ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ knwiki https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%96%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%9F MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.4 first-letter ಮೀಡಿಯ ವಿಶೇಷ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ ಸದಸ್ಯ ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ ಚಿತ್ರ ಚಿತ್ರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ ಮೀಡಿಯವಿಕಿ ಮೀಡಿಯವಿಕಿ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ ಸಹಾಯ ಸಹಾಯ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ ವರ್ಗ ವರ್ಗ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ ಸಂಪುಟ ಸಂಪುಟ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ ಕರಡು ಕರಡು ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ TimedText TimedText talk ಮಾಡ್ಯೂಲ್ ಮಾಡ್ಯೂಲ್ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ Event Event talk 0 4217 1374603 1372009 2026-06-02T16:57:40Z VASANTH S.N. 728 added [[Category:ಆಟಗಳು]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 1374603 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ಕ್ರೀಡೆ | image=Pollock to Hussey.jpg | imagesize=300px | caption=A [[Bowling (cricket)|bowler]] bowling to a [[Batting (cricket)|batsman]]. The paler strip is the [[cricket pitch]].it is very important The two sets of three wooden stumps on the pitch are the [[wickets]]. The two white lines are the [[Crease (cricket)|creases]]. | union=[[International Cricket Council]] | nickname= | first team= | registered= | clubs= | team=೧೧ players per side<br />substitute fielders (only) are permitted in cases of injury or illness | category=[[Bat-and-ball games|bat-and-ball]] | ball=[[cricket ball]], [[cricket bat]],<br /> [[wicket]]: [[Stump (cricket)|stumps]], [[Bail (cricket)|bails]] }} '''ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್''' ಎಂಬುದು ದಾಂಡು ಮತ್ತು ಚೆಂಡುಗಳ ಆಟ. ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ ಮತ್ತು ಚೆಂಡುಗಳಿಗೆ ಸಂಬಂಧಪಟ್ಟ ಪಂಗಡದ ಆಟವೆಂದೂ ಹಾಗೂ ೧೬ನೇ ಶತಮಾನದಲ್ಲಿ ದಕ್ಷಿಣ [[ಇಂಗ್ಲೆಂಡ್|ಇಂಗ್ಲೆಂಡಿನ]]ಲ್ಲಿ ಆಡಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿದ್ದು ಎಂಬ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಆಧಾರವಿದೆ.೧೮ನೇಯ ಶತಮಾನದ ಅಂತ್ಯದ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್ ಇಂಗ್ಲೆಂಡಿನ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಕ್ರೀಡೆಯಾಗಿ ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿ ಹೊಂದಿತ್ತು. [[ಬ್ರಿಟೀಷ್ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ]]ದ ವಿಸ್ತರಣೆಯು [[ಸಮುದ್ರ]]ದಾಚೆಗಿನ [[ದೇಶ]]ಗಳೊಡನೆ ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್ ಅಡಲು ಅನುವು ಮಾಡಿಕೊಟ್ಟಿತು ಮತ್ತು ಹತ್ತೊಂಬತ್ತನೆಯ ಶತಮಾನದ ಮಧ್ಯಭಾಗದಲ್ಲಿ ಮೊದಲ ಅಂತಾರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಪಂದ್ಯವನ್ನು ನಡೆಸಲಾಗಿತ್ತು.ಇಂದು ಆಟಗಳ ಆಡಳಿತಾತ್ಮಕ ಅಂಗವಾದ ಅಂತಾರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್ ಮಂಡಳಿಯು ೧೦೪ ಸದಸ್ಯ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಗಳನ್ನು ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿದೆ.<ref>[http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Countries/index.html CricketArchive – ICC ಸದಸ್ಯ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಗಳ ಪೂರ್ಣ ಪಟ್ಟಿ]. ೨೫ ಜುಲೈ ೨೦೦೯ರಂದು ಪತ್ತೆ ಹಚ್ಚಲಾಯಿತು</ref> ಆಟದ ನಿಯಮಾವಳಿಗಳು [[ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್‌ನ ನಿಯಮಗಳು|ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್‌ನ ಕಾನೂನುಗಳು]] ಎಂದು ಪರಿಚಿತವಾಗಿವೆ.<ref>[http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/laws/ MCC – ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್‌ನ ಕಚೇರಿಯ ನಿಯಮಗಳು] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311210212/http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/laws/ |date=2013-03-11 }}. ೨೫ ಜುಲೈ ೨೦೦೯ರಂದು ಪತ್ತೆ ಹಚ್ಚಲಾಯಿತು</ref> ಇವೆಲ್ಲವುಗಳ ಉಸ್ತುವಾರಿಯನ್ನು ಗ್ರಂಥಸ್ವಾಮ್ಯ ಹೊಂದಿರುವ ICC ಮತ್ತು ಮೆಲ್ಬೋರ್ನ್ ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್ ಕ್ಲಬ್ ನೋಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತಿದೆ.ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್ ಆಟವನ್ನು [[ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್ ಮೈದಾನ]]ದ ಮಧ್ಯಭಾಗದಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಪಿಚ್ ಮೇಲೆ ಆಡಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.ಪಂದ್ಯವನ್ನು ಒಂದೊಂದು ಪಂಗಡದಲ್ಲಿಯೂ ಹನ್ನೊಂದು ಜನ ಆಟಗಾರರು ಇರುವ ಎರಡು ಪಂಗಡಗಳ ನಡುವೆ ಆಡಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.<ref>[http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/laws/ MCC – ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್‌ನ ಕಾನೂನುಗಳು: ಕಾನೂನು 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311210212/http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/laws/ |date=2013-03-11 }}. ೨೫ ಜುಲೈ ೨೦೦೯ರಂದು ಪತ್ತೆ ಹಚ್ಚಲಾಯಿತು</ref>ಬ್ಯಾಟಿಂಗ್ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿರುವ ಪಂಗಡ ಔಟ್ ಆಗದೆ ಸಾಧ್ಯವಾದಷ್ಟು [[ರನ್ (ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್)|ರನ್]] ಗಳಿಸಲು ಪ್ರಯತ್ನಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದರೆ ಬೌಲಿಂಗ್ ಮತ್ತು ಫೀಲ್ಡಿಂಗ್ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿರುವ ಇನ್ನೊಂದು ಪಂಗಡ ಬ್ಯಾಟಿಂಗ್ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿರುವ ಪಂಗಡದ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ಗಳನ್ನ ಚದುರಿಸಿ ಕಡಿಮೆ ಅಂಕಕ್ಕೆ ಮಿತಿಗೊಳಿಸಲು ಪ್ರಯತ್ನಿಸುತ್ತಿರುತ್ತದೆ. ಯಾವಾಗ, ಬ್ಯಾಟಿಂಗ್ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದ ಪಂಗಡ ತನಗೆ ಲಬ್ಯವಿದ್ದ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಒವರ್‌ಗಳನ್ನೂ ಬಳಸಿಕೊಂಡಿದ್ದು ಅಥವಾ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ಗಳು ಔಟ್ ಆದ ನಂತರ ವ್ಯತಿರಿಕ್ತವಾಗಿ ಈಗ ಪ್ರತಿಸ್ಪರ್ಧಿಯ ಅಂಕಗಳನ್ನ ದಾಟುವುದು ಫೀಲ್ಡಿಂಗ್ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದ ಪಂಗಡದ ಸರದಿಯಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್ ಆಟದ ಪರಿಧಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಹಲವಾರು ರೀತಿಯ ಬದಲಾವಣೆಗಳಿವೆ. ವೃತ್ತಿಪರ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಈ ವ್ಯಾಪ್ತಿಯನ್ನು ಪ್ರತಿ ಭಾಗಕ್ಕೂ ೨೦ ಒವರುಗಳಿಗೆ ಸೀಮಿತಗೊಳಿಸಿ ಸೀಮಿತ ಒವರುಗಳ ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್ ಎಂದು ೫ ದಿನಗಳವರೆಗಿನ ಟೆಸ್ಟ್ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್ ಪ್ನ್ನಂದ್ಯವನ್ನು ಆಡಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.ಆಡಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ ಆಟದ ಸ್ವರೂಪಕ್ಕೆ ಅನುಗುಣವಾಗಿ ವಿವಿಧ ರೀತಿಯ ನಿಯಮಮಗಳ ಮೂಲಕ ಆಟ ಗೆದ್ದಿದೆಯೊ, ಸೋತಿದೆಯೊ, ಸಮನಾಗಿದೆಯೊ ಅಥವಾ ತಡೆಹಿಡಿಯಲಾಗಿದೆಯೊ ಎಂದು ನಿರ್ಣಯಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. == ಉದ್ದೇಶಗಳು == [[ಚಿತ್ರ:cricket field parts.svg|right|thumb|250px|ಲಾಕ್ಷಣಿಕ ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್ ಮೈದಾನ]] ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್ ಪಂದ್ಯವನ್ನು ಒಂದೊಂದು ಪಂಗಡದಲ್ಲೂ ಹನ್ನೊಂದು ಆಟಗಾರರಿರುವಂತೆ ಎರಡು ಪಂಗಡಗಳ (ಅಥವಾ ಬದಿಗಳ) ನಡುವೆ ವಿವಿಧ ರೀತಿಯ ಗಾತ್ರ ಮತ್ತು ಆಕಾರದ [[ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್ ಮೈದಾನ|ಮೈದಾನ]]ದಲ್ಲಿ ಆಡಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.ಮೈದಾನವು ಹುಲ್ಲುಗಳಿಂದ ಆವೃತವಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ ಮತ್ತು ಇದು ಮೈದಾನದ ಫಲವತ್ತತೆಯನ್ನು ನೋಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವ, ಕಟಾವು ಮಾಡುವ, ರೋಲಿಂಗ್ ಮಾಡುವ ಮತ್ತು ಮೇಲ್ಪದರವನ್ನು ಸಮಾನಗೋಳಿಸುವ ಕೆಲಸಗಾರರಿಂದ ರಚಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿರುತ್ತದೆ. ಇದರ ಮೈದಾನದ ಡಯಾಮೀಟರ್‌ಗಳು{{convert|140|-|160|yd}} ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿರುತ್ತವೆಮೈದಾನದ ಪರಿಧಿಯನ್ನು ಬೌಂಡರಿ ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ ಮತ್ತು ಮೈದಾನದ ಹೊರಗಿನ ಬದಿಯನ್ನು ಕೆಲವೊಮ್ಮೆ ಬಣ್ಣದ ಮೂಲಕವೂ ಮತ್ತು ಕೆಲವೊಮ್ಮೆ ಹಗ್ಗದ ಮೂಲಕವೂ ಸುತ್ತುವರಿಯಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಮೈದಾನವು ಗೋಲಾಕಾರದಲ್ಲೂ, ಚೌಕಾಕಾರದಲೂ ಅಥವಾ ಮೊಟ್ಟೆಯಾಕಾರದಲ್ಲು ಇರಬಹುದು-ದಿ ಒವೆಲ್ ಅನ್ನು ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟಿನ ಅತ್ಯಂತ ಪ್ರಸಿಧ್ದ ಸ್ಥಳವೆಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗಿದೆ. ಪ್ರತಿಯೊಂದು ಪಂಗಡದ ಮೂಲ ಉದ್ದೇಶ ಹೆಚ್ಚು [[ರನ್ (ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್)|ರನ್‌]]ಗಳನ್ನು ಗಳಿಸುವುದಲ್ಲದೆ ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣವಾಗಿ ಇನ್ನೊಂದು ಪಂಗಡವನ್ನು ವಿಸರ್ಜಿಸುವುದಾಗಿದೆಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್‌ನ ಒಂದು ಸ್ವರೂಪದಲ್ಲಿ, ಎದುರಾಳಿ ತಂಡವು ಸಂಪೂಣ೯ವಾಗಿ ಔಟ್ ಆಗದಿದ್ದರೂ ಕೂಡ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿಗೆ ರನ್ ಗಳಿಸುವುದರ ಮೂಲಕ ಆಟವನ್ನು ಗೆಲ್ಲಬಹುದಾಗಿದೆ.ಇನ್ನೊಂದು ಸ್ವರೂಪದಲ್ಲಿ, ಪಂದ್ಯವನ್ನು ಗೆಲ್ಲಲು ಕಡ್ಡಾಯವಾಗಿ ಅಧಿಕ ರನ್ ಗಳಿಸಲೇಬೇಕು ಮತ್ತು ಎದುರಾಳಿ ತಂಡವನ್ನು ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣವಾಗಿ ವಿಸರ್ಜಿಸಬೇಕು, ಇಲ್ಲವಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಪಂದ್ಯವನ್ನು ಸಮಾನಗೋಳಿಸಲಾಗುವುದು. ಆಟ ಪ್ರಾರಂಭವಾಗುವುದಕ್ಕೂ ಮೊದಲು, ಎರಡೂ ತಂಡದ ನಾಯಕರು ಕೂಡಿ ಯಾವ ತಂಡ ಮೊದಲು ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ ಅಥವಾ ಬೌಲ್ ಮಾಡಬೇಕು ಎಂಬುದನ್ನು ನಿರ್ಧರಿಸಲು ನಾಣ್ಯವನ್ನು ಟಾಸ್ ಮಾಡುವರು.ಟಾಸ್ ಗೆದ್ದ ನಾಯಕನು ಪ್ರಸ್ತುತ ಮತ್ತು ನಿರೀಕ್ಷಿತ ಮೈದಾನದ<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sportscourtdimensions.com/cricket/ |title=ಆರ್ಕೈವ್ ನಕಲು |access-date=2018-08-28 |archive-date=2017-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629115409/https://www.sportscourtdimensions.com/cricket/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ವಿವರಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಹವಾಮಾನ ಸ್ಥಿತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಒಳಗೊಂಡಂತೆ ಚತುರ ವಿವೇಚನೆಯ ಮೂಲಕ ತನ್ನ ನಿರ್ಧಾರವನ್ನು ತೆಗೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳಬೇಕಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಮುಖ್ಯ ಕಾರ್ಯ ಅರಂಭವಾಗುವುದು, ವಿಶೇಷವಾಗಿ ರಚಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ ಮೈದಾನದ (ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಮಧ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ) ಮಧ್ಯಭಾಗವಾದ ಪಿಚ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ. ಪಿಚ್‌ನ ಎರಡೂ ಕೊನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ {{convert|22|yd}}ಅಂತರದಲ್ಲಿ ವಿಕೇಟ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ನೆಡಲಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ.ಇವುಗಳು ಬೌಲಿಂಗ್ (ಫೀಲ್ಡಿಂಗ್ ಎಂದು ಕೂಡ ಕೆರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ) ''ಅಲಿಯಾಸ್'' ಫೀಲ್ಡಿಂಗ್ ತಂಡದ ಗುರಿಸಾಧನೆಗೆ ಸಹಾಯಕಾರಿಯಾದರೆ ಬ್ಯಾಟಿಂಗ್ ತಂಡ ತನ್ನನ್ನು ರಕ್ಷಿಸಿಕೊಂಡು ಅಧಿಕ ರನ್ ಗಳಿಸಲು ಸಹಕರಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್ ತನ್ನ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ ಮೂಲಕ ಚೆಂಡನ್ನು ಹೊಡೆದ ನಂತರ ಪಿಚ್‌ನ ಉದ್ದಕ್ಕೆ ಓಡಿದಾಗ ಮಾತ್ರ ಅಧಿಕ ರನ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಗಳಿಸಲು ಸಾಧ್ಯ. ಆದಾಗ್ಯೂ ಅಧಿಕ ರನ್ ಗಳಿಸುವ ಹಲವಾರು ವಿಧಾನಗಳನ್ನು ಕೆಳಗೆ ವಿವರಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/rules_and_equipment/4183254.stm BBC Sport – ರನ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಹೇಗೆ ಗಳಿಸಲಾಯಿತು]. ೨೫ ಜುಲೈ ೨೦೦೯ರಂದು ಪತ್ತೆ ಹಚ್ಚಲಾಯಿತು</ref> ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಯಾವುದೇ ರನ್ ಗಳಿಸಲು ಪ್ರಯತ್ನಿಸದಿದ್ದರೆ, ಚೆಂಡನ್ನು ಡೆಡ್ ಎಂದು ಭಾವಿಸಿ ಅದನ್ನು ಬೌಲರ್‌ಗೆ ಮತ್ತೆ ಬೌಲ್ ಮಾಡಲು ಹಿತಿರುಗಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.<ref>[http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-23-dead-ball,49,AR.html MCC – ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್‌ನ ಕಾನೂನುಗಳು: ಕಾನೂನು 23] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218143402/http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-23-dead-ball,49,AR.html |date=2010-02-18 }}. ೨೫ ಜುಲೈ ೨೦೦೯ರಂದು ಪತ್ತೆ ಹಚ್ಚಲಾಯಿತು</ref> ಬ್ಯಾಟಿಂಗ್ ತಂಡ ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣ ಆಲ್ ಔಟ್ ಆಗುವವರೆಗೂ ಬೌಲಿಂಗ್ ತಂಡ ವಿವಿಧ ವಿಧಾನಗಳ<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/rules_and_equipment/default.stm BBC Sport – ಔಟ್ ಮಾಡುವ ದಾರಿಗಳು]. ೨೫ ಜುಲೈ ೨೦೦೯ರಂದು ಪತ್ತೆ ಹಚ್ಚಲಾಯಿತು</ref> ಮೂಲಕ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಔಟ್ ಮಾಡಲು ಪ್ರಯತ್ನಿಸುತ್ತಿರುತ್ತದೆ, ಆನಂತರದಲ್ಲಿ ಮೊದಲು ಬೌಲಿಂಗ್ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದ ತಂಡ ಸರದಿಯಂತೆ ಬ್ಯಾಟಿಂಗ್ ಮತ್ತು ಮೊದಲು ಬ್ಯಾಟಿಂಗ್ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದ ತಂಡ ಫೀಲ್ಡಿಂಗ್ ಮಾಡಬೇಕಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/rules_and_equipment/4183172.stm BBC Sport – ದಿ ಏಮ್ ಆಪ್ ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್]. ೨೫ ಜುಲೈ ೨೦೦೯ರಂದು ಪತ್ತೆ ಹಚ್ಚಲಾಯಿತು</ref> ವೃತ್ತಿಪರ ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್‌ ಪಂದ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ, ಮೈದಾನದಲ್ಲಿ ಆಟ ನಡೆಯುತ್ತಿರುವಾಗ ೧೫ ಜನರು ಉಪಸ್ಥಿತರಿರುತ್ತಾರೆ ಅವರಲ್ಲಿ ಇಬ್ಬರು ಮೈದಾನದ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಚಟುವಟಿಕೆಗಳನ್ನೂ ನಿಯಂತ್ರಿಸುವ ಅಂಪೈರ‍್‌ಗಳು, ಇಬ್ಬರು ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ಗಳು, ಅವರಲ್ಲಿ ಒಬ್ಬನನ್ನು ಚೆಂಡನ್ನು ಎದುರಿಸುವ ಸ್ಟ್ರೈಕರ್ ಹಾಗೂ ಇನ್ನೊಬ್ಬನನ್ನು ನಾನ್ ಸ್ಟ್ರೈಕರ್ ಎನ್ನುವರು. ರನ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಗಳಿಸಿದ ನಂತರ ಮತ್ತು ಒವರ್‌ಗಳು ಮುಗಿದ ನಂತರ ಪರಸ್ಪರ ಬದಲಾಗುವುದು ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ಗಳ ಕರ್ತವ್ಯವಾಗಿದೆ. ಫೀಲ್ಡಿಂಗ್ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿರುವ ತಂಡದ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ೧೧ ಆಟಗಾರರೂ ಒಟ್ಟಿಗೇ ಮೈದಾನದಲ್ಲಿ ಉಪಸ್ಥಿತರಿರುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಅವರಲ್ಲಿ ಒಬ್ಬನನ್ನು ಬೌಲರ್, ಮತ್ತೊಬ್ಬನನ್ನು ವಿಕೇಟ್ ಕೀಪರ್ ಹಾಗು ಉಳಿದ ಒಂಬತ್ತು ಜನರನ್ನು ಫೀಲ್ಡರ್‌ಗಳು ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ವಿಕೇಟ್ ಕೀಪರ್ (ಅಥವಾ ಕೀಪರ್) ಯಾವಾಗಲೂ ನಿಷ್ಣಾತನಾಗಿರುತ್ತಾನೆ ಅದರೆ ಮೈದಾನದಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಫೀಲ್ಡರ್‌ಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಯಾರನ್ನು ಬೇಕಾದರೂ ಬೌಲ್ ಮಾಡಲು ಕರೆಯಬಹುದು. ===ಪಿಚ್, ವಿಕೇಟ್ಸ್ ಮತ್ತು ಕ್ರೀಸ್‌ಗಳು=== [[ಚಿತ್ರ:Cricket pitch.svg|right|thumb|500px|ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್ ಪಿಚ್‌ಗಳ ಪರಿಮಾಣ]] ಪಿಚ್, ಎರಡೂ ವಿಕೇಟ್‌ಗಳ ನಡುವೆ ಒಂದು ಸಾಲಿನಂತೆ ೨೨ ಅಡಿಯಷ್ಟು (ಒಂದು ಸರಪಳಿಯಂತೆ) ಉದ್ದವಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ<ref>22 yards is the length of a [[ಚೈನ್ (ಘಟಕ)|chain]], a suveyor's measure first devised in 1620</ref> ಮತ್ತು ೧೦ ಅಡಿ ಅಗಲವಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ. ಇದು ಸಮತಟ್ಟಾದ ಮೇಲ್‌ಮೈಯ್ಯನ್ನು ಹೋದಿಂದೆ ಮತ್ತು ಇದರ ಮೇಲೆ ಅತ್ಯಂತ ಸಣ್ಣ ಪ್ರಮಾಣದ ಹುಲ್ಲುಗಳಿದ್ದು ಆಟ ಮುಂದುವರೆದಂತೆ ಅವು ನಶಿಸಿ ಹೋಗುತವೆ. ಪಿಚ್‌ನ ಸ್ಥಿತಿ ಪಂದ್ಯದ ಮೇಲೆ ಗಮನಾರ್ಹ ಪರಿಣಾಮವನ್ನುಂಟುಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ ಮತ್ತು ತಂಡದ ಚಾತುರ್ಯಗಳನ್ನು ಯಾವಾಗಲೂ ಪಿಚ್‌ನ ಸ್ಥಿತಿಯೊಂದಿಗೆ ಪ್ರಚಲಿತ ಮತ್ತು ನಿರೀಕ್ಷಿತ ನಿರ್ಧಾರಕ ಅಂಶವಾಗಿ ನಿರ್ಧರಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಪ್ರತಿಯೊಂದು ವಿಕೇಟ್ ಮೂರು ಮರದ ಸ್ಟಂಪ್‌ನಿಂದ ರಚನೆಗೊಂಡಿದ್ದು ನೇರವಾಗಿ ಪಿಚ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ನೆಡಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ, ಮೇಲೆ ಬೇಲ್ಸ್ ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವ ಎರಡು ಮರದ ತುಂಡುಗಳು ಸುತ್ತುವರೆದಿರುತ್ತವೆ. ಬೇಲ್ಸ್ ಒಳಗೊಂಡಂತೆ ವಿಕೇಟ್‌ಗಳ ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣ ಉದ್ದ{{convert|28.5|in}} ಇದ್ದರೆ ಮೂರು ಸ್ಟಂಪ್‌ಗಳ ಅಗಲ{{convert|9|in}} ಇರುತ್ತದೆ. ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ಗಳ "ಸುರಕ್ಷಿತ ಪ್ರದೇಶ"ವನ್ನು ಗುರುತಿಸಲು ಮತ್ತು ಬೌಲರ್‌ಗಳ ಪ್ರವೇಶವನ್ನು ಮಿತಿಗೊಳಿಸಲು ಪಿಚ್ ಮೇಲೆ ವಿಕೇಟ್‍ನ ಸುತ್ತಲು ಬಣ್ಣದಿಂದ ರಚಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿರುವ ನಾಲ್ಕು ರೇಕೆಗಳನ್ನು ಕ್ರೀಸ್ ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಇವುಗಳನ್ನು "ಪಾಪಿಂಗ್" (ಅಥವಾ ಬ್ಯಾಟಿಂಗ್) ಕ್ರೀಸ್, "ಬೌಲಿಂಗ್" ಕ್ರೀಸ್ ಮತ್ತು ಎರಡು "ರಿಟರ್ನ್" ಕ್ರೀಸ್ ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯುವರು. [[ಚಿತ್ರ:Cricket Stumps en.svg|right|thumb|100px|ಮೇಲೆ ಎರಡು ಬೆಯಲ್ಸ್‌ಗಳು ಇರುವಂತೆ ಮೂರು ಸ್ಟಂಪ್‌ಗಳ ವಿಕೇಟನ್ನು ಮೈದಾನದ ಒಳಗೆ ಸುತ್ತಿಗೆಯಿಂದ ಹೊಡೆಯಲಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ.]] ಬೌಲಿಂಗ್ ಕ್ರೀಸ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ವಿಕೇಟ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಸುಲಭವಾಗಿ ಬೇರೆಯಾಗಲು ಅನುಕೂಲವಾಗುವ ರೀತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ರೇಖೆಯ ಮೇಲೆ ನೇಡಲಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ.{{convert|22|yd}}ಮಧ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ ನೇಡಲಾಗಿರುವ ಸ್ಟಂಪ್‌ನಿಂದ ಬೌಲಿಂಗ್ ಕ್ರೀಸ್ {{convert|8|ft|8|in}}ರಷ್ಟು ದೂರದಲ್ಲಿರುತ್ತದೆ. ಪಾಪಿಂಗ್ ಕ್ರೀಸ್ ಕೂಡ ವಿಕೇಟುಗಳ{{convert|4|ft}} ಮುಂದೆ ಅಷ್ಟೇ ಅಂತರದಲ್ಲಿದ್ದು ಬೌಲಿಂಗ್ ಕ್ರೀಸ್‍ಗೆ ಸಮಾನವಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ.ರಿಟ್‌ರ್ನ್ ಕ್ರೀಸ್‌ಗಳು ಉಳಿದೆರಡವುಗಳಿಗೆ ಲಂಬವಾಗಿರುತ್ತವೆ; ಅವು ಪಾಪಿಂಗ್ ಕ್ರೀಸ್‌ನ ಅಂಚಿಗೆ ಪಾರ್ಶ್ವವಾಗಿದ್ದು ಬೌಲಿಂಗ್ ಕ್ರೀಸ್‌ನ ಕೊನೆಯ ತುದಿಯಿಂದ ಸರಿಸುಮಾರು{{convert|8|ft}} ಉದ್ದಕ್ಕೆ ಎಳೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಬೌಲರ್ ಚೆಂಡನ್ನು ಎಸೆಯುವಾಗ ಆತನ ಹಿಂದಿನ ಕಾಲಿನ ಪಾದ "ಡೆಲಿವರಿ ಸ್ಟ್ರೈಡ್" ಮೇಲೆ, ಎರಡೂ ರಿಟರ್ನ್ ಕ್ರೀಸ್‌ನ ಒಳಗಡೆ ಮತ್ತು ಆತನ ಮುಂದಿನ ಕಾಲಿನ ಪಾದ ಪಾಪಿಂಗ್ ಕ್ರೀಸ್‌‍ನ ಮೇಲೆ ಅಥವಾ ಹಿಂದೆ ಇರಲೇಬೇಕು. ಒಂದು ವೇಳೆ ಬೌಲರ್ ಈ ನಿಯಮವನ್ನು ಮುರಿದರೆ ತೀರ್ಪುಗಾರರು ಆ ಎಸೆತವನ್ನು "ನೊ ಬಾಲ್" ಎಂದು ನಿರ್ಣಯಿಸುವರು. ಪಾಪಿಂಗ್ ಕ್ರೀಸ್‌ನಿಂದ ದಾಂಡಿಗನಿಗಾಗುವ ಪ್ರಯೋಜನವೆಂದರೆ, ಇದು ಸ್ಟಂಪ್ಡ್ ಅಥವಾ ರನ್ ಔಟ್ (Dismissals ಕೆಳಗೆ ನೋಡಿ) ಅಗಬಹುದಾದ ಆತನ ಅಪಾಯಕಾರಿ ಪರಿಧಿಯ ಮಿತಿಯನ್ನು ಸೂಚಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಒಂದು ವೇಳೆ "ಆತನು ಪರಿಧಿಯ ಹೊರಗಡೆ" ಇರುವನು ಎಂದಾದರೆ ತನ್ನ ವಿಕೇಟ್ ಕಳೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತಾನೆ. ಪಿಚ್‌ನ ಸಾಂದ್ರತೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಬದಲಾವಣೆಗಳಿರುತ್ತವೆ, ಈ ಬದಲಾವಣೆ ಬೌಲರ‍್ಗೆ ಚೆಂಡನ್ನು ಪುಟಿದೇಳಿಸಲು, ತಿರುಗಿಸಲು ಮತ್ತು ಎರಡೂ ವಿಧಾನವನ್ನು ಒಮ್ಮೆಗೆ ಬಳಸಿ ಬೌಲ್ ಮಾಡಲು ಲಭ್ಯವಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.ಗಡುಸಾದ ಪಿಚ್ ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯಾಗಿ ಎತ್ತರದ ಆದರೆ ಸಮರೂಪದ ಪುಟಿಯುವಿಕೆಯ ಕಾರಣದಿಂದಾಗಿ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ ಮಾಡಲು ಅನುಕೂಲಕರವಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ.ಬಹುವಾಗಿ ಏಳುವ ಬಿರುಕುಗಳಿಂದಾಗಿ ಒಣಗಿದ ಪಿಚ್‌ಗಳು ಬ್ಯಾಟಿಂಗ್‌ಗೆ ಅನಾನುಕೂಲಕರವಾಗುತ್ತವೆ, ಮತ್ತು ಈ ಸ್ಥಿತಿ ಸಂಭವಿಸಿದಾಗಲೆಲ್ಲ ಸ್ಪಿನ್ನ್ನರ್‌ಗಳು ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಪಾತ್ರವಹಿಸಬಹುದಾಗಿದೆ.ತೇವವಿರುವ ಪಿಚ್‌ಗಳು ಅಥವಾ ಹುಲ್ಲಿನಿಂದ ಆವೃತವಾಗಿರುವ ಪಿಚ್‌ಗಳು (ಹಸಿರು ಪಿಚ್‌ಗಳು ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುವ) ಒಳ್ಳೆಯ ವೇಗದ ಬೌಲರ್‌ಗಳಿಗೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಪುಟಿತವನ್ನು ಹೊರತೆಗೆಯಲು ಅವಕಾಶಮಾಡಿಕೊಡುತ್ತವೆ. ಈ ತರಹದ ಪಿಚ್‌ಗಳು ಪಂದ್ಯದುದ್ದಕ್ಕೂ ವೇಗದ ಬೌಲರ್‌ಗಳಿಗೆ ಸಹಾಯವಕಾಶ ನೀಡುತ್ತವೆ, ಆದರೆ ಆಟ ಮುಂದುವರಿದಂತೆ ಬ್ಯಾಟಿಂಗ್‌ಗೆ ಉತ್ತಮ ಅನುಕೂಲಕರವಾಗುವ ರೀತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಬದಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. === ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ ಮತ್ತು ಬಾಲ್ === ಆಟದ ಸಾರಾಂಶ ಇರುವುದು ಬೌಲರ್ ಪಿಚ್‌ನ ಒಂದು ತುದಿಯಿಂದ ಬೌಲನ್ನು ಬೀಸಿ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸಮನ್ ಎಡೆಗೆ ಎಸೆದಾಗ ಮತ್ತು ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸಮನ್ ತನ್ನ ತೋಳುಗಳಿಂದ ಬ್ಯಾಟನ್ನು ಹಿಡಿದು ಆನ್ ಸ್ಟ್ರೈಕ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಇನ್ನೊಂದು ತುದಿಯಿಂದ ಅದನ್ನು ಹೊಡೆದಾಗ. ಮೇಲೆ ಸಿಲೀಂಡರಿನಾಕಾರದ ಹಿಡಿಕೆಯನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದು ಬ್ಲೇಡ್‌‌ನ ಆಕಾರದಲ್ಲಿರುವ [[ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್|ಬ್ಯಾಟ]]ನ್ನು ಬಿಳಿ ವಿಲ್ಲೋ ಮರದ ಕಟ್ಟಿಗೆಯಿಂದ ಮಾಡಲಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ. ಬ್ಲೇಡ್ {{convert|4.25|in}} ಅಳತೆಗಿಂತ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಅಗಲವಾಗಿರಬಾರದು ಮತ್ತು ಬ್ಯಾಟ್‌ನ ಒಟ್ಟೂ ಉದ್ದ {{convert|38|in}} ಅಳತೆಗಿಂದ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿಗೆ ಇರಬಾರದು. ಬಾಲನ್ನು ಕಠಿಣವಾದ ಚರ್ಮವನ್ನು ಎರಡೂ ಬದಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಗೋಳಾಕಾರವಾಗಿ ಹೊಲಿದು {{convert|9|in}}ನ ಸುತ್ತಳತೆಗೆ ರಚಿಸಿರುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಚೆಂಡಿನ ಕಾಠೀಣ್ಯತೆ ಮತ್ತು ಚೆಂಡನ್ನು {{convert|90|mph}} ಕ್ಕೂ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ವೇಗದಲ್ಲಿ ಎಸೆಯುವ ಕಾರಣದಿಂದ, ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ ತನ್ನ ಮೇಲಿನ ಕಾಳಜಿಯಿಂದಾಗಿ ಪ್ಯಾಡ್‌ಗಳು (ಮೋಣಕಾಲು ಮತ್ತು ಅದರ ಕೆಳಭಾಗವನ್ನು ರಕ್ಷಿಸುವುದಕ್ಕೋಸ್ಕರ ರಚನೆಗೊಂಡಿದೆ), ಕೈಗಳಿಗಾಗಿ ಬ್ಯಾಟಿಂಗ್ ಗವಸುಗಳು, ತಲೆಯ ರಕ್ಷಣೆಗೆ ಒಂದು ಹೆಲ್ಮೆಟ್ ಮತ್ತು ಕಾಲಂಗಿಯ ಒಳಗೆ ಒಂದು ಬಾಕ್ಸ್ (ಎರಡು ತೊಡೆಗಳು ಕೂಡುವ ಭಾಗವನ್ನು ರ‍ಕ್ಷಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವುದಕ್ಕೋಸ್ಕರ) ಓಳಗೊಂಡಂತೆ ಇತರ ರಕ್ಷಣಾತ್ಮಕ ಉಡುಪುಗಳನ್ನು ಧರಿಸುತ್ತಾನೆ. ಕೆಲವು ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸಮನ್‌ಗಳು ಹೆಚ್ಚುವರಿ ಪ್ಯಾಡುಗಳನ್ನು ಅಂದರೆ ಥಾಯ್ ಪ್ಯಾಡ್, ಆರ್ಮ್ ಪ್ಯಾಡ್, ರಿಬ್ ಪ್ರೊಟೆಕ್ಟರ್ಸ್ ಮತು ಶೊಲ್ಡರ್ ಪ್ಯಾಡುಗಳನ್ನು ತಮ್ಮ ಮೇಲುಡುಪು ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ಯಾಂಟ್ ಒಳಗೆ ಧರಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. === ಅಂಪೈರ್‌ಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಸ್ಕೋರರ್‌ಗಳು === ಮೈದಾನದ ಆಟ ಇಬ್ಬರು ಅಂಪೈರ್‌ಗಳಿಂದ ನಿಯಂತ್ರಿಸಲ್ಪಡುತ್ತದೆ, ಅವರಲ್ಲಿ ಒಬ್ಬ ಬೌಲರ್‌ನ ತುದಿಯ ವಿಕೇಟ್‌ನ ಹಿಂಬಾಗದಲ್ಲಿ ನಿಂತಿದ್ದರೆ ಇನ್ನೊಬ್ಬ ಆನ್ ಸ್ಟ್ರೈಕ್ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ ಬದಿಯಿಂದ ಸ್ಕೇಯರ್ ಲೆಗ್ ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುವ ಪ್ರದೇಶದಲ್ಲಿ ಸುಮಾರು ೧೦–೧೨ ಮೀಟರುಗಳಷ್ಟು ದೂರದಲ್ಲಿ ನಿಂತಿರುತ್ತಾನೆಬೌಲರ್ ಬೋಲನ್ನು ಎಸೆಯುವ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಅಂಪೈರ್ ವಿಕೇಟ್‌ನ ಬದಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಬೌಲರ್ ಮತ್ತು ನಾನ್ ಸ್ಟ್ರೈಕರ್‌ನ ನಡುವೆ ನಿಂತಿರುತ್ತಾನೆ.ಆಡುವ ಸ್ಥಿತಿಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಏನಾದರೂ ಅನುಮಾನಗಳಿದ್ದಲ್ಲಿ ಅಂಪೈರ್‌ಗಳು ಅದರ ಕುರಿತು ಸಮಾಲೋಚಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ ಮತ್ತು ಅವರು ಅಗತ್ಯವಿದ್ದ ಸಂದರ್ಭದಲ್ಲಿ ಆಟಗಾರರನ್ನು ಮೈದಾನದಿಂದ ಹೊರಹೋಗುವಂತೆ ಮಾಡಿ ಪಂದ್ಯವನ್ನು ಮುಂದೂಡಬಹುದಾಗಿದೆ, ಉದಾಹರಣೆಗೆ ಮಳೆ ಅಥವಾ ಬೆಳಕಿನ ಅಭಾವವಿರುವ ಸಂದರ್ಭದಲ್ಲಿ. [[ಚಿತ್ರ:Cricket Umpire.jpg|thumb|left|ಅಂಪೈರ್]] ಮೈದಾನದ ಹೊರಗೆ ಮತ್ತು ದೂರದರ್ಶನ ಸೇವೆ ಇರುವ ಪಂದ್ಯಗಳಲ್ಲಿ, ಯಾವಾಗಲೂ ಕೆಲವು ಘಟನೆಗಳ ವೀಡಿಯೋ ಸಾಕ್ಷಿಗಳ ಮೂಲಕ ನಿರ್ಧಾರ ತೆಗೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳಬಹುದಾದ ಒಬ್ಬ ಥರ್ಡ್ ಅಂಪೈರ್ ಇರುತ್ತಾನೆ. ಎರಡು ICC ಖಾಯಂ ಸದಸ್ಯ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಗಳ ನಡುವೆ ನಡೆಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ ಟೆಸ್ಟ್ ಪಂದ್ಯಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಅಂತಾರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಸೀಮಿತ ಒವರುಗಳ ಪಂದ್ಯಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಆಟದ ನಿಯಮಗಳ ಪ್ರಕಾರ ಥರ್ಡ್ ಅಂಪೈರ್ ಕಡ್ಡಾಯವಾಗಿ ಇರಲೇಬೇಕು.ಈ ಪಂದ್ಯಗಳು, ಆಟ [[ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್‌ನ ನಿಯಮಗಳು|ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್‌ನ ನಿಯಮಗಳ]] ಪರಿಧಿಯ ಒಳಗೆ ಇದೆಯೋ ಎಂಬುದನ್ನು ನಿರ್ಧರಿಸುವ ಮತ್ತು ಆಟದ ಹುರುಪಿನ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಖಚಿತಪಡಿಸುವ ಕೆಲಸ ನಿರ್ವಹಿಸುವ ಒಬ್ಬ ಮ್ಯಾಚ್ ರೆಫರಿಯನ್ನೂ ಕೂಡ ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿರುತ್ತವೆ. ಮೈದಾನದ ಹೊರಗೆ, ಪ್ರತಿ ತಂಡವನ್ನು ಪ್ರತಿನಿಧಿಸುವ ಇಬ್ಬರು ಕಛೇರಿಯ ಸ್ಕೋರರ್‌ಗಳ ಮೂಲಕ ರನ್‌ಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಔಟ್ ಆದ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ಗಳನ್ನೊಳಗೊಂಡಂತೆ ಪಂದ್ಯದ ವಿವರಗಳನ್ನ ದಾಖಲಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ ಸ್ಕೋರರ್‌ಗಳು ಅಂಪೈರ್‌ಗಳ ಕೈ ಸಂಜ್ಞೆಯ ಮೂಲಕ ನಿರ್ಧೇಶನ ಪಡೆಯುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಉದಾಹರಣೆಗೆ, ಅಂಪೈರ‍್ ತನ್ನ ಕೈಯ ಮುಂಬೆರಳನ್ನು ಎತ್ತಿ ಸಂಜ್ಞ್ನೆಯ ಮೂಲಕ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್ ಔಟ್ (ವಿಸರ್ಜನೆಗೊಂಡಾಗ)ಆಗಿದ್ದಾನೆ ಎಂಬುದನ್ನ ತೋರಿಸುತ್ತಾನೆ ; ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್ ಬಾಲನ್ನು ಸಿಕ್ಸ್ಗ್‌ ಹೊಡೆದಾಗ ಅಂಪೈರ್ ತನ್ನ ಎರಡೂ ಕೈಗಳನ್ನ್ಹುತಲೆಯ ಮೇಲಕ್ಕೆತ್ತಿ ಸಂಜ್ಞ್ನೆಯ ಸೂಚಿಸುತ್ತಾನೆ. ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್‌ನ ನಿಯಮಗಳ ಪ್ರಕಾರ, ಬೌಲ್ ಮಾಡಲಾದ ಒವರ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು, ತೆಗೆದುಕೊಂಡ ವಿಕೆಟ್‌‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಮತ್ತು ಗಳಿಸಿದ ರನ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ದಾಖಲಿಸಬೇಕಾದರೆ ಸ್ಕೋರರ್‌ಗಳು ಅವಶ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಇರಲೇಬೇಕು.ಪ್ರ್ಯಾಯೋಗಿಕವಾಗಿ, ಅವರು ರನ್ ರೇಟ್ ಮತ್ತು ಬೌಲಿಂಗ್‌ನ ವಿಶ್ಲೇಷಣೆಯಂತಹ ಹೆಚ್ಚುವರಿ ದತ್ತಾಂಶಗಳನ್ನು ಕೂಡ ಸಂಗ್ರಹಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. === ಇನ್ನಿಂಗ್ಸ್ === ಇನ್ನಿಂಗ್ಸ್ (ಏಕವಚನ ಮತ್ತು ಬಹುವಚನ, ಎರಡು ರೂಪದಲ್ಲೂ ’s' ನಿಂದ ಕೊನೆಯಾಗುವ ಪದ) ಎನ್ನುವ ಪದವನ್ನ ಬ್ಯಾಟಿಂಗ್ ತಂಡದ ಸಾಮೂಹಿಕ ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯವನ್ನು ಗುರುತಿಸಲು ಬಳಸುತ್ತಾರೆ.<ref>[http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-12-innings,38,AR.html MCC – ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್‌ನ ಕಾನೂನುಗಳು: ಕಾನೂನು 12] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121124062215/http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-12-innings,38,AR.html |date=2012-11-24 }}. ೨೫ ಜುಲೈ ೨೦೦೯ರಂದು ಪತ್ತೆ ಹಚ್ಚಲಾಯಿತು</ref> ಸೈದ್ಧಾಂತಿಕವಾಗಿ, ಬ್ಯಾಟಿಂಗ್ ತಂಡದ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಹನ್ನೊಂದು ಸದಸ್ಯರು ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ ಮಾಡುವ ಅವಕಾಶ ತೆಗೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳಬಹುದು ಆದರೆ ವಿವಿಧ ಕಾರಣಗಳಿಂದಾಗಿ ಅವರೆಲ್ಲರು ಹಾಗೆ ಮಾಡುವುದಕ್ಕೂ ಮುನ್ನವೇ ಒಂದು ಇನ್ನಿಂಗ್ಸ್ ಕೊನೆಯಾಗಬಹುದು (ಕೆಳಗೆ ನೋಡಿ). ಪಂದ್ಯವನ್ನು ಆಡಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ ಪ್ರಕಾರಕ್ಕೆ ಅನುಗುಣವಾಗಿ, ಪ್ರತಿಯೊಂದು ತಂಡವೂ ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ಒಂದು ಅಥವಾ ಎರಡು ಇನ್ನಿಂಗ್ಸ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರುತ್ತವೆ. ಇನ್ನಿಂಗ್ಸ್ ಎನ್ನುವ ಪದವನ್ನು ಕೆಲವೊಮ್ಮೆ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ಗಳ ವಯಕ್ತಿಕ ಕೊಡುಗೆಯನ್ನು ವಿವರಿಸಲು ಕೂಡ ಬಳಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ (ಉದಾಹರಣೆಗೆ: "ಅವನು ಒಂದು ಉತ್ತಮವಾದ ಇನ್ನಿಂಗ್ಸ್ ಆಡಿದ", ಮುಂತಾದವುಗಳು) ಬೌಲರ್‌ನ ಮುಖ್ಯ ಗುರಿಯೆಂದೆರೆ, ಕ್ಷೇತ್ರ ರಕ್ಷಕರ ಪ್ರೋತ್ಸಾಹದೊಂದಿಗೆ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ನನ್ನು ಔಟ್ ಮಾಡುವುದಾಗಿದೆ. ಒಬ್ಬ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್ ವಜಾಗೊಂಡನೆಂದರೆ ಆತನನ್ನು ’ಔಟ್’ ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತೆದೆ ಮತ್ತು ಇದರ ಅರ್ಥ ಆತನು ಆಟದ ಮೈದಾನವನ್ನು ಬಿಡಬೇಕು ಮತ್ತು ಆತನು ತಂಡದ ಮುಂದಿನ ಇತರ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ಗಳಿಂದ ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಲ್ಪಡಬೇಕು. ಯಾವಾಗ ಹತ್ತೂ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‍ಗಳು ಔಟ್ ಆಗುತ್ತಾರೊ (ಅಂದರೆ ಆಲ್ ಔಟ್), ಆಗ ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣ ತಂಡ ವಜಾಗೊಂಳ್ಳುತ್ತದೆ ಮತ್ತು ಅವರ ಇನ್ನಿಂಗ್ಸ್ ಮುಕ್ತಾಯಗೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತದೆ. ಇಬ್ಬರು ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ಗಳು ಯಾವಾಗಲೂ ಪಿಚ್‌ನ ’ಒಳಗಡೆ’ ಇರಲೇಬೇಕಾಗಿರುವುದರಿಂದ ವಜಾಗೊಳ್ಲದೇ ಉಳಿಯುವ ಕೊನೆಯ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ಗೆ ಒಬ್ಬನೆ ಆಟ ಮುಂದುವರೆಸಲು ಅವಕಾಶವಿರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ.ಈ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್ "ನಾಟ್ ಔಟ್" ಎಂದು ಕರೆಸಿಕೊಳ್ಲುತ್ತಾನೆ. ಒಂದು ವೇಳೆ ಹತ್ತೂ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ಗಳು ಔಟ್ ಆಗುವುದಕ್ಕಿಂತ ಮುನ್ನವೆ ಒಂದು ಇನ್ನಿಂಗ್ಸ್ ಮುಕ್ತಾಯವಾದರೆ ಆಗ ಇಬ್ಬರು "ನಾಟ್ ಔಟ್" ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ಗಳು ಉಳಿಯುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಒಂದು ಇನ್ನಿಂಗ್ಸ್ ಮೂರು ಕಾರಣಗಳಿಂದಾಗಿ ಮುಂಚಿತವಾಗಿಯೇ ಕೊನೆಗೊಳ್ಳಬಹುದು: ಬ್ಯಾಟಿಂಗ್ ತಂಡದ ನಾಯಕ ಇನ್ನಿಂಗ್ಸ್ ಮುಕ್ತಾಯಗೊಂಡಿದೆ ಎಂದು ನಿರ್ಣಯಿಸಿದ್ದರೆ (ಒಂದು ಜಾಣ್ಮೆಯ ನಿರ್ಧಾರ), ಅಥವಾ ಬ್ಯಾಟಿಂಗ್ ತಂಡ ತನ್ನ ಗುರಿಯನ್ನು ಮುಟ್ಟಿ ಆಟವನ್ನು ಗೆದ್ದಿದ್ದರೆ, ಅಥವಾ ಆಟ ಹವಾಮಾನ ವೈಪರಿತ್ಯ ಅಥವಾ ಸಮಯದ ಅಭಾವದಿಂದ ಮುಂಚಿತವಾಗಿಯೆ ಕೊನೆಗೊಂಡಿದ್ದರೆ.ಸೀಮಿತ ಒವರುಗಳ ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ, ನೀಡಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ ಕೊನೆಯ ಒವರು ಬೌಲ್ ಮಾಡುವವರೆಗೂ ಇಬ್ಬರು ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ಗಳು ಮೈದಾನದಲ್ಲ್ಲಿ ಇರಬಹುದಾಗುದೆ. === ಒವರುಗಳು === ಬೌಲರ್ ಆರು ಎಸೆತಗಳ ಒಂದು ಗುಂಪನ್ನು ಬೌಲ್ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಾನೆ. (ಅಥವಾ ಬಾಲ್‌ಗಳು)ಮತ್ತು ಆ ಆರು ಬಾಲುಗಳ ಪ್ರತೀ ಗುಂಪನ್ನು ಒಂದು [[ಒವರ್ (ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್)|ಒವರ್]] ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯುವರು. ತೀರ್ಪುಗಾರ "ಒವರ್" ಎಂದು ಹೇಳಿದಾಗ ಅದು ಕೊನೆಗೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತದೆ. ಯಾವಾಗ ಈ ಆರು ಬಾಲುಗಳನ್ನೂ ಬೌಲ್ ಮಾಡಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆಯೊ ಆಗ ಮತ್ತೊಬ್ಬ ಬೌಲರ್ ಇನ್ನೊಂದು ತುದಿಯಿಂದ ಬೌಲ್ ಮಾಡಲು ತಯಾರಾಗುತ್ತಾನೆ ಮತ್ತು ಕ್ಷೇತ್ರರಕ್ಷಣಾ ತಂಡ ಬೌಲಿಂಗ್ ತುದಿಯನ್ನು ಬದಲಾಯಿಸುತ್ತಿರುತ್ತದೆ.ಒಬ್ಬ ಬೌಲರ್ ಒಂದೇ ಬಾರಿಗೆ ಅನುಕ್ರಮವಾಗಿ ಎರಡು ಒವರುಗಳನ್ನು ಬೌಲ್ ಮಾಡುವಹಾಗಿಲ್ಲ, ಅದಾಗ್ಯೂ ಒಬ್ಬ ಬೌಲರ್ ಹಲವಾರು ಒವರುಗಳನ್ನು ಪಿಚ್‌ನ ಒಂದೇ ತುದಿಯಿಂದ ಎಸೆಯಬಹುದಾಗಿದೆ.ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ಗಳು ತಮ್ಮ ಸ್ಥಳವನ್ನು ಬದಲಾಯಿಸುವುದಿಲ್ಲ ಮತ್ತು ಮೊದಲು ನಾನ್ ಸ್ಟ್ರೈಕರ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿದ್ದವರು ಈಗ ಕ್ರಮವಾಗಿ ಸ್ಟ್ರೈಕರ್‌ಗೆ ಬದಲಾಗುತ್ತಾರೆ. ತೀರ್ಪುಗಾರರೂ ಕೂಡ ತಮ್ಮ ಸ್ಥಾನವನ್ನು ಬದಲಿಸುತ್ತಿರುತ್ತಾರೆ, ಹಾಗಾಗಿ ಮೊದಲು ಸ್ಕ್ವೇಯರ್ ಲೆಗ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ನಿಂತಿರುವವರು ''ಪ್ರತಿಕ್ರಮವಾಗಿ'' ಈಗ ನಾನ್ ಸ್ಟ್ರೈಕರ್ ಕೊನೆಯ ವಿಕೇಟ್‌ನ ಹಿಂದೆ ನಿಲ್ಲಬೇಕಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. === ತಂಡದ ರಚನೆ === ಒಂದು ತಂಡ ಹನ್ನೊಂದು ಜನ ಆಟಗಾರರನ್ನು ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿರುತ್ತದೆ.ಆತನ ಅಥವಾ ಅವಳ ಪ್ರಾಥಮಿಕ ಕುಶಲತೆಗೆ ಅನುಗುಣವಾಗಿ ಆಟಗಾರರನ್ನು ಪರಿಣತ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್ ಅಥವಾ ಬೌಲರ್ ಎಂದು ವರ್ಗೀಕರಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.ಒಂದು ಉತ್ತಮ ಸಮತೋಲನ ಇರುವ ತಂಡವು ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಐದು ಅಥವಾ ಆರು ಪರಿಣತ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಮತ್ತು ನಾಲ್ಕು ಅಥವಾ ಐದು ಪರಿಣತ ಬೌಲರ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರುತ್ತದೆ. ಫೀಲ್ಡಿಂಗ್ ಸ್ಥಿತಿಯ ಪ್ರಾಮುಖ್ಯತೆಯ ಕಾರಣದಿಂದಾಗಿ ತಂಡ ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಒಬ್ಬ ಪರಿಣತ ವಿಕೇಟ್ ಕೀಪರ್‌ನನ್ನೂ ಕೂಡ ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿರುತ್ತದೆ. ಪ್ರತಿಯೊಂದು ತಂಡಕ್ಕೂ ಒಬ್ಬ ನಾಯಕನಿದ್ದು ಚತುರ ನಿರ್ಧಾರ ತೆಗೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳುವಲ್ಲಿ ಅಂದರೆ ಬ್ಯಾಟಿಂಗ್ ಸರತಿಯನ್ನು ನಿರ್ಧರಿಸುವ, ಫೀಲ್ಡರ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಸೀಮಿತ ಸ್ಥಳಕ್ಕೆ ನಿಯೋಗಿಸುವ ಮತ್ತು ಬೌಲರ್‌ಗಳ ಸರತಿಯನ್ನು ಬದಲಾಯಿಸುವ ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣ ಜವಾಬ್ಧಾರಿಯನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರುತ್ತಾನೆ. ಬೌಲಿಂಗ್ ಹಾಗೂ ಬ್ಯಾಟಿಂಗ್ ಎರಡರಲ್ಲೂ ಪರಿಣತಿಯನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರುವ ಆಟಗಾರನನ್ನು ಆಲ್ ರೌಂಡರ್ ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತೆದೆ. ಬ್ಯಾಟಿಂಗ್ ಹಾಗೂ ವಿಕೇಟ್ ಕೀಪಿಂಗ್‌ ಎರಡರಲ್ಲೂ ಪರಿಣತಿಯನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರುವ ಆಟಗಾರನನ್ನು "ವಿಕೇಟ್ ಕೀಪರ್/ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್" ಅಥವಾ ಕೆಲವೊಮ್ಮೆ ಒಂದು ರೀತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಆಲ್ ರೌಂಡರ್ ಎಂದೂ ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ನಿಜವಾದ ಆಲ್ ರೌಂಡರ್‌ಗಳು ಕಡಿಮೆ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯಲ್ಲಿದ್ದಾರೆ, ಕಾರಣ ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯ ಆಟಗಾರರು ಬ್ಯಾಟಿಂಗ್ ಅಥವಾ ಬೌಲಿಂಗ್ ಒಂದರಲ್ಲಿಯೇ ಕೌಶಲ್ಯತೆಯನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರುತ್ತಾರೆ. === ಬೌಲಿಂಗ್ === {{Main|bowler (cricket)|bowling (cricket)|bowling strategy (cricket)}} [[ಚಿತ್ರ:Bowling action.png|right|thumb|440px|ಲಾಕ್ಷಣಿಕ ಬೌಲಿಂಗ್ ವಿಧಾನ]]ರನ್-ಅಪ್‌ ವಿಧಾನದ ಮೂಲಕ ಬೌಲರ್ ತನ್ನ ಎಸೆತವನ್ನು ಪೂರ್ಣಗೊಳಿಸುತ್ತಾನೆ, ಆದಾಗ್ಯೂ ಕೆಲವು ನಿಧಾನಗತಿಯ ಬೌಲರ್‌ಗಳು ಎರಡು ಹೆಜ್ಜೆಗಿಂತ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿಗೆ ಇಲ್ಲದ ದೂರದಿಂದ ಬೌಲ್ ಮಾದುತ್ತಾರೆ. ವೇಗದ ಬೌಲರ್‌ಗೆ ವೇಗಮಾನ ಅವಶ್ಯಕ ಮತ್ತು ಆತನು ಸ್ವಲ್ಪ ದೀರ್ಘ ರನ್ ಅಪ್‌ನ ಮೂಲಕ ಅತ್ಯಂತ ವೇಗವಾಗಿ ಓಡಬೇಕು ಒತ್ತಡದ ಪರಿಸ್ಥಿತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಚುರುಕಾಗಿ ಪ್ರತಿಕ್ರಿಯಿಸುವ ವೇಗದ ಬೌಲರ್‌ಗಳು {{convert|90|mph}}ಕ್ಕೂ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ವೇಗದಲ್ಲಿ ಬಾಲನ್ನು ಎಸೆಯಬಹುದು ಮತ್ತು ಅವರು ಕೆಲವೊಮ್ಮೆ ಒಂದೇ ನೇರವಾದ ವೇಗದ ಎಸೆತಗಳ ಮೂಲಕ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಸೋಲಿಸಲು ಪ್ರಯತ್ನಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಇತರ ವೇಗದ ಬೌಲರ್‌ಗಳು ವೇಗ ಮತ್ತು ಮೋಸದ ಎಸೆತಗಳ ಮಿಶ್ರಣವನ್ನು ನೆಚ್ಚಿಕೊಂಡಿರುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಕೆಲವು ವೇಗದ ಬೌಲರ್‌ಗಳು ಬಾಲನ್ನು "ತಿರುಗಿಸಲು" ಅಥವಾ "ಜೋಲಿ" ಹೊಡೆಸಲು ಬಾಲ್ ಮೇಲಿನ ಹೊಲಿಗೆಯ ಪಟ್ಟಿಯನ್ನು ಬಳಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಈ ಪ್ರಕಾರದ ಎಸೆತಗಳು ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ನನ್ನು ಬ್ರಮೆಗೆ ಒಳಪಡಿಸಬಹುದು ಆ ಕಾರಣದಿಂದಾಗಿ ಬಾಲು ಬ್ಯಾಟ್‌ನ ಅಂಚನ್ನು ಸವರಿ ಆ ನಂತರದಲ್ಲಿ ವಿಕೇಟ್ ಕೀಪರ್‌ನಿಂದ ಅಥವಾ ಗಲ್ಲಿ ರಕ್ಷಕನ ಕೈಯಲ್ಲಿ "ಕಾಟ್ ಬಿಹೈಂಡ್ "ಆಗಬಹುದು ಬೌಲಿಂಗ್‌ನ ಮಾನದಂಡದ ಇನ್ನೊಂದು ತುದಿಯಲ್ಲಿರುವ "ಸ್ಪಿನ್ನರ್‌ಗಳು" ಸಾಪೇಕ್ಷವಾಗಿ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ಗಳ ದಾರಿ ತಪ್ಪಿಸಲು ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣವಾಗಿ ಮೋಸದಿಂದ ಕೂಡಿದ ನಿಧಾನ ವೇಗವನ್ನು ಬಳಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಸ್ಪಿನ್ನರ್ ಯಾವಾಗಲೂ "ಸ್ವಲ್ಪ ಮೇಲಕ್ಕೆ ಬಾಲನ್ನು ಎಸೆಯುವ" ಮೂಲಕ (ಒಂದು ಲಾಕ್ಷಣಿಕ ಮಾರ್ಗ) ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ನನ್ನು ಕೆಟ್ಟ ಹೊಡೆತಕ್ಕೆ ಆಕರ್ಷಿಸಿ ತನ್ನ ವಿಕೇಟನ್ನು ಪಡೆಯುತ್ತಾನೆ. ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್ ಇಂಥಹ ಎಸೆತಗಳ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ ತುಂಬಾ ಎಚ್ಚರಿಕೆಯಿಂದ ಇರಬೇಕಾಗುತ್ತದೆ, ಏಕೆಂದರೆ ಅಂಥಹ ಎಸೆತಗಳು ಪದೇ ಪದೇ "ಗಾಳಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಹಾರಿಕೊಂಡು", ತಿರುಗುತ್ತ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ನ ನಿರೀಕ್ಷೆಗೆ ತಕ್ಕಂತೆ ವರ್ತಿಸದೆ ಅವನು ತನ್ನಷ್ಟಕ್ಕೆ ತಾನೆ ಔಟ್ ಆಗುವಂತ "ಮೋಸದ ಬಲೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಸಿಕ್ಕಿಸುತ್ತದೆ". ವೇಗದ ಬೌಲರ್‌ಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಸ್ಪಿನ್ನರ್‌ಗಳ ನಡುವೆ "ಮಧ್ಯಮ ವೇಗದ ಬೌಲರ್‌ಗಳು" ಕಾರ್ಯನಿರ್ವಹಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ, ಅವರು ನಿರಂತರವಾಗಿ ಖಚಿತವಾದ ಎಸೆತಗಳ ಮೂಲಕ ರನ್ ಗಳಿಕೆಯ ದರವನ್ನು ಕಡಿಮೆಗೊಳಿಸಲು ಮತ್ತು ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ನ ಏಕಾಗ್ರತೆಯನ್ನು ಭಂಗ ಮಾಡಲು ಪ್ರಯತ್ನಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಬೌಲರ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಅವರವರ ನೋಟ ಮತ್ತು ಶೈಲಿಗೆ ಅನುಗುಣವಾಗಿ ವಿಂಗಡಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್‌ನ ಪರಿಭಾಷೆಯಲ್ಲಿನ ಈ ವಿಂಗಡನೆಗಳು ಬಹಳ ಗೊಂದಲಕ್ಕೀಡುಮಾಡಬಹುದು. ಆದ್ದಂರಿಂದ, ಒಬ್ಬ ಬೌಲರ್‌ನನ್ನು LF ಎಂದು, ಅಂದರೆ ಅರ್ಥದಲ್ಲಿ ಆತನು ಎಡಗೈ ವೇಗದ ಬೌಲರ್ ; ಅಥವಾ LBG ಅಂದರೆ "ಲೆಗ್ ಬ್ರೇಕ್" ಮತ್ತು "ಗೂಗ್ಲಿ" ಮೂಲಕ ಬೌಲ್ ಮಾಡುವ ಎಡಗೈ ಸ್ಪಿನ್ ಬೌಲರ್‌ ಎಂದೂ ವಿಂಗಡನೆ ಮಾಡಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಬೌಲಿಂಗ್ ಕ್ರಿಯೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಮೊಳಕೈಯ್ಯನ್ನು ಯಾವುದೇ ಕೋನದಲ್ಲಿಯಾದರು ಹಿಡಿಯಬಹುದು ಮತ್ತು ಇನ್ನೂ ಸ್ವಲ್ಪ ಬಾಗಿಸಿ ಬೌಲ್ ಮಾಡಬಹುದು ಆದರೆ ಕೈ ನೇರವಾಗಿರಬೇಕು. ಒಂದು ವೇಳೆ ಮೊಳಕೈ ನೇರತೆ ನಿಯಮಕ್ಕೆ ವಿರುದ್ಧವಾಗಿದ್ದಲ್ಲಿ ಸ್ಕ್ವೆಯರ್ ಲೆಗ್ ಅಂಪೈರ್ ಅದನ್ನು "ನೋ ಬಾಲ್" ಎಂದು ನಿರ್ಣಯಿಸಬಹುದು. ಪ್ರಸ್ತುತ ನಿಯಮಗಳು ಒಬ್ಬ ಬೌಲರ್‌ ತನ್ನ ಕೈ ನೇರವನ್ನು ೧೫ರಷ್ಟು ಅಥವಾ ಅದಕ್ಕಿಂತ ಕಡಿಮೆ ಕೋನದಲ್ಲಿ ಭಾಗಿಸಲು ಅನುವು ಮಾಡಿಕೊಟ್ಟಿದೆ. [[ಚಿತ್ರ:Cricket fielding positions2.svg|thumb|240px|ಬಲಗೈ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ಗಾಗಿ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟಿನಲ್ಲಿನ ಫೀಲ್ಡಿಂಗ್ ಸನ್ನಿವೇಶಗಳು]] === ಫೀಲ್ಡಿಂಗ್ === {{Main|Fielder|Fielding strategy (cricket)}} ಫೀಲ್ಡಿಂಗ್ ಭಾಗದ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಹನ್ನೊಂದು ಆಟಗಾರರೂ ಒಟ್ಟಾಗಿ ಕ್ಷೇತ್ರ ರಕ್ಷಣೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ತೊಡಗಿರುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಅವರಲ್ಲಿ ಒಬ್ಬ ವಿಕೇಟ್ ಕೀಪರ್ ಅಥವಾ ಕೀಪರ್ ''ಎಂದೂ ಗುರುತಿಸುವ'', ಅತನು ವಿಕೇಟ್‌ನ ಹಿಂದೆ ನಿಂತು ಆನ್ ಸ್ಟ್ರೈಕ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್ ಮುಂದುವರೆಯದಂತೆ ಕಾರ್ಯ ನಿರ್ವಹಿಸುತ್ತಾನೆ. ವಿಕೇಟ್ ಕೀಪಿಂಗ್ ಇದು ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಒಂದು ವಿಶೆಷವಾದ ಉದ್ಯೋಗ ಮತ್ತು ಈತನ ಪ್ರಾಥಮಿಕ ಕೆಲಸವೆಂದರೆ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ನಿಂದ ಹೊಡೆಯಲ್ಪಡದೆ ಇರುವ ಎಸೆತಗಳನ್ನು ಹಿಡಿಯುವುದು, ಈ ಕಾರಣದಿಂದಾಗಿ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ ರನ್ ಗಳಿಸಲು ಸಾದ್ಯವಾಗುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. ಈತನು ವಿಶೇಷವಾದ ಕೈ ಗವಸುಗಳನ್ನು ಧರಿಸುತ್ತಾನೆ (ಈ ರಿತಿಯ ಗವಸುಗಳನ್ನು ಧರಿಸಲು ಆತನಿಗೆ ಮಾತ್ರ ಅವಕಾಶ ನೀಡಲಾಗಿದೆ) ಮತ್ತು ಆತನ ಕಾಲನ್ನು ರಕ್ಷಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ಪ್ಯಾಡ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಧರಿಸುತ್ತಾನೆ. ಆತನ ಸ್ಥಾನಕ್ಕೆ ಉಪಕಾರಾರ್ಥವಾಗಿ ನೇರವಾಗಿ ವಿಕೇಟ್‌ನ ಹಿಂದೆ ನಿಂತು, ಬ್ಯಾಟ್‌‍ನ ಅಂಚಿನ್ನು ಸವರಿ ಬರುವ ಚೆಂಡನ್ನು ಹಿಡಿಯುವ ಮೂಲಕ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ನನ್ನು ಔಟ್ ಮಾಡುವ ಉತ್ತಮ ಅವ್ಕಾಶವನ್ನು ವಿಕೇಟ್ ಕೀಪರ್ ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದಾನೆ. ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ನನ್ನು ಸ್ಟಂಪ್ಡ್ ಮಾಡಿ ಔಟ್ ಮಾಡುವುದು ಈ ಆಟಗಾರನೊಬ್ಬನಿಂದಲೇ ಸಾಧ್ಯ. ಪ್ರಸ್ತುತವಾಗಿ ಬೌಲ್ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿರುವ ಒಬ್ಬನನ್ನು ಹೊರತುಪಡಿಸಿ, ಉಳಿದ ಒಂಬತ್ತು ಜನ ಫೀಲ್ಡರ್‌ಗಳು ತಂಡದ ನಾಯಕನಿಂದ ರಚಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ ಜಾಣ್ಮೆಯ ವ್ಯೂಹದಲ್ಲಿ ಆಯ್ದುಕೊಂಡ ಸ್ಥಾನದಲ್ಲಿ ಮೈದಾನದಲ್ಲಿ ಸುತ್ತುವರಿದಿರುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಸ್ಥಳಗಳು ಸ್ಥಿರವಾಗಿರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ ಆದರೆ ಅವನ್ನು ಖಚಿತವಾದ ಮತ್ತು ಕೆಲವೊಮ್ಮೆ ವಿಶಿಷ್ಟ ಹೆಸರಿನಿಂದ ಅಂದರೆ "ಸ್ಲಿಪ್", "ಥರ್ಡ್ ಮ್ಯಾನ್", "ಸಿಲ್ಲಿ ಮಿಡ್ ಆನ್" ಮತ್ತು "ಲಾಂಗ್ ಆನ್" ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಅವುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಕೆಲವು ಯಾವಾಗಲು ಅರಕ್ಷಿತ ಪ್ರದೇಸಗಳು. ಫೀಲ್ಡಿಂಗ್ ವಿಭಾಗದಲ್ಲಿ ತಂಡದ ನಾಯಕ ಅತ್ಯಂತ ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಸದಸ್ಯನಾಗಿರುತ್ತಾನೆ, ಯಾರು ಬೌಲ್ ಮಾಡಬೇಕು (ಮತ್ತು ಹೇಗೆ) ಎಂಬುದನ್ನು ಒಳಗೊಂಡಂತೆ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ವಿಧದ ಕೌಶಲ್ಯವನ್ನು ಈತನೇ ನಿರ್ಧರಿಸುತ್ತಾನೆ;ಮತ್ತು ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಬೌಲರ್‌ ಜೊತೆಗಿನ ಸಮಾಲೋಚನೆಯ ಮೂಲಕ "ಫೀಲ್ಡ್ ಸಂಯೋಜನೆಯನ್ನು" ಮಾಡುವ ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣ ಜವಾಬ್ಧಾರಿಯನ್ನು ಈತನೆ ಹೊಂದಿರುತ್ತಾನೆ. ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್‌ನ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ವಿಧಾನಗಳಲ್ಲಿ, ಒಂದು ವೇಳೆ ಪಂದ್ಯದ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಫೀಲ್ಡ್‌ರ್ ಗಾಯಕ್ಕೊಳಗಾದರೆ ಅಥವಾ ಅಸ್ವಸ್ಥನಾದರೆ ಆತನ ಬದಲಿಗೆ ಒಬ್ಬ ಸಬ್ಸ್ಟಿಟ್ಯೂಟ್ ಫೀಲ್ಡ್ ಮಾಡಲು ಅವಕಾಶ ನೀಡಲಾಗುವುದು. ಸಬ್ಸ್ಟಿಟ್ಯೂಟ್ ಫೀಲ್ಡ್ ಮಾಡುವಂತಿಲ್ಲ, ಈತನು ನಾಯಕನ ಹಾಗೆ ಕಾರ್ಯನಿರ್ವಹಿಸಬಹುದು ಅಥವಾ ವಿಕೇಟ್ ರಕ್ಷಣೆ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳಬಹುದಾಗಿದೆ. ಗಾಯಗೊಂಡ ಆಟಗಾರ ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣ ಗುಣಗೊಂಡು ಆಟಕ್ಕೆ ಮತ್ತೆ ಹಿಂತಿರುಗಿದಾಗ ಸಬ್ಸ್ಟಿಟ್ಯೂಟ್ ಮೈದಾನವನ್ನು ಬಿಟ್ಟು ಹೋಗಬೇಕಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಬೊವ್ಲರ್ ಬೊವ್ಲಿನ್ಗ್ ಕ್ರೀಸಿಗಿನ್ಥ ಹಿನ್ದಿನಿನ್ದ ಬೊವ್ಲಿನ್ಗ್ ಎಸೆದರೆ ಅದು ನೊ ಬಾಲ್ ಆಗುವಿದಿಲ್ಲ... === ಬ್ಯಾಟಿಂಗ್ === {{Main|batsman|batting (cricket)}} [[File:WGGrace.jpg|right|thumb|ಡಬ್ಲೂ ಜಿ ಗ್ರೇಸ್ "taking guard" in 1883. ಈತನ ಪ್ಯಾಡ್‌ಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ ಇಂದು ಬಳಸುವ ಪ್ಯಾಡ್‌ ಮತ್ತು ಬ್ಯಾಟ್‌ಗೆ ತುಂಬಾ ಹೋಲುತ್ತಿದ್ದವು. ಕೆಲವೊಮ್ಮೆ ಕೈ ಗವಸುಗಳು ತೆರೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತಿದ್ದವು. ಹಲವಾರು ಆಧುನಿಕ ಆಟಗಾರರು ಹಿಂದೆ ಗ್ರೇಸ್‌ನಂತಹ ಆಟಗಾರರಿಗೆ ಲಬ್ಯವಿರದಿದ್ದ ರಕ್ಷಣಾತ್ಮಕ ಪರಿಕರಗಳನ್ನು ಇಂದು ಬಳಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತಿದ್ದಾರೆ, ಮುಖ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಹೆಲ್ಮೆಟ್ ಮತ್ತು ಮೊಳಕೈ ಗವಸುಗಳು.]] ಯಾವುದಾದರು ಒಂದು ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ, ಆಟದ ಪ್ರದೇಶದಲ್ಲಿ ಇಬ್ಬರು ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ಗಳು ಉಪಸ್ಥಿತರಿರುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಒಬ್ಬನು ಸ್ಟ್ರೈಕರ್‌ನ ಕೊನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ನಿಂತು ತನ್ನ ವಿಕೇಟನ್ನು ರಕ್ಷಣೆ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ಮತ್ತು ಸಾಧ್ಯವಾದಲ್ಲಿ ರನ್ ಗಳಿಸಲು ಪ್ರಯತ್ನಿಸುತ್ತಾನೆ. ಈತನ ಸಹಆಟಗಾರ, ನಾನ್-ಸ್ಟ್ರೈಕರ್ ಕೊನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಅಂದರೆ ಬೌಲರ್‌ ಬೌಲ್ ಮಾಡುವ ಪ್ರದೇಶದಲ್ಲಿ ನಿಂತಿರುತ್ತಾನೆ. ತಂಡದ ನಾಯಕನಿಂದ ನಿರ್ಧರಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ತ, ಬ್ಯಾಟಿಂಗ್ ಸರತಿಯಂತೆ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ಗಳು ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ ಮಾಡಲು ಮೈದಾನಕ್ಕೆ ಇಳಿಯುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಮೊದಲ ಇಬ್ಬರು ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ಗಳು -"ಆರಂಭಿಕ ಆಟಗಾರರು"- ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಹೊಸ ಬಾಲನ್ನು ಬಳಸುವ ಅತ್ಯಂತ ವೇಗದ ಬೌಲರ್‌ನಿಂದ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಪ್ರತಿಕೂಲವಾದ ಎಸೆತವನ್ನು ಎದುರಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಬ್ಯಾಟಿಂಗ್‌ನ ಮೇಲಿನ ಸ್ಥಳವನ್ನು ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ತಂಡದಲ್ಲಿನ ಅತ್ಯಂತ ಸಮರ್ಥ ಭ್ಯಾಟ್‌ಮನ್‌ಗಳಿಗೆ ನೀಡಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ, ಮತ್ತು ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಪರಿಣತರಲ್ಲದ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ಗಳು ಲಾಕ್ಷಣಿಕವಾಗಿ ಕೊನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಮೊದಲೇ ಘೋಷಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ ಬ್ಯಾಟಿಂಗ್ ಸರತಿ ಖಡ್ಡಾಯವಾಗಿರಬೇಕಿಲ್ಲ ಮತ್ತು ಯಾವಾಗ ತಂಡ ತನ್ನ ವಿಕೇಟ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಕಳೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳುವುದೊ ಆಗ ಇನ್ನೂ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ ಮಾಡದೇ ಇರುವ ಯಾವ ಆಟಗಾರನನ್ನಾದರೂ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ ಮಾಡಲು ಕಳುಹಿಸಬಹುದು. ಒಂದು ವೇಳೆ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್ "ನಿವೃತ್ತನಾದರೆ" (ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಗಾಯಗೊಂಡಾಗ)ಮತ್ತು ಮತ್ತೆ ಹಿಂತಿರುಗದೇ ಇದ್ದಾಗ, ಈತನು ನಿಜವಾಗಿಯೂ ನಾಟ್-ಔಟ್ ಆಗಿರುತ್ತಾನೆ ಮತ್ತು ಆತನ ಅನುಪಸ್ಥಿತಿಯನ್ನು ಔಟ್ ಎಂದು ತೀರ್ಮಾನಿಸಲಾಗುವುದಿಲ್ಲ, ಅದಾಗ್ಯೂ ಈತನ ಇನ್ನಿಂಗ್ಸ್ ಮುಗಿದಿರುವ ಕಾರಣದಿಂದ ಆತನೂ ಕೂಡ ವಿಸರ್ಜಿಸಲ್ಪಡುತ್ತಾನೆ. ಬದಲಿ ಆಟಗಾರರಿಗೆ ಅವಕಾಶವಿರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ ಒಬ್ಬ ನಿಪುಣ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸಮನ್ ರಕ್ಷಣಾತ್ಮಕ ಮತ್ತು ಆಕ್ರಮಣಕಾರಿ ಎರಡೂ ರೀತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ತನ್ನ ಬಲವಾದ ಹೊಡೆತಗಳನ್ನ ಬಳಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳಬಹುದು. ಇದರ ಉದ್ದೇಶವೆಂದರೆ,ಬ್ಯಾಟ್‌ನ ಚಪ್ಪಟೆ ಬಾಗದಿಂದ ಬಾಲನ್ನು ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಪರಿಣಾಮಕಾರಿಯಾಗಿ ಮೈದಾನದ ಮೇಲ್ಮೈಗೆ ಸಮತಲವಾಗಿ ಹೋಗುವಂತೆ ಹೊಡೆಯುವುದು. ಒಂದು ವೇಳೆ ಬಾಲ್ ಬ್ಯಾಟಿನ ಅಂಚಗೆ ತಾಗಿದರೆ ಅದನ್ನು "ಎಡ್ಜ್" ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುವುದು. ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್ ಯಾವಾಗಲೂ ಬಾಲನ್ನು ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಬಲವಾಗಿ ಹೊಡೆಯಲು ಯತ್ನಿಸುವುದಿಲ್ಲ, ಮತ್ತು ಒಬ್ಬ ಒಳ್ಳೆಯ ಆಟಗಾರ ತನ್ನ ಮಣಿಕಟ್ಟನ್ನು ತಿರುಗಿಸಿ ಕೇವಲ ಚತುರ ಹೊಡೆತಗಳ ಮೂಲಕ, ಅಥವಾ ಸರಳವಾಗಿ ಬಾಲನ್ನು "ತಡೆದು" ಅದು ಫೀಲ್ಡರ್‌ನಿಂದ ದೂರ ಓಡುವತೆ ಮಾಡುವುದರ ರನ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ತೆಗೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳಬಹುದು ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಹಲವಾರು ವಿಧದ ಹೊಡೆತಗಳನ್ನು ಬಳಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ನ ಬತ್ತಳಿಕೆಯು ಶೈಲಿ ಮತ್ತು ತಿರುಗುವಿಕೆಗೆ ಅನುಗುಣವಾಗಿ ಹೆಸರಿಸಲಾದ ಗುರಿ ನಿರ್ಧೇಶಿತವಾದ ಹೊಡೆತಗಳನ್ನು ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿರುತ್ತದೆ: ಉದಾಹರಣೆಗೆ., "ಕಟ್", "ಡ್ರೈವ್", "ಹೂಕ್", "ಪುಲ್". ಒಂದು ವೇಳೆ ಬಾಲ್ ಆತನ ವಿಕೇಟಿಗೆ ಹೊಡೆಯುವುದಿಲ್ಲ ಎಂದು ಯೋಚಿಸಿದ್ದರೆ, ಬ್ಯಾಟ್‌ಮನ್‌ ಯಾವುದೇ ಹೊಡೆತವನ್ನು ಹೊಡೆಯಲು ಮುಂದಾಗದೆ ಬಾಲನ್ನು ವಿಕೇಟ್ ಕೀಪರ್‌ನ ಕೈಗೆ ಹೋಗಲು ಬಿಡಬಹುದು. ಸಮಾನವಾಗಿ, ಬಾಲನ್ನು ಬ್ಯಾಟಿನಿಂದ ಹೊಡೆದ ನಂತರವೂ ಆತನು ರನ್ ಗಳಿಸಲು ಪ್ರಯತ್ನಿಸದೆ ಇರಬಹುದು. ಈತನು ಬಾಲನ್ನು ತಡೆಯಲು ತನ್ನ ಕಾಲನ್ನು ಬಳಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳಬಹುದು ಆದುದರಿಂದ "ಪ್ಯಾಡ್ ಇಟ್ ಅವೇ", ಆದರೆ ಇದು ಲೆಗ್ ಬಿಪೋರ್ ವಿಕೇಟ್‌ನ ನಿಯಮ ಇರುವುದರಿಂದ ತುಂಬಾ ಅಪಾಯಕಾರಿ ಗಾಯಗೊಂಡ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ನ ಸಂದರ್ಭದಲ್ಲಿ, ಆತ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ ಮಾಡಲು ಯೊಗ್ಯನಾಗಿದ್ದು ಆದರೆ ರನ್ ಮಾಡಲು ಸಾದ್ಯವಿಲ್ಲ ಎಂದಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಅಂಪೈರ್‌ಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಫೀಲ್ಡಿಂಗ್ ತಂಡದ ನಾಯಕ ಬ್ಯಾಟಿಂಗ್ ವಿಭಾಗದ ಮತ್ತೊಬ್ಬ ಆಟಗಾರನನ್ನು ರನ್ನರ್ ಆಗಲು ಅವಕಾಶ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಡುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಸಾದ್ಯವಾದಲ್ಲಿ,ರನ್ನರ್ ಈ ಹಿಂದೆ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ ಮಾಡಿರುವ ಆಟಗಾರನಾಗಿರಬೇಕು. ರನ್ನರ್‌ಗಳ ಒಂದೇ ಒಂದು ಕೆಲಸವೆಂದರೆ, ಗಾಯಗೊಂಡ ಆಟಗಾರನ ಬದಲಿಗೆ ಎರಡು ವಿಕೇಟ್‌ಗಳ ನಡುವೆ ರನ್‌ಗಾಗಿ ಓಡುವುದಾಗಿದೆ. ಬ್ಯಾಟಿಂಗ್‌ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿರುವ ಆಟಗಾರರು ಬಳಸುವ ಮತ್ತು ಧರಿಸುವ ವಸ್ತುಗಳನ್ನೆ ಕರಾರುವಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ರನ್ನರ್‌ಗಳು ಬಳಸಬೇಕು ಎರಡೂ ಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ಗಳಿಗೂ ರನ್ನರ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದುವುದು ಸಾದ್ಯವಿದೆ. === ರನ್‌ಗಳು === [[ಚಿತ್ರ:cricket shots.svg|thumb|150px|The directions in which a right-handed batsman intends to send the ball when playing various cricketing shots. The diagram for a left-handed batsman is a mirror image of this one.]] ಆನ್ ಸ್ಟ್ರೈಕ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ನ ಪ್ರಾಥಮಿಕ ಕಾರ್ಯವೆಂದರೆ (ಅಂದರೆ "ಸ್ಟ್ರೈಕರ್") ಬಾಲ್ ವಿಕೇಟ್‌ಗೆ ಬಡಿಯುವದನ್ನು ತಪ್ಪಿಸುವುದು ಮತ್ತು ಎರಡನೆಯದಾಗಿ [[ರನ್ (ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್)|ರನ್]] ಗಳಿಸುವುದಕ್ಕೋಸ್ಕರ ಬಾಲನ್ನು ತನ್ನ ಬ್ಯಾಟಿನಿಂದ ಹೊಡೆಯುವುದು್, ಆ ಕಾರಣದಿಂದಾಗಿ ಪೀಲ್ಡಿಂಗ್ ವಿಭಾಗದ ಆಟಗಾರರರು ಬಾಲನ್ನು ಹಿಂದಿರುಗಿಸುವುದಕ್ಕಿಂತ ಮುಂಚಿತವಾಗಿ ಆತನು ಮತ್ತು ಅವನ ಜೊತೆಗಾರನಿಗೆ ಪಿಚ್‌ನ ಒಂದು ತುದಿಯಿಂದ ಇನ್ನೊಂದು ತುದಿಗೆ ಓಡಿ ರನ್ ಗಳಿಸಲು ಸಮಯ ಸಿಗುತ್ತದೆ ರನ್ನನ್ನು ನೊಂದಣಿ ಮಾಡಲು, ಇಬ್ಬರು ರನ್ನರ್‌ಗಳೂ ತಮ್ಮ ಬ್ಯಾಟಿನಿಂದ ಅಥವಾ ತಮ್ಮ ದೇಹದಿಂದ ಮೈದಾನದ ಪಿಚ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಗಡಿ ರೇಖೆಯನ್ನು ಮುಟ್ಟಬೇಕಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. (ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್ ರನ್ ಮಾಡುವಾಗ ತನ್ನ ಬ್ಯಾಟನ್ನು ತೆಗೆದುಕೊಂಡು ಹೋಗಬೇಕು). ಪ್ರತಿಯೊಂದು ಪೂರ್ಣಗೊಂಡ ರನ್ ಅಂಕಗಳನ್ನು ಅಧಿಕಗೊಳಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಒಂದೇ ಹೊಡೆತದಿಂದ ಒಂದಕ್ಕಿಂತ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ರನ್ ತೆಗೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳಬಹುದು ಆದರೆ ಬಾಲನ್ನು ಹೊಡೆಯುವಾಗ ಯೋಗ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಒಂದರಿಂದ ಮೂರು ರನ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ತೆಗೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳುವುದು ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ, ಮೈದಾನದ ವಿಸ್ತಾರದ ಕಾರಣದಿಂದ ನಾಲ್ಕು ಅಥವಾ ಅದಕ್ಕಿಂತ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ರನ್ ಗಳಿಸುವುದು ಕಷ್ಟವಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಇದಕ್ಕೆ ಪರಿಹಾರವಾಗಿ, ಹೊಡೆದ ಬಾಲ್ ಒಂದು ವೇಳೆ ''ಹಾದಿಯಲ್ಲಿ'' ಮೈದಾನದ ಗಡಿ ರೇಖೇಯನ್ನು ಮುಟ್ಟಿದರೆ ಅದನ್ನು ನಾಲ್ಕು ರನ್‌ಗಳು ಎಂದು ಘೋಷಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ ಮತ್ತು ಮೇಲಿನಿಂದ ಗಡಿರೇಖೆಯನ್ನು ದಾಟಿದರೆ ಅದನ್ನು ಆರು ರನ್‌ಗಳು ಎಂದು ತೀರ್ಮಾನಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ ಒಂದು ವೇಳೆ ಬಾಲ್ ಗಡಿರೇಖೆಯನ್ನು ಮುಟ್ಟಿದರೆ ಅಥವಾ ದಾಟಿದರೆ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್ ರನ್‌ಗಾಗಿ ಓಡುವ ಅಗತ್ಯವಿಲ್ಲ. [[ಚಿತ್ರ:Master Blaster at work.jpg|left|thumb|180px|ಸಚಿನ್ ತೆಂಡುಲ್ಕರ್ (pictured) is a legendary cricketer who holds the record for the highest number of runs and centuries scored in both Test and ODI forms of Cricket.]] ಐದು ರನ್‌‌ಗಳಿಗಾಗಿ ಹೊಡೆಯುವುದು ಅಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ಮತ್ತು ಇದು ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಪೀಲ್ಡರ್‌ಗಳು ಬಾಲನ್ನು ಹಿಂತಿರುಗಿಸುವಾಗ ಮಾಡುವ "ಒವರ್‌ಥ್ರೋ"ಗಳ ಸಹಾಯವನ್ನು ನೆಚ್ಚಿಕೊಂಡಿರುತ್ತದೆ ಒಂದು ವೇಳೆ ಸ್ಟ್ರೈಕರ್‌ ವಿಷಮ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ರನ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಗಳಿಸಿದಾಗ, ಎರಡೂ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ಗಳು ತಮ್ಮ ಬ್ಯಾಟಿಂಗ್ ತುದಿಯನ್ನು ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತಾರೆ ಮತ್ತು ಮೊದಲು ನಾನ್-ಸ್ಟ್ರೈಕರ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿದ್ದವನು ಈಗ ಸ್ಟ್ರೈಕರ್‌ಗೆ ಸ್ಥಳಾಂತರಗೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತಾನೆ. ಕೇವಲ್ ಸ್ಟ್ರೈಕರ್ ಮಾತ್ರ ವಯಕ್ತಿಕ ರನ್ ಗಳಿಸಲು ಸಾದ್ಯ ಆದರೆ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ರನ್‌ಗಳು ತಂಡದ ಮೊತ್ತಕ್ಕೆ ಸೇರಲ್ಪಡುತ್ತದೆ. ರನ್ ತೆಗೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳುವ ಪ್ರಯತ್ನದ ನಿರ್ಧಾರವನ್ನು ಬಾಲಿನ ಗತಿಯ ಉತ್ತಮ ದೃಷ್ಟಿಕೋನವನ್ನು ತಿಳಿದಿರುವ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಾನೆ, ಮತ್ತು ಈ ಸಂವಹನವು ಪದೇ ಪದೇ "ಎಸ್", "ನೋ" ಮತ್ತು "ವೇಯಿಟ್" ಎಂದು ಕರೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳುವ ಮೂಲಕ ನಡೆಯುತ್ತದೆ. ರನ್ ಗಳಿಸುವುದು ಅಪಾಯಕಾರಿ ಕಾರಣ ಒಂದು ವೇಳೆ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್ ಮೈದಾನದ ಗಡಿರೇಖೆಯ ಹೊರಗೆ ಇರುವಾಗ (ಅಂದರೆ, ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ನ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ ಅಥವಾ ದೇಹಕ್ಕೂ ಮೈದಾನದ ಗಡಿರೇಖೆಗೂ ಯಾವುದೇ ಸಂಬಂಧವಿಲ್ಲದಿದ್ದಾಗ) ಫೀಲ್ಡರ್ ವಿಕೇಟ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಬಾಲಿನಿಂದ ಮುಟ್ಟಿದರೆ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್ ರನ್ ಔಟ್ ಆಗುತ್ತಾನೆ. ಗಳಿಸಿದ ರನ್‌ಗಳ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆ ಮತ್ತು ಔಟ್ ಆದ ಆಟಗಾರರ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆಗಳ ಆಧಾರದ ಮೇಲೆ ತಂಡದ ಅಂಕಗಳನ್ನು ವರದಿ ಮದಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಉದಾಹರಣೆಗೆ, ಒಂದು ವೇಳೆ ಐದು ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ಗಳು ಔಟ್ ಅಗಿದ್ದರೆ ಮತ್ತು ತಂಡ ೨೨೪ ರನ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಗಳಿಸಿದ್ದರೆ, ಅದನ್ನು ತಂಡ ೫ ವಿಕೇಟ್‌ಗಳ ನಷ್ಟಕ್ಕೆ ೨೨೪ರನ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಗಳಿಸಿದೆ ಎಂದು ಹೇಳಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ (ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಚಿಕ್ಕದಾಗಿ "೨೨೪ಕ್ಕೆ ಐದು" ಎಂದು ಕರೆದು, ಮತ್ತು ೨೨೪/೫ ಎಂದು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಾರೆ, ಆಸ್ಟ್ರೇಲಿಯಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಅದನ್ನು "ಐದಕ್ಕೆ ೨೨೪" ಎಂದು ಕರೆದು ೫/೨೨೪ ಎಂದು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಾರೆ). === ಹೆಚ್ಚುವರಿ ರನ್‌ಗಳು === ಫೀಲ್ಡಿಂಗ್ ತಂಡದವರು ಮಾಡುವ ತಪ್ಪುಗಳಿಂದಾಗಿ ಬ್ಯಾಟಿಂಗ್ ತಂಡ ಅತಿರಿಕ್ತ ರನ್‌ಗಳು(ಆಸ್ಟ್ರೇಲಿಯಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಇದನು "ಸಂಡ್ರೀಸ್" ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯುತ್ತಾರೆ) ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯುವ ಹೆಚ್ಚುವರಿ ರನ್‌ಗಳ ಲಾಭವನ್ನು ಪಡೆಯಬಹುದಾಗಿದೆ. ಈ ಅತಿರಿಕ್ತ ರನ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ನಾಲ್ಕು ವಿಧದಲ್ಲಿ ಗಳಿಸಬಹುದಾಗಿದೆ: # '''ನೋ ಬಾಲ್''' – (a) ಅಸಮಂಜಸವಾದ ಕೈ ಬದಲಿಕೆಯನ್ನು ಬಳಸಿಕೊಂಡು; (b)ಪಿಚ್ ಮೇಲಿನ ನಿಯಂತ್ರಣ ಗೆರೆಯನ್ನು ದಾಟಿ; (c)ಹಿಂದಿನ ಗೆರೆಯ ಹೊರಗೆ ಕಾಲನ್ನು ಇಟ್ಟು, ಬೌಲಿಂಗ್‌ನ ನಿಯಮವನ್ನು ಮುರಿದಿದ್ದರೆ ಅದನ್ನು ಬೌಲರ್‌ನಿಂದ ಕೊಡಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ ದಂಡ ರೂಪದ ಹೆಚ್ಚುವರಿ ರನ್‌ ಎಂದು ಪರಿಗಣಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ನಂತರದಲ್ಲಿ, ಬೌಲರ್ ಮತ್ತೆ ಬೌಲ್ ಮಾಡಬೇಕಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಸೀಮಿತ ಒವರುಗಳ ಪಂದ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ, ಒಂದು ವೇಳೆ ಬೌಲಿಂಗ್ ತಂಡ ಪರಿಮಿತಿಗನುಗುಣವಾಗಿ ಫೀಲ್ಡ್ ಸಂಯೋಜನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ವಿಫಲವಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಅದನ್ನು ನೋ ಬಾಲ್ ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಚುಟುಕು ವಿನ್ಯಾಸದ ಪಂದ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ (೨೦–೨೦, ODI)ಪ್ರೀ ಹಿಟ್ ನಿಯಮವನ್ನು ಪರಿಚಯಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ. ಮುಂಗಾಲಿನ ಕಾರಣದಿಂದಾಗಿ ನೋ ಬಾಲ್ ಆಗಿದ್ದರೆ ಅದು ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ಗೆ ಪ್ರೀ ಹಿಟ್ ಅವಕಾಶವನ್ನು ಒದಗಿಸುತ್ತದೆ, ಈ ಕಾರಣದಿಂದಾಗಿ ರನ್ ಔಟ್ ಹೊರತುಪಡಿಸಿ ಔಟ್ ಆಗುಬಹುದಾದ ಇನ್ನಾವುದೇ ವಿಧಾನದ ವಿರುಧ್ಹ ರಕ್ಷಣೆಯನ್ನು ಪಡೆಯುತ್ತಾನೆ. # '''ವೈಡ್''' – ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸಮನ್‌ನ ಪರಿಧಿಯ ಹೊರಗೆ ಹೋಗುವ ರೀತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಬೌಲರ್ ಬಾಲನ್ನು ಎಸೆದಿದ್ದರೆ ಅದನ್ನು ವೈಡ್ ಎಂದು ಪರಿಗಣಿಸಿ ಬೌಲರ್‌ನ ದಂಡದ ರೂಪದಲ್ಲಿ ಹೆಚ್ಚುವರಿ ರನ್ ನೀಡಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ, ನೋ ಬಾಲ್‌ನಂತೆಯೆ ವೈಡ್ ಆಗಿರುವ ಎಸೆತವನ್ನೂ ಪುನಹ ಎಸೆಯಬೇಕು. # '''ಬೈ''' – ಬೈಯನ್ನು ಕೂಡ ಹೆಚ್ಚುವರಿ ರನ್ ಎಂದು ಪರಿಗಣಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ, ಒಂದು ವೇಳೆ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ನ ಹೊಡೆತದ ಗುರಿ ತಪ್ಪಿದರೆ ಆ ಬಾಲ್ ನೇರವಾಗಿ ವಿಕೇಟ್ ಕೀಪರ್‌ನ ಕೈ ಸೇರುತ್ತದೆ ಆ ಮೂಲಕವಾಗಿ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ಗೆ ಸಾಂಪ್ರದಾಯಿಕವಾಗಿ ರನ್ ತೆಗೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ಸಮಯಾವಕಾಶ ಸಿಗುತ್ತದೆ.(ಗಮನಿಸತಕ್ಕ ವಿಶಯವೆಂದರೆ, ಒಬ್ಬ್ ಒಳ್ಳೆಯ ವಿಕೇಟ್ ಕೀಪರ್ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ನ ಈ ರೀತಿಯ ರನ್ ತೆಗೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳುವಿಕೆಯನ್ನು ಸೀಮಿತಗೊಳಿಸುತ್ತಾನೆ) # '''ಲೆಗ್ ಬೈ''' –ಒಂದು ವೇಳೆ ಬಾಲ್ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ನ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್‌ಗೆ ತಾಗದೆ ದೇಹಕ್ಕೆ ಬಡಿದು ಫೀಲ್ಡರ್‌ಗಳಿಗಿಂತ ದೂರ ಸಾಗಿದರೆ ಆಗ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ಗೆ ರನ್ ತೆಗೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ಸಮಯಾವಕಾಶ ಸಿಗುತ್ತದೆ, ಇದನ್ನು ಹೆಚ್ಚುವರಿ ರನ್ ಎಂದು ಪರಿಗಣಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಬೌಲರ್‌ಗಳು ನೋ ಬಾಲ್ ಅಥವಾ ವೈಡ್ ಮಾಡಿದಾಗ, ಆತನ ತಂಡ ಹೆಚ್ಚುವರಿ ದಂಡವನ್ನು ಅನುಭವಿಸಬೇಕಾಗುತ್ತದೆ ಏಕೆಂದರೆ ಆ ಎಸೆತವನ್ನು ಮತ್ತೆ ಹೊಸದಾಗಿ ಬೌಲ್ ಮಾಡಬೇಕಾಗುತ್ತದೆ ಅದರ ಪರಿಣಾಮ ಬ್ಯಾಟಿಂಗ್ ವಿಭಾಗಕ್ಕೆ ಈ ಹೆಚ್ಚುವರಿ ಬಾಲ್‌ನಿಂದ ಅಧಿಕ ರನ್ ಗಳಿಸುವ ಅವಕಾಶ ದೊರೆಯುತ್ತದೆ. ಬ್ಯಾಟ್‌ನ ಹೊರತಾಗಿ ಗಳಿಸುವ ಬೈ ಮತ್ತು ಲೆಗ್ ಬೈ ರನ್ ಗಳಿಸಲು ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್ ಪಿಚ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಓಡಬೇಕಾಗುತ್ತದೆ (ಬಾಲ್ ನಾಲ್ಕು ರನ್‌ಗಾಗಿ ಗಡಿರೇಖೆಯನ್ನು ದಾಟುವವರೆಗೂ) ಅದರೆ ಇದನ್ನು ತಂಡದ ಮೊತ್ತದಲ್ಲಿ ಪರಿಗಣಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆಯೆ ಹೊರತು ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ನ ವಯಕ್ತಿಕ ಮೊತ್ತದಲ್ಲಲ್ಲ === Dismissals === {{Main|Dismissal (cricket)}} [[ಚಿತ್ರ:Stumping edited.jpg|thumb|ಭಾರತೀಯ ವಿಕೇಟ್ ಕೀಪರ್ ಮಹೇಂದ್ರ ಸಿಂಗ್ ಧೋನಿ ಚೆನ್ನೈ‌ನಲ್ಲಿ 2008ರಲ್ಲಿ ಆಡಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ ಪಂದ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಆಪ್ರಿಕಾದ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ನನ್ನು ಯಶಸ್ವಿಯಾಗಿ ಸ್ಟಂಪ್ ಔಟ್ ಮಾಡಿದರು.]] ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್ ಔಟ್ ಆಗುವ ಹತ್ತು ಮಾರ್ಗಗಳಿವೆ ಮತ್ತು ಅವುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಕೆಲವು ಅಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾದವುಗಳು, ಅವುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಕೆಲವೇ ಕೆಲವು ಪ್ರಸಂಗಗಳು ಮಾತ್ರ ಇಡೀ ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್ ಇತಿಹಾಸದಲ್ಲಿ ಉಳಿದುಕೊಂಡಿವೆ. ಕೆಲವು ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾದ ವಿಸರ್ಜನೆಯ ಸ್ವರೂಪಗಳೆಂದರೆ, "ಬೌಲ್ಡ್", "ಕಾಟ್", "ಲೆಗ್ ಬಿಪೋರ್ ವಿಕೇಟ್"(lbw), "ರನ್ ಔಟ್", "ಸ್ಟಂಪ್ಡ್" ಮತ್ತು "ಹಿಟ್ ವಿಕೇಟ್". ಅಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ವಿಧಾನಗಳೆಂದರೆ, "ಬಾಲನ್ನು ಎರಡು ಭಾರಿ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್‌ನಿಂದ ಹೊಡೆಯುವುದು", "ಮೈದಾನವನ್ನು ದುರ್ಗಮಗೊಳಿಸುವುದು", "ಬಾಲ್‌ಗೆ ಕೈ ತಾಗಿಸುವುದು", ಮತ್ತು "ಟೈಮ್ಡ್ ಔಟ್" ಅಂಪೈರ್ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ನನ್ನು ಔಟ್ ಎಂದು ತೀರ್ಮಾನಿಸುವುದಕ್ಕೂ ಮೊದಲು ಫೀಲ್ಡಿಂಗ್ ತಂಡದ ಸದಸ್ಯರುಗಳು (ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಬೌಲರ್) ಅಂಪೈರ್ ಎದುರು "ಮನವಿ" ಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳಬೇಕು. ಈ ಮನವಿಗಳು "ಹೌಜ್ಯಾಟ್" ಎಂದು ನಿರಂತರವಾಗಿ ಕೇಳುವುದರ ಮೂಲಕ (ಅಥವಾ ಜೋರಾಗಿ ಕೂಗುವುದರ ಮೂಲಕ)ನಡೆಯುತ್ತದೆ. ಅದರ ಅರ್ಥ, ಸರಳವಾಗಿ "ಹೌ ಇಸ್ ದ್ಯಾಟ್?" ಎಂಬುದಾಗಿದೆ. ಒಂದು ವೇಳೆ ಅಂಪೈರ್ ಈ ಮನವಿಗೆ ಒಪ್ಪಿಕೊಂಡರೆ, ಆತ ತನ್ನ ಮುಂಗೈ ತೋರು ಬೆರಳನ್ನು ಮೇಲಕ್ಕೆತ್ತಿ "ಔಟ್" ಎಂದು ಹೇಳುತ್ತಾನೆ. ಇಲ್ಲವೆಂದರೆ ಈತ ತನ್ನ ತಲೆಯನ್ನು ಆಡಿಸುತ್ತ "ನಾಟ್ ಔಟ್" ಎಂದು ಸೂಚಿಸುತ್ತಾನೆ.ಪರಿಸ್ತಿತಿಗನುಗುಣವಾಗಿ ಕೇಳಿಕೊಂಡ ವಿಸರ್ಜನೆಗಳು ಅಸ್ಪಷ್ಟವಾಗಿದ್ದಾಗ ಮಾಡುವ ಮನವಿಗಳು ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ದೊಡ್ಡ ದ್ವನಿಯಲ್ಲಿರುತ್ತವೆ. # '''ಬೌಲ್ಡ್''' : ಬೌಲರ್ ಎಸೆದ ಬಾಲ್ ನೇರವಾಗಿ ವಿಕೆಟನ್ನು ಬಡಿದು ಒಂದು ಬೆಯಲ್ ನೆಲೆತಪ್ಪಿ ವಿಕೆಟ್‌ಗಳು ಬೇರ್ಪಡೆಗೊಂಡರೆ ಅದನ್ನು ಬೌಲ್ಡ್ ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯುಚರು (ಗಮನಿಸತಕ್ಕ ವಿಷಯವೆಂದೆರೆ, ಒಂದು ವೇಳೆ ಬಾಲ್ ವಿಕೆಟನ್ನು ತಾಗಿ ಮೇಲಿರುವ ಯಾವುದೇ ಬೆಯಿಲ್‌ಗಳು ನೆಲೆತಪ್ಪದಿದ್ದಲಿ ಅದನ್ನು ನಾಟ್ ಔಟ್ ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ)<ref>[http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-30-bowled,56,AR.html MCC – ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್‌ನ ಕಾನೂನುಗಳು: ಕಾನೂನು 30] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121125070200/http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-30-bowled,56,AR.html |date=2012-11-25 }}. ೨೫ ಜುಲೈ ೨೦೦೯ರಂದು ಪತ್ತೆ ಹಚ್ಚಲಾಯಿತು</ref> # '''ಕಾಟ್''' : ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್ ತನ್ನ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ ಅಥವಾ ಕೈಯಿಂದ ಬಾಲನ್ನು ಹೊಡೆದಿದ್ದು ಮೇಲಕ್ಕೆ ಚಿಮ್ಮಿದ ಬಾಲ್ ನೆಲವನ್ನು ತಾಗುವುದಕ್ಕಿಂತ ಮುನ್ನ ಫೀಲ್ಡಿಂಗ್ ತಂಡದ ಯಾವುದಾದರು ಒಬ್ಬ ಸದಸ್ಯನಿಂದ ಹಿಡಿಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟರೆ ಅದನ್ನು "ಕಾಟ್" ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.<ref>[http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-32-caught,58,AR.html MCC – ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್‌ನ ಕಾನೂನುಗಳು: ಕಾನೂನು 32] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225124326/http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-32-caught%2C58%2CAR.html |date=2012-12-25 }}. ೨೫ ಜುಲೈ ೨೦೦೯ರಂದು ಪತ್ತೆ ಹಚ್ಚಲಾಯಿತು</ref> # '''ಲೆಗ್ ಬಿಪೋರ್ ವಿಕೆಟ್ (lbw)''' : ಮೊದಲು ಮತ್ತು ಎಲ್ಲಕ್ಕಿಂತ ಮುಖ್ಯವಾಗಿ, ಮೈದಾನದ ಹೊರಗಿನ ಅಂಪೈರ್‌ನ ಅಭಿಪ್ರಾಯದಲ್ಲಿ, ಒಂದು ವೇಳೆ ಚೆಂಡು ವಿಕೇಟ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಬಡಿಯುವದಕ್ಕಿಂತ ಮುನ್ನ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ನ ಪ್ಯಾಡನ್ನು ಬಡಿದಿದ್ದರೆ ಅದನ್ನು "ಲೆಗ್ ಬಿಪೋರ‍್ ವಿಕೇಟ್" ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯುವರು. ಒಂದು ವೇಳೆ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್, ಎಸೆಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ ಚೆಂಡನ್ನು ಹೊಡೆಯುವ ಪ್ರಯತ್ನದಲ್ಲಿ, ಗುರಿತಪ್ಪಿದ ಚೆಂಡು ನೇರವಾಗಿ ಹೋಗಿ ವಿಕೇಟನ್ನು ಬಡಿಯುವ ಬದಲು ಆತನ ಪ್ಯಾಡನ್ನು ಬಡಿಯಬಹುದು, ಆಗ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್ ಔಟ್ ಎಂದು ನಿರ್ಣಯಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಒಂದು ವೇಳೆ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್ ಚೆಂಡನ್ನು ಹೋಡೆಯುವ ಯಾವುದೇ ಪ್ರಯತ್ನವನ್ನು ಮಾಡದೆ ಇದ್ದರೂ, ಚೆಂಡು ವಿಕೇಟ್‌ನ ನೇರಕ್ಕಿರುವ ಆತನ ಪ್ಯಾಡನ್ನು ಬಡಿಯಬೇಕೆಂದೆನೂ ಇಲ್ಲ ಆದರೆ ಅದು ನೇರವಾಗಿ ವಿಕೇಟನ್ನು ಬಡಿಯುವಂತಿರಬೇಕು. ಒಂದು ವೇಳೆ ಚೆಂಡು ಲೆಗ್ ಸ್ಟಂಪಿನ ಹೊರಗೆ ಬಿದ್ದು ಪ್ಯಾಡ್‌ಗೆ ಬಡಿದಿದ್ದರೆ ಆಗ ಅಂಥಹ ಯಾವುದೇ ಪರಿಸ್ಥಿತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ನನ್ನು ಔಟ್ ಎಂದು ಪರಿಗಣಿಸಲಾಗುವುದಿಲ್ಲ.<ref>[http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-36-leg-before-wicket,62,AR.html MCC – ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್‌ನ ಕಾನೂನುಗಳು: ಕಾನೂನು 36] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080831051417/http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-36-leg-before-wicket%2C62%2CAR.html |date=2008-08-31 }}. ೨೫ ಜುಲೈ ೨೦೦೯ರಂದು ಪತ್ತೆ ಹಚ್ಚಲಾಯಿತು</ref> # '''ರನ್ ಔಟ್''' : ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್ ಮೈದಾನದಲ್ಲಿ ತನ್ನ ಗಡಿರೇಖೆಯಿಂದ ಹೊರಗಡೆ ಇರುವಾಗ ಫೀಲ್ಡಿಂಗ್ ತಂಡದ ಯಾವುದೇ ಸದಸ್ಯನಿಂದ ಚೆಂಡಿನಿಂದ ವಿಕೇಟ್ ಮುರಿಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟರೆ ಅಥವಾ ವಿಕೇಟನ್ನು "ನೆಲಕ್ಕೆ ಉರುಳಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟರೆ" ಅದನ್ನು ರನ್ ಔಟ್ ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಇದು ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್ ರನ್ ತೆಗೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳುವ ಪ್ರಯತ್ನದಲ್ಲಿರುವಾಗ ಫೀಲ್ಡಿಂಗ್ ತಂಡದ ಸದಸ್ಯನಿಂದ ಚೆಂಡನ್ನು ಕರಾರುವಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ವಿಕೇಟ್‌ಗೆ ಎಸೆಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟರೆ ಮಾತ್ರ ಸಂಭವಿಸುತ್ತದೆ.<ref>[http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-38-run-out,64,AR.html MCC – ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್‌ನ ಕಾನೂನುಗಳು: ಕಾನೂನು 38] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080305040750/http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-38-run-out,64,AR.html |date=2008-03-05 }}. ೨೫ ಜುಲೈ ೨೦೦೯ರಂದು ಪತ್ತೆ ಹಚ್ಚಲಾಯಿತು</ref> # '''ಸ್ಟಂಪ್ಡ್''' ಬೌಲರ್‌ನಿಂದ ಎಸೆಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ ಚೆಂಡನ್ನು ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್ ತಪ್ಪಿಸಿಕೊಂಡು, ಆ ಚೆಂಡು ನೇರವಾಗಿ ವಿಕೇಟ್ ಕೀಪರ್‌ನ ಕೈ ಸೇರಿದರೆ ಮತ್ತು ಆ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಆತನ ಗಡಿರೇಕೆಗಿಂತ ಮುಂದೆ ಕಾಲನ್ನು ಇಟ್ಟಿದ್ದರೆ ಮತ್ತು ಆ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್ ರನ್‌ಗಾಗಿ ಪ್ರಯತ್ನಿಸದಿದ್ದಲ್ಲಿ ವಿಕೇಟ್ ಕೀಪರ್‌ನಿಂದ ಸ್ಟಂಪ್ಡ್ ಆಗುತ್ತಾನೆ.<ref>[http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-39-stumped,65,AR.html MCC – ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್‌ನ ಕಾನೂನುಗಳು: ಕಾನೂನು 39] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221064459/http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-39-stumped,65,AR.html |date=2010-02-21 }}. ೨೫ ಜುಲೈ ೨೦೦೯ರಂದು ಪತ್ತೆ ಹಚ್ಚಲಾಯಿತು</ref> # '''ಹಿಟ್ ವಿಕೇಟ್''' : ಒಬ್ಬ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ ಹಿಟ್ ವಿಕೇಟ್ ಮೂಲಕ ಔಟ್ ಆಗುತ್ತಾನೆ, ಒಂದು ವೇಳೆ ಒಂದು ಅಥವಾ ಎರಡೂ ಬೆಯಲ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ತನ್ನ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್‌ನಿಂದ, ದೇಹದಿಂದ, ಬಟ್ಟೆಯಿಂದ ಅಥವಾ ಯಾವುದೇ ಪರಿಕರದಿಂದ ಚೆಂಡನ್ನು ಬಡಿಯುವ ಸಂದರ್ಭದಲ್ಲಿ ಅಥವಾ ರನ್‌ಗಳಿಸಲು ಪ್ರಯತ್ನಿಸುವ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಉರುಳಿಸಿದರೆ ಅದನ್ನು ಹಿಟ್ ವಿಕೇಟ್ ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.<ref>[http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-35-hit-wicket,61,AR.html MCC – ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್‌ನ ಕಾನೂನುಗಳು: ಕಾನೂನು 35] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090312063602/http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-35-hit-wicket,61,AR.html |date=2009-03-12 }}. ೨೫ ಜುಲೈ ೨೦೦೯ರಂದು ಪತ್ತೆ ಹಚ್ಚಲಾಯಿತು</ref> # '''ಬಾಲನ್ನು ಎರಡು ಬಾರಿ ಹೊಡೆಯುವುದು''' ಇದು ಒಂದು ಅಪರೂಪದ ವಿಧಾನ ಮತ್ತು ಇದನ್ನು ಆಕ್ರಮಣಕಾರಿ ಆಟವನ್ನು ತಡೆಯಲು ಮತ್ತು ಫಿಲ್ಡರ್‌‌ಗಳ ರಕ್ಷಣೆಯ ಕಾರಣದಿಂದಾದಾಗಿ ಪರಿಚಯಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ. ಕಾನೂನು ಬದ್ಧವಾಗಿ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್ ಚೆಂಡು ವಿಕೇಟ್‌ಗೆ ತಗುಲುವುದನ್ನು ತಪ್ಪಿಸುವ ಸಲುವಾಗಿ ಮಾತ್ರ ಒಮ್ಮೆ ಆಡಿದ ನಂತರವೂ ಮತ್ತೊಮ್ಮೆ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್‌ನಿಂದ ಹೊಡೆಯಬಹುದಾಗಿದೆ.<ref>[http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-34-hit-the-ball-twice,60,AR.html MCC – ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್‌ನ ಕಾನೂನುಗಳು: ಕಾನೂನು 34] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220231434/http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-34-hit-the-ball-twice,60,AR.html |date=2009-02-20 }}. ೨೫ ಜುಲೈ ೨೦೦೯ರಂದು ಪತ್ತೆ ಹಚ್ಚಲಾಯಿತು.</ref> # '''ಮೈದಾನದಲ್ಲಿ ಅಡಚಣೆಯನ್ನು ತಂದೊಡ್ಡುವುದು''' : ಉದ್ದೇಶಪೂರ್ವಕವಾಗಿ ಫೀಲ್ಡರ್‌ನ ದಾರಿಗೆ ಅಡ್ಡಹಾಕುವುದರ ಮೂಲಕ ಔಟ್ ಆಗುವ ಒಂದು ಅಪರೂಪದ ಸನ್ನಿವೇಶ.<ref>[http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-37-obstructing-the-field,63,AR.html MCC – ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್‌ನ ಕಾನೂನುಗಳು: ಕಾನೂನು 37] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090524073655/http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-37-obstructing-the-field,63,AR.html |date=2009-05-24 }}. ೨೫ ಜುಲೈ ೨೦೦೯ರಂದು ಪತ್ತೆ ಹಚ್ಚಲಾಯಿತು.</ref> # '''ಚೆಂಡನ್ನು ಕೈಯಿಂದ ಮುಟ್ಟುವಿಕೆ''' : ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್ ''ಉದ್ದೇಶಪೂರ್ವಕವಾಗಿ'' ತನ್ನ ವಿಕೇಟನ್ನು ರಕ್ಷಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವದಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ಚೆಂಡನ್ನು ಕೈಯಿಂದ ಮುಟ್ಟುವಹಾಗಿಲ್ಲ (ಗಮನಿಸಬೇಕಾದ ವಿಶಯವೆಂದರೆ, ಎಸೆಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ ಚೆಂಡು ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ನ ಕೈಯನ್ನು ತಾಗುತ್ತದೆ ಆದರೆ ಇದು ಉದ್ದೇಶಪೂರ್ವಕವಾಗಿ ಮಾಡಿರದ ಕಾರಣ ಇದನ್ನು ನಾಟ್ ಔಟ್ ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯುವರು; ಆದಾಗ್ಯೂ ಆತನ ಕೈ ತಾಗಿ ಪುಟಿದ ಚೆಂಡನ್ನು ಫೀಲ್ಡರ್ ಹಿಡಿದನೆಂದರೆ ಖಂಡಿತವಾಗಿಯೂ ಆತನು ಔಟ್ ಅಗುತ್ತಾನೆ).<ref>[http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-33-handled-the-ball,59,AR.html MCC – ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್‌ನ ಕಾನೂನುಗಳು: ಕಾನೂನು 33] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090312063910/http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-33-handled-the-ball,59,AR.html |date=2009-03-12 }}. ೨೫ ಜುಲೈ ೨೦೦೯ರಂದು ಪತ್ತೆ ಹಚ್ಚಲಾಯಿತು.</ref> # '''ಅವಧಿ ಮುಗಿಯುವಿಕೆ''', ಇದರ ಅರ್ಥ ಒಬ್ಬ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್ ಔಟ್ ಆದ ನಂತರ ಇನ್ನೊಬ್ಬ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್ ಮೂರು ನಿಮಿಶದ ಅವಧಿಯೊಳಗೆ ಮೈದಾನಕ್ಕೆ ಆಗಮಿಸದಿದ್ದಲ್ಲಿ ಅದನ್ನು ಅವಧಿ ಮುಗಿದಿದೆ ಎಂದು ತೀರ್ಮಾನಿಸಿ ಆತನನ್ನು ಔಟ್ ಎಂದು ಘೋಷಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ<ref>[http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-31-timed-out,57,AR.html MCC – ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್‌ನ ಕಾನೂನುಗಳು: ಕಾನೂನು 31] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501073644/http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-31-timed-out,57,AR.html |date=2008-05-01 }}. ೨೫ ಜುಲೈ ೨೦೦೯ರಂದು ಪತ್ತೆ ಹಚ್ಚಲಾಯಿತು.</ref> ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಸಂದರ್ಭಗಳಲ್ಲಿ, ವಿರ್ಜನೆಯ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಸ್ಟ್ರೈಕರ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿದ್ದ ಆಟಗಾರನು ಔಟ್ ಆಗುವ ಸಂಬವ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಒಂದು ವೇಳೆ ನಾನ್-ಸ್ಟ್ರೈಕರ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿದ್ದ ಆಟಗಾರ ಔಟ್ ಆಗಿದ್ದಾನೆ ಎಂದರೆ ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಅದು ರನ್ ಔಟ್ ಅಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ, ಅಲ್ಲದೆ ಮೈದಾನದಲ್ಲಿ ಅಡ್ಡಿಯನ್ನುಂಟು ಮಾಡುವ, ಚೆಂಡನ್ನು ಕೈಯಿಂದ ಮುಟ್ಟುವ ಅಥವಾ ಅವಧಿ ಮುಗಿಯುವ ಕಾರಣದಿಂದಲೂ ಆತ ಔಟ್ ಆಗಬಹುದಾಗಿದೆ ಔಟ್ ಆಗದೆಯೂ ಕೂಡ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್ ಮೈದಾನವನ್ನು ಬಿಟ್ಟು ಹೋಗಬಹುದು. ಒಂದು ವೇಳೆ ಗಾಯದ ಅಥವಾ ಅನಾರೋಗ್ಯದ ಕಾರಣದಿಂದಾಗಿ ತಾತ್ಕಾಲಿಕ ನಿವೃತ್ತಿಯನ್ನು ತೆಗೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳಬಹುದು, ಮತ್ತು ಆತನು ಇನ್ನೊಬ್ಬ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ನಿಂದ ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಲ್ಪಡುತ್ತಾನೆ. ಇಅದನ್ನಿ ''ರಿಟೈರ್ಡ್ ಹರ್ಟ್'' ಅಥವಾ ''ರಿಟೈರ್ಡ್ ಇಲ್'' ಎಂದು ವರದಿ ಮಾಡಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ನಿವೃತ್ತಿ ಪಡೆದ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್ ಔಟ್ ಆಗಿರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ, ಅಲ್ಲದೆ ಅವಧಿಯ ಕೊನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಈತ ಆಟವನ್ನು ಮತ್ತೆ ಮುಂದುವರಿಸಬಹುದಾಗಿದೆ. ಯಾವುದೇ ತೊಂದರೆಯನ್ನು ಮಾಡದ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್ ಕೂಡ ನಿವೃತ್ತಿ ಪಡೆಯಬಹುದು, ಆದರೆ ಇದನ್ನು '''ರಿಟೈರ್ಡ್ ಹರ್ಟ್''' ಎಂದು ನಿರ್ಧರಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ; ಇದುವರೆಗು ಈ ವಿಧಾನದ ಮೂಲಕ ಯಾವುದೇ ಆಟಗಾರನು ಔಟ್ ಅಗಿರುವ ದಾಖಲೆ ಇಲ್ಲ.''ನೋಬಾಲ್‌ '' ಆದ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್‌ ಮಾಡುವವರನ್ನು ''ಬೋಲ್ಡ್‌'', ''ಕ್ಯಾಚ್‌'', ''ಲೆಗ್‌ ಬಿಫೋರ‍್‌ ವಿಕೇಟ್‌'', ''ಸ್ಟಂಪ್ಡ್‌'' ಅಥವಾ ''ಹಿಟ್‌ ವಿಕೇಟ್‌'' ಮಾಡುವಂತಿಲ್ಲ. ''ವೈಡ್‌'' ಆದ ಸಂದರ್ಭದಲ್ಲಿ ''ಬೋಲ್ಡ್'', ''ಕ್ಯಾಚ್‌'', ''ಲೆಗ್‌ ಬಿಫೋರ್‌ ವಿಕೇಟ್‌ '' ಅಥವಾ ''ಎರಡು ಬಾರಿ ಬಾಲ್‌ ಅನ್ನು ಹೊಡೆದರೆ'' ಬ್ಯಾಟ್‌ ಮಾಡುವವರನ್ನು ಔಟ್‌ ಎಂದು ಘೋಷಿಸುವಂತಿಲ್ಲ. ಈ ಕೆಲವು ಔಟ್‌ ಎಂದು ಘೋಷಿಸುವ ಸಂದರ್ಭಗಳು ಕೆಲವೊಮ್ಮೆ ಬೌಲರ್‌ ಬಾಲ್‌ ಮಾಡದೆಯೂ ಸಂಭವಿಸಬಹುದು. ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ ಸ್ಥಾನದಲ್ಲಿ ಇಲ್ಲದೆ ಇನ್ನೊಂದೆಡೆ ಇರುವ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಯು ತನ್ನ ಕ್ರೀಸ್‌ ಬಿಟ್ಟರೆ ಬಾಲರ್‌ನಿಂದ ರನ್ ಔಟ್‌ಗೆ ಒಳಗಾಗಬಹುದು ಹಾಗೆಯೇ ''ಫಿಲ್ಡಿಂಡ್‌ಗೆ ತಡೆಯೊಡ್ಡುವ'' ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ನನ್ನು ರಿಟೈರ್ಡ್‌ ಔಟ್‌ ಎಂದು ಯಾವ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಾದರೂ ಘೋಷಿಸಬಹುದಾಗಿದೆ. ''ಟೈಮ್ಡ್‌ ಔಟ್‌'' ಎಂಬುದು ಬಾಲ್‌ ಮಾಡದೆ ಇರುವಾಗಲೂ ಕೂಡ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್‌ಮನ್‌ನನ್ನು ಔಟ್‌ ಎಂದು ಘೋಷಿಸಬಹುದಾಗಿದೆ. ಈ ಎಲ್ಲ ರೀತಿಯ ಔಟ್‌ ಎಂದು ನಿರ್ಧರಿಸುವ ಪ್ರಕಾರಗಳಲ್ಲೂ ಒಂದು ಬಾಲ್‌ಗೆ ಒಬ್ಬ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಯನ್ನು ಮಾತ್ರ ಔಟ್‌ ಎಂದು ಘೋಷಿಸಬಹುದಾಗಿದೆ. === ಇನ್ನಿಂಗ್ಸ್‌ ಮುಕ್ತಾಯ === {{Main|End of an innings (cricket)}} ಒಂದು ಇನ್ನಿಂಗ್ಸ್‌ ಮುಕ್ತಾಯಗೊಂಡಿದೆ ಎಂದು ಈ ಕೆಳಗಿನ ಸಂದರ್ಭದಲ್ಲಿ ನಿರ್ಧರಿಸಬಹುದಾಗಿದೆ: # ಹನ್ನೊಂದು ಜನ ಆಟಗಾರರಲ್ಲಿ ಹತ್ತು ಜನ ಔಟ್ ಆಗಿದ್ದರೆ (ವಿಸರ್ಜನೆಗೊಂಡಿದ್ದರೆ); ಈ ಸನ್ನಿವೇಶದಲ್ಲಿ, ತಂಡವನ್ನು "ಆಲ್ ಔಟ್" ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. # ತಂಡದಲ್ಲಿ ಆಟ ಆಡಬಹುದಾದ ಒಬ್ಬನೇ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್ ಉಳಿದಿದ್ದು, ಒಂದು ಅಥವಾ ಒಂದಕ್ಕಿಂತ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಆಟಗಾರರು ಗಾಯ, ಅನಾರೋಗ್ಯ ಅಥವಾ ಅನುಪಸ್ಥಿತಿಯ ಕಾರಣದಿಂದ ಆಡಲು ಲಭ್ಯವಾಗದಿದ್ದ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಕೂಡ ತಂಡವನ್ನು "ಆಲ್ ಔಟ್" ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. # ಬ್ಯಾಟಿಂಗ್ ತಂಡ ಕೊನೆಯದಾಗಿ ಜಯಗಳಿಸಲು ಅಗತ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಗಳಿಸಲೇಬೇಕಾದ ಮೊತ್ತವನ್ನು ತಲುಪುತ್ತದೆ. # ಮುಂಚಿತವಾಗಿಯೆ ನಿರ್ಧರಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯ ಒವರುಗಳನ್ನು ಬೌಲ್ ಮಾಡಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. (ಏಕದಿನ ಪಂದ್ಯಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಮಾತ್ರ, ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ೫೦ ಒವರುಗಳ ಪಂದ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ; ಅಥವಾ ಟ್ವೆಂಟಿ೨೦ ಪಂದ್ಯಗಳಲ್ಲಿ) # ತಂಡದ ನಾಯಕ ಕೊನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಇಬ್ಬರು ಆಟಗಾರರು ಔಟ್ ಆಗದೇ ಉಳಿದಿರುವ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಆತನ ತಂಡದ ಆಟ ಮುಗಿಯಿತೆಂದು ಘೋಷಿಸುತ್ತಾನೆ. (ಇದು ಏಕದಿನ ಮತ್ತು ಸೀಮಿತ ಒವರುಗಳ ಪಂದ್ಯಗಳಿಗೆ ಅನ್ವಯಿಸುವುದಿಲ್ಲ) === ಫಲಿತಾಂಶ === {{Main|The result in cricket}} ಒಂದು ವೇಳೆ ಕೊನೆಯದಾಗಿ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ ಮಾಡುವ ತಂಡ ತನ್ನ ಪ್ರತಿಸ್ಪರ್ಧಿಗಿಂತ ಕಡಿಮೆ ರನ್‌ ಗಳಿಸಿ ಅಲ್ ಔಟ್ ಆದರೆ, ಆ ತಂಡವನ್ನು "''n'' ರನ್‌ಗಳಿಂದ ಸೋಲನ್ನು ಅನುಭವಿಸಿತು" ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. (''n'' ಇದು ತಂಡಗಳು ಗಳಿಸಿದ ಅಂಕಗಳ ನಡುವಿನ ವ್ಯತ್ಯಾಸವಾಗಿದೆ) ಒಂದು ವೇಳೆ ಕೊನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ ಮಾಡುವ ತಂಡ ಜಯಗಳಿಸಲು ಬೇಕಾದ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ರನ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಗಳಿಸಿದರೆ, ಆ ತಂಡವನ್ನು "''n'' ವಿಕೇಟುಗಳಿಂದ ಜಯಗಳಿಸಿತು" ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.ಇಲ್ಲಿ ''n'' ಇನ್ನೂ ಉಳಿದ ವಿಕೇಟ್‌ಗಳ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯನ್ನು ತಿಳಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಉದಾಹರಣೆಗೆ, ಒಂದು ತಂಡ ತನ್ನ ಆರು ವಿಕೇಟ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಕಳೆದುಕೊಂಡು ಪ್ರತಿಸ್ಪರ್ಧಿಯ ಅಂಕಗಳನ್ನು ದಾಟಿದೆ ಎಂದರೆ ಅದು "ನಾಲ್ಕು ವಿಕೇಟ್‌ಗಳಿಂದ" ಜಯಗಳಿಸಿದೆ ಎಂದು ಅರ್ಥ. ಎರಡು-ಅವಧಿಯ-ಒಂದು ಪಂದ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ, ಒಂದು ತಂಡದ ಮೊದಲ ಮತ್ತು ಕೊನೆಯ ಅವಧಿಯ ಒಟ್ಟೂ ಅಂಕಗಳ ಮೊತ್ತವು ಇನ್ನೊಂದು ತಂಡದ ಮೊದಲ ಅವಧಿಯ ಅಂಕಗಳ ಮೊತ್ತಕ್ಕಿಂತ ಕಡಿಮೆ ಇರಬಹುದು.ಅತಿಹೆಚ್ಚು ಸ್ಕೋರ‍್ ಗಳಿಸಿದ ತಂಡವು n ''ರನ್‌'' ಗಳಿಂದ ''ಇನ್ನಿಂಗ್ಸ್‌ ವಿಜೇತ'' ಎಂದು ಪರಿಗಣಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಅಲ್ಲದೆ ಮತ್ತೆ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್‌ ಮಾಡುವ ಅಗತ್ಯ ಕೂಡ ಇರಲಾರದು: ''n'' ಇದು ಎರಡು ತಂಡಗಳ ನಡುವಿನ ಸರಾಸರಿ ಮೊತ್ತ ಎಂದು ತಿಳಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಬ್ಯಾಟಿಂಗ್‌ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದ ಕೊನೆಯ ತಂಡದ ಎಲ್ಲ ವಿಕೇಟ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಕಳೆದುಕೊಂಡರೆ, ಹಾಗೂ ಎರಡು ಕಡೆಯ ತಂಡದವರ ಸ್ಕೋರ್ ಸಮಾನವಾಗಿದ್ದರೆ, ಅಂತಹ ಪಂದ್ಯವನ್ನು [[ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್ ಫಲಿತಾಂಶ#ತಡೆಹಿಡಿ|ಟೈ]] ಎಂದು ಘೋಷಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಈ ರೀತಿಯ ಸಂದರ್ಭವು ಎರಡು ಇನ್ನಿಂಗ್ಸ್‌ಗಳ ಪಂದ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ ವಿರಳ. ಸಾಂಪ್ರದಾಯಿಕವಾದ ಆಟದಲ್ಲಿ ಎರಡು ತಂಡಗಳಿಗೆ ಆಡಲು ನೀಡಿದ ಅವಧಿಯು ಯಾವುದಾದರೊಂದು ತಂಡ ವಿಜೇತವಾಗುವ ಮೊದಲು ಪೂರ್ಣಗೊಂಡರೆ, ಆಟವನ್ನು ಡ್ರಾ ಎಂದು ಪರಿಗಣಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಪ್ರತಿ ತಂಡಕ್ಕೆ ಒಂದೇ ಒಂದು ಇನ್ನಿಂಗ್ಸ್‌ ಅವಕಾಶವಿದ್ದರೆ, ಸಾಧ್ಯವಿದ್ದಷ್ಟು ಎಸೆತವನ್ನು ಎಸೆಯುವ ನಿರ್ಧಾರವನ್ನು ಕೈಗೊಳ್ಳಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಈ ರೀತಿಯ ಪಂದ್ಯವನ್ನು "ನಿರ್ಧಿಷ್ಟ ಓವರ್‌ಗಳ" ಅಥವಾ "ಒಂದು ದಿನದ" ಪಂದ್ಯ ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ ಮತ್ತು ಹೆಚ್ಚು ರನ್‌ಗಳಿಸುವ ತಂಡ ಜಯಗಳಿಸುತ್ತದೆ ಇಲ್ಲಿ ತಂಡ ಎಷ್ಟು ವಿಕೇಟ್ ಕಳೆದುಕೊಂಡಿದೆ ಎಂಬುದನ್ನು ಗಮನಿಸಲಾಗುವುದಿಲ್ಲ, ಈ ಕಾರಣದಿಂದಾಗಿ ಪಂದ್ಯ ಡ್ರಾ ಆಗುವ ಸಾಧ್ಯತೆ ಇಲ್ಲ.ಒಂದು ವೇಳೆ ಈ ರೀತಿಯ ಪಂದ್ಯಗಳು ಹವಾಮಾನ ವೈಪರಿತ್ಯದ ಕಾರಣದಿಂದ ತಾತ್ಕಾಲಿಕವಾಗಿ ನಿಲುಗಡೆಯಾದರೆ, ಡಕ್‌ವರ್ಥ್‌ ಲೂವಿಸ್ ಎಂದು ಪ್ರಸಿದ್ಧಿಯಾದ ಸಂಕೀರ್ಣ ಗಣೀತಿಯ ಸಂಕೇತಗಳ ಮೂಲಕ ಹೊಸದಾದ ಅಂಕೆಗಳ ಸವಾಲನ್ನು ಒದಗಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.ಎರಡೂ ತಂಡಗಳು ನಿಗಧಿಪಡಿಸಿದ ಓವರ್‌ಗಳಿಗಿಂತ ಕಡಿಮೆ ಪ್ರಮಾಣದ ಓವರ್‌ ಅನ್ನು ಬೌಲ್‌ ಮಾಡಿದಾಗ ಒಂದು ದಿನದ ಪಂದ್ಯವನ್ನು ಕೂಡ ಫಲಿತಾಂಶ ರಹಿತ ಪಂದ್ಯವನ್ನಾಗಿ ಘೋಷಿಸಬಹುದಾಗಿದೆ. ಉದಾಹರಣೆಗೆ ತೇವಾಂಶ ವಾತಾವರಣದ ಕಾರಣ ನೀಡಿ. == ಹವಾಮಾನ == ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್ ಇದು ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ಒಣವಾತಾವರಣವಿರುವ ದಿನಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಆಡುವ ಕ್ರೀಡೆಯಾಗಿದೆ. ಆದರೂ ಕೂಡ ಹವಾಮಾನವು ಎಲ್ಲ ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್ ಪಂದ್ಯಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಮುಖ್ಯಪಾತ್ರ ವಹಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ನಿಗದಿಪಡಿಸಿದ ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್ ಪಂದ್ಯವನ್ನು ತೇವಾಂಶಪೂರಿತ ವಾತಾವರಣದಲ್ಲಿ ಆಡಲು ಸಾಧ್ಯವಾಗುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. ಒದ್ದೆಯಾದ ಮೈದಾನವು ಚೆಂಡಿನ ಪುಟಿಯುವಿಕೆಯ ಮೇಲೆ ಪರಿಣಾಮ ಬೀರುತ್ತದೆ. ಇದರಿಂದ ಚೆಂಡು ಸರಿಯಾದ ಗುರಿ ತಲುಪುವುದು ಸಾಧ್ಯವಾಗುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. ಇದು ಎಲ್ಲ ಆಟಗಾರರಿಗೂ ಸಮಸ್ಯೆಯನ್ನುಂಟುಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ. ಕೆಲವು ಮೈದಾನಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಮೈದಾನವನ್ನು ಮುಚ್ಚಿಡುವ ಅವಕಾಶ ಕೂಡ ಇರುತ್ತದೆ. (ಅಥವಾ ವಿಕೇಟ್)ಇಲ್ಲಿ ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸುವ ಮುಚ್ಚಳಿಕೆಯು ಒಂದು ರೀತಿಯ ಶೀಟ್ಸ್ ರೂಪದಲ್ಲಿ ಇರಬಹುದು ಇಲ್ಲವೆ ಕೇವಲ ವಿಕೇಟ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಮಾತ್ರ ಮುಚ್ಚುವ ಮುಚ್ಚಳಿಕೆಯಂತೆ ಇರಬಹುದಾಗಿದೆ (ಮಳೆಗಾಲದಲ್ಲಿ ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸುವ ಛತ್ರಿಯಂತೆ). ಅಥವಾ ಇದು ಒಂದು ರೀತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ವಿಕೇಟ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಏರ್‌ಟೈಟ್‌ ಮುಚ್ಚಳದಂತೆ ಕಾಪಾಡುವಂತಿರುತ್ತದೆ. ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ಎಲ್ಲ ಮೈದಾನಗಳಲ್ಲೂ ಪಿಚ್‌ ಬಿಟ್ಟು ಉಳಿದ ಮೈದಾನವನ್ನು ಮುಚ್ಚುವ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆ ಇರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. ಆದ್ದರಿಂದ ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ಕೆಟ್ಟಹವಾಮಾನವಿರುವ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಪಂದ್ಯವನ್ನು ಉಳಿದ ಮೈದಾನವು ಸರಿಯಿರದ ಕಾರಣ ನೀಡಿ ರದ್ದುಗೊಳಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್ ಆಟದಲ್ಲಿ ಪಾತ್ರವಹಿಸುವ ಇನ್ನೊಂದು ಮುಖ್ಯ ಕಾರಣ ಸಾಕಷ್ಟು ಬೆಳಕು. ಫ್ಲಡ್‌ಲೈಟ್ ಇಲ್ಲದ ಮೈದಾನದಲ್ಲಿ (ಅಥವಾ ಫ್ಲಡ್ ಲೈಟ್ ಬಳಕೆ ಮಾಡಲಾಗದ ಸ್ಠಿತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ) ಅಂಪೈರ್‌ಗಳು ಕೆಟ್ಟ ಬೆಳಕಿನ ಕಾರಣ ನೀಡಿ ಪಂದ್ಯವನ್ನು ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಮನ್‌ಗಳಿಗೆ ತಮ್ಮತ್ತ ಬರುವ ಬಾಲ್‌ನ್ನು ಗುರುತಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತಿಲ್ಲ ಎಂಬ ಕಾರಣ ನೀಡಿ ಅಥವಾ ಕೆಲವು ಬಾರಿ ಫಿಲ್ಡರ್‌ಗಳಿಗೆ ತಮ್ಮತ್ತ ಬರುವ ಬಾಲ್‌ ಗುರುತಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತಿಲ್ಲ ಎಂಬ ಕಾರಣ ನೀಡಿ ಪಂದ್ಯವನ್ನು ರದ್ದುಗೊಳಿಸಬಹುದಾಗಿದೆ. ಇನ್ನು ಕೆಲವು ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಉತ್ತಮ ಬೆಳಕು ಬೇಕಾಗುವ ಸಂದರ್ಭದಲ್ಲಿ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ಸಮನ್‌ ಸೈಟ್‌ಸ್ಕ್ರೀನ್‌ ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸಿಕೊಂಡು ತನ್ನತ್ತ ಬರುವ ಕೆಂಪು ಬಣ್ಣದ ಚೆಂಡನ್ನು ಗುರುತಿಸಲು ಸಹಾಯವಾಗುವಂತೆ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಲಬಹುದಾಗಿದೆ. ಹವಾಮಾನಕ್ಕೆ ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸಿದಂತೆ ಅಂಪೈರ‍್‌ಗಳು ಯಾವತ್ತೂ ಕೊನೆಯ ನಿರ್ಧಾರ ಕೈಗೊಳ್ಳುವವರಾಗಿರುತ್ತಾರೆ. == ಪಂದ್ಯದ ವಿವಿಧ ರೀತಿಗಳು == ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್ ಇದು ಬಹುಮುಖವುಳ್ಳ ಒಂದು ಕ್ರೀಡೆಯಾಗಿದ್ದು, ಸಾಧಾರಣವಾಗಿ ಇದನ್ನು ಮೇಜರ್‌ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್‌ ಮತ್ತು ಮೈನರ್‌ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್‌ ಎಂದು ಆಟದ ರೀತಿಯನ್ನು ಪರಿಗಣಿಸಿ ಎರಡು ವಿಧವಾಗಿ ವಿಂಗಡಿಸಬಹುದಾಗಿದೆ. ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ಈ ರೀತಿಯ ವಿಭಜನೆಯನ್ನು ಅದರಲ್ಲೂ ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ಮೇಜರ್ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್‌ಗೆ ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸಿದಂತೆ, ಇಲ್ಲಿ ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ಪಂದ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಎರಡು ಇನ್ನಿಂಗ್ಸ್‌ಗಳಿದ್ದು ಪ್ರತಿ ತಂಡಕ್ಕೆ ಒಂದು ಇನ್ನಿಂಗ್ಸ್‌ ಇರುತ್ತದೆ. ಮೊದಲ ಪ್ರಕಾರದ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್ ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ಫಸ್ಟ್ ಕ್ಲಾಸ್‌ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್ ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಇದು ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ಮೂರರಿಂದ ಐದು ದಿನಗಳ ಅವಧಿಯನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರುವಂತದ್ದಾಗಿದೆ (ಇವುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಸಮಯಾವಕಾಶದ ಮಿತಿಯೇ ಇಲ್ಲದೆ ಪಂದ್ಯಗಳು ನಡೆದ ಉದಾಹರಣೆ ಕೂಡ ಇದೆ); ಇನ್ನೊಂದು ಪ್ರಕಾರವನ್ನು ನಿರ್ಧಿಷ್ಟ ಓವರ್‌ಗಳ ಪಂದ್ಯ ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಏಕೆಂದರೆ ಇದರಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರತಿ ತಂಡಕ್ಕೆ ೫೦ ಓವರ್‌ಗಳ ಅವಕಾಶವನ್ನು ನೀಡಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಹಾಗೆಯೇ ಈ ಪಂದ್ಯಕ್ಕೆ ಒಂದು ದಿನದ ಕಾಲಾವಧಿಯನ್ನು ನೀಡಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ (ಪ್ರತಿಕೂಲ ಹವಾಮಾನ ಪರಿಸ್ಥಿತಿಯಿಂದಾಗಿ ಅಥವಾ ಇತರೆ ಕಾರಣಗಳಿಂದಾಗಿ ಪಂದ್ಯವನ್ನು ಮುಂದಿನ ದಿನಕ್ಕೆ ಮುಂದೂಡಬಹುದಾಗಿದೆ.) ಸಾಧಾರಣವಾಗಿ, ಎರಡು ಇನ್ನಿಂಗ್ಸ್‌ಗಳ ಪಂದ್ಯಾವಳಿಯು ಪ್ರತಿದಿನ ಸುಮಾರು ಆರು ಗಂಟೆಗಳ ಆಟದ ಅವಧಿಯನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರುತ್ತದೆ. ನಿರ್ಧಿಷ್ಟ ಓವರ್‌ಗಳ ಪಂದ್ಯಾವಳಿಯು ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ಆರು ಗಂಟೆಗಿಂತ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಅವಧಿಯನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರುತ್ತದೆ. ಪ್ರತಿ ಪಂದ್ಯಾವಳಿಯ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲೂ ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಊಟಕ್ಕಾಗಿ, ಟೀ ವಿರಾಮಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ಹಾಗೂ ತಂಪುಪಾನೀಯ ಸೇವನೆಗಾಗಿ ವಿರಾಮ ನೀಡಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಹಾಗೆಯೇ ಪ್ರತೀ ಇನ್ನಿಂಗ್ಸ್‌ ನಡುವೆ ಸಣ್ಣ ವಿರಾಮವನ್ನು ಕೂಡ ನೀಡಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಐತಿಹಾಸಿಕವಾಗಿ, ಒಂದೇ ವಿಕೇಟ್‌ನ ಆಟವಾದ ಸಿಂಗಲ್ ವಿಕೇಟ್ ಆಟವನ್ನು ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್ ಎಂದು ಪರಿಗಣಿಸಲಾಗಿತ್ತು ಹಾಗೂ ಯಶಸ್ವಿ ಕೂಡಾ ಆಗಿತ್ತು. ೧೮ ಮತ್ತು ೧೯ನೇ ಶತಮಾನದ ಈ ಆಟದ ಕೆಲವು ಪಂದ್ಯಗಳು ಮೇಜರ್‌ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್‌ ಪಂದ್ಯಕ್ಕೆ ಸಮನಾಗುವ ಗುಣಮಟ್ಟವನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದವು. ಈ ಆಟದಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರತೀ ತಂಡವು ಒಂದರಿಂದ ಆರು ಆಟಗಾರರನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರುತ್ತದೆ. ಆದರೆ ಒಮ್ಮೆ ಒಬ್ಬ ಆಟಗಾರ ಮಾತ್ರ ಪ್ರತೀ ಎಸೆತವನ್ನು ತನ್ನ ಇನ್ನಿಂಗ್ಸ್‌ ಮುಗಿಯುವವರೆಗೆ ಎದುರಿಸಬೇಕಾಗುತ್ತಿತ್ತು. ನಿರ್ಧಿಷ್ಟ ಓವರ್‌ಗಳ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್ ಪ್ರಾರಂಭವಾದಂದಿನಿಂದ ಸಿಂಗಲ್‌ ವಿಕೇಟ್‌ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್‌ ತೆರೆಮರೆಗೆ ಸರಿದಿದೆ. === ಟೆಸ್ಟ್‌ ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್‌ === {{Main|ಟೆಸ್ಟ್ ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್}} [[ಚಿತ್ರ:England vs South Africa.jpg|thumb|250px|ಜನೆವರಿ 2005 ರಲ್ಲಿನ ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಆಪ್ರಿಕ ಮತ್ತು ಇಂಗ್ಲೆಂಡ್ ನಡುವಿನ ಒಂದು ಟೆಸ್ಟ್ ಪಂದ್ಯಕಪ್ಪು ಬಣ್ಣದ ಮೇಲಂಗಿಯನ್ನು ತೊಟ್ಟಿರುವವರು ತೀರ್ಪುಗಾರರು ಟೆಸ್ಟ್ ಪಂದ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ, ಮೊದಲ ದರ್ಜೆಯ ಆಟದಲ್ಲಿ ಮತ್ತು ಕ್ಲಬ್ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟಿನಲ್ಲಿ ತಂಡದ ಆಟಗಾರರು ಸಾಂಪ್ರದಾಯಿಕ ಬಿಳಿ ಬಣ್ಣದ ಸಮವಸ್ತ್ರವನ್ನು ಧರಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ ಹಾಗು ಕೆಂಪು ಬಣ್ನದ ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್ ಬಾಲನ್ನು ಬಳಸುತ್ತಾರೆ.]] ಟೆಸ್ಟ್‌ ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್‌ ಇದು ಅತ್ಯುನ್ನತ ಮಟ್ಟದ ಫಸ್ಟ್‌ಕ್ಲಾಸ್‌ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್‌ ಆಗಿದೆ. ಐಸಿಸಿಯೊಂದಿಗೆ ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣ ಸದಸ್ಯತ್ವ ಹೊಂದಿರುವ ದೇಶಗಳ ತಂಡಗಳ ನಡುವೆ ಅಂತರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಒಪ್ಪಂದದ ಪ್ರಕಾರ ಟೆಸ್ಟ್ ಪಂದ್ಯವು ನಿರ್ದರಿಸಲ್ಪಡುತ್ತದೆ. ’ಟೆಸ್ಟ್ ಪಂದ್ಯ’ ಎಂಬ ಪದವನ್ನು ತೀರಾ ಹಿಂದೆ ಅಲ್ಲದಿದ್ದರೂ, ಟೆಸ್ತ್‌ ಪಂದ್ಯಗಳು ಆಸ್ಟ್ರೇಲಿಯಾ ಮತ್ತು [[ಋತು|ಇಂಗ್ಲಂಡ್]] ನಡುವೆ 1876-77ರಲ್ಲಿ ನಡೆದ ಆಸ್ಟ್ರೇಲಿಯನ್ ಸಿಸನ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ನಡೆದ ಎರಡು ಪಂದ್ಯಗಳಿಂದ ಪ್ರಾರಂಭವಾಯಿತು. ಮುಂದೆ ಎಂಟು ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ತಂಡಗಳು ಟೆಸ್ಟ್ ಪಂದ್ಯವಾಡುವ ಅರ್ಹತೆಯನ್ನು ಪಡೆದುಕೊಂಡವು: ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಆಫ್ರಿಕಾ (೧೮೮೯), ವೆಸ್ಟ್‌ಇಂಡಿಸ್‌ (೧೯೨೮), ನ್ಯೂಜಿಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್ (೧೯೨೯), ಭಾರತ (೧೯೩೨), ಪಾಕಿಸ್ತಾನ (೧೯೫೨), ಶ್ರೀಲಂಕಾ (೧೯೮೨), ಜಿಂಬಾಬ್ವೆ (೧೯೯೨), ಮತ್ತು ಬಾಂಗ್ಲಾದೇಶ (೨೦೦೦). ಹಾಗೆಯೇ ಜಿಂಬಾಬ್ವೆ ೨೦೦೬ರಲ್ಲಿ ಟೆಸ್ಟ್‌ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್‌ನ ಅರ್ಹತೆಯನ್ನು ಪಡೆದ ಇತರ ತಂಡಗಳ ಜೊತೆಗೆ ಸ್ಪರ್ಧಿಸಲಾಗದ್ದರಿಂದ ತನ್ನ ಟೆಸ್ಟ್ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್ ಅರ್ಹತೆಯನ್ನು ಕಳೆದುಕೊಂಡಿತು. ಈಗ ಹೊಸಾದಾಗಿ ಅದು ಟೆಸ್ಟ್ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್ ಪಂದ್ಯವನ್ನಾಡುವ ಅರ್ಹತೆಯನ್ನು ಪಡೆಯಬೇಕಾಗಿದೆ.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/other_international/zimbabwe/4625900.stm BBC Sport – Zimbabwe revokes Test status]. ೨೮ ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೦೮ರಂದು ಪತ್ತೆಹಚ್ಚಲಾಯಿತು.</ref> ವೆಲ್ಶ್‌ ಆಟಗಾರರು ಇಂಗ್ಲಂಡ್ ತಂಡಕ್ಕೆ ಆಡುವ ಅರ್ಹತೆಯನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದು ಇಂಗ್ಲಂಡ್ ಮತ್ತು ವೇಲ್ಸ್‌ ತಂಡಗಳ ನಡುವೆ ಹೊಂದಾಣಿಕೆಯಿಂದ ಇದು ಸಾಧ್ಯವಾಗಿದೆ. ವೆಸ್ಟ್‌ಇಂಡಿಸ್‌ ತಂಡವು ಆಟಗಾರರನ್ನು ಕೆರಿಬಿಯನ್, ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ಬಾರ್ಬಡೋಸ್‌, ಗಯಾನ, ಜಮೈಕಾ, ಟ್ರಿನಿಡಾಡ್, ಟೊಬಾಗೊ ಹಾಗೂ ಲೀವಾರ್ಡ್ ದ್ವೀಪ ಮತ್ತು ವಿನ್‌ವಾರ್ಡ್ ದ್ವೀಪಗಳ ಬೇರೆ ಬೇರೆ ರಾಜ್ಯಗಳಿಂದ ಆಯ್ಕೆ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತದೆ. ಎರಡು ತಂಡಗಳ ನಡುವೆ ನಡೆಯುವ ಟೆಸ್ಟ್‌ಪಂದ್ಯಾವಳಿಯನ್ನು ಕೆಲವು ಪಂದ್ಯಗಳನ್ನು ಈ ತಂಡಗಳ ನಡುವೆ ಆಡಿಸುವ ಮೂಲಕ ನಡೆಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಇದನ್ನು "ಸರಣಿ" ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಪಂದ್ಯವು ಐದುದಿನಗಳವರೆಗೆ ಮುಂದುವರೆಯಲಿದ್ದು ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಒಂದು ಸರಣಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಮೂರರಿಂದ ಐದು ಪಂದ್ಯಗಳು ಇರುತ್ತವೆ. ನಿಗದಿತ ಸಮಯದೊಳಗೆ ಮುಗಿಯದ ಟೆಸ್ಟ್‌ಪಂದ್ಯಗಳನ್ನು ಡ್ರಾ ಎಂದು ಪರಿಗಣಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ೧೮೮೨ರಿಂದ ಇಂಗ್ಲಂಡ್ ಮತ್ತು ಆಸ್ಟ್ರೇಲಿಯಾ ನಡುವೆ ಆ‍ಯ್‌ಶಸ್‌ ಸರಣಿ ಟ್ರೋಫಿಗಾಗಿ ಅತಿಹೆಚ್ಚು ಟೆಸ್ಟ್‌ ಪಂದ್ಯಗಳು ನಡೆದಿವೆ. ಉಳಿದ ಕೆಲವು ಸರಣಿಗಳು ವೈಯುಕ್ತಿಕ ಟ್ರೋಫಿಯನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿವೆ : ಉದಾಹರಣೆಗೆ, ದಿ ವಿಸ್ಡನ್ ಟ್ರೋಫಿ ಇದು ಇಂಗ್ಲಂಡ್ ಮತ್ತು ವೆಸ್ಟ್ಟ್‌ಇಂಡಿಸ್ ನಡುವೆ ನಡೆಯುತ್ತದೆ, ಫ್ರಾಂಕ್‌ವೊರೆಲ್ ಟ್ರೋಫಿ ಇದು ಆಸ್ಟ್ರೇಲಿಯಾ ಮತ್ತು ವೆಸ್ಟ್‌ಇಂಡಿಸ್ ನಡುವೆ ನಡೆಯುತ್ತದೆ. === ನಿಗದಿತ ಓವರ್‌ಗಳು === [[ಚಿತ್ರ:Australia vs India.jpg|thumb|250px|ಜನೆವರಿ 2004ರಲ್ಲಿ ಭಾರತ ಮತ್ತು ಆಸ್ಟ್ರೇಲಿಯಾ ನಡುವಿನ ಒಂದು ಪಂದ್ಯ ಕಪ್ಪು ಬಣ್ಣದ ಮೇಲಂಗಿಯನ್ನು ತೊಟ್ಟಿರುವವರು ತೀರ್ಪುಗಾರರುODIs ಮತ್ತು T20s ತರಹದ ಸೀಮಿತ ಒವರುಗಳ ಆಟದಲ್ಲಿ ವಿವಿಧ ಬಣ್ಣಗಳ ಸಮವತ್ರವನ್ನು ಧರಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ ಮತ್ತು ಬಿಳಿಯ ಬಣ್ಣದ ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್ ಬೌಲನ್ನು ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.]] ಈಗ ನಡೆಯುತ್ತಿರುವ ನಿಗದಿತ ಓವರ್‌ಗಳ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್ ಅನ್ನು ಇಂಗ್ಲಂಡ್ ೧೯೬೩ರ ಸೀಸನ್‌ನ ’ನಾಕ್‌ ಔಟ್‌ ಕಪ್”ನಲ್ಲಿ ಭಾಗವಹಿಸಿದ್ದ ಮೊದಲ ದರ್ಜೆಯ ಕೌಂಟಿ ಕ್ಲಬ್‌ಗಳ ಜೊತೆಗೆ ಮೊದಲು ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಿಸಿತು. ೧೯೬೯ರಲ್ಲಿ ನ್ಯಾಷನಲ್ ಲೀಗ್‌ ಸ್ಪರ್ಧೆ ಸ್ಥಾಪಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿತು. ಹಂತಹಂತವಾಗಿ ಈ ರೀತಿಯ ಪಂದ್ಯವನ್ನು ಇನ್ನುಳಿದ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್ ಆಡುವ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಗಳಿಗೂ ವಿಸ್ತರಿಸಲಾಯ್ತು. ೧೯೭೧ರಲ್ಲಿ ಮೊದಲ ನಿಗಧಿತ ಓವರ್‌ಗಳ ಅಂತರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಮಟ್ಟದ ಪಂದ್ಯವನ್ನು ಆಡಲಾಯಿತು. ೧೯೭೫ರಲ್ಲಿ ಮೊದಲ ವಿಶ್ವಕಪ್‌ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್ ಪಂದ್ಯವು ಇಂಗ್ಲಂಡ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ನಡೆಯಿತು. ನಿಗಧಿತ ಓವರ್‌ಗಳ ಪಂದ್ಯಗಳು ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಹಲವು ಹೊಸತನದ ಆವಿಷ್ಕಾರಕ್ಕೆ ಕಾರಣವಾದವು. ಅವುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಬಹುವಿಧ ಬಣ್ಣಗಳ ಕಿಟ್‌ಬಳಕೆ, ಬಿಳಿ ಬಣ್ಣದ ಚೆಂಡು ಬಳಸಿ ಆಡುವ ಹೊನಲು ಬೆಳಕಿನ ಪಂದ್ಯಗಳನ್ನು ಹೆಸರಿಸಬಹುದು. ಪಂದ್ಯವೊಂದಕ್ಕೆ ದಿನದ ಅವದಿ ನೀಡುವುದರಿಂದ ಅಂತಹ ಪಂದ್ಯಗಳನ್ನು ’ಒಂದು ದಿನದ ಪಂದ್ಯಗಳ” ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಯಿತು. ಅಂತರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಮಟ್ಟದಲ್ಲಿ ಆಡಲಾಗುತ್ತಿರುವ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಚಾಲ್ತಿಯಲ್ಲಿರುವ ನಿಗದಿತ ಓವರ್‌ಗಳ ಪಂದ್ಯಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಇದು ಮುಖ್ಯವಾದುದಾಗಿದೆ. ಕೆಲವು ನಿರ್ಧಿಷ್ಟ ಅಂಶಗಳಿದ್ದಾಗ ಮಾತ್ರ ಅಂದರೆ ಕೆಟ್ಟ ಹವಾಮಾನದಿಂದಾಗಿ ಆಟಕ್ಕೆ ತೊಂದರೆ ಉಂಟಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಅಥವಾ ಇನ್ನುಳಿದ ಯಾವುದೋ ಕಾರಣದಿಂದಾಗಿ ತೊಂದರೆ ಉಂಟಾದಲ್ಲ್ಲಿ ಮಾತ್ರ ಪಂದ್ಯವನ್ನು ಮುಂದಿನ ದಿನಕ್ಕೆ ಮುಂದೂಡಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ನಿಗಧಿತ ಓವರ್‌ಗಳ ಪಂದ್ಯಗಳ ಮುಖ್ಯ ಉದ್ದೇಶವೆಂದರೆ ನಿಖರವಾದ ಫಲಿತಾಂಶವನ್ನು ಹೊರಗೆಡಹುವುದು ಹಾಗೂ ಇದರಿಂದ ಪಂದ್ಯ ಡ್ರಾ ಆಗದೇ ಇರುವ ರೀತಿ ನೋಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವುದು. ಆದರೆ ಸ್ಕೋರ್‌ಗಳು ಸಮನಾದಾಗ ಅಥವಾ ಕೆಟ್ಟ ಹವಾಮಾನದಿಂದಾಗಿ ಪಂದ್ಯಗಳು ನಿಖರವಾದ ಫಲಿತಾಂಶದ ನಿರ್ಧಾರಕ್ಕೆ ಬರದೇ ಇರಬಹುದಾಗಿದೆ. ಪ್ರತಿ ತಂಡವು ಒಂದು ಇನ್ನಿಂಗ್ಸ್‌ ಆಟವಾಡವಾಡಬೇಕಾಗಿದ್ದು ನಿಗಧಿತ ಓವರ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಎದುರಿಸಬೇಕಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ಇದು ೫೦ ಓವರ್‌ಗಳ ಪಂದ್ಯವಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ. ವಿಶ್ವಕಪ್‌ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್ ಪಂದ್ಯಾವಳಿಯನ್ನು ಒಂದು ದಿನದ ಪಂದ್ಯಾವಳಿಯ ರೀತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ನಡೆಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಕಳೆದ ಬಾರಿಯ ವಿಶ್ವಕಪ್‌‍ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್‌ ಪಂದ್ಯಾವಳಿಯು ೨೦೦೭ರಲ್ಲಿ ನಡೆದಿದ್ದು ಈ ಸರಣಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಆಸ್ಟ್ರೇಲಿಯಾ ತಂಡವು ವಿಶ್ವಕಪ್‌ ಅನ್ನು ತನ್ನದಾಗಿಸಿಕೊಂಡಿತು. ಮುಂದಿನ ವಿಶ್ವಕಪ್‌ ಪಂದ್ಯಾವಳಿಯು ೨೦೧೧ರಲ್ಲಿ ನಡೆಯಲಿದ್ದು ಭಾರತ, ಬಾಂಗ್ಲಾದೇಶ ಮತ್ತು ಶ್ರೀಲಂಕಾ ಸೇರಿ ಈ ಸರಣಿಯನ್ನು ಆಯೋಜಿಸುತ್ತಿವೆ. [[ಟ್ವೆಂಟಿ೨೦|ಟ್ವೆಂಟಿ 20]] ಇತ್ತೀಚ್ಚೆಗೆ ಪ್ರಾರಂಭವಾಗಿದ್ದು ಇದೂ ಕೂಡ ನಿಗಧಿತ ಓವರ್‌ಗಳ ಪಂದ್ಯದ ಪಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ಸೇರುತ್ತದೆ. ಪಂದ್ಯವನ್ನು ಮೂರು ತಾಸುಗಳ ಒಳಗೆ ಮುಗಿಸುವ ಉದ್ದೇಶವನ್ನು ಇದು ಹೊಂದಿರುತ್ತದೆ. ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ಸಂಜೆಯ ಅವಧಿಯಲ್ಲಿ. ಮುಖ್ಯವಾಗಿ ೨೦೦೩ರಲ್ಲಿ ಕೆಲಸಗಾರರಿಗೆ ಸಂಜೆ ಸಮಯದ ಮನರಂಜನೆಯಾಗಿ ಈ ರೀತಿಯ ಪಂದ್ಯವನ್ನು ಇಂಗ್ಲಂಡ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಪರಿಚಯಿಸಲಾಯಿತು. ಇದು ವಾಣಿಜ್ಯಿಕವಾಗಿ ಯಶಸ್ವಿಯಾಗಿದ್ದರಿಂದ ಇದನ್ನು ಅಂತರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಮಟ್ಟದಲ್ಲಿ ಅಳವಡಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲಾಯ್ತು. ೨೦೦೭ರಲ್ಲಿ ನಡೆದ ಉದ್ಘಾಟನೆಯ ಟ್ವೆಂಟಿ20 ವಿಶ್ವ ಚಾಂಪಿಯನ್‌ಶಿಪ್ ಪಂದ್ಯಾವಳಿಯನ್ನು ಭಾರತ ಗೆದ್ದುಕೊಂಡಿತು. 2009ರ ವಿಶ್ವ ಟ್ವೆಂಟಿ20 ಚಾಂಪಿಯನ್‌ಶಿಪ್ ಪಂದ್ಯಾವಳಿಯನ್ನು ಇಂಗ್ಲಂಡನಲ್ಲಿ ಏರ್ಪಡಿಸಲಾಗಿತ್ತು ಹಾಗೂ ಈ ಸರಣಿಯನ್ನು ಪಾಕಿಸ್ತಾನ ತನ್ನದಾಗಿಸಿಕೊಂಡಿತು. ಮುಂದಿನ ಟ್ವೆಂಟಿ೨೦ ಪಂದ್ಯಾವಳಿ ಸರಣಿಯನ್ನು ವೆಸ್ಟ್‌ಇಂಡಿಸ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ನಡೆಸಲು ನಿರ್ಧರಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ. ಐಸಿಸಿ ವರ್ಲ್ಡ್‌ ಟ್ವೆಂಟಿ20 ಉದ್ಗಾಟನೆಯ ನಂತರದಲ್ಲಿ ಬಹಳಷ್ಟು ಟ್ವೆಂಟಿ೨೦ ಲೀಗ್‌ಗಳು ಹುಟ್ಟಿಕೊಂಡವು. ಅವುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಮೊದಲನೆಯದು ಇಂಡಿಯನ್‌ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್‌ ಲೀಗ್ ಇದನ್ನು ಬಂಡಾಯದ ಲೀಗ್‌ ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಬಿಸಿಸಿಐನಿಂದ ಇದು ಅಂಗೀಕೃತವಾಗದ ಕಾರಣ ಬಿಸಿಸಿಐ [[ಇಂಡಿಯನ್ ಪ್ರೀಮಿಯರ್ ಲೀಗ್|ಇಂಡಿಯನ್‌ ಪ್ರಿಮಿಯರ್‌ ಲೀಗ್‌]] ಎಂಬ ಅಧಿಕೃತ ಲೀಗ್‌ಅನ್ನು ಹುಟ್ಟು ಹಾಕಿತು. ಈ ಎರಡೂ ಲೀಗ್‌ಗಳು ಶ್ರೀಮಂತವಾಗಿದ್ದು ಪ್ರಪಂಚದಾದ್ಯಂತದಿಂದ ಇವುಗಳಿಗೆ ಉತ್ತಮ ಪ್ರತಿಕ್ರಿಯೆ ವ್ಯಕ್ತವಾಯಿತು. ಇತ್ತೀಚೆಗೆ ಟ್ವೆಂಟಿ20 ಚಾಂಪಿಯನ್ಸ್‌ ಲೀಗ್ ಅನ್ನು ಬೇರ‍ೆ ಬೇರೆ ದೇಶಗಳ ಸ್ಥಳೀಯ ಕ್ಲಬ್‌ಗಳ ಸಲುವಾಗಿ ಮಾಡಲಾಯಿತು. === ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಚಾಂಪಿಯನ್‌ಶಿಪ್ಸ್‌ === [[ಚಿತ್ರ:Yorkshire-CCC-1895.jpg|250px|thumb|1895ರಲ್ಲಿನ ಯಾಕ್೯ಶೈರ್ ಪ್ರಾಂತೀಯ ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್ ಮಂಡಳಿ 1893ರಲ್ಲಿ 30 ಕೌಂಟಿ ಚಾಂಪಿಯನ್‌ಶಿಪ್ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿಯನ್ನು ಗೆದ್ದ ಮೊದಲ ತಂಡ.]] ಪ್ರಥಮ ದರ್ಜೆಯ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್, ಇದು ಟೆಸ್ಟ್ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್‌ ಅನ್ನು ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿದ್ದರೂ ಕೂಡ ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಐಸಿಸಿ ಸದಸ್ಯತ್ವ ಹೊಂದಿರುವ ತಂಡಗಳು ಸ್ಥಳೀಯವಾಗಿ ಆಡುವ ಆಟವನ್ನು ಕೂಡಾ ಪ್ರಥಮ ದರ್ಜೆಯ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್‌ಗೆ ಸೇರಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಇಂಗ್ಲಂಡ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಥಮ ದರ್ಜೆಯ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್‌ ಆಟವನ್ನು ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ೧೮ಕೌಂಟಿ ಕ್ಲಬ್‌ನಿಂದ ಆಡಲಾಗುತ್ತಿದ್ದು ಇದನ್ನು ಕೌಂಟಿ ಚಾಂಪಿಯನ್‌ಶಿಪ್ ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಚಾಂಪಿಯನ್‌ ಕೌಂಟಿಯ ಪರಿಕಲ್ಪನೆಯು ೧೮ನೇ ಶತಮಾನದಿಂದ ಇದ್ದು ಅದಿಕೃತವಾಗ್ಇ ೧೮೯೦ರವರೆಗೆ ಇದು ಚಾಲ್ತಿಗೆ ಬಂದಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ. ಈ ರೀತಿಯ ಕ್ಲಬ್‌ಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಯಾರ್ಕ್‌ಶೈರ್ ಕೌಂಟಿ ಕ್ಲಬ್‌ ಪ್ರಸಿದ್ಧವಾದುದು. ಇದು ಸುಮಾರು ೩೦ ಅಧಿಕೃತ ಶಿರೋನಾಮೆಯನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದೆ. ಆಸ್ಟ್ರೇಲಿಯಾ ೧೮೯೨-೯೩ರಲ್ಲಿ ಶೆಫಿಲ್ಡ್‌ ಶೀಲ್ಡ್‌ ಅನ್ನು ಪರಿಚಯಿಸುವ ಮೂಲಕ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಪ್ರಥಮ ದರ್ಜೆ ಚಾಂಪಿಯನ್‌ಶಿಪ್ ಪ್ರಾರಂಬಿಸಿತು. ಆಸ್ಟ್ರೇಲಿಯಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಥ್ಗಮ ದರ್ಜೆ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್‌ನ ತಂಡವನ್ನು ಅಲ್ಲಿಯ ಬೇರೆ ಬೇರೆ ರಾಜ್ಯಗಳು ಪ್ರತಿನಿಧಿಸುತ್ತವೆ. ೨೦೦೮ರಲ್ಲಿ ನ್ಯೂ ಸೌಥ್‌ ವ್ಹೇಲ್ಸ್‌ ಇದು ೪೫ ಸರಣಿಗಳನ್ನು ಗೆಲ್ಲುವ ಮೂಲಕ ಅತಿಹೆಚ್ಚು ಜಯಗಳಿಸಿದ ತಂಡ ಎಂದು ಹೆಸರು ಪಡೆದುಕೊಂಡಿತು. ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಚಾಂಪಿಯನ್‌ಶಿಪ್ ಟ್ರೋಪಿಗಳು ಎಲ್ಲೆಡೆ ಚಾಲ್ತಿಯಲ್ಲಿದ್ದು ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿ ರಣಜಿ ಟ್ರೋಪಿ, ನ್ಯೂಜಿಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ಲಂಕೆಟ್‌ ಶೀಲ್ಡ್‌, ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಆಫ್ರಿಕಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಕರ್ರಿ ಕಪ್, ವೆಸ್ಟ್‌ಇಂಡಿಸ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಶೆಲ್‌ಶಿಲ್ಡ್‌ ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.ಇವುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಕೆಲವನ್ನು ಇತ್ತೀಚೆಗೆ ಹೆಸರು ಬದಲು ಮಾಡಲಾಗಿದೆ ಸ್ಥಳೀಯ ನಿಗದಿತ ಓವರ್‌ನ ಪಂದ್ಯಾವಳಿಗಳು ೧೯೬೩ರಲ್ಲಿ ಇಂಗ್ಲಂಡ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ನಾಕ್‌ಔಟ್‌ ರೀತಿಯ ಜಿಲೆಟ್‌ ಕಪ್ ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಿಸಿದಾಗ ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಗೊಂಡವು. ವಿವಿಧ ದೇಶಗಳು ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ಆಗಾಗ ನಾಕ್‌ಔಟ್ ಹಾಗೂ ಲೀಗ್‌ ರೀತಿಯ ಪಂದ್ಯಗಳನ್ನು ಏರ್ಪಡಿಸುತ್ತಿರುತ್ತವೆ. ಇತ್ತೀಚಿನ ವರ್ಷಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಟ್ವೆಂಟಿ೨೦ ಸ್ಪರ್ಧೆಗಳನ್ನು ಪರಿಚಯಿಸಲಾಗಿದ್ದು ಇವು ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ನಾಕ್‌ಔಟ್‌ ರೀತಿಯ ಪಂದ್ಯಗಳಾಗಿದ್ದು ಕೆಲವೊಮ್ಮೆ ಮಿನಿ-ಲೀಗ್‌ ಪಂದ್ಯಗಳನ್ನು ಅಳವಡಿಸಲಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ. === ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್‌ನ ಇನ್ನೀತರ ವಿಧಗಳು === {{Main|Forms of cricket}} ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್‌ ಅಸಾಂಪ್ರದಾಯಿಕ ಬದಲಾವಣೆಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರುವ ಹಲವಾರು ಕ್ರೀಡೆಗಳು ಇಂದು ಚಾಲ್ತಿಯಲ್ಲಿವೆ. ಅವುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಒಳಾಂಗಣ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್, ಬೀಚ್‌ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್, ಕ್ವಿಕ್ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್ ಮತ್ತು ಕೆಲವು ಕಾರ್ಡ್ ಆಟಗಳು ಹಾಗೂ ಬೋರ್ಡ್ ಆಟಗಳು ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್‌ನಿಂದ ಸ್ಪೂರ್ತಿ ಪಡೆದುಕೊಂಡಿವೆ. ಈ ಎಲ್ಲ ಆಟಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ನಿಯಮಗಳನ್ನು ಅಗತ್ಯಕ್ಕೆ ತಕ್ಕಂತೆ ಸ್ಪರ್ಧಿಗಳು ಆಟವನ್ನು ಆಸ್ವಾಧಿಸುವಂತೆ ಸಾಕಷ್ಟು ಬದಲಾವಣೆ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲಾಗಿದೆ. ಒಳಾಂಗಣ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್‌ ಅನ್ನು ನೆಟ್‌ಗಳ ನಡುವೆ ಒಳಾಂಗಣ ಪ್ರದೇಶದಲ್ಲಿ ಆಡಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಇದು ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ಸಾಂಪ್ರದಾಯಿಕವಾಗಿದ್ದು ಉಳಿದ ಹೊರಾಂಗಾಣ ಆಟಗಳು ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ಅಸಾಂಪ್ರದಾಯಿಕವಾಗಿರುತ್ತವೆ. [[ಚಿತ್ರ:Cricket Scene Sarhad..jpg|left|thumb|250px|ಉದ್ಯಾನವನದ ತಾತ್ಕಾಲಿಕ ಪಿಚ್‌ ಮೇಲೆ ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್ ಆಡುತ್ತಿರುವ ಮಕ್ಕಳು. ಹಲವಾರು ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಜನರು ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್ ಆಟವನ್ನು ಪಿಚ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಅಥವಾ ತಾತ್ಕಾಲಿಕ ಮೈದಾನದಲ್ಲಿ ಆಡುವುದು ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿದೆ]] ಕುಟುಂಬದವರು ಹಾಗೂ ಯುವಕರು, ಅರೆಪಟ್ಟಣ ಪ್ರದೇಶದಲ್ಲಿ ಆಡುವ ಬ್ಯಾಕ್‌ಯಾರ್ಡ್ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್‌ ಆಟವು ಎಲ್ಲೆಡೆ ಪ್ರಸಿದ್ಧವಾಗಿದೆ. ಭಾರತದ ತಂಡಕ್ಕೆ ಆಟಗಾರರನ್ನು ಒದಗಿಸುವ ಬಹುತೇಕ ಇಲ್ಲಿನ ಪಟ್ಟಣಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಗಲ್ಲಿ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್ ಪ್ರಸಿದ್ಧವಾಗಿದೆ. ಇಲ್ಲಿಯ ಹುಡುಗರು ಉದ್ದನೆಯ ರಸ್ತೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್‌ ಆಡುವ ದೃಶ್ಯ ಸರ್ವೇ ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಕಾಣುತ್ತದೆ. ಕೆಲ ಸಮಯಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ನಿಯಮಗಳನ್ನು ಉತ್ತಮಗೊಳಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ : ಉದಾಹರಣೆಗೆ ಫೀಲ್ಡ್ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿರುವವರು ತಮ್ಮತ್ತ ಬರುವ ಚೆಂಡನ್ನು ಒಮ್ಮೆ ನೆಲಕ್ಕೆ ಬಿದ್ದು ಪುಟಿದಾಗ ಹಿಡಿಯುವ ಅವಕಾಶ ಇದೆ ಹಾಗೂ ಇಂತಹ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್‌ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿರುವವನು ಔಟ್ ಎಂದು ಘೊಷಿಸಬಹುದಾಗಿದೆ. ಟೆನ್ನಿಸ್‌ಬಾಲ್‌ ಹಾಗೂ ಮನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಮಾಡಿದ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್‌ನಿಂದ ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ಆಟ ಆಡಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಬೇರೆ ಬೇರೆ ರೀತಿಯ ವಸ್ತುಗಳು ಇಲ್ಲಿ ಸ್ಟಂಪ್ ಆಗಿ ಕಾರ್ಯನಿರ್ವಹಿಸುತ್ತವೆ. ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್‌ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಬ್ಯಾಟರ್ಸ್‌ಲೆಗ್‌ ಅನ್ನು ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಆದರೆ ಅದು ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಹುಟ್ಟಿದ್ದು ಅಲ್ಲ, ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ಸಣ್ಣ ಮಕ್ಕಳು ಇದನ್ನು ಬಳಸಿ ಆಟ ಆಡುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಕ್ವಿಕ್‌ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಚೆಂಡು ಎಸೆಯುವವನು ಬ್ಯಾಟ್‌ಮಾಡುವವನು ಸನ್ನದ್ಧನಾಗುವವರೆಗೆ ಕಾಯುವ ಅಗತ್ಯವಿಲ್ಲ. ಇದು ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಚಟುವಟಿಕೆ ಬಯಸುವ ಆಟವಾಗಿದ್ದು ಮಕ್ಕಳಿಗಾಗಿ ರೂಪಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ಇದನ್ನು ಇಂಗ್ಲೀಷ್ ಮಾಧ್ಯಮದ ಶಾಲೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ದೈಹಿಕ ಶಿಕ್ಷಣದಲ್ಲಿ ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಇನ್ನೊಂದು ಬದಲಾವಣೆಯಾಗಿ ಆಟದಲ್ಲಿ ಟಿಪ್‌ ಅಂಡ್ ರನ್‌ ರೀತಿಯನ್ನು ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಇದನ್ನು ಟಿಪಿಟಿ ರನ್‌, ಟಿಪ್ಸಿ ರನ್‌ ಅಥವಾ ಟಿಪ್ಪಿ-ಗೊ ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಇಲ್ಲಿ ಚೆಂಡು ಬ್ಯಾಟ್‌ಗೆ ಬಡಿದರೆ ಅಥವಾ ಚೂರು ತಾಕಿದರೂ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿ ರನ್‌ ಓಡಬಹುದು. ಇಲ್ಲಿ ಚೆಂಡು ಪ್ರಜ್ಞಾ ಪೂರ್ವಕವಾಗಿಯೇ ತಾಕಬೇಕೆಂದೇನು ಇಲ್ಲ. ಈ ರೀತಿಯ ನಿಯಮ ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ಪೂರ್ವ ಸಿದ್ಧತೆಯಿಲ್ಲದ ಆಟದಲ್ಲಿ ಕಂಡುಬರುತ್ತದೆ. ಬ್ಯಾಟ್‌ ಮಾಡುವವನು ಬಾಲ್‌ ತಡೆಯುವುದನ್ನು ತಪ್ಪಿಸುವಂತೆ ಬಾಲ್‌ ಮಾಡುವುದು ಮುಖ್ಯ ಉದ್ದೇಶವಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ. ಸಮೋವಾ ಪ್ರದೇಶಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಆಡುವ ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್‌‌ಗೆ ಕಿಲಿಕಿಟಿ ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ ಇದನ್ನು ಹಾಕಿ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್‌ನ ರೀತಿಯಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಆಡಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಮೂಲ ಇಂಗ್ಲೀಷ್‌ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ೧೭೬೦ರ ನಂತರದಲ್ಲಿ ಬಾಲರ್‌ಗಳು ಬಾಲ್‌ ಅನ್ನು ನೇರ‍ವಾಗಿ ಎಸೆಯದೇ ಪುಟಿಸಿ ಹಾಕುವ ರೀತಿಯನ್ನು ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಿಸಿದ ನಂತರ ಹಾಕಿ ಸ್ಟಿಕ್‌ ರೀತಿಯ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್‌ ಬದಲಾಗಿ ಇವತ್ತಿನ ನೇರವಾದ ರೀತಿಯ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್‌ ಬಳಕೆ ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಿಸಲಾಯಿತು. ಈಸ್ಟೋನಿಯಾದಲ್ಲಿ ತಂಡಗಳು ಚಳಿಗಾಲದಲ್ಲಿ ವರ್ಷಕ್ಕೊಮ್ಮೆ ಐಸ್‌ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್‌ ಟೂರ್ನಾಮೆಂಟ್‌ಗಾಗಿ ಒಟ್ಟು ಸೇರುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಈ ಆಟವು ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಬೇಸಿಗೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ನಡೆಯುವ ಆಟಕ್ಕೂ ಇಲ್ಲಿ ವಿಪರೀತ ಚಳಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ನಡೆಯುವ ಆಟಕ್ಕೂ ಅಜಗಜಾಂತರ ವ್ಯತ್ಯಾಸ ಕಂಡುಬರುತ್ತದೆ. ನಿಯಮಗಳು ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ಸಿಕ್ಸ್‌-ಎ-ಸೈಡ್‌ ಆಟಕ್ಕೆ ಸಮನಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ. == ಇತಿಹಾಸ == {{Main|History of cricket}} [[ಚಿತ್ರ:RGS old building.jpg|250px|left|thumb|ದಿ ರಾಯಲ್ ಗ್ರಾಮರ್ ಸ್ಕೂಲ್, ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟಿನ ಮುಂಚಿನ ಅರ್ಥಗರ್ಭಿತ ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಕ್ಕೆ ಗಿಲ್ಡ್‌ಫೋರ್ಡ್ ಒಂದು ಉತ್ತಮ ತಾಣವಾಗಿತ್ತು.]] ಮೊದಲು ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್ ಆಟವನ್ನು "ಚೆಂಡನ್ನು ಹೊಡೆಯುವ ಗುಂಪು ಆಟ, ಉದಾಹರಣೆಗೆ ಪುರಾತನ ಆಟಗಳಾದ ಕ್ಲಬ್‌-ಬಾಲ್, ಸ್ಟೂಲ್‌-ಬಾಲ್, ಟ್ರಾಪ್‌-ಬಾಲ್, ಸ್ಟಾಬ್‌-ಬಾಲ್ ಮುಂತಾದ ಆಟಗಳನ್ನು ಈ ಗುಂಪಿನ ಆಟಗಳಿಗೆ ಉದಾಹರಿಸಬಹುದಾಗಿದೆ.<ref name="MTG">[[ಜಾನ್ ಮೇಜರ್]], ''ಮೋರ್ ದ್ಯಾನ್ ಅ ಗೇಮ್'', ಹಾರ್ಪರ್ ಕೊಲ್ಲಿನ್ಸ್, ೨೦೦೭</ref> ೧೬ನೇ ಶತಮಾನದ ಟ್ಯೂಡೋರ್‌ ಅವಧಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್‌ ಆಟದ ಮೂಲವನ್ನು ಗುರುತಿಸಬಹುದಾಗಿದೆ. ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್ ಆಟದ ಕುರಿತು ಸಿಗುವ ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಿತ ಬರಹವೆಂದರೆ ಸುಮಾರು ೧೩೦೧ರ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಕೆಂಟ್‌ನ ನ್ಯೂಡನ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿಯ ಎಡ್ವರ್ಡ್ I (ಲಾಂಗ್‌ಶಾಂಕ್ಸ್‌)ರ ಮಗ ಪ್ರಿನ್ಸ್‌ ಎಡ್ವರ್ಡ್ ಆಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದ ''ಕ್ರೀಗ್‌'' ಎನ್ನುವ ಆಟದ ಕುರಿತು ಹೇಳಲಾಗಿದೆ. ಇದು ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್‌ ಆಟದ ರೀತಿಯದ್ದೇ ಆಟ ಎಂದು ಊಹಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ. ಆದರೇ ಯಾವುದೇ ಸಮರ್ಥ ದಾಖಲೆಗಳು ಸಿಗುತ್ತಿಲ್ಲ.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jl.sl.btinternet.co.uk/stampsite/cricket/ladstolords/1300.html#1300|title=ಜಾನ್ ಲೀಚ್, ''ಪ್ರಾಮ್ ಲ್ಯಾಡ್ ಟು ಲಾರ್ಡ್ಸ್''|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120804182505/http://www.jl.sl.btinternet.co.uk/stampsite/cricket/ladstolords/1300.html%231300#1300|archivedate=2012-08-04|access-date=2009-11-18|url-status=live}} quotes the precise date of the accounting entry as Thursday ೧೦ ಮಾರ್ಚ್ ೧೩೦೦ (Julian date), which is in the Gregorian year of ೧೩೦೧. ೩೧ ಜನೆವರಿ ೨೦೦೯ರಂದು ಪತ್ತೆ ಹಚ್ಚಲಾಯಿತು.</ref> ಇನ್ನೂ ಹಲವಾರು ಶಬ್ಧಗಳನ್ನು ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್‌ಗೆ ಪರ್ಯಾಯವಾಗಿ ಬಳಸಲಾಗಿದೆ ಎಂದು ಹೇಳಲಾಗುತ್ತಿದೆ.ಸುಮಾರು ೧೫೯೮<ref name="FLTL">{{cite web|url=http://www.jl.sl.btinternet.co.uk/stampsite/cricket/ladstolords/1300.html#1597|title=ಜಾನ್ ಲೀಚ್, ''ಪ್ರಾಮ್ ಲ್ಯಾಡ್ ಟು ಲಾರ್ಡ್ಸ್''|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120629012916/http://www.jl.sl.btinternet.co.uk/stampsite/cricket/ladstolords/1300.html%231597#1597|archivedate=2012-06-29|access-date=2009-11-18|url-status=live}} quotes the precise date of the court case in Guildford as Monday, ೧೭ ಜನೆವರಿ ೧೫೯೭ (ಜುಲಿಯನ್ ದಿನಾಂಕ), which is in the Gregorian year of ೧೫೯೮. ೩೧ ಜನೆವರಿ ೨೦೦೯ರಂದು ಪತ್ತೆ ಹಚ್ಚಲಾಯಿತು.</ref> ರ ಆಸುಪಾಸಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಆಡಲಾಗುತ್ತಿದ್ದ ಆಟವನ್ನು ''ಕ್ರೆಕೆಟ್ (creckett)'' ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತಿದ್ದ ಸ್ಪಷ್ಟ ದಾಖಲೆ ಸಿಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಇದನ್ನು ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್‌ ಆಟದ ಕುರಿತು ದೊರೆತ ಮೊದಲ್ ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಎನ್ನಬಹುದಾಗಿದೆ. ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್‌ ಶಬ್ಧ ವ್ಯುತ್ಪತ್ತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಆಗ್ನೇಯ ಇಂಗ್ಲಂಡ್ ಮತ್ತು ಫ್ಲಾಂಡರ್ಸ್‌ನ ಕೌಂಟಿಗಳ ನಡುವೆ ಗಾಢವಾದ ಮಧ್ಯಕಾಲೀನ ವ್ಯಾಪಾರಿ ಬಂಧಗಳಿದ್ದು ಕಂಡುಬರುತ್ತದೆ. ಇದರಲ್ಲಿ ಆಗ್ನೆಯ ಇಂಗ್ಲಂಡ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಬರ್ಗಂಡಿಯ ಡಚ್ಚಿಯು ಬರುತ್ತಿದ್ದು ಈ ಶಬ್ಧವು ಮಧ್ಯಡಚ್‌<ref>[[ಮಿಡಲ್ ಡಚ್]] ಇದು ಆ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ [[ಕೌಂಟಿ ಆಪ್ ಫ್ಲ್ಯಾಂಡರ್ಸ್|ಫ್ಲ್ಯಾಂಡರ್ಸ್‌]]ನಲ್ಲಿ ಬಳಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿದ್ದ ಭಾಷೆ.</ref> ನಿಂದ ಬಂದಿರಬಹುದಾಗಿದೆ.''krick'' (''-e'' ) ಇದನ್ನು ಕೋಲು ಅಥವಾ ದಾಂಡು(crook); ಅಥವಾ ಹಳೆ ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ''cricc'' ಅಥವಾ ''cryce'' ಅಂದರೆ ಊರುಗೋಲು ಅಥವಾ ಗುಂಪು ಎಂದು ಅರ್ಥೈಸಬಹುದಾಗಿದೆ.<ref>ಬಿರ್ಲಿ, p.೩</ref> ಹಳೆ ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್‌ ಭಾಷೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ''criquet'' ಎನ್ನುವ ಶಬ್ಧದ ಅರ್ಥವು ಗುಂಪು ಅಥವಾ ಕೋಲು ಎಂದಿತ್ತು ಎಂದುಕೊಳ್ಳಬಹುದಾಗಿದೆ.<ref>ಬಿರ್ಲಿ, ''op. cit.''</ref> ಸ್ಯಾಮ್ಯುಯೆಲ್‌ ಜಾನ್ಸನ್‌ ಶಬ್ಧಕೋಶದಲ್ಲಿ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್‌ ಶಬ್ಧವು "''cryce'', Saxon, a stick" ಎಂಬುದರಿಂದ ವ್ಯುತ್ಪತ್ತಿಯಾಗಿದೆ ಎಂದು ಹೇಳಲಾಗಿದೆ.<ref>ಆಲ್ಥ್ಯಾಮ್, p.೨೧</ref> ಇನ್ನೊಂದು ಸಾಧ್ಯತೆಯ ಸಾಕ್ಶಿಯು ಮಧ್ಯ ಡಚ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಕಾಣಬಹುದು. ''krickstoel'' ಎಂಬ ಶಬ್ಧವನ್ನು ಗಮನಿಸಬಹುದಾಗಿದೆ. ಈ ಶಬ್ಧದಕ್ಕೆ ಚರ್ಚ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಾರ್ಥನೆಯ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಮಂಡಿಯೂರಿ ಪ್ರಾರ್ಥಿಸಲು ಬಳಸುವ ಒಂದು ವಿಧದ ಮಣೆ ಎಂದು ಅರ್ಥವಿದೆ. ಇದು ಹಿಂದೆ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಬಳಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದ ಉದ್ದನೆಯ ಕೆಳಮುಖದ ಎರಡು ಸ್ಟಂಪ್‌ಗಳಿರುವ ವಿಕೇಟ್‌ನಂತೆ ಕಾಣುವುದರಿಂದ ಈ ಶಬ್ಧ ಉತ್ಪತ್ತಿಯಾಗಿರಬಹುದಾಗಿದೆ.<ref>ಬೋವೆನ್, p.೩೩</ref> ಬಾನ್‌ ವಿಶ್ವವಿದ್ಯಾಲಯದ ಯುರೋಪಿಯನ್‌ ಭಾಷಾ ತಜ್ಞರಾಗಿರುವ ಹೈನರ್‌ ಗಿಲ್‌ಮಿಸ್ಟರ್‌ ಅವರ ಪ್ರಕಾರ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್‌ ಶಬ್ಧವು [[ಹಾಕಿ]] ಆಟಕ್ಕಿರುವ ಮಧ್ಯಡಚ್‌ ನುಡಿಗಟ್ಟು ''met de (krik ket)sen'' (ಅಂದರೆ ಕೋಲಿನಿಂದ ಬೆನ್ನಟ್ಟು ) ಎಂಬುದರಿಂದ ವ್ಯುತ್ಪತ್ತಿಯಾಗಿದೆ.<ref>[http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/SportsHistorian/2000/sh201e.pdf ಡೇವಿಡ್ ಟೆರ್ರಿ, ''ಹದಿನೇಳನೇ ಶತಮಾನದ ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್ ಆಟ: ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟಿನ ಪುನರ್ ನಿರ್ಮಾಣ''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621011709/http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/SportsHistorian/2000/sh201e.pdf |date=2009-06-21 }}. ೨೫ ಜುಲೈ ೨೦೦೯ರಂದು ಪತ್ತೆ ಹಚ್ಚಲಾಯಿತು.</ref> ಡಾ.ಗಿಲ್ಮಿಸ್ಟರ್‌ ಅವರ ಪ್ರಕಾರ ಕೇವಲ ಈ ಆಟದ ಹೆಸರು ಮಾತ್ರವಲ್ಲ ಆಟ ಕೂಡ ಫ್ಲೆಮಿಶ್‌ ಮೂಲದ್ದು ಎನ್ನುತ್ತಾರೆ.<ref>''ದಿ ಲ್ಯಾಂಗ್ವೇಜ್ ಆಪ್ ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್'' ಎಂಬ ಪುಸ್ತಕದ ಪರಿಚಯದ ಸಂದರ್ಭದಲ್ಲಿ ಗಿಲ್‌ಮೆಸ್ಟರ್ಸ್ ಸಿದ್ಧಾಂತವನ್ನು ಜಾನ್ ಎಡ್ಡೋಸ್ ಸಂಕ್ಷೇಪಗೋಳಿಸಿದರು, ಐಎಸ್‌ಬಿಎನ್ ೧೮೫೭೫೪೨೭೦೩.</ref> ೧೫೯೮<ref name="FLTL"/> ರಲ್ಲಿ ಕೋರ್ಟ್‌ ಕೇಸ್‌ವೊಂದರಲ್ಲಿ ೧೫೫೦ರಲ್ಲಿ ಗಿಲ್ಡ್‌‍ಫೋರ್ಡ್‌ನ ರಾಯಲ್‌ ಗ್ರಾಮರ್‌ ಸ್ಕೂಲ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಆಡಲಾಗುತ್ತಿದ್ದ ''creckett'' ಎಂಬ ಆಟವೊಂದರ ಕುರಿತು ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಮಾಡಲಾಯಿತು. ಇದು ಈ ಆಟದ ಕುರಿತಾದ ಮೊಟ್ಟಮೊದಲ ನಿರ್ಧಿಷ್ಟವಾದ ಉಲ್ಲೇಖವೆಂದರೆ ಇದೇ ಆಗಿದೆ. ಇದು ಮೂಲತಹ: ಮಕ್ಕಳ ಆಟ ಎಂದು ನಂಬಲಾಗಿದೆ. ಆದರೆ ೧೬೧೦<ref name="HSA">[[ಹ್ಯಾರಿ ಆಲ್ಥೆಮ್|ಎಚ್. ಎಸ್ ಆಲ್ಥೆಮ್]], ''ಅ ಹಿಸ್ಟರಿ ಅಪ್ ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್'', ಸಂಪುಟ ೧ (to ೧೯೧೪), ಜಾರ್ಜ್ ಆ‍ಯ್‌ಲೆನ್ ಮತ್ತು ಅನ್‌ವಿನ್, ೧೯೬೨</ref> ರ ಆಸುಪಾಸಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಯುವಜನತೆ ಕೂಡಾ ಈ ಆಟವನ್ನು ಆಡಲು ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಿಸಿತು. ಈ ವರ್ಷದ ಸುಮಾರಿನಲ್ಲಿಯೇ ಹಳ್ಳಿಗಳ ನಡುವಣ ಪಂದ್ಯಾವಳಿಯು ನಡೆಯಿತು. ೧೬೨೪ರಲ್ಲಿ ಆಟಗಾರ ಜಾಸ್ಪರ್‌ ವಿನಾಲ್‌ ಎಂಬುವವನು ಸಸ್ಸೆಕ್ಸ್‌ನ ಎರಡು ಹಳ್ಳಿಗಳ ನಡುವೆ ಆಟ ನಡೆಯುವಾಗ ತಲೆಗೆ ಹೊಡೆತ ಬಿದ್ದಿದ್ದರಿಂದ ಸಾವನಪ್ಪುತ್ತಾನೆ.<ref name="TJM">[[ತಿಮೋತಿ ಜೆ ಮ್ಯಾಕ್‌ಕೆನ್|ತಿಮೋತಿ ಜೆ ಮೆಕ್ಯಾನ್]], ''ಹದಿನೆಂಟನೆ ಶತಮಾನದ ಸೊಸೆಕ್ಸ್ ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್'', ಸೊಸೆಕ್ಸ್ ರೆಕಾರ್ಡ್ ಸೊಸೈಟಿ, ೨೦೦೪</ref> [[ಚಿತ್ರ:England in North America 1859.jpg|250px|right|thumb|1859ರ ಲಿವರ್‌ಪೂಲ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿನ ಬೋರ್ಡ್ ಶಿಪ್ ಮೆಲಿನ ಮೊದಲ ಆಂಗ್ಲ ಪ್ರವಾಸಿ ತಂಡ]] ೧೭ನೇ ಶತಮಾನದ ಆರಂಭದಲ್ಲಿ ಹಲವಾರು ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು ಇಂಗ್ಲೆಂಡ್‌ನ ಆಗ್ನೆಯ ಭಾಗದಲ್ಲಿ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್‌ನಲ್ಲಾದ ಬೆಳವಣಿಗೆಯ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ನೀಡುತ್ತವೆ. ಶತಮಾನದ ಕೊನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಇದು ಒಂದು ಸಂಘಟಿತ ಆಟವಾಗಿ ಗುರುತಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿತು ಅಲ್ಲದೆ ಈ ಆಟವು ಗೌರವಾನ್ವಿತರಿಂದ ಆಡಲ್ಪಡುವ ಆಟ ಎಂದು ಪರಿಗಣಿಸಲಾಯಿತು. ಅಲ್ಲದೆ ಮೊದಲ ವೃತ್ತಿಪರ ಆಟಗಾರರ ತಂಡವು ೧೬೬೦ರ ಜೀರ್ಣೋದ್ದಾರದ (Restoration) ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಕಟ್ಟಲ್ಪಟ್ತಿತು ಎಂದುಕೊಳ್ಳಲಾಗಿದೆ. ವೃತ್ತ ಪತ್ರಿಕೆಯ ವರದಿಯೊಂದರ ಪ್ರಕಾರ ಹನ್ನೊಂದು ಆಟಗಾರರೊಂದಿಗಿನ ’ಗ್ರೇಟ್ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್‌ ಮ್ಯಾಚ್‌’ ಆಟವನ್ನು ೧೬೭೯ರಲ್ಲಿ ಸೆಸ್ಸೆಕ್ಸ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಆಡಲಾಯಿತು ಹಾಗೂ ಇದು ಪರಿಪೂರ್ಣ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್‌ ಆಟದ ಕುರಿತಾಗಿ ಇರುವ ಮೊಟ್ಟಮೊದಲ ಉಲ್ಲೇಖವಾಗಿದೆ. ಹದಿನೆಂಟನೇ ಶತಮಾನದಲ್ಲಿ ಈ ಆಟವು ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಬೆಳವಣಿಗೆ ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದು ಇಂಗ್ಲಂಡ್‌ನ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಆಟ ಎಂದು ಪರಿಗಣಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿತು. ಬೆಟ್ಟಿಂಗ್‌ ಈ ಆಟಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಮುಖ್ಯಪಾತ್ರವಹಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದು ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಹಣವಿರುವ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಗಳು ತಮ್ಮದೇ ’ಸೆಲೆಕ್ಟ್‌ XI’ ತಂಡಗಳನ್ನು ಕಟ್ಟಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಿಸಿದರು. ೧೭೦೭ರ ಹೊತ್ತಿನಲ್ಲೇ ಲಂಡನ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್ ಅತ್ಯಂತ ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಆಟವಾಗಿದ್ದು, ಫಿನ್ಸ್‌ಬರಿಯ ಆರ್ಟಿಲರಿ ಮೈದಾನದಲ್ಲಿ ನಡೆಯುವ ಪಂದ್ಯಗಳಿಗೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯ ಪ್ರೇಕ್ಷಕರು ಬರಲಾರಂಭಿಸಿದರು. ಒಂದು ವಿಕೇಟ್‌ನ ರೀತಿಯ ಆಟವು ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಜನರನ್ನು ಹಾಗೂ ಬಾಜಿ ಕಟ್ಟುವವರನ್ನು ಆಕರ್ಷಿಸುತ್ತಿತ್ತು. ೧೭೬೦ರ ಆಸುಪಾಸಿನಲ್ಲ್ಲಿ ಬಾಲರ್‌ಗಳು ನೇರವಾಗಿ ಚೆಂಡನ್ನು ಎಸೆಯದೆ ಪುಟಿಸಿ ಎಸೆಯುವುದನ್ನು ರೂಡಿಸಿಕೊಂಡಾಗ ಬಾಲಿಂಗ್‌ ವಿಧಾನದಲ್ಲಿಯೂ ಬದಲಾವಣೆ ಕಂಡುಬಂತು. ಪುಟಿಯುವ ಚೆಂಡನ್ನು ಸಮರ್ಥವಾಗಿ ಎದುರಿಸ ಬೇಕಾದ್ದರಿಂದ ಇದು ಬ್ಯಾಟ್‌ನ ವಿನ್ಯಾಸದಲ್ಲಿ ಕ್ರಾಂತಿಕಾರಕ ಬದಲಾವಣೆಯನ್ನು ತಂದಿತು. ಈ ಹಿಂದೆ ಇದ್ದ ಹಾಕಿ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್‌ನ ರೀತಿಯ ಬದಲಾಗಿ ಆಧುನಿಕ ರೀತಿಯ ಅಗಲ ನಮೂನೆಯ ಬ್ಯಾಟ್‌ ಬಳಕೆಗೆ ಬಂದಿತು. ಹ್ಯಾಂಬಲ್ಡನ್‌ ಕ್ಲಬ್‌ ಅನ್ನು ೧೭೬೦ರಲ್ಲಿ ಕಟ್ಟಲಾಯಿತು. ಇಲ್ಲಿಂದ ಸುಮಾರು ೨೦ವರ್ಷಗಳವರೆಗೆ ಅಂದರೆ MCC ಕಟ್ಟಲ್ಪಟ್ಟು ಲಾರ್ಡ್ಸ್‌ ಓಲ್ಡ್‌ಗ್ರೌಂಡ್‌ ೧೭೮೭ರಲ್ಲಿ ಉದ್ಘಾಟನೆಯಾಗುವವರೆಗೂ ಹ್ಯಾಮಲ್ಡನ್‌ ಕ್ರೀಕೇಟ್‌ ಆಟದ ಕಾರಸ್ಥಾನವಾಗಿತ್ತು ಮತ್ತು ಮುಖ್ಯ ಕೇಂದ್ರವಾಗಿತ್ತು. MCC ಕ್ಷಿಪ್ರವಾಗಿ ಆಟದ ಮುಖ್ಯಕೇಂದ್ರವಾಯಿತಲ್ಲದೆ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್‌ನ ನಿಯಮಗಳ ರೂಪಿಸುವಲ್ಲಿ ಮುಖ್ಯಪಾತ್ರ ವಹಿಸತೊಡಗಿತು. ೧೮ನೇ ಶತಮಾನದ ಕೊನೆಯ ಹಂತದಲ್ಲಿ ಅನೇಕ ಹೊಸ ನಿಯಮಗಳು ನಿರ್ಧರಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟವು ಅವುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಮೂರು ಸ್ಟಂಪ್‌ನ ವಿಕೇಟ್‌, ಹಾಗೂ ಲೆಗ್‌ ಬಿಫೋರ್‌ ವಿಕೇಟ್‌ (lbw) ಮುಖ್ಯವಾದವುಗಳು. [[ಚಿತ್ರ:Donald Bradman australian cricket player pic.JPG|thumb|left|250px|ಡಾನ್ ಬ್ರಾಡ್‌ಮನ್ ಟೆಸ್ಟ್‌ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಶೇಕಡಾ 99.94 ರಷ್ಟು ಸರಾಸರಿ ಮತ್ತು ಒಟ್ಟಾರೆ ಏಕದಿನ ಪಂದ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಶೇಕಡಾ 5.14 ರಷ್ಟು ಸರಾಸರಿಯನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದರು, ಬೇರೆ ಯಾವುದೇ ಆಟಗಾರನಿಂದ ಈ ದಾಖಲೆಯನ್ನು ಸರಿಗಟ್ಟಲು ಸಾದ್ಯವಾಗಿಲ್ಲ.[59]]] ೧೯ನೇ ಶತಮಾನದಲ್ಲಿಯೇ ಮೊದಲಿದ್ದ ರೌಂಡ್‌ ಆರ್ಮ್‌ ಬೌಲಿಂಗ್‌ ಹಾಗೂ ನಂತರದ ಓವರ್‌ಆರ್ಮ್‌ ಬೌಲಿಂಗ್‌ ರೀತಿಯು ಅವೆರಡರ ನಂತರ ಈಗಿನ ಅಂಡರ್‌ ಆರ್ಮ್ ಬೌಲಿಂಗ್‌ ಪ್ರಕಾರವು ಪ್ರಾರಂಭವಾಯಿತು. ಈ ಎರಡೂ ಬೆಳವಣಿಗೆಗಳೂ ವಿವಾದಾಸ್ಪದವಾದವುಗಳು. ಕೌಂಟಿ ಹಂತದಲ್ಲಿ ಆಟದ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಗಳು ಹುಟ್ಟಿಕೊಂಡಿದ್ದರಿಂದ ಕೌಂಟಿ ಕ್ಲಬ್‌ಗಳು ಹುಟ್ಟಿಕೊಂಡವು. ೧೮೩೯ರ ಸಸ್ಸೆಕ್ಸ್‌ ccc ರೀತಿಯ ಕೌಂಟಿ ಕ್ಲಬ್‌ ಪ್ರಾರಂಭವಾಯಿತು ಇದು ೧೮೯೦ರಲ್ಲಿ ಅಧೀಕೃತ ಕೌಂಟಿ ಚಾಂಪಿಯನ್‌ಶಿಪ್‌ ಹುಟ್ಟುಹಾಕಿತು. ಈ ನಡುವೆ ಬ್ರಿಟಿಷ್‌ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯವು ಈ ಆಟವನ್ನು ಸಮುದ್ರದಾಚೆಗೂ ವಿಸ್ತರಿಸುವ ಕಾರ್ಯ ಕೈಗೊಂಡಿತು. ೧೯ನೇ ಶತಮಾನದ ಮಧ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಭಾರತ, ಉತ್ತರ ಅಮೇರಿಕಾ, ಕೆರಿಬಿಯನ್‌,ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಆಫ್ರಿಕಾ, ಆಸ್ಟ್ರೇಲಿಯಾ ಮತ್ತು ನ್ಯೂಜಿಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್‌ಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಇದು ಉತ್ತಮ ನೆಲೆ ಕಂಡುಕೊಂಡಿತು. ೧೮೪೪ರಲ್ಲಿ ಮೊಟ್ಟಮೊದಲ ಅಂತರರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್‌ ಪಂದ್ಯಾವಳಿಯು ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ರಾಜ್ಯ ಹಾಗೂ ಕೆನಡಾದ ನಡುವೆ ನಡೆಯಿತು (ಆದಾಗ್ಯೂ ಇಲ್ಲಿಯವರೆಗೂ ಎರಡೂ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಗಳೂ ಟೆಸ್ಟ ಮಾನ್ಯತೆ ಪಡೆಯಲಿಲ್ಲ) ೧೮೫೯ರಲ್ಲಿ ಇಂಗ್ಲಂಡ್‌ ಆಟಗಾರರು ಮೊಟ್ಟಮೊದಲ ಸಮುದ್ರದಾಚೆಯ ಪ್ರವಾಸ ಕೈಗೊಂಡರು (ಉತ್ತರ ಅಮೇರಿಕಾ ದೇಶಕ್ಕೆ) ಮತ್ತು ೧೮೬೨ರಲ್ಲಿ ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್‌ ತಂಡವು ಆಸ್ಟ್ರೇಲಿಯಾಕ್ಕೆ ಪ್ರಥಮ ಪ್ರವಾಸವನ್ನು ಕೈಗೊಂಡಿತು. ೧೮೭೬–೭೭ರಲ್ಲಿ ಇಂಗ್ಲಂಡ್‌ ತಂಡವು [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia%20national%20cricket%20team ಆಸ್ಟ್ರೇಲಿಯಾ] ಜೊತೆಗೆ ಮೆಲ್ಬೋರ್ನ್‌ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್‌ ಗ್ರೌಂಡ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ನಡೆದ ಪ್ರಪ್ರಥಮ ಟೆಸ್ಟ್‌ ಪಂದ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಪಾಲ್ಗೊಂಡಿತು. ೧೮೬೫ರಲ್ಲಿ ಡಬ್ಲ್ಯೂ ಜಿ ಗ್ರೇಸ್‌ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ತನ್ನ ಧೀರ್ಘ ವೃತ್ತಿಯನ್ನು ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಿಸಿದ; ಇವನ ವೃತ್ತಿ ಜೀವನವು ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಕ್ರಾಂತಿಕಾರಕ ಬೆಳವಣಿಗೆಗಳು ಕಾಣಲು ಸಹಕಾರಿಯಾಯಿತು.