Wikipedia kabwiki https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asebter_agejdan MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.24 first-letter Media Uslig Mmeslay Amseqdac Amyannan umsqedac Wikipedia Amyannan n Wikipedia Tugna Amyannan n tugna MediaWiki Amyannan n MediaWiki Talɣa Amyannan n talɣa Tallat Amyannan n tallat Taggayt Amyannan n taggayt Awwur Amyannan uwwur Asenfaṛ Amyannan usenfaṛ TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk Sujet 0 2206 117710 117702 2026-10-19T11:28:18Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117710 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tanzeggit''' d tigezmi tameqrant ger igzumen n [[tusnakt]] d win i izerwen [[tawella|tiwellatin]] neɣ Udmawen deg [[Tallunt|tallunin]] s myal [[tasekta]], deg tsekta Tis kraḍ (3) nezmar ad nemmeslay ɣef [[tenzeggit tuklidt]]. Ass-a ur nezmir ad d nesbin tilisa yellan ger tenzeggit akk d [[Asebrurez|wesebrurez]] neɣ d [[aljiber|uljiber]], acku ur nezmir ad nemmeslay ɣef [[Tanzeggit taljibirt|tenzeggit taljibirt]] ma yella ur d-neddim ara kra din kra da. Tanzeggit diɣen d tafurk n tusnakt i izerrwen talɣiwin, tallunin, imeccaqen, tiɣmar d wassaɣen gar tneqqiḍin d yiḥricen n talɣiwin. Tesɛa azal deg usket n wakal d lebni, maca tuɣal daɣen d taɣult tamatut n tusnakt i yezmer ad tzerrew tallunin ur nezmir ara ad nwali s wallen, neɣ tallunin i yesɛan ugar n kraḍ n tsektiwin. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-16 11-19-35.png|centré|553x553px]] == 1. Amezruy n tenzeggit == Awal agraɣlan géométrie yekka-d seg yigrigiyen i d-yemmalen asket n wakal. Isketen d yisiḍen inzeggane ttwasqedcen deg Maṣer, Mezupuṭamya d tɣermiwin nniḍen uqbel tanzeggit n Yigrigiyen. Ur ilaq ara ad nerṛ tanzeggit meṛṛa d asnulfu n yiwen ugdud kan. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Tallit !Amhaz agenjdan |- |Taglest |Asket n wakal, lebni, asiḍen n teɣzi, n wanrar d ubleɣ. |- |Tasut tis 3 uqbel tallit-nneɣ |Aklid deg Iskandariya yesdukkel tizrawin deg "Iferdisen". |- |Tallit talemmast |Tigawt n yimusnawen deg tmura n Tineslemt, Lehend d Cinwa: asektiɣmer(trigonométrie), asali d tsenallunt. |- |Tasut tis 17 |Descartes d Fermat qqnen talɣiwin ɣer imsidag d tegdiwin. |- |Tasut tis 19 |Lobachevsky d Bolyai snernan tanzeggit taknudemt; Gauss d Riemann snernan tazrawt n tiknit d tallunin. |- |1872 d mbeɛd |Klein yeskan azal n yibeddilen d yigrawen; Hilbert yessegzi lsas s yinagrawen n yigejdan. |- |Tasut tis 20–21 |Tanzeggit taljibṛant, taneẓlayt, tukrist, asiḍen s uselkim d uẓeṭṭa n twuriwin gar tfurka. |} "'''Iferdisen'''" n Aklid yesseqdac isbaduten d yigejdan iwakken ad yebnu isekkuden. Abrid-a yesɛa tazrirt tameqqrant deg tusnakt. Maca tanzeggit tamirant ur teqqim ara deg yigejdan n Aklid: tazrawt n umṣadaɣ tewwi-d timusniwin ɣef tallunin nniḍen. Tanzeggit tamirant tettawi ula d tallunin yellan deg tfizikt, isefka, tigniwin d yisiḍen. Amezruy-is d anerni n yisental d terrayin, mačči d asemselsi n yiwet n tanzeggit s tayeḍ kan. == 2. Isbaduten, igejdan d usfukel == Asbadu yessegza tamiḍrant s wawalen yettwasnen. Agejdi d tafyirt i neqqbel deg yiwen unagraw war asfukel deg unagraw-nni. Asekkud(tiẓri) d ayen ara d-nsuffeɣ seg yigejdan d yisekkuden yettwasfuklen yakan. Deg umedya n Aklid, yezmer ad yettwabnu yiɣil n teɣda gar snat n tneqqiḍin, ad yettwasɣezef yiɣil, ad tettwabnu twinest s wammas d waqqar yettwabedren. Yella daɣen agejdi ɣef tɣmar timaɣudin d wayen yeqqnen ɣer umṣadaɣ. === Amedya n useɣẓen === Deg uɣawas n Aklid, i teneqqiṭ '''P''' i ur nelli ara ɣef taɣda '''d''', tella yiwet kan n teɣda iɛeddan seg '''P''' ur nettmagar ara '''d'''. Talɣa-a n yigejdi n umṣadaɣ tettwassen s yisem n '''Playfair'''; d talɣa tagdazalt i yigejdi wis semmus n Aklid deg lsas n tanzeggit tamagnut. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-18 09-56-11.png|centré]] <small>Tugna 2. Tiɣmert d wassaɣ n umṣadaɣ. Tigniwin ttɛawanent deg tɣuri n yisekkuden; isfukal ilaq ad d-begnen ayɣer iiṣeḥḥa wassaɣ.</small> Deg tugna, tineqqiḍin ttbanent sɛant tehri, izirigen sɛan tuzert, imeccaqen zemren ur ttwaḥerzen ara s tiseddi. Deg tusnakt, taneqqiṭ ur tesɛi ara tehri. Ihi ma tugna teskan-d belli sin n yimeccaqen d igdazalen, ayen-a ur d-yettawi ara asfukel. == 3. Taneqqiṭ, taɣda d tallunt == Taneqqiṭ d amḍiq war tehri; taɣda tettwasɣezef deg sin yinumak war tilisa; iɣil n teɣda yesɛa sin n yixfawen; tazinaɣda tesɛa yiwen n yixef, tettwasɣezef deg yiwen unamek. Aɣawas d tajumma ilweɣ i deg yezmer ad yili wudlif s sin n yimsidag. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-19 12-18-47.png|centré|611x611px]] <small>Tugna 3. Tisektiwin 0, 1, 2 d 3. Aɣawas n tugna d amur ifuken kan; aɣawas n tusnakt ur yesɛi ara tilisa.</small> Tasekta n tallunt tettawi amḍan n yimsidag ilelliyen i ilaqen iwakken ad nesbadu amḍiq. Deg taɣda, yiwen x ikfa; deg uɣawas, nesra (x,y); deg tallunt s kraḍ n tsektiwin, nesra (x,y,z). Tasekta ur tɛelliq ara ɣef wamek ara d-nsuneɣ talɣa: amaḍal s tajumma kan yesɛa snat n tsektiwin, ɣas ma yettwaseknen deg tallunt s kraḍ. ℝⁿ = {(x₁, x₂, …, xₙ) : xᵢ d imḍanen ilawen} Tallunin s n > 3 ttwasqedcent deg tusnakt d yisefka. Ma yal amedya n yisefka yesɛa 10 n yisfernen ilelliyen, yezmer ad yettwagenses s tneqqiṭ deg ℝ¹⁰. Ayen-a ur d-yemmal ara belli nezmer ad t-nwali s wallen; imsidag d yilugan fkan-d allalen n tazrawt. ==Imuren imeqranen n tenzeggit == * [[Tanzeggit tuklidit]] * [[Tanzeggit artuklidit]] * [[Tanzeggit tummit]] * [[Tanzeggit tigriwt]] * [[Tanzeggit taljibirt]] * [[Tanzeggit tanebrurzant]] * [[Aljiber imzireg]] == Amezruy n tenzeggit == [[Taggayt:Tusnakt]] palsjsnlzxuo4it8kdjh7b2xteb7qfw 0 5351 117709 117703 2026-10-19T10:22:43Z Mastiman Anumidi 17235 Aḍris amaynut 117709 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox city}} '''New York''' d nettat ay d tamdint tameqqrant akk deg [[Iwunak Yedduklen|Yiwunak Yeddukklen]]. Tezga-d deg ugafa-agmuḍan n tmurt, ɣef [[Agaraw Aṭlasi|Ugaraw Aṭlasi]]. Zedɣen-tt 8.336.697 n yimezdaɣen (19.006.798 s yegmamen ay d-yezzin fell-as). Tamdint-a tezga-d deg [[New York (Awanak)|uwanak n New York]]. Tamdint-a tettwassen s yixxamen-is ɣezzifen, s tnezzut, s tdamsa tameqqrant, s tẓuri, s tesdawiyin, s tmusni d umezruy-is amesbaɣur. New York mačči d tamdint n tnezzut kan. D amkan anda mlalen yigduden seg waṭas n tmura, s tutlayin yemgaraden, s yidles yemgaraden d wallalen yemgaraden n tudert. Ɣas akken tamdint-a tettwassen am yiwet n tɣerma tameqqrant n umaḍal amiran, amezruy-is yezga yeqqen ɣer yigduden inaṣliyen n Marikan n Ugafa... Tamsalt i ilaq ad nseɣti deg tazwara: igduden inaṣliyen n New York d '''Lenape''', seg yigduden inasliyen n Marikan n Ugafa. Amezruy n temdint yemmal-d amek i tettwabna ɣef wakal-nsen, syin akin amek i tuɣal d yiwet seg temdinin tigejdanin n umaḍal. == Tarakalt d ugama n New York == New York tezga deg umkan yesɛan azal ameqqran deg trakalt n Marikan. Tella gar yisaffen d yilellen, ayen i tt-yerran d tamdint n yinig d tnezzut seg zik. Deg tama-s n umalu yella ''Asif Hudson'', deg tama-s n usamar yella ''East River'', i d aferdis n waman meẓẓiyen yeqqnen ɣer yilel. Deg unẓul, tella tagnit tameqqrant n waman i yettwassnen s yisem n ''New York Harbor'', anda i d-keččmen yiseflinen. Tarakalt-a tettak-as kraḍ n lfaydat: * Yezmer ad yili deg-s unermis n tnezzut gar Marikan, Turuft d tmura nniḍen. * Isaffen d yilellen ttaken-d iberdan n usiweḍ n yiferdisen d medden. * Igelluyen n wakal d yigziren ttawin-d aṭas n temnaḍin i lebni n temdint. Maca amkan-a yesɛa ula d uguren: iḥemmalen n waman, ahuzzu n yilel, leɣla n wakal d uguren n lebni deg temnaḍin i d-yettwarran zdat n waman. === Tiɣiwanin tisudisin === New York tebḍa ɣef semmus n tiɣiwanin timeqqranin (boroughs). ==== '''Manhattan''' ==== [[Tugna:West side of Manhattan from Hudson Commons (95103p).jpg|centré|cadre|Manhattan.]] D ul n tdamsa n temdint, anda ''llan Wall Street, Times Square, Central Park'' d waṭas n yixxamen ɣezzifen. D tamnaḍt yettwassnen aṭas deg umaḍal. ==== '''Brooklyn''' ==== [[Tugna:Dumbo Neighborhood in Brooklyn, NYC.jpg|centré|cadre|Brooklyn]] D tamnaḍt yesɛan agdud meqqren, tuddar tiqdimin, taẓuri, izerfan idelsanen d yimḍiqen imeqqranen n tudert n temdint. ==== '''Queens''' ==== [[Tugna:Flushing Queens from roof of Starlight Hotel.jpg|centré|cadre|Queens]] Tettwassen s tmeslayin d yidles yemgaraden. Deg-s llan yimḍiqen n yinig, timnaḍin n tnezzut d waṭas n tdukliwin n yimezdaɣ. ==== '''The Bronx''' ==== [[Tugna:Yankee Stadium 001.JPG|centré|vignette|650x650px|Bronx.]] D yiwet seg temnaḍin ideg d-yennulfa uɣanib aẓawan n hip-hop. Deg-s daɣen azrib ameqqran ɣer Bronx Zoo d Yankee Stadium. ==== '''Staten Island''' ==== [[Tugna:Freshkills Park in Staten Island, New York.jpg|centré|vignette|650x650px|Staten Island.]] D tamnaḍt i yesɛan aṭas n yigran imenza, izerfan izegzawen d tuddar ur neččur ara d imezdaɣ am Manhattan. == 3. Amezruy uqbel ad d-awḍen Yirupiyen == Uqbel ad d-awḍen Yirupiyen, akal n New York yella d aḥric seg wakal amenzu n ''Lenape'', i d-yettwasemman ''Lenapehoking''. Igduden-a zedɣen deg temnaḍt-a i waṭas n yiseggasen s waṭas uqbel asnulfu n temdint tamirant. Lenape sɛan tudert i d-yettwaznen ɣef ugama. Ttidiren s: * Ugmar n yiɣersiwen. * Uṣeggem n tiferkiwin d wakal n tfellaḥt. * Uṣeyyeḍ n yiselman deg yisaffen. * Tnezzut d wussawel gar tuddar d yigrawen yemgaraden. Tudert-nsen tella teqqen ɣer tmettiwin n twaculin, taddart, tiɣawsiwin n ugama d tmenna n yimezwura. Deg trakalt-nsen, '''Manhattan''' tettwassen s yisem yeqqnen ɣer '''Manahatta'''. Isem-a d yiwen seg yisemawen iqburen i d-yeggran deg temdint tamirant. Aselmed n umezruy n New York ilaq ad yebdu s ''Lenape'', acku ur tebdi ara tudert d tademsa n temnaḍt-a deg 1624. == 4. Tallit n Hulanda — New Amsterdam (1624–1664) == Deg useggas 1609, '''amnadi Henry Hudson''', i ixeddmen i tdukla n tnezzut tahulandit, yewweḍ ɣer temnaḍt n New York. Hudson yella yettnadi abrid amaynut n tnezzut ɣer Asya, maca yeẓra azal n temnaḍt-a, ladɣa isaffen-is d waman i tt-id-yezgan. Deg 1624, Ihulandiyen bdan ad d-sbedden imezdaɣ-nsen deg temnaḍt. Deg yiseggasen i d-iteddun, '''New Amsterdam''' tuɣal d tamdint tameẓẓyant n tnezzut ɣef yiri n Manhattan. Deg 1653, tettwaɛqal s wudem unṣib am temdint. New Amsterdam ur tettwasebded ara deg wakal ur nesɛi ara imezdaɣ, maca deg wakal i zedɣen yakan yigduden inasliyen Lenape. Yella d aḥric n tɣawsa tameqqrant n ikuluniyen Irupiyen,i yekksen kra n wakal i yigduden inasliyen Lenape, yerna i d-yessawḍen anagraw n '''useqdec n yimdanen i lfayda n wiyaḍ''' d tnezzut n waklan. ». Tamdint tettnerni s: * Tnezzut n yigelman n yiɣersiwen. * Usiweḍ n yiferdisen ɣer Turuft. * Lebni n yixxamen d lebni tqenṭyar n waman. * Tnezzut gar tigdudin yemgaraden. Deg tallit-a, tamdint tella d amkan n waṭas n tutlayin d yisɣanen. Llant temettiyin tihulandiyin, talmaniyin, tafransisin, tagliziyin, tiyahudiyin d yimezdaɣ iberkanen. tilelli n usɣan(n tedyanit) ur tettunefk ara i meṛṛa s yiwen wudem, yerna taklit d uɛzel n kra n yigrawen n yimezdaɣ d ayen yellan deg temdint. == 5. Tallit n Lingliziyen (1664–1783) == Deg 1664, Lingliziyen ṭṭfen New Amsterdam. Beddlen-as isem, semman-as New York, ilmend n ''James'', ''Duke of York''. Deg tallit-a, tamdint tettnerni s waṭas, tuɣal d yiwet seg temdinin tigejdanin n tmura i yellan ddaw udabu n [[Legliz|Leglizi]] deg Marikan n Ugafa. Tanezzut tettnerni, llan imezdaɣ imaynuten, ttemḍafaren-d yimseftiyen n tnezzut. Maca tadamsa n temdint tella tesɛa ula d aḥric i ibedden ɣef umahil n waklan. Deg ṭṭrad n timunent n Marikan, New York teqqim ddaw n udabu aserdasi n Lingliziyen seg 1776 armi 1783. Mi ifukk ṭṭrad, tamdint tebda tallit tamaynut, tuɣal d yiwet seg temdinin i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg usbeddi n uwanek amarikani. == 6. New York deg tazwara n Uwanek Amarikani == Seg 1789 armi 1790, New York tella d tamdint tagejdant n