Wikipedia kcgwiki https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1tsak_Wat_Wu MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.4 first-letter Media Wat khwo A‌̱lyiat A‌̱tyunta̱m A‌̱lyiat a‌̱tyunta‌̱m Wukipedia A‌̱lyiat Wukipedia Fail A‌̱lyiat fail MediaWiki A‌̱lyiat MediaWiki Ta‌̱mpi‌̱let A‌̱lyiat ta‌̱mpi‌̱let Beang A‌̱lyiat beang Sa A‌̱lyiat nsa TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 632 43573 36078 2026-05-29T21:41:32Z Danjuma Anthony 411 /* */ 43573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[A̱gwaza/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[A̱gwaza/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[A̱gwazi̱/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[A̱gwazai/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[A̱gwaza/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[A̱gwazai̱/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} [[File:WestAfrica1625.png|thumb|[[Afrika Jenshyung]] ma̱ a̱lyia̱ 1625]] {{Databox}} Á̱ na maai á̱ nkai '''nkhang a̱byin [[Naijeriya]] na''' di̱n vak á̱nietnswat ba̱ bwuang kai fam A̱tyia̱ka̱u A̱tyin hu ma̱ng [[Afi̱rika]] kyiak neet ma̱ a̱lyia̱ A̱K 1100. Susot Tat-a̱ghyi Afi̱rika ma̱ a̱di̱di̱t ku swan fam hu nang á̱ sii du lyen nang Naijeriya a̱fwun a̱ni, nang [[A̱byin-tyok Nri]], [[A̱byintyokshan Bini]] ka, mbeang [[A̱byintyokshan Oyo]] ka. [[Khwikpaa̱pyia̱ mi̱ Naijeriya|Khwikpaa̱pyia̱ ntat Naijeriya]] mbwak [[A̱byintyokshan Ba̱rno]] kya da̱ a̱cak a̱lyia̱ (A̱A̱ 1068) ma̱ng [[Sí̱tet A̱kpat]] ji kpa̱mkpaan ma̱ng a̱cak a̱lyia̱ (A̱A̱ 1385) mi̱ sa̱ncuri 11 wu,<ref>"[http://countrystudies.us/nigeria/3.htm Table content, Nigeria]". Country Studies.</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20211003223531/http://historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistoriesResponsive.asp?historyid=ad41 Historic regions from 5th century BC to 20th century]". History World.</ref><ref>"[https://www.studycountry.com/guide/NG-history.htm A short Nigerian history]". Country Studies.</ref><ref>Nigeria Government Federal Website (1 Zwat Swak 2006). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20190530151151/http://www.nigeria.gov.ng/index.php/2016-04-06-08-38-30/history-of-nigeria/32-about-nigeria About the Country Nigeria The History]".</ref> nang [[Khwikristi mami Naijeriya|Khwikristi nnwuo Naijeriya]] mi̱ sa̱ncuri 15 wu mbwak a̱yaamonk A̱gosti̱n ma̱ng Kapucin ba neet a̱byin [[Potugat]]. [[A̱songhai]] ba meang si̱ yai ntat kap fam a̱byin hu.<ref>[https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-worldcivilization/chapter/songhai/ Songhai {{!}} World Civilization]". Courses.</ref> Nkhang gbangbang a̱byin Naijeriya na si̱ la̱u byia̱ a̱ka̱ta ma̱ng [[a̱bwuang a̱khwo a̱ma̱nyi a̱ti̱lantik]] wu,<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20200417081153/https://rlp.hds.harvard.edu/for-educators/country-profiles/nigeria/historical-legacies</ref> zang wa ntsa mi̱ Naijeriya di̱ ngaan sa̱ncuri 15 hu. Tyan a̱bwuang a̱khwo a̱tyin ji nang á̱niet Bi̱ri̱ti̱n ma̱ng Potugat ba ku nyia nta̱m ma̱ng a̱nji ja yet Ba̱dagi̱ri, tyan yong kukwon a̱wak jhyang ji shyia̱ di̱ khwong kyai a̱sa̱khwot a̱ni.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200610083429/https://rlp.hds.harvard.edu/faq/transatlantic-slave-trade-nigeria The Transatlantic Slave Trade]". Harvard. (di̱n Shong).</ref> A̱yaadila mali ba si̱ bwoi mba á̱khwo, a̱dodo njhyá̱ tsi̱tsak nnwap di̱ fam a̱byin ka si̱ dam a̱khwukhwop nvak a̱bwuang [[a̱ta̱lyen Ma̱nyi Sa̱hara]] ka.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20200610083429/https://rlp.hds.harvard.edu/faq/transatlantic-slave-trade-nigeria</ref> A̱khwot Á̱kwop [[A̱byintyokshan Bi̱ri̱ti̱n|Bi̱ri̱ti̱n]] wu si̱ nwuo [[Legwot]] ma̱ a̱lyia̱ 1851, á̱ si̱ ta̱mak nji ma̱ng a̱gwomna̱ti mba ba ma̱ a̱lyia̱ 1865.<ref>Chioma, Unini (February 2, 2020). "[https://thenigerialawyer.com/when-i-remember-nigeria-i-remember-democracy-by-hameed-ajibola-jimoh-esq/ When I Remember Nigeria, I Remember Democracy! By Hameed Ajibola Jimoh Esq]". TheNigeriaLawyer.</ref> Naijeriya si̱ bwuak tyia̱ a̱byincok Bi̱ri̱ti̱n mi̱ 1901. A̱cak tyok á̱nietcen ka si̱ neap tat 1960, jen ji nang cong cat sa̱t hu si̱ shyia̱ ya a̱ywan a̱ni.<ref>[https://theworldnews.net/ng-news/nigerian-diaspora-and-remittances-transparency-and-market-development Nigerian Diaspora and Remittances: Transparency and market development]."</ref> Naijeriya shyia̱ yet [[Ri̱pobi̱lik A̱son Naijeriya|ri̱pobi̱lik]] ma̱ a̱lyia̱ 1963, a̱wot a̱byin ka si̱ ba̱ kwa mbwak [[Tyok a̱khwot á̱kwop si̱ 1966–79 ma̱ng 1983–98|tyok a̱khwot á̱kwop]] ndyia̱ a̱tat na̱ khwi a̱ni, a̱ma̱lyim [[Bwan tyok Naijeriya si̱ 1966|bwan tyok koot a̱sok]] ghyang. Cong cat ka̱u a̱byin ghyang si̱ kpaat [[Ri̱pobi̱lik Byafra]] wu ma̱ a̱lyia̱ 1967, si̱ a̱hwa hwa si̱ khwat [[Zwang Byina̱byin Naijeriya]] ndyia̱ a̱tat ji a̱zanson.<ref>Obasanjo, Olusegun (1980). "''My Command: an account of the Nigeria Civil War 1967-1970''". Ibadan: Heinemann Educational Books Ltd. ISBN: 0435902490. Pp. 12–13.</ref> Naijeriya si̱ bu bwuak ntyia̱ [[Ri̱pobi̱lik A̱feang Naijeriya|ri̱pobi̱lik]] ma̱lyim lyuut kpa̱m cam a̱byin fai mi̱ 1979. Da̱ a̱kwonu a̱kya, ri̱pobi̱lik wu si̱ labeang bah, nang á̱nietnzwang ba [[Bwan tyok 1983 Naijeriya|si̱ bu ta̱wap cet]] ba̱ si̱ bai tyok tat ndyia̱ swak. Á̱ si̱ khwom á̱ na mkpaat [[Ri̱pobi̱lik A̱tat Naijeriya|ri̱pobi̱lik a̱fai]] mi̱ 1993, a̱wot Jenera [[Sani Abaca]] si̱ bai weam ngguu. Abaca saan 1998 a̱wot á̱ si̱ bai kpaat [[Ri̱pobi̱lik A̱naai Naijeriya|ri̱pobi̱lik a̱naai]] wu a̱lyia̱ ka̱ khwi a̱ni a̱zanson, zang wa tyak ndyia̱ nswak ntat a̱si̱ tyok á̱nietnzwang hu jen a̱zanjen.<ref>"[https://asq.africa.ufl.edu/yagboyaju_summer11/ Nigeria's Fourth Republic and the Challenge of a Faltering Democratization] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007101358/https://asq.africa.ufl.edu/yagboyaju_summer11/ |date=2021-10-07 }}". Asq Africa. (di̱n Shong).</ref><ref>"[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/298659111 Nigeria's fourth republic and the challenge of a faltering democratization]". ResearchGate. (di̱n Shong).</ref> [[Fail:Nigeria states.png|alt=Photo Showing States in Nigeria by Geography|thumb|Ghwughwu ku tyai Sí̱tet Naijeriya ji di̱n vak Nkhang A̱byin]] ==Ya̱fang== <div style="height: 200px; overflow:auto; border: 1px solid gray; padding-right: 12px; background-color: #EEEEEE; "> <references /> </div> [[Sa:Nkhang a̱byin Naijeriya]] sg48mcvjcykcjl5jsxpqwh5sbdhuj1a 43574 43573 2026-05-29T21:42:13Z Danjuma Anthony 411 /* */ 43574 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[Nkhang a̱byin Naijeriya/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[Nkhang a̱byin Naijeriya/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[Nkhang a̱byin Naijeriya/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[Nkhang a̱byin Naijeriya/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[Nkhang a̱byin Naijeriya/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[Nkhang a̱byin Naijeriya/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} [[File:WestAfrica1625.png|thumb|[[Afrika Jenshyung]] ma̱ a̱lyia̱ 1625]] {{Databox}} Á̱ na maai á̱ nkai '''nkhang a̱byin [[Naijeriya]] na''' di̱n vak á̱nietnswat ba̱ bwuang kai fam A̱tyia̱ka̱u A̱tyin hu ma̱ng [[Afi̱rika]] kyiak neet ma̱ a̱lyia̱ A̱K 1100. Susot Tat-a̱ghyi Afi̱rika ma̱ a̱di̱di̱t ku swan fam hu nang á̱ sii du lyen nang Naijeriya a̱fwun a̱ni, nang [[A̱byin-tyok Nri]], [[A̱byintyokshan Bini]] ka, mbeang [[A̱byintyokshan Oyo]] ka. [[Khwikpaa̱pyia̱ mi̱ Naijeriya|Khwikpaa̱pyia̱ ntat Naijeriya]] mbwak [[A̱byintyokshan Ba̱rno]] kya da̱ a̱cak a̱lyia̱ (A̱A̱ 1068) ma̱ng [[Sí̱tet A̱kpat]] ji kpa̱mkpaan ma̱ng a̱cak a̱lyia̱ (A̱A̱ 1385) mi̱ sa̱ncuri 11 wu,<ref>"[http://countrystudies.us/nigeria/3.htm Table content, Nigeria]". Country Studies.</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20211003223531/http://historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistoriesResponsive.asp?historyid=ad41 Historic regions from 5th century BC to 20th century]". History World.</ref><ref>"[https://www.studycountry.com/guide/NG-history.htm A short Nigerian history]". Country Studies.</ref><ref>Nigeria Government Federal Website (1 Zwat Swak 2006). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20190530151151/http://www.nigeria.gov.ng/index.php/2016-04-06-08-38-30/history-of-nigeria/32-about-nigeria About the Country Nigeria The History]".</ref> nang [[Khwikristi mami Naijeriya|Khwikristi nnwuo Naijeriya]] mi̱ sa̱ncuri 15 wu mbwak a̱yaamonk A̱gosti̱n ma̱ng Kapucin ba neet a̱byin [[Potugat]]. [[A̱songhai]] ba meang si̱ yai ntat kap fam a̱byin hu.<ref>[https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-worldcivilization/chapter/songhai/ Songhai {{!}} World Civilization]". Courses.</ref> Nkhang gbangbang a̱byin Naijeriya na si̱ la̱u byia̱ a̱ka̱ta ma̱ng [[a̱bwuang a̱khwo a̱ma̱nyi a̱ti̱lantik]] wu,<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20200417081153/https://rlp.hds.harvard.edu/for-educators/country-profiles/nigeria/historical-legacies</ref> zang wa ntsa mi̱ Naijeriya di̱ ngaan sa̱ncuri 15 hu. Tyan a̱bwuang a̱khwo a̱tyin ji nang á̱niet Bi̱ri̱ti̱n ma̱ng Potugat ba ku nyia nta̱m ma̱ng a̱nji ja yet Ba̱dagi̱ri, tyan yong kukwon a̱wak jhyang ji shyia̱ di̱ khwong kyai a̱sa̱khwot a̱ni.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200610083429/https://rlp.hds.harvard.edu/faq/transatlantic-slave-trade-nigeria The Transatlantic Slave Trade]". Harvard. (di̱n Shong).</ref> A̱yaadila mali ba si̱ bwoi mba á̱khwo, a̱dodo njhyá̱ tsi̱tsak nnwap di̱ fam a̱byin ka si̱ dam a̱khwukhwop nvak a̱bwuang [[a̱ta̱lyen Ma̱nyi Sa̱hara]] ka.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20200610083429/https://rlp.hds.harvard.edu/faq/transatlantic-slave-trade-nigeria</ref> A̱khwot Á̱kwop [[A̱byintyokshan Bi̱ri̱ti̱n|Bi̱ri̱ti̱n]] wu si̱ nwuo [[Legwot]] ma̱ a̱lyia̱ 1851, á̱ si̱ ta̱mak nji ma̱ng a̱gwomna̱ti mba ba ma̱ a̱lyia̱ 1865.<ref>Chioma, Unini (February 2, 2020). "[https://thenigerialawyer.com/when-i-remember-nigeria-i-remember-democracy-by-hameed-ajibola-jimoh-esq/ When I Remember Nigeria, I Remember Democracy! By Hameed Ajibola Jimoh Esq]". TheNigeriaLawyer.</ref> Naijeriya si̱ bwuak tyia̱ a̱byincok Bi̱ri̱ti̱n mi̱ 1901. A̱cak tyok á̱nietcen ka si̱ neap tat 1960, jen ji nang cong cat sa̱t hu si̱ shyia̱ ya a̱ywan a̱ni.<ref>[https://theworldnews.net/ng-news/nigerian-diaspora-and-remittances-transparency-and-market-development Nigerian Diaspora and Remittances: Transparency and market development]."</ref> Naijeriya shyia̱ yet [[Ri̱pobi̱lik A̱son Naijeriya|ri̱pobi̱lik]] ma̱ a̱lyia̱ 1963, a̱wot a̱byin ka si̱ ba̱ kwa mbwak [[Tyok a̱khwot á̱kwop si̱ 1966–79 ma̱ng 1983–98|tyok a̱khwot á̱kwop]] ndyia̱ a̱tat na̱ khwi a̱ni, a̱ma̱lyim [[Bwan tyok Naijeriya si̱ 1966|bwan tyok koot a̱sok]] ghyang. Cong cat ka̱u a̱byin ghyang si̱ kpaat [[Ri̱pobi̱lik Byafra]] wu ma̱ a̱lyia̱ 1967, si̱ a̱hwa hwa si̱ khwat [[Zwang Byina̱byin Naijeriya]] ndyia̱ a̱tat ji a̱zanson.<ref>Obasanjo, Olusegun (1980). "''My Command: an account of the Nigeria Civil War 1967-1970''". Ibadan: Heinemann Educational Books Ltd. ISBN: 0435902490. Pp. 12–13.</ref> Naijeriya si̱ bu bwuak ntyia̱ [[Ri̱pobi̱lik A̱feang Naijeriya|ri̱pobi̱lik]] ma̱lyim lyuut kpa̱m cam a̱byin fai mi̱ 1979. Da̱ a̱kwonu a̱kya, ri̱pobi̱lik wu si̱ labeang bah, nang á̱nietnzwang ba [[Bwan tyok 1983 Naijeriya|si̱ bu ta̱wap cet]] ba̱ si̱ bai tyok tat ndyia̱ swak. Á̱ si̱ khwom á̱ na mkpaat [[Ri̱pobi̱lik A̱tat Naijeriya|ri̱pobi̱lik a̱fai]] mi̱ 1993, a̱wot Jenera [[Sani Abaca]] si̱ bai weam ngguu. Abaca saan 1998 a̱wot á̱ si̱ bai kpaat [[Ri̱pobi̱lik A̱naai Naijeriya|ri̱pobi̱lik a̱naai]] wu a̱lyia̱ ka̱ khwi a̱ni a̱zanson, zang wa tyak ndyia̱ nswak ntat a̱si̱ tyok á̱nietnzwang hu jen a̱zanjen.<ref>"[https://asq.africa.ufl.edu/yagboyaju_summer11/ Nigeria's Fourth Republic and the Challenge of a Faltering Democratization] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007101358/https://asq.africa.ufl.edu/yagboyaju_summer11/ |date=2021-10-07 }}". Asq Africa. (di̱n Shong).</ref><ref>"[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/298659111 Nigeria's fourth republic and the challenge of a faltering democratization]". ResearchGate. (di̱n Shong).</ref> [[Fail:Nigeria states.png|alt=Photo Showing States in Nigeria by Geography|thumb|Ghwughwu ku tyai Sí̱tet Naijeriya ji di̱n vak Nkhang A̱byin]] ==Ya̱fang== <div style="height: 200px; overflow:auto; border: 1px solid gray; padding-right: 12px; background-color: #EEEEEE; "> <references /> </div> [[Sa:Nkhang a̱byin Naijeriya]] qtqrzdmvms4nbucvwgotvtihgg40i6n 0 2358 43564 37056 2026-05-29T17:14:27Z Danjuma Anthony 411 43564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[A̱gwaza/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[A̱gwaza/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[A̱gwazi̱/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[A̱gwazai/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[A̱gwaza/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[A̱gwazai̱/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} Mami a̱di̱dam [[Nwuak a̱cucuk da̱ A̱gwaza a̱nyiung|nwuak a̱cucuk da̱ A̱gwaza a̱nyiung]], á̱ ni̱ kyiak '''A̱gwaza''' a̱ yet a̱tyu a̱ swak cet a̱tyubishyi wa a̱ni, a̱tyumat, ma̱ng a̱tsak jat nwuak shim.<ref name=Swinburne>[[Richard Swinburne|Swinburne, R.G.]] "God" in [[Ted Honderich|Honderich, Ted]]. (ed)''The Oxford Companion to Philosophy'', [[Oxford University Press]], 1995.</ref> A̱nci̱ri̱ng, á̱ ni̱ fa A̱gwaza gu yet a̱tyu a̱ maai nyia̱ kuzang kyang, a̱ lyen kuzang kyang, a̱ shyia̱ koji ma̱ng a̱tyu a̱ nwuat a̱mgba̱m á̱niet nkyang ba̱ cat wa a̱ni, a̱wot a̱ si̱ shyia̱ mi̱ swuan sang sangba̱p a̱wot di̱ mi̱n nggu, kyang si̱ mi̱n shyia̱. Di̱n jen ma̱ a̱di̱di̱t, á̱ ka nkyiak A̱gwaza gu yet tswa ja, ma̱ng za̱kwá ji̱ byia̱ a̱meang ma̱ng á̱di̱dam [[shyia̱ a̱ta̱usa swanta]] ku [[shyia̱ mami swanta]] ma̱ng á̱nietbishyi.<ref name="Swinburne" /><ref>David Bordwell (2002). ''Catechism of the Catholic Church'', Continuum International Publishing. ISBN 978-0-86012-324-8 . w. 84</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P17.HTM|title=Catechism of the Catholic Church – IntraText|access-date=6 Zwat A̱kubunyiung 2022|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303003725/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P17.HTM|archive-date=3 Zwat Tsat 2013}}</ref> ==Ya̱fang== {{Reflist}} ==A̱ka̱fwuop nta== * [http://www.armatabianca.org/eng/padre.php?sottomenu=4 Concept of God in Christianity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006005230/http://www.armatabianca.org/eng/padre.php?sottomenu=4 |date=2010-10-06 }} (di̱n Shong) * [http://www.islam-info.ch/en/Who_is_Allah.htm Concept of God in Islam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421081921/http://www.islam-info.ch/en/Who_is_Allah.htm |date=21 April 2019 }} (di̱n Shong) * [http://www.allaboutgod.com/ God Christian perspective] (di̱n Shong) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20030504073425/http://www.shaivam.org/hipgodco.htm Hindu Concept of God] (di̱n Shong) * [http://www.aish.com/literacy/concepts/Understanding_God.asp Jewish Literacy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219080545/http://www.aish.com/literacy/concepts/Understanding_God.asp |date=2010-12-19 }} (di̱n Shong) [[Sa:A̱gwaza| ]] [[Sa:A̱gwaza a̱nyiung| ]] [[Sa:A̱yaagwaza ba̱ mat]] [[Sa:A̱yaagwaza]] j3n3ogr682yrdxaq281hephst3i5n43 0 2362 43565 16554 2026-05-29T17:16:27Z Danjuma Anthony 411 /* */ 43565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[Nwuak a̱cucuk da̱ A̱gwaza a̱nyiung/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[Nwuak a̱cucuk da̱ A̱gwaza a̱nyiung/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[Nwuak a̱cucuk da̱ A̱gwaza a̱nyiung/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[Nwuak a̱cucuk da̱ A̱gwaza a̱nyiung/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[Nwuak a̱cucuk da̱ A̱gwaza a̱nyiung/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[Nwuak a̱cucuk da̱ A̱gwaza a̱nyiung/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} '''Nwuak a̱cucuk da̱ A̱gwaza a̱nyiung''' yet ka̱nang a̱yin nwuak a̱cucuk nyia̱ á̱ mbyia̱ A̱gwaza a̱nyiung wa ma̱nyin, a̱tyu a̱ swak konyan ma̱ng shi nang á̱ ngyei nggu [[A̱gwaza]] a̱ni.<ref name="EncyclopædiaBritannica">{{cite encyclopedia | title= Monotheism | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/monotheism | encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url= https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/monotheism |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170109022652/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/monotheism |url-status= dead |archive-date= Zwat Jhyiung 9, 2017 |title= monotheism |publisher= Oxford Dictionaries}}</ref><ref>{{cite dictionary |url= https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/monotheism |title= Monotheism |dictionary= Merriam-Webster}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url= http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/monotheism |title=monotheism |work=Cambridge Dictionary}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |publisher=Hutchinson Encyclopedia (jhyuk 12) |title= Monotheism |page=644}}</ref><ref name="odccmono">Cross, F.L.; Livingstone, E.A., eds. (1974). "Monotheism". The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (jhyu. 2). Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|year=2018|title=Monotheism|encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/monotheism/|author=William Wainwright}}</ref> Á̱ maai á̱ khap nwuak a̱cucuk da̱ A̱gwaza a̱nyiung á̱ feap nkyang jhyang a̱ni, da̱nang A̱gwaza a̱nyiung wu nshyia̱ a̱nyin nggu wa, ma̱ng nwuak a̱cucuk da̱ A̱gwaza a̱nyiung á̱ tyei nkyang jhyang na mbeang ''pluriform'', da̱nang á̱ nkai a̱yaagwaza ku nghwughwu a̱yaagwaza ma̱ a̱di̱di̱t a̱ni, a̱wot á̱ ku neap nang si̱sa A̱gwaza a̱nyiung ja.<ref name="EncyclopædiaBritannica" /> ==Ya̱fang== {{Reflist}} ==A̱ka̱fwuop nta== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130211205636/http://atheism.about.com/od/theismtheists/a/Monolatry-Monotheism-Gods.htm About.com "What is Monolatry?"] (Contains useful comparisons with henoteism etc.) (di̱n Shong) * [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/monotheism/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy] (di̱n Shong) * [http://www.christianmonotheism.com/ Christian Monotheism (biblical unitarians)] * [http://www.deism.com/ Deism] (di̱n Shong) [[Category:Nwuak a̱cucuk da̱ A̱gwaza a̱nyiung| ]] [[Category:Filosofi nkhwi]] [[Category:Khwi Isi̱rela ma̱ng Yahuda gbangbang]] gcywvmlte7lkny9un9wau5jcawo5sp4 0 2395 43566 35010 2026-05-29T17:19:08Z Danjuma Anthony 411 /* */ 43566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[Benson Idahosa/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[Benson Idahosa/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[Benson Idahosa/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[Benson Idahosa/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[Benson Idahosa/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[Benson Idahosa/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} '''Benson Andrew Idahosa''' (11 Zwat A̱kubunyiung 1938 – 12 Zwat Tsat 1998), ku yet [[A̱tyushei A̱lyiat A̱gwaza|a̱tyushei a̱lyiat A̱gwaza]] sot Pentikot Karisi̱ma wa a̱ ku neet mi̱ [[Naijeriya]] a̱ni. Nggu wa yet a̱tyukpaat [[Church of God Mission International]]. Ma̱ a̱di̱di̱t ku yei A̱gba̱ndang Bishop Benson Idahosa a̱tyia̱ nsot Pentikot wu ma̱ a̱byin Naijeriya.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/god-told-impossible-fill-fathers-shoes-bishop-idahosa/|title=God told me it is impossible to fill my father's shoes —Bishop Idahosa " Tribune Online|date=9 Zwat Swak 2016}}</ref> Idahosa wa ku kpaat [[Yunuvasi̱ti Benson Idahosa]] (BIU) hu ma̱ [[A̱gba̱ndang A̱keang Bini]], [[Si̱tet A̱do]], Naijeriya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.biu.edu.ng/about-biu/|title=About Benson Idahosa University|publisher=Benson Idahosa University|access-date=14 Zwat Swak 2018|archive-date=2022-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815070153/https://www.biu.edu.ng/about-biu/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A̱ni̱nap nggwon nggu wu a̱ ka yet nggwon a̱sam nggu ma̱nyin, Bishop F.E.B. Idahosa, nggu wa yet a̱kwak a̱son BIU mi̱ di̱ yong huni, a̱ si̱ yet a̱tyukpaat ma̱ng a̱kwak a̱son ''Big Ben's Children Hospital'', [[Byia̱k (a̱tyubeang)|byia̱k]] a̱kwak a̱son ''All Nations for Christ Bible Institute International'' ji, a̱ si̱ ba̱ng cucuk ma̱ a̱di̱di̱t jhyang.<ref name="auto"/> ==Ya̱fang== {{Reflist}} ==A̱ka̱fwuop nta== * [https://www.youtube.com/BensonIdahosaTV Benson Idahosa video channel] mi̱ YouTube. (di̱n Shong) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080601025632/http://www.cgm-usa.org/ Founders of Church of God Mission, Worldwide] (di̱n Shong) * Garlock, Ruthane (1982). Fire in his bones: The story of Benson Idahosa - A leader of the Christian awakening in Africa. Logos Associates, ISBN 0882704516 (di̱n Shong) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090307033419/http://www.dacb.org/stories/nigeria/idahosa_bensona.html Dictionary of African Christian] Biography (di̱n Shong) [[Category:Byin 1938]] [[Category:Kwi 1998]] [[Category:Á̱nietcoot-á̱niet nwuak shim]] [[Category:Á̱nietshei A̱lyiat A̱gwaza Naijeriya]] [[Category:A̱yaapato Pentikot Naijeriya]] [[Category:A̱yaakwak a̱son khwi Naijeriya]] [[Category:Á̱nietshei A̱lyiat A̱gwaza mi̱ teli̱vishon]] [[Category:Á̱niet Yunuvasi̱ti Oral Roberts]] f03xflsr38sej4uztkqvabkjab5p322 0 2409 43567 34937 2026-05-29T17:35:37Z Danjuma Anthony 411 /* */ 43567 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[Yunuvasi̱ti Benson Idahosa/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[Yunuvasi̱ti Benson Idahosa/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[Yunuvasi̱ti Benson Idahosa/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[Yunuvasi̱ti Benson Idahosa/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[Yunuvasi̱ti Benson Idahosa/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[Yunuvasi̱ti Benson Idahosa/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} [[File:Benson Idahosa University.jpg|thumb|Benson Idahosa University]] '''Yunuvasi̱ti Benson Idahosa''' ([[Shong (a̱lyem)|Shong:]] Benson Idahosa University, '''BIU''') á̱ ku ngyei '''Yunuvasi̱ti Nwuak-fwuo Krista''' (Shong: Christian Faith University, '''CFU''', gbangbang a̱ni, shimba ku shyia̱ lasi̱n nyian ta̱m nang a̱tsak yunuvasi̱ti Naijeriya mi̱ Zwat Sweang a̱lyia̱ 2002 ja) yet yunuvasi̱ti Krista ku nwai yet si̱ a̱gwomna̱ti a̱ni, ma̱ [[A̱gba̱ndang A̱keang Bini]], [[Si̱tet A̱do]], [[Naijeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Benson Idahosa University Home - Benson Idahosa University |url=https://www.biu.edu.ng/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=www.biu.edu.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Benson Idahosa University Home - Benson Idahosa University |url=https://www.biu.edu.ng/ |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=www.biu.edu.ng}}</ref> Á̱ ku shai a̱lyoot ka neet Yunuvasi̱ti Nwuak-fwuo Krista (CFU) á̱ si̱ tyia̱ Yunuvasi̱ti Benson Idahosa (BIU) á̱ cyin a̱tyukpaat yunuvasi̱ti wu, A̱gba̱ndang Bishop [[Benson Idahosa]], ma̱nang a̱vwuomyiam ka yet ghwughwu nwuak a̱cucuk nggu hu hwa di̱ fam shei A̱lyiat A̱gwaza. Nggu wa ku yet a̱kwak a̱son tsa yunuvasi̱ti wu. A̱kwak a̱son wu mi̱ di̱ yong huni wa yet Rt. Rev. (Dr.) Faith Emmanuel Benson Idahosa,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biu.edu.ng/about-biu/office-of-the-president/|title=Office of The President|access-date=2022-09-11|archive-date=2022-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911141203/https://www.biu.edu.ng/about-biu/office-of-the-president/|url-status=dead}}</ref>, nggwon-a̱sam nggu ka a̱ ka ngyet Bishop CGMi Faith Arena ma̱ng Co-ordinator, Next Generation Leadership [[Church of God Mission International]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2020-07-13 |title=BENSON IDAHOSA UNIVERSITY, BENIN-CITY. |url=https://www.glimpse.ng/benson-idahosa-university-benin-city/ |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Glimpse Nigeria |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331171424/https://www.glimpse.ng/benson-idahosa-university-benin-city/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Founder |url=https://www.biu.edu.ng/about-biu/our-founder/ |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Benson Idahosa University |language=en |archive-date=2022-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111125800/https://www.biu.edu.ng/about-biu/our-founder/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Ya̱fang== {{Reflist}} ==A̱ka̱fwuop nta== *[http://www.biu.edu.ng/ Benson Idahosa University] (di̱n Shong) [[Category:Yunuvasi̱ti Benson Idahosa|Yunuvasi̱ti Benson Idahosa]] [[Category:Tat-a̱pyia̱ mami A̱gba̱ndang A̱keang Bini]] [[Category:A̱ka̱vwuomyiam á̱ ku kpaat ma̱ a̱lyia̱ 1994]] [[Category:Kpaat mi̱ kpaat a̱lyia̱ 1994 mami Naijeriya]] c9j32ner3zzgsz4lvowij5v3k6vwpb3 0 4070 43561 27942 2026-05-29T17:02:59Z Danjuma Anthony 411 43561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[Yujin Yonesi̱ku/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[Yujin Yonesi̱ku/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[Yujin Yonesi̱ku/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[Yujin Yonesi̱ku/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[Yujin Yonesi̱ku/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[Yujin Yonesi̱ku/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} '''Yujin Yonesi̱ku''' ku '''Eugène Ionesco''' ({{IPA-fr|øʒɛn jɔnɛsko|lang}}; á̱ byin nggu '''Eugen Ionescu''', {{IPA-ro|e.uˈdʒen joˈnesku|lang|Ro-Eugen Ionescu.ogg}}; 26 Zwat Swak ma̱ng Jhyiung 1909<!-- ba nyia̱ 1912 wa bah, li a̱tatak ka--> – 28 Zwat Tsat 1994) a̱ ku yet a̱tyulyuut nkhang maat [[Romaniya]] a̱ sa ngyet a̱tyu [[Fi̱ransa]] wa a̱ni a̱wot a̱ si̱ lyuut a̱lyiak da̱ a̱lyem [[Fi̱ransa (a̱lyem)|Fi̱ransa]] a̱wot a̱ si̱ bu yet a̱tyonyiung ma̱ a̱yaakwak a̱son [[A̱zwu maat avant-garde Fi̱ransa#Avant-garde|a̱zwu maat a̱maat avant-garde Fi̱ransa]] mi̱ sa̱ncuri 20 wu. Yonesi̱ku doot a̱ka̱hyia̱ a̱ si̱ fuut tyeizat mi̱ á̱di̱dam ma̱ng lyennkyangta̱m maat, a̱ si̱ tsa ma̱ng "a̱na̱nvan vwuo", ''[[The Bald Soprano]]'' zang wa ku mun yet kyang nyiung mami nkyang na̱ na nkhwat a̱tsan kyang hu á̱ ndyen nang [[A̱zwuvwuo ''Absurd'' ka]] ka̱ bai yet a̱ni, nang á̱ mbyia̱ nvwuo-maat ma̱ a̱di̱di̱t na̱ naat ca̱caat ma̱ng a̱di̱dam a̱tyufilosofi wu nang á̱ ngyei [[A̱li̱bat Ka̱mut]] a̱ni, ku tyai a̱kace á̱di̱dam absurdizi̱m ma̱ng surrealizi̱m na a̱ni.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Eugene-Ionesco] The Editors of ''Encyclopaedia Britannica''. Eugène Ionesco; French dramatist. ''Britannica'' online</ref><ref>[https://www.britannica.com/art/Theatre-of-the-Absurd] The Editors of ''Encyclopaedia Britannica''. "Theatre of the Absurd". ''Britannica'' online</ref> Á̱ nwuak nggu yet memba [[Académie française]] ma̱ a̱lyia̱ 1970, a̱wot á̱ si̱ jong nggu a̱ywan a̱di̱dyep ma̱ a̱lyia̱ 1970 mbeang za̱nang [[Za̱nang Si̱tet A̱ti̱riya mat Lyuut Lyulyuut Yurop]], a̱ si̱ bu ya a̱ywan san [[Za̱nang Urusha̱lima]] ji ma̱ a̱lyia̱ 1973. == Nkhang == A̱ ku byin Yonesi̱ku ma̱ a̱keang [[Si̱la̱tina, Romaniya|Si̱la̱tina]] kya mi̱ Romaniya. A̱tyia̱ nggu wu cong khwi hu ma̱ [[Cot A̱todok A̱romaniya]] hwa. A̱yang nggu wu yet kyangbwak Fi̱ransa mbeang kpang Romaniya hwa. Nang á̱ghyang nkwok a̱ni, a̱yang nggu wu ku yet Pi̱rotesi̱tan wa (khwi hu nang á̱ mbyin a̱tyia̱ wu a̱ni mbeang si̱ hu nang a̱yang wu a̱ ku yet a̱tyukhwi a̱todok a̱ni ma̱ a̱tsak si̱si̱ mbwuak ndyo a̱ni). Á̱ghyang á̱niet lyiat nyia̱ a̱yang wu yet a̱tyu A̱yahuda wa.<ref> Nvak shyiat nkhang jhyang na nang ''Who's Who in Jewish History'' (''A̱nyan wa yet A̱nyan mi̱ Nkhang A̱yahuda''; Routledge, London, 1995) mbeang ati̱kut 'Ionesco Eugene' wu lyuut di̱ ''[[Encyclopaedia Judaica]]'' nyia̱ a̱yang Yonesi̱ku ku ngyet a̱tyu A̱yahuda wa a̱ni. Mami kwaa̱mbwat-lyuut-nkyang-a̱zafwun nggu hu nang á̱ lyen ba̱t a̱fwun a̱ni, a̱tyulyuut nkhang maat Romaniya nang á̱ ngyei [[Mihayilu Sebastyan]] a̱ni ku lyuut a̱ si̱ hyia̱ nang Yonesi̱ku nkwok ma̱ng a̱nggu nyia̱ a̱yang nggu wu "mi̱ nkai yet a̱nap A̱yahuda wa, neet ma̱ a̱keang [[Ki̱rayova]]." (Cf. ''Journal: 1935–1944'', UK edition, 321.) Marie-France Yonesi̱ku, nggwon-a̱nap Yujin, si̱ bu bwoi nkhang di̱ sanggak a̱li mba ka nkyai a̱ni. Jean Ipcar wa ku yet a̱tyia̱ Marie-Therese Ipcar wu, a̱wot a̱ ku yet a̱tyukhwi Cot Luderan wa neet ma̱ a̱byin Fi̱ransa a̱wot nggu a̱yang Marie-Therese wu wa ku yet Aneta Yowanit, a̱nap A̱romaniya ma̱ng á̱nietmbyin ba̱ neet mi̱ [[Helat]] ba̱ ku yet byin Cot Á̱nietkhwi A̱todok wa a̱ni. A̱tyia̱ mbyin Jean wu ku yet a̱tyu á̱niet nwap Fi̱ransa wa a̱wot a̱ si̱ yet a̱tyu Cot Luderan wa a̱wot a̱lyoot nggu ka á̱ ngyei Émile Marin. A̱yang nggu wu, Anna, si̱ bu si̱ nyeang a̱tyok a̱ghyang á̱ ngyei nggu Sebastien Ipcher, a̱ja wa Jean nshyia̱ [[a̱lyoot a̱tyia̱]] nggu ka, kap a̱lyoot nang Katolika a̱byin Fi̱ransa ngyei "Ipcher" ku "Ipchier" a̱ni. Da̱ a̱cywang a̱lyiat na̱ ki naat a̱ mbwuot nang Marie-Therese ngyet byin a̱niet A̱yahuda, Marie-France si̱ lyuut, na̱ bye neet mi̱ a̱tsak a̱lyiat wu nang á̱ ku byia̱ a̱fa-a̱feang ku a̱lyoot a̱tyia̱ a̱yang a̱tyia̱ nggu ka ku yet ''[[Lebel (disambiguation)|Lebel]]'' Fi̱ransa kya ke ''[[Lindenberg (disambiguation)|Lindenberg]]'' A̱yahuda-Jami̱ni kya. Ku a̱yang a̱tyia̱ a̱yang (a̱yang a̱tyia̱-a̱khwop) Yujin Yonesi̱ku ku yet byin A̱yahuda ku da̱ a̱nia wa bah, yet, ca̱caat ma̱ng a̱lyiat Marie-France, a̱kace wa ma̱ng kyang ku maai tat a̱ga̱faat but a̱ni bah, mi̱ da̱ a̱tan a̱ghyi nang Yujin Yonesi̱ku ku nwuan A̱yahuda ba ma̱ a̱tsak. Cf. Ionesco, Marie-France, ''Portrait de l'écrivain dans le siècle: Eugène Ionesco, 1909–1994'', Gallimard, Paris, 2004.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ionesco, Eugéne |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ionesco-eug-x00e9-ne |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elsky |first=Julia |date=2014-12-01 |title=Eugène Ionesco, 1942-1944 : Political and Cultural Transfers between Romania and France |url=https://journals.openedition.org/diasporas/319?lang=en |journal=Diasporas. Circulations, migrations, histoire |language=en |issue=23–24 |pages=200–214 |doi=10.4000/diasporas.319 |issn=1637-5823|doi-access=free }}</ref> Á̱ ku nyia̱ Yonesi̱ku ba̱ptisman mi̱ Khwikristi A̱todok hwa. Nkhang ma̱ a̱di̱di̱t ku tyan a̱lyia̱ mbyin nggu ka nang 1912, ghyuap huni ku neet mi̱ a̱buk nyia̱ di̱ kap Yonesi̱ku a̱pyia̱ nggu, a̱nyan wa ku cat a̱lyia̱ mbyin nggu ka ka̱ kwa ma̱ ca̱caat ma̱ng a̱lyia̱ kwi a̱bagwaza nggu, a̱tyulyuut nvwuo-maat Romaniya nang á̱ ngyei [[Karagyale]] a̱ni.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ionesco.org/vie-en.html |title=Søren Olsen, ''Eugene Ionesco's life'' |access-date=2 Zwat Tsat 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050306221210/http://www.ionesco.org/vie-en.html |archive-date=6 Zwat Tsat 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A̱lyiak [[da̱won]] nggu tyak ma̱ a̱byin Fi̱ransa kya a̱wot, ma̱nang gu ni̱ nshyia̱ a̱ja, a̱ si̱ li kyang nang gu nyia̱ ku ku byia̱ bwak mi̱ si̱sak nang gu nwuan swanta hu a̱ swak kuzang a̱vwuo a̱ghyang. Ma̱nang Deborah B. Gaensbauer ku wa̱i mi̱ ''Eugène Ionesco Revisited'', "Ma̱nang gu shyia̱ di̱ cong mi̱ mam [[a̱won]] hu ma̱ a̱bakeang pi̱rovin ka nang á̱ swup ma̱ng a̱sai a̱bwuan a̱ni tafa kyai tswazwa a̱jenjai a̱sa̱khwot bula, sai hu si̱ shai [Yonesi̱ku] ma̱ gba̱mgbam."<ref>Gaensbauer, Deborah B. ''Eugène Ionesco Revisited''. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1996.</ref> Á̱ ku ma nggu ma̱ kpa̱ra̱ng ma̱ng sai ku hyaat a̱ni, fwuong á ngyei a̱ na fi̱ri̱p a̱za ma̱ng a̱gba̱ndang fwuong a̱ka̱ngka̱ra̱ng cet-vam. Nang gu si̱ mbwuok a̱ni a̱ si̱ "wak" a̱ ghwut ma̱ a̱byin ka a̱wot "sai" hu si̱ kai nggu a̱ ghwon, a̱ si̱ li nyia̱ a̱tsak swanta wu ka̱nang á̱ mak ma̱ng a̱si̱ nggu nang gu ku nkai a̱ ghwon a̱ni nhyat ma̱ng byian, za̱kwa byian ma̱ng nyian nta̱m tazwa nyian ta̱m ji̱ nwai byia̱ fa a̱ni. Si̱ huni meang si̱ bai ca̱caat ma̱ng shei á̱zanson hu nyia̱ a̱khwu ni̱ nkwok konyan ka̱ nkat di̱ ngaan hu.<ref>Ionesco, Eugene. ''Fragments of a Journal''. Trans. Jean Stewart. London: Faber and Faber, 1968.</ref> A̱lyiak ta̱m nggu a̱ na nyia̱ a̱ma̱lyim a̱ni, si̱ tyai yong fai huni, tyai jhyuai da̱ a̱vwuo swanta á̱nietbishyi ka, nwuai tyei fwuo da̱ a̱lyiat, ma̱ng a̱shonshyon fwuong nyia̱ swanta ghyang ku lan si̱ nang zi̱ maai ntat a̱ni nshyia̱. Á̱ maai á̱ li zang kyang hu ku shyia̱ nggu a̱ni di̱ ya̱fang ma̱ng pyipyia̱ a̱lyiat á̱tsatsak nta̱m nggu na ma̱ a̱di̱di̱t: á̱nietmaat ba̱ cat "a̱keang sai" nang á̱ si̱ mi̱n ntat a̱ni (''[[The Killer (play)|A̱tyuhyaai-á̱niet Wu]]'', ''[[Cucuk Ji]]'') ku fwuong swam swanta ku shyia̱ di̱ fam ghyang hu a̱ni (''[[Kicong di̱ Wun hu]]''); á̱nietmaat ba̱ san cet fi̱ri̱p a̱ni (''Kicong di̱ Wun hu'', ''[[Amédée, ku Si̱sak nang Á̱ na Nvwuong Nhu|Amédée]]'', ''Á̱nietloo ma̱ng Nta̱m''); vwuong vi̱vwuon swanta hu nang di̱n jen ma̱ a̱di̱di̱t ni̱ tyei a̱dyundyung a̱lyia̱ (a̱tyumaat [[Rhinoceros (vwuo)|Bérenger]] wu; sa̱u shisham tyei a̱sham shok mi̱ di̱ nwai fwuong kunak ('Amédée'', ''Cucuk Ji'', a̱tyumaat Bérenger wu); ma̱ng sang shot a̱khwu ka (''[[Ghwut ma̱ng A̱gwam wu]]'). A̱ bwuok a̱ bai Romaniya ma̱ng a̱tyia̱ nggu ma̱ng a̱yang wu ma̱ a̱lyia̱ 1925 ma̱nang á̱nietmbyin nggu ba tyat nyeang mba hu a̱ni. A̱ja̱u a̱ si̱ ta̱bat cong Kwoleji A̱byin Sen Sava, a̱ sii du fang di̱ Lyuut Lyulyuut Fi̱ransa mi̱ Yunuvasi̱ti Bukha̱ret kyiak neet ma̱ a̱lyia̱ 1928 ba̱ng si̱ nat 1933 a̱wot a̱ si̱ swak mak yet a̱tyutyiet a̱lyem Fi̱ransa. Ma̱nang gu ni̱ nshyia̱ a̱ja a̱ni, a̱ si̱ myim ma̱ng [[Emil Cioran]] ma̱ng [[Mircea Eliade]], a̱wot a̱tat ba si̱ kin ngyet á̱kpa̱ndang ku si̱ swan a̱nia a̱mgba̱m shyicet mba hu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bejan|first=Cristina A.|title=Intellectuals and Fascism in Interwar Romania|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2019|isbn=978-3-030-20164-7|location=Cham, Shwit}}</ref> Ma̱ a̱lyia̱ 1936 Yonesi̱ku si̱ bwuo Rodika Burileanu a̱byii̱k a̱ni. Ba̱ ku byia̱ nggwon-a̱nap a̱nyiung kya, Marie-France Yonesi̱ku, mat a̱nyan wa a̱ ku lyuut nkhang mman ma̱ a̱di̱di̱t na̱ nwai khwi taada a̱ni. Ma̱ng kyangbwak nggu hu, a̱ si̱ bwuok a̱ bai Fi̱ransa ma̱ a̱lyia̱ 1938 a̱ tyak ta̱si̱t yet dokto nggu ji. A̱wot [[Zwang Swanta II]] ji si̱ mi̱ ta̱bat nggu ma̱ a̱ja ma̱ a̱lyia̱ 1939, a̱ si̱ bwuok a̱ bai Romaniya, a̱wot a̱ si̱ bu shyiak fwuo nggu hu a̱nfaan a̱wot, ma̱ng beang á̱kpa̱ndang, a̱ si̱ shyia̱ nkwaa̱mbwat a̱cyiet na na̱ jong nggu a̱wat bwuok a̱ bai Fi̱ransa ka ma̱ a̱lyia̱ 1942, a̱ja wa a̱ si̱ swan ba̱ng si̱ bai tyak zwang ji, a̱ si̱ swan a̱keang Marseille a̱wot a̱ si̱ kin shyei a̱ nat ma̱ a̱keang [[Pari̱t]] ma̱ng kyangbwak nggu hu nang á̱ sii du byii̱k a̱keang a̱kya. ==Ya̱fang== {{Reflist}} ==Fang a̱zanson== *—. ''Kpi̱t nkhang A̱tyu cat nkang a̱ghyang''. kyai. Jean Stewart. London: Faber and Faber, 1968. *—. ''Ionesco : Théâtre complet'', [[Bibliothèque de la Pléiade|Pléiade]] edition. {{ISBN|2-07-011198-9}} *—. ''Notes and Counter Notes: Writings on the Theatre''. Trans. Donald Watson. New York: Grove Press, 1964. *—. ''Present Past, Past Present''. Trans. Helen R. Lane. Da Capo Press, 1998, p.&nbsp;149. {{ISBN|0-306-80835-8}} *Ionesco, Eugène. ''Conversations with Eugène Ionesco''. Trans. Jan Dawson. New York: [Holt, Rinehart and Winston], 1966. *Calinescu, Matei. ''Ionesco, Recherches identitaires''. Paris [Oxus Éditions], 2005. Romanian version under ''Eugène Ionesco: teme identitare si existentiale''. Iasi [Junimea], 2006. {{ISBN|973-37-1176-4}} & (13)978-973-37-1176-6 *''The New Oxford Companion to Literature in French''. {{ISBN|0-19-866125-8}} *''Who's Who in Jewish History'', Routledge, London, 1995. {{ISBN|0-415-12583-9}} *[[Martin Esslin|Esslin, Martin]]. ''The Theatre of the Absurd''. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1969. * Gaensbauer, Deborah B. ''Eugène Ionesco Revisited''. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1996. * Hayman, Ronald. ''World Dramatists: Eugène Ionesco''. New York: Frederick Unger, 1976. * Kraft, Barbara. ''Interview: Eugène Ionesco''. Ontario, Canada: Canadian Theatre Review, York University, 1981. * Ionesco, Marie-France. ''Portrait de l'écrivain dans le siècle: Eugène Ionesco, 1909–1994''. Pari̱t: Gallimard, 2004. {{ISBN|2-07-074810-3}} * [[Ahmad Kamyabi Mask|Kamyabi Mask, Ahmad]]. ''Ionesco et son théâtre''. Pari̱t: A. Kamyabi Mask, 1992. {{ISBN|978-2-9504806-3-7}} * [[Ahmad Kamyabi Mask|Kamyabi Mask, Ahmad]]. '' Qui sont les rhinocéros de Monsieur Bérenger-Eugène Ionesco? (Etude dramaturgique) suivie d'un entretien avec Jean-Louis Barrault, Préface de Bernard Laudy''. Paris: A. Kamyabi Mask, 1990. {{ISBN|978-2-9504806-0-6}} * Lamon, Rosette C. ''Ionesco's Imperative: The Politics of Culture''. University of Michigan Press, 1993. {{ISBN|0-472-10310-5}} * Lewis, Allan. ''Ionesco''. New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc., 1972. *[[Mihail Sebastian|Sebastian, Mihail]]. ''Journal: 1935–1944''. London: Pimlico, 2003. * Sprenger, Scott; Mitroi, Anca. ''Bibliographie Ionesco''. Bucharest: University of Bucharest Press. 2009. * Sprenger, Scott. [https://linguaromana.byu.edu/archives/vol-3-issue-2-fall-2004/ Special Double Issue of Lingua Romana on Ionesco]. 2004. * Wellwarth, George E. ''The Dream and the Play''. * {{cite journal | url=http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/2956/the-art-of-theater-no-6-eugene-ionesco| title=Eugene Ionesco, The Art of Theater No. 6| date=Fall 1984| journal=The Paris Review| last=Guppy | first=Shusha | volume=Fall 1984| issue=93}} * {{in lang|ro}} Călinescu, Matei. ''O carte despre Cioran, Eliade, Ionesco''. On Cioran, Eliade, Ionesco. In: ''Revista 22'', no. 636, 2002. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070910233251/http://www.revista22.ro/html/index.php?art=100&nr=2002-05-20] * {{in lang|ro}} [[Laura Pavel|Pavel, Laura]]. ''Ionesco. Anti-lumea unui sceptic'' (''Ionesco: The Anti-World of a Skeptic''). Piteşti: Paralela 45, 2002. {{ISBN|973-593-686-0}} *(di̱n Romaniya) [[Octavian Saiu|Saiu, Octavian]]. ''Ionescu/Ionesco: Un veac de ambiguitate'' (''Ionescu/Ionesco: One Hundred Years of Ambiguity).'' Bucharest: Paideia Press, 2011, {{ISBN|978-973-596-717-8}} * Kraft, Barbara. ''[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/barbara-kraft/a-conversation-with-eugene-ionseco_b_3288112.html A Conversation with Eugene Ionesco]'' Huffington Post, 2013 * ''Orifiamma'', ebook ita, {{ISBN|978-88-97618-22-5}} [http://www.ilclubdimilano.org/catalogoCo.html (Il Club di Milano], 2013) * ''Perché scrivo?'', ebook ita, {{ISBN|978-88-97618-01-0}} ([http://www.ilclubdimilano.org/catalogoCo.html Il Club di Milano], 2013) * Kraft, Barbara, ebook usa, ''The Light Between the Shadows: A Conversation with Eugène Ionesco'', 2014 ==A̱ka̱fwuop nta== {{Commons category|Eugen Ionescu|Yujin Yonesi̱ku}} * {{official website|http://www.ionesco.de/|A̱ma̱ntei ofisha}} {{in lang|de}} * {{YouTube|FGOFBLHiVXU|An Interview with Eugene Ionesco}} * [http://www.untitledtheater.com/Ionescobio.htm Eugène Ionesco: Man of the Theatre/Theatrical Man] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421135653/http://www.untitledtheater.com/Ionescobio.htm |date=2021-04-21 }} * [http://volokhov.ru/site/ Eugene Ionesco and Russian dramatist Mikhail Volokhov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405153026/http://volokhov.ru/site/ |date=2018-04-05 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Yonesi̱ku, Yujin}} [[Sa:Yujin Yonesi̱ku| ]] [[Sa:Byin 1909]] [[Sa:Kwi 1994]] [[Sa:Á̱niet Si̱la̱tina, Romaniya]] [[Sa:Mmanfang Kwoleji A̱byin Karot I]] [[Sa:A̱fi̱ransa ba̱ neet Romaniya a̱ni]] [[Sa:A̱romaniya ba̱ neet Helat a̱ni]] [[Category:Á̱niet Fi̱ransa ba̱ neet Helat a̱ni]] [[Sa:A̱romaniya Fi̱ransa]] [[Sa:Á̱nietlyuut A̱romaniya da̱ a̱lyem Fi̱ransa]] [[Sa:Mmanfang Kwoleji A̱byin Sen Sava]] [[Sa:A̱zwuvwo A̱kace ka]] [[Sa:Mmanfang Yunuvasi̱ti Bukha̱ret]] [[Sa:Niat mi̱ Bibi Montparnasse]] [[Sa:Á̱nietsan Za̱nang Urusha̱lima]] [[Sa:Á̱nietnta̱m Romaniya mi̱ Fi̱ransa]] [[Sa:A̱romaniya]] [[Sa:Editing together in Tyap, Romanian and English]] 890cmqi86k6nqvg8rp55h5r0vwr74m4 0 4307 43562 29727 2026-05-29T17:09:41Z Danjuma Anthony 411 43562 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[Lyennkyangtam/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[Lyennkyangtam/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[Lyennkyangtam/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[Lyennkyangtam/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[LyennkyangtamTyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[Lyennkyangtam/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} [[File:Dampfturbine Montage01.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Fwuontswam lywei ma̱ng a̱ganng a̱kup, kidee lyennkyangta̱m ma̱ng cet-nta̱m|alt=Ghwughwu á̱nietnta̱m ba̱ nyian ta̱m tazwa fwuontswam lywei a̱ni.]] '''Lyennkyangtam''' yet tyei [[lyen kyang]] di̱n ta̱m hwa mat á̱ nshyia̱ kyang hu á̱ ncat a̱ni di̱n vak á̱ na nshyia̱ a̱saat a̱ni.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Skolnikoff |first=Eugene B. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7rpm1 |title=The Elusive Transformation: Science, Technology, and the Evolution of International Politics |date=1993 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0691037707 |page=13|jstor=j.ctt7rpm1 }}</ref> Swang a̱lyiat lyennkyangtam ji bu bye fa nkyang na nang á̱ maai ghwut ndyo di̱n tangka̱i ta̱m a̱hwa a̱ni,<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Salomon |first=Jean‐Jacques |date=1 Zwat Jhyiung 1984 |title=What is technology? The issue of its origins and definitions |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/07341518408581618 |journal=History and Technology |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=113–156 |doi=10.1080/07341518408581618 |issn=0734-1512 |access-date=10 Zwat A̱kubunyiung 2022 |archive-date=4 Zwat Swak 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184240/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07341518408581618 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mitcham |first=C. |title=Thinking Through Technology: The Path Between Engineering and Philosophy |year= 1994 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0226531984}}</ref> bi̱ri̱ng ma̱ng nkyang na nang á̱ maai á̱ li á̱ la a̱ni nang [[Kyang-a̱weang|nkyang-a̱weang]] ku [[Mashin|a̱yaamashin]], mbeang nkyang na nang á̱ maai á̱ li a̱ni a̱wot á̱ si̱ mi̱n nda a̱ni bah ma̱nang [[Kyanglilyiit|nkyanglilyiit]] a̱ni. Lyennkyangtam byia̱ a̱tsatsak nta̱m mi̱ [[sayen]], [[bwokntswam]], ma̱ng [[shyicet kuzangmam]]. ==Ya̱fang== {{Reflist}} [[Sa:Tyap Wikimedians Zaria Outreach]] [[Sa:Lyennkyangta̱m]] 418damwmq748z9b7b2kd64ynlmr7oh2 43563 43562 2026-05-29T17:10:46Z Danjuma Anthony 411 /* */ 43563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[Lyennkyangtam/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[Lyennkyangtam/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[Lyennkyangtam/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[Lyennkyangtam/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[LyennkyangtamTyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[Lyennkyangtam/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} [[File:Dampfturbine Montage01.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Fwuontswam lywei ma̱ng a̱ganng a̱kup, kidee lyennkyangta̱m ma̱ng cet-nta̱m|alt=Ghwughwu á̱nietnta̱m ba̱ nyian ta̱m tazwa fwuontswam lywei a̱ni.]] '''Lyennkyangtam''' yet tyei [[lyen kyang]] di̱n ta̱m hwa mat á̱ nshyia̱ kyang hu á̱ ncat a̱ni di̱n vak á̱ na nshyia̱ a̱saat a̱ni.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Skolnikoff |first=Eugene B. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7rpm1 |title=The Elusive Transformation: Science, Technology, and the Evolution of International Politics |date=1993 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0691037707 |page=13|jstor=j.ctt7rpm1 }}</ref> Swang a̱lyiat lyennkyangtam ji bu bye fa nkyang na nang á̱ maai ghwut ndyo di̱n tangka̱i ta̱m a̱hwa a̱ni,<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Salomon |first=Jean‐Jacques |date=1 Zwat Jhyiung 1984 |title=What is technology? The issue of its origins and definitions |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/07341518408581618 |journal=History and Technology |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=113–156 |doi=10.1080/07341518408581618 |issn=0734-1512 |access-date=10 Zwat A̱kubunyiung 2022 |archive-date=4 Zwat Swak 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184240/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07341518408581618 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mitcham |first=C. |title=Thinking Through Technology: The Path Between Engineering and Philosophy |year= 1994 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0226531984}}</ref> bi̱ri̱ng ma̱ng nkyang na nang á̱ maai á̱ li á̱ la a̱ni nang [[Kyang-a̱weang|nkyang-a̱weang]] ku [[Mashin|a̱yaamashin]], mbeang nkyang na nang á̱ maai á̱ li a̱ni a̱wot á̱ si̱ mi̱n nda a̱ni bah ma̱nang [[Kyanglilyiit|nkyanglilyiit]] a̱ni. Lyennkyangtam byia̱ a̱tsatsak nta̱m mi̱ [[sayen]], [[bwokntswam]], ma̱ng [[shyicet kuzangmam]]. ==Ya̱fang== {{Reflist}} [[Sa:Tyap Wikimedians Zaria Outreach]] [[Sa:Lyennkyangta̱m]] jxhy600i3evs4o2qyuoa3w2c2ptppo6 0 6364 43571 37828 2026-05-29T21:14:32Z Danjuma Anthony 411 /* */ 43571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[A̱gwaza/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[A̱gwaza/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[A̱gwazi̱/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[A̱gwazai/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[A̱gwaza/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[A̱gwazai̱/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} '''A̱bwuanng A̱khwo a̱ si̱ Ati̱lantik''' ku [[Zà kashwuo]] Á̱khwo si̱ transatlantic wa mun ma̱ng á̱niet lap-dyiang si̱ kpanti̱n á̱khwo a̱ si á̱niet [[Afi̱rika]] a̱ si̱ ba̱ nyia̱ [[Khwo]] si̱ nat [[A̱merika]] . [[A̱ka̱man-tswam|Á̱ka̱man-tswam]] khwo á̱shong yong ma̱ di̱ yong ba̱ nyia̱ tam ma̱ng vak [[kpantyin]] a̱tyu byia̱ [[A̱bwuanng]] a̱tat ma̱ng si̱ mani a̱kawatyia̱ a̱kawatyia̱ . [[Á̱shong]] ba ku kpaat kashwuo [[A̱khwo|Á̱khwo]] ji a̱beam [[A̱sa̱khwot]] a̱shwap ce 15, a̱wat kashwuo á̱khwo ji nat [[A̱merika]] a̱ ni tsa wa ma̱n ce 16 hwa, su ku swak ce si̱ 19 a̱ni.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Diffie|first=Bailey|title=Prelude to Empire: Portugal Overseas Before Henry the Navigator|publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]]|year=1963|pages=58}}</ref> Á̱ghyang á̱niet nang á̱ nyia̱ ba lap-dyiang wa mani [[A̱bwuanng]] á̱khwo a̱ si̱ transatlantic ba ghwut neet wa ma̱ng [[Afi̱rika A̱tak]] ma̱ng [[Afi̱rika Jenshyung]] a̱wot a̱niet [[lyia̱i]] á̱khwo [[Afi̱rika]] jenshyung ba lyiap bá wa davwuo a̱niet ba lyia̱i á̱khwo a̱ si̱ a̱byin á̱shong, si̱sak ji nang á̱khwo a̱niet [[Abwuang]] a̱bya bu ntaba̱t katsak ma̱ng jhya a̱sa̱khwot.  Á̱gwak ncet a̱shong ba si̱ tung ba̱ sii̱ lap á̱khwo a̱byia̱ ma̱ á̱ka̱keang a̱za̱nswon [[A̱sa̱khwot|A̱sa̱khwot A̱fi̱rika]] a̱wot bá̱ sii̱ bai ma̱ng an mba [[A̱merika]].<ref name="apology">{{Cite news |last=Gates |first=Henry Louis Jr. |author-link=Henry Louis Gates Jr. |date=22 April 2010 |title=Opinion – How to End the Slavery Blame-Game |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/23/opinion/23gates.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426120726/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/23/opinion/23gates.html |archive-date=26 April 2010}}</ref>{{sfn|Thornton|1998|p=112}} a̱ si̱ min mun a̱niet cyiet kashwuo a̱khwo a̱ si̱ á̱niet [[Afi̱rika]] a̱ si̱ ba ba̱ nyia̱ khwo si̱ nat [[A̱merika]]. Ngi̱ri̱gi̱ a̱tam a̱shong yong ma̱ di̱ yong ba̱ nyia̱n tam ma̱ng vak [[A̱bwuanng]] a̱tat ma̱ng si̱ mani a̱kawatyia̱ a̱kawatyia̱ . Á̱shong kpaat kashwuo a̱khwo a̱beam a̱sa̱khwot ma̱ng ce si̱ 15, a̱wat kashwuo a̱khwo si̱ nat nfam-bi̱byin [[A̱merika]]<nowiki/>wu tsa wa ma̱ ce 16 hu, si̱ ku swak ce 19 hu a̱ni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The transatlantic slave trade |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zy7fr82/revision/3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716004107/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zy7fr82/revision/3 |archive-date=16 July 2020 |access-date=6 May 2021 |publisher=[[BBC]] |quote=* Some of those enslaved were captured directly by the European slave traders.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Implications of the slave trade for African societies |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zxt3gk7/revision/7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717094706/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zxt3gk7/revision/7 |archive-date=17 July 2020 |access-date=12 June 2020 |publisher=[[BBC]] |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=West Africa – National Museums Liverpool |url=https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/history-of-slavery/west-africa#section--the-capture-and-sale-of-enslaved-africans |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126155135/https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/history-of-slavery/west-africa |archive-date=26 November 2020 |access-date=14 October 2015 |publisher=[[International Slavery Museum]] |location=[[Liverpool]]}}</ref> Enslavers ambushed and captured local people in Africa. Most slave ships used European "factors", men who lived full-time in Africa and bought enslaved people from local leaders.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Exchanging People for Trade Goods |url=https://www.nps.gov/ethnography/aah/aaheritage/histContextsB.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215214335/https://www.nps.gov/ethnography/aah/aaheritage/histContextsB.htm |archive-date=15 December 2022 |access-date=12 January 2024 |website=African American Heritage and Ethnography |publisher=[[National Park Service]]}}</ref>  Á̱ghyang a̱niet nang á̱ lap mba dyiang ja ma̱mi [[Abwuang]] a̱khwo a̱ si̱ transatlantic ba̱ ghwut wa ma̱ [[Afi̱rika A̱tak]] ma̱ng [[Afi̱rika Jenshyung]] a̱wot a̱niet lyia̱i á̱khwo a̱ si̱ [[Afi̱rika Jenshyung]] ba̱ lyiap ba mbwak a̱niet lyia̱i a̱khwo a̱shong,  á̱ nyia̱ ma̱ng baniet kashwuo a̱khwo ba̱ si̱ yabaat tsa yong jhwang a̱beam a̱sa̱shwot.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Implications of the slave trade for African societies |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zxt3gk7/revision/7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717094706/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zxt3gk7/revision/7 |archive-date=17 July 2020 |access-date=12 June 2020 |publisher=[[BBC]] |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=West Africa – National Museums Liverpool |url=https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/history-of-slavery/west-africa#section--the-capture-and-sale-of-enslaved-africans |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126155135/https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/history-of-slavery/west-africa |archive-date=26 November 2020 |access-date=14 October 2015 |publisher=[[International Slavery Museum]] |location=[[Liverpool]]}}</ref> A̱niet nyin a̱khwo a̱ si̱ a̱shong su tung ba̱ si̱ vwoi a̱khwo ma̱ a̱ka̱keang a̱za̱nson a̱sa̱khwot [[Afi̱rika]] a̱wot ba̱ sii̱ bai ma̱ng an mba [[A̱merika]].<ref name="Malaria and French Imperialism">{{cite journal |last1=Cohen |first1=William |title=Malaria and French Imperialism |journal=[[The Journal of African History]] |date=1983 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=23–36 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700021502 |jstor=181856 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/181856 |access-date=29 April 2024 |archive-date=29 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429141741/https://www.jstor.org/stable/181856 |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[File:Slave Auction Ad.jpg|thumb|A̱bwuanng A̱khwo A̱ti̱lantik]] == A̱ni̱nan == === A̱cyiet A̱ti̱lantik === A̱bwuang A̱khwo A̱ti̱lantik fuung wa li̱lyim a̱myim a̱bwuang nang á̱ kpaat tsi̱tsak The Atlantic slave trade developed after trade contacts were established between the "A̱khwukhwuop Swanta" (Afro-Eurasia) ma̱ng "Swanta Fai" ([[A̱merika]] ba) . == Ya̱fang == {{Reflist}} 0657azip7uvynfvxjgwx67kegia6wcj 43572 43571 2026-05-29T21:15:09Z Danjuma Anthony 411 /* */ 43572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[A̱bwuanng a̱khwo Ati̱lantik/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[A̱bwuanng a̱khwo Ati̱lantik/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[A̱bwuanng a̱khwo Ati̱lantik/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[A̱bwuanng a̱khwo Ati̱lantik/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[A̱bwuanng a̱khwo Ati̱lantik/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[A̱bwuanng a̱khwo Ati̱lantik/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} '''A̱bwuanng A̱khwo a̱ si̱ Ati̱lantik''' ku [[Zà kashwuo]] Á̱khwo si̱ transatlantic wa mun ma̱ng á̱niet lap-dyiang si̱ kpanti̱n á̱khwo a̱ si á̱niet [[Afi̱rika]] a̱ si̱ ba̱ nyia̱ [[Khwo]] si̱ nat [[A̱merika]] . [[A̱ka̱man-tswam|Á̱ka̱man-tswam]] khwo á̱shong yong ma̱ di̱ yong ba̱ nyia̱ tam ma̱ng vak [[kpantyin]] a̱tyu byia̱ [[A̱bwuanng]] a̱tat ma̱ng si̱ mani a̱kawatyia̱ a̱kawatyia̱ . [[Á̱shong]] ba ku kpaat kashwuo [[A̱khwo|Á̱khwo]] ji a̱beam [[A̱sa̱khwot]] a̱shwap ce 15, a̱wat kashwuo á̱khwo ji nat [[A̱merika]] a̱ ni tsa wa ma̱n ce 16 hwa, su ku swak ce si̱ 19 a̱ni.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Diffie|first=Bailey|title=Prelude to Empire: Portugal Overseas Before Henry the Navigator|publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]]|year=1963|pages=58}}</ref> Á̱ghyang á̱niet nang á̱ nyia̱ ba lap-dyiang wa mani [[A̱bwuanng]] á̱khwo a̱ si̱ transatlantic ba ghwut neet wa ma̱ng [[Afi̱rika A̱tak]] ma̱ng [[Afi̱rika Jenshyung]] a̱wot a̱niet [[lyia̱i]] á̱khwo [[Afi̱rika]] jenshyung ba lyiap bá wa davwuo a̱niet ba lyia̱i á̱khwo a̱ si̱ a̱byin á̱shong, si̱sak ji nang á̱khwo a̱niet [[Abwuang]] a̱bya bu ntaba̱t katsak ma̱ng jhya a̱sa̱khwot.  Á̱gwak ncet a̱shong ba si̱ tung ba̱ sii̱ lap á̱khwo a̱byia̱ ma̱ á̱ka̱keang a̱za̱nswon [[A̱sa̱khwot|A̱sa̱khwot A̱fi̱rika]] a̱wot bá̱ sii̱ bai ma̱ng an mba [[A̱merika]].<ref name="apology">{{Cite news |last=Gates |first=Henry Louis Jr. |author-link=Henry Louis Gates Jr. |date=22 April 2010 |title=Opinion – How to End the Slavery Blame-Game |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/23/opinion/23gates.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426120726/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/23/opinion/23gates.html |archive-date=26 April 2010}}</ref>{{sfn|Thornton|1998|p=112}} a̱ si̱ min mun a̱niet cyiet kashwuo a̱khwo a̱ si̱ á̱niet [[Afi̱rika]] a̱ si̱ ba ba̱ nyia̱ khwo si̱ nat [[A̱merika]]. Ngi̱ri̱gi̱ a̱tam a̱shong yong ma̱ di̱ yong ba̱ nyia̱n tam ma̱ng vak [[A̱bwuanng]] a̱tat ma̱ng si̱ mani a̱kawatyia̱ a̱kawatyia̱ . Á̱shong kpaat kashwuo a̱khwo a̱beam a̱sa̱khwot ma̱ng ce si̱ 15, a̱wat kashwuo a̱khwo si̱ nat nfam-bi̱byin [[A̱merika]]<nowiki/>wu tsa wa ma̱ ce 16 hu, si̱ ku swak ce 19 hu a̱ni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The transatlantic slave trade |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zy7fr82/revision/3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716004107/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zy7fr82/revision/3 |archive-date=16 July 2020 |access-date=6 May 2021 |publisher=[[BBC]] |quote=* Some of those enslaved were captured directly by the European slave traders.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Implications of the slave trade for African societies |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zxt3gk7/revision/7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717094706/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zxt3gk7/revision/7 |archive-date=17 July 2020 |access-date=12 June 2020 |publisher=[[BBC]] |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=West Africa – National Museums Liverpool |url=https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/history-of-slavery/west-africa#section--the-capture-and-sale-of-enslaved-africans |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126155135/https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/history-of-slavery/west-africa |archive-date=26 November 2020 |access-date=14 October 2015 |publisher=[[International Slavery Museum]] |location=[[Liverpool]]}}</ref> Enslavers ambushed and captured local people in Africa. Most slave ships used European "factors", men who lived full-time in Africa and bought enslaved people from local leaders.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Exchanging People for Trade Goods |url=https://www.nps.gov/ethnography/aah/aaheritage/histContextsB.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215214335/https://www.nps.gov/ethnography/aah/aaheritage/histContextsB.htm |archive-date=15 December 2022 |access-date=12 January 2024 |website=African American Heritage and Ethnography |publisher=[[National Park Service]]}}</ref>  Á̱ghyang a̱niet nang á̱ lap mba dyiang ja ma̱mi [[Abwuang]] a̱khwo a̱ si̱ transatlantic ba̱ ghwut wa ma̱ [[Afi̱rika A̱tak]] ma̱ng [[Afi̱rika Jenshyung]] a̱wot a̱niet lyia̱i á̱khwo a̱ si̱ [[Afi̱rika Jenshyung]] ba̱ lyiap ba mbwak a̱niet lyia̱i a̱khwo a̱shong,  á̱ nyia̱ ma̱ng baniet kashwuo a̱khwo ba̱ si̱ yabaat tsa yong jhwang a̱beam a̱sa̱shwot.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Implications of the slave trade for African societies |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zxt3gk7/revision/7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717094706/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zxt3gk7/revision/7 |archive-date=17 July 2020 |access-date=12 June 2020 |publisher=[[BBC]] |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=West Africa – National Museums Liverpool |url=https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/history-of-slavery/west-africa#section--the-capture-and-sale-of-enslaved-africans |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126155135/https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/history-of-slavery/west-africa |archive-date=26 November 2020 |access-date=14 October 2015 |publisher=[[International Slavery Museum]] |location=[[Liverpool]]}}</ref> A̱niet nyin a̱khwo a̱ si̱ a̱shong su tung ba̱ si̱ vwoi a̱khwo ma̱ a̱ka̱keang a̱za̱nson a̱sa̱khwot [[Afi̱rika]] a̱wot ba̱ sii̱ bai ma̱ng an mba [[A̱merika]].<ref name="Malaria and French Imperialism">{{cite journal |last1=Cohen |first1=William |title=Malaria and French Imperialism |journal=[[The Journal of African History]] |date=1983 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=23–36 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700021502 |jstor=181856 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/181856 |access-date=29 April 2024 |archive-date=29 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429141741/https://www.jstor.org/stable/181856 |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[File:Slave Auction Ad.jpg|thumb|A̱bwuanng A̱khwo A̱ti̱lantik]] == A̱ni̱nan == === A̱cyiet A̱ti̱lantik === A̱bwuang A̱khwo A̱ti̱lantik fuung wa li̱lyim a̱myim a̱bwuang nang á̱ kpaat tsi̱tsak The Atlantic slave trade developed after trade contacts were established between the "A̱khwukhwuop Swanta" (Afro-Eurasia) ma̱ng "Swanta Fai" ([[A̱merika]] ba) . == Ya̱fang == {{Reflist}} ivyfk1yqq1fohl0epmfc5b1twgk8cl4 0 6365 43578 37407 2026-05-29T21:48:24Z Danjuma Anthony 411 /* */ 43578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[A̱gwaza/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[A̱gwaza/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[A̱gwazi̱/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[A̱gwazai/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[A̱gwaza/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[A̱gwazai̱/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} [[File:Burning of a Village in Africa, and Capture of its Inhabitants (p.12, February 1859, XVI) - Copy.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Burning of a village in Africa and capture of its inhabitants (February 1859)<ref name=Offering1859>{{cite journal|title=Burning of a Village in Africa, and Capture of its Inhabitants|journal=Wesleyan Juvenile Offering|date=February 1859|volume=XVI|page=12|url=https://archive.org/details/wesleyanjuvenil07socigoog|access-date=10 November 2015}}</ref>]] Khuo ka̱n gyet a̱gba̱dang kyang a̱lyiat wa mami Afirika. Nta̱m shuo A̱niet mbeang nvak kwok A̱niet di̱ cong dyo khwo nya nang á̱ku nyaan di̱ mkpang njyiang ma̱mi khuong a̱byin A̱fi̱rika na, mat nang Ba̱ ku nshyia̱ mami a̱kum a̱khukhuop bibyin swanta na a̱ni.[2] Di̱n jen nang cyet cong kwai Á̱khuo mi̱ khuong Afi̱rika, khuo A̱niet cong dyo ma̱ a̱shong A̱ghyui, A̱khuo Ncen Indiya a̱wot mbeang khuo A̱ti̱lanta (nang a̱ tsa neet di̱ 16th centuri̱ a̱ni), a̱lyiak a̱niet ba tyan swat a̱khwo mali Afi̱rika bya tsa gan cong ma̱ gyaat ma̱ng ka̱swuo akhwo tausa A̱fi̱rika. <ref name="Lovejoy-2012" /><ref <ref name="Sparks process">{{cite book |last1=Sparks |first1=Randy J. |title=Where the Negroes are Masters : An African Port in the Era of the Slave Trade |chapter=4. The Process of Enslavement at Annamaboe |date=2014 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674724877 |pages=122–161}}</ref> khwo mi̱ swat a̱fwun A̱fi̇̄rika ni̱n naat a̱ mbwuot mi̱ si̱sa jhyang konan ku ngyet bwuo a̱bun a̱ni̱. ==Ya̱fang== {{Reflist}} 80nu8o9tnvly1p8vqqpbgwbo4nwbvzp 43579 43578 2026-05-29T21:49:07Z Danjuma Anthony 411 /* */ 43579 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[Khwo mami Afi̱rika/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[Khwo mami Afi̱rika/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[Khwo mami Afi̱rika/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[Khwo mami Afi̱rika/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[Khwo mami Afi̱rika/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[Khwo mami Afi̱rika/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} [[File:Burning of a Village in Africa, and Capture of its Inhabitants (p.12, February 1859, XVI) - Copy.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Burning of a village in Africa and capture of its inhabitants (February 1859)<ref name=Offering1859>{{cite journal|title=Burning of a Village in Africa, and Capture of its Inhabitants|journal=Wesleyan Juvenile Offering|date=February 1859|volume=XVI|page=12|url=https://archive.org/details/wesleyanjuvenil07socigoog|access-date=10 November 2015}}</ref>]] Khuo ka̱n gyet a̱gba̱dang kyang a̱lyiat wa mami Afirika. Nta̱m shuo A̱niet mbeang nvak kwok A̱niet di̱ cong dyo khwo nya nang á̱ku nyaan di̱ mkpang njyiang ma̱mi khuong a̱byin A̱fi̱rika na, mat nang Ba̱ ku nshyia̱ mami a̱kum a̱khukhuop bibyin swanta na a̱ni.[2] Di̱n jen nang cyet cong kwai Á̱khuo mi̱ khuong Afi̱rika, khuo A̱niet cong dyo ma̱ a̱shong A̱ghyui, A̱khuo Ncen Indiya a̱wot mbeang khuo A̱ti̱lanta (nang a̱ tsa neet di̱ 16th centuri̱ a̱ni), a̱lyiak a̱niet ba tyan swat a̱khwo mali Afi̱rika bya tsa gan cong ma̱ gyaat ma̱ng ka̱swuo akhwo tausa A̱fi̱rika. <ref name="Lovejoy-2012" /><ref <ref name="Sparks process">{{cite book |last1=Sparks |first1=Randy J. |title=Where the Negroes are Masters : An African Port in the Era of the Slave Trade |chapter=4. The Process of Enslavement at Annamaboe |date=2014 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674724877 |pages=122–161}}</ref> khwo mi̱ swat a̱fwun A̱fi̇̄rika ni̱n naat a̱ mbwuot mi̱ si̱sa jhyang konan ku ngyet bwuo a̱bun a̱ni̱. ==Ya̱fang== {{Reflist}} o034q7t6fahxr9rwmiu8barawuy31zm 0 6369 43601 37816 2026-05-29T22:18:09Z Danjuma Anthony 411 /* */ 43601 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[A̱gwaza/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[A̱gwaza/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[A̱gwazi̱/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[A̱gwazai/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[A̱gwaza/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[A̱gwazai̱/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} '''Jhyuk swak ma̱ng a̱tat hu''' ( '''Jhyuk XIII''') davwuo Cam-a̱byin Muna̱pyia̱ Sí̱tet si̱ lin-a̱ma ma̱ng khwo da̱ ku yet shyim ang a̱ni bah, sai á̱ nnyia̱ a̱ka̱kpat da̱ abun. Á̱ ku hyia̱ a̱lyia̱t jhyuk na a̱bwonu gwomna̱ti mali ma̱ zwat nyaai 8, 1864, a̱bwonu tyok gwomna̱ti mundudung ma̱ a̱tuk 31 zwat jhyung, 1865, a̱wot á̱ si̱ jhya si̱sak á̱ ca̱t a̱ni a̱tuk 27 ma̱ng jen a̱ja, ma̱ a̱si̱set 36, ma̱ng zwat swak ma̱ng sweang a̱tuk mam 6, 1865, a̱wot á̱ si̱ hyia̱ a̱tuk 18, ma̱ zwat swak ma̱ng sweang 1865. ku kuyet nyung ma̱mi jhya nok jhyuk a̱ka̱tat nang a̱niet zwang kwan tyok [[A̱merika]] ku san a̱ni. A̱kwa̱son Abi̱rahim Linkon Hyia̱ shicet, tat a̱ghyi ma a̱tuk 1 zwang jhyung, ndyia̱ 1863, á̱ ku tak nang khwo mi khwut nvak mun a̱khwukhwut ma̱ng a̱keang a̱kya (a̱wot a̱si a̱byia̱ kyiak kakap a̱khwo ba) byia̱ a̱ka̱wat. Ka ba shot si̱ nat ndan muna̱pyia̱ ku a̱yaakhwot a̱khwo a̱keangtung ka (mun ma̱ng manini-a̱khwukhwop a̱khwo) a̱niet a̱tyin ba chobai, s̱ka̱wat shyia̱ sa̱t si̱ bai di̱ ma̱ng lyen ma̱ gbi̱ri̱ng si̱ shyia̱ a̱niet ba ba̱ zama ku byia̱ a̱ni. [[Texat]] kuyet a̱tyu ngaan sota̱tung si̱sa̱t a̱khwo, á̱ ku tei mba ma̱ cet hwa di tak hu a̱wot kuzang kyang shai ma̱ ǡtuk mam 19, zwat a̱taa 1865. Ma̱ a̱ka̱keang á̱khwo ba byia̱ a̱ni a̱khwot a̱khwop mundundung byia̱ si̱ yet kyang hyia̱ hu ma̱ ȧ̱ka̱vwuo na ma̱ a̱tuk mam nyiung 1 zwat sweang, a̱lyia̱ 1863, a̱giguut si̱tet wu ku yet á̱ si̱ nyia̱ ta̱m ha á̱ chwok ma̱ng a̱lyiat khwo. Seangsi̱seang hu ku yet a̱byin Kentucky ma̱ng Delaware, ba ku bwoi nkhyang khwo ma̱ng mami khwo zang huhwa ku tyiak ma̱ jyuk a̱nga swak ma̱ng a̱tat mi̱ zwat swak ma̱ sweang a̱lyia̱ 1865. Mi̱ vwuon a̱kum nok a̱ka̱feang jhyuk ma̱nang á̱ ku nyia̱ nyian a̱, jhyuk a̱ ka swak ma̱ng a̱tat á̱ nin ndyiat hu ma kam hu, a̱wot a̱nyia̱ ma̱ng a̱nhu á̱ ndwui khwi ta a̱mat ma̱ng cong-lan lak seang nang "nlamba ma̱ng a̱ka̱swuam khwo". Jhya swak ma̱ng a̱tat hu meang á̱ mi̱n ntyia̱ hu á̱ ndoot ma̱ng ca̱t a̱tung á̱ ka lap kam a̱pyia̱ a̱khwukhwop nyian khwo, ma̱nang tankai [[A̱wam]] a̱chwuang mman a̱ni. ==Slavery in the United States== {{Main|Slavery in the United States}} {{See also|History of the United States|History of the United States (1849–1865)|Outline of United States history}} [[File:Scourged back by McPherson & Oliver, 1863, retouched.jpg|thumb|left|Abolitionist imagery focused on atrocities against slaves.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kenneth M. Stampp|title=The Imperiled Union:Essays on the Background of the Civil War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J6I87GxnOBEC&pg=PA85|year=1980|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=85|isbn=9780199878529}}</ref> (Photo of [[Peter (enslaved man)|Peter]], 1863.)]] == A̱NI̱NAN == Khwo naat a̱mbwuot a̱wot hu ku yet cam ja mi̱ A̱gba̱nda̱ng a̱keangtung swanta A̱merika ku di̱ shyia̱ nhu mi̱ ndyia̱ 1776. A̱ ku nok mbwak ntyok Yorup swak ma̱ng a̱tat mi̱ kuzang a̱tan ma̱ng á̱cucuk Ntyok A̱merika a̱ si̱ A̱bi̱ri̱ti̱n A̱merika ba. A̱ si̱ du shyia̱ jhya swak ma̱ng a̱tat, a̱keangtung dundung swanta lap a̱nu a̱byin hu tat nyia̱ tam ma̱ng swanga̱lyiat khwo ji bah ku khwo mi̱n a̱nia ku mi̱n mun kau nkyang a̱kwonu a̱nietbishyi a̱vwoi a̱ni. == YA̱FANG == {{Reflist}} k0mo66l7ehb7gklno7xlcyntobwpoj8 43602 43601 2026-05-29T22:18:43Z Danjuma Anthony 411 /* */ 43602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[Jhyuk Swak ma̱ng A̱tat Cam-a̱byin Muna̱pyia̱ Sí̱tet hu/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[Jhyuk Swak ma̱ng A̱tat Cam-a̱byin Muna̱pyia̱ Sí̱tet hu/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[Jhyuk Swak ma̱ng A̱tat Cam-a̱byin Muna̱pyia̱ Sí̱tet hu/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[Jhyuk Swak ma̱ng A̱tat Cam-a̱byin Muna̱pyia̱ Sí̱tet hu/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[Jhyuk Swak ma̱ng A̱tat Cam-a̱byin Muna̱pyia̱ Sí̱tet hu/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[Jhyuk Swak ma̱ng A̱tat Cam-a̱byin Muna̱pyia̱ Sí̱tet hu/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} '''Jhyuk swak ma̱ng a̱tat hu''' ( '''Jhyuk XIII''') davwuo Cam-a̱byin Muna̱pyia̱ Sí̱tet si̱ lin-a̱ma ma̱ng khwo da̱ ku yet shyim ang a̱ni bah, sai á̱ nnyia̱ a̱ka̱kpat da̱ abun. Á̱ ku hyia̱ a̱lyia̱t jhyuk na a̱bwonu gwomna̱ti mali ma̱ zwat nyaai 8, 1864, a̱bwonu tyok gwomna̱ti mundudung ma̱ a̱tuk 31 zwat jhyung, 1865, a̱wot á̱ si̱ jhya si̱sak á̱ ca̱t a̱ni a̱tuk 27 ma̱ng jen a̱ja, ma̱ a̱si̱set 36, ma̱ng zwat swak ma̱ng sweang a̱tuk mam 6, 1865, a̱wot á̱ si̱ hyia̱ a̱tuk 18, ma̱ zwat swak ma̱ng sweang 1865. ku kuyet nyung ma̱mi jhya nok jhyuk a̱ka̱tat nang a̱niet zwang kwan tyok [[A̱merika]] ku san a̱ni. A̱kwa̱son Abi̱rahim Linkon Hyia̱ shicet, tat a̱ghyi ma a̱tuk 1 zwang jhyung, ndyia̱ 1863, á̱ ku tak nang khwo mi khwut nvak mun a̱khwukhwut ma̱ng a̱keang a̱kya (a̱wot a̱si a̱byia̱ kyiak kakap a̱khwo ba) byia̱ a̱ka̱wat. Ka ba shot si̱ nat ndan muna̱pyia̱ ku a̱yaakhwot a̱khwo a̱keangtung ka (mun ma̱ng manini-a̱khwukhwop a̱khwo) a̱niet a̱tyin ba chobai, s̱ka̱wat shyia̱ sa̱t si̱ bai di̱ ma̱ng lyen ma̱ gbi̱ri̱ng si̱ shyia̱ a̱niet ba ba̱ zama ku byia̱ a̱ni. [[Texat]] kuyet a̱tyu ngaan sota̱tung si̱sa̱t a̱khwo, á̱ ku tei mba ma̱ cet hwa di tak hu a̱wot kuzang kyang shai ma̱ ǡtuk mam 19, zwat a̱taa 1865. Ma̱ a̱ka̱keang á̱khwo ba byia̱ a̱ni a̱khwot a̱khwop mundundung byia̱ si̱ yet kyang hyia̱ hu ma̱ ȧ̱ka̱vwuo na ma̱ a̱tuk mam nyiung 1 zwat sweang, a̱lyia̱ 1863, a̱giguut si̱tet wu ku yet á̱ si̱ nyia̱ ta̱m ha á̱ chwok ma̱ng a̱lyiat khwo. Seangsi̱seang hu ku yet a̱byin Kentucky ma̱ng Delaware, ba ku bwoi nkhyang khwo ma̱ng mami khwo zang huhwa ku tyiak ma̱ jyuk a̱nga swak ma̱ng a̱tat mi̱ zwat swak ma̱ sweang a̱lyia̱ 1865. Mi̱ vwuon a̱kum nok a̱ka̱feang jhyuk ma̱nang á̱ ku nyia̱ nyian a̱, jhyuk a̱ ka swak ma̱ng a̱tat á̱ nin ndyiat hu ma kam hu, a̱wot a̱nyia̱ ma̱ng a̱nhu á̱ ndwui khwi ta a̱mat ma̱ng cong-lan lak seang nang "nlamba ma̱ng a̱ka̱swuam khwo". Jhya swak ma̱ng a̱tat hu meang á̱ mi̱n ntyia̱ hu á̱ ndoot ma̱ng ca̱t a̱tung á̱ ka lap kam a̱pyia̱ a̱khwukhwop nyian khwo, ma̱nang tankai [[A̱wam]] a̱chwuang mman a̱ni. ==Slavery in the United States== {{Main|Slavery in the United States}} {{See also|History of the United States|History of the United States (1849–1865)|Outline of United States history}} [[File:Scourged back by McPherson & Oliver, 1863, retouched.jpg|thumb|left|Abolitionist imagery focused on atrocities against slaves.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kenneth M. Stampp|title=The Imperiled Union:Essays on the Background of the Civil War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J6I87GxnOBEC&pg=PA85|year=1980|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=85|isbn=9780199878529}}</ref> (Photo of [[Peter (enslaved man)|Peter]], 1863.)]] == A̱NI̱NAN == Khwo naat a̱mbwuot a̱wot hu ku yet cam ja mi̱ A̱gba̱nda̱ng a̱keangtung swanta A̱merika ku di̱ shyia̱ nhu mi̱ ndyia̱ 1776. A̱ ku nok mbwak ntyok Yorup swak ma̱ng a̱tat mi̱ kuzang a̱tan ma̱ng á̱cucuk Ntyok A̱merika a̱ si̱ A̱bi̱ri̱ti̱n A̱merika ba. A̱ si̱ du shyia̱ jhya swak ma̱ng a̱tat, a̱keangtung dundung swanta lap a̱nu a̱byin hu tat nyia̱ tam ma̱ng swanga̱lyiat khwo ji bah ku khwo mi̱n a̱nia ku mi̱n mun kau nkyang a̱kwonu a̱nietbishyi a̱vwoi a̱ni. == YA̱FANG == {{Reflist}} 98gpmv8reshiuicrqntykt6najojwup 0 6370 43569 37889 2026-05-29T21:12:38Z Danjuma Anthony 411 /* */ 43569 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[Tak kpa̱sai shyia̱ sa̱t hu/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[Tak kpa̱sai shyia̱ sa̱t hu/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[Tak kpa̱sai shyia̱ sa̱t hu/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[Tak kpa̱sai shyia̱ sa̱t hu/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[Tak kpa̱sai shyia̱ sa̱t hu/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[Tak kpa̱sai shyia̱ sa̱t hu/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} '''Tak kpa̱sai shyia̱ sa̱t hu''',, ta̱k kpa̱sai sheri̱ya 95, hu kuyet ta̱k kpa̱sai gwomna̱ti wa a̱wot a̱kwak-a̱son a̱byin [[A̱merika]] [[Abraham Lincoln]] wa si̱ byia̱ cet hyia̱ a̱ si̱ nyia̱ kyang a̱tuk 1st zwat jhyung, 1863, ma̱ jen zwang cam a̱byin [[A̱merika]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Proclamation 95—Regarding the Status of Slaves in States Engaged in Rebellion Against the United States [Emancipation Proclamation] {{pipe}} The American Presidency Project |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-95-regarding-the-status-slaves-states-engaged-rebellion-against-the-united |website=presidency.ucsb.edu |access-date=April 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218125054/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-95-regarding-the-status-slaves-states-engaged-rebellion-against-the-united |archive-date=December 18, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Harward |first1=Brian |title=The Presidency in Times of Crisis and Disaster: Primary Documents in Context |date=2020 |publisher=[[ABC-Clio]] |location=Santa Barbara, California |isbn=978-1-44-087088-0 |page=228 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EaW-DwAAQBAJ&dq=Proclamation+95%E2%80%94Regarding+the+Status+of+Slaves+in+States+Engaged+in+Rebellion+Against+the+United+States&pg=PA228 |access-date=April 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423211358/https://books.google.com/books?id=EaW-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA228&lpg=PA228&dq=Proclamation+95%E2%80%94Regarding+the+Status+of+Slaves+in+States+Engaged+in+Rebellion+Against+the+United+States&source=bl&ots=J-N4PHTztQ&sig=ACfU3U0vp68TFMC6MVB_mh6pp3mmTaffGQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjxzryaiqv3AhWylIkEHXpHC7cQ6AF6BAgCEAM#v=onepage&q=Proclamation%2095%E2%80%94Regarding%20the%20Status%20of%20Slaves%20in%20States%20Engaged%20in%20Rebellion%20Against%20the%20United%20States&f=false |archive-date=April 23, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ta̱k kpa̱sai hu ni ku byia̱ jat á̱ ka shyai tyok yong doka ji shyim swak mi̱lion 3.5 akhwo [[Afi̱rika]] [[A̱merika]] mi̱ ba̱ntyok á̱ si̱ ba ba̱ byia̱ cet seang ma̱mi a̱khwo si̱ nat sa̱t.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 January 2022 |title=The Emancipation Proclamation |url=https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured-documents/emancipation-proclamation |website=[[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]] |access-date= 19 February 2017}}</ref> Nka ma̱ a̱ba̱njen ma̱ daidai a̱khwo si̱ shot a̱cyet cong ma̱ng a̱yaakhwo, ku di̱ fi̱ri̱p nat lang muna̱pyia̱ ku di̱ vak nwuat tswang a̱khwot a̱khwop mundundung, ba ku shyia̱ sa̱t gba̱mgba̱m.<ref>{{cite book |first= Brian R. |last=Dirck |title= The Executive Branch of Federal Government: People, Process, and Politics |quote=The Emancipation Proclamation was an executive order, itself a rather unusual thing in those days. Executive orders are simply presidential directives issued to agents of the executive department by its boss. |url= https://archive.org/details/executivebrancho0000dirc |url-access= registration |year=2007 |publisher= ABC-CLIO |page=[https://archive.org/details/executivebrancho0000dirc/page/102 102] |isbn= 978-1851097913 }}</ref><ref name="Transcript" /> Shei si̱ shyia̱ a̱ka̱wat cong ma̱ng fa kyang mi̱ [[a̱gaan khwo mi̱ a̱byin A̱merika wu]]. Ma̱ a̱tuk mam 22 Zwat A̱natat, ndyia̱ 1862, Linkon si̱ ghwut shei ntsa hu.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 June 2020 |title= Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation |url=https://www.nps.gov/anti/learn/historyculture/prelimemanproc.htm |website=[[Antietam National Battlefield]] |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |access-date=8 July 2025}}</ref>. <ref name="McCurry"/><ref name="Ruef"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Davis |first=Kenneth C. |title=Don't Know Much About History: Everything You Need to Know About American History but Never Learned |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-06-008381-6 |edition=1st |location=New York |pages=227–228 |author-link=Kenneth C. Davis}}</ref> == A̱ni̱nan == ===A̱guguut A̱khwot a̱khwop a̱zason shyia̱ sa̱t=== A̱guguut ncung a̱khwo ma̱ a̱lyia̱ 1850 ku ta̱m a̱gyang a̱nyanyin ba bwuot ma̱ng a̱khwo ba tyong a̱ni bai dyo da̱vwuo a̱niet byia̱ mba ba. Ms̱ jen zwang ji, mi̱ zwat tsuon a̱lyia̱ 1861, Muna̱pyia̱ general Benjamin Butler si̱ hyia̱ nyia̱ á̱khwo ba swuot ba si̱ swak lang muna̱pyia̱ hu a̱ni á̱ wa kan kpaat a̱mgba̱m cuk fi̱n mba nat zwang, a̱wot ma̱ di̱ yong a̱hwa á̱ si̱ lak bwuok ma̱ng a̱ngba wu, a̱ si̱ hyia̱ nyia̱ a̱tyok a̱ na ca̱t bwuok mba a̱ni, "N shyia̱ a̱ta̱fa si̱sak tyok nhyia̱ a̱cecet nkyang a̱ga̱de da̱nwuo bibyin nta a̱ni, which Virginia now claims to be".[43] Mi̱ zwat tswuon a̱tuk 30, lilyim a̱tung susot a̱niet kwai nfwuo a̱niet nang A̱kwak Lincoln, "Simon Cameron, byiak a̱tyu cong ma̱ng zwang, telegraphed Butler ku tak nggu nang a̱bubuk nvak nggu a̱ nsi̱ siyasa nggu na'mban.'"[44] A̱di̱dam wu ni kuyet nyia̱ a̱yaat da̱nian da à̱ ku kyiak á̱ nnwuak fi̱k a̱gyang ma̱ kugiya wu ma̱nang khap a̱ni, a̱byin ka yaan a̱lahyia̱ mbwak ba a̱tafa cam swanta, a̱di̱dam ma̱nang Lincoln si̱ yong fwuang. Mi̱ mbeang a̱nyia̱, mā̄nang a̱bubuk nvak wa a̱ni, a̱niet ba ni̱ di̱ si̱sak tyok kan nhyia̱ a̱ni "zwa" ka ji byiak lang muna̱pyia̱ hu ma̱ng tyok ngsan mba wu kan kak bah.[45] == Ya̱fang == {{Reflist}} 5udypnu6enlq5klfxjo2lgb54i668tb 43570 43569 2026-05-29T21:13:38Z Danjuma Anthony 411 /* */ 43570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[Tak Kpa̱sai Shyia̱ Sa̱t/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[Tak kpa̱sai shyia̱ sa̱t/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[Tak kpa̱sai shyia̱ sa̱t /Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[Tak kpa̱sai shyia̱ sa̱t/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[Tak kpa̱sai shyia̱ sa̱t /Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[Tak kpa̱sai shyia̱ sa̱t /Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} '''Tak kpa̱sai shyia̱ sa̱t hu''',, ta̱k kpa̱sai sheri̱ya 95, hu kuyet ta̱k kpa̱sai gwomna̱ti wa a̱wot a̱kwak-a̱son a̱byin [[A̱merika]] [[Abraham Lincoln]] wa si̱ byia̱ cet hyia̱ a̱ si̱ nyia̱ kyang a̱tuk 1st zwat jhyung, 1863, ma̱ jen zwang cam a̱byin [[A̱merika]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Proclamation 95—Regarding the Status of Slaves in States Engaged in Rebellion Against the United States [Emancipation Proclamation] {{pipe}} The American Presidency Project |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-95-regarding-the-status-slaves-states-engaged-rebellion-against-the-united |website=presidency.ucsb.edu |access-date=April 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218125054/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-95-regarding-the-status-slaves-states-engaged-rebellion-against-the-united |archive-date=December 18, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Harward |first1=Brian |title=The Presidency in Times of Crisis and Disaster: Primary Documents in Context |date=2020 |publisher=[[ABC-Clio]] |location=Santa Barbara, California |isbn=978-1-44-087088-0 |page=228 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EaW-DwAAQBAJ&dq=Proclamation+95%E2%80%94Regarding+the+Status+of+Slaves+in+States+Engaged+in+Rebellion+Against+the+United+States&pg=PA228 |access-date=April 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423211358/https://books.google.com/books?id=EaW-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA228&lpg=PA228&dq=Proclamation+95%E2%80%94Regarding+the+Status+of+Slaves+in+States+Engaged+in+Rebellion+Against+the+United+States&source=bl&ots=J-N4PHTztQ&sig=ACfU3U0vp68TFMC6MVB_mh6pp3mmTaffGQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjxzryaiqv3AhWylIkEHXpHC7cQ6AF6BAgCEAM#v=onepage&q=Proclamation%2095%E2%80%94Regarding%20the%20Status%20of%20Slaves%20in%20States%20Engaged%20in%20Rebellion%20Against%20the%20United%20States&f=false |archive-date=April 23, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ta̱k kpa̱sai hu ni ku byia̱ jat á̱ ka shyai tyok yong doka ji shyim swak mi̱lion 3.5 akhwo [[Afi̱rika]] [[A̱merika]] mi̱ ba̱ntyok á̱ si̱ ba ba̱ byia̱ cet seang ma̱mi a̱khwo si̱ nat sa̱t.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 January 2022 |title=The Emancipation Proclamation |url=https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured-documents/emancipation-proclamation |website=[[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]] |access-date= 19 February 2017}}</ref> Nka ma̱ a̱ba̱njen ma̱ daidai a̱khwo si̱ shot a̱cyet cong ma̱ng a̱yaakhwo, ku di̱ fi̱ri̱p nat lang muna̱pyia̱ ku di̱ vak nwuat tswang a̱khwot a̱khwop mundundung, ba ku shyia̱ sa̱t gba̱mgba̱m.<ref>{{cite book |first= Brian R. |last=Dirck |title= The Executive Branch of Federal Government: People, Process, and Politics |quote=The Emancipation Proclamation was an executive order, itself a rather unusual thing in those days. Executive orders are simply presidential directives issued to agents of the executive department by its boss. |url= https://archive.org/details/executivebrancho0000dirc |url-access= registration |year=2007 |publisher= ABC-CLIO |page=[https://archive.org/details/executivebrancho0000dirc/page/102 102] |isbn= 978-1851097913 }}</ref><ref name="Transcript" /> Shei si̱ shyia̱ a̱ka̱wat cong ma̱ng fa kyang mi̱ [[a̱gaan khwo mi̱ a̱byin A̱merika wu]]. Ma̱ a̱tuk mam 22 Zwat A̱natat, ndyia̱ 1862, Linkon si̱ ghwut shei ntsa hu.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 June 2020 |title= Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation |url=https://www.nps.gov/anti/learn/historyculture/prelimemanproc.htm |website=[[Antietam National Battlefield]] |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |access-date=8 July 2025}}</ref>. <ref name="McCurry"/><ref name="Ruef"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Davis |first=Kenneth C. |title=Don't Know Much About History: Everything You Need to Know About American History but Never Learned |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-06-008381-6 |edition=1st |location=New York |pages=227–228 |author-link=Kenneth C. Davis}}</ref> == A̱ni̱nan == ===A̱guguut A̱khwot a̱khwop a̱zason shyia̱ sa̱t=== A̱guguut ncung a̱khwo ma̱ a̱lyia̱ 1850 ku ta̱m a̱gyang a̱nyanyin ba bwuot ma̱ng a̱khwo ba tyong a̱ni bai dyo da̱vwuo a̱niet byia̱ mba ba. Ms̱ jen zwang ji, mi̱ zwat tsuon a̱lyia̱ 1861, Muna̱pyia̱ general Benjamin Butler si̱ hyia̱ nyia̱ á̱khwo ba swuot ba si̱ swak lang muna̱pyia̱ hu a̱ni á̱ wa kan kpaat a̱mgba̱m cuk fi̱n mba nat zwang, a̱wot ma̱ di̱ yong a̱hwa á̱ si̱ lak bwuok ma̱ng a̱ngba wu, a̱ si̱ hyia̱ nyia̱ a̱tyok a̱ na ca̱t bwuok mba a̱ni, "N shyia̱ a̱ta̱fa si̱sak tyok nhyia̱ a̱cecet nkyang a̱ga̱de da̱nwuo bibyin nta a̱ni, which Virginia now claims to be".