<ref>[http://www.cricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/152764.html CricInfo profile]. ೨೫ ಜುಲೈ ೨೦೦೯ ರಂದು ಜೀರ್ಣೋದ್ದಾರಗೊಳಿಸಲಾಯಿತು</ref> ಇಂಗ್ಲಂಡ್‌ ಮತ್ತು ಆಸ್ಟ್ರೇಲಿಯಾ ನಡುವಣ ವೈಶಮ್ಯವು ೧೮೮೨ರಲ್ಲಿ ಆ‍ಯ್‌ಶಸ್‌ ಸರಣಿಯು ಹುಟ್ಟುವುದಕ್ಕೆ ಕಾರಣವಾಯಿತು ಮತ್ತು ಇದು ಟೆಸ್ಟ್‌ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಅತ್ಯಂತ ಪ್ರಸಿದ್ಧ ಸ್ಪರ್ಧೆಯಾಗಿ ಗುರುತಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿತು. ೧೮೮೮–೮೯ರಲ್ಲಿ ಇಂಗ್ಲಂಡ್‌ ಜೊತೆಗೆ ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಆಫ್ರಿಕಾ ಸ್ಪರ್ಧಿಸಿದಾಗ ಟೆಸ್ಟ್ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್‌ ಉಜ್ಜೀವನಗೊಳ್ಳಲು ಪ್ರಾರಂಭವಾಯಿತು. ಮೊದಲ ಮಹಾಯುದ್ಧ ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಕ್ಕಿಂತ ಮೊದಲಿನ ಕೊನೆಯ ಎರಡು ದಶಕಗಳನ್ನು ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್‌ನ ಸುವರ್ಣ ಯುಗ ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡುತ್ತದೆ. ಇದು ಯುದ್ಧದಿಂದಾದ ಕಹಿಘಟನೆಗಳನ್ನು ಮರೆಯಲು ಇಟ್ಟುಕೊಂಡ ನೆನಪಿನ ಹೆಸರಾಗಿದೆ. ಆದರೂ ಈ ಸಮಯವು ಉತ್ತಮ ಆಟಗಾರರನ್ನೂ ಹಾಗೂ ನೆನಪಿಡತಕ್ಕಂತಹ ಪಂದ್ಯಗಳನ್ನೂ ಕಂಡ ಸಮಯವಾಗಿದೆ. ಮುಖ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಕೌಂಟಿ ಮತ್ತು ಟೆಸ್ಟ್‌ಹಂತಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಉತ್ತಮ ಸಂಘಟನಾತ್ಮಕ ಬೆಳವಣಿಗೆಯನ್ನು ಕಾಣಲಾಯಿತು. ಯುದ್ಧಕಾಲೀನ ವರ್ಷಗಳ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್‌ ಮುಖ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಆಸ್ಟ್ರೇಲಿಯಾದ ಡಾನ್‌ ಬ್ರಾಡ್‌ಮನ್‌ನಂತಹ ಒಬ್ಬ ಆಟಗಾರನಿಂದ ಗುರುತಿಸಿಕೊಂಡಿತು. ಬ್ರಾಡ್‌ಮನ್‌ ಅಂಕಿಅಂಶಗಳಿಂದ ಸಾರ್ವಕಾಲಿಕ ಮಹಾನ್‌ ಆಟಗಾರನಾಗಿದ್ದಾನೆ. ಇಂಗ್ಲಂಡ ತಂಡವು ಬ್ರಾಡ್‌ಮನ್‌ ದಾಳಿಯಿಂದ ಹೇಗಾದರೂ ತಪ್ಪಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳಬೇಕಾಗಿತ್ತು ಆದ್ದರಿಂದ ಇದು ಕುಖ್ಯಾತ ೧೯೩೨–೩೩ ಬಾಡಿಲೈನ್‌ ಸಿರೀಸ್‌ ಅನ್ನು ಪರಿಚಯಿಸಿದರು. ಮುಖ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಹೆರಾಲ್ಡ್‌ ಲಾರ್‌ವುಡ್‌ನ ಶಾರ್ಟ್‌ಪಿಚ್‌ ಎಸೆತವು ಈ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಪರಿಚಯಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿತು. ಟೆಸ್ಟ್‌ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್‌ ೨೦ನೇ ಶತಮಾನದಲ್ಲಿ ಎರಡನೇ ಮಹಾಯುದ್ಧದ ಮೊದಲು ವೆಸ್ಟ್‌ ಇಂಡೀಸ್‌, ಭಾರತ, ನ್ಯೂಜಿಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್‌ ಮತ್ತು ಯುದ್ಧಾನಂತರದಲ್ಲ್ಲಿಪಾಕಿಸ್ಥಾನ, ಶ್ರೀಲಂಕಾ ಮತ್ತು ಬಾಂಗ್ಲಾದೇಶ ತಂಡಗಳ ಸೇರ್ಪಡೆಯೊಂದಿಗೆ ತನ್ನ ಪರೀಧಿಯನ್ನು ವಿಸ್ತರಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲಾರಂಭಿಸಿತು. ೧೯೭೦ರಿಂದ೧೯೯೨ರ ವರೆಗೆ ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಆಫ್ರಿಕಾವು ಅದರ ವರ್ಣಬೇಧ ನೀತಿಯ ಸಲುವಾಗಿ ಅಂತರರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಟೆಸ್ಟ್‌ ಪಂದ್ಯಾವಳಿಯಿಂದ ನಿಷೇಧಕ್ಕೆ ಒಳಗಾಯಿತು. ೧೯೬೩ರಲ್ಲಿ ಇಂಗ್ಲಂಡ್‌ ಕೌಂಟಿಗಳು ನಿಗಧಿತ ಓವರ್‌ನ ಪಂದ್ಯವನ್ನು ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಿಸಿದ್ದು ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್‌ನ ಹೊಸ ಯುಗ ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಕ್ಕೆ ಕಾರಣವಾಯಿತು. ಇದರಲ್ಲಿ ಸ್ಪಷ್ಟವಾದ ಫಲಿತಾಂಶಕ್ಕೆ ಅವಕಾಶವಿರುವುದರಿಂದ ನಿಗಧಿತ ಓವರ್‌ನ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಹಣದ ಆಮಿಷ ಹಾಗೂ ಪಂದ್ಯಗಳ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯೂ ಗಣನೀಯವಾಗಿ ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಯಿತು. ೧೯೭೧ರಲ್ಲಿ ಮೊಟ್ಟಮೊದಲ ನಿಗಧಿತ ಓವರ್‌ನ ಅಂತರರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಪಂದ್ಯಾವಳಿಗಳು ನಡೆಯಿತು.ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್‌ ನಿಯಂತ್ರಣ ಮಂಡಳಿ ಅಂತರರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್‌ ಕೌನ್ಸಿಲ್‌(ICC)ತನ್ನ ಪ್ರಾಮುಖ್ಯತೆಯನ್ನು ಗಳಿಸಿಕೊಂಡಿತಲ್ಲದೇ ೧೯೭೫ರಲ್ಲಿ ಮೊಟ್ಟಮೊದಲ ನಿಗಧಿತ ಓವರ್‌ಗಳ ವಿಶ್ವಕಫ್‌ ಕ್ರಿಕೇಟ್‌ ಆಯೋಜಿಸಿತು. ೨೧ನೇ ಶತಮಾನದಲ್ಲಿ ಹೊಸದಾಗಿ ನಿಗಧಿತ ಓವರ್‌ಗಳ ಟ್ಬೆಂಟಿ20 ಪ್ರಕಾರವು ತನ್ನ ಪ್ರಭಾವ ಬೀರಿತು. == ಅಂತರರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ರಚನೆ == {{Main|International structure of cricket|International Cricket Council}} [[ಚಿತ್ರ:ICC-cricket-member-nations.png|thumb|270px|ICC ಸದಸ್ಯ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಗಳು (ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಮಟ್ಟದಲ್ಲಿ) ಟೆಸ್ಟ್ ಆಡುವ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಗಳನ್ನು ಕಿತ್ತಳೆ ಬಣ್ಣದಲ್ಲಿ ತೋರಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ; ಸಹಾಯಕ ಸದಸ್ಯ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಗಳನ್ನು ಹಸಿರು ಬಣ್ನದಲ್ಲಿ ತೋರಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ; ಮಾನ್ಯತೆ ಪಡೆದ ಸದಸ್ಯ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಗಳನ್ನು ನೇರಳೆ ಬಣ್ನದಲ್ಲಿ ತೋರಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.]] ಅಂತರ್‌ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್ ಮಂಡಳಿ (ICC), ಇದರ ಮುಖ್ಯ ಕಛೇರಿ ದುಬೈ‌ನಲ್ಲಿದೆ, ಇದು ಅಂತರ್‌ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್‌ನ ಆಡಳಿತ ಕೇಂದ್ರವಾಗಿದೆ. ಇದು ೧೯೦೯ರಲ್ಲಿ ಇಂಗ್ಲೆಂಡ್, ಆಸ್ಟ್ರೇಲಿಯ ಮತ್ತು ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಆಫ್ರಿಕಗಳ ಪ್ರತಿನಿಧಿಗಳನ್ನೊಳಗೊಂಡ ಒಂದು ಸಾರ್ವಬೌಮ ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್ ಅಧಿವೇಶನವಾಗಿ ಕಾರ್ಯಾರಂಭ ಮಾಡಿತು. ಇದನ್ನು ಅಂತರ್‌ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್ ಮಂಡಳಿ ಎಂದು ೧೯೬೫ರಲ್ಲಿ ಮರು ನಾಮಕರಣ ಮಾಡಲಾಯಿತು, ಮತ್ತು ಇದರ ನಿಜವಾದ ಹೆಸರು ಬೆಳಕಿಗೆ ಬಂದದ್ದು ೧೯೮೯ರಲ್ಲಿ. ICC ೧೦೪ ಸದಸ್ಯರನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದೆ: ಅಧೀಕೃತ ಟೆಸ್ಟ್ ಪಂದ್ಯಗಳನ್ನಾಡುವ ೧೦ ಪೂರ್ಣ ಪ್ರಮಾಣದ ಸದಸ್ಯರುಗಳು, ಸಹಾಯಕ ೩೪ ಸದಸ್ಯರುಗಳು, ಮತ್ತು ೬೦ ಮಾನ್ಯತೆ ಪಡೆದ ಸದಸ್ಯರುಗಳು.<ref name="CA">[http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Countries/index.html CricketArchive: ICC ಸದಸ್ಯರುಗಳ ಪೂರ್ಣ ಪಟ್ಟಿ]. ೨೫ ಜುಲೈ ೨೦೦೯ ರಂದು ಜೀರ್ಣೋದ್ದಾರಗೊಳಿಸಲಾಯಿತು</ref> ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್‌ನ ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಅಂತರ್‌ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಪಂದ್ಯಾವಳಿಗಳನ್ನು ಸಂಘಟಿಸುವುದು ಮತ್ತು ಅಧಿಕಾರ ನಿರ್ವಹಿಸುವುದು ICCಯ ಜವಾಬ್ಧಾರಿಯಾಗಿದೆ, ಮುಖ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಗಮನಾರ್ಹವಾದ ವರ್ಲ್ಡ್ ಕಪ್ ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್. ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಮಂಜೂರಾದ ಟೆಸ್ಟ್ ಪಂದ್ಯಗಳು, ಅಂತರ್‌ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಏಕದಿನ ಪಂದ್ಯಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಅಂತರ್‌ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಟ್ವೆಂಟಿ೨೦ ಪಂದ್ಯಗಳಿಗೆ ಅಂಪೈರ‍್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಮತ್ತು ರೆಫರೀಘಳನ್ನು ನೇಮಿಸುವ ಕಾರ್ಯವನ್ನು ಕೂಡ ಇದು ಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ. ಪ್ರತಿಯೊಂದು ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರವೂ ದೇಶದಲ್ಲಿ ಆಡಿಸಲ್ಪಡುವ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್ ಪಂದ್ಯಗಳನ್ನು ನಿಯಂತ್ರಿಸುವ ಒಂದು ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್ ಮಂಡಳಿಯನ್ನು ಹೊದಿರುತ್ತದೆ. ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್ ಮಂಡಳಿ ಚಿಕ್ಕ ರ‍ಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ತಂಡವನ್ನು ಕೂಡ ಆಯ್ಕೆಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ ಮತ್ತು ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ತಂಡಕ್ಕೆ ದೇಶದಲ್ಲಿ ಮತ್ತು ದೂರದ ರ‍ಾಷ್ಟ್ರಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಪಂದ್ಯಾವಳಿಗಳನ್ನು ಸಂಘಟಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ವೇಸ್ಟ್ ಇಂಡೀಸ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಈ ವಿಶಯಗಳು ನಾಲ್ಕು ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಮಂಡಳಿಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಎರಡು ಬಹುರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಮಂಡಳಿಗಳಿಂದ ನೇಮಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ ಸದಸ್ಯರುಗಳಿರುವ ವೆಸ್ಟ್ ಇಂಡೀಸ್ ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್ ಮಂಡಳಿಯಿಂದ ನಿರ್ಧರಿಸಲ್ಪಡುತ್ತದೆ. == ವಿವರಗಳಿಗಾಗಿ ನೋಡಿ == * ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್ ಮತ್ತು ಬೇಸ್ ಬಾಲ್ ನಡುವಿನ ಹೋಲಿಕೆ * ಅಂತರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್ ಮಂಡಳಿ * ಅಂತರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್ ಮಂಡಳಿ ಸದ್ಸ್ಯರುಗಳ ಪಟ್ಟೀ * ಟ್ವೆಂಟಿ20 * ವಿಶ್ವ ಕಪ್‌ ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್ * ICC ವರ್ಲ್ಡ್ ಟ್ವೆಂಟಿ20 * [[ಇಂಡಿಯನ್ ಪ್ರೀಮಿಯರ್ ಲೀಗ್]] * ಒಳಾಂಗಣ ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್ * ಕುರುಡು ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್ * ಮಹಿಳೆಯರ ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್ == ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಪರಾಮರ್ಶೆಗಳು == {{Reflist|2}} == ಹೊರಗಿನ ಕೊಂಡಿಗಳು == {{commonscat-inline}} <!--* [http://www.cricindia.co.nr ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್ ಆಟದ ನೇರ ವರದಿ] --> * [http://www.icc-cricket.com/ ಅಂತರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್ ಮಂಡಳಿ(ICC)] * [http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/ MCC – ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್‌ನ ಔದ್ಯೋಗಿಕ ನಿಯಮಗಳು] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100220005023/http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket |date=2010-02-20 }} {{Forms of cricket}} {{Team Sport}} {{Interwikineeded}} [[ವರ್ಗ:ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್‌]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ಗುಂಪು ಆಟಗಳು]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ಚೆಂಡಿನ ಆಟಗಳು]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ ಮತ್ತು ಬೌಲ್ ಆಟ]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ಒಲಂಪಿಕ್ ಕ್ರೀಡೆಗಳು]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ಇಂಗ್ಲೆಂಡ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಗೊಂಡ ಕ್ರೀಡೆಗಳು]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ಆಟಗಳು]] oqrgcfb3mmf25xi7ysu9qdt5nbzptfk 0 37851 1374661 1361412 2026-06-03T02:03:30Z ~2026-32898-96 99807 1374661 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ರಾಜೇಶ್ | image = Rajesh (Kannada Actor) DS.jpg | caption = | birth_name = ಮುನಿಚೌಡಪ್ಪ/ನಂತರ ವಿದ್ಯಾಸಾಗರ್ | birth_date = {{Birth date|1932|04|15|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು]], [[ಮೈಸೂರು ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ]], [[:en:British Raj|ಬ್ರಿಟಿಷ್ ರಾಜ್]] | death_date = ೧೯ ಫೆಬ್ರವರಿ ೨೦೨೨ (ವಯಸ್ಸು ೮೯) | death_place = [[ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು]], [[ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ]], [[ಭಾರತ]] | nationality = ಭಾರತೀಯ | known for = ನಟ | occupation = ನಟ | relatives = [[ಅರ್ಜುನ್ ಸರ್ಜಾ]] (ಅಳಿಯ) | parents = | children = ೫ | years_active = ೧೯೬೩–೨೦೨೨ }} '''ರಾಜೇಶ್''' (೧೫ ಏಪ್ರಿಲ್ [[೧೯೩೫]]- ೧೯ ಫೆಬ್ರವರಿ ೨೦೨೨) ಅವರು [[ಕನ್ನಡ ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರ]]ಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಕಾಣಿಸಿಕೊಂಡ ಭಾರತೀಯ [[ನಟ]]. ‘ಕಲಾ ತಪಸ್ವಿ’ ಎಂದೇ ಖ್ಯಾತರಾಗಿದ್ದ ರಾಜೇಶ್‍ರವರು ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯದ ಕಟ್ಟಾ ಅಭಿಮಾನಿಯಾಗಿದ್ದರು. ಅವರು ೧೯೬೦ ರ ದಶಕದ ಕೊನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಮತ್ತು ೧೯೭೦ ರ ದಶಕದ ಆರಂಭದಲ್ಲಿ ನಾಯಕರಾಗಿ ಅನೇಕ ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಕಾಣಿಸಿಕೊಂಡರು. ಅವರ ಮಗುಳು ನಟಿ ಆಶಾ ರಾಣಿ [[ಶಿವರಾಜ್‍ಕುಮಾರ್ (ನಟ)|ಶಿವರಾಜ್‌ಕುಮಾರ್]] ಅವರೊಂದಿಗೆ ''ರಥಸಪ್ತಮಿ'' ಚಿತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ನಟಿಸಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ರಾಜೇಶ್‍ರವರು ಜನಪ್ರಿಯ [[ಕನ್ನಡ]] ಮತ್ತು [[ತಮಿಳು]] ನಟ [[ಅರ್ಜುನ್ ಸರ್ಜಾ]] ಅವರ ಮಾವ. ''''ರಾಜೇಶ್'''' ಸುಮಾರು ೧೫೦ ಚಿತ್ರಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ನಟಿಸಿದ್ದಾರೆ.<ref name="TH">{{cite news |title= From theatre to celluloid |url= http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article1629654.ece |newspaper= The Hindu |date= 9 April 2011 |access-date= 14 April 2011 |archive-date= 8 April 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140408214732/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article1629654.ece |url-status= live }}</ref> ರಾಜೇಶ್ ಅವರ ಜೀವನ ಚರಿತ್ರೆ "ಕಲಾತಪಸ್ವಿ ರಾಜೇಶ್ ಆತ್ಮಕಥೆ". ೨೦೧೪ ರಲ್ಲಿ [[ಕನ್ನಡ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಪರಿಷತ್ತು|ಕನ್ನಡ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಪರಿಷತ್ತಿನ]] ಡಾ.ರಾಜ್‌ಕುಮಾರ್ ಸಾಂಸ್ಕೃತಿಕ ದತ್ತಿ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿಗೆ ಭಾಜನರಾಗಿದ್ದರು.<ref>{{cite news |title= 'Quality of Kannada films has declined' |url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/quality-of-kannada-films-has-declined/article5948656.ece |newspaper= The Hindu |date= 26 April 2014 |access-date= 3 May 2014 |archive-date= 3 May 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140503222130/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/quality-of-kannada-films-has-declined/article5948656.ece |url-status= live }}</ref> ಅವರು ಬೆಂಗಳೂರಿನ [[ವಿದ್ಯಾರಣ್ಯಪುರ]] ದಲ್ಲಿ ವಾಸಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದರು.<ref name="rajesh1">{{Cite web|title=Rajesh: Stunner on Silver Screen|url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/12536/sandalwood/rajesh-stunner-on-silver-screen-exclusives-details|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314211643/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/12536/sandalwood/rajesh-stunner-on-silver-screen-exclusives-details|archive-date=14 March 2016|access-date=29 October 2011}}</ref> ==ಜೀವನ== ರಾಜೇಶ್ ಅವರು ಏಪ್ರಿಲ್ ೧೫, ೧೯೩೫ರಲ್ಲಿ ಬೆಂಗಳೂರಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಜನಿಸಿದರು.<ref name="TH" /> ಅವರು ತ್ಯಾಗರಾಜ ಭಾಗವತರ್, ರಾಜಕುಮಾರ್ ಮತ್ತು ಟಿ.ಆರ್. ಮಹಾಲಿಂಗಂ ಅವರಂತಹ ಅಂದಿನ ತಾರೆಗಳನ್ನು ನೋಡುತ್ತಾ ಬೆಳೆದರು. ಬಾಲ್ಯದಿಂದಲೇ ರಂಗಭೂಮಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಆಸಕ್ತಿ ಬೆಳೆಸಿಕೊಂಡಿದ್ದ ಇವರು ತಂದೆ-ತಾಯಿಯರಿಗೆ ತಿಳಿಯದಂತೆ ಸುದರ್ಶನ ನಾಟಕ ಮಂಡಳಿ ಸೇರಿದರು. ಟ್ಯೂಷನ್ ಹೆಸರಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಅಭ್ಯಾಸಕ್ಕೆ ಹೋಗುತ್ತಿದ್ದ ಅವರಿಗೆ ಮೊದಲ ಪಾತ್ರ ಸಿಕ್ಕಿದ್ದು ‘ಶ್ರೀರಾಮ’. ಕರಪತ್ರಗಳಿಂದ, ಅವರು ನಾಟಕ ತಂಡಕ್ಕೆ ಸೇರಿದ್ದಾರೆ ಎಂದು ಅವರ ಪೋಷಕರು ಕಂಡುಹಿಡಿದರು. ==ವೃತ್ತಿ== ===ಆರಂಭಿಕ ವೃತ್ತಿ=== ರಾಜೇಶ್ ಆರಂಭದಲ್ಲಿ ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಸರ್ಕಾರಿ ವಿಮಾ ಇಲಾಖೆ, ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ಕಚೇರಿಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಟೈಪಿಸ್ಟ್ ಆಗಿ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದರು. ಕಛೇರಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಚಿ.ಉದಯಶಂಕರ್ ಖ್ಯಾತ ಸಿನಿಮಾ ಬರಹಗಾರರು ಕೆಲಸವನ್ನು ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದರು. ಲೆಡ್ಜರ್ ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರು ಪ್ರಸಿದ್ಧ ಕಾದಂಬರಿಗಳನ್ನು ಇಟ್ಟುಕೊಂಡು ಓದುತ್ತಿದ್ದರು. ಅದಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ಚಿ.ಉದಯಶಂಕರ್ ಅವರನ್ನು ಕಚೇರಿಯಿಂದ ಹೊರಗೆ ಕಳುಹಿಸಲಾಗಿತ್ತು. ರಾಜೇಶ್ ಕೂಡ ಇದೇ ಪರಿಸ್ಥಿತಿ ಎದುರಿಸಿದರು. ನಂತರ ಅವರು ಶಕ್ತಿ ನಾಟಕ ಮಂಡಳಿಯನ್ನು ರಚಿಸಿದರು, ಅನೇಕ ಜನಪ್ರಿಯ ನಾಟಕಗಳನ್ನು ಪ್ರದರ್ಶಿಸಿದರು. ನಿರುದ್ಯೋಗದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ನಾಟಕವನ್ನು ಬರೆಯಲು ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಿಸಿದರು, ಅದಕ್ಕೆ ‘ನಿರುದ್ಯೋಗಿ ಬಾಳು’ ಎಂಬ ಶೀರ್ಷಿಕೆ ನೀಡಲಾಗಿತ್ತು. ಇದಕ್ಕೆ ಒಳ್ಳೆಯ ಮೆಚ್ಚುಗೆ ಸಿಕ್ಕಿತು. ‘ಬಡವನ ಬಾಳು’ ಅವರ ಮುಂದಿನದ್ದು ಅದು ಹಾಗೆಯೇ ಮುಂದುವರೆಯಿತು. ===ನಂತರದ ವೃತ್ತಿ=== ‘ದೇವರ ಗುಡಿ’ ಸಿನಿಮಾದಲ್ಲಿ ವಿಷ್ಣುವರ್ಧನ ಜೊತೆ ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಪಾತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ನಟಿಸಿದ್ದರು.<ref name=rajesh1 /> ಅದರ ನಂತರ ಅವರು ೧೯೭೦ ರ ದಶಕದಲ್ಲಿ ದೇವರ ದುಡ್ಡು, ಬದು ಬಂಗಾರವಾಯಿತು, ಬೆಳುವಾಳದ ಮಡಿಲಲ್ಲಿ, ಮುಗಿದ ಕಥೆ ಮತ್ತು ೧೯೮೦ ರ ದಶಕದಲ್ಲಿ ಕಲಿಯುಗ, ಪಿತಾಮಹ ಮತ್ತು ಸತ್ಯನಾರಾಯಣ ಪೂಜಾ ಫಲೆಯಂತಹ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಸಿನಿಮಾದಲ್ಲಿ ನಟಿಸಿದರು. ಅವರು ೧೯೫೦ ರ ದಶಕದಲ್ಲಿ ಹೊನ್ನಪ್ಪ ಭಾಗವತರ್, ರಾಜಕುಮಾರ್, ಉದಯಕುಮಾರ್, ಕಲ್ಯಾಣಕುಮಾರ್, ಬಿ.ಆರ್. ಪಂತುಲು, ಕೆ.ಎಸ್.ಅಶ್ವಥ್, ನರಸಿಂಹರಾಜು, ಬಾಲಕೃಷ್ಣ, ಅಯ್ಯರ್, ಬಿ.ಸರೋಜಾದೇವಿ, ಲೀಲಾವತಿ, ಪಂಡರಿ ಬಾಯಿ, ಎಂ.ವಿ.ರಾಜಮ್ಮ, ಮೈನಾವತಿ, ವಂದನಾ, ಕಲ್ಪನಾ, ಜಯಂತಿ, ಭಾರತಿ ಚಿತ್ರರಂಗವನ್ನು ಶ್ರೀಮಂತಗೊಳಿಸಿದರು. ಆದರೆ ಇತ್ತೀಚಿನ ದಿನಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ನಿರ್ಮಾಣವಾಗಿರುವ ಕನ್ನಡ ಚಿತ್ರಗಳು ಉತ್ತಮ ಕಥೆ ಮತ್ತು ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ಬದ್ಧತೆಯ ಕೊರತೆಯಿಂದ ತಮ್ಮ ವಿಶ್ವಾಸಾರ್ಹತೆಯನ್ನು ಕಳೆದುಕೊಂಡಿವೆ ಎಂದು ರಾಜೇಶ್ ವಿಷಾದ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಪಡಿಸಿದರು. ಹಿಂದಿನ ಸ್ಟಾರ್ "ಆ ಚಿತ್ರಗಳು ಆರೋಗ್ಯಕರ ಮನರಂಜನೆಯನ್ನು ಒದಗಿಸುವುದರ ಜೊತೆಗೆ ಸಮಾಜಕ್ಕೆ ಸಂದೇಶವನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದವು. ಆದರೆ ೧೯೮೦ ರ ನಂತರ ಬಂದ ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರಗಳು ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ಬದ್ಧತೆಯ ಕೊರತೆ ಮತ್ತು ಅಗ್ಗದ ಅಭಿರುಚಿಯನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿವೆ. ತಂತ್ರಜ್ಞಾನದ ಬೆಳವಣಿಗೆ ಮತ್ತು ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರಗಳಿಗೆ ವ್ಯಯಿಸುತ್ತಿರುವ ಅಪಾರ ಹಣವನ್ನು ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರ ನಿರ್ಮಾಪಕರು ಸಮಾಜದ ಒಳಿತಿಗಾಗಿ ಬಳಸಲಿಲ್ಲ" ಹೇಳಿದರು.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130803235850/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-26/hubli/29474541_1_films-rajesh-kannada Rajesh's View on Current Trend in Film Industry]</ref> ==ವೈಯಕ್ತಿಕ ಜೀವನ ಮತ್ತು ಸಾವು== ರಾಜೇಶ್‍ರವರು ಉಸಿರಾಟದ ತೊಂದರೆಯಿಂದ ಬಳಲುತ್ತಿದ್ದರು. ೧೯ ಫೆಬ್ರವರಿ ೨೦೨೨ ರಂದು ತಮ್ಮ ೮೭ ನೇ ವಯಸ್ಸಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಬೆಂಗಳೂರಿನ ಖಾಸಗಿ ಆಸ್ಪತ್ರೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ನಿಧನರಾದರು.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Veteran actor Rajesh passes away|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/veteran-actor-rajesh-passes-away/articleshow/89679163.cms|access-date=19 February 2022|work=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=19 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219075708/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/veteran-actor-rajesh-passes-away/articleshow/89679163.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> ==ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿಗಳು== ರಾಜೇಶ್ ಅವರಿಗೆ ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ವಿಶ್ವವಿದ್ಯಾಲಯವು ೨೦೧೨ ರಲ್ಲಿ ಗೌರವ ಡಾಕ್ಟರೇಟ್ ನೀಡಿ ಗೌರವಿಸಿದೆ. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/76245.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004222112/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/76245.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 October 2013 |title=Rajesh {{sic|nolink=y|reason=error in source|honarary}} doctorate - Kannada Movie News |work=Indiaglitz.com |date=4 January 2012 |access-date=5 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/36383/sandalwood/doctorate-for-rajesh-news-details |title=Doctorate for Rajesh |publisher=Supergoodmovies.com |date=4 January 2012 |access-date=5 August 2014 |archive-date=5 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005002045/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/36383/sandalwood/doctorate-for-rajesh-news-details |url-status=live }}</ref> ==ಇತರೆ ಚಿತ್ರಕಥೆ== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="0" bgcolor="#F5F5F5" |- !ವರ್ಷ !ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರ (ಕನ್ನಡದಲ್ಲಿ) !ಪಾತ್ರ |- bgcolor="#eeeeee" | ೧೯೬೩ || ಶ್ರೀ. ರಾಮಾಂಜನೇಯ ಯುದ್ಧ | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | ೧೯೬೪ || ವೀರ ಸಂಕಲ್ಪ | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | ೧೯೬೭ || ಗಂಗೆ ಗೌರಿ | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | ೧೯೬೮ || ನಮ್ಮ ಊರು | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | rowspan="8" | ೧೯೬೯ || ಸುವರ್ಣ ಭೂಮಿ | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | ಬ್ರೋಕರ್ ಭೀಷ್ಮಾಚಾರಿ | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | ಕಪ್ಪು ಬಿಳುಪು | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | ಎರಡು ಮುಖ | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | ಪುಣ್ಯ ಪುರುಷ | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | ಕಾಣಿಕೆ | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | ಬೃಂದಾವನ | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | ಭಲೇ ಬಸವ | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | rowspan="7" | ೧೯೭೦ || ಅರಿಶಿನ ಕುಂಕುಮ | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | ಮೂರು ಮುತ್ತುಗಳು | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | ''[[ಬೋರೇಗೌಡ ಬೆಂಗಳೂರಿಗೆ ಬಂದ]]'' | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | ನಮ್ಮ ಮನೆ | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | ಸುಕ ಸಂಸಾರ | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | ಆರು ಮೂರು ವಂಬತ್ತು. | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | ದೇವರ ಮಕ್ಕಳು | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | rowspan="7" | ೧೯೭೧ || ಪೂರ್ಣಿಮಾ | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | ಬೇತಾಳ ಗುಡ್ಡ | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | ನಮ್ಮ ಬದುಕು | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | ಭಲೇ ಅದೃಷ್ಟವೋ ಅದ್ರುಷ್ಟಃ | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | ಭಲೇ ಭಾಸ್ಕರ | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | ಹೆಣ್ಣು, ಹೊನ್ನು, ಮಣ್ಣು | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | ಪ್ರತಿಧ್ವನಿ | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | rowspan="6" | ೧೯೭೨ || ವಿಷಕನ್ಯೇ | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | ಸುಭದ್ರಾ ಕಲ್ಯಾಣ | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | ಒಂದು ಹೆಣ್ಣಿನ ಕಥೆ | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | ಕ್ರಾಂತಿ ವೀರ | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | ಭಾಂದವ್ಯ | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | ಮರೆಯಾದ ದೀಪಾವಳಿ | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | rowspan="2" | ೧೯೭೩ || ಸಹಧರ್ಮಿಣಿ | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | ಬಿಡುಗಡೆ | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | rowspan="2" | ೧೯೭೪ || ಊರ್ವಶಿ | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | ಗೃಹಿಣಿ | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | rowspan="8" | ೧೯೭೫ || ದೇವರ ಗುಡಿ | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | ಕಸ್ತೂರಿ ವಿಜಯ | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | ಮನೆ ಬೆಳಕು | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | ಸರ್ಪ ಕಾವಲು | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | ಕಾವೇರಿ | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | ಕ್ರಾಂತಿ ವನಿತೆ | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | ಆಶೀರ್ವಾದ | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | ಬೆಳವಲದ ಮಡಿಲಳ್ಳಿ | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | rowspan="4" | ೧೯೭೬ || ಬದುಕು ಬಂಗಾರವಾಯಿತು | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | ಮುಗಿಯದ ಕಥೆ | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | ಮಾಯಾ ಮನುಷ್ಯ | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | ರಾಜನಾರ್ಥಕೀಯ ರಹಸ್ಯ | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | rowspan="3" | ೧೯೭೭ || [[ದೇವರ ದುಡ್ಡು]] | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | ರೇಣುಕಾದೇವಿ ಮಹಾತ್ಮೆ | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | ಸೊಸೆ ತಂದ ಸೌಭಾಗ್ಯ | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | ೧೯೭೮ || ಆತ್ಮ ಶಕ್ತಿ | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | rowspan="2" | ೧೯೮೦ || ಗುರುಸಾರ್ವಭೌಮ ಶ್ರೀ ರಾಘವೇಂದ್ರ ಕರುಣೆ | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | ಮಾಯೆಯ ಮುಸುಕು | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | rowspan="2" | ೧೯೮೧ || ಪ್ರೇಮನುಬಂದ | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | ಚದುರಿದ ಚಿತ್ರಗಳು | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | ೧೯೮೨ || ವಸಂತ ನಿಲಯ | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | ೧೯೮೩ || ಆನಂದ ಭೈರವಿ | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | ೧೯೮೪ || ಕಲಿಯುಗ | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | rowspan="2" | ೧೯೮೫ || ದೇವರ ಮನೆ | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | ಪಿತಾಮಹ | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | rowspan="3" | ೧೯೮೬ || ತವರು ಮನೆ | |- |ಸೆಡಿನಾ ಸಂಚು | |- |ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಹೆಂಗಸರಿಂದ | |-bgcolor=#eeeeee | ೧೯೮೯ || ಬಾಳ ಹೊಂಬಾಳೆ | |- | ೧೯೯೧ || ''ತವರುಮನೆ ಉಡುಗೋರೆ'' | |- |೧೯೯೬ |[[ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಸುಪುತ್ರ]] | |} == ಬಾಹ್ಯ ಕೊಂಡಿಗಳು == * {{IMDb name|nm2860034}} ==ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು== {{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು}} {{Interwikineeded}} [[ವರ್ಗ: ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರ ನಟರು]] [[ವರ್ಗ:೧೯೩೫ ಜನನ]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ನಾಟಕಕಾರರು]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ಕನ್ನಡ ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರ ನಟರು]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ಕನ್ನಡ ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ ಗುಣಮಟ್ಟ ಸುಧಾರಣೆ]] 3jo40vzg8m91oru144zljmoca7cmf14 0 48787 1374677 1369455 2026-06-03T08:07:53Z NDG 94849 RM x-wiki refspam 1374677 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Tamarindus indica 2.JPG|thumb|right|250px|ಮರ]] [[File:Tamarindus indica-flowers.jpg|thumb|right|250px|ಹೂವು]] [[File:Tamarindus indica - Osaka Museum of Natural History - DSC07854.JPG|thumb|right|250px|ಹಣ್ಣು-ಬೀಜ]] '''[[ಹುಣಸೇ]]''' ಮರ [[ಫಾಬೇಸಿ]] ಕುಟುಂಬಕ್ಕೆ ಸೇರಿದ ಮರ. ೨೦ ಮೀಟರುಗಳಷ್ಟು ಎತ್ತರ ಬೆಳೆಯುತ್ತದೆ. ಆಂಗ್ಲಭಾಷೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಇದನ್ನು ಟಮರಿಂಡ್ (Tamarind) ಅಂತಾರೆ. ಇದರ ಸಸ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ ಹೆಸರು ಟಮರಿಂಡಸ್ ಇಂಡಿಕಾ(tamarindus Indica).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.agriculturalproductsindia.com/seeds/seeds-tamarind-seeds.html |title=ಆರ್ಕೈವ್ ನಕಲು |access-date=2013-09-25 |archive-date=2021-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202233508/http://www.agriculturalproductsindia.com/seeds/seeds-tamarind-seeds.html |url-status=deviated |archivedate=2021-02-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202233508/http://www.agriculturalproductsindia.com/seeds/seeds-tamarind-seeds.html }}</ref> ==ಇತರ ಭಾಷೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಇದರ ಹೆಸರು== *[[ಮರಾಠಿ]]:ಚಿಂಚ್(chinch) *[[ಮಲಯಾಳಂ]]:ಪುಲಿ(Puli) *[[ತಮಿಳು]]::ಪುಲಿ(Puli) *[[ತೆಲುಗು]]:ಚಿಂತ(chinta) *[[ಬೆಂಗಾಲಿ]]:ಅಮ್ಲಿ(Amli) *[[ಗುಜರಾತಿ]]:ಅಮ್ಲಿ(amli) *[[ಹಿಂದಿ]]:ಇಮ್ಲಿ(imli),ಚಿಂಚಿಪಾಲ(chinchpala)ತಿಂತಿದಿಕ(tintidika) *[[ಆಂಗ್ಲ]]:ಟಮರಿಂಡ್(Tamarind) [[ಅರಬ್ಬೀ ಭಾಷೆ ]]ಯಲ್ಲಿ ಹುಣಸೇಯನ್ನು ಟಮರ್-ಹಿಂಡಿ(tamar-indi) ಅಂತಾರೆ. ಅದೇ [[ಆಂಗ್ಲ]]ಭಾಷೆಯಲ್ಲಿ '''ಟಮರಿಂಡ್'''(tamarind)ಆಗಿದೆ ಎಂದು ಭಾವಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ. ===ಮರ=== ಹುಣಸೇ ಮರದ ಮೂಲ [[ಆಫ್ರಿಕ]]ಖಂಡದ ಪೂರ್ವಭಾಗದ ಉಷ್ಣಮಂಡಲ ಅರಣ್ಯಗಳ ಪ್ರಾಂತ್ಯಗಳೆಂದು ಭಾವಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಇದು ದೊಡ್ಡ ಗಾತ್ರದ ಮರ. ೨೦ ಮೀಟರುಗಳಷ್ಟು ಎತ್ತರ ಬೆಳೆಯುತ್ತದೆ. ರೆಂಬೆ ಕೊಂಬೆಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದೆ. ಸತತ ಹರಿತವಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ. ಒತ್ತು ಕಣರಚನೆ ದಾರುವನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದೆ. ಎಲೆಗಳು ಚಿಕ್ಕದಾಗಿರುತ್ತವೆ. ==ಹುಣಸೇ ಬೀಜ== ಹುಣಸೇ ಬೀಜ ಕಾಫಿಬಣ್ಣದಲ್ಲಿರುತ್ತದೆ. ಬೀಜದ ಮೇಲೆ ತೆಳುವಾದ ಸಿಪ್ಪೆ ಇರುತ್ತದೆ. ಸಿಪ್ಪೆಯ ಒಳಗೆ ದಟ್ಟ ಕಾಫಿ ಬಣ್ಣದ ಎರಡು ಬೀಜಗಳಿರುತ್ತವೆ. ಪರಿಮಾಣ ೧.೫ X ೦.೮ ಸೆಂ.ಮೀ ಇರುತ್ತದೆ. ಒಂದು ಹುಣಸೇ ಕಾಯಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ೪-೫ ಬೀಜಗಳು ಇರುತ್ತವೆ. ಹುಣಸೇ ಹಣ್ಣನ್ನು ಅಡುಗೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಹುಳಿಯ ರುಚಿ/ಸವಿಗಾಗಿ ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಹುಣಸೆ ಬೀಜವನ್ನು ಪುಡಿಯನ್ನಾಗಿ (powder)ಮಾಡಿ ವಸ್ತ್ರ ಪರಿಶ್ರಮೆ/ಕಾರ್ಖಾನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ವಸ್ತ್ರಗಳನ್ನು/ಬಟ್ಟೆಗಳನ್ನು ಸೈಜಿಂಗ್ ಮಾಡುವುದಕ್ಕೆ ವಿನಿಯೋಗಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಅಂಗೇ ಜಿಗುರು/ಬಂಕೆ(gum), ಅಡೆಹೆಸ್ಸಿವ್ಸು(adhesive)ತಯಾರಿಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿಯೂ ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. ===ಹುಣಸೇ ಬೀಜದಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಪದಾರ್ಥಗಳು=== ಹುಣಸೇ ಬೀಜದಲ್ಲಿ ಈ ಕೆಳಗಿನ ಪಟ್ಟಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಕೊಟ್ಟಿರುವ ಪದಾರ್ಥಗಳಿರುತ್ತವೆ. {|class="wikitable" |-style="background:green; color:yellow" align="center" |ಸಮ್ಮೇಳನ ಪದಾರ್ಥ||ಬೀಜದಲ್ಲಿ||ಬೀಜದಿಂದ ಎಣ್ಣೆಯನ್ನು ತೆಗೆದಮೇಲೆ |- |ಎಣ್ಣೆ ||7.0-8.0||0.6-1.0 |- |ಪ್ರೋಟಿನ್||7.6||19.0 |- |ಪಾಲಿಸಾಕರೈಡ್ಗಳು ||51.0||55.0 |- |ಕತ್ತ(fiber) ||1.2||1.1 |- |ತೇವೆ(moisture) ||7.1||7.0 |- |ಸಾಂಡ್/ಸಿಲಿಕ(sand/silica)||0.4||.05 |} ===ಎಣ್ಣೆಯ ಉತ್ಪತ್ತಿ=== ಹುಣಸೇ ಬೀಜಗಳನ್ನು ವೊದಲು ರೋಸ್ಟರುನಲ್ಲಿ(roaster)ರೋಸ್ಟಿಂಗ್ ಮಾಡುವರು. ಹಾಗೆ ಮಾಡುವುದರಿಂದ ಹೊರಗಡೆ/ಬೀಜದ ಮೇಲೆ ಇರುವ ಸಿಪ್ಪೆ ಸಡಿಲವಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಆಮೇಲೆ ಬೀಜಗಳನ್ನು ಬೀಟರು (beater) ಎನ್ನುವ ಯಂತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ಹಾಕಿ ಬೀಜದ ಮೇಲಿರುವ ಸಿಪ್ಪೆಯನ್ನು ಬೇರೆ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಹೀಗೆ ಸಿಪ್ಪೆ ತೆಗೆದ ಬೀಜವನ್ನು ಸೀಡ್ ಬ್ರೇಕರು(seed breaker)ಯಂತ್ರದ ಸಹಾಯದಿಂದ ಸಣ್ಣ ತುಂಡುಗಳನ್ನಾಗಿ ಮಾಡಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಬೀಜದ ತುಂಡುಗಳನ್ನು ಕುಕ್ಕರ್(Cooker)ಎನ್ನುವ ಯಂತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ಸ್ಟೀಮ್(steam)ಸಹಾಯದಿಂದ ಬಿಸಿಮಾಡಿ, ೮೦-೮೫^೦C ವರೆಗೆ ಬೇಯಿಸಿ ಫ್ಲೆಕಿಂಗ್ ಯಂತ್ರಕ್ಕೆ ಕಳುಹಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಫ್ಲೇಕಿಂಗ್ ಯಂತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ಫ್ಲೇಕ್ಸು ತಯಾರಾಗುತ್ತವೆ. ಫ್ಲೇಕ್ಸುನಲ್ಲಿ ೧೩-೧೪% ತೇವ ಮತ್ತು ಉಷ್ಣೋಗ್ರತೆ ೮೦^೦C ತನಕ ಇರುತ್ತದೆ. ಅದಕ್ಕೆ ಫ್ಲೇಕ್ಸುಗಳನ್ನು ಕೂಲರುಗೆ ಕಳುಹಿಸಿ, ತಣ್ಣಗೆ ಮಾಡಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಆಮೇಲೆ ಫ್ಲೇಕ್ಸುಯನ್ನು ಸಾಲ್ವೆಂಟ್ ಎಕ್ಸುಟ್ರಾಕ್ಷನು ಪ್ಲಾಂಟ್ಗೆ ಕಳುಹಿಸಿ ಕೊಟ್ಟು, ಬೀಜದಿಂದ ಎಣ್ಣೆಯನ್ನು ತೆಗೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಸಾಲ್ವೆಂಟ್ ಪ್ಲಾಂಟ್ನಲ್ಲಿ ಹೆಕ್ಸೆನ್(hexane)ಯೆನ್ನುವ ದ್ರಾವಣವನ್ನು ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸಿ ಎಣ್ಣೆಯನ್ನು ತೆಗೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ===ಎಣ್ಣೆ=== ಸಾಲ್ವೆಂಟ್ ಎಕ್ಸುಟ್ರಾಕ್ಷನು ವಿಧಾನದಿಂದ ತೆಗೆದ ಎಣ್ಣೆ ಕಪ್ಪುಕಂದು(dark brown)ಬಣ್ಣದಲ್ಲಿರುತ್ತದೆ<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.crirec.com/2011/01/tamarind-seed/ |title=ಆರ್ಕೈವ್ ನಕಲು |access-date=2013-09-25 |archive-date=2013-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928073937/http://www.crirec.com/2011/01/tamarind-seed/ |url-status=deviated |archivedate=2013-09-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928073937/http://www.crirec.com/2011/01/tamarind-seed/ }}</ref>.ಈ ಎಣ್ಣೆಯನ್ನು ರಿಫೈನರಿ ಮಿಲ್ಲಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಶುದ್ಧಿಮಾಡಿದಾಗ ಮಂಜಿಲ್/ಹಳದಿ ಬಣ್ಣವಾಗಿ ಕಾಣಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಹುಣಸೇ ಬೀಜದ ಎಣ್ಣೆಯ ಭೌತಿಕ ಮತ್ತು ರಸಾಯನಿಕ ಲಕ್ಷಣಗಳು[[ಶೇಂಗಾ ಎಣ್ಣೆ]]ಯನ್ನು ಹೋಲುತ್ತದೆ. '''ಎಣ್ಣೆಯಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಕೊಬ್ಬಿನ ಆಮ್ಲಗಳ ಪಟ್ಟಿ''' {|class="wikitable" |-style="background:indigo; color:white" align="center" |ಕೊಬ್ಬಿನಆಮ್ಲ||ಶೇಕಡಾ |- |ಲಾರಿಕ್ ಆಮ್ಲ ||0.3 |- |ಮಿರಿಸ್ಟಿಕ್ ಆಮ್ಲ||0.4 |- |ಪಾಮಿಟಿಕ್ ಆಮ್ಲ ||8.7-14.8 |- |ಸ್ಟಿಯರಿಕ್ ಆಮ್ಲ ||4.4-6.6 |- |ಅರಚಿಡಿಕ್ ಆಮ್ಲ ||3.7-12.2 |- |ಲಿಗ್ನೊಸೆರಿಕ್ ಆಮ್ಲ||4.0-10.0 |- |ಒಲಿಕ್ ಆಮ್ಲ||19.6-27.0 |- |ಲಿನೊಲಿಕ್ ಆಮ್ಲ||7.5-55.4 |- |ಲಿನೊಲೆನಿಕ್ ಆಮ್ಲ||2.8-5.6 |} '''ಎಣ್ಣೆಯ ಭೌತಿಕ, ರಸಾಯನಿಕ ಗುಣಗಳು''' {|class="wikitable" |-style="background:orange; color:blue" align="center" |ಗುಣ/ಲಕ್ಷಣ||ಮಿತಿ |- |ತೇವೆ ||0.25% |- |ವಕ್ರೀಭವಸೂಚಿಕೆ/ಗುಣಕ||1.4600-1.4700 |- |ಸಪೋನಿಫಿಕೇಸನ್ ಮೌಲ್ಯ ||184-196 |- |ಅಯೋಡಿನ್ ಮೌಲ್ಯ||100-120 |- |ಆಸಿಡ್ ಮೌಲ್ಯ,ಗರಿಷ್ಟ||20 |- |ಅನ್ ಸಫೋನಿಫಿಯಬುಲ್ ಪದಾರ್ಥ,ಗರಿಷ್ಟ||3.0 |} ===ಎಣ್ಣೆಯ ಉಪಯೋಗಗಳು=== *ರಿಫೈನರಿ ಮಿಲ್ಲಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಶುದ್ಧಿಮಾಡಿದ ಮೇಲೆ ಅಡಿಗೆ ಎಣ್ಣೆಯಾಗಿ ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸಬಹುದು. *[[ಸಾಬೂನ್]]ತಯಾರಿಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. *[[ವನಸ್ಪತಿ]]ತಯಾರಿಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿಯೂ ವಿನಿಯೋಗಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. *ಬಣ್ಣಗಳನ್ನು ಉತ್ಪತ್ತಿ ಮಾಡುವುದರಲ್ಲಿಯೂ ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. *ವಾರ್ನಿಷು(varnish)ಗಳ ತಯಾರಿಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿಯು ಬಳಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. *ದೀಪದ ಎಣ್ಣೆಯನ್ನಾಗಿ ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸಬಹುದು. ===ಉಲ್ಲೇಖನ=== {{reflist}} {{Interwikineeded}} [[ವರ್ಗ: ಎಣ್ಣೆಗಳು]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ಸಸ್ಯಗಳು]] {{ವಿವಿಧ ತರಹದ ಎಣ್ಣೆಗಳು}} np70uazv9smwxqh6rlmjhtny0ksnyip 3 48923 1374663 1373872 2026-06-03T02:09:17Z MediaWiki message delivery 17558 /* Final Reminder: Submission of Local Winners for Feminism and Folklore 2026 */ ಹೊಸ ವಿಭಾಗ 1374663 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="align: center; padding: 1em; border: solid 1px #1874cd; background-color: #d1eeee;"> ನಮಸ್ಕಾರ {{BASEPAGENAME}}, '''ಕನ್ನಡ ವಿಶ್ವಕೋಶಕ್ಕೆ''' ನಿಮಗೆ ಸ್ವಾಗತ! ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ ನಿಮಗೆ ಇಷ್ಟವಾಗುವುದೆಂದೂ, ಇದರಲ್ಲಿ ಸಕ್ರಿಯ ಸದಸ್ಯರಾಗಿರುವಿರೆಂದೂ ಆಶಿಸುತ್ತೇನೆ. ಕನ್ನಡ ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯಾದ ಸಕ್ರಿಯ ಸದಸ್ಯರಲ್ಲೊಬ್ಬರಾಗಲು, ಇದರಲ್ಲಿ ಸಂಪಾದನೆ ಮಾಡಲು [[ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ:ಸಮುದಾಯ ಪುಟ]] ನೋಡಿ. ಹೊಸಬರಿಗೆ ಉಪಯುಕ್ತವಾಗುವಂತಹ ಕೆಲವು ಸಂಪರ್ಕಗಳು ಇಲ್ಲಿವೆ (ಕೆಲ ಸಂಪರ್ಕಗಳು ಆಂಗ್ಲ ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯಕ್ಕೆ ಕರೆದೊಯ್ಯುತ್ತವೆ): *[[Wikipedia:Kannada_Support|Font help]] (read this if Kannada is not getting rendered on your system properly) *[[ಸಹಾಯ:ಲಿಪ್ಯಂತರ|ನೇರವಾಗಿ ಕನ್ನಡದಲ್ಲಿ ಬರೆಯುವುದು ಹೇಗೆ?.]] *[[:ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ:ದಿಕ್ಸೂಚಿ]] *[[:en:Wikipedia:How to edit a page|ಸಂಪಾದನೆ ಮಾಡುವುದು ಹೇಗೆ?]] *[[:en:Wikipedia:Tutorial|ಆಂಗ್ಲ ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ ಟುಟೋರಿಯಲ್]] *[[:en:Wikipedia:Picture tutorial|ಚಿತ್ರಗಳನ್ನುಪಯೋಗಿಸಿವುದು ಹೇಗೆ?]] *[[:Help:ಹೊಸ ಲೇಖನವೊಂದನ್ನು ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಿಸುವುದು|ಹೊಸ ಲೇಖನವನ್ನು ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಿಸುವುದು ಹೇಗೆ?]] *[[:en:Wikipedia:How to write a great article|ದೊಡ್ಡ ಲೇಖನವೊಂದನ್ನು ಬರೆಯುವುದು ಹೇಗೆ?]] *[[:en:Wikipedia:Naming conventions|ಹೆಸರಿಡುವುದರ ಬಗ್ಗೆ]] *[[:en:Wikipedia:Manual of Style|ಶೈಲಿ ಕೈಪಿಡಿ]] *[[ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ:ಕೋರಿಕೆಯ ಲೇಖನಗಳು]] ನೀವು ಕನ್ನಡ ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯದ ಸಹಾಯ ಪುಟಗಳನ್ನು ಬರೆಯಲು ಉತ್ಸುಕರಾಗಿದ್ದಲ್ಲಿ, ಅಥವಾ ಮತ್ತೇನಾದರೂ ತಿಳಿಯಬಯಸಿದಲ್ಲಿ, ದಯಮಾಡಿ [http://mail.wikipedia.org/mailman/listinfo/wikikn-l ಈ ಅಂಚೆ ಪೆಟ್ಟಿಗೆಗೆ] ಸದಸ್ಯರಾಗಿ, ಸಂದೇಶ ಕಳುಹಿಸಿ. ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಮಾತುಕತೆ ನಡೆಸುವಾಗ, ಚರ್ಚಾ ಪುಟದಲ್ಲಿ ಬರೆಯುವಾಗ ಸಹಿ ಹಾಕುವುದನ್ನು ಮರೆಯಬೇಡಿ. <br> ಸಹಿ ಹಾಕಲು ಇದನ್ನು ಬಳಸಿ: <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki> </div> '''ಕನ್ನಡದಲ್ಲೇ ಬರೆಯಿರಿ''' ದಯವಿಟ್ಟು ಕನ್ನಡ ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಕನ್ನಡ ಲಿಪಿಯಲ್ಲೇ ಬರೆಯಿರಿ. ಹಾಗೆಯೇ ಲೇಖನದ ಶೀರ್ಷಿ‍ಕೆಯೂ ಕನ್ನಡ ಲಿಪಿಯಲ್ಲೇ ಇರಲಿ. ಹಾಗೆಯೇ ಯಾವುದೇ ಬ್ಲಾಗ್ ಮಾದರಿಯ ಲೇಖನ ಸೇರಿಸಬೇಡಿ. [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Palagiri|ಪಾಲಗಿರಿ]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Palagiri|talk]]) ೧೧:೦೬, ೨ ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ ೨೦೧೩ (UTC) == ನಿಮ್ಮ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ನೀವೇ ಬರೆಯಬೇಡಿ == ದಯವಿಟ್ಟು ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯದಲ್ಲಿ ನಮ್ಮ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ನೀವೇ ಲೇಖನ ಬರೆಯಬೇಡಿ. ಇದು ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯದ ನಿಯಮಗಳಿಗೆ ವಿರುದ್ಧವಾಗಿದೆ.--[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Pavanaja|Pavanaja]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Pavanaja|talk]]) ೦೨:೫೪, ೫ ಮಾರ್ಚ್ ೨೦೧೪ (UTC) == ಪುರುಷೋತ್ತಮ ಬಿಳಿಮಲೆ == ದಯವಿಟ್ಟು ಒಬ್ಬರ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಒಂದೇ ಪುಟ ಸಾಕು. ಪುರುಷೋತ್ತಮ ಬಿಳಿಮಲೆ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ನೀವು ತಯಾರಿಸಿದ ೩ ಪುಟಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ೨ನ್ನು [[ಪುರುಷೋತ್ತಮ ಬಿಳಿಮಲೆ]] ಪುಟಕ್ಕೆ ಪುನರ್ನಿರ್ದೇಶನ ಮಾಡಿದ್ದೇನೆ. ಇನ್ನು ಮುಂದೆ ಆ ಪುಟವನ್ನು ಮಾತ್ರ ವಿಸ್ತರಿಸಿ. --[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Pavanaja|Pavanaja]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Pavanaja|talk]]) ೦೩:೦೭, ೫ ಮಾರ್ಚ್ ೨೦೧೪ (UTC) == ದಾಮೋದರ ಶೆಟ್ಟಿ ನಾ ಲೇಖನದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ == ಲೇಖನ ಸಂಪಾದಿಸುತ್ತಿರುವುದಕ್ಕೆ ಸಂತೋಷವಿದೆ. ಆದರೆ ವಿಕಿಯ ನಿಯಮಗಳಿಗನುಸಾರವಾಗಿ [[ದಾಮೋದರ ಶೆಟ್ಟಿ ನಾ.]] ಲೇಖನದಲ್ಲಿ ಯಾವುದೇ ಮಾಹಿತಿಯ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಉಲ್ಲೇಖನಗಳಿಲ್ಲ. ಇವನ್ನು ಸರಿಪಡಿಸಿ ಅಥವಾ ಈ ಲೇಖನವನ್ನು ತೆಗೆದು ಹಾಕುವುದು ಅನಿವಾರ್ಯವಾಗುತ್ತದೆ ~[[User:Omshivaprakash|ಓಂಶಿವಪ್ರಕಾಶ್]]^{/[[User talk:Omshivaprakash|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]/[[Special:Contributions/Omshivaprakash|ಕಾಣಿಕೆಗಳು]]} ತಮ್ಮ ವಿಶ್ವಾಸಕ್ಕೆ ಆಭಾರಿಯಾಗಿದ್ದೇನೆ, ತಮಗೆ ತುಂಬು ಹೃದಯದ ವಂದನೆಗಳು. ನೀವು ನನ್ನನ್ನು ಸಂಪನ್ನೂಲ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಯಾಗಿ ಹಾಕಿಕೊಂಡಿರುವಿರಲ್ಲ, ಆ ಕಾರ್ಯಗಾರದಲ್ಲಿ ನನ್ನ ಪಾತ್ರವೇನು?--[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Dr.K.Soubhagyavathi|ಕೆ.ಸೌಭಾಗ್ಯವತಿ]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Dr.K.Soubhagyavathi|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೦೪:೦೮, ೧ ಜನವರಿ ೨೦೧೬ (UTC) :*ಈಗಾಗಲೇ ಮೈಸೂರು ಸಂಪಾದನೋತ್ಸವದಲ್ಲಿ ಲೇಖನ ಮಾಡಬಹುದಾದ ಕ್ಷೇತ್ರದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಮಾಹಿತಿ ನೀಡಿದ್ದೇನೆ. ನೀವು [[ಕನ್ನಡ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಚರಿತ್ರೆ]] ಪುಟವನ್ನು ನೋಡಬಹುದು. === ಹದಿಮೂರನೆಯ ವಾರ್ಷಿಕಾಚರಣೆಯ ಕಾರ್ಯಕ್ರಮದಲ್ಲಿ ಪಾಲ್ಗೊಳ್ಳುವಂತೆ ತಮಗೆ ಈ ಆಹ್ವಾನ === {| style="background-color: #DACEE3; border: 1px solid #fceb92;" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:St. Aloysius College.jpg|125px]] |style="font-size: large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.00;" | '''ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ [[ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ:ಹದಿಮೂರನೆಯ ವರ್ಷಾಚರಣೆ|ಹದಿಮೂರನೆಯ ವರ್ಷಾಚರಣೆ]] @ ಮಂಗಳೂರು''' |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-kn.svg|130px|alt="Wikidata"]] |- |style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | ಕನ್ನಡ ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯವು ಹದಿಮೂರನೆಯ ಫಲಪ್ರದ ವರ್ಷಗಳ ಸಂಭ್ರಮದಲ್ಲಿದೆ. ಈ ಸಂಭ್ರಮಾಚರಣೆಯ ಸಂತಸವನ್ನು ಹಂಚಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ಎಲ್ಲ ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯನ್ನರನ್ನು ಈ ಮೂಲಕ ಆಹ್ವಾನಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದೇವೆ. ಫೆಬ್ರವರಿ ೧೩, ೨೦೧೬ರಂದು ಶನಿವಾರ '''ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ ಫೋಟೋ ನಡಿಗೆ''' ಕಾರ್ಯಕ್ರಮವನ್ನು '''ಬಂಟ್ವಾಳ''' ಅಥವಾ '''ಪಿಲಿಕುಳ'''ದಲ್ಲಿ ಮತ್ತು ಫೆಬ್ರವರಿ ೧೪, ೨೦೧೬ರಂದು ಭಾನುವಾರ ಹದಿಮೂರನೆ ವಾರ್ಷಿಕ ಆಚರಣೆಯನ್ನು, [[ಮಂಗಳೂರು|ಮಂಗಳೂರಿನ]] [[ಸಂತ ಅಲೋಶಿಯಸ್ ಕಾಲೇಜು|ಸಂತ ಅಲೋಶಿಯಸ್ ಸ್ವಾಯತ್ತ ಕಾಲೇಜಿನ]], '''ಎರಿಕ್ ಮಥಾಯಿಸ್ ಸಭಾಂಗಣ'''ದಲ್ಲಿ ಆಚರಿಸುವುದೆಂದು ದಿನ ನಿರ್ಧಾರ ಆಗಿದೆ. ಇಲ್ಲಿ ನಡೆಯಲಿರುವ [[ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ:ಹದಿಮೂರನೆಯ ವರ್ಷಾಚರಣೆ|ಕನ್ನಡ ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯದ ೧೩ನೆಯ ವರ್ಷಾಚರಣೆ]] ಸಮಾರಂಭದಲ್ಲಿ ಕನ್ನಡ ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ ಸಮುದಾಯದ ಸರ್ವರೂ ಪಾಲ್ಗೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಈ ಸಂಭ್ರಮಾಚರಣೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ತಮ್ಮ ಇರುವಿಕೆಯಿಂದ ಹದಿಮೂರನೆಯ ವರ್ಷಾಚರಣೆ ಇನ್ನಷ್ಟು ಪ್ರಜ್ವಳಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಈ ವರ್ಷಾಚರಣೆಯ ವಿಶೇಷವೆಂದರೆ ಈಗಾಗಲೇ ಬೇರೆ ಬೇರೆ ಕಡೆ ನಡೆದ [[ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ:ಸಂಪಾದನೋತ್ಸವಗಳು|ಸಂಪಾದನೋತ್ಸವ]]ಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಪಾಲ್ಗೊಂಡಿರುವ ಅನೇಕ ಹೊಸ ಸಂಪಾದಕರನ್ನು ಒಟ್ಟಾಗಿ ಭೇಟಿಯಾಗಲು ಈ ಕಾರ್ಯಕ್ರಮ ವೇದಿಕೆಯಾಗಲಿದೆ. ಜೊತೆಗೆ ಸಮುದಾಯದ ಮಂಗಳೂರಿನ [[ಸಂತ ಅಲೋಶಿಯಸ್ ಕಾಲೇಜು ಕನ್ನಡ ವಿಭಾಗ|ಸಂತ ಅಲೋಶಿಯಸ್ ಕಾಲೇಜಿನ ಕನ್ನಡ ವಿಭಾಗದ]] ವಿದ್ಯಾರ್ಥಿಗಳು ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಭಾಗವಹಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಸಮುದಾಯದ ಪರವಾಗಿ ನಿಮಗೆ ಪ್ರೀತಿಯ ಸ್ವಾಗತ ಬಯಸುತ್ತೇನೆ.[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Vishwanatha Badikana|Vishwanatha Badikana]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Vishwanatha Badikana|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೪:೦೦, ೧೭ ಜನವರಿ ೨೦೧೬ (UTC) |} ==ಸ್ವೀಕರಿಸಿದೆ== ಆಹ್ವಾನಕೊಟ್ಟಿದ್ದಕ್ಕೆ ಧನ್ಯ ವಾದಗಳು; ನಾನು ಬರುವುದು ಕಷ್ಟ ;ವಯಸ್ಸಿನ ಸಮಸ್ಯೆ (೮೨); ಕಿವಿ ಮಂದ, ವಾರ್ಷಿಕಾಚರಣೆಯು ಯಶಸ್ವಿಯಾಗಲಿ![[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Bschandrasgr|Bschandrasgr]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Bschandrasgr|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೫:೩೩, ೧೭ ಜನವರಿ ೨೦೧೬ (UTC) ನಮಸ್ತೆ, ತಮ್ಮ ಆಹ್ವಾನಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ಧನ್ಯವಾದಗಳು. ಈಗಷ್ಟೇ ಕಾಲೇಜು ಆರಂಭಗೊಂಡಿರುವುದರಿಂದ ರಜೆಗಳನ್ನು ಹಾಕಲು ತುಸು ಕಷ್ಟ. ಮುಂದೊಂದು ದಿನ ಖಂಡಿತವಾಗಿಯು ಮಂಗಳೂರಿಗೆ ಬರುತ್ತೇನೆ.--[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Dr.K.Soubhagyavathi|ಕೆ.ಸೌಭಾಗ್ಯವತಿ]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Dr.K.Soubhagyavathi|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೮:೪೮, ೧೭ ಜನವರಿ ೨೦೧೬ (UTC) == Geographical Indications in India Edit-a-thon == ​Hello,<br/>[[File:Geographical Indications in India collage.jpg|right|200px]] ''Sorry for writing in English''<br/> CIS-A2K is going to organize an edit-a-thon between 25 and 31 January this year. The aim of this edit-a-thon is creating and improving [[:en:Geographical Indications in India|List of Geographical Indications in India]] related articles. We welcome all of you to join this edit-a-thon.<br/> Please see the event and add your name as a participant: '''[[:meta:CIS-A2K/Events/Geographical Indications in India Edit-a-thon]]''' Feel free to ask if you have question(s).<br/> Regards. --[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Titodutta|Titodutta]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Titodutta|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೨೨:೧೪, ೨೨ ಜನವರಿ ೨೦೧೬ (UTC) == Geographical Indications in India Edit-a-thon starts in 24 hours == Hello, <br/> [[File:2010-07-20 Black windup alarm clock face.jpg|right|150px]]Thanks a lot for signing up as a participant in the [[:meta:CIS-A2K/Events/Geographical Indications in India Edit-a-thon|Geographical Indications in India Edit-a-thon]]. We want to inform you that this edit-a-thon will start in next 24 hours or so (25 January 0:00 UTC). Here are a few handy tips: * ⓵ Before starting you may check the [[:meta:CIS-A2K/Events/Geographical_Indications_in_India_Edit-a-thon#Rules|rules of the edit-a-thon]] once again. * ⓶ A resource section has been started, you may check it [[:meta:CIS-A2K/Events/Geographical Indications in India Edit-a-thon/Resources|here]]. * ⓷ Report the articles you are creating and expanding. If a local event page has been created on your Wikipedia you may report it there, or you may report it on the [[:meta:CIS-A2K/Events/Geographical_Indications_in_India_Edit-a-thon/Participants|Meta Wiki event page]] too. This is how you should add an article— go to the <code>"participants"</code> section where you have added you name, and beside that add the articles like this: <code>[[User:Example|Example]] ([[User talk:Example|talk]]) (Articles: Article1, Article2, Article3, Article4).</code> You '''don't''' need to update both on Meta and on your Wikipedia, update at any one place you want. * ⓸ If you are posting about this edit-a-thon- on Facebook or Twitter, you may use the hashtag <span style="color: blue">#GIIND2016</span> * ⓹ Do you have any question or comment? Do you want us to clarify something? Please ask it [[:meta:Talk:CIS-A2K/Events/Geographical Indications in India Edit-a-thon|here]]. Thank you and happy editing. [[File:Face-smile.svg|20px]] --[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:MediaWiki message delivery|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೨೨:೩೨, ೨೩ ಜನವರಿ ೨೦೧೬ (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Titodutta@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/GI_participants&oldid=15268365 --> == Re: Geographical Indications in India Edit-a-thon == Yes. Please start creating/expanding articles and list them beside your name here: [[:m:GIIND2016]]. {{Smiley}} --[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Titodutta|Titodutta]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Titodutta|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೦೮:೦೮, ೨೫ ಜನವರಿ ೨೦೧೬ (UTC) == GI edit-a-thon 2016 updates == Geographical Indications in India Edit-a-thon 2016 has started, here are a few updates: # More than 80 Wikipedians have joined this edit-a-thon # More than 35 articles have been created/expanded already (this may not be the exact number, see "Ideas" section #1 below) # [[:en:Template:Infobox geographical indication|Infobox geographical indication]] has been started on English Wikipedia. You may help to create a similar template for on your Wikipedia. [[File:Spinning Ashoka Chakra.gif|right|150px]] ; Become GI edit-a-thon language ambassador If you are an experienced editor, [[:meta:CIS-A2K/Events/Geographical Indications in India Edit-a-thon/Ambassadors|become an ambassador]]. Ambassadors are community representatives and they will review articles created/expanded during this edit-a-thon, and perform a few other administrative tasks. ; Translate the Meta event page Please translate [[:meta:CIS-A2K/Events/Geographical Indications in India Edit-a-thon|this event page]] into your own language. Event page has been started in [[:bn:উইকিপিডিয়া:অনলাইন এডিটাথন/২০১৬/ভারতীয় ভৌগোলিক স্বীকৃতি এডিটাথন|Bengali]], [[:en:Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Events/Geographical Indications in India Edit-a-thon|English]] and [[:te:వికీపీడియా:వికీప్రాజెక్టు/జాగ్రఫికల్ ఇండికేషన్స్ ఇన్ ఇండియా ఎడిట్-అ-థాన్|Telugu]], please start a similar page on your event page too. ; Ideas # Please report the articles you are creating or expanding [[:meta:CIS-A2K/Events/Geographical Indications in India Edit-a-thon|here]] (or on your local Wikipedia, if there is an event page here). It'll be difficult for us to count or review articles unless you report it. # These articles may also be created or expanded: :* Geographical indication ([[:en:Geographical indication]]) :* List of Geographical Indications in India ([[:en:List of Geographical Indications in India]]) :* Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 ([[:en:Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999]]) See more ideas and share your own [[:meta:Talk:CIS-A2K/Events/Geographical_Indications_in_India_Edit-a-thon#Ideas|here]]. ; Media coverages Please see a few media coverages on this event: [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Wikipedia-initiative-Celebrating-legacy-of-Bangalore-Blue-grapes-online/articleshow/50739468.cms The Times of India], [http://indiaeducationdiary.in/Shownews.asp?newsid=37394 IndiaEducationDiary], [http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/gitagged-products-to-get-wiki-pages/article8153825.ece The Hindu]. ; Further updates Please keep checking [[:meta:CIS-A2K/Events/Geographical Indications in India Edit-a-thon|the Meta-Wiki event page]] for latest updates. All the best and keep on creating and expanding articles. :) --[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:MediaWiki message delivery|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೨೦:೪೬, ೨೭ ಜನವರಿ ೨೦೧೬ (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Titodutta@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/GI_participants&oldid=15282198 --> == ಕಿನಾಳ ಆಟಿಕೆ ಪುಟದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ == ನಮಸ್ತೆ, ನೀವು ಸಂಪಾದಿಸಿರುವ ಕಿನ್ನಾಳ ಸ್ಥಳದ ಪುಟವನ್ನು [[ಕಿನ್ನಾಳ ಆಟಿಕೆ]] ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗಿದೆ. [[:en:Kinnal_Craft|Kinnal_Craft]] ಇದರಲ್ಲಿ ಈ ಕಲೆಗೆ ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸಿದ ಸರಿಯಾದ ಮಾಹಿತಿ ಇದೆ. ~[[User:Omshivaprakash|ಓಂಶಿವಪ್ರಕಾಶ್/Omshivaprakash]]^{/[[User talk:Omshivaprakash|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]/[[Special:Contributions/Omshivaprakash|ಕಾಣಿಕೆಗಳು]]} ೦೪:೪೯, ೩೧ ಜನವರಿ ೨೦೧೬ (UTC) == 7 more days to create or expand articles == [[File:Seven 7 Days.svg|right|250px]] Hello, thanks a lot for participating in [[:meta:CIS-A2K/Events/Geographical Indications in India Edit-a-thon|Geographical Indications in India Edit-a-thon]]. We understand that perhaps 7 days (i.e. 25 January to 31 January) were not sufficient to write on a topic like this, and/or you may need some more time to create/improve articles, so let's extend this event for a few more days. '''The edit-a-thon will continue till 10 February 2016''' and that means you have got 7 more days to create or expand articles (or imprpove the articles you have already created or expanded). ; Rules The [[:meta:CIS-A2K/Events/Geographical_Indications_in_India_Edit-a-thon#Rules|rules]] remain unchanged. Please [[:meta:CIS-A2K/Events/Geographical_Indications_in_India_Edit-a-thon|report your created or expanded articles]]. ; Joining now Editors, who have not joined this edit-a-thon, may [[:meta:CIS-A2K/Events/Geographical Indications in India Edit-a-thon/Participants|also join now]]. [[File:Original Barnstar Hires.png|150px|right]] ; Reviewing articles Reviewing of all articles should be done before the end of this month (i.e. February 2016). We'll keep you informed. You may also [[:meta:CIS-A2K/Events/Geographical Indications in India Edit-a-thon|check the event page]] for more details. ; Prizes/Awards A special barnstar will be given to all the participants who will create or expand articles during this edit-a-thon. The editors, who will perform exceptionally well, may be given an Indic [[:en:List of Geographical Indications in India|Geographical Indication product or object]]. However, please note, nothing other than the barnstar has been finalized or guaranteed. We'll keep you informed. ; Questions? Feel free to ask question(s) [[:meta:Talk:CIS-A2K/Events/Geographical Indications in India Edit-a-thon|here]]. -- [[User:Titodutta]] ([[:meta:User talk:Titodutta|talk]]) sent using [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:MediaWiki message delivery|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೧:೦೮, ೨ ಫೆಬ್ರುವರಿ ೨೦೧೬ (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Titodutta@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/GI_participants&oldid=15282198 --> == GI edit-a-thon updates == [[File:Geographical Indications in India collage.jpg|right|200px]] Thank you for participating in the [[:meta:CIS-A2K/Events/Geographical_Indications_in_India_Edit-a-thon|Geographical Indications in India]] edit-a-thon. The review of the articles have started and we hope that it'll finish in next 2-3 weeks. # '''Report articles:''' Please report all the articles you have created or expanded during the edit-a-thon '''[[:meta:CIS-A2K/Events/Geographical_Indications_in_India_Edit-a-thon|here]]''' before 22 February. # '''Become an ambassador''' You are also encouraged to '''[[:meta:CIS-A2K/Events/Geographical Indications in India Edit-a-thon/Ambassadors|become an ambassador]]''' and review the articles submitted by your community. ; Prizes/Awards Prizes/awards have not been finalized still. These are the current ideas: # A special barnstar will be given to all the participants who will create or expand articles during this edit-a-thon; # GI special postcards may be sent to successful participants; # A selected number of Book voucher/Flipkart/Amazon coupons will be given to the editors who performed exceptionally during this edit-a-thon. We'll keep you informed. ; Train-a-Wikipedian [[File:Biology-icon.png|20px]] We also want to inform you about the program '''[[:meta:CIS-A2K/Train-a-Wikipedian|Train-a-Wikipedian]]'''. It is an empowerment program where groom Wikipedians and help them to become better editors. This trainings will mostly be online, we may conduct offline workshops/sessions as well. More than 10 editors from 5 Indic-language Wikipedias have already joined the program. We request you to have a look and '''[[:meta:CIS-A2K/Train-a-Wikipedian#Join_now|consider joining]]'''. -- [[User:Titodutta|Titodutta (CIS-A2K)]] using [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:MediaWiki message delivery|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೨೧:೦೧, ೧೭ ಫೆಬ್ರುವರಿ ೨೦೧೬ (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Titodutta@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/GI_participants&oldid=15355753 --> == ಧನ್ಯವಾದಗಳು == ಮಹಿಳಾ ಬರಹಗಾರರ ಯೋಜನೆ ಪದಕ ನೀಡಿದ್ದಕ್ಕೆ ಧನ್ಯವಾದಗಳು--[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Viyola pinto|Viyola pinto]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Viyola pinto|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೦:೨೫, ೧೧ ಮಾರ್ಚ್ ೨೦೧೬ (UTC) == ಧನ್ಯವಾದಗಳು == ನಮಸ್ತೆ ಸರ್‍, ಹೌದು ಸರ್‍,ಅದೇ ಮೇಗರವಳ್ಳಿಯವನು ಭೇಟಿಯಾಗೋಣ,--[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Nithinhegde.mb|ನಿತಿನ್ ಹೆಗ್ಡೆ]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Nithinhegde.mb|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೭:೨೪, ೨೫ ಮಾರ್ಚ್ ೨೦೧೬ (UTC) == Rio Olympics Edit-a-thon == Dear Friends & Wikipedians, Celebrate the world's biggest sporting festival on Wikipedia. The Rio Olympics Edit-a-thon aims to pay tribute to Indian athletes and sportsperson who represent India at Olympics. Please find more details '''[[:m:WMIN/Events/India At Rio Olympics 2016 Edit-a-thon/Articles|here]]'''. The Athlete who represent their country at Olympics, often fail to attain their due recognition. They bring glory to the nation. Let's write articles on them, as a mark of tribute. For every 20 articles created collectively, a tree will be planted. Similarly, when an editor completes 20 articles, a book will be awarded to him/her. Check the main page for more details. Thank you. [[:en:User:Abhinav619|Abhinav619]] <small>(sent using [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:MediaWiki message delivery|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೬:೫೪, ೧೬ ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ ೨೦೧೬ (UTC), [[:m:User:Abhinav619/UserNamesList|subscribe/unsubscribe]])</small> <!-- Message sent by User:Titodutta@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Abhinav619/UserNamesList&oldid=15842813 --> == Bhubaneswar Heritage Edit-a-thon starts with great enthusiasm == [[File:Bhubaneswar_Heritage_Edit-a-thon_poster.svg|right|200px]] Hello,<br/> Thanks for signing up as a participant of [[:m:Bhubaneswar Heritage Edit-a-thon|Bhubaneswar Heritage Edit-a-thon]] (2017). The edit-a-thon has started with great enthusiasm and will continue till 10 November 2017. Please create/expand articles, or create/improve Wikidata items. You can see some suggestions [[:m:Bhubaneswar_Heritage_Edit-a-thon/List|here]]. Please report you contribution '''[[:m:Bhubaneswar Heritage Edit-a-thon/Report contribution|here]]'''. If you are an experienced Wikimedian, and want to lead this initiative, [[:m:Bhubaneswar_Heritage_Edit-a-thon/Participants#Ambassadors|become an ambassador]] and help to make the event a bigger success. Thanks and all the best. -- [[:m:User:Titodutta|Titodutta]] using [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:MediaWiki message delivery|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೮:೦೫, ೧೪ ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ ೨೦೧೭ (UTC) <small>You are getting this message because you have joined as a participant/ambassador. You can subscribe/unsubscribe [[:m:User:Titodutta/lists/BHEAT|here]].</small> <!-- Message sent by User:Titodutta@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/BHEAT&oldid=17328544 --> [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Smjalageri|Smjalageri]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Smjalageri|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೨:೪೧, ೨೧ ನವೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೧೭ (UTC) I saw you raised a Request for Scanner to scan Kannada Books. Was wondering, why not scan using Adobe Acrobat Reader link is here. <url>https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.adobe.reader</url> == Bhubaneswar Heritage Edit-a-thon Update == Hello,<br/> Thanks for signing up as a participant of [[:m:Bhubaneswar Heritage Edit-a-thon|Bhubaneswar Heritage Edit-a-thon]] (2017). The edit-a-thon has ended on 20th November 2017, 25 Wikipedians from more than 15 languages have created around 180 articles during this edit-a-thon. Make sure you have reported your contribution on [[Bhubaneswar Heritage Edit-a-thon/Report contribution|this page]]. Once you're done with it, Please put a {{tick}} mark next to your username in the list by 10th December 2017. We will announce the winners of this edit-a-thon after this process.-- [[:m:User:Saileshpat|Sailesh Patnaik]] using [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:MediaWiki message delivery|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೭:೩೦, ೪ ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೧೭ (UTC) <small>You are getting this message because you have joined as a participant/ambassador. You can subscribe/unsubscribe [[:m:User:Titodutta/lists/BHEAT|here]].</small> <!-- Message sent by User:Saileshpat@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Titodutta/lists/BHEAT&oldid=17509628 --> == https://saviorhealth.com/ ಮಂಗಳೂರು ಗೆಳೆಯರಿಗೆ ರಿಜಿಸ್ಟರ್ ಮಾಡಲು ಹೇಳಿರಿ. == https://saviorhealth.com/ ಸರ್, ನಮಸ್ತೆ, ನಿಮ್ಮ ಜಪಾನೀ ಮತ್ತು ಇತರೆ ಲೇಖನ ನೋಡಿ ಖುಷಿಯಾಯ್ತು. ಮಂಗಳೂರು ಗೆಳೆಯರಿಗೆ ರಿಜಿಸ್ಟರ್ ಮಾಡಲು ಹೇಳಿರಿ. ಡಾ. ಮನೀಶ್ ರೈ ಬಹಳ ಶ್ರಮ ಹಾಕ್ತಾ ಇದ್ದಾರೆ ಇದಕ್ಕಾಗಿ. ಇದು ಮತ್ತು ಮುಖ್ಯಮಂತ್ರಿ ಹರೀಶ್ ಯೋಜನೆ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ರಾಜ್ಯೋತ್ಸವ ಎಡಿಟ್ ನಲ್ಲಿ ಹಾಕ್ತಾ ಇದ್ದೀನಿ. ೧೦೮, ಸಾಗರದ ಅಶೋಕ್ ಪೈ ವಿಷಯ ಹರಡಲು ಸಹಕರಿಸಿ. [[User:Mallikarjunasj|Mallikarjunasj]] ([[User talk:Mallikarjunasj|talk]]) ೧೪:೧೧, ೧೪ ನವೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೧೮ (UTC) https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_Asian_Month_2018/Late_submit ಇನ್ನೂ ಬರೆದು ಹಾಕಬಹುದು, .. == ಕ್ರೈಸ್ಟ್ ವಿ.ವಿ. ಶಿಕ್ಷಣ ಯೋಜನೆ == ನಮಸ್ಕಾರ, ಕ್ರೈಸ್ಟ್ ವಿ.ವಿ. ಶಿಕ್ಷಣ ಯೋಜನೆಯಅಂಗವಾಗಿ ತಯಾರದ ಲೇಖನಗಳ ಪಟ್ಟಿ, ಈ [https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/ವರ್ಗ:ಕ್ರೈಸ್ಟ್_ವಿಶ್ವವಿದ್ಯಾಲಯದ_ವಿದ್ಯಾರ್ಥಿಗಳು_ಸಂಪಾದಿಸಿದ_ಲೇಖನಗಳು ವರ್ಗದಲ್ಲಿ] ವೀಕ್ಷಿಸಬಹುದು. ಈ ಲೇಖನಗಳನ್ನು ವಿದ್ಯಾರ್ಥಿಗಳು ರಚಿಸಲಾಗಿರುವುದರಿಂದ ಅವು ಸಮುದಾಯದ ಅಗತ್ಯತೆಗಳ ಗುಣಮಟ್ಟಕ್ಕೆ ತಕ್ಕಂತೆ ಇಲ್ಲ. ಈ ಲೇಖನಗಳ ಗುಣಮಟ್ಟವನ್ನು ಹೆಚ್ಚಿಸಲು ಸಹಾಯಮಾಡ ಬೇಕೆಂದು ಕೋರುತ್ತೇನೆ. --[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Ananth subray|Ananth subray]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Ananth subray|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೦೮:೨೧, ೭ ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ ೨೦೧೯ (UTC) {{clear}} ==ಅರ್ಜಿಯನ್ನು ಬೆಂಬಲಿಸಲು ವಿನಂತಿ == {|class="wikitable" style="color:#000080; background-color:#ffffcc; border:solid 4px cyan;" | ಪ್ರಾಜೆಕ್ಟ್ ಟೈಗರ್'ನ ಲ್ಯಾಪ್‌ಟಾಪ್ / ಇಂಟರ್ನೆಟ್ ಬೆಂಬಲ ಯೋಜನೆಯ ನನ್ನ ಅರ್ಜಿಯನ್ನು ಬೆಂಬಲಿಸಿ. Link: [[meta:Growing Local Language Content on Wikipedia (Project Tiger 2.0)/Support/AnoopZ]] |- | ಧನ್ಯವಾದಗಳು--<span style="background: linear-gradient(to right, grey, ivory, #F3F3EA); letter-spacing: 1.5px;">[[User:AnoopZ|★ Ano]][[User talk:AnoopZ|op✉]]</span>{{CURRENTTIME}}, {{CURRENTDAYNAME}} [[{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}]] [[{{CURRENTYEAR}}]] ([[w:UTC|UTC]]) |} == Community Insights Survey == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> '''Share your experience in this survey''' Hi {{PAGENAME}}, The Wikimedia Foundation is asking for your feedback in a survey about your experience with {{SITENAME}} and Wikimedia. The purpose of this survey is to learn how well the Foundation is supporting your work on wiki and how we can change or improve things in the future. The opinions you share will directly affect the current and future work of the Wikimedia Foundation. Please take 15 to 25 minutes to '''[https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_0pSrrkJAKVRXPpj?Target=CI2019List(asiawps,act5) give your feedback through this survey]'''. It is available in various languages. This survey is hosted by a third-party and [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Insights_2019_Survey_Privacy_Statement governed by this privacy statement] (in English). Find [[m:Community Insights/Frequent questions|more information about this project]]. [mailto:surveys@wikimedia.org Email us] if you have any questions, or if you don't want to receive future messages about taking this survey. Sincerely, </div> [[User:RMaung (WMF)|RMaung (WMF)]] ೧೪:೩೩, ೬ ಸೆಪ್ಟೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೧೯ (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RMaung (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=CI2019List(asia_wps,act5)&oldid=19352606 --> ==ಬೆಂಬಲಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ವಿನಂತಿ== ಪ್ರಾಜೆಕ್ಟ್ ಟೈಗರ್ ಬೆಂಬಲಕ್ಕೆ ಅರ್ಜಿ ಸಲ್ಲಸಿದ್ದೇನೆ. ದಯಮಾಡಿ ಬೆಂಬಲಿಸಿ. https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Growing_Local_Language_Content_on_Wikipedia_(Project_Tiger_2.0)/Support/Manjappabg == Reminder: Community Insights Survey == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> '''Share your experience in this survey''' Hi {{PAGENAME}}, A couple of weeks ago, we invited you to take the Community Insights Survey. It is the Wikimedia Foundation’s annual survey of our global communities. We want to learn how well we support your work on wiki. We are 10% towards our goal for participation. If you have not already taken the survey, you can help us reach our goal! '''Your voice matters to us.''' Please take 15 to 25 minutes to '''[https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_0pSrrkJAKVRXPpj?Target=CI2019List(asiawps,act5) give your feedback through this survey]'''. It is available in various languages. This survey is hosted by a third-party and [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Insights_2019_Survey_Privacy_Statement governed by this privacy statement] (in English). Find [[m:Community Insights/Frequent questions|more information about this project]]. [mailto:surveys@wikimedia.org Email us] if you have any questions, or if you don't want to receive future messages about taking this survey. Sincerely, </div> [[User:RMaung (WMF)|RMaung (WMF)]] ೧೫:೦೯, ೨೦ ಸೆಪ್ಟೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೧೯ (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RMaung (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=CI2019List(asia_wps,act5)&oldid=19395159 --> == Reminder: Community Insights Survey == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> '''Share your experience in this survey''' Hi {{PAGENAME}}, There are only a few weeks left to take the Community Insights Survey! We are 30% towards our goal for participation. If you have not already taken the survey, you can help us reach our goal! With this poll, the Wikimedia Foundation gathers feedback on how well we support your work on wiki. It only takes 15-25 minutes to complete, and it has a direct impact on the support we provide. Please take 15 to 25 minutes to '''[https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_0pSrrkJAKVRXPpj?Target=CI2019List(asiawps,act5) give your feedback through this survey]'''. It is available in various languages. This survey is hosted by a third-party and [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Insights_2019_Survey_Privacy_Statement governed by this privacy statement] (in English). Find [[m:Community Insights/Frequent questions|more information about this project]]. [mailto:surveys@wikimedia.org Email us] if you have any questions, or if you don't want to receive future messages about taking this survey. Sincerely, </div> [[User:RMaung (WMF)|RMaung (WMF)]] ೧೯:೦೧, ೩ ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ ೨೦೧೯ (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RMaung (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=CI2019List(asia_wps,act5)&oldid=19433228 --> == ಮುಂಬರುವ ಸಂಶೋಧನಾ ಚಟುವಟಿಕೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಭಾಗವಹಿಸಿ ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯವನ್ನು ಎಲ್ಲರಿಗೂ ಉತ್ತಮಗೊಳಿಸಲು ನಮಗೆ ಸಹಾಯ ಮಾಡಿ == ಆತ್ಮೀಯ {{ping|user:Vishwanatha Badikana}}, ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯಾಕ್ಕೆ ನಿಮ್ಮ ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಕೊಡುಗೆಗಳಿಗಾಗಿ ಧನ್ಯವಾದಗಳು! ಮುಂಬರುವ ಸಂಶೋಧನಾ ಚಟುವಟಿಕೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಭಾಗವಹಿಸಿ ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯವನ್ನು ಎಲ್ಲರಿಗೂ ಉತ್ತಮಗೊಳಿಸಲು ನಮಗೆ ಸಹಾಯ ಮಾಡಿ. ಈ ಅವಕಾಶದ ಕುರಿತು ಇನ್ನಷ್ಟು ತಿಳಿದುಕೊಳ್ಳಲು, [https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_2i2sbUVQ4RcH7Bb ಕೆಲವು ಸರಳವಾದ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಗಳನ್ನು ಉತ್ತರಿಸಿ]. ಚರ್ಚೆಯ ಸಮಯ ನಿಗದಿಪಡಿಸಲು ನಾವು ಅರ್ಹ ಭಾಗವಹಿಸುವವರನ್ನು ಸಂಪರ್ಕಿಸುತ್ತೇವೆ. ಧನ್ಯವಾದಗಳು, [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:BGerdemann (WMF)|BGerdemann (WMF)]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:BGerdemann (WMF)|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೯:೫೦, ೩ ಜೂನ್ ೨೦೨೦ (UTC) ಈ ಸಮೀಕ್ಷೆಯನ್ನು ಮಧ್ಯಸ್ಥ ಸೇವೆಯ ಮೂಲಕ ನಡೆಸಲಾಗುವುದು, ಅದು ಹೆಚ್ಚುವರಿ ನಿಯಮಗಳಿಗೆ ಒಳಪಟ್ಟಿರುತ್ತದೆ. ಗೌಪ್ಯತೆ ಮತ್ತು ಡೇಟಾ ನಿರ್ವಹಣೆಯ ಕುರಿತು ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಮಾಹಿತಿಗಾಗಿ, [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ck7A3qq9Lz3lEjHoq4PYO-JJ8c7G6VVW/view ಸಮೀಕ್ಷೆ ಗೌಪ್ಯತೆ ಹೇಳಿಕೆ] ನೋಡಿ. == Project Tiger 2.0 - Feedback from writing contest participants (editors) and Hardware support recipients == <div style="border:8px red ridge;padding:6px;> [[File:Emoji_u1f42f.svg|right|100px|tiger face]] Dear Wikimedians, We hope this message finds you well. We sincerely thank you for your participation in Project Tiger 2.0 and we want to inform you that almost all the processes such as prize distribution etc related to the contest have been completed now. As we indicated earlier, because of the ongoing pandemic, we were unsure and currently cannot conduct the on-ground community Project Tiger workshop. We are at the last phase of this Project Tiger 2.0 and as a part of the online community consultation, we request you to spend some time to share your valuable feedback on the Project Tiger 2.0 writing contest. Please '''fill this [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1ztyYBQc0UvmGDBhCx88QLS3F_Fmal2d7MuJsiMscluY/viewform form]''' to share your feedback, suggestions or concerns so that we can improve the program further. '''Note: If you want to answer any of the descriptive questions in your native language, please feel free to do so.''' Thank you. [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:MediaWiki message delivery|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೦೮:೦೫, ೧೧ ಜೂನ್ ೨೦೨೦ (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh Gill@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Nitesh_Gill/list-1/PT2.0_Participants&oldid=20161046 --> </div> == ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ ಏಷ್ಯಾದ ತಿಂಗಳು == {{clear}} {| class="wikitable" style="background-color: #b0c4d9; border: 2px solid #000; padding: 5px 5px 5px 5px; " |- |[[File:Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg|50px|link=[[ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ:ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ_ಏಷ್ಯನ್_ತಿಂಗಳು_೨೦೨೦]]]] |ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ ಏಷ್ಯಾದ ತಿಂಗಳು ವಾರ್ಷಿಕ ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯಾ ಸ್ಪರ್ಧೆಯಾಗಿದ್ದು, ವಿವಿಧ ಭಾಷೆಯ-ನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟ ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯಾಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಏಷ್ಯಾದ ವಿಷಯದ ಪ್ರಚಾರವನ್ನು ಕೇಂದ್ರೀಕರಿಸಿದೆ. ಪ್ರತಿ ಭಾಗವಹಿಸುವ ಸಮುದಾಯವು ತಮ್ಮ ಭಾಷೆಯ ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರತಿ ನವೆಂಬರ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಒಂದು ತಿಂಗಳಿನ ಆನ್ಲೈನ್ ಸಂಪಾದನೆಯನ್ನು ನಡೆಸುತ್ತದೆ. [[ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ:ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ_ಏಷ್ಯನ್_ತಿಂಗಳು_೨೦೨೦|ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ವಿವರಗಳಿಗಾಗಿ/ಭಾಗವಹಿಸಲು ಇಲ್ಲಿ ಕ್ಲಿಕ್ ಮಾಡಿ]]. |- !colspan="2"|ಈ ಎಡಿಟ್-ಅ-ಥಾನ್ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಪ್ರಚಾರ ಮಾಡಿ,ಧನ್ಯವಾದಗಳು. --<span style="background: linear-gradient(to right, #D1DBCB, ivory, #F3F3EA); letter-spacing: 1.5px;">[[User:ಅನೂಪ್|★ Ano]][[User talk:ಅನೂಪ್|op✉]]</span> |} --[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:MediaWiki message delivery|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೦೬:೪೯, ೧೯ ನವೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೨೦ (UTC) {{clear}} <!-- Message sent by User:ಅನೂಪ್@knwiki using the list at https://kn.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF:%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D/messagelist&oldid=1015909 --> == Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2021 Program Schedule: You are invited 🙏 == [[File:WMWMI logo 2.svg|right|150px]] <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Hello {{BASEPAGENAME}}, Hope this message finds you well. [[:m:Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2021|Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2021]] will take place from '''19 to 21 February 2021 (Friday to Sunday)'''. Here is some quick important information: * A tentative schedule of the program is published and you may see it [[:m:Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2021/Program|here]]. There are sessions on different topics such as Wikimedia Strategy, Growth, Technical, etc. You might be interested to have a look at the schedule. * The program will take place on Zoom and the sessions will be recorded. * If you have not registered as a participant yet, please register yourself to get an invitation, The last date to register is '''16 February 2021'''. * Kindly share this information with your friends who might like to attend the sessions. Schedule : '''[[:m:Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2021/Program|Wikimeet program schedule]]'''. Please register '''[[:m:Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2021/Registration|here]]'''. Thanks<br/> On behalf of Wikimedia Wikimeet India 2021 Team </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Jayantanth@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Wikimeet_India_2021/list/active&oldid=21060878 --> == 2021 Wikimedia Foundation Board elections: Eligibility requirements for voters == Greetings, The eligibility requirements for voters to participate in the 2021 Board of Trustees elections have been published. You can check the requirements on [[:m:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2021#Eligibility_requirements_for_voters|this page]]. You can also verify your eligibility using the [https://meta.toolforge.org/accounteligibility/56 AccountEligiblity tool]. [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:MediaWiki message delivery|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೬:೩೪, ೩೦ ಜೂನ್ ೨೦೨೧ (UTC) <small>''Note: You are receiving this message as part of outreach efforts to create awareness among the voters.''</small> <!-- Message sent by User:KCVelaga (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:KCVelaga_(WMF)/Targets/Temp&oldid=21669859 --> == [Wikimedia Foundation elections 2021] Candidates meet with South Asia + ESEAP communities == Hello, As you may already know, the [[:m:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2021|2021 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees elections]] are from 4 August 2021 to 17 August 2021. Members of the Wikimedia community have the opportunity to elect four candidates to a three-year term. After a three-week-long Call for Candidates, there are [[:m:Template:WMF elections candidate/2021/candidates gallery|20 candidates for the 2021 election]]. An <u>event for community members to know and interact with the candidates</u> is being organized. During the event, the candidates will briefly introduce themselves and then answer questions from community members. The event details are as follows: *Date: 31 July 2021 (Saturday) *Timings: [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1627727412 check in your local time] :*Bangladesh: 4:30 pm to 7:00 pm :*India & Sri Lanka: 4:00 pm to 6:30 pm :*Nepal: 4:15 pm to 6:45 pm :*Pakistan & Maldives: 3:30 pm to 6:00 pm * Live interpretation is being provided in Hindi. *'''Please register using [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSflJge3dFia9ejDG57OOwAHDq9yqnTdVD0HWEsRBhS4PrLGIg/viewform?usp=sf_link this form] For more details, please visit the event page at [[:m:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2021/Meetings/South Asia + ESEAP|Wikimedia Foundation elections/2021/Meetings/South Asia + ESEAP]]. Hope that you are able to join us, [[:m:User:KCVelaga (WMF)|KCVelaga (WMF)]], ೦೬:೩೪, ೨೩ ಜುಲೈ ೨೦೨೧ (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:KCVelaga (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:KCVelaga_(WMF)/Targets/Temp&oldid=21774789 --> == ವಿಕಿಮೀಡಿಯಾ ಫೌಂಡೇಶನ್ 2021ರ ಬೋರ್ಡ್ ಆಫ್ ಟ್ರಸ್ಟೀಸ್ ಚುನಾವಣೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಮತ ಚಲಾಯಿಸಲು ಮರೆಯಬೇಡಿ == ಆತ್ಮೀಯ Vishwanatha Badikana, ನೀವು ಈ ಇಮೇಲ್ ಸ್ವೀಕರಿಸುತ್ತಿರುವುದು ಯಾಕೆಂದರೆ, ನೀವು ವಿಕಿಮೀಡಿಯಾ ಫೌಂಡೇಶನ್‌ನ 2021ರ ಬೋರ್ಡ್ ಆಫ್ ಟ್ರಸ್ಟೀಸ್ ಚುನಾವಣೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಮತ ಚಲಾಯಿಸಲು ಅರ್ಹರಾಗಿದ್ದೀರಿ. ಈ ಚುನಾವಣೆಯು ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ 18, 2021ರಂದು ಶುರುವಾಗಿದ್ದು, ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ 31, 2021ಕ್ಕೆ ಕೊನೆಗೊಳ್ಳಲಿದೆ. ಕನ್ನಡ ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ ತರಹದ ಹಲವಾರು ಪ್ರಾಜೆಕ್ಟುಗಳನ್ನು ನಿರ್ವಹಿಸುವ ವಿಕಿಮೀಡಿಯಾ ಫೌಂಡೇಶನ್ ಅನ್ನು ಬೋರ್ಡ್ ಆಫ್ ಟ್ರಸ್ಟೀಸ್ ಮುನ್ನಡೆಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಈ ಬೋರ್ಡ್, ವಿಕಿಮೀಡಿಯಾ ಫೌಂಡೇಶನ್‌ನ ನಿರ್ಣಯ ತೆಗೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳುವ ಘಟಕವಾಗಿದೆ. [[:m:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Overview|ಬೋರ್ಡ್ ಆಫ್ ಟ್ರಸ್ಟೀಸ್ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಇನ್ನಷ್ಟು ತಿಳಿಯಿರಿ]]. ಈ ವರ್ಷ, ಸಮುದಾಯ ಮತದಾನದ ಮೂಲಕ ನಾಲ್ಕು ಸ್ಥಾನಗಳ ಸದಸ್ಯರನ್ನು ಆರಿಸಬೇಕಿದೆ. ಜಗತ್ತಿನಾದ್ಯಂತ 19 ಅಭ್ಯರ್ಥಿಗಳು ಈ ಸ್ಥಾನಗಳಿಗಾಗಿ ಸ್ಪರ್ಧಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದಾರೆ. [[:m:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2021/Candidates#Candidate_Table|2021ರ ಬೋರ್ಡ್ ಆಫ್ ಟ್ರಸ್ಟೀಸ್ ಅಭ್ಯರ್ಥಿಗಳ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಇನ್ನಷ್ಟು ತಿಳಿಯಿರಿ]]. ನಮ್ಮ ವಿವಿಧ ಸಮುದಾಯಗಳ 70,000 ಸದಸ್ಯರನ್ನು ಮತದಾನ ಮಾಡುವಂತೆ ಕೋರಲಾಗಿದೆ. ಅದರಲ್ಲಿ ನೀವೂ ಒಬ್ಬರು! ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ 31ರ 23:59 UTC ತನಕ ಮಾತ್ರವೇ ಮತ ಚಲಾಯಿಸಲು ಅವಕಾಶವಿದೆ. *[[Special:SecurePoll/vote/Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_Elections_2021|'''ಈ ಕೂಡಲೇ ಕನ್ನಡ ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ ಪುಟದಲ್ಲಿರುವ SecurePollನಲ್ಲಿ ಮತ ಚಲಾಯಿಸಿ''']]. ನೀವು ಈಗಾಗಲೇ ಮತ ಚಲಾಯಿಸಿದ್ದರೆ, ಧನ್ಯವಾದಗಳು. ದಯವಿಟ್ಟು ಈ ಇಮೇಲನ್ನು ಕಡೆಗಣಿಸಿ. ಒಬ್ಬ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಯ ಬಳಿ ಎಷ್ಟೇ ಖಾತೆಗಳಿದ್ದರೂ, ಒಂದು ಸಲ ಮಾತ್ರವೇ ಮತ ಚಲಾಯಿಸಬಹುದು. [[:m:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2021|ಈ ಚುನಾವಣೆ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಇನ್ನಷ್ಟು ಮಾಹಿತಿ ಪಡೆಯಿರಿ]]. [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:MediaWiki message delivery|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೦೬:೪೭, ೨೮ ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ ೨೦೨೧ (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:KCVelaga (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:KCVelaga_(WMF)/Targets/Temp&oldid=21946184 --> == ವಿಕಿ ಸಮ್ಮಿಲನ ೨೦೨೩, ಉಡುಪಿ == {| style="background-color: #FFFF00; border: 1px solid #fceb92;border-style:solid; border-width:6px; border-color:#bca9f5; style:{{corners}}" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:The gate to Udupi Town.jpg|The_gate_to_Udupi_Town]|225px]] |style="font-size: large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.00;" | '''ಕನ್ನಡ ವಿಕಿ ಸಮ್ಮಿಲನ ೨೦೨೩, ಉಡುಪಿ''' |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Wikimedia logo family complete-2013.svg|130px|alt="Wikidata"]] |- |style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | ಹಲವು ವರ್ಷಗಳ ನಂತರ ಕನ್ನಡ ವಿಕಿಮೀಡಿಯನ್ನರ ಭೌತಿಕ ಸಮ್ಮಿಲನವನ್ನು '''ಜನವರಿ ೨೨,೨೦೨೩ರಂದು ಉಡುಪಿ'''ಯಲ್ಲಿ ಆಯೋಜಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತಿದೆ. ಈ ಸಮ್ಮಿಲನದಲ್ಲಿ ಕನ್ನಡದ ಯಾವುದೇ ವಿಕಿ ಯೋಜನೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಕೊಡುಗೆ ನೀಡುತ್ತಿರುವ ಎಲ್ಲ ಸಂಪಾದಕರಿಗೆ ಭಾಗವಹಿಸಲು ಮುಕ್ತ ಅವಕಾಶವಿದ್ದು ಬಹಳ ಸಮಯದ ನಂತರ ಎಲ್ಲರ ಭೇಟಿಯು ಒಂದು ಉಲ್ಲಾಸದಾಯಕ ಕಾರ್ಯಕ್ರಮವಾಗುವುದರ ಜೊತೆಗೆ ಕನ್ನಡ ವಿಕಿಸಮುದಾಯಕ್ಕೆ ಮರುಚೈತನ್ಯ ತಂದುಕೊಡಬಹುದೆಂಬ ಆಶಾಭಾವನೆ ಇದರಲ್ಲಿ ಮುಖ್ಯವಾಗಿದೆ. ಹಳೆ ಹೊಸ ವಿಕಿಮೀಡಿಯನ್ನರ ಸಮಾಗಮವು ಜ್ಞಾನದ ಹಂಚಿಕೆಗೆ, ಮಾಹಿತಿ ವಿನಿಮಯಕ್ಕೆ ಒಳ್ಳೆಯ ವೇದಿಕೆಯಾಗುವ ವಿಶ್ವಾಸವಿದೆ. ಕನ್ನಡ ವಿಕಿಸಮುದಾಯದ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಸಂಪಾದಕರು ಸ್ವಯಂಪ್ರೇರಣೆಯಿಂದ ಇದರಲ್ಲಿ ಭಾಗವಹಿಸಿ ಯಶಸ್ವಿಗೊಳಿಸೋಣ. ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಕನ್ನಡ ವಿಕಿಮೀಡಿಯನ್ನರಿಗೆ ಪ್ರೀತಿಯ ಸ್ವಾಗತ. '''ಕಾರ್ಯಕ್ರಮದ ವಿವರಗಳಿಗಾಗಿ ಮತ್ತು ನೊಂದಾಯಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲು [[ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ:ಸಮ್ಮಿಲನ/ವಿಕಿ ಸಮ್ಮಿಲನ ೨೦೨೩, ಉಡುಪಿ]] ಪುಟಕ್ಕೆ ಭೇಟಿ ಕೊಡಿ.''' |} {{clear}} ---- ಈ ಸಂದೇಶ [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Vikashegde|ವಿಕಾಸ್ ಹೆಗಡೆ]] ಅವರ ಪರವಾಗಿ ಕಳಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ. <div style="border-bottom: 2px solid red; border-top: 2px solid yellow; border-radius: 40px 0px 40px 0px; padding: 0px 5px; font-weight:bold; letter-spacing: 1.5px; text-align: center;"> <br /> ಹೊಸ ವರ್ಷದ ಶುಭಾಶಯಗಳು. <span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; background: ivory; font-weight:bold;">[[User:~aanzx|~aanzx]] ^{[[user_talk:~aanzx|<big>✉</big>]]}_{[[Special:Contributions/~aanzx|<big> ©</big>]]}</span>೧೪:೩೭, ೩೧ ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೨೨ (IST) <br /> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:~aanzx@knwiki using the list at https://kn.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF:~aanzx/Active_user_list&oldid=1143808 --> == ಸ್ತ್ರೀವಾದ ಮತ್ತು ಜಾನಪದದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ವಾರ್ಷಿಕ ಸ್ಪರ್ದೆ ಆಹ್ವಾನ == <div style="border: solid 1px #333; border-radius: 0.2em; box-shadow: 0 4px 4px #999; margin-bottom: 1.5em; display: table; width: 100%; height: 100px; line-height: 1.2; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;"> <p style="font-size: 1.4em;">[[ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ:ಸ್ತ್ರೀವಾದ ಮತ್ತು ಜಾನಪದ ೨೦೨೩|'''ಸ್ತ್ರೀವಾದ ಮತ್ತು ಜಾನಪದದ''']] ಬಗ್ಗೆ ವಾರ್ಷಿಕವಾಗಿ ಫೆಬ್ರವರಿ ಮತ್ತು ಮಾರ್ಚ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಆಯೋಜಿಸಲಾದ ಅಂತಾರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಬರವಣಿಗೆ ಸ್ಪರ್ಧೆ ನಡೆಯುತ್ತದೆ, ಇದು ಪ್ರಪಂಚದಾದ್ಯಂತದ ಜಾನಪದ ಸಂಪ್ರದಾಯಗಳನ್ನು ದಾಖಲಿಸಲುವ ವಿಕಿಮೀಡಿಯಾ ಕಾಮನ್ಸ್‌ನ ವಿಕಿ ಲವ್ಸ್ ಫೋಕ್ಲೋರ್ (WLF) ಛಾಯಾಗ್ರಹಣ ಅಭಿಯಾನದ ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ ಆವೃತ್ತಿಯಾಗಿದೆ. ಸ್ಪರ್ದೆ 1 ಫೆಬ್ರವರಿ 2023ರಿಂದ 31 ಮಾರ್ಚ್ 2023 ವರೆಗೆ ನಡೆಯುತ್ತದೆ.</p> <span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive">[[ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ:ಸ್ತ್ರೀವಾದ_ಮತ್ತು_ಜಾನಪದ_೨೦೨೩|<span style="color:white">ಬಾಗವಹಿಸಲು ಈ ಪುಟಕ್ಕೆ ಭೇಟಿ ಕೊಡಿ..</span>]]</span> <div style="display: table-cell; vertical-align: middle;">[[ಚಿತ್ರ:Feminism_and_Folklore_banner.svg|250px|right]]</div></div> <span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; background: ivory; font-weight:bold; align:center;">[[User:~aanzx|~aanzx]] ^{[[user_talk:~aanzx|<big>✉</big>]]}_{[[Special:Contributions/~aanzx|<big> ©</big>]]}</span> <!-- Message sent by User:~aanzx@knwiki using the list at https://kn.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF:~aanzx/Active_user_list&oldid=1149743 --> == Some of your articles were evaluated == Some new submissions were evaluated since last update: * [[ಅನುರಾಧಾ ದೊಡ್ಡಬಳ್ಳಾಪುರ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) Please Note that, it was opt-in feature from CampWiz Bot. - [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:CampWiz Bot|CampWiz Bot]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:CampWiz Bot|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೯:೩೮, ೧೨ ಏಪ್ರಿಲ್ ೨೦೨೪ (IST) == Some of your articles were evaluated == Some new submissions were evaluated since last update: * [[ಸ್ಮಿತಾ ಪಾಟೀಲ್]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ನಾಟ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಮಿಸ್ ಚೆನ್ನೈ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಶ್ರುತಿ ಹರಿಹರ ಸುಬ್ರಮಣಿಯನ್]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ರಮ್ಯಾ ಸುಬ್ರಮಣಿಯನ್]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಚಾಂದಿನಿ ತಮಿಳರಸನ್]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ದೀಪಿಕಾ ಚಿಖಲಿಯಾ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಬಿಂದು (ನಟಿ)]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಮೀಟೈ ಚಾನು]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಮೀನಾ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಅಂಜಲಿ ದೇವಿ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಮೈಲಮಾರಿ(ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರ)]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಸ್ರವಂತೀ ನಾಯ್ಡು]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಪೂರ್ಣಿಮಾ ರಾವ್]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಮಹಿಳಾ ಟೆಸ್ಟ್ ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಗೌಹರ್ ಸುಲ್ತಾನ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ವೆಳ್ಳಸ್ವಾಮಿ ವನಿತಾ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಪುಷ್ಕರ್ ಸರೋವರ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಪುಷ್ಕರ್ ಜಾತ್ರೆ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಪುಷ್ಕರ್]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ವೀರ್ ತೇಜಾ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ವಿಜಯದುರ್ಗ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಅವಲ್ ಪಾವಂ (ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರ)]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಬಾರಹ್ಮಾಸ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಬಾಂಬರ್ ಬೈನಿ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಬಂಬಾ ಬಕ್ಯಾ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಬಾಲಾಂಬಿಕಾ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಬಾಗಲಾಮುಖಿ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಬಾಬಾ ಶಿವೋ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಬಾಬಾ ಮೋಹನ್ ರಾಮ್]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಬಂಗಾಳದ ಕಲೆಗಳು]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಅನಾರ್ಕಲಿ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಅಪ್ಪನ್ ಸಮಾಚಾರ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಮಂಗಳಗಿರಿ ಸೀರೆಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಬಟ್ಟೆಗಳು]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಕಾಂಚೀಪುರಂ ರೇಷ್ಮೆ ಸೀರೆ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಪಟೋಲ ಸೀರೆ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ದಿಯೋಧಾನಿ ನೃತ್ಯ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಗೋಗಾಜಿ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಯೋಗಿನ್ ಮಾ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಅತಿಥಿ ದೇವೋ ಭವ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಅಲ್ಪನಾ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಅನಿತಾ ಕೌಲ್]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಆದಿಕಂಡ ಮಹಾಂತ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಅದ್ಬಿ ಮರ್ಕಝ್ ಕಮ್ರಾಜ್]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಏಡ್ಸ್ ಭೇದಭಾವ ವಿರೋಧಿ ಆಂದೋಲನ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಅಖಿಲಾಂಡೇಶ್ವರಿ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಆರ್ಯ ಪೂಂಕಣಿ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ವುಮೆನ್ ಇನ್ ಸಿನಿಮಾ ಕಲೆಕ್ಟಿವ್]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಆಲ್ಟಾ (ಬಣ್ಣ)]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಗೋ ಹೆರಿಟೇಜ್ ರನ್]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) Please Note that, it was opt-in feature from CampWiz Bot. - [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:CampWiz Bot|CampWiz Bot]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:CampWiz Bot|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೮:೩೦, ೨೮ ಜೂನ್ ೨೦೨೪ (IST) == The Tuluvas Aati Month Barnstar == <div style="display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:center;align-items:center; background: #f7fcfd; border: 1px solid #2b7c85;border-radius: 0.5em;"> <div style="flex:0 0 20%;text-align:center;display:inline-block;margin:0.75em;">[[File:Tuluvas Aati Month Barnstar.svg|150px|link=]]</div> <div style="flex:1 0 300px; max-width: 100%; text-align:justify; vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block;margin:0.75em"> <span style="font-family: Castellar, sans serif; font-size: 15pt; color:#267b83;">Tuluvas Aati Month Barnstar</span><br>Dear {{ROOTPAGENAME}}, Thank you for being a part of '''[[m:Tuluvas Aati Month|Tuluvas Aati Month]]''' We truly appreciate your dedication to the Wikimedia movement and your efforts in promoting and celebrating our culture. We are grateful of your dedication to Wikimedia movement and hope you join us next year! :Wish you all the best!<br><br> Best regards,<br>'''Tuluvas Aati Month Team'''<br> </div></div> {{clear}} <!-- Message sent by User:ChiK@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuluvas_Aati_Month/Regular_Barnstars_Receiver&oldid=27681469 --> == Congratulations to the Tuluvas Aati Month Prize Winner! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[File:Tuluvas Aati Month banner logo.svg|center|500px]] Dear Wikimedian, We want to extend our heartfelt thanks for your exceptional contributions to the '''[[m:Tuluvas Aati Month|Tuluvas Aati Month]]''' writing competition. Your commitment has significantly helped bridge cultures on Wikipedia, and we appreciate the time and effort you've dedicated. To express our gratitude, you will receive a gift card. To facilitate the delivery of your prize and gather valuable feedback on your experience, please fill out [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd3RWB1kvSyR77kYaZtI-S1T9da48Cd7j6giMb6naSDXcYl9Q/viewform this form] on or before November 10th, 2024. In the form, kindly provide your details for receiving the gift card and share your thoughts about the project. Thank you for being an integral part of our mission to celebrate and preserve culture and folklore on Wikipedia. Best regards, <br > '''Tuluvas Aati Month Team''' </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ChiK@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuluvas_Aati_Month/Regular_Barnstars_Receiver&oldid=27683933 --> == Invitation to Participate in the Wikimedia SAARC Conference Community Engagement Survey == Dear Community Members, I hope this message finds you well. Please excuse the use of English; we encourage translations into your local languages to ensure inclusivity. We are conducting a Community Engagement Survey to assess the sentiments, needs, and interests of South Asian Wikimedia communities in organizing the inaugural Wikimedia SAARC Regional Conference, proposed to be held in Kathmandu, Nepal. This initiative aims to bring together participants from eight nations to collaborate towards shared goals. Your insights will play a vital role in shaping the event's focus, identifying priorities, and guiding the strategic planning for this landmark conference. Survey Link: https://forms.gle/en8qSuCvaSxQVD7K6 We kindly request you to dedicate a few moments to complete the survey. Your feedback will significantly contribute to ensuring this conference addresses the community's needs and aspirations. Deadline to Submit the Survey: 20 January 2025 Your participation is crucial in shaping the future of the Wikimedia SAARC community and fostering regional collaboration. Thank you for your time and valuable input. Warm regards,<br> [[:m:User:Biplab Anand|Biplab Anand]] <!-- Message sent by User:Biplab Anand@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Biplab_Anand/lists&oldid=28078122 --> == Belated Wiki Anniversary Wishes 🎉 == [[File:Rose and Carnation Flower Bouquet 02.png|150px|right|Happy Wiki Anniversary]] Dear [[User:Vishwanatha Badikana|Vishwanatha Badikana]], Your wiki anniversary was '''14 days''' ago, marking '''12 years''' of dedicated service! I wanted to extend a heartfelt thanks for your amazing contributions. With over '''34,899''' edits, your dedication is an inspiration to the community. Wishing you all the best for the year ahead! ''Use this [https://suyashdwivedi.github.io/Wiki_Tools/Wiki_Anniversary.html '''Tool'''] to send wiki anniversary wishes to other amazing Wikimedians.'' -- [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Suyash.dwivedi|Suyash.dwivedi]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Suyash.dwivedi|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೯:೦೨, ೧೬ ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ ೨೦೨೫ (IST) :Thank you [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Suyash.dwivedi|Suyash.dwivedi]]. :To be honest, I am a language professor. So I have immense respect for the language, literature, and culture of my surrounding region. I am not working for fame. I am working because Wikipedia is a public information repository.[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Vishwanatha Badikana|Vishwanatha Badikana]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Vishwanatha Badikana|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೧:೨೯, ೧೭ ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ ೨೦೨೫ (IST) == Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> ;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 Dear Wikimedian, We thank you for taking an initiative to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia. The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects. ;About the Campaign '''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices. ;What Can Participants Write About? Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to: * Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations * Folk dances, music, and traditional performances * Women and queer figures in folklore * Women in mythology and oral traditions * Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives * Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends * Folk games, sports, and cultural practices Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools. ;Checklist for Organizers Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community: # Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] # Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool # Prepare a local article list and clearly mention: #* Campaign timeline #* Local and international prizes # Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]] # Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]''' ;Campaign Tools The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants: * '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats. * '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]''' ;Learn More & Get Support For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''. If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via: * '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]''' * Email us using details on the contact page. ;Join Us in upcoming office hours We look forward to your presence in the upcoming office hours where the community and the international Team can interact with each other and know more about the contest. resister yourself for the [[:m:Event:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 Office Hours|office hours event]]. Thank you and all the best, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]''' ---- ''Stay connected:'' [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> --[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:MediaWiki message delivery|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೯:೦೦, ೧೮ ಜನವರಿ ೨೦೨೬ (IST) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/fnf26&oldid=29948401 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2026 – Community Organisers & Jury == Hello {{PAGENAME}}!, Thank you for taking the lead in organising '''Feminism and Folklore 2026''' in your community. We truly appreciate your efforts! To ensure a smooth and successful campaign, please make sure you have: * Fully completed all details on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Feminism and Folklore 2026 Project Page]]: * Started promoting the campaign within your community. * Requested a local administrator to place a '''sitenotice''' about the campaign so users are notified. * Used the '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/fnf/ Article List Generator Tool]''' and shared the generated article lists with your community. === Internet & Childcare Support === Community organisers and jury members who require '''internet and childcare support''' (non-mandatory, opt-in, request-only support) should fill the support request form '''by 22 February 2026'''. '''[https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeutXEF1yTnJfExWUYPIf6SkhcnTgul07BeI-biqT4RE_vsrA/viewform Link to the form]''' Requests submitted after this date will not be entertained. === Important Participation Guidelines === * Minimum article size: '''3000 bytes and 300 words''' (final decision may be set by local organisers). * If your country is not listed on the Article list generator tool, please contact us. === Community Engagement === * Keep your community active and motivated throughout the campaign. * Share your achievements and notable articles with us so we can highlight them globally. * In the support form, please indicate if you would like a '''quick coordination call after the campaign'''. Let’s make '''Feminism and Folklore''', under the banner of '''#WeTogether''', help bridge the '''gender gap''' and '''folklore gap''' on Wikipedia worldwide. 🌍✊ Thank you for your collaboration! ''If someone from your community organisers or jury has missed this message feel free to share this message with them.'' Feminism and Folklore International Team. –[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:MediaWiki message delivery|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೦:೪೭, ೧೬ ಫೆಬ್ರವರಿ ೨೦೨೬ (IST) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/fnf26&oldid=30083330 --> == Next Steps and Feedback meeting for Feminism and Folklore Organizers == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge; padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|center|550px|frameless]] <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="padding: 1em 2em;"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> Dear Organizer, I hope this message finds you well. First and foremost, on behalf of the International Team I want to extend my gratitude to you for your efforts in organizing the '''Feminism and Folklore 2026''' campaign on your local Wikipedia. Your contribution has been instrumental in bridging the gender and folk gap on Wikipedia, and we truly appreciate your dedication to this important cause. As the campaign has ended I wanted to inform you about the next steps. It's time to commence the jury process using the CampWiz or Fountain tool where your campaign was hosted. Please ensure that you update the details of the jury, campaign links and the names of organizers accurately on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|sign-up page]]. Once the jury process is completed, kindly update only the top 3 winners details on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Results|results page]] accordingly. The deadline for jury submission of results is '''April 30, 2026'''. However, if you find that the number of articles is high and you require more time, please don't hesitate to inform us via email or on campaign Meta Wiki talk page. We are more than willing to approve an extension if needed. Should you encounter any issues with the tools, please feel free to reach out to us on Telegram for assistance. Your feedback and progress updates are crucial for us to improve the campaign and better understand your community's insights. Therefore, we kindly ask you to spare just an hour to collectively share your progress and achievements with us during our '''[[:m:Event:Feminism and Folklore 2026 Post-Campaign Office Hour|community feedback session]]'''. Your input will greatly assist us in making the campaign more meaningful and impactful. Thank you once again for your hard work and dedication to the Feminism and Folklore campaign. Your efforts are deeply appreciated, and we look forward to hearing from you soon. Warm regards, [[User:Tiven2240|Tiven2240]] on behalf of Feminism and Folklore International Team <nowiki>#WeTogether</nowiki> </div></div> --[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:MediaWiki message delivery|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೭:೨೭, ೧೧ ಏಪ್ರಿಲ್ ೨೦೨೬ (IST) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/fnf26&oldid=30391231 --> == ನೀವು U4C ಚುನಾವಣೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಮತ ಚಲಾಯಿಸಲು ಅರ್ಹರಾಗಿರಬಹುದು. == <section begin="announcement-content" /> ನೀವು [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|ಜಾಗತೀಕ ನೀತಿ ಸಂಹಿತೆ ಸಮನ್ವಯ ಸಮಿತಿ (U4C)]] ಗೆ ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸಿದ ಚುನಾವಣೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಈ ಹಿಂದೆ ಮತ ಚಲಾಯಿಸಿದ್ದರಿಂದ ನಾನು ನಿಮ್ಮನ್ನು ಸಂಪರ್ಕಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದೇನೆ. ನೀವು ಪ್ರಸ್ತುತ U4C ಚುನಾವಣೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಮತ ಚಲಾಯಿಸಲು ಅರ್ಹರಾಗಿರಬಹುದು, ಇದು ಈಗ ತೆರೆದಿರುತ್ತದೆ ಮತ್ತು ೨ ಜೂನ್ ೨೦೨೬ ರಂದು ಮುಕ್ತಾಯಗೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತದೆ. ನೀವು ಅಭ್ಯರ್ಥಿಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಚುನಾವಣೆಯ ಬಗ್ಗೆ [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|ಮೆಟಾದಲ್ಲಿನ ಚುನಾವಣಾ ಪುಟದಲ್ಲಿ]] ಇನ್ನಷ್ಟು ತಿಳಿದುಕೊಳ್ಳಬಹುದು ಮತ್ತು ಅಲ್ಲಿಂದ ನೀವು ಮತ ​​ಚಲಾಯಿಸಬಹುದು. ಈ ಚುನಾವಣೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ನಿಮ್ಮ ಭಾಗವಹಿಸುವಿಕೆ ವಿಕಿಮೀಡಿಯ ಸಮುದಾಯಗಳ ಆಡಳಿತಕ್ಕೆ ಮುಖ್ಯವಾಗಿದೆ ಮತ್ತು ಅಭ್ಯರ್ಥಿಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಮತದಾನದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಕಲಿಯಲು ನೀವು ವ್ಯಹಿಸಿದ ಸಮಯವನ್ನು ಪ್ರಶಂಸಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. --U4C ಸಹಯೋಗದೊಂದಿಗೆ, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]])<section end="announcement-content" /> [[m:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) ೨೨:೦೫, ೨೦ ಮೇ ೨೦೨೬ (IST) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30569740 --> == Final Reminder: Submission of Local Winners for Feminism and Folklore 2026 == Dear Feminism and Folklore organiser, This is a friendly reminder that the deadline for submitting the names and details of your local winners for '''Feminism and Folklore 2026''' is '''5 June 2026'''. Please ensure that your community's [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Results|winner information]] is submitted before this date. Communities that do not provide their winner data by the deadline will unfortunately not be eligible for prize distribution, and the international organizing team will not be able to accommodate late submissions received after 5 June 2026. Thank you for your prompt attention to this matter and for your participation in the campaign. Best regards, '''Feminism and Folklore International Organizing Team''' --[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:MediaWiki message delivery|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೦೭:೩೯, ೩ ಜೂನ್ ೨೦೨೬ (IST) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/wlf2026&oldid=30627457 --> bhsux2egr57z023jl8v54m5folciyn0 10 55465 1374613 1327182 2026-04-16T15:17:55Z en>Warudo 0 Removed unnecessary check 1374613 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{unichar/main | hval ={{unichar/hexformat|{{{1|<#salted#>}}} }} | hvalinput ={{{1|}}}<!--to use in errormessage--> | na = {{#if:{{{alias|}}} | {{#invoke:Unicode alias|alias|{{unichar/hexformat|{{{1|}}}}}}} | {{#invoke:Unicode data|lookup|name|{{unichar/hexformat|{{{1|}}}}}}}}} | ulink ={{{ulink|<#salted#>}}} | nlink ={{{nlink|<#salted#>}}} | image ={{{image|}}} | cwith ={{#if:{{{cwith|}}} | {{{cwith}}} | {{#if:{{{cwith}}} || ◌ }} }} | suffix={{{suffix|}}} | size ={{#if:{{{image|}}} | {{#if:{{#invoke:String|endswith|1={{lc:{{{size|}}}}}|2=px}}|{{{size}}}|10px}} | {{{size|{{#if:{{{cwith}}}|125%|150%}}}}} }} | use ={{lc:{{{use|unicode}}}}} | use2 ={{{use2|}}} | dval ={{hex2dec|{{unichar/hexformat|{{{1|<#salted#>}}} }}|no}} | html ={{#ifeq:{{{html|+}}}|{{{html|-}}}|yes|no}} | note ={{{note|}}} | gc ={{unichar/gc|{{hex2dec|{{unichar/hexformat|{{{1|0}}}}}|no}}|hval={{unichar/hexformat|{{{1|<#salted#>}}} }} }} | name ={{{name|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check |unknown=[[Category: Pages using Unichar with unknown parameters|_VALUE_]] |preview=[[Template:Unichar]] unknown parameter "_VALUE_" |showblankpositional=1 |1 |hval |2 |alias |name |na |ulink |image |cwith |suffix |size |use |use2 |nlink |html |gc |note }}</includeonly><!-- --><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 99hb6ahxupoga9yboqt38hykoze9sfu 1374614 1374613 2026-06-03T00:31:55Z A826 72368 ೧ revisions imported from [[:en:Template:Unichar]] 1374613 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{unichar/main | hval ={{unichar/hexformat|{{{1|<#salted#>}}} }} | hvalinput ={{{1|}}}<!--to use in errormessage--> | na = {{#if:{{{alias|}}} | {{#invoke:Unicode alias|alias|{{unichar/hexformat|{{{1|}}}}}}} | {{#invoke:Unicode data|lookup|name|{{unichar/hexformat|{{{1|}}}}}}}}} | ulink ={{{ulink|<#salted#>}}} | nlink ={{{nlink|<#salted#>}}} | image ={{{image|}}} | cwith ={{#if:{{{cwith|}}} | {{{cwith}}} | {{#if:{{{cwith}}} || ◌ }} }} | suffix={{{suffix|}}} | size ={{#if:{{{image|}}} | {{#if:{{#invoke:String|endswith|1={{lc:{{{size|}}}}}|2=px}}|{{{size}}}|10px}} | {{{size|{{#if:{{{cwith}}}|125%|150%}}}}} }} | use ={{lc:{{{use|unicode}}}}} | use2 ={{{use2|}}} | dval ={{hex2dec|{{unichar/hexformat|{{{1|<#salted#>}}} }}|no}} | html ={{#ifeq:{{{html|+}}}|{{{html|-}}}|yes|no}} | note ={{{note|}}} | gc ={{unichar/gc|{{hex2dec|{{unichar/hexformat|{{{1|0}}}}}|no}}|hval={{unichar/hexformat|{{{1|<#salted#>}}} }} }} | name ={{{name|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check |unknown=[[Category: Pages using Unichar with unknown parameters|_VALUE_]] |preview=[[Template:Unichar]] unknown parameter "_VALUE_" |showblankpositional=1 |1 |hval |2 |alias |name |na |ulink |image |cwith |suffix |size |use |use2 |nlink |html |gc |note }}</includeonly><!-- --><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 99hb6ahxupoga9yboqt38hykoze9sfu 10 55467 1374617 1327188 2026-04-16T14:26:23Z en>Warudo 0 Adding support for the case where the input is not a Unicode code point. This happens if someone passes a value greater than 10FFFF. These used to be codepoints in very old UCS versions. See [[UTF-8#Older standards]] and [[Private Use Areas#History]] 1374617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#if:{{{br|}}}|{{substr|{{#invoke:HTMLDecode | HTMLDecode | text={{{br|}}}}}|0|1}}}}{{#if:{{{image|}}} | [[File:{{{image|}}}|frameless|{{{size|}}}|baseline|alt={{{na|}}}]] | {{#switch:{{{gc|<#not a Unicode code point#>}}} | <#not a Unicode code point#> =<span style="font-size:small"><not-a-Unicode-code-point-{{{hval|}}}></span> | Cc =<span style="font-size:small"><control-{{{hval|}}}></span> | Cs =<span style="font-size:small"><surrogate-{{{hval|}}}></span> | Cp =<span style="font-size:small"><private-use-{{{hval|}}}></span> | Cn =<!--Cn=<reserved> is not detected--><span style="font-size:small"><noncharacter-{{{hval|}}}></span> | Cf | Zl | Zp =<!--formatting chars, no glyph or html code at all--> | Zs =<span class="Unicode" style="background:lightblue;line-height:1em">{{#ifeq:{{{hval|}}}| 0020 |&#xA0;|&#x{{{hval|}}};}}</span><!--change space 0x20 into nbsp=0xA0 to preserve the space from wiki-markup deletion--> | #default=<span style="font-size:{{{size|unexp}}};line-height:1em">{{#switch:{{{use|}}} | ipa ={{IPA|{{{cwith|}}}&#x{{{hval}}};{{{suffix|}}}}} | lang ={{lang|{{{use2|}}}|{{{cwith|}}}&#x{{{hval}}};{{{suffix|}}}|italics={{#switch:{{#invoke:Unicode data|lookup|script|{{{hval}}}}} |Latn = yes |#default= unset }}}} | script={{script|{{{use2|}}}|{{{cwith|}}}&#x{{{hval}}};{{{suffix|}}}}}<!--use2: first char uc here?