Marikan (tamanaɣt tafidiralit). Deg-s i yeṭṭef George Washington tanbaḍt-is tamezwarut am umenzu n tmurt deg 1789. Ayen i d-yerr New York d tamdint tameqqrant n tnezzut deg lqern wis 19 mačči d tadamsa kan, maca d amkan-is: * Asif n Hudson i d-yettɛawanen asirag ɣer daxel n tmurt. * Asiweḍ n yiferdisen gar taddart d tmeddurt. * Abrid n ''Erie Canal'', i d-yeldin deg 1825. * Tanezzut n Marikan s usiweḍ n waman. ''Erie Canal'' yessuddes assaɣ n tnezzut gar New York d temnaḍin n wadda n Ilel Erie, ayen i yesnernan azal n temdint deg tedamsa n Marikan. == 7. New York deg lqern wis 19 — tamdint n yinigen == [[Tugna:New-York-Fifth-Avenue 1900.jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|aNew York deg 1900.]] Deg lqern wis 19, New York tuɣal d yiwet seg temdinin i d-yettawin aṭas n yinigen seg Turuft. Imdanen n waṭas n tmura kecmen ɣer New York i wakken ad afen amahil, tilelli n usɣan neɣ tudert yelhan ugar. Gar yinigen-a llan: * '''Irlandiyen''' i d-iffɣen seg tazɣent n laẓ deg tmurt-nsen. * '''Iṭalyanen''' i d-yusan seg waṭas n temnaḍin n [[Ṭṭelyan|Ṭelyan]]. * '''Ilmaniyen''' d yinigen n Turuft Talemmast. * '''Iyahudiyen''' i d-iffɣen seg Turuft n Usamar, ladɣa seg ussan n miḥyaf. Deg 1892, tigzirt n Ellis Island tebda ad tesɛu tawuri tameqqrant deg usqerdec n yinigen i d-yekcemen ɣer Marikan. New York tuɣal d tamdint n tutlayin yemgaraden, n yiɣaniben n tudert yemgaraden, d tnezzut i yettnernin. Maca amhaz-a ur yelli ara war uguren. Imezdaɣ aṭas zedɣen deg yixxamen imecṭaḥ, gar-asen tella Maca aṭas n yimezdaɣ ttidiren deg tegnatin iweɛren: lehlakat, laẓ d tegnatin n umahil iwaɛren d uɛeddi ɣef yizerfan n yixeddamen. === Asbeddi n New York tamirant deg 1898 === Deg 1 Yennayer 1898, tiɣiwanin i d-yettwasemman ass-a '''Manhattan''', '''Brooklyn''', '''Queens''', '''Bronx''' d '''Staten Island''' dduklent deg yiwet n temdint tameqqrant. Aneḍru-a yerr-a New York d yiwet seg temdinin timeqqranin n Marikan, s tmurt d ugdud meqqren aṭas. == 8. Lqern wis 20 — tallit n lebni d tẓuri == [[Tugna:Fifth Avenue and 25th Street, New York 1900.png|vignette|New York deg 1900.]] Deg tazwara n lqern wis 20, New York tebda ad tettbeddil s wudem ur nelli ara yakan. Timdinin nniḍen n Marikan sɛant daɣen lebni ɣezzifen, maca New York tuɣal d yiwet seg temdinin i d-yettbanen s waṭas s yixxamen-is ɣezzifen, imahilen n tnezzut, tesdawiyin d tẓuri. Deg 1904, aẓeṭṭa n umitru ddaw n wakal (subway) yeldi deg temdint. Anagraw-a yessizmir i waṭas n yimezdaɣ ad ddun gar temnaḍin yemgaraden. === Ixxamen ɣezzifen d lebni amaynut === [[Tugna:Chrysler Building NYC-20090519-RM-094845.jpg|vignette|D yiwen seg yixxamen yettwassnen s uɣanib n lebni Art déco.]] [[Tugna:Empire State Building (aerial view).jpg|vignette|519x519px|Yettwabna deg tallit n tazɣent tadamsant tameqqrant, yuɣal d azamul n New York.]] Deg 1929, tazɣent tadamsant tameqqrant tebda seld aɣelluy n tggazt n ''Wall Street''. New York tuɣal d yiwet seg temdinin i yettwaḥuzzen s waṭas s twaɣit-a n tdamsa. Maca seg yiseggasen n 1930 armi d taggara n ṭṭrad wis sin n umaḍal, tamdint tettnerni s lebni n yixxamen, iberdan d useggem n yizerfan n umahil. == 9. New York d yidles amaḍlan == New York tesɛa azal ameqqran deg yidles n umaḍal. '''Aẓawan''': Harlem yuɣal d amḍiq yesɛan azal ameqqran deg umezruy n jazz. Deg Bronx, deg yiseggasen n 1970, d-yennulfa hip-hop, i d-yuɣalen d yiwen seg yiɣaniben n uẓawan yettwassnen aṭas. '''Amezgun''': Broadway d amkan yettwassnen s waṭas deg umaḍal s yimezguyen, ineccaden d tneḍruyin n tẓuri. '''Taẓuri d tsekla''': New York tesɛa timkerḍiwin, tiẓuriwin, tizeɣwa n sinima, isensayen n tẓuri d waṭas n yimukan n uselmed. '''Tisdawiyin''': Columbia University d New York University d snat seg tesdawiyin yettwassnen n temdint, i yesɛan tawuri deg unadi ussnan d uselmed. == 10. New York deg tallit tamirant == Deg 11 Ctember 2001, New York teḥuza-tt twaɣit tameqqrant n tremaɣt, mi i d-yeɣli ''World Trade Center'' seld ineḍruyen n usekcem n isafagen yrttwaxḍfen deg yixxamen-a. Ayen i d-yeḍran yesseḥzen tamdint d Marikan meṛṛa, yerna ibeddel kra n tsertiyin n tɣellist d tnezzut deg umaḍal. Deg tallit i d-iteddun, tamdint tebna tikkelt nniḍen kra n yimḍiqen i yettwaḥuzzen, gar-asen '''One World Trade Center''', i d-yuɣalen d azamul n usnerni amaynut n temdint. Deg 2020, tazɣent n COVID-19 teḥuza New York s waṭas. Tamdint tesɛa aṭas n uguren deg tɣellist tazayezt, tadamsa d tudert n yal ass. Ass-a, New York tezga gar temdinin tigejdanin n tdamsa tamaḍlant. Maca tesɛa daɣen uguren imeqqranen n tnezduɣt, asnerni n wazal n wakal d yixxamen, lḥif, leɣla n tudert d umgired adamsan gar yimezdaɣ. === 11. Imḍiqen yettwassnen deg New York === === Asebdad n tlelli(Statue of Liberty) === [[Tugna:Statue of Liberty Paris 2007-05-29.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n tlelli.]] Azamul n tilelli, yettwasebded deg 1886. D asefk i d-tefka Fransa i Marikan, yuɣal d azamul n tlelli d yinigen i d-yettasen ɣer tmurt. Asebdad-a yesɣawes-it '''Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi''', ma d taɣessa-is tagensant tettwasɣawes s tallelt n '''Gustave Eiffel'''. Yesɛa azal n 93 n yimitren n tattayt seg lqaɛ n lsas-is armi d afella n taftilt. Asebdad yeskanay-d tameṭṭut yettwaḥesben d azamul n tlelli. Teṭṭef taftilt deg ufus-is ayeffus, ma deg ufus-is azelmaḍ teṭṭef tawliḥt i ɣef yettwaru wass n timunent n Marikan, 4 Yulyu 1776. Ɣef uqerru-s tella tɛeṣṣabt s sa n yiɣallen n tafat, i d-yeskanayen tilelli i yettawin tafat ɣer umaḍal. Ɣer yiḍarren-is llan izḍawan yettwarẓan, i d-yeskanayen tilelli seg taklit d uḥebbes. Deg umezruy-is, Asebdad n tlelli yuɣal d azamul n timunent, yizerfan n umdan d usirem. I waṭas n yinigen i d-yewwḍen ɣer New York s yiseflinen, ladɣa deg taggara n lqern wis 19 d tazwara n lqern wis 20, asebdad-a yella d yiwen seg yizumal imezwura i ttwalin mi ara d-kecmen ɣer Marikan. === Central Park === [[Tugna:2024-11-19-Central Park-0669.jpg|vignette|367x367px|Afrag n Central Park.]] Central Park d afrag agdudan ameqqran yezgan deg ul n Manhattan, deg temdint n New York. D yiwen seg yifragen yettwassnen aṭas deg umaḍal, acku yemmal-d amek i yezmer ugama ad yili deg tlemmast n temdint tameqqrant i yeččuren s yixxamen ɣezzifen, izenqan d yimezdaɣ. Deg-s llan yisekla, igran izegzawen, igelmimen n waman d yimukan n usgunfu, iberdan n teddin, tiqneṭyar, imukan n wurar d yisalayen n tẓuri.. Yezga gar yixxamen ɣezzifen n temdint. Afrag-a yesɛa tafesna n azal n 341 n hektaren (3,41 km²), s teɣzi n qrib 4 km. Central Park yesɛa tawuri tagejdant deg tudert n yimezdaɣ n New York. Yettak-asen amkan i teddin s uḍar, tazzla, turart d usgunfu, yerna d amḍiq anda i zemren ad walin isekla, iɣersiwen d igelmimen deg tlemmast n temdint. Afrag yesɛa daɣen azal deg tdelsa. Deg-s ttwaxedmen tceqqufin n umezgun, tmeɣriwin n uẓawan d waṭas n tneḍruyin tiguddanin. Aṭas n yifilmen d tsuddiwin n tilifizyun ttwasḍefren deg Central Park, ayen i t-yerran d yiwen seg yimukan yettwassnen deg sinima n Marikan. Deg tefsut, isekla bdan ad d-ttfeǧǧiǧen; deg unebdu, igran izegzawen ččuren s yimdanen; deg umwan, iferrawen n yisekla ttbeddilen initen-nsen ɣer uwraɣ, azeggaɣ d uqehwi; ma deg tegrest, afrag yezmer ad yettwakcem s udfel. ==Isunen n weɣrem n New York== Llan semmus (5) n yisunen deg New York, s tenglizt qqaren-as ''Boroughs''. [[File:5 Boroughs Labels New York City Map.png|thumb|5 Isunen n weɣrem n New York sɣur Julius Schorzman : 1- Manhattan, 2-Queens, 3-Brooklyn, 4-The Bronx, 5- Staten Island]] *[[Manhattan]] : agwans n temdint, tella af tegzirt n Manhattan. Llant deg-s [[Wall Street]], [[Tasdawit n New York]], [[Tasdawit n Columbia]], asutel n Yiwunak Yeddukklen (ONU/NU). Ɣur-es imezdaɣen 1 546 856 deg-s. *[[The Bronx]] : ay d asun agellil akk deg weɣrem n New York akwd tdersiwin (minorités) tiberkanin d tispanikin maca tuɣal-d cwiṭ n teɣlist seg 20 iseggassen i yezrin. Ay d dduḥ n uẓawan Hip-Hop, deg-s illa [[Asarir Yankees Stadium]]. Ɣur-es 1 354 068 imezdaɣen deg-s. *[[Queens]] : Ɣur-es 2 237 815 imezdaɣen deg-s. Yeḍra [[US Open]] dinna yal uggur n ctember, deg-s llan imafagen n JFK d La Guardia. Illa d agemim n tmezduɣt d tmugri (industry). *[[Brooklyn]] : Agemim n tmezduɣt n New-Yorkers. Ɣur-es 2 488 194 imezdaɣen deg-s *[[Staten Island]] : Ɣur-es imezdaɣen 491 730 deg-s. Daɣem d agemim n tmezduɣt n New-Yorkers, yuggug si Manhattan. [[Category:New York]][[Category:Timdinin]][[Category:Iwunak Yeddukklen]] 7f85yj21qsk7cr7ss9xrgh9xx08p0hn 0 25611 117706 117699 2026-10-18T18:39:19Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117706 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Qusṭantin Amezwaru''', i yettwassnen daɣen s yisem n '''Qusṭantin Ameqqran''' (''Constantinus Magnus s tlatinit''), d yiwen seg {{Infobox biography|item=Q8413|image=[[File:0 Gaius Flavius Valerius Constantinus, Palatino.jpg|thumb|Asebdad n Qusṭantin Amezwaru|300px]]|caption=Qusṭantin Amezwaru.}} yimenkaden irumanen i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg umezruy n umaḍal aqdim. Yella d amenkad n Tgelda Tarumanit seg useggas 306 armi d 337, maca ur yuɣal d amenkad awḥid n tgelda meṛṛa alamma d aseggas 324. Deg 31 n yiseggasen n udabu-is, Qusṭantin yessaweḍ ad ibeddel aṭas n tɣawsiwin deg tsertit, deg tedbelt, deg tsertit taserdasit, deg tdamsa, ladɣa deg wassaɣ gar uwanek arumani d tmeslayt tamasiḥit. Gar wayen i t-yeskanayen deg umezruy: - Yerbeḥ ṭṭradat imeqqranen mgal imenkaden i t-yettnaɣen ɣef udabu. - Yerr-a tamurt tarumanit meṛṛa ddaw yiwen n umenkad deg 324. - Yesnerna tasertit n tsureft d uḥraz n tilelli n ddin i yimasḥiyen. - Yefka afus n tallelt i tmeslayt tamasiḥit, armi tuɣal d yiwet n tɣessa timeqqranin n tmetti tarumanit. - Yebna tamezdeɣt tamanekdat tamaynut deg Qusṭanṭiniya, ɣef wakal n temdint taqdimt n Byzantion. - Yesdukkel amussu n uselḥu n tmeslayt tamasiḥit deg ugraw n Nikiya, deg 325. - Yesnerna yiwet n tsertit tamaynut n tedrimt, taserdast d tedbelt. S wakka, Qusṭantin ur yelli ara kan d amenkad i yerbeḥ ṭṭradat. Yella daɣen d yiwen n yimdanen i d-yeslulfen tallit tamaynut deg umezruy n Tgelda Tarumanit, tin ara yessiwḍen sya ɣer temsalt tarumanit n usamar, i yettwassnen deg umezruy am Tgelda Tabizantin. == 1. Talalit d temẓi n Qusṭantin == === 1.1. Talalit-is === Qusṭantin ilul, ilmend n tɣbula i d-yewḍen ɣur-neɣ, ɣef useggas 272 neɣ deg kra n yiseggasen i t-id-yezwaren, deg temdint n ''Naissus'', i d-yeqqimen ass-a d Nič deg [[Ṣerbya]]. Isem-is arumani yella d ''Flavius Valerius Constantinus''. Baba-s d [[Qusṭantin Klurus]] (Constantius Chlorus), yiwen n yimeqqranen iserdasiyen irumanen i yuɣalen d imenkaden. Yemma-s d [[Helena (yemma-s n Qusṭantin Amezwaru)|Helena]], tameṭṭut i yuɣalen sya ɣer zdat d yiwet n tuqdisin timeqqranin n umezruy amasiḥi. Ur nessin ara s tidet meṛṛa ma [[Helena (yemma-s n Qusṭantin Amezwaru)|Helena]] d tameṭṭut tamezwarut n Qusṭantin Klurus s uzref, neɣ d tameṭṭut i yesɛa yid-s assaɣ uqbel zwaǧ-is ameskaran. Tameṭṭut-a ur tesɛi ara tazmert n tsertit deg tazwara, maca mmi-s mi yuɣal d amenkad, ad as-yefk azal ameqqran. === 1.2. Axxam-is d tugna n tmetti n wakud-nni === Deg tazwara n tasut tis IV, Tgelda Tarumanit d tamurt tameqqrant i yeṭṭfen aḥric ameqqran n Tuṛuft, Tafriqt n ugafa d Asya n umalu. Deg tallit-a, aṭas n yimenkaden ur d-ttilalen ara deg temdint n Ruma. Llan-d seg temnaḍin n Danub, Illyricum d Balkans, anda taserdast tesɛa azal ameqqran deg usefru n udabu. Qusṭantin yella seg tɣiwant-a n tsertit taserdasit. Ihi, talalit-is deg Naissus ur telli ara d ayen iweɛren ad nefhem, imi taserdast tarumanit tuɣal d yiwen n yigejdan n tɣessa n tgelda. === 1.3. Tamẓi deg yixxamen n yimenkaden === Qusṭantin yessaweḍ ad ikker deg tɣiwant n yimenkaden. Yedder deg yixxamen n udabu deg usamar n tgelda, anda yella Dyuklisyan d amenkad. Yelmed amek tettwaselḥu tgelda, amek tettwasebdad taserdast, akked wamek tteddun wassaɣen gar yimenkaden. Yexdem