[43] Mi̱ zwat tswuon a̱tuk 30, lilyim a̱tung susot a̱niet kwai nfwuo a̱niet nang A̱kwak Lincoln, "Simon Cameron, byiak a̱tyu cong ma̱ng zwang, telegraphed Butler ku tak nggu nang a̱bubuk nvak nggu a̱ nsi̱ siyasa nggu na'mban.'"[44] A̱di̱dam wu ni kuyet nyia̱ a̱yaat da̱nian da à̱ ku kyiak á̱ nnwuak fi̱k a̱gyang ma̱ kugiya wu ma̱nang khap a̱ni, a̱byin ka yaan a̱lahyia̱ mbwak ba a̱tafa cam swanta, a̱di̱dam ma̱nang Lincoln si̱ yong fwuang. Mi̱ mbeang a̱nyia̱, mā̄nang a̱bubuk nvak wa a̱ni, a̱niet ba ni̱ di̱ si̱sak tyok kan nhyia̱ a̱ni "zwa" ka ji byiak lang muna̱pyia̱ hu ma̱ng tyok ngsan mba wu kan kak bah.[45] == Ya̱fang == {{Reflist}} m7wmb7lusr9tnc4dn87yr6c59t522ej 0 6371 43607 37836 2026-05-29T22:24:46Z Danjuma Anthony 411 /* */ 43607 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[A̱gwaza/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[A̱gwaza/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[A̱gwazi̱/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[A̱gwazai/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[A̱gwaza/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[A̱gwazai̱/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} {{Cite:Bibliographic | details for "Jim Crow laws"}} Doka̱ki '''Cám jim crow''' ji kuyet si̱ si̱set ma̱ng doka̱ki mali ja á̱ ku hyia̱ mi̱ á̱si̱set a̱muna̱pyia a̱tak mi̱ lat ndyia̱ 19th ma̱ng kpankpaan centuri̱ 20th ku tyia̱ khwo naai a̱lyiam seang, "Jim Crow" kuyet a̱tyu yong ka̱kang jen da̱nian a̱tyu A̱fi̱rika A̱meri̱ka.<ref name="fremon">{{cite book |last1=Fremon |first1=David |title=The Jim Crow Laws and Racism in American History |date=2000 |publisher=Enslow |isbn=0766012972 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/jimcrowlawsracis00frem }}</ref> Doka ngyaan si̱ Jim Crow kuyet ka̱kap a̱nwuat nswak mi̱ 1965.<ref name="Schmermund2016">{{cite book|first=Elizabeth |last=Schmermund|title=Reading and Interpreting the Works of Harper Lee|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RgpiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27|year=2016|publisher=Enslow Publishing, LLC|isbn=978-0-7660-7914-4|pages=27–}}</ref> A̱fun ma̱ng A̱tson livwuon kwanvam gyaii a̱pyia̱ wu shyia̱ di̱ yong a̱hwa mi̱ a̱ka̱vwuo a̱ghyang ma̱ a̱keangtung A̱merika ma̱nang a̱nia̱ a̱ni, ko nang a̱kpa a̱si̱tet a̱gyang a̱tausa a̱tyin ka nfi̱n swat na̱van mi̱ a̱kpa nswat ma̱ng nkhyai.<ref>Bubar, Joe (March 9, 2020). [https://upfront.scholastic.com/issues/2019-20/030920/the-jim-crow-north.html#1300L "The Jim Crow North"], ''Upfront Magazine - Scholastic''. Retrieved June 7, 2021.</ref><ref>''Discrimination in Access to Public Places: A Survey of State and Federal Accommodations Laws'', 7 N.Y.U. Rev.L. & Soc.Change 215, 238 (1978).</ref> Cam A̱tyin kuyet ji nyaap hwa mbwak a̱shong-ci̱t si̱tet a̱nietswat a̱vwuo (A̱nieta̱tan) á̱ nwuak ba a̱lahyia̱ mba ka ma̱ng a̱tyin siyasa mǡ̱ng kau khwo nzwa nang á̱ kpaat da̱nian A̱fi̱rika A̱merika di̱n jen á̱ nshyai nok gba̱ngba̱ng a̱n.<ref name="Bartlett2008">{{cite book|first=Bruce |last=Bartlett|title=Wrong on Race: The Democratic Party's Buried Past|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=POhHuoGILNYC&pg=PA24|year=2008|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-230-61138-2|pages=24–}}</ref>. A̱nia wa ku ngya a̱son ma̱ na̱van livwuon kwavam ma̱nang a̱fun a̱shong-Lily meang ku byia̱ a̱gugut li̱n a̱ma.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Heersink |first1=Boris |last2=Jenkins |first2=Jeffery A. |date=April 2020 |title=Whiteness and the Emergence of the Republican Party in the Early Twentieth-Century South |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/studies-in-american-political-development/article/abs/whiteness-and-the-emergence-of-the-republican-party-in-the-early-twentiethcentury-south/899B4B98A78353683C3C6050DFA5771B |journal=Studies in American Political Development |language=en |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=71–90 |doi=10.1017/S0898588X19000208 |s2cid=213551748 |issn=0898-588X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>. <ref name="tperd">{{cite web |last1=Perdue |first1=Theda |title=Legacy of Jim Crow for Southern Native Americans |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?302379-1/legacy-jim-crow-southern-native-americans |website=C-SPAN |access-date=27 November 2018 |date=October 28, 2011}}</ref><ref name="jimlu">{{cite book |last1=Lowery |first1=Malinda Maynor |title=Lumbee Indians in the Jim Crow South: Race, Identity, and the Making of a Nation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vLY3XbAqDUwC|publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press |access-date=27 November 2018 |pages=0–339 |date=2010|isbn=9780807833681 }}</ref>. <ref name="tperd"/><ref name="jimlu"/><ref name="jewolf">{{cite journal |last1=Wolfley |first1=Jeanette |title=Jim Crow, Indian Style: The Disenfranchisement of Native Americans |journal=Indian Law Review |date=1990 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=167–202 |url=http://health-equity.lib.umd.edu/567/1/JimCrowAIStyle.pdf |access-date=27 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412011616/http://health-equity.lib.umd.edu/567/1/JimCrowAIStyle.pdf |archive-date=April 12, 2019 |url-status=dead |doi=10.2307/20068694 |jstor=20068694 |hdl=1903/22633 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.landmarkcases.org/cases/brown-v-board-of-education|title=Brown v. Board of Education|website=Landmark Supreme Court Cases|access-date=2019-09-29}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.oyez.org/cases/1940-1955/347us483|title=Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka |website=Oyez|language=en|access-date=2019-09-29}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://nmaahc.si.edu/blog-post/two-landmark-decisions-fight-equality-and-justice|title=Two Landmark Decisions in the Fight for Equality and Justice|date=2017-10-11|website=National Museum of African American History and Culture|language=en|access-date=2019-09-29}}</ref> Mi̱ si̱tet jhyang, ku nin kyiak a̱ka̱lyia̱ ma̱di̱di̱t á̱ si̱n nyia̱ tankai kyang huni, a̱wot á̱ [[Warren kam]] ba ba̱ si̱ ya a̱son ma̱ng nyia̱ tyok tazwa a̱pyia̱ Jim Crow a̱tung kwok sot di̱ a̱ka̱wat a̱gyang ma̱nang tankai ''[[Swuan A̱ti̱lanti Motel, Inc. v. a̱keang mundung A̱merika]]'' (1964).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oyez.org/cases/1964/515|title=Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States|website=Oyez|language=en|access-date=2019-09-29}}</ref> == A̱ni̱nan == Ba ku tsa lyen nyia̱ ta̱m ma̱ng swanga̱lyian ji "Cam Hakaka Jim" á̱ si̱ mi̱n ntyia̱ mam zwat na ndyia̱ 1884 mi̱ lyuut a̱niet shei nkhyang ra̱dio a̱ti̱kut tang a̱lyiat na ma̱ a̱ka̱sa ntyok yaan fwuong.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/75375764/sioux-city-journal-iowa-18-december/ |title=Congressional|work=Sioux City Journal |date=December 18, 1884 |page=2}}</ref>. <ref>{{cite news |url= https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E05EEDB1F31E033A25752C2A9649D94639ED7CF |page=1|title=Louisiana's 'Jim Crow' Law Valid|quote=New Orleans, Dec 20. – The Supreme Court yesterday declared constitutional the law passed two years ago and known as the 'Jim Crow' law, making it compulsory on railroads to provide separate cars for black people.|work=The New York Times |date=December 21, 1892 |location=New York |issn=0362-4331 |access-date=February 6, 2011}}</ref> Kyang hu tsa a̱ghwut mi̱ ndyia̱ 1892 a̱wot mi̱ a̱lyoot a̱ si̱ A̱fai York mi jen lyuut a̱ti̱kut Times da̱pyia̱ Louisiana nyia̱ si̱ á̱ khyap nggu vak a̱taintuut a̱yaamoto.[15][16] Á̱ si̱ ba ba̱ yet byin a̱byin swanga̱lyiat "Jim hadadaru" kan ngyet ma̱ng jen jhyang a̱tyu a̱tam a̱ da̱ nggu da̱nian "fi̱p Jim hadadaru", a̱ bwuom-ma̱ng-song karikatswo si̱ a̱dyundyung a̱niet nyia̱ maat hu mbwak a̱shong a̱tyujhya̱t a̱lyiat Thomas D. Chia̱ga̱vang mi̱ a̱ghyia̱dyundung a̱niet ba, mast tsa wu mi̱ ndyia̱ 1828. Da̱nian ma̱ a̱ghyi chia̱ga̱vang da̱ di̱ a̱hwa, Jim hadaru si̱ ntyia̱ ki̱n ntat mi ndyia̱ 1838 a̱lyiat na kau a̱wun na fa "Negro". Neet ma̱nang a̱niet nswat a̱tyin nswak cam livwoun kwavam a̱pyia̱ A̱fi̱rika A̱merika ma̱ ngaan ndyia̱ 19th, cam wu ni si̱ kai a̱fwufwuo nang á̱ hu ma̱nang camJim Crow.<ref name=scjc7/> == Ya̱fang == {{Reflist}} 1x28kkrz2kxwdvumypy81e18cysyo4m 43608 43607 2026-05-29T22:25:17Z Danjuma Anthony 411 /* */ 43608 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[Cám Jim Crow/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[Cám Jim Crow/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[Cám Jim Crow/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[Cám Jim Crow/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[Cám Jim Crow/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[Cám Jim Crow/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} {{Cite:Bibliographic | details for "Jim Crow laws"}} Doka̱ki '''Cám jim crow''' ji kuyet si̱ si̱set ma̱ng doka̱ki mali ja á̱ ku hyia̱ mi̱ á̱si̱set a̱muna̱pyia a̱tak mi̱ lat ndyia̱ 19th ma̱ng kpankpaan centuri̱ 20th ku tyia̱ khwo naai a̱lyiam seang, "Jim Crow" kuyet a̱tyu yong ka̱kang jen da̱nian a̱tyu A̱fi̱rika A̱meri̱ka.<ref name="fremon">{{cite book |last1=Fremon |first1=David |title=The Jim Crow Laws and Racism in American History |date=2000 |publisher=Enslow |isbn=0766012972 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/jimcrowlawsracis00frem }}</ref> Doka ngyaan si̱ Jim Crow kuyet ka̱kap a̱nwuat nswak mi̱ 1965.<ref name="Schmermund2016">{{cite book|first=Elizabeth |last=Schmermund|title=Reading and Interpreting the Works of Harper Lee|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RgpiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27|year=2016|publisher=Enslow Publishing, LLC|isbn=978-0-7660-7914-4|pages=27–}}</ref> A̱fun ma̱ng A̱tson livwuon kwanvam gyaii a̱pyia̱ wu shyia̱ di̱ yong a̱hwa mi̱ a̱ka̱vwuo a̱ghyang ma̱ a̱keangtung A̱merika ma̱nang a̱nia̱ a̱ni, ko nang a̱kpa a̱si̱tet a̱gyang a̱tausa a̱tyin ka nfi̱n swat na̱van mi̱ a̱kpa nswat ma̱ng nkhyai.<ref>Bubar, Joe (March 9, 2020). [https://upfront.scholastic.com/issues/2019-20/030920/the-jim-crow-north.html#1300L "The Jim Crow North"], ''Upfront Magazine - Scholastic''. Retrieved June 7, 2021.</ref><ref>''Discrimination in Access to Public Places: A Survey of State and Federal Accommodations Laws'', 7 N.Y.U. Rev.L. & Soc.Change 215, 238 (1978).</ref> Cam A̱tyin kuyet ji nyaap hwa mbwak a̱shong-ci̱t si̱tet a̱nietswat a̱vwuo (A̱nieta̱tan) á̱ nwuak ba a̱lahyia̱ mba ka ma̱ng a̱tyin siyasa mǡ̱ng kau khwo nzwa nang á̱ kpaat da̱nian A̱fi̱rika A̱merika di̱n jen á̱ nshyai nok gba̱ngba̱ng a̱n.<ref name="Bartlett2008">{{cite book|first=Bruce |last=Bartlett|title=Wrong on Race: The Democratic Party's Buried Past|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=POhHuoGILNYC&pg=PA24|year=2008|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-230-61138-2|pages=24–}}</ref>. A̱nia wa ku ngya a̱son ma̱ na̱van livwuon kwavam ma̱nang a̱fun a̱shong-Lily meang ku byia̱ a̱gugut li̱n a̱ma.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Heersink |first1=Boris |last2=Jenkins |first2=Jeffery A. |date=April 2020 |title=Whiteness and the Emergence of the Republican Party in the Early Twentieth-Century South |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/studies-in-american-political-development/article/abs/whiteness-and-the-emergence-of-the-republican-party-in-the-early-twentiethcentury-south/899B4B98A78353683C3C6050DFA5771B |journal=Studies in American Political Development |language=en |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=71–90 |doi=10.1017/S0898588X19000208 |s2cid=213551748 |issn=0898-588X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>. <ref name="tperd">{{cite web |last1=Perdue |first1=Theda |title=Legacy of Jim Crow for Southern Native Americans |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?302379-1/legacy-jim-crow-southern-native-americans |website=C-SPAN |access-date=27 November 2018 |date=October 28, 2011}}</ref><ref name="jimlu">{{cite book |last1=Lowery |first1=Malinda Maynor |title=Lumbee Indians in the Jim Crow South: Race, Identity, and the Making of a Nation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vLY3XbAqDUwC|publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press |access-date=27 November 2018 |pages=0–339 |date=2010|isbn=9780807833681 }}</ref>. <ref name="tperd"/><ref name="jimlu"/><ref name="jewolf">{{cite journal |last1=Wolfley |first1=Jeanette |title=Jim Crow, Indian Style: The Disenfranchisement of Native Americans |journal=Indian Law Review |date=1990 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=167–202 |url=http://health-equity.lib.umd.edu/567/1/JimCrowAIStyle.pdf |access-date=27 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412011616/http://health-equity.lib.umd.edu/567/1/JimCrowAIStyle.pdf |archive-date=April 12, 2019 |url-status=dead |doi=10.2307/20068694 |jstor=20068694 |hdl=1903/22633 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.landmarkcases.org/cases/brown-v-board-of-education|title=Brown v. Board of Education|website=Landmark Supreme Court Cases|access-date=2019-09-29}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.oyez.org/cases/1940-1955/347us483|title=Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka |website=Oyez|language=en|access-date=2019-09-29}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://nmaahc.si.edu/blog-post/two-landmark-decisions-fight-equality-and-justice|title=Two Landmark Decisions in the Fight for Equality and Justice|date=2017-10-11|website=National Museum of African American History and Culture|language=en|access-date=2019-09-29}}</ref> Mi̱ si̱tet jhyang, ku nin kyiak a̱ka̱lyia̱ ma̱di̱di̱t á̱ si̱n nyia̱ tankai kyang huni, a̱wot á̱ [[Warren kam]] ba ba̱ si̱ ya a̱son ma̱ng nyia̱ tyok tazwa a̱pyia̱ Jim Crow a̱tung kwok sot di̱ a̱ka̱wat a̱gyang ma̱nang tankai ''[[Swuan A̱ti̱lanti Motel, Inc. v. a̱keang mundung A̱merika]]'' (1964).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oyez.org/cases/1964/515|title=Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States|website=Oyez|language=en|access-date=2019-09-29}}</ref> == A̱ni̱nan == Ba ku tsa lyen nyia̱ ta̱m ma̱ng swanga̱lyian ji "Cam Hakaka Jim" á̱ si̱ mi̱n ntyia̱ mam zwat na ndyia̱ 1884 mi̱ lyuut a̱niet shei nkhyang ra̱dio a̱ti̱kut tang a̱lyiat na ma̱ a̱ka̱sa ntyok yaan fwuong.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/75375764/sioux-city-journal-iowa-18-december/ |title=Congressional|work=Sioux City Journal |date=December 18, 1884 |page=2}}</ref>. <ref>{{cite news |url= https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E05EEDB1F31E033A25752C2A9649D94639ED7CF |page=1|title=Louisiana's 'Jim Crow' Law Valid|quote=New Orleans, Dec 20. – The Supreme Court yesterday declared constitutional the law passed two years ago and known as the 'Jim Crow' law, making it compulsory on railroads to provide separate cars for black people.|work=The New York Times |date=December 21, 1892 |location=New York |issn=0362-4331 |access-date=February 6, 2011}}</ref> Kyang hu tsa a̱ghwut mi̱ ndyia̱ 1892 a̱wot mi̱ a̱lyoot a̱ si̱ A̱fai York mi jen lyuut a̱ti̱kut Times da̱pyia̱ Louisiana nyia̱ si̱ á̱ khyap nggu vak a̱taintuut a̱yaamoto.[15][16] Á̱ si̱ ba ba̱ yet byin a̱byin swanga̱lyiat "Jim hadadaru" kan ngyet ma̱ng jen jhyang a̱tyu a̱tam a̱ da̱ nggu da̱nian "fi̱p Jim hadadaru", a̱ bwuom-ma̱ng-song karikatswo si̱ a̱dyundyung a̱niet nyia̱ maat hu mbwak a̱shong a̱tyujhya̱t a̱lyiat Thomas D. Chia̱ga̱vang mi̱ a̱ghyia̱dyundung a̱niet ba, mast tsa wu mi̱ ndyia̱ 1828. Da̱nian ma̱ a̱ghyi chia̱ga̱vang da̱ di̱ a̱hwa, Jim hadaru si̱ ntyia̱ ki̱n ntat mi ndyia̱ 1838 a̱lyiat na kau a̱wun na fa "Negro". Neet ma̱nang a̱niet nswat a̱tyin nswak cam livwoun kwavam a̱pyia̱ A̱fi̱rika A̱merika ma̱ ngaan ndyia̱ 19th, cam wu ni si̱ kai a̱fwufwuo nang á̱ hu ma̱nang camJim Crow.<ref name=scjc7/> == Ya̱fang == {{Reflist}} g77x3vepdmzlsry3h8my32t4xcarwpd 0 6376 43568 39558 2026-05-29T21:10:52Z Danjuma Anthony 411 /* */ 43568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[Vak A̱taintuut Tafaa̱byin/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[Vak A̱taintuut Tafaa̱byin/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[Vak A̱taintuut Tafaa̱byin/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[Vak A̱taintuut Tafaa̱byin/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[Vak A̱taintuut Tafaa̱byin/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[Vak A̱taintuut Tafaa̱byin/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} '''Vak A̱taintuut Tafaa̱byin''' hu kuyet shiri̱ya ngwat nvak nyia̱ na shyia̱ di̱n nyat a̱wot na ka san á̱ka̱sa njhyang á̱ nyia̱ tam ma̱ na mbwak a̱niet ca̱t kwai ka̱nka̱rang ba ka shot da a̱ka̱kpat A̱za a̱keang tung A̱meri̱ka ma̱ng A̱tak a̱keang [[Ka̱na̱da]]. Ba ka khwo A̱fi̱rika ma̱ng A̱fi̱rika A̱meri̱ka<ref>{{cite book|title=To Set the Captives Free. Reverend Jermain Wesley Loguen and the struggle for freedom in central New York 1835–1872|first=Carol|last=Hunter|date=December 20, 2013 |page=139|edition=2nd|publisher=Hyrax Publishing|isbn=978-1494767983}}</ref> ba̱ shot mbwak da̱ khwo ka ma̱ angang ma̱nang centuri̱ 16 ma̱ng a̱ghyang ba shwot a̱ni si̱ shyia̱ san bah.<ref name="auto2">{{cite book |title=Special Resource Study, Management Concepts Underground Railroad |date=1995 |publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Denver Service Center |page=19 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7m8mTMjMSRYC&q=unaided}}</ref><ref name="NPS What Is">{{cite web |title=What is the Underground Railroad? |url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/undergroundrailroad/what-is-the-underground-railroad.htm |website=[[National Park Service]] |access-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208022026/https://www.nps.gov/subjects/undergroundrailroad/what-is-the-underground-railroad.htm |archive-date=2025-02-08 |url-status=unfit }}<!-- The original link may be live but it has been modified by the Trump administration making it unfit. More info: https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2025/04/07/national-park-website-harriet-tubman-underground-railroad/82971945007/ --></ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=New Jersey's Underground Railroad Heritage |url=https://dspace.njstatelib.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/2d0a25c0-0b00-4c37-a53f-b8888b3e2193/content |website=New Jersey Historical Commission |publisher=New Jersey State Library |access-date=18 September 2024}}</ref> A̱wot a̱nyia̱ , nwuna̱lyiat ssai a̱ka̱sa á̱ lyen hu a̱mgba̱m ma̱ng a̱lyoot Vsk Ataintuut Tafas̱byin á̱ ku tsa jhya hu mi̱ ndyia̱ 1780s tsatsak a̱ka̱sa a̱ka̱keang á̱ ku gbi̱ri̱m mi̱ A̱za.<ref name="auto5">{{cite web |title=Historic Context for the Underground Railroad |url=https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/ugrr/exugrr2.htm#:~:text=The%20runaways%20became%20%22contraband%2C%22,the%20Army%20were%20initially%20rebuffed. |website=Researching and Interpreting the Underground Railroad |publisher=The National Park Service |access-date=8 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Underground Railroad c. 1780–1862 |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2944.html |website=Africans in America |publisher=PBS |access-date=9 September 2024}}</ref> Hu ku ya a̱kai A̱za a̱wot hu si̱ laai kuzang jen si̱ ma̱nang [[Tak Kpa̱sai Shyia̱ Sa̱t|Tak kpa̱sai shyia̱ sa̱t]] ku ntyia̱ bwak mi̱ 1863 mbwak A̱kwaka̱son A̱byin wu [[Ibrahim Li̱nkon]].<ref name="afroamhistory">{{Cite web |last=Vox |first=Lisa |date=May 2, 2025 |title=3 Major Ways Enslaved People Showed Resistance to a Life in Bondage |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/ways-slaves-showed-resistance-to-slavery-45401 |access-date=July 1, 2025 |website=[[ThoughtCo]]}}</ref> A̱niet ca̱t tyong shot ba̱ si̱ ca̱t a̱ba̱kum mumwang ba̱ nshot nat a̱si̱tet ku na byia̱ mba swat nyinying a̱ a̱ni, a̱wot ba̱ dam ku kyiak a̱ ja o ba tat a̱byin Canada.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cross|first1=L.D.|title=The Underground Railroad: The long journey to freedom in Canada|location=Toronto, ON|publisher=James Lorimer Limited, Publishers|year=2010|isbn=978-1-55277-581-3}}</ref> Vak a̱taintuut Tafaa̱byin ka kyiak neet ma̱ tyan ji á̱ nnyia̱ khwo a̱ni. Nvak na si̱ kai di si̱sak nang ndi wa a̱ni mȧ̱ng jhya mbwak a̱di̱dam a̱tyubishyi da̱ a̱ka̱cyet - a̱ka̱ghyui, The routes followed natural and man-made modes of transportation - rivers, canals, bays, ma̱ A̱talanti̱k Coast, a̱gi̱ri̱gi̱ a̱sa̱khwot ma̱ng a̱ghyui bei, vak ma̱ng a̱taintuut. A̱gaat a̱vwuo ka shyia̱ kpa̱nkpaan ma̱ a̱ka̱tyan, si̱sak nang á̱ wai teang kurum a̱ni ma̱ng a̱gi̱ga̱k swanta si̱ tyia̱i a̱niet swoot. Wuna̱lyiat hu, ku yet ta̱m si̱ [[Free Negro|nwei teang kurum]] ma̱ng a̱khwo Á̱niet A̱fi̱rika A̱merika,<ref>{{cite book|title=To Set the Captives Free. Reverend Jermain Wesley Loguen and the struggle for freedom in central New York 1835–1872|first=Carol|last=Hunter|date=December 20, 2013 |page=139|edition=2nd|publisher=Hyrax Publishing|isbn=978-1494767983}}</ref> ku beang mba mbwak a̱niet [[gbi̱ri̱m mi̱ a̱si̱ete A̱merika|gbi̱ri̱m]] ma̱ng a̱niet fwuong shok a̱gyang si̱ mi̱n a̱ khwuat [[Cung a̱yaakhwo mi̱ si̱tet a̱byin A̱merika|a̱nietca̱tshot]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|dictionary=dictionary.com|quote={{-'}}A network of houses and other places abolitionists used to help enslaved Black African Americans escape to freedom in the northern states or in Canada ... ' – ''American Heritage Dictionary''|url=https://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Underground%20Railroad|title=Underground Railroad|access-date=July 17, 2011|date=|archive-date=October 3, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003155223/https://dictionary.reference.com/browse/underground%20railroad|url-status=live}}</ref> A̱niet khwo ba nyanyan bya ku tyia̱ swuan ba ma̱ a̱bung ya̱baat ma̱ng a̱gyang ba ba̱ ku niat mba a̱ni meang ku yet a̱niet a̱ ku saai á̱ kyiak mba mȧ̱nang a̱pasenja byia̱ a̱ni ma̱ng a̱ka̱bwu mota a̱ si̱ taintuut bya, ma̱ shwoshwuon.<ref name="PBS">{{cite web| url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2944.html| publisher=Public Broadcasting Service| title=The Underground Railroad| access-date=July 25, 2007| archive-date=June 22, 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622122605/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2944.html| url-status=live}}</ref> Various other routes led to Mexico,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-03-29/underground-railroad-took-slaves-freedom-mexico|last1=Leanos|first1=Reynaldo Jr.|title=This underground railroad took slaves to freedom in Mexico, PRI's The World, Public Radio International, March 29, 2017|location=Minneapolis, MN|publisher=Public Radio International|year=2017|access-date=September 4, 2019|archive-date=October 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018081421/https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-03-29/underground-railroad-took-slaves-freedom-mexico|url-status=live}}</ref> A̱vwuo ka a̱khwo ba ku ncuyok a̱ni, ma̱ng A̱zabyin mi̱ [[kari̱bi̱ya]] ba ku yet kap a̱khwo a̱niet [[a̱bwuanng]] bah.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/sheoh017_Jones_Leesa_transcript|title=Leesa Jones Interview Transcript, 2020-01-07 [SHE.OH.017]|year=2020}}</ref> A̱wot a̱shot swak ka ku kai vak ncung kai a̱ca̱caat a̱tyin [[Panit Florida|Florida]], a̱wot [[Tyok Panit|Panit]] hu ba ku ci̱t hu (ka̱nang ndyia̱ 1763–1783), hu si̱ ya a̱son neet a̱zanson ndyia̱ 17th si̱ nang a̱tyan ndyia̱ 1790.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jiODwWs22MG9qBGQ_ZI9U-6W3s9g?docId=b67287f0636841dfbad57fb14222cd97 |title=For a century, Underground Railroad ran south |first=Bruce |last=Smith |agency=Associated Press |date=March 18, 2012 |access-date=March 23, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321073827/https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jiODwWs22MG9qBGQ_ZI9U-6W3s9g?docId=b67287f0636841dfbad57fb14222cd97 |archive-date=March 21, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Fort Moses's Call To Freedom. Florida's Little-known Underground Railroad Was the Escape Route Taken by Slaves Who Fled to the State in the 1700s and Established America's First Black Town|date=February 14, 1993|first=Stuart|last=McIver|newspaper=[[Sun-Sentinel]]|access-date=February 10, 2018|url=https://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1993-02-14/features/9301090665_1_slaves-underground-railroad-francisco-menendez/2|archive-date=February 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213021610/https://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1993-02-14/features/9301090665_1_slaves-underground-railroad-francisco-menendez/2|url-status=dead}}</ref> A̱ca̱caat njen [[Zwang A̱saibung A̱merika]], a̱niet ca̱t swat nyinyang si̱ shoot mbwak lang muna̱pyia̱ ba mi̱ A̱tyin ba ka shyia̱ swat nyinyang mba hu. A̱tyu tyan kyang a̱gyang si̱ nyia̱ dam nyia̱ tat ndyia̱ 1850, ma̱nang tyan a̱khwo 100,000 shyia̱ shot bai swat nyinyang di̱n vak ngwun.<ref name="afroamhistory" /> Da̱ hyia̱ profeso a̱ kan swak a̱ni [[Pan-A̱fi̱rika|Pan-A̱fi̱rika]] fang J. Blaine Hudson, a̱tyu a̱ ku yet dean si̱ a̱gba̱ndang a̱lifang Arts ma̱ng Tyan ma̱ [[a̱gba̱ndang a̱lifang si̱ Louisville]], ma̱ a̱ca̱caat a̱tyak nzwang A̱saibung ba, shi swak 500,000 á̱niet A̱fi̱rika A̱merika shyia̱ ka̱nka̱ra̱ng Tyok da̱nian khwo ma̱ Taintuut Tafaa̱byin. == Ya̱fang == {{Reflist|30em}} == Sources == {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite news |last=Bird |first=Tyson |date=January 28, 2021 |title=The Little Known History of Texas' Underground Railroad |url=https://texashighways.com/culture/history/the-little-known-history-of-texas-underground-railroad/ |access-date=2021-07-05 |website=Texas Highways |language=en-US |archive-date=May 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519021827/https://texashighways.com/culture/history/the-little-known-history-of-texas-underground-railroad/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite book|title=Passages to Freedom: The Underground Railroad in History and Memory|date=2004|publisher=Smithsonian Books|isbn=1-58834-157-7|editor=Blight, David W.|editor-link=David W. Blight|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/passagestofreedo0000unse}} * {{cite book|last=Bordewich|first= Fergus M.|author-link=Fergus Bordewich|title=Bound for Canaan: The Underground Railroad and the War for the Soul of America|date=2005|publisher=Harper Collins|isbn=0-06-052430-8|url=https://archive.org/details/boundforcanaanun00bord}} * {{cite book|first=William W.|last=Brown|author-link=William Wells Brown|title=Narrative of William W. Brown, a fugitive slave|location=Boston|year=1848|edition=2nd|publisher=The Anti-slavery Office|url=https://archive.org/details/ASPC0001881300/page/n1/mode/1up}} * {{Cite news |last=Burnett |first=John |date=February 28, 2021 |title=A Chapter In U.S. History Often Ignored: The Flight Of Runaway Slaves To Mexico |language=en |work=Georgia Public Broadcasting |url=https://www.gpb.org/news/2021/02/28/chapter-in-us-history-often-ignored-the-flight-of-runaway-slaves-mexico |access-date=2021-07-08 |archive-date=July 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709195907/https://www.gpb.org/news/2021/02/28/chapter-in-us-history-often-ignored-the-flight-of-runaway-slaves-mexico |url-status=live}} (heard on ''[[All Things Considered]]'') * {{cite book|last=Calarco|first=Tom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RyEoBnpKYygC|title=People of the Underground Railroad: A Biographical Dictionary|date=2008|publisher=[[Greenwood Press]]|isbn=978-0313339240|location=[[Westport, Connecticut|Westport]], Connecticut|access-date=June 23, 2020|archive-date=July 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729123339/https://books.google.com/books?id=RyEoBnpKYygC|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|last1=Calarco|first1=Tom |author1-mask=1|last2=Vogel|first2=Cynthia|last3=Grover|first3=Kathryn|last4=Hallstrom|first4=Rae|last5=Pope|first5=Sharron L.|last6=Waddy-Thibodeaux|first6=Melissa|date=2011|title=Places of the Underground Railroad: A Geographical Guide|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury Academic]]|doi=10.5040/9798400697135|isbn=978-0313381461}} * {{cite book|title=Traveling the Underground Railroad: A Visitor's Guide to More Than 300 Sites|date=2000|publisher=Citadel Press|isbn=0-8065-2093-0|last=Chadwick |first= Bruce|url=https://archive.org/details/travelingundergr00chad}} * {{Cite news |last=Contreras |first=Russell |date=September 16, 2020a|title=Story of the Underground Railroad to Mexico gains attention |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/story-of-the-underground-railroad-to-mexico-gains-attention/2020/09/16/2db8daa8-f82f-11ea-85f7-5941188a98cd_story.html |access-date=2021-07-07 |issn=0190-8286}} * {{cite news |last=Contreras |first=Russell|author-mask=1|date=September 17, 2020b|title=Story of the Underground Railroad to Mexico gains attention |language=en-US |work=Sentinel Colorado |url=https://sentinelcolorado.com/uncategorized/story-of-the-underground-railroad-to-mexico-gains-attention/ |access-date=2021-07-03 |archive-date=July 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183145/https://sentinelcolorado.com/uncategorized/story-of-the-underground-railroad-to-mexico-gains-attention/ |url-status=live}} * {{Cite news |last=Crable |first=Margaret |date=February 1, 2021 |title=USC Dornsife historian uncovers the Underground Railroad that ran to Mexico > News > USC Dornsife |url=https://dornsifelive.usc.edu/news/stories/3393/slaves-escape-via-underground-railroad-to-mexico/ |access-date=2021-07-05 |website=Dornsife, University of Southern California |language=en |archive-date=July 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185029/https://dornsifelive.usc.edu/news/stories/3393/slaves-escape-via-underground-railroad-to-mexico/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last=Foner |first=Eric |author-link=Eric Foner |title=Gateway to Freedom: The Hidden History of the Underground Railroad |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. |year=2015 |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/gatewaytofreedom0000fone_a5t8/page/6/mode/2up |isbn=978-0-393-35219-1}} * {{cite book|last=Forbes|first=Ella|year=1998|title=But We Have No Country: The 1851 Christiana Pennsylvania Resistance|publisher=Africana Homestead Legacy Publishers|isbn=978-0965330817}} * {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ivegothomeinglor00smar|url-access=registration|title=I've Got a Home in Glory Land: A Lost Tale of the Underground Railroad|last2=Osei|first2=Kwasi|publisher=Farrar, Straus & Giroux|year=2007|isbn=978-0-374-16481-2|first1=Karolyn Smardz|last1=Frost}} * {{cite book |last=Griffler |first=Keith P. |year=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xLKGinEZxygC |title=Front Line of Freedom: African Americans and the Forging of the Underground Railroad in the Ohio Valley |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |isbn=0-8131-2298-8 |access-date=November 20, 2015 |archive-date=July 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709150206/https://books.google.com/books?id=xLKGinEZxygC |url-status=live }} * {{cite book|title=Beyond the River: The Untold Story of the Heroes of the Underground Railroad|date=2004|publisher= Simon & Schuster|isbn=0-684-87066-5|last=Hagedorn|first=Ann }} * {{cite book |title=Fleeing for Freedom: Stories of the Underground Railroad As Told by Levi Coffin and William Still |date=2003 |publisher=Ivan R. Dee Publisher |isbn=1-56663-546-2 |last1=Hendrick |first1=George |last2=Hendrick |first2=Willene |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/fleeingforfreedo00geor }} * {{citation |last1=Hendrick |author1-mask=1|first1=George |last2=Hendrick |first2=Willene |author2-mask=1|title =Black refugees in Canada: accounts of escape during the era of slavery |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=AoFl4pNZzNgC |year =2010|publisher =McFarland & Co |isbn =9780786447336 |access-date =November 20, 2015 |archive-date =July 9, 2020 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200709145147/https://books.google.com/books?id=AoFl4pNZzNgC |url-status =live }} * {{cite book|last=Hudson |first=J. Blaine|title=Fugitive Slaves and the Underground Railroad in the Kentucky Borderland|date=2002|publisher=McFarland & Company|isbn=0-7864-1345-X|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/fugitiveslavesun0000huds}} * {{cite book |last=Hudson |first=J. Blaine|author-mask= 1|title=Encyclopedia of the Underground Railroad |date=January 9, 2015|publisher=McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers |isbn=9781476602301 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AKRI-GNca6oC |access-date=May 28, 2021 |archive-date=April 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425214455/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Encyclopedia_of_the_Underground_Railroad/AKRI-GNca6oC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Maroon |url-status=live}} * {{cite book|title=Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance|date=2014|publisher= University of Illinois Press|location= Urbana, Illinois|last=LaRoche|first=Cheryl Janifer}} * {{Cite news |date=October 25, 2018 |first=Becky |last=Little |title=Forgotten History: Mexico accepted slave migrants fleeing the U.S. |language=en-US |work=Vallarta Daily News |url=https://www.vallartadaily.com/forgotten-history-mexico-accepted-slave-migrants-fleeing-the-u-s/ |access-date=2021-07-08 |archive-date=July 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185257/https://www.vallartadaily.com/forgotten-history-mexico-accepted-slave-migrants-fleeing-the-u-s/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last=Little |first=Becky |author-mask=1|title=The Little-Known Underground Railroad That Ran South to Mexico |url=https://www.history.com/news/underground-railroad-mexico-escaped-slaves |access-date=2021-07-03 |website=HISTORY |date=January 29, 2021 |language=en |archive-date=July 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182027/https://www.history.com/news/underground-railroad-mexico-escaped-slaves |url-status=live }} * {{cite book|last=Potter|first= David M.|author-link=David M. Potter|title=The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861|url=https://archive.org/details/impendingcrisis00pott|url-access=registration|date=1976|isbn=0-06-131929-5|publisher=Harper & Row}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/underground/opugrr.htm|title=Operating the Underground Railroad|website=[[National Park Service]]|access-date=January 29, 2007|archive-date=December 26, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226091541/https://cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/underground/opugrr.htm|url-status=dead}} * {{cite news|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2944.html|title=Part 4: 1831–1865 Narrative, The Underground Railroad|work=Africans in America c. 1780–1862: Judgment Day|publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]|access-date=September 17, 2017|archive-date=June 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622122605/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2944.html|url-status=live}} {{Refend}} ==A̱son fang== * {{cite book|last=Blackett|first=R.J.M.| date=2013 |title=Making Freedom: The Underground Railroad and the Politics of Slavery|location=Chapel Hill|publisher= [[University of North Carolina Press]]|isbn=978-1-4696-0877-8}} * {{cite book|last=Bolton|first=S. Charles| date=2019|title=Fugitivism: Escaping Slavery in the Lower Mississippi Valley, 1820–1860|publisher=[[University of Arkansas Press]]|isbn=9781682260999}} * {{cite book|last=Clifford Larson|first=Kate |date=2004|title=Bound For the Promised Land: Harriet Tubman, Portrait of an American Hero|location= New York|publisher= Ballantine Books|isbn= 0-345-45627-0|author-link=Kate Larson (historian)}} * {{cite book |url=https://www.shockfamily.net/underground/index.html |title=Stories of the Underground Railroad |date=1941 |last=Curtis|first=Anna L. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331000922/https://www.shockfamily.net/underground/index.html |archive-date=March 31, 2012 }} (Stories about Thomas Garrett, a famous agent on the Underground Railroad) * {{cite book |last=Diemer |first=Andrew K.|title=Vigilance: The Life of William Still, Father of the Underground Railroad |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |year=2022 |isbn=9780593534380}} * {{cite book |title=I've Got a Home in Glory Land: A Lost Tale of the Underground Railroad|url=https://archive.org/details/ivegothomeinglor00smar|url-access=registration|first1=Karolyn Smardz |last1=Frost |place=New York |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |year=2007|isbn = 9780374531256}} * {{cite interview|last= Jones|first= Leesa Bailey|interviewer= Brooks, Ellen|title= Leesa Jones Interview|work= State Archives of North Carolina (Oral History)|date= January 7, 2020|location= Washington, N.C|url= https://digital.ncdcr.gov/digital/collection/p16062coll48/id/3/rec/1|access-date= February 27, 2021|archive-date= April 15, 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210415025538/https://digital.ncdcr.gov/digital/collection/p16062coll48/id/3/rec/1|url-status= dead}} * {{cite book|title=The Underground Railroad: A Record of Facts, Authentic Narratives, Letters, &c., Narrating the Hardships, Hair-Breadth Escapes and Death Struggles of the Slaves in Their Efforts for Freedom, As Related by Themselves and Others, or Witnessed by the Author|url=https://archive.org/details/undergroundrailr00lcstil|last=Still|first= William|author-link=William Still|location=Philadelphia |date= 1872|publisher=Porter & Coates}} (Classic book documenting the Underground Railroad operations in Philadelphia). ** {{cite book|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/15263 | title=Public domain ebook at Project Gutenberg}} ** {{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/DKC0088/page/n5 | title=Book at Internet Archive| date=1872}} ** {{librivox book | title=The Underground Railroad | author=William Still}} <!-- author: template extracts the last word in the name only --> * {{cite book|last=Strother|first=Horatio T.|date=1962|title=The Underground Railroad in Connecticut|publisher=[[Wesleyan University Press]]|isbn=9780819560124}} * {{cite book|last= Turner|first=Glennette Tilley|date=2001|title=The Underground Railroad in Illinois|publisher=Newman Educational Pub.|isbn=978-0938990055}} * {{cite book|editor-last= Walker|editor-first=Timothy Dale|date=2021|title=Sailing to Freedom: Maritime Dimensions of the Underground Railroad|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|isbn=978-1625345936}} * {{cite book|last=Whitehead|first=Colson|author-link=Colson Whitehead|date=2016|title=[[The Underground Railroad (novel)|The Underground Railroad]]|publisher=[[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]|isbn=978-0-385-54236-4}}; winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 2017 for its poetical, mythical reflection on the meaning of the Railroad in American history. ===Folklore and myth=== * {{cite web |url= https://www.historyofquilts.com/underground-railroad.html |website= historyofquilts.com |title= Documentary Evidence is Missing on Underground Railroad Quilts |access-date= December 15, 2004 |archive-date= May 14, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110514184559/https://www.historyofquilts.com/underground-railroad.html |url-status= dead }} * {{cite web|url=https://historiccamdencounty.com/ccnews11.shtml |website=Historic Camden County|title=New Jersey's Underground Railroad Myth-Buster: Giles Wright is on a Mission to Fine Tune Black History}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.quilthistory.com/ugrrquilts.htm|website=quilthistory.com|title=Putting it in Perspective: The Symbolism of Underground Railroad quilts|access-date=December 15, 2004|archive-date=February 4, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204013739/https://www.quilthistory.com/ugrrquilts.htm|url-status=dead}} * {{cite web|website=Womenfolk.com|url=https://www.womenfolk.com/quilting_history/abolitionist.htm|title=Underground Railroad Quilts & Abolitionist Fairs|access-date=December 15, 2004|archive-date=October 11, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011102719/https://www.womenfolk.com/quilting_history/abolitionist.htm|url-status=dead}} ==A̱ka̱fwuop nta== {{sisterlinks|d=Q868393|c=Category:Underground Railroad|n=no|q=no|b=no|v=no|voy=Underground Railroad|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} {{Library resources box|onlinebooks=yes|label=the Underground Railroad}} * [https://www.nps.gov/subjects/undergroundrailroad/index.htm Underground Railroad] – National Park Service (di̱n Shong) ** [https://www.nps.gov/subjects/undergroundrailroad/language-of-slavery.htm/index.htm Underground Railroad: Language of Slavery] * [https://www.antislaverystudies.org Underground Railroad Studies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211082937/https://antislaverystudies.org/ |date=2025-02-11 }} * [https://www.fergusbordewich.com/underground-railroad-timeline.html Underground Railroad Timeline] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250525170128/http://www.fergusbordewich.com/underground-railroad-timeline.html |date=2025-05-25 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060715052736/https://www.fourr.org/ Friends of the Underground Railroad] * [https://www.freedomcenter.org National Underground Railroad Freedom Center] * {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190515073420/https://www.ugrri.org/ Underground Railroad Research Institute at Georgetown College]}} * [https://www.worldcat.org/profiles/BECHS/lists/651523?view=&count=100&se=ts&sd=asc&qt=sort_ts_asc%20target= Underground Railroad in Buffalo and Upstate New York]: A bibliography by The [[Buffalo History Museum]] * [https://www.newspapers.com/topics/civil-war/underground-railroad/ Newspaper articles and clippings about the Underground Railroad at Newspapers.com] [[Sa:Underground Railroad| ]] [[Sa:18th-century establishments in the United States]] [[Sa:1865 disestablishments in the United States]] [[Sa:Abolitionism in the United States]] [[Sa:Secret places in the United States]] [[Sa:Events of National Historic Significance (Canada)]] [[Sa:Fugitive American slaves]] [[Sa:British North America]] g286cf4fjmpwhtu0ltg4lswoctv9zom 0 6378 43599 37442 2026-05-29T22:13:40Z Danjuma Anthony 411 /* */ 43599 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[A̱gwaza/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[A̱gwaza/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[A̱gwazi̱/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[A̱gwazai/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[A̱gwaza/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[A̱gwazai̱/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} '''Team ma̱t khwo''' wa yet lak kurum, kan byan sheri̱ya, lap-a̱nu á̱niet ma̱ng a̱tan vak a̱ na vwuong á̱ mbwuot ma̱ khwo a̱ni. Bwoi a̱bun a̱khwo si̱ ngyet khwo tashikum ku khwo ku naat a̱ mbwut mi̱ ndyia̱ 21st nyia̱ a̱ ni. A̱tan a̱ghyang da̱nian khwo njhyang na swak a̱ni ma̱ mam ndyia̱ 18th. ==Muna̱pyia== Mundundung a̱tung swanta mat Teang Khwo 60/147 kuyet fak jhya nyiap kurum hwa da̱nian teang titeang mat khwo mun ma̱ bwuot dyo ma̱ng fak kunak.