbel asnerni n Ruma. Tamnaḍt-a tettwassen s yidurar-is, izuɣar-is d wakal-is n tfellaḥt. Ovid yesɛa tawacult taɣerfant, d tin yesɛan idrimen. Baba-s yebɣa ad yili mmi-s d amdan n uẓayer deg tedbelt tarumanit, ladɣa deg uɣerbaz n uzref d tsnukyest n wawal. Deg yisefra-s, Ovid yessefk-d amek i ilul deg yiwen n useggas ara d-yeglun s ubeddel ameqqran deg umezruy arumani: d aseggas n tmettant n ''Cicero'', '''amesnukyes''' d '''amsesten''' arumani ameqqran. Deg tallit-a, Tagduda Trumanit tella tettɛeddi seg tazɣent tasertant ɣer tallit n usdukel n tezmert deg ufus n yiwen n umdan, ''Octavianus'', win ara yuɣalen d Uɣust. === 2.2. Tawacult-is d watmaten-is === Ovid yesɛa gma-s ameqqran fell-as s yiwen n useggas, i yemmuten d ameẓẓyan, mi yesɛa azal n 20 n yiseggasen. Tamettant n gma-s tella d lḥif ameqqran i twacult-is. Yella d amezwaru? Ala, Ovid yella d amecṭuḥ deg sin n watmaten. Yella diɣen d win i d-yettwabedren deg yisefra-s s tikkelt ɣer tayeḍ, imi yettmeslay ɣef tlalit-is, baba-s, yemma-s d tmurt-is. Maca ilaq ad nefrez gar wayen i d-yenna Ovid s timmad-is d wayen i nezmer ad nesseɣti s yizirigen imezruyanen: aṭas n yisallen ɣef tudert-is d netta i ten-id-yefkan. == 3. Tamẓi d uselmed-is == === 3.1. Azraw deg Ruma === Mi yella d ameẓẓyan, Ovid iruḥ ɣer Ruma akked gma-s iwakken ad lemden tasnukyest, tira, timawit d uzref. Ruma tella deg tallit-a d yiwet seg temdinin timeqqranin n umaḍal agrakal. [[Tugna:Forum romanum 6k (5760x2097).jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Ayen i d-yeqqimen seg ufurum(anmager) n ruma taqburt.]]Deg Ruma, Ovid yella deg tneɣrit n yiselmaden yettwassnen n tsnukyest n wawal. Isallen imezruyanen bedren Arellius Fuscus akked Porcius Latro gar yiselmaden-is. Iselmad-agi llan ttselmaden amek ara d-yebnu umdan awal, amek ara yessefhem tikti-s, amek ara yessfukel tiririt-is, d wamek ara yesseqdec tafyirt s wudem yettqenɛen. Ayen akk i yelmed deg tneɣrit-a ad t-id-yaf umdan deg yisefra-s: tawsit n wawal, d ubeddel n tmuɣli, anegzum n tidet d usnulfu n yimdanen n timucuha. === 3.2. Tayri-s i tsekla === Baba-s yebɣa ad yili Ovid d amsesten n uzref neɣ d amdan n tedbelt, imi taɣulin-a ttaǧǧant amdan ad yili d ameqran deg tmetti tarumanit. Maca Ovid yella yettwajbed ɣer usefru. Deg ''Tristia'', yessefhem-d belli ula d mi yebɣa ad yaru s wudem amagnu, awalen-is ttuɣalen d isefra. D taɣawsa i d-yesskanen belli asefru yella deg tudert-is seg temẓi. === 3.3. Tirza-s ɣer Yunan === Ovid yessers imeṭṭawen-is deg kra n tmura n Yunan, anda i yella umezruy ameqqran n tfelsafit, tsekla d timiṭulujit. Yettwabder belli yewweḍ ɣer Atina, Asia Tameẓẓyant akked Sicilia. Tirziwin-a ǧǧant-as ad yissin ugar tasekla tagrigit, ladɣa timucuha n yigelliden, irebbiten, yimeẓla d yimdanen i yettbeddilen talɣa-nsen. Timusniwin-a ad d-banent s wudem ameqqran deg Tuttya(''Metamorphoses)''. == 4. Tudert-is deg Ruma == === 4.1. Seg tedbelt ɣer tsekla === Mi yuɣal ɣer Ruma, Ovid yesseqdec kra n tegnatin n tedbelt tarumanit, maca ur yebɣi ara ad ikemmel deg ubrid n tsartit. Deg umḍiq n waya, yefren tudert n umedyaz. Tafrent-a tella d tameqrant: deg tmetti tarumanit n tallit-nni, amdan n twacult yesɛan idrimen yezmer ad yili d amasten, asenatuṛ neɣ amdan n tedbelt, maca tamedyazt ur yelli ara d abrid ameqqran