daɣen deg teserdast, yedda deg kra n yikabar iserdasiyen, yessen tamsalt n usefrek n yimukan d uselḥu n yimrigen. Tudert-is deg tallit-a tefka-yas tirmit i as-yettunefken kan i kra n yimeqqranen irumanen. == 2. Tagnit n Tgelda Tarumanit uqbel ad d-yili Qusṭantin == === 2.1. Tazɣent n tasut tis III === Deg tasut tis III, Tgelda Tarumanit tɛedda ɣef yiwet n tallit iweɛren aṭas. Llan aṭas n yimenkaden i d-ttilin s tallelt n teserdast, maca ur ttɣimin ara deg udabu aṭas n wakud. Ṭṭradat n daxel, tazɣent n tedrimt, asenqes n uselḥu n temnaḍin, akked ṭṭradat ɣef tilisa rnan-d ccwal i tgelda. Seg 235 armi d 284, aṭas n yimenkaden uɣalen-d ɣer udabu, kra seg-sen ttwaneɣan neɣ ttwakksen deg wakud ameẓẓyan. === 2.2. Aɣelluy n tetrarkiya === Dyuklisyan, mi yuɣal d amenkad deg 284, yeɛreḍ ad yefru ugur-a. Yesbed tasertit n tetrarkiya, anda tgelda tettwasefru s ukuẓ n yimeqqranen: sin n yimenkaden imeqqranen (Augusti) d sin n yimenkaden imawlan n lɛehd (Caesares). Iswi n tetrarkiya yella d: - Asefru n tgelda s wudem iqriben ɣer temnaḍin-is. - Aḥraz n tilisa seg iɣerfan ibarbaren. - Asenqes n ṭṭradat n udabu gar yimeqqranen. - Aḍman n usemḍfer n udabu war ṭṭradat. Maca tarrayt-a ur tessawaḍ ara ad teḥrez talwit i lebda. Mi Dyuklisyan d Maximian ǧǧan adabu deg 305, tamukrist(ugur) n wamek ara d-yilin yimenkaden imaynuten tebda tettban-d. Qusṭantin ad yuɣal d yiwen n yimdanen i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg uɣelluy n tetrarkiya. === 3. Abrid n Qusṭantin ɣer udabu (305–306) === Deg 305, baba-s [[Qusṭantin Klurus]] yuɣal d amenkad ameqqran n umalu n tgelda. Qusṭantin, i yellan deg usamar, yuɣal ɣer baba-s, yedda yid-s deg yigrawen iserdasiyen n Britanya. Deg 25 Yulyu 306, Qusṭantin Klurus yemmut deg temdint n Eboracum, i d-yuɣalen ass-a d York deg Ngliz. Deffir tmettant-is, iserdasen-is ssutren ad yili mmi-s Qusṭantin d amenkad. Deffir tmettant n baba-s, iserdasen-is sbedden Qusṭantin d amenkad deg 306, maca Galerius, amenkad ameqqran n usamar, ur iqbil ara ad t-yessisem d Augustus s tazwara. Yefka-yas kan azwel n Caesar. Tamsalt-a tessekcem Qusṭantin deg yiwet n tɣawsa tameqqrant: anadi ɣef adabu arumani s tallelt n teserdast. Deg yiseggasen i d-iteddun, Qusṭantin isnerna adabu-is deg Galiya, Britanya d kra n temnaḍin n Uṛupa n umalu. Yesbed daɣen assaɣen n tsertit s yimenkaden nniḍen. Deg 307, yezweǧ Fausta, yell-is n umenkad aqdim Maximian. Zwaǧ-a yella daɣen d yiwet n tarrayt n usdukkel n yiɛeggalen n udabu. == 4. Ṭṭradat n Qusṭantin akked Maxentius (312) == === 4.1. Anwa i yellan d ''Maxentius''? === ''Maxentius'' d mmi-s n ''Maximian'', yiwen n yimenkaden iqburen n tetrarkiya. Yuɣal d amenkad deg Ruma deg 306, yerna yeṭṭef kra n temnaḍin n ṭṭelyan d Tafriqt Tarumanit. Qusṭantin d ''Maxentius'' uɣalen d imnaɣen ɣef udabu n umalu. Deg 312, Qusṭantin yefren ad yessekcem taserdast-is ɣer ṭṭelyan iwakken ad yernu Maxentius. === 4.2. Akabar n Itelya === Qusṭantin yessufeɣ taserdast-is seg ''Galiya'', yezger idurar n ''Alpes'', yerna kra n isedasen n yigen n ''Maxentius'' deg temdinin n usamar n ṭṭelyan. Yerbeḥ deg ''Turin'', ''Verona'' d yimukan nniḍen, syin yuɣal ɣer [[Roma|Ruma]]. Maxentius yefren ad yessuffeɣ taserdast-is seg Ruma iwakken ad yemmager Qusṭantin. === 4.3. Ṭṭrad n Teqenṭert n Milvius === [[Tugna:Ponte Milvio-side view-antmoose.jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Tiqenṭart n Milvius, anda i d-yeḍra amennuɣ gar Qusṭantin d Maxentius.]] Deg 28 Kṭuber 312, sin n yimeqqranen mmagren ɣef teqenṭert n Milvius (Pons Milvius), deg ugafa n Ruma. Tarrayt n Qusṭantin, akked udabu-s ɣef yigen, teǧǧa-t ad yerbeḥ ṭṭrad. Deg trewla-ines ɣer Ruma, Maxentius yeɣli deg wasif n Tiber, yemmut deg waman. Tameɣra n Qusṭantin tebna ɣef rbeḥ-a, imi seg wass-nni yuɣal d amenkad yesɛan adabu ɣef umalu n Tgelda Tarumanit. Ṭṭrad-a ad yesɛu daɣen azal ameqqran deg umezruy n tmeslayt tamasiḥit. == 5. Tirgit n Qusṭantin d uqerrub-is ɣer usɣan(ddin) amasiḥi == === 5.1. D acu i d-yellan uqbel ṭṭrad? === Imezrayen n tallit taqdimt ḥkan-d belli Qusṭantin yeẓra azamul deg yigenni neɣ yurga tirgit uqbel ṭṭrad n Milvius. Maca iɣbula ur msefhamen ara ɣef wamek i yeḍra. '''''Lactantius''''', ameskar amasiḥi n tasut tis IV, yura belli Qusṭantin yettwawelleh deg targit iwakken ad yerr azamul amasiḥi ɣef yiwen seg yizamulen n teserdast-is. Eusebius n Qaysariya, i yuran Vita Constantini, yefka-d taḥkayt nniḍen, anda Qusṭantin yeẓra, ilmend n wayen i d-yenna, azamul n ufus amasiḥi(amidag) deg yigenni. Deg yiɣbula n tmasiḥit, taḥkayt-a tettwaqqen ɣer wawal alatini: '''In hoc signo vinces — «S uzamul-a ara terbeḥeḍ.»''' Maca ur nezmir ara ad nini s tidet belli ayen i d-yettwaḥkan deg yiɣbula-a yeḍra akken i t-id-uran. Imezrayen imiranen kkaten-d deg taḥkayat-a imi tella deg-sent tmuɣli n ddin, tazerfa n udabu-s d usnulfu n tugna n umenkad. Amgired gar ''Lactantius'' d ''Eusebius'', akked wakud anda ttwarun iɣbula-nsen, yettaǧǧa tamsalt-a d tin ɣef mazal yettili unadi n umezruy. === 5.2. Qusṭantin d amasiḥi neɣ d afagan? === Tamsalt-a ur tefru ara s yiwet n tririt tafessast. Qusṭantin yella deg tmetti tarumanit anda llan aṭas n yisɣanen d leɛwayed n wafagan. Deg tazwara n udabu-is, yella yesskanay-d assaɣen d ddin n yiṭij, ladɣa d Sol Invictus. Maca seg 312 d asawen, aselḥu-s yesɛa ugar n wassaɣen d tmeslayt [[tamasiḥit]]. Yebda yettak-as tallelt, yettqabal imrabḍen-is, yerna yebna tallelt-is tasertant ɣef tɣessa-s. Ihi, nezmer ad nini belli Qusṭantin yuɣal yettak afus i ddin amasiḥi, maca '''ur nezmir ara ad nẓer s tidet''' melmi i tbeddel tikti-s n ddin, neɣ amek i tella taflest-is tagensant. Tamsalt n ddin-is tban-d daɣen deg wayen i yeḍran ɣer taggara n tudert-is, imi ur yettwaɣḍes ara deg waman n lebni amasiḥi (baptême) alamma d aseggas 337, deg wakud i yella yettwaḍen. == 6. Asaḍuf n Milan (313): abeddel ameqqran deg umezruy n ddin == Deg useggas 313, Qusṭantin yemlal d ''Licinius'', amenkad n usamar n Tgelda Tarumanit, deg temdint n Milan. Sin n yimenkaden msefhamen ɣef yiwet n tsertit tamaynut i yeɛnan tilelli n ddin deg tgelda. Tizrawin n umezruy semman-as '''Asaḍuf n Milan''' (Edictum Mediolanense). === 6.1. D acu i d-yella deg talwit-a? === Iswi-is yella d aḥraz n tilelli n ddin i yimdanen n Tgelda Tarumanit. Imasḥiyen, i yellan d wid i yettwaḥebsen neɣ yettwaneɣan deg kra n talliyin yezrin, uɣalen sɛan azref ad ɛebden ddin-nsen war aḥebbes seg tmenkda. Adabu yessuter daɣen ad ttwaldin kra n yixxamen n usɣan [[Tamasiḥit|amasiḥi]] akked wayen i as-yettwakkesen deg tallit n uqehher. Maca ilaq ad nefhem yiwet n tɣawsa: Asaḍuf n Milan ur yerr ara ddin amasiḥi d ddin unṣib n Tmenkda Tarumanit. Tefka tilelli n ddin, ur teḥbis ara meṛṛa leɛwayed n wafagan, ur tessekcem ara akk imdanen deg usɣan amasiḥi. Ddɣa, deg tallit n Qusṭantin, isɣanen iqburen mazal llan deg tmetti tarumanit. === 6.2. Amgired gar Qusṭantin d Dyuklisyan === Deg 303, deg wakud n [[Dyuklisyan]], tella yiwet n tsertit taẓayant mgal yimasḥiyen. Kra n tklizin ttwamdlent, idlisen n ddin ttwaseṛɣen, yerna aṭas n yimasḥiyen ɛeddan ɣef lmeḥna. Deg tallit n Qusṭantin, tamsalt-a tbeddel. Anekcum n ddin amasiḥi deg tsertit n uwanek yella d yiwen n yiberdan imeqqranen n ubeddel n tmetti tarumanit. Maca anamek n ubeddel-a ur d-yemmal ara belli Tmenkda Tarumanit tuɣal d tamasiḥit deg yiwen wass. Abeddel yella s leɛqel, yerna yedda deg waṭas n tasutin. == 7. Ṭṭradat d Licinius d usdukkel n Tgelda Tarumanit (316–324) == Deffir talwit n Milan, Qusṭantin d ''Licinius'' llan d sin n yimenkaden imeqqranen. Qusṭantin yeṭṭef amalu n tgelda, Licinius yeṭṭef aḥric ameqqran n usamar. Assaɣen-nsen llan d wid iweɛren, ɣas akken Licinius yezweǧ Kunsṭantiya, ultma-s n Qusṭantin. === 7.1. Ṭṭrad n Cibalae === Deg 316, neɣ 314 ilmend n kra n yiɣbula, ṭṭrad amezwaru ameqqran gar-asen yeḍra deg ''Cibalae'', deg temnaḍt n Karwasya n wass-a. Qusṭantin yerbeḥ ṭṭrad-a. Deffir-s, ṭṭrad nniḍen yeḍra ɣef temnaḍt n ''Mardia''. Sin n yimenkaden msefhamen ɣef talwit, maca assaɣen-nsen warǧǧin llan rakden. === 7.2. Ṭṭrad aneggaru deg 324 === Deg 324, Qusṭantin yessufeɣ agraw aserdasi ameqqran mgal Licinius. Ṭṭradat imeqqranen ḍran deg: - ''Adrianopolis'', deg [[Tturk|Tturkya]] n wass-a. - ''Hellespont'', deg yilel gar Uṛupa d Asya. - ''Chrysopolis'', i d-yeqqimen ass-a deg tama tasya n Istanbul. Qusṭantin yerbeḥ Licinius deg Kṭuber 324. Licinius yeqbel ad yefk adabu, maca deg useggas 325 yettwanɣa s unamek n uḥraz n udabu n Qusṭantin. Sya ɣer zdat, Qusṭantin yuɣal d amenkad awḥid n Tmenkda Tarumanit meṛṛa. Ayen ur nessawaḍ ara ad yeg Dyuklisyan s tetrarkiya, Qusṭantin yessaweḍ ad t-yeg s ṭṭradat d wassaɣen n udabu. == 8. Asbeddi n Qusṭanṭiniya: tamdint tamaynut n tgelda == [[Tugna:Theodosian Walls in Constantinople 2.jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Iɣraben iqburen n Qusṭanṭiniya.]] === 8.1. Ayɣer Qusṭantin yefren Byzantion? === Deffir rbeḥ-is ɣef Licinius, Qusṭantin yebɣa ad yesbed yiwet n temdint tamanaɣt i udabu-is. Yefren temdint taqdimt n Byzantion, i yellan deg uḍiq agensu gar ilel Aberkan d ilel n Marmara. Tamnaḍt-a tesɛa azal ameqqran deg umezruy, deg ttjara d tsertit taserdasit. ''Byzantion'' teṭṭef amkan gar Uṛupa d Asya. Tella ɣef teqenṭert n yiberdan n ttjara i d-yettasen seg usamar ɣer umalu. Aman n Bosphorus, akked ufran n umkan-is, teǧǧa-tt d yiwet n temdint yezmer ad ttwaḥrez s shala ugar n waṭas n temdinin. === 8.2. Asbeddi n Qusṭanṭiniya === Deg 11 Mayyu 330, Qusṭantin yessekcem tamdint tamaynut deg wudmawen n udabu. Yefka-yas azal n yiwet n temdint tanamkant n tgelda. Tamdint-a tettwasemma Constantinopolis, anamek-is «Tamdint n Qusṭantin». Tettwafren daɣen s yisem n Ruma Tamaynut (Nova Roma). Maca ilaq ad nẓer belli Qusṭantin ur yebni ara tamdint-a seg ulac. Yessnerna tamezdeɣt n Byzantion, isbedd deg-s iberdan imeqqranen, tigejda n tedbelt, imukan n tɣuri, isayesen, temsirin d yixxamen n udabu. === 8.3. Tamsalt n Qusṭanṭiniya deg umezruy === Tamdint-a tuɣal sya ɣer zdat d yiwet n temdinin timeqqranin n umaḍal. Deffir tmettant n Qusṭantin, ad teqqim d amkan agejdan n udabu arumani deg usamar. Deg 395, mi tbeddel tɣessa n udabu gar umalu d usamar, Qusṭanṭiniya tuɣal d tamezdeɣt n udabu n tgelda tarumanit n usamar. Deffir aɣelluy n udabu arumani deg umalu deg 476, tamdint-a teqqim d amkan agejdan n tgelda i d-yettkemmilen amezruy arumani. Deg umezruy amiran, tgelda-a tettwasemma aṭas Tgelda Tabizantin. Maca imezdaɣ-is ur semman ara i yiman-nsen «Bizantiyen» deg unamek amiran. Ttwalin iman-nsen d Irumanen, yerna ssawalen i tgelda-nsen tagelda tarumanit. == 9. Agraw n Nikiya (325) d ubeddel n tmeslayt tamasiḥit == [[Tugna:Nicea.jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Agraw n Nikiya.]] Deg useggas 325, Qusṭantin yessuter ad yemlil ugraw ameqqran n yimrabḍen imasiḥiyen deg temdint n Nikiya, i d-yeqqimen ass-a d ''İznik'' deg [[Tturk|Turkya]]. Agraw-a yettwassnen s yisem n Agraw Amezwaru n Nikiya. === 9.1. D acu i d-ugur i yellan? === Deg tallit-a, tella temgarda tameqqrant gar yimasḥiyen ɣef tɣawsa n tɣessa n Yasuɛ Lmasiḥ d wassaɣ-is d Rebbi. [[Aryus]] yella d yiwen n yimrabḍen(argaz n ddin neɣ n usɣan) n temdint n Aleksandriya. Yella yettwali belli Mmi-s n Rebbi ur yelli ara d aqdim am Baba-s, imi tella tallit anda ur yelli ara. Imrabḍen nniḍen ur qbilen ara tikti-a. Llan ttwalin belli Mmi-s d aqdim am Baba-s, yerna d yiwen n ugama n tɣellist tarrabanit. Tamsalt-a tessekcem imasiḥiyen deg yiwen n ccwal ameqqran. === 9.2. D acu i yexdem Qusṭantin? === Qusṭantin, i yebɣan ad yesɛu talwit deg tmeslayt tamasiḥit, yessuter ad yemlil ugraw n yimrabḍen. Ur yelli ara d amrabḍ, ur yelli ara d ameqqran n tussna n ddin, maca yella d amenkad i yesɛan tazmert ad yesdukkel imdanen deg yiwen n ugraw. Agraw n Nikiya yefka azal i tikti n ''homoousios'', i d-yemmalen belli Mmi-s d Baba-s sɛan yiwet n tɣessa n ugama n yillu(agama n ṛebbi). Agraw yefren daɣen kra n yilugan i yesɛan assaɣ d ddin, d uselḥu n tmeslayt s tmuɣli tamasiḥit. === 9.3. Azal n ugraw-a === Agraw n Nikiya yesɛa azal ameqqran deg umezruy amasiḥi, imi d yiwen seg yigrawen imeqqranen imezwura i yebnan tikti tamasiḥit n tmeslayin d tmuɣliwin timeqqranin n usɣan-agi. Maca ur yelli ara d taggara n ccwal. Amgired gar yimasḥiyen ɣef tamsalt n Aryus akked taluft n [[Tadunatit|yidunatiden]] tekkemmel deg yiseggasen i d-iteddun, ɣas akken Qusṭantin yeɛreḍ ad yefru. Ilaq daɣen ad nẓer belli agraw-a ur d-yessnulfa ara ddin amasiḥi. Ddin-a yella uqbel Qusṭantin s waṭas n tasutin. Agraw yeɛreḍ ad yefru amgired gar yimasḥiyen ɣef kra n tɣawsiwin n lmendad n ddin. == 10. Tasertit n Qusṭantin deg Tafriqt n Ugafa == Aḥric-a yesɛa azal ameqqran i umezruy n yimaziɣen, imi Tafriqt n Ugafa tella d yiwet seg temnaḍin timeqqranin n Tgelda Tarumanit. === 10.1. Tafriqt deg tallit n Qusṭantin === Deg tazwara n tasut tis IV, Tafriqt n Ugafa tella d tamnaḍt i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg tdamsa, deg tsertit d ddin. Gar temdinin-is timeqqranin: - '''Qerṭaj''' (Carthago), tamdint tameqqrant n Tafriqt Tarumanit. - '''Sirta'''(Kirtan), i yettwasemman sya ɣer zdat Constantine. - '''Hippo Regius''', i d-yeqqimen ass-a deg temnaḍt n Ɛennaba. - '''Kwikul'''(Cuicul), i d-yuɣalen ass-a d Ǧmila. - '''Tamugadi''', i d-yuɣalen ass-a d Timgad. - '''Tivest'''(Theveste), i d-yeqqimen ass-a d Tebessa. Amezruy n temnaḍin-a yella d amezruy n tdukli d umgired gar tmetti tarumanit, timettiyin timaziɣin tiqburin, ddin amasiḥi d leɛwayed n wafagan. === 10.2. Qusṭantin d temdint n Kirtan(Sirta) === Tamdint n Sirta tella d yiwet seg temdinin timeqqranin n Numidya. Deg tallit n Qusṭantin, tamdint-a tettwaseggem deffir kra n yimenɣiyen iserdasiyen i d-yeḍran. Yettwassnen belli deg 313, Sirta tuɣal tettwasemma Qunṭantin, s yisem n umenkad Qusṭantin. Tamdint-a teqqim tesɛa isem-is armi d tallit tamirant: Qusṭanṭina. Abeddel n yisem-a yeskanay-d azal i yesɛa Qusṭantin deg tsertit n Numidya n tallit-nni. === 10.3. Tazɣent n Dunatus deg Tafriqt === Deg tallit-a tella yiwen n umgirred ameqqran gar yimasḥiyen n Tafriqt. Deg taggara n tallit n uqehher n [[Dyuklisyan]], kra n yimrabḍen ttwaccahden belli fkan idlisen n ddin i udabu arumani. Deffir uqehher, tella taluft-a: ma yezmer umrabḍ i yellan deg ugur-a ad yuɣal ɣer tmasiḥit s wudem n wargaz n ddin, neɣ ilaq ad yettwakks seg umkan-is? Tamsalt-a teǧǧa imasiḥiyen n Tafriqt ad bḍun ɣef sin n yiberdan. Yiwen n uḥric yella yedda d ''Caecilianus'', amrabḍ n Qerṭaj. Aḥric nniḍen yella yedda d ''Majorinus'', syin d [[Dunatus Maɣnus|Dunatus]], i d-yuɣalen d yiwen n yimeqqranen n umussu-a. Amussu-a yettwassnen deg umezruy s yisem [[Tadunatit]](Donatisme). === 10.4. Anekcum n Qusṭantin deg taluft-a === Qusṭantin yeɛreḍ ad yefru amgirred-a. Deg 313, yessuter ad yemlil ugraw n yimrabḍen deg Ruma. Agraw-a yefka afus i ''Caecilianus'', maca imdukkal n Dunatus ur qbilen ara taɣtas-is. Deg 314, Qusṭantin yessuter agraw nniḍen deg Arles, deg Galiya. Agraw-a yesbedd daɣen taɣtas i d-yefka ugraw n Ruma. Maca amgirred ur yefru ara. Deg 316, Qusṭantin yessekcem adabu-is iwakken ad iḥbes imdukkal n Dounatus. Kra n yixxamen n ddin ttwakksen, kra n yimrabḍen ttwassenɣen seg temnaḍin-nsen. Tasertit-a ur tessawaḍ ara ad teḥbes uamussu-a. Deg 321, Qusṭantin yessers aḥric ameqqran n tsertit n uḥebbes, maca Tadunatit ikemmel ad yettnerni deg Tafriqt. Imezrayen n ddin sneqdacen tazɣent-a am yiwet n tɣawsa tameqqrant deg umezruy n usɣan amasiḥi n Tafriqt ugafa. === 10.5. Tadunatit d yimaziɣen === Tella yiwet n tamsalt i ilaq ad d-nessuter deg umezruy-a: assaɣ gar Tadunatit d yimaziɣen. Deg kra n temnaḍin n Numidya, Tadunatit tesɛa imdukkal aṭas, ladɣa deg temnaḍin n berra n temdinin timeqqranin. Maca ur nezmir ara ad nini belli Tadunatit tella d ddin n yimaziɣen kan, neɣ belli tella deg-s tagrawla n yimaziɣen mgal Ruma. Yella deg-s umgirred n ddin, assaɣen n udabu, timsal n leḥkem n yimrabḍen, akked kra n yimgirrden n tmetti. Imezrayen ttwalin belli assaɣ gar Tadunatit, timettiyin timaziɣin d tsertit tarumanit yella d tin iweɛren ad yettwafhem s yiwet n tekti kan. Aḥric ameqqran n umezruy-a ad ikemmel deg tasut tis IV d tis V, ladɣa deg tallit n [[Agerram Augustin (Saint Augustin)|Uɣustin n Hippo]]. == 11. Tadamsa d tedrimt deg tallit n Qusṭantin == === 11.1. Asnerni n tedrimt n wureɣ === [[Tugna:Constantinus I. - Münzkabinett, Berlin - 5548253.jpg|centré|vignette|350x350px|Tadrimt tarumanit deg tallit n Qusṭantin Amezwaru.]] Yiwen seg leqdicat imeqqranen n Qusṭantin yella deg tsertit n tedrimt. Yesnerna aseqdec n yiwet n tedrimt n wureɣ i yettwasemman '''solidus'''. Solidus ytella d tadrimt n wureɣ i yesɛan azal yettwasbadun, d ayen i yessnernan taɣellist n tedrimt deg kra n yiḥricen n tdamsa. S usemḍfer n yiseggasen, solidus tuɣal d yiwet n yidrimen imeqqranen n tgelda tarumanit, yerna ikemmel useqdec-is deg tallit tabizantin. Maca tasertit-a ur tefru ara meṛṛa uguren n tdamsa. Timetti tarumanit mazal teɛna-tt tazɣent n tedrimt n lfeḍḍa d yidrimen imeẓẓyanen, ladɣa gar yimezdaɣen ur nesɛi ara aṭas n wayla. === 11.2. Timdinin d yixeddamen n tdamsa === Qusṭantin yeḥrez, yerna yesnerna, kra n tɣessiwin n tedamsa i d-yellan seg tallit n [[Dyuklisyan]]. Taddart n yifellaḥen, amkan n yimeẓẓyanen deg temdinin, akked ilugan n lexlaṣ n tebzar d wamek i ttwaxllaṣent ilmend n umhaz-nsent . Adabu yella yebɣa ad yesɛu idrimen i useḥrez n teserdast, labni n temdinin d leqdicat n tedbelt. Maca kra n yisutar n tebzar sɛan aẓayer aẓayan ɣef temnaḍin n lexla(beṛṛa n temdinin). === 12. Taserdast n Qusṭantin === Qusṭantin yella d amenkad i yellan yesɛa tirmit tameqqrant deg teserdast(igen). Yessnerna tɣessa taserdasit i d-yebna Dyuklisyan. Deg tallit-is, taserdast tarumanit tella tesɛa sin n yiḥricen imeqqranen: '''Iserdasen n tlisa''', i yellan ttwaḥrazen deg temnaḍin n berra n tgelda, akked iserdasen n daxel, i yezmer umenkad ad yessekcem ɣer kra n yigrawen d temdinin s zreb. Tarrayt-a teǧǧa-t ad yesɛu tazmert ad yessufeɣ tiserdasin ɣer yimukan i yeḥwaǧen tallelt. === 12.1. Iɛessasen n umenkad === Qusṭantin yesbed daɣen tɣessa n yiɛessasen iserdasiyen i yettwassnen s yisem n '''Scholae Palatinae'''. Tigrawin-a uɣalent d yiwet n tɣessa taserdasit i yettwaḥsaben d taɣawsa n umenkad. S wakka, Qusṭantin yessefk daɣen aɣelluy n tɣessa taqdimt n iɛessasen n ''Tredsa Praetorian'', i yellan tesɛa azal ameqqran deg tsertit n Ruma. Tredsa-a tella tesɛa aṭas n wassaɣen d yimenkaden iqburen, yerna deg talliyin yezrin tesɛa afus deg usbeddi neɣ deg usseɣli n yimenkaden. Qusṭantin yebɣa ad as-yekkes tazmert-a. === 12.2. Tilisa n tmnekda === Deg tallit n Qusṭantin, Tgelda Tarumanit teqqim tettnaɣ ɣef kra n tlisa-s. Deg ugafa n Uṛupa, llan ṭṭradat mgal iɣerfanen iǧermaniyen, ladɣa ama deg temnaḍin n Rhin ama deg temnaḍin n Danub. Deg usamar, yella ccwal d Tgelda Tasanit n Fars. Qusṭantin yella yettsewjed tirnit taserdasit mgal Fars uqbel tamettant-is, maca ur yessaweḍ ara ad yessufeɣ amenuɣ-a. == 13. Ilugan d tsertit n tmetti == Qusṭantin yessufeɣ-d aṭas n yilugan i yeɛnan tudert n yimdanen deg tgelda. Leqdicat-is deg taɣult-a sɛan sin n wudmawen: kra ttawin-d abeddel ɣer wayen yelhan, maca kra n yilugan nniḍen ttwaḥsaben d iqesḥanen aṭas. === 13.1. Tamsalt n waklan === Deg tallit-is, Qusṭantin yessekcem kra n ubeddel deg yilugan i yeɛnan aklan. Yesseɣti kra n yisutar i yeɛnan tmetti, maca ur yekkes ara tamsalt n yimaklan. Tamsalt n waklan teqqim d yiwet n tɣessiwin n tmetti tarumanit. === 13.2. Izrefen n twaculin === Qusṭantin yessekcem ilugan imaynuten i yeɛnan zwaǧ, tameṭṭut, iḥricen n twacult, akked wayla n yimdanen. Deg 320, yekkes kra n yiɣilifen n uzref i yellan ɣef wid ur nezwiǧ ara, ilmend n yilugan iqburen n [[Ugustus|Uɣustus]]. Maca ilugan-is nniḍen deg tamsalt n zwaǧ d yizerfan n twaculin qqimen d wid iweɛren. Tazrawt n tmezrayt ''Judith Evans Grubb''s teskanay-d belli ur ilaq ara ad neḥseb yal abeddel n uzref deg tallit-a d aḥric n tsertit tamasiḥit, imi aṭas n yilugan sdukklen leɛwayed tiqburin n Ruma d tɣessiwin timaynuten n tmetti. === 13.3. Ilugan iqesḥanen === Deg kra n temsal n uzref, Qusṭantin yesnerna tazmert n uɛaqeb. Kra n tilufa, ladɣa tin i yeɛnan zwaǧ d yizerfan n tmetti, sɛant aɛaqeb aqesḥan. Tamsalt-a teskanay-d belli Qusṭantin ur yelli ara d amenkad i yessuturen kan talwit d tilelli. Yella daɣen d amenkad i yesɛan tasertit taẓayant n uḥraz n udabu d tɣessiwin n tmetti. == 14. Qusṭantin d tsertit n wafagan == Deg tallit n Qusṭantin, leɛwayed n ufagan mazal llan deg Tmenkda Tarumanit. Deg temdinin timeqqranin, llan mazal ttaɛbaden irebbiten irumanen, tigejda n wafagan, d tfaskiwin iqburen. Qusṭantin yefka afus n tallelt i ddin amasiḥi, maca ur yesseɣli ara deg yiwen wakud meṛṛa tiɣessiwin n wafagan. Deg kra n temnaḍin, leɛwayed iqburen kemmlent deg tmetti. Deg Qusṭanṭiniya, tugna n temdint tamaynut tella tesdukkel azamul n udabu arumani aqdim d yizamulen imasiḥiyen. === 14.1. Ass n yiṭij === Deg 321, Qusṭantin yessufeɣ alugen i yesɛan assaɣ d wass n yiṭij (dies Solis), i yellan d ass n ustaɛfu deg kra n yimukan n tedbelt d tenzut(ttjara). ''Ass-a'' n yiṭij yuɣal sya ɣer zdat d yiwen n wussan imeqqranen n ddin amasiḥi. Maca ilaq ad nẓer belli tarrayt n useqdec n wass n yiṭij deg tmetti tarumanit tella-d uqbel Qusṭantin, yerna tamgarda n leɛwayed gar ufagan d ddin amasiḥi ur tefru ara deg yiwen wass. === 14.2. Melmi i yuɣal ddin amasiḥi d ddin n wanek? === Tella kra n tɣawsa i yettwasefhamen s tuccḍa deg waṭas n yidrisen. Qusṭantin ur yessebdad ara ddin amasiḥi d ddin anasay awḥid n Tmenkda Tarumanit. Deg 380, deg tallit n umenkad Theodosius Amezwaru, s yiwen n usaḍuf ameqqran ad yerr ddin amasiḥi n tsertit n Nikiya d ddin i yettwaqeblen seg udabu. Ihi, ayen i yebda Qusṭantin deg 313 ad ikemmel deg yiseggasen d tasutin i d-iteddun. == 15. Qusṭantin d twacult-is == [[Tugna:Colossus of Constantine I 03.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n Qusṭantin i d-yettwaɛwden.]] Qusṭantin yella yesɛa assaɣen imeqqranen d twacult-is, maca tudert-is tagensant tella deg-s daɣen twaɣiyin. === 15.1. Helena, yemma-s === [[Helena (yemma-s n Qusṭantin Amezwaru)|Helena]] tesɛa azal ameqqran deg tudert n Qusṭantin. Deg tallit n udabu n mmi-s, tewwi azwel n Augusta, i d-yemmalen amkan ameqqran deg twacult n umenkad. Helena tettwassnen deg umezruy amasiḥi s yinig-is ɣer tmura n usamar, anda tella tesɛa afus deg lebni n yixxamen n ddin. Tella tettwaḥsab d yiwet n tudsa tameqqrant n umezruy n tmeslayt tamasiḥit. === 15.2. Fausta === Fausta d yell-is n Maximian, tella d tameṭṭut n Qusṭantin seg 307. Tesɛa yid-s kra n warraw, gar-asen Qusṭantin II, Constantius II d Constans. Maca deg 326, Fausta temmut deg tɣawsa i mazal ur nettwassen ara s tidet meṛṛa. Kra n yiɣbula qqarent belli tettwanɣa s lamer n Qusṭantin. === 15.3. Tamettant n Crispus === Crispus yella d mmi-s ameqqran n Qusṭantin, seg wassaɣ-is d '''Minervina'''. Yella yesɛa azal deg teserdast d tsertit. Deg 324, yella yesɛa afus deg rbeḥ n teserdast(igen) tarumanit deg ṭṭrad n Hellespont. Maca deg 326, Crispus yettwanɣa. Ur nessin ara s tidet d acu i d-ssebba n tmettant-is. Kra n yiɣbula n tallit taqdimt ssawalen ɣef temsalt n wassaɣ gar Crispus d Fausta, maca imezrayen imiranen ur zmiren ara ad sbeddun belli taḥkayt-a d tidet. Tamettant n '''Crispus''' d tin n '''Fausta''' ttwaḥsabent d yiwet seg temsal tiudrigin i mazal ur nefru ara deg umezruy n Qusṭantin. Tamsalt-a teskanay-d daɣen belli tudert n umenkad-a ur telli ara d tin n talwit kan, imi adabu arumani yella deg-s leḥkem, tissas d usuter n tezmert s kra n tɣawsiwin i d-yessawḍen armi d tamettant n yiɛeggalen n twacult. == 16. Tamettant n Qusṭantin (337) == Deg useggas 337, Qusṭantin yella d amenkad aqdim yesɛan azal ameqqran deg tmenkda. Yella yettsewjed irni aserdasi mgal Fars, maca yebda yettaḍan. Deg taggara n tudert-is, Qusṭantin yeqbel ad yettwaɣḍes deg waman n