Wikipedia kabwiki https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asebter_agejdan MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.24 first-letter Media Uslig Mmeslay Amseqdac Amyannan umsqedac Wikipedia Amyannan n Wikipedia Tugna Amyannan n tugna MediaWiki Amyannan n MediaWiki Talɣa Amyannan n talɣa Tallat Amyannan n tallat Taggayt Amyannan n taggayt Awwur Amyannan uwwur Asenfaṛ Amyannan usenfaṛ TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk Sujet 0 2206 117726 117719 2026-10-21T09:47:17Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117726 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tanzeggit''' d tigezmi tameqrant ger igzumen n [[tusnakt]] d win i izerwen [[tawella|tiwellatin]] neɣ Udmawen deg [[Tallunt|tallunin]] s myal [[tasekta]], deg tsekta Tis kraḍ (3) nezmar ad nemmeslay ɣef [[tenzeggit tuklidt]]. Ass-a ur nezmir ad d nesbin tilisa yellan ger tenzeggit akk d [[Asebrurez|wesebrurez]] neɣ d [[aljiber|uljiber]], acku ur nezmir ad nemmeslay ɣef [[Tanzeggit taljibirt|tenzeggit taljibirt]] ma yella ur d-neddim ara kra din kra da. Tanzeggit diɣen d tafurk n tusnakt i izerrwen talɣiwin, tallunin, imeccaqen, tiɣmar d wassaɣen gar tneqqiḍin d yiḥricen n talɣiwin. Tesɛa azal deg usket n wakal d lebni, maca tuɣal daɣen d taɣult tamatut n tusnakt i yezmer ad tzerrew tallunin ur nezmir ara ad nwali s wallen, neɣ tallunin i yesɛan ugar n kraḍ n tsektiwin. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-16 11-19-35.png|centré|553x553px]] == 1. Amezruy n tenzeggit == Awal agraɣlan géométrie yekka-d seg yigrigiyen i d-yemmalen asket n wakal. Isketen d yisiḍen inzeggane ttwasqedcen deg Maṣer, Mezupuṭamya d tɣermiwin nniḍen uqbel tanzeggit n Yigrigiyen. Ur ilaq ara ad nerṛ tanzeggit meṛṛa d asnulfu n yiwen ugdud kan. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Tallit !Amhaz agenjdan |- |Taglest |Asket n wakal, lebni, asiḍen n teɣzi, n wanrar d ubleɣ. |- |Tasut tis 3 uqbel tallit-nneɣ |Aklid deg Iskandariya yesdukkel tizrawin deg "Iferdisen". |- |Tallit talemmast |Tigawt n yimusnawen deg tmura n Tineslemt, Lehend d Cinwa: asektiɣmer(trigonométrie), asali d tsenallunt. |- |Tasut tis 17 |Descartes d Fermat qqnen talɣiwin ɣer imsidag d tegdiwin. |- |Tasut tis 19 |Lobachevsky d Bolyai snernan tanzeggit taknudemt; Gauss d Riemann snernan tazrawt n tiknit d tallunin. |- |1872 d mbeɛd |Klein yeskan azal n yibeddilen d yigrawen; Hilbert yessegzi lsas s yinagrawen n yigejdan. |- |Tasut tis 20–21 |Tanzeggit taljibṛant, taneẓlayt, tukrist, asiḍen s uselkim d uẓeṭṭa n twuriwin gar tfurka. |} "'''Iferdisen'''" n Aklid yesseqdac isbaduten d yigejdan iwakken ad yebnu isekkuden. Abrid-a yesɛa tazrirt tameqqrant deg tusnakt. Maca tanzeggit tamirant ur teqqim ara deg yigejdan n Aklid: tazrawt n umṣadaɣ tewwi-d timusniwin ɣef tallunin nniḍen. Tanzeggit tamirant tettawi ula d tallunin yellan deg tfizikt, isefka, tigniwin d yisiḍen. Amezruy-is d anerni n yisental d terrayin, mačči d asemselsi n yiwet n tanzeggit s tayeḍ kan. == 2. Isbaduten, igejdan d usfukel == Asbadu yessegza tamiḍrant s wawalen yettwasnen. Agejdi d tafyirt i neqqbel deg yiwen unagraw war asfukel deg unagraw-nni. Asekkud(tiẓri) d ayen ara d-nsuffeɣ seg yigejdan d yisekkuden yettwasfuklen yakan. Deg umedya n Aklid, yezmer ad yettwabnu yiɣil n teɣda gar snat n tneqqiḍin, ad yettwasɣezef yiɣil, ad tettwabnu twinest s wammas d waqqar yettwabedren. Yella daɣen agejdi ɣef tɣmar timaɣudin d wayen yeqqnen ɣer umṣadaɣ. === Amedya n useɣẓen === Deg uɣawas n Aklid, i teneqqiṭ '''P''' i ur nelli ara ɣef taɣda '''d''', tella yiwet kan n teɣda iɛeddan seg '''P''' ur nettmagar ara '''d'''. Talɣa-a n yigejdi n umṣadaɣ tettwassen s yisem n '''Playfair'''; d talɣa tagdazalt i yigejdi wis semmus n Aklid deg lsas n tanzeggit tamagnut. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-18 09-56-11.png|centré]] <small>Tugna 2. Tiɣmert d wassaɣ n umṣadaɣ. Tigniwin ttɛawanent deg tɣuri n yisekkuden; isfukal ilaq ad d-begnen ayɣer iiṣeḥḥa wassaɣ.</small> Deg tugna, tineqqiḍin ttbanent sɛant tehri, izirigen sɛan tuzert, imeccaqen zemren ur ttwaḥerzen ara s tiseddi. Deg tusnakt, taneqqiṭ ur tesɛi ara tehri. Ihi ma tugna teskan-d belli sin n yimeccaqen d igdazalen, ayen-a ur d-yettawi ara asfukel. == 3. Taneqqiṭ, taɣda d tallunt == Taneqqiṭ d amḍiq war tehri; taɣda tettwasɣezef deg sin yinumak war tilisa; iɣil n teɣda yesɛa sin n yixfawen; tazinaɣda tesɛa yiwen n yixef, tettwasɣezef deg yiwen unamek. Aɣawas d tajumma ilweɣ i deg yezmer ad yili wudlif s sin n yimsidag. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-19 12-18-47.png|centré|611x611px]] <small>Tugna 3. Tisektiwin 0, 1, 2 d 3. Aɣawas n tugna d amur ifuken kan; aɣawas n tusnakt ur yesɛi ara tilisa.</small> Tasekta n tallunt tettawi amḍan n yimsidag ilelliyen i ilaqen iwakken ad nesbadu amḍiq. Deg taɣda, yiwen x ikfa; deg uɣawas, nesra (x,y); deg tallunt s kraḍ n tsektiwin, nesra (x,y,z). Tasekta ur tɛelliq ara ɣef wamek ara d-nsuneɣ talɣa: amaḍal s tajumma kan yesɛa snat n tsektiwin, ɣas ma yettwaseknen deg tallunt s kraḍ. ℝⁿ = {(x₁, x₂, …, xₙ) : xᵢ d imḍanen ilawen} Tallunin s n > 3 ttwasqedcent deg tusnakt d yisefka. Ma yal amedya n yisefka yesɛa 10 n yimuttiyen ilelliyen, yezmer ad yettwagenses s tneqqiṭ deg ℝ¹⁰. Ayen-a ur d-yemmal ara belli nezmer ad t-nwali s wallen; imsidag d yilugan fkan-d allalen n tazrawt. === Tajumma d wanrar === Tajumma d talɣa n snat n tsektiwin; anrar d asket-is. S yiwet n tɣawsa, takurt tesɛa daxel-is d ubleɣ, ma amaḍal d tajumma n rrif-is. Asbadu n wayen nzerrew yesɛa azal uqbel yal asiḍen. == 4. Ikerdisen d usekkud n Pythagore == Akerdis yesɛa kraḍ n yidis, kraḍ n tqacucin d kraḍ n tiɣmar. Deg uɣawas n Aklid, timernit n tɣmar-is d 180°. Akerdis agdudisan yesɛa kraḍ n yidis igdazalen; akerdis akendis yesɛa ma drus sin n yidis igdazalen; akerdis amaɣud yesɛa yiwet n tiɣmert n 90°. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-20 11-55-53.png|centré|667x667px]] <small>Tugna 4. Tama taẓelmaḍt: anrar n umkuẓ ɣef yidis 5 d 25 = 9 + 16. Tama tayeffust: kuẓ n yikerdisen s yidis a d b, d umkuẓ alemmas s yidis c.</small> '''a² + b² = c², ma c d alubdis n ukerdis amaɣud''' Asfukel n tugna tayeffust: anrar n umkuẓ ameqqran d (a+b)². Kuẓ n yikerdisen sɛan anrar 4 × ab/2 = 2ab. Ayen i d-yeqqimen d c²; ihi c² = (a+b)² − 2ab = a²+b². Ayen-a d aseɣẓen s wanrar, mačči d asket n teɣzi ɣef tugna. Asekkud-a yesɛa daɣen talɣa tamsuɣalt: ma a²+b²=c² deg ukerdis, tiɣmert i d-yezzin i c d 90°. Deg tanzeggit taknudemt neɣ ɣef umaḍal, tanfalit-a ur tettwasemres ara akka war abeddel. == 5. Tales(Thales) d tarwast == Sin n yikerdisen imarwasen sɛan tiɣmar igdazalen d yidis akniwen s yiwen wassaɣ. Ma tasɣent tessenɣas neɣ tessemɣer akk imeccaqen s yiwen umuskir k > 0, tḥerrez tiɣmar d talɣa. D tarwast. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-21 10-35-44.png|centré|676x676px]] <small>Tugna 5. DE d BC msadaɣen, ihi ikerdisen ADE d ABC d imarwasen. Deg tugna tayeffust, amuskir n teɣzi d 2; win n</small> <small>wanrar d 4.</small> '''AD/AB = AE/AC = DE/BC''' Deg umedya, A d yiwet n tqacuct n sin yikerdisen; D yella ɣef [AB], E ɣef [AC], yerna DE ∥ BC. Ihi assaɣ n ''Thales'' yessegza ayɣer akk ibḍan-a d igdazalen. Ma nessen kra n teɣziwin, nezmer ad nsiḍen teɣziwin ur nessin ara s useqdec n wassaɣen-a. Teɣzi: × k; anrar: × k²; ableɣ: × k³ Ma nsemɣer asrem s umuskir 3, tehri d teɣzi-nni ad nernunt kraḍ n tikal; anrar ad yili 9 n tikal. Ma nsemɣer agasas s 3, ableɣ ad yili 27 n tikal. Ihi amḍan n tsektiwin yesɛa azal deg wamek i yettbeddil usket. Tagdukta d abeddel iḥerzen imeccaqen; d amedya uslig n tarwast s k = 1. Ur ilaq ara ad nsemmi snat n talɣiwin d igdazalen s wesket ma ttemcabint kan deg talɣa. ==Imuren imeqranen n tenzeggit == * [[Tanzeggit tuklidit]] * [[Tanzeggit artuklidit]] * [[Tanzeggit tummit]] * [[Tanzeggit tigriwt]] * [[Tanzeggit taljibirt]] * [[Tanzeggit tanebrurzant]] * [[Aljiber imzireg]] == Amezruy n tenzeggit == [[Taggayt:Tusnakt]] icwh6h87idc4nxalqu11i8in8vcnbzh 0 5351 117727 117718 2026-10-21T10:56:22Z Mastiman Anumidi 17235 Aḍris amaynut 117727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox city}} '''New York''' d nettat ay d tamdint tameqqrant akk deg [[Iwunak Yedduklen|Yiwunak Yeddukklen]]. Tezga-d deg ugafa-agmuḍan n tmurt, ɣef [[Agaraw Aṭlasi|Ugaraw Aṭlasi]]. Zedɣen-tt 8.336.697 n yimezdaɣen (19.006.798 s yegmamen ay d-yezzin fell-as). Tamdint-a tezga-d deg [[New York (Awanak)|uwanak n New York]]. Tamdint-a tettwassen s yixxamen-is ɣezzifen, s tnezzut, s tdamsa tameqqrant, s tẓuri, s tesdawiyin, s tmusni d umezruy-is amesbaɣur. New York mačči d tamdint n tnezzut kan. D amkan anda mlalen yigduden seg waṭas n tmura, s tutlayin yemgaraden, s yidles yemgaraden d wallalen yemgaraden n tudert. Ɣas akken tamdint-a tettwassen am yiwet n tɣerma tameqqrant n umaḍal amiran, amezruy-is yezga yeqqen ɣer yigduden inaṣliyen n Marikan n Ugafa... Tamsalt i ilaq ad nseɣti deg tazwara: igduden inaṣliyen n New York d '''Lenape''', seg yigduden inasliyen n Marikan n Ugafa. Amezruy n temdint yemmal-d amek i tettwabna ɣef wakal-nsen, syin akin amek i tuɣal d yiwet seg temdinin tigejdanin n umaḍal. == Tarakalt d ugama n New York == New York tezga deg umkan yesɛan azal ameqqran deg trakalt n Marikan. Tella gar yisaffen d yilellen, ayen i tt-yerran d tamdint n yinig d tnezzut seg zik. Deg tama-s n umalu yella ''Asif Hudson'', deg tama-s n usamar yella ''East River'', i d aferdis n waman meẓẓiyen yeqqnen ɣer yilel. Deg unẓul, tella tagnit tameqqrant n waman i yettwassnen s yisem n ''New York Harbor'', anda i d-keččmen yiseflinen. Tarakalt-a tettak-as kraḍ n lfaydat: * Yezmer ad yili deg-s unermis n tnezzut gar Marikan, Turuft d tmura nniḍen. * Isaffen d yilellen ttaken-d iberdan n usiweḍ n yiferdisen d medden. * Igelluyen n wakal d yigziren ttawin-d aṭas n temnaḍin i lebni n temdint. Maca amkan-a yesɛa ula d uguren: iḥemmalen n waman, ahuzzu n yilel, leɣla n wakal d uguren n lebni deg temnaḍin i d-yettwarran zdat n waman. === Tiɣiwanin tisudisin === New York tebḍa ɣef semmus n tiɣiwanin timeqqranin (boroughs). ==== '''Manhattan''' ==== [[Tugna:West side of Manhattan from Hudson Commons (95103p).jpg|centré|cadre|Manhattan.]] D ul n tdamsa n temdint, anda ''llan Wall Street, Times Square, Central Park'' d waṭas n yixxamen ɣezzifen. D tamnaḍt yettwassnen aṭas deg umaḍal. ==== '''Brooklyn''' ==== [[Tugna:Dumbo Neighborhood in Brooklyn, NYC.jpg|centré|cadre|Brooklyn]] D tamnaḍt yesɛan agdud meqqren, tuddar tiqdimin, taẓuri, izerfan idelsanen d yimḍiqen imeqqranen n tudert n temdint. ==== '''Queens''' ==== [[Tugna:Flushing Queens from roof of Starlight Hotel.jpg|centré|cadre|Queens]] Tettwassen s tmeslayin d yidles yemgaraden. Deg-s llan yimḍiqen n yinig, timnaḍin n tnezzut d waṭas n tdukliwin n yimezdaɣ. ==== '''The Bronx''' ==== [[Tugna:Yankee Stadium 001.JPG|centré|vignette|650x650px|Bronx.]] D yiwet seg temnaḍin ideg d-yennulfa uɣanib aẓawan n hip-hop. Deg-s daɣen azrib ameqqran ɣer Bronx Zoo d Yankee Stadium. ==== '''Staten Island''' ==== [[Tugna:Freshkills Park in Staten Island, New York.jpg|centré|vignette|650x650px|Staten Island.]] D tamnaḍt i yesɛan aṭas n yigran imenza, izerfan izegzawen d tuddar ur neččur ara d imezdaɣ am Manhattan. == 3. Amezruy uqbel ad d-awḍen Yirupiyen == Uqbel ad d-awḍen Yirupiyen, akal n New York yella d aḥric seg wakal amenzu n ''Lenape'', i d-yettwasemman ''Lenapehoking''. Igduden-a zedɣen deg temnaḍt-a i waṭas n yiseggasen s waṭas uqbel asnulfu n temdint tamirant. Lenape sɛan tudert i d-yettwaznen ɣef ugama. Ttidiren s: * Ugmar n yiɣersiwen. * Uṣeggem n tiferkiwin d wakal n tfellaḥt. * Uṣeyyeḍ n yiselman deg yisaffen. * Tnezzut d wussawel gar tuddar d yigrawen yemgaraden. Tudert-nsen tella teqqen ɣer tmettiwin n twaculin, taddart, tiɣawsiwin n ugama d tmenna n yimezwura. Deg trakalt-nsen, '''Manhattan''' tettwassen s yisem yeqqnen ɣer '''Manahatta'''. Isem-a d yiwen seg yisemawen iqburen i d-yeggran deg temdint tamirant. Aselmed n umezruy n New York ilaq ad yebdu s ''Lenape'', acku ur tebdi ara tudert d tademsa n temnaḍt-a deg 1624. == 4. Tallit n Hulanda — New Amsterdam (1624–1664) == Deg useggas 1609, '''amnadi Henry Hudson''', i ixeddmen i tdukla n tnezzut tahulandit, yewweḍ ɣer temnaḍt n New York. Hudson yella yettnadi abrid amaynut n tnezzut ɣer Asya, maca yeẓra azal n temnaḍt-a, ladɣa isaffen-is d waman i tt-id-yezgan. Deg 1624, Ihulandiyen bdan ad d-sbedden imezdaɣ-nsen deg temnaḍt. Deg yiseggasen i d-iteddun, '''New Amsterdam''' tuɣal d tamdint tameẓẓyant n tnezzut ɣef yiri n Manhattan. Deg 1653, tettwaɛqal s wudem unṣib am temdint. New Amsterdam ur tettwasebded ara deg wakal ur nesɛi ara imezdaɣ, maca deg wakal i zedɣen yakan yigduden inasliyen Lenape. Yella d aḥric n tɣawsa tameqqrant n ikuluniyen Irupiyen,i yekksen kra n wakal i yigduden inasliyen Lenape, yerna i d-yessawḍen anagraw n '''useqdec n yimdanen i lfayda n wiyaḍ''' d tnezzut n waklan. ». Tamdint tettnerni s: * Tnezzut n yigelman n yiɣersiwen. * Usiweḍ n yiferdisen ɣer Turuft. * Lebni n yixxamen d lebni tqenṭyar n waman. * Tnezzut gar tigdudin yemgaraden. Deg tallit-a, tamdint tella d amkan n waṭas n tutlayin d yisɣanen. Llant temettiyin tihulandiyin, talmaniyin, tafransisin, tagliziyin, tiyahudiyin d yimezdaɣ iberkanen. tilelli n usɣan(n tedyanit) ur tettunefk ara i meṛṛa s yiwen wudem, yerna taklit d uɛzel n kra n yigrawen n yimezdaɣ d ayen yellan deg temdint. == 5. Tallit n Lingliziyen (1664–1783) == Deg 1664, Lingliziyen ṭṭfen New Amsterdam. Beddlen-as isem, semman-as New York, ilmend n ''James'', ''Duke of York''. Deg tallit-a, tamdint tettnerni s waṭas, tuɣal d yiwet seg temdinin tigejdanin n tmura i yellan ddaw udabu n [[Legliz|Leglizi]] deg Marikan n Ugafa. Tanezzut tettnerni, llan imezdaɣ imaynuten, ttemḍafaren-d yimseftiyen n tnezzut. Maca tadamsa n temdint tella tesɛa ula d aḥric i ibedden ɣef umahil n waklan. Deg ṭṭrad n timunent n Marikan, New York teqqim ddaw n udabu aserdasi n Lingliziyen seg 1776 armi 1783. Mi ifukk ṭṭrad, tamdint tebda tallit tamaynut, tuɣal d yiwet seg temdinin i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg usbeddi n uwanek amarikani. == 6. New York deg tazwara n Uwanek Amarikani == Seg 1789 armi 1790, New York tella d tamdint tagejdant n Marikan (tamanaɣt tafidiralit). Deg-s i yeṭṭef George Washington tanbaḍt-is tamezwarut am umenzu n tmurt deg 1789. Ayen i d-yerr New York d tamdint tameqqrant n tnezzut deg lqern wis 19 mačči d tadamsa kan, maca d amkan-is: * Asif n Hudson i d-yettɛawanen asirag ɣer daxel n tmurt. * Asiweḍ n yiferdisen gar taddart d tmeddurt. * Abrid n ''Erie Canal'', i d-yeldin deg 1825. * Tanezzut n Marikan s usiweḍ n waman. ''Erie Canal'' yessuddes assaɣ n tnezzut gar New York d temnaḍin n wadda n Ilel Erie, ayen i yesnernan azal n temdint deg tedamsa n Marikan. == 7. New York deg lqern wis 19 — tamdint n yinigen == [[Tugna:New-York-Fifth-Avenue 1900.jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|aNew York deg 1900.]] Deg lqern wis 19, New York tuɣal d yiwet seg temdinin i d-yettawin aṭas n yinigen seg Turuft. Imdanen n waṭas n tmura kecmen ɣer New York i wakken ad afen amahil, tilelli n usɣan neɣ tudert yelhan ugar. Gar yinigen-a llan: * '''Irlandiyen''' i d-iffɣen seg tazɣent n laẓ deg tmurt-nsen. * '''Iṭalyanen''' i d-yusan seg waṭas n temnaḍin n [[Ṭṭelyan|Ṭelyan]]. * '''Ilmaniyen''' d yinigen n Turuft Talemmast. * '''Iyahudiyen''' i d-iffɣen seg Turuft n Usamar, ladɣa seg ussan n miḥyaf. Deg 1892, tigzirt n Ellis Island tebda ad tesɛu tawuri tameqqrant deg usqerdec n yinigen i d-yekcemen ɣer Marikan. New York tuɣal d tamdint n tutlayin yemgaraden, n yiɣaniben n tudert yemgaraden, d tnezzut i yettnernin. Maca amhaz-a ur yelli ara war uguren. Imezdaɣ aṭas zedɣen deg yixxamen imecṭaḥ, gar-asen tella Maca aṭas n yimezdaɣ ttidiren deg tegnatin iweɛren: lehlakat, laẓ d tegnatin n umahil iwaɛren d uɛeddi ɣef yizerfan n yixeddamen. === Asbeddi n New York tamirant deg 1898 === Deg 1 Yennayer 1898, tiɣiwanin i d-yettwasemman ass-a '''Manhattan''', '''Brooklyn''', '''Queens''', '''Bronx''' d '''Staten Island''' dduklent deg yiwet n temdint tameqqrant. Aneḍru-a yerr-a New York d yiwet seg temdinin timeqqranin n Marikan, s tmurt d ugdud meqqren aṭas. == 8. Lqern wis 20 — tallit n lebni d tẓuri == [[Tugna:Fifth Avenue and 25th Street, New York 1900.png|vignette|New York deg 1900.]] Deg tazwara n lqern wis 20, New York tebda ad tettbeddil s wudem ur nelli ara yakan. Timdinin nniḍen n Marikan sɛant daɣen lebni ɣezzifen, maca New York tuɣal d yiwet seg temdinin i d-yettbanen s waṭas s yixxamen-is ɣezzifen, imahilen n tnezzut, tesdawiyin d tẓuri. Deg 1904, aẓeṭṭa n umitru ddaw n wakal (subway) yeldi deg temdint. Anagraw-a yessizmir i waṭas n yimezdaɣ ad ddun gar temnaḍin yemgaraden. === Ixxamen ɣezzifen d lebni amaynut === [[Tugna:Chrysler Building NYC-20090519-RM-094845.jpg|vignette|D yiwen seg yixxamen yettwassnen s uɣanib n lebni Art déco.]] [[Tugna:Empire State Building (aerial view).jpg|vignette|519x519px|Yettwabna deg tallit n tazɣent tadamsant tameqqrant, yuɣal d azamul n New York.]] Deg 1929, tazɣent tadamsant tameqqrant tebda seld aɣelluy n tggazt n ''Wall Street''. New York tuɣal d yiwet seg temdinin i yettwaḥuzzen s waṭas s twaɣit-a n tdamsa. Maca seg yiseggasen n 1930 armi d taggara n ṭṭrad wis sin n umaḍal, tamdint tettnerni s lebni n yixxamen, iberdan d useggem n yizerfan n umahil. == 9. New York d yidles amaḍlan == New York tesɛa azal ameqqran deg yidles n umaḍal. '''Aẓawan''': Harlem yuɣal d amḍiq yesɛan azal ameqqran deg umezruy n jazz. Deg Bronx, deg yiseggasen n 1970, d-yennulfa hip-hop, i d-yuɣalen d yiwen seg yiɣaniben n uẓawan yettwassnen aṭas. '''Amezgun''': Broadway d amkan yettwassnen s waṭas deg umaḍal s yimezguyen, ineccaden d tneḍruyin n tẓuri. '''Taẓuri d tsekla''': New York tesɛa timkerḍiwin, tiẓuriwin, tizeɣwa n sinima, isensayen n tẓuri d waṭas n yimukan n uselmed. '''Tisdawiyin''': Columbia University d New York University d snat seg tesdawiyin yettwassnen n temdint, i yesɛan tawuri deg unadi ussnan d uselmed. == 10. New York deg tallit tamirant == Deg 11 Ctember 2001, New York teḥuza-tt twaɣit tameqqrant n tremaɣt, mi i d-yeɣli ''World Trade Center'' seld ineḍruyen n usekcem n isafagen yrttwaxḍfen deg yixxamen-a. Ayen i d-yeḍran yesseḥzen tamdint d Marikan meṛṛa, yerna ibeddel kra n tsertiyin n tɣellist d tnezzut deg umaḍal. Deg tallit i d-iteddun, tamdint tebna tikkelt nniḍen kra n yimḍiqen i yettwaḥuzzen, gar-asen '''One World Trade Center''', i d-yuɣalen d azamul n usnerni amaynut n temdint. Deg 2020, tazɣent n COVID-19 teḥuza New York s waṭas. Tamdint tesɛa aṭas n uguren deg tɣellist tazayezt, tadamsa d tudert n yal ass. Ass-a, New York tezga gar temdinin tigejdanin n tdamsa tamaḍlant. Maca tesɛa daɣen uguren imeqqranen n tnezduɣt, asnerni n wazal n wakal d yixxamen, lḥif, leɣla n tudert d umgired adamsan gar yimezdaɣ. === 11. Imḍiqen yettwassnen deg New York === === Asebdad n tlelli(Statue of Liberty) === [[Tugna:Statue of Liberty Paris 2007-05-29.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n tlelli.]] Azamul n tilelli, yettwasebded deg 1886. D asefk i d-tefka Fransa i Marikan, yuɣal d azamul n tlelli d yinigen i d-yettasen ɣer tmurt. Asebdad-a yesɣawes-it '''Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi''', ma d taɣessa-is tagensant tettwasɣawes s tallelt n '''Gustave Eiffel'''. Yesɛa azal n 93 n yimitren n tattayt seg lqaɛ n lsas-is armi d afella n taftilt. Asebdad yeskanay-d tameṭṭut yettwaḥesben d azamul n tlelli. Teṭṭef taftilt deg ufus-is ayeffus, ma deg ufus-is azelmaḍ teṭṭef tawliḥt i ɣef yettwaru wass n timunent n Marikan, 4 Yulyu 1776. Ɣef uqerru-s tella tɛeṣṣabt s sa n yiɣallen n tafat, i d-yeskanayen tilelli i yettawin tafat ɣer umaḍal. Ɣer yiḍarren-is llan izḍawan yettwarẓan, i d-yeskanayen tilelli seg taklit d uḥebbes. Deg umezruy-is, Asebdad n tlelli yuɣal d azamul n timunent, yizerfan n umdan d usirem. I waṭas n yinigen i d-yewwḍen ɣer New York s yiseflinen, ladɣa deg taggara n lqern wis 19 d tazwara n lqern wis 20, asebdad-a yella d yiwen seg yizumal imezwura i ttwalin mi ara d-kecmen ɣer Marikan. === Central Park === [[Tugna:2024-11-19-Central Park-0669.jpg|vignette|367x367px|Afrag n Central Park.]] Central Park d afrag agdudan ameqqran yezgan deg ul n Manhattan, deg temdint n New York. D yiwen seg yifragen yettwassnen aṭas deg umaḍal, acku yemmal-d amek i yezmer ugama ad yili deg tlemmast n temdint tameqqrant i yeččuren s yixxamen ɣezzifen, izenqan d yimezdaɣ. Deg-s llan yisekla, igran izegzawen, igelmimen n waman d yimukan n usgunfu, iberdan n teddin, tiqneṭyar, imukan n wurar d yisalayen n tẓuri.. Yezga gar yixxamen ɣezzifen n temdint. Afrag-a yesɛa tafesna n azal n 341 n hektaren (3,41 km²), s teɣzi n qrib 4 km. Central Park yesɛa tawuri tagejdant deg tudert n yimezdaɣ n New York. Yettak-asen amkan i teddin s uḍar, tazzla, turart d usgunfu, yerna d amḍiq anda i zemren ad walin isekla, iɣersiwen d igelmimen deg tlemmast n temdint. Afrag yesɛa daɣen azal deg tdelsa. Deg-s ttwaxedmen tceqqufin n umezgun, tmeɣriwin n uẓawan d waṭas n tneḍruyin tiguddanin. Aṭas n yifilmen d tsuddiwin n tilifizyun ttwasḍefren deg Central Park, ayen i t-yerran d yiwen seg yimukan yettwassnen deg sinima n Marikan. Deg tefsut, isekla bdan ad d-ttfeǧǧiǧen; deg unebdu, igran izegzawen ččuren s yimdanen; deg umwan, iferrawen n yisekla ttbeddilen initen-nsen ɣer uwraɣ, azeggaɣ d uqehwi; ma deg tegrest, afrag yezmer ad yettwakcem s udfel. === Tiqenṭert n Brooklyn === [[Tugna:Brooklyn Bridge August 2017 01.jpg|vignette|471x471px|Tiqenṭart n Brooklyn.]] Tiqenṭert n Brooklyn (Brooklyn Bridge) d yiwet seg tqenṭyar timeqqranin yettwassnen aṭas deg New York, deg [[Iwunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt|Yiwunak Yedduklen n Marikan]]. Teqqen gar Manhattan d Brooklyn, tettɛeddi ɣef East River. D yiwen seg yizumal igejdanen n temdint, acku tesɛa azal ameqqran deg umezruy n lebni, taknulujit d usiweḍ aɣerman. Lebni n tqenṭert-a yebda deg 1870, ma d alday-is unṣib yella deg 24 Mayyu 1883, seld azal n 13 n yiseggasen n umahil. Asenfar-is yesɣawes-it umsinfer almani-amarikani John Augustus Roebling, maca yemmut uqbel ad yebdu lebni. Mmi-s, Washington Roebling, yekmel asenfar-a, s tallelt tameqqrant n tmeṭṭut-is Emily Warren Roebling, i yesɛan tawuri tagejdant deg uselḥu n umahil. Tiqenṭert tesɛa teɣzi tamatut n azal n 1 825 n yimitren, ma d aḥric agejdan i d-yettɛeddin gar sin ifuluten yesɛa azal n 486 n yimitren. Deg tallit n alday-is, aḥric-a yella d win ɣezzifen akk gar tqenṭyar yettwasebḍen s yizḍawan deg umaḍal. Taɣessa n tqenṭert tesɛa sin yifilunen imeqqranen n udɣaɣ, i ɣef bedden yizḍawan n wuzzal i yeṭṭfen abrid n tqenṭert, yesɛan talɣa n lebni n uɣanib agutik atrar(neogothique), akked yizḍawan n wuzzal i d-yettawin taẓayt n ubrid. Asemdukel n udɣaɣ d wuzzal yefka-as taɣessa iǧehden, yerna yerr-itt d yiwet seg tɣessiwin timeqqranin n lebni n lqern wis 19. Lebni n tqenṭert ur yelli ara d amahil afessas. Ixxeddamen sbedden lsas-is deg lqaɛ n wasif, xedmen deg tegnatin iweɛren, yerna kra deg-sen mmuten neɣ ḥuzant-ten lehlakat i d-yettasen seg umahil ddaw n waman deg tɣessiwin medlent i yeččuren s waḍu ddaw n uẓẓay. Washington Roebling daɣen yehlek deg tallit n lebni, dɣa Emily Roebling tesɛa tawuri tameqqrant deg uselḥu n usenfar armi yemmed. Deg tallit n ulday-is, Brooklyn d Manhattan llan d snat n temdinin yemgaraden. Tiqenṭert-a tessifses amussu n yimdanen d tnezzut gar-asent, yerna tesnerna assaɣen idamsanen d yinmettiyen. Mi d-duklent Brooklyn d New York deg 1898, tiqenṭert teqqim d yiwen seg yiberdan igejdanen n temdint tameqqrant. Ass-a, Tiqenṭert n Brooklyn mazal tettwaseqdac i usiweḍ n tkarṛusin, amesni n tvawsiwin yimgaraden d yimdanen yetteddun ɣef uḍar. D amkan yettwassnen daɣen s tmeẓra-s ɣer Manhattan, East River d yixxamen ɣezzifen n New York. S umezruy-is, taɣessa-s d cbaḥa n lebni-is, Tiqenṭert n Brooklyn tuɣal d azamul n tknulujit d umhaz aɣerman n lqern wis 19, yerna teqqim d yiwet seg tqenṭarin