ɣer tezmert tasertant. Ovid, imi yesɛa idrimen n twacult-is, yezmer ad yefren '''asefru''' war ma yella d amezwaru deg usɛeddi n tmeddurt. === 4.2. Imedyazen n tallit-is === Deg Ruma, Ovid yessen amek i tettnerni tsekla n tallit n Uɣust. Gar yimyura i iɛemmren tallit-is, ad d-nebder: - '''Virgil''' (Vergilius), amaru n Aeneis, amedya n usefru abelkiman arumani. - '''Horace''' (Horatius), amedyaz i yessawḍen s wudem afelsafi ɣef tudert. - '''Propertius''', win i yessnernan isefra n tayri. - '''Tibullus''', amedyaz n tayri, n tudert taḥerfit d wayen i d-yettawi lḥif. Ovid yella gar yimeggura n yimesfrayen imeqqranen n tallit taɣustit. Maca yebna aɣanib-is s umgired: deg umḍiq n uwehhi ɣer umezruy asertan d tgemmi tarumanit, yessexdem tayri, timucuha d usnulfu n yimdanen akken ad yesselḥu tasekla. === 4.3. Tameṭṭut d twacult-is === Ovid yessefk-d deg yisefra-s belli yezweǧ kraḍ n tikkal. Sin seg tsulya timezwura ur ǧǧin ara aṭas n yisallen deg umezruy. Tisulya tis kraḍ tesɛa azal ameqqran deg tudert-is, ladɣa deg tallit n unejli. Yella yesɛa yiwet n yelli-s, maca kra n yisallen ɣef twacult-is mazal ur frizen ara s wudem ummid. Tameṭṭut-is taneggarut teqqim di Ruma mi yella netta deg unejli, tettɛawan-it s wayen i tezmer, yettmeslay fell-as deg yisefra-s s waṭas n lḥif d tayri. == 5. Iqeddicat imezwura n Ovid == Tasekla n Ovid tezmer ad tettwabḍu ɣef kraḍ n talliyin: tallit n tayri, tallit n tmucuha d umezruy, akked tallit n unejli. Deg tallit tamezwarut, Ovid yella d amesfru i d-yettawin ɣef tayri, tikli n yimdanen, tameṭṭut d wassaɣen gar yimdanen. === 5.1. Amores — Tayriwin === Amores d yiwen seg yedlisen-is imezwura. Deg-s, Ovid yessawel ɣef tayri, acewwiq, tismin, asirem d lḥif i d-yettawin wassaɣen n tayri. Adlis-a yella di tazwara s semmus n yiḥricen, maca talɣa i d-yeqqimen ass-a tesɛa kraḍ n yiḥricen. Deg yisefra-a, yella yisem n ''Corinna'', tameṭṭut iɣef yettmeslay amedyaz. Maca ur nezmir ara ad nini s tidet belli Corinna tella d tameṭṭut i yessen deg tudert-is: tezmer ad tili d asebded aseklan. Ovid yesseqdec tayri am wakken d tamennawt gar sin n yimdanen, s yisental n uzray, leḥkem, tazmert d uḥulfu. === 5.2. Heroides — Tibratin n tlawin tiqerruyin === Heroides d ammud n yisefra i d-yettwasnulfan s talɣa n tebratin. Tibratin-a ttwarunt am wakken d tilawin n timucuha timiṭulujiyin i d-yettmeslayen ɣer yirgazen i ḥemmlent, maca i ten-yeǧǧan neɣ i yellan beɛden fell-asent. Gar tilawin-a: - '''Penelope''', tameṭṭut n Odysseus. - '''Dido''', tagellidt n Qerṭaj. - '''Ariadne''', tin i yeǧǧa Theseus. - '''Medea''', tin yesɛan assaɣ d Jason. - '''Phaedra''', tin i yesɛan tayri tamuḥercit. Ayen i d-yettawin Ovid d amaynut deg yisefra-a d tarrayt n uḥulfu: ur d-yettales ara kan timucuha n yirgazen iɣef ttmeslayen yimesfrayen iqburen, maca yessefk awal i tlawin i yellan, s waṭas n tikkal, deg yiri n timucuha-a. Deg Heroides, amdan yezmer ad iwali tamiṭulujit s tmuɣli n tin i yettwaǧǧan, tin i yettṛaǧun, neɣ tin i yettḥasaben d tin i yuccḍen. === 5.3. Ars Amatoria — Taẓuri n tayri === Ars Amatoria d adlis i yessuffeɣ Ovid ɣef tarrayin n usnulfu n wassaɣen n tayri. Yebḍa ɣef kraḍ n yedlisen. Sin imezwura ttmeslayen ladɣa i yirgazen, ma d wis kraḍ yettwanna i tlawin. Ovid yeskan-d deg-s amek i zemren yimdanen