lebni amasiḥi. Yettwaɣḍes s ufus n ''Eusebius n Nicomedia'', argaz n usɣan i yellan yesɛa assaɣen d tmuɣli n [[Aryus]]. Deg 22 Mayyu 337, Qusṭantin yemmut deg temnaḍt n Nicomedia, deg [[Tturk|Turkya]] n wass-a. Yella yesɛa ɣef 65 n yiseggasen, ma yella talalit-is deg 272. Tafekka-s tettwawi ɣer Qusṭanṭiniya, anda yettwamḍel deg umkan n teglizt tamasiḥit, i yettwassnen s yisem n ''Church of the Holy Apostles''. Deffir tmettant-is, arraw-is bḍan adabu, maca tamsalt n usemḍfer n udabu ur tefru ara war ccwal. Gar arraw-is i d-yuɣalen d imenkaden: - Qusṭantin II. - Constantius II. - Constans. Deg yiseggasen i d-iteddun, yella umgired ameqqran gar-asen, yerna kra n yiɛeggalen n twacult n Qusṭantin ttwaneɣan deg tɣawsa n usemḍfer n udabu. == 17. Azal n Qusṭantin deg umezruy == Qusṭantin Amezwaru yella d yiwen n yimenkaden i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg umezruy n Tmenkda Tarumanit. Maca ismawen n «Amezwaru» d «Ameqqran» ur ilaq ara ad aɣ-ǧǧen ad nerr tudert-is d taḥkayt n yiwen n urgaz yelhan kan. Amezruy-is yesɛa sin n wudmawen imeqqranen. === 17.1. Aḥric n leqdicat-is imeqqranen === Qusṭantin yessaweḍ ad yerr tamurt tarumanit ddaw yiwen n udabu, deffir aṭas n yiseggasen n ccwal. Yesnerna tasertit n tedrimt, yerna yessnerna tɣessiwin n teserdast d tedbelt. Yebna Qusṭanṭiniya, i d-yuɣalen d yiwet seg temdinin timeqqranin n umaḍal. Yefka afus i ddin amasiḥi, yerna yessekcem imrabḍen-is deg tsertit n wanek. Yesdukkel agraw n Nikiya, i yesɛan azal deg usbeddi n tɣessiwin d tmuɣliwin n ddin amasiḥi. === 17.2. Aḥric n wayen iweɛren deg udabu-is === Qusṭantin yella d amenkad i yerbḥen ṭṭradat n daxel s tazmert n teserdast. Yessekcem tasertit n uḥebbes d uɛaqeb mgal kra n yimdanen d kra n tmuɣliwin tamasiḥiyin, ladɣa deg temsalt n Donatus. Kra n yilugan-is llan d iqesḥanen aṭas. Tamettant n Crispus d Fausta teskanay-d belli tella yiwet n tama tukrift deg twacult-is d udabu-is. Ihi, ad t-id-nḥaseb d amenkad ameqqran deg wazal n leqdicat-is, maca ur ilaq ara ad t-nerr d amdan ur nesɛi ara tuccḍiwin. === 18. Amezruy n Qusṭantin deg umaḍal amiran === Deffir 17 n tsutin, isem n Qusṭantin mazal yesɛa azal deg waṭas n tmura. Deg tmuɣliwin timasiḥiyin n usamar, Qusṭantin yettwaḥsab d yiwen n wurgaz i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg umezruy n ddin. Deg tmeslayt tamasiḥit n umalu, azal-is yella daɣen d ameqqran, maca tarrayt n usdukkel-is d tɣessiwin n ddin ur telli ara am tin n tmeslayin n usamar. Deg umezruy n Tgelda Tarumanit, Qusṭantin d yiwen seg yimenkaden i yerran tmenkda seg tɣessa taqdimt n Ruma ɣer tɣessa tamaynut i yellan tettnerni deg usamar. Deg Tafriqt n Ugafa, isem-is mazal yettwaf deg temdint n Qusṭanṭina, i yellan uqbel d Cirta. Qusṭantin yella daɣen d yiwen n yimdanen i yesɛan azal deg umezruy n tmuɣli tamasiḥit n Tafriqt, ladɣa deg tamsalt n [[Tadunatit|Tdunatit]]. 6qdiqqhegqanqxft2r7iirvfokhlnnt 117707 117706 2026-10-18T18:43:25Z Gurzil90x 14292 seɣtiɣ kra n tuccḍiwin 117707 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Qusṭantin Amezwaru''', i yettwassnen daɣen s yisem n '''Qusṭantin Ameqqran''' (''Constantinus Magnus s tlatinit''), d yiwen seg {{Infobox biography|item=Q8413|image=[[File:0 Gaius Flavius Valerius Constantinus, Palatino.jpg|thumb|Asebdad n Qusṭantin Amezwaru|300px]]|caption=Qusṭantin Amezwaru.}} yimenkaden irumanen i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg umezruy n umaḍal aqdim. Yella d amenkad n Tmenkda Tarumanit seg useggas 306 armi d 337, maca ur yuɣal d amenkad awḥid n tgelda meṛṛa alamma d aseggas 324. Deg 31 n yiseggasen n udabu-is, Qusṭantin yessaweḍ ad ibeddel aṭas n tɣawsiwin deg tsertit, deg tedbelt, deg tsertit taserdasit, deg tdamsa, ladɣa deg wassaɣ gar uwanek arumani d tmeslayt tamasiḥit. Gar wayen i t-yeskanayen deg umezruy: - Yerbeḥ ṭṭradat imeqqranen mgal imenkaden i t-yettnaɣen ɣef udabu. - Yerr-a tamurt tarumanit meṛṛa ddaw yiwen n umenkad deg 324. - Yesnerna tasertit n tsureft d uḥraz n tilelli n ddin i yimasḥiyen. - Yefka afus n tallelt i tmeslayt tamasiḥit, armi tuɣal d yiwet n tɣessa timeqqranin n tmetti tarumanit. - Yebna tamezdeɣt tamanekdat tamaynut deg Qusṭanṭiniya, ɣef wakal n temdint taqdimt n Byzantion. - Yesdukkel amussu n uselḥu n tmeslayt tamasiḥit deg ugraw n Nikiya, deg 325. - Yesnerna yiwet n tsertit tamaynut n tedrimt, taserdast d tedbelt. S wakka, Qusṭantin ur yelli ara kan d amenkad i yerbeḥ ṭṭradat. Yella daɣen d yiwen n yimdanen i d-yeslulfen tallit tamaynut deg umezruy n Tgelda Tarumanit, tin ara yessiwḍen sya ɣer temsalt tarumanit n usamar, i yettwassnen deg umezruy am Tgelda Tabizantin. == 1. Talalit d temẓi n Qusṭantin == === 1.1. Talalit-is === Qusṭantin ilul, ilmend n tɣbula i d-yewḍen ɣur-neɣ, ɣef useggas 272 neɣ deg kra n yiseggasen i t-id-yezwaren, deg temdint n ''Naissus'', i d-yeqqimen ass-a d Nič deg [[Ṣerbya]]. Isem-is arumani yella d ''Flavius Valerius Constantinus''. Baba-s d [[Qusṭantin Klurus]] (Constantius Chlorus), yiwen n yimeqqranen iserdasiyen irumanen i yuɣalen d imenkaden. Yemma-s d [[Helena (yemma-s n Qusṭantin Amezwaru)|Helena]], tameṭṭut i yuɣalen sya ɣer zdat d yiwet n tuqdisin timeqqranin n umezruy amasiḥi. Ur nessin ara s tidet meṛṛa ma [[Helena (yemma-s n Qusṭantin Amezwaru)|Helena]] d tameṭṭut tamezwarut n Qusṭantin Klurus s uzref, neɣ d tameṭṭut i yesɛa yid-s assaɣ uqbel zwaǧ-is ameskaran. Tameṭṭut-a ur tesɛi ara tazmert n tsertit deg tazwara, maca mmi-s mi yuɣal d amenkad, ad as-yefk azal ameqqran. === 1.2. Axxam-is d tugna n tmetti n wakud-nni === Deg tazwara n tasut tis IV, Tgelda Tarumanit d tamurt tameqqrant i yeṭṭfen aḥric ameqqran n Tuṛuft, Tafriqt n ugafa d Asya n umalu. Deg tallit-a, aṭas n yimenkaden ur d-ttilalen ara deg temdint n Ruma. Llan-d seg temnaḍin n Danub, Illyricum d Balkans, anda taserdast tesɛa azal ameqqran deg usefru n udabu. Qusṭantin yella seg tɣiwant-a n tsertit taserdasit. Ihi, talalit-is deg Naissus ur telli ara d ayen iweɛren ad nefhem, imi taserdast tarumanit tuɣal d yiwen n yigejdan n tɣessa n tgelda. === 1.3. Tamẓi deg yixxamen n yimenkaden === Qusṭantin yessaweḍ ad ikker deg tɣiwant n yimenkaden. Yedder deg yixxamen n udabu deg usamar n tgelda, anda yella Dyuklisyan d amenkad. Yelmed amek tettwaselḥu tgelda, amek tettwasebdad taserdast, akked wamek tteddun wassaɣen gar yimenkaden. Yexdem daɣen deg teserdast, yedda deg kra n yikabar iserdasiyen, yessen tamsalt n usefrek n yimukan d uselḥu n yimrigen. Tudert-is deg tallit-a tefka-yas tirmit i as-yettunefken kan i kra n yimeqqranen irumanen. == 2. Tagnit n Tgelda Tarumanit uqbel ad d-yili Qusṭantin == === 2.1. Tazɣent n tasut tis III === Deg tasut tis III, Tgelda Tarumanit tɛedda ɣef yiwet n tallit iweɛren aṭas. Llan aṭas n yimenkaden i d-ttilin s tallelt n teserdast, maca ur ttɣimin ara deg udabu aṭas n wakud. Ṭṭradat n daxel, tazɣent n tedrimt, asenqes n uselḥu n temnaḍin, akked ṭṭradat ɣef tilisa rnan-d ccwal i tgelda. Seg 235 armi d 284, aṭas n yimenkaden uɣalen-d ɣer udabu, kra seg-sen ttwaneɣan neɣ ttwakksen deg wakud ameẓẓyan. === 2.2. Aɣelluy n tetrarkiya === Dyuklisyan, mi yuɣal d amenkad deg 284, yeɛreḍ ad yefru ugur-a. Yesbed tasertit n tetrarkiya, anda tgelda tettwasefru s ukuẓ n yimeqqranen: sin n yimenkaden imeqqranen (Augusti) d sin n yimenkaden imawlan n lɛehd (Caesares). Iswi n tetrarkiya yella d: - Asefru n tgelda s wudem iqriben ɣer temnaḍin-is. - Aḥraz n tilisa seg iɣerfan ibarbaren. - Asenqes n ṭṭradat n udabu gar yimeqqranen. - Aḍman n usemḍfer n udabu war ṭṭradat. Maca tarrayt-a ur tessawaḍ ara ad teḥrez talwit i lebda. Mi Dyuklisyan d Maximian ǧǧan adabu deg 305, tamukrist(ugur) n wamek ara d-yilin yimenkaden imaynuten tebda tettban-d. Qusṭantin ad yuɣal d yiwen n yimdanen i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg uɣelluy n tetrarkiya. === 3. Abrid n Qusṭantin ɣer udabu (305–306) === Deg 305, baba-s [[Qusṭantin Klurus]] yuɣal d amenkad ameqqran n umalu n tgelda. Qusṭantin, i yellan deg usamar, yuɣal ɣer baba-s, yedda yid-s deg yigrawen iserdasiyen n Britanya. Deg 25 Yulyu 306, Qusṭantin Klurus yemmut deg temdint n Eboracum, i d-yuɣalen ass-a d York deg Ngliz. Deffir tmettant-is, iserdasen-is ssutren ad yili mmi-s Qusṭantin d amenkad. Deffir tmettant n baba-s, iserdasen-is sbedden Qusṭantin d amenkad deg 306, maca Galerius, amenkad ameqqran n usamar, ur iqbil ara ad t-yessisem d Augustus s tazwara. Yefka-yas kan azwel n Caesar. Tamsalt-a tessekcem Qusṭantin deg yiwet n tɣawsa tameqqrant: anadi ɣef adabu arumani s tallelt n teserdast. Deg yiseggasen i d-iteddun, Qusṭantin isnerna adabu-is deg Galiya, Britanya d kra n temnaḍin n Uṛupa n umalu. Yesbed daɣen assaɣen n tsertit s yimenkaden nniḍen. Deg 307, yezweǧ Fausta, yell-is n umenkad aqdim Maximian. Zwaǧ-a yella daɣen d yiwet n tarrayt n usdukkel n yiɛeggalen n udabu. == 4. Ṭṭradat n Qusṭantin akked Maxentius (312) == === 4.1. Anwa i yellan d ''Maxentius''? === ''Maxentius'' d mmi-s n ''Maximian'', yiwen n yimenkaden iqburen n tetrarkiya. Yuɣal d amenkad deg Ruma deg 306, yerna yeṭṭef kra n temnaḍin n ṭṭelyan d Tafriqt Tarumanit. Qusṭantin d ''Maxentius'' uɣalen d imnaɣen ɣef udabu n umalu. Deg 312, Qusṭantin yefren ad yessekcem taserdast-is ɣer ṭṭelyan iwakken ad yernu Maxentius. === 4.2. Akabar n Itelya === Qusṭantin yessufeɣ taserdast-is seg ''Galiya'', yezger idurar n ''Alpes'', yerna kra n isedasen n yigen n ''Maxentius'' deg temdinin n usamar n ṭṭelyan. Yerbeḥ deg ''Turin'', ''Verona'' d yimukan nniḍen, syin yuɣal ɣer [[Roma|Ruma]]. Maxentius yefren ad yessuffeɣ taserdast-is seg Ruma iwakken ad yemmager Qusṭantin. === 4.3. Ṭṭrad n Teqenṭert n Milvius === [[Tugna:Ponte Milvio-side view-antmoose.jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Tiqenṭart n Milvius, anda i d-yeḍra amennuɣ gar Qusṭantin d Maxentius.]] Deg 28 Kṭuber 312, sin n yimeqqranen mmagren ɣef teqenṭert n Milvius (Pons Milvius), deg ugafa n Ruma. Tarrayt n Qusṭantin, akked udabu-s ɣef yigen, teǧǧa-t ad yerbeḥ ṭṭrad. Deg trewla-ines ɣer Ruma, Maxentius yeɣli deg wasif n Tiber, yemmut deg waman. Tameɣra n Qusṭantin tebna ɣef rbeḥ-a, imi seg wass-nni yuɣal d amenkad yesɛan adabu ɣef umalu n Tgelda Tarumanit. Ṭṭrad-a ad yesɛu daɣen azal ameqqran deg umezruy n tmeslayt tamasiḥit. == 5. Tirgit n Qusṭantin d uqerrub-is ɣer usɣan(ddin) amasiḥi == === 5.1. D acu i d-yellan uqbel ṭṭrad? === Imezrayen n tallit taqdimt ḥkan-d belli Qusṭantin yeẓra azamul deg yigenni neɣ yurga tirgit uqbel ṭṭrad n Milvius. Maca iɣbula ur msefhamen ara ɣef wamek i yeḍra. '''''Lactantius''''', ameskar amasiḥi n tasut tis IV, yura belli Qusṭantin yettwawelleh deg targit iwakken ad yerr azamul amasiḥi ɣef yiwen seg yizamulen n teserdast-is. Eusebius n Qaysariya, i yuran Vita Constantini, yefka-d taḥkayt nniḍen, anda Qusṭantin yeẓra, ilmend n wayen i d-yenna, azamul n ufus amasiḥi(amidag) deg yigenni. Deg yiɣbula n tmasiḥit, taḥkayt-a tettwaqqen ɣer wawal alatini: '''In hoc signo vinces — «S uzamul-a ara terbeḥeḍ.»''' Maca ur nezmir ara ad nini s tidet belli ayen i d-yettwaḥkan deg yiɣbula-a yeḍra akken i t-id-uran. Imezrayen imiranen kkaten-d deg taḥkayat-a imi tella deg-sent tmuɣli n ddin, tazerfa n udabu-s d usnulfu n tugna n umenkad. Amgired gar ''Lactantius'' d ''Eusebius'', akked wakud anda ttwarun iɣbula-nsen, yettaǧǧa tamsalt-a d tin ɣef mazal yettili unadi n umezruy. === 5.2. Qusṭantin d amasiḥi neɣ d afagan? === Tamsalt-a ur tefru ara s yiwet n tririt tafessast. Qusṭantin yella deg tmetti tarumanit anda llan aṭas n yisɣanen d leɛwayed n wafagan. Deg tazwara n udabu-is, yella yesskanay-d assaɣen d ddin n yiṭij, ladɣa d Sol Invictus. Maca seg 312 d asawen, aselḥu-s yesɛa ugar n wassaɣen d tmeslayt [[tamasiḥit]]. Yebda yettak-as tallelt, yettqabal imrabḍen-is, yerna yebna tallelt-is tasertant ɣef tɣessa-s. Ihi, nezmer ad nini belli Qusṭantin yuɣal yettak afus i ddin amasiḥi, maca '''ur nezmir ara ad nẓer s tidet''' melmi i tbeddel tikti-s n ddin, neɣ amek i tella