<ref name="e910">{{cite web | title=Reparations | website=OHCHR | date=15 December 2020 | url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/transitional-justice/reparations | access-date=31 May 2025}}</ref> ==Vwuon== ''Teang mat khwo'' kyiak nfa ma di̱di̱t, mun mai a̱ghyi ma̱ ghyi nang ta̱ngkai a̱yin a̱nyin a̱ni [[kurum]] teang;[[tana̱lahyia̱ (kpa̱ta̱la kurum)|teanga̱lahyia̱]]; [[fangdi̱mi̱nwaitan|fangdi̱mi̱nwaiteang]] ma̱ng zákwa nfang jhyang; yet a̱tan zágwa á̱ ka jhya lakli a̱gyang; ku a̱byin-swat ka tei tak tyok mundundung a̱ni. Ta̱ngkai vwuon seang njhyang mun kwokntong ma̱ng tak a̱gwai da̱nien wai teanga̱lahyia̱ ka;<ref name="UMass Reparations Article">{{cite web |url=https://guides.library.umass.edu/reparations |title=An Historical Timeline of Reparations Payments Made From 1783 through 2020 by the United States Government, States, Cities, Religious Institutions, Colleges and Universities, and Corporations |first=Allen |last=Davis |publisher=University of Massachusetts Amherst |access-date=July 12, 2020 |date=May 11, 2020}}</ref> ma̱nang á̱ ku nturung nkyang jhyung na̱ ma̱ng tei lilyoot nvak fai ku nwuak á̱khwo ba dyep ma̱ng a̱tyu a̱ cok khwo hu a̱ni; ku tin a̱lyoot nok li̱lyim a̱khwu a̱gyang ku a̱gyanga̱niet a̱ byia̱ vak mun ma̱ng a̱tyu a̱ na lyang a̱ni.<ref name="Black Asheville Demands">{{cite web |website=Black Asheville Demands (BAD)|title= Reparations Section |url=https://www.blackavldemands.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615185752/https://www.blackavldemands.org/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=15 June 2020 |access-date=July 12, 2020 |date=June 26, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Confederate monuments in downtown Asheville removed or covered|url=https://wlos.com/news/local/vance-monument-robert-e-lee-confederate-monuments-downtown-asheville-removed-covered |date=July 10, 2020 |access-date=July 12, 2020 |first1=Kristy |last1=Kepley-Steward |first2=Stephanie |last2=Santostasi |website=wlos.com}}</ref> [[Beang ya A̱son]] á̱ mun ndung á̱ si̱ fang da̱nian a̱tan bah.<ref name="u881"/> A̱lyiat a̱ka̱kurum njhyang á̱ na fang a̱wot á̱ shyia̱ kyang bah, a̱wot si̱ nat ma̱ a̱nak ka ma̱nang teang da̱nian a̱ka̱wat a̱khwo ba bai [[a̱mali|a̱cecet ma̱ng a̱tyu a̱byin]] ma̱ a̱byin byin ang ka̱fin [[a̱khwo]] ma̱ng "bai ma̱ a̱tyiak da̱nian kwai a̱fwuo a̱niet māng vak nkyangyak".<ref name="u881">{{cite journal | last=Andrews | first=Kehinde | title=The Knife is Still in Our Backs: Reparations Washing and the Limits of Reparatory Justice Campaigns | journal=Development and Change | publisher=Wiley | volume=55 | issue=4 | year=2024 | issn=0012-155X | doi=10.1111/dech.12848 | doi-access=free | pages=628–650}}</ref> == Ya̱fang == {{Reflist}} ==Kyang A̱tuasa== * ''[https://policy.m4bl.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Reparations-Now-Toolkit-FINAL.pdf Reparations Now Toolkit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015100013/https://policy.m4bl.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Reparations-Now-Toolkit-FINAL.pdf |date=15 October 2019 }}'', Movement for Black Lives, 2019. * ''[http://www.c-span.org/person/?richardamerica The Case for Black Reparations]'', Richard F. America, C-SPAN video of the TransAfrica Forum, 11 January 2000. * ''[https://www.npr.org/programs/specials/racism/010827.reparations.html Making Amends: Debate Continues Over Reparations for U.S. Slavery]'', National Public Radio, August 27, 2001. *[http://www.zinnedproject.org/news/reparations-and-climate-justice/ Reparations and Climate Justice] (w/ Olúfẹ́mi O. Táíwò), part of the Teach the Black Freedom Struggle online series. * [https://caricomreparations.org/ Caribbean Reparations Commission] [[Sa:Reparations for slavery| ]] 8qb2sy1kcykn113dt55rcdcrsl5btr1 43600 43599 2026-05-29T22:14:22Z Danjuma Anthony 411 /* */ 43600 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[Teang mat khwo/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[Teang mat khwo/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[Teang mat khwo/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[Teang mat khwo/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[Teang mat khwo/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[Teang mat khwo/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} '''Team ma̱t khwo''' wa yet lak kurum, kan byan sheri̱ya, lap-a̱nu á̱niet ma̱ng a̱tan vak a̱ na vwuong á̱ mbwuot ma̱ khwo a̱ni. Bwoi a̱bun a̱khwo si̱ ngyet khwo tashikum ku khwo ku naat a̱ mbwut mi̱ ndyia̱ 21st nyia̱ a̱ ni. A̱tan a̱ghyang da̱nian khwo njhyang na swak a̱ni ma̱ mam ndyia̱ 18th. ==Muna̱pyia== Mundundung a̱tung swanta mat Teang Khwo 60/147 kuyet fak jhya nyiap kurum hwa da̱nian teang titeang mat khwo mun ma̱ bwuot dyo ma̱ng fak kunak.<ref name="e910">{{cite web | title=Reparations | website=OHCHR | date=15 December 2020 | url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/transitional-justice/reparations | access-date=31 May 2025}}</ref> ==Vwuon== ''Teang mat khwo'' kyiak nfa ma di̱di̱t, mun mai a̱ghyi ma̱ ghyi nang ta̱ngkai a̱yin a̱nyin a̱ni [[kurum]] teang;[[tana̱lahyia̱ (kpa̱ta̱la kurum)|teanga̱lahyia̱]]; [[fangdi̱mi̱nwaitan|fangdi̱mi̱nwaiteang]] ma̱ng zákwa nfang jhyang; yet a̱tan zágwa á̱ ka jhya lakli a̱gyang; ku a̱byin-swat ka tei tak tyok mundundung a̱ni. Ta̱ngkai vwuon seang njhyang mun kwokntong ma̱ng tak a̱gwai da̱nien wai teanga̱lahyia̱ ka;<ref name="UMass Reparations Article">{{cite web |url=https://guides.library.umass.edu/reparations |title=An Historical Timeline of Reparations Payments Made From 1783 through 2020 by the United States Government, States, Cities, Religious Institutions, Colleges and Universities, and Corporations |first=Allen |last=Davis |publisher=University of Massachusetts Amherst |access-date=July 12, 2020 |date=May 11, 2020}}</ref> ma̱nang á̱ ku nturung nkyang jhyung na̱ ma̱ng tei lilyoot nvak fai ku nwuak á̱khwo ba dyep ma̱ng a̱tyu a̱ cok khwo hu a̱ni; ku tin a̱lyoot nok li̱lyim a̱khwu a̱gyang ku a̱gyanga̱niet a̱ byia̱ vak mun ma̱ng a̱tyu a̱ na lyang a̱ni.<ref name="Black Asheville Demands">{{cite web |website=Black Asheville Demands (BAD)|title= Reparations Section |url=https://www.blackavldemands.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615185752/https://www.blackavldemands.org/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=15 June 2020 |access-date=July 12, 2020 |date=June 26, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Confederate monuments in downtown Asheville removed or covered|url=https://wlos.com/news/local/vance-monument-robert-e-lee-confederate-monuments-downtown-asheville-removed-covered |date=July 10, 2020 |access-date=July 12, 2020 |first1=Kristy |last1=Kepley-Steward |first2=Stephanie |last2=Santostasi |website=wlos.com}}</ref> [[Beang ya A̱son]] á̱ mun ndung á̱ si̱ fang da̱nian a̱tan bah.<ref name="u881"/> A̱lyiat a̱ka̱kurum njhyang á̱ na fang a̱wot á̱ shyia̱ kyang bah, a̱wot si̱ nat ma̱ a̱nak ka ma̱nang teang da̱nian a̱ka̱wat a̱khwo ba bai [[a̱mali|a̱cecet ma̱ng a̱tyu a̱byin]] ma̱ a̱byin byin ang ka̱fin [[a̱khwo]] ma̱ng "bai ma̱ a̱tyiak da̱nian kwai a̱fwuo a̱niet māng vak nkyangyak".<ref name="u881">{{cite journal | last=Andrews | first=Kehinde | title=The Knife is Still in Our Backs: Reparations Washing and the Limits of Reparatory Justice Campaigns | journal=Development and Change | publisher=Wiley | volume=55 | issue=4 | year=2024 | issn=0012-155X | doi=10.1111/dech.12848 | doi-access=free | pages=628–650}}</ref> == Ya̱fang == {{Reflist}} ==Kyang A̱tuasa== * ''[https://policy.m4bl.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Reparations-Now-Toolkit-FINAL.pdf Reparations Now Toolkit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015100013/https://policy.m4bl.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Reparations-Now-Toolkit-FINAL.pdf |date=15 October 2019 }}'', Movement for Black Lives, 2019. * ''[http://www.c-span.org/person/?richardamerica The Case for Black Reparations]'', Richard F. America, C-SPAN video of the TransAfrica Forum, 11 January 2000. * ''[https://www.npr.org/programs/specials/racism/010827.reparations.html Making Amends: Debate Continues Over Reparations for U.S. Slavery]'', National Public Radio, August 27, 2001. *[http://www.zinnedproject.org/news/reparations-and-climate-justice/ Reparations and Climate Justice] (w/ Olúfẹ́mi O. Táíwò), part of the Teach the Black Freedom Struggle online series. * [https://caricomreparations.org/ Caribbean Reparations Commission] [[Sa:Reparations for slavery| ]] 67xk57mgqpznkxiocbmnjb503bs4lt4 0 6380 43593 38141 2026-05-29T22:06:14Z Danjuma Anthony 411 /* */ 43593 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[A̱gwaza/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[A̱gwaza/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[A̱gwazi̱/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[A̱gwazai/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[A̱gwaza/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[A̱gwazai̱/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} {{Short description|American organization established in 1987}}<ref name=WSJ>{{cite news|title=The Long History of American Slavery Reparations: From the colonial era to today, the bitter legacy of bondage and racial oppression has sparked demands for compensation, with some successes and many broken promises|first=Manisha|last=Sinha|date=September 20, 2019|work=[[Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-long-history-of-american-slavery-reparations-11568991623}}</ref> | founders = [[Imari Obadele]] and [[Chokwe Lumumba]] | leader_title = National Co-Chair | leader_name = Kamm Howard<ref name=MI>{{cite news|title=Reparations for Black Americans seeing unprecedented national support, advocates say: As Juneteenth nears, civil rights groups call on president to sign executive order to begin reparations process|first=REBECCA|last=RIVAS|date=June 17, 2022|url=https://missouriindependent.com/2022/06/17/reparations-for-black-americans-seeing-unprecedented-national-support-advocates-say/|work=[[Missouri Independent]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Jewish and Japanese American groups among growing multiracial effort calling for reparations for Black Americans|first=Maya|last=Brown|work=[[CNN]]|date=February 26, 2022|url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/26/us/reparations-jewish-japanese-black-americans-support/index.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A price tag on trauma? College town weighs Black reparations|first=PHILIP|last=MARCELO|date=March 10, 2021|work=[[Associated Press]]|url=https://apnews.com/article/race-and-ethnicity-massachusetts-c54f6419bf59017ab28956d35981a55e}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|title=NEWS & POLITICS: SAN FRANCISCO BOARD APPROVES $5 MILLION REPARATION PAYMENTS FOR BLACK RESIDENTS|first=Rashad|last=Grove | date=March 16, 2023|work=[[Ebony (magazine)|Ebony]]|url=https://www.ebony.com/san-francisco-board-approves-5-million-reparation-payments/}}</ref> <!-- | location_city = [[Washington, D.C.]] --> | location_country = U.S. | website = {{URL|https://www.officialncobraonline.org}} '''Tungmbwak A̱dyundyung a̱kunkwa mat Teang mi̱ Ameri̱ka''' ('''N'COBRA''') ba̱ yet sot beang ba̱ nwuat a̱di̱dam a̱ si̱ si̱sa shyia̱t vak shyia̱ kurum da̱nian zuri̱ya á̱khwo ba kan swak a̱ni mi̱ si̱set A̱merika.<ref name=NYTimes19940721>{{cite news|title=Blacks Press the Case for Reparations for Slavery|first=Lena|last=Williams|date=July 21, 1994|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/21/us/blacks-press-the-case-for-reparations-for-slavery.html}}</ref><ref name=NYTimes20010604 /><ref>{{cite news|title=What to know about calls for reparations for Britain's legacy of slavery in the Caribbean|date=September 16, 2022|publisher=[[PBS]]|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/what-to-know-about-calls-for-reparations-for-britains-legacy-of-slavery-in-the-caribbean|first1=Kenichi|last1=Serino|first2=Justin|last2=Stabley}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=How Chicago Became the First City to Make Reparations to Victims of Police Violence: The ordinance provides a meaningful model for creating reparations at the local level|first1=SARAH|last1=MACARAEG|first2=YANA|last2=KUNICHOFF|date=March 21, 2017|work=[[Yes! (U.S. magazine)|Yes!]]|url=https://www.yesmagazine.org/issue/science/2017/03/21/how-chicago-became-the-first-city-to-make-reparations-to-victims-of-police-violence}}</ref>. == Nkhyang == Tungmbwak A̱dyundyung A̱kunkwa mat Teang mi̱ A̱merika á̱ ku shyia̱ nhu a̱tuk 26 Zwat A̱kubunyiung, ndyia̱ 1987,<ref name=NCOBRAwebsite>{{cite web|title=What is N'COBRA?|url=https://ncobra.org/aboutus/index.html|publisher=National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations in America|website=ncobra.org|access-date=February 26, 2023|archive-date=May 24, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250524164501/https://ncobra.org/aboutus/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> da̱nian á̱ ka nseang nkhyang a̱wot á̱ bu mbeang a̱junjung-a̱ka̱ya shyiat [[Teang Kurum mat Khwo mi̱ Muná̱pyia̱ Sí̱tet A̱merika|Teang Kurum mat Khwo mi̱ Muná̱pyia̱ Sí̱tet A̱merika]] .<ref>{{cite magazine|title=The Case for Reparations|first=Ta-Nehisi|last=Coates|author-link= Ta-Nehisi Coates|work=[[The Atlantic]]|date=June 2014|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/the-case-for-reparations/361631/|quote=In the 20th century, the cause of reparations was taken up by a diverse cast that included the Confederate veteran Walter R. Vaughan, who believed that reparations would be a stimulus for the South; the black activist Callie House; black-nationalist leaders like “Queen Mother” Audley Moore; and the civil-rights activist James Forman. The movement coalesced in 1987 under an umbrella organization called the National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations in America (N'COBRA).}}</ref> A̱tyu shyia̱ N’COBRA si̱sak [[Imari Obadele]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Imari Obadele, Who Fought for Reparations, Dies at 79|first=Douglas|last=Martin|date=February 5, 2010|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/06/us/06obadele.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=In the News: Mayor Sarno, Representative Williams and Officials Celebrate 37th Annual Black American Heritage with Special Flag Raising Ceremony|date=February 1, 2023 |url=https://www.springfield-ma.gov/cos/news-story?tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=16140&cHash=a1eb084222797553936bc545ec5d1158|publisher=City of Springfield, Massachusetts|website=springfield-ma.gov}}</ref> ma̱ng [[Chokwe Lumumba]];<ref>{{cite book|last=Winbush|first=Raymond|title=Should America Pay?: Slavery and the Raging Debate on Reparations.|location=New York, NY|publisher= HarperCollins|date=2010}}</ref> á̱gyang ba̱ mi̱n a̱ shyiat a̱ni mun ma̱ [[National Conference of Black Lawyers|A̱tung Swanta Á̱nietfaka̱lyiat Ǡdyundyung nkwa]], Sot á̱niet A̱fi̱rika a̱fai Afrikan, ma̱ng [[Republic of New Afrika|Repubi̱lik a̱fai si̱ A̱fi̱rika]].<ref name=NCOBRAwebsite /> Mi̱ ndyia̱ 1994, N'COBRA á̱ ku ba̱ng a̱tungswanta tung a̱memba mi̱ Deti̱rot. A̱tyunyiung ma̱ á̱niet a̱lyiat ba ku yet [[A̱gwam A̱byii̱k Audley Moore ma̱ng Jhya Kau A̱guguut A̱fi̱rika|A̱gwam A̱byii̱k]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Queen Mother Moore, 98, Harlem Rights Leader, Dies|first=Eric|last=Pace|date=May 7, 1997|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/07/nyregion/queen-mother-moore-98-harlem-rights-leader-dies.html}}</ref> a̱tyu a ku shyia̱ Repubi̱lik A̱fai A̱fi̱rika a̱ni. == Ya̱fang == {{Reflist}} == Kyang a̱tausa== * {{official website|https://www.officialncobraonline.org}} * [https://www.officialncobraonline.org/legacy-site N'COBRA legacy site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704070956/https://www.officialncobraonline.org/legacy-site |date=2025-07-04 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:National Coalition for Reparations in America}} [[Sa:African-American organizations]] [[Sa:American reparationists]] [[Sa:Organizations established in 1987]] [[Sa:Reparations for slavery in the United States]] 207tlu7zmig3n68z67pgpwlolu61jdb 43594 43593 2026-05-29T22:07:49Z Danjuma Anthony 411 /* */ 43594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[Tungmbwak A̱dyundyung A̱kunkwa mat Teang mi̱ A̱merika/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[Tungmbwak A̱dyundyung A̱kunkwa mat Teang mi̱ A̱merika/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[Tungmbwak A̱dyundyung A̱kunkwa mat Teang mi̱ A̱merika/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[Tungmbwak A̱dyundyung A̱kunkwa mat Teang mi̱ A̱merika/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[Tungmbwak A̱dyundyung A̱kunkwa mat Teang mi̱ A̱merika/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[Tungmbwak A̱dyundyung A̱kunkwa mat Teang mi̱ A̱merika/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} {{Short description|American organization established in 1987}}<ref name=WSJ>{{cite news|title=The Long History of American Slavery Reparations: From the colonial era to today, the bitter legacy of bondage and racial oppression has sparked demands for compensation, with some successes and many broken promises|first=Manisha|last=Sinha|date=September 20, 2019|work=[[Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-long-history-of-american-slavery-reparations-11568991623}}</ref> | founders = [[Imari Obadele]] and [[Chokwe Lumumba]] | leader_title = National Co-Chair | leader_name = Kamm Howard<ref name=MI>{{cite news|title=Reparations for Black Americans seeing unprecedented national support, advocates say: As Juneteenth nears, civil rights groups call on president to sign executive order to begin reparations process|first=REBECCA|last=RIVAS|date=June 17, 2022|url=https://missouriindependent.com/2022/06/17/reparations-for-black-americans-seeing-unprecedented-national-support-advocates-say/|work=[[Missouri Independent]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Jewish and Japanese American groups among growing multiracial effort calling for reparations for Black Americans|first=Maya|last=Brown|work=[[CNN]]|date=February 26, 2022|url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/26/us/reparations-jewish-japanese-black-americans-support/index.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A price tag on trauma? College town weighs Black reparations|first=PHILIP|last=MARCELO|date=March 10, 2021|work=[[Associated Press]]|url=https://apnews.com/article/race-and-ethnicity-massachusetts-c54f6419bf59017ab28956d35981a55e}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|title=NEWS & POLITICS: SAN FRANCISCO BOARD APPROVES $5 MILLION REPARATION PAYMENTS FOR BLACK RESIDENTS|first=Rashad|last=Grove | date=March 16, 2023|work=[[Ebony (magazine)|Ebony]]|url=https://www.ebony.com/san-francisco-board-approves-5-million-reparation-payments/}}</ref> <!-- | location_city = [[Washington, D.C.]] --> | location_country = U.S. | website = {{URL|https://www.officialncobraonline.org}} '''Tungmbwak A̱dyundyung a̱kunkwa mat Teang mi̱ Ameri̱ka''' ('''N'COBRA''') ba̱ yet sot beang ba̱ nwuat a̱di̱dam a̱ si̱ si̱sa shyia̱t vak shyia̱ kurum da̱nian zuri̱ya á̱khwo ba kan swak a̱ni mi̱ si̱set A̱merika.<ref name=NYTimes19940721>{{cite news|title=Blacks Press the Case for Reparations for Slavery|first=Lena|last=Williams|date=July 21, 1994|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/21/us/blacks-press-the-case-for-reparations-for-slavery.html}}</ref><ref name=NYTimes20010604 /><ref>{{cite news|title=What to know about calls for reparations for Britain's legacy of slavery in the Caribbean|date=September 16, 2022|publisher=[[PBS]]|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/what-to-know-about-calls-for-reparations-for-britains-legacy-of-slavery-in-the-caribbean|first1=Kenichi|last1=Serino|first2=Justin|last2=Stabley}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=How Chicago Became the First City to Make Reparations to Victims of Police Violence: The ordinance provides a meaningful model for creating reparations at the local level|first1=SARAH|last1=MACARAEG|first2=YANA|last2=KUNICHOFF|date=March 21, 2017|work=[[Yes! (U.S. magazine)|Yes!]]|url=https://www.yesmagazine.org/issue/science/2017/03/21/how-chicago-became-the-first-city-to-make-reparations-to-victims-of-police-violence}}</ref>. == Nkhyang == Tungmbwak A̱dyundyung A̱kunkwa mat Teang mi̱ A̱merika á̱ ku shyia̱ nhu a̱tuk 26 Zwat A̱kubunyiung, ndyia̱ 1987,<ref name=NCOBRAwebsite>{{cite web|title=What is N'COBRA?|url=https://ncobra.org/aboutus/index.html|publisher=National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations in America|website=ncobra.org|access-date=February 26, 2023|archive-date=May 24, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250524164501/https://ncobra.org/aboutus/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> da̱nian á̱ ka nseang nkhyang a̱wot á̱ bu mbeang a̱junjung-a̱ka̱ya shyiat [[Teang Kurum mat Khwo mi̱ Muná̱pyia̱ Sí̱tet A̱merika|Teang Kurum mat Khwo mi̱ Muná̱pyia̱ Sí̱tet A̱merika]] .<ref>{{cite magazine|title=The Case for Reparations|first=Ta-Nehisi|last=Coates|author-link= Ta-Nehisi Coates|work=[[The Atlantic]]|date=June 2014|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/the-case-for-reparations/361631/|quote=In the 20th century, the cause of reparations was taken up by a diverse cast that included the Confederate veteran Walter R. Vaughan, who believed that reparations would be a stimulus for the South; the black activist Callie House; black-nationalist leaders like “Queen Mother” Audley Moore; and the civil-rights activist James Forman. The movement coalesced in 1987 under an umbrella organization called the National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations in America (N'COBRA).}}</ref> A̱tyu shyia̱ N’COBRA si̱sak [[Imari Obadele]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Imari Obadele, Who Fought for Reparations, Dies at 79|first=Douglas|last=Martin|date=February 5, 2010|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/06/us/06obadele.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=In the News: Mayor Sarno, Representative Williams and Officials Celebrate 37th Annual Black American Heritage with Special Flag Raising Ceremony|date=February 1, 2023 |url=https://www.springfield-ma.gov/cos/news-story?tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=16140&cHash=a1eb084222797553936bc545ec5d1158|publisher=City of Springfield, Massachusetts|website=springfield-ma.gov}}</ref> ma̱ng [[Chokwe Lumumba]];<ref>{{cite book|last=Winbush|first=Raymond|title=Should America Pay?: Slavery and the Raging Debate on Reparations.|location=New York, NY|publisher= HarperCollins|date=2010}}</ref> á̱gyang ba̱ mi̱n a̱ shyiat a̱ni mun ma̱ [[National Conference of Black Lawyers|A̱tung Swanta Á̱nietfaka̱lyiat Ǡdyundyung nkwa]], Sot á̱niet A̱fi̱rika a̱fai Afrikan, ma̱ng [[Republic of New Afrika|Repubi̱lik a̱fai si̱ A̱fi̱rika]].<ref name=NCOBRAwebsite /> Mi̱ ndyia̱ 1994, N'COBRA á̱ ku ba̱ng a̱tungswanta tung a̱memba mi̱ Deti̱rot. A̱tyunyiung ma̱ á̱niet a̱lyiat ba ku yet [[A̱gwam A̱byii̱k Audley Moore ma̱ng Jhya Kau A̱guguut A̱fi̱rika|A̱gwam A̱byii̱k]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Queen Mother Moore, 98, Harlem Rights Leader, Dies|first=Eric|last=Pace|date=May 7, 1997|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/07/nyregion/queen-mother-moore-98-harlem-rights-leader-dies.html}}</ref> a̱tyu a ku shyia̱ Repubi̱lik A̱fai A̱fi̱rika a̱ni. == Ya̱fang == {{Reflist}} == Kyang a̱tausa== * {{official website|https://www.officialncobraonline.org}} * [https://www.officialncobraonline.org/legacy-site N'COBRA legacy site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704070956/https://www.officialncobraonline.org/legacy-site |date=2025-07-04 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:National Coalition for Reparations in America}} [[Sa:African-American organizations]] [[Sa:American reparationists]] [[Sa:Organizations established in 1987]] [[Sa:Reparations for slavery in the United States]] r6ku5q25odjmce7yjlwru9s7ggwnnab 0 6381 43580 39446 2026-05-29T21:50:16Z Danjuma Anthony 411 /* */ 43580 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[A̱gwaza/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[A̱gwaza/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[A̱gwazi̱/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[A̱gwazai/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[A̱gwaza/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[A̱gwazai̱/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} '''A̱sorong Di̱ndi̱ng muna̱pyia̱ Bibyin Swanta mat A̱ka̱mbwon A̱fi̱rika''' yet a̱sorong a̱ghyang kya a̱ si̱ muna̱pyia̱ bibyin swanta a̱ si̱ nang fa nka hu yet nwak muna̱pyia̱ da̱ si̱yasa, kunak kurum, ma̱ng swat ca̱t a̱nietbi̱shi zuri̱ya-Afro.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |title=Permanent Forum on People of African Descent |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/permanent-forum-people-african-descent |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=OHCHR}}</ref>. Á̱bku bai ma̱ng a̱nhu di̱n jen a̱di̱dai fang a̱byin [[A̱tung Mundundung swanta A̱merika|A̱tung mundundung UN]] ma̱ a̱tuk 2 Zwat A̱na̱nai, a̱lyia̱ 2021,<ref name=":0" /> di̱n vak cyii̱p kyang 75/3141 ma̱ ca̱t kyang mbwak byeak A̱kwak a̱son A̱byin [[Vice President of Costa Rica|Costa Rica]], [[Epsy Campbell Barr]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-02 |title=Con liderazgo de Costa Rica, Naciones Unidas acuerda crear el Foro Permanente de Afrodescendientes |url=https://www.presidencia.go.cr/comunicados/2021/08/con-liderazgo-de-costa-rica-naciones-unidas-acuerda-crear-el-foro-permanente-de-afrodescendientes/ |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=Presidencia de la República de Costa Rica |language=es}}</ref> ma̱nang a̱tyuyong jang a̱niet A̱fi̱rika nang a̱chwuok ma̱ng a̱gyang ba nyia̱ lwui ma̱ng lap a̱niet ntyia̱ a̱sa̱khwot ma̱ a̱tsi̱ntseang ma̱nang sot mban yong ka̱nka̱ra̱ng ma̱ng a̱ja̱jeet nswuan ma̱ng nkyang ca̱t di̱ shyia̱ a̱cecet a̱niet A̱fi̱rika a̱chwuok a̱ni , di̱ cucuk di̱ si̱sak á̱ cong ma̱ a̱cucuk a̱di̱dam vam da̱vwuo [[A̱tung A̱ka̱wat A̱nietbishyi|A̱tung A̱ka̱wat Á̱nietbishyi]], mi̱ lang ma̱ng a̱ka̱tung á̱ sak á̱ na nyia̱ a̱ni da̱nian bat nkyang a̱lyia̱ nswaktat muna̱pyia̱ swanta a̱niet A̱fi̱rika chwuok a̱wot mi̱ kpa̱nkpaan jhya swat da̱ nvak ma̱nang á̱ byia̱ a̱ni".<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Assembly Establishes Permanent Forum for People of African Descent as 'Consultative Mechanism', Advisory Body to Human Rights Council {{!}} UN Press |url=https://press.un.org/en/2021/ga12352.doc.htm |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=press.un.org |archive-date=2023-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128201730/https://press.un.org/en/2021/ga12352.doc.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Permanent Forum on People of African Descent |title=Background and previous meetings on the establishment of the Permanent Forum on People of African Descent |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/permanent-forum-people-african-descent/background-and-previous-meetings-establishment-permanent-forum-people-african-descent |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=OHCHR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=General Assembly |title=Programme of activities for the implementation of the International Decade for People of African Descent |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N14/635/79/PDF/N1463579.pdf?OpenElement |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=documents-dds-ny.un.org}}</ref>. <ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations Secretary General |title=2020 report of the Secretary-General: A global call for concrete action for the total elimination of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance and the comprehensive implementation of and follow-up to the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/reports/2020-report-secretary-general-global-call-concrete-action-total-elimination |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=OHCHR}}</ref> == Ya̱fang == {{Reflist}} ==Nkyang A̱tausa== [[Sa:A̱niet ba̱ Chwuok ma̱̱ A̱fi̱rika]] [[Sa:Saka̱teri̱ya A̱merika]] [[Sa:Sot A̱ka̱wat A̱nietbishyi A̱merika]] etojs10gpu8tb0htmsixwltldeg3psa 43581 43580 2026-05-29T21:51:40Z Danjuma Anthony 411 /* */ 43581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[A̱sorong Di̱ndi̱ng Muna̱pyia̱ Bibyin Swanta mat Á̱ka̱mbwon Afi̱rika/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[A̱sorong Di̱ndi̱ng Muna̱pyia̱ Bibyin Swanta mat Á̱ka̱mbwon Afi̱rika/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[A̱sorong Di̱ndi̱ng Muna̱pyia̱ Bibyin Swanta mat Á̱ka̱mbwon Afi̱rika/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[A̱sorong Di̱ndi̱ng Muna̱pyia̱ Bibyin Swanta mat Á̱ka̱mbwon Afi̱rika/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[A̱sorong Di̱ndi̱ng Muna̱pyia̱ Bibyin Swanta mat Á̱ka̱mbwon Afi̱rika/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[A̱sorong Di̱ndi̱ng Muna̱pyia̱ Bibyin Swanta mat Á̱ka̱mbwon Afi̱rika/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} '''A̱sorong Di̱ndi̱ng muna̱pyia̱ Bibyin Swanta mat A̱ka̱mbwon A̱fi̱rika''' yet a̱sorong a̱ghyang kya a̱ si̱ muna̱pyia̱ bibyin swanta a̱ si̱ nang fa nka hu yet nwak muna̱pyia̱ da̱ si̱yasa, kunak kurum, ma̱ng swat ca̱t a̱nietbi̱shi zuri̱ya-Afro.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |title=Permanent Forum on People of African Descent |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/permanent-forum-people-african-descent |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=OHCHR}}</ref>. Á̱bku bai ma̱ng a̱nhu di̱n jen a̱di̱dai fang a̱byin [[A̱tung Mundundung swanta A̱merika|A̱tung mundundung UN]] ma̱ a̱tuk 2 Zwat A̱na̱nai, a̱lyia̱ 2021,<ref name=":0" /> di̱n vak cyii̱p kyang 75/3141 ma̱ ca̱t kyang mbwak byeak A̱kwak a̱son A̱byin [[Vice President of Costa Rica|Costa Rica]], [[Epsy Campbell Barr]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-02 |title=Con liderazgo de Costa Rica, Naciones Unidas acuerda crear el Foro Permanente de Afrodescendientes |url=https://www.presidencia.go.cr/comunicados/2021/08/con-liderazgo-de-costa-rica-naciones-unidas-acuerda-crear-el-foro-permanente-de-afrodescendientes/ |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=Presidencia de la República de Costa Rica |language=es}}</ref> ma̱nang a̱tyuyong jang a̱niet A̱fi̱rika nang a̱chwuok ma̱ng a̱gyang ba nyia̱ lwui ma̱ng lap a̱niet ntyia̱ a̱sa̱khwot ma̱ a̱tsi̱ntseang ma̱nang sot mban yong ka̱nka̱ra̱ng ma̱ng a̱ja̱jeet nswuan ma̱ng nkyang ca̱t di̱ shyia̱ a̱cecet a̱niet A̱fi̱rika a̱chwuok a̱ni , di̱ cucuk di̱ si̱sak á̱ cong ma̱ a̱cucuk a̱di̱dam vam da̱vwuo [[A̱tung A̱ka̱wat A̱nietbishyi|A̱tung A̱ka̱wat Á̱nietbishyi]], mi̱ lang ma̱ng a̱ka̱tung á̱ sak á̱ na nyia̱ a̱ni da̱nian bat nkyang a̱lyia̱ nswaktat muna̱pyia̱ swanta a̱niet A̱fi̱rika chwuok a̱wot mi̱ kpa̱nkpaan jhya swat da̱ nvak ma̱nang á̱ byia̱ a̱ni".<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Assembly Establishes Permanent Forum for People of African Descent as 'Consultative Mechanism', Advisory Body to Human Rights Council {{!}} UN Press |url=https://press.un.org/en/2021/ga12352.doc.htm |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=press.un.org |archive-date=2023-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128201730/https://press.un.org/en/2021/ga12352.doc.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Permanent Forum on People of African Descent |title=Background and previous meetings on the establishment of the Permanent Forum on People of African Descent |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/permanent-forum-people-african-descent/background-and-previous-meetings-establishment-permanent-forum-people-african-descent |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=OHCHR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=General Assembly |title=Programme of activities for the implementation of the International Decade for People of African Descent |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N14/635/79/PDF/N1463579.pdf?OpenElement |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=documents-dds-ny.un.org}}</ref>. <ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations Secretary General |title=2020 report of the Secretary-General: A global call for concrete action for the total elimination of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance and the comprehensive implementation of and follow-up to the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/reports/2020-report-secretary-general-global-call-concrete-action-total-elimination |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=OHCHR}}</ref> == Ya̱fang == {{Reflist}} ==Nkyang A̱tausa== [[Sa:A̱niet ba̱ Chwuok ma̱̱ A̱fi̱rika]] [[Sa:Saka̱teri̱ya A̱merika]] [[Sa:Sot A̱ka̱wat A̱nietbishyi A̱merika]] htbcx6i2vc3zkwbvydwoeq2bls68ad3 0 6384 43597 37944 2026-05-29T22:12:05Z Danjuma Anthony 411 /* */ 43597 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[A̱gwaza/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[A̱gwaza/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[A̱gwazi̱/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[A̱gwazai/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[A̱gwaza/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[A̱gwazai̱/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} Cicik A̱niet nang a̱ ngyei '''Civil Rights Act of 1964''' (<abbr>Pub. L.</abbr> 88–352, 78 Stat. 241 ji a̱ni, a̱ ku kpaat nji a̱tuk 2 zwat a̱natat, 1964) a̱ni yet ba̱ng fwuo cicik A̱niet ma̱ng cicik khuo ma̱ A̱byin Tung A̱pyia A̱merika ku lan cet cat a̱pyia̱ based on [[Sa a̱chyet (á̱nietbishyi)|a̱chyet]], [[A̱yin a̱ byia̱ vwuon|vwuon]], khwi, byin,{{efn|Three Supreme Court rulings in June 2020 interpreted that employment discrimination on the basis of [[sexual orientation]] or [[gender identity]] is a form of discrimination on the basis of sex and is therefore also outlawed by the Civil Rights Act. See ''[[Bostock v. Clayton County]]'', and also see below for more details.}} ma̱ng swst mbyin swanta.<ref>[http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=97&page=transcript "Transcript of Civil Rights Act (1964)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418015028/https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=97&page=transcript |date=April 18, 2021 }}. Retrieved July 28, 2012.</ref> ku nfi̱n ca̱t kyang ku shtia̱ ca̱caat a̱ni bah si̱ koot tsok a̱ka̱ca̱t tei lilyoot, [[bvwuon li kwavam]] mi̱ a̱ malifang ma̱ng [[a̱gáng á̱ka̱vwuo kwuat]],ma̱ng shei cucuk kwok nta̱m. Ta̱m hu "bwat nyiung ku nswak ma̱ng a̱gba̱ndang a̱tan ya a̱son susot mi̱ nkyang A̱merika".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilRightsAct1964.htm|title=U.S. Senate: Landmark Legislation: The Civil Rights Act of 1964|website=www.senate.gov|access-date=February 27, 2021|archive-date=April 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416205114/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilRightsAct1964.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="H.R. 7152 GovTrack">{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/h128|title=H.R. 7152. Passage.|work=GovTrack.us|access-date=October 3, 2013|archive-date=December 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206164404/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/h128|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="H.R. 7152 Senate">{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/s409|title=HR. 7152. Passage.|work=GovTrack.us|access-date=November 30, 2013|archive-date=December 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206164352/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/s409|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/s409|title=HR. 7152. Passage. Senate Vote #409 – Jun 19, 1964|website=GovTrack.us|access-date=November 30, 2013|archive-date=December 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206164352/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/s409|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Ya̱fang== {{Reflist}} bz334mffocf9k114y9v55j052eyyzit 43598 43597 2026-05-29T22:12:40Z Danjuma Anthony 411 /* */ 43598 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[Ta̱m A̱ka̱wat Á̱nietbishyi a̱lyia̱ 1964/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[Ta̱m A̱ka̱wat Á̱nietbishyi a̱lyia̱ 1964/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[Ta̱m A̱ka̱wat Á̱nietbishyi a̱lyia̱ 1964/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[Ta̱m A̱ka̱wat Á̱nietbishyi a̱lyia̱ 1964/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[Ta̱m A̱ka̱wat Á̱nietbishyi a̱lyia̱ 1964/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[Ta̱m A̱ka̱wat Á̱nietbishyi a̱lyia̱ 1964/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} Cicik A̱niet nang a̱ ngyei '''Civil Rights Act of 1964''' (<abbr>Pub. L.</abbr> 88–352, 78 Stat. 241 ji a̱ni, a̱ ku kpaat nji a̱tuk 2 zwat a̱natat, 1964) a̱ni yet ba̱ng fwuo cicik A̱niet ma̱ng cicik khuo ma̱ A̱byin Tung A̱pyia A̱merika ku lan cet cat a̱pyia̱ based on [[Sa a̱chyet (á̱nietbishyi)|a̱chyet]], [[A̱yin a̱ byia̱ vwuon|vwuon]], khwi, byin,{{efn|Three Supreme Court rulings in June 2020 interpreted that employment discrimination on the basis of [[sexual orientation]] or [[gender identity]] is a form of discrimination on the basis of sex and is therefore also outlawed by the Civil Rights Act. See ''[[Bostock v. Clayton County]]'', and also see below for more details.}} ma̱ng swst mbyin swanta.<ref>[http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=97&page=transcript "Transcript of Civil Rights Act (1964)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418015028/https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=97&page=transcript |date=April 18, 2021 }}. Retrieved July 28, 2012.</ref> ku nfi̱n ca̱t kyang ku shtia̱ ca̱caat a̱ni bah si̱ koot tsok a̱ka̱ca̱t tei lilyoot, [[bvwuon li kwavam]] mi̱ a̱ malifang ma̱ng [[a̱gáng á̱ka̱vwuo kwuat]],ma̱ng shei cucuk kwok nta̱m. Ta̱m hu "bwat nyiung ku nswak ma̱ng a̱gba̱ndang a̱tan ya a̱son susot mi̱ nkyang A̱merika".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilRightsAct1964.htm|title=U.S. Senate: Landmark Legislation: The Civil Rights Act of 1964|website=www.senate.gov|access-date=February 27, 2021|archive-date=April 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416205114/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilRightsAct1964.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="H.R. 7152 GovTrack">{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/h128|title=H.R. 7152. Passage.|work=GovTrack.us|access-date=October 3, 2013|archive-date=December 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206164404/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/h128|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="H.R. 7152 Senate">{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/s409|title=HR. 7152. Passage.