--> | unicode | #default = {{#ifeq:{{{cwith|}}}|◌|{{script|serif|{{{cwith|}}}&#x{{{hval}}};{{{suffix|}}}}}|{{{cwith|}}}&#x{{{hval|}}};{{{suffix|}}} }}}}</span>}}{{#ifeq:{{{cwith|}}}|&nbsp;|&nbsp;}}}}{{#if:{{{br|}}}|{{substr|{{#invoke:HTMLDecode | HTMLDecode | text={{{br|}}}}}|1|2}}}}<!-- --><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> cu1s9u8aacvd7qzpsjmngs95mtb1j3p 1374618 1374617 2026-06-03T00:31:55Z A826 72368 ೧ revisions imported from [[:en:Template:Unichar/glyph]] 1374617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#if:{{{br|}}}|{{substr|{{#invoke:HTMLDecode | HTMLDecode | text={{{br|}}}}}|0|1}}}}{{#if:{{{image|}}} | [[File:{{{image|}}}|frameless|{{{size|}}}|baseline|alt={{{na|}}}]] | {{#switch:{{{gc|<#not a Unicode code point#>}}} | <#not a Unicode code point#> =<span style="font-size:small"><not-a-Unicode-code-point-{{{hval|}}}></span> | Cc =<span style="font-size:small"><control-{{{hval|}}}></span> | Cs =<span style="font-size:small"><surrogate-{{{hval|}}}></span> | Cp =<span style="font-size:small"><private-use-{{{hval|}}}></span> | Cn =<!--Cn=<reserved> is not detected--><span style="font-size:small"><noncharacter-{{{hval|}}}></span> | Cf | Zl | Zp =<!--formatting chars, no glyph or html code at all--> | Zs =<span class="Unicode" style="background:lightblue;line-height:1em">{{#ifeq:{{{hval|}}}| 0020 |&#xA0;|&#x{{{hval|}}};}}</span><!--change space 0x20 into nbsp=0xA0 to preserve the space from wiki-markup deletion--> | #default=<span style="font-size:{{{size|unexp}}};line-height:1em">{{#switch:{{{use|}}} | ipa ={{IPA|{{{cwith|}}}&#x{{{hval}}};{{{suffix|}}}}} | lang ={{lang|{{{use2|}}}|{{{cwith|}}}&#x{{{hval}}};{{{suffix|}}}|italics={{#switch:{{#invoke:Unicode data|lookup|script|{{{hval}}}}} |Latn = yes |#default= unset }}}} | script={{script|{{{use2|}}}|{{{cwith|}}}&#x{{{hval}}};{{{suffix|}}}}}<!--use2: first char uc here?--> | unicode | #default = {{#ifeq:{{{cwith|}}}|◌|{{script|serif|{{{cwith|}}}&#x{{{hval}}};{{{suffix|}}}}}|{{{cwith|}}}&#x{{{hval|}}};{{{suffix|}}} }}}}</span>}}{{#ifeq:{{{cwith|}}}|&nbsp;|&nbsp;}}}}{{#if:{{{br|}}}|{{substr|{{#invoke:HTMLDecode | HTMLDecode | text={{{br|}}}}}|1|2}}}}<!-- --><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> cu1s9u8aacvd7qzpsjmngs95mtb1j3p 10 55469 1374615 1327184 2026-04-25T00:54:01Z en>Warudo 0 Pass the na parameter to glyph. This is used when an image parameter exists 1374615 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#ifexpr:({{{dval|-1}}}=0) and ({{#ifeq:X{{{hval}}}|X0000 |0 |1}}) |<!--(error triggered if X{{{hval}}} ≠ X0000:)-->{{Error |tag=span |Error using &#123;&#123;[[Template:unichar|unichar]]&#125;&#125;: Input "{{{hvalinput|}}}" is not a [[hexadecimal]] value.}} | {{nowrap|{{{{#ifeq:{{{sans|}}}|y|sans-serif|mono}}|{{Unichar/ulink |ulink={{{ulink|<#salted#>}}} |ulinkdefault=Unicode}}{{{hval|}}}}}&#x20;}}<!-- -->{{Unichar/glyph |hval={{{hval|}}} |gc={{{gc|<#not a Unicode code point#>}}} |size={{{size}}} |use={{{use|}}} |use2={{{use2|}}} |cwith={{{cwith|}}} |image={{{image|}}} |br={{{br|}}} |suffix={{{suffix|}}}|na={{{na|}}} }} <!-- -->{{Unichar/name |hval={{{hval|}}} |na={{{na|}}} |name={{{name|}}} |nlink={{{nlink|<#salted#>}}} |gc={{{gc|}}} }} <!-- -->{{Unichar/notes |html={{{html|}}} |char_entity={{#ifeq:{{{html|no}}}|yes|{{#invoke:LoadData|Numcr2namecr|{{{dval|}}}}}|}} |note={{{note|}}} }} }}<!-- --><noinclude>{{Documentation|1=Template:Unichar/doc}}</noinclude> g7wq17sp8q4b1yn2wqbsw5xzcqdlxh4 1374616 1374615 2026-06-03T00:31:55Z A826 72368 ೧ revisions imported from [[:en:Template:Unichar/main]] 1374615 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#ifexpr:({{{dval|-1}}}=0) and ({{#ifeq:X{{{hval}}}|X0000 |0 |1}}) |<!--(error triggered if X{{{hval}}} ≠ X0000:)-->{{Error |tag=span |Error using &#123;&#123;[[Template:unichar|unichar]]&#125;&#125;: Input "{{{hvalinput|}}}" is not a [[hexadecimal]] value.}} | {{nowrap|{{{{#ifeq:{{{sans|}}}|y|sans-serif|mono}}|{{Unichar/ulink |ulink={{{ulink|<#salted#>}}} |ulinkdefault=Unicode}}{{{hval|}}}}}&#x20;}}<!-- -->{{Unichar/glyph |hval={{{hval|}}} |gc={{{gc|<#not a Unicode code point#>}}} |size={{{size}}} |use={{{use|}}} |use2={{{use2|}}} |cwith={{{cwith|}}} |image={{{image|}}} |br={{{br|}}} |suffix={{{suffix|}}}|na={{{na|}}} }} <!-- -->{{Unichar/name |hval={{{hval|}}} |na={{{na|}}} |name={{{name|}}} |nlink={{{nlink|<#salted#>}}} |gc={{{gc|}}} }} <!-- -->{{Unichar/notes |html={{{html|}}} |char_entity={{#ifeq:{{{html|no}}}|yes|{{#invoke:LoadData|Numcr2namecr|{{{dval|}}}}}|}} |note={{{note|}}} }} }}<!-- --><noinclude>{{Documentation|1=Template:Unichar/doc}}</noinclude> g7wq17sp8q4b1yn2wqbsw5xzcqdlxh4 828 60720 1374609 1280763 2026-04-18T02:24:50Z en>Santiago Claudio 0 Sync with sandbox per edit request 1374609 Scribunto text/plain -- This module provides configuration data for [[Module:Protection banner]]. return { -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- -- BANNER DATA -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --[[ -- Banner data consists of six fields: -- * text - the main protection text that appears at the top of protection -- banners. -- * explanation - the text that appears below the main protection text, used -- to explain the details of the protection. -- * tooltip - the tooltip text you see when you move the mouse over a small -- padlock icon. -- * link - the page that the small padlock icon links to. -- * alt - the alt text for the small padlock icon. This is also used as tooltip -- text for the large protection banners. -- * image - the padlock image used in both protection banners and small padlock -- icons. -- -- The module checks in three separate tables to find a value for each field. -- First it checks the banners table, which has values specific to the reason -- for the page being protected. Then the module checks the defaultBanners -- table, which has values specific to each protection level. Finally, the -- module checks the masterBanner table, which holds data for protection -- templates to use if no data has been found in the previous two tables. -- -- The values in the banner data can take parameters. These are specified -- using ${TEXTLIKETHIS} (a dollar sign preceding a parameter name -- enclosed in curly braces). -- -- Available parameters: -- -- ${CURRENTVERSION} - a link to the page history or the move log, with the -- display message "current-version-edit-display" or -- "current-version-move-display". -- -- ${EDITREQUEST} - a link to create an edit request for the current page. -- -- ${EXPLANATIONBLURB} - an explanation blurb, e.g. "Please discuss any changes -- on the talk page; you may submit a request to ask an administrator to make -- an edit if it is minor or supported by consensus." -- -- ${IMAGELINK} - a link to set the image to, depending on the protection -- action and protection level. -- -- ${INTROBLURB} - the PROTECTIONBLURB parameter, plus the expiry if an expiry -- is set. E.g. "Editing of this page by new or unregistered users is currently -- disabled until dd Month YYYY." -- -- ${INTROFRAGMENT} - the same as ${INTROBLURB}, but without final punctuation -- so that it can be used in run-on sentences. -- -- ${PAGETYPE} - the type of the page, e.g. "article" or "template". -- Defined in the cfg.pagetypes table. -- -- ${PROTECTIONBLURB} - a blurb explaining the protection level of the page, e.g. -- "Editing of this page by new or unregistered users is currently disabled" -- -- ${PROTECTIONDATE} - the protection date, if it has been supplied to the -- template. -- -- ${PROTECTIONLEVEL} - the protection level, e.g. "fully protected" or -- "semi-protected". -- -- ${PROTECTIONLOG} - a link to the protection log or the pending changes log, -- depending on the protection action. -- -- ${TALKPAGE} - a link to the talk page. If a section is specified, links -- straight to that talk page section. -- -- ${TOOLTIPBLURB} - uses the PAGETYPE, PROTECTIONTYPE and EXPIRY parameters to -- create a blurb like "This template is semi-protected", or "This article is -- move-protected until DD Month YYYY". -- -- ${VANDAL} - links for the specified username (or the root page name) -- using Module:Vandal-m. -- -- Functions -- -- For advanced users, it is possible to use Lua functions instead of strings -- in the banner config tables. Using functions gives flexibility that is not -- possible just by using parameters. Functions take two arguments, the -- protection object and the template arguments, and they must output a string. -- -- For example: -- -- text = function (protectionObj, args) -- if protectionObj.level == 'autoconfirmed' then -- return 'foo' -- else -- return 'bar' -- end -- end -- -- Some protection object properties and methods that may be useful: -- protectionObj.action - the protection action -- protectionObj.level - the protection level -- protectionObj.reason - the protection reason -- protectionObj.expiry - the expiry. Nil if unset, the string "indef" if set -- to indefinite, and the protection time in unix time if temporary. -- protectionObj.protectionDate - the protection date in unix time, or nil if -- unspecified. -- protectionObj.bannerConfig - the banner config found by the module. Beware -- of editing the config field used by the function, as it could create an -- infinite loop. -- protectionObj:isProtected - returns a boolean showing whether the page is -- protected. -- protectionObj:isTemporary - returns a boolean showing whether the expiry is -- temporary. -- protectionObj:isIncorrect - returns a boolean showing whether the protection -- template is incorrect. --]] -- The master banner data, used if no values have been found in banners or -- defaultBanners. masterBanner = { text = '${INTROBLURB}', explanation = '${EXPLANATIONBLURB}', tooltip = '${TOOLTIPBLURB}', link = '${IMAGELINK}', alt = 'Page ${PROTECTIONLEVEL}' }, -- The default banner data. This holds banner data for different protection -- levels. -- *required* - this table needs edit, move, autoreview and upload subtables. defaultBanners = { edit = {}, move = {}, autoreview = { default = { alt = 'Page protected with pending changes', tooltip = 'All edits by unregistered and new users are subject to review prior to becoming visible to unregistered users', image = 'Pending-protection-shackle.svg' } }, upload = {} }, -- The banner data. This holds banner data for different protection reasons. -- In fact, the reasons specified in this table control which reasons are -- valid inputs to the first positional parameter. -- -- There is also a non-standard "description" field that can be used for items -- in this table. This is a description of the protection reason for use in the -- module documentation. -- -- *required* - this table needs edit, move, autoreview and upload subtables. banners = { edit = { blp = { description = 'For pages protected to promote compliance with the' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons' .. '|biographies of living persons]] policy', text = '${INTROFRAGMENT} to promote compliance with' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons' .. "|Wikipedia's&nbsp;policy on&nbsp;the&nbsp;biographies" .. ' of&nbsp;living&nbsp;people]].', tooltip = '${TOOLTIPFRAGMENT} to promote compliance with the policy on' .. ' biographies of living persons', }, deceased = { description = 'For user pages of Wikipedia users who are deceased', text = '${INTROFRAGMENT} to prevent vandalism of a deceased' .. ' Wikipedian\'s user page.' .. ' A family member who wishes to edit this user page can use this' .. ' user\'s ${TALKPAGE} or submit a request to [[Wikipedia:VRT|the' .. ' Volunteer Response Team]].', tooltip = '${TOOLTIPFRAGMENT} because this Wikipedian is deceased' }, dmca = { description = 'For pages protected by the Wikimedia Foundation' .. ' due to [[Digital Millennium Copyright Act]] takedown requests', explanation = function (protectionObj, args) local ret = 'Pursuant to a rights owner notice under the Digital' .. ' Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) regarding some content' .. ' in this article, the Wikimedia Foundation acted under' .. ' applicable law and took down and restricted the content' .. ' in question.' if args.notice then ret = ret .. ' A copy of the received notice can be found here: ' .. args.notice .. '.' end ret = ret .. ' For more information, including websites discussing' .. ' how to file a counter-notice, please see' .. " [[Wikipedia:Office actions]] and the article's ${TALKPAGE}." .. "'''Do not remove this template from the article until the" .. " restrictions are withdrawn'''." return ret end, image = 'Office-protection-shackle.svg', link = 'Wikipedia:Protection policy#office', }, dispute = { description = 'For pages protected due to editing disputes', text = function (protectionObj, args) -- Find the value of "disputes". local display = 'disputes' local disputes if args.section then disputes = string.format( '[[%s:%s#%s|%s]]', mw.site.namespaces[protectionObj.title.namespace].talk.name, protectionObj.title.text, args.section, display ) else disputes = display end -- Make the blurb, depending on the expiry. local msg if type(protectionObj.expiry) == 'number' then msg = '${INTROFRAGMENT} or until editing %s have been resolved.' else msg = '${INTROFRAGMENT} until editing %s have been resolved.' end return string.format(msg, disputes) end, explanation = "This protection is '''not''' an endorsement of the" .. ' ${CURRENTVERSION}. ${EXPLANATIONBLURB}', tooltip = '${TOOLTIPFRAGMENT} due to editing disputes', }, ecp = { description = 'For articles in topic areas authorized by' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|ArbCom]] or' .. ' meets the criteria for community use', alt = 'Extended-protected ${PAGETYPE}', }, mainpage = { description = 'For pages protected for being displayed on the [[Main Page]]', text = 'This file is currently' .. ' [[Wikipedia:This page is protected|protected]] from' .. ' editing because it is currently or will soon be displayed' .. ' on the [[Main Page]].', explanation = 'Images on the Main Page are protected due to their high' .. ' visibility. Please discuss any necessary changes on the ${TALKPAGE}.' .. '<br /><span style="font-size:90%;">' .. "'''Administrators:''' Once this image is definitely off the Main Page," .. ' please unprotect this file, or reduce to semi-protection,' .. ' as appropriate.</span>', }, office = { description = 'For pages protected by the Wikimedia Foundation', text = function (protectionObj, args) local ret = 'This ${PAGETYPE} is currently under the' .. ' scrutiny of the' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Office actions|Wikimedia Foundation Office]]' .. ' and is protected.' if protectionObj.protectionDate then ret = ret .. ' It has been protected since ${PROTECTIONDATE}.' end return ret end, explanation = "If you can edit this page, please discuss all changes and" .. " additions on the ${TALKPAGE} first. '''Do not remove protection from this" .. " page unless you are authorized by the Wikimedia Foundation to do" .. " so.'''", image = 'Office-protection-shackle.svg', link = 'Wikipedia:Protection policy#office', }, reset = { description = 'For pages protected by the Wikimedia Foundation and' .. ' "reset" to a bare-bones version', text = 'This ${PAGETYPE} is currently under the' .. ' scrutiny of the' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Office actions|Wikimedia Foundation Office]]' .. ' and is protected.', explanation = function (protectionObj, args) local ret = '' if protectionObj.protectionDate then ret = ret .. 'On ${PROTECTIONDATE} this ${PAGETYPE} was' else ret = ret .. 'This ${PAGETYPE} has been' end ret = ret .. ' reduced to a' .. ' simplified, "bare bones" version so that it may be completely' .. ' rewritten to ensure it meets the policies of' .. ' [[WP:NPOV|Neutral Point of View]] and [[WP:V|Verifiability]].' .. ' Standard Wikipedia policies will apply to its rewriting—which' .. ' will eventually be open to all editors—and will be strictly' .. ' enforced. The ${PAGETYPE} has been ${PROTECTIONLEVEL} while' .. ' it is being rebuilt.\n\n' .. 'Any insertion of material directly from' .. ' pre-protection revisions of the ${PAGETYPE} will be removed, as' .. ' will any material added to the ${PAGETYPE} that is not properly' .. ' sourced. The associated talk page(s) were also cleared on the' .. " same date.\n\n" .. "If you can edit this page, please discuss all changes and" .. " additions on the ${TALKPAGE} first. '''Do not override" .. " this action, and do not remove protection from this page," .. " unless you are authorized by the Wikimedia Foundation" .. " to do so. No editor may remove this notice.'''" return ret end, image = 'Office-protection-shackle.svg', link = 'Wikipedia:Protection policy#office', }, sock = { description = 'For pages protected due to' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Sock puppetry|sock puppetry]]', text = '${INTROFRAGMENT} to prevent [[Wikipedia:Sock puppetry|sock puppets]] of' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] or' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Banning policy|banned users]]' .. ' from editing it.', tooltip = '${TOOLTIPFRAGMENT} to prevent sock puppets of blocked or banned users from' .. ' editing it', }, template = { description = 'For [[Wikipedia:High-risk templates|high-risk]]' .. ' templates and Lua modules', text = 'This is a permanently [[Wikipedia:Protection policy|protected]] ${PAGETYPE},' .. ' as it is [[Wikipedia:High-risk templates|high-risk]].', explanation = 'Please discuss any changes on the ${TALKPAGE}; you may' .. ' ${EDITREQUEST} to ask an' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Administrators|administrator]] or' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Template editor|template editor]] to make an edit if' .. ' it is [[Help:Minor edit#When to mark an edit as a minor edit' .. '|uncontroversial]] or supported by' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]]. You can also' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Requests for page protection|request]] that the page be' .. ' unprotected.', tooltip = 'This high-risk ${PAGETYPE} is permanently ${PROTECTIONLEVEL}' .. ' to prevent vandalism', alt = 'Permanently protected ${PAGETYPE}', }, usertalk = { description = 'For pages protected against disruptive edits by a' .. ' particular user', text = '${INTROFRAGMENT} to prevent ${VANDAL} from using it to make disruptive edits,' .. ' such as abusing the' .. ' &#123;&#123;[[Template:unblock|unblock]]&#125;&#125; template.', explanation = 'If you cannot edit this user talk page and you need to' .. ' make a change or leave a message, you can' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Requests for page protection' .. '#Current requests for edits to a protected page' .. '|request an edit]],' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Requests for page protection' .. '#Current requests for reduction in protection level' .. '|request unprotection]],' .. ' [[Special:Userlogin|log in]],' .. ' or [[Special:UserLogin/signup|create an account]].', }, vandalism = { description = 'For pages protected against' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]]', text = '${INTROFRAGMENT} due to [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]].', explanation = function (protectionObj, args) local ret = '' if protectionObj.level == 'sysop' then ret = ret .. "This protection is '''not''' an endorsement of the" .. ' ${CURRENTVERSION}. ' end return ret .. '${EXPLANATIONBLURB}' end, tooltip = '${TOOLTIPFRAGMENT} due to vandalism', } }, move = { dispute = { description = 'For pages protected against page moves due to' .. ' disputes over the page title', explanation = "This protection is '''not''' an endorsement of the" .. ' ${CURRENTVERSION}. ${EXPLANATIONBLURB}', image = 'Move-protection-shackle.svg' }, vandalism = { description = 'For pages protected against' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Vandalism#Page-move vandalism' .. ' |page-move vandalism]]' } }, autoreview = {}, upload = {} }, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- -- GENERAL DATA TABLES -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Protection blurbs -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This table produces the protection blurbs available with the -- ${PROTECTIONBLURB} parameter. It is sorted by protection action and -- protection level, and is checked by the module in the following order: -- 1. page's protection action, page's protection level -- 2. page's protection action, default protection level -- 3. "edit" protection action, default protection level -- -- It is possible to use banner parameters inside this table. -- *required* - this table needs edit, move, autoreview and upload subtables. protectionBlurbs = { edit = { default = 'This ${PAGETYPE} is currently [[Wikipedia:Protection policy#full|' .. 'protected]] from editing', templateeditor = 'This ${PAGETYPE} is currently [[Wikipedia:Protection policy#template' .. '|protected]] from editing', autoconfirmed = 'Editing of this ${PAGETYPE} by [[Wikipedia:User access' .. ' levels#New users|new]] or [[Wikipedia:User access levels#Unregistered' .. ' users|unregistered]] users is currently [[Wikipedia:Protection' .. ' policy#semi|disabled]]', extendedconfirmed = 'This ${PAGETYPE} is currently under [[Wikipedia:Protection' .. ' policy#extended|extended confirmed protection]]', }, move = { default = 'This ${PAGETYPE} is currently [[Wikipedia:Protection policy#Move' .. ' protection|protected]] from [[Help:Moving a page|page moves]]' }, autoreview = { default = 'All edits made to this ${PAGETYPE} by' .. ' [[Wikipedia:User access levels#New users|new]] or' .. ' [[Wikipedia:User access levels#Unregistered users|unregistered]]' .. ' users are currently' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Pending changes|subject to review]]' }, upload = { default = 'Uploading new versions of this ${PAGETYPE} is currently disabled' } }, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Explanation blurbs -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This table produces the explanation blurbs available with the -- ${EXPLANATIONBLURB} parameter. It is sorted by protection action, -- protection level, and whether the page is a talk page or not. If the page is -- a talk page it will have a talk key of "talk"; otherwise it will have a talk -- key of "subject". The table is checked in the following order: -- 1. page's protection action, page's protection level, page's talk key -- 2. page's protection action, page's protection level, default talk key -- 3. page's protection action, default protection level, page's talk key -- 4. page's protection action, default protection level, default talk key -- -- It is possible to use banner parameters inside this table. -- *required* - this table needs edit, move, autoreview and upload subtables. explanationBlurbs = { edit = { autoconfirmed = { subject = 'See the [[Wikipedia:Protection policy|' .. 'protection policy]] and ${PROTECTIONLOG} for more details. If you' .. ' cannot edit this ${PAGETYPE} and you wish to make a change, you can' .. ' ${EDITREQUEST}, discuss changes on the ${TALKPAGE},' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Requests for page protection' .. '#Current requests for reduction in protection level' .. '|request unprotection]], [[Special:Userlogin|log in]], or' .. ' [[Special:UserLogin/signup|create an account]].', default = 'See the [[Wikipedia:Protection policy|' .. 'protection policy]] and ${PROTECTIONLOG} for more details. If you' .. ' cannot edit this ${PAGETYPE} and you wish to make a change, you can' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Requests for page protection' .. '#Current requests for reduction in protection level' .. '|request unprotection]], [[Special:Userlogin|log in]], or' .. ' [[Special:UserLogin/signup|create an account]].', }, extendedconfirmed = { default = 'Extended confirmed protection prevents edits from all unregistered editors' .. ' and registered users with fewer than 30 days tenure and 500 edits.' .. ' The [[Wikipedia:Protection policy#extended|policy on community use]]' .. ' specifies that extended confirmed protection can be applied to combat' .. ' disruption, if semi-protection has proven to be ineffective.' .. ' Extended confirmed protection may also be applied to enforce' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|arbitration sanctions]].' .. ' Please discuss any changes on the ${TALKPAGE}; you may' .. ' ${EDITREQUEST} to ask for uncontroversial changes supported by' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]].' }, default = { subject = 'See the [[Wikipedia:Protection policy|' .. 'protection policy]] and ${PROTECTIONLOG} for more details.' .. ' Please discuss any changes on the ${TALKPAGE}; you' .. ' may ${EDITREQUEST} to ask an' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Administrators|administrator]] to make an edit if it' .. ' is [[Help:Minor edit#When to mark an edit as a minor edit' .. '|uncontroversial]] or supported by [[Wikipedia:Consensus' .. '|consensus]]. You may also [[Wikipedia:Requests for' .. ' page protection#Current requests for reduction in protection level' .. '|request]] that this page be unprotected.', default = 'See the [[Wikipedia:Protection policy|' .. 'protection policy]] and ${PROTECTIONLOG} for more details.' .. ' You may [[Wikipedia:Requests for page' .. ' protection#Current requests for edits to a protected page|request an' .. ' edit]] to this page, or [[Wikipedia:Requests for' .. ' page protection#Current requests for reduction in protection level' .. '|ask]] for it to be unprotected.' } }, move = { default = { subject = 'See the [[Wikipedia:Protection policy|' .. 'protection policy]] and ${PROTECTIONLOG} for more details.' .. ' The page may still be edited but cannot be moved' .. ' until unprotected. Please discuss any suggested moves on the' .. ' ${TALKPAGE} or at [[Wikipedia:Requested moves]]. You can also' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Requests for page protection|request]] that the page be' .. ' unprotected.', default = 'See the [[Wikipedia:Protection policy|' .. 'protection policy]] and ${PROTECTIONLOG} for more details.' .. ' The page may still be edited but cannot be moved' .. ' until unprotected. Please discuss any suggested moves at' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Requested moves]]. You can also' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Requests for page protection|request]] that the page be' .. ' unprotected.' } }, autoreview = { default = { default = 'See the [[Wikipedia:Protection policy|' .. 'protection policy]] and ${PROTECTIONLOG} for more details.' .. ' Edits to this ${PAGETYPE} by new and unregistered users' .. ' will not be visible to readers until they are accepted by' .. ' a reviewer. To avoid the need for your edits to be' .. ' reviewed, you may' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Requests for page protection' .. '#Current requests for reduction in protection level' .. '|request unprotection]], [[Special:Userlogin|log in]], or' .. ' [[Special:UserLogin/signup|create an account]].' }, }, upload = { default = { default = 'See the [[Wikipedia:Protection policy|' .. 'protection policy]] and ${PROTECTIONLOG} for more details.' .. ' The page may still be edited but new versions of the file' .. ' cannot be uploaded until it is unprotected. You can' .. ' request that a new version be uploaded by using a' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Edit requests|protected edit request]], or you' .. ' can [[Wikipedia:Requests for page protection|request]]' .. ' that the file be unprotected.' } } }, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Protection levels -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This table provides the data for the ${PROTECTIONLEVEL} parameter, which -- produces a short label for different protection levels. It is sorted by -- protection action and protection level, and is checked in the following -- order: -- 1. page's protection action, page's protection level -- 2. page's protection action, default protection level -- 3. "edit" protection action, default protection level -- -- It is possible to use banner parameters inside this table. -- *required* - this table needs edit, move, autoreview and upload subtables. protectionLevels = { edit = { default = 'protected', templateeditor = 'template-protected', extendedconfirmed = 'extended-confirmed-protected', autoconfirmed = 'semi-protected', }, move = { default = 'move-protected' }, autoreview = { }, upload = { default = 'upload-protected' } }, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Images -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This table lists different padlock images for each protection action and -- protection level. It is used if an image is not specified in any of the -- banner data tables, and if the page does not satisfy the conditions for using -- the ['image-filename-indef'] image. It is checked in the following order: -- 1. page's protection action, page's protection level -- 2. page's protection action, default protection level images = { edit = { default = 'Full-protection-shackle.svg', templateeditor = 'Template-protection-shackle.svg', extendedconfirmed = 'Extended-protection-shackle.svg', autoconfirmed = 'Semi-protection-shackle.svg' }, move = { default = 'Move-protection-shackle.svg', }, autoreview = { default = 'Pending-protection-shackle.svg' }, upload = { default = 'Upload-protection-shackle.svg' } }, -- Pages with a reason specified in this table will show the special "indef" -- padlock, defined in the 'image-filename-indef' message, if no expiry is set. indefImageReasons = { template = true }, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Image links -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This table provides the data for the ${IMAGELINK} parameter, which gets -- the image link for small padlock icons based on the page's protection action -- and protection level. It is checked in the following order: -- 1. page's protection action, page's protection level -- 2. page's protection action, default protection level -- 3. "edit" protection action, default protection level -- -- It is possible to use banner parameters inside this table. -- *required* - this table needs edit, move, autoreview and upload subtables. imageLinks = { edit = { default = 'Wikipedia:Protection policy#full', templateeditor = 'Wikipedia:Protection policy#template', extendedconfirmed = 'Wikipedia:Protection policy#extended', autoconfirmed = 'Wikipedia:Protection policy#semi' }, move = { default = 'Wikipedia:Protection policy#move' }, autoreview = { default = 'Wikipedia:Protection policy#pending' }, upload = { default = 'Wikipedia:Protection policy#upload' } }, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Padlock indicator names -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This table provides the "name" attribute for the <indicator> extension tag -- with which small padlock icons are generated. All indicator tags on a page -- are displayed in alphabetical order based on this attribute, and with -- indicator tags with duplicate names, the last tag on the page wins. -- The attribute is chosen based on the protection action; table keys must be a -- protection action name or the string "default". padlockIndicatorNames = { autoreview = 'pp-autoreview', default = 'pp-default' }, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Protection categories -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --[[ -- The protection categories are stored in the protectionCategories table. -- Keys to this table are made up of the following strings: -- -- 1. the expiry date -- 2. the namespace -- 3. the protection reason (e.g. "dispute" or "vandalism") -- 4. the protection level (e.g. "sysop" or "autoconfirmed") -- 5. the action (e.g. "edit" or "move") -- -- When the module looks up a category in the table, first it will will check to -- see a key exists that corresponds to all five parameters. For example, a -- user page semi-protected from vandalism for two weeks would have the key -- "temp-user-vandalism-autoconfirmed-edit". If no match is found, the module -- changes the first part of the key to "all" and checks the table again. It -- keeps checking increasingly generic key combinations until it finds the -- field, or until it reaches the key "all-all-all-all-all". -- -- The module uses a binary matrix to determine the order in which to search. -- This is best demonstrated by a table. In this table, the "0" values -- represent "all", and the "1" values represent the original data (e.g. -- "indef" or "file" or "vandalism"). -- -- expiry namespace reason level action -- order -- 1 1 1 1 1 1 -- 2 0 1 1 1 1 -- 3 1 0 1 1 1 -- 4 0 0 1 1 1 -- 5 1 1 0 1 1 -- 6 0 1 0 1 1 -- 7 1 0 0 1 1 -- 8 0 0 0 1 1 -- 9 1 1 1 0 1 -- 10 0 1 1 0 1 -- 11 1 0 1 0 1 -- 12 0 0 1 0 1 -- 13 1 1 0 0 1 -- 14 0 1 0 0 1 -- 15 1 0 0 0 1 -- 16 0 0 0 0 1 -- 17 1 1 1 1 0 -- 18 0 1 1 1 0 -- 19 1 0 1 1 0 -- 20 0 0 1 1 0 -- 21 1 1 0 1 0 -- 22 0 1 0 1 0 -- 23 1 0 0 1 0 -- 24 0 0 0 1 0 -- 25 1 1 1 0 0 -- 26 0 1 1 0 0 -- 27 1 0 1 0 0 -- 28 0 0 1 0 0 -- 29 1 1 0 0 0 -- 30 0 1 0 0 0 -- 31 1 0 0 0 0 -- 32 0 0 0 0 0 -- -- In this scheme the action has the highest priority, as it is the last -- to change, and the expiry has the least priority, as it changes the most. -- The priorities of the expiry, the protection level and the action are -- fixed, but the priorities of the reason and the namespace can be swapped -- through the use of the cfg.bannerDataNamespaceHasPriority table. --]] -- If the reason specified to the template is listed in this table, -- namespace data will take priority over reason data in the protectionCategories -- table. reasonsWithNamespacePriority = { vandalism = true, }, -- The string to use as a namespace key for the protectionCategories table for each -- namespace number. categoryNamespaceKeys = { [ 2] = 'user', [ 3] = 'user', [ 4] = 'project', [ 6] = 'file', [ 8] = 'mediawiki', [ 10] = 'template', [ 12] = 'project', [ 14] = 'category', [100] = 'portal', [828] = 'module', }, protectionCategories = { ['all|all|all|all|all'] = 'Wikipedia fully protected pages', ['all|all|office|all|all'] = 'Wikipedia Office-protected pages', ['all|all|reset|all|all'] = 'Wikipedia Office-protected pages', ['all|all|dmca|all|all'] = 'Wikipedia Office-protected pages', ['all|all|mainpage|all|all'] = 'Wikipedia fully protected main page files', ['all|all|all|extendedconfirmed|all'] = 'Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages', ['all|all|ecp|extendedconfirmed|all'] = 'Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages', ['all|template|all|all|edit'] = 'Wikipedia fully protected templates', ['all|all|all|autoconfirmed|edit'] = 'Wikipedia semi-protected pages', ['indef|all|all|autoconfirmed|edit'] = 'Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages', ['all|all|blp|autoconfirmed|edit'] = 'Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people', ['temp|all|blp|autoconfirmed|edit'] = 'Wikipedia temporarily semi-protected biographies of living people', ['all|all|dispute|autoconfirmed|edit'] = 'Wikipedia pages semi-protected due to dispute', ['all|all|sock|autoconfirmed|edit'] = 'Wikipedia pages semi-protected from banned users', ['all|all|vandalism|autoconfirmed|edit'] = 'Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism', ['all|category|all|autoconfirmed|edit'] = 'Wikipedia semi-protected categories', ['all|file|all|autoconfirmed|edit'] = 'Wikipedia semi-protected files', ['all|portal|all|autoconfirmed|edit'] = 'Wikipedia semi-protected portals', ['all|project|all|autoconfirmed|edit'] = 'Wikipedia semi-protected project pages', ['all|talk|all|autoconfirmed|edit'] = 'Wikipedia semi-protected talk pages', ['all|template|all|autoconfirmed|edit'] = 'Wikipedia semi-protected templates', ['all|user|all|autoconfirmed|edit'] = 'Wikipedia semi-protected user and user talk pages', ['all|all|all|templateeditor|move'] = 'Wikipedia template-protected pages other than templates and modules', ['all|all|all|templateeditor|edit'] = 'Wikipedia template-protected pages other than templates and modules', ['all|template|all|templateeditor|edit'] = 'Wikipedia template-protected templates', ['all|template|all|templateeditor|move'] = 'Wikipedia template-protected templates', -- move-protected templates ['all|all|blp|sysop|edit'] = 'Wikipedia indefinitely protected biographies of living people', ['temp|all|blp|sysop|edit'] = 'Wikipedia temporarily protected biographies of living people', ['all|all|dispute|sysop|edit'] = 'Wikipedia pages protected due to dispute', ['all|all|sock|sysop|edit'] = 'Wikipedia pages protected from banned users', ['all|all|vandalism|sysop|edit'] = 'Wikipedia pages protected against vandalism', ['all|category|all|sysop|edit'] = 'Wikipedia fully protected categories', ['all|file|all|sysop|edit'] = 'Wikipedia fully protected files', ['all|project|all|sysop|edit'] = 'Wikipedia fully protected project pages', ['all|talk|all|sysop|edit'] = 'Wikipedia fully protected talk pages', ['all|template|all|extendedconfirmed|edit'] = 'Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected templates', ['all|template|all|extendedconfirmed|move'] = 'Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected templates', ['all|template|all|sysop|edit'] = 'Wikipedia fully protected templates', ['all|user|all|sysop|edit'] = 'Wikipedia fully protected user and user talk pages', ['all|module|all|all|edit'] = 'Wikipedia fully protected modules', ['all|module|all|templateeditor|edit'] = 'Wikipedia template-protected modules', ['all|module|all|extendedconfirmed|edit'] = 'Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected modules', ['all|module|all|autoconfirmed|edit'] = 'Wikipedia semi-protected modules', ['all|all|all|sysop|move'] = 'Wikipedia move-protected pages', ['indef|all|all|sysop|move'] = 'Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages', ['all|all|dispute|sysop|move'] = 'Wikipedia pages move-protected due to dispute', ['all|all|vandalism|sysop|move'] = 'Wikipedia pages move-protected due to vandalism', ['all|portal|all|sysop|move'] = 'Wikipedia move-protected portals', ['all|project|all|sysop|move'] = 'Wikipedia move-protected project pages', ['all|talk|all|sysop|move'] = 'Wikipedia move-protected talk pages', ['all|template|all|sysop|move'] = 'Wikipedia move-protected templates', ['all|user|all|sysop|move'] = 'Wikipedia move-protected user and user talk pages', ['all|all|all|autoconfirmed|autoreview'] = 'Wikipedia pending changes protected pages', ['all|file|all|all|upload'] = 'Wikipedia upload-protected files', }, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Expiry category config -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This table configures the expiry category behaviour for each protection -- action. -- * If set to true, setting that action will always categorise the page if -- an expiry parameter is not set. -- * If set to false, setting that action will never categorise the page. -- * If set to nil, the module will categorise the page if: -- 1) an expiry parameter is not set, and -- 2) a reason is provided, and -- 3) the specified reason is not blacklisted in the reasonsWithoutExpiryCheck -- table. expiryCheckActions = { edit = nil, move = false, autoreview = true, upload = false }, reasonsWithoutExpiryCheck = { blp = true, template = true, }, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Pagetypes -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This table produces the page types available with the ${PAGETYPE} parameter. -- Keys are namespace numbers, or the string "default" for the default value. pagetypes = { [0] = 'article', [6] = 'file', [10] = 'template', [14] = 'category', [828] = 'module', default = 'page' }, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Strings marking indefinite protection -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This table contains values passed to the expiry parameter that mean the page -- is protected indefinitely. indefStrings = { ['indef'] = true, ['indefinite'] = true, ['indefinitely'] = true, ['infinite'] = true, }, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Group hierarchy -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This table maps each group to all groups that have a superset of the original -- group's page editing permissions. hierarchy = { sysop = {}, reviewer = {'sysop'}, filemover = {'sysop'}, templateeditor = {'sysop'}, extendedconfirmed = {'sysop'}, autoconfirmed = {'reviewer', 'filemover', 'templateeditor', 'extendedconfirmed'}, user = {'autoconfirmed'}, ['*'] = {'user'} }, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Wrapper templates and their default arguments -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This table contains wrapper templates used with the module, and their -- default arguments. Templates specified in this table should contain the -- following invocation, and no other template content: -- -- {{#invoke:Protection banner|main}} -- -- If other content is desired, it can be added between -- <noinclude>...</noinclude> tags. -- -- When a user calls one of these wrapper templates, they will use the -- default arguments automatically. However, users can override any of the -- arguments. wrappers = { ['Template:Pp'] = {}, ['Template:Protection padlock'] = {}, ['Template:Pp-extended'] = {'ecp'}, ['Template:Pp-blp'] = {'blp'}, -- we don't need Template:Pp-create ['Template:Pp-dispute'] = {'dispute'}, ['Template:Pp-main-page'] = {'mainpage'}, ['Template:Pp-move'] = {action = 'move', catonly = 'yes'}, ['Template:Pp-move-dispute'] = {'dispute', action = 'move', catonly = 'yes'}, -- we don't need Template:Pp-move-indef ['Template:Pp-move-vandalism'] = {'vandalism', action = 'move', catonly = 'yes'}, ['Template:Pp-office'] = {'office'}, ['Template:Pp-office-dmca'] = {'dmca'}, ['Template:Pp-pc'] = {action = 'autoreview', small = true}, ['Template:Pp-pc1'] = {action = 'autoreview', small = true}, ['Template:Pp-reset'] = {'reset'}, ['Template:Pp-semi-indef'] = {small = true}, ['Template:Pp-sock'] = {'sock'}, ['Template:Pp-template'] = {'template', small = true}, ['Template:Pp-upload'] = {action = 'upload'}, ['Template:Pp-usertalk'] = {'usertalk'}, ['Template:Pp-vandalism'] = {'vandalism'}, }, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- -- MESSAGES -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- msg = { -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Intro blurb and intro fragment -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- These messages specify what is produced by the ${INTROBLURB} and -- ${INTROFRAGMENT} parameters. If the protection is temporary they use the -- intro-blurb-expiry or intro-fragment-expiry, and if not they use -- intro-blurb-noexpiry or intro-fragment-noexpiry. -- It is possible to use banner parameters in these messages. ['intro-blurb-expiry'] = '${PROTECTIONBLURB} until ${EXPIRY}.', ['intro-blurb-noexpiry'] = '${PROTECTIONBLURB}.', ['intro-fragment-expiry'] = '${PROTECTIONBLURB} until ${EXPIRY},', ['intro-fragment-noexpiry'] = '${PROTECTIONBLURB}', -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Tooltip blurb -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- These messages specify what is produced by the ${TOOLTIPBLURB} parameter. -- If the protection is temporary the tooltip-blurb-expiry message is used, and -- if not the tooltip-blurb-noexpiry message is used. -- It is possible to use banner parameters in these messages. ['tooltip-blurb-expiry'] = 'This ${PAGETYPE} is ${PROTECTIONLEVEL} until ${EXPIRY}.', ['tooltip-blurb-noexpiry'] = 'This ${PAGETYPE} is ${PROTECTIONLEVEL}.', ['tooltip-fragment-expiry'] = 'This ${PAGETYPE} is ${PROTECTIONLEVEL} until ${EXPIRY},', ['tooltip-fragment-noexpiry'] = 'This ${PAGETYPE} is ${PROTECTIONLEVEL}', -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Special explanation blurb -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- An explanation blurb for pages that cannot be unprotected, e.g. for pages -- in the MediaWiki namespace. -- It is possible to use banner parameters in this message. ['explanation-blurb-nounprotect'] = 'See the [[Wikipedia:Protection policy|' .. 'protection policy]] and ${PROTECTIONLOG} for more details.' .. ' Please discuss any changes on the ${TALKPAGE}; you' .. ' may ${EDITREQUEST} to ask an' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Administrators|administrator]] to make an edit if it' .. ' is [[Help:Minor edit#When to mark an edit as a minor edit' .. '|uncontroversial]] or supported by [[Wikipedia:Consensus' .. '|consensus]].', -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Protection log display values -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- These messages determine the display values for the protection log link -- or the pending changes log link produced by the ${PROTECTIONLOG} parameter. -- It is possible to use banner parameters in these messages. ['protection-log-display'] = 'protection log', ['pc-log-display'] = 'pending changes log', -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Current version display values -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- These messages determine the display values for the page history link -- or the move log link produced by the ${CURRENTVERSION} parameter. -- It is possible to use banner parameters in these messages. ['current-version-move-display'] = 'current title', ['current-version-edit-display'] = 'current version', -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Talk page -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This message determines the display value of the talk page link produced -- with the ${TALKPAGE} parameter. -- It is possible to use banner parameters in this message. ['talk-page-link-display'] = 'talk page', -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Edit requests -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This message determines the display value of the edit request link produced -- with the ${EDITREQUEST} parameter. -- It is possible to use banner parameters in this message. ['edit-request-display'] = 'submit an edit request', -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Expiry date format -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This is the format for the blurb expiry date. It should be valid input for -- the first parameter of the #time parser function. ['expiry-date-format'] = 'F j, Y "at" H:i e', -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Tracking categories -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- These messages determine which tracking categories the module outputs. ['tracking-category-incorrect'] = 'Wikipedia pages with incorrect protection templates', ['tracking-category-template'] = 'Wikipedia template-protected pages other than templates and modules', -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Images -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- These are images that are not defined by their protection action and protection level. ['image-filename-indef'] = 'Full-protection-shackle.svg', ['image-filename-default'] = 'Transparent.gif', -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- End messages -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- } -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- End configuration -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- } g4f6dkimoikv05ulbf832zu7omkf2fc 1374610 1374609 2026-06-03T00:31:54Z A826 72368 ೧ revisions imported from [[:en:Module:Protection_banner/config]] 1374609 Scribunto text/plain -- This module provides configuration data for [[Module:Protection banner]]. return { -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- -- BANNER DATA -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --[[ -- Banner data consists of six fields: -- * text - the main protection text that appears at the top of protection -- banners. -- * explanation - the text that appears below the main protection text, used -- to explain the details of the protection. -- * tooltip - the tooltip text you see when you move the mouse over a small -- padlock icon. -- * link - the page that the small padlock icon links to. -- * alt - the alt text for the small padlock icon. This is also used as tooltip -- text for the large protection banners. -- * image - the padlock image used in both protection banners and small padlock -- icons. -- -- The module checks in three separate tables to find a value for each field. -- First it checks the banners table, which has values specific to the reason -- for the page being protected. Then the module checks the defaultBanners -- table, which has values specific to each protection level. Finally, the -- module checks the masterBanner table, which holds data for protection -- templates to use if no data has been found in the previous two tables. -- -- The values in the banner data can take parameters. These are specified -- using ${TEXTLIKETHIS} (a dollar sign preceding a parameter name -- enclosed in curly braces). -- -- Available parameters: -- -- ${CURRENTVERSION} - a link to the page history or the move log, with the -- display message "current-version-edit-display" or -- "current-version-move-display". -- -- ${EDITREQUEST} - a link to create an edit request for the current page. -- -- ${EXPLANATIONBLURB} - an explanation blurb, e.g. "Please discuss any changes -- on the talk page; you may submit a request to ask an administrator to make -- an edit if it is minor or supported by consensus." -- -- ${IMAGELINK} - a link to set the image to, depending on the protection -- action and protection level. -- -- ${INTROBLURB} - the PROTECTIONBLURB parameter, plus the expiry if an expiry -- is set. E.g. "Editing of this page by new or unregistered users is currently -- disabled until dd Month YYYY." -- -- ${INTROFRAGMENT} - the same as ${INTROBLURB}, but without final punctuation -- so that it can be used in run-on sentences. -- -- ${PAGETYPE} - the type of the page, e.g. "article" or "template". -- Defined in the cfg.pagetypes table. -- -- ${PROTECTIONBLURB} - a blurb explaining the protection level of the page, e.g. -- "Editing of this page by new or unregistered users is currently disabled" -- -- ${PROTECTIONDATE} - the protection date, if it has been supplied to the -- template. -- -- ${PROTECTIONLEVEL} - the protection level, e.g. "fully protected" or -- "semi-protected". -- -- ${PROTECTIONLOG} - a link to the protection log or the pending changes log, -- depending on the protection action. -- -- ${TALKPAGE} - a link to the talk page. If a section is specified, links -- straight to that talk page section. -- -- ${TOOLTIPBLURB} - uses the PAGETYPE, PROTECTIONTYPE and EXPIRY parameters to -- create a blurb like "This template is semi-protected", or "This article is -- move-protected until DD Month YYYY". -- -- ${VANDAL} - links for the specified username (or the root page name) -- using Module:Vandal-m. -- -- Functions -- -- For advanced users, it is possible to use Lua functions instead of strings -- in the banner config tables. Using functions gives flexibility that is not -- possible just by using parameters. Functions take two arguments, the -- protection object and the template arguments, and they must output a string. -- -- For example: -- -- text = function (protectionObj, args) -- if protectionObj.level == 'autoconfirmed' then -- return 'foo' -- else -- return 'bar' -- end -- end -- -- Some protection object properties and methods that may be useful: -- protectionObj.action - the protection action -- protectionObj.level - the protection level -- protectionObj.reason - the protection reason -- protectionObj.expiry - the expiry. Nil if unset, the string "indef" if set -- to indefinite, and the protection time in unix time if temporary. -- protectionObj.protectionDate - the protection date in unix time, or nil if -- unspecified. -- protectionObj.bannerConfig - the banner config found by the module. Beware -- of editing the config field used by the function, as it could create an -- infinite loop. -- protectionObj:isProtected - returns a boolean showing whether the page is -- protected. -- protectionObj:isTemporary - returns a boolean showing whether the expiry is -- temporary. -- protectionObj:isIncorrect - returns a boolean showing whether the protection -- template is incorrect. --]] -- The master banner data, used if no values have been found in banners or -- defaultBanners. masterBanner = { text = '${INTROBLURB}', explanation = '${EXPLANATIONBLURB}', tooltip = '${TOOLTIPBLURB}', link = '${IMAGELINK}', alt = 'Page ${PROTECTIONLEVEL}' }, -- The default banner data. This holds banner data for different protection -- levels. -- *required* - this table needs edit, move, autoreview and upload subtables. defaultBanners = { edit = {}, move = {}, autoreview = { default = { alt = 'Page protected with pending changes', tooltip = 'All edits by unregistered and new users are subject to review prior to becoming visible to unregistered users', image = 'Pending-protection-shackle.svg' } }, upload = {} }, -- The banner data. This holds banner data for different protection reasons. -- In fact, the reasons specified in this table control which reasons are -- valid inputs to the first positional parameter. -- -- There is also a non-standard "description" field that can be used for items -- in this table. This is a description of the protection reason for use in the -- module documentation. -- -- *required* - this table needs edit, move, autoreview and upload subtables. banners = { edit = { blp = { description = 'For pages protected to promote compliance with the' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons' .. '|biographies of living persons]] policy', text = '${INTROFRAGMENT} to promote compliance with' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons' .. "|Wikipedia's&nbsp;policy on&nbsp;the&nbsp;biographies" .. ' of&nbsp;living&nbsp;people]].', tooltip = '${TOOLTIPFRAGMENT} to promote compliance with the policy on' .. ' biographies of living persons', }, deceased = { description = 'For user pages of Wikipedia users who are deceased', text = '${INTROFRAGMENT} to prevent vandalism of a deceased' .. ' Wikipedian\'s user page.' .. ' A family member who wishes to edit this user page can use this' .. ' user\'s ${TALKPAGE} or submit a request to [[Wikipedia:VRT|the' .. ' Volunteer Response Team]].', tooltip = '${TOOLTIPFRAGMENT} because this Wikipedian is deceased' }, dmca = { description = 'For pages protected by the Wikimedia Foundation' .. ' due to [[Digital Millennium Copyright Act]] takedown requests', explanation = function (protectionObj, args) local ret = 'Pursuant to a rights owner notice under the Digital' .. ' Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) regarding some content' .. ' in this article, the Wikimedia Foundation acted under' .. ' applicable law and took down and restricted the content' .. ' in question.' if args.notice then ret = ret .. ' A copy of the received notice can be found here: ' .. args.notice .. '.' end ret = ret .. ' For more information, including websites discussing' .. ' how to file a counter-notice, please see' .. " [[Wikipedia:Office actions]] and the article's ${TALKPAGE}." .. "'''Do not remove this template from the article until the" .. " restrictions are withdrawn'''." return ret end, image = 'Office-protection-shackle.svg', link = 'Wikipedia:Protection policy#office', }, dispute = { description = 'For pages protected due to editing disputes', text = function (protectionObj, args) -- Find the value of "disputes". local display = 'disputes' local disputes if args.section then disputes = string.format( '[[%s:%s#%s|%s]]', mw.site.namespaces[protectionObj.title.namespace].talk.name, protectionObj.title.text, args.section, display ) else disputes = display end -- Make the blurb, depending on the expiry. local msg if type(protectionObj.expiry) == 'number' then msg = '${INTROFRAGMENT} or until editing %s have been resolved.' else msg = '${INTROFRAGMENT} until editing %s have been resolved.' end return string.format(msg, disputes) end, explanation = "This protection is '''not''' an endorsement of the" .. ' ${CURRENTVERSION}. ${EXPLANATIONBLURB}', tooltip = '${TOOLTIPFRAGMENT} due to editing disputes', }, ecp = { description = 'For articles in topic areas authorized by' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|ArbCom]] or' .. ' meets the criteria for community use', alt = 'Extended-protected ${PAGETYPE}', }, mainpage = { description = 'For pages protected for being displayed on the [[Main Page]]', text = 'This file is currently' .. ' [[Wikipedia:This page is protected|protected]] from' .. ' editing because it is currently or will soon be displayed' .. ' on the [[Main Page]].', explanation = 'Images on the Main Page are protected due to their high' .. ' visibility. Please discuss any necessary changes on the ${TALKPAGE}.' .. '<br /><span style="font-size:90%;">' .. "'''Administrators:''' Once this image is definitely off the Main Page," .. ' please unprotect this file, or reduce to semi-protection,' .. ' as appropriate.</span>', }, office = { description = 'For pages protected by the Wikimedia Foundation', text = function (protectionObj, args) local ret = 'This ${PAGETYPE} is currently under the' .. ' scrutiny of the' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Office actions|Wikimedia Foundation Office]]' .. ' and is protected.' if protectionObj.protectionDate then ret = ret .. ' It has been protected since ${PROTECTIONDATE}.' end return ret end, explanation = "If you can edit this page, please discuss all changes and" .. " additions on the ${TALKPAGE} first. '''Do not remove protection from this" .. " page unless you are authorized by the Wikimedia Foundation to do" .. " so.'''", image = 'Office-protection-shackle.svg', link = 'Wikipedia:Protection policy#office', }, reset = { description = 'For pages protected by the Wikimedia Foundation and' .. ' "reset" to a bare-bones version', text = 'This ${PAGETYPE} is currently under the' .. ' scrutiny of the' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Office actions|Wikimedia Foundation Office]]' .. ' and is protected.', explanation = function (protectionObj, args) local ret = '' if protectionObj.protectionDate then ret = ret .. 'On ${PROTECTIONDATE} this ${PAGETYPE} was' else ret = ret .. 'This ${PAGETYPE} has been' end ret = ret .. ' reduced to a' .. ' simplified, "bare bones" version so that it may be completely' .. ' rewritten to ensure it meets the policies of' .. ' [[WP:NPOV|Neutral Point of View]] and [[WP:V|Verifiability]].' .. ' Standard Wikipedia policies will apply to its rewriting—which' .. ' will eventually be open to all editors—and will be strictly' .. ' enforced. The ${PAGETYPE} has been ${PROTECTIONLEVEL} while' .. ' it is being rebuilt.\n\n' .. 'Any insertion of material directly from' .. ' pre-protection revisions of the ${PAGETYPE} will be removed, as' .. ' will any material added to the ${PAGETYPE} that is not properly' .. ' sourced. The associated talk page(s) were also cleared on the' .. " same date.\n\n" .. "If you can edit this page, please discuss all changes and" .. " additions on the ${TALKPAGE} first. '''Do not override" .. " this action, and do not remove protection from this page," .. " unless you are authorized by the Wikimedia Foundation" .. " to do so. No editor may remove this notice.'''" return ret end, image = 'Office-protection-shackle.svg', link = 'Wikipedia:Protection policy#office', }, sock = { description = 'For pages protected due to' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Sock puppetry|sock puppetry]]', text = '${INTROFRAGMENT} to prevent [[Wikipedia:Sock puppetry|sock puppets]] of' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] or' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Banning policy|banned users]]' .. ' from editing it.', tooltip = '${TOOLTIPFRAGMENT} to prevent sock puppets of blocked or banned users from' .. ' editing it', }, template = { description = 'For [[Wikipedia:High-risk templates|high-risk]]' .. ' templates and Lua modules', text = 'This is a permanently [[Wikipedia:Protection policy|protected]] ${PAGETYPE},' .. ' as it is [[Wikipedia:High-risk templates|high-risk]].', explanation = 'Please discuss any changes on the ${TALKPAGE}; you may' .. ' ${EDITREQUEST} to ask an' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Administrators|administrator]] or' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Template editor|template editor]] to make an edit if' .. ' it is [[Help:Minor edit#When to mark an edit as a minor edit' .. '|uncontroversial]] or supported by' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]]. You can also' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Requests for page protection|request]] that the page be' .. ' unprotected.', tooltip = 'This high-risk ${PAGETYPE} is permanently ${PROTECTIONLEVEL}' .. ' to prevent vandalism', alt = 'Permanently protected ${PAGETYPE}', }, usertalk = { description = 'For pages protected against disruptive edits by a' .. ' particular user', text = '${INTROFRAGMENT} to prevent ${VANDAL} from using it to make disruptive edits,' .. ' such as abusing the' .. ' &#123;&#123;[[Template:unblock|unblock]]&#125;&#125; template.', explanation = 'If you cannot edit this user talk page and you need to' .. ' make a change or leave a message, you can' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Requests for page protection' .. '#Current requests for edits to a protected page' .. '|request an edit]],' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Requests for page protection' .. '#Current requests for reduction in protection level' .. '|request unprotection]],' .. ' [[Special:Userlogin|log in]],' .. ' or [[Special:UserLogin/signup|create an account]].', }, vandalism = { description = 'For pages protected against' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]]', text = '${INTROFRAGMENT} due to [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]].', explanation = function (protectionObj, args) local ret = '' if protectionObj.level == 'sysop' then ret = ret .. "This protection is '''not''' an endorsement of the" .. ' ${CURRENTVERSION}. ' end return ret .. '${EXPLANATIONBLURB}' end, tooltip = '${TOOLTIPFRAGMENT} due to vandalism', } }, move = { dispute = { description = 'For pages protected against page moves due to' .. ' disputes over the page title', explanation = "This protection is '''not''' an endorsement of the" .. ' ${CURRENTVERSION}. ${EXPLANATIONBLURB}', image = 'Move-protection-shackle.svg' }, vandalism = { description = 'For pages protected against' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Vandalism#Page-move vandalism' .. ' |page-move vandalism]]' } }, autoreview = {}, upload = {} }, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- -- GENERAL DATA TABLES -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Protection blurbs -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This table produces the protection blurbs available with the -- ${PROTECTIONBLURB} parameter. It is sorted by protection action and -- protection level, and is checked by the module in the following order: -- 1. page's protection action, page's protection level -- 2. page's protection action, default protection level -- 3. "edit" protection action, default protection level -- -- It is possible to use banner parameters inside this table. -- *required* - this table needs edit, move, autoreview and upload subtables. protectionBlurbs = { edit = { default = 'This ${PAGETYPE} is currently [[Wikipedia:Protection policy#full|' .. 'protected]] from editing', templateeditor = 'This ${PAGETYPE} is currently [[Wikipedia:Protection policy#template' .. '|protected]] from editing', autoconfirmed = 'Editing of this ${PAGETYPE} by [[Wikipedia:User access' .. ' levels#New users|new]] or [[Wikipedia:User access levels#Unregistered' .. ' users|unregistered]] users is currently [[Wikipedia:Protection' .. ' policy#semi|disabled]]', extendedconfirmed = 'This ${PAGETYPE} is currently under [[Wikipedia:Protection' .. ' policy#extended|extended confirmed protection]]', }, move = { default = 'This ${PAGETYPE} is currently [[Wikipedia:Protection policy#Move' .. ' protection|protected]] from [[Help:Moving a page|page moves]]' }, autoreview = { default = 'All edits made to this ${PAGETYPE} by' .. ' [[Wikipedia:User access levels#New users|new]] or' .. ' [[Wikipedia:User access levels#Unregistered users|unregistered]]' .. ' users are currently' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Pending changes|subject to review]]' }, upload = { default = 'Uploading new versions of this ${PAGETYPE} is currently disabled' } }, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Explanation blurbs -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This table produces the explanation blurbs available with the -- ${EXPLANATIONBLURB} parameter. It is sorted by protection action, -- protection level, and whether the page is a talk page or not. If the page is -- a talk page it will have a talk key of "talk"; otherwise it will have a talk -- key of "subject". The table is checked in the following order: -- 1. page's protection action, page's protection level, page's talk key -- 2. page's protection action, page's protection level, default talk key -- 3. page's protection action, default protection level, page's talk key -- 4. page's protection action, default protection level, default talk key -- -- It is possible to use banner parameters inside this table. -- *required* - this table needs edit, move, autoreview and upload subtables. explanationBlurbs = { edit = { autoconfirmed = { subject = 'See the [[Wikipedia:Protection policy|' .. 'protection policy]] and ${PROTECTIONLOG} for more details. If you' .. ' cannot edit this ${PAGETYPE} and you wish to make a change, you can' .. ' ${EDITREQUEST}, discuss changes on the ${TALKPAGE},' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Requests for page protection' .. '#Current requests for reduction in protection level' .. '|request unprotection]], [[Special:Userlogin|log in]], or' .. ' [[Special:UserLogin/signup|create an account]].', default = 'See the [[Wikipedia:Protection policy|' .. 'protection policy]] and ${PROTECTIONLOG} for more details. If you' .. ' cannot edit this ${PAGETYPE} and you wish to make a change, you can' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Requests for page protection' .. '#Current requests for reduction in protection level' .. '|request unprotection]], [[Special:Userlogin|log in]], or' .. ' [[Special:UserLogin/signup|create an account]].', }, extendedconfirmed = { default = 'Extended confirmed protection prevents edits from all unregistered editors' .. ' and registered users with fewer than 30 days tenure and 500 edits.' .. ' The [[Wikipedia:Protection policy#extended|policy on community use]]' .. ' specifies that extended confirmed protection can be applied to combat' .. ' disruption, if semi-protection has proven to be ineffective.' .. ' Extended confirmed protection may also be applied to enforce' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|arbitration sanctions]].' .. ' Please discuss any changes on the ${TALKPAGE}; you may' .. ' ${EDITREQUEST} to ask for uncontroversial changes supported by' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]].' }, default = { subject = 'See the [[Wikipedia:Protection policy|' .. 'protection policy]] and ${PROTECTIONLOG} for more details.' .. ' Please discuss any changes on the ${TALKPAGE}; you' .. ' may ${EDITREQUEST} to ask an' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Administrators|administrator]] to make an edit if it' .. ' is [[Help:Minor edit#When to mark an edit as a minor edit' .. '|uncontroversial]] or supported by [[Wikipedia:Consensus' .. '|consensus]]. You may also [[Wikipedia:Requests for' .. ' page protection#Current requests for reduction in protection level' .. '|request]] that this page be unprotected.', default = 'See the [[Wikipedia:Protection policy|' .. 'protection policy]] and ${PROTECTIONLOG} for more details.' .. ' You may [[Wikipedia:Requests for page' .. ' protection#Current requests for edits to a protected page|request an' .. ' edit]] to this page, or [[Wikipedia:Requests for' .. ' page protection#Current requests for reduction in protection level' .. '|ask]] for it to be unprotected.' } }, move = { default = { subject = 'See the [[Wikipedia:Protection policy|' .. 'protection policy]] and ${PROTECTIONLOG} for more details.' .. ' The page may still be edited but cannot be moved' .. ' until unprotected. Please discuss any suggested moves on the' .. ' ${TALKPAGE} or at [[Wikipedia:Requested moves]]. You can also' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Requests for page protection|request]] that the page be' .. ' unprotected.', default = 'See the [[Wikipedia:Protection policy|' .. 'protection policy]] and ${PROTECTIONLOG} for more details.' .. ' The page may still be edited but cannot be moved' .. ' until unprotected. Please discuss any suggested moves at' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Requested moves]]. You can also' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Requests for page protection|request]] that the page be' .. ' unprotected.' } }, autoreview = { default = { default = 'See the [[Wikipedia:Protection policy|' .. 'protection policy]] and ${PROTECTIONLOG} for more details.' .. ' Edits to this ${PAGETYPE} by new and unregistered users' .. ' will not be visible to readers until they are accepted by' .. ' a reviewer. To avoid the need for your edits to be' .. ' reviewed, you may' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Requests for page protection' .. '#Current requests for reduction in protection level' .. '|request unprotection]], [[Special:Userlogin|log in]], or' .. ' [[Special:UserLogin/signup|create an account]].' }, }, upload = { default = { default = 'See the [[Wikipedia:Protection policy|' .. 'protection policy]] and ${PROTECTIONLOG} for more details.' .. ' The page may still be edited but new versions of the file' .. ' cannot be uploaded until it is unprotected. You can' .. ' request that a new version be uploaded by using a' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Edit requests|protected edit request]], or you' .. ' can [[Wikipedia:Requests for page protection|request]]' .. ' that the file be unprotected.' } } }, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Protection levels -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This table provides the data for the ${PROTECTIONLEVEL} parameter, which -- produces a short label for different protection levels. It is sorted by -- protection action and protection level, and is checked in the following -- order: -- 1. page's protection action, page's protection level -- 2. page's protection action, default protection level -- 3. "edit" protection action, default protection level -- -- It is possible to use banner parameters inside this table. -- *required* - this table needs edit, move, autoreview and upload subtables. protectionLevels = { edit = { default = 'protected', templateeditor = 'template-protected', extendedconfirmed = 'extended-confirmed-protected', autoconfirmed = 'semi-protected', }, move = { default = 'move-protected' }, autoreview = { }, upload = { default = 'upload-protected' } }, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Images -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This table lists different padlock images for each protection action and -- protection level. It is used if an image is not specified in any of the -- banner data tables, and if the page does not satisfy the conditions for using -- the ['image-filename-indef'] image. It is checked in the following order: -- 1. page's protection action, page's protection level -- 2. page's protection action, default protection level images = { edit = { default = 'Full-protection-shackle.svg', templateeditor = 'Template-protection-shackle.svg', extendedconfirmed = 'Extended-protection-shackle.svg', autoconfirmed = 'Semi-protection-shackle.svg' }, move = { default = 'Move-protection-shackle.svg', }, autoreview = { default = 'Pending-protection-shackle.svg' }, upload = { default = 'Upload-protection-shackle.svg' } }, -- Pages with a reason specified in this table will show the special "indef" -- padlock, defined in the 'image-filename-indef' message, if no expiry is set. indefImageReasons = { template = true }, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Image links -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This table provides the data for the ${IMAGELINK} parameter, which gets -- the image link for small padlock icons based on the page's protection action -- and protection level. It is checked in the following order: -- 1. page's protection action, page's protection level -- 2. page's protection action, default protection level -- 3. "edit" protection action, default protection level -- -- It is possible to use banner parameters inside this table. -- *required* - this table needs edit, move, autoreview and upload subtables. imageLinks = { edit = { default = 'Wikipedia:Protection policy#full', templateeditor = 'Wikipedia:Protection policy#template', extendedconfirmed = 'Wikipedia:Protection policy#extended', autoconfirmed = 'Wikipedia:Protection policy#semi' }, move = { default = 'Wikipedia:Protection policy#move' }, autoreview = { default = 'Wikipedia:Protection policy#pending' }, upload = { default = 'Wikipedia:Protection policy#upload' } }, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Padlock indicator names -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This table provides the "name" attribute for the <indicator> extension tag -- with which small padlock icons are generated. All indicator tags on a page -- are displayed in alphabetical order based on this attribute, and with -- indicator tags with duplicate names, the last tag on the page wins. -- The attribute is chosen based on the protection action; table keys must be a -- protection action name or the string "default". padlockIndicatorNames = { autoreview = 'pp-autoreview', default = 'pp-default' }, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Protection categories -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --[[ -- The protection categories are stored in the protectionCategories table. -- Keys to this table are made up of the following strings: -- -- 1. the expiry date -- 2. the namespace -- 3. the protection reason (e.g. "dispute" or "vandalism") -- 4. the protection level (e.g. "sysop" or "autoconfirmed") -- 5. the action (e.g. "edit" or "move") -- -- When the module looks up a category in the table, first it will will check to -- see a key exists that corresponds to all five parameters. For example, a -- user page semi-protected from vandalism for two weeks would have the key -- "temp-user-vandalism-autoconfirmed-edit". If no match is found, the module -- changes the first part of the key to "all" and checks the table again. It -- keeps checking increasingly generic key combinations until it finds the -- field, or until it reaches the key "all-all-all-all-all". -- -- The module uses a binary matrix to determine the order in which to search. -- This is best demonstrated by a table. In this table, the "0" values -- represent "all", and the "1" values represent the original data (e.g. -- "indef" or "file" or "vandalism"). -- -- expiry namespace reason level action -- order -- 1 1 1 1 1 1 -- 2 0 1 1 1 1 -- 3 1 0 1 1 1 -- 4 0 0 1 1 1 -- 5 1 1 0 1 1 -- 6 0 1 0 1 1 -- 7 1 0 0 1 1 -- 8 0 0 0 1 1 -- 9 1 1 1 0 1 -- 10 0 1 1 0 1 -- 11 1 0 1 0 1 -- 12 0 0 1 0 1 -- 13 1 1 0 0 1 -- 14 0 1 0 0 1 -- 15 1 0 0 0 1 -- 16 0 0 0 0 1 -- 17 1 1 1 1 0 -- 18 0 1 1 1 0 -- 19 1 0 1 1 0 -- 20 0 0 1 1 0 -- 21 1 1 0 1 0 -- 22 0 1 0 1 0 -- 23 1 0 0 1 0 -- 24 0 0 0 1 0 -- 25 1 1 1 0 0 -- 26 0 1 1 0 0 -- 27 1 0 1 0 0 -- 28 0 0 1 0 0 -- 29 1 1 0 0 0 -- 30 0 1 0 0 0 -- 31 1 0 0 0 0 -- 32 0 0 0 0 0 -- -- In this scheme the action has the highest priority, as it is the last -- to change, and the expiry has the least priority, as it changes the most. -- The priorities of the expiry, the protection level and the action are -- fixed, but the priorities of the reason and the namespace can be swapped -- through the use of the cfg.bannerDataNamespaceHasPriority table. --]] -- If the reason specified to the template is listed in this table, -- namespace data will take priority over reason data in the protectionCategories -- table. reasonsWithNamespacePriority = { vandalism = true, }, -- The string to use as a namespace key for the protectionCategories table for each -- namespace number. categoryNamespaceKeys = { [ 2] = 'user', [ 3] = 'user', [ 4] = 'project', [ 6] = 'file', [ 8] = 'mediawiki', [ 10] = 'template', [ 12] = 'project', [ 14] = 'category', [100] = 'portal', [828] = 'module', }, protectionCategories = { ['all|all|all|all|all'] = 'Wikipedia fully protected pages', ['all|all|office|all|all'] = 'Wikipedia Office-protected pages', ['all|all|reset|all|all'] = 'Wikipedia Office-protected pages', ['all|all|dmca|all|all'] = 'Wikipedia Office-protected pages', ['all|all|mainpage|all|all'] = 'Wikipedia fully protected main page files', ['all|all|all|extendedconfirmed|all'] = 'Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages', ['all|all|ecp|extendedconfirmed|all'] = 'Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages', ['all|template|all|all|edit'] = 'Wikipedia fully protected templates', ['all|all|all|autoconfirmed|edit'] = 'Wikipedia semi-protected pages', ['indef|all|all|autoconfirmed|edit'] = 'Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages', ['all|all|blp|autoconfirmed|edit'] = 'Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people', ['temp|all|blp|autoconfirmed|edit'] = 'Wikipedia temporarily semi-protected biographies of living people', ['all|all|dispute|autoconfirmed|edit'] = 'Wikipedia pages semi-protected due to dispute', ['all|all|sock|autoconfirmed|edit'] = 'Wikipedia pages semi-protected from banned users', ['all|all|vandalism|autoconfirmed|edit'] = 'Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism', ['all|category|all|autoconfirmed|edit'] = 'Wikipedia semi-protected categories', ['all|file|all|autoconfirmed|edit'] = 'Wikipedia semi-protected files', ['all|portal|all|autoconfirmed|edit'] = 'Wikipedia semi-protected portals', ['all|project|all|autoconfirmed|edit'] = 'Wikipedia semi-protected project pages', ['all|talk|all|autoconfirmed|edit'] = 'Wikipedia semi-protected talk pages', ['all|template|all|autoconfirmed|edit'] = 'Wikipedia semi-protected templates', ['all|user|all|autoconfirmed|edit'] = 'Wikipedia semi-protected user and user talk pages', ['all|all|all|templateeditor|move'] = 'Wikipedia template-protected pages other than templates and modules', ['all|all|all|templateeditor|edit'] = 'Wikipedia template-protected pages other than templates and modules', ['all|template|all|templateeditor|edit'] = 'Wikipedia template-protected templates', ['all|template|all|templateeditor|move'] = 'Wikipedia template-protected templates', -- move-protected templates ['all|all|blp|sysop|edit'] = 'Wikipedia indefinitely protected biographies of living people', ['temp|all|blp|sysop|edit'] = 'Wikipedia temporarily protected biographies of living people', ['all|all|dispute|sysop|edit'] = 'Wikipedia pages protected due to dispute', ['all|all|sock|sysop|edit'] = 'Wikipedia pages protected from banned users', ['all|all|vandalism|sysop|edit'] = 'Wikipedia pages protected against vandalism', ['all|category|all|sysop|edit'] = 'Wikipedia fully protected categories', ['all|file|all|sysop|edit'] = 'Wikipedia fully protected files', ['all|project|all|sysop|edit'] = 'Wikipedia fully protected project pages', ['all|talk|all|sysop|edit'] = 'Wikipedia fully protected talk pages', ['all|template|all|extendedconfirmed|edit'] = 'Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected templates', ['all|template|all|extendedconfirmed|move'] = 'Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected templates', ['all|template|all|sysop|edit'] = 'Wikipedia fully protected templates', ['all|user|all|sysop|edit'] = 'Wikipedia fully protected user and user talk pages', ['all|module|all|all|edit'] = 'Wikipedia fully protected modules', ['all|module|all|templateeditor|edit'] = 'Wikipedia template-protected modules', ['all|module|all|extendedconfirmed|edit'] = 'Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected modules', ['all|module|all|autoconfirmed|edit'] = 'Wikipedia semi-protected modules', ['all|all|all|sysop|move'] = 'Wikipedia move-protected pages', ['indef|all|all|sysop|move'] = 'Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages', ['all|all|dispute|sysop|move'] = 'Wikipedia pages move-protected due to dispute', ['all|all|vandalism|sysop|move'] = 'Wikipedia pages move-protected due to vandalism', ['all|portal|all|sysop|move'] = 'Wikipedia move-protected portals', ['all|project|all|sysop|move'] = 'Wikipedia move-protected project pages', ['all|talk|all|sysop|move'] = 'Wikipedia move-protected talk pages', ['all|template|all|sysop|move'] = 'Wikipedia move-protected templates', ['all|user|all|sysop|move'] = 'Wikipedia move-protected user and user talk pages', ['all|all|all|autoconfirmed|autoreview'] = 'Wikipedia pending changes protected pages', ['all|file|all|all|upload'] = 'Wikipedia upload-protected files', }, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Expiry category config -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This table configures the expiry category behaviour for each protection -- action. -- * If set to true, setting that action will always categorise the page if -- an expiry parameter is not set. -- * If set to false, setting that action will never categorise the page. -- * If set to nil, the module will categorise the page if: -- 1) an expiry parameter is not set, and -- 2) a reason is provided, and -- 3) the specified reason is not blacklisted in the reasonsWithoutExpiryCheck -- table. expiryCheckActions = { edit = nil, move = false, autoreview = true, upload = false }, reasonsWithoutExpiryCheck = { blp = true, template = true, }, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Pagetypes -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This table produces the page types available with the ${PAGETYPE} parameter. -- Keys are namespace numbers, or the string "default" for the default value. pagetypes = { [0] = 'article', [6] = 'file', [10] = 'template', [14] = 'category', [828] = 'module', default = 'page' }, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Strings marking indefinite protection -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This table contains values passed to the expiry parameter that mean the page -- is protected indefinitely. indefStrings = { ['indef'] = true, ['indefinite'] = true, ['indefinitely'] = true, ['infinite'] = true, }, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Group hierarchy -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This table maps each group to all groups that have a superset of the original -- group's page editing permissions. hierarchy = { sysop = {}, reviewer = {'sysop'}, filemover = {'sysop'}, templateeditor = {'sysop'}, extendedconfirmed = {'sysop'}, autoconfirmed = {'reviewer', 'filemover', 'templateeditor', 'extendedconfirmed'}, user = {'autoconfirmed'}, ['*'] = {'user'} }, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Wrapper templates and their default arguments -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This table contains wrapper templates used with the module, and their -- default arguments. Templates specified in this table should contain the -- following invocation, and no other template content: -- -- {{#invoke:Protection banner|main}} -- -- If other content is desired, it can be added between -- <noinclude>...</noinclude> tags. -- -- When a user calls one of these wrapper templates, they will use the -- default arguments automatically. However, users can override any of the -- arguments. wrappers = { ['Template:Pp'] = {}, ['Template:Protection padlock'] = {}, ['Template:Pp-extended'] = {'ecp'}, ['Template:Pp-blp'] = {'blp'}, -- we don't need Template:Pp-create ['Template:Pp-dispute'] = {'dispute'}, ['Template:Pp-main-page'] = {'mainpage'}, ['Template:Pp-move'] = {action = 'move', catonly = 'yes'}, ['Template:Pp-move-dispute'] = {'dispute', action = 'move', catonly = 'yes'}, -- we don't need Template:Pp-move-indef ['Template:Pp-move-vandalism'] = {'vandalism', action = 'move', catonly = 'yes'}, ['Template:Pp-office'] = {'office'}, ['Template:Pp-office-dmca'] = {'dmca'}, ['Template:Pp-pc'] = {action = 'autoreview', small = true}, ['Template:Pp-pc1'] = {action = 'autoreview', small = true}, ['Template:Pp-reset'] = {'reset'}, ['Template:Pp-semi-indef'] = {small = true}, ['Template:Pp-sock'] = {'sock'}, ['Template:Pp-template'] = {'template', small = true}, ['Template:Pp-upload'] = {action = 'upload'}, ['Template:Pp-usertalk'] = {'usertalk'}, ['Template:Pp-vandalism'] = {'vandalism'}, }, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- -- MESSAGES -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- msg = { -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Intro blurb and intro fragment -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- These messages specify what is produced by the ${INTROBLURB} and -- ${INTROFRAGMENT} parameters. If the protection is temporary they use the -- intro-blurb-expiry or intro-fragment-expiry, and if not they use -- intro-blurb-noexpiry or intro-fragment-noexpiry. -- It is possible to use banner parameters in these messages. ['intro-blurb-expiry'] = '${PROTECTIONBLURB} until ${EXPIRY}.', ['intro-blurb-noexpiry'] = '${PROTECTIONBLURB}.', ['intro-fragment-expiry'] = '${PROTECTIONBLURB} until ${EXPIRY},', ['intro-fragment-noexpiry'] = '${PROTECTIONBLURB}', -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Tooltip blurb -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- These messages specify what is produced by the ${TOOLTIPBLURB} parameter. -- If the protection is temporary the tooltip-blurb-expiry message is used, and -- if not the tooltip-blurb-noexpiry message is used. -- It is possible to use banner parameters in these messages. ['tooltip-blurb-expiry'] = 'This ${PAGETYPE} is ${PROTECTIONLEVEL} until ${EXPIRY}.', ['tooltip-blurb-noexpiry'] = 'This ${PAGETYPE} is ${PROTECTIONLEVEL}.', ['tooltip-fragment-expiry'] = 'This ${PAGETYPE} is ${PROTECTIONLEVEL} until ${EXPIRY},', ['tooltip-fragment-noexpiry'] = 'This ${PAGETYPE} is ${PROTECTIONLEVEL}', -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Special explanation blurb -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- An explanation blurb for pages that cannot be unprotected, e.g. for pages -- in the MediaWiki namespace. -- It is possible to use banner parameters in this message. ['explanation-blurb-nounprotect'] = 'See the [[Wikipedia:Protection policy|' .. 'protection policy]] and ${PROTECTIONLOG} for more details.' .. ' Please discuss any changes on the ${TALKPAGE}; you' .. ' may ${EDITREQUEST} to ask an' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Administrators|administrator]] to make an edit if it' .. ' is [[Help:Minor edit#When to mark an edit as a minor edit' .. '|uncontroversial]] or supported by [[Wikipedia:Consensus' .. '|consensus]].', -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Protection log display values -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- These messages determine the display values for the protection log link -- or the pending changes log link produced by the ${PROTECTIONLOG} parameter. -- It is possible to use banner parameters in these messages. ['protection-log-display'] = 'protection log', ['pc-log-display'] = 'pending changes log', -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Current version display values -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- These messages determine the display values for the page history link -- or the move log link produced by the ${CURRENTVERSION} parameter. -- It is possible to use banner parameters in these messages. ['current-version-move-display'] = 'current title', ['current-version-edit-display'] = 'current version', -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Talk page -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This message determines the display value of the talk page link produced -- with the ${TALKPAGE} parameter. -- It is possible to use banner parameters in this message. ['talk-page-link-display'] = 'talk page', -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Edit requests -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This message determines the display value of the edit request link produced -- with the ${EDITREQUEST} parameter. -- It is possible to use banner parameters in this message. ['edit-request-display'] = 'submit an edit request', -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Expiry date format -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This is the format for the blurb expiry date. It should be valid input for -- the first parameter of the #time parser function. ['expiry-date-format'] = 'F j, Y "at" H:i e', -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Tracking categories -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- These messages determine which tracking categories the module outputs. ['tracking-category-incorrect'] = 'Wikipedia pages with incorrect protection templates', ['tracking-category-template'] = 'Wikipedia template-protected pages other than templates and modules', -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Images -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- These are images that are not defined by their protection action and protection level. ['image-filename-indef'] = 'Full-protection-shackle.svg', ['image-filename-default'] = 'Transparent.gif', -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- End messages -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- } -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- End configuration -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- } g4f6dkimoikv05ulbf832zu7omkf2fc 0 63364 1374602 1337121 2026-06-02T16:50:25Z Kamath 06 99412 /* */ 1374602 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ಇಂಗ್ಲೆಂಡ್|ಇಂಗ್ಲೆಂಡನ್ನು]] ಸದೆಬಡಿಯಲು (೧೫೮೮) [[ಸ್ಪೇನ್]] ಸಿದ್ಧಗೊಳಿಸಿದ ಪ್ರಸಿದ್ಧ ನೌಕಾಪಡೆ (ದಿ ಇನ್ವಿನ್ಸಿಬಲ್ ಆರ್ಮಡ). == ಹಿನ್ನೆಲೆ == ಹದಿನಾರನೆಯ ಶತಮಾನದಲ್ಲಿ ಸ್ಪೇನಿನ ದೊಡ್ಡ ಚಕ್ರಾಧಿಪತ್ಯಕ್ಕೆ ಚಕ್ರವರ್ತಿಯಾಗಿದ್ದ ಫಿಲಿಪ್ನಿಗೂ ಇಂಗ್ಲೆಂಡಿನ ಪ್ರಾಟೆಸ್ಟಂಟ್ ರಾಣಿ ಎಲಿಜಬೆತ್ಗೂ ಬದ್ಧದ್ವೇಷವಿದ್ದು ಅದು ಪ್ರಕೋಪಗೊಳ್ಳುವ ಒಂದು ಸನ್ನಿವೇಶ ಒದಗಿತು. ಇಂಗ್ಲೆಂಡಿನ ಪ್ರಸಿದ್ಧ ನಾವಿಕನಾದ ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸಿಸ್ ಡ್ರೇಕ್ ೧೫೮೫-೮೬ರಲ್ಲಿ ಸ್ಪೇನ್ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯಕ್ಕೆ ಒಳಪಟ್ಟ [[ಅಮೆರಿಕ]]ದ ಅಧೀನ ರಾಜ್ಯಗಳ ಮೇಲೆ ದಂಡೆತ್ತಿ ಹೋದುದೂ ಈತನ ದಾಳಿಗಳಿಗೆ ಎಲಿಜಬೆತ್ ರಾಣಿ ಉತ್ತೇಜನ ಕೊಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದುದೂ ಫಿಲಿಪ್ನ ಆಗ್ರಹವನ್ನು ಹೆಚ್ಚಿಸಿದುವು. [[ಯುರೋಪ್]] ಖಂಡದ ಇತರ ರೋಮನ್ ಕೆಥೊಲಿಕ್ ಜನರನ್ನೂ ತನ್ನ ಕಡೆಗೆ ಸೆಳೆದು ಇಂಗ್ಲೆಂಡಿನ ಮೇಲೆ ಯುದ್ಧ ಮಾಡಲು ಆರ್ಮಡ ಪಡೆ ಸಿದ್ಧವಾಯಿತು. ಮೊಟ್ಟಮೊದಲು ಈ ಪಡೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ೨೪ ಯುದ್ಧದ ಹಡಗುಗಳು ಮಾತ್ರ ಇದ್ದವು. ಕೊನೆಗೆ ಒಟ್ಟು ೧೩೦ ಹಡಗುಗಳೂ ೨,೫೦೦ ಫಿರಂಗಿಗಳೂ ೮,೦೦೦ ನಾವಿಕರೂ ೨೦,೦೦೦ ಯೋಧರೂ ಕೂಡಿದರು. ಡೋವರ್ ಜಲಸಂಧಿಯಲ್ಲಿದ್ದ ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್ ನೌಕೆಯನ್ನು ಹೊಡೆದಟ್ಟಿ ಸ್ಪೇನ್ ಸೈನ್ಯ ದಾಟಿ ಹೋಗಲು ದಾರಿ ಮಾಡಬೇಕೆಂಬುದು ಮೊದಲನೆಯ ಉದ್ದೇಶ. ಪಡೆಯ ಮೊದಲ ನಾಯಕ ಸಾಂತಾಕ್ರೂಜ್. ಈತ ಯುದ್ಧದ ಆರಂಭದಲ್ಲೇ ಮೃತಪಟ್ಟ (೧೫೮೮). ಆಮೇಲೆ ಪಡೆಯ ನಾಯಕತ್ವವನ್ನು ಮೆಡೀನ ಸಿಡೋನಿ ವಹಿಸಿಕೊಂಡ. == ನೌಕಾದಾಳಿ == ೨೯ ಜುಲೈ ೧೫೮೮ ರಂದು ನೌಕಾದಾಳಿ ಆರಂಭವಾಯಿತು. ಒಂದು ವಾರದೊಳಗೆ ಪ್ಲೀಮತ್, ಪೋರ್್ಟಲೆಂಡ್ ಮತ್ತು ವೈಟ್ ದ್ವೀಪಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಕದನ ನಡೆಯಿತು. ಆದರೆ ಯಾವ ಕದನದಲ್ಲೂ ಸ್ಪೇನಿಗೆ ಖಚಿತವಾದ ಜಯ ದೊರೆಯಲಿಲ್ಲ. ಕೊನೆಗೆ ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ 6ರಂದು ಡೋವರ್ ತಲುಪಿ ಸ್ಪೇನ್ ಪಡೆ ಕೆಲೆ ಹತ್ತಿರ ಬೀಡು ಬಿಟ್ಟಿತು. ಇಂಗ್ಲೆಂಡಿನ ಕೆಥೊಲಿಕ್ ಪಂಗಡ ದಂಗೆಯೆದ್ದಲ್ಲಿ ತನಗೆ ಸಹಾಯವಾದೀತೆಂದು ಫಿಲಿಪ್ ನಂಬಿದ್ದ. ಆದರೆ ಅವರು ತಾಯಿನಾಡಿಗೆ ವಿರೋಧವಾಗಿ ನಡೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳಲಿಲ್ಲ. ಅಲ್ಲದೆ ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸಿಸ್ ಡ್ರೇಕ್, ಹಾಕಿನ್ಸ್ ಮತ್ತು ಫ್ರಾಬಿಷರ್ ಎಲ್ಲರೂ ಒಟ್ಟುಗೂಡಿ ಬಿರುಸಾಗಿ ಕಾದಿದರು. ಮೂರನೆಯದಾಗಿ ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ ೭ ಮತ್ತು ೮ ರಂದು ಪಡೆಗೆ ವಿರೋಧವಾಗಿ ಸಮುದ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ಬಿರುಗಾಳಿ ಎದ್ದಿತು. ಪಡೆಯ ನಾವಿಕರಲ್ಲನೇಕರಿಗೆ ಕಾಯಿಲೆ ಬಂತು. ಆಹಾರ ಮತ್ತು ನೀರಿನ ಸರಬರಾಜು ಕುಗ್ಗಿಹೋಯಿತು. ಇಂಥ ದುಃಸ್ಥಿತಿ ಒದಗಿದ್ದುದರಿಂದ ಪಡೆಯ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಭಾಗ ತಿರುಗಿ ಸ್ಪೇನನ್ನು ಮುಟ್ಟಲೂ ಆಗಲಿಲ್ಲ. == ಫಲಿತಾಂಶ == ಇಂಗ್ಲೆಂಡು ಬದುಕಿತು. ದಿಗ್ವಿಜಯದ ಉತ್ಸಾಹದಲ್ಲಿ ರಾಣಿ ಎಲಿಜಬೆತ್ '''ದೇವರು ಬೀಸಿದ, ಅವು ಚದರಿಹೋದುವು''' ಎಂಬ ಅರ್ಥ ಬರುವ ಫಲಕವೊಂದನ್ನು ಮಾಡಿಸಿ ಹಾಕಿಸಿದಳು. ಸಮುದ್ರದ ಮೇಲೆ ತನ್ನ ಪ್ರಾಬಲ್ಯವನ್ನು ಬೆಳೆಸಿಕೊಂಡ ಹೊರತು ಸ್ವಾತಂತ್ರ್ಯಕ್ಕೆ ಉಳಿಗಾಲವಿಲ್ಲ ಎಂಬ ಪಾಠವನ್ನು ಇಂಗ್ಲೆಂಡ್ ಕಲಿತಿತು. {{Includes Wikisource|ಮೈಸೂರು ವಿಶ್ವವಿದ್ಯಾನಿಲಯ ವಿಶ್ವಕೋಶ/ಆರ್ಮಡ (ಸ್ಪೇನಿನ)}} {{Unreferenced}} {{Interwikineeded}} [[ವರ್ಗ: ಮೈಸೂರು ವಿಶ್ವವಿದ್ಯಾನಿಲಯ ವಿಶ್ವಕೋಶ]] gv1g4m95n1nf98yb8xnh6gnhm3udce4 10 83857 1374627 1246588 2026-04-03T01:44:40Z en>Primefac 0 Primefac moved page [[Template:!mxt]] to [[Template:Example text monospaced bad]]: expand name for clarity 1374627 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Example text monospaced bad]] {{Redirect category shell| {{R from move}} }} cub4fzmiupa7knvtn7x39nnrn7l239n 1374628 1374627 2026-06-03T00:31:56Z A826 72368 ೧ revisions imported from [[:en:Template:!mxt]] 1374627 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Example text monospaced bad]] {{Redirect category shell| {{R from move}} }} cub4fzmiupa7knvtn7x39nnrn7l239n 10 83878 1374629 1257444 2026-04-03T01:41:05Z en>Primefac 0 Primefac moved page [[Template:Mxt]] to [[Template:Example text monospaced]]: expand name for clarity 1374629 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Example text monospaced]] {{Redirect category shell| {{R from move}} }} 6bebhg0a1y3hqh4h6i1w1f6hi97unid 1374630 1374629 2026-06-03T00:31:56Z A826 72368 ೧ revisions imported from [[:en:Template:Mxt]] 1374629 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Example text monospaced]] {{Redirect category shell| {{R from move}} }} 6bebhg0a1y3hqh4h6i1w1f6hi97unid 828 98391 1374605 1327055 2026-05-12T23:20:12Z en>Andrybak 0 make_error_span, make_error_msg: use CSS variable `--color-error` to improve readability 1374605 Scribunto text/plain --[=[ Lua support for the {{lang}}, {{langx}}, {{lang-??}}, and {{transliteration}} templates and replacement of various supporting templates. ]=] require('strict'); local getArgs = require ('Module:Arguments').getArgs; local unicode = require ("Module:Unicode data"); -- for is_Latin() and is_rtl() local yesno = require ('Module:Yesno'); local sandbox = (mw.getCurrentFrame():getTitle():match ('/sandbox') or ''); -- when called from a sandbox template or module load sandbox data and sandbox configuration local lang_data = mw.loadData ('Module:Lang/data' .. sandbox); -- language name override and transliteration tool-tip tables local lang_name_table = lang_data.lang_name_table; -- language codes, names, regions, scripts, suppressed scripts local lang_table = lang_data.lang_name_table.lang; local lang_dep_table = lang_data.lang_name_table.lang_dep; local script_table = lang_data.lang_name_table.script; local region_table = lang_data.lang_name_table.region; local variant_table = lang_data.lang_name_table.variant; local suppressed_table = lang_data.lang_name_table.suppressed; local override_table = lang_data.override; local synonym_table = mw.loadData ('Module:Lang/ISO 639 synonyms'); -- ISO 639-2/639-2T code translation to 639-1 code local cfg = mw.loadData ('Module:Lang/configuration' .. sandbox); -- for internationalization local is_latn_data = mw.loadData ('Module:Lang/data/is latn data'); local sizeof_ranges_t = is_latn_data.sizeof_ranges_t; local namespace = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().namespace; -- used for categorization local content_lang = mw.language.getContentLanguage(); local this_wiki_lang_tag = content_lang.code; -- get this wiki's language tag local this_wiki_lang_dir = content_lang:getDir(); -- get this wiki's language direction local initial_style_state; -- set by lang_xx_normal() and lang_xx_italic() local maint_cats = {}; -- maintenance categories go here local maint_msgs = {}; -- and their messages go here --[[--------------------------< M A K E _ E R R O R _ S P A N >-------------------------------------------------- ]] local function make_error_span (template, msg) return table.concat ({'<span style="color:var(--color-error,#d33)">', cfg.misc_text_t.error, ': ', template, msg, '</span>'}) end --[[--------------------------< S U B S T I T U T E >---------------------------------------------------------- Substitutes $1, $2, etc in <message> with data from <data_t>. Returns plain-text substituted string when <data_t> not nil; returns <message> else. ]] local function substitute (message, data_t) return data_t and mw.message.newRawMessage (message, data_t):plain() or message; end --[[--------------------------< M A K E _ E R R O R _ M S G >-------------------------------------------------- Assembles an error message from template name, message text, help link, and error category. ]] local function make_error_msg (msg, args_t, template) local category; local text; -- handle the oddity that is {{langx}} if cfg.templates_t.langxx == template then text = args_t.text or args_t[1]; -- for {{lang-xx}} else text = args_t.text or args_t[2]; -- for {{lang}}, {{langx}}, and {{transliteration}} end if cfg.templates_t.transliteration == template then category = cfg.make_error_msg_t.xlit_err_cat; else category = cfg.make_error_msg_t.lang_err_cat; end local category_link = ((0 == namespace or 10 == namespace) and not args_t.nocat) and substitute ('[[Category:$1]]', {category}) or ''; return substitute ('[$1] <span style="color:var(--color-error,#d33)">$2: &#x7B;{$3}}: $4 ([[:Category:$5|$6]])</span>$7', -- &#x7B; prevents template name from being treated as a template call in certain situations { text or cfg.make_error_msg_t.undefined, cfg.misc_text_t.error, template, msg, category, cfg.misc_text_t.help, category_link }) end --[[--------------------------< P A R A M E T E R _ V A L I D A T E >------------------------------------------ ]] local function parameter_validate (args_t, template) local err_msg = cfg.parameter_validate_t.invalid_param; if cfg.templates_t.lang == template then -- for {{lang}} for param, _ in pairs (args_t) do if not cfg.known_params_t.params_lang_t[param] and -- unique {{lang}} parameters not cfg.known_params_t.common_params_all_t[param] then -- common to all return substitute (err_msg, {param}); -- <param> not found so abandon end end elseif cfg.templates_t.langx == template then -- for {{langx}} for param, _ in pairs (args_t) do if not cfg.known_params_t.params_langx_t[param] and -- unique {{langx}} parameters not cfg.known_params_t.params_x_t[param] and -- common to {{langx}} and {{lang-xx}} not cfg.known_params_t.common_params_all_t[param] then -- common to all return substitute (err_msg, {param}); -- <param> not found so abandon end end elseif cfg.templates_t.langxx == template then -- for {{lang-xx}} for param, _ in pairs (args_t) do if not cfg.known_params_t.params_lang_xx_t[param] and -- unique {{lang-xx}} parameters not cfg.known_params_t.params_x_t[param] and -- common to {{langx}} and {{lang-xx}} not cfg.known_params_t.common_params_all_t[param] then -- common to all return substitute (err_msg, {param}); -- <param> not found so abandon end end end end --[[--------------------------< I S _ S E T >------------------------------------------------------------------ Returns true if argument is set; false otherwise. Argument is 'set' when it exists (not nil) or when it is not an empty string. ]] local function is_set (var) return not (var == nil or var == ''); end --[[--------------------------< I N V E R T _ I T A L I C S >------------------------------------------------- This function attempts to invert the italic markup a args.text by adding/removing leading/trailing italic markup in args.text. Like |italic=unset, |italic=invert disables automatic italic markup. Individual leading/trailing apostrophes are converted to their HTML numeric entity equivalent so that the new italic markup doesn't become bold markup inadvertently. Leading and trailing wiki markup is extracted from args.text into separate table elements. Addition, removal, replacement of wiki markup is handled by a string.gsub() replacement table operating only on these separate elements. In the string.gsub() matching pattern, '.*' matches empty string as well as the three expected wiki markup patterns. This function expects that markup in args.text is complete and correct; if it is not, oddness may result. ]] local function invert_italics (source) local invert_pattern_table = { -- leading/trailing markup add/remove/replace patterns [""]="\'\'", -- empty string becomes italic markup ["\'\'"]="", -- italic markup becomes empty string ["\'\'\'"]="\'\'\'\'\'", -- bold becomes bold italic ["\'\'\'\'\'"]="\'\'\'", -- bold italic become bold }; local seg = {}; source = source:gsub ("%f[\']\'%f[^\']", '&#39;'); -- protect single quote marks from being interpreted as bold markup seg[1] = source:match ('^(\'\'+%f[^\']).+') or ''; -- get leading markup, if any; ignore single quote seg[3] = source:match ('.+(%f[\']\'\'+)$') or ''; -- get trailing markup, if any; ignore single quote if '' ~= seg[1] and '' ~= seg[3] then -- extract the 'text' seg[2] = source:match ('^\'\'+%f[^\'](.