taflest-is tagensant. Tamsalt n ddin-is tban-d daɣen deg wayen i yeḍran ɣer taggara n tudert-is, imi ur yettwaɣḍes ara deg waman n lebni amasiḥi (baptême) alamma d aseggas 337, deg wakud i yella yettwaḍen. == 6. Asaḍuf n Milan (313): abeddel ameqqran deg umezruy n ddin == Deg useggas 313, Qusṭantin yemlal d ''Licinius'', amenkad n usamar n Tgelda Tarumanit, deg temdint n Milan. Sin n yimenkaden msefhamen ɣef yiwet n tsertit tamaynut i yeɛnan tilelli n ddin deg tgelda. Tizrawin n umezruy semman-as '''Asaḍuf n Milan''' (Edictum Mediolanense). === 6.1. D acu i d-yella deg talwit-a? === Iswi-is yella d aḥraz n tilelli n ddin i yimdanen n Tgelda Tarumanit. Imasḥiyen, i yellan d wid i yettwaḥebsen neɣ yettwaneɣan deg kra n talliyin yezrin, uɣalen sɛan azref ad ɛebden ddin-nsen war aḥebbes seg tmenkda. Adabu yessuter daɣen ad ttwaldin kra n yixxamen n usɣan [[Tamasiḥit|amasiḥi]] akked wayen i as-yettwakkesen deg tallit n uqehher. Maca ilaq ad nefhem yiwet n tɣawsa: Asaḍuf n Milan ur yerr ara ddin amasiḥi d ddin unṣib n Tmenkda Tarumanit. Tefka tilelli n ddin, ur teḥbis ara meṛṛa leɛwayed n wafagan, ur tessekcem ara akk imdanen deg usɣan amasiḥi. Ddɣa, deg tallit n Qusṭantin, isɣanen iqburen mazal llan deg tmetti tarumanit. === 6.2. Amgired gar Qusṭantin d Dyuklisyan === Deg 303, deg wakud n [[Dyuklisyan]], tella yiwet n tsertit taẓayant mgal yimasḥiyen. Kra n tklizin ttwamdlent, idlisen n ddin ttwaseṛɣen, yerna aṭas n yimasḥiyen ɛeddan ɣef lmeḥna. Deg tallit n Qusṭantin, tamsalt-a tbeddel. Anekcum n ddin amasiḥi deg tsertit n uwanek yella d yiwen n yiberdan imeqqranen n ubeddel n tmetti tarumanit. Maca anamek n ubeddel-a ur d-yemmal ara belli Tmenkda Tarumanit tuɣal d tamasiḥit deg yiwen wass. Abeddel yella s leɛqel, yerna yedda deg waṭas n tasutin. == 7. Ṭṭradat d Licinius d usdukkel n Tgelda Tarumanit (316–324) == Deffir talwit n Milan, Qusṭantin d ''Licinius'' llan d sin n yimenkaden imeqqranen. Qusṭantin yeṭṭef amalu n tgelda, Licinius yeṭṭef aḥric ameqqran n usamar. Assaɣen-nsen llan d wid iweɛren, ɣas akken Licinius yezweǧ Kunsṭantiya, ultma-s n Qusṭantin. === 7.1. Ṭṭrad n Cibalae === Deg 316, neɣ 314 ilmend n kra n yiɣbula, ṭṭrad amezwaru ameqqran gar-asen yeḍra deg ''Cibalae'', deg temnaḍt n Karwasya n wass-a. Qusṭantin yerbeḥ ṭṭrad-a. Deffir-s, ṭṭrad nniḍen yeḍra ɣef temnaḍt n ''Mardia''. Sin n yimenkaden msefhamen ɣef talwit, maca assaɣen-nsen warǧǧin llan rakden. === 7.2. Ṭṭrad aneggaru deg 324 === Deg 324, Qusṭantin yessufeɣ agraw aserdasi ameqqran mgal Licinius. Ṭṭradat imeqqranen ḍran deg: - ''Adrianopolis'', deg [[Tturk|Tturkya]] n wass-a. - ''Hellespont'', deg yilel gar Uṛupa d Asya. - ''Chrysopolis'', i d-yeqqimen ass-a deg tama tasya n Istanbul. Qusṭantin yerbeḥ Licinius deg Kṭuber 324. Licinius yeqbel ad yefk adabu, maca deg useggas 325 yettwanɣa s unamek n uḥraz n udabu n Qusṭantin. Sya ɣer zdat, Qusṭantin yuɣal d amenkad awḥid n Tmenkda Tarumanit meṛṛa. Ayen ur nessawaḍ ara ad yeg Dyuklisyan s tetrarkiya, Qusṭantin yessaweḍ ad t-yeg s ṭṭradat d wassaɣen n udabu. == 8. Asbeddi n Qusṭanṭiniya: tamdint tamaynut n tgelda == [[Tugna:Theodosian Walls in Constantinople 2.jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Iɣraben iqburen n Qusṭanṭiniya.]] === 8.1. Ayɣer Qusṭantin yefren Byzantion? === Deffir rbeḥ-is ɣef Licinius, Qusṭantin yebɣa ad yesbed yiwet n temdint tamanaɣt i udabu-is. Yefren temdint taqdimt n Byzantion, i yellan deg uḍiq agensu gar ilel Aberkan d ilel n Marmara. Tamnaḍt-a tesɛa azal ameqqran deg umezruy, deg ttjara d tsertit taserdasit. ''Byzantion'' teṭṭef amkan gar Uṛupa d Asya. Tella ɣef teqenṭert n yiberdan n ttjara i d-yettasen seg usamar ɣer umalu. Aman n Bosphorus, akked ufran n umkan-is, teǧǧa-tt d yiwet n temdint yezmer ad ttwaḥrez s shala ugar n waṭas n temdinin. === 8.2. Asbeddi n Qusṭanṭiniya === Deg 11 Mayyu 330, Qusṭantin yessekcem tamdint tamaynut deg wudmawen n udabu. Yefka-yas azal n yiwet n temdint tanamkant n tgelda. Tamdint-a tettwasemma Constantinopolis, anamek-is «Tamdint n Qusṭantin». Tettwafren daɣen s yisem n Ruma Tamaynut (Nova Roma). Maca ilaq ad nẓer belli Qusṭantin ur yebni ara tamdint-a seg ulac. Yessnerna tamezdeɣt n Byzantion, isbedd deg-s iberdan imeqqranen, tigejda n tedbelt, imukan n tɣuri, isayesen, temsirin d yixxamen n udabu. === 8.3. Tamsalt n Qusṭanṭiniya deg umezruy === Tamdint-a tuɣal sya ɣer zdat d yiwet n temdinin timeqqranin n umaḍal. Deffir tmettant n Qusṭantin, ad teqqim d amkan agejdan n udabu arumani deg usamar. Deg 395, mi tbeddel tɣessa n udabu gar umalu d usamar, Qusṭanṭiniya tuɣal d tamezdeɣt n udabu n tgelda tarumanit n usamar. Deffir aɣelluy n udabu arumani deg umalu deg 476, tamdint-a teqqim d amkan agejdan n tgelda i d-yettkemmilen amezruy arumani. Deg umezruy amiran, tgelda-a tettwasemma aṭas Tgelda Tabizantin. Maca imezdaɣ-is ur semman ara i yiman-nsen «Bizantiyen» deg unamek amiran. Ttwalin iman-nsen d Irumanen, yerna ssawalen i tgelda-nsen tagelda tarumanit. == 9. Agraw n Nikiya (325) d ubeddel n tmeslayt tamasiḥit == [[Tugna:Nicea.jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Agraw n Nikiya.]] Deg useggas 325, Qusṭantin yessuter ad yemlil ugraw ameqqran n yimrabḍen imasiḥiyen deg temdint n Nikiya, i d-yeqqimen ass-a d ''İznik'' deg [[Tturk|Turkya]]. Agraw-a yettwassnen s yisem n Agraw Amezwaru n Nikiya. === 9.1. D acu i d-ugur i yellan? === Deg tallit-a, tella temgarda tameqqrant gar yimasḥiyen ɣef tɣawsa n tɣessa n Yasuɛ Lmasiḥ d wassaɣ-is d Rebbi. [[Aryus]] yella d yiwen n yimrabḍen(argaz n ddin neɣ n usɣan) n temdint n Aleksandriya. Yella yettwali belli Mmi-s n Rebbi ur yelli ara d aqdim am Baba-s, imi tella tallit anda ur yelli ara. Imrabḍen nniḍen ur qbilen ara tikti-a. Llan ttwalin belli Mmi-s d aqdim am Baba-s, yerna d yiwen n ugama n tɣellist tarrabanit. Tamsalt-a tessekcem imasiḥiyen deg yiwen n ccwal ameqqran. === 9.2. D acu i yexdem Qusṭantin? === Qusṭantin, i yebɣan ad yesɛu talwit deg tmeslayt tamasiḥit, yessuter ad yemlil ugraw n yimrabḍen. Ur yelli ara d amrabḍ, ur yelli ara d ameqqran n tussna n ddin, maca yella d amenkad i yesɛan tazmert ad yesdukkel imdanen deg yiwen n ugraw. Agraw n Nikiya yefka azal i tikti n ''homoousios'', i d-yemmalen belli Mmi-s d Baba-s sɛan yiwet n tɣessa n ugama n yillu(agama n ṛebbi). Agraw yefren daɣen kra n yilugan i yesɛan assaɣ d ddin, d uselḥu n tmeslayt s tmuɣli tamasiḥit. === 9.3. Azal n ugraw-a === Agraw n Nikiya yesɛa azal ameqqran deg umezruy amasiḥi, imi d yiwen seg yigrawen imeqqranen imezwura i yebnan tikti tamasiḥit n tmeslayin d tmuɣliwin timeqqranin n usɣan-agi. Maca ur yelli ara d taggara n ccwal. Amgired gar yimasḥiyen ɣef tamsalt n Aryus akked taluft n [[Tadunatit|yidunatiden]] tekkemmel deg yiseggasen i d-iteddun, ɣas akken Qusṭantin yeɛreḍ ad yefru. Ilaq daɣen ad nẓer belli agraw-a ur d-yessnulfa ara ddin amasiḥi. Ddin-a yella uqbel Qusṭantin s waṭas n tasutin. Agraw yeɛreḍ ad yefru amgired gar yimasḥiyen ɣef kra n tɣawsiwin n lmendad n ddin. == 10. Tasertit n Qusṭantin deg Tafriqt n Ugafa == Aḥric-a yesɛa azal ameqqran i umezruy n yimaziɣen, imi Tafriqt n Ugafa tella d yiwet seg temnaḍin timeqqranin n Tgelda Tarumanit. === 10.1. Tafriqt deg tallit n Qusṭantin === Deg tazwara n tasut tis IV, Tafriqt n Ugafa tella d tamnaḍt i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg tdamsa, deg tsertit d ddin. Gar temdinin-is timeqqranin: - '''Qerṭaj''' (Carthago), tamdint tameqqrant n Tafriqt Tarumanit. - '''Sirta'''(Kirtan), i yettwasemman sya ɣer zdat Constantine. - '''Hippo Regius''', i d-yeqqimen ass-a deg temnaḍt n Ɛennaba. - '''Kwikul'''(Cuicul), i d-yuɣalen ass-a d Ǧmila. - '''Tamugadi''', i d-yuɣalen ass-a d Timgad. - '''Tivest'''(Theveste), i d-yeqqimen ass-a d Tebessa. Amezruy n temnaḍin-a yella d amezruy n tdukli d umgired gar tmetti tarumanit, timettiyin timaziɣin tiqburin, ddin amasiḥi d leɛwayed n wafagan. === 10.2. Qusṭantin d temdint n Kirtan(Sirta) === Tamdint n Sirta tella d yiwet seg temdinin timeqqranin n Numidya. Deg tallit n Qusṭantin, tamdint-a tettwaseggem deffir kra n yimenɣiyen iserdasiyen i d-yeḍran. Yettwassnen belli deg 313, Sirta tuɣal tettwasemma Qunṭantin, s yisem n umenkad Qusṭantin. Tamdint-a teqqim tesɛa isem-is armi d tallit tamirant: Qusṭanṭina. Abeddel n yisem-a yeskanay-d azal i yesɛa Qusṭantin deg tsertit n Numidya n tallit-nni. === 10.3. Tazɣent n Dunatus deg Tafriqt === Deg tallit-a tella yiwen n umgirred ameqqran gar yimasḥiyen n Tafriqt. Deg taggara n tallit n uqehher n [[Dyuklisyan]], kra n yimrabḍen ttwaccahden belli fkan idlisen n ddin i udabu arumani. Deffir uqehher, tella taluft-a: ma yezmer umrabḍ i yellan deg ugur-a ad yuɣal ɣer tmasiḥit s wudem n wargaz n ddin, neɣ ilaq ad yettwakks seg umkan-is? Tamsalt-a teǧǧa imasiḥiyen n Tafriqt ad bḍun ɣef sin n yiberdan. Yiwen n uḥric yella yedda d ''Caecilianus'', amrabḍ n Qerṭaj. Aḥric nniḍen yella yedda d ''Majorinus'', syin d [[Dunatus Maɣnus|Dunatus]], i d-yuɣalen d yiwen n yimeqqranen n umussu-a. Amussu-a yettwassnen deg umezruy s yisem [[Tadunatit]](Donatisme). === 10.4. Anekcum n Qusṭantin deg taluft-a === Qusṭantin yeɛreḍ ad yefru amgirred-a. Deg 313, yessuter ad yemlil ugraw n yimrabḍen deg Ruma. Agraw-a yefka afus i ''Caecilianus'', maca imdukkal n Dunatus ur qbilen ara taɣtas-is. Deg 314, Qusṭantin yessuter agraw nniḍen deg Arles, deg Galiya. Agraw-a yesbedd daɣen taɣtas i d-yefka ugraw n Ruma. Maca amgirred ur yefru ara. Deg 316, Qusṭantin yessekcem adabu-is iwakken ad iḥbes imdukkal n Dounatus. Kra n yixxamen n ddin ttwakksen, kra n yimrabḍen ttwassenɣen seg temnaḍin-nsen. Tasertit-a ur tessawaḍ ara ad teḥbes uamussu-a. Deg 321, Qusṭantin yessers aḥric ameqqran n tsertit n uḥebbes, maca Tadunatit ikemmel ad yettnerni deg Tafriqt. Imezrayen n ddin sneqdacen tazɣent-a am yiwet n tɣawsa tameqqrant deg umezruy n usɣan amasiḥi n Tafriqt ugafa. === 10.5. Tadunatit d yimaziɣen === Tella yiwet n tamsalt i ilaq ad d-nessuter deg umezruy-a: assaɣ gar Tadunatit d yimaziɣen. Deg kra n temnaḍin n Numidya, Tadunatit tesɛa imdukkal aṭas, ladɣa deg temnaḍin n berra n temdinin timeqqranin. Maca ur nezmir ara ad nini belli Tadunatit tella d ddin n yimaziɣen kan, neɣ belli tella deg-s tagrawla n yimaziɣen mgal Ruma. Yella deg-s umgirred n ddin, assaɣen n udabu, timsal n leḥkem n yimrabḍen, akked kra n yimgirrden n tmetti. Imezrayen ttwalin belli assaɣ gar Tadunatit, timettiyin timaziɣin d tsertit tarumanit yella d tin iweɛren ad yettwafhem s yiwet n tekti kan. Aḥric ameqqran n umezruy-a ad ikemmel deg tasut tis IV d tis V, ladɣa deg tallit n [[Agerram Augustin (Saint Augustin)|Uɣustin n Hippo]]. == 11. Tadamsa d tedrimt deg tallit n Qusṭantin == === 11.1. Asnerni n tedrimt n wureɣ === [[Tugna:Constantinus I. - Münzkabinett, Berlin - 5548253.jpg|centré|vignette|350x350px|Tadrimt tarumanit deg tallit n Qusṭantin Amezwaru.]] Yiwen seg leqdicat imeqqranen n Qusṭantin yella deg tsertit n tedrimt. Yesnerna aseqdec n yiwet n tedrimt n wureɣ i yettwasemman '''solidus'''. Solidus ytella d tadrimt n wureɣ i yesɛan azal yettwasbadun, d ayen i yessnernan taɣellist n tedrimt deg kra n yiḥricen n tdamsa. S usemḍfer n yiseggasen, solidus tuɣal d yiwet n yidrimen imeqqranen n tgelda tarumanit, yerna ikemmel useqdec-is deg tallit tabizantin. Maca tasertit-a ur tefru ara meṛṛa uguren n tdamsa. Timetti tarumanit mazal teɛna-tt tazɣent n tedrimt n lfeḍḍa d yidrimen imeẓẓyanen, ladɣa gar yimezdaɣen ur nesɛi ara aṭas n wayla. === 11.2. Timdinin d yixeddamen n tdamsa === Qusṭantin yeḥrez, yerna yesnerna, kra n tɣessiwin n tedamsa i d-yellan seg tallit n [[Dyuklisyan]]. Taddart n yifellaḥen, amkan n yimeẓẓyanen deg temdinin, akked ilugan n lexlaṣ n tebzar d wamek i ttwaxllaṣent ilmend n umhaz-nsent . Adabu yella yebɣa ad yesɛu idrimen i useḥrez n teserdast, labni n temdinin d leqdicat n tedbelt. Maca kra n yisutar n tebzar sɛan aẓayer aẓayan ɣef temnaḍin n lexla(beṛṛa n temdinin). === 12. Taserdast n Qusṭantin === Qusṭantin