yettwassnen aṭas deg umaḍal. === Times Square === [[Tugna:Times Square April 2022 by Don Ramey Logan.jpg|vignette|477x477px|Tawlaft n Times Square deg wass.]] '''Times Square''' d yiwen seg yimukan yettwassnen aṭas deg temdint n New York. Yezga deg Manhattan, gar 42nd Street d Broadway, yerna yuɣal d yiwen seg yizumal igejdanen n temdint-a. Amkan-a yettwassen s waṭas n '''yigalisen n umsussnen''' d '''yigdilen imeqqranen''' i d-yettaken tafat, i yettwasebdedden ɣef teɣmawin n yixxamen, s uɣanib n yimdanen d tudert-is i yetteddun ass d yiḍ. Aṭas n yimdanen ttruḥun ɣur-s yal ass, ama d imezdaɣ n New York, ama d yinigen i d-yettasen seg umaḍal meṛṛa. Times Square yesɛa azal ameqqran deg tdelsa d tdamsa n temdint. D amkan anda llan waṭas n yimezguyen n '''Broadway''', n tiɣawsiwin n tnezzut, n yiɣerbazen, n yisensayen d yimukan n wurar d umzel. D yiwen seg yimukan i d-yettbanen s waṭas deg sinima, deg tilizri(tilifizyun) d deg yiɣmisen. Amezruy-is yeqqen ɣer tazwara n lqern wis 20. Deg tazwara, amkan-a yettwasemma '''Longacre Square''', maca deg 1904, mi i d-yessers uɣmis The New York Times tasɣimt-is tagejdant deg temnaḍt-a, yettwabeddel yisem-is ɣer '''Times Square'''. Amkan-a yettwassen daɣen s uneḍruy ameqqran n '''Yennayer Amaqran''' (''New Year’s Eve''). Yal aseggas, aṭas n yimdanen ttemlilin deg-s i wakken ad zren aɣelluy n '''ball''' deg yiḍ n useggas amaynut. Tameɣra-a tuɣal d yiwet seg tneḍruyin yettwassnen aṭas deg umaḍal. Ihi, '''Times Square''' d mačči kan d amḍiq deg New York, maca d azamul n tudert tamirant, n tnezzut, n tẓuri d umhaz n temdint ur neṭṭes ara. ==Isunen n weɣrem n New York== Llan semmus (5) n yisunen deg New York, s tenglizt qqaren-as ''Boroughs''. [[File:5 Boroughs Labels New York City Map.png|thumb|5 Isunen n weɣrem n New York sɣur Julius Schorzman : 1- Manhattan, 2-Queens, 3-Brooklyn, 4-The Bronx, 5- Staten Island]] *[[Manhattan]] : agwans n temdint, tella af tegzirt n Manhattan. Llant deg-s [[Wall Street]], [[Tasdawit n New York]], [[Tasdawit n Columbia]], asutel n Yiwunak Yeddukklen (ONU/NU). Ɣur-es imezdaɣen 1 546 856 deg-s. *[[The Bronx]] : ay d asun agellil akk deg weɣrem n New York akwd tdersiwin (minorités) tiberkanin d tispanikin maca tuɣal-d cwiṭ n teɣlist seg 20 iseggassen i yezrin. Ay d dduḥ n uẓawan Hip-Hop, deg-s illa [[Asarir Yankees Stadium]]. Ɣur-es 1 354 068 imezdaɣen deg-s. *[[Queens]] : Ɣur-es 2 237 815 imezdaɣen deg-s. Yeḍra [[US Open]] dinna yal uggur n ctember, deg-s llan imafagen n JFK d La Guardia. Illa d agemim n tmezduɣt d tmugri (industry). *[[Brooklyn]] : Agemim n tmezduɣt n New-Yorkers. Ɣur-es 2 488 194 imezdaɣen deg-s *[[Staten Island]] : Ɣur-es imezdaɣen 491 730 deg-s. Daɣem d agemim n tmezduɣt n New-Yorkers, yuggug si Manhattan. [[Category:New York]][[Category:Timdinin]][[Category:Iwunak Yeddukklen]] didwn0bxyo0nimf7bl8wmm7nv33qkra 0 25505 117722 117716 2026-10-20T18:31:28Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117722 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography|item=Q1405|image=[[File:Statue of the Emperor Octavian Augustus as Jupiter (6).png|thumb|Asebdad n umenkad Uɣustus amzun d Jupiter (6)]]|caption=Amenkad Uɣustus.|date of birth=23 Ctembeṛ deg useggas 63 Send Tallalit n Ɛisa.|nationality=Tarumanit|date of death=19 Ɣuct deg useggas n 14 Seld Tallalit n Ɛisa.}} '''Uɣustus''' (s tlaṭinit: Augustus, neɣ s yisem-is n tidet ''Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus'' ), i yettwasnen daɣen s yisem n Uktavyus (Octavius), d amezwaru n yimenkaden n Tmenkda Tarumanit. Ilul-d ass n 23 Ctembeṛ n useggas 63 send talalit n Ɛisa, yemmut ass n 19 n Ɣuct n useggas 14 seld talalit n Ɛisa. D netta i d-yesbedden '''[[Tamnekda Tarumanit|Tamnekda Taṛumanit]]''' sdeffir n uɣelluy n '''[[Tagduda Taṛumanit|Tegduda]]'''. Yewweḍ ɣer udabu deg yiwet n tallit n teẓɣent d ṭṭrad aɣarim, maca yessaweḍ ad d-yerr talwit, ad yesseggem awanek, dɣa yeldi-d yiwet n tsut iwumi qqaren "Talwit Taṛumanit" (''Pax Romana''). D netta diɣen i yessbedden anagraw amaynut n udabu deg Ruma, i yettwasnen s yisem n ''Principatu''s, seld mi tfukk tagduda tarumanit (Res publica Romana). Uɣustus ur d-yewwi ara adabu s yiwet n tikkelt. Iɛedda seg waṭas n ṭṭraden, tedyanin tisertanin, d usenqes n tzemmar n yixṣṣimen-is, almi yuɣal d bab n udabu ameqqran deg Ruma. Ɣas akken yella d amenkad s tidet, ur yebɣi ara ad d-yesken iman-is am ugellid. Yeskanay-d adabu-is s wudem n uḥraz n tagduda taqburt, maca deg tilawt, akk tzemmar tigejdanin n udabu uɣalent ɣer ufus-is. Tallit n Uɣustus teldi yiwet n tewwurt n tallit tazrayt s wudem amaynut deg umaḍal arumani, i d-yeglan s tɣellist, asnerni n tdamsa, abeddel n usuddes aserdasi, akked usnerni n tsekla d tẓuriwin. == 1. Ruma send Uɣustus == === 1.1. Tagduda Tarumanit === Send ad d-yas Uɣustus, Ruma tella d tagduda i yettwasuddsen s yiwet n tɣessa tasertant i deg llan: - '''Asenat''' (Senatus): agraw n ymḍebbren d yimɣaren n twaculin timeqqranin. - '''Imqerraben n udabu''' (magistratus): am yikunsulen, iprituren d wiyaḍ. - '''Igrawen igdudanen''' (comitia): anda kra n yigrawen n yimezdaɣ sɛan azref n ufran n ymḍebbren d uqbal n yilugan. '''- Ikunsulen''': sin n ymḍebbren i yettwafernen yal aseggas i uselḥu n udabu. Maca anagraw-a ibeddel s waṭas deg yiseggasen ineggura n Tegduda Tarumanit. Ruma tella tesɛa akal ameqqran seg Iberya armi d Asya tameẓẓyant, seg Yilel agrakal armi d tmura n ugafa n Tefriqt. Akal-a ameqqran yessuter asuddes amaynut n udabu. S wakka, timsal n udabu, n tedrimt d tseddarin uɣalent d isental n tmesbaniyin gar yimeqqranen. === 1.2. Timsizzelt ɣef udabu d ṭṭraden igensan === Deg tasut tamezwarut send talalit n Ɛisa, Ruma teɛreḍ aṭas n ṭṭraden igensan. Gar yimdanen i yesɛan tazmert tameqqrant deg tallit-a ad naf: - '''Marius''', d aɣella aserdasi. - '''Sulla''', win i yeṭṭfen adabu s tezmert n yigen. - '''Pumpyus Ameqqran''', amasay aserdasi d win yesɛan tazmert deg Asya. - '''[[Julius Caesar|Yulyus Qaysar]]''', win i yernan ṭṭrad agensan ɣef Pumpyus. - '''Mark Antonyus''', win i yuɣalen d axṣim ameqqran n Uɣustus. Deg useggas 49 send talalit n Ɛisa, Yulyus Qaysar yeɛda iɣzer n Rubicon s igen-is(taserdast-is), ayen i d-yewwin ṭṭrad agensan. Mi timerniwt tella ɣer tama n Qaysar, yuɣal yesɛa adabu ameqqran, maca aṭas n yisenaturren ugin anagraw-is, acku ttwalin dakken yezmer ad yuɣal d agellid. a8ck71pt3a7lzrqcmx63l5891luifkl 117723 117722 2026-10-20T18:32:11Z Gurzil90x 14292 seɣtiɣ kra n tuccḍiwin 117723 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography|item=Q1405|image=[[File:Statue of the Emperor Octavian Augustus as Jupiter (6).png|thumb|Asebdad n umenkad Uɣustus amzun d Jupiter (6)]]|caption=Amenkad Uɣustus.|date of birth=23 Ctembeṛ deg useggas 63 Send Tallalit n Ɛisa.|nationality=Tarumanit|date of death=19 Ɣuct deg useggas n 14 Seld Tallalit n Ɛisa.