ad myissinen, amek ara d-yesnulfu yiwen tayri, d wamek ara yeḥrez assaɣ-is. Maca ilaq ad neɛqel belli adlis-a d aḍris aseklan, yesɛan tahuski, aceɛlal d usqerdec. Ur ilaq ara ad nerr meṛṛa ayen i d-yenna d ilugan i yesseqdecen Yirumanen akk deg tudert-nsen. Adlis-a yesɛa azal ameqqran deg umezruy n Ovid, imi yella gar sebba i d-yebder [[Ugustus|Uɣust]] mi yessufeɣ amedyaz-a seg Ruma. === 5.4. Remedia Amoris — Isɣalen n tayri === Deg Remedia Amoris, Ovid yessefhem amek ara yefsi umdan seg tayri i t-yesḥeznen, neɣ i t-yeǧǧan deg lḥif. Deg umḍiq n uselmed amek ara yebnu umdan assaɣ n tayri, adlis-a yesseqdec tarrayt-nniḍen: amek ara t-yefru. Gar tiktiwin i d-yettawi: tigawin, lxedma, iberdan n tmeslayt, d usenqes n wakud i yettɛeddi umdan di tmuɣli ɣer win i iḥemmel. === 5.5. Medea === Ovid yura diɣen yiwet n tmezgunt s uzwel Medea, i d-yettawin ɣef tameṭṭut tamiṭulujit n yisem-a. Tamezgunt-a temmut deg umezruy: ur d-teqqim ara ɣer ass-a. Ayen i nezmer ad nissin fell-as d wayen i d-bdan yimaru iqburen i tt-id-yebedren. Kra deg-sen ḥesben-tt d yiwet seg tmezgunin yelhan n tallit-nni. ljoitt7ack8zyyjcz30r2vferuvh7pt 0 25617 117681 117656 2026-10-16T14:15:41Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117681 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | name = X | logo = [[File:X logo 2023 original.svg|thumb|300 px]] | country = Iwunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt | headquarters = Bastrop, Texas | type = Taṛmist tatiknulujit | founded = 21 maɣres 2006 | industry = Iẓedwa inmettiyen | website = x.com | logo_caption = Alugu n X. | official_name = X Corp. | image = [[File:X Profile on X Website while logged out.png|thumb|Amiḍan unṣib n X ɣef tɣerɣart-is.]] }} '''X''' (yettwassnen zik s yisem n '''Twitter''') d aẓeṭṭa anmetti amirikan d taɣerɣert tumḍint n umikrublugin (''microblogging''). S tallelt-is, zemren yiseqdacen ad d-suffɣen yerna ad bḍun iznan iwezlanen umi ttinin zik « ''tweets'' », tugniwin, tividyutin, d yimagraden. Taɣerɣert-a tella gar yizeḍwan imettiyen imeqqranen akk deg Internet, yerna tettuseqdec aṭas sɣur yineɣmasen, isertiyen, imeɣnasen, d yimdanen deg yal tamurt n umaḍal. == 1. Amezruy == === 1.1. Tazwara d usnulfu (2006–2010) === Yennulfa-d Twitter deg temdint n [[San Francisco]] deg [[Kalifurnya|Kalifuṛnya]], d asenfar i d-yekkan seg tkebbanit umi semman Odeo. Jack Dorsey yessumer-d tikti n yiwen n uẓeṭṭa anda yal yiwen yezmer ad d-yazen izen awezlan i yiɛeggalen n tegrawt-is. Izen amezwaru yura-t Dorsey ass n 21 Meɣres 2006: « just setting up my twttr ». Deg tazwara, llan qqaṛen-as twttr, syin rran-as isem Twitter (awal i d-yemmalen '''ččewčew''' neɣ '''aẓewwec''' n yigḍaḍ). Talast n yisekkilen tella tebded ɣef 140 n yisekkilen kan, acku rran-tt ɣer lqis n yiznan n usawal n ufus (SMS). === 1.2. Gemmu d ucebbeḥ (2010–2022) === Seg useggas 2010 d asawen, aẓeṭṭa-a yuɣal d allal ameqqran n tɣemsa d tsertit deg umḍal meṛṛa. Yurar tamelilt d ameqqran deg « Tefsut Taɛrabt », deg tefranin timirikanin, d yisefraken n tmetti. Deg 2017, takebbant tzadd talast n tira seg 140 yuɣal d 280 n yisekkilen i yal izen i wakken ad yishil umeslay. === 1.3. Tiɣin sɣur Elon Musk d ubeddel ɣer X (2022–tura) === Deg Yebrir 2022, [[Elon Musk]] yebda tikli akken ad yaɣ takebbant. Deffir