yella d amenkad i yellan yesɛa tirmit tameqqrant deg teserdast(igen). Yessnerna tɣessa taserdasit i d-yebna Dyuklisyan. Deg tallit-is, taserdast tarumanit tella tesɛa sin n yiḥricen imeqqranen: '''Iserdasen n tlisa''', i yellan ttwaḥrazen deg temnaḍin n berra n tgelda, akked iserdasen n daxel, i yezmer umenkad ad yessekcem ɣer kra n yigrawen d temdinin s zreb. Tarrayt-a teǧǧa-t ad yesɛu tazmert ad yessufeɣ tiserdasin ɣer yimukan i yeḥwaǧen tallelt. === 12.1. Iɛessasen n umenkad === Qusṭantin yesbed daɣen tɣessa n yiɛessasen iserdasiyen i yettwassnen s yisem n '''Scholae Palatinae'''. Tigrawin-a uɣalent d yiwet n tɣessa taserdasit i yettwaḥsaben d taɣawsa n umenkad. S wakka, Qusṭantin yessefk daɣen aɣelluy n tɣessa taqdimt n iɛessasen n ''Tredsa Praetorian'', i yellan tesɛa azal ameqqran deg tsertit n Ruma. Tredsa-a tella tesɛa aṭas n wassaɣen d yimenkaden iqburen, yerna deg talliyin yezrin tesɛa afus deg usbeddi neɣ deg usseɣli n yimenkaden. Qusṭantin yebɣa ad as-yekkes tazmert-a. === 12.2. Tilisa n tmnekda === Deg tallit n Qusṭantin, Tgelda Tarumanit teqqim tettnaɣ ɣef kra n tlisa-s. Deg ugafa n Uṛupa, llan ṭṭradat mgal iɣerfanen iǧermaniyen, ladɣa ama deg temnaḍin n Rhin ama deg temnaḍin n Danub. Deg usamar, yella ccwal d Tgelda Tasanit n Fars. Qusṭantin yella yettsewjed tirnit taserdasit mgal Fars uqbel tamettant-is, maca ur yessaweḍ ara ad yessufeɣ amenuɣ-a. == 13. Ilugan d tsertit n tmetti == Qusṭantin yessufeɣ-d aṭas n yilugan i yeɛnan tudert n yimdanen deg tgelda. Leqdicat-is deg taɣult-a sɛan sin n wudmawen: kra ttawin-d abeddel ɣer wayen yelhan, maca kra n yilugan nniḍen ttwaḥsaben d iqesḥanen aṭas. === 13.1. Tamsalt n waklan === Deg tallit-is, Qusṭantin yessekcem kra n ubeddel deg yilugan i yeɛnan aklan. Yesseɣti kra n yisutar i yeɛnan tmetti, maca ur yekkes ara tamsalt n yimaklan. Tamsalt n waklan teqqim d yiwet n tɣessiwin n tmetti tarumanit. === 13.2. Izrefen n twaculin === Qusṭantin yessekcem ilugan imaynuten i yeɛnan zwaǧ, tameṭṭut, iḥricen n twacult, akked wayla n yimdanen. Deg 320, yekkes kra n yiɣilifen n uzref i yellan ɣef wid ur nezwiǧ ara, ilmend n yilugan iqburen n [[Ugustus|Uɣustus]]. Maca ilugan-is nniḍen deg tamsalt n zwaǧ d yizerfan n twaculin qqimen d wid iweɛren. Tazrawt n tmezrayt ''Judith Evans Grubb''s teskanay-d belli ur ilaq ara ad neḥseb yal abeddel n uzref deg tallit-a d aḥric n tsertit tamasiḥit, imi aṭas n yilugan sdukklen leɛwayed tiqburin n Ruma d tɣessiwin timaynuten n tmetti. === 13.3. Ilugan iqesḥanen === Deg kra n temsal n uzref, Qusṭantin yesnerna tazmert n uɛaqeb. Kra n tilufa, ladɣa tin i yeɛnan zwaǧ d yizerfan n tmetti, sɛant aɛaqeb aqesḥan. Tamsalt-a teskanay-d belli Qusṭantin ur yelli ara d amenkad i yessuturen kan talwit d tilelli. Yella daɣen d amenkad i yesɛan tasertit taẓayant n uḥraz n udabu d tɣessiwin n tmetti. == 14. Qusṭantin d tsertit n wafagan == Deg tallit n Qusṭantin, leɛwayed n ufagan mazal llan deg Tmenkda Tarumanit. Deg temdinin timeqqranin, llan mazal ttaɛbaden irebbiten irumanen, tigejda n wafagan, d tfaskiwin iqburen. Qusṭantin yefka afus n tallelt i ddin amasiḥi, maca ur yesseɣli ara deg yiwen wakud meṛṛa tiɣessiwin n wafagan. Deg kra n temnaḍin, leɛwayed iqburen kemmlent deg tmetti. Deg Qusṭanṭiniya, tugna n temdint tamaynut tella tesdukkel azamul n udabu arumani aqdim d yizamulen imasiḥiyen. === 14.1. Ass n yiṭij === Deg 321, Qusṭantin yessufeɣ alugen i yesɛan assaɣ d wass n yiṭij (dies Solis), i yellan d ass n ustaɛfu deg kra n yimukan n tedbelt d tenzut(ttjara). ''Ass-a'' n yiṭij yuɣal sya ɣer zdat d yiwen n wussan imeqqranen n ddin amasiḥi. Maca ilaq ad nẓer belli tarrayt n useqdec n wass n yiṭij deg tmetti tarumanit tella-d uqbel Qusṭantin, yerna tamgarda n leɛwayed gar ufagan d ddin amasiḥi ur tefru ara deg yiwen wass. === 14.2. Melmi i yuɣal ddin amasiḥi d ddin n wanek? === Tella kra n tɣawsa i yettwasefhamen s tuccḍa deg waṭas n yidrisen. Qusṭantin ur yessebdad ara ddin amasiḥi d ddin anasay awḥid n Tmenkda Tarumanit. Deg 380, deg tallit n umenkad Theodosius Amezwaru, s yiwen n usaḍuf ameqqran ad yerr ddin amasiḥi n tsertit n Nikiya d ddin i yettwaqeblen seg udabu. Ihi, ayen i yebda Qusṭantin deg 313 ad ikemmel deg yiseggasen d tasutin i d-iteddun. == 15. Qusṭantin d twacult-is == [[Tugna:Colossus of Constantine I 03.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n Qusṭantin i d-yettwaɛwden.]] Qusṭantin yella yesɛa assaɣen imeqqranen d twacult-is, maca tudert-is tagensant tella deg-s daɣen twaɣiyin. === 15.1. Helena, yemma-s === [[Helena (yemma-s n Qusṭantin Amezwaru)|Helena]] tesɛa azal ameqqran deg tudert n Qusṭantin. Deg tallit n udabu n mmi-s, tewwi azwel n Augusta, i d-yemmalen amkan ameqqran deg twacult n umenkad. Helena tettwassnen deg umezruy amasiḥi s yinig-is ɣer tmura n usamar, anda tella tesɛa afus deg lebni n yixxamen n ddin. Tella tettwaḥsab d yiwet n tudsa tameqqrant n umezruy n tmeslayt tamasiḥit. === 15.2. Fausta === Fausta d yell-is n Maximian, tella d tameṭṭut n Qusṭantin seg 307. Tesɛa yid-s kra n warraw, gar-asen Qusṭantin II, Constantius II d Constans. Maca deg 326, Fausta temmut deg tɣawsa i mazal ur nettwassen ara s tidet meṛṛa. Kra n yiɣbula qqarent belli tettwanɣa s lamer n Qusṭantin. === 15.3. Tamettant n Crispus === Crispus yella d mmi-s ameqqran n Qusṭantin, seg wassaɣ-is d '''Minervina'''. Yella yesɛa azal deg teserdast d tsertit. Deg 324, yella yesɛa afus deg rbeḥ n teserdast(igen) tarumanit deg ṭṭrad n Hellespont. Maca deg 326, Crispus yettwanɣa. Ur nessin ara s tidet d acu i d-ssebba n tmettant-is. Kra n yiɣbula n tallit taqdimt ssawalen ɣef temsalt n wassaɣ gar Crispus d Fausta, maca imezrayen imiranen ur zmiren ara ad sbeddun belli taḥkayt-a d tidet. Tamettant n '''Crispus''' d tin n '''Fausta''' ttwaḥsabent d yiwet seg temsal tiudrigin i mazal ur nefru ara deg umezruy n Qusṭantin. Tamsalt-a teskanay-d daɣen belli tudert n umenkad-a ur telli ara d tin n talwit kan, imi adabu arumani yella deg-s leḥkem, tissas d usuter n tezmert s kra n tɣawsiwin i d-yessawḍen armi d tamettant n yiɛeggalen n twacult. == 16. Tamettant n Qusṭantin (337) == Deg useggas 337, Qusṭantin yella d amenkad aqdim yesɛan azal ameqqran deg tmenkda. Yella yettsewjed irni aserdasi mgal Fars, maca yebda yettaḍan. Deg taggara n tudert-is, Qusṭantin yeqbel ad yettwaɣḍes deg waman n lebni amasiḥi. Yettwaɣḍes s ufus n ''Eusebius n Nicomedia'', argaz n usɣan i yellan yesɛa assaɣen d tmuɣli n [[Aryus]]. Deg 22 Mayyu 337, Qusṭantin yemmut deg temnaḍt n Nicomedia, deg [[Tturk|Turkya]] n wass-a. Yella yesɛa ɣef 65 n yiseggasen, ma yella talalit-is deg 272. Tafekka-s tettwawi ɣer Qusṭanṭiniya, anda yettwamḍel deg umkan n teglizt tamasiḥit, i yettwassnen s yisem n ''Church of the Holy Apostles''. Deffir tmettant-is, arraw-is bḍan adabu, maca tamsalt n usemḍfer n udabu ur tefru ara war ccwal. Gar arraw-is i d-yuɣalen d imenkaden: - Qusṭantin II. - Constantius II. - Constans. Deg yiseggasen i d-iteddun, yella umgired ameqqran gar-asen, yerna kra n yiɛeggalen n twacult n Qusṭantin ttwaneɣan deg tɣawsa n usemḍfer n udabu. == 17. Azal n Qusṭantin deg umezruy == Qusṭantin Amezwaru yella d yiwen n yimenkaden i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg umezruy n Tmenkda Tarumanit. Maca ismawen n «Amezwaru» d «Ameqqran» ur ilaq ara ad aɣ-ǧǧen ad nerr tudert-is d taḥkayt n yiwen n urgaz yelhan kan. Amezruy-is yesɛa sin n wudmawen imeqqranen. === 17.1. Aḥric n leqdicat-is imeqqranen === Qusṭantin yessaweḍ ad yerr tamurt tarumanit ddaw yiwen n udabu, deffir aṭas n yiseggasen n ccwal. Yesnerna tasertit n tedrimt, yerna yessnerna tɣessiwin n teserdast d tedbelt. Yebna Qusṭanṭiniya, i d-yuɣalen d yiwet seg temdinin timeqqranin n umaḍal. Yefka afus i ddin amasiḥi, yerna yessekcem imrabḍen-is deg tsertit n wanek. Yesdukkel agraw n Nikiya, i yesɛan azal deg usbeddi n tɣessiwin d tmuɣliwin n ddin amasiḥi. === 17.2. Aḥric n wayen iweɛren deg udabu-is === Qusṭantin yella d amenkad i yerbḥen ṭṭradat n daxel s tazmert n teserdast. Yessekcem tasertit n uḥebbes d uɛaqeb mgal kra n yimdanen d kra n tmuɣliwin tamasiḥiyin, ladɣa deg temsalt n Donatus. Kra n yilugan-is llan d iqesḥanen aṭas. Tamettant n Crispus d Fausta teskanay-d belli tella yiwet n tama tukrift deg twacult-is d udabu-is. Ihi, ad t-id-nḥaseb d amenkad ameqqran deg wazal n leqdicat-is, maca ur ilaq ara ad t-nerr d amdan ur nesɛi ara tuccḍiwin. === 18. Amezruy n Qusṭantin deg umaḍal amiran === Deffir 17 n tsutin, isem n Qusṭantin mazal yesɛa azal deg waṭas n tmura. Deg tmuɣliwin timasiḥiyin n usamar, Qusṭantin yettwaḥsab d yiwen n wurgaz i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg umezruy n ddin. Deg tmeslayt tamasiḥit n umalu, azal-is yella daɣen d ameqqran, maca tarrayt n usdukkel-is d tɣessiwin n ddin ur telli ara am tin n tmeslayin n usamar. Deg umezruy n Tgelda Tarumanit, Qusṭantin d yiwen seg yimenkaden i yerran tmenkda seg tɣessa taqdimt n Ruma ɣer tɣessa tamaynut i yellan tettnerni deg usamar. Deg Tafriqt n Ugafa, isem-is mazal yettwaf deg temdint n Qusṭanṭina, i yellan uqbel d Cirta. Qusṭantin yella daɣen d yiwen n yimdanen i yesɛan azal deg umezruy n tmuɣli tamasiḥit n Tafriqt, ladɣa deg tamsalt n [[Tadunatit|Tdunatit]]. ltt5x0we8wc73skx5s6bp4shbzbak31 0 25616 117708 117700 2026-10-18T23:13:06Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117708 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography|item=Q7198|image=[[File:Ovid by an anonymous sculptor.jpg|thumb|Ovid sɣur yiwen umserɣta udrig]]|caption=Ovid.}} '''Ovid''', s yisem-is ummid '''Publius Ovidius Naso''', d yiwen seg yimedyazen irumanen imeqqranen n tallit taɣustit. Yella d amedyaz, amaru n tmucuha timiṭulujiyin, d win i yerran tayri, tuttya, tafekka, tamagit, lḥif akked unejli d isental igejdanen n tsekla-s. Yettwassen ladɣa s udlis-is Metamorphoses (tuttyiwin), yiwen seg yedlisen i yesɛan tazrirt tameqqrant ɣef tsekla, tasugna, tasertit n tfekka d tẓuriwin n Umaḍal n Utrim. Tudert-is tbeddel s wudem ameqqran deg useggas 8 mbaɛd talalit n Ɛisa, mi t-yessufeɣ umenkad Uɣustus seg Ruma, yerra-t ɣer Tomis, ɣef yiri n Yilel Aberkan. Dinna i yemmut, war ma yuɣal ɣer temdint i iḥemmel. Yettwaḥsab Ovid gar kraḍ n yimedyazen irumanen i d-yettwabedren s waṭas deg tsekla talaṭinit, akked '''Virgil''' (Vergilius) d '''Horace''' (Horatius). Maca yal yiwen deg-sen yesɛa aɣanib d yisental yemgaraden. == 2. Talalit d twacult-is == === 2.1. Sulmo, tamdint n Ovid === [[Tugna:PanoramaSulmona.JPG|centré|vignette|550x550px|Tamdint Sulmona deg ṭṭelyan.]] Ovid ilul ass n 20 Meɣres, deg useggas 43 send Ɛisa, di Sulmo, i d-yettwasemman ass-a Sulmona, deg temnaḍt n Abruzzo, di [[ṭṭelyan]] n wass-a. Sulmo tella d tamdint tarumanit di tmurt n Peligni, yiwen seg yiɣerfan n ṭṭelyan alqayan i yellan uqbel asnerni n Ruma. Tamnaḍt-a tettwassen s yidurar-is, izuɣar-is d wakal-is n tfellaḥt. Ovid yesɛa tawacult taɣerfant, d tin yesɛan idrimen. Baba-s yebɣa ad yili mmi-s d amdan n uẓayer deg tedbelt tarumanit, ladɣa deg uɣerbaz n uzref d tsnukyest n wawal. Deg yisefra-s, Ovid yessefk-d amek i ilul deg yiwen n useggas ara d-yeglun s ubeddel ameqqran deg umezruy arumani: d aseggas n tmettant n ''Cicero'', '''amesnukyes''' d '''amsesten''' arumani ameqqran. Deg tallit-a, Tagduda Trumanit tella tettɛeddi seg tazɣent tasertant ɣer tallit n usdukel n tezmert deg ufus n yiwen n umdan, ''Octavianus'', win ara yuɣalen d Uɣust. === 2.2. Tawacult-is d watmaten-is === Ovid yesɛa gma-s ameqqran fell-as s yiwen n useggas, i yemmuten d ameẓẓyan, mi yesɛa azal n 20 n yiseggasen. Tamettant n gma-s tella d lḥif ameqqran i twacult-is. Yella d amezwaru? Ala, Ovid yella d amecṭuḥ deg sin n watmaten. Yella diɣen d win i d-yettwabedren deg yisefra-s s tikkelt ɣer tayeḍ, imi yettmeslay ɣef tlalit-is, baba-s, yemma-s d tmurt-is. Maca ilaq ad nefrez gar wayen i d-yenna Ovid s timmad-is d wayen i nezmer ad nesseɣti s yizirigen imezruyanen: aṭas n yisallen ɣef tudert-is d netta