}} '''Uɣustus''' (s tlaṭinit: Augustus, neɣ s yisem-is n tidet ''Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus'' ), i yettwasnen daɣen s yisem n Uktavyus (Octavius), d amezwaru n yimenkaden n Tmenkda Tarumanit. Ilul-d ass n 23 Ctembeṛ n useggas 63 send talalit n Ɛisa, yemmut ass n 19 n Ɣuct n useggas 14 seld talalit n Ɛisa. D netta i d-yesbedden '''[[Tamnekda Tarumanit|Tamnekda Taṛumanit]]''' sdeffir n uɣelluy n '''[[Tagduda Taṛumanit|Tegduda]]'''. Yewweḍ ɣer udabu deg yiwet n tallit n teẓɣent d ṭṭrad aɣarim, maca yessaweḍ ad d-yerr talwit, ad yesseggem awanek, dɣa yeldi-d yiwet n tsut iwumi qqaren "Talwit Taṛumanit" (''Pax Romana''). D netta diɣen i yessbedden anagraw amaynut n udabu deg Ruma, i yettwasnen s yisem n ''Principatu''s, seld mi tfukk tagduda tarumanit (Res publica Romana). Uɣustus ur d-yewwi ara adabu s yiwet n tikkelt. Iɛedda seg waṭas n ṭṭraden, tedyanin tisertanin, d usenqes n tzemmar n yixṣṣimen-is, almi yuɣal d bab n udabu ameqqran deg Ruma. Ɣas akken yella d amenkad s tidet, ur yebɣi ara ad d-yesken iman-is am ugellid. Yeskanay-d adabu-is s wudem n uḥraz n tagduda taqburt, maca deg tilawt, akk tzemmar tigejdanin n udabu uɣalent ɣer ufus-is. Tallit n Uɣustus teldi yiwet n tewwurt n tallit tazrayt s wudem amaynut deg umaḍal arumani, i d-yeglan s tɣellist, asnerni n tdamsa, abeddel n usuddes aserdasi, akked usnerni n tsekla d tẓuriwin. == 1. Ruma send Uɣustus == === 1.1. Tagduda Tarumanit === Send ad d-yas Uɣustus, Ruma tella d tagduda i yettwasuddsen s yiwet n tɣessa tasertant i deg llan: - '''Asenat''' (Senatus): agraw n ymḍebbren d yimɣaren n twaculin timeqqranin. - '''Imqerraben n udabu''' (magistratus): am yikunsulen, iprituren d wiyaḍ. - '''Igrawen igdudanen''' (comitia): anda kra n yigrawen n yimezdaɣ sɛan azref n ufran n yimḍebbren d uqbal n yilugan. '''- Ikunsulen''': sin n ymḍebbren i yettwafernen yal aseggas i uselḥu n udabu. Maca anagraw-a ibeddel s waṭas deg yiseggasen ineggura n Tegduda Tarumanit. Ruma tella tesɛa akal ameqqran seg Iberya armi d Asya tameẓẓyant, seg Yilel agrakal armi d tmura n ugafa n Tefriqt. Akal-a ameqqran yessuter asuddes amaynut n udabu. S wakka, timsal n udabu, n tedrimt d tseddarin uɣalent d isental n tmesbaniyin gar yimeqqranen. === 1.2. Timsizzelt ɣef udabu d ṭṭraden igensanen === Deg tasut tamezwarut send talalit n Ɛisa, Ruma teɛreḍ aṭas n ṭṭraden igensan. Gar yimdanen i yesɛan tazmert tameqqrant deg tallit-a ad naf: - '''Marius''', d aɣella aserdasi. - '''Sulla''', win i yeṭṭfen adabu s tezmert n yigen. - '''Pumpyus Ameqqran''', amasay aserdasi d win yesɛan tazmert deg Asya. - '''[[Julius Caesar|Yulyus Qaysar]]''', win i yernan ṭṭrad agensan ɣef Pumpyus. - '''Mark Antonyus''', win i yuɣalen d axṣim ameqqran n Uɣustus. Deg useggas 49 send talalit n Ɛisa, Yulyus Qaysar yeɛda iɣzer n Rubicon s igen-is(taserdast-is), ayen i d-yewwin ṭṭrad agensan. Mi timerniwt tella ɣer tama n Qaysar, yuɣal yesɛa adabu ameqqran, maca aṭas n yisenaturren ugin anagraw-is, acku ttwalin dakken yezmer ad yuɣal d agellid. 6p8sc1pum9qos8ymuchj90p2vgsvo2w 0 25610 117725 117698 2026-10-20T21:47:44Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117725 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | name = SpaceX | official_name = Space Exploration Technologies Corp | image = [[File:Entrance to SpaceX headquarters.jpg|thumb|Tasɣimt nSpaceX deg Washington DC]] | country = Iwunak Yeddukklen n Marikan. | industry = Tallunt, Taywalt, Tigzi taragmawant | website = https://www.spacex.com/ | wikidata_net_income = yes | wikidata_revenue = yes | wikidata_operating_income = yes | logo = [[File:SpaceX logo black.svg|thumb|]] }} '''Space Exploration Technologies Corp'''., yettwassnen s yisem n '''SpaceX''', d takebbanit tamarikanit n temguri tallunant d yimeẓla n usiweḍ ɣer tallunt. Asutel-is (ammas-is agejdan) yezga-d deg temdint n Hawthorne, deg twilayt n [[Kalifurnya|Kalifuṛnya]], deg Y[[Iwunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt|iwunak Yeddukklen n Marikan]]. Yessers-itt [[Elon Musk]] deg useggas n 2002, s yiswi ameqran n usenqes n wazal n watig n yisiklen ɣer tallunt akken ad yili wemdan deg yimal d talmest tamaget-mtiwgan (ara izedɣen ugar n yiwen n umtiweg), ladɣa s usebded n temharsa deg umtiweg n [[Mezweɣ]]. SpaceX tewwi-d asnulfu ameqran deg tesnatwilt tallunant imi d nettat i d tamezwarut deg umaḍal i d-yesbedden timeẓda yettwalsen useqdec (i yettallisen useqdec n tfekkiwin-nsent tigejdanin), ayen yessadren aṭas atig n usekkar n yigensiyen d yinawen allunanen. == 1. Amezruy d usbeddi == [[Tugna:Falcon 1 Flight 4 liftoff.jpg|vignette|Tameẓḍit Falcon 1, asenker-ines amezwaru deg 2008.]] Deg useggas n 2001, [[Elon Musk]] yebɣa ad yeldi asenfar n usiwweḍ n yimɣan ɣer umtiweg n Mezweɣ s yisem n '''Mars Oasis''', akken ad d-yessaki lebɣi n lɣaci ɣer usnirem n tallunt. Maca mi yerra ɣer Rrus ad d-yaɣ '''timeẓḍiyin n tiwḍin tiḥbawiyin''' (fusées balistiques intercontinentales), yufa-d tasqamt-nsent teɣlay mliḥ. Seg yimir, yefhem dakken amur ameqran n watig n tmeẓda yekka-d seg wammud n temguri d usebded ur nelli d unzig, mačči seg watig(ssuma) n sselɛa tamezwarut. Deg 14 Meɣres 2002, Elon Musk yesbedd SpaceX deg temdint n El Segundo (uqbel ad tunag ɣer Hawthorne). Iswi-ines yella d aheggi n tmeẓḍiyin fessusen, ur ɣlayit ara, i yettawḍen ɣer uḥbu n Lqaɛa. === Falcon 1: Allal amezwaru === Deg tazwara, takebbanit tennuɣ aṭas d wuguren iteknikiyen. Timeẓḍit tamezwarut, '''Falcon 1''', terza deg kraḍ n yisenkar imezwura gar 2006 d 2008. SpaceX tqerreb ɣer uɣelluy d leflas n tedrimt. Maca deg 28 Ctembeṛ 2008, Falcon 1 tewweḍ akken iwata ɣer uḥbu n Lqaɛa; d nettat i d timeẓḍit tamezwarut tusligt yesseqdacen '''aserɣu imengi''' i yessawḍen annect-a deg umezruy. === Agatu d NASA (Amtawa CRS) === Mi d-teḍra teswiɛt-a, tasudut n tallunt tamarikanit (NASA) tefka i SpaceX yiwen n ugatu ameqran deg ukatar n wahil ''Commercial Resupply Services (CRS)'' s wazal n 1.6 n yimelyaren n yidulaṛen. Agatu-agi yella d asiweḍ n yisafaren ɣer Tɣsert Tallunant Tagraɣlant (ISS) s tmeẓḍa Falcon 9 d unaw Dragon. D aya i iselken takebbanit seg lexsaṛa, yerna yeldi-yas tawwurt ɣer unegmu ameqran. == 2. Allalen d yisenfaren igejdanen == === Timeẓḍit Falcon 9 d Falcon Heavy === Falcon 9 d timeẓḍit n sin n yiswiren i ibeddun s yimsedda n tawsit Merlin (i yesseqdacen kirusin RP-1 akked uksijin aleggaɣ / LOX). Tamezwarut deg Falcon 9 d tawila-ines i useqdec uzzig: tafekka tamezwarut (premier étage) ur tettwaglaz ara deg yilel am akken teḍra d tmeẓḍiyin tiqburin; tettuɣal-d s leɛqel s useqdec n yimsedda-s akken ad ters ɣef wakal neɣ ɣef tefliwin tiylalanin deg yilel (autonomous spaceport drone ships). Falcon Heavy d timeẓḍit teččur d tazmert, tebna ɣef kraḍt n tfekkiwin n Falcon 9 yeddukklen (27 n yimsedda Merlin). Asenker-ines amezwaru yella-d deg Fuṛar 2018, anida i tewwi takeṛṛust n ''Tesla Roadster'' ɣer tallunt. === Anaw allunan Dragon d Crew Dragon === Dragon d allal allunan i d-yessawḍen sselɛa ɣer Tɣsert Tallunant Tagraɣlant deg 2012. D nettat i d anaw amezwaru uslig i iqerben ɣer ISS. Seg-s i d-yennulfa Crew Dragon (Dragon 2), anaw yesɛan tazmert i yimsallunen (astronautes). Deg Mayyu 2020, SpaceX tessuli sin n yimsallunen n NASA (Bob Behnken d Doug Hurley) deg tuɣdaḍt Demo-2, d ayen i d-yerran tuɣḍaḍin n usali n yimdanen ɣer tallunt seg wakal n Temrikt deffir mi yekfa wahil n ''Navette Spatiale'' deg 2011. === Asenfar n Starship === Starship d asenfar ameqran akk n SpaceX. Yebna s sin n yiḥricen: tafekka tamezwarut i wumi semman Super Heavy, d unaw amatu i wumi qqaren Starship. D timezdit yettwalsen useqdec s lekmal-is (100%), yesɛan imseddayen n tewsit Raptor i iteddun s lmitan (methalox) d uksijin aleggaɣ. Iswi n Starship d asiweḍ n ugar n 100 n yiṭunnen n sselɛa neɣ n yimdanen ɣer waggur (Ayyur), ɣer [[Mezweɣ]], d tiɣula tiḥerfiyin n tallunt taqribt. NASA textar Starship akken ad yili d amessikel i wahil-is Artemis III ara yessersen imdanen ɣef wayyur. === Aẓeṭṭa n yigensaten Starlink === Starlink d '''tayemmunt''' tameqrant n yigensaten imeẓẓyanen deg uḥbu amadday n Lqaɛa (LEO - Low Earth Orbit). Iswi n usenfar-a d asiweḍ n uẓeṭṭa n internet s tazzla tameqrant d unqas n tanzagt n tririt (low latency) ɣer yal tama deg umaḍal, ladɣa timnaḍin ur nesɛi ara tilifun neɣ ifibren n trisiti d Internet. == 3. Tidyanin d warrazen igejdanen == SpaceX tessaweḍ ad tessebded aṭas n yikayaden d ''yirekkuṛen(imḍanen s wudem afellay)'' deg umezruy n tsnallunt: '''2008''': Asekkar amezwaru n tmeẓḍit tusligt yesseqdacen aserɣu alemmas (Falcon 1) ɣer uḥbu. '''2012''': Anaw amezwaru uslig (Dragon) i yewwḍen ɣer Tɣsert Tallunant Tagraɣlant (ISS). '''Duǧembeṛ 2015''': Tikkelt tamezwarut deg umezruy anida tafekka tamezwarut n tmeẓḍit taḥbawant (Falcon 9) ters-d s tezmert-is ɣef wakal deg tɣsert n Cape Canaveral. '''Meɣres 2017''': Allas n useqdec n tfekka tamezwarut i yeffɣen yakan ɣer tallunt tikkelt tis snat. '''Mayyu 2020''': Tuɣdaḍt Crew Dragon Demo-2, asali amezwaru n yimsallunen s tkebbanit tusligt. '''Ctembeṛ 2021''': Tuɣdaḍt Inspiration4, asikel amezwaru ɣer tallunt anida akk imdanen i yulin d iɣarimen (mačči d imsallunen n ddewla). == 4. Iswiyen n yimal == Iswi agejdan n SpaceX d asikel ɣer umtiweg n Mezweɣ. Elon Musk yeqqar dakken aɣref amdan yessefk fell-as ad yesɛu tamhelt deg wugar n yiwen n umtiweg akken ur yettenger ara ma teḍra-d twaɣit deg Lqaɛa (am unṭag n yitran neɣ n yiẓra n tallunt, imenɣi aɣelnaw, atg.). SpaceX tebɣa ad tessebded tamdint tamezwarut deg Mezweɣ s useqdec n tmeẓḍa n Starship ara yeddun deg yiseggasen i d-iteddun. jvo1av1d766m08n1fk271k0g4xyda2o 0 25616 117724 117717 2026-10-20T21:42:28Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117724 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography|item=Q7198|image=[[File:Ovid by an anonymous sculptor.jpg|thumb|Ovid sɣur yiwen umserɣta udrig]]|caption=Ovid.