|work=GovTrack.us|access-date=November 30, 2013|archive-date=December 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206164352/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/s409|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/s409|title=HR. 7152. Passage. Senate Vote #409 – Jun 19, 1964|website=GovTrack.us|access-date=November 30, 2013|archive-date=December 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206164352/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/s409|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Ya̱fang== {{Reflist}} if46hunm2uezkzjh5kjccdk7tf4vwd1 0 6385 43595 37801 2026-05-29T22:10:27Z Danjuma Anthony 411 /* */ 43595 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[A̱gwaza/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[A̱gwaza/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[A̱gwazi̱/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[A̱gwazai/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[A̱gwaza/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[A̱gwazai̱/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} Nwuak a̱pyia̱ a̱ nyia̱ fang hwa a̱wot doot ma̱ a̱ka̱tyiak njhyá da̱nian nta̱m A̱fi̱rika-A̱merika, ku yet ta̱m ma̱jelisa hwa mi̱ A̱merika ma̱nang á̱ ku tyai mi̱ ndyia̱ 1989 mbwak. [[John Conyers]] Fa ta̱m hu á̱ doot ma̱ng sot ba zwop a̱cucuk tyai-a̱pyia̱ a̱tan da̱ [[Afi̱rika A̱merika]] da̱nian ǡ̱khwo MS. A̱liak a̱niet ba yong mba di̱n ta̱m hi a̱ni ku yet Rep bya. Ayanna Pressley, a̱tuk 3, ma̱ zwat jhyung 2025, si̱ tat Ma̱jeli̱sa 119th. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/reparations-bill-hr40-returns-congress-trump-dei-government-rcna191564|title=Reparations bill returns to Congress as Trump leads charge against racial equity in government|last=Moscufo| first=Michela| date=February 12, 2025|website=NBC News}}</ref> Kurum hu ku shyia̱ li̱lyim Sheila Jackson Lee meang ku lyip kwap mi̱ zwat jhyung 2023 a̱zaghyi a̱khwu gu ka mi̱ 2024. <ref>{{cite web|last1=Branigin|first1=Anne|title='An Idea Whose Time Has Come': Congress Hears the Case for Reparations on Juneteenth|url=https://www.theroot.com/an-idea-whose-time-has-come-congress-hears-the-case-fo-1835648858|website=The Root|date=19 June 2019 |accessdate=30 March 2020}}</ref> == Nkhyang == Conyers ku tak tyia̱ hu mi̱ ndyia̱ 1989, a̱wot a̱ si̱ tyak ka̱nka̱ra̱ng ma̱ tyia̱i hu mi̱ kuzang a̱tung kwainfwuo si̱ tat jen yok tam gu shimtat a̱lyia̱ 30 kya ki a̱zason. [[A̱tukmamtat Zwat A̱taa]] a̱lyia̱ 2019 a̱ si̱ li [[A̱tyukwai nfwuo a̱niet mi̱ si̱tet A̱merika a̱di̱dai a̱tung ma̱ lapsak Tyok hu, A̱tam a̱yaasainkyang ma̱ng [[Shyia̱ sa̱t a̱yaasainkyang|a̱di̱dai a̱tung a̱nietnyan shi̱ri̱ya]] ma̱ a̱tung kwainfwuo, si̱ yet a̱kwak a̱son ma̱ ta̱nkai nkyang a̱ wa, mi̱ kyang ma̱nang à̱ ku li nang nkhang nia á̱ ni, á̱ ku nnwuak a̱ta̱n bwoi nkhang ka mi̱ gaat a̱tung a̱kya ku ya mi̱ a̱lyia̱ 2007, "a̱lyia̱ a̱nyiung a̱zason kyia̱i A̱kwaka̱sona̱byin ntsa a̱ yet a̱dundyung a̱yin".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lockhart|first1=P.R.|title=America is having an unprecedented debate about reparations. What comes next?|url=https://www.vox.com/identities/2019/6/20/18692949/congress-reparations-slavery-discrimination-hr-40-coates-glover|website=Vox|date=20 June 2019|accessdate=30 March 2020}}</ref> Rep. Conyers khwu mi a̱lyia̱ 2019, ma̱nang gu kan kyiak vak beang a̱guguut konyan ma̱ng kuzang jen a̱niet kwai nfwuo a̱niet kyiak ndyia̱ 1989 si bai a̱lyia̱ 2017. Memba "40" á̱ ku kyiak nang a̱tyu a "kwok a̱li̱kauli di̱ min nwai tyak a̱ni" A̱merika ba "ku tyia̱ fa̱k shok á̱khwo: nyia̱ li̱lyim Zwang a̱sai nbung ba, ba̱ na shyia̱ [[a̱cret nswak naii ma̱ng a̱lakumi]]".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hulett|first1=Sarah|title=John Conyers, Detroiter and former dean of House of Representatives, dead at 90|url=https://www.michiganradio.org/post/john-conyers-detroiter-and-former-dean-house-representatives-dead-90|website=Michigan Radio|date=27 October 2019|accessdate=30 March 2020}}</ref> [[Kori Booka]] ku cong ma̱ng lwui ma̱ kpandang hwa mi̱ a̱tung a̱yaadum. A̱kwokwak a̱tyu lyentaka̱cyet konyan ma a̱tyua̱lyiat Demokiratik [[Nancy Pelosi]] tak beang da̱nian H.R. 40.<ref>{{cite web|title=Reparations and the legacy of Rep. John Conyers|url=https://www.finalcall.com/artman/publish/editorials/Reparations-and-the-legacy-of-Rep-John-Conyers.shtml|website=The Final Call|accessdate=30 March 2020}}</ref> Ma̱di̱di̱t ma [[2020 Demoki̱rati̱k khai A̱kwak a̱son A̱byin ma̱ sot a̱ ja|2020 Demoki̱rati̱k A̱niet ca̱t Tyok A̱kwak a̱son A̱byin]] tak beang nang ba na nyia̱ a̱ni.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lillis|first1=Mike|last2=Wong|first2=Scott|title=Reparations bill wins new momentum in Congress|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/437286-reparations-bill-wins-new-momentum-in-house|website=The Hill|date=4 April 2019|accessdate=30 March 2020}}</ref> Mi̱ zwat Nyaai 2021, a̱di̱dam wu si̱ tat ba̱nsot a̱tung comuti ka a̱ghyi si̱ a̱hwa hwa ku yet a̱tsa kyang nang su a̱hwa a̱ni mi̱ mami nkhyang mba, naat ma̱ dyidyiat a̱li ka da̱nian a̱tyingtying ma̱ng koot tswak.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rep. Jackson Lee |first=Sheila [D-TX-18 |date=2021-04-14 |title=Actions - H.R.40 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Commission to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African Americans Act |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/40/all-actions |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=www.congress.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=House Lawmakers Advance Historic Bill To Form Reparations Commission |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/04/14/986853285/house-lawmakers-advance-historic-bill-to-form-reparations-commission |access-date=2025-02-11 |work=NPR |language=en}}</ref> ==Ya̱fang== {{Reflist}} k2pm9ldtrou4idimy4czi1j84dckv5m 43596 43595 2026-05-29T22:11:02Z Danjuma Anthony 411 /* */ 43596 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[Ta̱m Komisha̱n mat Á̱niet Afi̱rika A̱merika/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[Ta̱m Komisha̱n mat Á̱niet Afi̱rika A̱merika/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[Ta̱m Komisha̱n mat Á̱niet Afi̱rika A̱merika/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[Ta̱m Komisha̱n mat Á̱niet Afi̱rika A̱merika/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[Ta̱m Komisha̱n mat Á̱niet Afi̱rika A̱merika/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[Ta̱m Komisha̱n mat Á̱niet Afi̱rika A̱merika/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} Nwuak a̱pyia̱ a̱ nyia̱ fang hwa a̱wot doot ma̱ a̱ka̱tyiak njhyá da̱nian nta̱m A̱fi̱rika-A̱merika, ku yet ta̱m ma̱jelisa hwa mi̱ A̱merika ma̱nang á̱ ku tyai mi̱ ndyia̱ 1989 mbwak. [[John Conyers]] Fa ta̱m hu á̱ doot ma̱ng sot ba zwop a̱cucuk tyai-a̱pyia̱ a̱tan da̱ [[Afi̱rika A̱merika]] da̱nian ǡ̱khwo MS. A̱liak a̱niet ba yong mba di̱n ta̱m hi a̱ni ku yet Rep bya. Ayanna Pressley, a̱tuk 3, ma̱ zwat jhyung 2025, si̱ tat Ma̱jeli̱sa 119th. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/reparations-bill-hr40-returns-congress-trump-dei-government-rcna191564|title=Reparations bill returns to Congress as Trump leads charge against racial equity in government|last=Moscufo| first=Michela| date=February 12, 2025|website=NBC News}}</ref> Kurum hu ku shyia̱ li̱lyim Sheila Jackson Lee meang ku lyip kwap mi̱ zwat jhyung 2023 a̱zaghyi a̱khwu gu ka mi̱ 2024. <ref>{{cite web|last1=Branigin|first1=Anne|title='An Idea Whose Time Has Come': Congress Hears the Case for Reparations on Juneteenth|url=https://www.theroot.com/an-idea-whose-time-has-come-congress-hears-the-case-fo-1835648858|website=The Root|date=19 June 2019 |accessdate=30 March 2020}}</ref> == Nkhyang == Conyers ku tak tyia̱ hu mi̱ ndyia̱ 1989, a̱wot a̱ si̱ tyak ka̱nka̱ra̱ng ma̱ tyia̱i hu mi̱ kuzang a̱tung kwainfwuo si̱ tat jen yok tam gu shimtat a̱lyia̱ 30 kya ki a̱zason. [[A̱tukmamtat Zwat A̱taa]] a̱lyia̱ 2019 a̱ si̱ li [[A̱tyukwai nfwuo a̱niet mi̱ si̱tet A̱merika a̱di̱dai a̱tung ma̱ lapsak Tyok hu, A̱tam a̱yaasainkyang ma̱ng [[Shyia̱ sa̱t a̱yaasainkyang|a̱di̱dai a̱tung a̱nietnyan shi̱ri̱ya]] ma̱ a̱tung kwainfwuo, si̱ yet a̱kwak a̱son ma̱ ta̱nkai nkyang a̱ wa, mi̱ kyang ma̱nang à̱ ku li nang nkhang nia á̱ ni, á̱ ku nnwuak a̱ta̱n bwoi nkhang ka mi̱ gaat a̱tung a̱kya ku ya mi̱ a̱lyia̱ 2007, "a̱lyia̱ a̱nyiung a̱zason kyia̱i A̱kwaka̱sona̱byin ntsa a̱ yet a̱dundyung a̱yin".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lockhart|first1=P.R.|title=America is having an unprecedented debate about reparations. What comes next?|url=https://www.vox.com/identities/2019/6/20/18692949/congress-reparations-slavery-discrimination-hr-40-coates-glover|website=Vox|date=20 June 2019|accessdate=30 March 2020}}</ref> Rep. Conyers khwu mi a̱lyia̱ 2019, ma̱nang gu kan kyiak vak beang a̱guguut konyan ma̱ng kuzang jen a̱niet kwai nfwuo a̱niet kyiak ndyia̱ 1989 si bai a̱lyia̱ 2017. Memba "40" á̱ ku kyiak nang a̱tyu a "kwok a̱li̱kauli di̱ min nwai tyak a̱ni" A̱merika ba "ku tyia̱ fa̱k shok á̱khwo: nyia̱ li̱lyim Zwang a̱sai nbung ba, ba̱ na shyia̱ [[a̱cret nswak naii ma̱ng a̱lakumi]]".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hulett|first1=Sarah|title=John Conyers, Detroiter and former dean of House of Representatives, dead at 90|url=https://www.michiganradio.org/post/john-conyers-detroiter-and-former-dean-house-representatives-dead-90|website=Michigan Radio|date=27 October 2019|accessdate=30 March 2020}}</ref> [[Kori Booka]] ku cong ma̱ng lwui ma̱ kpandang hwa mi̱ a̱tung a̱yaadum. A̱kwokwak a̱tyu lyentaka̱cyet konyan ma a̱tyua̱lyiat Demokiratik [[Nancy Pelosi]] tak beang da̱nian H.R. 40.<ref>{{cite web|title=Reparations and the legacy of Rep. John Conyers|url=https://www.finalcall.com/artman/publish/editorials/Reparations-and-the-legacy-of-Rep-John-Conyers.shtml|website=The Final Call|accessdate=30 March 2020}}</ref> Ma̱di̱di̱t ma [[2020 Demoki̱rati̱k khai A̱kwak a̱son A̱byin ma̱ sot a̱ ja|2020 Demoki̱rati̱k A̱niet ca̱t Tyok A̱kwak a̱son A̱byin]] tak beang nang ba na nyia̱ a̱ni.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lillis|first1=Mike|last2=Wong|first2=Scott|title=Reparations bill wins new momentum in Congress|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/437286-reparations-bill-wins-new-momentum-in-house|website=The Hill|date=4 April 2019|accessdate=30 March 2020}}</ref> Mi̱ zwat Nyaai 2021, a̱di̱dam wu si̱ tat ba̱nsot a̱tung comuti ka a̱ghyi si̱ a̱hwa hwa ku yet a̱tsa kyang nang su a̱hwa a̱ni mi̱ mami nkhyang mba, naat ma̱ dyidyiat a̱li ka da̱nian a̱tyingtying ma̱ng koot tswak.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rep. Jackson Lee |first=Sheila [D-TX-18 |date=2021-04-14 |title=Actions - H.R.40 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Commission to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African Americans Act |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/40/all-actions |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=www.congress.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=House Lawmakers Advance Historic Bill To Form Reparations Commission |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/04/14/986853285/house-lawmakers-advance-historic-bill-to-form-reparations-commission |access-date=2025-02-11 |work=NPR |language=en}}</ref> ==Ya̱fang== {{Reflist}} ab50e2zxa6lwg8n7w1cobswe4uadope 0 6386 43609 37930 2026-05-29T22:26:18Z Danjuma Anthony 411 /* */ 43609 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[A̱gwaza/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[A̱gwaza/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[A̱gwazi̱/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[A̱gwazai/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[A̱gwaza/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[A̱gwazai̱/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} [[File:Great Seal of the United States (obverse).svg|thumb|Ta̱m a̱ka̱wat koot tswok a̱lyiat si̱ 1965]] Ta̱m a̱ka̱wat koot tswok a̱lyiat si̱ 1965 yet kak a̱byin MS. mundundung doka ji nfi̱n a̱guguut a̱ na tak vwuon lyen a̱gyang mi̱ koot tswok a̱ ja bah. Á̱kwak a̱son a̱byin wu Lyndon B. Johnson wa ku kpaat cuk ma̱ a̱tyong nang á̱ ku nyeak a̱niet a̱guguut mba wu ma̱ a̱tuk 6, zwat a̱ni̱nai 1965, ạwot muna̱pyia̱ ba sii̱ shyai doka ji a̱kafwuon da̱nien ji ka mbeang a̱kpai yong ma̱ng cet. <ref>{{cite web|title=Public Law 91-285|date=June 22, 1970 |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/granule/STATUTE-84/STATUTE-84-Pg314-2/content-detail.html |access-date=April 19, 2014}}</ref> * Ta̱m a̱ka̱wat koot tswok a̱lyiat si̱ 1965, Njhya nsi̱ ndyia̱ 1975<ref name=1975am>{{cite web|title=Public Law 94-73 |date=August 6, 1975 |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/granule/STATUTE-89/STATUTE-89-Pg400/content-detail.html |access-date=April 19, 2014}}</ref> * Ta̱m a̱ka̱wat koot tswok a̱lyiat Njhya nsi̱ ndyia̱ 1982<ref name=1982am>{{cite web|title=Public Law 97-205 |date=June 29, 1982 |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/granule/STATUTE-96/STATUTE-96-Pg131/content-detail.html |access-date=April 19, 2014}}</ref> Á̱ ku ntyia̱ bwak di̱ cucuk a̱byin ji ja mbwak a̱kwak a̱son a̱byin Lyndon B. Johnson a̱ca̱caat njen a̱swap a̱guggut a̱ka̱wat a̱sai nbung ma̱ a̱tuk 6 Zwat A̱na̱nai, ndyia̱ 1965, a̱wot Sot a̱chyet a̱ ja a̱ si̱ labeang bah ba si̱ shai Ta̱m hu a̱ka̱fwuon ba ka neap a̱ka̱cam nji na.<ref name=1992am>{{cite web|title=Public Law 102-344 |date=August 26, 1992 |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/granule/STATUTE-106/STATUTE-106-Pg921/content-detail.html |access-date=April 19, 2014}}</ref> * Fannie Lou Hamer, Rosa Parks, Coretta Scott King, César E. Chávez, Barbara C. Jordan, William C. Velásquez, ma̱ng Dr. Hector P. Garcia Ta̱m a̱ka̱wat koot tswok a̱lyiat bwuak shyim ma̱ng njhya Ta̱m si̱ a̱lyia̱ 2006<ref name=2006am>{{cite web|title=Public Law 109-246 |date=July 27, 2006 |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/granule/STATUTE-120/STATUTE-120-Pg577/content-detail.html |access-date=April 19, 2014}}</ref><ref name=2006am08>{{cite web|title=Public Law 110-258 |date=July 1, 2008|url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/granule/STATUTE-122/STATUTE-122-Pg2428/content-detail.html |access-date=April 19, 2014}} (amending short title of P.L. 109-246)</ref>. <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bernini|first1=Andrea|last2=Facchini|first2=Giovanni|last3=Tabellini|first3=Marco|last4=Testa|first4=Cecilia|date=July 2023|title=Black Empowerment and White Mobilization: The Effects of the Voting Rights Act|journal=National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series |article-number=31425|doi=10.3386/w31425|doi-access=free|hdl=10419/278918|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Fresh-2018" /><ref name="Ang-2019" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shah |first1=P. R. |last2=Marschall |first2=M. J. |last3=Ruhil |first3=A. V. S. |date=2013 |title=Are We There Yet? The Voting Rights Act and Black Representation on City Councils, 1981–2006 |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022381613000972 |journal=The Journal of Politics |volume=75 |issue=4 |pages=993–1008 | doi=10.1017/s0022381613000972|hdl=1911/71875 |s2cid=62823836 |hdl-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref> <ref name="Schuit-2016" /><ref name="Cascio-2014" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bernini|first1=Andrea|last2=Facchini|first2=Giovanni|last3=Testa|first3=Cecilia|date=April 2023|title=Race, Representation, and Local Governments in the US South: The Effect of the Voting Rights Act|journal=Journal of Political Economy|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago, Illinois|language=en|volume=131|issue=4|pages=994–1056|doi=10.1086/722092|doi-access=free|s2cid=158339446|issn=0022-3808}}</ref> ==Ya̱fang== {{Reflist}} 9iyufe0wu7h3xgus6oqe503ffrpjw9u 43610 43609 2026-05-29T22:26:53Z Danjuma Anthony 411 /* */ 43610 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[Ta̱m A̱ka̱wat Koot Tswak a̱lyia̱ 1965/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[Ta̱m A̱ka̱wat Koot Tswak a̱lyia̱ 1965/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[Ta̱m A̱ka̱wat Koot Tswak a̱lyia̱ 1965/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[Ta̱m A̱ka̱wat Koot Tswak a̱lyia̱ 1965/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[Ta̱m A̱ka̱wat Koot Tswak a̱lyia̱ 1965/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[Ta̱m A̱ka̱wat Koot Tswak a̱lyia̱ 1965/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} [[File:Great Seal of the United States (obverse).svg|thumb|Ta̱m a̱ka̱wat koot tswok a̱lyiat si̱ 1965]] Ta̱m a̱ka̱wat koot tswok a̱lyiat si̱ 1965 yet kak a̱byin MS. mundundung doka ji nfi̱n a̱guguut a̱ na tak vwuon lyen a̱gyang mi̱ koot tswok a̱ ja bah. Á̱kwak a̱son a̱byin wu Lyndon B. Johnson wa ku kpaat cuk ma̱ a̱tyong nang á̱ ku nyeak a̱niet a̱guguut mba wu ma̱ a̱tuk 6, zwat a̱ni̱nai 1965, ạwot muna̱pyia̱ ba sii̱ shyai doka ji a̱kafwuon da̱nien ji ka mbeang a̱kpai yong ma̱ng cet. <ref>{{cite web|title=Public Law 91-285|date=June 22, 1970 |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/granule/STATUTE-84/STATUTE-84-Pg314-2/content-detail.html |access-date=April 19, 2014}}</ref> * Ta̱m a̱ka̱wat koot tswok a̱lyiat si̱ 1965, Njhya nsi̱ ndyia̱ 1975<ref name=1975am>{{cite web|title=Public Law 94-73 |date=August 6, 1975 |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/granule/STATUTE-89/STATUTE-89-Pg400/content-detail.html |access-date=April 19, 2014}}</ref> * Ta̱m a̱ka̱wat koot tswok a̱lyiat Njhya nsi̱ ndyia̱ 1982<ref name=1982am>{{cite web|title=Public Law 97-205 |date=June 29, 1982 |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/granule/STATUTE-96/STATUTE-96-Pg131/content-detail.html |access-date=April 19, 2014}}</ref> Á̱ ku ntyia̱ bwak di̱ cucuk a̱byin ji ja mbwak a̱kwak a̱son a̱byin Lyndon B. Johnson a̱ca̱caat njen a̱swap a̱guggut a̱ka̱wat a̱sai nbung ma̱ a̱tuk 6 Zwat A̱na̱nai, ndyia̱ 1965, a̱wot Sot a̱chyet a̱ ja a̱ si̱ labeang bah ba si̱ shai Ta̱m hu a̱ka̱fwuon ba ka neap a̱ka̱cam nji na.<ref name=1992am>{{cite web|title=Public Law 102-344 |date=August 26, 1992 |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/granule/STATUTE-106/STATUTE-106-Pg921/content-detail.html |access-date=April 19, 2014}}</ref> * Fannie Lou Hamer, Rosa Parks, Coretta Scott King, César E. Chávez, Barbara C. Jordan, William C. Velásquez, ma̱ng Dr. Hector P. Garcia Ta̱m a̱ka̱wat koot tswok a̱lyiat bwuak shyim ma̱ng njhya Ta̱m si̱ a̱lyia̱ 2006<ref name=2006am>{{cite web|title=Public Law 109-246 |date=July 27, 2006 |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/granule/STATUTE-120/STATUTE-120-Pg577/content-detail.html |access-date=April 19, 2014}}</ref><ref name=2006am08>{{cite web|title=Public Law 110-258 |date=July 1, 2008|url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/granule/STATUTE-122/STATUTE-122-Pg2428/content-detail.html |access-date=April 19, 2014}} (amending short title of P.L. 109-246)</ref>. <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bernini|first1=Andrea|last2=Facchini|first2=Giovanni|last3=Tabellini|first3=Marco|last4=Testa|first4=Cecilia|date=July 2023|title=Black Empowerment and White Mobilization: The Effects of the Voting Rights Act|journal=National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series |article-number=31425|doi=10.3386/w31425|doi-access=free|hdl=10419/278918|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Fresh-2018" /><ref name="Ang-2019" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shah |first1=P. R. |last2=Marschall |first2=M. J. |last3=Ruhil |first3=A. V. S. |date=2013 |title=Are We There Yet? The Voting Rights Act and Black Representation on City Councils, 1981–2006 |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022381613000972 |journal=The Journal of Politics |volume=75 |issue=4 |pages=993–1008 | doi=10.1017/s0022381613000972|hdl=1911/71875 |s2cid=62823836 |hdl-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref> <ref name="Schuit-2016" /><ref name="Cascio-2014" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bernini|first1=Andrea|last2=Facchini|first2=Giovanni|last3=Testa|first3=Cecilia|date=April 2023|title=Race, Representation, and Local Governments in the US South: The Effect of the Voting Rights Act|journal=Journal of Political Economy|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago, Illinois|language=en|volume=131|issue=4|pages=994–1056|doi=10.1086/722092|doi-access=free|s2cid=158339446|issn=0022-3808}}</ref> ==Ya̱fang== {{Reflist}} c5j7l71kzq14zqf8snu5xbet6tpxep4 0 6387 43582 37761 2026-05-29T21:55:17Z Danjuma Anthony 411 /* */ 43582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tak Kpa̱sai Muna̱pyia̱ Bibyin Swanta mat A̱ka̱wat A̱niet Mbyina̱byin''' (UNDRIP ku DOTROIP<ref>{{cite web |url = https://zhengchunjanet.tk/pokahzgtqsfndjiecxwulmryavb5f3afaf155.pdf |title = DOTROIP-24-2-PDF |access-date = 2018-09-03 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180903150950/https://zhengchunjanet.tk/pokahzgtqsfndjiecxwulmryavb5f3afaf155.pdf |archive-date = 2018-09-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref>) a̱ yet a̱ghwighwui nwai nyip A̱ba̱ndang Mundundung mi̱ a̱lyia̱ 2007 ku fak shi̱riya ma̱ng tyei li kunyan ma̱ng yawaap a̱ka̱wat a̱tsak mman a̱byin, mun a̱ka̱wat a̱niet byia̱ na, taada ma̱ng a̱gwai a̱yet, taklyen, nwap, shyia̱ta̱m, ka̱nka̱ra̱ng, fang, ma̱ng nkyang vwuot njhyang. a̱ka̱wat a̱niet byia̱ a̱meang si̱ mbeang a̱kpai si̱ tat a̱fwun di̱ yet mman a̱byin ba byia̱ mumwang ci̱t ya ba ji.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/declaration-on-the-rights-of-indigenous-peoples.html |title = Tak Kpa̱sai Muna̱pyia̱ Bibyin Swanta mat A̱ka̱wat A̱tsak Mman A̱byin |website = Muna̱pyia̱ Swanta nwuak cet nok a̱li da̱nien nkyang vwuot mman a̱byin |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151101044521/http://undesadspd.org/IndigenousPeoples/DeclarationontheRightsofIndigenousPeoples.aspx |archive-date=November 1, 2015|url-status=live |access-date=11 December 2015 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Tak kpa̱sai hu" tyian si̱sak nang a̱ka̱wat a̱niet mbyina̱byin ba mwuang a̱wot ba tyia̱ yongmi̱cet si̱sa mba, taada ma̱ng nkyanga̱yaatyia̱ a̱khwop, a̱wot ba fi̱n yaa̱son mba hu mi̱ saai da̱nian a̱tson mba ka ma̱ng nfwuo."<ref name=":5"/> It "á̱ si̱ nfi̱n swat nyia̱van da a̱pyia̱ a̱niet mbyina̱byin a̱wot ba si̱ fwuut a̱pyia̱ mba ya a̱son a̱wot ba fwuutsai myim mi̱ kuzang nkyang ku byia̱ a̱ka̱ta mba a̱ ni, ma̱ng a̱ka̱wat mbaa ba yong na̱ di̱ nyia̱van a̱wot ba fi̱n a̱ma̱bwoi mba wu a̱ si̱ nkyayak ma̱ng yaan a̱son swatdundung".<ref name=":5"/><ref name="un.org">{{cite web |url-status=dead |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=23794&Cr=indigenous&Cr1= |title=United Nations adopts Declaration on Rights of Indigenous Peoples |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313182426/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=23794&Cr=indigenous&Cr1= |archive-date=March 13, 2017 |website=United Nations News Centre |date=13 September 2007}}</ref> A̱ya nwuak shyim ka ni yet á̱ nnwuak byibyin swanta cet a̱khwukhwut ba nyia̱ ta̱m a̱zason-a̱beam a̱niet mbyina̱byin yongtyak nkyangvwuot swanta, ma̱nang nta̱nkai yaa̱son, [[taada ji shi a̱kpa|taada ji shi a̱kpal]], kwainfwuo, ma̱ng [[tyok cet a̱pyia̱]].<ref name=":5">{{cite web |url = https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/FAQsindigenousdeclaration.pdf |title=Frequently Asked Questions – Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples |access-date=5 March 2012 |author=United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115004932/http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/FAQsindigenousdeclaration.pdf |archive-date=January 15, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Ma̱ a̱tuk A̱lami̱t, zwat a̱kubunyiung 13, a̱lyia̱ 2007, a̱byin mundundung swanta ka si̱ koot ma̱ng a̱kwa a̱kpa a̱niet chicop 143 mi̱ sangdam (4 di̱ na̱van, 11 a̱ si̱ ghwai, a̱wot 34 si̱ gwum) di̱ tak kpa̱sai hu.<ref name=votes>{{cite web | title=General Assembly adopts Declaration on Rights of Indigenous Peoples; 'Major Step Forward' towards human rights for all, says President | website=UN General Assembly GA/10612 | date=13 September 2007 | url=http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs//2007/ga10612.doc.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117024621/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs//2007/ga10612.doc.htm | archive-date=17 November 2007 | url-status=dead | access-date=21 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Reyhner |first1=J. |last2=Singh |first2=N. |date=2010 |title=Cultural genocide in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States |journal=Indigenous Policy Journal|s2cid=141340015 }}</ref> Neet a̱lyia̱ 2007, [[Osheniya|A̱stralani̱ya]] , [[Ka̱na̱da]], [[Zi̱lan A̱fai]], ma̱ng [[a̱si̱tet mundundung]] ba bwuak a̱ka̱wat mba na a̱wot ma̱nini ba lurung a̱ma sheita̱m ji. Ma̱ a̱tyan zwat jhyung a̱lyia̱ 2020, [[A̱byin mundundung nSwanta ka a̱tyong a̱ si̱ nkyayak ma̱ng [[mta̱m lunglulung]] á̱ si̱ tyan na ma̱nang (A/RES/61/295) nang "...a̱swa ku nswak ma̱ a̱tungswanta nkyang ta̱m a̱kwonu a̱ka̱wat nsi̱ a̱niet mbyina̱byin. Ku nyia̱ a̱ka̱nok a̱tsan swanta si̱ a̱ca̱caat mmak da̱nian a̱ si̱ ba shwot a̱cet a̱ni, li̱ a̱gyei kyang ma̱ng a̱ka̱nka̱ra̱ng-nswat da̱nian a̱niet byina̱byin si̱ ma̱ a̱ta̱chia̱ ma̱ng si̱sak gu cet mbeang tak kpa̱sai da̱nian a̱ka̱wat a̱nietbishyi ba shyia̱ ma̱ swuan a̱za̱za̱ra̱k ma̱ng a̱tsatsak swatsa̱t ma̱nang ba nta̱m ma̱ a̱tan nvak nkyang naat a̱nbwuot si̱ a̱niet byina̱byin."<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url = https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/declaration-on-the-rights-of-indigenous-peoples.html |title = United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples {{!}} United Nations For Indigenous Peoples |website=www.un.org |access-date=2020-02-16 }}</ref> Ma̱nang [[A̱tung mundundung a̱mgba̱m swanta]] ntak a̱ni nyiai̱, UNDRIP yet kyang gorong hwa nang cam tyok nfi̱n a̱ni bah a̱ta̱fa [[kam muma̱pyia̱ bibyin swanta]].<ref name=":5"/><ref name="Barnabas2017">{{Cite journal|last=Barnabas|first=Sylvanus Gbendazhi|date=2017-12-07|title=The Legal Status of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007) in Contemporary International Human Rights Law|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/hrlr/6/2/article-p242_242.xml|journal=International Human Rights Law Review|volume=6|issue=2|page=253|doi=10.1163/22131035-00602006|issn=2213-1027|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Di̱ si̱sak ji nang kyang UN nyap a̱ghwut ma̱ng kyang ba̱ kan nyia̱ a̱ni "si̱ kup tyok tazwa a̱tyu byia̱ cet si̱ muna̱pyia̱ swanta di̱ si̱sak ma̱nang ntswang a̱ni tazwa a̱buk nvak a̱wot ku si wup a̱mgbam a̱lahyia̱ nang UN's a̱memba a̱si̱tet ba̱ shyei a̱nat ma̱n a̱nyiung ma̱ a̱ghyi a̱nyiung "; á̱ UN ba ku tyan hu ma̱nang jhys hwa "ma̱ng a̱cucuk yong di̱ kyang ku myim a̱ni da̱nian nyian [[a̱niet nswata̱byin]] da ba̱ na fa̱k a̱wun ba̱ yet a̱tan a̱niet nta̱m di̱ vak bwuk ma̱ng [[nyaap zang a̱ka̱wat a̱nietbishyi]] di̱ fi̱p a̱ta̱chia̱ milion 370 a̱niet nswat a̱byin, a̱wot á̱ beang mba ba̱ ka bwuk mi̱ [[na̱van hyei vwuon]] ma̱ng [[a̱fam]]." UNDRIP kpaat ncám "Tashikum vwuoi-a̱lyiat a̱niet nswata̱byin, nkyang kwaishi̱ri̱p ce njen ma̱ng laat-zwa swata̱nietbishyi, kwai nfwuo a̱niet ma̱ng yongcet taada" a̱wot huhwa yet "a̱gaan tyia̱fwuo ncet-ma̱gbang da̱vwuo susot a̱niet nswata̱byin ba̱ shyia̱ a̱di̱dam muna̱pyia̱ swanta, ba̱ ka chok fi̱k a̱gyang da̱nian a̱di̱dam nyia̱ kyang mba, a̱wot ba bu tung munbwak beang da̱nian kyang a̱niet kwainfwuo ba kai vak ba nyia̱ a̱ni."<ref name="Coates_2013"/> [[Ken Coates (a̱tyu lyuut nkhyang)|Ken Coates]], cuk nyian zop ma̱ Canada ma̱ng a̱tyu tyiet ma̱ [[Nwunivasi̱ti a̱ si̱ Saskatchewan]], si̱ ya fwuang nyia̱ UNDRIP byia̱ cet gba̱gba̱m ma̱ng a̱niet nswata̱byin ba, a̱wot A̱gwona̱ti mundundung swanta ba kan byia̱ a̱cucuk di̱n swa kyang hu fa a̱ni bah.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ferguson |first=Mark |url = http://news.usask.ca/2011/10/12/canada-research-chairs-announced/ |title=News |website=News.usask.ca |date=2011-10-12 |access-date=2013-12-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130925080146/http://news.usask.ca/2011/10/12/canada-research-chairs-announced/ |archive-date=September 25, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref name="Coates_2013">{{citation |last=Coates|first=Ken |date=18 September 2013 |publisher = The Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI) |title = From aspiration to inspiration: UNDRIP finding deep traction in Indigenous communities |editor1=Ken Coates |editor2=Terry Mitchell |series=The Rise of the Fourth World |url = http://www.cigionline.org/blogs/aspiration-inspiration-undrip-finding-deep-traction-indigenous-communities |access-date=20 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130923083225/http://www.cigionline.org/blogs/aspiration-inspiration-undrip-finding-deep-traction-indigenous-communities |archive-date=September 23, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> ==Ya̱fang== {{Relist}} 2kcphmw3hd40y2we0u1wol5dqvakfud 43583 43582 2026-05-29T21:55:30Z Danjuma Anthony 411 /* */ 43583 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[A̱gwaza/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[A̱gwaza/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[A̱gwazi̱/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[A̱gwazai/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[A̱gwaza/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[A̱gwazai̱/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} '''Tak Kpa̱sai Muna̱pyia̱ Bibyin Swanta mat A̱ka̱wat A̱niet Mbyina̱byin''' (UNDRIP ku DOTROIP<ref>{{cite web |url = https://zhengchunjanet.tk/pokahzgtqsfndjiecxwulmryavb5f3afaf155.pdf |title = DOTROIP-24-2-PDF |access-date = 2018-09-03 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180903150950/https://zhengchunjanet.tk/pokahzgtqsfndjiecxwulmryavb5f3afaf155.pdf |archive-date = 2018-09-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref>) a̱ yet a̱ghwighwui nwai nyip A̱ba̱ndang Mundundung mi̱ a̱lyia̱ 2007 ku fak shi̱riya ma̱ng tyei li kunyan ma̱ng yawaap a̱ka̱wat a̱tsak mman a̱byin, mun a̱ka̱wat a̱niet byia̱ na, taada ma̱ng a̱gwai a̱yet, taklyen, nwap, shyia̱ta̱m, ka̱nka̱ra̱ng, fang, ma̱ng nkyang vwuot njhyang. a̱ka̱wat a̱niet byia̱ a̱meang si̱ mbeang a̱kpai si̱ tat a̱fwun di̱ yet mman a̱byin ba byia̱ mumwang ci̱t ya ba ji.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/declaration-on-the-rights-of-indigenous-peoples.html |title = Tak Kpa̱sai Muna̱pyia̱ Bibyin Swanta mat A̱ka̱wat A̱tsak Mman A̱byin |website = Muna̱pyia̱ Swanta nwuak cet nok a̱li da̱nien nkyang vwuot mman a̱byin |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151101044521/http://undesadspd.org/IndigenousPeoples/DeclarationontheRightsofIndigenousPeoples.aspx |archive-date=November 1, 2015|url-status=live |access-date=11 December 2015 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Tak kpa̱sai hu" tyian si̱sak nang a̱ka̱wat a̱niet mbyina̱byin ba mwuang a̱wot ba tyia̱ yongmi̱cet si̱sa mba, taada ma̱ng nkyanga̱yaatyia̱ a̱khwop, a̱wot ba fi̱n yaa̱son mba hu mi̱ saai da̱nian a̱tson mba ka ma̱ng nfwuo."<ref name=":5"/> It "á̱ si̱ nfi̱n swat nyia̱van da a̱pyia̱ a̱niet mbyina̱byin a̱wot ba si̱ fwuut a̱pyia̱ mba ya a̱son a̱wot ba fwuutsai myim mi̱ kuzang nkyang ku byia̱ a̱ka̱ta mba a̱ ni, ma̱ng a̱ka̱wat mbaa ba yong na̱ di̱ nyia̱van a̱wot ba fi̱n a̱ma̱bwoi mba wu a̱ si̱ nkyayak ma̱ng yaan a̱son swatdundung".<ref name=":5"/><ref name="un.org">{{cite web |url-status=dead |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=23794&Cr=indigenous&Cr1= |title=United Nations adopts Declaration on Rights of Indigenous Peoples |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313182426/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=23794&Cr=indigenous&Cr1= |archive-date=March 13, 2017 |website=United Nations News Centre |date=13 September 2007}}</ref> A̱ya nwuak shyim ka ni yet á̱ nnwuak byibyin swanta cet a̱khwukhwut ba nyia̱ ta̱m a̱zason-a̱beam a̱niet mbyina̱byin yongtyak nkyangvwuot swanta, ma̱nang nta̱nkai yaa̱son, [[taada ji shi a̱kpa|taada ji shi a̱kpal]], kwainfwuo, ma̱ng [[tyok cet a̱pyia̱]].<ref name=":5">{{cite web |url = https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/FAQsindigenousdeclaration.pdf |title=Frequently Asked Questions – Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples |access-date=5 March 2012 |author=United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115004932/http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/FAQsindigenousdeclaration.pdf |archive-date=January 15, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Ma̱ a̱tuk A̱lami̱t, zwat a̱kubunyiung 13, a̱lyia̱ 2007, a̱byin mundundung swanta ka si̱ koot ma̱ng a̱kwa a̱kpa a̱niet chicop 143 mi̱ sangdam (4 di̱ na̱van, 11 a̱ si̱ ghwai, a̱wot 34 si̱ gwum) di̱ tak kpa̱sai hu.<ref name=votes>{{cite web | title=General Assembly adopts Declaration on Rights of Indigenous Peoples; 'Major Step Forward' towards human rights for all, says President | website=UN General Assembly GA/10612 | date=13 September 2007 | url=http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs//2007/ga10612.doc.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117024621/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs//2007/ga10612.doc.htm | archive-date=17 November 2007 | url-status=dead | access-date=21 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Reyhner |first1=J. |last2=Singh |first2=N. |date=2010 |title=Cultural genocide in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States |journal=Indigenous Policy Journal|s2cid=141340015 }}</ref> Neet a̱lyia̱ 2007, [[Osheniya|A̱stralani̱ya]] , [[Ka̱na̱da]], [[Zi̱lan A̱fai]], ma̱ng [[a̱si̱tet mundundung]] ba bwuak a̱ka̱wat mba na a̱wot ma̱nini ba lurung a̱ma sheita̱m ji. Ma̱ a̱tyan zwat jhyung a̱lyia̱ 2020, [[A̱byin mundundung nSwanta ka a̱tyong a̱ si̱ nkyayak ma̱ng [[mta̱m lunglulung]] á̱ si̱ tyan na ma̱nang (A/RES/61/295) nang "...a̱swa ku nswak ma̱ a̱tungswanta nkyang ta̱m a̱kwonu a̱ka̱wat nsi̱ a̱niet mbyina̱byin. Ku nyia̱ a̱ka̱nok a̱tsan swanta si̱ a̱ca̱caat mmak da̱nian a̱ si̱ ba shwot a̱cet a̱ni, li̱ a̱gyei kyang ma̱ng a̱ka̱nka̱ra̱ng-nswat da̱nian a̱niet byina̱byin si̱ ma̱ a̱ta̱chia̱ ma̱ng si̱sak gu cet mbeang tak kpa̱sai da̱nian a̱ka̱wat a̱nietbishyi ba shyia̱ ma̱ swuan a̱za̱za̱ra̱k ma̱ng a̱tsatsak swatsa̱t ma̱nang ba nta̱m ma̱ a̱tan nvak nkyang naat a̱nbwuot si̱ a̱niet byina̱byin."<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url = https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/declaration-on-the-rights-of-indigenous-peoples.html |title = United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples {{!}} United Nations For Indigenous Peoples |website=www.un.org |access-date=2020-02-16 }}</ref> Ma̱nang [[A̱tung mundundung a̱mgba̱m swanta]] ntak a̱ni nyiai̱, UNDRIP yet kyang gorong hwa nang cam tyok nfi̱n a̱ni bah a̱ta̱fa [[kam muma̱pyia̱ bibyin swanta]].<ref name=":5"/><ref name="Barnabas2017">{{Cite journal|last=Barnabas|first=Sylvanus Gbendazhi|date=2017-12-07|title=The Legal Status of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007) in Contemporary International Human Rights Law|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/hrlr/6/2/article-p242_242.xml|journal=International Human Rights Law Review|volume=6|issue=2|page=253|doi=10.1163/22131035-00602006|issn=2213-1027|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Di̱ si̱sak ji nang kyang UN nyap a̱ghwut ma̱ng kyang ba̱ kan nyia̱ a̱ni "si̱ kup tyok tazwa a̱tyu byia̱ cet si̱ muna̱pyia̱ swanta di̱ si̱sak ma̱nang ntswang a̱ni tazwa a̱buk nvak a̱wot ku si wup a̱mgbam a̱lahyia̱ nang UN's a̱memba a̱si̱tet ba̱ shyei a̱nat ma̱n a̱nyiung ma̱ a̱ghyi a̱nyiung "; á̱ UN ba ku tyan hu ma̱nang jhys hwa "ma̱ng a̱cucuk yong di̱ kyang ku myim a̱ni da̱nian nyian [[a̱niet nswata̱byin]] da ba̱ na fa̱k a̱wun ba̱ yet a̱tan a̱niet nta̱m di̱ vak bwuk ma̱ng [[nyaap zang a̱ka̱wat a̱nietbishyi]] di̱ fi̱p a̱ta̱chia̱ milion 370 a̱niet nswat a̱byin, a̱wot á̱ beang mba ba̱ ka bwuk mi̱ [[na̱van hyei vwuon]] ma̱ng [[a̱fam]]." UNDRIP kpaat ncám "Tashikum vwuoi-a̱lyiat a̱niet nswata̱byin, nkyang kwaishi̱ri̱p ce njen ma̱ng laat-zwa swata̱nietbishyi, kwai nfwuo a̱niet ma̱ng yongcet taada" a̱wot huhwa yet "a̱gaan tyia̱fwuo ncet-ma̱gbang da̱vwuo susot a̱niet nswata̱byin ba̱ shyia̱ a̱di̱dam muna̱pyia̱ swanta, ba̱ ka chok fi̱k a̱gyang da̱nian a̱di̱dam nyia̱ kyang mba, a̱wot ba bu tung munbwak beang da̱nian kyang a̱niet kwainfwuo ba kai vak ba nyia̱ a̱ni."<ref name="Coates_2013"/> [[Ken Coates (a̱tyu lyuut nkhyang)|Ken Coates]], cuk nyian zop ma̱ Canada ma̱ng a̱tyu tyiet ma̱ [[Nwunivasi̱ti a̱ si̱ Saskatchewan]], si̱ ya fwuang nyia̱ UNDRIP byia̱ cet gba̱gba̱m ma̱ng a̱niet nswata̱byin ba, a̱wot A̱gwona̱ti mundundung swanta ba kan byia̱ a̱cucuk di̱n swa kyang hu fa a̱ni bah.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ferguson |first=Mark |url = http://news.usask.ca/2011/10/12/canada-research-chairs-announced/ |title=News |website=News.usask.ca |date=2011-10-12 |access-date=2013-12-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130925080146/http://news.usask.ca/2011/10/12/canada-research-chairs-announced/ |archive-date=September 25, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref name="Coates_2013">{{citation |last=Coates|first=Ken |date=18 September 2013 |publisher = The Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI) |title = From aspiration to inspiration: UNDRIP finding deep traction in Indigenous communities |editor1=Ken Coates |editor2=Terry Mitchell |series=The Rise of the Fourth World |url = http://www.cigionline.org/blogs/aspiration-inspiration-undrip-finding-deep-traction-indigenous-communities |access-date=20 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130923083225/http://www.cigionline.org/blogs/aspiration-inspiration-undrip-finding-deep-traction-indigenous-communities |archive-date=September 23, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> ==Ya̱fang== {{Relist}} 1c0p9ne2iwa88g1ynfrf9qdhtz7hauz 43584 43583 2026-05-29T21:56:05Z Danjuma Anthony 411 /* */ 43584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[Tak Kpa̱sai Muna̱pyia̱ Bibyin Swanta mat A̱ka̱wat A̱tsak Mman A̱byin/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[Tak Kpa̱sai Muna̱pyia̱ Bibyin Swanta mat A̱ka̱wat A̱tsak Mman A̱byin/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[Tak Kpa̱sai Muna̱pyia̱ Bibyin Swanta mat A̱ka̱wat A̱tsak Mman A̱byin/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[Tak Kpa̱sai Muna̱pyia̱ Bibyin Swanta mat A̱ka̱wat A̱tsak Mman A̱byin/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[Tak Kpa̱sai Muna̱pyia̱ Bibyin Swanta mat A̱ka̱wat A̱tsak Mman A̱byin/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[Tak Kpa̱sai Muna̱pyia̱ Bibyin Swanta mat A̱ka̱wat A̱tsak Mman A̱byin/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} '''Tak Kpa̱sai Muna̱pyia̱ Bibyin Swanta mat A̱ka̱wat A̱niet Mbyina̱byin''' (UNDRIP ku DOTROIP<ref>{{cite web |url = https://zhengchunjanet.tk/pokahzgtqsfndjiecxwulmryavb5f3afaf155.pdf |title = DOTROIP-24-2-PDF |access-date = 2018-09-03 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180903150950/https://zhengchunjanet.tk/pokahzgtqsfndjiecxwulmryavb5f3afaf155.pdf |archive-date = 2018-09-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref>) a̱ yet a̱ghwighwui nwai nyip A̱ba̱ndang Mundundung mi̱ a̱lyia̱ 2007 ku fak shi̱riya ma̱ng tyei li kunyan ma̱ng yawaap a̱ka̱wat a̱tsak mman a̱byin, mun a̱ka̱wat a̱niet byia̱ na, taada ma̱ng a̱gwai a̱yet, taklyen, nwap, shyia̱ta̱m, ka̱nka̱ra̱ng, fang, ma̱ng nkyang vwuot njhyang. a̱ka̱wat a̱niet byia̱ a̱meang si̱ mbeang a̱kpai si̱ tat a̱fwun di̱ yet mman a̱byin ba byia̱ mumwang ci̱t ya ba ji.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/declaration-on-the-rights-of-indigenous-peoples.html |title = Tak Kpa̱sai Muna̱pyia̱ Bibyin Swanta mat A̱ka̱wat A̱tsak Mman A̱byin |website = Muna̱pyia̱ Swanta nwuak cet nok a̱li da̱nien nkyang vwuot mman a̱byin |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151101044521/http://undesadspd.org/IndigenousPeoples/DeclarationontheRightsofIndigenousPeoples.aspx |archive-date=November 1, 2015|url-status=live |access-date=11 December 2015 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Tak kpa̱sai hu" tyian si̱sak nang a̱ka̱wat a̱niet mbyina̱byin ba mwuang a̱wot ba tyia̱ yongmi̱cet si̱sa mba, taada ma̱ng nkyanga̱yaatyia̱ a̱khwop, a̱wot ba fi̱n yaa̱son mba hu mi̱ saai da̱nian a̱tson mba ka ma̱ng nfwuo."<ref name=":5"/> It "á̱ si̱ nfi̱n swat nyia̱van da a̱pyia̱ a̱niet mbyina̱byin a̱wot ba si̱ fwuut a̱pyia̱ mba ya a̱son a̱wot ba fwuutsai myim mi̱ kuzang nkyang ku byia̱ a̱ka̱ta mba a̱ ni, ma̱ng a̱ka̱wat mbaa ba yong na̱ di̱ nyia̱van a̱wot ba fi̱n a̱ma̱bwoi mba wu a̱ si̱ nkyayak ma̱ng yaan a̱son swatdundung".<ref name=":5"/><ref name="un.org">{{cite web |url-status=dead |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=23794&Cr=indigenous&Cr1= |title=United Nations adopts Declaration on Rights of Indigenous Peoples |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313182426/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=23794&Cr=indigenous&Cr1= |archive-date=March 13, 2017 |website=United Nations News Centre |date=13 September 2007}}</ref> A̱ya nwuak shyim ka ni yet á̱ nnwuak byibyin swanta cet a̱khwukhwut ba nyia̱ ta̱m a̱zason-a̱beam a̱niet mbyina̱byin yongtyak nkyangvwuot swanta, ma̱nang nta̱nkai yaa̱son, [[taada ji shi a̱kpa|taada ji shi a̱kpal]], kwainfwuo, ma̱ng [[tyok cet a̱pyia̱]].