+)%f[\']\'\'+$') -- from between leading and trailing markup elseif '' ~= seg[1] then seg[2] = source:match ('^\'\'+%f[^\'](.+)') -- following leading markup elseif '' ~= seg[3] then seg[2] = source:match ('(.+)%f[\']\'\'+$') -- preceding trailing markup else seg[2] = source -- when there is no markup end seg[1] = invert_pattern_table[seg[1]] or seg[1]; -- replace leading markup according to pattern table seg[3] = invert_pattern_table[seg[3]] or seg[3]; -- replace leading markup according to pattern table return table.concat (seg); -- put it all back together and done end --[[--------------------------< V A L I D A T E _ I T A L I C >------------------------------------------------ Validates |italic= or |italics= assigned values. When |italic= is set and has an acceptable assigned value, return the matching CSS font-style property value or, for the special case 'default', return nil. When |italic= is not set, or has an unacceptable assigned value, return nil and a nil error message. When both |italic= and |italics= are set, returns nil and a 'conflicting' error message. The return value nil causes the calling lang, lang_xx, or xlit function to set args.italic according to the template's defined default ('inherit' for {{lang}}, 'inherit' or 'italic' for {{lang-??}} depending on the individual template's requirements, 'italic' for {{transliteration}}) or to the value appropriate to |script=, if set ({{lang}} and {{lang-??}} only). Accepted values and the values that this function returns are are: nil - when |italic= absent or not set; returns nil default - for completeness, should rarely if ever be used; returns nil yes - force args.text to be rendered in italic font; returns 'italic' no - force args.text to be rendered in normal font; returns 'normal' unset - disables font control so that font-style applied to text is dictated by markup inside or outside the template; returns 'inherit' invert - disables font control so that font-style applied to text is dictated by markup outside or inverted inside the template; returns 'invert' ]] local function validate_italic (args) local properties = {[cfg.keywords_t.affirmative] = 'italic', [cfg.keywords_t.negative] = 'normal', [cfg.keywords_t.unset] = 'inherit', [cfg.keywords_t.invert] = 'invert', [cfg.keywords_t.default] = nil}; local count = 0 for _, arg in pairs {'italic', 'italics', 'i'} do if args[arg] then count = count + 1 end end if count > 1 then -- return nil and an error message if more than one is set return nil, cfg.validate_italic_t.multi_italic; end return properties[args.italic or args.italics or args.i], nil; -- return an appropriate value and a nil error message end --[=[--------------------------< V A L I D A T E _ C A T _ A R G S >---------------------------------------------------------- Default behavior of the {{lang}} and {{lang-??}} templates is to add categorization when the templates are used in main space. This default functionality may be suppressed by setting |nocat=yes or |cat=no. This function selects one of these two parameters to control categorization. Because having two parameters with 'opposite' names and 'opposite' values is confusing, this function accepts only affirmative values for |nocat= and only negative values for |cat=; in both cases the 'other' sense (and non-sense) is not accepted and the parameter is treated as if it were not set in the template. Sets args.nocat to true if categorization is to be turned off; to nil if the default behavior should apply. Accepted values for |nocat= are the text strings: 'yes', 'y', 'true', 't', on, '1' -- [[Module:Yesno]] returns logical true for all of these; false or nil else for |cat= 'no', 'n', 'false', 'f', 'off', '0' -- [[Module:Yesno]] returns logical false for all of these; true or nil else ]=] local function validate_cat_args (args) if not (args.nocat or args.cat) then -- both are nil, so categorize return; end if false == yesno (args.cat) or true == yesno (args.nocat) then args.nocat = true; -- set to true when args.nocat is affirmative; nil else (as if the parameter were not set in the template) else -- args.nocat is the parameter actually used. args.nocat = nil; end end --[[--------------------------< I N _ A R R A Y >-------------------------------------------------------------- Whether needle is in haystack. ]] local function in_array (needle, haystack) if needle == nil then return false; end for n,v in ipairs (haystack) do if v == needle then return n; end end return false; end --[[--------------------------< F O R M A T _ I E T F _ T A G >------------------------------------------------ Prettify IETF tags to use recommended subtag formats: code: lower case script: sentence case region: upper case variant: lower case private: lower case prefixed with -x- ]] local function format_ietf_tag (code, script, region, variant, private) local out = {}; if is_set (private) then return table.concat ({code:lower(), 'x', private:lower()}, '-'); -- if private, all other tags ignored end table.insert (out, code:lower()); if is_set (script) then script = script:lower():gsub ('^%a', string.upper); table.insert (out, script); end if is_set (region) then table.insert (out, region:upper()); end if is_set (variant) then table.insert (out, variant:lower()); end return table.concat (out, '-'); end --[[--------------------------< G E T _ I E T F _ P A R T S >-------------------------------------------------- Extracts and returns IETF language tag parts: primary language subtag (required) - 2 or 3 character IANA language code script subtag - four character IANA script code region subtag - two-letter or three digit IANA region code variant subtag - four digit or 5-8 alnum variant code; only one variant subtag supported private subtag - x- followed by 1-8 alnum private code; only supported with the primary language tag in any one of these forms lang lang-variant lang-script lang-script-variant lang-region lang-region-variant lang-script-region lang-script-region-variant lang-x-private each of lang, script, region, variant, and private, when used, must be valid. Languages with both two- and three-character code synonyms are promoted to the two-character synonym because the IANA registry file omits the synonymous three-character code; we cannot depend on browsers understanding the synonymous three-character codes in the lang= attribute. For {{lang-??}} templates, the parameters |script=, |region=, and |variant= are supported (not supported in {{lang}} because those parameters are superfluous to the IETF subtags in |code=). Returns six values; all lower case. Valid parts are returned as themselves; omitted parts are returned as empty strings, invalid parts are returned as nil; the sixth returned item is an error message (if an error detected) or nil. See http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/bcp/bcp47.txt section 2.1. ]] local function get_ietf_parts (source, args_script, args_region, args_variant) local code, script, region, variant, private; -- IETF tag parts if not is_set (source) then return nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.missing_lang_tag; end local pattern = { -- table of tables holding acceptable IETF tag patterns and short names of the IETF part captured by the pattern {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%a%a%a%a)%-(%a%a)%-(%d%d%d%d)$', 's', 'r', 'v'}, -- 1 - ll-Ssss-RR-variant (where variant is 4 digits) {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%a%a%a%a)%-(%d%d%d)%-(%d%d%d%d)$', 's', 'r', 'v'}, -- 2 - ll-Ssss-DDD-variant (where region is 3 digits; variant is 4 digits) {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%a%a%a%a)%-(%a%a)%-(%w%w%w%w%w%w?%w?%w?)$', 's', 'r', 'v'}, -- 3 - ll-Ssss-RR-variant (where variant is 5-8 alnum characters) {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%a%a%a%a)%-(%d%d%d)%-(%w%w%w%w%w%w?%w?%w?)$', 's', 'r', 'v'}, -- 4 - ll-Ssss-DDD-variant (where region is 3 digits; variant is 5-8 alnum characters) {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%a%a%a%a)%-(%d%d%d%d)$', 's', 'v'}, -- 5 - ll-Ssss-variant (where variant is 4 digits) {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%a%a%a%a)%-(%w%w%w%w%w%w?%w?%w?)$', 's', 'v'}, -- 6 - ll-Ssss-variant (where variant is 5-8 alnum characters) {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%a%a)%-(%d%d%d%d)$', 'r', 'v'}, -- 7 - ll-RR-variant (where variant is 4 digits) {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%d%d%d)%-(%d%d%d%d)$', 'r', 'v'}, -- 8 - ll-DDD-variant (where region is 3 digits; variant is 4 digits) {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%a%a)%-(%w%w%w%w%w%w?%w?%w?)$', 'r', 'v'}, -- 9 - ll-RR-variant (where variant is 5-8 alnum characters) {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%d%d%d)%-(%w%w%w%w%w%w?%w?%w?)$', 'r', 'v'}, -- 10 - ll-DDD-variant (where region is 3 digits; variant is 5-8 alnum characters) {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%d%d%d%d)$', 'v'}, -- 11 - ll-variant (where variant is 4 digits) {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%w%w%w%w%w%w?%w?%w?)$', 'v'}, -- 12 - ll-variant (where variant is 5-8 alnum characters) {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%a%a%a%a)%-(%a%a)$', 's', 'r'}, -- 13 - ll-Ssss-RR {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%a%a%a%a)%-(%d%d%d)$', 's', 'r'}, -- 14 - ll-Ssss-DDD (region is 3 digits) {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%a%a%a%a)$', 's'}, -- 15 - ll-Ssss {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%a%a)$', 'r'}, -- 16 - ll-RR {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%d%d%d)$', 'r'}, -- 17 - ll-DDD (region is 3 digits) {'^(%a%a%a?)$'}, -- 18 - ll {'^(%a%a%a?)%-x%-(%w%w?%w?%w?%w?%w?%w?%w?)$', 'p'}, -- 19 - ll-x-pppppppp (private is 1-8 alnum characters) } local t = {}; -- table of captures; serves as a translator between captured IETF tag parts and named variables for i, v in ipairs (pattern) do -- spin through the pattern table looking for a match local c1, c2, c3, c4; -- captures in the 'pattern' from the pattern table go here c1, c2, c3, c4 = source:match (pattern[i][1]); -- one or more captures set if source matches pattern[i]) if c1 then -- c1 always set on match code = c1; -- first capture is always code t = { [pattern[i][2] or 'x'] = c2, -- fill the table of captures with the rest of the captures [pattern[i][3] or 'x'] = c3, -- take index names from pattern table and assign sequential captures [pattern[i][4] or 'x'] = c4, -- index name may be nil in pattern[i] table so "or 'x'" spoofs a name for this index in this table }; script = t.s or ''; -- translate table contents to named variables; region = t.r or ''; -- absent table entries are nil so set named IETF parts to empty string for concatenation variant= t.v or ''; private = t.p or ''; break; -- and done end end if not code then return nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, substitute (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.unrecog_tag, {source}); -- don't know what we got but it is malformed end code = code:lower(); -- ensure that we use and return lower case version of this if not (override_table[code] or lang_table[code] or synonym_table[code] or lang_dep_table[code]) then return nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, substitute (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.unrecog_code, {code}); -- invalid language code, don't know about the others (don't care?) end if synonym_table[code] then -- if 639-2/639-2T code has a 639-1 synonym table.insert (maint_cats, substitute (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.maint_promo_cat, {code})); table.insert (maint_msgs, substitute (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.maint_promo_msg, {code, synonym_table[code]})); code = synonym_table[code]; -- use the synonym end if is_set (script) then if is_set (args_script) then return code, nil, nil, nil, nil, cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.redundant_scr; -- both code with script and |script= not allowed end else script = args_script or ''; -- use args.script if provided end if is_set (script) then script = script:lower(); -- ensure that we use and return lower case version of this if not script_table[script] then return code, nil, nil, nil, nil, substitute (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.unrecog_scr_code, {script, code}); -- language code OK, invalid script, don't know about the others (don't care?) end end if suppressed_table[script] then -- ensure that code-script does not use a suppressed script if in_array (code, suppressed_table[script]) then return code, nil, nil, nil, nil, substitute (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.script_code, {script, code}); -- language code OK, script is suppressed for this code end end if is_set (region) then if is_set (args_region) then return code, nil, nil, nil, nil, cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.redundant_reg; -- both code with region and |region= not allowed end else region = args_region or ''; -- use args.region if provided end if is_set (region) then region = region:lower(); -- ensure that we use and return lower case version of this if not region_table[region] then return code, script, nil, nil, nil, substitute (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.unrecog_reg_code, {region, code}); end end if is_set (variant) then if is_set (args_variant) then return code, nil, nil, nil, nil, cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.redundant_var; -- both code with variant and |variant= not allowed end else variant = args_variant or ''; -- use args.variant if provided end if is_set (variant) then variant = variant:lower(); -- ensure that we use and return lower case version of this if not variant_table[variant] then -- make sure variant is valid return code, script, region, nil, nil, substitute (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.unrecog_var, {variant}); end -- does this duplicate/replace tests in lang() and lang_xx()? if is_set (script) then -- if script set it must be part of the 'prefix' if not in_array (table.concat ({code, '-', script}), variant_table[variant]['prefixes']) then return code, script, region, nil, nil, substitute (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.unrecog_var_code_scr, {variant, code, script}); end elseif is_set (region) then -- if region set, there are some prefixes that require lang code and region (en-CA-newfound) if not in_array (code, variant_table[variant]['prefixes']) then -- first see if lang code is all that's required (en-oxendict though en-GB-oxendict is preferred) if not in_array (table.concat ({code, '-', region}), variant_table[variant]['prefixes']) then -- now try for lang code and region (en-CA-newfound) return code, script, region, nil, nil, substitute (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.unrecog_var_code_reg, {variant, code, region}); end end else -- cheap way to determine if there are prefixes; fonipa and others don't have prefixes; # operator always returns 0 if variant_table[variant]['prefixes'][1] and not in_array (code, variant_table[variant]['prefixes']) then return code, script, region, nil, nil, substitute (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.unrecog_var_code, {variant, code}); end end end if is_set (private) then private = private:lower(); -- ensure that we use and return lower case version of this if not override_table[table.concat ({code, '-x-', private})] then -- make sure private tag is valid; note that index return code, script, region, nil, nil, substitute (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.unrecog_pri, {private}); end end return code, script, region, variant, private, nil; -- return the good bits; make sure that msg is nil end --[=[-------------------------< M A K E _ W I K I L I N K >---------------------------------------------------- Makes a wikilink; when both link and display text is provided, returns a wikilink in the form [[L|D]]; if only link is provided, returns a wikilink in the form [[L]]; if neither are provided or link is omitted, returns an empty string. ]=] local function make_wikilink (link, display) if is_set (link) then if is_set (display) then return table.concat ({'[[', link, '|', display, ']]'}); else return table.concat ({'[[', link, ']]'}); end else return ''; end end --[[--------------------------< D I V _ M A R K U P _ A D D >-------------------------------------------------- Adds <i> and </i> tags to list-item text or to implied <p>..</p> text. Mixed not supported. ]] local function div_markup_add (text, style) if text:find ('^\n[%*:;#]') then -- look for list markup; list markup must begin at start of text if 'italic' == style then return text:gsub ('(\n[%*:;#]+)([^\n]+)', '%1<i>%2</i>'); -- insert italic markup at each list item else return text; end end if text:find ('\n+') then -- look for any number of \n characters in text text = text:gsub ('([^\n])\n([^\n])', '%1 %2'); -- replace single newline characters with a space character which mimics MediaWiki if 'italic' == style then text = text:gsub('[^\n]+', '<p><i>%1</i></p>'); -- insert p and italic markup tags at each implied p (two or more consecutive '\n\n' sequences) else text = text:gsub ('[^\n]+', '<p>%1</p>'); -- insert p markup at each implied p text = text:gsub ('\n', ''); -- strip newline characters end end return text; end --[[--------------------------< T I T L E _ W R A P P E R _ M A K E >------------------------------------------ Makes a <span title="<title text>"><content_text></span> or <div title="<title text>"><content_text></div> where <title text> is in the tool-tip in the wiki's local language and <content_text> is non-local-language text in HTML markup. This because the lang= attribute applies to the content of its enclosing tag. <tag> holds a string 'div' or 'span' used to choose the correct wrapping tag. ]] local function title_wrapper_make (title_text, content_text, tag) local wrapper_t = {}; table.insert (wrapper_t, table.concat ({'<', tag})); -- open opening wrapper tag table.insert (wrapper_t, ' title=\"'); -- begin title attribute table.insert (wrapper_t, title_text); -- add <title_text> table.insert (wrapper_t, '\">'); -- end title attribute and close opening wrapper tag table.insert (wrapper_t, content_text); -- add <content_text> table.insert (wrapper_t, table.concat ({'</', tag, '>'})); -- add closing wrapper tag return table.concat (wrapper_t); -- make a big string and done end --[[--------------------------< M A K E _ T E X T _ H T M L >-------------------------------------------------- Add the HTML markup to text according to the type of content that it is: <span> or <i> tags for inline content or <div> tags for block content The lang= attribute also applies to the content of the tag where it is placed so this is wrong because 'Spanish language text' is English: <i lang="es" title="Spanish language text">casa</i> should be: <span title="Spanish language text"><i lang="es">casa</i></span> or for <div>...</div>: <div title="Spanish language text"><div lang="es"><spanish-language-text></div></div> ]] local function make_text_html (code, text, tag, rtl, style, size, language) local html_t = {}; local style_added = ''; local wrapper_tag = tag; -- <tag> gets modified so save a copy for use when/if we create a wrapper span or div if text:match ('^%*') then table.insert (html_t, '&#42;'); -- move proto language text prefix outside of italic markup if any; use numeric entity because plain splat confuses MediaWiki text = text:gsub ('^%*', ''); -- remove the splat from the text end if 'span' == tag then -- default HTML tag for inline content if 'italic' == style then -- but if italic tag = 'i'; -- change to <i> tags end else -- must be div so go text = div_markup_add (text, style); -- handle implied <p>, implied <p> with <i>, and list markup (*;:#) with <i> end table.insert (html_t, table.concat ({'<', tag})); -- open the <i>, <span>, or <div> HTML tag code = code:gsub ('%-x%-.*', ''); -- strip private use subtag from code tag because meaningless outside of Wikipedia table.insert (html_t, table.concat ({' lang="', code, '\"'})); -- add language attribute if (rtl or unicode.is_rtl(text)) and ('ltr' == this_wiki_lang_dir) then -- text is right-to-left on a left-to-right wiki table.insert (html_t, ' dir="rtl"'); -- add direction attribute for right-to-left languages elseif not (rtl or unicode.is_rtl(text)) and ('rtl' == this_wiki_lang_dir) then -- text is left-to-right on a right-to-left wiki table.insert (html_t, ' dir="ltr"'); -- add direction attribute for left-to-right languages end if 'normal' == style then -- when |italic=no table.insert (html_t, ' style=\"font-style: normal;'); -- override external markup, if any style_added = '\"'; -- remember that style attribute added and is not yet closed end if is_set (size) then -- when |size=<something> if is_set (style_added) then table.insert (html_t, table.concat ({' font-size: ', size, ';'})); -- add when style attribute already inserted else table.insert (html_t, table.concat ({' style=\"font-size: ', size, ';'})); -- create style attribute style_added = '\"'; -- remember that style attribute added and is not yet closed end end table.insert (html_t, table.concat ({style_added, '>'})); -- close the opening HTML tag table.insert (html_t, text); -- insert the text table.insert (html_t, table.concat ({'</', tag, '>'})); -- close the 'text' <i>, <span>, or <div> HTML tag if is_set (language) then -- create a <title_text> string for the title= attribute in a wrapper span or div local title_text; if 'zxx' == code then -- special case for this tag 'no linguistic content' title_text = substitute ('$1 $2', {language, cfg.make_text_html_t.zxx}); -- not a language so don't use 'language' in title text elseif mw.ustring.find (language, 'languages', 1, true) then title_text = substitute ('$1 $2', {language, cfg.make_text_html_t.collective}); -- for collective languages else title_text = substitute ('$1-$2', {language, cfg.make_text_html_t.individual}); -- for individual languages end return title_wrapper_make (title_text, table.concat (html_t), wrapper_tag); else return table.concat (html_t); end end --[=[-------------------------< M A K E _ C A T E G O R Y >---------------------------------------------------- For individual language, <language>, returns: [[Category:Articles containing <language>-language text]] For English: [[Category:Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text]] For ISO 639-2 collective languages (and for 639-1 bh): [[Category:Articles with text in <language> languages]] ]=] local function make_category (code, language_name, nocat, name_get) if ((0 ~= namespace) or nocat) and not name_get then -- only categorize in article space return ''; -- return empty string for concatenation end if mw.ustring.find (language_name, 'languages', 1, true) then return substitute ('[[$1 $2]]', {cfg.make_category_t.collective_cat, language_name}); end if this_wiki_lang_tag == code then return substitute ('[[$1 $2 $3-$4]]', { -- unique category name for the local language cfg.make_category_t.cat_prefix, cfg.make_category_t.explicit_cat, language_name, cfg.make_category_t.cat_postfix, }); else return substitute ('[[$1 $2-$3]]', { -- category for individual languages cfg.make_category_t.cat_prefix, language_name, cfg.make_category_t.cat_postfix, }); end end --[[--------------------------< M A K E _ T R A N S L I T >---------------------------------------------------- Return translit <i lang=xx-Latn>...</i> where xx is the language code; else return empty string. The value |script= is not used in {{transliteration}} for this purpose; instead it uses |code. Because language scripts are listed in the {{transliteration}} switches they are included in the data tables. The script parameter is introduced at {{Language with name and transliteration}}. If |script= is set, this function uses it in preference to code. To avoid confusion, in this module and the templates that use it, the transliteration script parameter is renamed to be |translit-script= (in this function, tscript). This function is used by both lang_xx() and xlit() lang_xx() always provides code, language_name, and translit; may provide tscript; never provides style xlit() always provides language_name, translit, and one of code or tscript, never both; always provides style For {{transliteration}}, style only applies when a language code is provided. ]] local function make_translit (code, language_name, translit, std, tscript, style, engvar) local title_t = lang_data.translit_title_table; -- table of transliteration standards and the language codes and scripts that apply to those standards local title_text = ''; -- tool tip text for title= attribute std = std and std:lower(); -- lower case for table indexing if not is_set (std) and not is_set (tscript) then -- when neither standard nor script specified title_text = language_name; -- write a generic tool tip if not mw.ustring.find (language_name, 'languages', 1, true) then -- collective language names (plural 'languages' is part of the name) title_text = substitute ('$1-$2', {title_text, cfg.misc_text_t.language}); -- skip this text (individual and macro languages only) end title_text = substitute ('$1 $2', {title_text, mw.ustring.lower (cfg.engvar_t[engvar]['romanisz_lc'])}); -- finish the tool tip; use romanization when neither script nor standard supplied elseif is_set (std) and is_set (tscript) then -- when both are specified if title_t[std] then -- and if standard is legitimate if title_t[std][tscript] then -- and if script for that standard is legitimate if script_table[tscript] then title_text = substitute ('$1$2 ($3 $4) $5', { -- add the appropriate text to the tool tip title_text, title_t[std][tscript:lower()], script_table[tscript], cfg.make_translit_t.script, cfg.make_translit_t.transliteration, }); else title_text = title_text .. title_t[std]['default']; -- use the default if script not in std table; TODO: maint cat? error message because script not found for this standard? end else title_text = title_text .. title_t[std]['default']; -- use the default if script not in std table; TODO: maint cat? error message because script not found for this standard? end else return ''; -- invalid standard, setup for error message end elseif is_set (std) then -- translit-script not set, use language code if not title_t[std] then return ''; end -- invalid standard, setup for error message if title_t[std][code] then -- if language code is in the table (xlit may not provide a language code) local fmt_str = '$1$2 ($3 $4) $5'; -- generic format string for tool tip if language_name:match ('languages') then fmt_str = '$1$2 ($3) $5'; -- format string for collective languages tool tip end title_text = substitute (fmt_str, { -- add the appropriate text to the tool tip title_text, title_t[std][code:lower()], language_name, cfg.misc_text_t.language, cfg.make_translit_t.transliteration, }); else -- code doesn't match title_text = title_text .. title_t[std]['default']; -- so use the standard's default end else -- here if translit-script set but translit-std not set if title_t['no_std'][tscript] then title_text = title_text .. title_t['no_std'][tscript]; -- use translit-script if set elseif title_t['no_std'][code] then title_text = title_text .. title_t['no_std'][code]; -- use language code else if is_set (tscript) then title_text = substitute ('$1$2-$3 $4', { -- write a script tool tip title_text, language_name, cfg.make_translit_t.script, cfg.make_translit_t.transliteration, }); elseif is_set (code) then if not mw.ustring.find (language_name, 'languages', 1, true) then -- collective language names (plural 'languages' is part of the name) title_text = substitute ('$1-$2', { -- skip this text (individual and macro languages only) title_text, cfg.misc_text_t.language, }); end title_text = substitute ('$1 $2', { -- finish the tool tip title_text, cfg.make_translit_t.transliteration, }); else title_text = substitute ('$1 $2', { -- generic tool tip (can we ever get here?) title_text, cfg.make_translit_t.transliteration, }); end end end local tag if is_set (code) then -- when a language code is provided (always with {{lang-??}} templates, not always with {{transliteration}}) code = code:match ('^(%a%a%a?)'); -- strip all subtags leaving only the language subtag if not style then -- nil for the default italic style tag = '<i lang="%s-Latn">%s</i>' else tag = '<span style="font-style: %s" lang="%s-Latn">%s</span>' -- non-standard style, construct a span tag for it tag = string.format(tag, style, "%s", "%s") end tag = string.format(tag, code, "%s") else tag = '<span>%s</span>' -- when no language code: no lang= attribute, not italic ({{transliteration}} only) end tag = string.format(tag, translit) -- add the translit text if '' == title_text then -- when there is no need for a tool-tip return tag; -- done else title_text = cfg.engvar_sel_t.gb == engvar and title_text:gsub ('([Rr]omani)z', '%1s') or title_text; -- gb eng when engvar specifies gb eng; us eng else return title_wrapper_make (title_text, tag, 'span'); -- wrap with a tool-tip span and done end end --[[--------------------------< V A L I D A T E _ T E X T >---------------------------------------------------- This function checks the content of args.text and returns empty string if nothing is amiss else it returns an error message. The tests are for empty or missing text and for improper or disallowed use of apostrophe markup. Italic rendering is controlled by the |italic= template parameter so italic markup should never appear in args.text either as ''itself'' or as '''''bold italic''''' unless |italic=unset or |italic=invert. ]] local function validate_text (template, args) if not is_set (args.text) then return make_error_msg (cfg.validate_text_t.no_text, args, template); end if args.text:find ("%f[\']\'\'\'\'%f[^\']") or args.text:find ("\'\'\'\'\'[\']+") then -- because we're looking, look for 4 appostrophes or 6+ appostrophes return make_error_msg (cfg.validate_text_t.malformed_markup, args, template); end local style = args.italic; if (cfg.keywords_t.unset ~= style) and (cfg.keywords_t.invert ~=style) then if args.text:find ("%f[\']\'\'%f[^\']") or args.text:find ("%f[\']\'\'\'\'\'%f[^\']") then -- italic but not bold, or bold italic return make_error_msg (cfg.validate_text_t.italic_markup, args, template); end end end --[[--------------------------< R E N D E R _ M A I N T >------------------------------------------------------ Render mainenance messages and categories. ]] local function render_maint (nocat) local maint = {}; if 0 < #maint_msgs then -- when there are maintenance messages table.insert (maint, table.concat ({'<span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">'})); -- opening <span> tag for _, msg in ipairs (maint_msgs) do table.insert (maint, table.concat ({msg, ' '})); -- add message strings end table.insert (maint, '</span>'); -- close the span end if (0 < #maint_cats) and (0 == namespace) and not nocat then -- when there are maintenance categories; article namespace only for _, cat in ipairs (maint_cats) do table.insert (maint, table.concat ({'[[Category:', cat, ']]'})); -- format and add the categories end end return table.concat (maint); end --[[--------------------------< P R O T O _ P R E F I X >------------------------------------------------------ For proto languages, text is prefixed with a splat. We do that here as a flag for make_text_html() so that a splat will be rendered outside of italic markup (if used). If the first character in text here is already a splat, we do nothing. proto_param is boolean or nil; true adds splat prefix regardless of language name; false removes and inhibits regardless of language name; nil does nothing; presumes that the value in text is correct but removes extra splac. ]] local function proto_prefix (text, language_name, proto_param) if false == proto_param then -- when forced by |proto=no return text:gsub ('^%**', ''); -- return text without splat prefix regardless of language name or existing splat prefix in text elseif (language_name:find ('^Proto%-') or (true == proto_param)) then -- language is a proto or forced by |proto=yes return text:gsub ('^%**', '*'); -- prefix proto-language text with a splat; also removes duplicate prefixing splats end return text:gsub ('^%*+', '*'); -- return text unmolested except multiple splats reduced to one splat end --[[--------------------------< H A S _ P O E M _ T A G >------------------------------------------------------ Looks for a poem strip marker in text; returns true when found; false else. Auto-italic detection disabled when text has poem stripmarker because it is not possible for this code to know the content that will replace the stripmarker. ]] local function has_poem_tag (text) return text:find ('\127[^\127]*UNIQ%-%-poem%-[%a%d]+%-QINU[^\127]*\127') and true or false; end --[[--------------------------< H T M L _ T A G _ S E L E C T >------------------------------------------------ Inspects content of and selectively trims text. Returns text and the name of an appropriate HTML tag for text. If text contains: \n\n text has implied <p>..</p> tags - trim leading and trailing whitespace and return If text begins with list markup: \n* unordered \n; definition \n: definition \n# ordered trim all leading whitespace except \n and trim all trailing whitespace If text contains <poem>...</poem> stripmarker, return text unmodified and choose <div>..</div> tags because the stripmarker is replaced with text wrapped in <div>..</div> tags. If the text contains any actual <div>...</div> tags, then it's again returned unmodified and <div>...</div> tags are used to wrap it, to prevent div/span inversion. ]] local function html_tag_select (text) local tag; if has_poem_tag (text) then -- contains poem stripmarker (we can't know the content of that) tag = 'div'; -- poem replacement is in div tags so lang must use div tags elseif text:find ('<div') then -- reductive; if the text contains a div tag, we must use div tags tag = 'div'; elseif mw.text.trim (text):find ('\n\n+') then -- contains implied p tags text = mw.text.trim (text); -- trim leading and trailing whitespace characters tag = 'div'; -- must be div because span may not contain p tags (added later by MediaWiki); poem replacement is in div tags elseif text:find ('\n[%*:;%#]') then -- if text has list markup text = text:gsub ('^[\t\r\f ]*', ''):gsub ('%s*$', ''); -- trim all whitespace except leading newline character '\n' tag = 'div'; -- must be div because span may not contain ul, dd, dl, ol tags (added later by MediaWiki) else text = mw.text.trim (text); -- plain text tag = 'span'; -- so span is fine end return text, tag; end --[[--------------------------< V A L I D A T E _ P R O T O >-------------------------------------------------- Validates value assigned to |proto=; permitted values are yes and no; yes returns as true, no returns as false, empty string (or parameter omitted) returns as nil; any other value returns nil with <proto_param> as second return value for use in error message. ]] local function validate_proto (proto_param) if cfg.keywords_t.affirmative == proto_param then return true; elseif cfg.keywords_t.negative == proto_param then return false; elseif is_set (proto_param) then return nil, proto_param; -- |proto= something other than 'yes' or 'no' else return nil; -- missing or empty end end --[[--------------------------< L A N G U A G E _ N A M E _ G E T >-------------------------------------------- Common function to return language name from the data set according to IETF tag. Returns language name if found in data tables; nil else. ]] local function language_name_get (ietf, code, cat) ietf = ietf:lower(); -- ietf:lower() because format_ietf_tag() returns mixed case local name; -- remains nil if not found if override_table[ietf] then -- look for whole IETF tag in override table name = override_table[ietf]; elseif override_table[code] then -- not there so try basic language tag name = override_table[code]; elseif lang_table[code] then -- shift to IANA active tag/name table name = lang_table[code]; elseif lang_dep_table[code] then -- try the IANA deprecated tag/name table name = lang_dep_table[code]; end if lang_dep_table[code] and cat then -- because deprecated code may have been overridden to en.wiki preferred name table.insert (maint_cats, substitute (cfg.language_name_get_t.deprecated_cat, {code})); table.insert (maint_msgs, substitute (cfg.language_name_get_t.deprecated_msg, {code})); end return name; -- name from data tables or nil end --[[--------------------------< T E X T _ S C R I P T _ M A T C H _ T E S T >---------------------------------- IETF script subtag should match the script of the <text>. This module does not attempt to know all scripts and what they look like. It does know what Latn script looks like so when <text> is written using other than the Latn script, the IETF script subtag, if present, should not be Latn. Conversely, when <text> is written using the Latn script, the IETF script subtag, if present, should be Latn. For the purposes of this test, Latf (Fraktur) and Latg (Gaelic) are considered to be equivalent to Latn because unicode treats these two scripts as font-specific variants of Latn. Returns an error message when mismatch detected; nil else. ]] local function text_script_match_test (script, is_latn_text, pos, char) local scripts_t = {['latf'] = true, ['latg'] = true, ['latn'] = true}; -- unicode 'latn' scripts; 'latf' and 'latg' are font variants so there are no Fraktur or Gaelic codepoints if is_set (script) then -- don't bother with the rest of this if <script> is nil or empty string script = script:lower(); -- lower case to index into <scripts_t> if is_latn_text then -- when text is wholly Latn script if not scripts_t[script] then -- but a non-Latn script is specified return cfg.text_script_match_test_t.latn_txt_mismatch; -- emit an error message end else -- when text is not wholly Latn script if scripts_t[script] then -- but a Latn script is specified return substitute (cfg.text_script_match_test_t.latn_scr_mismatch, {pos, char}); -- emit an error message with position of first offending character end end end end --[[--------------------------< B I N A R Y _ S E A R C H >--------------------------------------------------- conducts a binary search of <ranges_t> for a sub-range that holds <target>. returns boolean true if a sub-range holding <target> is found; boolean false else. ]] local function binary_search (target, ranges_t) local idx_bot = 1; -- initialize to index of first key local idx_top = sizeof_ranges_t; -- initialize to index of last key (number of keys) if (target < ranges_t[idx_bot][1]) or (target > ranges_t[idx_top][2]) then -- invalid; target out of range return; -- abandon end local idx_mid; -- calculated index of range midway between top index and bottom index local flag = false; -- flag to tell us when we've evaluated last (highest) range in <ranges_t> while 1 do idx_mid = math.ceil ((idx_bot + idx_top) / 2); -- get the mid-point in the <ranges_t> sequence if (target >= ranges_t[idx_mid][1]) and (target <= ranges_t[idx_mid][2]) then -- indexed range low value <= target <= indexed range high value return true; -- we found the range that holds the <target> character; return true elseif (target > ranges_t[idx_mid][2]) then -- is <target> > indexed range high value? idx_bot = idx_mid; -- adjust <idx_bot> up else -- here when <target> less than indexed range low value idx_top = idx_mid - 1; -- adjust <idx_top> down end if flag then break; -- here when we just evaluated the last range and <target> not found end if not flag and (idx_bot == idx_top) then -- set true just before we evaluate the last (highest) range in <ranges_t> flag = true; end end end --[[--------------------------< I S _ L A T I N >-------------------------------------------------------------- compare <text> as codepoints to lists of known codepoints accepted as Latn script returns boolean true and modified <text> when <text> is wrapped in accept-as-written markup returns boolean true and <text> when codepoint is known returns boolean false, <text>, non-Latn codepoint position in <text> (left to right), and the codepoint character when codepoint is not known TODO: when text has accept-as-written markup, return a non-boolean value to indicate that <text> is not wholly latn script? Use that return value to create non-Latn HTML lang= attribute because <text> isn't really latn so lang=und (undetermined)? or instead, omit the -Latn subtag? (without -Latn need to force |italic=yes) ]] local function is_latin (text, tag) local count; text, count = text:gsub ('^%(%((.+)%)%)$', '%1'); -- remove accept-as-written markup if present if 0 ~= count then return true, text; -- markup present so assume that <text> is Latn-script end local pos = 0; -- position counter for error messaging for codepoint in mw.ustring.gcodepoint (text) do -- fetch each code point pos = pos + 1; -- bump the position counter if not is_latn_data.singles_t[codepoint] and -- codepoint not found in the singles list? not binary_search (codepoint, is_latn_data.ranges_t) and -- codepoint not a member of a listed range? not (tag and is_latn_data.specials_t[codepoint] and is_latn_data.specials_t[codepoint][tag]) then -- not a language-specific codepoint? return false, text, pos, mw.ustring.char (codepoint); -- codepoint not known; return false with codepoint position and character representation end end return true, text; -- is known; return <text> end --[[--------------------------< _ L A N G >-------------------------------------------------------------------- Entry point for {{lang}}. There should be no reason to set parameters in the {{lang}} {{#invoke:}} <includeonly>{{#invoke:lang|lang}}</includeonly> Parameters are received from the template's frame (parent frame). ]] local function _lang (args) local out = {}; local language_name; -- used to make category names local category_name; -- same as language_name except that it retains any parenthetical disambiguators (if any) from the data set local subtags = {}; -- IETF subtags script, region, variant, and private local code; -- the language code local msg; -- for error messages local tag = 'span'; -- initial value for make_text_html() local template = args.template or cfg.templates_t.lang; maint_cats = {}; -- initialize because when this module required into another module, these only declared once so only initialzed once maint_msgs = {}; validate_cat_args (args); -- determine if categorization should be suppressed if args[1] and args.code then return make_error_msg (substitute (cfg.lang_t.conflict_n_param, {'1', cfg.lang_t.conflict_n_param_types.code}), args, template); else args.code = args[1] or args.code; -- prefer args.code end if args[2] and args.text then return make_error_msg (substitute (cfg.lang_t.conflict_n_param, {'2', cfg.lang_t.conflict_n_param_types.text}), args, template); else args.text = args[2] or args.text; -- prefer args.text end msg = validate_text (template, args); -- ensure that |text= is set if is_set (msg) then -- msg is an already-formatted error message return msg; end args.text, tag = html_tag_select (args.text); -- inspects text; returns appropriate HTML tag with text trimmed accordingly args.rtl = args.rtl == cfg.keywords_t.affirmative; -- convert to boolean: 'yes' -> true, other values -> false args.proto, msg = validate_proto (args.proto); -- return boolean, or nil, or nil and error message flag if msg then return make_error_msg (substitute (cfg.lang_t.invalid_proto, {msg}), args, template); end code, subtags.script, subtags.region, subtags.variant, subtags.private, msg = get_ietf_parts (args.code); -- |script=, |region=, |variant= not supported because they should be part of args.code ({{{1}}} in {{lang}}) if msg then return make_error_msg (msg, args, template); end local is_latn_text, pos, char; is_latn_text, args.text, pos, char= is_latin (args.text, code); -- make a boolean msg = text_script_match_test (subtags.script, is_latn_text, pos, char) if msg then -- if an error detected then there is an error message return make_error_msg (msg, args, template); end args.italic, msg = validate_italic (args); if msg then return make_error_msg (msg, args, template); end if nil == args.italic then -- nil when |italic= absent or not set or |italic=default; args.italic controls if ('latn' == subtags.script) or -- script is latn (this_wiki_lang_tag ~= code and not is_set (subtags.script) and not has_poem_tag (args.text) and is_latn_text) then -- text not this wiki's language, no script specified and not in poem markup but is wholly latn script (auto-italics) args.italic = 'italic'; -- DEFAULT for {{lang}} templates is upright; but if latn script set for font-style:italic else args.italic = 'inherit'; -- italic not set; script not latn; inherit current style end end if is_set (subtags.script) then -- if script set, override rtl setting if in_array (subtags.script, lang_data.rtl_scripts) then args.rtl = true; -- script is an rtl script else args.rtl = false; -- script is not an rtl script end end args.code = format_ietf_tag (code, subtags.script, subtags.region, subtags.variant, subtags.private); -- format to recommended subtag styles language_name = language_name_get (args.code, code, true); -- get language name; try IETF tag first, then code w/o variant then code w/ variant if cfg.keywords_t.invert == args.italic and 'span' == tag then -- invert only supported for in-line content args.text = invert_italics (args.text) end args.text = proto_prefix (args.text, language_name, args.proto); -- prefix proto-language text with a splat table.insert (out, make_text_html (args.code, args.text, tag, args.rtl, args.italic, args.size, language_name)); table.insert (out, make_category (code, language_name, args.nocat)); table.insert (out, render_maint (args.nocat)); -- maintenance messages and categories return table.concat (out); -- put it all together and done end --[[--------------------------< L A N G >---------------------------------------------------------------------- Entry point for {{lang}}. There should be no reason to set parameters in the {{lang}} {{#invoke:}} <includeonly>{{#invoke:lang|lang}}</includeonly> Parameters are received from the template's frame (parent frame). ]] local function lang (frame) local args_t = getArgs (frame, { -- this code so that we can detect and handle wiki list markup in text valueFunc = function (key, value) if 2 == key or 'text' == key then -- the 'text' parameter; do not trim wite space return value; -- return untrimmed 'text' elseif value then -- all other values: if the value is not nil value = mw.text.trim (value); -- trim whitespace if '' ~= value then -- empty string when value was only whitespace return value; end end return nil; -- value was empty or contained only whitespace end -- end of valueFunc }); args_t.fn = nil; -- unset because not supported but this function might have been called by {{lang|fn=lang|...}} local msg = parameter_validate (args_t, cfg.templates_t.lang); -- verify that all supplied parameters are supported by {{lang-??}} if msg then return make_error_msg (msg, args_t, cfg.templates_t.lang); -- when template has unsupported params, abandon with error message end return _lang (args_t); end --[[--------------------------< T R A N S L A T I O N _ M A K E >---------------------------------------------- Stand-alone function to create literal translation of main text. Also used by {{lang-x2}}. ]] local function translation_make (args_t) local translation_t = {', '}; -- initialize output if 'none' ~= args_t.label then -- if we want a label table.insert (translation_t, '<small>'); -- open the <small> HTML tag if cfg.keywords_t.negative == args_t.link then table.insert (translation_t, substitute ('<abbr title="$1">$2</abbr>', {cfg.translation_make_t.lit_xlation, cfg.translation_make_t.lit_abbr})); -- unlinked form else table.insert (translation_t, make_wikilink (cfg.translation_make_t.lit_xlation, cfg.translation_make_t.lit_abbr)); -- linked form end table.insert (translation_t, "&thinsp;</small>"); -- close the <small> HTML tag end table.insert (translation_t, table.concat ({ -- user styling spans match spand from {{gloss}} '<span class="gloss-quot">\'</span>', -- user styling span for quote marks; use HTML entities to avoid wiki markup confusion '<span class="gloss-text">', -- open user styling span for the translation args_t.translation, -- the translation '</span>', -- close user styling span for the translation '<span class="gloss-quot">\'</span>' -- user styling span for quote marks })); return table.concat (translation_t); -- make a big string and done end --[[--------------------------< _ L A N G _ X X >-------------------------------------------------------------- For the {{lang-??}} templates, the only parameter required to be set in the template is the language code. All other parameters can, usually should, be written in the template call. For {{lang-??}} templates for languages that can have multiple writing systems, it may be appropriate to set |script= as well. For each {{lang-??}} template choose the appropriate entry-point function so that this function knows the default styling that should be applied to text. For normal, upright style: <includeonly>{{#invoke:lang|lang_xx_inherit|code=xx}}</includeonly> For italic style: <includeonly>{{#invoke:lang|lang_xx_italic|code=xx}}</includeonly> All other parameters should be received from the template's frame (parent frame) Supported parameters are: |code = (required) the IANA language code |script = IANA script code; especially for use with languages that use multiple writing systems |region = IANA region code |variant = IANA variant code |text = (required) the displayed text in language specified by code |link = boolean false ('no') does not link code-spcified language name to associated language article |rtl = boolean true ('yes') identifies the language specified by code as a right-to-left language |nocat = boolean true ('yes') inhibits normal categorization; error categories are not affected |cat = boolian false ('no') opposite form of |nocat= |italic = boolean true ('yes') renders displayed text in italic font; boolean false ('no') renders displayed text in normal font; not set renders according to initial_style_state |lit = text that is a literal translation of text |label = 'none' to suppress all labeling (language name, 'translit.', 'lit.') any other text replaces language-name label - automatic wikilinking disabled for those {{lang-??}} templates that support transliteration (those templates where |text= is not entirely latn script): |translit = text that is a transliteration of text |translit-std = the standard that applies to the transliteration |translit-script = ISO 15924 script name; falls back to code For {{lang-??}}, the positional parameters are: {{{1}}} text {{{2}}} transliterated text {{{3}}} literal translation text no other positional parameters are allowed ]] local function _lang_xx (args, base_template) -- base_template will be either of 'langx' or 'lang-xx' local out = {}; local language_name; -- used to make display text, article links local category_name; -- same as language_name except that it retains any parenthetical disambiguators (if any) from the data set local subtags = {}; -- IETF subtags script, region, and variant local code; -- the language code local translit_script_name; -- name associated with IANA (ISO 15924) script code local translit; local msg; -- for error messages local tag = 'span'; -- initial value for make_text_html() local template = args.template or base_template; maint_cats = {}; -- initialize because when this module required into another module, these only declared once so only initialzed once maint_msgs = {}; local text_idx = (cfg.templates_t.langx == base_template) and 2 or 1; -- for {{langx}} 'text' positional parameter is '2' local translit_idx = (cfg.templates_t.langx == base_template) and 3 or 2; local xlate_idx = (cfg.templates_t.langx == base_template) and 4 or 3; if args[text_idx] and args.text then return make_error_msg (substitute (cfg.lang_t.conflict_n_param, {text_idx, cfg.lang_t.conflict_n_param_types.text}), args, template); else args.text = args[text_idx] or args.text; -- prefer positional 'text' parameter end msg = validate_text (template, args); -- ensure that |text= is set, does not contain italic markup and is protected from improper bolding if is_set (msg) then return msg; end args.text, tag = html_tag_select (args.text); -- inspects text; returns appropriate HTML tag with text trimmed accordingly if args[translit_idx] and args.translit then return make_error_msg (substitute (cfg.lang_t.conflict_n_param, {translit_idx, cfg.lang_t.conflict_n_param_types.translit}), args, template); else args.translit = args[translit_idx] or args.translit -- prefer positional 'translit' parameter end args.engvar = cfg.engvar_sel_t[args.engvar] or cfg.default_engvar; -- |engvar= when valid; cfg.default_engvar else if args[xlate_idx] and (args.translation or args.lit) then return make_error_msg (substitute (cfg.lang_xx_t.conflict_n_lit, {xlate_idx}), args, template); elseif args.translation and args.lit then return make_error_msg (cfg.lang_xx_t.conflict_lit, args, template); else args.translation = args[xlate_idx] or args.translation or args.lit; -- prefer positional 'translation' parameter end if args.links and args.link then return make_error_msg (cfg.lang_xx_t.conflict_link, args, template); else args.link = args.link or args.links; -- prefer args.link end validate_cat_args (args); -- determine if categorization should be suppressed args.rtl = args.rtl == cfg.keywords_t.affirmative; -- convert to boolean: 'yes' -> true, other values -> false code, subtags.script, subtags.region, subtags.variant, subtags.private, msg = get_ietf_parts (args.code, args.script, args.region, args.variant); -- private omitted because private if msg then -- if an error detected then there is an error message return make_error_msg (msg, args, template); end if args.translit then local latn, pos, char; latn, args.translit, pos, char = is_latin (args.translit, (('' ~= subtags.private) and (code .. '-x-' .. subtags.private)) or code); if not latn then return make_error_msg (substitute (cfg.lang_xx_t.translit_nonlatn, {pos, char}), args, template); end end local is_latn_text, text, pos, char = is_latin (args.text, code); -- make a boolean args.text = text; -- may have been modified (accept-as-written markup removed) msg = text_script_match_test (subtags.script, is_latn_text, pos, char) if msg then -- if an error detected then there is an error message return make_error_msg (msg, args, template); end args.italic, msg = validate_italic (args); if msg then return make_error_msg (msg, args, template); end if cfg.templates_t.langx == base_template then -- auto-italics for {{langx}} templates; adapted from {{lang}} (no support for poem tag) if nil == args.italic then -- nil when |italic= absent or not set or |italic=default; args.italic controls if ('latn' == subtags.script) or -- script is latn (this_wiki_lang_tag ~= code and not is_set (subtags.script) and is_latn_text) then -- text is not this wiki's language, no script specified and is wholly latn script (auto-italics) args.italic = 'italic'; -- set font-style:italic else args.italic = 'inherit'; -- italic not set; script not latn; inherit current style end end else -- {{lang-xx}} does not do auto italics; retained for those wikis that don't support {{langx}} if nil == args.italic then -- args.italic controls if is_set (subtags.script) then if 'latn' == subtags.script then args.italic = 'italic'; -- |script=Latn; set for font-style:italic else args.italic = initial_style_state; -- italic not set; script is not latn; set for font-style:<initial_style_state> end else args.italic = initial_style_state; -- here when |italic= and |script= not set; set for font-style:<initial_style_state> end end end if is_set (subtags.script) then -- if script set override rtl setting if in_array (subtags.script, lang_data.rtl_scripts) then args.rtl = true; -- script is an rtl script else args.rtl = false; -- script is not an rtl script end end args.proto, msg = validate_proto (args.proto); -- return boolean, or nil, or nil and error message flag if msg then return make_error_msg (substitute (cfg.lang_t.invalid_proto, {args.proto}), args, template); end args.code = format_ietf_tag (code, subtags.script, subtags.region, subtags.variant, subtags.private); -- format to recommended subtag styles language_name = language_name_get (args.code, code, true); -- get language name; try IETF tag first, then code w/o variant then code w/ variant category_name = language_name; -- category names retain IANA parenthetical diambiguators (if any) language_name = language_name:gsub ('%s+%b()', ''); -- remove IANA parenthetical disambiguators or qualifiers from names that have them if args.label then if 'none' ~= args.label then table.insert (out, table.concat ({args.label, ': '})); -- custom label end else if cfg.keywords_t.negative == args.link then table.insert (out, language_name); -- language name without wikilink else if mw.ustring.find (language_name, 'languages', 1, true) then table.insert (out, make_wikilink (language_name)); -- collective language name uses simple wikilink elseif lang_data.article_name[args.code:lower()] then -- is IETF tag in article name over ride? table.insert (out, make_wikilink (lang_data.article_name[args.code:lower()], language_name)); -- language name with wikilink from override data elseif lang_data.article_name[code] then -- is language tag in article override table.insert (out, make_wikilink (lang_data.article_name[code], language_name)); -- language name with wikilink from override data else table.insert (out, make_wikilink (substitute ('$1 $2', {language_name, cfg.misc_text_t.language}), language_name)); -- language name with wikilink end end table.insert (out, ': '); -- separator end if cfg.keywords_t.invert == args.italic then args.text = invert_italics (args.text) end args.text = proto_prefix (args.text, language_name, args.proto); -- prefix proto-language text with a splat table.insert (out, make_text_html (args.code, args.text, tag, args.rtl, args.italic, args.size, ('none' == args.label) and language_name or nil)) if is_set (args.translit) and not is_latn_text then -- transliteration; not supported when args.text is wholly latn text (this is an imperfect test) table.insert (out, ', '); -- comma to separate text from translit if 'none' ~= args.label then table.insert (out, '<small>'); if script_table[args['translit-script']] then -- when |translit-script= is set, try to use the script's name translit_script_name = script_table[args['translit-script']]; else translit_script_name = language_name; -- fall back on language name end local translit_title_obj = mw.title.makeTitle (0, substitute ('$1 $2',{cfg.lang_xx_t.romanization, translit_script_name})); -- make a title object; no engvar, article titles use US spelling if translit_title_obj.exists and (cfg.keywords_t.negative ~= args.link) then table.insert (out, make_wikilink (substitute ('$1 $2', {cfg.lang_xx_t.romanization, translit_script_name or language_name}), substitute ('$1', {cfg.engvar_t[args.engvar]['romanisz_pt']})) .. ':'); -- make a wikilink if there is an article to link to; engvar the display text else table.insert (out, substitute ('$1:', {cfg.engvar_t[args.engvar]['romanisz_pt']})); -- else plain text per engvar end table.insert (out, '&nbsp;</small>'); -- close the small tag end translit = make_translit (args.code, language_name, args.translit, args['translit-std'], args['translit-script'], nil, args.engvar) if is_set (translit) then table.insert (out, translit); else return make_error_msg (substitute ('$1: $2', {cfg.lang_xx_t.invalid_xlit_std, args['translit-std'] or '[missing]'}), args, template); end elseif is_set (args.translit) and is_latn_text then -- when creating a transliteration of Latn script <text> return make_error_msg (cfg.lang_xx_t.xlit_of_latn, args, template); -- emit error message and abandon end if is_set (args.translation) then -- translation (not supported in {{lang}}) table.insert (out, translation_make (args)); end table.insert (out, make_category (code, category_name, args.nocat)); table.insert (out, render_maint(args.nocat)); -- maintenance messages and categories return table.concat (out); -- put it all together and done end --[[--------------------------< L A N G _ X X _ A R G S _ G E T >---------------------------------------------- Common function to get args table from {{lang-??}} templates. Returns table of args. Text positional parameters are not trimmed here but are selectively trimmed at html_tag_select(). ]] local function lang_xx_args_get (frame, base_template) local args_t = getArgs(frame, { parentFirst= true, -- parameters in the template override parameters set in the {{#invoke:}} valueFunc = function (key, value) if ((cfg.templates_t.langx == base_template) and 2 or 1) == key then -- the 'text' positional parameter; 1 for {{lang-??}}, 2 for {{langx}}; do not trim wite space return value; -- return untrimmed 'text' positional parameter elseif value then -- all other values: if the value is not nil value = mw.text.trim (value); -- trim whitespace if '' ~= value then -- empty string when value was only whitespace return value; end end return nil; -- value was empty or contained only whitespace end -- end of valueFunc }); return args_t; end --[[--------------------------< L A N G _ X X _ I T A L I C >-------------------------------------------------- Entry point for those {{lang-??}} templates that call lang_xx_italic(). Sets the initial style state to italic. ]] local function lang_xx_italic (frame) local args = lang_xx_args_get (frame, cfg.templates_t.langxx); args.fn = nil; -- unset because not supported but this function might have been called by {{lang|fn=lang_xx_italic|...}} local msg = parameter_validate (args, cfg.templates_t.langxx); -- verify that all supplied parameters are supported by {{lang-??}} if msg then return make_error_msg (msg, args, cfg.templates_t.langxx); -- when template has unsupported params, abandon with error message end initial_style_state = 'italic'; return _lang_xx (args, cfg.templates_t.langxx) .. '[[Category:Pages using Lang-xx templates]]'; -- temporary category end --[[--------------------------< _ L A N G _ X X _ I T A L I C >------------------------------------------------ Entry point from another module. Sets the initial style state to italic. ]] local function _lang_xx_italic (args) initial_style_state = 'italic'; return _lang_xx (args, cfg.templates_t.langxx); end --[[--------------------------< L A N G _ X X _ I N H E R I T >------------------------------------------------ Entry point for those {{lang-??}} templates that call lang_xx_inherit(). Sets the initial style state to inherit. ]] local function lang_xx_inherit (frame) local args = lang_xx_args_get (frame, cfg.templates_t.langxx); args.fn = nil; -- unset because not supported but this function might have been called by {{lang|fn=lang_xx_inherit|...}} local msg = parameter_validate (args, cfg.templates_t.langxx); -- verify that all supplied parameters are supported by {{lang-??}} if msg then return make_error_msg (msg, args, cfg.templates_t.langxx); -- when template has unsupported params, abandon with error message end initial_style_state = 'inherit'; return _lang_xx (args, cfg.templates_t.langxx) .. '[[Category:Pages using Lang-xx templates]]'; -- temporary category end --[[--------------------------< _ L A N G _ X X _ I N H E R I T >---------------------------------------------- Entry point from another module. Sets the initial style state to inherit. ]] local function _lang_xx_inherit (args) initial_style_state = 'inherit'; return _lang_xx (args, cfg.templates_t.langxx); end --[[--------------------------< _ L A N G X >------------------------------------------------------------------ Entry point from another module. ]] local function _langx (args_t) local langx_data = mw.loadData ('Module:Lang/langx'); -- get necessary data local rtl_t = langx_data.rtl_t; -- get list of language tags for languages that are rendered right-to-left local link_t = langx_data.link_t; -- get list of language tags for {{lang-??}} templates that set |link=<something> local size_t = langx_data.size_t; -- get list of language tags for {{lang-??}} templates that set |size=<something> local msg = parameter_validate (args_t, cfg.templates_t.langx); if msg then return make_error_msg (msg, args_t, cfg.templates_t.langx); end args_t.code = args_t[1] or args_t.code; -- get the language tag; must be {{{1}}} or |code= if not args_t.code then return make_error_msg (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.missing_lang_tag, args_t, cfg.templates_t.langx); end args_t.rtl = args_t.rtl or (rtl_t[args_t.code] and cfg.keywords_t.affirmative); -- prefer |rtl= in template call, use rtl_t else args_t.link = args_t.link or link_t[args_t.code]; -- prefer |link= in template call, use link_t felse args_t.size = args_t.size or size_t[args_t.code]; -- prefer |size= in template call, use size_t else args_t[1] = nil; -- unset to mimic {{lang-??}} templates which set |code=xx local lang_subtag = args_t.code; -- use only the base language subtag for unsupported tag test; some args_t.code are modified by |script= etc return _lang_xx (args_t, cfg.templates_t.langx); end --[[--------------------------< L A N G X >-------------------------------------------------------------------- Entry point for {{langx}}. this function calls _lang_xx() to render non-English text. The {{lang-??}} templates have three positional paramters but {{langx}} has four: | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 {{lang-xx |<text> |<xlit> |<xlat> }} {{langx |<tag> |<text> |<xlit> |<xlat> }} The calls to lang_xx_args_get() and _lang_xx() use 'langx' as a flag for those functions to select the proper positional parameters. {{lang-??}} depends on the calling template to select 'inherit' or 'italic' to establish the default rendering. {{langx}} can't do that. The initial version of {{langx}} relied on a list of language tags (inherit_t in ~/langx) scraped from those {{lang-??}} templates that call lang_xx_inherit() to render text in upright font. langx() now uses auto-italics code adapted from {{lang}} (doesn't support poem tags). ]] local function langx (frame) local args_t = lang_xx_args_get (frame, cfg.templates_t.langx); -- get the arguments; 'langx' is the <base_template> used to decide which positional param is 'text', 'translit', 'lit' return _langx (args_t); end --[[--------------------------< _ I S _ I E T F _ T A G >------------------------------------------------------ Returns true when a language name associated with IETF language tag exists; nil else. IETF language tag must be valid. All code combinations supported by {{lang}} and the {{lang-??}} templates are supported by this function. Module entry point from another module. ]] local function _is_ietf_tag (tag) -- entry point when this module is require()d into another local c, s, r, v, p, err; -- code, script, region, variant, private, error message c, s, r, v, p, err = get_ietf_parts (tag); -- disassemble tag into constituent part and validate return ((c and not err) and true) or nil; -- return true when code portion has a value without error message; nil else end --[[--------------------------< I S _ I E T F _ T A G >-------------------------------------------------------- Module entry point from an {{#invoke:}}. ]] local function is_ietf_tag (frame) return _is_ietf_tag (getArgs (frame)[1]); -- args[1] is the IETF language tag to be tested; also get parent frame end --[[--------------------------< I S _ I E T F _ T A G _ F R A M E >-------------------------------------------- Module entry point from an {{#invoke:}}; same as is_ietf_tag() except does not get parameters from the parent (template) frame. This function not useful when called by {{lang|fn=is_ietf_tag_frame|<tag>}} because <tag> is in the parent frame. ]] local function is_ietf_tag_frame (frame) return _is_ietf_tag (getArgs (frame, {frameOnly = true,})[1]); -- args[1] is the IETF language tag to be tested; do not get parent frame end --[[--------------------------< _ N A M E _ F R O M _ T A G >-------------------------------------------------- Returns language name associated with IETF language tag if valid; error message else. All code combinations supported by {{lang}} and the {{lang-??}} templates are supported by this function. Set invoke's |link= parameter to yes to get wikilinked version of the language name. Module entry point from another module. ]] local function _name_from_tag (args) local subtags = {}; -- IETF subtags script, region, variant, and private local raw_code = args[1]; -- save a copy of the input IETF subtag local link = cfg.keywords_t.affirmative == args['link']; -- make a boolean local label = args.label; local code; -- the language code local msg; -- gets an error message if IETF language tag is malformed or invalid local language_name = ''; code, subtags.script, subtags.region, subtags.variant, subtags.private, msg = get_ietf_parts (raw_code); if msg then local template = (args['template'] and table.concat ({'{{', args['template'], '}}: '})) or ''; -- make template name (if provided by the template) return make_error_span (template, msg); end raw_code = format_ietf_tag (code, subtags.script, subtags.region, subtags.variant, subtags.private); -- format to recommended subtag styles; private omitted because private language_name = language_name_get (raw_code, code); -- get language name; try IETF tag first, then code w/o variant then code w/ variant if 'yes' ~= args.raw then language_name = language_name:gsub ('%s+%b()', ''); -- remove IANA parenthetical disambiguators or qualifiers from names that have them end if link then -- when |link=yes, wikilink the language name if mw.ustring.find (language_name, 'languages', 1, true) then language_name = make_wikilink (language_name, label); -- collective language name uses simple wikilink elseif lang_data.article_name[raw_code:lower()] then -- is IETF tag in article name override? language_name = make_wikilink (lang_data.article_name[raw_code:lower()], label or language_name); -- language name with wikilink from override data elseif lang_data.article_name[code] then -- is language tag in article name override? language_name = make_wikilink (lang_data.article_name[code], label or language_name); -- language name with wikilink from override data else language_name = make_wikilink (substitute ('$1 $2', {language_name, cfg.misc_text_t.language}), label or language_name); -- language name with wikilink end end return language_name; end --[[--------------------------< N A M E _ F R O M _ T A G >---------------------------------------------------- Module entry point from an {{#invoke:}}. ]] local function name_from_tag (frame) -- entry point from an {{#invoke:lang|name_from_tag|<IETF tag>|link=<yes>|template=<template name>}} return _name_from_tag (getArgs(frame)) -- pass-on the args table, nothing else; getArgs() so we also get parent frame end --[[--------------------------< _ T A G _ F R O M _ N A M E >-------------------------------------------------- Returns the IETF language tag associated with the language name. Spelling of language name must be correct according to the spelling in the source tables. When a standard language name has a parenthetical disambiguator, that disambiguator must be omitted (they are not present in the data name-to-tag tables). Module entry point from another module. ]] local function _tag_from_name (args) -- entry point from another module local msg; if args[1] and '' ~= args[1] then local data = mw.loadData ('Module:Lang/tag from name'); -- get the reversed data tables TODO: change when going live local lang = args[1]:lower(); -- allow any-case for the language name (speeling must till be correct) local tag = data.rev_override_table[lang] or data.rev_lang_table[lang] or data.rev_lang_dep_table[lang]; -- get the code; look first in the override then in the standard if tag then return tag, true; -- language name found so return tag and done; second return used by is_lang_name() else msg = substitute (cfg.tag_from_name_t.lang_not_found, {args[1]}); -- language name not found, error message end else msg = cfg.tag_from_name_t.missing_lang_name; -- language name not found, error message end local template = ''; if args.template and '' ~= args.template then template = table.concat ({'{{', args['template'], '}}: '}); -- make template name (if provided by the template) end return make_error_span (template, msg); end --[[--------------------------< T A G _ F R O M _ N A M E >---------------------------------------------------- Module entry point from an {{#invoke:}}. ]] local function tag_from_name (frame) -- entry point from an {{#invoke:lang|tag_from_name|<language name>|link=<yes>|template=<template name>}} local result, _ = _tag_from_name (getArgs(frame)) -- pass-on the args table, nothing else; getArgs() so we also get parent frame; supress second return used by is_lang_name() return result; end --[[--------------------------< I S _ L A N G _ N A M E >------------------------------------------------------ Module entry point from an {{#invoke:}}. ]] local function is_lang_name (frame) local _, result = _tag_from_name (getArgs(frame)) -- pass-on the args table, nothing else; getArgs() so we also get parent frame; supress second return used by tag_from_name() return result and true or nil; end --[[--------------------------< _ X L I T >-------------------------------------------------------------------- Module entry point from another module. ]] local function _xlit (args) local title_table = lang_data.translit_title_table; -- table of transliteration standards and the language codes and scripts that apply to those standards local language_name; -- language name that matches language code; used for tool tip local translit; -- transliterated text to display local script; -- IANA script local msg; -- for when called functions return an error message local template = args.template or cfg.templates_t.transliteration; maint_cats = {}; -- initialize because when this module required into another module, these only declared once so only initialzed once maint_msgs = {}; if is_set (args[3]) then -- [3] set when {{transliteration|code|standard|text}} args.text = args[3]; -- get the transliterated text args.translit_std = args[2] and args[2]:lower(); -- get the standard; lower case for table indexing if not title_table[args.translit_std] then return make_error_msg (substitute (cfg.transl_t.unrecog_xlit_std, {args.translit_std}), args, template); end else if is_set (args[2]) then -- [2] set when {{transliteration|code|text}} args.text = args[2]; -- get the transliterated text else if args[1] and (args[1]:match ('^%a%a%a?%a?$') or -- args[2] missing; is args[1] a language or script tag or is it the transliterated text? args[1]:match ('^%a%a%a?%-x%-')) then -- or is args[1] a private-use tag return make_error_msg (cfg.transl_t.no_text, args, template); -- args[1] is a code so we're missing text else args.text = args[1]; -- args[1] is not a code so we're missing that; assign args.text for error message return make_error_msg (cfg.transl_t.missing_lang_scr, args, template); end end end if is_set (args[1]) then -- IANA language code used for HTML lang= attribute; or ISO 15924 script code if args[1]:match ('^%a%a%a?%a?$') or args[1]:match ('^%a%a%a?%-x%-') then -- args[1] has correct form? args.code = args[1]:lower(); -- use the language/script code; only (2, 3, or 4 alpha characters) or private-use; lower case because table indexes are lower case else return make_error_msg (substitute (cfg.transl_t.unrecog_lang_scr, {args[1]}), args, template); -- invalid language / script code end else return make_error_msg (cfg.transl_t.missing_lang_scr, args, template); -- missing language / script code so quit end local is_latn_text, pos, char; is_latn_text, args.text, pos, char= is_latin (args.text, args.code); -- is latn text? strip accept-as-written markup if not is_latn_text then -- when text is not latn return make_error_msg (substitute (cfg.lang_xx_t.translit_nonlatn, {pos, char}), args, template); -- abandon with error message end args.italic, msg = validate_italic (args); if msg then return make_error_msg (msg, args, template); end if 'italic' == args.italic then -- 'italic' when |italic=yes; because that is same as absent or not set and |italic=default args.italic = nil; -- set to nil; end args.engvar = cfg.engvar_sel_t[args.engvar] or cfg.default_engvar; -- |engvar= when valid; cfg.default_engvar else if override_table[args.code] then -- is code a language code defined in the override table? language_name = override_table[args.code]; args.code = args.code:match ('^%a%a%a?'); -- if private use, strip all but language subtag elseif lang_table[args.code] then -- is code a language code defined in the standard language code tables? language_name = lang_table[args.code]; elseif lang_dep_table[args.code] then -- is code a language code defined in the deprecated language code tables? language_name = lang_dep_table[args.code]; elseif script_table[args.code] then -- if here, code is not a language code; is it a script code? language_name = script_table[args.code]; script = args.code; -- code was an ISO 15924 script so use that instead args.code = ''; -- unset because not a language code else return make_error_msg (substitute (cfg.transl_t.unrecog_lang_scr, {args.code}), args, template); -- invalid language / script code end -- here only when all parameters passed to make_translit() are valid return make_translit (args.code, language_name, args.text, args.translit_std, script, args.italic, args.engvar); end --[[--------------------------< X L I T >---------------------------------------------------------------------- Module entry point from an {{#invoke:}}. ]] local function xlit (frame) return _xlit (getArgs(frame)); end --[[--------------------------< C A T E G O R Y _ F R O M _ T A G >-------------------------------------------- Returns category name associated with IETF language tag if valid; error message else. All code combinations supported by {{lang}} and the {{lang-??}} templates are supported by this function. Module entry point from another module. ]] local function _category_from_tag (args_t) local subtags = {}; -- IETF subtags script, region, variant, and private local raw_code = args_t[1]; -- save a copy of the input IETF subtag local link = cfg.keywords_t.affirmative == args_t.link; -- make a boolean local label = args_t.label; local code; -- the language code local msg; -- gets an error message if IETF language tag is malformed or invalid local category_name = ''; code, subtags.script, subtags.region, subtags.variant, subtags.private, msg = get_ietf_parts (raw_code); if msg then local template = (args_t.template and table.concat ({'{{', args_t.template, '}}: '})) or ''; -- make template name (if provided by the template) return make_error_span (template, msg); end raw_code = format_ietf_tag (code, subtags.script, subtags.region, subtags.variant, subtags.private); -- format to recommended subtag styles; private omitted because private category_name = language_name_get (raw_code, code); -- get language name; try IETF tag first, then code w/o variant then code w/ variant category_name = make_category (code, category_name, nil, true):gsub ('[%[%]]', ''); if link then return table.concat ({'[[:', category_name, ']]'}); else return category_name; end end --[[--------------------------< C A T E G O R Y _ F R O M _ T A G >-------------------------------------------- Module entry point from an {{#invoke:}}. ]] local function category_from_tag (frame) -- entry point from an {{#invoke:lang|category_from_tag|<IETF tag>|template=<template name>}} return _category_from_tag (getArgs (frame)); -- pass-on the args table, nothing else; getArgs() so we also get parent frame end --[[--------------------------< E X P O R T E D F U N C T I O N S >------------------------------------------ ]] return { category_from_tag = category_from_tag, -- frame entry points when this module is #invoke:ed into templates/wikitext lang = lang, -- entry point for {{lang}} langx = langx, -- entry point for {{langx}} lang_xx_inherit = lang_xx_inherit, -- entry points for {{lang-??}} lang_xx_italic = lang_xx_italic, is_ietf_tag = is_ietf_tag, is_ietf_tag_frame = is_ietf_tag_frame, is_lang_name = is_lang_name, tag_from_name = tag_from_name, -- returns IETF tag associated with language name name_from_tag = name_from_tag, -- used for template documentation; possible use in ISO 639 name from code templates xlit = xlit, -- entry point for {{transliteration}} _category_from_tag = _category_from_tag, -- API entry points when this module is require()d into other modules _lang = _lang, _langx = _langx, _lang_xx_inherit = _lang_xx_inherit, _lang_xx_italic = _lang_xx_italic, _is_ietf_tag = _is_ietf_tag, get_ietf_parts = get_ietf_parts, _tag_from_name = _tag_from_name, _name_from_tag = _name_from_tag, _xlit = _xlit, _translation_make = translation_make, }; 4lchs3y6tbwcup48cwp3ayuhrxmusvw 1374606 1374605 2026-06-03T00:31:54Z A826 72368 ೧ revisions imported from [[:en:Module:Lang]] 1374605 Scribunto text/plain --[=[ Lua support for the {{lang}}, {{langx}}, {{lang-??}}, and {{transliteration}} templates and replacement of various supporting templates. ]=] require('strict'); local getArgs = require ('Module:Arguments').getArgs; local unicode = require ("Module:Unicode data"); -- for is_Latin() and is_rtl() local yesno = require ('Module:Yesno'); local sandbox = (mw.getCurrentFrame():getTitle():match ('/sandbox') or ''); -- when called from a sandbox template or module load sandbox data and sandbox configuration local lang_data = mw.loadData ('Module:Lang/data' .. sandbox); -- language name override and transliteration tool-tip tables local lang_name_table = lang_data.lang_name_table; -- language codes, names, regions, scripts, suppressed scripts local lang_table = lang_data.lang_name_table.lang; local lang_dep_table = lang_data.lang_name_table.lang_dep; local script_table = lang_data.lang_name_table.script; local region_table = lang_data.lang_name_table.region; local variant_table = lang_data.lang_name_table.variant; local suppressed_table = lang_data.lang_name_table.suppressed; local override_table = lang_data.override; local synonym_table = mw.loadData ('Module:Lang/ISO 639 synonyms'); -- ISO 639-2/639-2T code translation to 639-1 code local cfg = mw.loadData ('Module:Lang/configuration' .. sandbox); -- for internationalization local is_latn_data = mw.loadData ('Module:Lang/data/is latn data'); local sizeof_ranges_t = is_latn_data.sizeof_ranges_t; local namespace = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().namespace; -- used for categorization local content_lang = mw.language.getContentLanguage(); local this_wiki_lang_tag = content_lang.code; -- get this wiki's language tag local this_wiki_lang_dir = content_lang:getDir(); -- get this wiki's language direction local initial_style_state; -- set by lang_xx_normal() and lang_xx_italic() local maint_cats = {}; -- maintenance categories go here local maint_msgs = {}; -- and their messages go here --[[--------------------------< M A K E _ E R R O R _ S P A N >-------------------------------------------------- ]] local function make_error_span (template, msg) return table.concat ({'<span style="color:var(--color-error,#d33)">', cfg.misc_text_t.error, ': ', template, msg, '</span>'}) end --[[--------------------------< S U B S T I T U T E >---------------------------------------------------------- Substitutes $1, $2, etc in <message> with data from <data_t>. Returns plain-text substituted string when <data_t> not nil; returns <message> else. ]] local function substitute (message, data_t) return data_t and mw.message.newRawMessage (message, data_t):plain() or message; end --[[--------------------------< M A K E _ E R R O R _ M S G >-------------------------------------------------- Assembles an error message from template name, message text, help link, and error category. ]] local function make_error_msg (msg, args_t, template) local category; local text; -- handle the oddity that is {{langx}} if cfg.templates_t.langxx == template then text = args_t.text or args_t[1]; -- for {{lang-xx}} else text = args_t.text or args_t[2]; -- for {{lang}}, {{langx}}, and {{transliteration}} end if cfg.templates_t.transliteration == template then category = cfg.make_error_msg_t.xlit_err_cat; else category = cfg.make_error_msg_t.lang_err_cat; end local category_link = ((0 == namespace or 10 == namespace) and not args_t.nocat) and substitute ('[[Category:$1]]', {category}) or ''; return substitute ('[$1] <span style="color:var(--color-error,#d33)">$2: &#x7B;{$3}}: $4 ([[:Category:$5|$6]])</span>$7', -- &#x7B; prevents template name from being treated as a template call in certain situations { text or cfg.make_error_msg_t.undefined, cfg.misc_text_t.error, template, msg, category, cfg.misc_text_t.help, category_link }) end --[[--------------------------< P A R A M E T E R _ V A L I D A T E >------------------------------------------ ]] local function parameter_validate (args_t, template) local err_msg = cfg.parameter_validate_t.invalid_param; if cfg.templates_t.lang == template then -- for {{lang}} for param, _ in pairs (args_t) do if not cfg.known_params_t.params_lang_t[param] and -- unique {{lang}} parameters not cfg.known_params_t.common_params_all_t[param] then -- common to all return substitute (err_msg, {param}); -- <param> not found so abandon end end elseif cfg.templates_t.langx == template then -- for {{langx}} for param, _ in pairs (args_t) do if not cfg.known_params_t.params_langx_t[param] and -- unique {{langx}} parameters not cfg.known_params_t.params_x_t[param] and -- common to {{langx}} and {{lang-xx}} not cfg.known_params_t.common_params_all_t[param] then -- common to all return substitute (err_msg, {param}); -- <param> not found so abandon end end elseif cfg.templates_t.langxx == template then -- for {{lang-xx}} for param, _ in pairs (args_t) do if not cfg.known_params_t.params_lang_xx_t[param] and -- unique {{lang-xx}} parameters not cfg.known_params_t.params_x_t[param] and -- common to {{langx}} and {{lang-xx}} not cfg.known_params_t.common_params_all_t[param] then -- common to all return substitute (err_msg, {param}); -- <param> not found so abandon end end end end --[[--------------------------< I S _ S E T >------------------------------------------------------------------ Returns true if argument is set; false otherwise. Argument is 'set' when it exists (not nil) or when it is not an empty string. ]] local function is_set (var) return not (var == nil or var == ''); end --[[--------------------------< I N V E R T _ I T A L I C S >------------------------------------------------- This function attempts to invert the italic markup a args.text by adding/removing leading/trailing italic markup in args.text. Like |italic=unset, |italic=invert disables automatic italic markup. Individual leading/trailing apostrophes are converted to their HTML numeric entity equivalent so that the new italic markup doesn't become bold markup inadvertently. Leading and trailing wiki markup is extracted from args.text into separate table elements. Addition, removal, replacement of wiki markup is handled by a string.gsub() replacement table operating only on these separate elements. In the string.gsub() matching pattern, '.*' matches empty string as well as the three expected wiki markup patterns. This function expects that markup in args.text is complete and correct; if it is not, oddness may result. ]] local function invert_italics (source) local invert_pattern_table = { -- leading/trailing markup add/remove/replace patterns [""]="\'\'", -- empty string becomes italic markup ["\'\'"]="", -- italic markup becomes empty string ["\'\'\'"]="\'\'\'\'\'", -- bold becomes bold italic ["\'\'\'\'\'"]="\'\'\'", -- bold italic become bold }; local seg = {}; source = source:gsub ("%f[\']\'%f[^\']", '&#39;'); -- protect single quote marks from being interpreted as bold markup seg[1] = source:match ('^(\'\'+%f[^\']).+') or ''; -- get leading markup, if any; ignore single quote seg[3] = source:match ('.+(%f[\']\'\'+)$') or ''; -- get trailing markup, if any; ignore single quote if '' ~= seg[1] and '' ~= seg[3] then -- extract the 'text' seg[2] = source:match ('^\'\'+%f[^\'](.+)%f[\']\'\'+$') -- from between leading and trailing markup elseif '' ~= seg[1] then seg[2] = source:match ('^\'\'+%f[^\'](.+)') -- following leading markup elseif '' ~= seg[3] then seg[2] = source:match ('(.+)%f[\']\'\'+$') -- preceding trailing markup else seg[2] = source -- when there is no markup end seg[1] = invert_pattern_table[seg[1]] or seg[1]; -- replace leading markup according to pattern table seg[3] = invert_pattern_table[seg[3]] or seg[3]; -- replace leading markup according to pattern table return table.concat (seg); -- put it all back together and done end --[[--------------------------< V A L I D A T E _ I T A L I C >------------------------------------------------ Validates |italic= or |italics= assigned values. When |italic= is set and has an acceptable assigned value, return the matching CSS font-style property value or, for the special case 'default', return nil. When |italic= is not set, or has an unacceptable assigned value, return nil and a nil error message. When both |italic= and |italics= are set, returns nil and a 'conflicting' error message. The return value nil causes the calling lang, lang_xx, or xlit function to set args.italic according to the template's defined default ('inherit' for {{lang}}, 'inherit' or 'italic' for {{lang-??}} depending on the individual template's requirements, 'italic' for {{transliteration}}) or to the value appropriate to |script=, if set ({{lang}} and {{lang-??}} only). Accepted values and the values that this function returns are are: nil - when |italic= absent or not set; returns nil default - for completeness, should rarely if ever be used; returns nil yes - force args.text to be rendered in italic font; returns 'italic' no - force args.text to be rendered in normal font; returns 'normal' unset - disables font control so that font-style applied to text is dictated by markup inside or outside the template; returns 'inherit' invert - disables font control so that font-style applied to text is dictated by markup outside or inverted inside the template; returns 'invert' ]] local function validate_italic (args) local properties = {[cfg.keywords_t.affirmative] = 'italic', [cfg.keywords_t.negative] = 'normal', [cfg.keywords_t.unset] = 'inherit', [cfg.keywords_t.invert] = 'invert', [cfg.keywords_t.default] = nil}; local count = 0 for _, arg in pairs {'italic', 'italics', 'i'} do if args[arg] then count = count + 1 end end if count > 1 then -- return nil and an error message if more than one is set return nil, cfg.validate_italic_t.multi_italic; end return properties[args.italic or args.italics or args.i], nil; -- return an appropriate value and a nil error message end --[=[--------------------------< V A L I D A T E _ C A T _ A R G S >---------------------------------------------------------- Default behavior of the {{lang}} and {{lang-??}} templates is to add categorization when the templates are used in main space. This default functionality may be suppressed by setting |nocat=yes or |cat=no. This function selects one of these two parameters to control categorization. Because having two parameters with 'opposite' names and 'opposite' values is confusing, this function accepts only affirmative values for |nocat= and only negative values for |cat=; in both cases the 'other' sense (and non-sense) is not accepted and the parameter is treated as if it were not set in the template. Sets args.nocat to true if categorization is to be turned off; to nil if the default behavior should apply. Accepted values for |nocat= are the text strings: 'yes', 'y', 'true', 't', on, '1' -- [[Module:Yesno]] returns logical true for all of these; false or nil else for |cat= 'no', 'n', 'false', 'f', 'off', '0' -- [[Module:Yesno]] returns logical false for all of these; true or nil else ]=] local function validate_cat_args (args) if not (args.nocat or args.cat) then -- both are nil, so categorize return; end if false == yesno (args.cat) or true == yesno (args.nocat) then args.nocat = true; -- set to true when args.nocat is affirmative; nil else (as if the parameter were not set in the template) else -- args.nocat is the parameter actually used. args.nocat = nil; end end --[[--------------------------< I N _ A R R A Y >-------------------------------------------------------------- Whether needle is in haystack. ]] local function in_array (needle, haystack) if needle == nil then return false; end for n,v in ipairs (haystack) do if v == needle then return n; end end return false; end --[[--------------------------< F O R M A T _ I E T F _ T A G >------------------------------------------------ Prettify IETF tags to use recommended subtag formats: code: lower case script: sentence case region: upper case variant: lower case private: lower case prefixed with -x- ]] local function format_ietf_tag (code, script, region, variant, private) local out = {}; if is_set (private) then return table.concat ({code:lower(), 'x', private:lower()}, '-'); -- if private, all other tags ignored end table.insert (out, code:lower()); if is_set (script) then script = script:lower():gsub ('^%a', string.upper); table.insert (out, script); end if is_set (region) then table.insert (out, region:upper()); end if is_set (variant) then table.insert (out, variant:lower()); end return table.concat (out, '-'); end --[[--------------------------< G E T _ I E T F _ P A R T S >-------------------------------------------------- Extracts and returns IETF language tag parts: primary language subtag (required) - 2 or 3 character IANA language code script subtag - four character IANA script code region subtag - two-letter or three digit IANA region code variant subtag - four digit or 5-8 alnum variant code; only one variant subtag supported private subtag - x- followed by 1-8 alnum private code; only supported with the primary language tag in any one of these forms lang lang-variant lang-script lang-script-variant lang-region lang-region-variant lang-script-region lang-script-region-variant lang-x-private each of lang, script, region, variant, and private, when used, must be valid. Languages with both two- and three-character code synonyms are promoted to the two-character synonym because the IANA registry file omits the synonymous three-character code; we cannot depend on browsers understanding the synonymous three-character codes in the lang= attribute. For {{lang-??}} templates, the parameters |script=, |region=, and |variant= are supported (not supported in {{lang}} because those parameters are superfluous to the IETF subtags in |code=). Returns six values; all lower case. Valid parts are returned as themselves; omitted parts are returned as empty strings, invalid parts are returned as nil; the sixth returned item is an error message (if an error detected) or nil. See http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/bcp/bcp47.txt section 2.1. ]] local function get_ietf_parts (source, args_script, args_region, args_variant) local code, script, region, variant, private; -- IETF tag parts if not is_set (source) then return nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.missing_lang_tag; end local pattern = { -- table of tables holding acceptable IETF tag patterns and short names of the IETF part captured by the pattern {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%a%a%a%a)%-(%a%a)%-(%d%d%d%d)$', 's', 'r', 'v'}, -- 1 - ll-Ssss-RR-variant (where variant is 4 digits) {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%a%a%a%a)%-(%d%d%d)%-(%d%d%d%d)$', 's', 'r', 'v'}, -- 2 - ll-Ssss-DDD-variant (where region is 3 digits; variant is 4 digits) {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%a%a%a%a)%-(%a%a)%-(%w%w%w%w%w%w?%w?%w?)$', 's', 'r', 'v'}, -- 3 - ll-Ssss-RR-variant (where variant is 5-8 alnum characters) {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%a%a%a%a)%-(%d%d%d)%-(%w%w%w%w%w%w?%w?%w?)$', 's', 'r', 'v'}, -- 4 - ll-Ssss-DDD-variant (where region is 3 digits; variant is 5-8 alnum characters) {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%a%a%a%a)%-(%d%d%d%d)$', 's', 'v'}, -- 5 - ll-Ssss-variant (where variant is 4 digits) {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%a%a%a%a)%-(%w%w%w%w%w%w?%w?%w?)$', 's', 'v'}, -- 6 - ll-Ssss-variant (where variant is 5-8 alnum characters) {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%a%a)%-(%d%d%d%d)$', 'r', 'v'}, -- 7 - ll-RR-variant (where variant is 4 digits) {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%d%d%d)%-(%d%d%d%d)$', 'r', 'v'}, -- 8 - ll-DDD-variant (where region is 3 digits; variant is 4 digits) {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%a%a)%-(%w%w%w%w%w%w?%w?%w?)$', 'r', 'v'}, -- 9 - ll-RR-variant (where variant is 5-8 alnum characters) {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%d%d%d)%-(%w%w%w%w%w%w?%w?%w?)$', 'r', 'v'}, -- 10 - ll-DDD-variant (where region is 3 digits; variant is 5-8 alnum characters) {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%d%d%d%d)$', 'v'}, -- 11 - ll-variant (where variant is 4 digits) {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%w%w%w%w%w%w?%w?%w?)$', 'v'}, -- 12 - ll-variant (where variant is 5-8 alnum characters) {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%a%a%a%a)%-(%a%a)$', 's', 'r'}, -- 13 - ll-Ssss-RR {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%a%a%a%a)%-(%d%d%d)$', 's', 'r'}, -- 14 - ll-Ssss-DDD (region is 3 digits) {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%a%a%a%a)$', 's'}, -- 15 - ll-Ssss {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%a%a)$', 'r'}, -- 16 - ll-RR {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%d%d%d)$', 'r'}, -- 17 - ll-DDD (region is 3 digits) {'^(%a%a%a?)$'}, -- 18 - ll {'^(%a%a%a?)%-x%-(%w%w?%w?%w?%w?%w?%w?%w?)