kra n tnegmiwin d yimenɣiyen izerfanen, Musk yekfa tiɣin-is ass n 27 Tuber 2022 s wazal n 44 n yimelyaren n yidulaṛen. Mi tt-yeṭṭef, yessufeɣ aṭas n yimasayen d yixeddamen, yerna yebdel tarrayt n usefqed n ugbur (content moderation). Deg Yulyu 2023, aselway ibeddel isem unṣib n tkebbanit seg Twitter Inc. ɣer X Corp., yerna asmel yuɣal seg twitter.com ɣer x.com. Musk yessefhem d akken iswi-ines d asnulfu n « usnas n kullec » (the everything app), ara yisɛun tarrayin n tnezzut, aselkem n tedrimt, d umsawaḍ am wid yellan deg usnas acinwat '''WeChat'''. == 2. Amek i teddu tɣerɣert == X d taɣerɣert i d-yettaken amur d ameqqran i teywalin tuzlinin d yisallen s wudem akud ilaw. === 2.1. Iznan d ubeṭṭu === '''Asuffeɣ n yizen''' : Aseqdac yezmer ad yaru izen yettwazuzren deg usuddem (feed) n yisallen. '''Ales n tuzna''' (Retweet) : Aseqdac yezmer ad yales tasuffeɣt n walbeɛḍ nniḍen i yimḍifaren-ines[2]. '''Aɛǧab''' (Like) : Afran n uzamul n wul i umuddu n cbaḥa i yizen. '''Uṭṭunen n usentel''' (Hashtags) : Aseqdec n uzamul # i usdukel n yiznan icudden ɣer yiwen n usentel. '''Asbder n yiseqdacen''' (Mentions) : Aseqdec n uzamul @ i teɣri neɣ tmuɣli ɣer yiwen umiḍan uslig. === 2.2. X Premium (Twitter Blue zik) === D aswir useqdec afellay deg X i tulya n wakk tiwariwin yettwaxeslen s tedrimt. Iseqdacen i ixellṣen sɛan: '''Azamul azegzaw n usnettem''' (blue checkmark). '''Tazmert n tira n yiznan iɣezfanen''' (uggar n 280 n yisekkilen). '''Asenqes n yisallen n usussen d usnuzu (ads)'''. '''Tazmert n ubeddel d useɣti n yizen deffir ma yeffeɣ'''. === 2.3. Tizmilin n umɣiwan (Community Notes) === D amkan ideg ttekkayen yiseqdacen s timmad-nsen akken ad sneqden neɣ ad seɣtin isallen n tkerkas yeffɣen deg yiznan, mebla ma tekcem-d tmehla tusligt n usmel. == 3. Tazrirt ɣef tsertit d tmetti == X yesɛa azal d ameqqran deg tudert tanmettit d tsertit tamirant: Allal n tɣemsa tusridt : Ineɣmasen d yimaziren ttseqdacen-t akken ad zuzren isallen s lemɣawla uqbel tiliẓriyin d yeɣmisen. Agraw aɣarim : D adwal n uskasi d umeslay anamun gar yimdanen, yemmuger tiseddarin n tsertit d tezmert. Asurif n tkerkas d yir imeslayen : Deffir n useggas n 2022, aṭas n tuddsiwin i d-yennan belli taɣerɣert teṭṭef abrid i deg drus yilugan n usefqed, ayen yeǧǧan awal n lkerh d yisallen n tkerkas ad nnernin. digaha726o044evz07lk0iadspc2urc 828 25619 117677 117671 2026-10-16T13:41:32Z Gurzil90x 14292 117677 Scribunto text/plain -- Module:AmadufWikidata/bac-asen -- Récupération des revenus et calcul de leur variation. -- Source des données : Wikidata (P2139). local p = {} -------------------------------------------------- -- 1. Récupérer l'année d'une déclaration Wikidata -------------------------------------------------- local function getYear(statement) local qualifiers = statement.qualifiers local dates = qualifiers and qualifiers.P585 for _, date in ipairs(dates or {}) do local value = date.datavalue and date.datavalue.value if value and value.time and (value.precision or 0) >= 9 then local year = value.time:match( "^[%+%-](%d%d%d%d)%-" ) if year then return tonumber(year) end end end return nil end -------------------------------------------------- -- 2. Déterminer l'identifiant Wikidata -------------------------------------------------- local