i ten-id-yefkan. == 3. Tamẓi d uselmed-is == === 3.1. Azraw deg Ruma === Mi yella d ameẓẓyan, Ovid iruḥ ɣer Ruma akked gma-s iwakken ad lemden tasnukyest, tira, timawit d uzref. Ruma tella deg tallit-a d yiwet seg temdinin timeqqranin n umaḍal agrakal. [[Tugna:Forum romanum 6k (5760x2097).jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Ayen i d-yeqqimen seg ufurum(anmager) n ruma taqburt.]]Deg Ruma, Ovid yella deg tneɣrit n yiselmaden yettwassnen n tsnukyest n wawal. Isallen imezruyanen bedren Arellius Fuscus akked Porcius Latro gar yiselmaden-is. Iselmad-agi llan ttselmaden amek ara d-yebnu umdan awal, amek ara yessefhem tikti-s, amek ara yessfukel tiririt-is, d wamek ara yesseqdec tafyirt s wudem yettqenɛen. Ayen akk i yelmed deg tneɣrit-a ad t-id-yaf umdan deg yisefra-s: tawsit n wawal, d ubeddel n tmuɣli, anegzum n tidet d usnulfu n yimdanen n timucuha. === 3.2. Tayri-s i tsekla === Baba-s yebɣa ad yili Ovid d amsesten n uzref neɣ d amdan n tedbelt, imi taɣulin-a ttaǧǧant amdan ad yili d ameqran deg tmetti tarumanit. Maca Ovid yella yettwajbed ɣer usefru. Deg ''Tristia'', yessefhem-d belli ula d mi yebɣa ad yaru s wudem amagnu, awalen-is ttuɣalen d isefra. D taɣawsa i d-yesskanen belli asefru yella deg tudert-is seg temẓi. === 3.3. Tirza-s ɣer Yunan === Ovid yessers imeṭṭawen-is deg kra n tmura n Yunan, anda i yella umezruy ameqqran n tfelsafit, tsekla d timiṭulujit. Yettwabder belli yewweḍ ɣer Atina, Asia Tameẓẓyant akked Sicilia. Tirziwin-a ǧǧant-as ad yissin ugar tasekla tagrigit, ladɣa timucuha n yigelliden, irebbiten, yimeẓla d yimdanen i yettbeddilen talɣa-nsen. Timusniwin-a ad d-banent s wudem ameqqran deg Tuttya(''Metamorphoses)''. == 4. Tudert-is deg Ruma == === 4.1. Seg tedbelt ɣer tsekla === Mi yuɣal ɣer Ruma, Ovid yesseqdec kra n tegnatin n tedbelt tarumanit, maca ur yebɣi ara ad ikemmel deg ubrid n tsartit. Deg umḍiq n waya, yefren tudert n umedyaz. Tafrent-a tella d tameqrant: deg tmetti tarumanit n tallit-nni, amdan n twacult yesɛan idrimen yezmer ad yili d amasten, asenatuṛ neɣ amdan n tedbelt, maca tamedyazt ur yelli ara d abrid ameqqran ɣer tezmert tasertant. Ovid, imi yesɛa idrimen n twacult-is, yezmer ad yefren '''asefru''' war ma yella d amezwaru deg usɛeddi n tmeddurt. === 4.2. Imedyazen n tallit-is === Deg Ruma, Ovid yessen amek i tettnerni tsekla n tallit n Uɣust. Gar yimyura i iɛemmren tallit-is, ad d-nebder: - '''Virgil''' (Vergilius), amaru n Aeneis, amedya n usefru abelkiman arumani. - '''Horace''' (Horatius), amedyaz i yessawḍen s wudem afelsafi ɣef tudert. - '''Propertius''', win i yessnernan isefra n tayri. - '''Tibullus''', amedyaz n tayri, n tudert taḥerfit d wayen i d-yettawi lḥif. Ovid yella gar yimeggura n yimesfrayen imeqqranen n tallit taɣustit. Maca yebna aɣanib-is s umgired: deg umḍiq n uwehhi ɣer umezruy asertan d tgemmi tarumanit, yessexdem tayri, timucuha d usnulfu n yimdanen akken ad yesselḥu tasekla. === 4.3. Tameṭṭut d twacult-is === Ovid yessefk-d deg yisefra-s belli yezweǧ kraḍ n tikkal. Sin seg tsulya timezwura ur ǧǧin ara aṭas n yisallen deg umezruy. Tisulya tis kraḍ tesɛa azal ameqqran deg tudert-is, ladɣa deg tallit n unejli. Yella yesɛa yiwet n yelli-s, maca kra n yisallen ɣef twacult-is mazal ur frizen ara s wudem ummid. Tameṭṭut-is taneggarut teqqim di Ruma mi yella netta deg unejli, tettɛawan-it s wayen i tezmer, yettmeslay fell-as deg yisefra-s s waṭas n lḥif d tayri. == 5. Iqeddicat imezwura n Ovid == Tasekla n Ovid tezmer ad tettwabḍu ɣef kraḍ n talliyin: tallit n tayri, tallit n tmucuha d umezruy, akked tallit n unejli. Deg tallit tamezwarut, Ovid yella d amesfru i d-yettawin ɣef tayri, tikli n yimdanen, tameṭṭut d wassaɣen gar yimdanen. === 5.1. Amores — Tayriwin === Amores d yiwen seg yedlisen-is imezwura. Deg-s, Ovid yessawel ɣef tayri, acewwiq, tismin, asirem d lḥif i d-yettawin wassaɣen n tayri. Adlis-a yella di tazwara s semmus n yiḥricen, maca talɣa i d-yeqqimen ass-a tesɛa kraḍ n yiḥricen. Deg yisefra-a, yella yisem n ''Corinna'', tameṭṭut iɣef yettmeslay amedyaz. Maca ur nezmir ara ad nini s tidet belli Corinna tella d tameṭṭut i yessen deg tudert-is: tezmer ad tili d asebded aseklan. Ovid yesseqdec tayri am wakken d tamennawt gar sin n yimdanen, s yisental n uzray, leḥkem, tazmert d uḥulfu. === 5.2. Heroides — Tibratin n tlawin tiqerruyin === Heroides d ammud n yisefra i d-yettwasnulfan s talɣa n tebratin. Tibratin-a ttwarunt am wakken d tilawin n timucuha timiṭulujiyin i d-yettmeslayen ɣer yirgazen i ḥemmlent, maca i ten-yeǧǧan neɣ i yellan beɛden fell-asent. Gar tilawin-a: - '''Penelope''', tameṭṭut n Odysseus. - '''Dido''', tagellidt n Qerṭaj. - '''Ariadne''', tin i yeǧǧa Theseus. - '''Medea''', tin yesɛan assaɣ d Jason. - '''Phaedra''', tin i yesɛan tayri tamuḥercit. Ayen i d-yettawin Ovid d amaynut deg yisefra-a d tarrayt n uḥulfu: ur d-yettales ara kan timucuha n yirgazen iɣef ttmeslayen yimesfrayen iqburen, maca yessefk awal i tlawin i yellan, s waṭas n tikkal, deg yiri n timucuha-a. Deg Heroides, amdan yezmer ad iwali tamiṭulujit s tmuɣli n tin i yettwaǧǧan, tin i yettṛaǧun, neɣ tin i yettḥasaben d tin i yuccḍen. === 5.3. Ars Amatoria — Taẓuri n tayri === Ars Amatoria d adlis i yessuffeɣ Ovid ɣef tarrayin n usnulfu n wassaɣen n tayri. Yebḍa ɣef kraḍ n yedlisen. Sin imezwura ttmeslayen ladɣa i yirgazen, ma d wis kraḍ yettwanna i tlawin. Ovid yeskan-d deg-s amek i zemren yimdanen ad myissinen, amek ara d-yesnulfu yiwen tayri, d wamek ara yeḥrez assaɣ-is. Maca ilaq ad neɛqel belli adlis-a d aḍris aseklan, yesɛan tahuski, aceɛlal d usqerdec. Ur ilaq ara ad nerr meṛṛa ayen i d-yenna d ilugan i yesseqdecen Yirumanen akk deg tudert-nsen. Adlis-a yesɛa azal ameqqran deg umezruy n Ovid, imi yella gar sebba i d-yebder [[Ugustus|Uɣust]] mi yessufeɣ amedyaz-a seg Ruma. === 5.4. Remedia Amoris — Isɣalen n tayri === Deg Remedia Amoris, Ovid yessefhem amek ara yefsi umdan seg tayri i t-yesḥeznen, neɣ i t-yeǧǧan deg lḥif. Deg umḍiq n uselmed amek ara yebnu umdan assaɣ n tayri, adlis-a yesseqdec tarrayt-nniḍen: amek ara t-yefru. Gar tiktiwin i d-yettawi: tigawin, lxedma, iberdan n tmeslayt, d usenqes n wakud i yettɛeddi umdan di tmuɣli ɣer win i iḥemmel. === 5.5. Medea === Ovid yura diɣen yiwet n tmezgunt s uzwel Medea, i d-yettawin ɣef tameṭṭut tamiṭulujit n yisem-a. Tamezgunt-a temmut deg umezruy: ur d-teqqim ara ɣer ass-a. Ayen i nezmer ad nissin fell-as d wayen i d-bdan yimaru iqburen i tt-id-yebedren. Kra deg-sen ḥesben-tt d yiwet seg tmezgunin yelhan n tallit-nni. == 6. Metamorphoses — Ibeddilen neɣ Tuttya == [[Tugna:Plate 11- Phaeton before Apollo (Funestas ad Phoebum fundit preces.), from Ovid's 'Metamorphoses' MET DP866545.jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|'''Phaeton send Apollo, seg Tuttya n Ovid.''']] Metamorphoses d adlis ameqqran n Ovid, d win i t-yesseǧǧan d amedyaz i yettwassnen deg umaḍal. Adlis-a yesɛa 15 n yiḥricen, azal n 12 000 n yifyar, d azal n 250 n timucuha timiṭulujiyin. Yebda s usnulfu n umaḍal, yekfa s umezruy n Ruma d usali n Julius Caesar ɣer waddad n uṛebbi deg timiṭulujit tasertant tarumanit. === 6.1. Tikti tagejdant === Awal metamorphosis yekka-d seg tegrigit, anamek-is d abeddel n talɣa. Deg tmucuha n Ovid, amdan yezmer ad yuɣal d aseklu, d aɣersiw, d aẓru, d itri neɣ d taɣawsa-nniḍen. Maca abeddel-a ur d-yettawi ara kan ɣef talɣa tafekkanit. Yettawi daɣen ɣef tiktiwin n tayri, tissas, aɛzel, tanezzayt, lḥif d tazmert n irebbiten. Ovid yessawḍ-d tikti tameqqrant: ula d ayen i nettwali d amezdag yezmer ad ibeddel. === 6.2. Timucuha timiṭulujiyin yettwassnen === ==== Apollo d Daphne ==== Apollo iḥemmel Daphne, maca nettat ur tebɣi ara tayri-s. Mi yella yettḍafar-itt, tesseɛreḍ ad teslek iman-is, tettbeddil ɣer useklu. Tamacahut-a tettawi daɣen ɣef tazmert, tifrat d wakken i yezmer yiwen ad yesseqdec tayri am sebba n uɛeddi ɣef wayeḍ. ==== Narcisse d Echo ==== Narcisse d ilemẓi i d-yettwaḥesben d ahuski, i yuɣalen yettḥemmil tugna-s deg waman. Yettwali iman-is, maca ur yessin ara belli d nettat i d tugna-nni. Yekfa deg lḥif, yuɣal d ajeǧǧig. Tamacahut-a tesɛa azal ameqqran deg tfelsafit n tamagit d tmuɣli n umdan ɣer yiman-is. ==== Pygmalion ==== Pygmalion d anaẓur i yesnulfan tugna n tmeṭṭut deg uẓru. Yeḥmel aṭas taẓuri-s armi yettɛaraḍ ad tili d tameṭṭut yeddren. Di tmucuha, Venus tefk-as tudert i tugna-nni. Tamacahut-a tettawi ɣef assaɣ gar tẓuri, tasugna d tayri. ==== Daedalus d Icarus ==== Daedalus yesnulfa-d afriwen seg tinciwt d tarrayt n useqqen n waksum. Mmi-s Icarus yebɣa ad yali aṭas ɣer yigenni. Mi iqreb ɣer yiṭij, yefsi waksum, ɣellin afriwen-is, yetteɣli ɣer yilel. Tamacahut-a tettawi ɣef usirem, tazmert n umdan d tilisa n wayen yezmer ad yeg. ==== Orpheus d Eurydice ==== Orpheus yebɣa ad d-yerr tameṭṭut-is seg umaḍal n yimettanen. S ccna-s yezmer ad yesseḥbes ula d irebbiten n lḥif. Maca mi d-yuɣal ɣer deffir uqbel akud i as-yettwanefken, ixṣer tameṭṭut-is i tikkelt-nniḍen. Tamacahut-a tettawi ɣef tayri d tmettant. 4q2twtqos0zqn8i4qe5j0ignxz9jmkg 0 25623 117704 2026-10-18T13:42:55Z Gurzil90x 14292 Amagrad amaynut 117704 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | name = Tesla | official_name = Tesla, Inc. | type = Taṛmist tatiknulujit. | founded = Yulyu 2013 | founder = Elon Musk | country = Iwunak yiddukllen n temrikt. | headquarters = Austin, Tewas. | website = https://www.tesla.com/ | wikidata_revenue = yes | wikidata_operating_income = yes | wikidata_net_income = yes | logo_file = Tesla Motors.svg | image = [[File:Gigafactory Texas Building 1 June 2022.jpg|thumb|Luzin n Tesla Gigafactory deg Texas.]] }} '''Tesla, Inc.''' (deg tazwara tella tettwassen s yisem n Tesla Motors) d taṛmist(takebbanit) tamarikant tagraɣlant yeṭṭfen amkan ameqqran deg uḥric n tetiknulujit, tamguri n tkeṛṛusin n trisiti, anehhar awurman, asenqes n usxeddem n lpitrul, d usedger n teẓwert tazedgant tasmaynet. Tasɣimt-is tameqqrant (asutel amatu) tezga-d deg temdint n Austin, deg uwanak n [[Tiksas|Texas]] deg [[Iwunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt|Yiwunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt]]. Takebbanit-a tetteddu deg ubrid n uselḥu d ussegmi n tkeṛṛusin n trisiti (am '''Model S''', '''Model 3''', '''Model X''', '''Model Y''', '''Cybertruck'''), tibatritin d yinagrawen n uḥraz n teẓwert n trisiti (am Powerwall d Megapack), igalisen ifukanen, akked yinagrawen n unehhar awurman d tegzi taragmawant (IA) hghwzjw5enk90hvu0zlrdk1y566rh0n 117705 117704 2026-10-18T13:43:52Z Gurzil90x 14292 seɣtiɣ kra n tuccḍiwin 117705 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | name = Tesla | official_name = Tesla, Inc. | type = Taṛmist tatiknulujit. | founded = Yulyu 2013 | founder = Elon Musk | country = wunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt. | headquarters = Austin, Tewas. | website = https://www.tesla.com/ | wikidata_revenue = yes | wikidata_operating_income = yes | wikidata_net_income = yes | logo_file = Tesla Motors.svg | image = [[File:Gigafactory Texas Building 1 June 2022.jpg|thumb|Luzin n Tesla Gigafactory deg Texas.]] }} '''Tesla, Inc.''' (deg tazwara tella tettwassen s yisem n Tesla Motors) d taṛmist(takebbanit) tamarikant tagraɣlant yeṭṭfen amkan ameqqran deg uḥric n tetiknulujit, tamguri n tkeṛṛusin n trisiti, anehhar awurman, asenqes n usxeddem n lpitrul, d usedger n teẓwert tazedgant tasmaynet. Tasɣimt-is tameqqrant (asutel amatu) tezga-d deg temdint n Austin, deg uwanak n [[Tiksas|Texas]] deg [[Iwunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt|Yiwunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt]]. Takebbanit-a tetteddu deg ubrid n uselḥu d ussegmi n tkeṛṛusin n trisiti (am '''Model S''', '''Model 3''', '''Model X''', '''Model Y''', '''Cybertruck'''), tibatritin d yinagrawen n uḥraz n teẓwert n trisiti (am Powerwall d Megapack), igalisen ifukanen, akked yinagrawen n unehhar awurman d tegzi taragmawant (IA) m2vpfnbacyicxz46u0bp0na41110ixx