$', 'p'}, -- 19 - ll-x-pppppppp (private is 1-8 alnum characters) } local t = {}; -- table of captures; serves as a translator between captured IETF tag parts and named variables for i, v in ipairs (pattern) do -- spin through the pattern table looking for a match local c1, c2, c3, c4; -- captures in the 'pattern' from the pattern table go here c1, c2, c3, c4 = source:match (pattern[i][1]); -- one or more captures set if source matches pattern[i]) if c1 then -- c1 always set on match code = c1; -- first capture is always code t = { [pattern[i][2] or 'x'] = c2, -- fill the table of captures with the rest of the captures [pattern[i][3] or 'x'] = c3, -- take index names from pattern table and assign sequential captures [pattern[i][4] or 'x'] = c4, -- index name may be nil in pattern[i] table so "or 'x'" spoofs a name for this index in this table }; script = t.s or ''; -- translate table contents to named variables; region = t.r or ''; -- absent table entries are nil so set named IETF parts to empty string for concatenation variant= t.v or ''; private = t.p or ''; break; -- and done end end if not code then return nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, substitute (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.unrecog_tag, {source}); -- don't know what we got but it is malformed end code = code:lower(); -- ensure that we use and return lower case version of this if not (override_table[code] or lang_table[code] or synonym_table[code] or lang_dep_table[code]) then return nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, substitute (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.unrecog_code, {code}); -- invalid language code, don't know about the others (don't care?) end if synonym_table[code] then -- if 639-2/639-2T code has a 639-1 synonym table.insert (maint_cats, substitute (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.maint_promo_cat, {code})); table.insert (maint_msgs, substitute (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.maint_promo_msg, {code, synonym_table[code]})); code = synonym_table[code]; -- use the synonym end if is_set (script) then if is_set (args_script) then return code, nil, nil, nil, nil, cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.redundant_scr; -- both code with script and |script= not allowed end else script = args_script or ''; -- use args.script if provided end if is_set (script) then script = script:lower(); -- ensure that we use and return lower case version of this if not script_table[script] then return code, nil, nil, nil, nil, substitute (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.unrecog_scr_code, {script, code}); -- language code OK, invalid script, don't know about the others (don't care?) end end if suppressed_table[script] then -- ensure that code-script does not use a suppressed script if in_array (code, suppressed_table[script]) then return code, nil, nil, nil, nil, substitute (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.script_code, {script, code}); -- language code OK, script is suppressed for this code end end if is_set (region) then if is_set (args_region) then return code, nil, nil, nil, nil, cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.redundant_reg; -- both code with region and |region= not allowed end else region = args_region or ''; -- use args.region if provided end if is_set (region) then region = region:lower(); -- ensure that we use and return lower case version of this if not region_table[region] then return code, script, nil, nil, nil, substitute (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.unrecog_reg_code, {region, code}); end end if is_set (variant) then if is_set (args_variant) then return code, nil, nil, nil, nil, cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.redundant_var; -- both code with variant and |variant= not allowed end else variant = args_variant or ''; -- use args.variant if provided end if is_set (variant) then variant = variant:lower(); -- ensure that we use and return lower case version of this if not variant_table[variant] then -- make sure variant is valid return code, script, region, nil, nil, substitute (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.unrecog_var, {variant}); end -- does this duplicate/replace tests in lang() and lang_xx()? if is_set (script) then -- if script set it must be part of the 'prefix' if not in_array (table.concat ({code, '-', script}), variant_table[variant]['prefixes']) then return code, script, region, nil, nil, substitute (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.unrecog_var_code_scr, {variant, code, script}); end elseif is_set (region) then -- if region set, there are some prefixes that require lang code and region (en-CA-newfound) if not in_array (code, variant_table[variant]['prefixes']) then -- first see if lang code is all that's required (en-oxendict though en-GB-oxendict is preferred) if not in_array (table.concat ({code, '-', region}), variant_table[variant]['prefixes']) then -- now try for lang code and region (en-CA-newfound) return code, script, region, nil, nil, substitute (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.unrecog_var_code_reg, {variant, code, region}); end end else -- cheap way to determine if there are prefixes; fonipa and others don't have prefixes; # operator always returns 0 if variant_table[variant]['prefixes'][1] and not in_array (code, variant_table[variant]['prefixes']) then return code, script, region, nil, nil, substitute (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.unrecog_var_code, {variant, code}); end end end if is_set (private) then private = private:lower(); -- ensure that we use and return lower case version of this if not override_table[table.concat ({code, '-x-', private})] then -- make sure private tag is valid; note that index return code, script, region, nil, nil, substitute (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.unrecog_pri, {private}); end end return code, script, region, variant, private, nil; -- return the good bits; make sure that msg is nil end --[=[-------------------------< M A K E _ W I K I L I N K >---------------------------------------------------- Makes a wikilink; when both link and display text is provided, returns a wikilink in the form [[L|D]]; if only link is provided, returns a wikilink in the form [[L]]; if neither are provided or link is omitted, returns an empty string. ]=] local function make_wikilink (link, display) if is_set (link) then if is_set (display) then return table.concat ({'[[', link, '|', display, ']]'}); else return table.concat ({'[[', link, ']]'}); end else return ''; end end --[[--------------------------< D I V _ M A R K U P _ A D D >-------------------------------------------------- Adds <i> and </i> tags to list-item text or to implied <p>..</p> text. Mixed not supported. ]] local function div_markup_add (text, style) if text:find ('^\n[%*:;#]') then -- look for list markup; list markup must begin at start of text if 'italic' == style then return text:gsub ('(\n[%*:;#]+)([^\n]+)', '%1<i>%2</i>'); -- insert italic markup at each list item else return text; end end if text:find ('\n+') then -- look for any number of \n characters in text text = text:gsub ('([^\n])\n([^\n])', '%1 %2'); -- replace single newline characters with a space character which mimics MediaWiki if 'italic' == style then text = text:gsub('[^\n]+', '<p><i>%1</i></p>'); -- insert p and italic markup tags at each implied p (two or more consecutive '\n\n' sequences) else text = text:gsub ('[^\n]+', '<p>%1</p>'); -- insert p markup at each implied p text = text:gsub ('\n', ''); -- strip newline characters end end return text; end --[[--------------------------< T I T L E _ W R A P P E R _ M A K E >------------------------------------------ Makes a <span title="<title text>"><content_text></span> or <div title="<title text>"><content_text></div> where <title text> is in the tool-tip in the wiki's local language and <content_text> is non-local-language text in HTML markup. This because the lang= attribute applies to the content of its enclosing tag. <tag> holds a string 'div' or 'span' used to choose the correct wrapping tag. ]] local function title_wrapper_make (title_text, content_text, tag) local wrapper_t = {}; table.insert (wrapper_t, table.concat ({'<', tag})); -- open opening wrapper tag table.insert (wrapper_t, ' title=\"'); -- begin title attribute table.insert (wrapper_t, title_text); -- add <title_text> table.insert (wrapper_t, '\">'); -- end title attribute and close opening wrapper tag table.insert (wrapper_t, content_text); -- add <content_text> table.insert (wrapper_t, table.concat ({'</', tag, '>'})); -- add closing wrapper tag return table.concat (wrapper_t); -- make a big string and done end --[[--------------------------< M A K E _ T E X T _ H T M L >-------------------------------------------------- Add the HTML markup to text according to the type of content that it is: <span> or <i> tags for inline content or <div> tags for block content The lang= attribute also applies to the content of the tag where it is placed so this is wrong because 'Spanish language text' is English: <i lang="es" title="Spanish language text">casa</i> should be: <span title="Spanish language text"><i lang="es">casa</i></span> or for <div>...</div>: <div title="Spanish language text"><div lang="es"><spanish-language-text></div></div> ]] local function make_text_html (code, text, tag, rtl, style, size, language) local html_t = {}; local style_added = ''; local wrapper_tag = tag; -- <tag> gets modified so save a copy for use when/if we create a wrapper span or div if text:match ('^%*') then table.insert (html_t, '&#42;'); -- move proto language text prefix outside of italic markup if any; use numeric entity because plain splat confuses MediaWiki text = text:gsub ('^%*', ''); -- remove the splat from the text end if 'span' == tag then -- default HTML tag for inline content if 'italic' == style then -- but if italic tag = 'i'; -- change to <i> tags end else -- must be div so go text = div_markup_add (text, style); -- handle implied <p>, implied <p> with <i>, and list markup (*;:#) with <i> end table.insert (html_t, table.concat ({'<', tag})); -- open the <i>, <span>, or <div> HTML tag code = code:gsub ('%-x%-.*', ''); -- strip private use subtag from code tag because meaningless outside of Wikipedia table.insert (html_t, table.concat ({' lang="', code, '\"'})); -- add language attribute if (rtl or unicode.is_rtl(text)) and ('ltr' == this_wiki_lang_dir) then -- text is right-to-left on a left-to-right wiki table.insert (html_t, ' dir="rtl"'); -- add direction attribute for right-to-left languages elseif not (rtl or unicode.is_rtl(text)) and ('rtl' == this_wiki_lang_dir) then -- text is left-to-right on a right-to-left wiki table.insert (html_t, ' dir="ltr"'); -- add direction attribute for left-to-right languages end if 'normal' == style then -- when |italic=no table.insert (html_t, ' style=\"font-style: normal;'); -- override external markup, if any style_added = '\"'; -- remember that style attribute added and is not yet closed end if is_set (size) then -- when |size=<something> if is_set (style_added) then table.insert (html_t, table.concat ({' font-size: ', size, ';'})); -- add when style attribute already inserted else table.insert (html_t, table.concat ({' style=\"font-size: ', size, ';'})); -- create style attribute style_added = '\"'; -- remember that style attribute added and is not yet closed end end table.insert (html_t, table.concat ({style_added, '>'})); -- close the opening HTML tag table.insert (html_t, text); -- insert the text table.insert (html_t, table.concat ({'</', tag, '>'})); -- close the 'text' <i>, <span>, or <div> HTML tag if is_set (language) then -- create a <title_text> string for the title= attribute in a wrapper span or div local title_text; if 'zxx' == code then -- special case for this tag 'no linguistic content' title_text = substitute ('$1 $2', {language, cfg.make_text_html_t.zxx}); -- not a language so don't use 'language' in title text elseif mw.ustring.find (language, 'languages', 1, true) then title_text = substitute ('$1 $2', {language, cfg.make_text_html_t.collective}); -- for collective languages else title_text = substitute ('$1-$2', {language, cfg.make_text_html_t.individual}); -- for individual languages end return title_wrapper_make (title_text, table.concat (html_t), wrapper_tag); else return table.concat (html_t); end end --[=[-------------------------< M A K E _ C A T E G O R Y >---------------------------------------------------- For individual language, <language>, returns: [[Category:Articles containing <language>-language text]] For English: [[Category:Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text]] For ISO 639-2 collective languages (and for 639-1 bh): [[Category:Articles with text in <language> languages]] ]=] local function make_category (code, language_name, nocat, name_get) if ((0 ~= namespace) or nocat) and not name_get then -- only categorize in article space return ''; -- return empty string for concatenation end if mw.ustring.find (language_name, 'languages', 1, true) then return substitute ('[[$1 $2]]', {cfg.make_category_t.collective_cat, language_name}); end if this_wiki_lang_tag == code then return substitute ('[[$1 $2 $3-$4]]', { -- unique category name for the local language cfg.make_category_t.cat_prefix, cfg.make_category_t.explicit_cat, language_name, cfg.make_category_t.cat_postfix, }); else return substitute ('[[$1 $2-$3]]', { -- category for individual languages cfg.make_category_t.cat_prefix, language_name, cfg.make_category_t.cat_postfix, }); end end --[[--------------------------< M A K E _ T R A N S L I T >---------------------------------------------------- Return translit <i lang=xx-Latn>...</i> where xx is the language code; else return empty string. The value |script= is not used in {{transliteration}} for this purpose; instead it uses |code. Because language scripts are listed in the {{transliteration}} switches they are included in the data tables. The script parameter is introduced at {{Language with name and transliteration}}. If |script= is set, this function uses it in preference to code. To avoid confusion, in this module and the templates that use it, the transliteration script parameter is renamed to be |translit-script= (in this function, tscript). This function is used by both lang_xx() and xlit() lang_xx() always provides code, language_name, and translit; may provide tscript; never provides style xlit() always provides language_name, translit, and one of code or tscript, never both; always provides style For {{transliteration}}, style only applies when a language code is provided. ]] local function make_translit (code, language_name, translit, std, tscript, style, engvar) local title_t = lang_data.translit_title_table; -- table of transliteration standards and the language codes and scripts that apply to those standards local title_text = ''; -- tool tip text for title= attribute std = std and std:lower(); -- lower case for table indexing if not is_set (std) and not is_set (tscript) then -- when neither standard nor script specified title_text = language_name; -- write a generic tool tip if not mw.ustring.find (language_name, 'languages', 1, true) then -- collective language names (plural 'languages' is part of the name) title_text = substitute ('$1-$2', {title_text, cfg.misc_text_t.language}); -- skip this text (individual and macro languages only) end title_text = substitute ('$1 $2', {title_text, mw.ustring.lower (cfg.engvar_t[engvar]['romanisz_lc'])}); -- finish the tool tip; use romanization when neither script nor standard supplied elseif is_set (std) and is_set (tscript) then -- when both are specified if title_t[std] then -- and if standard is legitimate if title_t[std][tscript] then -- and if script for that standard is legitimate if script_table[tscript] then title_text = substitute ('$1$2 ($3 $4) $5', { -- add the appropriate text to the tool tip title_text, title_t[std][tscript:lower()], script_table[tscript], cfg.make_translit_t.script, cfg.make_translit_t.transliteration, }); else title_text = title_text .. title_t[std]['default']; -- use the default if script not in std table; TODO: maint cat? error message because script not found for this standard? end else title_text = title_text .. title_t[std]['default']; -- use the default if script not in std table; TODO: maint cat? error message because script not found for this standard? end else return ''; -- invalid standard, setup for error message end elseif is_set (std) then -- translit-script not set, use language code if not title_t[std] then return ''; end -- invalid standard, setup for error message if title_t[std][code] then -- if language code is in the table (xlit may not provide a language code) local fmt_str = '$1$2 ($3 $4) $5'; -- generic format string for tool tip if language_name:match ('languages') then fmt_str = '$1$2 ($3) $5'; -- format string for collective languages tool tip end title_text = substitute (fmt_str, { -- add the appropriate text to the tool tip title_text, title_t[std][code:lower()], language_name, cfg.misc_text_t.language, cfg.make_translit_t.transliteration, }); else -- code doesn't match title_text = title_text .. title_t[std]['default']; -- so use the standard's default end else -- here if translit-script set but translit-std not set if title_t['no_std'][tscript] then title_text = title_text .. title_t['no_std'][tscript]; -- use translit-script if set elseif title_t['no_std'][code] then title_text = title_text .. title_t['no_std'][code]; -- use language code else if is_set (tscript) then title_text = substitute ('$1$2-$3 $4', { -- write a script tool tip title_text, language_name, cfg.make_translit_t.script, cfg.make_translit_t.transliteration, }); elseif is_set (code) then if not mw.ustring.find (language_name, 'languages', 1, true) then -- collective language names (plural 'languages' is part of the name) title_text = substitute ('$1-$2', { -- skip this text (individual and macro languages only) title_text, cfg.misc_text_t.language, }); end title_text = substitute ('$1 $2', { -- finish the tool tip title_text, cfg.make_translit_t.transliteration, }); else title_text = substitute ('$1 $2', { -- generic tool tip (can we ever get here?) title_text, cfg.make_translit_t.transliteration, }); end end end local tag if is_set (code) then -- when a language code is provided (always with {{lang-??}} templates, not always with {{transliteration}}) code = code:match ('^(%a%a%a?)'); -- strip all subtags leaving only the language subtag if not style then -- nil for the default italic style tag = '<i lang="%s-Latn">%s</i>' else tag = '<span style="font-style: %s" lang="%s-Latn">%s</span>' -- non-standard style, construct a span tag for it tag = string.format(tag, style, "%s", "%s") end tag = string.format(tag, code, "%s") else tag = '<span>%s</span>' -- when no language code: no lang= attribute, not italic ({{transliteration}} only) end tag = string.format(tag, translit) -- add the translit text if '' == title_text then -- when there is no need for a tool-tip return tag; -- done else title_text = cfg.engvar_sel_t.gb == engvar and title_text:gsub ('([Rr]omani)z', '%1s') or title_text; -- gb eng when engvar specifies gb eng; us eng else return title_wrapper_make (title_text, tag, 'span'); -- wrap with a tool-tip span and done end end --[[--------------------------< V A L I D A T E _ T E X T >---------------------------------------------------- This function checks the content of args.text and returns empty string if nothing is amiss else it returns an error message. The tests are for empty or missing text and for improper or disallowed use of apostrophe markup. Italic rendering is controlled by the |italic= template parameter so italic markup should never appear in args.text either as ''itself'' or as '''''bold italic''''' unless |italic=unset or |italic=invert. ]] local function validate_text (template, args) if not is_set (args.text) then return make_error_msg (cfg.validate_text_t.no_text, args, template); end if args.text:find ("%f[\']\'\'\'\'%f[^\']") or args.text:find ("\'\'\'\'\'[\']+") then -- because we're looking, look for 4 appostrophes or 6+ appostrophes return make_error_msg (cfg.validate_text_t.malformed_markup, args, template); end local style = args.italic; if (cfg.keywords_t.unset ~= style) and (cfg.keywords_t.invert ~=style) then if args.text:find ("%f[\']\'\'%f[^\']") or args.text:find ("%f[\']\'\'\'\'\'%f[^\']") then -- italic but not bold, or bold italic return make_error_msg (cfg.validate_text_t.italic_markup, args, template); end end end --[[--------------------------< R E N D E R _ M A I N T >------------------------------------------------------ Render mainenance messages and categories. ]] local function render_maint (nocat) local maint = {}; if 0 < #maint_msgs then -- when there are maintenance messages table.insert (maint, table.concat ({'<span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">'})); -- opening <span> tag for _, msg in ipairs (maint_msgs) do table.insert (maint, table.concat ({msg, ' '})); -- add message strings end table.insert (maint, '</span>'); -- close the span end if (0 < #maint_cats) and (0 == namespace) and not nocat then -- when there are maintenance categories; article namespace only for _, cat in ipairs (maint_cats) do table.insert (maint, table.concat ({'[[Category:', cat, ']]'})); -- format and add the categories end end return table.concat (maint); end --[[--------------------------< P R O T O _ P R E F I X >------------------------------------------------------ For proto languages, text is prefixed with a splat. We do that here as a flag for make_text_html() so that a splat will be rendered outside of italic markup (if used). If the first character in text here is already a splat, we do nothing. proto_param is boolean or nil; true adds splat prefix regardless of language name; false removes and inhibits regardless of language name; nil does nothing; presumes that the value in text is correct but removes extra splac. ]] local function proto_prefix (text, language_name, proto_param) if false == proto_param then -- when forced by |proto=no return text:gsub ('^%**', ''); -- return text without splat prefix regardless of language name or existing splat prefix in text elseif (language_name:find ('^Proto%-') or (true == proto_param)) then -- language is a proto or forced by |proto=yes return text:gsub ('^%**', '*'); -- prefix proto-language text with a splat; also removes duplicate prefixing splats end return text:gsub ('^%*+', '*'); -- return text unmolested except multiple splats reduced to one splat end --[[--------------------------< H A S _ P O E M _ T A G >------------------------------------------------------ Looks for a poem strip marker in text; returns true when found; false else. Auto-italic detection disabled when text has poem stripmarker because it is not possible for this code to know the content that will replace the stripmarker. ]] local function has_poem_tag (text) return text:find ('\127[^\127]*UNIQ%-%-poem%-[%a%d]+%-QINU[^\127]*\127') and true or false; end --[[--------------------------< H T M L _ T A G _ S E L E C T >------------------------------------------------ Inspects content of and selectively trims text. Returns text and the name of an appropriate HTML tag for text. If text contains: \n\n text has implied <p>..</p> tags - trim leading and trailing whitespace and return If text begins with list markup: \n* unordered \n; definition \n: definition \n# ordered trim all leading whitespace except \n and trim all trailing whitespace If text contains <poem>...</poem> stripmarker, return text unmodified and choose <div>..</div> tags because the stripmarker is replaced with text wrapped in <div>..</div> tags. If the text contains any actual <div>...</div> tags, then it's again returned unmodified and <div>...</div> tags are used to wrap it, to prevent div/span inversion. ]] local function html_tag_select (text) local tag; if has_poem_tag (text) then -- contains poem stripmarker (we can't know the content of that) tag = 'div'; -- poem replacement is in div tags so lang must use div tags elseif text:find ('<div') then -- reductive; if the text contains a div tag, we must use div tags tag = 'div'; elseif mw.text.trim (text):find ('\n\n+') then -- contains implied p tags text = mw.text.trim (text); -- trim leading and trailing whitespace characters tag = 'div'; -- must be div because span may not contain p tags (added later by MediaWiki); poem replacement is in div tags elseif text:find ('\n[%*:;%#]') then -- if text has list markup text = text:gsub ('^[\t\r\f ]*', ''):gsub ('%s*$', ''); -- trim all whitespace except leading newline character '\n' tag = 'div'; -- must be div because span may not contain ul, dd, dl, ol tags (added later by MediaWiki) else text = mw.text.trim (text); -- plain text tag = 'span'; -- so span is fine end return text, tag; end --[[--------------------------< V A L I D A T E _ P R O T O >-------------------------------------------------- Validates value assigned to |proto=; permitted values are yes and no; yes returns as true, no returns as false, empty string (or parameter omitted) returns as nil; any other value returns nil with <proto_param> as second return value for use in error message. ]] local function validate_proto (proto_param) if cfg.keywords_t.affirmative == proto_param then return true; elseif cfg.keywords_t.negative == proto_param then return false; elseif is_set (proto_param) then return nil, proto_param; -- |proto= something other than 'yes' or 'no' else return nil; -- missing or empty end end --[[--------------------------< L A N G U A G E _ N A M E _ G E T >-------------------------------------------- Common function to return language name from the data set according to IETF tag. Returns language name if found in data tables; nil else. ]] local function language_name_get (ietf, code, cat) ietf = ietf:lower(); -- ietf:lower() because format_ietf_tag() returns mixed case local name; -- remains nil if not found if override_table[ietf] then -- look for whole IETF tag in override table name = override_table[ietf]; elseif override_table[code] then -- not there so try basic language tag name = override_table[code]; elseif lang_table[code] then -- shift to IANA active tag/name table name = lang_table[code]; elseif lang_dep_table[code] then -- try the IANA deprecated tag/name table name = lang_dep_table[code]; end if lang_dep_table[code] and cat then -- because deprecated code may have been overridden to en.wiki preferred name table.insert (maint_cats, substitute (cfg.language_name_get_t.deprecated_cat, {code})); table.insert (maint_msgs, substitute (cfg.language_name_get_t.deprecated_msg, {code})); end return name; -- name from data tables or nil end --[[--------------------------< T E X T _ S C R I P T _ M A T C H _ T E S T >---------------------------------- IETF script subtag should match the script of the <text>. This module does not attempt to know all scripts and what they look like. It does know what Latn script looks like so when <text> is written using other than the Latn script, the IETF script subtag, if present, should not be Latn. Conversely, when <text> is written using the Latn script, the IETF script subtag, if present, should be Latn. For the purposes of this test, Latf (Fraktur) and Latg (Gaelic) are considered to be equivalent to Latn because unicode treats these two scripts as font-specific variants of Latn. Returns an error message when mismatch detected; nil else. ]] local function text_script_match_test (script, is_latn_text, pos, char) local scripts_t = {['latf'] = true, ['latg'] = true, ['latn'] = true}; -- unicode 'latn' scripts; 'latf' and 'latg' are font variants so there are no Fraktur or Gaelic codepoints if is_set (script) then -- don't bother with the rest of this if <script> is nil or empty string script = script:lower(); -- lower case to index into <scripts_t> if is_latn_text then -- when text is wholly Latn script if not scripts_t[script] then -- but a non-Latn script is specified return cfg.text_script_match_test_t.latn_txt_mismatch; -- emit an error message end else -- when text is not wholly Latn script if scripts_t[script] then -- but a Latn script is specified return substitute (cfg.text_script_match_test_t.latn_scr_mismatch, {pos, char}); -- emit an error message with position of first offending character end end end end --[[--------------------------< B I N A R Y _ S E A R C H >--------------------------------------------------- conducts a binary search of <ranges_t> for a sub-range that holds <target>. returns boolean true if a sub-range holding <target> is found; boolean false else. ]] local function binary_search (target, ranges_t) local idx_bot = 1; -- initialize to index of first key local idx_top = sizeof_ranges_t; -- initialize to index of last key (number of keys) if (target < ranges_t[idx_bot][1]) or (target > ranges_t[idx_top][2]) then -- invalid; target out of range return; -- abandon end local idx_mid; -- calculated index of range midway between top index and bottom index local flag = false; -- flag to tell us when we've evaluated last (highest) range in <ranges_t> while 1 do idx_mid = math.ceil ((idx_bot + idx_top) / 2); -- get the mid-point in the <ranges_t> sequence if (target >= ranges_t[idx_mid][1]) and (target <= ranges_t[idx_mid][2]) then -- indexed range low value <= target <= indexed range high value return true; -- we found the range that holds the <target> character; return true elseif (target > ranges_t[idx_mid][2]) then -- is <target> > indexed range high value? idx_bot = idx_mid; -- adjust <idx_bot> up else -- here when <target> less than indexed range low value idx_top = idx_mid - 1; -- adjust <idx_top> down end if flag then break; -- here when we just evaluated the last range and <target> not found end if not flag and (idx_bot == idx_top) then -- set true just before we evaluate the last (highest) range in <ranges_t> flag = true; end end end --[[--------------------------< I S _ L A T I N >-------------------------------------------------------------- compare <text> as codepoints to lists of known codepoints accepted as Latn script returns boolean true and modified <text> when <text> is wrapped in accept-as-written markup returns boolean true and <text> when codepoint is known returns boolean false, <text>, non-Latn codepoint position in <text> (left to right), and the codepoint character when codepoint is not known TODO: when text has accept-as-written markup, return a non-boolean value to indicate that <text> is not wholly latn script? Use that return value to create non-Latn HTML lang= attribute because <text> isn't really latn so lang=und (undetermined)? or instead, omit the -Latn subtag? (without -Latn need to force |italic=yes) ]] local function is_latin (text, tag) local count; text, count = text:gsub ('^%(%((.+)%)%)$', '%1'); -- remove accept-as-written markup if present if 0 ~= count then return true, text; -- markup present so assume that <text> is Latn-script end local pos = 0; -- position counter for error messaging for codepoint in mw.ustring.gcodepoint (text) do -- fetch each code point pos = pos + 1; -- bump the position counter if not is_latn_data.singles_t[codepoint] and -- codepoint not found in the singles list? not binary_search (codepoint, is_latn_data.ranges_t) and -- codepoint not a member of a listed range? not (tag and is_latn_data.specials_t[codepoint] and is_latn_data.specials_t[codepoint][tag]) then -- not a language-specific codepoint? return false, text, pos, mw.ustring.char (codepoint); -- codepoint not known; return false with codepoint position and character representation end end return true, text; -- is known; return <text> end --[[--------------------------< _ L A N G >-------------------------------------------------------------------- Entry point for {{lang}}. There should be no reason to set parameters in the {{lang}} {{#invoke:}} <includeonly>{{#invoke:lang|lang}}</includeonly> Parameters are received from the template's frame (parent frame). ]] local function _lang (args) local out = {}; local language_name; -- used to make category names local category_name; -- same as language_name except that it retains any parenthetical disambiguators (if any) from the data set local subtags = {}; -- IETF subtags script, region, variant, and private local code; -- the language code local msg; -- for error messages local tag = 'span'; -- initial value for make_text_html() local template = args.template or cfg.templates_t.lang; maint_cats = {}; -- initialize because when this module required into another module, these only declared once so only initialzed once maint_msgs = {}; validate_cat_args (args); -- determine if categorization should be suppressed if args[1] and args.code then return make_error_msg (substitute (cfg.lang_t.conflict_n_param, {'1', cfg.lang_t.conflict_n_param_types.code}), args, template); else args.code = args[1] or args.code; -- prefer args.code end if args[2] and args.text then return make_error_msg (substitute (cfg.lang_t.conflict_n_param, {'2', cfg.lang_t.conflict_n_param_types.text}), args, template); else args.text = args[2] or args.text; -- prefer args.text end msg = validate_text (template, args); -- ensure that |text= is set if is_set (msg) then -- msg is an already-formatted error message return msg; end args.text, tag = html_tag_select (args.text); -- inspects text; returns appropriate HTML tag with text trimmed accordingly args.rtl = args.rtl == cfg.keywords_t.affirmative; -- convert to boolean: 'yes' -> true, other values -> false args.proto, msg = validate_proto (args.proto); -- return boolean, or nil, or nil and error message flag if msg then return make_error_msg (substitute (cfg.lang_t.invalid_proto, {msg}), args, template); end code, subtags.script, subtags.region, subtags.variant, subtags.private, msg = get_ietf_parts (args.code); -- |script=, |region=, |variant= not supported because they should be part of args.code ({{{1}}} in {{lang}}) if msg then return make_error_msg (msg, args, template); end local is_latn_text, pos, char; is_latn_text, args.text, pos, char= is_latin (args.text, code); -- make a boolean msg = text_script_match_test (subtags.script, is_latn_text, pos, char) if msg then -- if an error detected then there is an error message return make_error_msg (msg, args, template); end args.italic, msg = validate_italic (args); if msg then return make_error_msg (msg, args, template); end if nil == args.italic then -- nil when |italic= absent or not set or |italic=default; args.italic controls if ('latn' == subtags.script) or -- script is latn (this_wiki_lang_tag ~= code and not is_set (subtags.script) and not has_poem_tag (args.text) and is_latn_text) then -- text not this wiki's language, no script specified and not in poem markup but is wholly latn script (auto-italics) args.italic = 'italic'; -- DEFAULT for {{lang}} templates is upright; but if latn script set for font-style:italic else args.italic = 'inherit'; -- italic not set; script not latn; inherit current style end end if is_set (subtags.script) then -- if script set, override rtl setting if in_array (subtags.script, lang_data.rtl_scripts) then args.rtl = true; -- script is an rtl script else args.rtl = false; -- script is not an rtl script end end args.code = format_ietf_tag (code, subtags.script, subtags.region, subtags.variant, subtags.private); -- format to recommended subtag styles language_name = language_name_get (args.code, code, true); -- get language name; try IETF tag first, then code w/o variant then code w/ variant if cfg.keywords_t.invert == args.italic and 'span' == tag then -- invert only supported for in-line content args.text = invert_italics (args.text) end args.text = proto_prefix (args.text, language_name, args.proto); -- prefix proto-language text with a splat table.insert (out, make_text_html (args.code, args.text, tag, args.rtl, args.italic, args.size, language_name)); table.insert (out, make_category (code, language_name, args.nocat)); table.insert (out, render_maint (args.nocat)); -- maintenance messages and categories return table.concat (out); -- put it all together and done end --[[--------------------------< L A N G >---------------------------------------------------------------------- Entry point for {{lang}}. There should be no reason to set parameters in the {{lang}} {{#invoke:}} <includeonly>{{#invoke:lang|lang}}</includeonly> Parameters are received from the template's frame (parent frame). ]] local function lang (frame) local args_t = getArgs (frame, { -- this code so that we can detect and handle wiki list markup in text valueFunc = function (key, value) if 2 == key or 'text' == key then -- the 'text' parameter; do not trim wite space return value; -- return untrimmed 'text' elseif value then -- all other values: if the value is not nil value = mw.text.trim (value); -- trim whitespace if '' ~= value then -- empty string when value was only whitespace return value; end end return nil; -- value was empty or contained only whitespace end -- end of valueFunc }); args_t.fn = nil; -- unset because not supported but this function might have been called by {{lang|fn=lang|...}} local msg = parameter_validate (args_t, cfg.templates_t.lang); -- verify that all supplied parameters are supported by {{lang-??}} if msg then return make_error_msg (msg, args_t, cfg.templates_t.lang); -- when template has unsupported params, abandon with error message end return _lang (args_t); end --[[--------------------------< T R A N S L A T I O N _ M A K E >---------------------------------------------- Stand-alone function to create literal translation of main text. Also used by {{lang-x2}}. ]] local function translation_make (args_t) local translation_t = {', '}; -- initialize output if 'none' ~= args_t.label then -- if we want a label table.insert (translation_t, '<small>'); -- open the <small> HTML tag if cfg.keywords_t.negative == args_t.link then table.insert (translation_t, substitute ('<abbr title="$1">$2</abbr>', {cfg.translation_make_t.lit_xlation, cfg.translation_make_t.lit_abbr})); -- unlinked form else table.insert (translation_t, make_wikilink (cfg.translation_make_t.lit_xlation, cfg.translation_make_t.lit_abbr)); -- linked form end table.insert (translation_t, "&thinsp;</small>"); -- close the <small> HTML tag end table.insert (translation_t, table.concat ({ -- user styling spans match spand from {{gloss}} '<span class="gloss-quot">\'</span>', -- user styling span for quote marks; use HTML entities to avoid wiki markup confusion '<span class="gloss-text">', -- open user styling span for the translation args_t.translation, -- the translation '</span>', -- close user styling span for the translation '<span class="gloss-quot">\'</span>' -- user styling span for quote marks })); return table.concat (translation_t); -- make a big string and done end --[[--------------------------< _ L A N G _ X X >-------------------------------------------------------------- For the {{lang-??}} templates, the only parameter required to be set in the template is the language code. All other parameters can, usually should, be written in the template call. For {{lang-??}} templates for languages that can have multiple writing systems, it may be appropriate to set |script= as well. For each {{lang-??}} template choose the appropriate entry-point function so that this function knows the default styling that should be applied to text. For normal, upright style: <includeonly>{{#invoke:lang|lang_xx_inherit|code=xx}}</includeonly> For italic style: <includeonly>{{#invoke:lang|lang_xx_italic|code=xx}}</includeonly> All other parameters should be received from the template's frame (parent frame) Supported parameters are: |code = (required) the IANA language code |script = IANA script code; especially for use with languages that use multiple writing systems |region = IANA region code |variant = IANA variant code |text = (required) the displayed text in language specified by code |link = boolean false ('no') does not link code-spcified language name to associated language article |rtl = boolean true ('yes') identifies the language specified by code as a right-to-left language |nocat = boolean true ('yes') inhibits normal categorization; error categories are not affected |cat = boolian false ('no') opposite form of |nocat= |italic = boolean true ('yes') renders displayed text in italic font; boolean false ('no') renders displayed text in normal font; not set renders according to initial_style_state |lit = text that is a literal translation of text |label = 'none' to suppress all labeling (language name, 'translit.', 'lit.') any other text replaces language-name label - automatic wikilinking disabled for those {{lang-??}} templates that support transliteration (those templates where |text= is not entirely latn script): |translit = text that is a transliteration of text |translit-std = the standard that applies to the transliteration |translit-script = ISO 15924 script name; falls back to code For {{lang-??}}, the positional parameters are: {{{1}}} text {{{2}}} transliterated text {{{3}}} literal translation text no other positional parameters are allowed ]] local function _lang_xx (args, base_template) -- base_template will be either of 'langx' or 'lang-xx' local out = {}; local language_name; -- used to make display text, article links local category_name; -- same as language_name except that it retains any parenthetical disambiguators (if any) from the data set local subtags = {}; -- IETF subtags script, region, and variant local code; -- the language code local translit_script_name; -- name associated with IANA (ISO 15924) script code local translit; local msg; -- for error messages local tag = 'span'; -- initial value for make_text_html() local template = args.template or base_template; maint_cats = {}; -- initialize because when this module required into another module, these only declared once so only initialzed once maint_msgs = {}; local text_idx = (cfg.templates_t.langx == base_template) and 2 or 1; -- for {{langx}} 'text' positional parameter is '2' local translit_idx = (cfg.templates_t.langx == base_template) and 3 or 2; local xlate_idx = (cfg.templates_t.langx == base_template) and 4 or 3; if args[text_idx] and args.text then return make_error_msg (substitute (cfg.lang_t.conflict_n_param, {text_idx, cfg.lang_t.conflict_n_param_types.text}), args, template); else args.text = args[text_idx] or args.text; -- prefer positional 'text' parameter end msg = validate_text (template, args); -- ensure that |text= is set, does not contain italic markup and is protected from improper bolding if is_set (msg) then return msg; end args.text, tag = html_tag_select (args.text); -- inspects text; returns appropriate HTML tag with text trimmed accordingly if args[translit_idx] and args.translit then return make_error_msg (substitute (cfg.lang_t.conflict_n_param, {translit_idx, cfg.lang_t.conflict_n_param_types.translit}), args, template); else args.translit = args[translit_idx] or args.translit -- prefer positional 'translit' parameter end args.engvar = cfg.engvar_sel_t[args.engvar] or cfg.default_engvar; -- |engvar= when valid; cfg.default_engvar else if args[xlate_idx] and (args.translation or args.lit) then return make_error_msg (substitute (cfg.lang_xx_t.conflict_n_lit, {xlate_idx}), args, template); elseif args.translation and args.lit then return make_error_msg (cfg.lang_xx_t.conflict_lit, args, template); else args.translation = args[xlate_idx] or args.translation or args.lit; -- prefer positional 'translation' parameter end if args.links and args.link then return make_error_msg (cfg.lang_xx_t.conflict_link, args, template); else args.link = args.link or args.links; -- prefer args.link end validate_cat_args (args); -- determine if categorization should be suppressed args.rtl = args.rtl == cfg.keywords_t.affirmative; -- convert to boolean: 'yes' -> true, other values -> false code, subtags.script, subtags.region, subtags.variant, subtags.private, msg = get_ietf_parts (args.code, args.script, args.region, args.variant); -- private omitted because private if msg then -- if an error detected then there is an error message return make_error_msg (msg, args, template); end if args.translit then local latn, pos, char; latn, args.translit, pos, char = is_latin (args.translit, (('' ~= subtags.private) and (code .. '-x-' .. subtags.private)) or code); if not latn then return make_error_msg (substitute (cfg.lang_xx_t.translit_nonlatn, {pos, char}), args, template); end end local is_latn_text, text, pos, char = is_latin (args.text, code); -- make a boolean args.text = text; -- may have been modified (accept-as-written markup removed) msg = text_script_match_test (subtags.script, is_latn_text, pos, char) if msg then -- if an error detected then there is an error message return make_error_msg (msg, args, template); end args.italic, msg = validate_italic (args); if msg then return make_error_msg (msg, args, template); end if cfg.templates_t.langx == base_template then -- auto-italics for {{langx}} templates; adapted from {{lang}} (no support for poem tag) if nil == args.italic then -- nil when |italic= absent or not set or |italic=default; args.italic controls if ('latn' == subtags.script) or -- script is latn (this_wiki_lang_tag ~= code and not is_set (subtags.script) and is_latn_text) then -- text is not this wiki's language, no script specified and is wholly latn script (auto-italics) args.italic = 'italic'; -- set font-style:italic else args.italic = 'inherit'; -- italic not set; script not latn; inherit current style end end else -- {{lang-xx}} does not do auto italics; retained for those wikis that don't support {{langx}} if nil == args.italic then -- args.italic controls if is_set (subtags.script) then if 'latn' == subtags.script then args.italic = 'italic'; -- |script=Latn; set for font-style:italic else args.italic = initial_style_state; -- italic not set; script is not latn; set for font-style:<initial_style_state> end else args.italic = initial_style_state; -- here when |italic= and |script= not set; set for font-style:<initial_style_state> end end end if is_set (subtags.script) then -- if script set override rtl setting if in_array (subtags.script, lang_data.rtl_scripts) then args.rtl = true; -- script is an rtl script else args.rtl = false; -- script is not an rtl script end end args.proto, msg = validate_proto (args.proto); -- return boolean, or nil, or nil and error message flag if msg then return make_error_msg (substitute (cfg.lang_t.invalid_proto, {args.proto}), args, template); end args.code = format_ietf_tag (code, subtags.script, subtags.region, subtags.variant, subtags.private); -- format to recommended subtag styles language_name = language_name_get (args.code, code, true); -- get language name; try IETF tag first, then code w/o variant then code w/ variant category_name = language_name; -- category names retain IANA parenthetical diambiguators (if any) language_name = language_name:gsub ('%s+%b()', ''); -- remove IANA parenthetical disambiguators or qualifiers from names that have them if args.label then if 'none' ~= args.label then table.insert (out, table.concat ({args.label, ': '})); -- custom label end else if cfg.keywords_t.negative == args.link then table.insert (out, language_name); -- language name without wikilink else if mw.ustring.find (language_name, 'languages', 1, true) then table.insert (out, make_wikilink (language_name)); -- collective language name uses simple wikilink elseif lang_data.article_name[args.code:lower()] then -- is IETF tag in article name over ride? table.insert (out, make_wikilink (lang_data.article_name[args.code:lower()], language_name)); -- language name with wikilink from override data elseif lang_data.article_name[code] then -- is language tag in article override table.insert (out, make_wikilink (lang_data.article_name[code], language_name)); -- language name with wikilink from override data else table.insert (out, make_wikilink (substitute ('$1 $2', {language_name, cfg.misc_text_t.language}), language_name)); -- language name with wikilink end end table.insert (out, ': '); -- separator end if cfg.keywords_t.invert == args.italic then args.text = invert_italics (args.text) end args.text = proto_prefix (args.text, language_name, args.proto); -- prefix proto-language text with a splat table.insert (out, make_text_html (args.code, args.text, tag, args.rtl, args.italic, args.size, ('none' == args.label) and language_name or nil)) if is_set (args.translit) and not is_latn_text then -- transliteration; not supported when args.text is wholly latn text (this is an imperfect test) table.insert (out, ', '); -- comma to separate text from translit if 'none' ~= args.label then table.insert (out, '<small>'); if script_table[args['translit-script']] then -- when |translit-script= is set, try to use the script's name translit_script_name = script_table[args['translit-script']]; else translit_script_name = language_name; -- fall back on language name end local translit_title_obj = mw.title.makeTitle (0, substitute ('$1 $2',{cfg.lang_xx_t.romanization, translit_script_name})); -- make a title object; no engvar, article titles use US spelling if translit_title_obj.exists and (cfg.keywords_t.negative ~= args.link) then table.insert (out, make_wikilink (substitute ('$1 $2', {cfg.lang_xx_t.romanization, translit_script_name or language_name}), substitute ('$1', {cfg.engvar_t[args.engvar]['romanisz_pt']})) .. ':'); -- make a wikilink if there is an article to link to; engvar the display text else table.insert (out, substitute ('$1:', {cfg.engvar_t[args.engvar]['romanisz_pt']})); -- else plain text per engvar end table.insert (out, '&nbsp;</small>'); -- close the small tag end translit = make_translit (args.code, language_name, args.translit, args['translit-std'], args['translit-script'], nil, args.engvar) if is_set (translit) then table.insert (out, translit); else return make_error_msg (substitute ('$1: $2', {cfg.lang_xx_t.invalid_xlit_std, args['translit-std'] or '[missing]'}), args, template); end elseif is_set (args.translit) and is_latn_text then -- when creating a transliteration of Latn script <text> return make_error_msg (cfg.lang_xx_t.xlit_of_latn, args, template); -- emit error message and abandon end if is_set (args.translation) then -- translation (not supported in {{lang}}) table.insert (out, translation_make (args)); end table.insert (out, make_category (code, category_name, args.nocat)); table.insert (out, render_maint(args.nocat)); -- maintenance messages and categories return table.concat (out); -- put it all together and done end --[[--------------------------< L A N G _ X X _ A R G S _ G E T >---------------------------------------------- Common function to get args table from {{lang-??}} templates. Returns table of args. Text positional parameters are not trimmed here but are selectively trimmed at html_tag_select(). ]] local function lang_xx_args_get (frame, base_template) local args_t = getArgs(frame, { parentFirst= true, -- parameters in the template override parameters set in the {{#invoke:}} valueFunc = function (key, value) if ((cfg.templates_t.langx == base_template) and 2 or 1) == key then -- the 'text' positional parameter; 1 for {{lang-??}}, 2 for {{langx}}; do not trim wite space return value; -- return untrimmed 'text' positional parameter elseif value then -- all other values: if the value is not nil value = mw.text.trim (value); -- trim whitespace if '' ~= value then -- empty string when value was only whitespace return value; end end return nil; -- value was empty or contained only whitespace end -- end of valueFunc }); return args_t; end --[[--------------------------< L A N G _ X X _ I T A L I C >-------------------------------------------------- Entry point for those {{lang-??}} templates that call lang_xx_italic(). Sets the initial style state to italic. ]] local function lang_xx_italic (frame) local args = lang_xx_args_get (frame, cfg.templates_t.langxx); args.fn = nil; -- unset because not supported but this function might have been called by {{lang|fn=lang_xx_italic|...}} local msg = parameter_validate (args, cfg.templates_t.langxx); -- verify that all supplied parameters are supported by {{lang-??}} if msg then return make_error_msg (msg, args, cfg.templates_t.langxx); -- when template has unsupported params, abandon with error message end initial_style_state = 'italic'; return _lang_xx (args, cfg.templates_t.langxx) .. '[[Category:Pages using Lang-xx templates]]'; -- temporary category end --[[--------------------------< _ L A N G _ X X _ I T A L I C >------------------------------------------------ Entry point from another module. Sets the initial style state to italic. ]] local function _lang_xx_italic (args) initial_style_state = 'italic'; return _lang_xx (args, cfg.templates_t.langxx); end --[[--------------------------< L A N G _ X X _ I N H E R I T >------------------------------------------------ Entry point for those {{lang-??}} templates that call lang_xx_inherit(). Sets the initial style state to inherit. ]] local function lang_xx_inherit (frame) local args = lang_xx_args_get (frame, cfg.templates_t.langxx); args.fn = nil; -- unset because not supported but this function might have been called by {{lang|fn=lang_xx_inherit|...}} local msg = parameter_validate (args, cfg.templates_t.langxx); -- verify that all supplied parameters are supported by {{lang-??}} if msg then return make_error_msg (msg, args, cfg.templates_t.langxx); -- when template has unsupported params, abandon with error message end initial_style_state = 'inherit'; return _lang_xx (args, cfg.templates_t.langxx) .. '[[Category:Pages using Lang-xx templates]]'; -- temporary category end --[[--------------------------< _ L A N G _ X X _ I N H E R I T >---------------------------------------------- Entry point from another module. Sets the initial style state to inherit. ]] local function _lang_xx_inherit (args) initial_style_state = 'inherit'; return _lang_xx (args, cfg.templates_t.langxx); end --[[--------------------------< _ L A N G X >------------------------------------------------------------------ Entry point from another module. ]] local function _langx (args_t) local langx_data = mw.loadData ('Module:Lang/langx'); -- get necessary data local rtl_t = langx_data.rtl_t; -- get list of language tags for languages that are rendered right-to-left local link_t = langx_data.link_t; -- get list of language tags for {{lang-??}} templates that set |link=<something> local size_t = langx_data.size_t; -- get list of language tags for {{lang-??}} templates that set |size=<something> local msg = parameter_validate (args_t, cfg.templates_t.langx); if msg then return make_error_msg (msg, args_t, cfg.templates_t.langx); end args_t.code = args_t[1] or args_t.code; -- get the language tag; must be {{{1}}} or |code= if not args_t.code then return make_error_msg (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.missing_lang_tag, args_t, cfg.templates_t.langx); end args_t.rtl = args_t.rtl or (rtl_t[args_t.code] and cfg.keywords_t.affirmative); -- prefer |rtl= in template call, use rtl_t else args_t.link = args_t.link or link_t[args_t.code]; -- prefer |link= in template call, use link_t felse args_t.size = args_t.size or size_t[args_t.code]; -- prefer |size= in template call, use size_t else args_t[1] = nil; -- unset to mimic {{lang-??}} templates which set |code=xx local lang_subtag = args_t.code; -- use only the base language subtag for unsupported tag test; some args_t.code are modified by |script= etc return _lang_xx (args_t, cfg.templates_t.langx); end --[[--------------------------< L A N G X >-------------------------------------------------------------------- Entry point for {{langx}}. this function calls _lang_xx() to render non-English text. The {{lang-??}} templates have three positional paramters but {{langx}} has four: | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 {{lang-xx |<text> |<xlit> |<xlat> }} {{langx |<tag> |<text> |<xlit> |<xlat> }} The calls to lang_xx_args_get() and _lang_xx() use 'langx' as a flag for those functions to select the proper positional parameters. {{lang-??}} depends on the calling template to select 'inherit' or 'italic' to establish the default rendering. {{langx}} can't do that. The initial version of {{langx}} relied on a list of language tags (inherit_t in ~/langx) scraped from those {{lang-??}} templates that call lang_xx_inherit() to render text in upright font. langx() now uses auto-italics code adapted from {{lang}} (doesn't support poem tags). ]] local function langx (frame) local args_t = lang_xx_args_get (frame, cfg.templates_t.langx); -- get the arguments; 'langx' is the <base_template> used to decide which positional param is 'text', 'translit', 'lit' return _langx (args_t); end --[[--------------------------< _ I S _ I E T F _ T A G >------------------------------------------------------ Returns true when a language name associated with IETF language tag exists; nil else. IETF language tag must be valid. All code combinations supported by {{lang}} and the {{lang-??}} templates are supported by this function. Module entry point from another module. ]] local function _is_ietf_tag (tag) -- entry point when this module is require()d into another local c, s, r, v, p, err; -- code, script, region, variant, private, error message c, s, r, v, p, err = get_ietf_parts (tag); -- disassemble tag into constituent part and validate return ((c and not err) and true) or nil; -- return true when code portion has a value without error message; nil else end --[[--------------------------< I S _ I E T F _ T A G >-------------------------------------------------------- Module entry point from an {{#invoke:}}. ]] local function is_ietf_tag (frame) return _is_ietf_tag (getArgs (frame)[1]); -- args[1] is the IETF language tag to be tested; also get parent frame end --[[--------------------------< I S _ I E T F _ T A G _ F R A M E >-------------------------------------------- Module entry point from an {{#invoke:}}; same as is_ietf_tag() except does not get parameters from the parent (template) frame. This function not useful when called by {{lang|fn=is_ietf_tag_frame|<tag>}} because <tag> is in the parent frame. ]] local function is_ietf_tag_frame (frame) return _is_ietf_tag (getArgs (frame, {frameOnly = true,})[1]); -- args[1] is the IETF language tag to be tested; do not get parent frame end --[[--------------------------< _ N A M E _ F R O M _ T A G >-------------------------------------------------- Returns language name associated with IETF language tag if valid; error message else. All code combinations supported by {{lang}} and the {{lang-??}} templates are supported by this function. Set invoke's |link= parameter to yes to get wikilinked version of the language name. Module entry point from another module. ]] local function _name_from_tag (args) local subtags = {}; -- IETF subtags script, region, variant, and private local raw_code = args[1]; -- save a copy of the input IETF subtag local link = cfg.keywords_t.affirmative == args['link']; -- make a boolean local label = args.label; local code; -- the language code local msg; -- gets an error message if IETF language tag is malformed or invalid local language_name = ''; code, subtags.script, subtags.region, subtags.variant, subtags.private, msg = get_ietf_parts (raw_code); if msg then local template = (args['template'] and table.concat ({'{{', args['template'], '}}: '})) or ''; -- make template name (if provided by the template) return make_error_span (template, msg); end raw_code = format_ietf_tag (code, subtags.script, subtags.region, subtags.variant, subtags.private); -- format to recommended subtag styles; private omitted because private language_name = language_name_get (raw_code, code); -- get language name; try IETF tag first, then code w/o variant then code w/ variant if 'yes' ~= args.raw then language_name = language_name:gsub ('%s+%b()', ''); -- remove IANA parenthetical disambiguators or qualifiers from names that have them end if link then -- when |link=yes, wikilink the language name if mw.ustring.find (language_name, 'languages', 1, true) then language_name = make_wikilink (language_name, label); -- collective language name uses simple wikilink elseif lang_data.article_name[raw_code:lower()] then -- is IETF tag in article name override? language_name = make_wikilink (lang_data.article_name[raw_code:lower()], label or language_name); -- language name with wikilink from override data elseif lang_data.article_name[code] then -- is language tag in article name override? language_name = make_wikilink (lang_data.article_name[code], label or language_name); -- language name with wikilink from override data else language_name = make_wikilink (substitute ('$1 $2', {language_name, cfg.misc_text_t.language}), label or language_name); -- language name with wikilink end end return language_name; end --[[--------------------------< N A M E _ F R O M _ T A G >---------------------------------------------------- Module entry point from an {{#invoke:}}. ]] local function name_from_tag (frame) -- entry point from an {{#invoke:lang|name_from_tag|<IETF tag>|link=<yes>|template=<template name>}} return _name_from_tag (getArgs(frame)) -- pass-on the args table, nothing else; getArgs() so we also get parent frame end --[[--------------------------< _ T A G _ F R O M _ N A M E >-------------------------------------------------- Returns the IETF language tag associated with the language name. Spelling of language name must be correct according to the spelling in the source tables. When a standard language name has a parenthetical disambiguator, that disambiguator must be omitted (they are not present in the data name-to-tag tables). Module entry point from another module. ]] local function _tag_from_name (args) -- entry point from another module local msg; if args[1] and '' ~= args[1] then local data = mw.loadData ('Module:Lang/tag from name'); -- get the reversed data tables TODO: change when going live local lang = args[1]:lower(); -- allow any-case for the language name (speeling must till be correct) local tag = data.rev_override_table[lang] or data.rev_lang_table[lang] or data.rev_lang_dep_table[lang]; -- get the code; look first in the override then in the standard if tag then return tag, true; -- language name found so return tag and done; second return used by is_lang_name() else msg = substitute (cfg.tag_from_name_t.lang_not_found, {args[1]}); -- language name not found, error message end else msg = cfg.tag_from_name_t.missing_lang_name; -- language name not found, error message end local template = ''; if args.template and '' ~= args.template then template = table.concat ({'{{', args['template'], '}}: '}); -- make template name (if provided by the template) end return make_error_span (template, msg); end --[[--------------------------< T A G _ F R O M _ N A M E >---------------------------------------------------- Module entry point from an {{#invoke:}}. ]] local function tag_from_name (frame) -- entry point from an {{#invoke:lang|tag_from_name|<language name>|link=<yes>|template=<template name>}} local result, _ = _tag_from_name (getArgs(frame)) -- pass-on the args table, nothing else; getArgs() so we also get parent frame; supress second return used by is_lang_name() return result; end --[[--------------------------< I S _ L A N G _ N A M E >------------------------------------------------------ Module entry point from an {{#invoke:}}. ]] local function is_lang_name (frame) local _, result = _tag_from_name (getArgs(frame)) -- pass-on the args table, nothing else; getArgs() so we also get parent frame; supress second return used by tag_from_name() return result and true or nil; end --[[--------------------------< _ X L I T >-------------------------------------------------------------------- Module entry point from another module. ]] local function _xlit (args) local title_table = lang_data.translit_title_table; -- table of transliteration standards and the language codes and scripts that apply to those standards local language_name; -- language name that matches language code; used for tool tip local translit; -- transliterated text to display local script; -- IANA script local msg; -- for when called functions return an error message local template = args.template or cfg.templates_t.transliteration; maint_cats = {}; -- initialize because when this module required into another module, these only declared once so only initialzed once maint_msgs = {}; if is_set (args[3]) then -- [3] set when {{transliteration|code|standard|text}} args.text = args[3]; -- get the transliterated text args.translit_std = args[2] and args[2]:lower(); -- get the standard; lower case for table indexing if not title_table[args.translit_std] then return make_error_msg (substitute (cfg.transl_t.unrecog_xlit_std, {args.translit_std}), args, template); end else if is_set (args[2]) then -- [2] set when {{transliteration|code|text}} args.text = args[2]; -- get the transliterated text else if args[1] and (args[1]:match ('^%a%a%a?%a?$') or -- args[2] missing; is args[1] a language or script tag or is it the transliterated text? args[1]:match ('^%a%a%a?%-x%-')) then -- or is args[1] a private-use tag return make_error_msg (cfg.transl_t.no_text, args, template); -- args[1] is a code so we're missing text else args.text = args[1]; -- args[1] is not a code so we're missing that; assign args.text for error message return make_error_msg (cfg.transl_t.missing_lang_scr, args, template); end end end if is_set (args[1]) then -- IANA language code used for HTML lang= attribute; or ISO 15924 script code if args[1]:match ('^%a%a%a?%a?$') or args[1]:match ('^%a%a%a?%-x%-') then -- args[1] has correct form? args.code = args[1]:lower(); -- use the language/script code; only (2, 3, or 4 alpha characters) or private-use; lower case because table indexes are lower case else return make_error_msg (substitute (cfg.transl_t.unrecog_lang_scr, {args[1]}), args, template); -- invalid language / script code end else return make_error_msg (cfg.transl_t.missing_lang_scr, args, template); -- missing language / script code so quit end local is_latn_text, pos, char; is_latn_text, args.text, pos, char= is_latin (args.text, args.code); -- is latn text? strip accept-as-written markup if not is_latn_text then -- when text is not latn return make_error_msg (substitute (cfg.lang_xx_t.translit_nonlatn, {pos, char}), args, template); -- abandon with error message end args.italic, msg = validate_italic (args); if msg then return make_error_msg (msg, args, template); end if 'italic' == args.italic then -- 'italic' when |italic=yes; because that is same as absent or not set and |italic=default args.italic = nil; -- set to nil; end args.engvar = cfg.engvar_sel_t[args.engvar] or cfg.default_engvar; -- |engvar= when valid; cfg.default_engvar else if override_table[args.code] then -- is code a language code defined in the override table? language_name = override_table[args.code]; args.code = args.code:match ('^%a%a%a?'); -- if private use, strip all but language subtag elseif lang_table[args.code] then -- is code a language code defined in the standard language code tables? language_name = lang_table[args.code]; elseif lang_dep_table[args.code] then -- is code a language code defined in the deprecated language code tables? language_name = lang_dep_table[args.code]; elseif script_table[args.code] then -- if here, code is not a language code; is it a script code? language_name = script_table[args.code]; script = args.code; -- code was an ISO 15924 script so use that instead args.code = ''; -- unset because not a language code else return make_error_msg (substitute (cfg.transl_t.unrecog_lang_scr, {args.code}), args, template); -- invalid language / script code end -- here only when all parameters passed to make_translit() are valid return make_translit (args.code, language_name, args.text, args.translit_std, script, args.italic, args.engvar); end --[[--------------------------< X L I T >---------------------------------------------------------------------- Module entry point from an {{#invoke:}}. ]] local function xlit (frame) return _xlit (getArgs(frame)); end --[[--------------------------< C A T E G O R Y _ F R O M _ T A G >-------------------------------------------- Returns category name associated with IETF language tag if valid; error message else. All code combinations supported by {{lang}} and the {{lang-??}} templates are supported by this function. Module entry point from another module. ]] local function _category_from_tag (args_t) local subtags = {}; -- IETF subtags script, region, variant, and private local raw_code = args_t[1]; -- save a copy of the input IETF subtag local link = cfg.keywords_t.affirmative == args_t.link; -- make a boolean local label = args_t.label; local code; -- the language code local msg; -- gets an error message if IETF language tag is malformed or invalid local category_name = ''; code, subtags.script, subtags.region, subtags.variant, subtags.private, msg = get_ietf_parts (raw_code); if msg then local template = (args_t.template and table.concat ({'{{', args_t.template, '}}: '})) or ''; -- make template name (if provided by the template) return make_error_span (template, msg); end raw_code = format_ietf_tag (code, subtags.script, subtags.region, subtags.variant, subtags.private); -- format to recommended subtag styles; private omitted because private category_name = language_name_get (raw_code, code); -- get language name; try IETF tag first, then code w/o variant then code w/ variant category_name = make_category (code, category_name, nil, true):gsub ('[%[%]]', ''); if link then return table.concat ({'[[:', category_name, ']]'}); else return category_name; end end --[[--------------------------< C A T E G O R Y _ F R O M _ T A G >-------------------------------------------- Module entry point from an {{#invoke:}}. ]] local function category_from_tag (frame) -- entry point from an {{#invoke:lang|category_from_tag|<IETF tag>|template=<template name>}} return _category_from_tag (getArgs (frame)); -- pass-on the args table, nothing else; getArgs() so we also get parent frame end --[[--------------------------< E X P O R T E D F U N C T I O N S >------------------------------------------ ]] return { category_from_tag = category_from_tag, -- frame entry points when this module is #invoke:ed into templates/wikitext lang = lang, -- entry point for {{lang}} langx = langx, -- entry point for {{langx}} lang_xx_inherit = lang_xx_inherit, -- entry points for {{lang-??}} lang_xx_italic = lang_xx_italic, is_ietf_tag = is_ietf_tag, is_ietf_tag_frame = is_ietf_tag_frame, is_lang_name = is_lang_name, tag_from_name = tag_from_name, -- returns IETF tag associated with language name name_from_tag = name_from_tag, -- used for template documentation; possible use in ISO 639 name from code templates xlit = xlit, -- entry point for {{transliteration}} _category_from_tag = _category_from_tag, -- API entry points when this module is require()d into other modules _lang = _lang, _langx = _langx, _lang_xx_inherit = _lang_xx_inherit, _lang_xx_italic = _lang_xx_italic, _is_ietf_tag = _is_ietf_tag, get_ietf_parts = get_ietf_parts, _tag_from_name = _tag_from_name, _name_from_tag = _name_from_tag, _xlit = _xlit, _translation_make = translation_make, }; 4lchs3y6tbwcup48cwp3ayuhrxmusvw 828 98393 1374607 1321419 2026-05-03T21:40:57Z en>Trappist the monk 0 +crb; 1374607 Scribunto text/plain local lang_obj = mw.language.getContentLanguage(); local this_wiki_lang_tag = lang_obj.code; -- get this wiki's language tag --[[--------------------------< L A N G _ N A M E _ T A B L E >------------------------------------------------ primary table of tables that decode: lang -> language tags and names script -> ISO 15924 script tags region -> ISO 3166 region tags variant -> IANA registered variant tags suppressed -> map of scripts tags and their associated language tags all of these data come from separate modules that are derived from the IANA language-subtag-registry file key_to_lower() avoids the metatable trap and sets all keys in the subtables to lowercase. Many language codes have multiple associated names; Module:lang is only concerned with the first name so key_to_lower() only fetches the first name. ]] local function key_to_lower (module, src_type) local out = {}; local source_t = (('var_sup' == src_type) and require (module)) or mw.loadData (module); -- fetch data from this module; require() avoids metatable trap for variant data if 'var_sup' == src_type then for k, v in pairs (source_t) do out[k:lower()] = v; -- for variant and suppressed everything is needed end elseif 'lang' == src_type and source_t.active then -- for ~/iana_languages (active) for k, v in pairs (source_t.active) do out[k:lower()] = v[1]; -- ignore multiple names; take first name only end elseif 'lang_dep' == src_type and source_t.deprecated then -- for ~/iana_languages (deprecated) for k, v in pairs (source_t.deprecated) do out[k:lower()] = v[1]; -- ignore multiple names; take first name only end else -- here for all other sources for k, v in pairs (source_t) do out[k:lower()] = v[1]; -- ignore multiple names; take first name only end end return out; end local lang_name_table_t = { lang = key_to_lower ('Module:Lang/data/iana languages', 'lang'), lang_dep = key_to_lower ('Module:Lang/data/iana languages', 'lang_dep'), script = key_to_lower ('Module:Lang/data/iana scripts'), -- script keys are capitalized; set to lower region = key_to_lower ('Module:Lang/data/iana regions'), -- region keys are uppercase; set to lower variant = key_to_lower ('Module:Lang/data/iana variants', 'var_sup'), suppressed = key_to_lower ('Module:Lang/data/iana suppressed scripts', 'var_sup'), -- script keys are capitalized; set to lower } --[[--------------------------< I 1 8 N M E D I A W I K I O V E R R I D E >-------------------------------- For internationalization; not used at en.wiki The language names taken from the IANA language-subtag-registry file are given in English. That may not be ideal. Translating ~8,000 language names is also not ideal. MediaWiki maintains (much) shorter lists of language names in most languages for which there is a Wikipedia edition. When desired, Module:Lang can use the MediaWiki language list for the local language. Caveat lector: the list of MediaWiki language names for your language may not be complete or may not exist at all. When incomplete, MediaWiki's list will 'fall back' to another language (typically English). When that happens add an appropriate entry to the override table below. Caveat lector: the list of MediaWiki language names for your language may not be correct. At en.wiki, the MediaWiki language names do not agree with the IANA language names for these ISO 639-1 tags. Often it is simply spelling differences: bh: IANA: Bihari languages MW: Bhojpuri – the ISO 639-3 tag for Bhojpuri is bho bn: IANA: Bengali MW: Bangla – Bengali is the exonym, Bangla is the endonym dv: IANA: Dhivehi MW: Divehi el: IANA: Modern Greek MW: Greek ht: IANA: Haitian MW: Haitian Creole ky: IANA: Kirghiz MW: Kyrgyz li: IANA: Limburgan MW: Limburgish or: IANA: Oriya MW: Odia os: IANA: Ossetian MW: Ossetic "pa: IANA: Panjabi MW: Punjabi "ps: IANA: Pushto MW: Pashto "to: IANA: Tonga MW: Tongan "ug: IANA: Uighur MW: Uyghur use the override table to override language names that are incorrect for your project To see the list of names that MediaWiki has for your language, enter this in the Debug console: =mw.dumpObject (mw.language.fetchLanguageNames ('<tag>', 'all')) (replacing <tag> with the language tag for your language) Use of the MediaWiki language names lists is enabled when media_wiki_override_enable is set to boolean true. ]] local media_wiki_override_enable = false; -- set to true to override IANA names with MediaWiki names; always false at en.wiki -- caveat lector: the list of MediaWiki language names for your language may not be complete or may not exist at all if true == media_wiki_override_enable then local mw_languages_by_tag_t = mw.language.fetchLanguageNames (this_wiki_lang_tag, 'all'); -- get a table of language tag/name pairs known to MediaWiki for tag, name in pairs (mw_languages_by_tag_t) do -- loop through each tag/name pair in the MediaWiki list if lang_name_table_t.lang[tag] then -- if the tag is in the main list lang_name_table_t.lang[tag] = name; -- overwrite existing name with the name from MediaWiki end end end --[[--------------------------< O V E R R I D E >-------------------------------------------------------------- Language codes and names in this table override the BCP47 names in lang_name_table. indexes in this table shall always be lower case ]] local override = { ------------------------------< I S O _ 6 3 9 - 1 >------------------------------------------------------------ ["ab"] = "Abkhaz", -- to match en.wiki article name ["ca-valencia"] = "Valencian", ["cu"] = "Church Slavonic", -- 2nd IANA name; ["de-at"] = "Austrian German", -- these code-region and code-variant tags to match en.wiki article names ["de-ch"] = "Swiss Standard German", ["en-au"] = "Australian English", ["en-ca"] = "Canadian English", ["en-emodeng"] = "Early Modern English", ["en-gb"] = "British English", ["en-ie"] = "Irish English", ["en-in"] = "Indian English", ["en-nz"] = "New Zealand English", ["en-us"] = "American English", ["en-za"] = "South African English", ["fr-ca"] = "Canadian French", ["fr-gallo"] = "Gallo", ["fy"] = "West Frisian", -- Western Frisian ["mo"] = "Moldovan", -- Moldavian (deprecated code); to match en.wiki article title ["nl-be"] = "Flemish", -- match MediaWiki ["oc-gascon"] = "Gascon", ["oc-provenc"] = "Provençal", ["ps"] = "Pashto", -- Pushto ["pt-br"] = "Brazilian Portuguese", -- match MediaWiki ["ro-md"] = "Moldovan", -- 'not deprecated' form ["ro-cyrl-md"] = "Moldovan", -- 'not deprecated' form ["tw-asante"] = "Asante Twi", ["ug"] = "Uyghur", -- 2nd IANA name; to match en.wiki article name -- these ISO 639-1 language-name overrides imported from Module:Language/data/wp_languages (since deleted) --<begin do-not-edit except to comment out>-- ["av"] = "Avar", -- Avaric ["bo"] = "Standard Tibetan", -- Tibetan ["el"] = "Greek", -- Modern Greek -- ["en-SA"] = "South African English", -- English; no; SA is not South Africa it Saudi Arabia; ZA is South Africa ["ff"] = "Fula", -- Fulah ["ht"] = "Haitian Creole", -- Haitian ["hz"] = "Otjiherero", -- Herero ["ii"] = "Yi", -- Sichuan Yi ["ki"] = "Gikuyu", -- Kikuyu ["kl"] = "Greenlandic", -- Kalaallisut ["ky"] = "Kyrgyz", -- Kirghiz ["lg"] = "Luganda", -- Ganda ["li"] = "Limburgish", -- Limburgan ["mi"] = "Māori", -- Maori ["na"] = "Nauruan", -- Nauru ["nb"] = "Bokmål", -- Norwegian Bokmål ["nd"] = "Northern Ndebele", -- North Ndebele ["nn"] = "Nynorsk", -- Norwegian Nynorsk ["nr"] = "Southern Ndebele", -- South Ndebele ["ny"] = "Chichewa", -- Nyanja ["oj"] = "Ojibwe", -- Ojibwa ["or"] = "Odia", -- Oriya ["pa"] = "Punjabi", -- Panjabi ["rn"] = "Kirundi", -- Rundi ["sl"] = "Slovene", -- Slovenian ["ss"] = "Swazi", -- Swati ["st"] = "Sotho", -- Southern Sotho ["to"] = "Tongan", -- Tonga --<end do-not-edit except to comment out>-- ------------------------------< I S O _ 6 3 9 - 2, - 3, - 5 >---------------------------------------------- ["alv"] = "Atlantic–Congo languages", -- to match en.wiki article title (endash) ["arc"] = "Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)", -- Official Aramaic (700-300 BCE), Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE); to match en.wiki article title uses ISO639-2 'preferred' name ["art"] = "constructed", -- to match en.wiki article; lowercase for category name ["arx"] = "Aruá (Rondonia State)", -- Aruá (Rodonia State); to match en.wiki article ["ast-es"] = "Leonese", -- ast in IANA is Asturian; Leonese is a dialect ["bea"] = "Dane-zaa", -- Beaver; to match en.wiki article title ["bha"] = "Bhariati", -- Bharia; to match en.wiki article title ["bhd"] = "Bhadarwahi", -- Bhadrawahi; to match en.wiki article title ["bla"] = "Blackfoot", -- Siksika; to match en.wiki article title ["blc"] = "Nuxalk", -- Bella Coola; to match en.wiki article title ["bua"] = "Buryat", -- Buriat; this is a macro language; these four use wp preferred transliteration; ["bxm"] = "Mongolian Buryat", -- Mongolia Buriat; these three all redirect to Buryat ["bxr"] = "Russian Buryat", -- Russia Buriat; ["bxu"] = "Chinese Buryat", -- China Buriat; ["byr"] = "Yipma", -- Baruya, Yipma ["clm"] = "Klallam", -- Clallam; to match en.wiki article title ["crb"] = "Kalinago", -- Island Carib; to match en.wiki article ["egy"] = "Ancient Egyptian", -- Egyptian (Ancient); distinguish from contemporary arz: Egyptian Arabic ["ems"] = "Alutiiq", -- Pacific Gulf Yupik; to match en.wiki article title ["esx"] = "Eskimo–Aleut languages", -- to match en.wiki article title (endash) ["frr"] = "North Frisian", -- Northern Frisian ["frs"] = "East Frisian Low Saxon", -- Eastern Frisian ["gsw-fr"] = "Alsatian", -- match MediaWiki ["haa"] = "Hän", -- Han; to match en.wiki article title ["hei"] = "Heiltsuk–Oowekyala", -- Heiltsuk; to match en.wiki article title ["hmx"] = "Hmong–Mien languages", -- to match en.wiki article title (endash) ["ilo"] = "Ilocano", -- Iloko; to match en.wiki article title ["jam"] = "Jamaican Patois", -- Jamaican Creole English ["lij-mc"] = "Monégasque", -- Ligurian as spoken in Monaco; this one for proper tool tip; also in <article_name> table ["luo"] = "Dholuo", -- IANA (primary) /ISO 639-3: Luo (Kenya and Tanzania); IANA (secondary): Dholuo ["mhr"] = "Meadow Mari", -- Eastern Mari ["mid"] = "Modern Mandaic", -- Mandaic ['mis'] = "uncoded", -- Uncoded languages; capitalization; special scope, not collective scope; ["mkh"] = "Mon–Khmer languages", -- to match en.wiki article title (endash) ["mla"] = "Tamambo", -- Malo ['mte'] = "Mono-Alu", -- Mono (Solomon Islands) ['mul'] = "multiple", -- Multiple languages; capitalization; special scope, not collective scope; ["nan-tw"] = "Taiwanese Hokkien", -- make room for IANA / 639-3 nan Min Nan Chinese; match en.wiki article title ["new"] = "Newar", -- Newari, Nepal Bhasa; to match en,wiki article title ["ngf"] = "Trans–New Guinea languages", -- to match en.wiki article title (endash) ["nic"] = "Niger–Congo languages", -- Niger-Kordofanian languages; to match en,wiki article title ["nrf"] = "Norman", -- not quite a collective - IANA name: Jèrriais + Guernésiais; categorizes to Norman-language text ["nrf-gg"] = "Guernésiais", -- match MediaWiki ["nrf-je"] = "Jèrriais", -- match MediaWiki ["nzi"] = "Nzema", -- Nzima; to match en.wiki article title ["oma"] = "Omaha–Ponca", -- to match en.wiki article title (endash) ["orv"] = "Old East Slavic", -- Old Russian ["pfl"] = "Palatine German", -- Pfaelzisch; to match en.wiki article ["pie"] = "Piro Pueblo", -- Piro; to match en.wiki article ["pms"] = "Piedmontese", -- Piemontese; to match en.wiki article title ["pnb"] = "Punjabi (Western)", -- Western Panjabi; dab added to override import from ~/wp languages and distinguish pnb from pa in reverse look up tag_from_name() ['qwm'] = "Cuman", -- Kuman (Russia); to match en.wiki article name ["rop"] = "Australian Kriol", -- Kriol; en.wiki article is a dab; point to correct en.wiki article ["rsk"] = "Pannonian Rusyn", -- Ruthenian; en.wiki preferred name ["sco-ulster"] = "Ulster Scots", ["sdo"] = "Bukar–Sadong", -- Bukar-Sadung Bidayuh; to match en.wiki article title ["smp"] = "Samaritan Hebrew", -- to match en.wiki article title ["stq"] = "Saterland Frisian", -- Saterfriesisch ["tfn"] = "Denaʼina", -- to match en.wiki article title ["und"] = "undetermined", -- capitalization to match existing category ["wrg"] = "Warrongo", -- Warungu ["xal-ru"] = "Kalmyk", -- to match en.wiki article title ["xgf"] = "Tongva", -- ISO 639-3 is Gabrielino-Fernandeño ["yuf"] = "Havasupai–Hualapai", -- Havasupai-Walapai-Yavapai; to match en.wiki article title ["zkh"] = "Khorezmian Turkic", -- Khorezmian; to match en.wiki article title, avoiding the dab ["zkt"] = "Khitan", -- Kitan; to match en.wiki article title ["zxx"] = "no linguistic content", -- capitalization -- these ISO 639-2, -3 language-name overrides imported from Module:Language/data/wp_languages (since deleted) --<begin do-not-edit except to comment out>-- ["ace"] = "Acehnese", -- Achinese ["aec"] = "Sa'idi Arabic", -- Saidi Arabic ["akl"] = "Aklan", -- Aklanon ["alt"] = "Altay", -- Southern Altai ["apm"] = "Mescalero-Chiricahua", -- Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache ["bal"] = "Balochi", -- Baluchi -- ["bcl"] = "Central Bicolano", -- Central Bikol ["bin"] = "Edo", -- Bini ["bpy"] = "Bishnupriya Manipuri", -- Bishnupriya ["chg"] = "Chagatay", -- Chagatai ["ckb"] = "Sorani Kurdish", -- Central Kurdish ["cnu"] = "Shenwa", -- Chenoua ["coc"] = "Cocopah", -- Cocopa ["diq"] = "Zazaki", -- Dimli ["fit"] = "Meänkieli", -- Tornedalen Finnish ["fkv"] = "Kven", -- Kven Finnish ["frk"] = "Old Frankish", -- Frankish ["gez"] = "Ge'ez", -- Geez ["gju"] = "Gujari", -- Gujari ["gsw"] = "Alemannic German", -- Swiss German ["gul"] = "Gullah", -- Sea Island Creole English ["hak"] = "Hakka", -- Hakka Chinese ["hbo"] = "Biblical Hebrew", -- Ancient Hebrew ["hnd"] = "Hindko", -- Southern Hindko -- ["ikt"] = "Inuvialuk", -- Inuinnaqtun ["kaa"] = "Karakalpak", -- Kara-Kalpak ["khb"] = "Tai Lü", -- Lü ["kmr"] = "Kurmanji Kurdish", -- Northern Kurdish ["kpo"] = "Kposo", -- Ikposo ["krj"] = "Kinaray-a", -- Kinaray-A -- ["ktz"] = "Juǀ'hoan", -- Juǀʼhoan ["lez"] = "Lezgian", -- Lezghian ["liv"] = "Livonian", -- Liv ["lng"] = "Lombardic", -- Langobardic ["mia"] = "Miami-Illinois", -- Miami ["miq"] = "Miskito", -- Mískito ["mix"] = "Mixtec", -- Mixtepec Mixtec ["mni"] = "Meitei", -- Manipuri ["mrj"] = "Hill Mari", -- Western Mari ["mww"] = "White Hmong", -- Hmong Daw ["nds-nl"] = "Dutch Low Saxon", -- Low German -- ["new"] = "Nepal Bhasa", -- Newari ["nso"] = "Northern Sotho", -- Pedi -- ["nwc"] = "Classical Nepal Bhasa", -- Classical Newari, Classical Nepal Bhasa, Old Newari ["ood"] = "O'odham", -- Tohono O'odham ["otk"] = "Old Turkic", -- Old Turkish ["pal"] = "Middle Persian", -- Pahlavi ["pam"] = "Kapampangan", -- Pampanga ["phr"] = "Potwari", -- Pahari-Potwari ["pka"] = "Jain Prakrit", -- Ardhamāgadhī Prākrit -- ["pnb"] = "Punjabi", -- Western Panjabi ["psu"] = "Shauraseni", -- Sauraseni Prākrit ["rap"] = "Rapa Nui", -- Rapanui ["rar"] = "Cook Islands Māori", -- Rarotongan ["rmu"] = "Scandoromani", -- Tavringer Romani ["rom"] = "Romani", -- Romany ["rup"] = "Aromanian", -- Macedo-Romanian ["ryu"] = "Okinawan", -- Central Okinawan ["sdc"] = "Sassarese", -- Sassarese Sardinian ["sdn"] = "Gallurese", -- Gallurese Sardinian ["shp"] = "Shipibo", -- Shipibo-Conibo ["src"] = "Logudorese", -- Logudorese Sardinian ["sro"] = "Campidanese", -- Campidanese Sardinian ["tkl"] = "Tokelauan", -- Tokelau ["tvl"] = "Tuvaluan", -- Tuvalu ["tyv"] = "Tuvan", -- Tuvinian ["vls"] = "West Flemish", -- Vlaams ["wep"] = "Westphalian", -- Westphalien ["xal"] = "Oirat", -- Kalmyk ["xcl"] = "Old Armenian", -- Classical Armenian ["yua"] = "Yucatec Maya", -- Yucateco --<end do-not-edit except to comment out>-- ------------------------------< P R I V A T E _ U S E _ T A G S >---------------------------------------------- ["akk-x-latbabyl"] = "Late Babylonian Akkadian", ["akk-x-midassyr"] = "Middle Assyrian Akkadian", ["akk-x-midbabyl"] = "Middle Babylonian Akkadian", ["akk-x-neoassyr"] = "Neo-Assyrian Akkadian", ["akk-x-neobabyl"] = "Neo-Babylonian Akkadian", ["akk-x-old"] = "Old Akkadian", ["akk-x-oldassyr"] = "Old Assyrian Akkadian", ["akk-x-oldbabyl"] = "Old Babylonian Akkadian", ["alg-x-proto"] = "Proto-Algonquian", -- alg in IANA is Algonquian languages ["ar-x-classic"] = "Classical Arabic", ["ar-x-nabat"] = "Nabataean Arabic", ["ar-x-safaitic"] = "Safaitic", ["art-x-uropi"] = "Uropi", -- art in IANA is Artificial languages ["ast-x-west"] = "Western Asturian", ["ca-x-old"] = "Old Catalan", ["cel-x-combrit"] = "Common Brittonic", -- cel in IANA is Celtic languages ["cel-x-proto"] = "Proto-Celtic", ["ccs-x-proto"] = "Proto-Kartvelian", -- ccs in IANA is Kartvelian languages ["egy-x-demotic"] = "Demotic Egyptian", ["egy-x-late"] = "Late Egyptian", ["egy-x-middle"] = "Middle Egyptian", ["egy-x-old"] = "Old Egyptian", ["et-x-seto"] = "Seto", -- to replace {{Lang-est-sea}} ["fa-x-classic"] = "Classical Persian", ["fiu-x-proto"] = "Proto-Finno-Ugric", -- fiu in IANA is Finno-Ugric languages ["fr-x-frainc"] = "Franc-Comtois", -- to replace {{Lang-fra-frc}} ["fr-x-quebec"] = "Quebec French", ["gem-x-proto"] = "Proto-Germanic", -- gem in IANA is Germanic languages ["gmq-x-proto"] = "Proto-Norse", ["gmw-x-ecg"] = "East Central German", ["gmw-x-proto"] = "Proto-West Germanic", ["grc-x-aeolic"] = "Aeolic Greek", -- these grc-x-... codes are preferred alternates to the non-standard catchall code grc-gre ["grc-x-arcadcyp"] = "Arcadocypriot Greek", ["grc-x-attic"] = "Attic Greek", ["grc-x-biblical"] = "Biblical Greek", ["grc-x-byzant"] = "Byzantine Greek", ["grc-x-classic"] = "Classical Greek", ["grc-x-doric"] = "Doric Greek", ["grc-x-hellen"] = "Hellenistic Greek", ["grc-x-ionic"] = "Ionic Greek", ["grc-x-koine"] = "Koine Greek", ["grc-x-medieval"] = "Medieval Greek", ["grc-x-pamph"] = "Pamphylian Greek", ["grc-x-patris"] = "Patristic Greek", ["grk-x-proto"] = "Proto-Greek", -- grk in IANA is Greek languages ["iir-x-proto"] = "Proto-Indo-Iranian", -- iir in IANA is Indo-Iranian Languages ["inc-x-mitanni"] = "Mitanni-Aryan", -- inc in IANA is Indic languages ["inc-x-proto"] = "Proto-Indo-Aryan", ["ine-x-anatolia"] = "Anatolian languages", ["ine-x-proto"] = "Proto-Indo-European", ["ira-x-proto"] = "Proto-Iranian", -- ira in IANA is Iranian languages ["itc-x-proto"] = "Proto-Italic", -- itc in IANA is Italic languages ["ksh-x-colog"] = "Colognian", -- en.wiki article is Colognian; ksh (Kölsch) redirects there ["la-x-church"] = "Ecclesiastical Latin", ["la-x-classic"] = "Classical Latin", ["la-x-late"] = "Late Latin", ["la-x-medieval"] = "Medieval Latin", ["la-x-new"] = "New Latin", ["la-x-old"] = "Old Latin", ["la-x-ren"] = "Renaissance Latin", ["la-x-vulgar"] = "Vulgar Latin", ["lmo-x-berg"] = "Bergamasque", -- lmo in IANA is Lombard; Bergamasque is a dialect ["lmo-x-cremish"] = "Cremish", -- lmo in IANA is Lombard; Cremish is a dialect ["lmo-x-milanese"] = "Milanese", -- lmo in IANA is Lombard; Milanese is a dialect ["mis-x-ripuar"] = "Ripuarian", -- replaces improper use of ksh in wp_languages ["prg-x-old"] = "Old Prussian", ["roa-x-proto"] = "Proto-Romance", ["sem-x-ammonite"] = "Ammonite", ["sem-x-aramaic"] = "Aramaic", ["sem-x-canaan"] = "Canaanite languages", ["sem-x-dadanit"] = "Dadanitic", ["sem-x-dumaitic"] = "Dumaitic", ["sem-x-egurage"] = "Eastern Gurage", ["sem-x-hasaitic"] = "Hasaitic", ["sem-x-hatran"] = "Hatran Aramaic", ["sem-x-hismaic"] = "Hismaic", ["sem-x-nabat"] = "Nabataean Aramaic", ["sem-x-oldsoara"] = "Old South Arabian", ["sem-x-palmyren"] = "Palmyrene Aramaic", ["sem-x-proto"] = "Proto-Semitic", ["sem-x-taymanit"] = "Taymanitic", ["smi-x-proto"] = "Proto-Samic", -- smi in IANA is Samic languages ["sla-x-proto"] = "Proto-Slavic", -- sla in IANA is Slavic languages ["sq-x-proto"] = "Proto-Albanian", ["trk-x-oldanat"] = "Old Anatolian Turkish", -- to replace {{Lang-1ca}} ["urj-x-proto"] = "Proto-Uralic", -- urj in IANA is Uralic languages ["yuf-x-hav"] = "Havasupai", -- IANA name for these three is Havasupai-Walapai-Yavapai ["yuf-x-wal"] = "Walapai", ["yuf-x-yav"] = "Yavapai", ["xsa-x-himyarit"] = "Himyaritic", ["xsc-x-pontic"] = "Pontic Scythian", -- xsc in IANA is Scythian ["xsc-x-saka"] = "Saka", ["xsc-x-sarmat"] = "Sarmatian", ["zle-x-ruthenia"] = "Ruthenian", -- zle in IANA is East Slavic languages collective; moved to allow rsk for Pannonian Rusyn } --[[--------------------------< A R T I C L E _ L I N K >------------------------------------------------------ for those rare occasions when article titles don't fit with the normal '<language name> language', this table maps language code to article title. Use of this table should be avoided and the use of redirects preferred as that is the long-standing method of handling article names that don't fit with the normal pattern ]] local article_name = { ['aru'] = "Arawá language", -- Aruá (Amazonas State); to avoid Aruá dab page ['arx'] = "Aruá language (Rondônia)", -- Aruá (Rodonia State) overridden to Aruá (Rondonia State); to avoid Aruá dab page ['kue'] = "Kuman language (New Guinea)", -- Kuman (Papua New Guinea); to avoid Kuman dab page ["lij-mc"] = "Monégasque dialect", -- Ligurian as spoken in Monaco ['mbo'] = "Mbo language (Cameroon)", -- Mbo (Cameroon) ['mnh'] = "Mono language (Congo)", -- Mono (Democratic Republic of Congo); see Template_talk:Lang#Mono_languages ['mnr'] = "Mono language (California)", -- Mono (USA) ['mru'] = "Mono language (Cameroon)", -- Mono (Cameroon) ["snq"] = "Sangu language (Gabon)", -- Sangu (Gabon) ["toi"] = "Tonga language (Zambia and Zimbabwe)", -- Tonga (Zambia and Zimbabwe); to avoid Tonga language dab page ["vwa"] = "Awa language (China)", -- Awa (China); to avoid Awa dab page ["xlg"] = "Ligurian language (ancient)", -- see Template_talk:Lang#Ligurian_dab ["zmw"] = "Mbo language (Congo)", -- Mbo (Democratic Republic of Congo) } --[=[-------------------------< R T L _ S C R I P T S >-------------------------------------------------------- ISO 15924 scripts that are written right-to-left. Data in this table taken from [[ISO 15924#List of codes]] last update to this list: 2017-12-24 ]=] local rtl_scripts = { 'adlm', 'arab', 'aran', 'armi', 'avst', 'cprt', 'egyd', 'egyh', 'hatr', 'hebr', 'hung', 'inds', 'khar', 'lydi', 'mand', 'mani', 'mend', 'merc', 'mero', 'narb', 'nbat', 'nkoo', 'orkh', 'palm', 'phli', 'phlp', 'phlv', 'phnx', 'prti', 'rohg', 'samr', 'sarb', 'sogd', 'sogo', 'syrc', 'syre', 'syrj', 'syrn', 'thaa', 'wole', }; --[[--------------------------< T R A N S L I T _ T I T L E S >------------------------------------------------ This is a table of tables of transliteration standards and the language codes or language scripts that apply to those standards. This table is used to create the tool-tip text associated with the transliterated text displayed by some of the {{lang-??