function getItem(frame) if not mw.wikibase then return nil end local item = mw.text.trim( frame.args.item or "" ) if item == "" then item = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() end if not item or not item:match("^Q%d+$") then return nil end return item end -------------------------------------------------- -- 3. Formater un montant -------------------------------------------------- local function formatAmount(amount) local number = tostring(amount) :gsub("^%+", "") local sign, integer, decimal = number:match("^(%-?)(%d+)%.?(%d*)$") if not integer then return number end integer = integer:reverse() :gsub("(%d%d%d)", "%1 ") :reverse() :gsub("^%s+", "") :gsub("%s+$", "") decimal = decimal:gsub("0+$", "") if decimal ~= "" then return sign .. integer .. "," .. decimal end return sign .. integer end -------------------------------------------------- -- 4. Récupérer le nom de la devise -------------------------------------------------- local function getCurrency(unit) if not unit or unit == "1" then return "" end local unitId = tostring(unit):match("Q%d+$") if not unitId then return "" end return mw.wikibase.getLabelByLang(unitId, "kab") or mw.wikibase.getLabelByLang(unitId, "fr") or mw.wikibase.getLabelByLang(unitId, "en") or unitId end -------------------------------------------------- -- 5. Rassembler les revenus par année -------------------------------------------------- local function getRevenues(item) local statements = mw.wikibase.getAllStatements(item, "P2139") or {} local years = {} for _, statement in ipairs(statements) do local snak = statement.mainsnak local value = snak and snak.datavalue and snak.datavalue.value local year = getYear(statement) if statement.rank ~= "deprecated" and snak and snak.snaktype == "value" and year and value and value.amount and value.unit and value.unit ~= "1" then local amount = tostring(value.amount) local numericAmount = tonumber(amount) local unit = tostring(value.unit) if numericAmount and numericAmount >= 0 then local existing = years[year] if not existing then years[year] = { amount = amount, numericAmount = numericAmount, unit = unit, conflict = false } elseif existing.amount ~= amount or existing.unit ~= unit then -- Plusieurs valeurs différentes -- pour le même exercice. existing.conflict = true end end end end return years end -------------------------------------------------- -- 6. Trouver la dernière année disponible -------------------------------------------------- local function getLatestYear(years) local latest = nil for year in pairs(years) do if not latest or year > latest then latest = year end end return latest end -------------------------------------------------- -- 7. Afficher les revenus les plus récents -------------------------------------------------- function p.revenue(frame) local item = getItem(frame) if not item then return "" end local years = getRevenues(item) local year = getLatestYear(years) if not year then return "" end local data = years[year] if not data or data.conflict then return "" end local result = formatAmount(data.amount) local currency = getCurrency(data.unit) if currency ~= "" then result = result .. " " .. currency end return result .. " (" .. year .. ")" end -------------------------------------------------- -- 