}} '''Ovid''', s yisem-is ummid '''Publius Ovidius Naso''', d yiwen seg yimedyazen irumanen imeqqranen n tallit taɣustit. Yella d amedyaz, amaru n tmucuha timiṭulujiyin, d win i yerran tayri, tuttya, tafekka, tamagit, lḥif akked unejli d isental igejdanen n tsekla-s. Yettwassen ladɣa s udlis-is Metamorphoses (tuttyiwin), yiwen seg yedlisen i yesɛan tazrirt tameqqrant ɣef tsekla, tasugna, tasertit n tfekka d tẓuriwin n Umaḍal n Utrim. Tudert-is tbeddel s wudem ameqqran deg useggas 8 mbaɛd talalit n Ɛisa, mi t-yessufeɣ umenkad Uɣustus seg Ruma, yerra-t ɣer Tomis, ɣef yiri n Yilel Aberkan. Dinna i yemmut, war ma yuɣal ɣer temdint i iḥemmel. Yettwaḥsab Ovid gar kraḍ n yimedyazen irumanen i d-yettwabedren s waṭas deg tsekla talaṭinit, akked '''Virgil''' (Vergilius) d '''Horace''' (Horatius). Maca yal yiwen deg-sen yesɛa aɣanib d yisental yemgaraden. == 2. Talalit d twacult-is == === 2.1. Sulmo, tamdint n Ovid === [[Tugna:PanoramaSulmona.JPG|centré|vignette|550x550px|Tamdint Sulmona deg ṭṭelyan.]] Ovid ilul ass n 20 Meɣres, deg useggas 43 send Ɛisa, di Sulmo, i d-yettwasemman ass-a Sulmona, deg temnaḍt n Abruzzo, di [[ṭṭelyan]] n wass-a. Sulmo tella d tamdint tarumanit di tmurt n Peligni, yiwen seg yiɣerfan n ṭṭelyan alqayan i yellan uqbel asnerni n Ruma. Tamnaḍt-a tettwassen s yidurar-is, izuɣar-is d wakal-is n tfellaḥt. Ovid yesɛa tawacult taɣerfant, d tin yesɛan idrimen. Baba-s yebɣa ad yili mmi-s d amdan n uẓayer deg tedbelt tarumanit, ladɣa deg uɣerbaz n uzref d tsnukyest n wawal. Deg yisefra-s, Ovid yessefk-d amek i ilul deg yiwen n useggas ara d-yeglun s ubeddel ameqqran deg umezruy arumani: d aseggas n tmettant n ''Cicero'', '''amesnukyes''' d '''amsesten''' arumani ameqqran. Deg tallit-a, Tagduda Trumanit tella tettɛeddi seg tazɣent tasertant ɣer tallit n usdukel n tezmert deg ufus n yiwen n umdan, ''Octavianus'', win ara yuɣalen d Uɣust. === 2.2. Tawacult-is d watmaten-is === Ovid yesɛa gma-s ameqqran fell-as s yiwen n useggas, i yemmuten d ameẓẓyan, mi yesɛa azal n 20 n yiseggasen. Tamettant n gma-s tella d lḥif ameqqran i twacult-is. Yella d amezwaru? Ala, Ovid yella d amecṭuḥ deg sin n watmaten. Yella diɣen d win i d-yettwabedren deg yisefra-s s tikkelt ɣer tayeḍ, imi yettmeslay ɣef tlalit-is, baba-s, yemma-s d tmurt-is. Maca ilaq ad nefrez gar wayen i d-yenna Ovid s timmad-is d wayen i nezmer ad nesseɣti s yizirigen imezruyanen: aṭas n yisallen ɣef tudert-is d netta i ten-id-yefkan. == 3. Tamẓi d uselmed-is == === 3.1. Azraw deg Ruma === Mi yella d ameẓẓyan, Ovid iruḥ ɣer Ruma akked gma-s iwakken ad lemden tasnukyest, tira, timawit d uzref. Ruma tella deg tallit-a d yiwet seg temdinin timeqqranin n umaḍal agrakal. [[Tugna:Forum romanum 6k (5760x2097).jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Ayen i d-yeqqimen seg ufurum(anmager) n ruma taqburt.]]Deg Ruma, Ovid yella deg tneɣrit n yiselmaden yettwassnen n tsnukyest n wawal. Isallen imezruyanen bedren Arellius Fuscus akked Porcius Latro gar yiselmaden-is. Iselmad-agi llan ttselmaden amek ara d-yebnu umdan awal, amek ara yessefhem tikti-s, amek ara yessfukel tiririt-is, d wamek ara yesseqdec tafyirt s wudem yettqenɛen. Ayen akk i yelmed deg tneɣrit-a ad t-id-yaf umdan deg yisefra-s: tawsit n wawal, d ubeddel n tmuɣli, anegzum n tidet d usnulfu n yimdanen n timucuha. === 3.2. Tayri-s i tsekla === Baba-s yebɣa ad yili Ovid d amsesten n uzref neɣ d amdan n tedbelt, imi taɣulin-a ttaǧǧant amdan ad yili d ameqran deg tmetti tarumanit. Maca Ovid yella yettwajbed ɣer usefru. Deg ''Tristia'', yessefhem-d belli ula d mi yebɣa ad yaru s wudem amagnu, awalen-is ttuɣalen d isefra. D taɣawsa i d-yesskanen belli asefru yella deg tudert-is seg temẓi. === 3.3. Tirza-s ɣer Yunan === Ovid yessers imeṭṭawen-is deg kra n tmura n Yunan, anda i yella umezruy ameqqran n tfelsafit, tsekla d timiṭulujit. Yettwabder belli yewweḍ ɣer Atina, Asia Tameẓẓyant akked Sicilia. Tirziwin-a ǧǧant-as ad yissin ugar tasekla tagrigit, ladɣa timucuha n yigelliden, irebbiten, yimeẓla d yimdanen i yettbeddilen talɣa-nsen. Timusniwin-a ad d-banent s wudem ameqqran deg Tuttya(''Metamorphoses)''. == 4. Tudert-is deg Ruma == === 4.1. Seg tedbelt ɣer tsekla === Mi yuɣal ɣer Ruma, Ovid yesseqdec kra n tegnatin n tedbelt tarumanit, maca ur yebɣi ara ad ikemmel deg ubrid n tsartit. Deg umḍiq n waya, yefren tudert n umedyaz. Tafrent-a tella d tameqrant: deg tmetti tarumanit n tallit-nni, amdan n twacult yesɛan idrimen yezmer ad yili d amasten, asenatuṛ neɣ amdan n tedbelt, maca tamedyazt ur yelli ara d abrid ameqqran ɣer tezmert tasertant. Ovid, imi yesɛa idrimen n twacult-is, yezmer ad yefren '''asefru''' war ma yella d amezwaru deg usɛeddi n tmeddurt. === 4.2. Imedyazen n tallit-is === Deg Ruma, Ovid yessen amek i tettnerni tsekla n tallit n Uɣust. Gar yimyura i iɛemmren tallit-is, ad d-nebder: - '''Virgil''' (Vergilius), amaru n Aeneis, amedya n usefru abelkiman arumani. - '''Horace''' (Horatius), amedyaz i yessawḍen s wudem afelsafi ɣef tudert. - '''Propertius''', win i yessnernan isefra n tayri. - '''Tibullus''', amedyaz n tayri, n tudert taḥerfit d wayen i d-yettawi lḥif. Ovid yella gar yimeggura n yimesfrayen imeqqranen n tallit taɣustit. Maca yebna aɣanib-is s umgired: deg umḍiq n uwehhi ɣer umezruy asertan d tgemmi tarumanit, yessexdem tayri, timucuha d usnulfu n yimdanen akken ad yesselḥu tasekla. === 4.3. Tameṭṭut d twacult-is === Ovid yessefk-d deg yisefra-s belli yezweǧ kraḍ n tikkal. Sin seg tsulya timezwura ur ǧǧin ara aṭas n yisallen deg umezruy. Tisulya tis kraḍ tesɛa azal ameqqran deg tudert-is, ladɣa deg tallit n unejli. Yella yesɛa yiwet n yelli-s, maca kra n yisallen ɣef twacult-is mazal ur frizen ara s wudem ummid. Tameṭṭut-is taneggarut teqqim di Ruma mi yella netta deg unejli, tettɛawan-it s wayen i tezmer, yettmeslay fell-as deg yisefra-s s waṭas n lḥif d tayri. == 5. Iqeddicat imezwura n Ovid == Tasekla n Ovid tezmer ad tettwabḍu ɣef kraḍ n talliyin: tallit n tayri, tallit n tmucuha d umezruy, akked tallit n unejli. Deg tallit tamezwarut, Ovid yella d amesfru i d-yettawin ɣef tayri, tikli n yimdanen, tameṭṭut d wassaɣen gar yimdanen. === 5.1. Amores — Tayriwin === Amores d yiwen seg yedlisen-is imezwura. Deg-s, Ovid yessawel ɣef tayri, acewwiq, tismin, asirem d lḥif i d-yettawin wassaɣen n tayri. Adlis-a yella di tazwara s semmus n yiḥricen, maca talɣa i d-yeqqimen ass-a tesɛa kraḍ n yiḥricen. Deg yisefra-a, yella yisem n ''Corinna'', tameṭṭut iɣef yettmeslay amedyaz. Maca ur nezmir ara ad nini s tidet belli Corinna tella d tameṭṭut i yessen deg tudert-is: tezmer ad tili d asebded aseklan. Ovid yesseqdec tayri am wakken d tamennawt gar sin n yimdanen, s yisental n uzray, leḥkem, tazmert d uḥulfu. === 5.2. Heroides — Tibratin n tlawin tiqerruyin === Heroides d ammud n yisefra i d-yettwasnulfan s talɣa n tebratin. Tibratin-a ttwarunt am wakken d tilawin n timucuha timiṭulujiyin i d-yettmeslayen ɣer yirgazen i ḥemmlent, maca i ten-yeǧǧan neɣ i yellan beɛden fell-asent. Gar tilawin-a: - '''Penelope''', tameṭṭut n Odysseus. - '''Dido''', tagellidt n Qerṭaj. - '''Ariadne''', tin i yeǧǧa Theseus. - '''Medea''', tin yesɛan assaɣ d Jason. - '''Phaedra''', tin i yesɛan tayri tamuḥercit. Ayen i d-yettawin Ovid d amaynut deg yisefra-a d tarrayt n uḥulfu: ur d-yettales ara kan timucuha n yirgazen iɣef ttmeslayen yimesfrayen