}} templates. These tables are more-or-less copied directly from {{special|PermaLink/680078354}}. The standard 'NO_STD' is a construct to allow for the cases when no |std= parameter value is provided. ]] local translit_title_table = { ['abkai'] = { -- Manchu romanization ['default'] = 'Abkai system of romanization', }, ['ahl'] = { ['default'] = 'Academy of the Hebrew Language transliteration', }, ['ala'] = { ['default'] = 'American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration', }, ['ala-lc'] = { ['default'] = 'American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration', }, ['batr'] = { ['default'] = 'Bikdash Arabic Transliteration Rules', }, ['bgn/pcgn'] = { ['default'] = 'Board on Geographic Names / Permanent Committee on Geographical Names transliteration', }, ['din'] = { ['ar'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic', ['fa'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic', ['ku'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic', ['ps'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic', ['tg'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic', ['ug'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic', ['ur'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic', ['arab'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic', ['default'] = 'DIN transliteration', }, ['eae'] = { ['default'] = 'Encyclopaedia Aethiopica transliteration', }, ['hepburn'] = { ['default'] = 'Hepburn transliteration', }, ['hu'] = { -- Manchu romanization ['default'] = 'Hu system of romanization', }, ['hunterian'] = { ['default'] = 'Hunterian transliteration', }, ['iast'] = { ['default'] = 'International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration', }, ['iso'] = { -- when a transliteration standard is supplied ['ab'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['ba'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['be'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['bg'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['kk'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['ky'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['mn'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['ru'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['tg'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['uk'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['bua'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['sah'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['tut'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['xal'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['cyrl'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['cyrs'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['ar'] = 'ISO 233 Arabic', ['ku'] = 'ISO 233 Arabic', ['ps'] = 'ISO 233 Arabic', ['ug'] = 'ISO 233 Arabic', ['ur'] = 'ISO 233 Arabic', ['arab'] = 'ISO 233 Arabic', ['he'] = 'ISO 259 Hebrew', ['yi'] = 'ISO 259 Hebrew', ['hebr'] = 'ISO 259 Hebrew', ['el'] = 'ISO 843 Greek', ['grc'] = 'ISO 843 Greek', ['ja'] = 'ISO 3602 Japanese', ['hira'] = 'ISO 3602 Japanese', ['hrkt'] = 'ISO 3602 Japanese', ['jpan'] = 'ISO 3602 Japanese', ['kana'] = 'ISO 3602 Japanese', ['zh'] = 'ISO 7098 Chinese', ['chi'] = 'ISO 7098 Chinese', ['cmn'] = 'ISO 7098 Chinese', ['zho'] = 'ISO 7098 Chinese', -- ['han'] = 'ISO 7098 Chinese', -- unicode alias of Hani? doesn't belong here? should be Hani? ['hans'] = 'ISO 7098 Chinese', ['hant'] = 'ISO 7098 Chinese', ['ka'] = 'ISO 9984 Georgian', ['kat'] = 'ISO 9984 Georgian', ['arm'] = 'ISO 9985 Armenian', ['hy'] = 'ISO 9985 Armenian', ['th'] = 'ISO 11940 Thai', ['tha'] = 'ISO 11940 Thai', ['ko'] = 'ISO 11941 Korean', ['kor'] = 'ISO 11941 Korean', ['awa'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['bho'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['bn'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['bra'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['doi'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['dra'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['gon'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['gu'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['hi'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['hno'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['inc'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['kn'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['kok'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['ks'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['mag'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['mai'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['ml'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['mr'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['ne'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['new'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['or'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['pa'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['pnb'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['raj'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['sa'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['sat'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['sd'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['si'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['skr'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['ta'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['tcy'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['te'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['beng'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['brah'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['deva'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['gujr'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['guru'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['knda'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['mlym'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['orya'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['sinh'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['taml'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['telu'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['default'] = 'ISO transliteration', }, ['jyutping'] = { ['default'] = 'Jyutping transliteration', }, ['mdorff'] = { -- Manchu romanization ['default'] = 'Möllendorff system of romanization', }, ['mlcts'] = { ['default'] = 'Myanmar Language Commission Transcription System', }, ['mr'] = { ['default'] = 'McCune–Reischauer transliteration', }, ['nihon-shiki'] = { ['default'] = 'Nihon-shiki transliteration', }, ['no_std'] = { -- when no transliteration standard is supplied ['akk'] = 'Semitic transliteration', ['sem'] = 'Semitic transliteration', ['phnx'] = 'Semitic transliteration', ['xsux'] = 'Cuneiform transliteration', }, ['pinyin'] = { ['default'] = 'Pinyin transliteration', }, ['rr'] = { ['default'] = 'Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration', }, ['rtgs'] = { ['default'] = 'Royal Thai General System of Transcription', }, ['satts'] = { ['default'] = 'Standard Arabic Technical Transliteration System transliteration', }, ['scientific'] = { ['default'] = 'scientific transliteration', }, ['thdl'] = { ['default'] = 'THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription', }, ['ukrainian'] = { ['default'] = 'Ukrainian National system of romanization', }, ['ungegn'] = { ['default'] = 'United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names transliteration', }, ['wadegile'] = { ['default'] = 'Wade–Giles transliteration', }, ['wehr'] = { ['default'] = 'Hans Wehr transliteration', }, ['wylie'] = { ['default'] = 'Wylie transliteration', }, ['yaleko'] = { ['default'] = 'Yale romanization of Korean', }, ['zwpy'] = { ['default'] = 'Tibetan pinyin' }, }; --[[--------------------------< E N G _ V A R >---------------------------------------------------------------- Used at en.wiki so that spelling of 'romanized' (US, default) can be changed to 'romanised' to match the envar specified by a {{Use xxx English}}. This is accomplished by setting |engvar=gb; can, should be omitted in articles that use American English; no need for the clutter. ]] local engvar_sel_t = { -- select either UK English or US English ['au'] = 'gb_t', -- these match IANA region codes (except in lower case) ['ca'] = 'us_t', ['gb'] = 'gb_t', ['ie'] = 'gb_t', ['in'] = 'gb_t', ['nz'] = 'gb_t', ['us'] = 'us_t', -- default engvar ['za'] = 'gb_t' }; local engvar_t = { ['gb_t'] = { ['romanisz_lc'] = 'romanisation', -- lower case ['romanisz_uc'] = 'Romanisation', -- upper case ['romanisz_pt'] = 'romanised', -- past tense }, ['us_t'] = { -- default engvar ['romanisz_lc'] = 'romanization', -- lower case ['romanisz_uc'] = 'Romanization', -- upper case ['romanisz_pt'] = 'romanized', -- past tense } } --[[--------------------------< E X P O R T S >---------------------------------------------------------------- ]] return { this_wiki_lang_tag = this_wiki_lang_tag, this_wiki_lang_dir = lang_obj:getDir(), -- wiki's language direction article_name = article_name, engvar_t = engvar_t, engvar_sel_t = engvar_sel_t, lang_name_table = lang_name_table_t, override = override, rtl_scripts = rtl_scripts, special_tags_table = special_tags_table, translit_title_table = translit_title_table, }; s0e87rcbxa4drtas1ou6pyjfr8z57z9 1374608 1374607 2026-06-03T00:31:54Z A826 72368 ೧ revisions imported from [[:en:Module:Lang/data]] 1374607 Scribunto text/plain local lang_obj = mw.language.getContentLanguage(); local this_wiki_lang_tag = lang_obj.code; -- get this wiki's language tag --[[--------------------------< L A N G _ N A M E _ T A B L E >------------------------------------------------ primary table of tables that decode: lang -> language tags and names script -> ISO 15924 script tags region -> ISO 3166 region tags variant -> IANA registered variant tags suppressed -> map of scripts tags and their associated language tags all of these data come from separate modules that are derived from the IANA language-subtag-registry file key_to_lower() avoids the metatable trap and sets all keys in the subtables to lowercase. Many language codes have multiple associated names; Module:lang is only concerned with the first name so key_to_lower() only fetches the first name. ]] local function key_to_lower (module, src_type) local out = {}; local source_t = (('var_sup' == src_type) and require (module)) or mw.loadData (module); -- fetch data from this module; require() avoids metatable trap for variant data if 'var_sup' == src_type then for k, v in pairs (source_t) do out[k:lower()] = v; -- for variant and suppressed everything is needed end elseif 'lang' == src_type and source_t.active then -- for ~/iana_languages (active) for k, v in pairs (source_t.active) do out[k:lower()] = v[1]; -- ignore multiple names; take first name only end elseif 'lang_dep' == src_type and source_t.deprecated then -- for ~/iana_languages (deprecated) for k, v in pairs (source_t.deprecated) do out[k:lower()] = v[1]; -- ignore multiple names; take first name only end else -- here for all other sources for k, v in pairs (source_t) do out[k:lower()] = v[1]; -- ignore multiple names; take first name only end end return out; end local lang_name_table_t = { lang = key_to_lower ('Module:Lang/data/iana languages', 'lang'), lang_dep = key_to_lower ('Module:Lang/data/iana languages', 'lang_dep'), script = key_to_lower ('Module:Lang/data/iana scripts'), -- script keys are capitalized; set to lower region = key_to_lower ('Module:Lang/data/iana regions'), -- region keys are uppercase; set to lower variant = key_to_lower ('Module:Lang/data/iana variants', 'var_sup'), suppressed = key_to_lower ('Module:Lang/data/iana suppressed scripts', 'var_sup'), -- script keys are capitalized; set to lower } --[[--------------------------< I 1 8 N M E D I A W I K I O V E R R I D E >-------------------------------- For internationalization; not used at en.wiki The language names taken from the IANA language-subtag-registry file are given in English. That may not be ideal. Translating ~8,000 language names is also not ideal. MediaWiki maintains (much) shorter lists of language names in most languages for which there is a Wikipedia edition. When desired, Module:Lang can use the MediaWiki language list for the local language. Caveat lector: the list of MediaWiki language names for your language may not be complete or may not exist at all. When incomplete, MediaWiki's list will 'fall back' to another language (typically English). When that happens add an appropriate entry to the override table below. Caveat lector: the list of MediaWiki language names for your language may not be correct. At en.wiki, the MediaWiki language names do not agree with the IANA language names for these ISO 639-1 tags. Often it is simply spelling differences: bh: IANA: Bihari languages MW: Bhojpuri – the ISO 639-3 tag for Bhojpuri is bho bn: IANA: Bengali MW: Bangla – Bengali is the exonym, Bangla is the endonym dv: IANA: Dhivehi MW: Divehi el: IANA: Modern Greek MW: Greek ht: IANA: Haitian MW: Haitian Creole ky: IANA: Kirghiz MW: Kyrgyz li: IANA: Limburgan MW: Limburgish or: IANA: Oriya MW: Odia os: IANA: Ossetian MW: Ossetic "pa: IANA: Panjabi MW: Punjabi "ps: IANA: Pushto MW: Pashto "to: IANA: Tonga MW: Tongan "ug: IANA: Uighur MW: Uyghur use the override table to override language names that are incorrect for your project To see the list of names that MediaWiki has for your language, enter this in the Debug console: =mw.dumpObject (mw.language.fetchLanguageNames ('<tag>', 'all')) (replacing <tag> with the language tag for your language) Use of the MediaWiki language names lists is enabled when media_wiki_override_enable is set to boolean true. ]] local media_wiki_override_enable = false; -- set to true to override IANA names with MediaWiki names; always false at en.wiki -- caveat lector: the list of MediaWiki language names for your language may not be complete or may not exist at all if true == media_wiki_override_enable then local mw_languages_by_tag_t = mw.language.fetchLanguageNames (this_wiki_lang_tag, 'all'); -- get a table of language tag/name pairs known to MediaWiki for tag, name in pairs (mw_languages_by_tag_t) do -- loop through each tag/name pair in the MediaWiki list if lang_name_table_t.lang[tag] then -- if the tag is in the main list lang_name_table_t.lang[tag] = name; -- overwrite existing name with the name from MediaWiki end end end --[[--------------------------< O V E R R I D E >-------------------------------------------------------------- Language codes and names in this table override the BCP47 names in lang_name_table. indexes in this table shall always be lower case ]] local override = { ------------------------------< I S O _ 6 3 9 - 1 >------------------------------------------------------------ ["ab"] = "Abkhaz", -- to match en.wiki article name ["ca-valencia"] = "Valencian", ["cu"] = "Church Slavonic", -- 2nd IANA name; ["de-at"] = "Austrian German", -- these code-region and code-variant tags to match en.wiki article names ["de-ch"] = "Swiss Standard German", ["en-au"] = "Australian English", ["en-ca"] = "Canadian English", ["en-emodeng"] = "Early Modern English", ["en-gb"] = "British English", ["en-ie"] = "Irish English", ["en-in"] = "Indian English", ["en-nz"] = "New Zealand English", ["en-us"] = "American English", ["en-za"] = "South African English", ["fr-ca"] = "Canadian French", ["fr-gallo"] = "Gallo", ["fy"] = "West Frisian", -- Western Frisian ["mo"] = "Moldovan", -- Moldavian (deprecated code); to match en.wiki article title ["nl-be"] = "Flemish", -- match MediaWiki ["oc-gascon"] = "Gascon", ["oc-provenc"] = "Provençal", ["ps"] = "Pashto", -- Pushto ["pt-br"] = "Brazilian Portuguese", -- match MediaWiki ["ro-md"] = "Moldovan", -- 'not deprecated' form ["ro-cyrl-md"] = "Moldovan", -- 'not deprecated' form ["tw-asante"] = "Asante Twi", ["ug"] = "Uyghur", -- 2nd IANA name; to match en.wiki article name -- these ISO 639-1 language-name overrides imported from Module:Language/data/wp_languages (since deleted) --<begin do-not-edit except to comment out>-- ["av"] = "Avar", -- Avaric ["bo"] = "Standard Tibetan", -- Tibetan ["el"] = "Greek", -- Modern Greek -- ["en-SA"] = "South African English", -- English; no; SA is not South Africa it Saudi Arabia; ZA is South Africa ["ff"] = "Fula", -- Fulah ["ht"] = "Haitian Creole", -- Haitian ["hz"] = "Otjiherero", -- Herero ["ii"] = "Yi", -- Sichuan Yi ["ki"] = "Gikuyu", -- Kikuyu ["kl"] = "Greenlandic", -- Kalaallisut ["ky"] = "Kyrgyz", -- Kirghiz ["lg"] = "Luganda", -- Ganda ["li"] = "Limburgish", -- Limburgan ["mi"] = "Māori", -- Maori ["na"] = "Nauruan", -- Nauru ["nb"] = "Bokmål", -- Norwegian Bokmål ["nd"] = "Northern Ndebele", -- North Ndebele ["nn"] = "Nynorsk", -- Norwegian Nynorsk ["nr"] = "Southern Ndebele", -- South Ndebele ["ny"] = "Chichewa", -- Nyanja ["oj"] = "Ojibwe", -- Ojibwa ["or"] = "Odia", -- Oriya ["pa"] = "Punjabi", -- Panjabi ["rn"] = "Kirundi", -- Rundi ["sl"] = "Slovene", -- Slovenian ["ss"] = "Swazi", -- Swati ["st"] = "Sotho", -- Southern Sotho ["to"] = "Tongan", -- Tonga --<end do-not-edit except to comment out>-- ------------------------------< I S O _ 6 3 9 - 2, - 3, - 5 >---------------------------------------------- ["alv"] = "Atlantic–Congo languages", -- to match en.wiki article title (endash) ["arc"] = "Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)", -- Official Aramaic (700-300 BCE), Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE); to match en.wiki article title uses ISO639-2 'preferred' name ["art"] = "constructed", -- to match en.wiki article; lowercase for category name ["arx"] = "Aruá (Rondonia State)", -- Aruá (Rodonia State); to match en.wiki article ["ast-es"] = "Leonese", -- ast in IANA is Asturian; Leonese is a dialect ["bea"] = "Dane-zaa", -- Beaver; to match en.wiki article title ["bha"] = "Bhariati", -- Bharia; to match en.wiki article title ["bhd"] = "Bhadarwahi", -- Bhadrawahi; to match en.wiki article title ["bla"] = "Blackfoot", -- Siksika; to match en.wiki article title ["blc"] = "Nuxalk", -- Bella Coola; to match en.wiki article title ["bua"] = "Buryat", -- Buriat; this is a macro language; these four use wp preferred transliteration; ["bxm"] = "Mongolian Buryat", -- Mongolia Buriat; these three all redirect to Buryat ["bxr"] = "Russian Buryat", -- Russia Buriat; ["bxu"] = "Chinese Buryat", -- China Buriat; ["byr"] = "Yipma", -- Baruya, Yipma ["clm"] = "Klallam", -- Clallam; to match en.wiki article title ["crb"] = "Kalinago", -- Island Carib; to match en.wiki article ["egy"] = "Ancient Egyptian", -- Egyptian (Ancient); distinguish from contemporary arz: Egyptian Arabic ["ems"] = "Alutiiq", -- Pacific Gulf Yupik; to match en.wiki article title ["esx"] = "Eskimo–Aleut languages", -- to match en.wiki article title (endash) ["frr"] = "North Frisian", -- Northern Frisian ["frs"] = "East Frisian Low Saxon", -- Eastern Frisian ["gsw-fr"] = "Alsatian", -- match MediaWiki ["haa"] = "Hän", -- Han; to match en.wiki article title ["hei"] = "Heiltsuk–Oowekyala", -- Heiltsuk; to match en.wiki article title ["hmx"] = "Hmong–Mien languages", -- to match en.wiki article title (endash) ["ilo"] = "Ilocano", -- Iloko; to match en.wiki article title ["jam"] = "Jamaican Patois", -- Jamaican Creole English ["lij-mc"] = "Monégasque", -- Ligurian as spoken in Monaco; this one for proper tool tip; also in <article_name> table ["luo"] = "Dholuo", -- IANA (primary) /ISO 639-3: Luo (Kenya and Tanzania); IANA (secondary): Dholuo ["mhr"] = "Meadow Mari", -- Eastern Mari ["mid"] = "Modern Mandaic", -- Mandaic ['mis'] = "uncoded", -- Uncoded languages; capitalization; special scope, not collective scope; ["mkh"] = "Mon–Khmer languages", -- to match en.wiki article title (endash) ["mla"] = "Tamambo", -- Malo ['mte'] = "Mono-Alu", -- Mono (Solomon Islands) ['mul'] = "multiple", -- Multiple languages; capitalization; special scope, not collective scope; ["nan-tw"] = "Taiwanese Hokkien", -- make room for IANA / 639-3 nan Min Nan Chinese; match en.wiki article title ["new"] = "Newar", -- Newari, Nepal Bhasa; to match en,wiki article title ["ngf"] = "Trans–New Guinea languages", -- to match en.wiki article title (endash) ["nic"] = "Niger–Congo languages", -- Niger-Kordofanian languages; to match en,wiki article title ["nrf"] = "Norman", -- not quite a collective - IANA name: Jèrriais + Guernésiais; categorizes to Norman-language text ["nrf-gg"] = "Guernésiais", -- match MediaWiki ["nrf-je"] = "Jèrriais", -- match MediaWiki ["nzi"] = "Nzema", -- Nzima; to match en.wiki article title ["oma"] = "Omaha–Ponca", -- to match en.wiki article title (endash) ["orv"] = "Old East Slavic", -- Old Russian ["pfl"] = "Palatine German", -- Pfaelzisch; to match en.wiki article ["pie"] = "Piro Pueblo", -- Piro; to match en.wiki article ["pms"] = "Piedmontese", -- Piemontese; to match en.wiki article title ["pnb"] = "Punjabi (Western)", -- Western Panjabi; dab added to override import from ~/wp languages and distinguish pnb from pa in reverse look up tag_from_name() ['qwm'] = "Cuman", -- Kuman (Russia); to match en.wiki article name ["rop"] = "Australian Kriol", -- Kriol; en.wiki article is a dab; point to correct en.wiki article ["rsk"] = "Pannonian Rusyn", -- Ruthenian; en.wiki preferred name ["sco-ulster"] = "Ulster Scots", ["sdo"] = "Bukar–Sadong", -- Bukar-Sadung Bidayuh; to match en.wiki article title ["smp"] = "Samaritan Hebrew", -- to match en.wiki article title ["stq"] = "Saterland Frisian", -- Saterfriesisch ["tfn"] = "Denaʼina", -- to match en.wiki article title ["und"] = "undetermined", -- capitalization to match existing category ["wrg"] = "Warrongo", -- Warungu ["xal-ru"] = "Kalmyk", -- to match en.wiki article title ["xgf"] = "Tongva", -- ISO 639-3 is Gabrielino-Fernandeño ["yuf"] = "Havasupai–Hualapai", -- Havasupai-Walapai-Yavapai; to match en.wiki article title ["zkh"] = "Khorezmian Turkic", -- Khorezmian; to match en.wiki article title, avoiding the dab ["zkt"] = "Khitan", -- Kitan; to match en.wiki article title ["zxx"] = "no linguistic content", -- capitalization -- these ISO 639-2, -3 language-name overrides imported from Module:Language/data/wp_languages (since deleted) --<begin do-not-edit except to comment out>-- ["ace"] = "Acehnese", -- Achinese ["aec"] = "Sa'idi Arabic", -- Saidi Arabic ["akl"] = "Aklan", -- Aklanon ["alt"] = "Altay", -- Southern Altai ["apm"] = "Mescalero-Chiricahua", -- Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache ["bal"] = "Balochi", -- Baluchi -- ["bcl"] = "Central Bicolano", -- Central Bikol ["bin"] = "Edo", -- Bini ["bpy"] = "Bishnupriya Manipuri", -- Bishnupriya ["chg"] = "Chagatay", -- Chagatai ["ckb"] = "Sorani Kurdish", -- Central Kurdish ["cnu"] = "Shenwa", -- Chenoua ["coc"] = "Cocopah", -- Cocopa ["diq"] = "Zazaki", -- Dimli ["fit"] = "Meänkieli", -- Tornedalen Finnish ["fkv"] = "Kven", -- Kven Finnish ["frk"] = "Old Frankish", -- Frankish ["gez"] = "Ge'ez", -- Geez ["gju"] = "Gujari", -- Gujari ["gsw"] = "Alemannic German", -- Swiss German ["gul"] = "Gullah", -- Sea Island Creole English ["hak"] = "Hakka", -- Hakka Chinese ["hbo"] = "Biblical Hebrew", -- Ancient Hebrew ["hnd"] = "Hindko", -- Southern Hindko -- ["ikt"] = "Inuvialuk", -- Inuinnaqtun ["kaa"] = "Karakalpak", -- Kara-Kalpak ["khb"] = "Tai Lü", -- Lü ["kmr"] = "Kurmanji Kurdish", -- Northern Kurdish ["kpo"] = "Kposo", -- Ikposo ["krj"] = "Kinaray-a", -- Kinaray-A -- ["ktz"] = "Juǀ'hoan", -- Juǀʼhoan ["lez"] = "Lezgian", -- Lezghian ["liv"] = "Livonian", -- Liv ["lng"] = "Lombardic", -- Langobardic ["mia"] = "Miami-Illinois", -- Miami ["miq"] = "Miskito", -- Mískito ["mix"] = "Mixtec", -- Mixtepec Mixtec ["mni"] = "Meitei", -- Manipuri ["mrj"] = "Hill Mari", -- Western Mari ["mww"] = "White Hmong", -- Hmong Daw ["nds-nl"] = "Dutch Low Saxon", -- Low German -- ["new"] = "Nepal Bhasa", -- Newari ["nso"] = "Northern Sotho", -- Pedi -- ["nwc"] = "Classical Nepal Bhasa", -- Classical Newari, Classical Nepal Bhasa, Old Newari ["ood"] = "O'odham", -- Tohono O'odham ["otk"] = "Old Turkic", -- Old Turkish ["pal"] = "Middle Persian", -- Pahlavi ["pam"] = "Kapampangan", -- Pampanga ["phr"] = "Potwari", -- Pahari-Potwari ["pka"] = "Jain Prakrit", -- Ardhamāgadhī Prākrit -- ["pnb"] = "Punjabi", -- Western Panjabi ["psu"] = "Shauraseni", -- Sauraseni Prākrit ["rap"] = "Rapa Nui", -- Rapanui ["rar"] = "Cook Islands Māori", -- Rarotongan ["rmu"] = "Scandoromani", -- Tavringer Romani ["rom"] = "Romani", -- Romany ["rup"] = "Aromanian", -- Macedo-Romanian ["ryu"] = "Okinawan", -- Central Okinawan ["sdc"] = "Sassarese", -- Sassarese Sardinian ["sdn"] = "Gallurese", -- Gallurese Sardinian ["shp"] = "Shipibo", -- Shipibo-Conibo ["src"] = "Logudorese", -- Logudorese Sardinian ["sro"] = "Campidanese", -- Campidanese Sardinian ["tkl"] = "Tokelauan", -- Tokelau ["tvl"] = "Tuvaluan", -- Tuvalu ["tyv"] = "Tuvan", -- Tuvinian ["vls"] = "West Flemish", -- Vlaams ["wep"] = "Westphalian", -- Westphalien ["xal"] = "Oirat", -- Kalmyk ["xcl"] = "Old Armenian", -- Classical Armenian ["yua"] = "Yucatec Maya", -- Yucateco --<end do-not-edit except to comment out>-- ------------------------------< P R I V A T E _ U S E _ T A G S >---------------------------------------------- ["akk-x-latbabyl"] = "Late Babylonian Akkadian", ["akk-x-midassyr"] = "Middle Assyrian Akkadian", ["akk-x-midbabyl"] = "Middle Babylonian Akkadian", ["akk-x-neoassyr"] = "Neo-Assyrian Akkadian", ["akk-x-neobabyl"] = "Neo-Babylonian Akkadian", ["akk-x-old"] = "Old Akkadian", ["akk-x-oldassyr"] = "Old Assyrian Akkadian", ["akk-x-oldbabyl"] = "Old Babylonian Akkadian", ["alg-x-proto"] = "Proto-Algonquian", -- alg in IANA is Algonquian languages ["ar-x-classic"] = "Classical Arabic", ["ar-x-nabat"] = "Nabataean Arabic", ["ar-x-safaitic"] = "Safaitic", ["art-x-uropi"] = "Uropi", -- art in IANA is Artificial languages ["ast-x-west"] = "Western Asturian", ["ca-x-old"] = "Old Catalan", ["cel-x-combrit"] = "Common Brittonic", -- cel in IANA is Celtic languages ["cel-x-proto"] = "Proto-Celtic", ["ccs-x-proto"] = "Proto-Kartvelian", -- ccs in IANA is Kartvelian languages ["egy-x-demotic"] = "Demotic Egyptian", ["egy-x-late"] = "Late Egyptian", ["egy-x-middle"] = "Middle Egyptian", ["egy-x-old"] = "Old Egyptian", ["et-x-seto"] = "Seto", -- to replace {{Lang-est-sea}} ["fa-x-classic"] = "Classical Persian", ["fiu-x-proto"] = "Proto-Finno-Ugric", -- fiu in IANA is Finno-Ugric languages ["fr-x-frainc"] = "Franc-Comtois", -- to replace {{Lang-fra-frc}} ["fr-x-quebec"] = "Quebec French", ["gem-x-proto"] = "Proto-Germanic", -- gem in IANA is Germanic languages ["gmq-x-proto"] = "Proto-Norse", ["gmw-x-ecg"] = "East Central German", ["gmw-x-proto"] = "Proto-West Germanic", ["grc-x-aeolic"] = "Aeolic Greek", -- these grc-x-... codes are preferred alternates to the non-standard catchall code grc-gre ["grc-x-arcadcyp"] = "Arcadocypriot Greek", ["grc-x-attic"] = "Attic Greek", ["grc-x-biblical"] = "Biblical Greek", ["grc-x-byzant"] = "Byzantine Greek", ["grc-x-classic"] = "Classical Greek", ["grc-x-doric"] = "Doric Greek", ["grc-x-hellen"] = "Hellenistic Greek", ["grc-x-ionic"] = "Ionic Greek", ["grc-x-koine"] = "Koine Greek", ["grc-x-medieval"] = "Medieval Greek", ["grc-x-pamph"] = "Pamphylian Greek", ["grc-x-patris"] = "Patristic Greek", ["grk-x-proto"] = "Proto-Greek", -- grk in IANA is Greek languages ["iir-x-proto"] = "Proto-Indo-Iranian", -- iir in IANA is Indo-Iranian Languages ["inc-x-mitanni"] = "Mitanni-Aryan", -- inc in IANA is Indic languages ["inc-x-proto"] = "Proto-Indo-Aryan", ["ine-x-anatolia"] = "Anatolian languages", ["ine-x-proto"] = "Proto-Indo-European", ["ira-x-proto"] = "Proto-Iranian", -- ira in IANA is Iranian languages ["itc-x-proto"] = "Proto-Italic", -- itc in IANA is Italic languages ["ksh-x-colog"] = "Colognian", -- en.wiki article is Colognian; ksh (Kölsch) redirects there ["la-x-church"] = "Ecclesiastical Latin", ["la-x-classic"] = "Classical Latin", ["la-x-late"] = "Late Latin", ["la-x-medieval"] = "Medieval Latin", ["la-x-new"] = "New Latin", ["la-x-old"] = "Old Latin", ["la-x-ren"] = "Renaissance Latin", ["la-x-vulgar"] = "Vulgar Latin", ["lmo-x-berg"] = "Bergamasque", -- lmo in IANA is Lombard; Bergamasque is a dialect ["lmo-x-cremish"] = "Cremish", -- lmo in IANA is Lombard; Cremish is a dialect ["lmo-x-milanese"] = "Milanese", -- lmo in IANA is Lombard; Milanese is a dialect ["mis-x-ripuar"] = "Ripuarian", -- replaces improper use of ksh in wp_languages ["prg-x-old"] = "Old Prussian", ["roa-x-proto"] = "Proto-Romance", ["sem-x-ammonite"] = "Ammonite", ["sem-x-aramaic"] = "Aramaic", ["sem-x-canaan"] = "Canaanite languages", ["sem-x-dadanit"] = "Dadanitic", ["sem-x-dumaitic"] = "Dumaitic", ["sem-x-egurage"] = "Eastern Gurage", ["sem-x-hasaitic"] = "Hasaitic", ["sem-x-hatran"] = "Hatran Aramaic", ["sem-x-hismaic"] = "Hismaic", ["sem-x-nabat"] = "Nabataean Aramaic", ["sem-x-oldsoara"] = "Old South Arabian", ["sem-x-palmyren"] = "Palmyrene Aramaic", ["sem-x-proto"] = "Proto-Semitic", ["sem-x-taymanit"] = "Taymanitic", ["smi-x-proto"] = "Proto-Samic", -- smi in IANA is Samic languages ["sla-x-proto"] = "Proto-Slavic", -- sla in IANA is Slavic languages ["sq-x-proto"] = "Proto-Albanian", ["trk-x-oldanat"] = "Old Anatolian Turkish", -- to replace {{Lang-1ca}} ["urj-x-proto"] = "Proto-Uralic", -- urj in IANA is Uralic languages ["yuf-x-hav"] = "Havasupai", -- IANA name for these three is Havasupai-Walapai-Yavapai ["yuf-x-wal"] = "Walapai", ["yuf-x-yav"] = "Yavapai", ["xsa-x-himyarit"] = "Himyaritic", ["xsc-x-pontic"] = "Pontic Scythian", -- xsc in IANA is Scythian ["xsc-x-saka"] = "Saka", ["xsc-x-sarmat"] = "Sarmatian", ["zle-x-ruthenia"] = "Ruthenian", -- zle in IANA is East Slavic languages collective; moved to allow rsk for Pannonian Rusyn } --[[--------------------------< A R T I C L E _ L I N K >------------------------------------------------------ for those rare occasions when article titles don't fit with the normal '<language name> language', this table maps language code to article title. Use of this table should be avoided and the use of redirects preferred as that is the long-standing method of handling article names that don't fit with the normal pattern ]] local article_name = { ['aru'] = "Arawá language", -- Aruá (Amazonas State); to avoid Aruá dab page ['arx'] = "Aruá language (Rondônia)", -- Aruá (Rodonia State) overridden to Aruá (Rondonia State); to avoid Aruá dab page ['kue'] = "Kuman language (New Guinea)", -- Kuman (Papua New Guinea); to avoid Kuman dab page ["lij-mc"] = "Monégasque dialect", -- Ligurian as spoken in Monaco ['mbo'] = "Mbo language (Cameroon)", -- Mbo (Cameroon) ['mnh'] = "Mono language (Congo)", -- Mono (Democratic Republic of Congo); see Template_talk:Lang#Mono_languages ['mnr'] = "Mono language (California)", -- Mono (USA) ['mru'] = "Mono language (Cameroon)", -- Mono (Cameroon) ["snq"] = "Sangu language (Gabon)", -- Sangu (Gabon) ["toi"] = "Tonga language (Zambia and Zimbabwe)", -- Tonga (Zambia and Zimbabwe); to avoid Tonga language dab page ["vwa"] = "Awa language (China)", -- Awa (China); to avoid Awa dab page ["xlg"] = "Ligurian language (ancient)", -- see Template_talk:Lang#Ligurian_dab ["zmw"] = "Mbo language (Congo)", -- Mbo (Democratic Republic of Congo) } --[=[-------------------------< R T L _ S C R I P T S >-------------------------------------------------------- ISO 15924 scripts that are written right-to-left. Data in this table taken from [[ISO 15924#List of codes]] last update to this list: 2017-12-24 ]=] local rtl_scripts = { 'adlm', 'arab', 'aran', 'armi', 'avst', 'cprt', 'egyd', 'egyh', 'hatr', 'hebr', 'hung', 'inds', 'khar', 'lydi', 'mand', 'mani', 'mend', 'merc', 'mero', 'narb', 'nbat', 'nkoo', 'orkh', 'palm', 'phli', 'phlp', 'phlv', 'phnx', 'prti', 'rohg', 'samr', 'sarb', 'sogd', 'sogo', 'syrc', 'syre', 'syrj', 'syrn', 'thaa', 'wole', }; --[[--------------------------< T R A N S L I T _ T I T L E S >------------------------------------------------ This is a table of tables of transliteration standards and the language codes or language scripts that apply to those standards. This table is used to create the tool-tip text associated with the transliterated text displayed by some of the {{lang-??}} templates. These tables are more-or-less copied directly from {{special|PermaLink/680078354}}. The standard 'NO_STD' is a construct to allow for the cases when no |std= parameter value is provided. ]] local translit_title_table = { ['abkai'] = { -- Manchu romanization ['default'] = 'Abkai system of romanization', }, ['ahl'] = { ['default'] = 'Academy of the Hebrew Language transliteration', }, ['ala'] = { ['default'] = 'American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration', }, ['ala-lc'] = { ['default'] = 'American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration', }, ['batr'] = { ['default'] = 'Bikdash Arabic Transliteration Rules', }, ['bgn/pcgn'] = { ['default'] = 'Board on Geographic Names / Permanent Committee on Geographical Names transliteration', }, ['din'] = { ['ar'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic', ['fa'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic', ['ku'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic', ['ps'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic', ['tg'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic', ['ug'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic', ['ur'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic', ['arab'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic', ['default'] = 'DIN transliteration', }, ['eae'] = { ['default'] = 'Encyclopaedia Aethiopica transliteration', }, ['hepburn'] = { ['default'] = 'Hepburn transliteration', }, ['hu'] = { -- Manchu romanization ['default'] = 'Hu system of romanization', }, ['hunterian'] = { ['default'] = 'Hunterian transliteration', }, ['iast'] = { ['default'] = 'International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration', }, ['iso'] = { -- when a transliteration standard is supplied ['ab'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['ba'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['be'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['bg'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['kk'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['ky'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['mn'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['ru'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['tg'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['uk'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['bua'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['sah'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['tut'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['xal'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['cyrl'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['cyrs'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['ar'] = 'ISO 233 Arabic', ['ku'] = 'ISO 233 Arabic', ['ps'] = 'ISO 233 Arabic', ['ug'] = 'ISO 233 Arabic', ['ur'] = 'ISO 233 Arabic', ['arab'] = 'ISO 233 Arabic', ['he'] = 'ISO 259 Hebrew', ['yi'] = 'ISO 259 Hebrew', ['hebr'] = 'ISO 259 Hebrew', ['el'] = 'ISO 843 Greek', ['grc'] = 'ISO 843 Greek', ['ja'] = 'ISO 3602 Japanese', ['hira'] = 'ISO 3602 Japanese', ['hrkt'] = 'ISO 3602 Japanese', ['jpan'] = 'ISO 3602 Japanese', ['kana'] = 'ISO 3602 Japanese', ['zh'] = 'ISO 7098 Chinese', ['chi'] = 'ISO 7098 Chinese', ['cmn'] = 'ISO 7098 Chinese', ['zho'] = 'ISO 7098 Chinese', -- ['han'] = 'ISO 7098 Chinese', -- unicode alias of Hani? doesn't belong here? should be Hani? ['hans'] = 'ISO 7098 Chinese', ['hant'] = 'ISO 7098 Chinese', ['ka'] = 'ISO 9984 Georgian', ['kat'] = 'ISO 9984 Georgian', ['arm'] = 'ISO 9985 Armenian', ['hy'] = 'ISO 9985 Armenian', ['th'] = 'ISO 11940 Thai', ['tha'] = 'ISO 11940 Thai', ['ko'] = 'ISO 11941 Korean', ['kor'] = 'ISO 11941 Korean', ['awa'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['bho'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['bn'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['bra'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['doi'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['dra'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['gon'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['gu'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['hi'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['hno'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['inc'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['kn'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['kok'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['ks'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['mag'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['mai'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['ml'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['mr'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['ne'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['new'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['or'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['pa'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['pnb'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['raj'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['sa'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['sat'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['sd'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['si'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['skr'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['ta'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['tcy'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['te'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['beng'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['brah'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['deva'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['gujr'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['guru'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['knda'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['mlym'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['orya'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['sinh'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['taml'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['telu'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['default'] = 'ISO transliteration', }, ['jyutping'] = { ['default'] = 'Jyutping transliteration', }, ['mdorff'] = { -- Manchu romanization ['default'] = 'Möllendorff system of romanization', }, ['mlcts'] = { ['default'] = 'Myanmar Language Commission Transcription System', }, ['mr'] = { ['default'] = 'McCune–Reischauer transliteration', }, ['nihon-shiki'] = { ['default'] = 'Nihon-shiki transliteration', }, ['no_std'] = { -- when no transliteration standard is supplied ['akk'] = 'Semitic transliteration', ['sem'] = 'Semitic transliteration', ['phnx'] = 'Semitic transliteration', ['xsux'] = 'Cuneiform transliteration', }, ['pinyin'] = { ['default'] = 'Pinyin transliteration', }, ['rr'] = { ['default'] = 'Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration', }, ['rtgs'] = { ['default'] = 'Royal Thai General System of Transcription', }, ['satts'] = { ['default'] = 'Standard Arabic Technical Transliteration System transliteration', }, ['scientific'] = { ['default'] = 'scientific transliteration', }, ['thdl'] = { ['default'] = 'THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription', }, ['ukrainian'] = { ['default'] = 'Ukrainian National system of romanization', }, ['ungegn'] = { ['default'] = 'United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names transliteration', }, ['wadegile'] = { ['default'] = 'Wade–Giles transliteration', }, ['wehr'] = { ['default'] = 'Hans Wehr transliteration', }, ['wylie'] = { ['default'] = 'Wylie transliteration', }, ['yaleko'] = { ['default'] = 'Yale romanization of Korean', }, ['zwpy'] = { ['default'] = 'Tibetan pinyin' }, }; --[[--------------------------< E N G _ V A R >---------------------------------------------------------------- Used at en.wiki so that spelling of 'romanized' (US, default) can be changed to 'romanised' to match the envar specified by a {{Use xxx English}}. This is accomplished by setting |engvar=gb; can, should be omitted in articles that use American English; no need for the clutter. ]] local engvar_sel_t = { -- select either UK English or US English ['au'] = 'gb_t', -- these match IANA region codes (except in lower case) ['ca'] = 'us_t', ['gb'] = 'gb_t', ['ie'] = 'gb_t', ['in'] = 'gb_t', ['nz'] = 'gb_t', ['us'] = 'us_t', -- default engvar ['za'] = 'gb_t' }; local engvar_t = { ['gb_t'] = { ['romanisz_lc'] = 'romanisation', -- lower case ['romanisz_uc'] = 'Romanisation', -- upper case ['romanisz_pt'] = 'romanised', -- past tense }, ['us_t'] = { -- default engvar ['romanisz_lc'] = 'romanization', -- lower case ['romanisz_uc'] = 'Romanization', -- upper case ['romanisz_pt'] = 'romanized', -- past tense } } --[[--------------------------< E X P O R T S >---------------------------------------------------------------- ]] return { this_wiki_lang_tag = this_wiki_lang_tag, this_wiki_lang_dir = lang_obj:getDir(), -- wiki's language direction article_name = article_name, engvar_t = engvar_t, engvar_sel_t = engvar_sel_t, lang_name_table = lang_name_table_t, override = override, rtl_scripts = rtl_scripts, special_tags_table = special_tags_table, translit_title_table = translit_title_table, }; s0e87rcbxa4drtas1ou6pyjfr8z57z9 10 98767 1374611 1159652 2026-04-18T03:12:32Z en>Pppery 0 Changed protection settings for "[[Template:Slink]]" ([Edit=Require template editor access] (indefinite) [Move=Require template editor access] (indefinite)) 1159651 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Section link]] {{Redirect category shell| {{R from template shortcut}} }} 1sxyuuncu84nr3mbw9y0qugq4sd8yaa 1374612 1374611 2026-06-03T00:31:54Z A826 72368 ೧ revisions imported from [[:en:Template:Slink]] 1159651 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Section link]] {{Redirect category shell| {{R from template shortcut}} }} 1sxyuuncu84nr3mbw9y0qugq4sd8yaa 3 145448 1374664 1372340 2026-06-03T02:09:17Z MediaWiki message delivery 17558 /* Final Reminder: Submission of Local Winners for Feminism and Folklore 2026 */ ಹೊಸ ವಿಭಾಗ 1374664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ಸುಸ್ವಾಗತ}}.<span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; background: ivory; font-weight:bold;">[[User:~aanzx|~aanzx]] ^{[[user_talk:~aanzx|<big>✉</big>]]}_{[[Special:Contributions/~aanzx|<big> ©</big>]]}</span> ೧೧:೦೯, ೨೪ ಸೆಪ್ಟೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೨೨ (UTC) == Translate == Translate Infobox ಊರು ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟ್ Total → ಒಟ್ಟು Population → ಜನಸಂಖ್ಯೆ Time zone → ಸಮಯ ವಲಯ Vehicle registration → ವಾಹನ ನೋಂದಣಿ ಫಲಕ Thanks [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Ishqyk|Ishqyk]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Ishqyk|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೬:೩೭, ೧೫ ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ ೨೦೨೨ (UTC)[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Ishqyk|Ishqyk]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Ishqyk|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೬:೩೬, ೧೫ ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ ೨೦೨೨ (UTC) :ನಾನು ಶೀಘ್ರದಲ್ಲೇ ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಬದಲಾಯಿಸುತ್ತೇನೆ <span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; background: ivory; font-weight:bold;">[[User:~aanzx|~aanzx]] ^{[[user_talk:~aanzx|<big>✉</big>]]}_{[[Special:Contributions/~aanzx|<big> ©</big>]]}</span> ೧೬:೩೮, ೧೫ ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ ೨೦೨೨ (UTC) ಧನ್ಯವಾದಗಳು [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Ishqyk|Ishqyk]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Ishqyk|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೦೨:೦೯, ೧೬ ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ ೨೦೨೨ (UTC) == Template == {{Translation|" "}} 👈 {Translation|" "}👈 ಈ ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟ್ ಕನ್ನಡ ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಎಲ್ಲಿ ಲಭ್ಯವಿದೆ?? [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Ishqyk|Ishqyk]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Ishqyk|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೦೬:೫೩, ೨೩ ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ ೨೦೨೨ (UTC) :Added template. <span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; background: ivory; font-weight:bold;">[[User:~aanzx|~aanzx]] ^{[[user_talk:~aanzx|<big>✉</big>]]}_{[[Special:Contributions/~aanzx|<big> ©</big>]]}</span> ೦೬:೫೮, ೨೩ ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ ೨೦೨೨ (UTC) {{Ping|~aanzx}} But ನಾನು ಹೇಳಿದ್ದು ಅದು ಅಲ್ಲ This👇 template https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Translation [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Ishqyk|Ishqyk]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Ishqyk|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೦:೩೯, ೨೩ ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ ೨೦೨೨ (UTC) :Added <span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; background: ivory; font-weight:bold;">[[User:~aanzx|~aanzx]] ^{[[user_talk:~aanzx|<big>✉</big>]]}_{[[Special:Contributions/~aanzx|<big> ©</big>]]}</span> ೧೦:೪೧, ೨೩ ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ ೨೦೨೨ (UTC) ಧನ್ಯವಾದಗಳು 🙏 [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Ishqyk|Ishqyk]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Ishqyk|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೨:೩೨, ೨೩ ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ ೨೦೨೨ (UTC) == Question from [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] (೧೫:೨೨, ೨೬ ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ ೨೦೨೨) == Hello dear mentor! I'm testing the feature now that the new system is deployed. You can invite other trusted users to become mentors, they have to visit [[special:EnrollAsMentor]] to signup. If you have any question about the Growth features, or about how to improve newcomers' first steps, let me know. All the best, --[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Trizek (WMF)|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೫:೨೨, ೨೬ ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ ೨೦೨೨ (UTC) == Question from [[User:Shivaprakash Adavanne|Shivaprakash Adavanne]] (೦೫:೪೧, ೨೭ ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ ೨೦೨೨) == ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯಗಾಗಿ ʼಮೈಸೂರಿನ ವಿಶ್ವ ವಿಖ್ಯಾತ ಚರ್ಮಪ್ರಸಾಧನ (ಟ್ಯಾಕ್ಸಿಡರ್ಮಿ) ಸಂಸ್ಥೆ – ವ್ಯಾನ್‌ ಇನ್ಜೇನ್‌ ಮತ್ತು ವ್ಯಾನ್‌ ಇನ್ಜೇನ್‌ʼ ಲೇಖನ ಬರೆಯುವ ಮೊದಲು ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್‌ ಭಾಷೆಯಲ್ಲಿದೆಯೇ ಎಂದು ಹುಡುಕಿದೆ. ಸಿಗಲಿಲ್ಲವಾದ ಕಾರಣ ಮುಂದುವರೆದು ಒಂದೆರೆಡು ಪ್ಯಾರಾ ಮಾಡಿ ಅಪೂರ್ಣವೆಂದು ಪ್ರಕಟಿಸಿದೆ. ಇಂದು ಪೂರ್ಣಗೊಳಿಸಿದ ತರುವಾಯು ಮತ್ತೊಮ್ಮೆ ಹುಡುಕಲಾಗಿ ಒಳ್ಳೆಯ ಲೇಖನ ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್‌ ಭಾಷೆ ಇರುವುದು ಗೊತ್ತಾಯಿತು. ಅದು ಅತಿ ಉತ್ತಮವಾಗಿದೆ. ನನ್ನದು ಬಾಲಿಷವೆನಿಸಿತು. ಹಾಗಾಗಿ ನಿನ್ನೆ ಪ್ರಕಟಿಸಿದನ್ನು ತೆರವುಗೊಳಿಸಿದರೆ ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್‌ ಭಾಷೆ ಲೇಖನವನ್ನು ತರ್ಜುಮೆ ಮಾಡುವ ಅಭಿಪ್ರಾಯ ನನ್ನದು. --[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Shivaprakash Adavanne|Shivaprakash Adavanne]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Shivaprakash Adavanne|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೦೫:೪೧, ೨೭ ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ ೨೦೨೨ (UTC) ಅಳಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ, ನೀವು ಈಗ ಹೊಸ ಪುಟದ ಅನುವಾದವನ್ನು ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಿಸಬಹುದು https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=kn&from=en&page=Van+Ingen+%26+Van+Ingen&targettitle=Van+Ingen+%26+Van+Ingen <span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; background: ivory; font-weight:bold;">[[User:~aanzx|~aanzx]] ^{[[user_talk:~aanzx|<big>✉</big>]]}_{[[Special:Contributions/~aanzx|<big> ©</big>]]}</span> ೦೫:೫೩, ೨೭ ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ ೨೦೨೨ (UTC) == Question from [[User:Meghana Shivanand|Meghana Shivanand]] on [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Meghana Shivanand/ನನ್ನ ಪ್ರಯೋಗಪುಟ]] (೦೯:೨೯, ೨೮ ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ ೨೦೨೨) == ನಾನು ಹೊಸದಾದ ಲೇಖನವನ್ನು ಸೇರಿಸಲು ಆಗುತ್ತಿಲ್ಲ ಏಕೆ? --[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Meghana Shivanand|Meghana Shivanand]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Meghana Shivanand|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೦೯:೨೯, ೨೮ ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ ೨೦೨೨ (UTC) :ನೀವು ಯಾವುದೇ ದೋಷವನ್ನು ಪಡೆಯುತ್ತಿದ್ದರೆ ಹೇಳಬಲ್ಲಿರಾ?, ನೀವು ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ 3 ರಂದು [https://kn.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B7:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser=Meghana+Shivanand ಜಾಗತಿಕ ದುರ್ಬಳಕೆ ಫಿಲ್ಟರ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ] ನಿಮ್ಮ ಪುಟ ಸಂಪಾದನೆಯನ್ನು ತಡೆ ಹಿಡಿಯಲಾಗಿದೆ, ಆದರೂ ಅದರಲ್ಲಿ ಯಾವುದೇ ಇತ್ತೀಚಿನ ಸಂಪಾದನೆಗಳಿಲ್ಲ. <span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; background: ivory; font-weight:bold;">[[User:~aanzx|~aanzx]] ^{[[user_talk:~aanzx|<big>✉</big>]]}_{[[Special:Contributions/~aanzx|<big> ©</big>]]}</span> ೦೯:೩೮, ೨೮ ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ ೨೦೨೨ (UTC) == ಅನುವಾದ == ನಮಸ್ತೆ, [[ಗಂಧದಗುಡಿ (ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರ ೨೦೨೨)]] ಲೇಖನದಲ್ಲಿ ಬಳಕೆಯಾದ ಈ [[ ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:About]] ಅನ್ನು ಅನುವಾದ ಮಾಡಿ. [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Ishqyk|Ishqyk]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Ishqyk|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೩:೦೯, ೧ ನವೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೨೨ (UTC) :ನಾಳೆ ಅದನ್ನು ಅನುವಾದಿಸಲು ಪ್ರಯತ್ನಿಸುತ್ತೇನೆ. <span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; background: ivory; font-weight:bold;">[[User:~aanzx|~aanzx]] ^{[[user_talk:~aanzx|<big>✉</big>]]}_{[[Special:Contributions/~aanzx|<big> ©</big>]]}</span> ೧೩:೨೯, ೧ ನವೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೨೨ (UTC) ::ಬಹು ಮಾಡ್ಯೂಲ್‌ಗಳು ಲಿಂಕ್ ಆಗಿದೆ ಅನುವಾದಿಸಲು ಸ್ವಲ್ಪ ಸಮಯ ಬೇಕಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ನಾನು ಅದನ್ನು ಶೀಘ್ರದಲ್ಲೇ ಭಾಷಾಂತರಿಸಲು ಪ್ರಯತ್ನಿಸುತ್ತೇನೆ <span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; background: ivory; font-weight:bold;">[[User:~aanzx|~aanzx]] ^{[[user_talk:~aanzx|<big>✉</big>]]}_{[[Special:Contributions/~aanzx|<big> ©</big>]]}</span> ೧೨:೨೨, ೩ ನವೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೨೨ (UTC) ಧನ್ಯವಾದ [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Ishqyk|Ishqyk]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Ishqyk|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೩:೫೦, ೩ ನವೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೨೨ (UTC) == WikiConference India 2023: Program submissions and Scholarships form are now open == Dear Wikimedian, We are really glad to inform you that '''[[:m:WikiConference India 2023|WikiConference India 2023]]''' has been successfully funded and it will take place from 3 to 5 March 2023. The theme of the conference will be '''Strengthening the Bonds'''. We also have exciting updates about the Program and Scholarships. The applications for scholarships and program submissions are already open! You can find the form for scholarship '''[[:m:WikiConference India 2023/Scholarships|here]]''' and for program you can go '''[[:m:WikiConference India 2023/Program Submissions|here]]'''. For more information and regular updates please visit the Conference [[:m:WikiConference India 2023|Meta page]]. If you have something in mind you can write on [[:m:Talk:WikiConference India 2023|talk page]]. ‘‘‘Note’’’: Scholarship form and the Program submissions will be open from '''11 November 2022, 00:00 IST''' and the last date to submit is '''27 November 2022, 23:59 IST'''. Regards [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:MediaWiki message delivery|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೬:೫೫, ೧೬ ನವೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೨೨ (IST) (on behalf of the WCI Organizing Committee) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh Gill@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/WCI_2023_active_users,_scholarships_and_program&oldid=24082246 --> == ವರ್ಗ == [[ಅಮೋಘವರ್ಷ ಜೆಎಸ್]] ಈ ಪುಟದ ಕೆಳಗಡೆ ಇರುವ error ವರ್ಗ (Articles with invalid date parameter in template),(Articles with hCards),(CS1 ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್-language sources (en),) ಇಂತಹ ವರ್ಗಗಳನ್ನು hide ಮಾಡ್ಲಿಕ್ಕೆ ಆಗುದಿಲ್ಲವೆ?? ಯಾಕೆಂದ್ರೆ ಬೇರೆ ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯಾ ಉದಾಹರಣೆಗೆ ಹಿಂದಿ, ಇಂಗ್ಲೀಷ್ ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಯೂ ಇಂತಹ error ಇದ್ರು ಸಹ ಕೆಳಗಡೆ ಅಂತಹ ವರ್ಗ ಕಾಣಿಸುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:SyntaxErrors098|SyntaxErrors098]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:SyntaxErrors098|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೦೭:೨೧, ೧೭ ನವೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೨೨ (IST) :ಇದನ್ನು ಮಾಡಬಹುದು, ಆದರೆ ಕೆಲವು ದೋಷಗಳನ್ನು ಸರಿಪಡಿಸಲು ಉಪಯುಕ್ತವಾದ ವರ್ಗಗಳನ್ನು ಟ್ರ್ಯಾಕ್ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿವೆ , ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:Infobox person ನಲ್ಲಿ ಅಗತ್ಯವಲ್ಲದ ವರ್ಗವನ್ನು ಮರೆಮಾಡಲು ಬದಲಾವಣೆಯನ್ನು ಮಾಡಲಾಗಿದೆ <span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; background: ivory; font-weight:bold;">[[User:~aanzx|~aanzx]] ^{[[user_talk:~aanzx|<big>✉</big>]]}_{[[Special:Contributions/~aanzx|<big> ©</big>]]}</span> ೦೭:೩೧, ೧೭ ನವೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೨೨ (IST) == WikiConference India 2023: Open Community Call and Extension of program and scholarship submissions deadline == Dear Wikimedian, Thank you for supporting Wiki Conference India 2023. We are humbled by the number of applications we have received and hope to learn more about the work that you all have been doing to take the movement forward. In order to offer flexibility, we have recently extended our deadline for the Program and Scholarships submission- you can find all the details on our [[:m:WikiConference India 2023|Meta Page]]. COT is working hard to ensure we bring together a conference that is truly meaningful and impactful for our movement and one that brings us all together. With an intent to be inclusive and transparent in our process, we are committed to organizing community sessions at regular intervals for sharing updates and to offer an opportunity to the community for engagement and review. Following the same, we are hosting the first Open Community Call on the 3rd of December, 2022. We wish to use this space to discuss the progress and answer any questions, concerns or clarifications, about the conference and the Program/Scholarships. Please add the following to your respective calendars and we look forward to seeing you on the call * '''WCI 2023 Open Community Call''' * '''Date''': 3rd December 2022 * '''Time''': 1800-1900 (IST) * '''Google Link'''': https://meet.google.com/cwa-bgwi-ryx Furthermore, we are pleased to share the email id of the conference contact@wikiconferenceindia.org which is where you could share any thoughts, inputs, suggestions, or questions and someone from the COT will reach out to you. Alternatively, leave us a message on the Conference [[:m:Talk:WikiConference India 2023|talk page]]. Regards [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:MediaWiki message delivery|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೨೧:೫೧, ೨ ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೨೨ (IST) On Behalf of, WCI 2023 Core organizing team. <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh Gill@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/WCI_2023_active_users,_scholarships_and_program&oldid=24083503 --> == Errors == [[ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:Film date ]] ನಲ್ಲಿ Errors ಬರ್ತಾ ಇದೆ ಅದನ್ನು ಸರಿಪಡಿಸಲು ಆಗುತ್ತಾ ಎಂದು ನೋಡಿ. ಈ ರೀತಿ errors ಇದೆ 👇 {{Film date|2022|11|11}} [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:SyntaxErrors098|SyntaxErrors098]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:SyntaxErrors098|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೦೯:೫೮, ೩೧ ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೨೨ (IST) :[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:SyntaxErrors098|@SyntaxErrors098]] fixed by Jon Harald Søby <span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; background: ivory; font-weight:bold;">[[User:~aanzx|~aanzx]] ^{[[user_talk:~aanzx|<big>✉</big>]]}_{[[Special:Contributions/~aanzx|<big> ©</big>]]}</span> ೧೩:೩೩, ೭ ಮಾರ್ಚ್ ೨೦೨೩ (IST) ಇಲ್ಲಿ ಸರಿ ಬರ್ತಾ ಇದೆ ಆದ್ರೆ ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯಾ ಪುಟದಲ್ಲಿ errors ಬರ್ತಾ ಇದೆ ಈ [[ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:Film date]] [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:SyntaxErrors098|SyntaxErrors098]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:SyntaxErrors098|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೦೯:೫೯, ೩೧ ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೨೨ (IST) == ವಿಕಿ ಸಮ್ಮಿಲನ ೨೦೨೩, ಉಡುಪಿ == {| style="background-color: #FFFF00; border: 1px solid #fceb92;border-style:solid; border-width:6px; border-color:#bca9f5; style:{{corners}}" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:The gate to Udupi Town.jpg|The_gate_to_Udupi_Town]|225px]] |style="font-size: large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.00;" | '''ಕನ್ನಡ ವಿಕಿ ಸಮ್ಮಿಲನ ೨೦೨೩, ಉಡುಪಿ''' |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Wikimedia logo family complete-2013.svg|130px|alt="Wikidata"]] |- |style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | ಹಲವು ವರ್ಷಗಳ ನಂತರ ಕನ್ನಡ ವಿಕಿಮೀಡಿಯನ್ನರ ಭೌತಿಕ ಸಮ್ಮಿಲನವನ್ನು '''ಜನವರಿ ೨೨,೨೦೨೩ರಂದು ಉಡುಪಿ'''ಯಲ್ಲಿ ಆಯೋಜಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತಿದೆ. ಈ ಸಮ್ಮಿಲನದಲ್ಲಿ ಕನ್ನಡದ ಯಾವುದೇ ವಿಕಿ ಯೋಜನೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಕೊಡುಗೆ ನೀಡುತ್ತಿರುವ ಎಲ್ಲ ಸಂಪಾದಕರಿಗೆ ಭಾಗವಹಿಸಲು ಮುಕ್ತ ಅವಕಾಶವಿದ್ದು ಬಹಳ ಸಮಯದ ನಂತರ ಎಲ್ಲರ ಭೇಟಿಯು ಒಂದು ಉಲ್ಲಾಸದಾಯಕ ಕಾರ್ಯಕ್ರಮವಾಗುವುದರ ಜೊತೆಗೆ ಕನ್ನಡ ವಿಕಿಸಮುದಾಯಕ್ಕೆ ಮರುಚೈತನ್ಯ ತಂದುಕೊಡಬಹುದೆಂಬ ಆಶಾಭಾವನೆ ಇದರಲ್ಲಿ ಮುಖ್ಯವಾಗಿದೆ. ಹಳೆ ಹೊಸ ವಿಕಿಮೀಡಿಯನ್ನರ ಸಮಾಗಮವು ಜ್ಞಾನದ ಹಂಚಿಕೆಗೆ, ಮಾಹಿತಿ ವಿನಿಮಯಕ್ಕೆ ಒಳ್ಳೆಯ ವೇದಿಕೆಯಾಗುವ ವಿಶ್ವಾಸವಿದೆ. ಕನ್ನಡ ವಿಕಿಸಮುದಾಯದ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಸಂಪಾದಕರು ಸ್ವಯಂಪ್ರೇರಣೆಯಿಂದ ಇದರಲ್ಲಿ ಭಾಗವಹಿಸಿ ಯಶಸ್ವಿಗೊಳಿಸೋಣ. ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಕನ್ನಡ ವಿಕಿಮೀಡಿಯನ್ನರಿಗೆ ಪ್ರೀತಿಯ ಸ್ವಾಗತ. '''ಕಾರ್ಯಕ್ರಮದ ವಿವರಗಳಿಗಾಗಿ ಮತ್ತು ನೊಂದಾಯಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲು [[ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ:ಸಮ್ಮಿಲನ/ವಿಕಿ ಸಮ್ಮಿಲನ ೨೦೨೩, ಉಡುಪಿ]] ಪುಟಕ್ಕೆ ಭೇಟಿ ಕೊಡಿ.''' |} {{clear}} ---- ಈ ಸಂದೇಶ [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Vikashegde|ವಿಕಾಸ್ ಹೆಗಡೆ]] ಅವರ ಪರವಾಗಿ ಕಳಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ. <div style="border-bottom: 2px solid red; border-top: 2px solid yellow; border-radius: 40px 0px 40px 0px; padding: 0px 5px; font-weight:bold; letter-spacing: 1.5px; text-align: center;"> <br /> ಹೊಸ ವರ್ಷದ ಶುಭಾಶಯಗಳು. <span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; background: ivory; font-weight:bold;">[[User:~aanzx|~aanzx]] ^{[[user_talk:~aanzx|<big>✉</big>]]}_{[[Special:Contributions/~aanzx|<big> ©</big>]]}</span>೧೪:೩೭, ೩೧ ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೨೨ (IST) <br /> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:~aanzx@knwiki using the list at https://kn.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF:~aanzx/Active_user_list&oldid=1143808 --> == Request for filling up Google Form for Feminism and Folklore 2023 == [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2023 logo.svg | logo.svg|right|frameless|300px]] Greetings Organisers, We appreciate your enthusiasm for '''Feminism and Folklore''' and your initiative in setting up the competition on your local wikipedia. We would want to learn more about the needs of your community and for that please fill out the google form ([https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScusayFXTzNWV-QgIiT3bRHQbAs_pVczvput2jehOcahnCdMg/viewform here]) as soon as possible so that we can plan and adapt the demands according to your specifications. By February 8, 2023, all entries for this form will be closed. Do share about the contest on your local Wikipedia. Ask your local administrator to add Feminism and Folklore to [[Mediawiki:Sitenotice]]. Create your own or see an example [[:m:User:Tiven2240/sn-fnf|on meta]] Also a reminder regarding the prior Google form sent for Internet and Childcare Support Financial Aid ([https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSea81OO0lVgUBd551iIiENXht7BRCISYZlKyBQlemZu_j2OHQ/viewform this]). Anyone who hasn't already filled it out has until February 5, 2023 to do so. Feel free to contact us via talkpage if you have any questions or concerns. Thanks and Regards, Feminism and Folklore 2023 International Team [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:MediaWiki message delivery|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೨೦:೧೧, ೩೦ ಜನವರಿ ೨೦೨೩ (IST) <!-- Message sent by User:Rockpeterson@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Rockpeterson/wlf2023&oldid=24455456 --> == ಸ್ತ್ರೀವಾದ ಮತ್ತು ಜಾನಪದದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ವಾರ್ಷಿಕ ಸ್ಪರ್ದೆ ಆಹ್ವಾನ == <div style="border: solid 1px #333; border-radius: 0.2em; box-shadow: 0 4px 4px #999; margin-bottom: 1.5em; display: table; width: 100%; height: 100px; line-height: 1.2; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;"> <p style="font-size: 1.4em;">[[ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ:ಸ್ತ್ರೀವಾದ ಮತ್ತು ಜಾನಪದ ೨೦೨೩|'''ಸ್ತ್ರೀವಾದ ಮತ್ತು ಜಾನಪದದ''']] ಬಗ್ಗೆ ವಾರ್ಷಿಕವಾಗಿ ಫೆಬ್ರವರಿ ಮತ್ತು ಮಾರ್ಚ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಆಯೋಜಿಸಲಾದ ಅಂತಾರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಬರವಣಿಗೆ ಸ್ಪರ್ಧೆ ನಡೆಯುತ್ತದೆ, ಇದು ಪ್ರಪಂಚದಾದ್ಯಂತದ ಜಾನಪದ ಸಂಪ್ರದಾಯಗಳನ್ನು ದಾಖಲಿಸಲುವ ವಿಕಿಮೀಡಿಯಾ ಕಾಮನ್ಸ್‌ನ ವಿಕಿ ಲವ್ಸ್ ಫೋಕ್ಲೋರ್ (WLF) ಛಾಯಾಗ್ರಹಣ ಅಭಿಯಾನದ ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ ಆವೃತ್ತಿಯಾಗಿದೆ. ಸ್ಪರ್ದೆ 1 ಫೆಬ್ರವರಿ 2023ರಿಂದ 31 ಮಾರ್ಚ್ 2023 ವರೆಗೆ ನಡೆಯುತ್ತದೆ.</p> <span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive">[[ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ:ಸ್ತ್ರೀವಾದ_ಮತ್ತು_ಜಾನಪದ_೨೦೨೩|<span style="color:white">ಬಾಗವಹಿಸಲು ಈ ಪುಟಕ್ಕೆ ಭೇಟಿ ಕೊಡಿ..</span>]]</span> <div style="display: table-cell; vertical-align: middle;">[[ಚಿತ್ರ:Feminism_and_Folklore_banner.svg|250px|right]]</div></div> <span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; background: ivory; font-weight:bold; align:center;">[[User:~aanzx|~aanzx]] ^{[[user_talk:~aanzx|<big>✉</big>]]}_{[[Special:Contributions/~aanzx|<big> ©</big>]]}</span> <!-- Message sent by User:~aanzx@knwiki using the list at https://kn.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF:~aanzx/Active_user_list&oldid=1149743 --> == About wpcleaner == @[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:~aanzx|~aanzx]] It seems wpcleaner is not fully configured. At present it seems to detect wpcleaner errors (above 500) and we need to add checkwiki errors [see https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T330269]. After configuring fully please ping me also. As a general rule [not 100% sure but reference tags come before punctuation marks on french wikipedia]. It also needs some person with thorough understanding of exceptions to general rules. Good luck. [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:రుద్రుడు|రుద్రుడు]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:రుద్రుడు|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೪:೩೬, ೧೦ ಮಾರ್ಚ್ ೨೦೨೩ (IST) :[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:రుద్రుడు|@రుద్రుడు]] I have no idea how to use or configure wpcleaner, since any of local users are not interested or asking about it, don't feel any necessity for it , anyway will check if I can understand it and let you know, because last i checked kannada text were rendered as box in wpcleaner. <span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; background: ivory; font-weight:bold;">[[User:~aanzx|~aanzx]] ^{[[user_talk:~aanzx|<big>✉</big>]]}_{[[Special:Contributions/~aanzx|<big> ©</big>]]}</span> ೧೪:೪೩, ೧೦ ಮಾರ್ಚ್ ೨೦೨೩ (IST) ::@[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:~aanzx|~aanzx]] rendered as box: its issue of non existent fonts or issue with wpcleaner. what os: windows or linux [apt install fonts-indic, if on debian]. Will you help with translation of error messages? [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:రుద్రుడు|రుద్రుడు]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:రుద్రుడు|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೫:೨೫, ೧೦ ಮಾರ್ಚ್ ೨೦೨೩ (IST) :::[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:రుద్రుడు|@రుద్రుడు]] thank you for help, I use windows is can you suggest how to fix font <span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; background: ivory; font-weight:bold;">[[User:~aanzx|~aanzx]] ^{[[user_talk:~aanzx|<big>✉</big>]]}_{[[Special:Contributions/~aanzx|<big> ©</big>]]}</span> ೧೫:೨೭, ೧೦ ಮಾರ್ಚ್ ೨೦೨೩ (IST) ::::@[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:~aanzx|~aanzx]] search query: https://www.google.com/search?q=how+install+kannada+fonts+on+windows&btnI=I%27m+Feeling+Lucky&source=hp&ei=lhwLZKCuHKX14-EPlcqtsAI&iflsig=AK50M_UAAAAAZAsqpgdzIRClnXPKwXnUb3NuL58nIALe&ved=0ahUKEwig0dvnqNH9AhWl-jgGHRVlCyYQ19QECAk or see this https://apps.microsoft.com/store/detail/all-kannada-fonts/9N2MN54MM0L6?hl=en-us&gl=us [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:రుద్రుడు|రుద్రుడు]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:రుద్రుడు|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೭:೩೭, ೧೦ ಮಾರ್ಚ್ ೨೦೨೩ (IST) :::::[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:రుద్రుడు|@రుద్రుడు]] ok can you give any links to templates other than enwiki for refference <span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; background: ivory; font-weight:bold;">[[User:~aanzx|~aanzx]] ^{[[user_talk:~aanzx|<big>✉</big>]]}_{[[Special:Contributions/~aanzx|<big> ©</big>]]}</span> ೧೭:೪೧, ೧೦ ಮಾರ್ಚ್ ೨೦೨೩ (IST) == Translation help == @[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:~aanzx|~aanzx]] Do you know other language in india. If possible go through this [[:bn:উইকিপিডিয়া:WikiProject Check Wikipedia/Translation]] page and add translations for each error on [[ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ:WikiProject Check Wikipedia/Translation]]. Thank you. [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:రుద్రుడు|రుద్రుడు]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:రుద్రుడు|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೮:೧೩, ೧೦ ಮಾರ್ಚ್ ೨೦೨೩ (IST) == Page == ನೀವು ಅನುವಾದಿಸಿದ page [[ಮಹಿಳಾ ಪ್ರೀಮಿಯರ್ ಲೀಗ್ (ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್)]] ಮೊದಲೇ [[ಮಹಿಳಾ ಪ್ರೀಮಿಯರ್ ಲೀಗ್]] ಎಂಬ ಪುಟ ಇದೆ ಅತಿ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಮಾಹಿತಿಯೊಂದಿಗೆ... [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Goldenbluesoul|Goldenbluesoul]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Goldenbluesoul|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೮:೪೬, ೧೯ ಮಾರ್ಚ್ ೨೦೨೩ (IST) :@[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Goldenbluesoul|Goldenbluesoul]] , ನನಗೆ ತಿಳಿಸಿದ್ದಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ಧನ್ಯವಾದಗಳು, ನಾನು ಮಾರ್ಚ್ 6 ರಂದು ಪುಟವನ್ನು ಅನುವಾದಿಸಿದ್ದೆ ಆದರೆ ಉಳಿಸಲು ಮರೆತಿದ್ದೆ ನಾನು ಅದನ್ನು ಇಂದು ಉಳಿಸಿದ್ದೇನೆ ಆದ್ದರಿಂದ ಪುಟವನ್ನು ಈಗಾಗಲೇ ರಚಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ ಎಂದು ನನಗೆ ತಿಳಿದಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ. ಪುಟವನ್ನು ಈಗ ವಿಲೀನಗೊಳಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ. <span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; background: ivory; font-weight:bold;">[[User:~aanzx|~aanzx]] ^{[[user_talk:~aanzx|<big>✉</big>]]}_{[[Special:Contributions/~aanzx|<big> ©</big>]]}</span> ೧೯:೪೩, ೧೯ ಮಾರ್ಚ್ ೨೦೨೩ (IST) ::[[ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಹೆದ್ದಾರಿ ೬೬ (ಭಾರತ)]] infobox errors please ಸರಿ ಮಾಡಿ. [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Goldenbluesoul|Goldenbluesoul]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Goldenbluesoul|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೯:೩೪, ೨೧ ಮಾರ್ಚ್ ೨೦೨೩ (IST) :::@[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Goldenbluesoul|Goldenbluesoul]] ಸರಿಪಡಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ, ವರದಿ ಮಾಡಿದ್ದಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ಧನ್ಯವಾದಗಳು <span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; background: ivory; font-weight:bold;">[[User:~aanzx|~aanzx]] ^{[[user_talk:~aanzx|<big>✉</big>]]}_{[[Special:Contributions/~aanzx|<big> ©</big>]]}</span> ೧೯:೪೫, ೨೧ ಮಾರ್ಚ್ ೨೦೨೩ (IST) == Feminism and Folklore 2023 has been extended == [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2023 logo.svg | logo.svg|right|frameless|300px]] Greetings Organizers, Greetings from Feminism and Folklore International Team, We are pleased to inform you that [[m:Feminism and Folklore 2023|Feminism and Folklore]] an international writing contest on your local Wikipedia has been extended till the '''15th of April 2023'''. This is the last chance of the year to write about feminism, women biographies and gender-focused topics such as folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, folk activities, folk games, folk cuisine, folk wear, fairy tales, folk plays, folk arts, folk religion, mythology, folk artists, folk dancers, folk singers, folk musicians, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales and more We would like to have your immense participation in the writing contest to document your local Folk culture on Wikipedia. You can also help with the translation of [[m:Feminism and Folklore 2023|project pages]] and share a word in your local language. Organizers have been notified some instructions on mail. Please get in touch via email if you need any assistance. Best wishes, International Team Feminism and Folklore. --[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:MediaWiki message delivery|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೦೯:೫೮, ೩೦ ಮಾರ್ಚ್ ೨೦೨೩ (IST) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Rockpeterson/wlf2023&oldid=24803574 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2023 has ended, What's Next? == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">{{int:please-translate}} [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2023 logo.svg|right|350px]] Dear {{PAGENAME}}, '''[[m:Feminism and Folklore 2023|Feminism and Folklore 2023]]''' writing competition has ended. We thank you for organizing it on your local Wikipedia and help in document folk cultures and women in folklore in different regions of the world on Wikipedia. What's next? # Please complete the jury on or before 15th of May 2023. # Email us on [mailto:support@wikilovesfolklore.org support@wikilovesfolklore.org] the Wiki usernames of top three users with most accepted articles in local contest. # Write the information about the winners on the projects Meta Wiki '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023/Results|Results page]]''' # You can also put the names of the winners on your local project page. # We will be contacting the winners in phased manner for distribution of prizes. Feel free to contact us via mail or [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2023|talkpage]] if you need any help, clarification or assistance. Thanks and regards, '''International Team'''<br /> '''Feminism and Folklore''' </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Rockpeterson/wlf2023&oldid=24803574 --> == about page deleted == my page is meghana Shivanand. it was deleted, so I can't find my page in website. so i request you to please give my page back [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Meghana Shivanand|Meghana Shivanand]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Meghana Shivanand|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೫:೦೨, ೧೯ ಮೇ ೨೦೨೩ (IST) :@@[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Meghana Shivanand|Meghana Shivanand]] , I have undeleted page now, for future reference please contact deleting admin instead of someone else to restore deleted page. <span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; background: ivory; font-weight:bold;">[[User:~aanzx|~aanzx]] ^{[[user_talk:~aanzx|<big>✉</big>]]}_{[[Special:Contributions/~aanzx|<big> ©</big>]]}</span> ೧೫:೦೮, ೧೯ ಮೇ ೨೦೨೩ (IST) ::ok thank you [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Meghana Shivanand|Meghana Shivanand]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Meghana Shivanand|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೫:೧೬, ೧೯ ಮೇ ೨೦೨೩ (IST) == Question from [[User:Shivaprakash Adavanne|Shivaprakash Adavanne]] (೧೬:೩೮, ೨೫ ಮೇ ೨೦೨೩) == ಆಂಗ್ಲ ವಿಕಿಪಿಡಿಯಾದ ಗುಬ್ಬಚ್ಚಿ ಲೇಖನವನ್ನುಕನ್ನಡಕ್ಕೆ ಅನುವಾದಿಸಿದೆ. ಉಲ್ಲೇಖವನ್ನೂ ನಮೂದಿಸಿದೆ. ಒಮ್ಮೆ ನೋಡಿ. ಸಾಧ್ಯವಾದಷ್ಟು ತಪ್ಪುಗಳು ನುಸುಳದಂತೆ ನೋಡಿಕೊಂಡಿದ್ದೇನೆ... ಇನ್ನೊಬ್ಬರು ನೋಡಿದರೆ ಒಳ್ಳೆಯದು. --[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Shivaprakash Adavanne|Shivaprakash Adavanne]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Shivaprakash Adavanne|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೬:೩೮, ೨೫ ಮೇ ೨೦೨೩ (IST) == Feminism and Folklore 2023 - A Heartfelt Appreciation for Your Impactful Contribution! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2023 logo.svg|center|500px]] {{int:please-translate}} Dear Wikimedian, We extend our sincerest gratitude to you for making an extraordinary impact in the '''[[m:Feminism and Folklore 2023|Feminism and Folklore 2023]]''' writing competition. Your remarkable dedication and efforts have been instrumental in bridging cultural and gender gaps on Wikipedia. We are truly grateful for the time and energy you've invested in this endeavor. As a token of our deep appreciation, we'd love to send you a special postcard. It serves as a small gesture to convey our immense thanks for your involvement in the competition. To ensure you receive this token of appreciation, kindly fill out [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeXZaej264LOTM0WQBq9QiGGAC1SWg_pbPByD7gp3sC4j7VKQ/viewform this form] by August 15th, 2023. Looking ahead, we are thrilled to announce that we'll be hosting Feminism and Folklore in 2024. We eagerly await your presence in the upcoming year as we continue our journey to empower and foster inclusivity. Once again, thank you for being an essential part of our mission to promote feminism and preserve folklore on Wikipedia. With warm regards, '''Feminism and Folklore International Team'''. --[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:MediaWiki message delivery|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೦೦:೦೭, ೨೬ ಜುಲೈ ೨೦೨೩ (IST) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/fnf2023p&oldid=25345565 --> == Question from [[User:Prabhasindhoor|Prabhasindhoor]] on [[ಈಚನೂರು ಶಾಂತಾ]] (೧೯:೩೯, ೨೫ ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ ೨೦೨೩) == Eachanoor shantha kaadambari required --[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Prabhasindhoor|Prabhasindhoor]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Prabhasindhoor|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೯:೩೯, ೨೫ ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ ೨೦೨೩ (IST) :ಕ್ಷಮಿಸಿ, ನೀವು ಈಚನೂರು ಶಾಂತಾ ಅವರ ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳನ್ನು ಎಲ್ಲಾದರೂ ಸಪ್ನಾ ಬುಕ್ ಹೌಸ್ ನಲ್ಲಿಸಿಗಬಹುದು ಪ್ರಯತ್ನಿಸಿ, ಕನ್ನಡ ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ ಒಂದು ಮಾಹಿತಿ ವಿಶ್ವಕೋಶ, ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳ ನೇರ ಮಾರಾಟ ಸ್ಥಳವಲ್ಲ. <span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; background: ivory; font-weight:bold;">[[User:~aanzx|~aanzx]] ^{[[user_talk:~aanzx|<big>✉</big>]]}_{[[Special:Contributions/~aanzx|<big> ©</big>]]}</span> ೧೯:೪೯, ೨೫ ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ ೨೦೨೩ (IST) == Question from [[User:NANDIBEVOOR PALLAVI|NANDIBEVOOR PALLAVI]] on [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:NANDIBEVOOR PALLAVI/ನನ್ನ ಪ್ರಯೋಗಪುಟ]] (೧೨:೫೯, ೫ ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ ೨೦೨೩) == ಹೆಗೇ ಈ ಳಲೇಖಾಣಾವನ್ನಾ ಊಳಿಶೂವೂದೂ --[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:NANDIBEVOOR PALLAVI|NANDIBEVOOR PALLAVI]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:NANDIBEVOOR PALLAVI|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೨:೫೯, ೫ ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ ೨೦೨೩ (IST) :ದಯವಿಟ್ಟು [[ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ:ಉತ್ತಮ ಲೇಖನ]] ಪ್ರಕಾರ ಲೇಖನವನ್ನು ತಯಾರಿಸಿ, ಮತ್ತು [[Wikipedia:Moving a page]] ಆಂಗ್ಲ ಪುಟದ ಪ್ರಕಾರ ನಿಮ್ಮ ಲೇಖನವನ್ನು ಸರಿಸ ಬಹುದು. <span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; background: ivory; font-weight:bold;">[[User:~aanzx|~aanzx]] ^{[[user_talk:~aanzx|<big>✉</big>]]}_{[[Special:Contributions/~aanzx|<big> ©</big>]]}</span> ೧೩:೦೮, ೫ ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ ೨೦೨೩ (IST) == Translation of taxobox == Hi. How do you change the various names in the taxobox to Kannada? For ex: Domain: to ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ, Family: to ಕುಟುಂಬ etc. i.e. I wanted to know which template or module contains these names so that they can be changed to Kannada. Can you help me? Thanks. [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Kartikdn|Kartikdn]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Kartikdn|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೭:೪೮, ೧೦ ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ ೨೦೨೩ (IST) :@[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Kartikdn|Kartikdn]] , it is in [[ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:Anglicise_rank]] <span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; background: ivory; font-weight:bold;">[[User:~aanzx|~aanzx]] ^{[[user_talk:~aanzx|<big>✉</big>]]}_{[[Special:Contributions/~aanzx|<big> ©</big>]]}</span> ೧೮:೨೨, ೧೦ ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ ೨೦೨೩ (IST) ::Thank you. [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Kartikdn|Kartikdn]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Kartikdn|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೭:೩೭, ೧೧ ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ ೨೦೨೩ (IST) == Question from [[User:Shivaprakash Adavanne|Shivaprakash Adavanne]] (೨೧:೧೮, ೧೦ ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ ೨೦೨೩) == Would like to know what is the impact of article (means how many have gone through the article) - ಕರ್ನಾಟಕದಲ್ಲಿ ಹಕ್ಕಿಗಳ ಅಧ್ಯಯನ --[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Shivaprakash Adavanne|Shivaprakash Adavanne]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Shivaprakash Adavanne|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೨೧:೧೮, ೧೦ ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ ೨೦೨೩ (IST) :@[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Shivaprakash Adavanne|Shivaprakash Adavanne]] , https://xtools.wmcloud.org/articleinfo/kn.wikipedia.org/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A6%20%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%20%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%A7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A8 <span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; background: ivory; font-weight:bold;">[[User:~aanzx|~aanzx]] ^{[[user_talk:~aanzx|<big>✉</big>]]}_{[[Special:Contributions/~aanzx|<big> ©</big>]]}</span> ೨೧:೨೨, ೧೦ ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ ೨೦೨೩ (IST) :thanks [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Shivaprakash Adavanne|Shivaprakash Adavanne]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Shivaprakash Adavanne|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೨೧:೫೧, ೧೦ ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ ೨೦೨೩ (IST) == Question from [[User:Shivaprakash Adavanne|Shivaprakash Adavanne]] (೨೧:೩೬, ೧೦ ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ ೨೦೨೩) == Would like to know, how to know the impact of all the articles I handled. "Your Impact" provides 60 days input for few articles handled, but not all. --[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Shivaprakash Adavanne|Shivaprakash Adavanne]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Shivaprakash Adavanne|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೨೧:೩೬, ೧೦ ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ ೨೦೨೩ (IST) :@[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Shivaprakash Adavanne|Shivaprakash Adavanne]] , https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=kn.wikipedia.org&platform=all-access&agent=user&redirects=0&range=all-time&pages=%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%A7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A8 . <span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; background: ivory; font-weight:bold;">[[User:~aanzx|~aanzx]] ^{[[user_talk:~aanzx|<big>✉</big>]]}_{[[Special:Contributions/~aanzx|<big> ©</big>]]}</span> ೨೧:೪೧, ೧೦ ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ ೨೦೨೩ (IST) ::thanks [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Shivaprakash Adavanne|Shivaprakash Adavanne]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Shivaprakash Adavanne|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೨೧:೫೧, ೧೦ ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ ೨೦೨೩ (IST) == Question from [[User:S.M. MAHENDRA|S.M. MAHENDRA]] on [[ಹಾಲುಮತ ಕುರುಬ ಪುರಾಣ]] (೧೩:೪೦, ೨೪ ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ ೨೦೨೩) == Kuruba hithihasa --[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:S.M. MAHENDRA|S.M. MAHENDRA]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:S.M. MAHENDRA|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೩:೪೦, ೨೪ ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ ೨೦೨೩ (IST) :@[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:S.M. MAHENDRA|S.M. MAHENDRA]] , ಆ ಪುಟದಲ್ಲಿ ಯಾವುದೇ ವಿಷಯವಿಲ್ಲದ ಕಾರಣ ಆ ಪುಟವನ್ನು ಅಳಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ , ನೀವು ಬಯಸಿದರೆ [[ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ:MOS]] ಪ್ರಕಾರ ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಿತ ವಿಷಯವನ್ನು ಒದಗಿಸುವ ಆ ಪುಟವನ್ನು ನೀವು ಮರುಸೃಷ್ಟಿಸಬಹುದು. <span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; background: ivory; font-weight:bold;">[[User:~aanzx|~aanzx]] ^{[[user_talk:~aanzx|<big>✉</big>]]}_{[[Special:Contributions/~aanzx|<big> ©</big>]]}</span> ೧೩:೪೯, ೨೪ ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ ೨೦೨೩ (IST) == ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ == ಹೊಸ Infobox ಯಾಕೆ remove ಮಾಡಿದ್ದು? ಅದರಲ್ಲಿ ಏನು ಬದಲಾವಣೆ ಆಗಬೇಕಿತ್ತು? [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Bhadra 782|Bhadra 782]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Bhadra 782|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೨೧:೪೪, ೧೯ ನವೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೨೩ (IST) :ಕೆಂಪು,ಹಳದಿ ಬಣ್ಣ ಹಾಕಬಾರದಿತ್ತು. <span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; background: ivory; font-weight:bold;">[[User:~aanzx|~aanzx]] ^{[[user_talk:~aanzx|<big>✉</big>]]}_{[[Special:Contributions/~aanzx|<big> ©</big>]]}</span> ೨೧:೪೭, ೧೯ ನವೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೨೩ (IST) ::ಯಾಕೆ? [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Bhadra 782|Bhadra 782]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Bhadra 782|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೨೧:೪೯, ೧೯ ನವೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೨೩ (IST) :::@[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Bhadra 782|Bhadra 782]] , ಇತರ ಇನ್ಫೋಬಾಕ್ಸ್‌ಗಳ ಹಾಗೆಯೇ ಏಕಸಾಮ್ಯತೆ ಇದ್ದರೆ ಒಳ್ಳೆಯದು, ಆದ್ದರಿಂದ ಬಣ್ಣ ಬದಲಾವಣೆ ಬೇಡ. ಬಣ್ಣಗಳ ಬಳಕೆ ಬಿಟ್ಟರೆ ನಿಮ್ಮ ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟ್ ನಲ್ಲಿ ಬೇರೆ ಯಾವ ತೊಂದರೆ ಇರಲಿಲ್ಲ. <span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; background: ivory; font-weight:bold;">[[User:~aanzx|~aanzx]] ^{[[user_talk:~aanzx|<big>✉</big>]]}_{[[Special:Contributions/~aanzx|<big> ©</big>]]}</span> ೨೧:೫೪, ೧೯ ನವೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೨೩ (IST) :::Infobox head, sub head ಗಳಗಲ್ಲಿ ಬಣ್ಣಗಳನ್ನು ಬಳಸಲು ಅವಕಾಶ ಇದೆ, ಆದ್ರೆ ನೀವು ಯಾಕೆ ಬೇಡ ಅಂತ ಇದೀರಿ , :::ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್ ಇನ್ಫೋಬಾಕ್ಸ್ ಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಬಣ್ಣಗಳ ಬಳಕೆ ಇರುವುದನ್ನು ನಾನು ನೋಡಿದ್ದೇನೆ . ಅದೇ ಕಾರಣಕ್ಕೆ sub head ಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಬಣ್ಣ ಬಳಸಿದ್ದು . [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Bhadra 782|Bhadra 782]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Bhadra 782|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೨೧:೫೫, ೧೯ ನವೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೨೩ (IST) ::::ಪುನಃ ಹೇಳುತ್ತಿದ್ದೇನೆ, ಎಲ್ಲ ಇನ್ಫೋಬಾಕ್ಸ್ ಗಳು ಒಂದೇ ಸಮನೆ ಇರಲಿ ಎಂದು ನಿಮ್ಮ ಪರಿಷ್ಕರಣೆಯನ್ನೂ ಹಿಂತಿರುಗಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ. ನೀವು ಬದಲಾವಣೆ ಬಯಸಿದ್ದಲ್ಲಿ [[WP:VP]] ಪುಟದಲ್ಲಿ ಚರ್ಚಿಸಿ ಮತ್ತು ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಬಹುದು. <span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; background: ivory; font-weight:bold;">[[User:~aanzx|~aanzx]] ^{[[user_talk:~aanzx|<big>✉</big>]]}_{[[Special:Contributions/~aanzx|<big> ©</big>]]}</span> ೨೨:೦೧, ೧೯ ನವೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೨೩ (IST) == ಸಹಾಯ == [[ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:switcher]] ಕನ್ನಡವಿಕಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿಲ್ಲ, ಇದಕ್ಕೆ ಕಾರಣ [[en:MediaWiki:Gadget-switcher.js]] ಮತ್ತು [[en:MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition]] ಈ ಮೀಡಿಯವಿಕಿ ಪುಟ ಕನ್ನಡದಲ್ಲಿ ಇಲ್ಲದಿರುವುದು ಎಂದನಿಸುತ್ತಿದೆ, ದಯವಿಟ್ಟು ಈ ಪುಟಗಳನ್ನು ಕನ್ನಡ ವಿಕಿಗೆ ಇಂಪೋರ್ಟ್ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳಿ, [[ಮೀಡಿಯವಿಕಿ:Gadget-switcher.js]] [[ಮೀಡಿಯವಿಕಿ:MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition]] , ಡಿಜಿಟಲ್ map ಮತ್ತು ಚಿತ್ರ ನಕ್ಷೆ ಎರಡನ್ನೂ Infobox ನಲ್ಲಿ ನೀಡಲು ಇದರ ಅಗತ್ಯ ಇತ್ತು, [[ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:switcher]] ಕನ್ನಡ ವಿಕಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡುವಂತೆ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಡಿ. [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Bhadra 782|Bhadra 782]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Bhadra 782|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೩:೫೫, ೨೬ ನವೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೨೩ (IST) :Request on [[WP:VP]] , i will import it <span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; background: ivory; font-weight:bold;">[[User:~aanzx|~aanzx]] ^{[[user_talk:~aanzx|<big>✉</big>]]}_{[[Special:Contributions/~aanzx|<big> ©</big>]]}</span> ೧೪:೦೦, ೨೬ ನವೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೨೩ (IST) ::👍 [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Bhadra 782|Bhadra 782]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Bhadra 782|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೪:೧೪, ೨೬ ನವೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೨೩ (IST) == ಸುದ್ದಿ ಅಳಿಸಿದ್ದಕ್ಕೆ ವಿವರಣೆ ಕಾರಣ ತಿಳಿಸಿ == ನಮಸ್ತೆ ಅನೂಪ್, ಸಂಸತ್ ಭವನದ ಭದ್ರತೆ ವೈಫಲ್ಯ ಸುದ್ದಿ... ಸುದ್ದಿ ಅಳಿಸಿದ್ದಕ್ಕೆ ವಿವರಣೆ ಕಾರಣ ತಿಳಿಸಿ ಸರಿಯಾದ ಬಗೆ ಏನು ? [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Gangaasoonu|Gangaasoonu]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Gangaasoonu|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೦೯:೫೯, ೧೭ ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೨೩ (IST) :@[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Gangaasoonu|Gangaasoonu]] , ಅದು tear gas bomb ಅಲ್ಲ, ಹೊಳಿ ಬಣ್ಣದ ಬಾಂಬ್. ಅದನ್ನು ಸರಿಪಡಿಸಿ ಪುನಃ ಸೇರಿಸಿ. <span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; background: ivory; font-weight:bold;">[[User:~aanzx|~aanzx]] ^{[[user_talk:~aanzx|<big>✉</big>]]}_{[[Special:Contributions/~aanzx|<big> ©</big>]]}</span> ೧೦:೦೨, ೧೭ ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೨೩ (IST) ::ಥ್ಯಾಂಕ್ಸ್. ::ಅಳಿಸುವಾಗ ಕಾರಣ ಹಾಕಿದರೆ ಉತ್ತಮ.. ::ಸರಿ ಮಾಡ್ತೇನೆ. ::[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Gangaasoonu|Gangaasoonu]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Gangaasoonu|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೦:೦೩, ೧೭ ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೨೩ (IST) :::Rollback ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸುವಾಗ ಕಾರಣ ಕೊಡಲು ಆಗುವುದಿಲ್ಲ ಆದ್ದರಿಂದ ಕಾರಣ ಕೊಡಲಾಗಲಿಲ್ಲ. <span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; background: ivory; font-weight:bold;">[[User:~aanzx|~aanzx]] ^{[[user_talk:~aanzx|<big>✉</big>]]}_{[[Special:Contributions/~aanzx|<big> ©</big>]]}</span> ೧೦:೦೬, ೧೭ ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೨೩ (IST) == Question from [[User:ಪ್ರವೀಣ್ಉಪ್ಪಿತ್ರಿ|ಪ್ರವೀಣ್ಉಪ್ಪಿತ್ರಿ]] on [[ರಾಹುಲ್ ಗಾಂಧಿ]] (೧೯:೪೩, ೨೪ ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೨೩) == ವಿಶ್ವ ಕನ್ನಡವಾಗುವುದೆ ? --[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:ಪ್ರವೀಣ್ಉಪ್ಪಿತ್ರಿ|ಪ್ರವೀಣ್ಉಪ್ಪಿತ್ರಿ]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:ಪ್ರವೀಣ್ಉಪ್ಪಿತ್ರಿ|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೯:೪೩, ೨೪ ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೨೩ (IST) :ನಿಮ್ಮ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆ ಅರ್ಥವಾಗಲಿಲ್ಲ, ದಯವಿಟ್ಟು ವಿವರಿಸಿ.<span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; background: ivory; font-weight:bold;">[[User:~aanzx|~aanzx]] ^{[[user_talk:~aanzx|<big>✉</big>]]}_{[[Special:Contributions/~aanzx|<big> ©</big>]]}</span> ೨೦:೩೫, ೨೪ ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೨೩ (IST) == Question from [[User:MARUTI SALUNKE|MARUTI SALUNKE]] (೧೩:೧೬, ೨೮ ಫೆಬ್ರವರಿ ೨೦೨೪) == how to my profile edit? --[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:MARUTI SALUNKE|MARUTI SALUNKE]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:MARUTI SALUNKE|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೩:೧೬, ೨೮ ಫೆಬ್ರವರಿ ೨೦೨೪ (IST) :@[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:MARUTI SALUNKE|MARUTI SALUNKE]], https://kn.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF:MARUTI_SALUNKE&action=edit&redlink=1 . <span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; background: ivory; font-weight:bold;">[[User:~aanzx|~aanzx]] ^{[[user_talk:~aanzx|<big>✉</big>]]}_{[[Special:Contributions/~aanzx|<big> ©</big>]]}</span> ೧೩:೧೭, ೨೮ ಫೆಬ್ರವರಿ ೨೦೨೪ (IST) == Organising Feminism and Folklore == [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2024 logo.svg | 350px | right]] Hello Community Organizers, Thank you for organising Feminism and Folklore writing competition on your wiki. We congratulate you in joining and celebrating our cultural heritage and promoting gender equality on Wikipedia. To encourage boost for the contributions of the participants, we're offering prizes for Feminism and Folklore local prizes. Each Wikipedia will have three local winners: *First Prize: $15 USD *Second Prize: $10 USD *Best Jury Article: $5 USD All this will be in '''gift voucher format only'''. Kindly inform your local community regarding these prizes and post them on the local project page The Best Jury Article will be chosen by the jury based on how unique the article is aligned with the theme. The jury will review all submissions and decide the winner together, making sure it's fair. These articles will also be featured on our social media handles. We're also providing internet and childcare support to the first 50 organizers and Jury members for who request for it. Remember, only 50 organizers will get this support, and it's given on a first-come, first-served basis. The registration form will close after 50 registrations, and the deadline is March 15, 2024. This support is optional and not compulsory, so if you're interested, fill out the form [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdnytyact-HR6DvsWwnrVeWuzMfuNH1dSjpF24m6od-f3LzZQ/viewform here]. Each organizer/jury who gets support will receive $30 USD in gift voucher format, even if they're involved in more than one wiki. No dual support will be provided if you have signed up in more than one language. This support is meant to appreciate your volunteer support for the contest. We also invite all organizers and jury members to join us for office hours on '''Saturday, March 2, 2024'''. This session will help you understand the jury process for both contests and give you a chance to ask questions. More details are on [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2024_Office_Hour_2 meta page]. Let's celebrate our different cultures and work towards gender equality on Wikipedia! Best regards, Rockpeterson [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:MediaWiki message delivery|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೧:೨೬, ೨೯ ಫೆಬ್ರವರಿ ೨೦೨೪ (IST) <!-- Message sent by User:Rockpeterson@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Rockpeterson/fnf2024golbal&oldid=26304232 --> == Help Wanted with CampWiz == Hi, Can you please help me translate the following templates in Kannada? {{Special:PrefixIndex/User:CampWiz Bot/Templates/}}[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Nokib Sarkar|Nokib Sarkar]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Nokib Sarkar|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೯:೫೪, ೬ ಏಪ್ರಿಲ್ ೨೦೨೪ (IST) == Next Steps and Feedback Request for Feminism and Folklore Organizers == [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2024 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] Dear Organizer, I hope this message finds you well. First and foremost, I want to extend my gratitude to you for your efforts in organizing the '''Feminism and Folklore''' campaign on your local Wikipedia. Your contribution has been instrumental in bridging the gender and folk gap on Wikipedia, and we truly appreciate your dedication to this important cause. As the campaign draws to a close, I wanted to inform you about the next steps. It's time to commence the jury process using the CampWiz or Fountain tool where your campaign was hosted. Please ensure that you update the details of the jury, campaign links and the names of organizers accurately on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024/Project Page|sign-up page]]. Once the jury process is completed, kindly update the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024/Results|results page]] accordingly. The deadline for jury submission of results is '''April 30, 2024'''. However, if you find that the number of articles is high and you require more time, please don't hesitate to inform us via email or on our Meta Wiki talk page. We are more than willing to approve an extension if needed. Should you encounter any issues with the tools, please feel free to reach out to us on Telegram for assistance. Your feedback and progress updates are crucial for us to improve the campaign and better understand your community's insights. Therefore, I kindly ask you to spare just 10 minutes to share your progress and achievements with us through a Google Form survey. Your input will greatly assist us in making the campaign more meaningful and impactful. Here's the link to the survey: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfCkFONXlPVlakMmdh-BWtZp0orYBCSVvViJPbsjf2TIXAWvw/viewform?usp=sf_link Survey Google Form Link] Thank you once again for your hard work and dedication to the Feminism and Folklore campaign. Your efforts are deeply appreciated, and we look forward to hearing from you soon. Warm regards, '''Feminism and Folklore International Team #WeTogether''' [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:MediaWiki message delivery|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೩:೫೬, ೭ ಏಪ್ರಿಲ್ ೨೦೨೪ (IST) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/fnf2024&oldid=26557949 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Reminder to vote now to select members of the first U4C</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote reminder|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote reminder}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear Wikimedian, You are receiving this message because you previously participated in the UCoC process. This is a reminder that the voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) ends on May 9, 2024. Read the information on the [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|voting page on Meta-wiki]] to learn more about voting and voter eligibility. The Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community members were invited to submit their applications for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. On behalf of the UCoC project team,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] ೦೪:೪೧, ೩ ಮೇ ೨೦೨೪ (IST) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2024/Previous_voters_list_2&oldid=26721207 --> == Thank You for Your Contribution to Feminism and Folklore 2024! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2024 logo.svg|center|500px]] {{int:please-translate}} Dear Wikimedian, We extend our sincerest gratitude to you for making an extraordinary impact in the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|Feminism and Folklore 2024]]''' writing competition. Your remarkable dedication and efforts have been instrumental in bridging cultural and gender gaps on Wikipedia. We are truly grateful for the time and energy you've invested in this endeavor. As a token of our deep appreciation, we'd love to send you a special postcard. It serves as a small gesture to convey our immense thanks for your involvement in organizing the competition. To ensure you receive this token of appreciation, kindly fill out [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeHYAhFA9Q5vUs9UA1N45TOUxUdSNO8igGTmg4oPUL_qXS1EQ/viewform?usp=sf_link this form] by August 15th, 2024. Looking ahead, we are thrilled to announce that we'll be hosting Feminism and Folklore in 2025. We eagerly await your presence in the upcoming year as we continue our journey to empower and foster inclusivity. Once again, thank you for being an essential part of our mission to promote feminism and preserve folklore on Wikipedia. With warm regards, '''Feminism and Folklore International Team'''. --[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:MediaWiki message delivery|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೭:೫೮, ೨೧ ಜುಲೈ ೨೦೨೪ (IST) </div>. <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/fnf2024&oldid=26557949 --> == Question from [[User:2310173 sharina|2310173 sharina]] (೦೯:೧೬, ೨೪ ಜುಲೈ ೨೦೨೪) == How to upload the writing in wikipedia. --[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:2310173 sharina|2310173 sharina]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:2310173 sharina|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೦೯:೧೬, ೨೪ ಜುಲೈ ೨೦೨೪ (IST) :please refer [[ಸಹಾಯ:ಸಂಪಾದನೆ]].<span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; background: ivory; font-weight:bold;">[[User:~aanzx|~aanzx]] ^{[[user_talk:~aanzx|<big>✉</big>]]}_{[[Special:Contributions/~aanzx|<big> ©</big>]]}</span> ೦೯:೧೮, ೨೪ ಜುಲೈ ೨೦೨೪ (IST) == Question from [[User:Veena Sundar N.|Veena Sundar N.]] (೧೬:೪೦, ೨೬ ಸೆಪ್ಟೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೨೪) == Hello, how can we see the total views of our published articles. --[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Veena Sundar N.|Veena Sundar N.]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Veena Sundar N.|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೬:೪೦, ೨೬ ಸೆಪ್ಟೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೨೪ (IST) :@[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Veena Sundar N.|Veena Sundar N.]], see [[Special:Contributions/Veena Sundar N.]] & https://guc.toolforge.org/?by=date&user=Veena+Sundar+N._ .<span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; background: ivory; font-weight:bold;">[[User:~aanzx|~aanzx]] ^{[[user_talk:~aanzx|<big>✉</big>]]}_{[[Special:Contributions/~aanzx|<big> ©</big>]]}</span> ೧೬:೫೦, ೨೬ ಸೆಪ್ಟೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೨೪ (IST) :@[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Veena Sundar N.|Veena Sundar N.]] page views can seen at https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pages/kn.wikipedia.org/Veena%20Sundar%20N. , please add . while viewing above pagesas your username has . at the end it doesn't work while link here. <span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; background: ivory; font-weight:bold;">[[User:~aanzx|~aanzx]] ^{[[user_talk:~aanzx|<big>✉</big>]]}_{[[Special:Contributions/~aanzx|<big> ©</big>]]}</span> ೧೬:೫೫, ೨೬ ಸೆಪ್ಟೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೨೪ (IST) == Feminism and Folklores 2024 Organizers Feedback == Dear Organizer, [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2024 logo.svg | right | frameless]] We extend our heartfelt gratitude for your invaluable contributions to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Feminism_and_Folklore_2024 Feminism and Folklore 2024]. Your dedication to promoting feminist perspectives on Wikimedia platforms has been instrumental in the campaign's success. To better understand your initiatives and impact, we invite you to participate in a short survey (5-7 minutes). Your feedback will help us document your achievements in our report and showcase your story in our upcoming blog, highlighting the diversity of [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Feminism_and_Folklore Feminism and Folklore] initiatives. Click to participate in the [https://forms.gle/dSeoDP1r7S4KCrVZ6 survey]. By participating in the By participating in the survey, you help us share your efforts in reports and upcoming blogs. This will help showcase and amplify your work, inspiring others to join the movement. The survey covers: #Community engagement and participation #Challenges and successes #Partnership Thank you again for your tireless efforts in promoting [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Feminism_and_Folklore Feminism and Folklore]. Best regards,<br> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 14:23, 26 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Joris Darlington Quarshie@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Joris_Darlington_Quarshie/FnF1&oldid=27662256 --> == Organising Tuluvas Aati Month == [[File:Tuluvas Aati Month banner logo.svg| 150px | right]] Hello Organizers, We want to extend our heartfelt gratitude to you for making the '''[[m:Tuluvas Aati Month|Tuluvas Aati Month]]''' event a success. Your time, dedication, and expertise brought this cultural celebration to life, creating meaningful experiences for everyone involved. To help us improve future events and celebrate the efforts of everyone. Each organizer/jury who gets support will receive in gift card format. please fill out [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd3RWB1kvSyR77kYaZtI-S1T9da48Cd7j6giMb6naSDXcYl9Q/viewform this form]. Best regards,<br> '''Tuluvas Aati Month Team'''. [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:MediaWiki message delivery|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೮:೫೬, ೧ ನವೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೨೪ (IST) <!-- Message sent by User:ChiK@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuluvas_Aati_Month/JuryList&oldid=27685549 --> == [Reminder] Apply for Cycle 3 Grants by December 1st! == Dear Feminism and Folklore Organizers, We hope this message finds you well. We are excited to inform you that the application window for Wikimedia Foundation's Cycle 3 of our grants is now open. Please ensure to submit your applications by December 1st. For a comprehensive guide on how to apply, please refer to the Wiki Loves Folklore Grant Toolkit: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Folklore_Grant_Toolkit Additionally, you can find detailed information on the Rapid Grant timeline here: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Rapid#Timeline We appreciate your continuous efforts and contributions to our campaigns. Should you have any questions or need further assistance, please do not hesitate to reach out: '''support@wikilovesfolkore.org''' Kind regards, <br> On behalf of the Wiki Loves Folklore International Team. <br> [[User:Joris Darlington Quarshie | Joris Darlington Quarshie]] ([[User talk:Joris Darlington Quarshie|talk]]) 08:39, 9 November 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Joris Darlington Quarshie@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Joris_Darlington_Quarshie/FnF1&oldid=27662256 --> == [Workshop] Identifying Win-Win Relationships with Partners for Wikimedia == Dear Recipient,<br> We are excited to invite you to the third workshop in our Advocacy series, part of the Feminism and Folklore International Campaign. This highly anticipated workshop, titled <b>"Identifying Win-Win Relationships with Partners for Wikimedia,"</b> will be led by the esteemed Alex Stinson, Lead Program Strategist at the Wikimedia Foundation. Don't miss this opportunity to gain valuable insights into forging effective partnerships. ===Workshop Objectives=== * <b>Introduction to Partnerships: </b>Understand the importance of building win-win relationships within the Wikimedia movement. * <b>Strategies for Collaboration: </b>Learn practical strategies for identifying and fostering effective partnerships. * <b>Case Studies:</b> Explore real-world examples of successful partnerships in the Wikimedia community. * <b>Interactive Discussions: </b>Engage in discussions to share experiences and insights on collaboration and advocacy. ===Workshop Details=== 📅 Date: 7th December 2024<br> ⏰ Time: 4:30 PM UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1733589000 Check your local time zone])<br> 📍 Venue: Zoom Meeting ===How to Join:=== Registration Link: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Identifying_Win-Win_Relationships_with_Partners_for_Wikimedia <br> Meeting ID: 860 4444 3016 <br> Passcode: 834088 We welcome participants to bring their diverse perspectives and stories as we drive into the collaborative opportunities within the Wikimedia movement. Together, we’ll explore how these partnerships can enhance our advocacy and community efforts. Thank you, Wiki Loves Folklore International Team [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 07:34, 03 December 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Joris Darlington Quarshie@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Joris_Darlington_Quarshie/FnF1&oldid=27662256 --> == Invitation to Host Wiki Loves Folklore 2025 in Your Country == [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|frameless]] Dear Team, My name is Joris Darlington Quarshie (user: Joris Darlington Quarshie), and I am the Event Coordinator for the Wiki Loves Folklore 2025 (WLF) International campaign. Wiki Loves Folklore 2025 is a photographic competition aimed at highlighting folk culture worldwide. The annual international photography competition is held on Wikimedia Commons between the 1st of February and the 31st of March. This campaign invites photographers and enthusiasts of folk culture globally to showcase their local traditions, festivals, cultural practices, and other folk events by uploading photographs to Wikimedia Commons. As we celebrate the seventh anniversary of Wiki Loves Folklore, the international team is thrilled to invite Wikimedia affiliates, user groups, and organizations worldwide to host a local edition in their respective countries. This is an opportunity to bring more visibility to the folk culture of your region and contribute valuable content to the internet. * Please find the project page for this year’s edition at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2025 * To sign up and organize the event in your country, visit: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2025/Organize If you wish to organize your local edition in either February or March instead of both months, feel free to let us know. In addition to the photographic competition, there will also be a Wikipedia writing competition called Feminism and Folklore, which focuses on topics related to feminism, women's issues, gender gaps, and folk culture on Wikipedia. We welcome your team to organize both the photo and writing campaigns or either one of them in your local Wiki edition. If you are unable to organize both campaigns, feel free to share this opportunity with other groups or organizations in your region that may be interested. * You can find the Feminism and Folklore project page here: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Feminism_and_Folklore_2025 * The page to sign up is: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Feminism_and_Folklore_2025/Project_Page For any questions or to discuss further collaboration, feel free to contact us via the Talk page or email at support@wikilovesfolklore.org. If your team wishes to connect via a meeting to discuss this further, please let us know. We look forward to your participation in Wiki Loves Folklore 2025 and to seeing the incredible folk culture of your region represented on Wikimedia Commons. Sincerely, The Wiki Loves Folklore International Team [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 08:50, 27 December 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Joris Darlington Quarshie@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Joris_Darlington_Quarshie/FnF1&oldid=27662256 --> == Invitation to Organise Feminism and Folklore 2025 == == Invitation to Organise Feminism and Folklore 2025 == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2025 logo.svg|center|550px|frameless]] <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"><em>{{int:please-translate}}</em></div> Dear {{PAGENAME}}, My name is [[User:SAgbley|Stella Agbley]], and I am the Event Coordinator for the Feminism and Folklore 2025 (FnF) International campaign. We're thrilled to announce the Feminism and Folklore 2025 writing competition, held in conjunction with Wiki Loves Folklore 2025! This initiative focuses on enriching Wikipedia with content related to feminism, women's issues, gender gaps, and folk culture. === Why Host the Competition? === * Empower voices: Provide a platform for discussions on feminism and its intersection with folk culture. * Enrich Wikipedia: Contribute valuable content to Wikipedia on underrepresented topics. * Raise awareness: Increase global understanding of these important issues. === Exciting Prizes Await! === We're delighted to acknowledge outstanding contributions with a range of prizes: **International Recognition:** * 1st Prize: $300 USD * 2nd Prize: $200 USD * 3rd Prize: $100 USD * Consolation Prizes (Top 10): $50 USD each **Local Recognition (Details Coming Soon!):** Each participating Wikipedia edition (out of 40+) will offer local prizes. Stay tuned for announcements! All prizes will be distributed in a convenient and accessible manner. Winners will receive major brand gift cards or vouchers equivalent to the prize value in their local currency. === Ready to Get Involved? === Learn more about Feminism and Folklore 2025: [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Feminism_and_Folklore_2025 Feminism and Folklore 2025] Sign Up to Organize a Campaign: [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Feminism_and_Folklore_2025/Project_Page Campaign Sign-Up Page] === Collaboration is Key! === Whether you choose to organize both photo and writing competitions (Wiki Loves Folklore and Feminism and Folklore) or just one, we encourage your participation. If hosting isn't feasible, please share this opportunity with interested groups in your region. === Let's Collaborate! === For questions or to discuss further collaboration, please contact us via the Talk page or email at support@wikilovesfolklore.org. We're happy to schedule a meeting to discuss details further. Together, let's celebrate women's voices and enrich Wikipedia with valuable content! Thank you, **Wiki Loves Folklore International Team** </div> </div> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}]]) 23:02, 05 January 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Joris Darlington Quarshie@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Joris_Darlington_Quarshie/FnF1&oldid=27662256 --> <!