<ref name=":5">{{cite web |url = https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/FAQsindigenousdeclaration.pdf |title=Frequently Asked Questions – Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples |access-date=5 March 2012 |author=United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115004932/http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/FAQsindigenousdeclaration.pdf |archive-date=January 15, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Ma̱ a̱tuk A̱lami̱t, zwat a̱kubunyiung 13, a̱lyia̱ 2007, a̱byin mundundung swanta ka si̱ koot ma̱ng a̱kwa a̱kpa a̱niet chicop 143 mi̱ sangdam (4 di̱ na̱van, 11 a̱ si̱ ghwai, a̱wot 34 si̱ gwum) di̱ tak kpa̱sai hu.<ref name=votes>{{cite web | title=General Assembly adopts Declaration on Rights of Indigenous Peoples; 'Major Step Forward' towards human rights for all, says President | website=UN General Assembly GA/10612 | date=13 September 2007 | url=http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs//2007/ga10612.doc.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117024621/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs//2007/ga10612.doc.htm | archive-date=17 November 2007 | url-status=dead | access-date=21 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Reyhner |first1=J. |last2=Singh |first2=N. |date=2010 |title=Cultural genocide in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States |journal=Indigenous Policy Journal|s2cid=141340015 }}</ref> Neet a̱lyia̱ 2007, [[Osheniya|A̱stralani̱ya]] , [[Ka̱na̱da]], [[Zi̱lan A̱fai]], ma̱ng [[a̱si̱tet mundundung]] ba bwuak a̱ka̱wat mba na a̱wot ma̱nini ba lurung a̱ma sheita̱m ji. Ma̱ a̱tyan zwat jhyung a̱lyia̱ 2020, [[A̱byin mundundung nSwanta ka a̱tyong a̱ si̱ nkyayak ma̱ng [[mta̱m lunglulung]] á̱ si̱ tyan na ma̱nang (A/RES/61/295) nang "...a̱swa ku nswak ma̱ a̱tungswanta nkyang ta̱m a̱kwonu a̱ka̱wat nsi̱ a̱niet mbyina̱byin. Ku nyia̱ a̱ka̱nok a̱tsan swanta si̱ a̱ca̱caat mmak da̱nian a̱ si̱ ba shwot a̱cet a̱ni, li̱ a̱gyei kyang ma̱ng a̱ka̱nka̱ra̱ng-nswat da̱nian a̱niet byina̱byin si̱ ma̱ a̱ta̱chia̱ ma̱ng si̱sak gu cet mbeang tak kpa̱sai da̱nian a̱ka̱wat a̱nietbishyi ba shyia̱ ma̱ swuan a̱za̱za̱ra̱k ma̱ng a̱tsatsak swatsa̱t ma̱nang ba nta̱m ma̱ a̱tan nvak nkyang naat a̱nbwuot si̱ a̱niet byina̱byin."<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url = https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/declaration-on-the-rights-of-indigenous-peoples.html |title = United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples {{!}} United Nations For Indigenous Peoples |website=www.un.org |access-date=2020-02-16 }}</ref> Ma̱nang [[A̱tung mundundung a̱mgba̱m swanta]] ntak a̱ni nyiai̱, UNDRIP yet kyang gorong hwa nang cam tyok nfi̱n a̱ni bah a̱ta̱fa [[kam muma̱pyia̱ bibyin swanta]].<ref name=":5"/><ref name="Barnabas2017">{{Cite journal|last=Barnabas|first=Sylvanus Gbendazhi|date=2017-12-07|title=The Legal Status of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007) in Contemporary International Human Rights Law|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/hrlr/6/2/article-p242_242.xml|journal=International Human Rights Law Review|volume=6|issue=2|page=253|doi=10.1163/22131035-00602006|issn=2213-1027|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Di̱ si̱sak ji nang kyang UN nyap a̱ghwut ma̱ng kyang ba̱ kan nyia̱ a̱ni "si̱ kup tyok tazwa a̱tyu byia̱ cet si̱ muna̱pyia̱ swanta di̱ si̱sak ma̱nang ntswang a̱ni tazwa a̱buk nvak a̱wot ku si wup a̱mgbam a̱lahyia̱ nang UN's a̱memba a̱si̱tet ba̱ shyei a̱nat ma̱n a̱nyiung ma̱ a̱ghyi a̱nyiung "; á̱ UN ba ku tyan hu ma̱nang jhys hwa "ma̱ng a̱cucuk yong di̱ kyang ku myim a̱ni da̱nian nyian [[a̱niet nswata̱byin]] da ba̱ na fa̱k a̱wun ba̱ yet a̱tan a̱niet nta̱m di̱ vak bwuk ma̱ng [[nyaap zang a̱ka̱wat a̱nietbishyi]] di̱ fi̱p a̱ta̱chia̱ milion 370 a̱niet nswat a̱byin, a̱wot á̱ beang mba ba̱ ka bwuk mi̱ [[na̱van hyei vwuon]] ma̱ng [[a̱fam]]." UNDRIP kpaat ncám "Tashikum vwuoi-a̱lyiat a̱niet nswata̱byin, nkyang kwaishi̱ri̱p ce njen ma̱ng laat-zwa swata̱nietbishyi, kwai nfwuo a̱niet ma̱ng yongcet taada" a̱wot huhwa yet "a̱gaan tyia̱fwuo ncet-ma̱gbang da̱vwuo susot a̱niet nswata̱byin ba̱ shyia̱ a̱di̱dam muna̱pyia̱ swanta, ba̱ ka chok fi̱k a̱gyang da̱nian a̱di̱dam nyia̱ kyang mba, a̱wot ba bu tung munbwak beang da̱nian kyang a̱niet kwainfwuo ba kai vak ba nyia̱ a̱ni."<ref name="Coates_2013"/> [[Ken Coates (a̱tyu lyuut nkhyang)|Ken Coates]], cuk nyian zop ma̱ Canada ma̱ng a̱tyu tyiet ma̱ [[Nwunivasi̱ti a̱ si̱ Saskatchewan]], si̱ ya fwuang nyia̱ UNDRIP byia̱ cet gba̱gba̱m ma̱ng a̱niet nswata̱byin ba, a̱wot A̱gwona̱ti mundundung swanta ba kan byia̱ a̱cucuk di̱n swa kyang hu fa a̱ni bah.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ferguson |first=Mark |url = http://news.usask.ca/2011/10/12/canada-research-chairs-announced/ |title=News |website=News.usask.ca |date=2011-10-12 |access-date=2013-12-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130925080146/http://news.usask.ca/2011/10/12/canada-research-chairs-announced/ |archive-date=September 25, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref name="Coates_2013">{{citation |last=Coates|first=Ken |date=18 September 2013 |publisher = The Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI) |title = From aspiration to inspiration: UNDRIP finding deep traction in Indigenous communities |editor1=Ken Coates |editor2=Terry Mitchell |series=The Rise of the Fourth World |url = http://www.cigionline.org/blogs/aspiration-inspiration-undrip-finding-deep-traction-indigenous-communities |access-date=20 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130923083225/http://www.cigionline.org/blogs/aspiration-inspiration-undrip-finding-deep-traction-indigenous-communities |archive-date=September 23, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> ==Ya̱fang== {{Relist}} 3mmrx3xztdd8yvlmiqf1wm071kdmenf 0 6388 43585 37975 2026-05-29T21:56:58Z Danjuma Anthony 411 /* */ 43585 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[A̱gwaza/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[A̱gwaza/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[A̱gwazi̱/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[A̱gwazai/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[A̱gwaza/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[A̱gwazai̱/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} '''A̱ka̱be Afi̱rika mat A̱ka̱wat Á̱nietbishyi ma̱ng Á̱niet''' (á̱ bu lyen ka nang A̱ka̱be Banjul) yet a̱ka̱be nkyang ta̱m a̱niet swanta kya ka neet tyia̱ a̱kpai ma̱ng cam a̱nietbishi tam a̱niet ma̱ng a̱hyohyoot a̱sai fwuo mi̱ ngak A̱fi̱rika na. Ku ghwut wa a̱tafa aegis ma̱ ạkpa mundundung A̱fi̱rica (neet di̱n jen ci̱t shyia̱ nyiung A̱fi̱rika) ma̱nang, khyiak jen ndyia̱ 1979 tyok a̱kwak si̱tet ma̱ng A̱gwomna̱ti, a̱ ya̱ghap a̱nwuat yei da̱nian a̱ ka nok muna̱pyia̱ a̱yaagwak ba̱ na cong ma̱ng swanta-kwoi á̱ shyia̱ yong a̱niet khwo mba, tai a̱ ba ba̱ mi̱n shyia̱ mi̱ Yorop (a̱tung Yorop da̱nian mat A̱ka̱wa̱t A̱nietbishyi) ma̱ng a̱niet A̱merika (a̱tung A̱merika da̱nian A̱ka̱wat A̱nietbishyi). Muna̱pyia̱ hu ni a̱ ku mi̱n lap ji a a̱sak,a̱wot hu si̱ byin a̱waknta̱m ma̱nang á̱ ku shyim da̱ka̱nyiung ma̱ OAU's a̱ ku nyia̱ a̱tung muna̱pyia̱ 18th mi̱ zwat a̱taa 1981, mi̱ Nairobi, a̱byin Kenya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.achpr.org/sessions/5th/resolutions/1/|title=1: Resolution on the Celebration of an African Day of Human Rights / Resolutions / 5th Ordinary Session/ACHPR|website=www.achpr.org|access-date=2018-01-17|archive-date=2012-07-19|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719220811/http://www.achpr.org/sessions/5th/resolutions/1/|url-status=dead}}</ref> da̱ si̱sak ́ma̱nang a̱ti̱kut 63 gu (da̱nian ka a̱ ku ca̱t a̱ "bai ma̱ cet li̱lyim zwat tsat a̱ sii̱ song a̱kwak a̱son nbyiak muna̱pyia̱ si̱ nkyang nta̱m nwuak a̱pyia̱ ku ba̱ng a̱ba̱kpa a̱niet" á̱ si̱ OAU's memba a̱si̱tet), yong a̱yaat A̱fi̱rika da̱nian a̱nietbishyi ma̱ng á̱niet' yong gi̱gi̱ng A̱fi̱rika da̱nian A̱ka̱wat Á̱niet ma̱ng A̱nietbishyi' Ạka̱wat ku bai mi̱ tyia̱i tyia̱ kpa̱sai ma̱ ȧ̱tuk 21 Zwat Swak a̱lyia̱ 1986- mi̱ dyep zamg hu wa ku bai a̱tuk 21 Zwat Swak ma̱nang á̱ ku tyia̱i "Mam A̱fi̱rika A̱ka̱wat A̱nietbishyi", a̱niet a̱lyiat A̱fi̱rica ma̱ a̱nietbishi ma̱ng á̱niet' yong a̱pyia̱ mba ku bai a̱swuom ma̱ a̱tuk 21, zwat swak 1986- mi̱ nwuak shi zang hu ku bai atuk 21, zwat swak ma̱nang á̱ ku tyai a̱ni "Mam A̱ka̱be á̱niet A̱fi̱rica". Cok ma̱ng tyia̱i a̱pyia̱ yong gi̱ngi̱ng wa yet zang muna̱pyia̱ A̱fi̱rika da̱nian A̱ka̱wat a̱nietbishyi ma̱ng A̱niet' a̱ka̱wat, ma̱nang á̱ mi̱n tsa a̱sak neet a̱tuk 2, Zwat Swak ma̱ng jhyiung Ndyia̱ 1987 mi̱ [[A̱di̱t A̱baba]] (PM Ebbaa.A), Ntopi̱ya ma̱ng a̱wat ma̱nini ngu wa yet a̱keang tung mi̱ Banjul, Gambi̱ya <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.achpr.org/about/|title=About ACHPR / ACHPR|website=www.achpr.org|access-date=2018-01-17}}</ref> A̱ fa yong gi̱ngi̱̇ng fwuang a̱ ja ku shyia̱ li̱lyia̱ ma̱nang á̱ ku nsan mi̱ a̱lyia̱ 1998 si̱ hu ma̱nang a̱li cam A̱fi̱rika da̱nian a̱nietbishyi ma̱ng á̱niet' A̱ka̱wat kumyim á̱ khwuk. yong gi̱ngi̱ng hu ku bai mami koa̱sai ma̱ a̱tuk mam 25 Zwat Jhyung 2004. Mi̱ Zwat A̱natat a̱lyia̱ 2004, Muna̱pyia̱ AU ba si̱ shyim nyia̱ ACHP ba na mun a̱dundung ma̱ng A̱licam A̱fi̱rika nyian shansham. Mi̱ Zwat A̱natat a̱lyia̱ 2005, Muna̱pyia̱ AU si̱ ma̱ nshyim nyia̱ ACHP ba ba̱ nyian nta̱m ku nang yong gi̱ngi̱ng kan nok A̱licam A̱fi̱rika mat nyian shansham a̱ni si̱ a̱hwa kan bai ma̱ng sai bah. Da nyia̱ ca̱caat, ma̱ a̱chak a̱ni̱nai ma̱ a̱ca̱caat jen tyok byia̱ kyang hyia̱ ma̱ ȧ̱tung mundundung A̱fi̱rica mi̱ Khartoum, Sudan, a̱tuk 22 Zwat jhyung 2006, á̱ ku khyi̱ai A̱tyu Cam ntsa wu a̱ si̱ A̱licam A̱fi̱rika da̱nian A̱nietbishyi ma̱ng Á̱niet ba shyiat' A̱ka̱wat. Kpa̱dang tsitsak nok fai hu ma̱ng muna̱pyia̱ hu ni̱ ghyong á̱ si̱ byia̱ kyang hyia da hu. Ma̱ a̱lyia̱ 2019, a̱si̱tet 53 ku shyiat tyia̱ kpa̱sai hu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.achpr.org/instruments/achpr/ratification |title=Ambf CMS |access-date=2021-02-07 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225042254/http://www.achpr.org/instruments/achpr/ratification/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kyang mami == A̱niet A̱fi̱rika ba ku nwuak sai da̱nian A̱nietbishyi ma̱ng a̱ka̱wat Á̱niet mun ma̱ng tyia̱i a̱pyia̱, nkap 3, a̱gba̱ndang zwunzwuo 4, ma̱ng a̱ti̱kut 63. Tyia̱i kpa̱sai hu ku bwuak nok a̱ba̱keang a̱ka̱wat A̱nietbishyi da̱nian A̱fi̱rika. Tyia̱i kpa̱sai hu ku nwuak a̱lyiak tyia̱ sai dundung ma̱ nkyangta̱m a̱ba̱ka̱keang jhyang, a̱wot ba myimyii̱t a̱ka̱sham fwuo da̱nian tswang ma̱nang gu shyia̱ lyen a̱ ni a̱wot ma̱ng cok nang gu nwuat nji̱n a̱ni.<ref name="ReferenceA">Christof Heyns, the essentials of...Human Rights, 2005</ref> Ba̱ ku tyia̱i pi̱pyia̱ mba da̱vwuo a̱niet [[anti-Zionism|bwuut ma̱ng Si̱sa]], zang hu wa á̱ tyan ma̱ng [[Ntyok]] ma̱ng [[seang a̱bwobwuonaai]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=One moment, please... |url=http://www.achpr.org/english/_info/charter_en.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216175940/http://www.achpr.org/english/_info/charter_en.html |archive-date=2022-12-16 |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=www.achpr.org |url-status=live }}</ref> Kwak [[A̱fi̱rika (A̱tyin)]] ba̱ shyia̱ ya a̱son a̱lyia̱ 1996 nwuo a̱vwuo á̱ keang a̱ ghwon da̱nian jhya ji ji̱̇ kwa ca̱caat mi̱ ndang dundung ma̱ UN's ca̱t tata̱pyia̱ "da̱nian nwuan a̱tan kyang ma̱ Sihi̱yona."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.achpr.org/instruments/achpr/ |title=African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights |publisher=African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights |access-date=9 December 2012 |archive-date=19 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119013007/http://www.achpr.org/instruments/achpr/ |url-status = live}}</ref> ==Ya̱fang== {{Reflist}} eh6uiid4n6ectkuph8kuecfhsmk9oy7 43586 43585 2026-05-29T21:57:37Z Danjuma Anthony 411 /* */ 43586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[A̱ka̱be Afi̱rika mat A̱ka̱wat Á̱nietbishyi ma̱ng Á̱niet/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[A̱ka̱be Afi̱rika mat A̱ka̱wat Á̱nietbishyi ma̱ng Á̱niet/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[A̱ka̱be Afi̱rika mat A̱ka̱wat Á̱nietbishyi ma̱ng Á̱niet/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[A̱ka̱be Afi̱rika mat A̱ka̱wat Á̱nietbishyi ma̱ng Á̱niet/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[A̱ka̱be Afi̱rika mat A̱ka̱wat Á̱nietbishyi ma̱ng Á̱niet/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[A̱ka̱be Afi̱rika mat A̱ka̱wat Á̱nietbishyi ma̱ng Á̱niet/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} '''A̱ka̱be Afi̱rika mat A̱ka̱wat Á̱nietbishyi ma̱ng Á̱niet''' (á̱ bu lyen ka nang A̱ka̱be Banjul) yet a̱ka̱be nkyang ta̱m a̱niet swanta kya ka neet tyia̱ a̱kpai ma̱ng cam a̱nietbishi tam a̱niet ma̱ng a̱hyohyoot a̱sai fwuo mi̱ ngak A̱fi̱rika na. Ku ghwut wa a̱tafa aegis ma̱ ạkpa mundundung A̱fi̱rica (neet di̱n jen ci̱t shyia̱ nyiung A̱fi̱rika) ma̱nang, khyiak jen ndyia̱ 1979 tyok a̱kwak si̱tet ma̱ng A̱gwomna̱ti, a̱ ya̱ghap a̱nwuat yei da̱nian a̱ ka nok muna̱pyia̱ a̱yaagwak ba̱ na cong ma̱ng swanta-kwoi á̱ shyia̱ yong a̱niet khwo mba, tai a̱ ba ba̱ mi̱n shyia̱ mi̱ Yorop (a̱tung Yorop da̱nian mat A̱ka̱wa̱t A̱nietbishyi) ma̱ng a̱niet A̱merika (a̱tung A̱merika da̱nian A̱ka̱wat A̱nietbishyi). Muna̱pyia̱ hu ni a̱ ku mi̱n lap ji a a̱sak,a̱wot hu si̱ byin a̱waknta̱m ma̱nang á̱ ku shyim da̱ka̱nyiung ma̱ OAU's a̱ ku nyia̱ a̱tung muna̱pyia̱ 18th mi̱ zwat a̱taa 1981, mi̱ Nairobi, a̱byin Kenya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.achpr.org/sessions/5th/resolutions/1/|title=1: Resolution on the Celebration of an African Day of Human Rights / Resolutions / 5th Ordinary Session/ACHPR|website=www.achpr.org|access-date=2018-01-17|archive-date=2012-07-19|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719220811/http://www.achpr.org/sessions/5th/resolutions/1/|url-status=dead}}</ref> da̱ si̱sak ́ma̱nang a̱ti̱kut 63 gu (da̱nian ka a̱ ku ca̱t a̱ "bai ma̱ cet li̱lyim zwat tsat a̱ sii̱ song a̱kwak a̱son nbyiak muna̱pyia̱ si̱ nkyang nta̱m nwuak a̱pyia̱ ku ba̱ng a̱ba̱kpa a̱niet" á̱ si̱ OAU's memba a̱si̱tet), yong a̱yaat A̱fi̱rika da̱nian a̱nietbishyi ma̱ng á̱niet' yong gi̱gi̱ng A̱fi̱rika da̱nian A̱ka̱wat Á̱niet ma̱ng A̱nietbishyi' Ạka̱wat ku bai mi̱ tyia̱i tyia̱ kpa̱sai ma̱ ȧ̱tuk 21 Zwat Swak a̱lyia̱ 1986- mi̱ dyep zamg hu wa ku bai a̱tuk 21 Zwat Swak ma̱nang á̱ ku tyia̱i "Mam A̱fi̱rika A̱ka̱wat A̱nietbishyi", a̱niet a̱lyiat A̱fi̱rica ma̱ a̱nietbishi ma̱ng á̱niet' yong a̱pyia̱ mba ku bai a̱swuom ma̱ a̱tuk 21, zwat swak 1986- mi̱ nwuak shi zang hu ku bai atuk 21, zwat swak ma̱nang á̱ ku tyai a̱ni "Mam A̱ka̱be á̱niet A̱fi̱rica". Cok ma̱ng tyia̱i a̱pyia̱ yong gi̱ngi̱ng wa yet zang muna̱pyia̱ A̱fi̱rika da̱nian A̱ka̱wat a̱nietbishyi ma̱ng A̱niet' a̱ka̱wat, ma̱nang á̱ mi̱n tsa a̱sak neet a̱tuk 2, Zwat Swak ma̱ng jhyiung Ndyia̱ 1987 mi̱ [[A̱di̱t A̱baba]] (PM Ebbaa.A), Ntopi̱ya ma̱ng a̱wat ma̱nini ngu wa yet a̱keang tung mi̱ Banjul, Gambi̱ya <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.achpr.org/about/|title=About ACHPR / ACHPR|website=www.achpr.org|access-date=2018-01-17}}</ref> A̱ fa yong gi̱ngi̱̇ng fwuang a̱ ja ku shyia̱ li̱lyia̱ ma̱nang á̱ ku nsan mi̱ a̱lyia̱ 1998 si̱ hu ma̱nang a̱li cam A̱fi̱rika da̱nian a̱nietbishyi ma̱ng á̱niet' A̱ka̱wat kumyim á̱ khwuk. yong gi̱ngi̱ng hu ku bai mami koa̱sai ma̱ a̱tuk mam 25 Zwat Jhyung 2004. Mi̱ Zwat A̱natat a̱lyia̱ 2004, Muna̱pyia̱ AU ba si̱ shyim nyia̱ ACHP ba na mun a̱dundung ma̱ng A̱licam A̱fi̱rika nyian shansham. Mi̱ Zwat A̱natat a̱lyia̱ 2005, Muna̱pyia̱ AU si̱ ma̱ nshyim nyia̱ ACHP ba ba̱ nyian nta̱m ku nang yong gi̱ngi̱ng kan nok A̱licam A̱fi̱rika mat nyian shansham a̱ni si̱ a̱hwa kan bai ma̱ng sai bah. Da nyia̱ ca̱caat, ma̱ a̱chak a̱ni̱nai ma̱ a̱ca̱caat jen tyok byia̱ kyang hyia̱ ma̱ ȧ̱tung mundundung A̱fi̱rica mi̱ Khartoum, Sudan, a̱tuk 22 Zwat jhyung 2006, á̱ ku khyi̱ai A̱tyu Cam ntsa wu a̱ si̱ A̱licam A̱fi̱rika da̱nian A̱nietbishyi ma̱ng Á̱niet ba shyiat' A̱ka̱wat. Kpa̱dang tsitsak nok fai hu ma̱ng muna̱pyia̱ hu ni̱ ghyong á̱ si̱ byia̱ kyang hyia da hu. Ma̱ a̱lyia̱ 2019, a̱si̱tet 53 ku shyiat tyia̱ kpa̱sai hu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.achpr.org/instruments/achpr/ratification |title=Ambf CMS |access-date=2021-02-07 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225042254/http://www.achpr.org/instruments/achpr/ratification/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kyang mami == A̱niet A̱fi̱rika ba ku nwuak sai da̱nian A̱nietbishyi ma̱ng a̱ka̱wat Á̱niet mun ma̱ng tyia̱i a̱pyia̱, nkap 3, a̱gba̱ndang zwunzwuo 4, ma̱ng a̱ti̱kut 63. Tyia̱i kpa̱sai hu ku bwuak nok a̱ba̱keang a̱ka̱wat A̱nietbishyi da̱nian A̱fi̱rika. Tyia̱i kpa̱sai hu ku nwuak a̱lyiak tyia̱ sai dundung ma̱ nkyangta̱m a̱ba̱ka̱keang jhyang, a̱wot ba myimyii̱t a̱ka̱sham fwuo da̱nian tswang ma̱nang gu shyia̱ lyen a̱ ni a̱wot ma̱ng cok nang gu nwuat nji̱n a̱ni.<ref name="ReferenceA">Christof Heyns, the essentials of...Human Rights, 2005</ref> Ba̱ ku tyia̱i pi̱pyia̱ mba da̱vwuo a̱niet [[anti-Zionism|bwuut ma̱ng Si̱sa]], zang hu wa á̱ tyan ma̱ng [[Ntyok]] ma̱ng [[seang a̱bwobwuonaai]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=One moment, please... |url=http://www.achpr.org/english/_info/charter_en.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216175940/http://www.achpr.org/english/_info/charter_en.html |archive-date=2022-12-16 |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=www.achpr.org |url-status=live }}</ref> Kwak [[A̱fi̱rika (A̱tyin)]] ba̱ shyia̱ ya a̱son a̱lyia̱ 1996 nwuo a̱vwuo á̱ keang a̱ ghwon da̱nian jhya ji ji̱̇ kwa ca̱caat mi̱ ndang dundung ma̱ UN's ca̱t tata̱pyia̱ "da̱nian nwuan a̱tan kyang ma̱ Sihi̱yona."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.achpr.org/instruments/achpr/ |title=African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights |publisher=African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights |access-date=9 December 2012 |archive-date=19 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119013007/http://www.achpr.org/instruments/achpr/ |url-status = live}}</ref> ==Ya̱fang== {{Reflist}} j2q1yhacel7m4u46qi8sip79qegwp75 0 6389 43587 38286 2026-05-29T21:58:25Z Danjuma Anthony 411 /* */ 43587 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[A̱gwaza/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[A̱gwaza/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[A̱gwazi̱/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[A̱gwazai/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[A̱gwaza/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[A̱gwazai̱/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} '''Teang Ti̱teang mat khwo''' hu á̱ swa kyang ku fa a̱ni li ma̱nang a̱lyeam kya á̱ mat di̱ tok ku swuom.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |article=reparation |date=2009 |title=Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary |access-date=September 19, 2009 |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/reparation}}</ref> A̱tsak kaat a̱lyeam da̱nian fa teang ti̱teang mat nkhwo ki̱n nshai da̱ka̱nyiung ku swak ndyia̱ swaak. Ma̱ kpa̱nkpaan mi̱ ndyia̱ 1900, teang ti̱teang mat khwo ku yet shaishishai muna̱pyia̱ swanta hwa (nwuan zwang teang ti̱teang mat khwo) na ku yet nvak a̱ka̱kpat da̱ vwuon si̱sak ji a̱tyukwan ang ma̱ng teang mbwak a̱gaat ba̱tyan jhya ka, ms̱nang ta̱ngkai zwang swanta nku tan teang ti̱teang mat khwo mbwak Jemini bya ma̱ng a̱kpa̱ndang ta̱m mba ba. A̱ ma̱ fi̱k teang ti̱teang mat khwo ma̱nang zwang gbi̱ri̱ng ja ma̱nyin ji ba a̱wot kap ma̱ a̱ghwughwui nyia̱ ma̱ng mmak jhyang á̱ gwut dyo da̱nian a̱tyu bwuo a̱bun a̱niet fwuong a̱bung ta̱m nang mundundung ba nyiap zang mba ji a̱ni. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Racism and Human Rights: An Approach to Reparations |url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/campaigns/race/reparations.htm |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.hrw.org}}</ref> <ref name="de Greiff 2008">See {{harvnb|de Greiff|2008}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/the-case-for-reparations/361631/|title=The Case for Reparations|last=Coates|first=Ta-Nehisi|work=The Atlantic|access-date=2018-03-23}}</ref> <ref>Cf. {{harvnb|United Nations General Assembly|2005}}</ref> a̱tyu a̱dat a̱ bwuo fa̱t da̱nian teang ti̱teang mat khwo ma̱ng ta̱m sot ma̱nang á̱ ta̱bat ji mȧ̱ a̱bun a̱wa a̱ni na gyuut ma̱ mba a̱wot muna̱pyia̱ ba ba̱ cok mba. ==Li hu== Cam hu ku khai jhya hu ku shyia̱ nkyang nfeang: a̱wat a̱tyu á̱ fwuat á̱ si̱ bwuo nggu swuom ku shyia̱ jhya, a̱wot a̱tyu gu byia̱ a̱bun wu da̱nian gun ji gu san jhya.{{sfn|United Nations General Assembly|2005}} A̱ si̱ ma̱ng nca̱t jhya di̱n vak a̱niet ma̱ nva̱k [[cucuk sheri̱ya]], ku na si̱ mi̱n ngyet nfa ma̱nang á̱ ghwut dyo da̱vwuo si̱tet á̱ jhyi a̱di̱dam kyang á̱ fa a̱ni ku ca̱t a̱niet ba shi a̱kpai a̱ni.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/RemedyAndReparation.aspx|title=OHCHR Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation|website=www.ohchr.org|access-date=2018-12-01}}</ref>. {{sfn|Magarrell|2007}}. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Vernon |first=Richard |title=Historical Redress: Must We Pay for the Past? |publisher=Continuum |year=2012 |isbn=978-1441121318 |location=New York, NY |publication-date=September 20, 2012}}</ref> {{sfn|Magarrell|2007}} ==A̱nyan wa kpaat Teang Ti̱teang== Cam mundundung swanta fwun da a̱wat kan ka ku yet a̱tsatsak ma̱ng ta̱m ghwut ma̱ teang si̱ mi̱n bai ma̱ng kurum mi̱ a̱ka̱wat kyai a̱nietbishyi ma̱ng kwakukwa fa ma̱ng a̱pyia̱ ma̱ng a̱ka̱tung khwi, mun ma̱ng: # – A̱ti̱kut 8<ref>{{citation |author=United Nations General Assembly |url=http://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/ |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights |date=10 December 1948}}</ref> # – A̱ti̱kut 2<ref>{{citation |author=United Nations General Assembly |date=16 December 1966 |title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CCPR.aspx}}</ref> # – A̱ti̱kut 6<ref>{{citation |author=United Nations General Assembly |date=21 December 1965 |title=International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CERD.aspx}} ([http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3940.html PDF version])</ref> # – A̱ti̱kut 14<ref>{{citation |author=United Nations General Assembly |date=4 February 1984 |title=Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CAT.aspx}}</ref> # – A̱ti̱kut 39<ref>{{citation |author=United Nations General Assembly |title=Convention on the Rights of the Child |date=20 November 1989 |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CRC.aspx}}</ref> # – A̱ti̱kut 3<ref name="Hague Convention">{{citation |author=Second International Peace Conference |date=18 October 1907 |url=http://www.refworld.org/publisher,HAGUE,,,4374cae64,0.html |title=Hague Convention (IV) Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and Its Annex: Regulations Concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land}}</ref> # – A̱ti̱kut 91<ref name="Hague Convention"/> # – A̱ti̱kut 79 and 75<ref>{{citation |url=http://undocs.org/A/CONF.183/9 |title=Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court |id=A/CONF.183/9}} Also available at {{ws|[[s:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court|Wikisource]]}}</ref> ==Ntyan teang ti̱teang a̱ka̱tung== '''Canada''' – Li swak ndyia̱ 100, [[Canada]] si̱ bu byin maat turung a̱niet nswata̱byin mmancanada ma̱ a̱ka̱sa mba na a̱wot ba si̱ tei mba mi̱ malikhwi-cung [[A̱ka̱safang myian [[Ndi̱ya]] (IRS). Tankai nyia̱ hu ni kuyet kap tyia̱ fwuo jhya swat a̱nietnswat Canada bya, a̱wot mun ma̱ fi̱n a̱chwuang li̱lyem nta ma̱ng maat taada. Mi̱ ndyia̱ 1991, A̱gwomna̱ti Canada ba si̱ nok [[ Tyok Komitii da̱nian a̱cucuk á̱niet]] (RCAP), ba si̱ zop tsa ndi̱ri̱m di̱ kpandang tsa̱tsak a̱cucuk á̱niet, a̱gwomna̱ti ba, ma̱ng a̱keang ka.<ref>Assembly of First Nations: "AFN National Chief Says Private Audience with Pope Benedict XVI in Vatican City "Closes the Circle" and Enables Work Towards Reconciliation for Residential School Survivors" [http://www.afn.ca/article.asp?id=4511] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325203208/http://www.afn.ca/article.asp?id=4511 |date=2017-03-25 }}</ref> .<ref name="ictj1">{{cite web|url=http://ictj.org/our-work/regions-and-countries/canada|title=Canada & Transitional Justice |publisher=International Center for Transitional Justice|date=28 February 2011}}</ref> .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ictj.org/location/canada|title=Canada &#124; International Center for Transitional Justice|website=www.ictj.org|access-date=2025-07-27|archive-date=2022-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723203419/https://www.ictj.org/location/canada|url-status=dead}}</ref>. <ref>{{Citation|last=CBC News|title=Trudeau delivers historic apology to LGBT Canadians|date=2017-11-28|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wM0yZP-g3a4|access-date=2018-12-01}}</ref>. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://ictj.org/publication/truth-and-reconciliation-morocco|title=Truth and Reconciliation in Morocco|date=25 April 2011|publisher=International Center for Transitional Justice|access-date=27 July 2025|archive-date=26 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526052505/https://www.ictj.org/publication/truth-and-reconciliation-morocco|url-status=dead}}</ref> .<ref name="de Greiff 2008"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ictj.org/publication/live-other-kenyans-do-study-reparative-demands-kenyan-victims-human-rights-violations|title="To Live as Other Kenyans Do": A Study of the Reparative Demands of Kenyan Victims of Human Rights Violations|date=25 July 2011|publisher=International Center for Transitional Justice|access-date=27 July 2025|archive-date=27 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927184329/https://www.ictj.org/publication/live-other-kenyans-do-study-reparative-demands-kenyan-victims-human-rights-violations|url-status=dead}}</ref> .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brooks |first=Roy L. |title=When Sorry Isn't Enough: The Controversy Over Apologies and Reparations for Human Injustice |publisher=New York University Press |year=1999 |isbn=9780814713327 |publication-date=1999 |pages=165–168}}</ref> .<ref name="u250">{{cite journal | last=De Cesari | first=Chiara | title=The paradoxes of colonial reparation: Foreclosing memory and the 2008 Italy–Libya Friendship Treaty | journal=Memory Studies | publisher=SAGE Publications | volume=5 | issue=3 | year=2012 | issn=1750-6980 | doi=10.1177/1750698012443888 | doi-access=free | pages=316–326}}</ref> ==Ya̱fang== {{Reflist}} to2systjbd2lh9gnbp6mbspkk6nkikx 43588 43587 2026-05-29T21:59:01Z Danjuma Anthony 411 /* */ 43588 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[Teang Ti̱teang mat Khwo (nyian-ca̱caat a̱shai)/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[Teang Ti̱teang mat Khwo (nyian-ca̱caat a̱shai)/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[Teang Ti̱teang mat Khwo (nyian-ca̱caat a̱shai)/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[Teang Ti̱teang mat Khwo (nyian-ca̱caat a̱shai)/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[Teang Ti̱teang mat Khwo (nyian-ca̱caat a̱shai)/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[Teang Ti̱teang mat Khwo (nyian-ca̱caat a̱shai)/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} '''Teang Ti̱teang mat khwo''' hu á̱ swa kyang ku fa a̱ni li ma̱nang a̱lyeam kya á̱ mat di̱ tok ku swuom.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |article=reparation |date=2009 |title=Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary |access-date=September 19, 2009 |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/reparation}}</ref> A̱tsak kaat a̱lyeam da̱nian fa teang ti̱teang mat nkhwo ki̱n nshai da̱ka̱nyiung ku swak ndyia̱ swaak. Ma̱ kpa̱nkpaan mi̱ ndyia̱ 1900, teang ti̱teang mat khwo ku yet shaishishai muna̱pyia̱ swanta hwa (nwuan zwang teang ti̱teang mat khwo) na ku yet nvak a̱ka̱kpat da̱ vwuon si̱sak ji a̱tyukwan ang ma̱ng teang mbwak a̱gaat ba̱tyan jhya ka, ms̱nang ta̱ngkai zwang swanta nku tan teang ti̱teang mat khwo mbwak Jemini bya ma̱ng a̱kpa̱ndang ta̱m mba ba. A̱ ma̱ fi̱k teang ti̱teang mat khwo ma̱nang zwang gbi̱ri̱ng ja ma̱nyin ji ba a̱wot kap ma̱ a̱ghwughwui nyia̱ ma̱ng mmak jhyang á̱ gwut dyo da̱nian a̱tyu bwuo a̱bun a̱niet fwuong a̱bung ta̱m nang mundundung ba nyiap zang mba ji a̱ni. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Racism and Human Rights: An Approach to Reparations |url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/campaigns/race/reparations.htm |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.hrw.org}}</ref> <ref name="de Greiff 2008">See {{harvnb|de Greiff|2008}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/the-case-for-reparations/361631/|title=The Case for Reparations|last=Coates|first=Ta-Nehisi|work=The Atlantic|access-date=2018-03-23}}</ref> <ref>Cf. {{harvnb|United Nations General Assembly|2005}}</ref> a̱tyu a̱dat a̱ bwuo fa̱t da̱nian teang ti̱teang mat khwo ma̱ng ta̱m sot ma̱nang á̱ ta̱bat ji mȧ̱ a̱bun a̱wa a̱ni na gyuut ma̱ mba a̱wot muna̱pyia̱ ba ba̱ cok mba. ==Li hu== Cam hu ku khai jhya hu ku shyia̱ nkyang nfeang: a̱wat a̱tyu á̱ fwuat á̱ si̱ bwuo nggu swuom ku shyia̱ jhya, a̱wot a̱tyu gu byia̱ a̱bun wu da̱nian gun ji gu san jhya.{{sfn|United Nations General Assembly|2005}} A̱ si̱ ma̱ng nca̱t jhya di̱n vak a̱niet ma̱ nva̱k [[cucuk sheri̱ya]], ku na si̱ mi̱n ngyet nfa ma̱nang á̱ ghwut dyo da̱vwuo si̱tet á̱ jhyi a̱di̱dam kyang á̱ fa a̱ni ku ca̱t a̱niet ba shi a̱kpai a̱ni.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/RemedyAndReparation.aspx|title=OHCHR Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation|website=www.ohchr.org|access-date=2018-12-01}}</ref>. {{sfn|Magarrell|2007}}. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Vernon |first=Richard |title=Historical Redress: Must We Pay for the Past? |publisher=Continuum |year=2012 |isbn=978-1441121318 |location=New York, NY |publication-date=September 20, 2012}}</ref> {{sfn|Magarrell|2007}} ==A̱nyan wa kpaat Teang Ti̱teang== Cam mundundung swanta fwun da a̱wat kan ka ku yet a̱tsatsak ma̱ng ta̱m ghwut ma̱ teang si̱ mi̱n bai ma̱ng kurum mi̱ a̱ka̱wat kyai a̱nietbishyi ma̱ng kwakukwa fa ma̱ng a̱pyia̱ ma̱ng a̱ka̱tung khwi, mun ma̱ng: # – A̱ti̱kut 8<ref>{{citation |author=United Nations General Assembly |url=http://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/ |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights |date=10 December 1948}}</ref> # – A̱ti̱kut 2<ref>{{citation |author=United Nations General Assembly |date=16 December 1966 |title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CCPR.aspx}}</ref> # – A̱ti̱kut 6<ref>{{citation |author=United Nations General Assembly |date=21 December 1965 |title=International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CERD.aspx}} ([http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3940.html PDF version])</ref> # – A̱ti̱kut 14<ref>{{citation |author=United Nations General Assembly |date=4 February 1984 |title=Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CAT.aspx}}</ref> # – A̱ti̱kut 39<ref>{{citation |author=United Nations General Assembly |title=Convention on the Rights of the Child |date=20 November 1989 |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CRC.aspx}}</ref> # – A̱ti̱kut 3<ref name="Hague Convention">{{citation |author=Second International Peace Conference |date=18 October 1907 |url=http://www.refworld.org/publisher,HAGUE,,,4374cae64,0.html |title=Hague Convention (IV) Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and Its Annex: Regulations Concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land}}</ref> # – A̱ti̱kut 91<ref name="Hague Convention"/> # – A̱ti̱kut 79 and 75<ref>{{citation |url=http://undocs.org/A/CONF.183/9 |title=Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court |id=A/CONF.183/9}} Also available at {{ws|[[s:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court|Wikisource]]}}</ref> ==Ntyan teang ti̱teang a̱ka̱tung== '''Canada''' – Li swak ndyia̱ 100, [[Canada]] si̱ bu byin maat turung a̱niet nswata̱byin mmancanada ma̱ a̱ka̱sa mba na a̱wot ba si̱ tei mba mi̱ malikhwi-cung [[A̱ka̱safang myian [[Ndi̱ya]] (IRS). Tankai nyia̱ hu ni kuyet kap tyia̱ fwuo jhya swat a̱nietnswat Canada bya, a̱wot mun ma̱ fi̱n a̱chwuang li̱lyem nta ma̱ng maat taada. Mi̱ ndyia̱ 1991, A̱gwomna̱ti Canada ba si̱ nok [[ Tyok Komitii da̱nian a̱cucuk á̱niet]] (RCAP), ba si̱ zop tsa ndi̱ri̱m di̱ kpandang tsa̱tsak a̱cucuk á̱niet, a̱gwomna̱ti ba, ma̱ng a̱keang ka.<ref>Assembly of First Nations: "AFN National Chief Says Private Audience with Pope Benedict XVI in Vatican City "Closes the Circle" and Enables Work Towards Reconciliation for Residential School Survivors" [http://www.afn.ca/article.asp?id=4511] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325203208/http://www.afn.ca/article.asp?id=4511 |date=2017-03-25 }}</ref> .<ref name="ictj1">{{cite web|url=http://ictj.org/our-work/regions-and-countries/canada|title=Canada & Transitional Justice |publisher=International Center for Transitional Justice|date=28 February 2011}}</ref> .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ictj.org/location/canada|title=Canada &#124; International Center for Transitional Justice|website=www.ictj.org|access-date=2025-07-27|archive-date=2022-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723203419/https://www.ictj.org/location/canada|url-status=dead}}</ref>. <ref>{{Citation|last=CBC News|title=Trudeau delivers historic apology to LGBT Canadians|date=2017-11-28|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wM0yZP-g3a4|access-date=2018-12-01}}</ref>. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://ictj.org/publication/truth-and-reconciliation-morocco|title=Truth and Reconciliation in Morocco|date=25 April 2011|publisher=International Center for Transitional Justice|access-date=27 July 2025|archive-date=26 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526052505/https://www.ictj.org/publication/truth-and-reconciliation-morocco|url-status=dead}}</ref> .<ref name="de Greiff 2008"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ictj.org/publication/live-other-kenyans-do-study-reparative-demands-kenyan-victims-human-rights-violations|title="To Live as Other Kenyans Do": A Study of the Reparative Demands of Kenyan Victims of Human Rights Violations|date=25 July 2011|publisher=International Center for Transitional Justice|access-date=27 July 2025|archive-date=27 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927184329/https://www.ictj.org/publication/live-other-kenyans-do-study-reparative-demands-kenyan-victims-human-rights-violations|url-status=dead}}</ref> .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brooks |first=Roy L. |title=When Sorry Isn't Enough: The Controversy Over Apologies and Reparations for Human Injustice |publisher=New York University Press |year=1999 |isbn=9780814713327 |publication-date=1999 |pages=165–168}}</ref> .<ref name="u250">{{cite journal | last=De Cesari | first=Chiara | title=The paradoxes of colonial reparation: Foreclosing memory and the 2008 Italy–Libya Friendship Treaty | journal=Memory Studies | publisher=SAGE Publications | volume=5 | issue=3 | year=2012 | issn=1750-6980 | doi=10.1177/1750698012443888 | doi-access=free | pages=316–326}}</ref> ==Ya̱fang== {{Reflist}} 6o5cltk7an126acqrzy942oivp7fzwh 0 6396 43603 37979 2026-05-29T22:19:26Z Danjuma Anthony 411 /* */ 43603 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[A̱gwaza/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[A̱gwaza/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[A̱gwazi̱/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[A̱gwazai/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[A̱gwaza/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[A̱gwazai̱/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} '''A̱ka̱la̱uu nswak-nnaai ma̱ng a̱li̱fada̱ri a̱nyiung''' fa a̱tyin kyang ka ma̱nang '''woda a̱byin á̱ nnyia̱ kam a̱ni, la̱mba. 15 (kap 1865)''', á̱ ku kpaat jen zwang ji mbwak a̱mgba̱m muna̱pyia̱ byia̱ [[William Tecumseh Sherman]] ma̱ a̱tuk 16, Zwat Jhyung 1865, di̱n jen ma̱nang [[Zwang A̱yaasaia̱toot A̱merika]], á̱ ghwon A̱kasa njhyang na sa sang a̱ ni a̱byin, mi̱ a̱li̱fada̱ri a̱byin shi a̱swap swak.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freedmen.umd.edu/sfo15.htm|title=Order by the Commander of the Military Division of the Mississippi, January 16, 1865|website=www.freedmen.umd.edu}}</ref> Á̱ labeang bah Sherman si̱ tyia̱ a̱khwo a̱khwop ba si̱ khwuap [[A̱li̱fada̱ri]]s da̱nian a̱ga̱rari̱ya ba yong ma̱ cet. Woda a̱byin wu si̱ khwi nvak a̱lyiat tsattsak a̱tyulyuut Zwang [[Edwin Stanton|Edwin M. Stanton]] ma̱ng [[yang byia̱ kyang hyia̱ Repobi̱lik|yang byia̱ kyang hyia̱ Repobi̱lik]] tyiak ma̱ a̱vwuo [[Charles Sumner]] ma̱ng [[Tadi̱yot Si̱tiven]] gbi̱ri̱m ku bu nkhwi a̱ni huhwa yet Sa a̱keang [[khwo mi̱ si̱tet a̱keangtung A̱merika|khwo]] byan fwuo hu mbwak [[Zwang A̱saia̱toot A̱merika]]. Ba ku ghwut ma̱ da̱nian ya̱weap {{convert|400000|acre|ha}} ma̱ a̱byin ka hyiak [[A̱gba̱ndang a̱sakhwot|A̱ti̱lantik]] a̱beama̱sa̱khwot nsi̱ [[A̱tyin Carolina]], [[Georgia (si̱tet MS)|Georgia]], ma̱ng [[Folori̱da]] ma̱ng saat ka da̱ a̱kpikpit ba swak a̱kpa {{convert|40|acre|ha}},<ref name=Order>[http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar&cc=moawar&idno=waro0099&node=waro0099%3A2&view=image&seq=62&size=100 O.R. Series 1, Volume 47, Part 2, 60–62]</ref> ma̱ si̱ hu ma̱nang á̱ za na jhya tyan ca̱caat a̱ka̱cak cyicop 18,000 a̱kasa a̱khwo ma̱ng a̱dyudyung a̱niet a̱gyang ba̱ za ku swan mi̱ a̱tyia̱tyiat na a̱ni. A̱lyiak á̱nietsang nwuak a̱cucuk, da̱nian a̱lyiak a̱nietkwai nfwuo a̱byin ba kan tak ba nkyang ma̱di̱di̱t, nyia̱ ba byia̱ cet ba san a̱byin ka da̱ mȧ̱nang tyia̱ mba da̱ khwo ba nyia̱ tam ma̱nang a̱khwo a̱wot ba si̱ yong ma̱ cet ba yet cet cong ma̱ bibyin ku kan ngyet su mba a̱ni. A̱niet sang tung á̱ saai mam nang da̱ hyia̱ doka ba ci̱t a̱ka̱lauu 40 a̱byin ka.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Reconstruction: America's unfinished revolution, 1863–1877|last=Foner|first=Eric|date=2014|publisher=Harper|isbn=978-0062035868|oclc=877900566|page=}}</ref> A̱wot a̱nyia̱, [[Ibrahim Li̱ncon]]'s a̱tyu ya a̱nwyauan da̱ yet [[A̱kwaka̱son A̱byin A̱merika|A̱kwaka̱son]], [[A̱darawut Johnson]], kwan gu li gu ci̱t a̱wat Sherman's ma̱ Jenzwang kam lamba. 15 a̱wot kyang ntai ghwut ku mun mi̱ si̱ a̱ka̱feang hu [[Byia̱tyok teang Bureau]]. A̱ka̱byin njhyang ma̱nang á̱ bu kau a̱ni neet mbwak faat hukunci a̱khwot a̱khwop bya ma̱ jen zwang ji a̱wot ma̱ ba di̱da̱i jen a̱zanson. Ba̱ng a̱nyia̱, kwai nfwuo a̱niet a̱kaeangtung ka ma̱ng si̱tet ma̱ jen [[gbi̱ri̱m ma̱ng nyia̱n a̱ka̱nok ma̱ ce a̱hwa]] á̱ tyan ta̱m teang kurum, kang ma̱ng kurum a̱tyu byia̱ a̱byin, si̱ a̱dyudyung a̱niet. Hu shyim tat ka̱ka̱p a̱ka̱tyong a̱byin ka ma̱ng jen zwang ma̱nang kuyet á̱ bwuok nat a̱swuom-zwang a̱sai á̱nietbyia̱.<ref>{{Cite web |last=fultonk |date=2013-01-06 |title=The Truth Behind '40 Acres and a Mule' {{!}} African American History Blog |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/african-americans-many-rivers-to-cross/history/the-truth-behind-40-acres-and-a-mule/ |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross |language=en-US}}</ref> A̱lyiak a̱ka̱keang a̱dyundyung a̱niet a̱gyang ni̱n kwan ba mwong si̱sak ba ncong ma̱ a̱byin mba ka a̱ni, a̱wot a̱ka̱sa njhyang ci̱t byibyin fai di̱n vak [[Nta̱mswat A̱li|Nta̱mswát]]. A̱byin A̱dyudyung a̱niet ka mbeang tyan mak mi̱ [[Mississippi]], ma̱sa̱ma̱ng a̱ca̱caat ndyia̱ 19th. Si̱tet ji byia̱ a̱lyiak li kya̱kyak [[jhyia̱byin]] (Lat [[alluvial nkyai|alluvial]] a̱byin kpa̱nkpaan ma̱ a̱ghyui) a̱ma̱ta a̱zaghyia̱ghyui a̱ka̱vwuo ma̱nang á̱ mi̱n cak na kafin zwang ji. Á̱lyiak a̱dyudyung a̱niet a̱gyang shyiat byibyin di̱n vak niat congdyo, ma̱nang a̱tyu byia̱ a̱vwuo hu yong ma̱ng with ownership {{convert|15|e6acre|e6ha|abbr=off}} ku a̱la̱fikauu ~23,000 mi̱ a̱swap mi̱t 1910, á̱ du shyia̱ a̱gang shyiat kurum ya̱baat li̱lyim swat kunak kurum ku kwuat kyang ku mbyia̱ mi̱ lyin nkyang a̱lyiak a̱niet. ==A̱ta̱bat== {{khwo}} [[A̱f̱rika A̱merika]] ba fa̱k a̱bung lakli a̱wot ba si̱ nyip hu ma̱nang fuut lakli hwa a̱ni "a̱buka̱lyem" a̱kpa nsot di̱ hyia̱ tyok a̱buka̱lyem seang ma̱ng nvwuong [[Ngwap]].<ref>{{harvnb|Woodson|1925|p=xv}}</ref> Á̱ sii̱ du kwan zwang a̱saia̱toot ba, a̱lyiak a̱niet swatsa̱t A̱fi̱rika A̱merika shyia̱ ma̱ng swat hu mi̱ A̱za kya, a̱vwuo ka ma̱nang khwo ncyok a̱ni. A̱niet nswatsa̱t A̱fi̱rika A̱merika ba ma̱ jen jhyang ku swa na ma̱nang ta̱m-ntsang hwa á̱ kwak a̱keang ka dyo da̱nian ba ni byia̱ a̱di̱dam ba nyia̱ ta̱m hu da̱ lat a̱ka̱kurum na lan a̱shong a̱niet ba. Nda̱nduk, ba̱ ku nwuan hu ma̱nang tyia̱i vaknswuom ma̱ a̱ si̱ ba ba̱ bwat khwo hu a̱ ja a̱ni. Da̱noan si̱ a̱hwa, a̱khwo swatsa̱t byia̱ a̱wot mi̱ a̱lyiak a̱ka̱keang nsi̱ a̱si̱tet a̱byin A̱merika bah.<ref>{{harvnb|Woodson|1925|pp=xvi–xviii}}</ref> Mi̱ A̱tyinIn, a̱buk nkamm tyia̱ a̱si̱tet ba tyia̱ a̱niet swatsa̱t A̱fi̱rika A̱merika da̱ khwo ba nyia̱ ta̱m khwo a̱wot jen jhyang ba̱ lyia̱i mba ma̱mi khwo ka.