8. Calculer la variation annuelle -------------------------------------------------- function p.revenueChange(frame) local item = getItem(frame) if not item then return "" end local years = getRevenues(item) -- Possibilité de choisir une année précise. local requested = mw.text.trim( frame.args.year or "" ) local selectedYear = nil if requested ~= "" then if not requested:match("^%d%d%d%d$") then return "" end selectedYear = tonumber(requested) else selectedYear = getLatestYear(years) end if not selectedYear then return "" end local current = years[selectedYear] local previous = years[selectedYear - 1] -- Vérifications avant comparaison. if not current or not previous then return "" end if current.conflict or previous.conflict then return "" end if current.unit ~= previous.unit then return "" end if previous.numericAmount == 0 then return "" end -- Calcul du pourcentage de variation. local change = (current.numericAmount - previous.numericAmount) / math.abs(previous.numericAmount) * 100 local arrow = "→" local color = "#54595d" local sign = "" if change > 0 then arrow = "↑" color = "#14866d" sign = "+" elseif change < 0 then arrow = "↓" color = "#b32424" sign = "−" end local percentage = string.format( "%.1f", math.abs(change) ):gsub("%.", ",") return '<span style="color:' .. color .. '; font-weight:bold;">' .. arrow .. " " .. sign .. percentage .. ' %</span>' .. ' <small>(' .. (selectedYear - 1) .. ' → ' .. selectedYear .. ')</small>' end -------------------------------------------------- -- 9. Exporter le module -------------------------------------------------- function p.diagnostic(frame) local item = getItem(frame) if not item then return "Erreur : identifiant Wikidata absent" end local statements = mw.wikibase.getAllStatements(item, "P2139") or {} local dates = 0 local references = 0 for _, statement in ipairs(statements) do if getYear(statement) then dates = dates + 1 end if statement.references and #statement.references > 0 then references = references + 1 end end local years = getRevenues(item) local results = {} for _, year in ipairs({2022, 2023, 2024, 2025}) do local data = years[year] if not data then table.insert(results, year .. "=absent") elseif data.conflict then table.insert(results, year .. "=conflit") else table.insert(results, year .. "=OK") end end return "Déclarations : " .. #statements .. " ; dates : " .. dates .. " ; références : " .. references .. " ; " .. table.concat(results, " ; ") end -------------------------------------------------- -- Revenus et variation dans une même sortie -------------------------------------------------- function p.revenueWithChange(frame) local revenue = p.revenue(frame) if revenue == "" then return "" end local change = p.revenueChange(frame) if change == "" then return revenue end return revenue .. '<div style="font-size:90%; margin-top:0.25em;">' .. change .. '</div>' end return p 9l4s583g7i5meo3b1taq0amq404kgy8 0 25620 117680 2026-10-16T13:53:53Z Gurzil90x 14292 Asebtar amaynut: {{Infobox company | name = Samsung Electronics | wikidata_revenue = yes | wikidata_item = Q20718 }} 117680 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | name = Samsung Electronics | wikidata_revenue = yes | wikidata_item = Q20718 }} 6ahmvoab5i23pqvq09evpu50kg2zqa8