-- Message sent by User:Joris Darlington Quarshie@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Joris_Darlington_Quarshie/FnF1&oldid=27662256 --> == Invitation to Participate in the Wikimedia SAARC Conference Community Engagement Survey == Dear Community Members, I hope this message finds you well. Please excuse the use of English; we encourage translations into your local languages to ensure inclusivity. We are conducting a Community Engagement Survey to assess the sentiments, needs, and interests of South Asian Wikimedia communities in organizing the inaugural Wikimedia SAARC Regional Conference, proposed to be held in Kathmandu, Nepal. This initiative aims to bring together participants from eight nations to collaborate towards shared goals. Your insights will play a vital role in shaping the event's focus, identifying priorities, and guiding the strategic planning for this landmark conference. Survey Link: https://forms.gle/en8qSuCvaSxQVD7K6 We kindly request you to dedicate a few moments to complete the survey. Your feedback will significantly contribute to ensuring this conference addresses the community's needs and aspirations. Deadline to Submit the Survey: 20 January 2025 Your participation is crucial in shaping the future of the Wikimedia SAARC community and fostering regional collaboration. Thank you for your time and valuable input. Warm regards,<br> [[:m:User:Biplab Anand|Biplab Anand]] <!-- Message sent by User:Biplab Anand@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Biplab_Anand/lists&oldid=28078122 --> == Thank you for being a medical contributors! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Wiki Project Med Foundation logo.svg|130px]] |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" |'''The 2024 Cure Award''' |- | style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" |In 2024 you '''[[mdwiki:WikiProjectMed:WikiProject_Medicine/Stats/Top_medical_editors_2024_(all)|were one of the top medical editors in your language]]'''. Thank you from [[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med]] for helping bring free, complete, accurate, up-to-date health information to the public. We really appreciate you and the vital work you do! Wiki Project Med Foundation is a [[meta:Wikimedia_thematic_organizations|thematic organization]] whose mission is to improve our health content. '''[[meta:Wiki_Project_Med#People_interested|Consider joining for 2025]]''', there are no associated costs. Additionally one of our primary efforts revolves around translating health content. We invite you to '''[https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/index.php try our new workflow]''' if you have not already. Our dashboard automatically [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/leaderboard.php collects statistics] of your efforts and we are working on [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/fixwikirefs.php tools to automatically improve formating]. |} Thanks again :-) -- [[mdwiki:User:Doc_James|<span style="color:#0000f1">'''Doc James'''</span>]] along with the rest of the team at '''[[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med Foundation]]''' ೧೧:೫೪, ೨೬ ಜನವರಿ ೨೦೨೫ (IST) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Doc James@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Top_Other_Language_Editors_2024&oldid=28172893 --> == ಕವಿ ಪರಿಚಯ ರಮೇಶ್ ಎಂ.ಎಸ್ ದೊಡ್ಡಿ == ರಮೇಶ್ ಎಂ.ಎಸ್ ದೊಡ್ಡಿ [[ವಿಶೇಷ:Contributions/2409:40F2:2170:7CC1:84CA:BFFF:FE4F:2F95|2409:40F2:2170:7CC1:84CA:BFFF:FE4F:2F95]] ೧೮:೩೨, ೯ ಫೆಬ್ರವರಿ ೨೦೨೫ (IST) == Feminism and Folklore 2025: Important Updates for Organizers & Jury == Hello Community Organizers and Jury, Thank you for organising Feminism and Folklore writing competition on your wiki. Feminism and Folklore is the largest Wikipedia contest organized by community members. We congratulate you in joining and celebrating our cultural heritage and promoting gender equality on Wikipedia. To encourage boost for the contributions of the participants, we're offering prizes for Feminism and Folklore local prizes. Each Wikipedia will have three local winners: # First Prize: $25 USD # Second Prize: $20 USD # Best Jury Article: $15 USD All this will be in '''gift voucher format only'''. Prizes will only be given to users who have more than 5 accepted articles. No prizes will be given for users winning below 5 accepted articles. Kindly inform your local community regarding these prizes and post them on the local project page The Best Jury Article will be chosen by the jury based on how unique the article is aligned with the theme. The jury will review all submissions and decide the winner together, making sure it's fair. These articles will also be featured on our social media handles. We're also providing internet and childcare support to the first 75 organizers and Jury members for those who request for it. Remember, only 75 organizers will get this support, and it's given on a first-come, first-served basis. The registration form will close after 75 registrations, and the deadline is <nowiki>'''</nowiki>March 5, 2025<nowiki>'''</nowiki>. This support is optional and not compulsory, so if you're interested, fill out the [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeum8md6FqHY1ISWRLW5bqOAv_lcd1tpVtMMZfWKRDU_IffLQ/viewform?usp=dialog Form] Each organizer/jury who gets support will receive $40 USD in gift voucher format, even if they're involved in more than one wiki. No dual support will be provided if you have signed up in more than one language. This support is meant to appreciate your volunteer support for the contest. We also invite all organizers and jury members to join us for Advocacy session on '''Saturday, Feb 28, 2025'''. This session will help you understand the jury process for both contests and give you a chance to ask questions. More details are on [[meta:Event:Telling untold stories: How to document gendered narratives in Folklore on Wikipedia|Event:Telling untold stories: How to document gendered narratives in Folklore on Wikipedia - Meta]] Let's celebrate our different cultures and work towards gender equality on Wikipedia! Best regards, Stella and Tiven Wiki loves folklore international team [[User:SAgbley|SAgbley]] ([[User talk:SAgbley|talk]]) 04:39, 25 February 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Joris Darlington Quarshie@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Joris_Darlington_Quarshie/Community_Prizes&oldid=28309519 --> == Question from [[User:Swarthak Gayakawad|Swarthak Gayakawad]] (೨೧:೦೪, ೨೮ ಫೆಬ್ರವರಿ ೨೦೨೫) == ನಾನು ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ರಕ್ಷಣಾ ವೇದಿಕೆ ಸೇರಬೇಕು ನನಗೂ ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ರಕ್ಷಣಾ ವೇದಿಕೆ ಐಡಿ ಬೇಕು --[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Swarthak Gayakawad|Swarthak Gayakawad]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Swarthak Gayakawad|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೨೧:೦೪, ೨೮ ಫೆಬ್ರವರಿ ೨೦೨೫ (IST) :ಇದು ಕನ್ನಡ ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ, ಕನ್ನಡ ರಕ್ಷಣಾ ವೇದಿಕೆಯಲ್ಲ. --<span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; font-weight:bold; border: 2px solid grey; border-radius: 5px;">[[User:~aanzx|~aanzx]] · [[user_talk:~aanzx|<big>✉</big>]] · [[Special:Contributions/~aanzx|<big> ©</big>]]</span> ೨೧:೧೫, ೨೮ ಫೆಬ್ರವರಿ ೨೦೨೫ (IST) == Question from [[User:Swarthak Gayakawad|Swarthak Gayakawad]] (೨೧:೨೧, ೨೮ ಫೆಬ್ರವರಿ ೨೦೨೫) == ನಾನು ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ರಕ್ಷಣಾ ವೇದಿಕೆ ಸೇರಬೇಕು --[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Swarthak Gayakawad|Swarthak Gayakawad]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Swarthak Gayakawad|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೨೧:೨೧, ೨೮ ಫೆಬ್ರವರಿ ೨೦೨೫ (IST) :ನಮಸ್ಕಾರ, ಇದು ಕನ್ನಡ ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ :{{quote|ಕನ್ನಡ ರಕ್ಷಣಾ ವೇದಿಕೆಯಲ್ಲ}} --<span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; font-weight:bold; border: 2px solid grey; border-radius: 5px;">[[User:~aanzx|~aanzx]] · [[user_talk:~aanzx|<big>✉</big>]] · [[Special:Contributions/~aanzx|<big> ©</big>]]</span> ೨೧:೨೪, ೨೮ ಫೆಬ್ರವರಿ ೨೦೨೫ (IST) == Question from [[User:Sharina.b2310173|Sharina.b2310173]] (೧೦:೪೫, ೬ ಮಾರ್ಚ್ ೨೦೨೫) == Why is my article unable to edit --[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Sharina.b2310173|Sharina.b2310173]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Sharina.b2310173|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೦:೪೫, ೬ ಮಾರ್ಚ್ ೨೦೨೫ (IST) :please use [[special:mypage/Sandbox]] . --<span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; font-weight:bold; border: 2px solid grey; border-radius: 5px;">[[User:~aanzx|~aanzx]] · [[user_talk:~aanzx|<big>✉</big>]] · [[Special:Contributions/~aanzx|<big> ©</big>]]</span> ೧೦:೫೬, ೬ ಮಾರ್ಚ್ ೨೦೨೫ (IST) == Join Us Today: Amplify Women’s Stories on Wikipedia! == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2025 logo.svg|center|550px|frameless]] <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{center|''{{int:please-translate}}''}} Dear {{PAGENAME}}, {{quote|Join us this International Women’s Month to uncover hidden stories and reshape cultural narratives! Dive into an interactive workshop where we’ll illuminate gaps in folklore and women’s history on Wikipedia—and take action to ensure their legacies are written into history.}} Facilitated by '''Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight''', this workshop will explore how to identify and curate missing stories about women’s contributions to culture and heritage. Let’s work together to amplify voices that have been overlooked for far too long! == Event Details == * '''📅 Date''': Today (15 March 2025) * '''⏰ Time''': 4:00 PM UTC ([https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/converter.html Convert to your time zone]) * '''📍 Platform''': [https://us06web.zoom.us/j/87522074523?pwd=0EEz1jfr4i9d9Nvdm3ioTaFdRGZojJ.1 Zoom Link] * '''🔗 Session''': [[meta:Event:Feminism and Folklore International Campaign: Finding and Curating the Missing Gaps on Gender Disparities|Feminism and Folklore International Campaign: Finding and Curating the Missing Gaps on Gender Disparities]] * '''🆔 Meeting ID''': 860 8747 3266 * '''🔑 Passcode''': FNF@2025 == Participation == Whether you’re a seasoned editor or new to Wikipedia, this is your chance to contribute to a more inclusive historical record. ''Bring your curiosity and passion—we’ll provide the tools and guidance!'' '''Let’s make history ''her'' story too.''' See you there! Best regards,<br> '''Joris Quarshie'''<br> [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore 2025 International Team]] <div style="margin-top:1em; text-align:center;"> Stay connected [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]] [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|msg]]) 07:15, 24 March 2025 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Joris Darlington Quarshie@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Joris_Darlington_Quarshie/FnF1&oldid=27662256 --> == Follow-Up: Support for Feminism and Folklore 2025 Contributions == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2025 logo.svg|center|550px|frameless]] <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{center|''{{int:please-translate}}''}} Dear {{PAGENAME}}, I hope this message finds you well. We noticed that your community has signed up for the [[meta:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore Writing Contest]], but there have been only a few contributions submitted via the [https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/campwiz/ Campwiz tool] so far. We completely understand that challenges may arise, and we’d love to support you and your participants in streamlining the submission process. To assist your community, here’s a step-by-step guide to adding articles to the campaign. Feel free to share these instructions with your participants: === How to Submit Articles via Campwiz === '''Tool link:''' https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/campwiz/ # Access the Tool #* Visit Campwiz and log in with your Wikimedia account (same as your Wikipedia credentials). # Select the Campaign #* Scroll through the list of campaigns and click on your campaign. # Add Your Article #* Click on "'''+ SUBMIT NEW ARTICLE'''" button. #* Enter the exact title of your article in the “Tiltle” field. #* Click on "'''CHECK'''" button. #* If you have more articles to submit, click on the '''"SUBMIT ANOTHER"''' button. # Check your submissions. #* To check if your submissions went through please click on the '''"DETAILS"''' button #* Click on the '''SUBMISSIONS''' Button to see the list of your submissions. === Need Help? === * Technical issues? Ensure article titles are spelled correctly and meet the campaign’s theme (feminism, folklore, or gender-related topics). * Eligibility questions? New articles must follow Wikipedia’s notability guidelines. * Still stuck? Send an email to '''support@wikilovesfolklore.org'''! You can also reach out on the campaign’s Talk page. Your commitment to amplifying untold gendered narratives in folklore is invaluable, and we’re excited to see your community’s contributions come to life. Let’s work together to make this campaign a success! Looking forward to your response, Best regards,<br> Stella<br> Feminism and Folklore Organizer -[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 07:29, 17 March 2025 (UTC) </div> </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Joris Darlington Quarshie@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Joris_Darlington_Quarshie/FnF2&oldid=28410476 --> == ಮಾರಿಯಾ ಔರೋರಾ ಕೌಟೊ == ನಾನು ರಚಿಸಿದ ಈ ಪುಟದಲ್ಲಿ ಕೆಲವು ತಪ್ಪುಗಳು ಇರಬಹುದೇ ಎಂದು ಸೂಚಿಸಿ, ಏಕೆಂದರೆ ನಾನು ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್ ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯಾದ ಪುಟವನ್ನು ನನ್ನ ಸ್ವಂತ ಶಬ್ದಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಕನ್ನಡ ಭಾಷೆಗೆ ಭಾಷಾಂತರಿಸಿದ್ದೇನೆ. [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:SachinSwami|SachinSwami]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:SachinSwami|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೭:೦೯, ೪ ಏಪ್ರಿಲ್ ೨೦೨೫ (IST) :ಕೆಲವೊಮ್ಮೆ ನೀವು ವಾಕ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಭೂತಕಾಲವನ್ನು ಬಳಸಬೇಕಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಉದಾಹರಣೆಗೆ ನೆಲೆಸಿದರು ಬದಲು ನೆಲೆಸಿದ್ದರು , ವಹಿಸಿದರು ಬದಲು ವಹಿಸಿದ್ದರು ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸಬೇಕು, ಅದನ್ನು ವರೆತುಪಡಿಸಿದರೆ ಲೇಖನ ಚೆನ್ನಾಗಿದೆ. ಕನ್ನಡ ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯಕ್ಕೆ ನಿಮ್ಮ ಅತ್ಯಮೂಲ್ಯ ಕೊಡುಗೆಗೆ ಧನ್ಯವಾದಗಳು. --<span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; font-weight:bold; border: 2px solid grey; border-radius: 5px;">[[User:~aanzx|~aanzx]] · [[user_talk:~aanzx|<big>✉</big>]] · [[Special:Contributions/~aanzx|<big> ©</big>]]</span> ೧೭:೨೧, ೪ ಏಪ್ರಿಲ್ ೨೦೨೫ (IST) == Feminism and Folklore 2025 Jury Evaluation Guidelines & Results Submission == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2025 logo.svg|center|550px|frameless]] <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{center|''{{int:please-translate}}''}} Dear {{PAGENAME}}, Thank you once again for your commitment and dedication to the [[meta:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore 2025]] campaign! As we near the conclusion of this year’s contest, please follow the official jury guidelines when evaluating submissions: ===Jury Guidelines:=== * Articles must be created or expanded between 1st February and 31st March 2025. * Minimum article size: 3000 bytes and at least 300 words. * No poor or machine-translated content. * Articles must align with the Feminism and Folklore themes (feminism, gender, culture, folklore). * Articles should not be orphaned – they must be linked to at least one other article. * Submissions must not violate copyright rules and should follow local notability guidelines. * All articles must include proper references according to your local Wikipedia’s citation policies. * Once your local jury process is complete, kindly submit only the top 3 winners on the official results page: ===Submission Link:=== https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Feminism_and_Folklore_2025/Results Please include the following for each winner: * Username * Link to the local user talkpage * Their ranking (1st, 2nd, or 3rd) For more information, you can also refer to the main contest page: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Feminism_and_Folklore_2025 If you need help or have any questions, feel free to reach out. Warm regards, <br> Stella Sessy Agbley<br> Coordinator, Feminism and Folklore -[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 10:48, 10 April 2025 (UTC) </div> </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Joris Darlington Quarshie@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Joris_Darlington_Quarshie/FnF2&oldid=28410476 --> == Invitation: Gendering the Archive - Building Inclusive Folklore Repositories (April 30th) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2025 logo.svg|center|550px|frameless]] <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{center|''{{int:please-translate}}''}} Dear {{PAGENAME}}, You are invited to a hands-on session focused on [[meta:Gendering the Archive: Building Inclusive Repositories for Folklore Documentation|Gendering the Archive: Building Inclusive Repositories for Folklore Documentation]]. This online workshop will guide participants on how to create, edit, and expand gender-inclusive folklore articles and multimedia archives on Wikipedia and Wikidata. The session will be led by Rebecca Jeannette Nyinawumuntu. === Objectives === * '''Design Inclusive Repositories:''' Learn best practices for structuring folklore archives that foreground gender perspectives. * '''Hands-On Editing:''' Practice creating and improving articles and items on Wikipedia and Wikidata with a gender-inclusive lens. * '''Collaborative Mapping:''' Work in small groups to plan new entries and multimedia uploads that document underrepresented voices. * '''Advocacy & Outreach:''' Discuss strategies to promote and sustain these repositories within your local and online communities. === Details === * '''Date:''' 30th April 2025 * '''Day:''' Wednesday * '''Time:''' 16:00 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746028800 Check your local time zone]) * '''Venue:''' Online (Zoom) * '''Speaker:''' Rebecca Jeannette Nyinawumuntu (Co-founder, Wikimedia Rwanda & Community Engagement Director) === How to Join === * '''Zoom Link:''' [https://us06web.zoom.us/j/89158738825?pwd=ezEgXbAqwq9KEr499DvJxSzZyXSVQX Join here] * '''Meeting ID:''' 891 5873 8825 * '''Passcode:''' FNF@2025 * '''Add to Calendar:''' [https://zoom.us/meeting/tZ0scuGvrTMiGNH4I3T7EEQmhuFJkuCHL7Ci/ics?meetingMasterEventId=Xv247OBKRMWeJJ9LSbX2hA Add to your calendar] '''' === Agenda === # Welcome & Introductions: Opening remarks and participant roll-call. # Presentation: Overview of gender-inclusive principles and examples of folklore archives. # Hands-On Workshop: Step-by-step editing on Wikipedia and Wikidata—create or expand entries. # Group Brainstorm: Plan future repository items in breakout groups. # Q&A & Discussion: Share challenges, solutions, and next steps. # Closing Remarks: Summarise key takeaways and outline follow-up actions. We look forward to seeing you there! Best regards,<br> Stella<br> Feminism and Folklore Organiser -[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 10:28, 24 April 2025 (UTC) </div> </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Joris Darlington Quarshie@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Joris_Darlington_Quarshie/FnF1&oldid=28399508 --> == Invitation: Gendering the Archive - Building Inclusive Folklore Repositories (April 30th) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2025 logo.svg|center|550px|frameless]] <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{center|''{{int:please-translate}}''}} Dear {{PAGENAME}}, You are invited to a hands-on session focused on [[meta:Gendering the Archive: Building Inclusive Repositories for Folklore Documentation | Gendering the Archive: Building Inclusive Repositories for Folklore Documentation]]. This online workshop will guide participants on how to create, edit, and expand gender-inclusive folklore articles and multimedia archives on Wikipedia and Wikidata. The session will be led by Rebecca Jeannette Nyinawumuntu. === Objectives === * '''Design Inclusive Repositories:''' Learn best practices for structuring folklore archives that foreground gender perspectives. * '''Hands-On Editing:''' Practice creating and improving articles and items on Wikipedia and Wikidata with a gender-inclusive lens. * '''Collaborative Mapping:''' Work in small groups to plan new entries and multimedia uploads that document underrepresented voices. * '''Advocacy & Outreach:''' Discuss strategies to promote and sustain these repositories within your local and online communities. === Details === * '''Date:''' 30th April 2025 * '''Day:''' Wednesday * '''Time:''' 16:00 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746028800 Check your local time zone]) * '''Venue:''' Online (Zoom) * '''Speaker:''' Rebecca Jeannette Nyinawumuntu (Co-founder, Wikimedia Rwanda & Community Engagement Director) === How to Join === * '''Zoom Link:''' [https://us06web.zoom.us/j/89158738825?pwd=ezEgXbAqwq9KEr499DvJxSzZyXSVQX Join here] * '''Meeting ID:''' 891 5873 8825 * '''Passcode:''' FNF@2025 * '''Add to Calendar:''' [https://zoom.us/meeting/tZ0scuGvrTMiGNH4I3T7EEQmhuFJkuCHL7Ci/ics?meetingMasterEventId=Xv247OBKRMWeJJ9LSbX2hA Add to your calendar] '''' === Agenda === # Welcome & Introductions: Opening remarks and participant roll-call. # Presentation: Overview of gender-inclusive principles and examples of folklore archives. # Hands-On Workshop: Step-by-step editing on Wikipedia and Wikidata—create or expand entries. # Group Brainstorm: Plan future repository items in breakout groups. # Q&A & Discussion: Share challenges, solutions, and next steps. # Closing Remarks: Summarise key takeaways and outline follow-up actions. We look forward to seeing you there! Best regards,<br> Stella<br> Feminism and Folklore Organiser -[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 10:28, 24 April 2025 (UTC) </div> </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Joris Darlington Quarshie@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Joris_Darlington_Quarshie/FnF2&oldid=28410476 --> == Question from [[User:Shivu26|Shivu26]] (೨೨:೪೦, ೧೦ ಮೇ ೨೦೨೫) == Hello How to publish my translated article --[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Shivu26|Shivu26]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Shivu26|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೨೨:೪೦, ೧೦ ಮೇ ೨೦೨೫ (IST) :once completed you can move page by using , tools > move option on top right section on the line of title --<span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; font-weight:bold; border: 2px solid blue; border-radius: 5px;">[[User:A826|A826]] · [[user_talk:A826|<big>✉</big>]] · [[Special:Contributions/A826|<big> ©</big>]]</span> ೨೨:೪೫, ೧೦ ಮೇ ೨೦೨೫ (IST) == Final reminder that the deadline for submitting your Feminism and Folklore 2025 results == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;> Hello {{PAGENAME}} [[File:Feminism and Folklore logo.svg | right | frameless]] I hope this message finds you well. This is a final reminder that the deadline for submitting your Feminism and Folklore 2025 results on Meta has elapsed. For participant prizes to be processed, your community must submit the necessary information as soon as possible. Please use the following link to submit your results: [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Feminism_and_Folklore_2025/Results Submit your results] We have extended the {{font color||yellow|'''submission deadline to 12 June 2025'''.}} Kindly note that failure to submit by this date will result in your group’s participants not receiving any prizes from us. Thank you for your attention to this important matter and for your continued contributions to the Feminism and Folklore campaign. Warm regards,<br> Stella<br> On behalf of Feminism and Folklore Team<br> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 12:39, 08 June 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Joris Darlington Quarshie@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:FnF_2025_reminder_list&oldid=28842648 --> == You're invited: Feminism and Folklore Advocacy Session – June 20! == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;> Hello {{PAGENAME}} [[File:Feminism and Folklore logo.svg | right | frameless]] We are pleased to invite you to an inspiring session in the Feminism and Folklore International Campaign Advocacy Series titled: 🎙️ Documenting Indigenous Women’s Wisdom: The Role of Grandmothers and Elders<br> 🗓 Friday, June 20, 2025<br> ⏰ 4:00 PM UTC<br> 🌍 Online – [https://us06web.zoom.us/j/86470824823?pwd=s7ruwuxrradtJNcZLVT9EyClb8g7ho.1 Zoom link]<br> 👤 Facilitator: Obiageli Ezeilo (Wiki for Senior Citizens Network)<br> Join us as we explore how the oral teachings of grandmothers and elders preserve cultural heritage and influence today’s feminist movements. Learn how to document these narratives using Wikimedia platforms! 🔗 Event Page & Details: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Documenting_Indigenous_Women%E2%80%99s_Wisdom:_The_Role_of_Grandmothers_and_Elders This session includes:<br> ✔️ A keynote presentation<br> ✔️ Story-sharing interactive segment<br> ✔️ Q&A + tools for documenting women’s wisdom on Wikimedia<br> We hope to see you there! Warm regards,<br> Stella<br> On behalf of Feminism and Folklore Team<br> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 23:49, 17 June 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Joris Darlington Quarshie@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Joris_Darlington_Quarshie/FnF1&oldid=28399508 --> == Request == Could you please create a page about the 2021 Disney animated film [[:en:Encanto|Encanto]]? I personally love this film. It's a beautiful tribute to Colombian culture. I couldn't have asked for a better film. It's the best film I've seen since [[ದಿ ಲಯನ್ ಕಿಂಗ್ (ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರ)]]. [[ವಿಶೇಷ:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:59A0:834D:35B:4254|2600:1700:C910:2960:59A0:834D:35B:4254]] ೨೩:೨೪, ೨೧ ಜುಲೈ ೨೦೨೫ (IST) == Deletion == Hi, I don't know Kannada, but [[ರ‍್ಯಾಗಿಂಗ್‌ ವಿರೋಧಿ]] looks AI generated so you might want to delete :) [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Matrix|Matrix]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Matrix|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೫:೫೬, ೨೨ ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ ೨೦೨೫ (IST) :Thanks for reporting it was created as part of education program [[:meta:St_Aloysius_University_-_Wikipedia_Association_2025-26#22nd_August_2025-_Activity]], I will let organiser of that program know to wikify that page. --<span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; font-weight:bold; border: 2px solid blue; border-radius: 5px;">[[User:A826|A826]] · [[user_talk:A826|<big>✉</big>]] · [[Special:Contributions/A826|<big> ©</big>]]</span> ೧೬:೦೩, ೨೨ ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ ೨೦೨೫ (IST) :@[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Matrix|Matrix]] , may i know how did you know that article was AI generated. --<span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; font-weight:bold; border: 2px solid blue; border-radius: 5px;">[[User:A826|A826]] · [[user_talk:A826|<big>✉</big>]] · [[Special:Contributions/A826|<big> ©</big>]]</span> ೧೬:೪೩, ೨೨ ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ ೨೦೨೫ (IST) ::Thank you responding, the bottom of the page links [https://gemini.google.com/] which is an AI website. There are less known signs as well, namely use of emojis, no references, having a question-answer format and overusing lists (you can read [[en:Wikipedia:Signs of AI writing]] if you are unsure what I mean). [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Matrix|Matrix]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Matrix|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೯:೧೧, ೨೨ ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ ೨೦೨೫ (IST) :::@[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Matrix|Matrix]] what I meant was, did you follow any global filters or channel on IRC or any other tools to catch this edit. --<span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; font-weight:bold; border: 2px solid blue; border-radius: 5px;">[[User:A826|A826]] · [[user_talk:A826|<big>✉</big>]] · [[Special:Contributions/A826|<big> ©</big>]]</span> ೧೯:೧೯, ೨೨ ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ ೨೦೨೫ (IST) ::::I used [[:meta:SWViewer]], it came up there. [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Matrix|Matrix]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Matrix|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೯:೨೧, ೨೨ ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ ೨೦೨೫ (IST) :::::Good that SWViewer catch these edits, & Thanks for notifying about.--<span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; font-weight:bold; border: 2px solid blue; border-radius: 5px;">[[User:A826|A826]] · [[user_talk:A826|<big>✉</big>]] · [[Special:Contributions/A826|<big> ©</big>]]</span> ೧೯:೨೩, ೨೨ ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ ೨೦೨೫ (IST) == Question from [[User:Alialkaisi|Alialkaisi]] (೨೧:೧೭, ೧೯ ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ ೨೦೨೫) == مرحبا هل الاسئلة باللغة العربية أو باللغة الإنكليزية --[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Alialkaisi|Alialkaisi]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Alialkaisi|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೨೧:೧೭, ೧೯ ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ ೨೦೨೫ (IST) :English, if you know Kannada Language you can ask in kannada. --<span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; font-weight:bold; border: 2px solid blue; border-radius: 5px;">[[User:A826|A826]] · [[user_talk:A826|<big>✉</big>]] · [[Special:Contributions/A826|<big> ©</big>]]</span> ೨೧:೧೯, ೧೯ ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ ೨೦೨೫ (IST) == Citoid == Hi A826, I'm Johannes from [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]]. I've noticed your project is using the [[:mw:VisualEditor/Citation tool]], but not [[:mw:Citoid]] (the tool used for automatic reference creation). Your project already fullfills all the necessary criteria in [[:mw:Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki]] (enabling the VE citation tool, using templates with template data...) – you just need to create [[ಮೀಡಿಯವಿಕಿ:Citoid-template-type-map.json]] to map different types of citations to the relevant template from [[ಮೀಡಿಯವಿಕಿ:Cite-tool-definition.json]]. You can check other wiki's pages [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?namespaces=8&q=Citoid-template-type-map.json&title=Citoid-template-type-map.json] to see how they are doing the mapping. Best regards [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೨೦:೫೬, ೧೪ ನವೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೨೫ (IST) :@[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]], sure will look in to adding template, Thanks for bringing this to my attention. will contact you if further assistance needed.--<span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; font-weight:bold; border: 2px solid blue; border-radius: 5px;">[[User:A826|A826]] · [[user_talk:A826|<big>✉</big>]] · [[Special:Contributions/A826|<big> ©</big>]]</span> ೨೧:೦೯, ೧೪ ನವೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೨೫ (IST) :@[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] {{done}} [[special:diff/1318564]] works fine now. --<span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; font-weight:bold; border: 2px solid blue; border-radius: 5px;">[[User:A826|A826]] · [[user_talk:A826|<big>✉</big>]] · [[Special:Contributions/A826|<big> ©</big>]]</span> ೨೧:೨೪, ೧೪ ನವೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೨೫ (IST) == Question from [[User:Punyavathi nagalingaswmy|Punyavathi nagalingaswmy]] (೧೬:೧೮, ೧೯ ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೨೫) == Please publish this article. My father was one of the famous and fameliar kannada leader and writer in mysore. There no faul information about him. Thats all sir. 🙏🙏🙏 --[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Punyavathi nagalingaswmy|Punyavathi nagalingaswmy]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Punyavathi nagalingaswmy|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೬:೧೮, ೧೯ ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೨೫ (IST) :please check [[ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ:ಉತ್ತಮ ಲೇಖನ]], article with verifiable source, with good wiki readable format are always welcome on wiki, please try use [[Special:Mypage/Sandbox]] before creating on main namespace. --<span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; font-weight:bold; border: 2px solid blue; border-radius: 5px;">[[User:A826|A826]] · [[user_talk:A826|<big>✉</big>]] · [[Special:Contributions/A826|<big> ©</big>]]</span> ೧೬:೨೩, ೧೯ ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೨೫ (IST) == Question from [[User:Punyavathi nagalingaswmy|Punyavathi nagalingaswmy]] (೨೩:೩೬, ೨೦ ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೨೫) == ಯಾವ ರೀತಿಯ ಲೇಖನಗಳನ್ನು ಬರೆಯ ಬೇಕು. --[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Punyavathi nagalingaswmy|Punyavathi nagalingaswmy]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Punyavathi nagalingaswmy|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೨೩:೩೬, ೨೦ ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೨೫ (IST) :ದಯವಿಟ್ಟು ಪುಟಗಳು ಹೇಗಿರಬೇಕು ಎಂಬುದರ ಕುರಿತು 2 ಅಥವಾ 3 ( ಉದಾಹರಣೆಗೆ [[ಕುವೆಂಪು]] ) ಪುಟಗಳನ್ನು ಪರಿಶೀಲಿಸಿ ಮತ್ತು ಅದನ್ನು [[Special:Mypage/Sandbox]] ನಲ್ಲಿ ಪರೀಕ್ಷಿಸಿ, ನಂತರ ಪರಿಶೀಲಿಸಲು ನನ್ನನ್ನು ಕೇಳಿ, ಪ್ರತಿ ಪುಟವು ಕನಿಷ್ಠ 3-4 ಆನ್‌ಲೈನ್ ಮೂಲಗಳನ್ನು ಉಲ್ಲೇಖವಾಗಿ ಹೊಂದಿರಬೇಕು, ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯಾದಲ್ಲಿನ ಲೇಖನಗಳಿಗೆ ಇಂಟರ್‌ವಿಕಿ ಲಿಂಕ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರಬೇಕು. --<span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; font-weight:bold; border: 2px solid blue; border-radius: 5px;">[[User:A826|A826]] · [[user_talk:A826|<big>✉</big>]] · [[Special:Contributions/A826|<big> ©</big>]]</span> ೧೨:೧೮, ೨೧ ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೨೫ (IST) == Question from [[User:Punyavathi nagalingaswmy|Punyavathi nagalingaswmy]] (೧೯:೪೪, ೧೦ ಜನವರಿ ೨೦೨೬) == ಸರ್ ನನಗೆ ಫೋಟೋ ಸೇರಿಸಲು ತಿಳಿಯುತ್ತಿಲ್ಲ. ಲಿಂಕ್ ಸೇರಿಸಲು ತಿಳಿಯುತ್ತಿಲ್ಲ. ಧನ್ಯವಾದಗಳು. --[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Punyavathi nagalingaswmy|Punyavathi nagalingaswmy]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Punyavathi nagalingaswmy|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೯:೪೪, ೧೦ ಜನವರಿ ೨೦೨೬ (IST) :[[special:upload]] ನೀವು ಇದನ್ನು ಬಳಸಿಕೊಂಡು ವಿಕಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಚಿತ್ರಗಳನ್ನು ಅಪ್‌ಲೋಡ್ ಮಾಡಬಹುದು. ನಿಮ್ಮ ಸ್ವಂತ ಮತ್ತು ಸಾವರ್ಜನಿಕವಾಗಿ ಬಳಸಬಹುದಾದಂತಹ ಚಿತ್ರವನ್ನು ಅಪ್ಲೋಡ್ ಮಾಡಬಹುದು. --<span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; font-weight:bold; border: 2px solid blue; border-radius: 5px;">[[User:A826|A826]] · [[user_talk:A826|<big>✉</big>]] · [[Special:Contributions/A826|<big> ©</big>]]</span> ೧೬:೧೧, ೧೧ ಜನವರಿ ೨೦೨೬ (IST) ::[[commons:Commons:Contributing_your_own_work]] ಕೂಡ ಪರಿಶೀಲಿಸಬಹುದು --<span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; font-weight:bold; border: 2px solid blue; border-radius: 5px;">[[User:A826|A826]] · [[user_talk:A826|<big>✉</big>]] · [[Special:Contributions/A826|<big> ©</big>]]</span> ೧೬:೫೨, ೧೧ ಜನವರಿ ೨೦೨೬ (IST) == Translation request == Hello, A826. Can you translate and upload the article about the prominent Turkish economist [[:en:Dani Rodrik]] in Kannada Wikipedia? Yours sincerely, [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Kurcke|Kurcke]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Kurcke|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೨:೪೫, ೧೩ ಜನವರಿ ೨೦೨೬ (IST) :I don't translate content i don't have knowledge of. Sorry. --<span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; font-weight:bold; border: 2px solid blue; border-radius: 5px;">[[User:A826|A826]] · [[user_talk:A826|<big>✉</big>]] · [[Special:Contributions/A826|<big> ©</big>]]</span> ೧೭:೪೬, ೧೩ ಜನವರಿ ೨೦೨೬ (IST) ::In understand. Thank you for the reply. [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Kurcke|Kurcke]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Kurcke|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೨೩:೩೨, ೧೩ ಜನವರಿ ೨೦೨೬ (IST) == Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> ;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 Dear Wikimedian, We thank you for taking an initiative to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia. The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects. ;About the Campaign '''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices. ;What Can Participants Write About? Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to: * Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations * Folk dances, music, and traditional performances * Women and queer figures in folklore * Women in mythology and oral traditions * Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives * Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends * Folk games, sports, and cultural practices Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools. ;Checklist for Organizers Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community: # Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] # Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool # Prepare a local article list and clearly mention: #* Campaign timeline #* Local and international prizes # Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]] # Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]''' ;Campaign Tools The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants: * '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats. * '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]''' ;Learn More & Get Support For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''. If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via: * '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]''' * Email us using details on the contact page. ;Join Us in upcoming office hours We look forward to your presence in the upcoming office hours where the community and the international Team can interact with each other and know more about the contest. resister yourself for the [[:m:Event:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 Office Hours|office hours event]]. Thank you and all the best, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]''' ---- ''Stay connected:'' [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> --[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:MediaWiki message delivery|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೯:೦೦, ೧೮ ಜನವರಿ ೨೦೨೬ (IST) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/fnf26&oldid=29948401 --> == Question from [[User:Hariprasad Shetty10|Hariprasad Shetty10]] (೧೨:೩೦, ೨೮ ಜನವರಿ ೨೦೨೬) == ದಯವಿಟ್ಟು ಇದನ್ನು ಅಳಿಸಿ https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE --[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Hariprasad Shetty10|Hariprasad Shetty10]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Hariprasad Shetty10|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೨:೩೦, ೨೮ ಜನವರಿ ೨೦೨೬ (IST) :{{done}} --<span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; font-weight:bold; border: 2px solid blue; border-radius: 5px;">[[User:A826|A826]] · [[user_talk:A826|<big>✉</big>]] · [[Special:Contributions/A826|<big> ©</big>]]</span> ೧೯:೦೧, ೨೮ ಜನವರಿ ೨೦೨೬ (IST) == Feminism and Folklore 2026 – Community Organisers & Jury == Hello {{PAGENAME}}!, Thank you for taking the lead in organising '''Feminism and Folklore 2026''' in your community. We truly appreciate your efforts! To ensure a smooth and successful campaign, please make sure you have: * Fully completed all details on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Feminism and Folklore 2026 Project Page]]: * Started promoting the campaign within your community. * Requested a local administrator to place a '''sitenotice''' about the campaign so users are notified. * Used the '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/fnf/ Article List Generator Tool]''' and shared the generated article lists with your community. === Internet & Childcare Support === Community organisers and jury members who require '''internet and childcare support''' (non-mandatory, opt-in, request-only support) should fill the support request form '''by 22 February 2026'''. '''[https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeutXEF1yTnJfExWUYPIf6SkhcnTgul07BeI-biqT4RE_vsrA/viewform Link to the form]''' Requests submitted after this date will not be entertained. === Important Participation Guidelines === * Minimum article size: '''3000 bytes and 300 words''' (final decision may be set by local organisers). * If your country is not listed on the Article list generator tool, please contact us. === Community Engagement === * Keep your community active and motivated throughout the campaign. * Share your achievements and notable articles with us so we can highlight them globally. * In the support form, please indicate if you would like a '''quick coordination call after the campaign'''. Let’s make '''Feminism and Folklore''', under the banner of '''#WeTogether''', help bridge the '''gender gap''' and '''folklore gap''' on Wikipedia worldwide. 🌍✊ Thank you for your collaboration! ''If someone from your community organisers or jury has missed this message feel free to share this message with them.'' Feminism and Folklore International Team. –[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:MediaWiki message delivery|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೦:೪೭, ೧೬ ಫೆಬ್ರವರಿ ೨೦೨೬ (IST) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/fnf26&oldid=30083330 --> == Question from [[User:Punyavathi nagalingaswmy|Punyavathi nagalingaswmy]] (೧೭:೩೩, ೨೫ ಮಾರ್ಚ್ ೨೦೨೬) == ಸರ್ ನನ್ನ ಅಕೌಂಟ್ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಮಾಹಿತಿ ನೀಡಿ. ಆದರ ಸುಳಿವು ಸಿಗುತ್ತಿಲ್ಲ.ದಯಮಾಡಿ ಮಾಹಿತಿ ಕಳುಹಿಸಿ. ಧನ್ಯವಾದಗಳು 🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏 --[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:Punyavathi nagalingaswmy|Punyavathi nagalingaswmy]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:Punyavathi nagalingaswmy|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೭:೩೩, ೨೫ ಮಾರ್ಚ್ ೨೦೨೬ (IST) :ಖಾತೆಗೆ ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸಿದ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಗಳಿಗಾಗಿ ದಯವಿಟ್ಟು [[Special:Accountsecurity]] ಅನ್ನು ಪರಿಶೀಲಿಸಿ, ಜೊತೆಗೆ ನೀವು ಎದುರಿಸುತ್ತಿರುವ ಸಮಸ್ಯೆಯನ್ನು ದಯವಿಟ್ಟು ವಿವರಿಸಿ. --<span style="text-shadow: 0 0 8px silver; padding:4px; font-weight:bold; border: 2px solid blue; border-radius: 5px;">[[User:A826|A826]] · [[user_talk:A826|<big>✉</big>]] · [[Special:Contributions/A826|<big> ©</big>]]</span> ೧೮:೧೮, ೨೫ ಮಾರ್ಚ್ ೨೦೨೬ (IST) == Next Steps and Feedback meeting for Feminism and Folklore Organizers == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge; padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|center|550px|frameless]] <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="padding: 1em 2em;"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> Dear Organizer, I hope this message finds you well. First and foremost, on behalf of the International Team I want to extend my gratitude to you for your efforts in organizing the '''Feminism and Folklore 2026''' campaign on your local Wikipedia. Your contribution has been instrumental in bridging the gender and folk gap on Wikipedia, and we truly appreciate your dedication to this important cause. As the campaign has ended I wanted to inform you about the next steps. It's time to commence the jury process using the CampWiz or Fountain tool where your campaign was hosted. Please ensure that you update the details of the jury, campaign links and the names of organizers accurately on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|sign-up page]]. Once the jury process is completed, kindly update only the top 3 winners details on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Results|results page]] accordingly. The deadline for jury submission of results is '''April 30, 2026'''. However, if you find that the number of articles is high and you require more time, please don't hesitate to inform us via email or on campaign Meta Wiki talk page. We are more than willing to approve an extension if needed. Should you encounter any issues with the tools, please feel free to reach out to us on Telegram for assistance. Your feedback and progress updates are crucial for us to improve the campaign and better understand your community's insights. Therefore, we kindly ask you to spare just an hour to collectively share your progress and achievements with us during our '''[[:m:Event:Feminism and Folklore 2026 Post-Campaign Office Hour|community feedback session]]'''. Your input will greatly assist us in making the campaign more meaningful and impactful. Thank you once again for your hard work and dedication to the Feminism and Folklore campaign. Your efforts are deeply appreciated, and we look forward to hearing from you soon. Warm regards, [[User:Tiven2240|Tiven2240]] on behalf of Feminism and Folklore International Team <nowiki>#WeTogether</nowiki> </div></div> --[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:MediaWiki message delivery|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೭:೨೭, ೧೧ ಏಪ್ರಿಲ್ ೨೦೨೬ (IST) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/fnf26&oldid=30391231 --> == Last Few Days: WikiConference India 2026 Scholarship Applications == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''{{int:please-translate}}'' Dear Wikimedian, We're happy to share that scholarship applications for '''WikiConference India 2026''' are currently open and the deadline is just around the corner. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiConference India 2026|WikiConference India 2026]] is the fourth edition of the national-level conference that brings together Wikimedians and stakeholders engaged in Indic-language Wikimedia projects and the broader open knowledge movement across India and South Asia. The conference will take place in Kochi, Kerala, from 4–6 September 2026. * You can find the more information and the application form at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiConference India 2026/Scholarship|Scholarship page here at Meta wiki]] * '''Scholarship deadline: 15 April 2026, 11:59 PM IST''' With only a few days left, we warmly encourage you to apply if you haven’t already and kindly request you to share this with your community and encourage others to apply. For more information and regular updates, we encourage you to visit the conference Meta page. Warm regards, <br> on behalf of the WikiConference India 2026 Organising Team ''This message was sent with [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:MediaWiki message delivery|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) on ೦೦:೦೦, ೧೨ ಏಪ್ರಿಲ್ ೨೦೨೬ (IST)'' </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Gnoeee@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/WCI_2026_active_users&oldid=30389801 --> == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) ೦೧:೩೬, ೨೯ ಏಪ್ರಿಲ್ ೨೦೨೬ (IST) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472432 --> == Final Reminder: Submission of Local Winners for Feminism and Folklore 2026 == Dear Feminism and Folklore organiser, This is a friendly reminder that the deadline for submitting the names and details of your local winners for '''Feminism and Folklore 2026''' is '''5 June 2026'''. Please ensure that your community's [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Results|winner information]] is submitted before this date. Communities that do not provide their winner data by the deadline will unfortunately not be eligible for prize distribution, and the international organizing team will not be able to accommodate late submissions received after 5 June 2026. Thank you for your prompt attention to this matter and for your participation in the campaign. Best regards, '''Feminism and Folklore International Organizing Team''' --[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:MediaWiki message delivery|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೦೭:೩೯, ೩ ಜೂನ್ ೨೦೨೬ (IST) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/wlf2026&oldid=30627457 --> 9dzfuhb0tbs225sxcyrnqsr209ob25d 10 147813 1374619 1327190 2026-04-16T14:25:19Z en>Warudo 0 Adding support for the case where the input is not a Unicode code point. This happens if someone passes a value greater than 10FFFF. These used to be codepoints in very old UCS versions. See [[UTF-8#Older standards]] and [[Private Use Areas#History]] 1374619 wikitext text/x-wiki <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">{{#ifeq:{{{name|}}}| none || {{#switch:{{{gc|}}} | Zl | Zp | Zs={{#ifeq:{{{nlink|}}} | <#salted#> |{{{na|}}}| {{#if: {{{nlink|}}} | [[{{{nlink|}}}{{!}}{{{na|}}}]] |[[{{#ifeq:{{{hval}}}|0020|space (punctuation)|{{lc:{{{na|}}}}}}}{{!}}{{{na|}}}]] }}}} <!--A space cannot be the sole character in a page name --> | Cc | Cs | Cp | Cn | <#not a Unicode code point#> = <!--no smallcaps name, but straight nlink if given-->{{#ifeq:{{{nlink|}}} | <#salted#> || {{#if: {{{nlink|}}} | [[{{{nlink|}}}]] | {{error|Error using {{tl|unichar}}: Pagename expected in "nlink{{=}}"| tag=span }}}}}} | #default={{#switch:{{{nlink|<#salted#>}}} | <#salted#> =<!--no link-->{{{na|}}} | =<!--wikilink to na-->[[{{#switch:{{{hval}}}|0023|002E|003C|003E|005B|005D|007B|007C|007D|200E|200F|202A|202B|202C|202D|202E={{lc:{{{na|}}}}}|003A=colon (punctuation)<!-- colon is a disambiguation page -->|005F=underscore<!-- Low line is a disambiguation page -->|#default=&#x{{{hval}}};}}{{!}}{{{na|}}}]] | #default =<!--piped link-->[[{{{nlink|}}}{{!}}{{{na|}}}]]}}}}}}</span><!-- --><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> e5dj6fhlo3v67zndrs9flzwlx4c7aii 1374620 1374619 2026-06-03T00:31:55Z A826 72368 ೧ revisions imported from [[:en:Template:Unichar/name]] 1374619 wikitext text/x-wiki <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">{{#ifeq:{{{name|}}}| none || {{#switch:{{{gc|}}} | Zl | Zp | Zs={{#ifeq:{{{nlink|}}} | <#salted#> |{{{na|}}}| {{#if: {{{nlink|}}} | [[{{{nlink|}}}{{!}}{{{na|}}}]] |[[{{#ifeq:{{{hval}}}|0020|space (punctuation)|{{lc:{{{na|}}}}}}}{{!}}{{{na|}}}]] }}}} <!--A space cannot be the sole character in a page name --> | Cc | Cs | Cp | Cn | <#not a Unicode code point#> = <!--no smallcaps name, but straight nlink if given-->{{#ifeq:{{{nlink|}}} | <#salted#> || {{#if: {{{nlink|}}} | [[{{{nlink|}}}]] | {{error|Error using {{tl|unichar}}: Pagename expected in "nlink{{=}}"| tag=span }}}}}} | #default={{#switch:{{{nlink|<#salted#>}}} | <#salted#> =<!--no link-->{{{na|}}} | =<!--wikilink to na-->[[{{#switch:{{{hval}}}|0023|002E|003C|003E|005B|005D|007B|007C|007D|200E|200F|202A|202B|202C|202D|202E={{lc:{{{na|}}}}}|003A=colon (punctuation)<!-- colon is a disambiguation page -->|005F=underscore<!-- Low line is a disambiguation page -->|#default=&#x{{{hval}}};}}{{!}}{{{na|}}}]] | #default =<!--piped link-->[[{{{nlink|}}}{{!}}{{{na|}}}]]}}}}}}</span><!-- --><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> e5dj6fhlo3v67zndrs9flzwlx4c7aii 3 151424 1374662 1373192 2026-06-03T02:09:17Z MediaWiki message delivery 17558 /* Final Reminder: Submission of Local Winners for Feminism and Folklore 2026 */ ಹೊಸ ವಿಭಾಗ 1374662 wikitext text/x-wiki ನನ್ನ ಹೆಸರು <big>ಸಂತೋಷ್ ನೋಟಗಾರ್</big>.<br> ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರ್ ಅನಿಮೇಶನ್ ವಿಭಾಗ,<br> ಸಂತ ಅಲೋಶಿಯಸ್ ಯುನಿವರ್ಸಿಟಿ,<br> ಮಂಗಳೂರು == Some of your articles were evaluated == Some new submissions were evaluated since last update: * [[ರಾಮ್ ದಯಾಳ್ ಮುಂಡಾ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ನೀಲಾದೇವಿ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ನಝ್ರುಲ್ ಗೀತಿ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಪಶ್ಚಿಮಬಂಗಾ ಬಾಂಗ್ಲಾ ಅಕಾಡೆಮಿ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಹಸು ಯಾಜ್ಞಿಕ್]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಎಲೆಗಳ ತಟ್ಟೆ.]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಗುಲಾಬ್ ಗ್ಯಾಂಗ್ (ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರ)]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) Please Note that, it was opt-in feature from CampWiz Bot. - [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:CampWiz Bot|CampWiz Bot]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:CampWiz Bot|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೨:೩೦, ೧೫ ಏಪ್ರಿಲ್ ೨೦೨೪ (IST) == Some of your articles were evaluated == Some new submissions were evaluated since last update: * [[ಸೋಫಿಯಾ ಡಂಕ್ಲಿ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಬೆತ್ ಲ್ಯಾಂಗ್ಸ್ಟನ್]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಕೇಟೀ ಜಾರ್ಜ್]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಲಾರೆನ್ ಬೆಲ್]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಡೇನಿಯಲ್ ಹ್ಯಾಝೆಲ್]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಮಿಯಾ ಬೌಚಿಯರ್]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಸ್ಟೆಫ್ ಡೇವಿಸ್]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಫ್ರೆಯಾ ಕೆಂಪ್]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಚಾರ್ಲಿ ಡೀನ್]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಡೇನಿಯಲ್ ಗಿಬ್ಸನ್ (ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್ ಆಟಗಾರ್ತಿ)]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಆಲಿಸ್ ಕ್ಯಾಪ್ಸಿ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಆಮಿ ಜೋನ್ಸ್ (ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್ ಆಟಗಾರ್ತಿ)]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಡ್ಯಾನಿ ವ್ಯಾಟ್]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಆಶ್ಲೇ ಗಾರ್ಡ್ನರ್]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಲಾರೆನ್ ಚೀಟಲ್]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಸೋಫಿ ಮೊಲಿನಕ್ಸ್]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಬೆತ್ ಮೂನಿ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಅಲಾನಾ ಕಿಂಗ್]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಮೇಗನ್ ಸ್ಕಟ್]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಡಾರ್ಸಿ ಬ್ರೌನ್]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಬೆಲಿಂಡಾ ಕ್ಲಾರ್ಕ್]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಬಾಗ್ ಮುದ್ರಣ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಪಿಂಕ್ ಚಡ್ಡಿ ಅಭಿಯಾನ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ರಜನೀಗಂಧಾ ಶೇಖಾವತ್]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಕಲಾಕೃತಿ (ಸಾಂಸ್ಕೃತಿಕ ಉತ್ಸವ)]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಪ್ರಧಾನ ಮಂತ್ರಿ ಮಾತೃ ವಂದನಾ ಯೋಜನೆ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಕಿ. ರಾಜನಾರಾಯಣನ್]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ವಿ.ಶಾಂತ ಕುಮಾರಿ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ವ್ಯತಿಪಾತ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಎಲ್ಲೈಸ್ ಪೆರಿ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಕನ್ನಡದ ಕಿರಣ್ ಬೇಡಿ (ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರ)]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ರೆಡ್ ಬ್ರಿಗೇಡ್ ಟ್ರಸ್ಟ್]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಗಣಿನಾಥ್]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿ ನಗ್ನತೆ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಮಹಾ ಕವಿ ಮೊಯಿಂಕುಟ್ಟಿ ವೈದ್ಯರ್ ಸ್ಮಾರಕ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಕರಡಿ ಕಥೆಗಳು]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಮಾನವೀಯತೆಗಾಗಿ ಮಾನವರು]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಕರುಪ್ಪು ಸಾಮಿ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಕರವಾನ್]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಕನ್ಯಾಶ್ರೀ ಪ್ರಕಲ್ಪ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ರಾಜ್ಯ ಮಹಿಳಾ ಆಯೋಗ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ವೀರ್ ಹಮಿರ್ಜಿ - ಸೋಮನಾಥ್ ನಿ ಸಖತೆ (ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರ)]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಜಯಂತಿ ನಾಯಕ್]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಜೇಸಿಯಾನಾ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ವೀರ್ ಲೋರಿಕ್]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಪಂಜಾಬಿ ಘಾಗ್ರಾ ಸೂಟ್]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಕೇಂದ್ರ ದತ್ತು ಸಂಪನ್ಮೂಲ ಪ್ರಾಧಿಕಾರ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಗ್ಯಾರ ಮೂರ್ತಿ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಗುಜರಾತ್ ರಾಜ್ಯ ಮಹಿಳಾ ಆಯೋಗ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಶ್ರೀರಾಮ ಭಾರತೀಯ ಕಲಾ ಕೇಂದ್ರ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಬಾಲನ್ ನಂಬಿಯಾರ್]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಪಾಂಡಿ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ನಿರ್ಭಯಾ ನಿಧಿ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಓಲಾದೇವಿ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಸಂಗೈ ಉತ್ಸವ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಸ್ವಾಹಾ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಅರಂಜನ ಚರಡು]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಅಸ್ತಿತ್ವ (ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರ)]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಆಲಿ ಬಾಬಾ ೪೦ ಡೊಂಗಲು (ತೆಲುಗು ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರ)]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಅಂಗಲಾ ದೇವಿ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಅಲಕ್ಷ್ಮಿ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಚೆಲಮ್ಮ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) * [[ಅಶೋಕಸುಂದರಿ]] (evaluated by ~aanzx; status = approved) Please Note that, it was opt-in feature from CampWiz Bot. - [[ಸದಸ್ಯ:CampWiz Bot|CampWiz Bot]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:CampWiz Bot|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೮:೩೦, ೨೮ ಜೂನ್ ೨೦೨೪ (IST) == The Tuluvas Aati Month Barnstar == <div style="display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:center;align-items:center; background: #f7fcfd; border: 1px solid #2b7c85;border-radius: 0.5em;"> <div style="flex:0 0 20%;text-align:center;display:inline-block;margin:0.75em;">[[File:Tuluvas Aati Month Barnstar.svg|150px|link=]]</div> <div style="flex:1 0 300px; max-width: 100%; text-align:justify; vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block;margin:0.75em"> <span style="font-family: Castellar, sans serif; font-size: 15pt; color:#267b83;">Tuluvas Aati Month Barnstar</span><br>Dear {{ROOTPAGENAME}}, Thank you for being a part of '''[[m:Tuluvas Aati Month|Tuluvas Aati Month]]''' We truly appreciate your dedication to the Wikimedia movement and your efforts in promoting and celebrating our culture. We are grateful of your dedication to Wikimedia movement and hope you join us next year! :Wish you all the best!<br><br> Best regards,<br>'''Tuluvas Aati Month Team'''<br> </div></div> {{clear}} <!-- Message sent by User:ChiK@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuluvas_Aati_Month/Regular_Barnstars_Receiver&oldid=27681469 --> == Congratulations to the Tuluvas Aati Month Prize Winner! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[File:Tuluvas Aati Month banner logo.svg|center|500px]] Dear Wikimedian, We want to extend our heartfelt thanks for your exceptional contributions to the '''[[m:Tuluvas Aati Month|Tuluvas Aati Month]]''' writing competition. Your commitment has significantly helped bridge cultures on Wikipedia, and we appreciate the time and effort you've dedicated. To express our gratitude, you will receive a gift card. To facilitate the delivery of your prize and gather valuable feedback on your experience, please fill out [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd3RWB1kvSyR77kYaZtI-S1T9da48Cd7j6giMb6naSDXcYl9Q/viewform this form] on or before November 10th, 2024. In the form, kindly provide your details for receiving the gift card and share your thoughts about the project. Thank you for being an integral part of our mission to celebrate and preserve culture and folklore on Wikipedia. Best regards, <br > '''Tuluvas Aati Month Team''' </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ChiK@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuluvas_Aati_Month/Regular_Barnstars_Receiver&oldid=27683933 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2025: Important Updates for Organizers & Jury == Hello Community Organizers and Jury, Thank you for organising Feminism and Folklore writing competition on your wiki. Feminism and Folklore is the largest Wikipedia contest organized by community members. We congratulate you in joining and celebrating our cultural heritage and promoting gender equality on Wikipedia. To encourage boost for the contributions of the participants, we're offering prizes for Feminism and Folklore local prizes. Each Wikipedia will have three local winners: # First Prize: $25 USD # Second Prize: $20 USD # Best Jury Article: $15 USD All this will be in '''gift voucher format only'''. Prizes will only be given to users who have more than 5 accepted articles. No prizes will be given for users winning below 5 accepted articles. Kindly inform your local community regarding these prizes and post them on the local project page The Best Jury Article will be chosen by the jury based on how unique the article is aligned with the theme. The jury will review all submissions and decide the winner together, making sure it's fair. These articles will also be featured on our social media handles. We're also providing internet and childcare support to the first 75 organizers and Jury members for those who request for it. Remember, only 75 organizers will get this support, and it's given on a first-come, first-served basis. The registration form will close after 75 registrations, and the deadline is <nowiki>'''</nowiki>March 5, 2025<nowiki>'''</nowiki>. This support is optional and not compulsory, so if you're interested, fill out the [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeum8md6FqHY1ISWRLW5bqOAv_lcd1tpVtMMZfWKRDU_IffLQ/viewform?usp=dialog Form] Each organizer/jury who gets support will receive $40 USD in gift voucher format, even if they're involved in more than one wiki. No dual support will be provided if you have signed up in more than one language. This support is meant to appreciate your volunteer support for the contest. We also invite all organizers and jury members to join us for Advocacy session on '''Saturday, Feb 28, 2025'''. This session will help you understand the jury process for both contests and give you a chance to ask questions. More details are on [[meta:Event:Telling untold stories: How to document gendered narratives in Folklore on Wikipedia|Event:Telling untold stories: How to document gendered narratives in Folklore on Wikipedia - Meta]] Let's celebrate our different cultures and work towards gender equality on Wikipedia! Best regards, Stella and Tiven Wiki loves folklore international team [[User:SAgbley|SAgbley]] ([[User talk:SAgbley|talk]]) 04:39, 25 February 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Joris Darlington Quarshie@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Joris_Darlington_Quarshie/Community_Prizes&oldid=28309519 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': February 2025 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue II, February 2025</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Celebrating the English Wikipedia’s Birthday in Albania! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Belgium Public Domain Day and Dance Heritage * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Wiki and COP30 in the Amazon rainforest * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: GLAM digital and seminar on Jewish life * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: GLAM call and Progetto cultura * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: [GLAM metrics] Usage of Delpher in Dutch Wikipedia articles * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Wikipedia podcast episode, Trilepidea newsletter article, and the Wikipedian at Large * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Wikimedia MKD GLAM program for 2025 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: What's up in GLAM in Poland * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Swiss GLAM Programme * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Islamic and Jewish history * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Ukraine report|Ukraine report]]: GLAM news from Ukraine – events for libraries, #1Lib1Ref, launch of a larger GLAM product * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: February meetings * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL-Wiki Working Group February monthly highlights * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: Connecting Media Art Archives * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: 5.1 million image views * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Wikidata event: Data Reuse Days 2025 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Wikisource report|Wikisource report]]: Wikisource Conference 2025 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Wikimedia and Libraries User Group report|Wikimedia and Libraries User Group report]]: Wikimedia + Libraries International Convention 2025 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: March's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] ೨೨:೨೨, ೧೦ ಮಾರ್ಚ್ ೨೦೨೫ (IST)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=28357408 --> == Follow-Up: Support for Feminism and Folklore 2025 Contributions == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2025 logo.svg|center|550px|frameless]] <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{center|''{{int:please-translate}}''}} Dear {{PAGENAME}}, I hope this message finds you well. We noticed that your community has signed up for the [[meta:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore Writing Contest]], but there have been only a few contributions submitted via the [https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/campwiz/ Campwiz tool] so far. We completely understand that challenges may arise, and we’d love to support you and your participants in streamlining the submission process. To assist your community, here’s a step-by-step guide to adding articles to the campaign. Feel free to share these instructions with your participants: === How to Submit Articles via Campwiz === '''Tool link:''' https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/campwiz/ # Access the Tool #* Visit Campwiz and log in with your Wikimedia account (same as your Wikipedia credentials). # Select the Campaign #* Scroll through the list of campaigns and click on your campaign. # Add Your Article #* Click on "'''+ SUBMIT NEW ARTICLE'''" button. #* Enter the exact title of your article in the “Tiltle” field. #* Click on "'''CHECK'''" button. #* If you have more articles to submit, click on the '''"SUBMIT ANOTHER"''' button. # Check your submissions. #* To check if your submissions went through please click on the '''"DETAILS"''' button #* Click on the '''SUBMISSIONS''' Button to see the list of your submissions. === Need Help? === * Technical issues? Ensure article titles are spelled correctly and meet the campaign’s theme (feminism, folklore, or gender-related topics). * Eligibility questions? New articles must follow Wikipedia’s notability guidelines. * Still stuck? Send an email to '''support@wikilovesfolklore.org'''! You can also reach out on the campaign’s Talk page. Your commitment to amplifying untold gendered narratives in folklore is invaluable, and we’re excited to see your community’s contributions come to life. Let’s work together to make this campaign a success! Looking forward to your response, Best regards,<br> Stella<br> Feminism and Folklore Organizer -[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 07:29, 17 March 2025 (UTC) </div> </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Joris Darlington Quarshie@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Joris_Darlington_Quarshie/FnF2&oldid=28410476 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': March 2025 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue III, March 2025</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: WikiGap in Albania 2025, and essential initiatives for free knowledge * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: Archives and Human Rights activities * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: International Women's Day, Wikipedia officially recognised as Digital Public Good and invitation for the General Assembly * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Every Book Its Reader is coming * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: New Horizons of Czech GLAM Partnerships in 2025 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/France report|France report]]: Archivist Forum 2025 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Ten winners of Wikimedia Italia 2025 GLAM call * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: International Womensday; New Wikimedian in Residence at Maastricht University * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: What's on at Auckland Museum, and International Women's Day at University of Otago * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Nigeria report|Nigeria report]]: GLAM in Africa, a Nigerian narrative in knowledge decolonization a case study of Benin City * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: What's up in GLAM in Poland * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Switzerland report * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Gold in Bengali and Diversity in Arabic * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Women's History month * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL-Wiki Working Group March monthly highlights * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Manuscripts of Mali * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: Creating an OpenRefine Wikimedia Group * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: April's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] ೧೪:೩೧, ೯ ಏಪ್ರಿಲ್ ೨೦೨೫ (IST)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=28408819 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2025 Jury Evaluation Guidelines & Results Submission == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2025 logo.svg|center|550px|frameless]] <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{center|''{{int:please-translate}}''}} Dear {{PAGENAME}}, Thank you once again for your commitment and dedication to the [[meta:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore 2025]] campaign! As we near the conclusion of this year’s contest, please follow the official jury guidelines when evaluating submissions: ===Jury Guidelines:=== * Articles must be created or expanded between 1st February and 31st March 2025. * Minimum article size: 3000 bytes and at least 300 words. * No poor or machine-translated content. * Articles must align with the Feminism and Folklore themes (feminism, gender, culture, folklore). * Articles should not be orphaned – they must be linked to at least one other article. * Submissions must not violate copyright rules and should follow local notability guidelines. * All articles must include proper references according to your local Wikipedia’s citation policies. * Once your local jury process is complete, kindly submit only the top 3 winners on the official results page: ===Submission Link:=== https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Feminism_and_Folklore_2025/Results Please include the following for each winner: * Username * Link to the local user talkpage * Their ranking (1st, 2nd, or 3rd) For more information, you can also refer to the main contest page: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Feminism_and_Folklore_2025 If you need help or have any questions, feel free to reach out. Warm regards, <br> Stella Sessy Agbley<br> Coordinator, Feminism and Folklore -[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 10:48, 10 April 2025 (UTC) </div> </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Joris Darlington Quarshie@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Joris_Darlington_Quarshie/FnF2&oldid=28410476 --> == Invitation: Gendering the Archive - Building Inclusive Folklore Repositories (April 30th) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2025 logo.svg|center|550px|frameless]] <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{center|''{{int:please-translate}}''}} Dear {{PAGENAME}}, You are invited to a hands-on session focused on [[meta:Gendering the Archive: Building Inclusive Repositories for Folklore Documentation | Gendering the Archive: Building Inclusive Repositories for Folklore Documentation]]. This online workshop will guide participants on how to create, edit, and expand gender-inclusive folklore articles and multimedia archives on Wikipedia and Wikidata. The session will be led by Rebecca Jeannette Nyinawumuntu. === Objectives === * '''Design Inclusive Repositories:''' Learn best practices for structuring folklore archives that foreground gender perspectives. * '''Hands-On Editing:''' Practice creating and improving articles and items on Wikipedia and Wikidata with a gender-inclusive lens. * '''Collaborative Mapping:''' Work in small groups to plan new entries and multimedia uploads that document underrepresented voices. * '''Advocacy & Outreach:''' Discuss strategies to promote and sustain these repositories within your local and online communities. === Details === * '''Date:''' 30th April 2025 * '''Day:''' Wednesday * '''Time:''' 16:00 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746028800 Check your local time zone]) * '''Venue:''' Online (Zoom) * '''Speaker:''' Rebecca Jeannette Nyinawumuntu (Co-founder, Wikimedia Rwanda & Community Engagement Director) === How to Join === * '''Zoom Link:''' [https://us06web.zoom.us/j/89158738825?pwd=ezEgXbAqwq9KEr499DvJxSzZyXSVQX Join here] * '''Meeting ID:''' 891 5873 8825 * '''Passcode:''' FNF@2025 * '''Add to Calendar:''' [https://zoom.us/meeting/tZ0scuGvrTMiGNH4I3T7EEQmhuFJkuCHL7Ci/ics?meetingMasterEventId=Xv247OBKRMWeJJ9LSbX2hA Add to your calendar] '''' === Agenda === # Welcome & Introductions: Opening remarks and participant roll-call. # Presentation: Overview of gender-inclusive principles and examples of folklore archives. # Hands-On Workshop: Step-by-step editing on Wikipedia and Wikidata—create or expand entries. # Group Brainstorm: Plan future repository items in breakout groups. # Q&A & Discussion: Share challenges, solutions, and next steps. # Closing Remarks: Summarise key takeaways and outline follow-up actions. We look forward to seeing you there! Best regards,<br> Stella<br> Feminism and Folklore Organiser -[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 10:28, 24 April 2025 (UTC) </div> </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Joris Darlington Quarshie@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Joris_Darlington_Quarshie/FnF2&oldid=28410476 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': April 2025 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue IV, April 2025</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wikipedia Event for International Roma Day 2025 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Highlighting Feminist and women's histories and a Wiki Day at the South Australian Museum * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Catalan areas report|Catalan areas report]]: Campaign to document the 2025 Falla monuments in Valencia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Wikidata and Research * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Open Collection Highlights * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Women in Architecture, BHL, and the Commons Workflow * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Nigeria report|Nigeria report]]: Strengthening Cultural Heritage through Partnerships and Knowledge Sharing: Insights from World Heritage Day in Nigeria * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Wikimedia MKD's new GLAM collaborations and activities * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: What's up in GLAM in Poland * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: Scholarships and Call for Sessions Proposals for GLAM Wiki 2025 will open soon: Stay tuned! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: GLAM Highlights from Serbia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: FemNetzCon 2025; GLAM Meeting Biel/Bienne; Digi Archive * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Mapping Museums / Art in Arabic * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: April meetings * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL-Wiki Working Group April monthly highlights * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Surging forward in Spanish and Arabic * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: May's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] ೦೨:೨೪, ೧೨ ಮೇ ೨೦೨೫ (IST)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=28668932 --> == Final reminder that the deadline for submitting your Feminism and Folklore 2025 results == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;> Hello {{PAGENAME}} [[File:Feminism and Folklore logo.svg | right | frameless]] I hope this message finds you well. This is a final reminder that the deadline for submitting your Feminism and Folklore 2025 results on Meta has elapsed. For participant prizes to be processed, your community must submit the necessary information as soon as possible. Please use the following link to submit your results: [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Feminism_and_Folklore_2025/Results Submit your results] We have extended the {{font color||yellow|'''submission deadline to 12 June 2025'''.}} Kindly note that failure to submit by this date will result in your group’s participants not receiving any prizes from us. Thank you for your attention to this important matter and for your continued contributions to the Feminism and Folklore campaign. Warm regards,<br> Stella<br> On behalf of Feminism and Folklore Team<br> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 12:39, 08 June 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Joris Darlington Quarshie@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:FnF_2025_reminder_list&oldid=28842648 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': May 2025 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue V, May 2025</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Enhancing the LGBTQ+ content in Albanian Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Belgium Public Domain Day and Dance Heritage * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Video resource on Wikimedia Brasil and Casa de Oswaldo Cruz Partnership Released * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Croatia report|Croatia report]]: SPRINGing back activities * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: National Library of the CR events and important guests * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Europe report|Europe report]]: DARIAH DHwiki WG coming activity * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/India report|India report]]: GLAM project starts with Nanda Talukdar Foundation at Jorhat, Assam * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: GLAM Wiki Month 2025 in Indonesia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: From charts to concrete * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Kosovo report|Kosovo report]]: Traditional Albanian Food Photography Competition 2025 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Update from Auckland Museum; Let the Wikifying Commence; Listful Thinking * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Nigeria report|Nigeria report]]: Architectural Folklore Campaign Series * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: What's up in GLAM in Poland * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Celebrating Museums and strengthening #1Lib1Ref connections * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: Some news from Spain * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: International Museum Day 2025; CoCreation PTT-Archive; Scoring Girls * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: The 18th language * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Ukraine report|Ukraine report]]: Spring GLAM news from Ukraine – first major survey for GLAM institutions & yet another successful #1Lib1Ref * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: May meetings * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL-Wiki Working Group May monthly highlights * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Preparing the data upload * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: June's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] ೧೧:೩೦, ೧೦ ಜೂನ್ ೨೦೨೫ (IST)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=28809506 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': June 2025 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue VI, June 2025</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Celebrating Communication History and Women Artists through Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Public Domain Day in Europe 2026 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Expanding Data on Maranhão's Heritage * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: First call of Science Month at Wikipedia in the Czech Republic wrapped-up * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/France report|France report]]: WiR and science&GLAM tour in France * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Another publication from Grant for GLAM Indonesia program & Minangkabau Wikisource Competition upadates * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Isoseismals & Icons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Kosovo report|Kosovo report]]: Celebrating Albanian Cuisine Through Photography: Winners of the 2025 Contest Announced! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Mexico report|Mexico report]]: Open Cultural Data Hackathon in Puebla * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Wikifying the International Congress of History of Science and Technology; Librarians and Wikipedia; NZ species edit-a-thons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Nigeria report|Nigeria report]]: Mapping Heritage Buildings on Wikidata and Wiki Heritage Fellowship * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Wikimedia MKD Strengthens Ties with Academic Institutions: A Wikimedian-in-Residence at the Institute of Macedonian Literature * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: What's up in GLAM in Poland * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: Registration is now open for GLAM WikiCon 2025! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: June highlights from Wikimedia Serbia and beginning of new accredited seminar * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: International Archives Week 2025; SAPA Performing Arts; GLAM Meeting Biel/Bienne * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: New Featured Pictures * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: June meetings * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL Transition update, LivingData2025 and Women Genera paper * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Data upload achieved * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Wiki Knowledge Park report|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 report]]: Celebrating Heritage and Faith: Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: July's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] ೨೧:೦೫, ೧೨ ಜುಲೈ ೨೦೨೫ (IST)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=28966332 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': July 2025 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue VII, July 2025</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: 10 years of Wikimedians of Albanian Language User Group * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/Aruba report|Aruba report]]: Wikipedia on Aruba – From Island to Archive: Aruba’s Journey on Wikimedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: De Standaard Solidarity Prize and How to Upload Artwork * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Women in Wartime * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/Nigeria report|Nigeria report]]: Expanding Access to Heritage Knowledge * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: GLAM Wiki 2025: Program Highlights & Volunteer Call * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: July in Wikimedia Serbia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Poster Exhibition, Screening Public Viewing, Women Memorials * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Japanese art in Arabic * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Wikinics & Edit-a-thons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL blog by Tiago Lubiana, BHL Wikimedian in Residence, and news on the BHL transition * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: Introducing Oulu Löyly – we want to hear your thoughts! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Getting the message out * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Culture & Heritage team transitioning to broader Content Enablement team * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: August's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] ೦೧:೨೯, ೧೨ ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ ೨೦೨೫ (IST)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=29083949 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': August 2025 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue VIII, August 2025</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos campaign 2025 in Albania and Kosovo * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Expanding Cultural Heritage in Brazil: School communities, Wikisource course, GLAM-Wiki Impact and Wiki Takes Alcântara * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/India report|India report]]: Digitization starts at two more libraries in West Bengal * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Grant for GLAM Indonesia is open! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: From food festivals to PhD courses: Wikimedia in Italian academia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: NZ species edit-a-thons, a scholarly article, a course, and Auckland Museum editors at Wikimania * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Nigeria report|Nigeria report]]: Highlights from Wiki Heritage Fellowship and Policy Advocacy in Nigeria * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Wiki Loves Film – Collaboration with MakeDox Film Festival * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: WikiChełmoński: When Wikipedia Becomes a Guide in the Museum * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: BAM Hackathon, 3D for Cultural Heritage, Wiki Cite * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Working towards more image sharing * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Wiknics * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: News on BHL transition and updates on work by BHLWiki Working Group members * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: Steps towards a sustainable cultural commons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: A pivotal month * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Wikisource report|Wikisource report]]: Wikisource Reader app released on Google Play Store * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: September's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] ೨೩:೫೫, ೧೧ ಸೆಪ್ಟೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೨೫ (IST)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=29253474 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': September 2025 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue IX, September 2025</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wikipedia edit-a-thon at the Skampa Theater in Elbasan, Albania * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Aruba report|Aruba report]]: Wikipedia on Aruba Initiative: Building Knowledge and Visibility * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: State Library Victoria WikiFest * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Make cultural heritage freely accessible, Hasselt's collections shine online & Let's give women a voice on Wikipedia! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Hidden heritage unveiled: science, history and nature on Wikimedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Wikimedia Commons birthday content donation * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Wikimedian in Residence at the Bioeconomy Science Institute & Wikiproject NZ Women in Architecture * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Expanding Access to Culture and Knowledge through Key Partnerships * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: WikiChełmoński: the Special Guided Tour at the National Museum in Krakow * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: GLAM Wiki 2025: Join the Conference Online and Explore Lisbon’s Culture * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: LibreABC, Feminist Voices, Grade Conference * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Awards season * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: September edit-a-thons & meetings * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Updates on work by BHLWiki Working Group members * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: The Memory of the World wiki challenge * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: October's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] ೧೮:೧೬, ೯ ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ ೨೦೨೫ (IST)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=29409147 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': October 2025 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue X, October 2025</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: From a small language to Wikipedia's Biggest, Share Your Story with the Industry Museum and War Diaries * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Croatia report|Croatia report]]: Autumn activities * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: WikiCommon community meet-ups, Wikisource trainings, and the announcement of Grant for GLAM Indonesia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Open culture on stage * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Mexico report|Mexico report]]: How Wikimedia México is training cultural and government institutions as wikimedians. * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Open Topstukken project concludes; Network Archives Design and Digital Culture * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Granny's Wonderful Chair, Preparing for Auckland Museum Wiki Summer Students and an the ASBS Introductory Wiki Webinar * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Nigeria report|Nigeria report]]: Report on Participation at the 12th International Youth Conference * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Promoting Open Data and Digital Commons in Culture and Research * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: GLAM Wiki Conference 2025 Wrap-Up * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: October in Wikimedia Serbia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: DaSCHcon, 3D, Wiki GLAM conference * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: A look at Grokipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: October edit-a-thons & meetings * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: LivingData 2025, GLAMWiki and a "collector" Wikidata property proposal * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: International outreach * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Sustainable CultureConnect Project report|Sustainable CultureConnect Project report]]: Sustainable CultureConnect: Empowering Youth and Preserving Heritage through Open Knowledge and Leadership * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: November's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] ೧೬:೫೯, ೧೦ ನವೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೨೫ (IST)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=29516862 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': November 2025 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue XI, November 2025</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Call for volunteers, Computer's Day and upcoming events * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: Czech Radio and Wikimedia CZ launched cooperation * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Our Activities in November * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Wrap up of the 2025 GLAM call * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: ASBS 2025 Conference, a NZBSI Wikimedian in Residence update & Auckland Museum Summer Students * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Wikimedia MKD and Cultural Institutions: A Year of Growth, Content, and Collaboration * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: GLAM Wiki 2025 conference, WiR Meeting and the First National Institute of Museums Training on GLAM–Wiki * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: IT Wikicon, Faces and Masks, Matrimoine @ Genève * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Awards season- again! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: November edit-a-thons & meetings * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Updates on work by BHLWiki Working Group members * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: Here to Help: The Next Stage of the Content Partnerships Hub * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Enriching the data set * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: December's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] ೦೯:೫೨, ೧೧ ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೨೫ (IST)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=29692345 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': December 2025 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue XII, December 2025</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: Global GLAM Calls Continue in 2026 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wikimedian in Residence, 2025, in Elbasan Albania * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: Resume of the year * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: AMaGA partnership, signing the Open Heritage Statement and South Australian Museum Partner Project * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Public Domain Day 2026, Circus Heritage and Fosdem * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: Preparándonos para celebrar el día del dominio público - Getting ready for the Public Domain Day celebration * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Exploring Italy and Unlocking Its Heritage: Touring Club Italiano and GLAM Call 2026–2028 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: ASBS 2025 Conference follow-up Wiki webinar & Auckland Museum student update * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Public Domain, Conferences, and Conversations on Open Culture * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: GLAM on Tour Bellinzona, Xmas Event, GLAM Wiki Group * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: 2025 in review * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: December meetings * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Public Domain Day report|Public Domain Day report]]: Public Domain Day 2026 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Updates on work by BHLWiki Working Group members * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: 2025 in review * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: January's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] ೧೮:೨೮, ೧೨ ಜನವರಿ ೨೦೨೬ (IST)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=29895284 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': January 2026 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XVI, Issue I, January 2026</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: Wikipedia at 25 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Aruba report|Aruba report]]: Pap-Wikipedia Turns 20: A Milestone for Papiamento/u Knowledge * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: Celebrando el día del dominio público 2026/Celebrating the public domain day 2026 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/France report|France report]]: Wikipedia's Birthday in France * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: Gifted by our friends: Loads of presents for Wikipedia25 by German and Austrian GLAMs * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Activities in December-January * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Knowledge in action: Barindelli collection and Wikipedia 25 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Image donation Dutch Book History * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Auckland Museum Student Edit-a-thon, the NZBSI Wikimedian in Residence project, and other residencies * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: GLAM Program of Wikimedia MKD – 2026 Overview * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Explore Historic Portraits from the Museum of Photography in Kraków * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: January in Wikimedia Serbia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Museum in Chiasso, Alpine Museum, Women Monuments * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Sharing more of the Enamels of the World * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Updates on work by BHLWiki Working Group members * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Map the GLAM report|Map the GLAM report]]: Wiki and GLAM: Harnessing Knowledge to Foster Gender Equality * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Manuscripts on Arabic Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Two key Wikidata Requests for Comments, relevant for future GLAM-Wiki work * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: February's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] ೧೪:೦೪, ೧೧ ಫೆಬ್ರವರಿ ೨೦೨೬ (IST)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=30055818 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2026 – Community Organisers & Jury == Hello {{PAGENAME}}!, Thank you for taking the lead in organising '''Feminism and Folklore 2026''' in your community. We truly appreciate your efforts! To ensure a smooth and successful campaign, please make sure you have: * Fully completed all details on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Feminism and Folklore 2026 Project Page]]: * Started promoting the campaign within your community. * Requested a local administrator to place a '''sitenotice''' about the campaign so users are notified. * Used the '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/fnf/ Article List Generator Tool]''' and shared the generated article lists with your community. === Internet & Childcare Support === Community organisers and jury members who require '''internet and childcare support''' (non-mandatory, opt-in, request-only support) should fill the support request form '''by 22 February 2026'''. '''[https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeutXEF1yTnJfExWUYPIf6SkhcnTgul07BeI-biqT4RE_vsrA/viewform Link to the form]''' Requests submitted after this date will not be entertained. === Important Participation Guidelines === * Minimum article size: '''3000 bytes and 300 words''' (final decision may be set by local organisers). * If your country is not listed on the Article list generator tool, please contact us. === Community Engagement === * Keep your community active and motivated throughout the campaign. * Share your achievements and notable articles with us so we can highlight them globally. * In the support form, please indicate if you would like a '''quick coordination call after the campaign'''. Let’s make '''Feminism and Folklore''', under the banner of '''#WeTogether''', help bridge the '''gender gap''' and '''folklore gap''' on Wikipedia worldwide. 🌍✊ Thank you for your collaboration! ''If someone from your community organisers or jury has missed this message feel free to share this message with them.'' Feminism and Folklore International Team. –[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:MediaWiki message delivery|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೦:೪೭, ೧೬ ಫೆಬ್ರವರಿ ೨೦೨೬ (IST) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/fnf26&oldid=30083330 --> == Wikimedian's Group of Mainland China wishes you a Happy New Year! == <div class="nomobile"><div style="position:relative; width:600px; height:800px;"> {| style="background-color:#F9EBDA; background-image:linear-gradient(131deg, transparent 64%, #E8D3BA 64%, #E8D3BA 66%, #F0DDC5 66%, #F0DDC5 100%); border:8px solid #7D1506; border-radius:8px; padding:0px; width:100%; height:100%; position:absolute; top:0; left:0; box-shadow:2px 2px 15px rgba(125, 21, 6, 0.2); box-sizing:border-box;" | style="vertical-align:middle; padding:10px; position:relative; height:100%;" |<span style="position:absolute; top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%); opacity:0.1; pointer-events:none; z-index:0;">[[File:丙午新年标志.svg|400px|link=]]</span><span style="position:absolute; top:15px; left:25px; color:#7D1506; font-weight:bold; font-size:2.6em; text-shadow:1px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);">Happy Chinese New Year!