iqburen, maca yessefk awal i tlawin i yellan, s waṭas n tikkal, deg yiri n timucuha-a. Deg Heroides, amdan yezmer ad iwali tamiṭulujit s tmuɣli n tin i yettwaǧǧan, tin i yettṛaǧun, neɣ tin i yettḥasaben d tin i yuccḍen. === 5.3. Ars Amatoria — Taẓuri n tayri === Ars Amatoria d adlis i yessuffeɣ Ovid ɣef tarrayin n usnulfu n wassaɣen n tayri. Yebḍa ɣef kraḍ n yedlisen. Sin imezwura ttmeslayen ladɣa i yirgazen, ma d wis kraḍ yettwanna i tlawin. Ovid yeskan-d deg-s amek i zemren yimdanen ad myissinen, amek ara d-yesnulfu yiwen tayri, d wamek ara yeḥrez assaɣ-is. Maca ilaq ad neɛqel belli adlis-a d aḍris aseklan, yesɛan tahuski, aceɛlal d usqerdec. Ur ilaq ara ad nerr meṛṛa ayen i d-yenna d ilugan i yesseqdecen Yirumanen akk deg tudert-nsen. Adlis-a yesɛa azal ameqqran deg umezruy n Ovid, imi yella gar sebba i d-yebder [[Ugustus|Uɣust]] mi yessufeɣ amedyaz-a seg Ruma. === 5.4. Remedia Amoris — Isɣalen n tayri === Deg Remedia Amoris, Ovid yessefhem amek ara yefsi umdan seg tayri i t-yesḥeznen, neɣ i t-yeǧǧan deg lḥif. Deg umḍiq n uselmed amek ara yebnu umdan assaɣ n tayri, adlis-a yesseqdec tarrayt-nniḍen: amek ara t-yefru. Gar tiktiwin i d-yettawi: tigawin, lxedma, iberdan n tmeslayt, d usenqes n wakud i yettɛeddi umdan di tmuɣli ɣer win i iḥemmel. === 5.5. Medea === Ovid yura diɣen yiwet n tmezgunt s uzwel Medea, i d-yettawin ɣef tameṭṭut tamiṭulujit n yisem-a. Tamezgunt-a temmut deg umezruy: ur d-teqqim ara ɣer ass-a. Ayen i nezmer ad nissin fell-as d wayen i d-bdan yimaru iqburen i tt-id-yebedren. Kra deg-sen ḥesben-tt d yiwet seg tmezgunin yelhan n tallit-nni. == 6. Metamorphoses — Ibeddilen neɣ Tuttya == [[Tugna:Plate 11- Phaeton before Apollo (Funestas ad Phoebum fundit preces.), from Ovid's 'Metamorphoses' MET DP866545.jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|'''Phaeton send Apollo, seg Tuttya n Ovid.''']] Metamorphoses d adlis ameqqran n Ovid, d win i t-yesseǧǧan d amedyaz i yettwassnen deg umaḍal. Adlis-a yesɛa 15 n yiḥricen, azal n 12 000 n yifyar, d azal n 250 n timucuha timiṭulujiyin. Yebda s usnulfu n umaḍal, yekfa s umezruy n Ruma d usali n Julius Caesar ɣer waddad n uṛebbi deg timiṭulujit tasertant tarumanit. === 6.1. Tikti tagejdant === Awal metamorphosis yekka-d seg tegrigit, anamek-is d abeddel n talɣa. Deg tmucuha n Ovid, amdan yezmer ad yuɣal d aseklu, d aɣersiw, d aẓru, d itri neɣ d taɣawsa-nniḍen. Maca abeddel-a ur d-yettawi ara kan ɣef talɣa tafekkanit. Yettawi daɣen ɣef tiktiwin n tayri, tissas, aɛzel, tanezzayt, lḥif d tazmert n irebbiten. Ovid yessawḍ-d tikti tameqqrant: ula d ayen i nettwali d amezdag yezmer ad ibeddel. === 6.2. Timucuha timiṭulujiyin yettwassnen === ==== Apollo d Daphne ==== Apollo iḥemmel Daphne, maca nettat ur tebɣi ara tayri-s. Mi yella yettḍafar-itt, tesseɛreḍ ad teslek iman-is, tettbeddil ɣer useklu. Tamacahut-a tettawi daɣen ɣef tazmert, tifrat d wakken i yezmer yiwen ad yesseqdec tayri am sebba n uɛeddi ɣef wayeḍ. ==== Narcisse d Echo ==== Narcisse d ilemẓi i d-yettwaḥesben d ahuski, i yuɣalen yettḥemmil tugna-s deg waman. Yettwali iman-is, maca ur yessin ara belli d nettat i d tugna-nni. Yekfa deg lḥif, yuɣal d ajeǧǧig. Tamacahut-a tesɛa azal ameqqran deg tfelsafit n tamagit d tmuɣli n umdan ɣer yiman-is. ==== Pygmalion ==== Pygmalion d anaẓur i yesnulfan tugna n tmeṭṭut deg uẓru. Yeḥmel aṭas taẓuri-s armi yettɛaraḍ ad tili d tameṭṭut yeddren. Di tmucuha, Venus tefk-as tudert i tugna-nni. Tamacahut-a tettawi ɣef assaɣ gar tẓuri, tasugna d tayri. ==== Daedalus d Icarus ==== Daedalus yesnulfa-d afriwen seg tinciwt d tarrayt n useqqen n waksum. Mmi-s Icarus yebɣa ad yali aṭas ɣer yigenni. Mi iqreb ɣer yiṭij, yefsi waksum, ɣellin afriwen-is, yetteɣli ɣer yilel. Tamacahut-a tettawi ɣef usirem, tazmert n umdan d tilisa n wayen yezmer ad yeg. ==== Orpheus d Eurydice ==== Orpheus yebɣa ad d-yerr tameṭṭut-is seg umaḍal n yimettanen. S ccna-s yezmer ad yesseḥbes ula d irebbiten n lḥif. Maca mi d-yuɣal ɣer deffir uqbel akud i as-yettwanefken, ixṣer tameṭṭut-is i tikkelt-nniḍen. Tamacahut-a tettawi ɣef tayri d tmettant. === 6.3. Assaɣ gar tmiṭulujit d tfelsafit === Deg uḥric aneggaru n Tuttya(Metamorphoses), Ovid yessuffeɣ-d isental n tfelsafit n ''Pythagoras''. Deg tmuɣli-a, ayen yellan deg umaḍal ittbeddil yal tikelt. Ulac aḥric n ugama i yeqqimen s yiwet n talɣa i lebda. Ayen i yemmuten deg yiwet n talɣa yezmer ad iban deg talɣa-nniḍen. Yella daɣen usentel n tiruḥanin, n ubeddel n yimuddiren d wassaɣ gar yimdanen d yiɣersiwen. Maca ilaq ad neɛqel belli aya d tamuɣli tafelsafit d tmiṭulujit n tallit-nni, mačči d tarrayt tussnant tatrart i d-yesskan Ovid. === 6.4. Ayɣer Metamorphoses d adlis ameqqran? === Adlis-a yella d amaynut deg tsekla talaṭinit imi Ovid yesdukel timucuha yemgaraden deg yiwen n uḍris aɣezzfan. Yella wassaɣ gar tmucuha: yiwet tettawi ɣer tayeḍ, d ubeddel i d-yettuɣalen d asental agejdan. Deg-s, amdan yezmer ad yaf timucuha n irebbiten, tiqsiḍin n yimdanen imeẓẓyanen, isental n tfelsafit, d tmuɣli n Ruma ɣer umezruy-is. == 7. Fasti — Inagrawen n tfaskiwin tirumaniyin == Fasti d adlis n Ovid i d-yettmeslayen ɣef uwitay arumani, tifaskiwin, assaɣen gar yirebbiten d yimdanen, akked umezruy n Ruma. [[Tugna:Fasti Praenestini, détail (6-10 apr. J.-C.).jpg|centré|vignette|Ifatusen seg '''''{{lang|la|Fasti Antiates maiores}}''''']] Deg tazwara, Ovid yebɣa ad yebnu adlis yesɛan 12 n yiḥricen, yal aḥric i yiwen n wayyur. Maca ur d-qqimen ara ala 6 n yiḥricen, seg Yennayer armi d Yunyu. Yella uḥric i d-yettawin ɣef tafaskiwin n yirebbiten, wiyaḍ ɣef umezruy n Ruma, tasertit n [[Uɣustus|Uɣust]] d wamek i ttwafkan yismawen i wussan n uwitay. Fasti d aɣbalu i yesɛan azal ameqqran i yimnadiyen n tsertit n tɣerma, tasreḍt d tmetti tarumanit. D adlis i d-yesskanen belli Ovid ur yelli ara kan d amedyaz n tayri; yella daɣen d amaru i yellan yesɛa tamusni ɣef tɣerma d umezruy n Ruma. Imnadiyen n tallit tamirant ḥesben belli Ovid yezmer ad yili ikemmel asenqed n Fasti deg tallit n unejli-s. == 8. Ovid d umenkad Uɣustus == === 8.1. Tasertit n Uɣustus === [[Uɣustus]], win i yuɣalen d amenkad amezwaru n Ruma, yebɣa ad yerr aẓayer n twacult d wassaɣen n tsulya(zwaǧ) d aḥric ameqqran n tsertit-is. [[Tugna:Statue-Augustus.jpg|vignette|Amenkas Uɣustus.]] Yesseqdec ilugan iwakken ad yesseǧhed tisulya, ad yesseḥbes kra n wassaɣen i yettwaḥesben d wid iḍurren i twacult, d usnerni n wazalen iqburen n Ruma. Maca Ovid yella yettawi deg yisefra-s ɣef tayri s wudem ur nettwaqbal ara s talɣa tummidt s tsertit-a. ''Ars Amatoria'' yeskan-d tameṭṭut d urgaz am yimdanen i yezmren ad fernen assaɣen-nsen, ad seqdcen tasugna d tḥerci iwakken ad afen tayri. Deg tmetti n Ruma n tallit-nni, aya yezmer ad yettwaḥsab d azɣan i kra n wazalen i yebɣa Uɣustus ad yessers. === 8.2. Aseggas 8: abeddel n tudert-is === Deg useggas 8 mbaɛd Ɛisa, Ovid, i yellan yesɛa azal n 50 n yiseggasen, yettwakkes seg Ruma s lamer n August. Ayen i d-yettbanen s wudem ifazen d akken ur t-yettwaḥaseb ara deg yiwet n tɣerma tazreft s ubrid amagnu. Amenkad Uɣustus d netta i yefkan lamer n uneejli. Tamacahut-a d yiwet seg tɣawsiwin ur nefri ara s wudem ummid deg tudert n Ovid. === 8.3. Ayɣer yettwakkes Ovid seg Ruma? === Ovid yessefhem-d s tlaṭinit: «Carmen et error». Anamk-is s teqbaylit: «Asefru d tuccḍa.» Asefru i d-yebder, s waṭas n tiririt n yimnadiyen, d ''Ars Amatoria''. Maca tuccḍa-nniḍen ur tt-id-yessfhem ara Ovid. Kra n yimnadiyen ḥesben belli yella kra i iwali Ovid neɣ yessen ɣef twacult n Uɣustus, maca ur nessin ara d acu i t-yettwaselḥun. Yella diɣen wid i yeqqnen tuccḍa-a ɣer Julia Tameẓẓyant, tameẓẓyant n twacult n Uɣustus, i yettwanejlan daɣen seg Ruma deg tallit-nni. Maca ulac aɣbalu amezruyan i d-yesseknen s tidet belli Ovid yella deg yiwet n tkerrist tasertant neɣ deg wassaɣ n Julia. D turdiwin kan. Tagnit-a mazal d asental n unadi amezruyan. === 8.4. Aseɣti n wawal «anejli» === Deg uzref arumani, Ovid ur yettwakkes ara s talɣa taserdasit neɣ s useɣli n waddad-is n umdan ilelli. Yettwaḥkem fell-as s talɣa n relegatio, anamek-is