<ref>{{harvnb|Woodson|1925|pp=xxiiv–xxiv}}</ref><ref name=WoodsonXli /> A̱mgba̱m ma̱ng a̱nyia̱, a̱niet nswatsa̱t A̱fi̱rika A̱merika seang kai a̱byin ka nyia̱ nkyang ma̱ a̱di̱di̱t si̱ a̱bwuang, ma̱ mun ma̱ng a̱di̱dai shyi a̱kpa a̱nyanyan byia̱ ku bang ta̱m hu ku si tyak a̱ka̱khap a̱nsham.<ref>{{harvnb|Woodson|1925|pp=xxxvi, xlii–xliii}}</ref> A̱kum [[A̱dyundyung A̱canada#A̱taintuut a̱tafa a̱byin|shyia̱ ma̱ng swat hu mi̱ a̱za Canada]] (ma̱nini [[ Ontario a̱̱tak]]), ma̱ng a̱mgba̱m a̱vwuo yong [[A̱taintuut A̱tafa a̱byin]], a̱wot mi̱ [[A̱dyundyung a̱niet Nova Si̱koti̱ya|Nova Si̱koti̱ya]].<ref name=WoodsonXli>{{harvnb|Woodson|1925|pp=xli–xlii}}</ref>.<ref>{{harvnb|Woodson|1925|pp=xx, xxxviii–xl}}</ref> <ref name=Mitchell523>{{harvnb|Mitchell|2001|pp=523–524}}</ref> .<ref>{{harvnb|Dyer|1943|p=54}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book|author=Lacy K. Ford|title=Deliver Us from Evil: The Slavery Question in the Old South|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xEC9K7quBoEC&pg=PA62|page=62|isbn=978-0-19-975108-2}}</ref>. <ref>{{harvnb|Woodson|1925|pp=xl–xli}}</ref>. <ref name=TDIH>[http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/liberian-independence-proclaimed "July 26, 1847 Liberian independence proclaimed"], This Day In History, History website.</ref> . .<ref>{{cite web|title=Draft Constitution of Virginia|year=1776|url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/jeffcons.asp}}</ref>. ==Ya̱fang== {{reflist|30em}} ===Nkyang Nwuan=== * {{cite book|last=Belz|first=Herman|title=A New Birth of Freedom: The Republican Party and Freedmen's Rights, 1861–1866|year=2000|publisher=Westport: Greenwood Press, 1976; New York: Fordham University Press, 2000|isbn=9780823220113}} * {{cite journal|last=Bonekemper|first=Edward H.|title=Negro Ownership of Real Property in Hampton and Elizabeth City County, 1860–1870|journal=Journal of Negro History|volume=55|issue=3|date=July 1970|jstor=2716419|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2716419|access-date=27 June 2013}} * {{cite journal|last=Boyd|first=Willis D.|title=The Île a Vache Colonization Venture, 1862–1864|journal=The Americas|volume=16|issue=1|date=July 1959|jstor=979258|pages=45–62|doi=10.2307/979258|s2cid=146849257 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/979258|access-date=28 June 2013|url-access=subscription}} * {{cite journal|last=Byrne|first=William A.|title='Uncle Billy' Sherman Comes to Town: The Free Winter of Black Savannah|journal=Georgia Historical Quarterly|volume=79|issue=1|date=Spring 1995|jstor=40583184|pages=91–116|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40583184|access-date=27 June 2013}} * {{cite book|last=Cohen|first=William|title=At Freedom's Edge: Black Mobility and the Southern White Quest for Racial Control, 1861–1915|publisher=Louisiana State University Press|year=1991|isbn=0-8071-1621-1}} * {{cite journal|author-link=LaWanda Cox|last=Cox|first=LaWanda|title=The Promise of Land for the Freedmen|journal=The Mississippi Valley Historical Review|volume=45|issue=3|date=December 1958|jstor=1889319|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1889319|access-date=21 June 2013|pages=413–440|doi=10.2307/1889319|url-access=subscription}} * {{cite journal|last=Drago|first=Edmund L.|title=How Sherman's March Through Georgia Affected the Slaves|journal=Georgia Historical Quarterly|volume=57|issue=3|date=Fall 1973|jstor=40579903|pages=361–375|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40579903|access-date=28 June 2013}} * {{cite book|author-link=W. E. B. Du Bois|last=Du Bois|first=W. E. B.|title=Black Reconstruction: An Essay Toward a History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860–1880|location=New York|publisher=Russell & Russell|year=1935|url=https://archive.org/details/blackreconstruc00dubo}} * {{cite journal|last=Dyer|first=Brainerd|title=The Persistence of the Idea of Negro Colonization|journal=Pacific Historical Review|volume=12|issue=1|date=March 1943|jstor=3633335|pages=53–65|doi=10.2307/3633335|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3633335|access-date=28 June 2013|url-access=subscription}} * {{cite book|last=Engs|first=Robert Francis|title=Freedom's First Generation: Black Hampton, Virginia, 1861–1890|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=1979|isbn=0-8122-7768-6}} * {{cite book|author-link=Eric Foner|last=Foner|first=Eric|title=Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877|location=New York|publisher=HarperCollins|orig-year=1989|year=2011|isbn=9780062035868}} * {{cite book|last=Foner|first=Eric|chapter-url=http://www.library.vanderbilt.edu/Quaderno/Quaderno2/Q2.C16.foner.pdf|chapter=The Languages of Change: Sources of Black Ideology During the Civil War and Reconstruction|url=http://www.library.vanderbilt.edu/Quaderno/Quaderno2/quaderno2.html|title=Quaderno II: The Languages of Revolution]|publisher=Milan Group in Early United States History|year=1988|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610012102/http://www.library.vanderbilt.edu/Quaderno/Quaderno2/quaderno2.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 June 2010}} * {{cite book|last1=Hahn|first1=Steven|first2=Stephen F.|last2=Miller|first3=Susan E.|last3=O'Donovan|first4=John C.|last4=Rodrigue|first5=Leslie S.|last5=Rowland|title=Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861–1867; Series 3: Volume 1: Land and Labor, 1865|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|year=2008|others=[Text includes unattributed essays from the editors.]}} * {{cite book|last=Hermann|first=Janet Sharp|title=The Pursuit of a Dream|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1981|isbn=0195028872}} * {{cite journal|last=Jackson|first=L.P.|title=The Origin of Hampton Institute|journal=Journal of Negro History|volume=10|issue=2|date=April 1925|jstor=2713934|pages=131–149|doi=10.2307/2713934|s2cid=150288378|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2713934|access-date=28 June 2013|url-access=subscription}} * {{cite journal|last=James, Josef C.|title=Sherman at Savannah|journal=Journal of Negro History|volume=39|issue=2|date=April 1954|jstor=2715755|pages=127–137|doi=10.2307/2715755|s2cid=149703494|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2715755|access-date=27 June 2013|url-access=subscription}} * {{cite journal|last=Lockett|first=James D.|title=Abraham Lincoln and Colonization: An Episode That Ends in Tragedy at L'Ile a Vache, Haiti, 1863–1864|journal=Journal of Black Studies|volume=21|issue=4|date=June 1991|jstor=2784687|pages=428–444|doi=10.1177/002193479102100404|s2cid=144846693|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2784687|access-date=28 June 2013|url-access=subscription}} * {{cite book|last1=Magness|first1=Phillip W.|first2=Sebastian N.|last2=Page|title=Colonization after Emancipation: Lincoln and the Movement for Black Resettlement|publisher=University of Missouri Press|year=2011|isbn=978-0-82621909-1}} * {{cite journal |last=McDougall |first=Harold A. |url=https://socialchangenyu.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/HAROLD-A.-McDOUGALL_RLSC_9.2.pdf |title=Black Landowners Beware: A Proposal for Statutory Reform |journal=Review of Law and Social Change |issue=IX |date=1979–1980 |pages=127–161}} * {{cite book|last=McFeely|first=William S.|title=Yankee Stepfather: General O. O. Howard and the Freedmen|year=1994|publisher=Yale University Press, 1968; Norton, 1994|isbn=9780393311785}} * {{cite journal|last=McKenzie|first=Robert Tracy|title=Freedmen and the Soil in the Upper South: The Reorganization of Tennessee Agriculture, 1865–1880|journal=Journal of Southern History|volume=59|issue=1|date=February 1993|jstor=2210348|pages=63–84|doi=10.2307/2210348|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2210348|access-date=28 June 2013|url-access=subscription}} * {{cite journal|last=Medford|first=Edna Greene|title=Land and Labor: The Quest for Black Economic Independence on Virginia's Lower Peninsula, 1865–1880|journal=Virginia Magazine of History and Biography|volume=100|issue=4|date=October 1992|jstor=4249314|pages=567–582|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4249314|access-date=28 June 2013}} * {{cite journal|author-link=Thomas W. Mitchell|last=Mitchell|first=Thomas W.|url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=1544380|title=From Reconstruction to Deconstruction: Undermining Black Landownership, Political Independence, and Community Through Partition Sales of Tenancies in Common|journal=Northwestern University Law Review|volume=95|issue=2|year=2001}}. Originally printed as {{cite book|author=University of Wisconsin–Madison Land Tenure Center|url=http://minds.wisconsin.edu/handle/1793/21887|title=Research Paper #132|date=March 2000|publisher=Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison|isbn=0-934519-81-1|access-date=2025-07-13|archive-date=2024-07-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708203736/https://minds.wisconsin.edu/handle/1793/21887|url-status=dead}} * {{cite journal|last1=Otabor|first1=Charlotte|first2=Jessica Gordon|last2=Nembhard|url=http://www.coas.howard.edu/centeronraceandwealth/reports%26publications/0512-great-recession-and-land-housing-loss-in-african-american-communities-part1.pdf|title=The Great Recession and Land and Housing Loss in African American Communities: Case Studies from Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, and Mississippi|journal=Howard University Center on Race and Wealth, Working Paper|date=January 2012|access-date=28 June 2013|archive-date=31 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531054643/http://www.coas.howard.edu/centeronraceandwealth/reports%26publications/0512-great-recession-and-land-housing-loss-in-african-american-communities-part1.pdf|url-status=dead}} * {{cite book|last=Oubre|first=Claude F.|title=Forty Acres and a Mule: The Freedmen's Bureau and Black Land Ownership|publisher=Louisiana State University Press|year=1978}} * {{cite journal|last=Page|first=Sebastian N.|url=https://www.academia.edu/1157879|title=Lincoln and Chiriquí Colonization Revisited|journal=American Nineteenth Century History|volume=12|issue=3|year=2011|pages=289–325|doi=10.1080/14664658.2011.626160|s2cid=143566173}} * {{cite book|author=Reid, Dbra A. and Evan P. Bennett|title=Beyond Forty Acres and a Mule: African American Landowning Families since Reconstruction|location=Gainesville, FL|publisher=University Press of Florida|year=2012}} * {{cite book|last=Rose|first=Willie Lee|title=Rehearsal for Reconstruction: The Port Royal Experiment|location=Indianapolis|publisher=Bobbs-Merrill|year=1964}} * {{cite book|last=Saville|first=Julie|title=The Work of Reconstruction: From Slave to Wage Laborer in South Carolina, 1860–1870|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1994|isbn=0-521-36221-0}} * {{cite journal|last=Voegeli|first=V. Jacque|title=A Rejected Alternative: Union Policy and the Relocation of Southern 'Contrabands' at the Dawn of Emancipation|journal=Journal of Southern History|volume=69|issue=4|date=November 2003|jstor=30040096|pages=765–790|doi=10.2307/30040096|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30040096|access-date=28 June 2013|url-access=subscription}} * {{cite book|last=Webster|first=Laura Josephine|url=https://archive.org/stream/operationfreed01websrich#page/66/mode/2up|title=The Operation of the Freedmen's Bureau in South Carolina|publisher=Smith College Studies in History|volume=1|issue=2|date=January 1916}} * {{cite book|last=Williamson|first=Joel|title=After Slavery: The Negro in South Carolina During Reconstruction, 1861–1877|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|year=1965}} * {{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Theodore Brantner|title=The Black Codes of the South|publisher=University of Alabama Press|year=1965}}{{ISBN?}} * {{cite book|author-link=Carter G. Woodson|last=Woodson|first=Carter G.|url=http://www.americanancestors.org/uploadedFiles/American_Ancestors/Content/Marketing/PDF_Archive/Brief_Treatment_of_the_Free_Negro.pdf|title=Free Negro Heads of Families in the United States together with a Brief Treatment of the Free Negro|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=Association for the Study of Negro Life and History|year=1925}} ==Kyang A̱tausa== {{wikiquote}} * [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsb&fileName=039/llsb039.db&recNum=324 Bills and Resolutions, Senate, 39th Congress, 1st Session Bill 60], Library of Congress. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080218181936/http://www.federationsoutherncoop.com/landloss.htm Significant Dates on Black Land Loss] – from Federation of Southern Cooperatives Land Assistance Fund * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130109045651/http://www.theroot.com/views/truth-behind-40-acres-and-mule The Truth Behind '40 Acres and a Mule'] by [[Henry Louis Gates, Jr.]] * "[http://philmagness.com/?page_id=309 Colonization by the Numbers]", Phillip W. Magness * [http://siris-archives.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?uri=full=3100001~!292636!0 Lizzie Grant], Gullah Resident of Harris Neck, photographed by [[Lorenzo Dow Turner]] around 1933. {{American Civil War}} {{Florida in the Civil War}} {{Reconstruction era}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Forty Acres And A Mule}} [[Sa:1865 in the American Civil War]] [[Sa:January 1865]] [[Sa:William Tecumseh Sherman]] [[Sa:Slavery in the United States]] [[Sa:Reconstruction Era]] [[Sa:African-American history between emancipation and the civil rights movement]] [[Sa:English phrases]] [[Sa:Land reform]] [[Sa:Agrarian politics]] [[Sa:Reparations for slavery in the United States]] [[Sa:Mules]] 5ogbzdsbv1njvvxklce3z06adj93flj 43604 43603 2026-05-29T22:20:14Z Danjuma Anthony 411 /* */ 43604 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[A̱ka̱la̱uu nswak-nnaai ma̱ng a̱li̱fada̱ri a̱nyiung/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[A̱ka̱la̱uu nswak-nnaai ma̱ng a̱li̱fada̱ri a̱nyiung/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[A̱ka̱la̱uu nswak-nnaai ma̱ng a̱li̱fada̱ri a̱nyiung/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[A̱ka̱la̱uu nswak-nnaai ma̱ng a̱li̱fada̱ri a̱nyiung/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[A̱ka̱la̱uu nswak-nnaai ma̱ng a̱li̱fada̱ri a̱nyiung/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[A̱ka̱la̱uu nswak-nnaai ma̱ng a̱li̱fada̱ri a̱nyiung/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} '''A̱ka̱la̱uu nswak-nnaai ma̱ng a̱li̱fada̱ri a̱nyiung''' fa a̱tyin kyang ka ma̱nang '''woda a̱byin á̱ nnyia̱ kam a̱ni, la̱mba. 15 (kap 1865)''', á̱ ku kpaat jen zwang ji mbwak a̱mgba̱m muna̱pyia̱ byia̱ [[William Tecumseh Sherman]] ma̱ a̱tuk 16, Zwat Jhyung 1865, di̱n jen ma̱nang [[Zwang A̱yaasaia̱toot A̱merika]], á̱ ghwon A̱kasa njhyang na sa sang a̱ ni a̱byin, mi̱ a̱li̱fada̱ri a̱byin shi a̱swap swak.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freedmen.umd.edu/sfo15.htm|title=Order by the Commander of the Military Division of the Mississippi, January 16, 1865|website=www.freedmen.umd.edu}}</ref> Á̱ labeang bah Sherman si̱ tyia̱ a̱khwo a̱khwop ba si̱ khwuap [[A̱li̱fada̱ri]]s da̱nian a̱ga̱rari̱ya ba yong ma̱ cet. Woda a̱byin wu si̱ khwi nvak a̱lyiat tsattsak a̱tyulyuut Zwang [[Edwin Stanton|Edwin M. Stanton]] ma̱ng [[yang byia̱ kyang hyia̱ Repobi̱lik|yang byia̱ kyang hyia̱ Repobi̱lik]] tyiak ma̱ a̱vwuo [[Charles Sumner]] ma̱ng [[Tadi̱yot Si̱tiven]] gbi̱ri̱m ku bu nkhwi a̱ni huhwa yet Sa a̱keang [[khwo mi̱ si̱tet a̱keangtung A̱merika|khwo]] byan fwuo hu mbwak [[Zwang A̱saia̱toot A̱merika]]. Ba ku ghwut ma̱ da̱nian ya̱weap {{convert|400000|acre|ha}} ma̱ a̱byin ka hyiak [[A̱gba̱ndang a̱sakhwot|A̱ti̱lantik]] a̱beama̱sa̱khwot nsi̱ [[A̱tyin Carolina]], [[Georgia (si̱tet MS)|Georgia]], ma̱ng [[Folori̱da]] ma̱ng saat ka da̱ a̱kpikpit ba swak a̱kpa {{convert|40|acre|ha}},<ref name=Order>[http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar&cc=moawar&idno=waro0099&node=waro0099%3A2&view=image&seq=62&size=100 O.R. Series 1, Volume 47, Part 2, 60–62]</ref> ma̱ si̱ hu ma̱nang á̱ za na jhya tyan ca̱caat a̱ka̱cak cyicop 18,000 a̱kasa a̱khwo ma̱ng a̱dyudyung a̱niet a̱gyang ba̱ za ku swan mi̱ a̱tyia̱tyiat na a̱ni. A̱lyiak á̱nietsang nwuak a̱cucuk, da̱nian a̱lyiak a̱nietkwai nfwuo a̱byin ba kan tak ba nkyang ma̱di̱di̱t, nyia̱ ba byia̱ cet ba san a̱byin ka da̱ mȧ̱nang tyia̱ mba da̱ khwo ba nyia̱ tam ma̱nang a̱khwo a̱wot ba si̱ yong ma̱ cet ba yet cet cong ma̱ bibyin ku kan ngyet su mba a̱ni. A̱niet sang tung á̱ saai mam nang da̱ hyia̱ doka ba ci̱t a̱ka̱lauu 40 a̱byin ka.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Reconstruction: America's unfinished revolution, 1863–1877|last=Foner|first=Eric|date=2014|publisher=Harper|isbn=978-0062035868|oclc=877900566|page=}}</ref> A̱wot a̱nyia̱, [[Ibrahim Li̱ncon]]'s a̱tyu ya a̱nwyauan da̱ yet [[A̱kwaka̱son A̱byin A̱merika|A̱kwaka̱son]], [[A̱darawut Johnson]], kwan gu li gu ci̱t a̱wat Sherman's ma̱ Jenzwang kam lamba. 15 a̱wot kyang ntai ghwut ku mun mi̱ si̱ a̱ka̱feang hu [[Byia̱tyok teang Bureau]]. A̱ka̱byin njhyang ma̱nang á̱ bu kau a̱ni neet mbwak faat hukunci a̱khwot a̱khwop bya ma̱ jen zwang ji a̱wot ma̱ ba di̱da̱i jen a̱zanson. Ba̱ng a̱nyia̱, kwai nfwuo a̱niet a̱kaeangtung ka ma̱ng si̱tet ma̱ jen [[gbi̱ri̱m ma̱ng nyia̱n a̱ka̱nok ma̱ ce a̱hwa]] á̱ tyan ta̱m teang kurum, kang ma̱ng kurum a̱tyu byia̱ a̱byin, si̱ a̱dyudyung a̱niet. Hu shyim tat ka̱ka̱p a̱ka̱tyong a̱byin ka ma̱ng jen zwang ma̱nang kuyet á̱ bwuok nat a̱swuom-zwang a̱sai á̱nietbyia̱.<ref>{{Cite web |last=fultonk |date=2013-01-06 |title=The Truth Behind '40 Acres and a Mule' {{!}} African American History Blog |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/african-americans-many-rivers-to-cross/history/the-truth-behind-40-acres-and-a-mule/ |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross |language=en-US}}</ref> A̱lyiak a̱ka̱keang a̱dyundyung a̱niet a̱gyang ni̱n kwan ba mwong si̱sak ba ncong ma̱ a̱byin mba ka a̱ni, a̱wot a̱ka̱sa njhyang ci̱t byibyin fai di̱n vak [[Nta̱mswat A̱li|Nta̱mswát]]. A̱byin A̱dyudyung a̱niet ka mbeang tyan mak mi̱ [[Mississippi]], ma̱sa̱ma̱ng a̱ca̱caat ndyia̱ 19th. Si̱tet ji byia̱ a̱lyiak li kya̱kyak [[jhyia̱byin]] (Lat [[alluvial nkyai|alluvial]] a̱byin kpa̱nkpaan ma̱ a̱ghyui) a̱ma̱ta a̱zaghyia̱ghyui a̱ka̱vwuo ma̱nang á̱ mi̱n cak na kafin zwang ji. Á̱lyiak a̱dyudyung a̱niet a̱gyang shyiat byibyin di̱n vak niat congdyo, ma̱nang a̱tyu byia̱ a̱vwuo hu yong ma̱ng with ownership {{convert|15|e6acre|e6ha|abbr=off}} ku a̱la̱fikauu ~23,000 mi̱ a̱swap mi̱t 1910, á̱ du shyia̱ a̱gang shyiat kurum ya̱baat li̱lyim swat kunak kurum ku kwuat kyang ku mbyia̱ mi̱ lyin nkyang a̱lyiak a̱niet. ==A̱ta̱bat== {{khwo}} [[A̱f̱rika A̱merika]] ba fa̱k a̱bung lakli a̱wot ba si̱ nyip hu ma̱nang fuut lakli hwa a̱ni "a̱buka̱lyem" a̱kpa nsot di̱ hyia̱ tyok a̱buka̱lyem seang ma̱ng nvwuong [[Ngwap]].<ref>{{harvnb|Woodson|1925|p=xv}}</ref> Á̱ sii̱ du kwan zwang a̱saia̱toot ba, a̱lyiak a̱niet swatsa̱t A̱fi̱rika A̱merika shyia̱ ma̱ng swat hu mi̱ A̱za kya, a̱vwuo ka ma̱nang khwo ncyok a̱ni. A̱niet nswatsa̱t A̱fi̱rika A̱merika ba ma̱ jen jhyang ku swa na ma̱nang ta̱m-ntsang hwa á̱ kwak a̱keang ka dyo da̱nian ba ni byia̱ a̱di̱dam ba nyia̱ ta̱m hu da̱ lat a̱ka̱kurum na lan a̱shong a̱niet ba. Nda̱nduk, ba̱ ku nwuan hu ma̱nang tyia̱i vaknswuom ma̱ a̱ si̱ ba ba̱ bwat khwo hu a̱ ja a̱ni. Da̱noan si̱ a̱hwa, a̱khwo swatsa̱t byia̱ a̱wot mi̱ a̱lyiak a̱ka̱keang nsi̱ a̱si̱tet a̱byin A̱merika bah.<ref>{{harvnb|Woodson|1925|pp=xvi–xviii}}</ref> Mi̱ A̱tyinIn, a̱buk nkamm tyia̱ a̱si̱tet ba tyia̱ a̱niet swatsa̱t A̱fi̱rika A̱merika da̱ khwo ba nyia̱ ta̱m khwo a̱wot jen jhyang ba̱ lyia̱i mba ma̱mi khwo ka.<ref>{{harvnb|Woodson|1925|pp=xxiiv–xxiv}}</ref><ref name=WoodsonXli /> A̱mgba̱m ma̱ng a̱nyia̱, a̱niet nswatsa̱t A̱fi̱rika A̱merika seang kai a̱byin ka nyia̱ nkyang ma̱ a̱di̱di̱t si̱ a̱bwuang, ma̱ mun ma̱ng a̱di̱dai shyi a̱kpa a̱nyanyan byia̱ ku bang ta̱m hu ku si tyak a̱ka̱khap a̱nsham.<ref>{{harvnb|Woodson|1925|pp=xxxvi, xlii–xliii}}</ref> A̱kum [[A̱dyundyung A̱canada#A̱taintuut a̱tafa a̱byin|shyia̱ ma̱ng swat hu mi̱ a̱za Canada]] (ma̱nini [[ Ontario a̱̱tak]]), ma̱ng a̱mgba̱m a̱vwuo yong [[A̱taintuut A̱tafa a̱byin]], a̱wot mi̱ [[A̱dyundyung a̱niet Nova Si̱koti̱ya|Nova Si̱koti̱ya]].<ref name=WoodsonXli>{{harvnb|Woodson|1925|pp=xli–xlii}}</ref>.<ref>{{harvnb|Woodson|1925|pp=xx, xxxviii–xl}}</ref> <ref name=Mitchell523>{{harvnb|Mitchell|2001|pp=523–524}}</ref> .<ref>{{harvnb|Dyer|1943|p=54}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book|author=Lacy K. Ford|title=Deliver Us from Evil: The Slavery Question in the Old South|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xEC9K7quBoEC&pg=PA62|page=62|isbn=978-0-19-975108-2}}</ref>. <ref>{{harvnb|Woodson|1925|pp=xl–xli}}</ref>. <ref name=TDIH>[http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/liberian-independence-proclaimed "July 26, 1847 Liberian independence proclaimed"], This Day In History, History website.</ref> . .<ref>{{cite web|title=Draft Constitution of Virginia|year=1776|url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/jeffcons.asp}}</ref>. ==Ya̱fang== {{reflist|30em}} ===Nkyang Nwuan=== * {{cite book|last=Belz|first=Herman|title=A New Birth of Freedom: The Republican Party and Freedmen's Rights, 1861–1866|year=2000|publisher=Westport: Greenwood Press, 1976; New York: Fordham University Press, 2000|isbn=9780823220113}} * {{cite journal|last=Bonekemper|first=Edward H.|title=Negro Ownership of Real Property in Hampton and Elizabeth City County, 1860–1870|journal=Journal of Negro History|volume=55|issue=3|date=July 1970|jstor=2716419|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2716419|access-date=27 June 2013}} * {{cite journal|last=Boyd|first=Willis D.|title=The Île a Vache Colonization Venture, 1862–1864|journal=The Americas|volume=16|issue=1|date=July 1959|jstor=979258|pages=45–62|doi=10.2307/979258|s2cid=146849257 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/979258|access-date=28 June 2013|url-access=subscription}} * {{cite journal|last=Byrne|first=William A.|title='Uncle Billy' Sherman Comes to Town: The Free Winter of Black Savannah|journal=Georgia Historical Quarterly|volume=79|issue=1|date=Spring 1995|jstor=40583184|pages=91–116|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40583184|access-date=27 June 2013}} * {{cite book|last=Cohen|first=William|title=At Freedom's Edge: Black Mobility and the Southern White Quest for Racial Control, 1861–1915|publisher=Louisiana State University Press|year=1991|isbn=0-8071-1621-1}} * {{cite journal|author-link=LaWanda Cox|last=Cox|first=LaWanda|title=The Promise of Land for the Freedmen|journal=The Mississippi Valley Historical Review|volume=45|issue=3|date=December 1958|jstor=1889319|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1889319|access-date=21 June 2013|pages=413–440|doi=10.2307/1889319|url-access=subscription}} * {{cite journal|last=Drago|first=Edmund L.|title=How Sherman's March Through Georgia Affected the Slaves|journal=Georgia Historical Quarterly|volume=57|issue=3|date=Fall 1973|jstor=40579903|pages=361–375|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40579903|access-date=28 June 2013}} * {{cite book|author-link=W. 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O. Howard and the Freedmen|year=1994|publisher=Yale University Press, 1968; Norton, 1994|isbn=9780393311785}} * {{cite journal|last=McKenzie|first=Robert Tracy|title=Freedmen and the Soil in the Upper South: The Reorganization of Tennessee Agriculture, 1865–1880|journal=Journal of Southern History|volume=59|issue=1|date=February 1993|jstor=2210348|pages=63–84|doi=10.2307/2210348|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2210348|access-date=28 June 2013|url-access=subscription}} * {{cite journal|last=Medford|first=Edna Greene|title=Land and Labor: The Quest for Black Economic Independence on Virginia's Lower Peninsula, 1865–1880|journal=Virginia Magazine of History and Biography|volume=100|issue=4|date=October 1992|jstor=4249314|pages=567–582|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4249314|access-date=28 June 2013}} * {{cite journal|author-link=Thomas W. Mitchell|last=Mitchell|first=Thomas W.|url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=1544380|title=From Reconstruction to Deconstruction: Undermining Black Landownership, Political Independence, and Community Through Partition Sales of Tenancies in Common|journal=Northwestern University Law Review|volume=95|issue=2|year=2001}}. Originally printed as {{cite book|author=University of Wisconsin–Madison Land Tenure Center|url=http://minds.wisconsin.edu/handle/1793/21887|title=Research Paper #132|date=March 2000|publisher=Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison|isbn=0-934519-81-1|access-date=2025-07-13|archive-date=2024-07-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708203736/https://minds.wisconsin.edu/handle/1793/21887|url-status=dead}} * {{cite journal|last1=Otabor|first1=Charlotte|first2=Jessica Gordon|last2=Nembhard|url=http://www.coas.howard.edu/centeronraceandwealth/reports%26publications/0512-great-recession-and-land-housing-loss-in-african-american-communities-part1.pdf|title=The Great Recession and Land and Housing Loss in African American Communities: Case Studies from Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, and Mississippi|journal=Howard University Center on Race and Wealth, Working Paper|date=January 2012|access-date=28 June 2013|archive-date=31 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531054643/http://www.coas.howard.edu/centeronraceandwealth/reports%26publications/0512-great-recession-and-land-housing-loss-in-african-american-communities-part1.pdf|url-status=dead}} * {{cite book|last=Oubre|first=Claude F.|title=Forty Acres and a Mule: The Freedmen's Bureau and Black Land Ownership|publisher=Louisiana State University Press|year=1978}} * {{cite journal|last=Page|first=Sebastian N.|url=https://www.academia.edu/1157879|title=Lincoln and Chiriquí Colonization Revisited|journal=American Nineteenth Century History|volume=12|issue=3|year=2011|pages=289–325|doi=10.1080/14664658.2011.626160|s2cid=143566173}} * {{cite book|author=Reid, Dbra A. and Evan P. Bennett|title=Beyond Forty Acres and a Mule: African American Landowning Families since Reconstruction|location=Gainesville, FL|publisher=University Press of Florida|year=2012}} * {{cite book|last=Rose|first=Willie Lee|title=Rehearsal for Reconstruction: The Port Royal Experiment|location=Indianapolis|publisher=Bobbs-Merrill|year=1964}} * {{cite book|last=Saville|first=Julie|title=The Work of Reconstruction: From Slave to Wage Laborer in South Carolina, 1860–1870|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1994|isbn=0-521-36221-0}} * {{cite journal|last=Voegeli|first=V. Jacque|title=A Rejected Alternative: Union Policy and the Relocation of Southern 'Contrabands' at the Dawn of Emancipation|journal=Journal of Southern History|volume=69|issue=4|date=November 2003|jstor=30040096|pages=765–790|doi=10.2307/30040096|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30040096|access-date=28 June 2013|url-access=subscription}} * {{cite book|last=Webster|first=Laura Josephine|url=https://archive.org/stream/operationfreed01websrich#page/66/mode/2up|title=The Operation of the Freedmen's Bureau in South Carolina|publisher=Smith College Studies in History|volume=1|issue=2|date=January 1916}} * {{cite book|last=Williamson|first=Joel|title=After Slavery: The Negro in South Carolina During Reconstruction, 1861–1877|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|year=1965}} * {{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Theodore Brantner|title=The Black Codes of the South|publisher=University of Alabama Press|year=1965}}{{ISBN?}} * {{cite book|author-link=Carter G. Woodson|last=Woodson|first=Carter G.|url=http://www.americanancestors.org/uploadedFiles/American_Ancestors/Content/Marketing/PDF_Archive/Brief_Treatment_of_the_Free_Negro.pdf|title=Free Negro Heads of Families in the United States together with a Brief Treatment of the Free Negro|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=Association for the Study of Negro Life and History|year=1925}} ==Kyang A̱tausa== {{wikiquote}} * [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsb&fileName=039/llsb039.db&recNum=324 Bills and Resolutions, Senate, 39th Congress, 1st Session Bill 60], Library of Congress. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080218181936/http://www.federationsoutherncoop.com/landloss.htm Significant Dates on Black Land Loss] – from Federation of Southern Cooperatives Land Assistance Fund * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130109045651/http://www.theroot.com/views/truth-behind-40-acres-and-mule The Truth Behind '40 Acres and a Mule'] by [[Henry Louis Gates, Jr.]] * "[http://philmagness.com/?page_id=309 Colonization by the Numbers]", Phillip W. Magness * [http://siris-archives.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?uri=full=3100001~!292636!0 Lizzie Grant], Gullah Resident of Harris Neck, photographed by [[Lorenzo Dow Turner]] around 1933. {{American Civil War}} {{Florida in the Civil War}} {{Reconstruction era}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Forty Acres And A Mule}} [[Sa:1865 in the American Civil War]] [[Sa:January 1865]] [[Sa:William Tecumseh Sherman]] [[Sa:Slavery in the United States]] [[Sa:Reconstruction Era]] [[Sa:African-American history between emancipation and the civil rights movement]] [[Sa:English phrases]] [[Sa:Land reform]] [[Sa:Agrarian politics]] [[Sa:Reparations for slavery in the United States]] [[Sa:Mules]] ahxzbu2kfbq6ixdfp6nzasigqubrt2r 0 6403 43575 37625 2026-05-29T21:43:39Z Danjuma Anthony 411 /* */ 43575 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[Nkhang a̱byin Naijeriya/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[Nkhang a̱byin Naijeriya/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[Nkhang a̱byin Naijeriya/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[Nkhang a̱byin Naijeriya/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[Nkhang a̱byin Naijeriya/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[Nkhang a̱byin Naijeriya/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} {{Short description|none}} [[A̱bwuanng khwa A̱ti̱lantik]] ku mi̱n mun ma̱ ci̱t a̱khwot a̱khwop ba ba̱ tat a̱niet A̱fi̱ika miliyon [[Swanta a̱fai]], kuzang jen dundung ma̱ njan si̱ a̱yaakwaka̱son ma̱ng a̱keang ka. Yorop munpyipyia̱ ndung ma̱ng a̱kwaka̱son A̱fi̱rika ma̱ng a̱niet kashwuo ba ya̱baat a̱wot ba tamn kurum a̱chyet a̱niet A̱fi̱rika miliyon di̱ [[Cyui khwo]]s mi̱ [[A̱merika wu]]. A̱ka̱vwuo njyang ma̱ a̱ka̱keang A̱fi̱rika shyiat kpatyin ma̱ a̱ghyi kunak sang zwa ma̱ nvak kwai nfwuo ma̱ a̱bwuanng wuni, si̱ mun a̱shai swuan a̱nietbishyi da̱nian zwa Yorop ma̱nang tankai [[a̱ka̱tandong]], nwuata̱m, ma̱ng [[A̱kan]]. Mi̱ ndyia̱ na kan swak a̱ ni, a̱niet a̱tungswanta A̱fi̱rika ma̱ng a̱nya̱nyin shei a̱fun ma̱ng a̱tson khwokntong ku shei twua̱i zwandyan da̱nian a̱yaatyia̱ a̱khwop mba ba di̱ nkyang ba hu nyia̱ mi̱ chorop ma̱ a̱bwuang na.<ref name="holsey">{{cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/transition.105.74|last1=Holsey |first1=Bayo |title=Owning Up to the Past? |journal=Transition |date=2011 |issue=105 |pages=74–87 |doi=10.2979/transition.105.74|jstor=10.2979/transition.105.74 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> ==Tak Kwokntong== ===Beni̱n=== Mi̱ a̱lyia̱ 2000,A̱kwaka̱son a̱byin Beninesa [[Matyieu Kérékou]] ku fat a̱sa̱kut ma̱ a̱kpa a̱kwonu nkhyang Beni á̱ ku mi̱n a̱ntyia̱ mi̱ khwi a̱bwoanng A̱ti̱lanti̱ka ma̱ jen ma̱nang a̱byin tung ka ku ngyet [[Tyok Dahomey]].<ref name="holsey"/> Beninese officials traveled to [[Virginia]] and [[Washington, D.C.]] in the United States to publicise his apology.<ref name="chicago">{{cite news |last1= |first1=|title=BENIN OFFICIALS APOLOGIZE FOR ROLE IN U.S. SLAVE TRADE |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2000/05/01/benin-officials-apologize-for-role-in-us-slave-trade/ |work=Chicago Tribune |date=1 May 2000}}</ref> Beninese politician [[Luc Gnacadja]] stated "We cry for forgiveness and reconciliation", adding "The slave trade is a shame, and we do repent for it".<ref name="chicago"/> ===Kemerun=== Mi̱ a̱lyia̱ 2013, Wuli̱yam Holland, a̱tyu A̱fi̱rika-A̱merika a̱tyoka̱shwuo ma̱ng kyiiat a̱khwo a̱nya̱nyin ma̱mi [[A̱byian]], nta̱m kwai zwop ba ka jii̱p kwai nggu ji mbwak kwai si̱ [[Kemerum]]. Holland a̱wot li̱lyim a̱kya a̱ si̱ nat a̱cyet ma̱ a̱ka̱tung Bakou mi̱ Kemerum, ma̱ ca̱n ji a̱didai a̱gwam, Ngako Ngalatchui, si bu ghwut ma̱ vak neet kwuakntong da̱nian Oku kwai nkhyang lyai nkyang taada na nwuat a̱khwo a̱bwuanng ba.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Boyle |first1=Alan |title=Genetic quest leads to African apology for role in slave trade |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/sciencemain/genetic-quest-leads-african-apology-role-slave-trade-8c11467842 |work=NBC News |date=27 October 2013 |language=en}}</ref> ===Gana=== Mi̱ a̱lyia̱ 2006, Gana tyiai̱ ta̱m Josep, ma̱ng a̱tsatsak yet gwuang a̱tsa nat a̱son tak a̱ghyi gba̱mgba̱m ma̱ng a̱bwuang mi̱ Gana mbwak kwai a̱niet khwo a̱bwuang A̱ti̱lantik. a̱tsatsak yet a̱ wa kuyet a̱guguut á̱ nwuak gu nang naai ma̱sa̱kut wa da̱nian ta̱m tashikum a̱byin Gana mi̱ khwo a̱bwuang, a̱wot á̱ ku ti̱n hu a̱lyoot li̱lyim kpam A̱lyiat A̱gwaza hu [[Josep (Genesit)|Josep]], a̱nyan wa ku lyap ma̱mi khwo mbwak a̱yin a̱mali gu.<ref name="johnson"/> During a visit to [[London]], England in 2007, Ghanaian president [[John Kufuor]] rejected the notion that European nations bear full responsibly for the slave trade, stating that "some local indigenous groups were also guilty". He claimed "whatever way you look at it, slavery and slave trade were certainly an iniquity and a disgraceful business even if considered in relation to the other brutalities of the time".<ref name="holsey"/> In 2022, Nana Obokese Ampah I, the traditional king of Asebu, publicly issued an apology, stating, "It is time to address what must be said to the African Diaspora. We must engage in a meaningful conversation to acknowledge and reconcile our actions and inactions as rulers of our kingdoms during the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, which we deeply regret."<ref>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Ghana and Other African Nations Who Enslaved and Sold Blacks to Europeans to Formally Apologize |url=https://www.blackenterprise.com/ghana-and-other-african-nations-who-enslaved-and-sold-blacks-to-europeans-to-formally-apologize/ |work=Black Enterprise |date=25 September 2022}}</ref> ===Nijeriya=== In 2009, the Civil Rights Congress of Nigeria, led by Nigerian politician [[Shehu Sani]], called for chiefs in Nigeria to apologise for their ancestors' involvement in the slave trade.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=David |title=African chiefs urged to apologise for slave trade |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/nov/18/africans-apologise-slave-trade |work=The Guardian |date=18 November 2009}}</ref> The Aro Council of Elders declined to apologise, stating they were "not apologetic about what happened in the past".<ref name="johnson">{{cite news |last1=Johnson |first1=Theodore R. |title=How to Apologize for Slavery |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/08/how-to-apologize-for-slavery/375650/ |work=The Atlantic |date=6 August 2014 |language=en}}</ref> In 2018, [[Abdulrasheed Adewale Akanbi]], a traditional monarch who holds the title of [[Oluwo of Iwo]], issued an apology for the role that the traditional royal families in Nigeria played in the Atlantic slave trade.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Oluwole |first1=Josiah |title=Nigerian monarch apologises for traditional rulers' participation in slave trade |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/272434-nigerian-monarch-apologises-for-traditional-rulers-participation-in-slave-trade.html?tztc=1}}</ref> The descendants of [[Seriki Williams Abass|Seriki Abass]], a prominent slave trader in the Nigerian town of [[Badagry]], issued an apology for his historic selling of slaves.<ref>{{cite web |title=University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Humanities {{!}} Sgoil nan Daonnachdan - Research in the School of Humanities - History Research - History Summer Reading Suggestions - Whyte - Slave trade |url=https://www.gla.ac.uk/schools/humanities/research/historyresearch/welcome/whyte-slavetrade/ |website=www.gla.ac.uk}}</ref> ===Yuganda=== In 1998, Ugandan president [[Yoweri Museveni]] remarked in an interview that he would not seek an apology from U.S. president [[Bill Clinton]] during Clinton's visit to Africa. Museveni stated, "African chiefs were the ones waging war on each other and capturing their own people and selling them. If anyone should apologize it should be the African chiefs. We still have those traitors here even today."<ref>{{cite news |title=Don't apologize, African tells Clinton |url=https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1998/03/23/don-t-apologize-african-tells-clinton/ |work=Tampa Bay Times |language=en}}</ref> In 2023, Musevini issued a formal apology for the Atlantic slave trade.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Abdur-Rahman |first1=Nahlah |title=President Of Uganda Officially Apologizes For Role In Slave Trade |url=https://www.blackenterprise.com/president-of-uganda-apologizes-slave-trade/ |work=Black Enterprise |date=16 July 2023}}</ref> ==Ya̱fang== {{reflist}} [[Sa:Slavery in Africa]] [[Sa:Atlantic slave trade]] {{improve categories|date=December 2024}} d9xikltts9o33cxdi470kg9uwmb5zs7 43576 43575 2026-05-29T21:44:39Z Danjuma Anthony 411 /* */ 43576 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[A̱fat a̱sa̱kut Á̱niet Afi̱rika mat a̱bwuanng a̱khwo Ati̱lantik/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[A̱fat a̱sa̱kut Á̱niet Afi̱rika mat a̱bwuanng a̱khwo Ati̱lantik/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[A̱fat a̱sa̱kut Á̱niet Afi̱rika mat a̱bwuanng a̱khwo Ati̱lantik/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[A̱fat a̱sa̱kut Á̱niet Afi̱rika mat a̱bwuanng a̱khwo Ati̱lantik/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[A̱fat a̱sa̱kut Á̱niet Afi̱rika mat a̱bwuanng a̱khwo Ati̱lantik/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[A̱fat a̱sa̱kut Á̱niet Afi̱rika mat a̱bwuanng a̱khwo Ati̱lantik/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} {{Short description|none}} [[A̱bwuanng khwa A̱ti̱lantik]] ku mi̱n mun ma̱ ci̱t a̱khwot a̱khwop ba ba̱ tat a̱niet A̱fi̱ika miliyon [[Swanta a̱fai]], kuzang jen dundung ma̱ njan si̱ a̱yaakwaka̱son ma̱ng a̱keang ka. Yorop munpyipyia̱ ndung ma̱ng a̱kwaka̱son A̱fi̱rika ma̱ng a̱niet kashwuo ba ya̱baat a̱wot ba tamn kurum a̱chyet a̱niet A̱fi̱rika miliyon di̱ [[Cyui khwo]]s mi̱ [[A̱merika wu]]. A̱ka̱vwuo njyang ma̱ a̱ka̱keang A̱fi̱rika shyiat kpatyin ma̱ a̱ghyi kunak sang zwa ma̱ nvak kwai nfwuo ma̱ a̱bwuanng wuni, si̱ mun a̱shai swuan a̱nietbishyi da̱nian zwa Yorop ma̱nang tankai [[a̱ka̱tandong]], nwuata̱m, ma̱ng [[A̱kan]]. Mi̱ ndyia̱ na kan swak a̱ ni, a̱niet a̱tungswanta A̱fi̱rika ma̱ng a̱nya̱nyin shei a̱fun ma̱ng a̱tson khwokntong ku shei twua̱i zwandyan da̱nian a̱yaatyia̱ a̱khwop mba ba di̱ nkyang ba hu nyia̱ mi̱ chorop ma̱ a̱bwuang na.<ref name="holsey">{{cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/transition.105.74|last1=Holsey |first1=Bayo |title=Owning Up to the Past? |journal=Transition |date=2011 |issue=105 |pages=74–87 |doi=10.2979/transition.105.74|jstor=10.2979/transition.105.74 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> ==Tak Kwokntong== ===Beni̱n=== Mi̱ a̱lyia̱ 2000,A̱kwaka̱son a̱byin Beninesa [[Matyieu Kérékou]] ku fat a̱sa̱kut ma̱ a̱kpa a̱kwonu nkhyang Beni á̱ ku mi̱n a̱ntyia̱ mi̱ khwi a̱bwoanng A̱ti̱lanti̱ka ma̱ jen ma̱nang a̱byin tung ka ku ngyet [[Tyok Dahomey]].<ref name="holsey"/> Beninese officials traveled to [[Virginia]] and [[Washington, D.C.]] in the United States to publicise his apology.<ref name="chicago">{{cite news |last1= |first1=|title=BENIN OFFICIALS APOLOGIZE FOR ROLE IN U.S. SLAVE TRADE |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2000/05/01/benin-officials-apologize-for-role-in-us-slave-trade/ |work=Chicago Tribune |date=1 May 2000}}</ref> Beninese politician [[Luc Gnacadja]] stated "We cry for forgiveness and reconciliation", adding "The slave trade is a shame, and we do repent for it".<ref name="chicago"/> ===Kemerun=== Mi̱ a̱lyia̱ 2013, Wuli̱yam Holland, a̱tyu A̱fi̱rika-A̱merika a̱tyoka̱shwuo ma̱ng kyiiat a̱khwo a̱nya̱nyin ma̱mi [[A̱byian]], nta̱m kwai zwop ba ka jii̱p kwai nggu ji mbwak kwai si̱ [[Kemerum]]. Holland a̱wot li̱lyim a̱kya a̱ si̱ nat a̱cyet ma̱ a̱ka̱tung Bakou mi̱ Kemerum, ma̱ ca̱n ji a̱didai a̱gwam, Ngako Ngalatchui, si bu ghwut ma̱ vak neet kwuakntong da̱nian Oku kwai nkhyang lyai nkyang taada na nwuat a̱khwo a̱bwuanng ba.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Boyle |first1=Alan |title=Genetic quest leads to African apology for role in slave trade |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/sciencemain/genetic-quest-leads-african-apology-role-slave-trade-8c11467842 |work=NBC News |date=27 October 2013 |language=en}}</ref> ===Gana=== Mi̱ a̱lyia̱ 2006, Gana tyiai̱ ta̱m Josep, ma̱ng a̱tsatsak yet gwuang a̱tsa nat a̱son tak a̱ghyi gba̱mgba̱m ma̱ng a̱bwuang mi̱ Gana mbwak kwai a̱niet khwo a̱bwuang A̱ti̱lantik. a̱tsatsak yet a̱ wa kuyet a̱guguut á̱ nwuak gu nang naai ma̱sa̱kut wa da̱nian ta̱m tashikum a̱byin Gana mi̱ khwo a̱bwuang, a̱wot á̱ ku ti̱n hu a̱lyoot li̱lyim kpam A̱lyiat A̱gwaza hu [[Josep (Genesit)|Josep]], a̱nyan wa ku lyap ma̱mi khwo mbwak a̱yin a̱mali gu.