d asebɛed seg kra n tmura n tmenkda, maca s uḥraz n kra n yizerfan-is d wayla-s. D aya i d-yerran Ovid ad yili d amdan yesɛan kra n tɣawsiwin-is, maca war tilelli n tuɣalin ɣer Ruma. 7jf8vsuk6c86n42srwzr1kv4f1exqnx 0 25623 117721 117711 2026-10-20T15:13:53Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 117721 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | name = Tesla | official_name = Tesla, Inc. | type = Taṛmist tatiknulujit. | founded = Yulyu 2013 | founder = Elon Musk | country = wunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt. | headquarters = Austin, Tewas. | website = https://www.tesla.com/ | wikidata_revenue = yes | wikidata_operating_income = yes | wikidata_net_income = yes | logo_file = Tesla Motors.svg | image = [[File:Gigafactory Texas Building 1 June 2022.jpg|thumb|Luzin n Tesla Gigafactory deg Texas.]] }} '''Tesla, Inc.''' (deg tazwara tella tettwassen s yisem n Tesla Motors) d taṛmist(takebbanit) tamarikant tagraɣlant yeṭṭfen amkan ameqqran deg uḥric n tetiknulujit, tamguri n tkeṛṛusin n trisiti, anehhar awurman, asenqes n usxeddem n lpitrul, d usedger n teẓwert tazedgant tasmaynet. Tasɣimt-is tameqqrant (asutel amatu) tezga-d deg temdint n Austin, deg uwanak n [[Tiksas|Texas]] deg [[Iwunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt|Yiwunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt]]. Takebbanit-a tetteddu deg ubrid n uselḥu d ussegmi n tkeṛṛusin n trisiti (am '''Model S''', '''Model 3''', '''Model X''', '''Model Y''', '''Cybertruck'''), tibatritin d yinagrawen n uḥraz n teẓwert n trisiti (am Powerwall d Megapack), igalisen ifukanen, akked yinagrawen n unehhar awurman d tegzi taragmawant (IA). Tasɣimt-is talemmast tella zik deg Palo Alto deg [[Kalifurnya|Kalifuṛnya]], sakin deg useggas n 2021 tettwawexxer ɣer temdint n ''Austin'' deg uwanak n ''[[Tiksas|Texas]]''. Tesla tura tuɣal d yiwet seg teṛmisin timaqranin akk ilan deg wazal-s afellay deg wagadaz anmaḍal (Wall Street), yernu tettwassen d tagejdant deg ubrid n uselket n umesni anmaḍal ɣer tmerkant n war aḍuṛ awennaḍan. == 1. Amezruy == === 1.1. Asbeddi d tezwara (2003–2008) === Taṛmist-a tettwasbedd deg wayyur n yulyu 2003 sɣur sin n yinjinyuren imarikanen: Martin Eberhard d Marc Tarpenning. Isem-is yettunefk-as ilmend n tkatut d umusnaw mechuṛen n tetrist [[Nikola Tesla]]. Deg useggas n 2004, [[Elon Musk]] yettwarna-d ɣer teṛmist d amsefti agejdan s ubrid n tallalt tadrimant n tezwara, dɣa yuɣal d aselway n useqqamu n tedbalt. Deg tallit-nni tamezwarut, iswi n teṛmist yella d asufeɣ n tkeṛṛusin n trisiti ara yesɛun tazmert meqqren i tikli mebla ma txuṣṣ deg uswir n cbaḥa neɣ deg tazzla(arurad). Deg useggas n 2008, Tesla tessufeɣ-d takerrust-is tamezwarut i wumi semman '''Tesla Roadster''', d takerrust tanaddalt i izemren ad telḥu ugar n 390 km s yiwet kan n učcar n tebatrit. Deg useggas-nni kan, Elon Musk yuɣal d Aselway-Anemhal Amatu (CEO) n teṛmist. === 1.2. Amhaz d usedger ɣer ugdud (2008–2019) === Sakkin, taṛmist tessufeɣ-d ahil n usnegmu i yebnan ɣef kraḍ n yisurifen: tazwara d takerrust ɣlayen i tserkam timeẓyanin, sakin taseddart tis snat d tkeryas tizedganin n ulemmas n watig(ssuma), syin akkin d tikerrusin n s tnecta n waṭas ara yilin fessusit i tuɣin i medden akk: '''Model S (2012)''': D takerrust tameqqrant n ulameɣ i d-yewwin aṭas n warrazen ɣef tɣellist d temlellit n tebatrit-is. '''Model X (2015)''': D takerrust n twacult (SUV) yesɛan tiwwura yettalin am wafriwen n yigider. '''Model 3 (2017)''': D takerrust talemmast i d-yewwin tagrawla deg ugadaz imi ssuma-s tusa-d d tin iwulmen i waṭas n yimdanen; d nettat i d takerrust n trisiti i yenzan akk s waṭas deg umezruy n ddunit. === 1.3. Tallit tatrart (seg 2020 d asawen) === Deg useggas n 2020, Tesla tessufeɣ-d Model Y (SUV alemmas), yernu tessaweḍ ad tezger aswir n umelyun n tkeṛyas deg usufeɣ. Deg useggas n 2023, tebda asenzi n tkeṛṛust-is tamaynut n wuzzal ur d-yettawin ara ṣṣdid iwumi semman '''Cybertruck.''' == 2. Ifarisen d Yimeẓla == === 2.1. tikeṛṛusin n trisiti === Tesla tessebded-d ddeqs n tmudmin n yisafaren n umesni: '''Model S''': D takerrust n uswir unnig i yessawḍen ad telḥu tikli ɣezzifen s yiwet n tebatrit. '''Model 3''': D takerrust talemmast yenzan s tuget deg umḍal. '''Model X''': SUV n ulameɣ yesɛan tiseddarin n 7 n yileqqman yimegaraden. '''Model Y''': SUV alemmas i d-yeṭṭfen amkan amezwaru deg isenziyen deg waṭas n tmura. '''Cybertruck''': Takerrust tameqqrant (pickup) s talɣa tanzeggit yebnan s wuzzal ijehedn. '''Tesla Semi''': Akamyun ameqqran n trisiti i umesni n sselɛa yellan deg teɣzi n yiberdan. === 2.2. Taẓwert n trisiti d usefrek-is === Rnu ɣer tkeṛyas, Tesla tettekka s tdusi deg uḥric n teẓwert tasmaynet: '''Powerwall''': D tabatrit tamatut i yexxamen i uḥraz n teẓwert n trisiti i d-ittasen seg yigalisen ifukanen. '''Megapack''': D agraw ameqqran n tibatriyin i yellan i tikebbaniyin timeqqranin d yiẓeḍwan iɣelnawen n trisiti. '''Solar Roof d Igalisen Ifukanen''': Igalisen d tceqqufin n ssqef i d-yettafken trisiti seg tafukt srid. === 2.3. Asnas n unehhar awurman (Autopilot d FSD) === Akk tikeṛṛusin n Tesla sɛant allalen imaynuten n tsenselkimt d tkamiriwin i d-yeṭṭfen anagraw n Autopilot. Anagraw-a yettaǧǧa takerrust ad tnehheṛ iman-is deg yiberdan imeqqranen (ad teṭṭef talast, ad tebded zdat tmeskal, ad senfel arurad). Taṛmist mazal tessufuɣ-d ileqqman imaynuten n Full Self-Driving (FSD) i wumi tebɣa ad tessiweḍ ɣer uswir ideg amdan ur yeḥwaǧ ara ad yenehhar s timad-is. === 2.4. Iẓeḍwa n uɛebbi arurad n trisiti (Superchargers) === Tesla tesbedd iẓeḍwa imeqqranen n uɛebbi arurad n trisiti (Supercharger network) deg Marikan n Ugafa, n Turuft d Asya. Idigen-a ttakent-d tazmert tatrisant(taẓwert n trisiti) s wudem arurad neɣ s lmeɣawla tameqqrant anda takerrust tezmer ad teččar amur ameqqran seg tebatrit-is deg kra kan n tesdatin. n1c0m7nvr64lx4ivtnapepj5v7hjucb 0 25624 117720 117712 2026-10-20T13:33:33Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117720 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox grapheme|item=Q118398|name=arXiv|imatge=[[File:ArXiv-org screenshot 20140706.png|thumb|Tuṭṭfa n ugdil n ArXiv-org 20140706]]|imatge2=[[File:ArXiv logo 2022.svg|thumb|alugu n arXiv]]}} '''arXiv''' neɣ '''arXiv.org''' d yiwen seg yismal n tussna imeqqranen deg umaḍal. D akufi umḍin anda imeskaren, imusnawen d yimnadiyen zemren ad serssen tizrawin-nsen tussnanin, ad tent-ǧǧen ad tent-ɣren medden s wudem ilelli(baṭel). Iswi agejdan n arXiv d asnerni n ubeddel n tmusni tussnant, s usifses n unekcum ɣer tezrawin d yigemmaḍ n unadi ussnan. Deg unagraw aqbur n usuffeɣ ussnan, imnadiyen ilaq-asen ad ǧǧen tizrawin-nsen deg tesɣunin tussnanin, syin ad rǧun kra n wayyuren, tikwal ugar, uqbel ad d-ffɣent. arXiv ibeddel tarrayt-a: imnadi yezmer ad yessufeɣ tazrawt-is uqbel ma tettwaqbel deg tesɣunt tussnant. S wakka, imusnawen n umaḍal zemren ad ɣren igemmaḍ imaynuten war ma rǧan asuffeɣ unṣib. == 2. Amezruy n arXiv == === 2.1. Talalit-is deg 1991 === arXiv yettwasnulfa-d deg useggas 1991 sɣur amesfiziki amarikan Paul Ginsparg. Deg tazwara, isem-is yella '''hep-th''', imi yettwasnulfa-d i usuffeɣ n tezrawin n tfizikt taẓrayant n tiẓwar s wudem afellay (high-energy theoretical physics). Deg tallit-nni, imusnawen ttmeslayen gar-asen s tezrawin i ttazen s yimaylen neɣ s yisemliyen yettwaẓergen. Paul Ginsparg yebɣa ad yesseɣti ugur-a s usnulfu n unagraw anda yal amnadi yezmer ad yessers tazrawt-is, yal yiwen ad tt-id-yawi. === 2.2. Amhaz n usmel === Seg 1991 armi d ass-a, arXiv yedda seg yiwet n taɣult n tfizikt ɣer waṭas n taɣulin tussnanin. Deg 2001, arXiv yuɣal ɣer usmel arXiv.org. Deg 2011, Cornell University teṭṭef-d tawuri tagejdant deg usefrek-is. Deg yiseggasen i d-iḍefren, arXiv yernu tiɣulin timaynutin, yessnerna allalen n unadi, yerna yessifses aṭas anekcum ɣer tezrawin tussnanin. Ass-a, arXiv d yiwen seg yidigan igejdanen i seqdacen yimnadiyen, ladɣa deg tfizikt, tusnakt d tesnenselkimt. 54tb81ntt5tyhik6gqudrhcmi9z14h4