<ref name="johnson"/> During a visit to [[London]], England in 2007, Ghanaian president [[John Kufuor]] rejected the notion that European nations bear full responsibly for the slave trade, stating that "some local indigenous groups were also guilty". He claimed "whatever way you look at it, slavery and slave trade were certainly an iniquity and a disgraceful business even if considered in relation to the other brutalities of the time".<ref name="holsey"/> In 2022, Nana Obokese Ampah I, the traditional king of Asebu, publicly issued an apology, stating, "It is time to address what must be said to the African Diaspora. We must engage in a meaningful conversation to acknowledge and reconcile our actions and inactions as rulers of our kingdoms during the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, which we deeply regret."<ref>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Ghana and Other African Nations Who Enslaved and Sold Blacks to Europeans to Formally Apologize |url=https://www.blackenterprise.com/ghana-and-other-african-nations-who-enslaved-and-sold-blacks-to-europeans-to-formally-apologize/ |work=Black Enterprise |date=25 September 2022}}</ref> ===Nijeriya=== In 2009, the Civil Rights Congress of Nigeria, led by Nigerian politician [[Shehu Sani]], called for chiefs in Nigeria to apologise for their ancestors' involvement in the slave trade.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=David |title=African chiefs urged to apologise for slave trade |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/nov/18/africans-apologise-slave-trade |work=The Guardian |date=18 November 2009}}</ref> The Aro Council of Elders declined to apologise, stating they were "not apologetic about what happened in the past".<ref name="johnson">{{cite news |last1=Johnson |first1=Theodore R. |title=How to Apologize for Slavery |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/08/how-to-apologize-for-slavery/375650/ |work=The Atlantic |date=6 August 2014 |language=en}}</ref> In 2018, [[Abdulrasheed Adewale Akanbi]], a traditional monarch who holds the title of [[Oluwo of Iwo]], issued an apology for the role that the traditional royal families in Nigeria played in the Atlantic slave trade.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Oluwole |first1=Josiah |title=Nigerian monarch apologises for traditional rulers' participation in slave trade |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/272434-nigerian-monarch-apologises-for-traditional-rulers-participation-in-slave-trade.html?tztc=1}}</ref> The descendants of [[Seriki Williams Abass|Seriki Abass]], a prominent slave trader in the Nigerian town of [[Badagry]], issued an apology for his historic selling of slaves.<ref>{{cite web |title=University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Humanities {{!}} Sgoil nan Daonnachdan - Research in the School of Humanities - History Research - History Summer Reading Suggestions - Whyte - Slave trade |url=https://www.gla.ac.uk/schools/humanities/research/historyresearch/welcome/whyte-slavetrade/ |website=www.gla.ac.uk}}</ref> ===Yuganda=== In 1998, Ugandan president [[Yoweri Museveni]] remarked in an interview that he would not seek an apology from U.S. president [[Bill Clinton]] during Clinton's visit to Africa. Museveni stated, "African chiefs were the ones waging war on each other and capturing their own people and selling them. If anyone should apologize it should be the African chiefs. We still have those traitors here even today."<ref>{{cite news |title=Don't apologize, African tells Clinton |url=https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1998/03/23/don-t-apologize-african-tells-clinton/ |work=Tampa Bay Times |language=en}}</ref> In 2023, Musevini issued a formal apology for the Atlantic slave trade.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Abdur-Rahman |first1=Nahlah |title=President Of Uganda Officially Apologizes For Role In Slave Trade |url=https://www.blackenterprise.com/president-of-uganda-apologizes-slave-trade/ |work=Black Enterprise |date=16 July 2023}}</ref> ==Ya̱fang== {{reflist}} [[Sa:Slavery in Africa]] [[Sa:Atlantic slave trade]] {{improve categories|date=December 2024}} twgcehikmouwy9fwxkhofi5xc9ol3c6 43577 43576 2026-05-29T21:46:12Z Danjuma Anthony 411 /* Gana */ N ghwai swang a̱lyiat ja 43577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[A̱fat a̱sa̱kut Á̱niet Afi̱rika mat a̱bwuanng a̱khwo Ati̱lantik/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[A̱fat a̱sa̱kut Á̱niet Afi̱rika mat a̱bwuanng a̱khwo Ati̱lantik/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[A̱fat a̱sa̱kut Á̱niet Afi̱rika mat a̱bwuanng a̱khwo Ati̱lantik/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[A̱fat a̱sa̱kut Á̱niet Afi̱rika mat a̱bwuanng a̱khwo Ati̱lantik/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[A̱fat a̱sa̱kut Á̱niet Afi̱rika mat a̱bwuanng a̱khwo Ati̱lantik/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[A̱fat a̱sa̱kut Á̱niet Afi̱rika mat a̱bwuanng a̱khwo Ati̱lantik/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} {{Short description|none}} [[A̱bwuanng khwa A̱ti̱lantik]] ku mi̱n mun ma̱ ci̱t a̱khwot a̱khwop ba ba̱ tat a̱niet A̱fi̱ika miliyon [[Swanta a̱fai]], kuzang jen dundung ma̱ njan si̱ a̱yaakwaka̱son ma̱ng a̱keang ka. Yorop munpyipyia̱ ndung ma̱ng a̱kwaka̱son A̱fi̱rika ma̱ng a̱niet kashwuo ba ya̱baat a̱wot ba tamn kurum a̱chyet a̱niet A̱fi̱rika miliyon di̱ [[Cyui khwo]]s mi̱ [[A̱merika wu]]. A̱ka̱vwuo njyang ma̱ a̱ka̱keang A̱fi̱rika shyiat kpatyin ma̱ a̱ghyi kunak sang zwa ma̱ nvak kwai nfwuo ma̱ a̱bwuanng wuni, si̱ mun a̱shai swuan a̱nietbishyi da̱nian zwa Yorop ma̱nang tankai [[a̱ka̱tandong]], nwuata̱m, ma̱ng [[A̱kan]]. Mi̱ ndyia̱ na kan swak a̱ ni, a̱niet a̱tungswanta A̱fi̱rika ma̱ng a̱nya̱nyin shei a̱fun ma̱ng a̱tson khwokntong ku shei twua̱i zwandyan da̱nian a̱yaatyia̱ a̱khwop mba ba di̱ nkyang ba hu nyia̱ mi̱ chorop ma̱ a̱bwuang na.<ref name="holsey">{{cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/transition.105.74|last1=Holsey |first1=Bayo |title=Owning Up to the Past? |journal=Transition |date=2011 |issue=105 |pages=74–87 |doi=10.2979/transition.105.74|jstor=10.2979/transition.105.74 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> ==Tak Kwokntong== ===Beni̱n=== Mi̱ a̱lyia̱ 2000,A̱kwaka̱son a̱byin Beninesa [[Matyieu Kérékou]] ku fat a̱sa̱kut ma̱ a̱kpa a̱kwonu nkhyang Beni á̱ ku mi̱n a̱ntyia̱ mi̱ khwi a̱bwoanng A̱ti̱lanti̱ka ma̱ jen ma̱nang a̱byin tung ka ku ngyet [[Tyok Dahomey]].<ref name="holsey"/> Beninese officials traveled to [[Virginia]] and [[Washington, D.C.]] in the United States to publicise his apology.<ref name="chicago">{{cite news |last1= |first1=|title=BENIN OFFICIALS APOLOGIZE FOR ROLE IN U.S. SLAVE TRADE |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2000/05/01/benin-officials-apologize-for-role-in-us-slave-trade/ |work=Chicago Tribune |date=1 May 2000}}</ref> Beninese politician [[Luc Gnacadja]] stated "We cry for forgiveness and reconciliation", adding "The slave trade is a shame, and we do repent for it".<ref name="chicago"/> ===Kemerun=== Mi̱ a̱lyia̱ 2013, Wuli̱yam Holland, a̱tyu A̱fi̱rika-A̱merika a̱tyoka̱shwuo ma̱ng kyiiat a̱khwo a̱nya̱nyin ma̱mi [[A̱byian]], nta̱m kwai zwop ba ka jii̱p kwai nggu ji mbwak kwai si̱ [[Kemerum]]. Holland a̱wot li̱lyim a̱kya a̱ si̱ nat a̱cyet ma̱ a̱ka̱tung Bakou mi̱ Kemerum, ma̱ ca̱n ji a̱didai a̱gwam, Ngako Ngalatchui, si bu ghwut ma̱ vak neet kwuakntong da̱nian Oku kwai nkhyang lyai nkyang taada na nwuat a̱khwo a̱bwuanng ba.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Boyle |first1=Alan |title=Genetic quest leads to African apology for role in slave trade |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/sciencemain/genetic-quest-leads-african-apology-role-slave-trade-8c11467842 |work=NBC News |date=27 October 2013 |language=en}}</ref> ===Gana=== Mi̱ a̱lyia̱ 2006, Gana tyiai̱ ta̱m Josep, ma̱ng a̱tsatsak yet gwuang a̱tsa nat a̱son tak a̱ghyi gba̱mgba̱m ma̱ng a̱bwuang mi̱ Gana mbwak kwai a̱niet khwo a̱bwuang A̱ti̱lantik. a̱tsatsak yet a̱ wa kuyet a̱guguut á̱ nwuak gu nang naai ma̱sa̱kut wa da̱nian ta̱m tashikum a̱byin Gana mi̱ khwo a̱bwuang, a̱wot á̱ ku ti̱n hu a̱lyoot li̱lyim kpam A̱lyiat A̱gwaza hu [[Josep (Genesit)|Josep]], a̱nyan wa ku lyap ma̱mi khwo mbwak a̱yin a̱mali gu.<ref name="johnson"/> ===Nijeriya=== In 2009, the Civil Rights Congress of Nigeria, led by Nigerian politician [[Shehu Sani]], called for chiefs in Nigeria to apologise for their ancestors' involvement in the slave trade.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=David |title=African chiefs urged to apologise for slave trade |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/nov/18/africans-apologise-slave-trade |work=The Guardian |date=18 November 2009}}</ref> The Aro Council of Elders declined to apologise, stating they were "not apologetic about what happened in the past".<ref name="johnson">{{cite news |last1=Johnson |first1=Theodore R. |title=How to Apologize for Slavery |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/08/how-to-apologize-for-slavery/375650/ |work=The Atlantic |date=6 August 2014 |language=en}}</ref> In 2018, [[Abdulrasheed Adewale Akanbi]], a traditional monarch who holds the title of [[Oluwo of Iwo]], issued an apology for the role that the traditional royal families in Nigeria played in the Atlantic slave trade.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Oluwole |first1=Josiah |title=Nigerian monarch apologises for traditional rulers' participation in slave trade |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/272434-nigerian-monarch-apologises-for-traditional-rulers-participation-in-slave-trade.html?tztc=1}}</ref> The descendants of [[Seriki Williams Abass|Seriki Abass]], a prominent slave trader in the Nigerian town of [[Badagry]], issued an apology for his historic selling of slaves.<ref>{{cite web |title=University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Humanities {{!}} Sgoil nan Daonnachdan - Research in the School of Humanities - History Research - History Summer Reading Suggestions - Whyte - Slave trade |url=https://www.gla.ac.uk/schools/humanities/research/historyresearch/welcome/whyte-slavetrade/ |website=www.gla.ac.uk}}</ref> ===Yuganda=== In 1998, Ugandan president [[Yoweri Museveni]] remarked in an interview that he would not seek an apology from U.S. president [[Bill Clinton]] during Clinton's visit to Africa. Museveni stated, "African chiefs were the ones waging war on each other and capturing their own people and selling them. If anyone should apologize it should be the African chiefs. We still have those traitors here even today."<ref>{{cite news |title=Don't apologize, African tells Clinton |url=https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1998/03/23/don-t-apologize-african-tells-clinton/ |work=Tampa Bay Times |language=en}}</ref> In 2023, Musevini issued a formal apology for the Atlantic slave trade.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Abdur-Rahman |first1=Nahlah |title=President Of Uganda Officially Apologizes For Role In Slave Trade |url=https://www.blackenterprise.com/president-of-uganda-apologizes-slave-trade/ |work=Black Enterprise |date=16 July 2023}}</ref> ==Ya̱fang== {{reflist}} [[Sa:Slavery in Africa]] [[Sa:Atlantic slave trade]] {{improve categories|date=December 2024}} oh67a4hhzr8sp6yiz9hasn9mf756vux 0 6411 43591 37994 2026-05-29T22:03:02Z Danjuma Anthony 411 43591 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[A̱gwaza/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[A̱gwaza/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[A̱gwazi̱/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[A̱gwazai/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[A̱gwaza/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[A̱gwazai̱/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} '''Teang kurum mat khwo''' yet naat si̱ mbwuot hwa si̱ shyim fwuo [[Teang kurum mat khwo|teang kurum a̱tyu a̱ ta̱bat a̱ni ma a̱khwo ku zwa kwai mba]]. À̱ mbyia̱ fwuo shim dānian [[jhya kyang sang yet (a̱buk vak)|jhya mi vak sang yet mumwang mai nkyang]] mang [[jhya (nyia shansham nyia bang kyang)|ātan mi̱ sī ku swak cok faat ālyiat]]. Mī MS wu, ātan dānian khwo kuyet kakap nwuat dīn vak tsang hwa ku neet mbwuot mi kotu āwot/ku nwuat ma fwuo nyiung (kang ma̱ng tyok kotu hwa bang tyok bah) āpyiā āniet ānyanyin māng sīsa.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/congress-must-officially-apologize-slavery-america-can-think-about-reparations-ncna1047561 |title=Congress must officially apologize for slavery before America can think about reparations |date=August 30, 2019 |access-date=July 12, 2020 |first1=Mark |last1=Medish |first2=Daniel |last2=Lucichref|work=[[NBC News]] }}</ref><ref name="UMass Reparations Article">{{cite web |url=https://guides.library.umass.edu/reparations |title=An Historical Timeline of Reparations Payments Made From 1783 through 2020 by the United States Government, States, Cities, Religious Institutions, Colleges and Universities, and Corporations |first=Allen |last=Davis|publisher=University of Massachusetts Amherst |access-date=July 12, 2020 |date=May 11, 2020}}</ref> Shiri̱ya ntsa mānang á nyiā dā āpyiā ātan dānian khwo si mi Āmerika kuyet á̱ tyia ākhwo swaak bya [[Belinda Royall]] mi alyia 1783, di ghwut teang kurum alibashyi, āwot neet mang jen aja awot atan akakpat si ya ason gywai. Ma jen afun ji, á byia akpa teang kurum nang a kau ani bah.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-12-27|title=Why Was Belinda's Petition Approved?|url=https://royallhouse.org/why-was-belindas-petition-approved/|access-date=2020-10-29|website=The Royall House and Slave Quarters}}</ref> Ma ndyia 1865 [[Lamba Vak á khyiai á nnwuat akawat ani. 15]] ("[[kadada nswaknaai mang aswap]]") wa kuyet acucuk atsa nswak wu di biyang atyian afai khwo munmumun mami akakeang mang tung zwa.<ref name=darity>{{Cite book|last=Darity|first=William|title=From Here to Equality: Reparations for Black Americans in the Twenty-First Century|publisher=The University of North Carolina Press|year=2020|isbn=978-1469654973|location=Chapel Hill}}</ref> Awot ania, A̱kwakāson ābyin Andarawut Johnson si bwuak kyang a lap a sak, a si bwuok mang abyin ka ā nwuak a̱tyu azama yet atsatsak ātyu byiā wu ani. Teang kurum yet kyang neet ambwout adidam kuzang jen wa mi [[siyasa si amerika]], ma jen madadai ji swak ani mi [[2020 Demokiratik adadai khai akwak ason abyin wu]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Lockhart|first=PR|date=March 19, 2019|title=The 2020 Democratic primary debate over reparations, explained|publisher=Vox|url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/3/11/18246741/reparations-democrats-2020-inequality-warren-harris-castro}}</ref> Yei danian karfafa teang kurum mi 2020, a yong ma akawatyia agugwong lak kyang apyia mmanshan lakli mang alyiat COVID-19 Zwan, zang bibyia ku hyaai adyundyung aniet Amerika amgbam danian sang swat nyinyang.<ref>{{cite news|date=June 20, 2020|title=Calls for reparations are growing louder. How is the US responding?|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/20/joe-biden-reparations-slavery-george-floyd-protests|access-date=July 20, 2020|quote="Several states, localities and private institutions are beginning to grapple with issue, advancing legislation or convening taskforces to develop proposals for reparations."}}</ref> yei danian teang kurum khai adyundyung kwa mang lakfak gyai mi US ba mang jen madidit jhya mbnwak akakeang adyudyung mang atyulyuut kpankpaan mang ngyei danian teang kurum akhwo.<ref>{{cite news|last=Cashin|first=Cheryll|date=June 21, 2019|title=Reparations for slavery aren't enough. Official racism lasted much longer.|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/reparations-for-slavery-arent-enough-official-racism-lasted-much-longer/2019/06/21/2c0ecbe8-9397-11e9-aadb-74e6b2b46f6a_story.html}}</ref><ref name="Black Asheville Demands" /><ref name=coates>{{cite magazine|last=Coates|first=Ta-Nehisi|date=June 1, 2014|title=The Case for Reparations|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/the-case-for-reparations/361631/ |magazine=The Atlantic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Marable|first=Manning|title=Racism and Reparations: The time has come for whites to acknowledge the legacy of nearly 250 years of slavery and almost 100 years of legalized segregation.|url=https://rethinkingschools.org/articles/racism-and-reparations/|access-date=September 18, 2020}}</ref> Adidam a si teang akakurum na yong katsak atyu vwuot lyen, Ndirim di sisak a ba nwuak ba, amang wa a na nwuak, a nyan wa na tan mba, awot a nyan wa na san mba.<ref>Alfred L. Brophy, The Cultural War over Reparations for Slavery, 53 DePaul Law Review 1181–1213, 1182–1184 (Spring 2004)</ref><ref name="Washington Post Reparations Already Happening">{{cite news|last=Jones|first=Thai|date=January 31, 2020|title=Slavery reparations seem impossible. In many places, they're already happening|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/01/31/slavery-reparations-seem-impossible-many-places-theyre-already-happening/?arc404=true|access-date=July 12, 2020}}</ref> Atankai teang kurum su nang a ku ghwut dyo mi akeang amerika, Abyin, sitet, mang agwomnati swanta ku abacuwang akavwuo fang na li nang: teang akakurum anyanyin, akavwuo nswat, beang nat fang, yafe akakurum nwai, mang shirye-shiryi nkyang manang a sak a kan njhya rashin nyia aniet shansham ani.<ref name="UMass Reparations Article" /> .<ref name="Black Asheville Demands">{{cite web |title=Black Asheville Demands – Reparations Section |url=https://www.blackavldemands.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615185752/https://www.blackavldemands.org/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=June 15, 2020 |access-date=July 12, 2020 |date=June 26, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Confederate monuments in downtown Asheville removed or covered|url=https://wlos.com/news/local/vance-monument-robert-e-lee-confederate-monuments-downtown-asheville-removed-covered |date=July 10, 2020 |access-date=July 12, 2020 |work=WLOS |first1=Kristy |last1=Kepley-Steward |first2=Stephanie |last2=Santostasi }}</ref> ==Yafang== {{Reflist}} b4c8w40hufs3qerizq0bfrx6yn66dvi 43592 43591 2026-05-29T22:03:38Z Danjuma Anthony 411 /* */ 43592 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[Teang Kurum mat Khwo mi̱ Muná̱pyia̱ Sí̱tet A̱merika/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[Teang Kurum mat Khwo mi̱ Muná̱pyia̱ Sí̱tet A̱merika/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[Teang Kurum mat Khwo mi̱ Muná̱pyia̱ Sí̱tet A̱merika/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[Teang Kurum mat Khwo mi̱ Muná̱pyia̱ Sí̱tet A̱merika/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[Teang Kurum mat Khwo mi̱ Muná̱pyia̱ Sí̱tet A̱merika/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[Teang Kurum mat Khwo mi̱ Muná̱pyia̱ Sí̱tet A̱merika/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} '''Teang kurum mat khwo''' yet naat si̱ mbwuot hwa si̱ shyim fwuo [[Teang kurum mat khwo|teang kurum a̱tyu a̱ ta̱bat a̱ni ma a̱khwo ku zwa kwai mba]]. À̱ mbyia̱ fwuo shim dānian [[jhya kyang sang yet (a̱buk vak)|jhya mi vak sang yet mumwang mai nkyang]] mang [[jhya (nyia shansham nyia bang kyang)|ātan mi̱ sī ku swak cok faat ālyiat]]. Mī MS wu, ātan dānian khwo kuyet kakap nwuat dīn vak tsang hwa ku neet mbwuot mi kotu āwot/ku nwuat ma fwuo nyiung (kang ma̱ng tyok kotu hwa bang tyok bah) āpyiā āniet ānyanyin māng sīsa.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/congress-must-officially-apologize-slavery-america-can-think-about-reparations-ncna1047561 |title=Congress must officially apologize for slavery before America can think about reparations |date=August 30, 2019 |access-date=July 12, 2020 |first1=Mark |last1=Medish |first2=Daniel |last2=Lucichref|work=[[NBC News]] }}</ref><ref name="UMass Reparations Article">{{cite web |url=https://guides.library.umass.edu/reparations |title=An Historical Timeline of Reparations Payments Made From 1783 through 2020 by the United States Government, States, Cities, Religious Institutions, Colleges and Universities, and Corporations |first=Allen |last=Davis|publisher=University of Massachusetts Amherst |access-date=July 12, 2020 |date=May 11, 2020}}</ref> Shiri̱ya ntsa mānang á nyiā dā āpyiā ātan dānian khwo si mi Āmerika kuyet á̱ tyia ākhwo swaak bya [[Belinda Royall]] mi alyia 1783, di ghwut teang kurum alibashyi, āwot neet mang jen aja awot atan akakpat si ya ason gywai. Ma jen afun ji, á byia akpa teang kurum nang a kau ani bah.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-12-27|title=Why Was Belinda's Petition Approved?|url=https://royallhouse.org/why-was-belindas-petition-approved/|access-date=2020-10-29|website=The Royall House and Slave Quarters}}</ref> Ma ndyia 1865 [[Lamba Vak á khyiai á nnwuat akawat ani. 15]] ("[[kadada nswaknaai mang aswap]]") wa kuyet acucuk atsa nswak wu di biyang atyian afai khwo munmumun mami akakeang mang tung zwa.<ref name=darity>{{Cite book|last=Darity|first=William|title=From Here to Equality: Reparations for Black Americans in the Twenty-First Century|publisher=The University of North Carolina Press|year=2020|isbn=978-1469654973|location=Chapel Hill}}</ref> Awot ania, A̱kwakāson ābyin Andarawut Johnson si bwuak kyang a lap a sak, a si bwuok mang abyin ka ā nwuak a̱tyu azama yet atsatsak ātyu byiā wu ani. Teang kurum yet kyang neet ambwout adidam kuzang jen wa mi [[siyasa si amerika]], ma jen madadai ji swak ani mi [[2020 Demokiratik adadai khai akwak ason abyin wu]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Lockhart|first=PR|date=March 19, 2019|title=The 2020 Democratic primary debate over reparations, explained|publisher=Vox|url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/3/11/18246741/reparations-democrats-2020-inequality-warren-harris-castro}}</ref> Yei danian karfafa teang kurum mi 2020, a yong ma akawatyia agugwong lak kyang apyia mmanshan lakli mang alyiat COVID-19 Zwan, zang bibyia ku hyaai adyundyung aniet Amerika amgbam danian sang swat nyinyang.<ref>{{cite news|date=June 20, 2020|title=Calls for reparations are growing louder. How is the US responding?|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/20/joe-biden-reparations-slavery-george-floyd-protests|access-date=July 20, 2020|quote="Several states, localities and private institutions are beginning to grapple with issue, advancing legislation or convening taskforces to develop proposals for reparations."}}</ref> yei danian teang kurum khai adyundyung kwa mang lakfak gyai mi US ba mang jen madidit jhya mbnwak akakeang adyudyung mang atyulyuut kpankpaan mang ngyei danian teang kurum akhwo.<ref>{{cite news|last=Cashin|first=Cheryll|date=June 21, 2019|title=Reparations for slavery aren't enough. Official racism lasted much longer.|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/reparations-for-slavery-arent-enough-official-racism-lasted-much-longer/2019/06/21/2c0ecbe8-9397-11e9-aadb-74e6b2b46f6a_story.html}}</ref><ref name="Black Asheville Demands" /><ref name=coates>{{cite magazine|last=Coates|first=Ta-Nehisi|date=June 1, 2014|title=The Case for Reparations|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/the-case-for-reparations/361631/ |magazine=The Atlantic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Marable|first=Manning|title=Racism and Reparations: The time has come for whites to acknowledge the legacy of nearly 250 years of slavery and almost 100 years of legalized segregation.|url=https://rethinkingschools.org/articles/racism-and-reparations/|access-date=September 18, 2020}}</ref> Adidam a si teang akakurum na yong katsak atyu vwuot lyen, Ndirim di sisak a ba nwuak ba, amang wa a na nwuak, a nyan wa na tan mba, awot a nyan wa na san mba.<ref>Alfred L. Brophy, The Cultural War over Reparations for Slavery, 53 DePaul Law Review 1181–1213, 1182–1184 (Spring 2004)</ref><ref name="Washington Post Reparations Already Happening">{{cite news|last=Jones|first=Thai|date=January 31, 2020|title=Slavery reparations seem impossible. In many places, they're already happening|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/01/31/slavery-reparations-seem-impossible-many-places-theyre-already-happening/?arc404=true|access-date=July 12, 2020}}</ref> Atankai teang kurum su nang a ku ghwut dyo mi akeang amerika, Abyin, sitet, mang agwomnati swanta ku abacuwang akavwuo fang na li nang: teang akakurum anyanyin, akavwuo nswat, beang nat fang, yafe akakurum nwai, mang shirye-shiryi nkyang manang a sak a kan njhya rashin nyia aniet shansham ani.<ref name="UMass Reparations Article" /> .<ref name="Black Asheville Demands">{{cite web |title=Black Asheville Demands – Reparations Section |url=https://www.blackavldemands.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615185752/https://www.blackavldemands.org/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=June 15, 2020 |access-date=July 12, 2020 |date=June 26, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Confederate monuments in downtown Asheville removed or covered|url=https://wlos.com/news/local/vance-monument-robert-e-lee-confederate-monuments-downtown-asheville-removed-covered |date=July 10, 2020 |access-date=July 12, 2020 |work=WLOS |first1=Kristy |last1=Kepley-Steward |first2=Stephanie |last2=Santostasi }}</ref> ==Yafang== {{Reflist}} 9dr8iw5znotwadeafr0min9hmjnnaaa 0 6412 43605 37997 2026-05-29T22:22:03Z Danjuma Anthony 411 /* */ 43605 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[A̱gwaza/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[A̱gwaza/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[A̱gwazi̱/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[A̱gwazai/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[A̱gwaza/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[A̱gwazai̱/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} '''Nkhyang Nkwoleji ma̱ng Ngyunuvasi̱ti A̱dyundyung Á̱niet di̱ Ntsa''' ('''HBCUs''') yet si̱sa si̱ [[a̱gba̱ndang fanga̱pyia̱ mi̱ a̱keang tung swanta A̱merika]] ma̱nang á̱ ku nok a̱zanson [[Ta̱m a̱ka̱wat a̱khwot a̱khwop a̱saibung si̱ 1964]] ma̱ng byia̱ a̱guguut ba nyia̱ khwo a̱niet [[A̱fi̱rika A̱merika|A̱fi̱rika A̱merika]] mman fang.<ref>20 U.S. Code sec.1061, [https://USCode.house.gov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220095814/https://uscode.house.gov/|date=December 20, 2022}}https://USCode.house.gov For a compact overview of HBCU history, see Walter R. Allen, Joseph O. Jewell, Kimberly A. Griffin, & De'Sha S. Wolf, ''Nkhyang Nkwoleji ma̱ng Ngyunuvasi̱ti A̱dyudyung A̱niet di̱ Ntsa: Dyep kyang hu kan swak a̱ni, ca̱t si̱ ku shyia̱ di̱ yong a̱ni, Laai a̱zanson chobai ka,'' 76 '''Journal of Negro Education''', pp. 263–280 (2007).</ref> A̱lyiak shyia̱ mi̱ a̱ [[A̱tak A̱merika]] a̱wat á̱ ku ta̱taat nna di̱n jen nang [[Á̱ ku nshyiak a̱ka̱nok nfai ma̱ jen swaak]] ndyia̱(1865–1877) nkhwi ma̱ [[Zwang a̱khwot a̱khwop A̱saibung A̱keangtung swanta A̱merika]].<ref name="Anderson1988">Anderson, J.D. (1988). ''The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860–1935''. University of North Carolina Press.</ref> A̱cucuk a̱jat mba wu wa yet ba kpaat a̱safang da̱nian A̱fi̱rika A̱marika mi̱ jen swak a̱ja nang khwoleji a̱gyang ma̱ng Ngyunuvasi̱ti mi̱ a̱keangtung swanta A̱merika nfi̱n [[School segregation in the United States|A̱dyundyung mman fang ba tyia̱ lilyoot mba ha wu]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ed.gov/edblogs/whhbcu/ |title=White House Initiative on Historically Black Colleges and Universities |publisher=U.S. Department of Education |access-date=2008-04-23|date=2008-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005211025/http://sites.ed.gov/whhbcu/|archive-date=2015-10-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=In the face of inequality.|last=Wooten|first= Melissa E.|date=2016|publisher=State Univ of New York Press|isbn=978-1-4384-5690-4 |oclc=946968175}}</ref> ==Ya̱fang== {{Reflist}} 18j3wxkv276joya6x6kf32k9lyddkp1 43606 43605 2026-05-29T22:23:20Z Danjuma Anthony 411 /* */ 43606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[Nkwoleji ma̱ng Ngyunuvasi̱ti A̱dyundyung Á̱niet di̱ Ntsa/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[Nkwoleji ma̱ng Ngyunuvasi̱ti A̱dyundyung Á̱niet di̱ Ntsa/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[Nkwoleji ma̱ng Ngyunuvasi̱ti A̱dyundyung Á̱niet di̱ Ntsa/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[Nkwoleji ma̱ng Ngyunuvasi̱ti A̱dyundyung Á̱niet di̱ Ntsa/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[Nkwoleji ma̱ng Ngyunuvasi̱ti A̱dyundyung Á̱niet di̱ Ntsa/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[Nkwoleji ma̱ng Ngyunuvasi̱ti A̱dyundyung Á̱niet di̱ Ntsa/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} '''Nkhyang Nkwoleji ma̱ng Ngyunuvasi̱ti A̱dyundyung Á̱niet di̱ Ntsa''' ('''HBCUs''') yet si̱sa si̱ [[a̱gba̱ndang fanga̱pyia̱ mi̱ a̱keang tung swanta A̱merika]] ma̱nang á̱ ku nok a̱zanson [[Ta̱m a̱ka̱wat a̱khwot a̱khwop a̱saibung si̱ 1964]] ma̱ng byia̱ a̱guguut ba nyia̱ khwo a̱niet [[A̱fi̱rika A̱merika|A̱fi̱rika A̱merika]] mman fang.<ref>20 U.S. Code sec.1061, [https://USCode.house.gov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220095814/https://uscode.house.gov/|date=December 20, 2022}}https://USCode.house.gov For a compact overview of HBCU history, see Walter R. Allen, Joseph O. Jewell, Kimberly A. Griffin, & De'Sha S. Wolf, ''Nkhyang Nkwoleji ma̱ng Ngyunuvasi̱ti A̱dyudyung A̱niet di̱ Ntsa: Dyep kyang hu kan swak a̱ni, ca̱t si̱ ku shyia̱ di̱ yong a̱ni, Laai a̱zanson chobai ka,'' 76 '''Journal of Negro Education''', pp. 263–280 (2007).</ref> A̱lyiak shyia̱ mi̱ a̱ [[A̱tak A̱merika]] a̱wat á̱ ku ta̱taat nna di̱n jen nang [[Á̱ ku nshyiak a̱ka̱nok nfai ma̱ jen swaak]] ndyia̱(1865–1877) nkhwi ma̱ [[Zwang a̱khwot a̱khwop A̱saibung A̱keangtung swanta A̱merika]].<ref name="Anderson1988">Anderson, J.D. (1988). ''The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860–1935''. University of North Carolina Press.</ref> A̱cucuk a̱jat mba wu wa yet ba kpaat a̱safang da̱nian A̱fi̱rika A̱marika mi̱ jen swak a̱ja nang khwoleji a̱gyang ma̱ng Ngyunuvasi̱ti mi̱ a̱keangtung swanta A̱merika nfi̱n [[School segregation in the United States|A̱dyundyung mman fang ba tyia̱ lilyoot mba ha wu]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ed.gov/edblogs/whhbcu/ |title=White House Initiative on Historically Black Colleges and Universities |publisher=U.S. Department of Education |access-date=2008-04-23|date=2008-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005211025/http://sites.ed.gov/whhbcu/|archive-date=2015-10-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=In the face of inequality.|last=Wooten|first= Melissa E.|date=2016|publisher=State Univ of New York Press|isbn=978-1-4384-5690-4 |oclc=946968175}}</ref> ==Ya̱fang== {{Reflist}} quqt5ek38oavf0y1spvri6d6yl9bjsf 0 6417 43589 37999 2026-05-29T21:59:59Z Danjuma Anthony 411 /* */ 43589 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[A̱gwaza/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[A̱gwaza/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[A̱gwazi̱/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[A̱gwazai/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[A̱gwaza/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[A̱gwazai̱/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} '''Asorong Cat Teang Kurum khwo Amgbam Afirika''' hyia kokwak jet aboi ja mang akatung munapipyia mang ayaaguguut nyiap nfwuo nang a ka jhyung ani di tari teang kurum danian [[bei asakhwot atalatik khwo abwuang]], tyok chit, mang sang zwa abyin ka ku naat a mbuot mang kwai nfwuo aniet nkyang niat tazwa aniet Afirika shansham. A tung akya ku byin susot danian siyasa, nok byan fwuo, mang nok-nanyiuk mami akeang-akakeang Afirika, atung comiti diaspora, mang sot atung swanta. == Agbadang Atung mang Achechet nkhang == === Atung jhya Accra, 2023 === Mi zwat swak mang jhyung 2023, Ghana mang Afirika tungdundung aniet munapyia teang titeang hu nswak ani a ku ku nwuak mi Accra.<ref name="AP2023">[https://apnews.com/article/accra-slavery-reparation-conference-08f10f083359e9be57b74d6f6e983a8f "Njhya Ghana na a ku nwuak shyim ma swanta shyia aniet teang Afirika danian khwo abwuanng." Nkyang AP, 2023.]</ref> Atung ka ku min a mun mang "kyang hyia Accra danian jhya," a ku lin ama teang titeang swanta shyia mang khai a si AU atyu tam zan ku kwak ason jhya chat zabe.<ref name="AUAccra2023">{{Cite web |url=https://au.int/en/decisions/accra-proclamation-reparations |title=Accra Proclamation on Reparations. African Union, 2023. |access-date=2025-07-25 |archive-date=2025-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219231412/https://au.int/en/decisions/accra-proclamation-reparations |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ason Nwuat mang tsare-tsare nfa === A mundundung Afirika ba tak nang 2025 wu "alyia fak kunak danian anietnswat abyin Afirika mang aniet Afirika byia mumwang di nvak teang titeang", tyia jhya fak kunak bwuak hu ntyia akawatyia apyia alyiat danian 38th nwuak ngu hu.<ref name="AURenewal2025">[https://africarenewal.un.org/en/magazine/beyond-compensation-reparatory-justice-structural-economic-imperative-africa "Beyond compensation: Reparatory justice as a structural economic imperative for Africa." UN Africa Renewal, 2025.]</ref> == Ya ason manini == == Bu nwuan == * [[Teang mat khwo]] * [[Muna̱pyia̱ A̱fi̱rika]] ==Yafang== {{Reflist}} == Ason fang == * [https://apnews.com/article/accra-slavery-reparation-conference-08f10f083359e9be57b74d6f6e983a8f A Ghana reparations summit agrees on a global fund to compensate Africans for the slave trade. AP News, 2023.] * [https://au.int/en/decisions/accra-proclamation-reparations Accra Proclamation on Reparations. African Union, 2023.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219231412/https://au.int/en/decisions/accra-proclamation-reparations |date=2025-02-19 }} * [https://www.politico.eu/article/united-kingdom-slavery-reparations-colonies-commonwealth-summit-samoa/ Commonwealth summit agreement raises slavery reparations after row with UK. Politico.eu, 2024.] * [https://africarenewal.un.org/en/magazine/beyond-compensation-reparatory-justice-structural-economic-imperative-africa Beyond compensation: Reparatory justice as a structural economic imperative for Africa. UN Africa Renewal, 2025.] == kyang Tausa == * [https://www.panafricanreparations.org/abuja-proclamation Abuja Proclamation (1993)] * [https://caricom.org/reparations-commission/ CARICOM Reparations Commission] * [https://au.int/en/decisions/accra-proclamation-reparations African Union Theme for 2025: Justice for Africans and People of African Descent Through Reparations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219231412/https://au.int/en/decisions/accra-proclamation-reparations |date=2025-02-19 }} [[sa:Pan-Africanism]] 9s8uf3xlydr0m3cn6t522cs0gh5bokd 43590 43589 2026-05-29T22:00:39Z Danjuma Anthony 411 /* */ 43590 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[A̱sorong Cat Teang Kurum Khwo A̱mgba̱m Afi̱rika/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[A̱sorong Cat Teang Kurum Khwo A̱mgba̱m Afi̱rika/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[A̱sorong Cat Teang Kurum Khwo A̱mgba̱m Afi̱rika/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[A̱sorong Cat Teang Kurum Khwo A̱mgba̱m Afi̱rika/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[A̱sorong Cat Teang Kurum Khwo A̱mgba̱m Afi̱rika/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[A̱sorong Cat Teang Kurum Khwo A̱mgba̱m Afi̱rika/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} '''Asorong Cat Teang Kurum khwo Amgbam Afirika''' hyia kokwak jet aboi ja mang akatung munapipyia mang ayaaguguut nyiap nfwuo nang a ka jhyung ani di tari teang kurum danian [[bei asakhwot atalatik khwo abwuang]], tyok chit, mang sang zwa abyin ka ku naat a mbuot mang kwai nfwuo aniet nkyang niat tazwa aniet Afirika shansham. A tung akya ku byin susot danian siyasa, nok byan fwuo, mang nok-nanyiuk mami akeang-akakeang Afirika, atung comiti diaspora, mang sot atung swanta. == Agbadang Atung mang Achechet nkhang == === Atung jhya Accra, 2023 === Mi zwat swak mang jhyung 2023, Ghana mang Afirika tungdundung aniet munapyia teang titeang hu nswak ani a ku ku nwuak mi Accra.<ref name="AP2023">[https://apnews.com/article/accra-slavery-reparation-conference-08f10f083359e9be57b74d6f6e983a8f "Njhya Ghana na a ku nwuak shyim ma swanta shyia aniet teang Afirika danian khwo abwuanng." Nkyang AP, 2023.]</ref> Atung ka ku min a mun mang "kyang hyia Accra danian jhya," a ku lin ama teang titeang swanta shyia mang khai a si AU atyu tam zan ku kwak ason jhya chat zabe.<ref name="AUAccra2023">{{Cite web |url=https://au.int/en/decisions/accra-proclamation-reparations |title=Accra Proclamation on Reparations. African Union, 2023. |access-date=2025-07-25 |archive-date=2025-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219231412/https://au.int/en/decisions/accra-proclamation-reparations |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ason Nwuat mang tsare-tsare nfa === A mundundung Afirika ba tak nang 2025 wu "alyia fak kunak danian anietnswat abyin Afirika mang aniet Afirika byia mumwang di nvak teang titeang", tyia jhya fak kunak bwuak hu ntyia akawatyia apyia alyiat danian 38th nwuak ngu hu.<ref name="AURenewal2025">[https://africarenewal.un.org/en/magazine/beyond-compensation-reparatory-justice-structural-economic-imperative-africa "Beyond compensation: Reparatory justice as a structural economic imperative for Africa." UN Africa Renewal, 2025.]</ref> == Ya ason manini == == Bu nwuan == * [[Teang mat khwo]] * [[Muna̱pyia̱ A̱fi̱rika]] ==Yafang== {{Reflist}} == Ason fang == * [https://apnews.com/article/accra-slavery-reparation-conference-08f10f083359e9be57b74d6f6e983a8f A Ghana reparations summit agrees on a global fund to compensate Africans for the slave trade. AP News, 2023.] * [https://au.int/en/decisions/accra-proclamation-reparations Accra Proclamation on Reparations. African Union, 2023.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219231412/https://au.int/en/decisions/accra-proclamation-reparations |date=2025-02-19 }} * [https://www.politico.eu/article/united-kingdom-slavery-reparations-colonies-commonwealth-summit-samoa/ Commonwealth summit agreement raises slavery reparations after row with UK. Politico.eu, 2024.] * [https://africarenewal.un.org/en/magazine/beyond-compensation-reparatory-justice-structural-economic-imperative-africa Beyond compensation: Reparatory justice as a structural economic imperative for Africa. UN Africa Renewal, 2025.] == kyang Tausa == * [https://www.panafricanreparations.org/abuja-proclamation Abuja Proclamation (1993)] * [https://caricom.org/reparations-commission/ CARICOM Reparations Commission] * [https://au.int/en/decisions/accra-proclamation-reparations African Union Theme for 2025: Justice for Africans and People of African Descent Through Reparations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219231412/https://au.int/en/decisions/accra-proclamation-reparations |date=2025-02-19 }} [[sa:Pan-Africanism]] 6e3oakjo9qp5jfazu1zpsjaa4ckjmgy 0 7689 43560 43517 2026-05-29T16:58:01Z Danjuma Anthony 411 /* */ 43560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[A̱ritote/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[A̱ritote/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[A̱ritote/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[Aritote/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[Aritote/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[A̱ritote/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} '''A̱ritote'''({{Audio|Kcg-A̱ritote.ogg|fa̱k|help=no}}) (384–322&nbsp;BC) wa kuyet A̱khwukhwop a̱tyutyan A̱yahudawa gbangbang ma̱ng A̱tyu mai tsuung. Lyuut nggu hu na̱ap a̱cucuk sayin, tyan lyen, [[lyenlilyem]], [[zwa]], kwai nfwuo a̱niet, fang lyen a̱didam a̱niet, ma̱ng shap nkyang hu. Ma̱nang gu ngyet a̱tyu shyia̱ A̱vwuo fang Peripatetic a̱si a̱tyutyan mi̱ [[Lyceum (classical)|Lyceum]] wu ma̱ Á̱ten, a̱ ku tsa a̱kpai ka A̱ritoteliyan taada ji ku nkhwi, zang ji ja ku tip a̱kang nta̱m ka da̱nian ya a̱son ce sayin manini. Á̱ byia̱ a̱di̱dai lyen da̱ a̱ cyiet A̱ritote. A̱ ku byin nggu mi̱ a̱keang Sitagira mi̱ Calikidiki (a̱za a̱ghyi Greece) din njen garagajiya. A̱tyia̱ nggu wu, (a̱tyia̱ A̱ritote) Nicomachus, ku neet ma̱nang A̱ritote yet nggu, a̱wot a̱na̱bwuon wa ku ba̱ng nggu a̱ si nshi. Tsa̱tsak ndyia̱ swak ma̱ng a̱ninai na kan swak a̱ni, a̱ si̱ mun bwak ma̱ng a̱vwuo tyiet [[Plato]]<nowiki/>t mi̱ Á̱ten a̱wot a̱si swan a̱ ja ba̱tat ndyia̱ nswak tat ma̱ng a̱natat ({{circa| 347 BC}}). A̱labeang bah lyilyim a̱khwu Plato ka, A̱ritote wot A̱ten a̱wot, di cat filip II a̱si Macedon, a̱ tyiet nggwon nggu ka Alexander a̱shyicet wu tsa ma̱ 343 BC. A̱ ku khwuk tyan saai nta̱ga̱da mi̱ Lyceum, si̱ a̱hwa ku beang nggu a̱si ndyuut kpam nna na̱ tat nta̱ga̱da nchyi a̱ni ma̱ a̱ka̱gurung papyrus. 8kej8m27m3t9m9zkocgugdg6kx1gps1