</span><br><div style="position:absolute; top:100px; left:25px; right:25px; color:#333333; font-weight:400; font-size:1.3em; line-height:1.5; z-index:1;">'''Dear Santhosh Notagar99'''：<br><br>As the Year of Snake glides into the shadow, <br>the noble Steed of Horse year gallops toward the dawn. <br><br>With a fluid quill, your masterful edits have woven the rich tapestry of the winter past; <br>Now, the heraldic horse steps forth, its joyful call echoing the vibrant promise of spring. <br><br>Thank you for {{fontcolor|#333333|link=ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ:ಸ್ಪ್ರಿಂಗ್_ಮಂತ್_ಎಡಿಟ್-ಅಥಾನ್|text=illuminating Wikipedia with such festive warmth}} at the turn of the year. <br><br>May this Chinese New Year bestow upon you enduring health and untroubled peace. <br>May you take the reins of your grandest ambitions, and may your endeavors enjoy unbridled success!<br><br><div style="text-align:right; margin-top:8px;">''Your sincerely, <br>{{fontcolor|#333333|link=m:WMGMC|text=Wikimedian's Group of Mainland China}}''</div></div> |} </div></div>{{If mobile |tag=div |1=<div style="box-sizing:border-box; width:100%; max-width:560px; margin:0 auto; background-color:#F9EBDA; background-image:linear-gradient(131deg, transparent 64%, #E8D3BA 64%, #E8D3BA 66%, #F0DDC5 66%, #F0DDC5 100%); border:8px solid #7D1506; border-radius:8px; padding:14px; box-shadow:2px 2px 15px rgba(125, 21, 6, 0.2);"> <div style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:12px;"> <span style="color:#7D1506; font-family:'LiSu', 'STXingkai', 'KaiTi', serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:2.2em; text-shadow:1px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);">Happy Chinese New Year!</span> </div> <div style="display:flex; align-items:center; gap:12px;"> <div style="flex:1 1 auto; font-size:14px; line-height:1.8; color:#333333; "> <div><big>'''Dear Santhosh Notagar99：'''</big></div><br> <div>As the Year of Snake glides into the shadow, <br>the noble Steed of Horse year gallops toward the dawn. <br><br>With a fluid quill, your masterful edits have woven the rich tapestry of the winter past; <br>Now, the heraldic horse steps forth, its joyful call echoing the vibrant promise of spring. <br><br>Thank you for {{fontcolor|#333333|link=ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ:ಸ್ಪ್ರಿಂಗ್_ಮಂತ್_ಎಡಿಟ್-ಅಥಾನ್|text=illuminating Wikipedia with such festive warmth}} at the turn of the year. <br><br>May this Chinese New Year bestow upon you enduring health and untroubled peace. <br>May you take the reins of your grandest ambitions, and may your endeavors enjoy unbridled success!</div> </div> <div style="flex:0 0 auto;"><span style="display:block; opacity:0.9;">[[File:丙午新年标志.svg|150px|link=]]</span></div> </div> <div style="text-align:right; margin-top:8px; font-size:14px">''Your sincerely, <br>{{fontcolor|#333333|link=m:WMGMC|text=Wikimedian's Group of Mainland China}}''</div> </div> </div> }} —[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:FradonStar|FradonStar]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:FradonStar|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೦೯:೦೧, ೧೭ ಫೆಬ್ರವರಿ ೨೦೨೬ (IST) == ''This Month in GLAM'': February 2026 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XVI, Issue II, February 2026</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: GLAM in 2026 is calling to action! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: A photo safari through Wiki Loves Fashion & a rescue mission with Mission Gourmande! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: National Library overview of 2025 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Cultural Heritage and Memory: 2026 GLAM Call and Executed Renaissance Edit-a-thon * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Farewelling the Auckland Museum Summer Students and an update on the NZBSI WiR * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Wikipedia in Cultural Marketing at Crash Mondays Warsaw * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: February in Wikimedia Serbia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: Wikidata in the GLAM context II * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Neocomensia, SAPA, Atelier Winterthur, GLAM-on-Tour Disentis * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: New content in African and Asian languages * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Updates on work by BHLWiki Working Group members * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Focus on Indigenous issues * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: March's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] ೦೬:೨೨, ೧೨ ಮಾರ್ಚ್ ೨೦೨೬ (IST)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=30232291 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': March 2026 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XVI, Issue III, March 2026</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: GLAM in Equinox * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wikigap 2026 in Tirana, Albania * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Aruba report|Aruba report]]: Celebrating 20 Years of Papiamentu/o Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Bolivia report|Bolivia report]]: The Family Treasures Project Returns, with New GLAM Partners * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Wiki Loves Folklore Brazil defines six categories to represent Brazilian culture on Commons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: Architecture in the public domain in libraries in Nariño/Arquitectura en dominio público en bibliotecas nariñenses * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: Main Wikimedian in Residence report for 2025 is here * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: Art History Loves Wiki 2026 – digital/local. collection loves wiki * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/India report|India report]]: Collaboration resumes with the British Library for Bangla Wikisource * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: 2026 winners projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: New Zealand Bioeconomy Science Institute Wikimedian in Residence update, a letter published in Nature & Architecture + Women NZ * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Wikimedia MKD's GLAM Highlights: Botany and Beyond * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: March in Portugal * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: March in Wikimedia Serbia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Looking for similar images * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: GLAM Wiki Group, Donna, CoCreation PTT-Archive * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: CILIP MDG 2026 Conference, Library meetups and the World's Enamels * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Ukraine report|Ukraine report]]: Spring 2026 news from Ukraine – Wiki Loves Folklore & more #1Lib1Ref * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: MoMA's International Traveling Exhibitions and Wikidata on the LD4 Arts Affinity Group April Community Call * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Updates on work by BHL-Wiki Working Group members * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: Oulu Löyly * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Indigenous languages on the Main Page * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: April's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] ೨೩:೫೦, ೯ ಏಪ್ರಿಲ್ ೨೦೨೬ (IST)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=30344683 --> == Next Steps and Feedback meeting for Feminism and Folklore Organizers == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge; padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|center|550px|frameless]] <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="padding: 1em 2em;"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> Dear Organizer, I hope this message finds you well. First and foremost, on behalf of the International Team I want to extend my gratitude to you for your efforts in organizing the '''Feminism and Folklore 2026''' campaign on your local Wikipedia. Your contribution has been instrumental in bridging the gender and folk gap on Wikipedia, and we truly appreciate your dedication to this important cause. As the campaign has ended I wanted to inform you about the next steps. It's time to commence the jury process using the CampWiz or Fountain tool where your campaign was hosted. Please ensure that you update the details of the jury, campaign links and the names of organizers accurately on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|sign-up page]]. Once the jury process is completed, kindly update only the top 3 winners details on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Results|results page]] accordingly. The deadline for jury submission of results is '''April 30, 2026'''. However, if you find that the number of articles is high and you require more time, please don't hesitate to inform us via email or on campaign Meta Wiki talk page. We are more than willing to approve an extension if needed. Should you encounter any issues with the tools, please feel free to reach out to us on Telegram for assistance. Your feedback and progress updates are crucial for us to improve the campaign and better understand your community's insights. Therefore, we kindly ask you to spare just an hour to collectively share your progress and achievements with us during our '''[[:m:Event:Feminism and Folklore 2026 Post-Campaign Office Hour|community feedback session]]'''. Your input will greatly assist us in making the campaign more meaningful and impactful. Thank you once again for your hard work and dedication to the Feminism and Folklore campaign. Your efforts are deeply appreciated, and we look forward to hearing from you soon. Warm regards, [[User:Tiven2240|Tiven2240]] on behalf of Feminism and Folklore International Team <nowiki>#WeTogether</nowiki> </div></div> --[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:MediaWiki message delivery|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೧೭:೨೭, ೧೧ ಏಪ್ರಿಲ್ ೨೦೨೬ (IST) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/fnf26&oldid=30391231 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': April 2026 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XVI, Issue IV, April 2026</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: How the GLAM Community Can Shine in the 2026–27 Annual Plan * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: International Roma Day 2026 in Tirana, Albania * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: WikiConf Argentina and GLAM projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Asia report|Asia report]]: Documenting and citing oral knowledge in audio and video * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: WikiCon Australia, ICIP, Orphan works and Trans-Tasman partnerships * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Wikimedia Brasil publishes book on the power and challenges of free knowledge * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: We celebrate Public Domain Day with an expert panel / Celebramos el día del dominio público con un Panel de expertas * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Ongoing and New GLAM-Wiki Projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Women in Wartime event at Auckland Museum & an update for WiR NZBSI * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Nigeria report|Nigeria report]]: Wikimedia Commons Upload Campaign * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Wikimedia MKD in Action: Digitization, Wikisource and Educational Workshops * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: GLAM-Wiki Developments: Residencies, Partnerships and Audiovisual Heritage * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: April in Wikimedia Serbia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Le Donne di Villa Massimo * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: A tenth-century Quran and Islamic Art in Urdu * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Wiki MIT launches and US meetups * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Update on the BHL Annual Meeting 27 April - 1 May & BHL Day * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Eight new articles on MoW inscriptions * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: May's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] ೧೯:೨೧, ೧೧ ಮೇ ೨೦೨೬ (IST)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=30513880 --> == Final Reminder: Submission of Local Winners for Feminism and Folklore 2026 == Dear Feminism and Folklore organiser, This is a friendly reminder that the deadline for submitting the names and details of your local winners for '''Feminism and Folklore 2026''' is '''5 June 2026'''. Please ensure that your community's [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Results|winner information]] is submitted before this date. Communities that do not provide their winner data by the deadline will unfortunately not be eligible for prize distribution, and the international organizing team will not be able to accommodate late submissions received after 5 June 2026. Thank you for your prompt attention to this matter and for your participation in the campaign. Best regards, '''Feminism and Folklore International Organizing Team''' --[[ಸದಸ್ಯ:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಚರ್ಚೆಪುಟ:MediaWiki message delivery|ಚರ್ಚೆ]]) ೦೭:೩೯, ೩ ಜೂನ್ ೨೦೨೬ (IST) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/wlf2026&oldid=30627457 --> m63fb1tmkjojptl5b3a1u8tiis5tonz 0 155396 1374591 1355347 2026-06-02T13:15:53Z InternetArchiveBot 69876 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1374591 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ಕಲಾವಿದ|image=Balan nambiar's sculpture studio in 2005.jpg|birthdate={{Birth date and age|df=y|1937|11|12}}}} '''ಬಾಲನ್ ನಂಬಿಯಾರ್''' (ಜನನ 12 ನವೆಂಬರ್ 1937 ಕನ್ನಪುರಂನಲ್ಲಿ) ಒಬ್ಬ ಭಾರತೀಯ ವರ್ಣಚಿತ್ರಕಾರ, ಶಿಲ್ಪಿ, ಎನಾಮೆಲಿಸ್ಟ್, ಛಾಯಾಗ್ರಾಹಕ ಮತ್ತು ಶೈಕ್ಷಣಿಕ ಸಂಶೋಧಕ. ಇವರು ಶಾಲೆಯಲ್ಲಿದ್ದಾಗಲೇ ತಮ್ಮ ಮೊದಲ ದೊಡ್ಡ ಕಲಾಕೃತಿಯಾಗಿ ಐದು ಅಡಿ ಮಣ್ಣಿನ ಶಿಲ್ಪವನ್ನು ಮಾಡಿದರು. ಶಾಲೆಯನ್ನು ಮುಗಿಸಿದ ನಂತರ, ಅವರು ಕೇರಳದ ಪಾಲಕ್ಕಾಡ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಹೈಸ್ಕೂಲ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಸ್ವಲ್ಪ ಸಮಯದವರೆಗೆ ಶಿಲ್ಪಕಲೆಯನ್ನು ಕಲಿಸಿದರು. ಆಮೆಲೆ ಮದ್ರಾಸ್‌ನ ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ರೈಲ್ವೇಗೆ ಡ್ರಾಫ್ಟ್‌ಮನ್ ಆಗಿ ಸೇರಿದರು. 1971 ರಲ್ಲಿ, ನಂಬಿಯಾರ್ ಅವರು ಶಿಲ್ಪಕಲೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ವಿಶೇಷತೆಯೊಂದಿಗೆ ಮದ್ರಾಸ್‌ನ ಸರ್ಕಾರಿ ಕಲಾ ಮತ್ತು ಕರಕುಶಲ ಕಾಲೇಜಿನಿಂದ (ಈಗ ಫೈನ್ ಆರ್ಟ್ಸ್ ಕಾಲೇಜ್, ಚೆನ್ನೈ) ಲಲಿತಕಲೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಡಿಪ್ಲೊಮಾ ಪಡೆದರು. ಅವರು ತಮ್ಮ ವೃತ್ತಿಜೀವನವನ್ನು ಜಲವರ್ಣ (ವಾಟರ್ಕಲರ್) ಚಿತ್ರಕಲೆಯೊಂದಿಗೆ ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಿಸಿದರು, ಆದರೆ ಶೀಘ್ರದಲ್ಲೇ ಶಿಲ್ಪಕಲೆಗೆ ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿದರು, ಆರಂಭದಲ್ಲಿ ಕಂಚಿನ ಮತ್ತು ಕಾಂಕ್ರೀಟ್ನಲ್ಲಿ ಎರಕಹೊಯ್ದ ವಿಧಾನಗಳನ್ನು ಬಳಸಿದರು. ಅವರ ನಂತರದ ಉಕ್ಕಿನ ಕೆಲಸಗಳು ಇಂಡಿಯನ್ ಇನ್‌ಸ್ಟಿಟ್ಯೂಟ್ ಆಫ್ ಟೆಕ್ನಾಲಜಿ ಮದ್ರಾಸ್‌ನ ಲೋಹಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ ವಿಭಾಗದಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರ ಪ್ರಯೋಗಗಳ ಉತ್ಪನ್ನಗಳಾಗಿವೆ. == ಜೀವನಚರಿತ್ರೆ == [[ಚಿತ್ರ:Kadamkottu_Makkam_and_Chiru_Teyyams,_photo_by_Balan_Nambiar.jpg|right|thumb| ಕಡಮ್ಕೊಟ್ಟು ಮಕ್ಕಂ ಮತ್ತು ಚಿರು ತೆಯ್ಯಮ್ಸ್]] ಇವರು ಶಿಲ್ಪಿಯಾಗಿ ಜೇಡಿಮಣ್ಣು, ಫೈಬರ್ಗ್ಲಾಸ್ ಕಾಂಕ್ರೀಟ್, ಮರ, ಕಂಚು, ಸ್ಟೀಲ್ ಮತ್ತು 2000 ರಿಂದ ಸ್ಟೇನ್ಲೆಸ್ ಸ್ಟೀಲ್ನೊಂದಿಗೆ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡಿದರು. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Surface and Depth: Indian Artists at Work|last=Chawla|first=Rupika|date=1995|publisher=Viking|isbn=9780670861743|location=New Delhi|page=183}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=Articulations. Voices from Contemporary Indian Visual Art|last=De|first=Aditi|date=2004|publisher=Rupa & Company|isbn=9788171677481|location=Delhi}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=Contemporary Art in India: A perspective|last=Mago|first=Pram Nath|date=2001|publisher=National Book Trust|isbn=8123734204|location=India|pages=69, 140}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Matthan|first=Ayesha|title=Colours of perspective|date=14 March 2009|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/03/14/stories/2009031452220800.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090823013205/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/03/14/stories/2009031452220800.htm|journal=[[The Hindu]]|archivedate=23 August 2009}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=The Indian architect, Volume 23|last=Dhar|first=Dwarka Nath|date=1981|publisher=K. Dhar|page=91}}</ref> ಅವರ ಅನೇಕ ಕೃತಿಗಳು ಹೊರಾಂಗಣ ಶಿಲ್ಪಗಳಾಗಿವೆ; ಮತ್ತು ಕೆಲವು ಸ್ಮಾರಕಗಳಾಗಿವೆ. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gopalakrishnana|first=K.K.|title=A style of his own|date=3 February 2006|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/02/03/stories/2006020300350200.htm|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130629115525/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/02/03/stories/2006020300350200.htm|archivedate=29 June 2013|journal=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=19 July 2014}}</ref> ಅವರು [[ಎನಾಮೆಲ್|ದಂತಕವಚ]] ವರ್ಣಚಿತ್ರಗಳನ್ನು ನಿರ್ಮಿಸಿದರು, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Art Heritage 10 1990–91|last=Ebrahim|first=Alkazi|publisher=Art Heritage Publication|location=New Delhi}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=India 2001: reference encyclopedia|last=Catherine B.|first=Asher|date=2004|publisher=South Asia Publications|isbn=978-0-945921-42-4|page=20}}</ref> ಇಟಲಿಯ ಪಡುವಾದ ಪಾವೊಲೊ ಡಿ ಪೊಲಿ ಅವರಿಂದ ಕೌಶಲ್ಯವನ್ನು ಕಲಿತರು. 1982 ರಲ್ಲಿ ವೆನಿಸ್ ಬೈನಾಲೆ, <ref>{{Cite book|title=La Biennale di Venezia: visual arts; general catalogue 1982|last=Carluccio|first=Luigi|date=1982|publisher=Electa|isbn=8820802937|location=Milan|pages=130–131}}</ref> <ref>from {{Cite web |title=Venice Biennale mediateca |url=http://asac.labiennale.org/it/documenti/mediateca/ava-ricerca.php?scheda=46943&nuova=1&Sidsupporto=46943&ret=%2Fit%2Fricerca%2Fricerca-persona.php%3Fp%3D395091%26c%3Dd |access-date=19 July 2014 |website=ASAC – Archivio Storico delle Arti Contemporanee |publisher=La Biennale di Venezia |archive-date=4 ಸೆಪ್ಟೆಂಬರ್ 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904220125/http://asac.labiennale.org/it/documenti/mediateca/ava-ricerca.php?scheda=46943&nuova=1&Sidsupporto=46943&ret=%2Fit%2Fricerca%2Fricerca-persona.php%3Fp%3D395091%26c%3Dd |url-status=dead }}</ref> 1978 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಹ್ಯಾನೋವರ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಕನ್‌ಸ್ಟ್ರಕ್ಟಾ-78, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Third Triennale-India 08 Feb 21 Mar 1975 |url=http://www.aaa.org.hk/Collection/Details/16465 |access-date=19 July 2014 |website=Asian Art Archive}}</ref> ನವದೆಹಲಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಟ್ರಿಯೆನ್ನೆಲ್ ಇಂಡಿಯಾ ಸೇರಿದಂತೆ ಹಲವು ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಮತ್ತು ಅಂತರರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಕಲಾ ಪ್ರದರ್ಶನಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರ ಕೃತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಪ್ರದರ್ಶಿಸಲಾಯಿತು. ಅವರ ಕೃತಿಗಳು ಅನೇಕ ವಸ್ತುಸಂಗ್ರಹಾಲಯಗಳ ಶಾಶ್ವತವಾಗಿ ಸಂಗ್ರಹಣೆಯಾಗಿವೆ. ಬಾಲನ್ ನಂಬಿಯಾರ್ ಅವರು ಭಾರತೀಯ ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಕರಾವಳಿಯ ನೂರಾರು ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಪ್ರದರ್ಶನಗಳ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಮತ್ತು [[ತೆಯ್ಯಂ]] ಮತ್ತು [[ಭೂತಕೋಲ|ಭೂತಗಳ]] ಕಲಾ ಪ್ರಕಾರಗಳನ್ನು ಕೂಲಂಕುಶವಾಗಿ ಅಧ್ಯಯನ ಮಾಡಿ ಛಾಯಾಚಿತ್ರಗಳೊಂದಿಗೆ ದಾಖಲಿಸಿದ್ದಾರೆ. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3juHflkUCF4C&dq=%22Balan+Nambiar%22&pg=PA207|title=Globalizing India: perspectives from Below|last=Assayag and Fuller|date=2005|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=9781843311942|location=London and New York|page=207|access-date=30 July 2014}}</ref> ಅವರ ಲೇಖನಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಛಾಯಾಚಿತ್ರಗಳು ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಕಟವಾಗಿವೆ. ನವದೆಹಲಿಯ ಇಂದಿರಾ ಗಾಂಧಿ ನ್ಯಾಷನಲ್ ಸೆಂಟರ್ ಫಾರ್ ಆರ್ಟ್ಸ್, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethnographoc collection |url=http://ignca.nic.in/ethno_body.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703175953/http://ignca.nic.in/ethno_body.htm |archive-date=3 July 2014 |access-date=19 July 2014 |website=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts |publisher=IGNCA, Delhi}}</ref> ಅವರ ಸುಮಾರು 1800 ಛಾಯಾಚಿತ್ರಗಳನ್ನು ಪಡೆದುಕೊಂಡಿದೆ. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.11605|title=India 1988–89 a reference annual|date=1 January 1990|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting|location=India}}</ref> ಅವರು ತಮ್ಮ ಕೃತಿಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಶೈಕ್ಷಣಿಕ ಸಂಶೋಧನೆಗಳಿಗೆ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಪಡೆದಿದ್ದಾರೆ: 1981 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಭಾರತ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ ಮತ್ತು 1980 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಲಲಿತ ಕಲಾ ಅಕಾಡೆಮಿ (ನ್ಯಾಷನಲ್ ಅಕಾಡೆಮಿ ಆಫ್ ಫೈನ್ ಆರ್ಟ್ಸ್) [[ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ]] ರಾಜ್ಯ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ ಪಡೆದಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಅವರ ಶಿಲ್ಪಕಲೆಗಳಿಗಾಗಿ 1982-83ರಲ್ಲಿ ಭಾರತ ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತಿ ಸಚಿವಾಲಯದ ಹಿರಿಯ ಫೆಲೋಶಿಪ್ ಮತ್ತು 1983-85 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಜವಾಹರಲಾಲ್ ನೆಹರು ಸ್ಮಾರಕ ನಿಧಿಯ ನೆಹರು ಫೆಲೋಶಿಪ್, ಶೈಕ್ಷಣಿಕ ಸಂಶೋಧನೆಗಾಗಿ 2005ರಲ್ಲಿ <ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Jawaharlal Nehru Fellows |url=http://www.jnmf.in/flist.html |access-date=19 July 2014 |website=Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund}}</ref> ಕೇರಳ ಲಲಿತ ಕಲಾ ಅಕಾಡೆಮಿಯ ಅಕಾಡೆಮಿ ಫೆಲೋಶಿಪ್ ಮತ್ತು 2013 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಕಲಾತ್ಮಕ ಚಿತ್ರಕಲೆಗಾಗಿ <ref>{{Cite web |title=Akademi Fellowships |url=http://lalithkala.org/content/akademi-fellowships |access-date=21 July 2014 |website=Kerala Lalithakala Akademi |archive-date=11 ಜುಲೈ 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711002747/http://www.lalithkala.org/content/akademi-fellowships |url-status=dead }}</ref> ಕೇರಳ [[ಸಂಗೀತ ನಾಟಕ ಅಕಾಡೆಮಿ|ಸಂಗೀತ ನಾಟಕ ಅಕಾಡೆಮಿಯ]] ಪ್ರವಾಸಿ ಕಲಾರತ್ನ ಫೆಲೋಶಿಪ್ ಪಡೆದಿದ್ದಾರೆ . <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Kala Ratna fellowships|journal=The Hindu|date=19 January 2014|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/kala-ratna-fellowships/article5592530.ece}}</ref> ಕೇರಳ ಸರ್ಕಾರವು ಅವರಿಗೆ 2015 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಕಲಾ ವಿಭಾಗದಲ್ಲಿ ಅತ್ಯುನ್ನತ ರಾಜ್ಯ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿಯಾದ 2014 ರ ''[[ರಾಜಾ ರವಿ ವರ್ಮ]] ಪುರಸ್ಕಾರವನ್ನು'' ನೀಡಿತು <ref name="Raja Ravi Verma Puraskaram">{{Cite web |date=18 March 2015 |title=Raja Ravi Verma Puraskaram |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/award-for-balan-nambiar/article7005603.ece |access-date=18 March 2015 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> ನ್ಯಾಷನಲ್ ಗ್ಯಾಲರಿ ಆಫ್ ಮಾಡರ್ನ್ ಆರ್ಟ್, ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ಫೆಬ್ರವರಿ 2018 ರಲ್ಲಿ ನಂಬಿಯಾರ್ ಅವರ ಆರು ದಶಕಗಳ ಕೆಲಸದ ಹಿನ್ನೋಟವನ್ನು ನಡೆಸಿತು, ಇದನ್ನು ಸದಾನಂದ್ ಮೆನನ್ ಅವರು ಸಂಗ್ರಹಿಸಿದರು [https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/balan-nambiar-and-his-six-decades-of-engagement-with-materiality/article22773286.ece] ಅವರು ನವದೆಹಲಿಯ ಲಲಿತ್ ಕಲಾ ಅಕಾಡೆಮಿಯ ಅಧ್ಯಕ್ಷರಾಗಿದ್ದಾರೆ, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Balan Nambiar appointed as the Acting Chairman of Lalit Kala Akademi |url=http://lalitkala.gov.in/chairmen.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327125946/http://lalitkala.gov.in/chairmen.html |archive-date=27 March 2014 |access-date=19 July 2014 |website=Lalit Kala Academy}}</ref> ಲಲಿತ ಕಲಾ ಅಕಾಡೆಮಿಯ ಜನರಲ್ ಕೌನ್ಸಿಲ್ ಸದಸ್ಯರಾಗಿದ್ದಾರೆ, <ref>{{Cite web |title=General Council Members |url=http://www.lalitkala.gov.in/history/up-coming-events/gc-members.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715182953/http://lalitkala.gov.in/history/up-coming-events/gc-members.html |archive-date=15 July 2014 |access-date=19 July 2014 |website=Lalit Kala Akademi}}</ref> ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತಿಯ ಕೇಂದ್ರ ಸಲಹಾ ಮಂಡಳಿಯ ಸದಸ್ಯರಾಗಿದ್ದಾರೆ. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Manual VIII Central Advisory Board on Culture |url=http://indiaculture.nic.in/indiaculture/pdf/MANUAL-VIII.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002021957/http://indiaculture.nic.in/indiaculture/pdf/MANUAL-VIII.pdf |archive-date=2 October 2013 |access-date=19 July 2014 |website=Ministry of Culture, India}}</ref> == ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಕೃತಿಗಳು == [[ಚಿತ್ರ:2004_Timken_sculpture_620x90x60_cm._photo_by_Balan_Nambiar.jpg|right|thumb| ''ಟಿಮ್ಕೆನ್ ಗಾಗಿಶಿಲ್ಪ'', 2004]] [[ಚಿತ್ರ:Poetry_in_architecture_A_75x64x44_cm._2004_photo_by_Balan_Nambiar.JPG|right|thumb| ವಾಸ್ತುಶಿಲ್ಪದ ಕವನ, 2004]] [[ಚಿತ್ರ:The_Sky_is_the_Limit_-_IOC_heigth_6.3m_2010_photo_by_BalanNambiar.JPG|right|thumb| ''ದಿ ಸ್ಕೈ ಈಸ್ ದಿ ಲಿಮಿಟ್'', 2010]] * ''ಹತ್ಯೆಗೀಡಾದವರ ಸ್ಮಾರಕ'', ಕೋಟಾ ಕಲ್ಲು, ಉಕ್ಕು ಮತ್ತು ಗ್ರಾನೈಟ್, 2.5 x 5.6 x 1.8 ಮೀ., ಗೋಥೆ-ಇನ್ಸ್ಟಿಟ್ಯೂಟ್ ಮ್ಯಾಕ್ಸ್ ಮುಲ್ಲರ್ ಭವನ, ನವದೆಹಲಿ, 1995 <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n-KUICFfA00C&dq=Monument+to+the+Assassinated+Balan+Nambiar&pg=PA325|title=The book on trial: fundamentalism and censorship in India|last=Girja|first=Kumar|date=1997|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|isbn=8124105251|location=New Delhi}}</ref> * ''ವಾಲಂಪಿರಿ ಶಂಖ'', ಸ್ಟೇನ್‌ಲೆಸ್ ಸ್ಟೀಲ್, 2.4 ಮೀಟರ್ ಎತ್ತರ, ಇಂಡಿಯನ್ ಇನ್‌ಸ್ಟಿಟ್ಯೂಟ್ ಆಫ್ ಸೈನ್ಸ್, ಟೆಕ್ಸಾಸ್ ಇನ್‌ಸ್ಟ್ರುಮೆಂಟ್ಸ್, ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು, 2000 <ref>{{Cite journal|last=David|first=Stephen|title=Man of Steel|journal=India Today|date=30 October 2000|volume=25|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-unit-of-texas-instruments-chooses-sculptor-balan-nambiar-to-showcase-links-with-iis/1/245848.html}}</ref> ಅವರಿಂದ ಉಡುಗೊರೆಯಾಗಿ ನೀಡಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿದೆ. * ''ನೇತಾಡುವ ಶಿಲ್ಪ'', ಸ್ಟೇನ್‌ಲೆಸ್ ಸ್ಟೀಲ್, 5.3 ಮೀಟರ್ ಎತ್ತರ, ING-ವೈಶ್ಯ ಬ್ಯಾಂಕ್, ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು, 2003 <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Stainless Steel abounds in Ing Vysya Bank, Bangalore|journal=Stainless India|date=February 2004|volume=9|issue=3/2|page=2|issn=0971-9482|url=http://www.stainlessindia.org/UploadPdf/FEB-2004.pdf}}</ref> * ''ಟಿಮ್ಕೆನ್ ಗಾಗಿ ಶಿಲ್ಪ'', ಸ್ಟೇನ್ಲೆಸ್ ಸ್ಟೀಲ್, 6.02 ಮೀಟರ್ ಎತ್ತರ, ಟಿಮ್ಕೆನ್, ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು, 2004 <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ravindran|first=Nirmala|title=Steeling the show|journal=India Today|date=17 May 2004|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/balan-nambiar-sculpture-for-timken-engineering-research-india/1/196430.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hindley|first=Agnieszka|title=Heavy metal|date=15 March 2004|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/03/15/stories/2004031502300300.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040404181852/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/03/15/stories/2004031502300300.htm|journal=[[The Hindu]]|archivedate=4 April 2004}}</ref> * ''ಕನ್ನಡಿ ಬಿಂಬಮ್'', 2007 <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Goswamy|first=B. N.|title=Reflections of divinity|journal=The Tribune|date=9 December 2007|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071209/spectrum/art.htm}}</ref> * ''ದಿ ಸ್ಕೈ ಈಸ್ ದಿ ಲಿಮಿಟ್'', ಸ್ಟೇನ್‌ಲೆಸ್ ಸ್ಟೀಲ್, ಮೀಟರ್ ಎತ್ತರ, ಇಂಡಿಯನ್ ಆಯಿಲ್ ಕಾರ್ಪೊರೇಷನ್, ನವದೆಹಲಿ, 2010 <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gopalakrishnan|first=K. K.|title=Saying it with steel|date=15 October 2010|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/10/15/stories/2010101550440400.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021063655/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/10/15/stories/2010101550440400.htm|journal=[[The Hindu]]|archivedate=21 October 2010}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Stainless Sculpture 'The Sky is the Limit' Celebrates 50 years of the Indian Oil Corporation|journal=Stainless India|date=June 2010|volume=15|issue=2|pages=1–2|issn=0971-9482|url=http://www.stainlessindia.org/UploadPdf/June%202010.pdf}}</ref> == ಸಂಗ್ರಹಣೆಗಳು == * ನ್ಯಾಷನಲ್ ಗ್ಯಾಲರಿ ಆಫ್ ಮಾಡರ್ನ್ ಆರ್ಟ್, ಇಂಡಿಯಾ (ನ್ಯಾಷನಲ್ ಗ್ಯಾಲರಿ ಮಾಡರ್ನ್ ಆರ್ಟ್, ನವದೆಹಲಿಯಲ್ಲಿನ ಶಿಲ್ಪಗಳು; [[ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಸರ್ಕಾರಿ ವಸ್ತುಸಂಗ್ರಹಾಲಯ (ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು)|ಸರ್ಕಾರಿ ವಸ್ತುಸಂಗ್ರಹಾಲಯ]], ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು; ನ್ಯಾಷನಲ್ ಗ್ಯಾಲರಿ ಆಫ್ ಮಾಡರ್ನ್ ಆರ್ಟ್, ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು; ಜವಾಹರ್ ಕಲಾ ಕೇಂದ್ರ, ಜೈಪುರ) <ref>National Gallery of Modern Art {{Cite web |title=Collection |url=http://ngmaindia.gov.in/collections-artist.asp?strLetter=N |access-date=19 July 2014 |website=National Gallery Modern Art}}, India</ref> * ಸರ್ಕಾರಿ ವಸ್ತುಸಂಗ್ರಹಾಲಯ, ಚೆನ್ನೈ <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tamil Nadu State Administration Report 1071-1972|date=1974|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|location=Madras|page=306}}</ref> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140221122405/http://formsofdevotion.org/mosa.php ಮ್ಯೂಸಿಯಂ ಆಫ್ ಸೇಕ್ರೆಡ್ ಆರ್ಟ್], ಡರ್ಬಯ್, ಬೆಲ್ಜಿಯಂ <ref>{{Cite web |title=Balan Nambiar |url=http://formsofdevotion.org/artist_profile.php?id=16&Artist=Balan-Nambiar |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117230305/http://formsofdevotion.org/artist_profile.php?id=16&Artist=Balan-Nambiar |archive-date=17 January 2014 |access-date=19 July 2014 |website=Museum of Sacred Arts}}</ref> * [http://www.jncasr.ac.in/index.php ಜವಾಹರಲಾಲ್ ನೆಹರು ಸೆಂಟರ್ ಫಾರ್ ಅಡ್ವಾನ್ಸ್ಡ್ ಸೈಂಟಿಫಿಕ್ ರಿಸರ್ಚ್], ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jakimowicz|first=Marta|title=Between urban and cosmic spaces|journal=Deccan Herald|date=4 October 2003|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/oct04/at1.asp|accessdate=19 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304201846/http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/oct04/at1.asp|archivedate=4 March 2016}}</ref> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190426060403/http://www.rietberg.ch/de-ch/home.aspx ರೀಟ್‌ಬರ್ಗ್ ಮ್ಯೂಸಿಯಂ], ಜ್ಯೂರಿಚ್ == ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಕಲೆಯ ಕುರಿತು ಪ್ರಕಟಣೆಗಳು == * ನಂಬಿಯಾರ್, ಬಾಲನ್ (2014). "ವೀರಳಿಪಟ್ಟು, ವಾಲಂಪಿರಿ ಶಂಖ, ಕನ್ನಡಿ ಬಿಂಬಂ". ಕೊಟ್ಟಾಯಂ, ಕೇರಳ ರಾಜ್ಯ, ಭಾರತ: DC ಬುಕ್ಸ್. (ಮಲಯಾಳಂ) * * ನಂಬಿಯಾರ್, ಬಾಲನ್ (2009). "ಮಿಥೋಸ್ ಅಂಡ್ ಕುನ್‌ಸ್ಟ್ಯಾಂಡ್‌ವರ್ಕ್ (ಆಚರಣೆಗಳು, ಪುರಾಣಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಕರಕುಶಲ ವಸ್ತುಗಳು)". ಬೆಲ್ಟ್ಜ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ, ಜೋಹಾನ್ಸ್. ''ವೆನ್ ಮಾಸ್ಕೆನ್ ಟ್ಯಾನ್ಜೆನ್ - ರಿಟ್ಯುಲ್ಲೆಸ್ ಥಿಯೇಟರ್ ಅಂಡ್ ಬ್ರಾಂಜೆಕುನ್ಸ್ಟ್ ಆಸ್ ಸುಡಿಂಡಿಯನ್'' . ಮ್ಯೂಸಿಯಂ ರೀಟ್‌ಬರ್ಗ್, ಜ್ಯೂರಿಚ್, ಪುಟಗಳು.&nbsp;19–55. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-907077-40-5|978-3-907077-40-5]] (ಜರ್ಮನ್) * ನಂಬಿಯಾರ್, ಬಾಲನ್ (2001). "ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಭಾರತದ ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಕರಾವಳಿಯ ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಕಲೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಮುಖವಾಡಗಳು". ಮಲಿಕ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ, SC ''ಮ್ಯಾನ್, ಮೈಂಡ್ ಮತ್ತು ಮಾಸ್ಕ್'', IGNCA, ನವದೆಹಲಿ, pp.&nbsp;267–271. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/81-7305-192-5|81-7305-192-5]] * ನಂಬಿಯಾರ್, ಬಾಲನ್ (2000). "ತೆಯ್ಯಂ, ಉತ್ತರ ಕೇರಳದ ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಪ್ರದರ್ಶನ ಕಲೆಗಳು". ಗೋಸ್ವಾಮಿಯಲ್ಲಿ, BN ''ಹಿಸ್ಟರಿ ಆಫ್ ಸೈನ್ಸ್, ಫಿಲಾಸಫಿ ಅಂಡ್ ಕಲ್ಚರ್ ಇನ್ ಇಂಡಿಯನ್ ಸಿವಿಲೈಸೇಶನ್: ಇಂಡಿಯನ್ ಆರ್ಟ್'', pp.&nbsp;265–277, ನವದೆಹಲಿ. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/81-215-0904-1|81-215-0904-1]] * ನಂಬಿಯಾರ್, ಬಾಲನ್ (1993). "ತೈ ಪರದೇವತಾ: ಕೇರಳದ ತೆಯ್ಯಂ ಸಂಪ್ರದಾಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಅನುಕರಣೆ". ಬ್ರೂಕ್ನರ್ ಎಚ್., ಲುಟ್ಜೆ ಎಲ್., ಮಲಿಕ್ ಎ. ''ಫ್ಲಾಗ್ಸ್ ಆಫ್ ಫೇಮ್, ಸ್ಟಡೀಸ್ ಇನ್ ಸೌತ್ ಏಷ್ಯನ್ ಫೋಕ್ ಕಲ್ಚರ್'', pp.&nbsp;139–163, ಸೌತ್ ಏಷ್ಯಾ ಬುಕ್ಸ್,  <ref>{{Cite web |title=South Asia Institute of Heidelberg University |url=http://www.sai.uni-heidelberg.de/pub/sas.php |access-date=19 July 2014 |website=Ruprecht Karls Universität Heidelberg}}</ref> * ನಂಬಿಯಾರ್, ಬಾಲನ್. , ಫಿಶರ್ ಇ. (1987) "ಪಟೋಲಾ / ವಿರಾಲಿ ಪಟ್ಟು - ಗುಜರಾತ್‌ನಿಂದ ಕೇರಳಕ್ಕೆ". ಲ್ಯಾಂಗ್, ಪೀಟರ್, ''ಏಷ್ಯಾಟಿಸ್ ಸ್ಟುಡಿಯನ್ 41,2'' : 120–146, 1987 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Publikationsliste von Eberhard Fischer |url=http://www.rietberg.ch/media/451594/publikationsliste_eberhard_fischer.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805144649/http://www.rietberg.ch/media/451594/publikationsliste_eberhard_fischer.pdf |archive-date=5 August 2013 |access-date=19 July 2014 |website=Rietberg Museum}}</ref> (ಜರ್ಮನ್) * ನಂಬಿಯಾರ್, ಬಾಲನ್ (1981). "ದೇವರುಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ದೆವ್ವಗಳು - ತೆಯ್ಯಂ ಮತ್ತು ಭೂತ ಆಚರಣೆಗಳು". ದೋಷಿ, ಸರಯು (ed) ''ದಿ ಪರ್ಫಾರ್ಮಿಂಗ್ ಆರ್ಟ್ಸ್'', ಮಾರ್ಗ ಸಂಪುಟ 34, ಸಂಚಿಕೆಗಳು 3–4, ಬಾಂಬೆ, 1981, pp 62–73 == ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು == {{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು}} {{Interwikineeded}} [[ವರ್ಗ:ಜೀವಂತ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಗಳು]] [[ವರ್ಗ:೧೯೩೭ ಜನನ]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ಶಿಲ್ಪಿಗಳು]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ಸ್ತ್ರೀವಾದ_ಮತ್ತು_ಜಾನಪದ_೨೦೨೪_ಸ್ಪರ್ಧೆಯ_ಲೇಖನ]] 4ks1se6ufs1h2qm8zu2ax3yo892kqwj 0 158044 1374678 1357145 2026-06-03T08:08:17Z VASANTH S.N. 728 added [[Category:ನ್ಯಾಯಾಂಗ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆ]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 1374678 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Infobox legislation | short_title = ಭಾರತೀಯ ನಾಗರಿಕ ಸುರಕ್ಷಾ ಸಂಹಿತಾ | legislature = [[ಭಾರತದ ಸಂಸತ್ತು]] | image = Emblem of India (Government Gazette).svg | imagesize = 100 | imagealt = | caption = | long_title = ಕ್ರಿಮಿನಲ್ ಪ್ರೊಸೀಜರ್‌ಗೆ ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸಿದ ಕಾನೂನನ್ನು ಕ್ರೋಢೀಕರಿಸಲು ಮತ್ತು ತಿದ್ದುಪಡಿ ಮಾಡಲು ಮಸೂದೆ. | citation = ಬಿಲ್ ಸಂಖ್ಯ: 122 of 2023 | territorial_extent = {{flag|India}} | enacted_by = [[ಲೋಕಸಭೆ]] | date_enacted = | date_passed = 20 December 2023 | enacted_by2 = [[ರಾಜ್ಯಸಭೆ]] | date_passed2 = 21 December 2023 | date_assented = 25 December 2023 | date_commenced = 1 July 2024 | bill = The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha (Second) Sanhita, 2023 | bill_citation = | introduced_by = [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]], [[Amit Shah]] | bill2 = The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha (Second) Sanhita, 2023 | bill_date2 = 20 December 2023 | introduced_by2 = [[ಗೃಹಮಂತ್ರಿ]], [[ಅಮಿತ್ ಶಾ]] | repeals = [[Code of Criminal Procedure (India)|Criminal Procedure Code]] | related_legislation = [[ಭಾರತೀಯ ನ್ಯಾಯ ಸಂಹಿತಾ]] and [[ಭಾರತೀಯ ಸಾಕ್ಷಿ ಕಾಯಿದೆ, 2023]] | summary = | status = in force | autocollapse_long_title = true | assented_by = [[ಭಾರತದ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಪತಿ]] | date_introduced = 12 December 2023 | committee_responsible = ಸಂಸತ್ತಿನ ಪರಿಶೀಲನಾ ಸಮಿತಿ | passed = 20 December 2023 | passed_for = ಬಹುಸಂಖ್ಯಾತರ ಧ್ವನಿ | passed_against = ಅಲ್ಪಸಂಖ್ಯಾತರ ಧ್ವನಿ | second_chamber_action = ತಿದ್ದುಪಡಿಗಳೊಂದಿಗೆ ಅಂಗೀಕರಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ | passed2 = 21 December 2023 | passed2_for = ಬಹುಸಂಖ್ಯಾತ ಧ್ವನಿ | passed2_against = ಅಲ್ಪಸಂಖ್ಯಾತರ ಧ್ವನಿ | date_final_passage = 21 December 2023 }} '''ಭಾರತೀಯ ನಾಗರೀಕ ಸುರಕ್ಷಾ ಸಂಹಿತಾ (ಬಿಎನ್ಎಸ್ಎಸ್)''' (ಭಾರತೀಯ ಸಿವಿಲ್ ಪ್ರೊಟೆಕ್ಷನ್ ಕೋಡ್'), ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿವಸ್ತುನಿಷ್ಠ ಕ್ರಿಮಿನಲ್ ಕಾನೂನಿನ ಆಡಳಿತದ ಕಾರ್ಯವಿಧಾನದ ಮುಖ್ಯ ಶಾಸನವಾಗಿದೆ. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 11, 2023 |title=3 new Bills introduced in Lok Sabha to replace criminal laws; sedition law to be scrapped |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/3-bills-to-replace-ipc-crpc-indian-evidence-act-introduced-in-lok-sabha/article67183559.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2023 |title='Sedition law to be repealed': Amit Shah introduces 3 bills to replace IPC, CrPC, Indian Evidence Act in Lok Sabha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/home-minister-amit-shah-introduces-3-bills-to-replace-ipc-crpc-indian-evidence-act-in-lok-sabha/articleshow/102640505.cms?from=mdr |website=The Times of India}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2023 |title="Acts of Secession" Replaces Sedition: New Bills To Overhaul Criminal Laws |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/amit-shah-indian-penal-code-criminal-laws-revised-justice-not-punishment-centres-3-new-bills-to-overhaul-criminal-laws-4289030 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref>. ಕ್ರಿಮಿನಲ್ ಗಳ ರೀತಿ-ರಿವಾಜುಗಳಿಗೆ ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸಿದ ಕಾನೂನನ್ನು ಕ್ರೋಢೀಕರಿಸಲು ಮತ್ತು ತಿದ್ದುಪಡಿ ಮಸೂದೆ. == ಹಿನ್ನೆಲೆ ಮತ್ತು ಕಾಲಾವಧಿ == 11 ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ 2023 ರಂದು, ಭಾರತೀಯ ನಾಗರಿಕ ಸುರಕ್ಷಾ ಸಂಹಿತಾ ಮಸೂದೆ, 2023 ಅನ್ನು ಗೃಹ ವ್ಯವಹಾರಗಳ ಸಚಿವ [[ಅಮಿತ್ ಶಾ]] ಅವರು [[ಲೋಕಸಭೆ|ಲೋಕಸಭೆಯಲ್ಲಿ]] ಮಂಡಿಸಿದರು. <ref>{{Cite news |date=11 August 2023 |title=Centre's 3 bills to revamp criminal laws: 'Aim to provide justice, not punish' |language=en |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/government-brings-in-three-bills-to-revamp-indias-crime-laws-crpc-amit-shah-lok-sabha-2419541-2023-08-11}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=11 August 2023 |title=Parliament session: Will repeal offence of sedition, says Amit Shah as he introduces 3 bills to overhaul justice system |language=en |work=LiveMint |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/parliament-monsoon-session-ends-today-amit-shah-announces-major-overhaul-of-criminal-justice-system-with-new-bill-11691738520380.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=11 August 2023 |title=The 3 Bills That Will Soon Replace British-Era Criminal Laws. Their Aim Explained |language=en |work=NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/the-3-bills-that-will-soon-replace-british-era-criminal-laws-their-aim-explained-4289008}}</ref> 12 ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ 2023 ರಂದು, ಭಾರತೀಯ ನಾಗರಿಕ ಸುರಕ್ಷಾ ಸಂಹಿತಾ ಮಸೂದೆ, 2023 ಅನ್ನು ಹಿಂಪಡೆಯಲಾಯಿತು. 12 ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ 2023-2024 ರಂದು, ಭಾರತೀಯ ನಾಗರಿಕ ಸುರಕ್ಷಾ (ಎರಡನೇ) ಸಂಹಿತಾ ಮಸೂದೆ, 2023 ಅನ್ನು ಲೋಕಸಭೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಪರಿಚಯಿಸಲಾಯಿತು. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha (Second) Sanhita, 2023 |url=https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_parliament/2023/Bhartiya_Nagarik_Suraksha_(second)_Sanhita_Brief.pdf}}</ref> 20 ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ 2023 ರಂದು, ಭಾರತೀಯ ನಾಗರಿಕ ಸುರಕ್ಷಾ (ಎರಡನೇ) ಸಂಹಿತಾ ಮಸೂದೆ, 2023 ಅನ್ನು ಲೋಕಸಭೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಅಂಗೀಕರಿಸಲಾಯಿತು. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Awstika |date=2023-12-20 |title=Lok Sabha Passes Criminal Law Bills Seeking To Replace IPC, CrPC And Evidence Act |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/lok-sabha-criminal-law-bills-ipc-crpc-evidence-act-bharatiya-nyaya-sanhita-nagaril-suraksha-sanhita-sakshya-bill-bns-bnss-bss-245023 |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=Live Law |language=en}}</ref> 21 ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ 2023 ರಂದು, ಭಾರತೀಯ ನಾಗರಿಕ ಸುರಕ್ಷಾ (ಎರಡನೇ) ಸಂಹಿತಾ ಮಸೂದೆ, 2023 ಅನ್ನು [[ರಾಜ್ಯಸಭೆ|ರಾಜ್ಯಸಭೆಯಲ್ಲಿ]] ಅಂಗೀಕರಿಸಲಾಯಿತು. 25 ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ 2023 ರಂದು, ಭಾರತೀಯ ನಾಗರಿಕ ಸುರಕ್ಷಾ (ಎರಡನೇ) ಸಂಹಿತಾ ಮಸೂದೆ, 2023 ಭಾರತದ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಪತಿಗಳ ಒಪ್ಪಿಗೆಯನ್ನು ಪಡೆದಿದೆ. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shemin Joy |title=Bills to replace criminal codes enacted into law as President Murmu gives nod |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/bills-to-replace-criminal-codes-enacted-into-law-as-president-murmu-gives-nod-2824616 |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> == ಬದಲಾವಣೆ == ಬಿಎನ್ಎಸ್ಎಸ್ [[:en:Code_of_Criminal_Procedure_(India)|ಭಾರತದ ಕ್ರಿಮಿನಲ್ ಪ್ರೊಸೀಜರ್ ಕೋಡ್]]ಗೆ ಹಲವಾರು ಬದಲಾವಣೆಗಳನ್ನು ಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ, ಅವುಗಳೆಂದರೆ: * '''ಕಾನೂನನ್ನು ಏಕೀಕರಿಸುವುದು ಮತ್ತು ಸರಳಗೊಳಿಸುವುದು''' : ಭಾರತದ ಕ್ರಿಮಿನಲ್ ಪ್ರೊಸೀಜರ್ ಕೋಡಿನ ಹಲವಾರು ನಿಬಂಧನೆಗಳನ್ನು ರದ್ದುಗೊಳಿಸುವ ಮತ್ತು ತಿದ್ದುಪಡಿ ಮಾಡುವ ಮೂಲಕ ಬಿಎನ್ಎಸ್ಎಸ್ ಕಾನೂನನ್ನು ಒಗ್ಗೂಡಿಸುತ್ತದೆ ಮತ್ತು ಸರಳಗೊಳಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. <ref>{{Cite news |date=21 December 2023 |title=Scan on detention of accused person in police custody for staggering period of up to 90 days |language=en |work=Telegraph India |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/scan-on-detention-of-accused-person-in-police-custody-for-staggering-period-of-up-to-90-days/cid/1988289}}</ref> * '''ಆರೋಪಿಯ ಹಕ್ಕುಗಳನ್ನು ಬಲಪಡಿಸುವುದು''' : ಬಿಎನ್ಎಸ್ಎಸ್ ವಿಚಾರಣೆಯ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಆಯ್ಕೆಯ ವಕೀಲರ ಹಕ್ಕು, ವಿಚಾರಣೆಯ ಉದ್ದಕ್ಕೂ ಅಲ್ಲದಿದ್ದರೂ ಮತ್ತು ನ್ಯಾಯಯುತ ವಿಚಾರಣೆಯ ಹಕ್ಕುಗಳಂತಹ ರಕ್ಷಣೆಗಳನ್ನು ಒದಗಿಸುವ ಮೂಲಕ ಆರೋಪಿಯ ಹಕ್ಕುಗಳನ್ನು ಬಲಪಡಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಯಾವುದೇ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಯನ್ನು ವಾರಂಟ್ ಇಲ್ಲದೆ ಬಂಧಿಸುವ ಪ್ರತಿಯೊಬ್ಬ ಪೋಲೀಸ್ ಅಧಿಕಾರಿ ಅಥವಾ ಇತರ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಯು ಆತನನ್ನು ಬಂಧಿಸಿರುವ ಅಪರಾಧದ ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣ ವಿವರಗಳನ್ನು ಅಥವಾ ಅಂತಹ ಬಂಧನಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ಇತರ ಕಾರಣಗಳನ್ನು ತಕ್ಷಣವೇ ತಿಳಿಸಬೇಕು. ಯಾವುದೇ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಯನ್ನು ಬಂಧಿಸಿದಾಗ, ಕೇಂದ್ರ ಸರ್ಕಾರ ಅಥವಾ ರಾಜ್ಯ ಸರ್ಕಾರದ ಸೇವೆಯಲ್ಲಿರುವ ವೈದ್ಯಕೀಯ ಅಧಿಕಾರಿಯಿಂದ ಮತ್ತು ವೈದ್ಯಕೀಯ ಅಧಿಕಾರಿ ಲಭ್ಯವಿಲ್ಲದಿದ್ದಲ್ಲಿ, ಬಂಧನದ ನಂತರ ನೋಂದಾಯಿತ ವೈದ್ಯಕೀಯ ವೃತ್ತಿಗಾರರಿಂದ ಆತನನ್ನು ಪರೀಕ್ಷಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. <ref>{{Cite news |date=13 December 2023 |title=Right of arrested person to meet an advocate of his choice during interrogation. Person arrested to be informed of grounds of arrest and of right to bail. Examination of arrested person by medical officer. |language=en |work=prsindia.org |url=https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_parliament/2023/Bharatiya_Nagarik_Suraksha_Sanhita,_2023.pdf}}</ref>  * '''ಕ್ರಿಮಿನಲ್ ನ್ಯಾಯ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆಯ ದಕ್ಷತೆಯನ್ನು ಸುಧಾರಿಸುವುದು:''' ಬಿಎನ್ಎಸ್ಎಸ್ ಕಾರ್ಯವಿಧಾನಗಳನ್ನು ಸರಳೀಕರಿಸುವ ಮೂಲಕ ಮತ್ತು ವಿಳಂಬವನ್ನು ಕಡಿಮೆ ಮಾಡುವ ಮೂಲಕ ಅಪರಾಧ ನ್ಯಾಯ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆಯ ದಕ್ಷತೆಯನ್ನು ಸುಧಾರಿಸಲು ಪ್ರಯತ್ನಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. <ref>{{Cite news |date=18 December 2023 |title=Revised criminal law bills: Key changes explained |language=en |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/revised-criminal-law-bills-the-key-changes-explained/article67637348.ece}}</ref> ಬಿಎನ್ಎಸ್ಎಸ್ ನಲ್ಲಿ ಮಾಡಲಾದ ಕೆಲವು ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಬದಲಾವಣೆಗಳು ಈ ಕೆಳಗಿನಂತಿವೆ: * '''ಬಂಧನ:''' ಬಿಎನ್ಎಸ್ಎಸ್ ಬಂಧನದ ಆಧಾರವನ್ನು ವಿಸ್ತರಿಸುತ್ತದೆ ಮತ್ತು ವ್ಯಾಪಕ ಶ್ರೇಣಿಯ ಪ್ರಕರಣಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ವಾರಂಟ್ ಇಲ್ಲದೆ ಬಂಧಿಸಲು ಅವಕಾಶ ನೀಡುತ್ತದೆ. * '''ತನಿಖೆ:''' ಬಿಎನ್ಎಸ್ಎಸ್ ಅಪರಾಧಗಳನ್ನು ತನಿಖೆ ಮಾಡಲು ಪೊಲೀಸರಿಗೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಅಧಿಕಾರವನ್ನು ನೀಡುತ್ತದೆ ಮತ್ತು ನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟ ಅವಧಿಯೊಳಗೆ ತನಿಖೆಗಳನ್ನು ಪೂರ್ಣಗೊಳಿಸಲು ಅವರಿಗೆ ಅಗತ್ಯವಿರುತ್ತದೆ. * '''ವಿಚಾರಣೆ:''' ಬಿಎನ್ಎಸ್ಎಸ್ ವಿಚಾರಣೆ ಪ್ರಕ್ರಿಯೆಯನ್ನು ಸುವ್ಯವಸ್ಥಿತಗೊಳಿಸುತ್ತದೆ ಮತ್ತು ನ್ಯಾಯಾಲಯಗಳು ನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟ ಅವಧಿಯೊಳಗೆ ಪ್ರಕರಣಗಳನ್ನು ವಿಲೇವಾರಿ ಮಾಡುವ ಅಗತ್ಯವಿದೆ. == ಟೀಕೆಗಳು == ಬಿಎನ್ಎಸ್ಎಸ್ ಆರೋಪಿಯ ಜಾಮೀನು ಪಡೆಯುವ ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯವನ್ನು ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಕಷ್ಟಕರವಾಗಿಸುತ್ತದೆ ಮತ್ತು ಮನವಿಯ ವ್ಯಾಪ್ತಿಯನ್ನು ಮಿತಿಗೊಳಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. <ref name="scroll">{{Cite web |last=Vineet Bhalla |date=7 January 2024 |title=How Modi government’s new criminal laws drastically increase police powers |url=https://scroll.in/article/1061476/how-modi-governments-new-criminal-laws-drastically-increase-police-powers |access-date=21 June 2024 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref> ತನಿಖೆಯ ಉದ್ದೇಶಗಳಿಗಾಗಿ ವಿಷಯಗಳನ್ನು ತಿಳಿಯಲು ಆರೋಪಿಯನ್ನು ಡಿಜಿಟಲ್ ಸಾಧನಗಳನ್ನು ಬಳಸಲು ಇದು ಪೊಲೀಸ್ ಅಧಿಕಾರಿಗಳಿಗೆ ಅಧಿಕಾರ ನೀಡುತ್ತದೆ. ವಿಚಾರಣೆ ನಡೆಯುವ ಮೊದಲು ಆರೋಪಿಯ ಆಸ್ತಿಯನ್ನು [[ಜಪ್ತಿ]] ಮತ್ತು ವಶಪಡಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವ ವಿವೇಚನೆಯನ್ನು ಪೊಲೀಸರಿಗೆ ನೀಡುತ್ತದೆ. <ref name="scroll" /> ಗುರುತಿಸಬಹುದಾತಂತಹ ಅಪರಾಧಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಶಿಕ್ಷೆ ಮೂರು ರಿಂದ ಏಳು ವರ್ಷಗಳ ಒಳಗಿದ್ದರೆ ಪ್ರತಿಯೊಂದು, ಎಫ್‌ಐಆರ್ ದಾಖಲಿಸುವ ಮೊದಲು ಪೊಲೀಸರು ಪ್ರಾಥಮಿಕ ವಿಚಾರಣೆಯನ್ನು ನಡೆಸಬೇಕೆಂದು ಬಿಎನ್ಎಸ್ಎಸ್ ಕಡ್ಡಾಯಗೊಳಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. <ref>{{Cite news |last=[[Indira Jaising]] |date=17 June 2024 |title=With new criminal laws, rights won in Supreme Court can be overturned by government |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/with-new-criminal-laws-rights-won-hard-in-the-sc-are-at-risk-of-being-overruled-by-the-government-9392038/ |access-date=21 June 2024}}</ref> == ಸಹ ನೋಡಿ == * [[ಭಾರತೀಯ ನ್ಯಾಯ ಸಂಹಿತಾ]] * ಭಾರತೀಯ ಸಾಕ್ಷಿ ಕಾಯಿದೆ, 2023 == ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು == {{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು}} == ಬಾಹ್ಯ ಕೊಂಡಿಗಳು == * [https://www.azbpartners.com/bank/decoding-the-new-made-in-india-code-of-criminal-procedure-bharatiya-nagarik-suraksha-second-sanhita-2023/ ಕ್ರಿಮಿನಲ್ ಪ್ರೊಸೀಜರ್‌ನ ಹೊಸ 'ಮೇಡ್ ಇನ್ ಇಂಡಿಯಾ' ಕೋಡ್ ಡಿಕೋಡಿಂಗ್: ಭಾರತೀಯ ನಾಗರಿಕ್ ಸುರಕ್ಷಾ (ಎರಡನೇ) ಸಂಹಿತಾ, 2023] - AZB ಮತ್ತು ಪಾಲುದಾರರು 22 ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್, 2023. {{Indian Penal Code navbox}}{{Criminal procedure}}{{Law}}{{Law enforcement in India}}{{Asia topic|Law enforcement in}}{{Asia topic|Mass surveillance in}}{{Crime in Asia}} {{Interwikineeded}} [[ವರ್ಗ:ಕನ್ನಡ ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ ಸಮುದಾಯ ಬೆಳವಣಿಗೆ]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ನ್ಯಾಯಾಂಗ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆ]] andc545gvjnijh44uw04tccuzejwva5 1374679 1374678 2026-06-03T08:08:41Z VASANTH S.N. 728 added [[Category:ಕಾನೂನು ಪರಿಭಾಷೆ]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 1374679 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Infobox legislation | short_title = ಭಾರತೀಯ ನಾಗರಿಕ ಸುರಕ್ಷಾ ಸಂಹಿತಾ | legislature = [[ಭಾರತದ ಸಂಸತ್ತು]] | image = Emblem of India (Government Gazette).svg | imagesize = 100 | imagealt = | caption = | long_title = ಕ್ರಿಮಿನಲ್ ಪ್ರೊಸೀಜರ್‌ಗೆ ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸಿದ ಕಾನೂನನ್ನು ಕ್ರೋಢೀಕರಿಸಲು ಮತ್ತು ತಿದ್ದುಪಡಿ ಮಾಡಲು ಮಸೂದೆ. | citation = ಬಿಲ್ ಸಂಖ್ಯ: 122 of 2023 | territorial_extent = {{flag|India}} | enacted_by = [[ಲೋಕಸಭೆ]] | date_enacted = | date_passed = 20 December 2023 | enacted_by2 = [[ರಾಜ್ಯಸಭೆ]] | date_passed2 = 21 December 2023 | date_assented = 25 December 2023 | date_commenced = 1 July 2024 | bill = The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha (Second) Sanhita, 2023 | bill_citation = | introduced_by = [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]], [[Amit Shah]] | bill2 = The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha (Second) Sanhita, 2023 | bill_date2 = 20 December 2023 | introduced_by2 = [[ಗೃಹಮಂತ್ರಿ]], [[ಅಮಿತ್ ಶಾ]] | repeals = [[Code of Criminal Procedure (India)|Criminal Procedure Code]] | related_legislation = [[ಭಾರತೀಯ ನ್ಯಾಯ ಸಂಹಿತಾ]] and [[ಭಾರತೀಯ ಸಾಕ್ಷಿ ಕಾಯಿದೆ, 2023]] | summary = | status = in force | autocollapse_long_title = true | assented_by = [[ಭಾರತದ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಪತಿ]] | date_introduced = 12 December 2023 | committee_responsible = ಸಂಸತ್ತಿನ ಪರಿಶೀಲನಾ ಸಮಿತಿ | passed = 20 December 2023 | passed_for = ಬಹುಸಂಖ್ಯಾತರ ಧ್ವನಿ | passed_against = ಅಲ್ಪಸಂಖ್ಯಾತರ ಧ್ವನಿ | second_chamber_action = ತಿದ್ದುಪಡಿಗಳೊಂದಿಗೆ ಅಂಗೀಕರಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ | passed2 = 21 December 2023 | passed2_for = ಬಹುಸಂಖ್ಯಾತ ಧ್ವನಿ | passed2_against = ಅಲ್ಪಸಂಖ್ಯಾತರ ಧ್ವನಿ | date_final_passage = 21 December 2023 }} '''ಭಾರತೀಯ ನಾಗರೀಕ ಸುರಕ್ಷಾ ಸಂಹಿತಾ (ಬಿಎನ್ಎಸ್ಎಸ್)''' (ಭಾರತೀಯ ಸಿವಿಲ್ ಪ್ರೊಟೆಕ್ಷನ್ ಕೋಡ್'), ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿವಸ್ತುನಿಷ್ಠ ಕ್ರಿಮಿನಲ್ ಕಾನೂನಿನ ಆಡಳಿತದ ಕಾರ್ಯವಿಧಾನದ ಮುಖ್ಯ ಶಾಸನವಾಗಿದೆ. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 11, 2023 |title=3 new Bills introduced in Lok Sabha to replace criminal laws; sedition law to be scrapped |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/3-bills-to-replace-ipc-crpc-indian-evidence-act-introduced-in-lok-sabha/article67183559.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2023 |title='Sedition law to be repealed': Amit Shah introduces 3 bills to replace IPC, CrPC, Indian Evidence Act in Lok Sabha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/home-minister-amit-shah-introduces-3-bills-to-replace-ipc-crpc-indian-evidence-act-in-lok-sabha/articleshow/102640505.cms?from=mdr |website=The Times of India}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2023 |title="Acts of Secession" Replaces Sedition: New Bills To Overhaul Criminal Laws |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/amit-shah-indian-penal-code-criminal-laws-revised-justice-not-punishment-centres-3-new-bills-to-overhaul-criminal-laws-4289030 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref>. ಕ್ರಿಮಿನಲ್ ಗಳ ರೀತಿ-ರಿವಾಜುಗಳಿಗೆ ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸಿದ ಕಾನೂನನ್ನು ಕ್ರೋಢೀಕರಿಸಲು ಮತ್ತು ತಿದ್ದುಪಡಿ ಮಸೂದೆ. == ಹಿನ್ನೆಲೆ ಮತ್ತು ಕಾಲಾವಧಿ == 11 ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ 2023 ರಂದು, ಭಾರತೀಯ ನಾಗರಿಕ ಸುರಕ್ಷಾ ಸಂಹಿತಾ ಮಸೂದೆ, 2023 ಅನ್ನು ಗೃಹ ವ್ಯವಹಾರಗಳ ಸಚಿವ [[ಅಮಿತ್ ಶಾ]] ಅವರು [[ಲೋಕಸಭೆ|ಲೋಕಸಭೆಯಲ್ಲಿ]] ಮಂಡಿಸಿದರು. <ref>{{Cite news |date=11 August 2023 |title=Centre's 3 bills to revamp criminal laws: 'Aim to provide justice, not punish' |language=en |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/government-brings-in-three-bills-to-revamp-indias-crime-laws-crpc-amit-shah-lok-sabha-2419541-2023-08-11}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=11 August 2023 |title=Parliament session: Will repeal offence of sedition, says Amit Shah as he introduces 3 bills to overhaul justice system |language=en |work=LiveMint |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/parliament-monsoon-session-ends-today-amit-shah-announces-major-overhaul-of-criminal-justice-system-with-new-bill-11691738520380.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=11 August 2023 |title=The 3 Bills That Will Soon Replace British-Era Criminal Laws. Their Aim Explained |language=en |work=NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/the-3-bills-that-will-soon-replace-british-era-criminal-laws-their-aim-explained-4289008}}</ref> 12 ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ 2023 ರಂದು, ಭಾರತೀಯ ನಾಗರಿಕ ಸುರಕ್ಷಾ ಸಂಹಿತಾ ಮಸೂದೆ, 2023 ಅನ್ನು ಹಿಂಪಡೆಯಲಾಯಿತು. 12 ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ 2023-2024 ರಂದು, ಭಾರತೀಯ ನಾಗರಿಕ ಸುರಕ್ಷಾ (ಎರಡನೇ) ಸಂಹಿತಾ ಮಸೂದೆ, 2023 ಅನ್ನು ಲೋಕಸಭೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಪರಿಚಯಿಸಲಾಯಿತು. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha (Second) Sanhita, 2023 |url=https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_parliament/2023/Bhartiya_Nagarik_Suraksha_(second)_Sanhita_Brief.pdf}}</ref> 20 ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ 2023 ರಂದು, ಭಾರತೀಯ ನಾಗರಿಕ ಸುರಕ್ಷಾ (ಎರಡನೇ) ಸಂಹಿತಾ ಮಸೂದೆ, 2023 ಅನ್ನು ಲೋಕಸಭೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಅಂಗೀಕರಿಸಲಾಯಿತು. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Awstika |date=2023-12-20 |title=Lok Sabha Passes Criminal Law Bills Seeking To Replace IPC, CrPC And Evidence Act |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/lok-sabha-criminal-law-bills-ipc-crpc-evidence-act-bharatiya-nyaya-sanhita-nagaril-suraksha-sanhita-sakshya-bill-bns-bnss-bss-245023 |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=Live Law |language=en}}</ref> 21 ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ 2023 ರಂದು, ಭಾರತೀಯ ನಾಗರಿಕ ಸುರಕ್ಷಾ (ಎರಡನೇ) ಸಂಹಿತಾ ಮಸೂದೆ, 2023 ಅನ್ನು [[ರಾಜ್ಯಸಭೆ|ರಾಜ್ಯಸಭೆಯಲ್ಲಿ]] ಅಂಗೀಕರಿಸಲಾಯಿತು. 25 ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ 2023 ರಂದು, ಭಾರತೀಯ ನಾಗರಿಕ ಸುರಕ್ಷಾ (ಎರಡನೇ) ಸಂಹಿತಾ ಮಸೂದೆ, 2023 ಭಾರತದ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಪತಿಗಳ ಒಪ್ಪಿಗೆಯನ್ನು ಪಡೆದಿದೆ. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shemin Joy |title=Bills to replace criminal codes enacted into law as President Murmu gives nod |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/bills-to-replace-criminal-codes-enacted-into-law-as-president-murmu-gives-nod-2824616 |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> == ಬದಲಾವಣೆ == ಬಿಎನ್ಎಸ್ಎಸ್ [[:en:Code_of_Criminal_Procedure_(India)|ಭಾರತದ ಕ್ರಿಮಿನಲ್ ಪ್ರೊಸೀಜರ್ ಕೋಡ್]]ಗೆ ಹಲವಾರು ಬದಲಾವಣೆಗಳನ್ನು ಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ, ಅವುಗಳೆಂದರೆ: * '''ಕಾನೂನನ್ನು ಏಕೀಕರಿಸುವುದು ಮತ್ತು ಸರಳಗೊಳಿಸುವುದು''' : ಭಾರತದ ಕ್ರಿಮಿನಲ್ ಪ್ರೊಸೀಜರ್ ಕೋಡಿನ ಹಲವಾರು ನಿಬಂಧನೆಗಳನ್ನು ರದ್ದುಗೊಳಿಸುವ ಮತ್ತು ತಿದ್ದುಪಡಿ ಮಾಡುವ ಮೂಲಕ ಬಿಎನ್ಎಸ್ಎಸ್ ಕಾನೂನನ್ನು ಒಗ್ಗೂಡಿಸುತ್ತದೆ ಮತ್ತು ಸರಳಗೊಳಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. <ref>{{Cite news |date=21 December 2023 |title=Scan on detention of accused person in police custody for staggering period of up to 90 days |language=en |work=Telegraph India |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/scan-on-detention-of-accused-person-in-police-custody-for-staggering-period-of-up-to-90-days/cid/1988289}}</ref> * '''ಆರೋಪಿಯ ಹಕ್ಕುಗಳನ್ನು ಬಲಪಡಿಸುವುದು''' : ಬಿಎನ್ಎಸ್ಎಸ್ ವಿಚಾರಣೆಯ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಆಯ್ಕೆಯ ವಕೀಲರ ಹಕ್ಕು, ವಿಚಾರಣೆಯ ಉದ್ದಕ್ಕೂ ಅಲ್ಲದಿದ್ದರೂ ಮತ್ತು ನ್ಯಾಯಯುತ ವಿಚಾರಣೆಯ ಹಕ್ಕುಗಳಂತಹ ರಕ್ಷಣೆಗಳನ್ನು ಒದಗಿಸುವ ಮೂಲಕ ಆರೋಪಿಯ ಹಕ್ಕುಗಳನ್ನು ಬಲಪಡಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಯಾವುದೇ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಯನ್ನು ವಾರಂಟ್ ಇಲ್ಲದೆ ಬಂಧಿಸುವ ಪ್ರತಿಯೊಬ್ಬ ಪೋಲೀಸ್ ಅಧಿಕಾರಿ ಅಥವಾ ಇತರ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಯು ಆತನನ್ನು ಬಂಧಿಸಿರುವ ಅಪರಾಧದ ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣ ವಿವರಗಳನ್ನು ಅಥವಾ ಅಂತಹ ಬಂಧನಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ಇತರ ಕಾರಣಗಳನ್ನು ತಕ್ಷಣವೇ ತಿಳಿಸಬೇಕು. ಯಾವುದೇ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಯನ್ನು ಬಂಧಿಸಿದಾಗ, ಕೇಂದ್ರ ಸರ್ಕಾರ ಅಥವಾ ರಾಜ್ಯ ಸರ್ಕಾರದ ಸೇವೆಯಲ್ಲಿರುವ ವೈದ್ಯಕೀಯ ಅಧಿಕಾರಿಯಿಂದ ಮತ್ತು ವೈದ್ಯಕೀಯ ಅಧಿಕಾರಿ ಲಭ್ಯವಿಲ್ಲದಿದ್ದಲ್ಲಿ, ಬಂಧನದ ನಂತರ ನೋಂದಾಯಿತ ವೈದ್ಯಕೀಯ ವೃತ್ತಿಗಾರರಿಂದ ಆತನನ್ನು ಪರೀಕ್ಷಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. <ref>{{Cite news |date=13 December 2023 |title=Right of arrested person to meet an advocate of his choice during interrogation. Person arrested to be informed of grounds of arrest and of right to bail. Examination of arrested person by medical officer. |language=en |work=prsindia.org |url=https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_parliament/2023/Bharatiya_Nagarik_Suraksha_Sanhita,_2023.pdf}}</ref>  * '''ಕ್ರಿಮಿನಲ್ ನ್ಯಾಯ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆಯ ದಕ್ಷತೆಯನ್ನು ಸುಧಾರಿಸುವುದು:''' ಬಿಎನ್ಎಸ್ಎಸ್ ಕಾರ್ಯವಿಧಾನಗಳನ್ನು ಸರಳೀಕರಿಸುವ ಮೂಲಕ ಮತ್ತು ವಿಳಂಬವನ್ನು ಕಡಿಮೆ ಮಾಡುವ ಮೂಲಕ ಅಪರಾಧ ನ್ಯಾಯ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆಯ ದಕ್ಷತೆಯನ್ನು ಸುಧಾರಿಸಲು ಪ್ರಯತ್ನಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. <ref>{{Cite news |date=18 December 2023 |title=Revised criminal law bills: Key changes explained |language=en |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/revised-criminal-law-bills-the-key-changes-explained/article67637348.ece}}</ref> ಬಿಎನ್ಎಸ್ಎಸ್ ನಲ್ಲಿ ಮಾಡಲಾದ ಕೆಲವು ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಬದಲಾವಣೆಗಳು ಈ ಕೆಳಗಿನಂತಿವೆ: * '''ಬಂಧನ:''' ಬಿಎನ್ಎಸ್ಎಸ್ ಬಂಧನದ ಆಧಾರವನ್ನು ವಿಸ್ತರಿಸುತ್ತದೆ ಮತ್ತು ವ್ಯಾಪಕ ಶ್ರೇಣಿಯ ಪ್ರಕರಣಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ವಾರಂಟ್ ಇಲ್ಲದೆ ಬಂಧಿಸಲು ಅವಕಾಶ ನೀಡುತ್ತದೆ. * '''ತನಿಖೆ:''' ಬಿಎನ್ಎಸ್ಎಸ್ ಅಪರಾಧಗಳನ್ನು ತನಿಖೆ ಮಾಡಲು ಪೊಲೀಸರಿಗೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಅಧಿಕಾರವನ್ನು ನೀಡುತ್ತದೆ ಮತ್ತು ನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟ ಅವಧಿಯೊಳಗೆ ತನಿಖೆಗಳನ್ನು ಪೂರ್ಣಗೊಳಿಸಲು ಅವರಿಗೆ ಅಗತ್ಯವಿರುತ್ತದೆ. * '''ವಿಚಾರಣೆ:''' ಬಿಎನ್ಎಸ್ಎಸ್ ವಿಚಾರಣೆ ಪ್ರಕ್ರಿಯೆಯನ್ನು ಸುವ್ಯವಸ್ಥಿತಗೊಳಿಸುತ್ತದೆ ಮತ್ತು ನ್ಯಾಯಾಲಯಗಳು ನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟ ಅವಧಿಯೊಳಗೆ ಪ್ರಕರಣಗಳನ್ನು ವಿಲೇವಾರಿ ಮಾಡುವ ಅಗತ್ಯವಿದೆ. == ಟೀಕೆಗಳು == ಬಿಎನ್ಎಸ್ಎಸ್ ಆರೋಪಿಯ ಜಾಮೀನು ಪಡೆಯುವ ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯವನ್ನು ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಕಷ್ಟಕರವಾಗಿಸುತ್ತದೆ ಮತ್ತು ಮನವಿಯ ವ್ಯಾಪ್ತಿಯನ್ನು ಮಿತಿಗೊಳಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. <ref name="scroll">{{Cite web |last=Vineet Bhalla |date=7 January 2024 |title=How Modi government’s new criminal laws drastically increase police powers |url=https://scroll.in/article/1061476/how-modi-governments-new-criminal-laws-drastically-increase-police-powers |access-date=21 June 2024 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref> ತನಿಖೆಯ ಉದ್ದೇಶಗಳಿಗಾಗಿ ವಿಷಯಗಳನ್ನು ತಿಳಿಯಲು ಆರೋಪಿಯನ್ನು ಡಿಜಿಟಲ್ ಸಾಧನಗಳನ್ನು ಬಳಸಲು ಇದು ಪೊಲೀಸ್ ಅಧಿಕಾರಿಗಳಿಗೆ ಅಧಿಕಾರ ನೀಡುತ್ತದೆ. ವಿಚಾರಣೆ ನಡೆಯುವ ಮೊದಲು ಆರೋಪಿಯ ಆಸ್ತಿಯನ್ನು [[ಜಪ್ತಿ]] ಮತ್ತು ವಶಪಡಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವ ವಿವೇಚನೆಯನ್ನು ಪೊಲೀಸರಿಗೆ ನೀಡುತ್ತದೆ. <ref name="scroll" /> ಗುರುತಿಸಬಹುದಾತಂತಹ ಅಪರಾಧಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಶಿಕ್ಷೆ ಮೂರು ರಿಂದ ಏಳು ವರ್ಷಗಳ ಒಳಗಿದ್ದರೆ ಪ್ರತಿಯೊಂದು, ಎಫ್‌ಐಆರ್ ದಾಖಲಿಸುವ ಮೊದಲು ಪೊಲೀಸರು ಪ್ರಾಥಮಿಕ ವಿಚಾರಣೆಯನ್ನು ನಡೆಸಬೇಕೆಂದು ಬಿಎನ್ಎಸ್ಎಸ್ ಕಡ್ಡಾಯಗೊಳಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. <ref>{{Cite news |last=[[Indira Jaising]] |date=17 June 2024 |title=With new criminal laws, rights won in Supreme Court can be overturned by government |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/with-new-criminal-laws-rights-won-hard-in-the-sc-are-at-risk-of-being-overruled-by-the-government-9392038/ |access-date=21 June 2024}}</ref> == ಸಹ ನೋಡಿ == * [[ಭಾರತೀಯ ನ್ಯಾಯ ಸಂಹಿತಾ]] * ಭಾರತೀಯ ಸಾಕ್ಷಿ ಕಾಯಿದೆ, 2023 == ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು == {{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು}} == ಬಾಹ್ಯ ಕೊಂಡಿಗಳು == * [https://www.azbpartners.com/bank/decoding-the-new-made-in-india-code-of-criminal-procedure-bharatiya-nagarik-suraksha-second-sanhita-2023/ ಕ್ರಿಮಿನಲ್ ಪ್ರೊಸೀಜರ್‌ನ ಹೊಸ 'ಮೇಡ್ ಇನ್ ಇಂಡಿಯಾ' ಕೋಡ್ ಡಿಕೋಡಿಂಗ್: ಭಾರತೀಯ ನಾಗರಿಕ್ ಸುರಕ್ಷಾ (ಎರಡನೇ) ಸಂಹಿತಾ, 2023] - AZB ಮತ್ತು ಪಾಲುದಾರರು 22 ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್, 2023. {{Indian Penal Code navbox}}{{Criminal procedure}}{{Law}}{{Law enforcement in India}}{{Asia topic|Law enforcement in}}{{Asia topic|Mass surveillance in}}{{Crime in Asia}} {{Interwikineeded}} [[ವರ್ಗ:ಕನ್ನಡ ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ ಸಮುದಾಯ ಬೆಳವಣಿಗೆ]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ನ್ಯಾಯಾಂಗ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆ]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ಕಾನೂನು ಪರಿಭಾಷೆ]] 8qd0kie4qtgsvz0llehkk0790ky9jnc 828 158787 1374625 1258020 2025-07-15T14:05:07Z en>Dušan Kreheľ 0 Fix. 1374625 Scribunto text/plain -- [[commons:Data:Unicode data/names/000.tab]] return require("Module:Unicode data/datasets").dataset("Unicode data/names/000.tab") km6arqw8ubsy7lrpiji3g8u43tqukm6 1374626 1308565 2026-06-03T00:31:56Z A826 72368 ೧ revisions imported from [[:en:Module:Unicode_data/names/000]] 1308565 Scribunto text/plain -- [[commons:Data:Unicode data/names/000.tab]] return require("Module:Unicode data/datasets").dataset("Unicode data/names/000.tab") km6arqw8ubsy7lrpiji3g8u43tqukm6 828 159091 1374645 1321443 2026-04-16T17:41:38Z en>Trappist the monk 0 update to 2026-04-09 data; 1374645 Scribunto text/plain -- File-Date: 2026-04-09 local active = { ["aa"] = {"Afar"}, ["ab"] = {"Abkhazian"}, ["ae"] = {"Avestan"}, ["af"] = {"Afrikaans"}, ["ak"] = {"Akan"}, ["am"] = {"Amharic"}, ["an"] = {"Aragonese"}, ["ar"] = {"Arabic"}, ["as"] = {"Assamese"}, ["av"] = {"Avaric"}, ["ay"] = {"Aymara"}, ["az"] = {"Azerbaijani"}, ["ba"] = {"Bashkir"}, ["be"] = {"Belarusian"}, ["bg"] = {"Bulgarian"}, ["bh"] = {"Bihari languages"}, ["bi"] = {"Bislama"}, ["bm"] = {"Bambara"}, ["bn"] = {"Bengali", "Bangla"}, ["bo"] = {"Tibetan"}, ["br"] = {"Breton"}, ["bs"] = {"Bosnian"}, ["ca"] = {"Catalan", "Valencian"}, ["ce"] = {"Chechen"}, ["ch"] = {"Chamorro"}, ["co"] = {"Corsican"}, ["cr"] = {"Cree"}, ["cs"] = {"Czech"}, ["cu"] = {"Church Slavic", "Church Slavonic", "Old Bulgarian", "Old Church Slavonic", "Old Slavonic"}, ["cv"] = {"Chuvash"}, ["cy"] = {"Welsh"}, ["da"] = {"Danish"}, ["de"] = {"German"}, ["dv"] = {"Dhivehi", "Divehi", "Maldivian"}, ["dz"] = {"Dzongkha"}, ["ee"] = {"Ewe"}, ["el"] = {"Modern Greek (1453-)"}, ["en"] = {"English"}, ["eo"] = {"Esperanto"}, ["es"] = {"Spanish", "Castilian"}, ["et"] = {"Estonian"}, ["eu"] = {"Basque"}, ["fa"] = {"Persian"}, ["ff"] = {"Fulah"}, ["fi"] = {"Finnish"}, ["fj"] = {"Fijian"}, ["fo"] = {"Faroese"}, ["fr"] = {"French"}, ["fy"] = {"Western Frisian"}, ["ga"] = {"Irish"}, ["gd"] = {"Scottish Gaelic", "Gaelic"}, ["gl"] = {"Galician"}, ["gn"] = {"Guarani"}, ["gu"] = {"Gujarati"}, ["gv"] = {"Manx"}, ["ha"] = {"Hausa"}, ["he"] = {"Hebrew"}, ["hi"] = {"Hindi"}, ["ho"] = {"Hiri Motu"}, ["hr"] = {"Croatian"}, ["ht"] = {"Haitian", "Haitian Creole"}, ["hu"] = {"Hungarian"}, ["hy"] = {"Armenian"}, ["hz"] = {"Herero"}, ["ia"] = {"Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association)"}, ["id"] = {"Indonesian"}, ["ie"] = {"Interlingue", "Occidental"}, ["ig"] = {"Igbo"}, ["ii"] = {"Sichuan Yi", "Nuosu"}, ["ik"] = {"Inupiaq"}, ["io"] = {"Ido"}, ["is"] = {"Icelandic"}, ["it"] = {"Italian"}, ["iu"] = {"Inuktitut"}, ["ja"] = {"Japanese"}, ["jv"] = {"Javanese"}, ["ka"] = {"Georgian"}, ["kg"] = {"Kongo"}, ["ki"] = {"Kikuyu", "Gikuyu"}, ["kj"] = {"Kuanyama", "Kwanyama"}, ["kk"] = {"Kazakh"}, ["kl"] = {"Kalaallisut", "Greenlandic"}, ["km"] = {"Khmer", "Central Khmer"}, ["kn"] = {"Kannada"}, ["ko"] = {"Korean"}, ["kr"] = {"Kanuri"}, ["ks"] = {"Kashmiri"}, ["ku"] = {"Kurdish"}, ["kv"] = {"Komi"}, ["kw"] = {"Cornish"}, ["ky"] = {"Kirghiz", "Kyrgyz"}, ["la"] = {"Latin"}, ["lb"] = {"Luxembourgish", "Letzeburgesch"}, ["lg"] = {"Ganda", "Luganda"}, ["li"] = {"Limburgan", "Limburger", "Limburgish"}, ["ln"] = {"Lingala"}, ["lo"] = {"Lao"}, ["lt"] = {"Lithuanian"}, ["lu"] = {"Luba-Katanga"}, ["lv"] = {"Latvian"}, ["mg"] = {"Malagasy"}, ["mh"] = {"Marshallese"}, ["mi"] = {"Maori"}, ["mk"] = {"Macedonian"}, ["ml"] = {"Malayalam"}, ["mn"] = {"Mongolian"}, ["mr"] = {"Marathi"}, ["ms"] = {"Malay (macrolanguage)"}, ["mt"] = {"Maltese"}, ["my"] = {"Burmese"}, ["na"] = {"Nauru"}, ["nb"] = {"Norwegian Bokmål"}, ["nd"] = {"North Ndebele"}, ["ne"] = {"Nepali (macrolanguage)"}, ["ng"] = {"Ndonga"}, ["nl"] = {"Dutch", "Flemish"}, ["nn"] = {"Norwegian Nynorsk"}, ["no"] = {"Norwegian"}, ["nr"] = {"South Ndebele"}, ["nv"] = {"Navajo", "Navaho"}, ["ny"] = {"Chichewa", "Chewa", "Nyanja"}, ["oc"] = {"Occitan (post 1500)"}, ["oj"] = {"Ojibwa"}, ["om"] = {"Oromo"}, ["or"] = {"Oriya (macrolanguage)", "Odia (macrolanguage)"}, ["os"] = {"Iron Ossetic", "Iron", "Iron Ossetian", "Ossetian", "Ossetic"}, ["pa"] = {"Panjabi", "Punjabi"}, ["pi"] = {"Pali"}, ["pl"] = {"Polish"}, ["ps"] = {"Pushto", "Pashto"}, ["pt"] = {"Portuguese"}, ["qu"] = {"Quechua"}, ["rm"] = {"Romansh"}, ["rn"] = {"Rundi"}, ["ro"] = {"Romanian", "Moldavian", "Moldovan"}, ["ru"] = {"Russian"}, ["rw"] = {"Kinyarwanda"}, ["sa"] = {"Sanskrit"}, ["sc"] = {"Sardinian"}, ["sd"] = {"Sindhi"}, ["se"] = {"Northern Sami"}, ["sg"] = {"Sango"}, ["sh"] = {"Serbo-Croatian"}, ["si"] = {"Sinhala", "Sinhalese"}, ["sk"] = {"Slovak"}, ["sl"] = {"Slovenian"}, ["sm"] = {"Samoan"}, ["sn"] = {"Shona"}, ["so"] = {"Somali"}, ["sq"] = {"Albanian"}, ["sr"] = {"Serbian"}, ["ss"] = {"Swati"}, ["st"] = {"Southern Sotho"}, ["su"] = {"Sundanese"}, ["sv"] = {"Swedish"}, ["sw"] = {"Swahili (macrolanguage)"}, ["ta"] = {"Tamil"}, ["te"] = {"Telugu"}, ["tg"] = {"Tajik"}, ["th"] = {"Thai"}, ["ti"] = {"Tigrinya"}, ["tk"] = {"Turkmen"}, ["tl"] = {"Tagalog"}, ["tn"] = {"Tswana"}, ["to"] = {"Tonga (Tonga Islands)"}, ["tr"] = {"Turkish"}, ["ts"] = {"Tsonga"}, ["tt"] = {"Tatar"}, ["tw"] = {"Twi"}, ["ty"] = {"Tahitian"}, ["ug"] = {"Uighur", "Uyghur"}, ["uk"] = {"Ukrainian"}, ["ur"] = {"Urdu"}, ["uz"] = {"Uzbek"}, ["ve"] = {"Venda"}, ["vi"] = {"Vietnamese"}, ["vo"] = {"Volapük"}, ["wa"] = {"Walloon"}, ["wo"] = {"Wolof"}, ["xh"] = {"Xhosa"}, ["yi"] = {"Yiddish"}, ["yo"] = {"Yoruba"}, ["za"] = {"Zhuang", "Chuang"}, ["zh"] = {"Chinese"}, ["zu"] = {"Zulu"}, ["aaa"] = {"Ghotuo"}, ["aab"] = {"Alumu-Tesu"}, ["aac"] = {"Ari"}, ["aad"] = {"Amal"}, ["aae"] = {"Arbëreshë Albanian"}, ["aaf"] = {"Aranadan"}, ["aag"] = {"Ambrak"}, ["aah"] = {"Abu' Arapesh"}, ["aai"] = {"Arifama-Miniafia"}, ["aak"] = {"Ankave"}, ["aal"] = {"Afade"}, ["aan"] = {"Anambé"}, ["aao"] = {"Algerian Saharan Arabic"}, ["aap"] = {"Pará Arára"}, ["aaq"] = {"Eastern Abnaki"}, ["aas"] = {"Aasáx"}, ["aat"] = {"Arvanitika Albanian"}, ["aau"] = {"Abau"}, ["aav"] = {"Austro-Asiatic languages"}, ["aaw"] = {"Solong"}, ["aax"] = {"Mandobo Atas"}, ["aaz"] = {"Amarasi"}, ["aba"] = {"Abé"}, ["abb"] = {"Bankon"}, ["abc"] = {"Ambala Ayta"}, ["abd"] = {"Manide"}, ["abe"] = {"Western Abnaki"}, ["abf"] = {"Abai Sungai"}, ["abg"] = {"Abaga"}, ["abh"] = {"Tajiki Arabic"}, ["abi"] = {"Abidji"}, ["abj"] = {"Aka-Bea"}, ["abl"] = {"Lampung Nyo"}, ["abm"] = {"Abanyom"}, ["abn"] = {"Abua"}, ["abo"] = {"Abon"}, ["abp"] = {"Abellen Ayta"}, ["abq"] = {"Abaza"}, ["abr"] = {"Abron"}, ["abs"] = {"Ambonese Malay"}, ["abt"] = {"Ambulas"}, ["abu"] = {"Abure"}, ["abv"] = {"Baharna Arabic"}, ["abw"] = {"Pal"}, ["abx"] = {"Inabaknon"}, ["aby"] = {"Aneme Wake"}, ["abz"] = {"Abui"}, ["aca"] = {"Achagua"}, ["acb"] = {"Áncá"}, ["acd"] = {"Gikyode"}, ["ace"] = {"Achinese"}, ["acf"] = {"Saint Lucian Creole French"}, ["ach"] = {"Acoli"}, ["aci"] = {"Aka-Cari"}, ["ack"] = {"Aka-Kora"}, ["acl"] = {"Akar-Bale"}, ["acm"] = {"Mesopotamian Arabic"}, ["acn"] = {"Achang"}, ["acp"] = {"Eastern Acipa"}, ["acq"] = {"Ta'izzi-Adeni Arabic"}, ["acr"] = {"Achi"}, ["acs"] = {"Acroá"}, ["act"] = {"Achterhoeks"}, ["acu"] = {"Achuar-Shiwiar"}, ["acv"] = {"Achumawi"}, ["acw"] = {"Hijazi Arabic"}, ["acx"] = {"Omani Arabic"}, ["acy"] = {"Cypriot Arabic"}, ["acz"] = {"Acheron"}, ["ada"] = {"Adangme"}, ["adb"] = {"Atauran"}, ["add"] = {"Lidzonka", "Dzodinka"}, ["ade"] = {"Adele"}, ["adf"] = {"Dhofari Arabic"}, ["adg"] = {"Andegerebinha"}, ["adh"] = {"Adhola"}, ["adi"] = {"Adi"}, ["adj"] = {"Adioukrou"}, ["adl"] = {"Galo"}, ["adn"] = {"Adang"}, ["ado"] = {"Abu"}, ["adq"] = {"Adangbe"}, ["adr"] = {"Adonara"}, ["ads"] = {"Adamorobe Sign Language"}, ["adt"] = {"Adnyamathanha"}, ["adu"] = {"Aduge"}, ["adw"] = {"Amundava"}, ["adx"] = {"Amdo Tibetan"}, ["ady"] = {"Adyghe", "Adygei"}, ["adz"] = {"Adzera"}, ["aea"] = {"Areba"}, ["aeb"] = {"Tunisian Arabic"}, ["aec"] = {"Saidi Arabic"}, ["aed"] = {"Argentine Sign Language"}, ["aee"] = {"Northeast Pashai", "Northeast Pashayi"}, ["aek"] = {"Haeke"}, ["ael"] = {"Ambele"}, ["aem"] = {"Arem"}, ["aen"] = {"Armenian Sign Language"}, ["aeq"] = {"Aer"}, ["aer"] = {"Eastern Arrernte"}, ["aes"] = {"Alsea"}, ["aeu"] = {"Akeu"}, ["aew"] = {"Ambakich"}, ["aey"] = {"Amele"}, ["aez"] = {"Aeka"}, ["afa"] = {"Afro-Asiatic languages"}, ["afb"] = {"Gulf Arabic"}, ["afd"] = {"Andai"}, ["afe"] = {"Putukwam"}, ["afg"] = {"Afghan Sign Language"}, ["afh"] = {"Afrihili"}, ["afi"] = {"Akrukay", "Chini"}, ["afk"] = {"Nanubae"}, ["afn"] = {"Defaka"}, ["afo"] = {"Eloyi"}, ["afp"] = {"Tapei"}, ["afs"] = {"Afro-Seminole Creole"}, ["aft"] = {"Afitti"}, ["afu"] = {"Awutu"}, ["afz"] = {"Obokuitai"}, ["aga"] = {"Aguano"}, ["agb"] = {"Legbo"}, ["agc"] = {"Agatu"}, ["agd"] = {"Agarabi"}, ["age"] = {"Angal"}, ["agf"] = {"Arguni"}, ["agg"] = {"Angor"}, ["agh"] = {"Ngelima"}, ["agi"] = {"Agariya"}, ["agj"] = {"Argobba"}, ["agk"] = {"Isarog Agta"}, ["agl"] = {"Fembe"}, ["agm"] = {"Angaataha"}, ["agn"] = {"Agutaynen"}, ["ago"] = {"Tainae"}, ["agq"] = {"Aghem"}, ["agr"] = {"Aguaruna"}, ["ags"] = {"Esimbi"}, ["agt"] = {"Central Cagayan Agta"}, ["agu"] = {"Aguacateco"}, ["agv"] = {"Remontado Dumagat"}, ["agw"] = {"Kahua"}, ["agx"] = {"Aghul"}, ["agy"] = {"Southern Alta"}, ["agz"] = {"Mt. Iriga Agta"}, ["aha"] = {"Ahanta"}, ["ahb"] = {"Axamb"}, ["ahg"] = {"Qimant"}, ["ahh"] = {"Aghu"}, ["ahi"] = {"Tiagbamrin Aizi"}, ["ahk"] = {"Akha"}, ["ahl"] = {"Igo"}, ["ahm"] = {"Mobumrin Aizi"}, ["ahn"] = {"Àhàn"}, ["aho"] = {"Ahom"}, ["ahp"] = {"Aproumu Aizi"}, ["ahr"] = {"Ahirani"}, ["ahs"] = {"Ashe"}, ["aht"] = {"Ahtena"}, ["aia"] = {"Arosi"}, ["aib"] = {"Ainu (China)"}, ["aic"] = {"Ainbai"}, ["aid"] = {"Alngith"}, ["aie"] = {"Amara"}, ["aif"] = {"Agi"}, ["aig"] = {"Antigua and Barbuda Creole English"}, ["aih"] = {"Ai-Cham"}, ["aii"] = {"Assyrian Neo-Aramaic"}, ["aij"] = {"Lishanid Noshan"}, ["aik"] = {"Ake"}, ["ail"] = {"Aimele"}, ["aim"] = {"Aimol"}, ["ain"] = {"Ainu (Japan)"}, ["aio"] = {"Aiton"}, ["aip"] = {"Burumakok"}, ["aiq"] = {"Aimaq"}, ["air"] = {"Airoran"}, ["ait"] = {"Arikem"}, ["aiw"] = {"Aari"}, ["aix"] = {"Aighon"}, ["aiy"] = {"Ali"}, ["aja"] = {"Aja (South Sudan)"}, ["ajg"] = {"Aja (Benin)"}, ["aji"] = {"Ajië"}, ["ajn"] = {"Andajin"}, ["ajs"] = {"Algerian Jewish Sign Language"}, ["aju"] = {"Judeo-Moroccan Arabic"}, ["ajw"] = {"Ajawa"}, ["ajz"] = {"Amri Karbi"}, ["akb"] = {"Batak Angkola"}, ["akc"] = {"Mpur"}, ["akd"] = {"Ukpet-Ehom"}, ["ake"] = {"Akawaio"}, ["akf"] = {"Akpa"}, ["akg"] = {"Anakalangu"}, ["akh"] = {"Angal Heneng"}, ["aki"] = {"Aiome"}, ["akj"] = {"Aka-Jeru"}, ["akk"] = {"Akkadian"}, ["akl"] = {"Aklanon"}, ["akm"] = {"Aka-Bo"}, ["ako"] = {"Akurio"}, ["akp"] = {"Siwu"}, ["akq"] = {"Ak"}, ["akr"] = {"Araki"}, ["aks"] = {"Akaselem"}, ["akt"] = {"Akolet"}, ["aku"] = {"Akum"}, ["akv"] = {"Akhvakh"}, ["akw"] = {"Akwa"}, ["akx"] = {"Aka-Kede"}, ["aky"] = {"Aka-Kol"}, ["akz"] = {"Alabama"}, ["ala"] = {"Alago"}, ["alc"] = {"Qawasqar"}, ["ald"] = {"Alladian"}, ["ale"] = {"Aleut"}, ["alf"] = {"Alege"}, ["alg"] = {"Algonquian languages"}, ["alh"] = {"Alawa"}, ["ali"] = {"Amaimon"}, ["alj"] = {"Alangan"}, ["alk"] = {"Alak"}, ["all"] = {"Allar"}, ["alm"] = {"Amblong"}, ["aln"] = {"Gheg Albanian"}, ["alo"] = {"Larike-Wakasihu"}, ["alp"] = {"Alune"}, ["alq"] = {"Algonquin"}, ["alr"] = {"Alutor"}, ["als"] = {"Tosk Albanian"}, ["alt"] = {"Southern Altai"}, ["alu"] = {"'Are'are"}, ["alv"] = {"Atlantic-Congo languages"}, ["alw"] = {"Alaba-K’abeena", "Wanbasana"}, ["alx"] = {"Amol"}, ["aly"] = {"Alyawarr"}, ["alz"] = {"Alur"}, ["ama"] = {"Amanayé"}, ["amb"] = {"Ambo"}, ["amc"] = {"Amahuaca"}, ["ame"] = {"Yanesha'"}, ["amf"] = {"Hamer-Banna"}, ["amg"] = {"Amurdak"}, ["ami"] = {"Amis"}, ["amj"] = {"Amdang"}, ["amk"] = {"Ambai"}, ["aml"] = {"War-Jaintia"}, ["amm"] = {"Ama (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["amn"] = {"Amanab"}, ["amo"] = {"Amo"}, ["amp"] = {"Alamblak"}, ["amq"] = {"Amahai"}, ["amr"] = {"Amarakaeri"}, ["ams"] = {"Southern Amami-Oshima"}, ["amt"] = {"Amto"}, ["amu"] = {"Guerrero Amuzgo"}, ["amv"] = {"Ambelau"}, ["amw"] = {"Western Neo-Aramaic"}, ["amx"] = {"Anmatyerre"}, ["amy"] = {"Ami"}, ["amz"] = {"Atampaya"}, ["ana"] = {"Andaqui"}, ["anb"] = {"Andoa"}, ["anc"] = {"Ngas"}, ["and"] = {"Ansus"}, ["ane"] = {"Xârâcùù"}, ["anf"] = {"Animere"}, ["ang"] = {"Old English (ca. 450-1100)"}, ["anh"] = {"Nend"}, ["ani"] = {"Andi"}, ["anj"] = {"Anor"}, ["ank"] = {"Goemai"}, ["anl"] = {"Anu-Hkongso Chin"}, ["anm"] = {"Anal"}, ["ann"] = {"Obolo"}, ["ano"] = {"Andoque"}, ["anp"] = {"Angika"}, ["anq"] = {"Jarawa (India)"}, ["anr"] = {"Andh"}, ["ans"] = {"Anserma"}, ["ant"] = {"Antakarinya", "Antikarinya"}, ["anu"] = {"Anuak"}, ["anv"] = {"Denya"}, ["anw"] = {"Anaang"}, ["anx"] = {"Andra-Hus"}, ["any"] = {"Anyin"}, ["anz"] = {"Anem"}, ["aoa"] = {"Angolar"}, ["aob"] = {"Abom"}, ["aoc"] = {"Pemon"}, ["aod"] = {"Andarum"}, ["aoe"] = {"Angal Enen"}, ["aof"] = {"Bragat"}, ["aog"] = {"Angoram"}, ["aoi"] = {"Anindilyakwa"}, ["aoj"] = {"Mufian"}, ["aok"] = {"Arhö"}, ["aol"] = {"Alor"}, ["aom"] = {"Ömie"}, ["aon"] = {"Bumbita Arapesh"}, ["aor"] = {"Aore"}, ["aos"] = {"Taikat"}, ["aot"] = {"Atong (India)", "A'tong"}, ["aou"] = {"A'ou"}, ["aox"] = {"Atorada"}, ["aoz"] = {"Uab Meto"}, ["apa"] = {"Apache languages"}, ["apb"] = {"Sa'a"}, ["apc"] = {"Levantine Arabic"}, ["apd"] = {"Sudanese Arabic"}, ["ape"] = {"Bukiyip"}, ["apf"] = {"Pahanan Agta"}, ["apg"] = {"Ampanang"}, ["aph"] = {"Athpariya"}, ["api"] = {"Apiaká"}, ["apj"] = {"Jicarilla Apache"}, ["apk"] = {"Kiowa Apache"}, ["apl"] = {"Lipan Apache"}, ["apm"] = {"Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache"}, ["apn"] = {"Apinayé"}, ["apo"] = {"Ambul"}, ["app"] = {"Apma"}, ["apq"] = {"A-Pucikwar"}, ["apr"] = {"Arop-Lokep"}, ["aps"] = {"Arop-Sissano"}, ["apt"] = {"Apatani"}, ["apu"] = {"Apurinã"}, ["apv"] = {"Alapmunte"}, ["apw"] = {"Western Apache"}, ["apx"] = {"Aputai"}, ["apy"] = {"Apalaí"}, ["apz"] = {"Safeyoka"}, ["aqa"] = {"Alacalufan languages"}, ["aqc"] = {"Archi"}, ["aqd"] = {"Ampari Dogon"}, ["aqg"] = {"Arigidi"}, ["aqk"] = {"Aninka"}, ["aql"] = {"Algic languages"}, ["aqm"] = {"Atohwaim"}, ["aqn"] = {"Northern Alta"}, ["aqp"] = {"Atakapa"}, ["aqr"] = {"Arhâ"}, ["aqt"] = {"Angaité"}, ["aqz"] = {"Akuntsu"}, ["arb"] = {"Standard Arabic"}, ["arc"] = {"Official Aramaic (700-300 BCE)", "Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)"}, ["ard"] = {"Arabana"}, ["are"] = {"Western Arrarnta"}, ["arh"] = {"Arhuaco"}, ["ari"] = {"Arikara"}, ["arj"] = {"Arapaso"}, ["ark"] = {"Arikapú"}, ["arl"] = {"Arabela"}, ["arn"] = {"Mapudungun", "Mapuche"}, ["aro"] = {"Araona"}, ["arp"] = {"Arapaho"}, ["arq"] = {"Algerian Arabic"}, ["arr"] = {"Karo (Brazil)"}, ["ars"] = {"Najdi Arabic"}, ["art"] = {"Artificial languages"}, ["aru"] = {"Aruá (Amazonas State)", "Arawá"}, ["arv"] = {"Arbore"}, ["arw"] = {"Arawak"}, ["arx"] = {"Aruá (Rodonia State)"}, ["ary"] = {"Moroccan Arabic"}, ["arz"] = {"Egyptian Arabic"}, ["asa"] = {"Asu (Tanzania)"}, ["asb"] = {"Assiniboine", "Nakoda Assiniboine"}, ["asc"] = {"Casuarina Coast Asmat"}, ["ase"] = {"American Sign Language"}, ["asf"] = {"Auslan", "Australian Sign Language"}, ["asg"] = {"Cishingini"}, ["ash"] = {"Abishira"}, ["asi"] = {"Buruwai"}, ["asj"] = {"Sari"}, ["ask"] = {"Ashkun"}, ["asl"] = {"Asilulu"}, ["asn"] = {"Xingú Asuriní"}, ["aso"] = {"Dano"}, ["asp"] = {"Algerian Sign Language"}, ["asq"] = {"Austrian Sign Language"}, ["asr"] = {"Asuri"}, ["ass"] = {"Ipulo"}, ["ast"] = {"Asturian", "Asturleonese", "Bable", "Leonese"}, ["asu"] = {"Tocantins Asurini"}, ["asv"] = {"Asoa"}, ["asw"] = {"Australian Aborigines Sign Language"}, ["asx"] = {"Muratayak"}, ["asy"] = {"Yaosakor Asmat"}, ["asz"] = {"As"}, ["ata"] = {"Pele-Ata"}, ["atb"] = {"Zaiwa"}, ["atc"] = {"Atsahuaca"}, ["atd"] = {"Ata Manobo"}, ["ate"] = {"Atemble"}, ["atg"] = {"Ivbie North-Okpela-Arhe"}, ["ath"] = {"Athapascan languages"}, ["ati"] = {"Attié"}, ["atj"] = {"Atikamekw", "Nehirowimowin"}, ["atk"] = {"Ati"}, ["atl"] = {"Mt. Iraya Agta"}, ["atm"] = {"Ata"}, ["atn"] = {"Ashtiani"}, ["ato"] = {"Atong (Cameroon)"}, ["atp"] = {"Pudtol Atta"}, ["atq"] = {"Aralle-Tabulahan"}, ["atr"] = {"Waimiri-Atroari"}, ["ats"] = {"Gros Ventre"}, ["att"] = {"Pamplona Atta"}, ["atu"] = {"Reel"}, ["atv"] = {"Northern Altai"}, ["atw"] = {"Atsugewi"}, ["atx"] = {"Arutani"}, ["aty"] = {"Aneityum"}, ["atz"] = {"Arta"}, ["aua"] = {"Asumboa"}, ["aub"] = {"Alugu"}, ["auc"] = {"Waorani"}, ["aud"] = {"Anuta"}, ["auf"] = {"Arauan languages"}, ["aug"] = {"Aguna"}, ["auh"] = {"Aushi"}, ["aui"] = {"Anuki"}, ["auj"] = {"Awjilah"}, ["auk"] = {"Heyo"}, ["aul"] = {"Aulua"}, ["aum"] = {"Asu (Nigeria)"}, ["aun"] = {"Molmo One"}, ["auo"] = {"Auyokawa"}, ["aup"] = {"Makayam"}, ["auq"] = {"Anus", "Korur"}, ["aur"] = {"Aruek"}, ["aus"] = {"Australian languages"}, ["aut"] = {"Austral"}, ["auu"] = {"Auye"}, ["auw"] = {"Awyi"}, ["aux"] = {"Aurá"}, ["auy"] = {"Awiyaana"}, ["auz"] = {"Uzbeki Arabic"}, ["avb"] = {"Avau"}, ["avd"] = {"Alviri-Vidari"}, ["avi"] = {"Avikam"}, ["avk"] = {"Kotava"}, ["avl"] = {"Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic"}, ["avm"] = {"Angkamuthi"}, ["avn"] = {"Avatime"}, ["avo"] = {"Agavotaguerra"}, ["avs"] = {"Aushiri"}, ["avt"] = {"Au"}, ["avu"] = {"Avokaya"}, ["avv"] = {"Avá-Canoeiro"}, ["awa"] = {"Awadhi"}, ["awb"] = {"Awa (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["awc"] = {"Cicipu"}, ["awd"] = {"Arawakan languages"}, ["awe"] = {"Awetí"}, ["awg"] = {"Anguthimri"}, ["awh"] = {"Awbono"}, ["awi"] = {"Aekyom"}, ["awk"] = {"Awabakal"}, ["awm"] = {"Arawum"}, ["awn"] = {"Awngi"}, ["awo"] = {"Awak"}, ["awr"] = {"Awera"}, ["aws"] = {"South Awyu"}, ["awt"] = {"Araweté"}, ["awu"] = {"Central Awyu"}, ["awv"] = {"Jair Awyu"}, ["aww"] = {"Awun"}, ["awx"] = {"Awara"}, ["awy"] = {"Edera Awyu"}, ["axb"] = {"Abipon"}, ["axe"] = {"Ayerrerenge"}, ["axg"] = {"Mato Grosso Arára"}, ["axk"] = {"Yaka (Central African Republic)"}, ["axl"] = {"Lower Southern Aranda"}, ["axm"] = {"Middle Armenian"}, ["axx"] = {"Xârâgurè"}, ["aya"] = {"Awar"}, ["ayb"] = {"Ayizo Gbe"}, ["ayc"] = {"Southern Aymara"}, ["ayd"] = {"Ayabadhu"}, ["aye"] = {"Ayere"}, ["ayg"] = {"Ginyanga"}, ["ayh"] = {"Hadrami Arabic"}, ["ayi"] = {"Leyigha"}, ["ayk"] = {"Akuku"}, ["ayl"] = {"Libyan Arabic"}, ["ayn"] = {"Sanaani Arabic"}, ["ayo"] = {"Ayoreo"}, ["ayp"] = {"North Mesopotamian Arabic"}, ["ayq"] = {"Ayi (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["ayr"] = {"Central Aymara"}, ["ays"] = {"Sorsogon Ayta"}, ["ayt"] = {"Magbukun Ayta"}, ["ayu"] = {"Ayu"}, ["ayz"] = {"Mai Brat"}, ["aza"] = {"Azha"}, ["azb"] = {"South Azerbaijani"}, ["azc"] = {"Uto-Aztecan languages"}, ["azd"] = {"Eastern Durango Nahuatl"}, ["azg"] = {"San Pedro Amuzgos Amuzgo"}, ["azj"] = {"North Azerbaijani"}, ["azm"] = {"Ipalapa Amuzgo"}, ["azn"] = {"Western Durango Nahuatl"}, ["azo"] = {"Awing"}, ["azt"] = {"Faire Atta"}, ["azz"] = {"Highland Puebla Nahuatl"}, ["baa"] = {"Babatana"}, ["bab"] = {"Bainouk-Gunyuño"}, ["bac"] = {"Badui"}, ["bad"] = {"Banda languages"}, ["bae"] = {"Baré"}, ["baf"] = {"Nubaca"}, ["bag"] = {"Tuki"}, ["bah"] = {"Bahamas Creole English"}, ["bai"] = {"Bamileke languages"}, ["baj"] = {"Barakai"}, ["bal"] = {"Baluchi"}, ["ban"] = {"Balinese"}, ["bao"] = {"Waimaha"}, ["bap"] = {"Bantawa"}, ["bar"] = {"Bavarian"}, ["bas"] = {"Basa (Cameroon)"}, ["bat"] = {"Baltic languages"}, ["bau"] = {"Bada (Nigeria)"}, ["bav"] = {"Vengo"}, ["baw"] = {"Bambili-Bambui"}, ["bax"] = {"Bamun"}, ["bay"] = {"Batuley"}, ["bba"] = {"Baatonum"}, ["bbb"] = {"Barai"}, ["bbc"] = {"Batak Toba"}, ["bbd"] = {"Bau"}, ["bbe"] = {"Bangba"}, ["bbf"] = {"Baibai"}, ["bbg"] = {"Barama"}, ["bbh"] = {"Bugan"}, ["bbi"] = {"Barombi"}, ["bbj"] = {"Ghomálá'"}, ["bbk"] = {"Babanki"}, ["bbl"] = {"Bats"}, ["bbm"] = {"Babango"}, ["bbn"] = {"Uneapa"}, ["bbo"] = {"Northern Bobo Madaré", "Konabéré"}, ["bbp"] = {"West Central Banda"}, ["bbq"] = {"Bamali"}, ["bbr"] = {"Girawa"}, ["bbs"] = {"Bakpinka"}, ["bbt"] = {"Mburku"}, ["bbu"] = {"Kulung (Nigeria)"}, ["bbv"] = {"Karnai"}, ["bbw"] = {"Baba"}, ["bbx"] = {"Bubia"}, ["bby"] = {"Befang"}, ["bca"] = {"Central Bai"}, ["bcb"] = {"Bainouk-Samik"}, ["bcc"] = {"Southern Balochi"}, ["bcd"] = {"North Babar"}, ["bce"] = {"Bamenyam"}, ["bcf"] = {"Bamu"}, ["bcg"] = {"Baga Pokur"}, ["bch"] = {"Bariai"}, ["bci"] = {"Baoulé"}, ["bcj"] = {"Bardi"}, ["bck"] = {"Bunuba"}, ["bcl"] = {"Central Bikol"}, ["bcm"] = {"Bannoni"}, ["bcn"] = {"Bali (Nigeria)"}, ["bco"] = {"Kaluli"}, ["bcp"] = {"Bali (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["bcq"] = {"Bench"}, ["bcr"] = {"Babine"}, ["bcs"] = {"Kohumono"}, ["bct"] = {"Bendi"}, ["bcu"] = {"Awad Bing"}, ["bcv"] = {"Shoo-Minda-Nye"}, ["bcw"] = {"Bana"}, ["bcy"] = {"Bacama"}, ["bcz"] = {"Bainouk-Gunyaamolo"}, ["bda"] = {"Bayot"}, ["bdb"] = {"Basap"}, ["bdc"] = {"Emberá-Baudó"}, ["bdd"] = {"Bunama"}, ["bde"] = {"Bade"}, ["bdf"] = {"Biage"}, ["bdg"] = {"Bonggi"}, ["bdh"] = {"Baka (South Sudan)"}, ["bdi"] = {"Burun"}, ["bdj"] = {"Bai (South Sudan)", "Bai"}, ["bdk"] = {"Budukh"}, ["bdl"] = {"Indonesian Bajau"}, ["bdm"] = {"Buduma"}, ["bdn"] = {"Baldemu"}, ["bdo"] = {"Morom"}, ["bdp"] = {"Bende"}, ["bdq"] = {"Bahnar"}, ["bdr"] = {"West Coast Bajau"}, ["bds"] = {"Burunge"}, ["bdt"] = {"Bokoto"}, ["bdu"] = {"Oroko"}, ["bdv"] = {"Bodo Parja"}, ["bdw"] = {"Baham"}, ["bdx"] = {"Budong-Budong"}, ["bdy"] = {"Bandjalang"}, ["bdz"] = {"Badeshi"}, ["bea"] = {"Beaver"}, ["beb"] = {"Bebele"}, ["bec"] = {"Iceve-Maci"}, ["bed"] = {"Bedoanas"}, ["bee"] = {"Byangsi"}, ["bef"] = {"Benabena"}, ["beg"] = {"Belait"}, ["beh"] = {"Biali"}, ["bei"] = {"Bekati'"}, ["bej"] = {"Beja", "Bedawiyet"}, ["bek"] = {"Bebeli"}, ["bem"] = {"Bemba (Zambia)"}, ["beo"] = {"Beami"}, ["bep"] = {"Besoa"}, ["beq"] = {"Beembe"}, ["ber"] = {"Berber languages"}, ["bes"] = {"Besme"}, ["bet"] = {"Guiberoua Béte"}, ["beu"] = {"Blagar"}, ["bev"] = {"Daloa Bété"}, ["bew"] = {"Betawi"}, ["bex"] = {"Jur Modo"}, ["bey"] = {"Beli (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["bez"] = {"Bena (Tanzania)"}, ["bfa"] = {"Bari"}, ["bfb"] = {"Pauri Bareli"}, ["bfc"] = {"Panyi Bai", "Northern Bai"}, ["bfd"] = {"Bafut"}, ["bfe"] = {"Betaf", "Tena"}, ["bff"] = {"Bofi"}, ["bfg"] = {"Busang Kayan"}, ["bfh"] = {"Blafe"}, ["bfi"] = {"British Sign Language"}, ["bfj"] = {"Bafanji"}, ["bfk"] = {"Ban Khor Sign Language"}, ["bfl"] = {"Banda-Ndélé"}, ["bfm"] = {"Mmen"}, ["bfn"] = {"Bunak"}, ["bfo"] = {"Malba Birifor"}, ["bfp"] = {"Beba"}, ["bfq"] = {"Badaga"}, ["bfr"] = {"Bazigar"}, ["bfs"] = {"Southern Bai"}, ["bft"] = {"Balti"}, ["bfu"] = {"Gahri"}, ["bfw"] = {"Bondo"}, ["bfx"] = {"Bantayanon"}, ["bfy"] = {"Bagheli"}, ["bfz"] = {"Mahasu Pahari"}, ["bga"] = {"Gwamhi-Wuri"}, ["bgb"] = {"Bobongko"}, ["bgc"] = {"Haryanvi"}, ["bgd"] = {"Rathwi Bareli"}, ["bge"] = {"Bauria"}, ["bgf"] = {"Bangandu"}, ["bgg"] = {"Bugun"}, ["bgi"] = {"Giangan"}, ["bgj"] = {"Bangolan"}, ["bgk"] = {"Bit", "Buxinhua"}, ["bgl"] = {"Bo (Laos)"}, ["bgn"] = {"Western Balochi"}, ["bgo"] = {"Baga Koga"}, ["bgp"] = {"Eastern Balochi"}, ["bgq"] = {"Bagri"}, ["bgr"] = {"Bawm Chin"}, ["bgs"] = {"Tagabawa"}, ["bgt"] = {"Bughotu"}, ["bgu"] = {"Mbongno"}, ["bgv"] = {"Warkay-Bipim"}, ["bgw"] = {"Bhatri"}, ["bgx"] = {"Balkan Gagauz Turkish"}, ["bgy"] = {"Benggoi"}, ["bgz"] = {"Banggai"}, ["bha"] = {"Bharia"}, ["bhb"] = {"Bhili"}, ["bhc"] = {"Biga"}, ["bhd"] = {"Bhadrawahi"}, ["bhe"] = {"Bhaya"}, ["bhf"] = {"Odiai"}, ["bhg"] = {"Binandere"}, ["bhh"] = {"Bukharic"}, ["bhi"] = {"Bhilali"}, ["bhj"] = {"Bahing"}, ["bhl"] = {"Bimin"}, ["bhm"] = {"Bathari"}, ["bhn"] = {"Bohtan Neo-Aramaic"}, ["bho"] = {"Bhojpuri"}, ["bhp"] = {"Bima"}, ["bhq"] = {"Tukang Besi South"}, ["bhr"] = {"Bara Malagasy"}, ["bhs"] = {"Buwal"}, ["bht"] = {"Bhattiyali"}, ["bhu"] = {"Bhunjia"}, ["bhv"] = {"Bahau"}, ["bhw"] = {"Biak"}, ["bhx"] = {"Bhalay"}, ["bhy"] = {"Bhele"}, ["bhz"] = {"Bada (Indonesia)"}, ["bia"] = {"Badimaya"}, ["bib"] = {"Bissa", "Bisa"}, ["bid"] = {"Bidiyo"}, ["bie"] = {"Bepour"}, ["bif"] = {"Biafada"}, ["big"] = {"Biangai"}, ["bik"] = {"Bikol"}, ["bil"] = {"Bile"}, ["bim"] = {"Bimoba"}, ["bin"] = {"Bini", "Edo"}, ["bio"] = {"Nai"}, ["bip"] = {"Bila"}, ["biq"] = {"Bipi"}, ["bir"] = {"Bisorio"}, ["bit"] = {"Berinomo"}, ["biu"] = {"Biete"}, ["biv"] = {"Southern Birifor"}, ["biw"] = {"Kol (Cameroon)"}, ["bix"] = {"Bijori"}, ["biy"] = {"Birhor"}, ["biz"] = {"Baloi"}, ["bja"] = {"Budza"}, ["bjb"] = {"Banggarla"}, ["bjc"] = {"Bariji"}, ["bje"] = {"Biao-Jiao Mien"}, ["bjf"] = {"Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic"}, ["bjg"] = {"Bidyogo"}, ["bjh"] = {"Bahinemo"}, ["bji"] = {"Burji"}, ["bjj"] = {"Kanauji"}, ["bjk"] = {"Barok"}, ["bjl"] = {"Bulu (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["bjm"] = {"Bajelani"}, ["bjn"] = {"Banjar"}, ["bjo"] = {"Mid-Southern Banda"}, ["bjp"] = {"Fanamaket"}, ["bjr"] = {"Binumarien"}, ["bjs"] = {"Bajan"}, ["bjt"] = {"Balanta-Ganja"}, ["bju"] = {"Busuu"}, ["bjv"] = {"Bedjond"}, ["bjw"] = {"Bakwé"}, ["bjx"] = {"Banao Itneg"}, ["bjy"] = {"Bayali"}, ["bjz"] = {"Baruga"}, ["bka"] = {"Kyak"}, ["bkc"] = {"Baka (Cameroon)"}, ["bkd"] = {"Binukid", "Talaandig"}, ["bkf"] = {"Beeke"}, ["bkg"] = {"Buraka"}, ["bkh"] = {"Bakoko"}, ["bki"] = {"Baki"}, ["bkj"] = {"Pande"}, ["bkk"] = {"Brokskat"}, ["bkl"] = {"Berik"}, ["bkm"] = {"Kom (Cameroon)"}, ["bkn"] = {"Bukitan"}, ["bko"] = {"Kwa'"}, ["bkp"] = {"Boko (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["bkq"] = {"Bakairí"}, ["bkr"] = {"Bakumpai"}, ["bks"] = {"Northern Sorsoganon"}, ["bkt"] = {"Boloki"}, ["bku"] = {"Buhid"}, ["bkv"] = {"Bekwarra"}, ["bkw"] = {"Bekwel"}, ["bkx"] = {"Baikeno"}, ["bky"] = {"Bokyi"}, ["bkz"] = {"Bungku"}, ["bla"] = {"Siksika"}, ["blb"] = {"Bilua"}, ["blc"] = {"Bella Coola"}, ["bld"] = {"Bolango"}, ["ble"] = {"Balanta-Kentohe"}, ["blf"] = {"Buol"}, ["blh"] = {"Kuwaa"}, ["bli"] = {"Bolia"}, ["blj"] = {"Bolongan"}, ["blk"] = {"Pa'o Karen", "Pa'O"}, ["bll"] = {"Biloxi"}, ["blm"] = {"Beli (South Sudan)"}, ["bln"] = {"Southern Catanduanes Bikol"}, ["blo"] = {"Anii"}, ["blp"] = {"Blablanga"}, ["blq"] = {"Baluan-Pam"}, ["blr"] = {"Blang"}, ["bls"] = {"Balaesang"}, ["blt"] = {"Tai Dam"}, ["blv"] = {"Kibala", "Bolo"}, ["blw"] = {"Balangao"}, ["blx"] = {"Mag-Indi Ayta"}, ["bly"] = {"Notre"}, ["blz"] = {"Balantak"}, ["bma"] = {"Lame"}, ["bmb"] = {"Bembe"}, ["bmc"] = {"Biem"}, ["bmd"] = {"Baga Manduri"}, ["bme"] = {"Limassa"}, ["bmf"] = {"Bom-Kim"}, ["bmg"] = {"Bamwe"}, ["bmh"] = {"Kein"}, ["bmi"] = {"Bagirmi"}, ["bmj"] = {"Bote-Majhi"}, ["bmk"] = {"Ghayavi"}, ["bml"] = {"Bomboli"}, ["bmm"] = {"Northern Betsimisaraka Malagasy"}, ["bmn"] = {"Bina (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["bmo"] = {"Bambalang"}, ["bmp"] = {"Bulgebi"}, ["bmq"] = {"Bomu"}, ["bmr"] = {"Muinane"}, ["bms"] = {"Bilma Kanuri"}, ["bmt"] = {"Biao Mon"}, ["bmu"] = {"Somba-Siawari"}, ["bmv"] = {"Bum"}, ["bmw"] = {"Bomwali"}, ["bmx"] = {"Baimak"}, ["bmz"] = {"Baramu"}, ["bna"] = {"Bonerate"}, ["bnb"] = {"Bookan"}, ["bnc"] = {"Bontok"}, ["bnd"] = {"Banda (Indonesia)"}, ["bne"] = {"Bintauna"}, ["bnf"] = {"Masiwang"}, ["bng"] = {"Benga"}, ["bni"] = {"Bangi"}, ["bnj"] = {"Eastern Tawbuid"}, ["bnk"] = {"Bierebo"}, ["bnl"] = {"Boon"}, ["bnm"] = {"Batanga"}, ["bnn"] = {"Bunun"}, ["bno"] = {"Bantoanon"}, ["bnp"] = {"Bola"}, ["bnq"] = {"Bantik"}, ["bnr"] = {"Butmas-Tur"}, ["bns"] = {"Bundeli"}, ["bnt"] = {"Bantu languages"}, ["bnu"] = {"Bentong"}, ["bnv"] = {"Bonerif", "Beneraf", "Edwas"}, ["bnw"] = {"Bisis"}, ["bnx"] = {"Bangubangu"}, ["bny"] = {"Bintulu"}, ["bnz"] = {"Beezen"}, ["boa"] = {"Bora"}, ["bob"] = {"Aweer"}, ["boe"] = {"Mundabli-Mufu"}, ["bof"] = {"Bolon"}, ["bog"] = {"Bamako Sign Language"}, ["boh"] = {"Boma"}, ["boi"] = {"Barbareño"}, ["boj"] = {"Anjam"}, ["bok"] = {"Bonjo"}, ["bol"] = {"Bole"}, ["bom"] = {"Berom"}, ["bon"] = {"Bine"}, ["boo"] = {"Tiemacèwè Bozo"}, ["bop"] = {"Bonkiman"}, ["boq"] = {"Bogaya"}, ["bor"] = {"Borôro"}, ["bot"] = {"Bongo"}, ["bou"] = {"Bondei"}, ["bov"] = {"Tuwuli"}, ["bow"] = {"Rema"}, ["box"] = {"Buamu"}, ["boy"] = {"Bodo (Central African Republic)"}, ["boz"] = {"Tiéyaxo Bozo"}, ["bpa"] = {"Daakaka"}, ["bpc"] = {"Mbuk"}, ["bpd"] = {"Banda-Banda"}, ["bpe"] = {"Bauni"}, ["bpg"] = {"Bonggo"}, ["bph"] = {"Botlikh"}, ["bpi"] = {"Bagupi"}, ["bpj"] = {"Binji"}, ["bpk"] = {"Orowe", "'Ôrôê"}, ["bpl"] = {"Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin"}, ["bpm"] = {"Biyom"}, ["bpn"] = {"Dzao Min"}, ["bpo"] = {"Anasi"}, ["bpp"] = {"Kaure"}, ["bpq"] = {"Banda Malay"}, ["bpr"] = {"Koronadal Blaan"}, ["bps"] = {"Sarangani Blaan"}, ["bpt"] = {"Barrow Point"}, ["bpu"] = {"Bongu"}, ["bpv"] = {"Bian Marind"}, ["bpw"] = {"Bo (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["bpx"] = {"Palya Bareli"}, ["bpy"] = {"Bishnupriya"}, ["bpz"] = {"Bilba"}, ["bqa"] = {"Tchumbuli"}, ["bqb"] = {"Bagusa"}, ["bqc"] = {"Boko (Benin)", "Boo"}, ["bqd"] = {"Bung"}, ["bqf"] = {"Baga Kaloum"}, ["bqg"] = {"Bago-Kusuntu"}, ["bqh"] = {"Baima"}, ["bqi"] = {"Bakhtiari"}, ["bqj"] = {"Bandial"}, ["bqk"] = {"Banda-Mbrès"}, ["bql"] = {"Karian", "Bilakura"}, ["bqm"] = {"Wumboko"}, ["bqn"] = {"Bulgarian Sign Language"}, ["bqo"] = {"Balo"}, ["bqp"] = {"Busa"}, ["bqq"] = {"Biritai"}, ["bqr"] = {"Burusu"}, ["bqs"] = {"Bosngun"}, ["bqt"] = {"Bamukumbit"}, ["bqu"] = {"Boguru"}, ["bqv"] = {"Koro Wachi", "Begbere-Ejar"}, ["bqw"] = {"Buru (Nigeria)"}, ["bqx"] = {"Baangi"}, ["bqy"] = {"Bengkala Sign Language"}, ["bqz"] = {"Bakaka"}, ["bra"] = {"Braj"}, ["brb"] = {"Brao", "Lave"}, ["brc"] = {"Berbice Creole Dutch"}, ["brd"] = {"Baraamu"}, ["brf"] = {"Bira"}, ["brg"] = {"Baure"}, ["brh"] = {"Brahui"}, ["bri"] = {"Mokpwe"}, ["brj"] = {"Bieria"}, ["brk"] = {"Birked"}, ["brl"] = {"Birwa"}, ["brm"] = {"Barambu"}, ["brn"] = {"Boruca"}, ["bro"] = {"Brokkat"}, ["brp"] = {"Barapasi"}, ["brq"] = {"Breri"}, ["brr"] = {"Birao"}, ["brs"] = {"Baras"}, ["brt"] = {"Bitare"}, ["bru"] = {"Eastern Bru"}, ["brv"] = {"Western Bru"}, ["brw"] = {"Bellari"}, ["brx"] = {"Bodo (India)"}, ["bry"] = {"Burui"}, ["brz"] = {"Bilbil"}, ["bsa"] = {"Abinomn"}, ["bsb"] = {"Brunei Bisaya"}, ["bsc"] = {"Bassari", "Oniyan"}, ["bse"] = {"Wushi"}, ["bsf"] = {"Bauchi"}, ["bsg"] = {"Bashkardi"}, ["bsh"] = {"Kati"}, ["bsi"] = {"Bassossi"}, ["bsj"] = {"Bangwinji"}, ["bsk"] = {"Burushaski"}, ["bsl"] = {"Basa-Gumna"}, ["bsm"] = {"Busami"}, ["bsn"] = {"Barasana-Eduria"}, ["bso"] = {"Buso"}, ["bsp"] = {"Baga Sitemu"}, ["bsq"] = {"Bassa"}, ["bsr"] = {"Bassa-Kontagora"}, ["bss"] = {"Akoose"}, ["bst"] = {"Basketo"}, ["bsu"] = {"Bahonsuai"}, ["bsv"] = {"Baga Sobané"}, ["bsw"] = {"Baiso"}, ["bsx"] = {"Yangkam"}, ["bsy"] = {"Sabah Bisaya"}, ["bta"] = {"Bata"}, ["btc"] = {"Bati (Cameroon)"}, ["btd"] = {"Batak Dairi"}, ["bte"] = {"Gamo-Ningi"}, ["btf"] = {"Birgit"}, ["btg"] = {"Gagnoa Bété"}, ["bth"] = {"Biatah Bidayuh"}, ["bti"] = {"Burate"}, ["btj"] = {"Bacanese Malay"}, ["btk"] = {"Batak languages"}, ["btm"] = {"Batak Mandailing"}, ["btn"] = {"Ratagnon"}, ["bto"] = {"Rinconada Bikol"}, ["btp"] = {"Budibud"}, ["btq"] = {"Batek"}, ["btr"] = {"Baetora"}, ["bts"] = {"Batak Simalungun"}, ["btt"] = {"Bete-Bendi"}, ["btu"] = {"Batu"}, ["btv"] = {"Bateri"}, ["btw"] = {"Butuanon"}, ["btx"] = {"Batak Karo"}, ["bty"] = {"Bobot"}, ["btz"] = {"Batak Alas-Kluet"}, ["bua"] = {"Buriat"}, ["bub"] = {"Bua"}, ["buc"] = {"Bushi"}, ["bud"] = {"Ntcham"}, ["bue"] = {"Beothuk"}, ["buf"] = {"Bushoong"}, ["bug"] = {"Buginese"}, ["buh"] = {"Younuo Bunu"}, ["bui"] = {"Bongili"}, ["buj"] = {"Basa-Gurmana"}, ["buk"] = {"Bugawac"}, ["bum"] = {"Bulu (Cameroon)"}, ["bun"] = {"Sherbro"}, ["buo"] = {"Terei"}, ["bup"] = {"Busoa"}, ["buq"] = {"Brem"}, ["bus"] = {"Bokobaru"}, ["but"] = {"Bungain"}, ["buu"] = {"Budu"}, ["buv"] = {"Bun"}, ["buw"] = {"Bubi"}, ["bux"] = {"Boghom"}, ["buy"] = {"Bullom So"}, ["buz"] = {"Bukwen"}, ["bva"] = {"Barein"}, ["bvb"] = {"Bube"}, ["bvc"] = {"Baelelea"}, ["bvd"] = {"Baeggu"}, ["bve"] = {"Berau Malay"}, ["bvf"] = {"Boor"}, ["bvg"] = {"Bonkeng"}, ["bvh"] = {"Bure"}, ["bvi"] = {"Belanda Viri"}, ["bvj"] = {"Baan"}, ["bvk"] = {"Bukat"}, ["bvl"] = {"Bolivian Sign Language"}, ["bvm"] = {"Bamunka"}, ["bvn"] = {"Buna"}, ["bvo"] = {"Bolgo"}, ["bvp"] = {"Bumang"}, ["bvq"] = {"Birri"}, ["bvr"] = {"Burarra"}, ["bvt"] = {"Bati (Indonesia)"}, ["bvu"] = {"Bukit Malay"}, ["bvv"] = {"Baniva"}, ["bvw"] = {"Boga"}, ["bvx"] = {"Dibole"}, ["bvy"] = {"Baybayanon"}, ["bvz"] = {"Bauzi"}, ["bwa"] = {"Bwatoo"}, ["bwb"] = {"Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua"}, ["bwc"] = {"Bwile"}, ["bwd"] = {"Bwaidoka"}, ["bwe"] = {"Bwe Karen"}, ["bwf"] = {"Boselewa"}, ["bwg"] = {"Barwe"}, ["bwh"] = {"Bishuo"}, ["bwi"] = {"Baniwa"}, ["bwj"] = {"Láá Láá Bwamu"}, ["bwk"] = {"Bauwaki"}, ["bwl"] = {"Bwela"}, ["bwm"] = {"Biwat"}, ["bwn"] = {"Wunai Bunu"}, ["bwo"] = {"Boro (Ethiopia)", "Borna (Ethiopia)"}, ["bwp"] = {"Mandobo Bawah"}, ["bwq"] = {"Southern Bobo Madaré"}, ["bwr"] = {"Bura-Pabir"}, ["bws"] = {"Bomboma"}, ["bwt"] = {"Bafaw-Balong"}, ["bwu"] = {"Buli (Ghana)"}, ["bww"] = {"Bwa"}, ["bwx"] = {"Bu-Nao Bunu"}, ["bwy"] = {"Cwi Bwamu"}, ["bwz"] = {"Bwisi"}, ["bxa"] = {"Tairaha"}, ["bxb"] = {"Belanda Bor"}, ["bxc"] = {"Molengue"}, ["bxd"] = {"Pela"}, ["bxe"] = {"Birale"}, ["bxf"] = {"Bilur", "Minigir"}, ["bxg"] = {"Bangala"}, ["bxh"] = {"Buhutu"}, ["bxi"] = {"Pirlatapa"}, ["bxj"] = {"Bayungu"}, ["bxk"] = {"Bukusu", "Lubukusu"}, ["bxl"] = {"Jalkunan"}, ["bxm"] = {"Mongolia Buriat"}, ["bxn"] = {"Burduna"}, ["bxo"] = {"Barikanchi"}, ["bxp"] = {"Bebil"}, ["bxq"] = {"Beele"}, ["bxr"] = {"Russia Buriat"}, ["bxs"] = {"Busam"}, ["bxu"] = {"China Buriat"}, ["bxv"] = {"Berakou"}, ["bxw"] = {"Bankagooma"}, ["bxz"] = {"Binahari"}, ["bya"] = {"Batak"}, ["byb"] = {"Bikya"}, ["byc"] = {"Ubaghara"}, ["byd"] = {"Benyadu'"}, ["bye"] = {"Pouye"}, ["byf"] = {"Bete"}, ["byg"] = {"Baygo"}, ["byh"] = {"Bhujel"}, ["byi"] = {"Buyu"}, ["byj"] = {"Bina (Nigeria)"}, ["byk"] = {"Biao"}, ["byl"] = {"Bayono"}, ["bym"] = {"Bidjara"}, ["byn"] = {"Bilin", "Blin"}, ["byo"] = {"Biyo"}, ["byp"] = {"Bumaji"}, ["byq"] = {"Basay"}, ["byr"] = {"Baruya", "Yipma"}, ["bys"] = {"Burak"}, ["byt"] = {"Berti"}, ["byv"] = {"Medumba"}, ["byw"] = {"Belhariya"}, ["byx"] = {"Qaqet"}, ["byz"] = {"Banaro"}, ["bza"] = {"Bandi"}, ["bzb"] = {"Andio"}, ["bzc"] = {"Southern Betsimisaraka Malagasy"}, ["bzd"] = {"Bribri"}, ["bze"] = {"Jenaama Bozo"}, ["bzf"] = {"Boikin"}, ["bzg"] = {"Babuza"}, ["bzh"] = {"Mapos Buang"}, ["bzi"] = {"Bisu"}, ["bzj"] = {"Belize Kriol English"}, ["bzk"] = {"Nicaragua Creole English"}, ["bzl"] = {"Boano (Sulawesi)"}, ["bzm"] = {"Bolondo"}, ["bzn"] = {"Boano (Maluku)"}, ["bzo"] = {"Bozaba"}, ["bzp"] = {"Kemberano"}, ["bzq"] = {"Buli (Indonesia)"}, ["bzr"] = {"Biri"}, ["bzs"] = {"Brazilian Sign Language"}, ["bzt"] = {"Brithenig"}, ["bzu"] = {"Burmeso"}, ["bzv"] = {"Naami"}, ["bzw"] = {"Basa (Nigeria)"}, ["bzx"] = {"Kɛlɛngaxo Bozo"}, ["bzy"] = {"Obanliku"}, ["bzz"] = {"Evant"}, ["caa"] = {"Chortí"}, ["cab"] = {"Garifuna"}, ["cac"] = {"Chuj"}, ["cad"] = {"Caddo"}, ["cae"] = {"Lehar", "Laalaa"}, ["caf"] = {"Southern Carrier"}, ["cag"] = {"Nivaclé"}, ["cah"] = {"Cahuarano"}, ["cai"] = {"Central American Indian languages"}, ["caj"] = {"Chané"}, ["cak"] = {"Kaqchikel", "Cakchiquel"}, ["cal"] = {"Carolinian"}, ["cam"] = {"Cemuhî"}, ["can"] = {"Chambri"}, ["cao"] = {"Chácobo"}, ["cap"] = {"Chipaya"}, ["caq"] = {"Car Nicobarese"}, ["car"] = {"Galibi Carib"}, ["cas"] = {"Tsimané"}, ["cau"] = {"Caucasian languages"}, ["cav"] = {"Cavineña"}, ["caw"] = {"Callawalla"}, ["cax"] = {"Chiquitano"}, ["cay"] = {"Cayuga"}, ["caz"] = {"Canichana"}, ["cba"] = {"Chibchan languages"}, ["cbb"] = {"Cabiyarí"}, ["cbc"] = {"Carapana"}, ["cbd"] = {"Carijona"}, ["cbg"] = {"Chimila"}, ["cbi"] = {"Chachi"}, ["cbj"] = {"Ede Cabe"}, ["cbk"] = {"Chavacano"}, ["cbl"] = {"Bualkhaw Chin"}, ["cbn"] = {"Nyahkur"}, ["cbo"] = {"Izora"}, ["cbq"] = {"Tsucuba", "Cuba"}, ["cbr"] = {"Cashibo-Cacataibo"}, ["cbs"] = {"Cashinahua"}, ["cbt"] = {"Chayahuita"}, ["cbu"] = {"Candoshi-Shapra"}, ["cbv"] = {"Cacua"}, ["cbw"] = {"Kinabalian"}, ["cby"] = {"Carabayo"}, ["ccc"] = {"Chamicuro"}, ["ccd"] = {"Cafundo Creole"}, ["cce"] = {"Chopi"}, ["ccg"] = {"Samba Daka"}, ["cch"] = {"Atsam"}, ["ccj"] = {"Kasanga"}, ["ccl"] = {"Cutchi-Swahili"}, ["ccm"] = {"Malaccan Creole Malay"}, ["ccn"] = {"North Caucasian languages"}, ["cco"] = {"Comaltepec Chinantec"}, ["ccp"] = {"Chakma"}, ["ccr"] = {"Cacaopera"}, ["ccs"] = {"South Caucasian languages"}, ["cda"] = {"Choni"}, ["cdc"] = {"Chadic languages"}, ["cdd"] = {"Caddoan languages"}, ["cde"] = {"Chenchu"}, ["cdf"] = {"Chiru"}, ["cdh"] = {"Chambeali"}, ["cdi"] = {"Chodri"}, ["cdj"] = {"Churahi"}, ["cdm"] = {"Chepang"}, ["cdn"] = {"Chaudangsi"}, ["cdo"] = {"Min Dong Chinese"}, ["cdr"] = {"Cinda-Regi-Tiyal"}, ["cds"] = {"Chadian Sign Language"}, ["cdy"] = {"Chadong"}, ["cdz"] = {"Koda"}, ["cea"] = {"Lower Chehalis"}, ["ceb"] = {"Cebuano"}, ["ceg"] = {"Chamacoco"}, ["cek"] = {"Eastern Khumi Chin"}, ["cel"] = {"Celtic languages"}, ["cen"] = {"Cen"}, ["cet"] = {"Centúúm"}, ["cey"] = {"Ekai Chin"}, ["cfa"] = {"Dijim-Bwilim"}, ["cfd"] = {"Cara"}, ["cfg"] = {"Como Karim"}, ["cfm"] = {"Falam Chin"}, ["cga"] = {"Changriwa"}, ["cgc"] = {"Kagayanen"}, ["cgg"] = {"Chiga"}, ["cgk"] = {"Chocangacakha"}, ["chb"] = {"Chibcha"}, ["chc"] = {"Catawba"}, ["chd"] = {"Highland Oaxaca Chontal"}, ["chf"] = {"Tabasco Chontal"}, ["chg"] = {"Chagatai"}, ["chh"] = {"Chinook"}, ["chj"] = {"Ojitlán Chinantec"}, ["chk"] = {"Chuukese"}, ["chl"] = {"Cahuilla"}, ["chm"] = {"Mari (Russia)"}, ["chn"] = {"Chinook jargon"}, ["cho"] = {"Choctaw"}, ["chp"] = {"Chipewyan", "Dene Suline"}, ["chq"] = {"Quiotepec Chinantec"}, ["chr"] = {"Cherokee"}, ["cht"] = {"Cholón"}, ["chw"] = {"Chuwabu"}, ["chx"] = {"Chantyal"}, ["chy"] = {"Cheyenne"}, ["chz"] = {"Ozumacín Chinantec"}, ["cia"] = {"Cia-Cia"}, ["cib"] = {"Ci Gbe"}, ["cic"] = {"Chickasaw"}, ["cid"] = {"Chimariko"}, ["cie"] = {"Cineni"}, ["cih"] = {"Chinali"}, ["cik"] = {"Chitkuli Kinnauri"}, ["cim"] = {"Cimbrian"}, ["cin"] = {"Cinta Larga"}, ["cip"] = {"Chiapanec"}, ["cir"] = {"Tiri", "Haméa", "Méa"}, ["ciw"] = {"Chippewa"}, ["ciy"] = {"Chaima"}, ["cja"] = {"Western Cham"}, ["cje"] = {"Chru"}, ["cjh"] = {"Upper Chehalis"}, ["cji"] = {"Chamalal"}, ["cjk"] = {"Chokwe"}, ["cjm"] = {"Eastern Cham"}, ["cjn"] = {"Chenapian"}, ["cjo"] = {"Ashéninka Pajonal"}, ["cjp"] = {"Cabécar"}, ["cjs"] = {"Shor"}, ["cjv"] = {"Chuave"}, ["cjy"] = {"Jinyu Chinese"}, ["ckb"] = {"Central Kurdish"}, ["ckh"] = {"Chak"}, ["ckl"] = {"Cibak"}, ["ckm"] = {"Chakavian"}, ["ckn"] = {"Kaang Chin"}, ["cko"] = {"Anufo"}, ["ckq"] = {"Kajakse"}, ["ckr"] = {"Kairak"}, ["cks"] = {"Tayo"}, ["ckt"] = {"Chukot"}, ["cku"] = {"Koasati"}, ["ckv"] = {"Kavalan"}, ["ckx"] = {"Caka"}, ["cky"] = {"Cakfem-Mushere"}, ["ckz"] = {"Cakchiquel-Quiché Mixed Language"}, ["cla"] = {"Ron"}, ["clc"] = {"Chilcotin", "Tsilhqot’in"}, ["cld"] = {"Chaldean Neo-Aramaic"}, ["cle"] = {"Lealao Chinantec"}, ["clh"] = {"Chilisso"}, ["cli"] = {"Chakali"}, ["clj"] = {"Laitu Chin"}, ["clk"] = {"Idu-Mishmi"}, ["cll"] = {"Chala"}, ["clm"] = {"Klallam", "Clallam"}, ["clo"] = {"Lowland Oaxaca Chontal"}, ["cls"] = {"Classical Sanskrit"}, ["clt"] = {"Lautu Chin"}, ["clu"] = {"Caluyanun"}, ["clw"] = {"Chulym"}, ["cly"] = {"Eastern Highland Chatino"}, ["cma"] = {"Maa"}, ["cmc"] = {"Chamic languages"}, ["cme"] = {"Cerma"}, ["cmg"] = {"Classical Mongolian"}, ["cmi"] = {"Emberá-Chamí"}, ["cml"] = {"Campalagian"}, ["cmm"] = {"Michigamea"}, ["cmn"] = {"Mandarin Chinese"}, ["cmo"] = {"Central Mnong"}, ["cmr"] = {"Mro-Khimi Chin"}, ["cms"] = {"Messapic"}, ["cmt"] = {"Camtho"}, ["cna"] = {"Changthang"}, ["cnb"] = {"Chinbon Chin"}, ["cnc"] = {"Côông"}, ["cng"] = {"Northern Qiang"}, ["cnh"] = {"Hakha Chin", "Haka Chin"}, ["cni"] = {"Asháninka"}, ["cnk"] = {"Khumi Chin"}, ["cnl"] = {"Lalana Chinantec"}, ["cno"] = {"Con"}, ["cnp"] = {"Northern Ping Chinese", "Northern Pinghua"}, ["cnq"] = {"Chung"}, ["cnr"] = {"Montenegrin"}, ["cns"] = {"Central Asmat"}, ["cnt"] = {"Tepetotutla Chinantec"}, ["cnu"] = {"Chenoua"}, ["cnw"] = {"Ngawn Chin"}, ["cnx"] = {"Middle Cornish"}, ["coa"] = {"Cocos Islands Malay"}, ["cob"] = {"Chicomuceltec"}, ["coc"] = {"Cocopa"}, ["cod"] = {"Cocama-Cocamilla"}, ["coe"] = {"Koreguaje"}, ["cof"] = {"Colorado"}, ["cog"] = {"Chong"}, ["coh"] = {"Chonyi-Dzihana-Kauma", "Chichonyi-Chidzihana-Chikauma"}, ["coj"] = {"Cochimi"}, ["cok"] = {"Santa Teresa Cora"}, ["col"] = {"Columbia-Wenatchi"}, ["com"] = {"Comanche"}, ["con"] = {"Cofán"}, ["coo"] = {"Comox"}, ["cop"] = {"Coptic"}, ["coq"] = {"Coquille"}, ["cot"] = {"Caquinte"}, ["cou"] = {"Wamey"}, ["cov"] = {"Cao Miao"}, ["cow"] = {"Cowlitz"}, ["cox"] = {"Nanti"}, ["coz"] = {"Chochotec"}, ["cpa"] = {"Palantla Chinantec"}, ["cpb"] = {"Ucayali-Yurúa Ashéninka"}, ["cpc"] = {"Ajyíninka Apurucayali"}, ["cpe"] = {"English-based creoles and pidgins"}, ["cpf"] = {"French-based creoles and pidgins"}, ["cpg"] = {"Cappadocian Greek"}, ["cpi"] = {"Chinese Pidgin English"}, ["cpn"] = {"Cherepon"}, ["cpo"] = {"Kpeego"}, ["cpp"] = {"Portuguese-based creoles and pidgins"}, ["cps"] = {"Capiznon"}, ["cpu"] = {"Pichis Ashéninka"}, ["cpx"] = {"Pu-Xian Chinese"}, ["cpy"] = {"South Ucayali Ashéninka"}, ["cqd"] = {"Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao"}, ["cra"] = {"Chara"}, ["crb"] = {"Island Carib"}, ["crc"] = {"Lonwolwol"}, ["crd"] = {"Coeur d'Alene"}, ["crf"] = {"Caramanta"}, ["crg"] = {"Michif"}, ["crh"] = {"Crimean Tatar", "Crimean Turkish"}, ["cri"] = {"Sãotomense"}, ["crj"] = {"Southern East Cree"}, ["crk"] = {"Plains Cree"}, ["crl"] = {"Northern East Cree"}, ["crm"] = {"Moose Cree"}, ["crn"] = {"El Nayar Cora"}, ["cro"] = {"Crow"}, ["crp"] = {"Creoles and pidgins"}, ["crq"] = {"Iyo'wujwa Chorote"}, ["crr"] = {"Carolina Algonquian"}, ["crs"] = {"Seselwa Creole French"}, ["crt"] = {"Iyojwa'ja Chorote"}, ["crv"] = {"Chaura"}, ["crw"] = {"Chrau"}, ["crx"] = {"Carrier"}, ["cry"] = {"Cori"}, ["crz"] = {"Cruzeño"}, ["csa"] = {"Chiltepec Chinantec"}, ["csb"] = {"Kashubian"}, ["csc"] = {"Catalan Sign Language", "Lengua de señas catalana", "Llengua de Signes Catalana"}, ["csd"] = {"Chiangmai Sign Language"}, ["cse"] = {"Czech Sign Language"}, ["csf"] = {"Cuba Sign Language"}, ["csg"] = {"Chilean Sign Language"}, ["csh"] = {"Asho Chin"}, ["csi"] = {"Coast Miwok"}, ["csj"] = {"Songlai Chin"}, ["csk"] = {"Jola-Kasa"}, ["csl"] = {"Chinese Sign Language"}, ["csm"] = {"Central Sierra Miwok"}, ["csn"] = {"Colombian Sign Language"}, ["cso"] = {"Sochiapam Chinantec", "Sochiapan Chinantec"}, ["csp"] = {"Southern Ping Chinese", "Southern Pinghua"}, ["csq"] = {"Croatia Sign Language"}, ["csr"] = {"Costa Rican Sign Language"}, ["css"] = {"Southern Ohlone"}, ["cst"] = {"Northern Ohlone"}, ["csu"] = {"Central Sudanic languages"}, ["csv"] = {"Sumtu Chin"}, ["csw"] = {"Swampy Cree"}, ["csx"] = {"Cambodian Sign Language"}, ["csy"] = {"Siyin Chin"}, ["csz"] = {"Coos"}, ["cta"] = {"Tataltepec Chatino"}, ["ctc"] = {"Chetco"}, ["ctd"] = {"Tedim Chin"}, ["cte"] = {"Tepinapa Chinantec"}, ["ctg"] = {"Chittagonian"}, ["cth"] = {"Thaiphum Chin"}, ["ctl"] = {"Tlacoatzintepec Chinantec"}, ["ctm"] = {"Chitimacha"}, ["ctn"] = {"Chhintange"}, ["cto"] = {"Emberá-Catío"}, ["ctp"] = {"Western Highland Chatino"}, ["cts"] = {"Northern Catanduanes Bikol"}, ["ctt"] = {"Wayanad Chetti"}, ["ctu"] = {"Chol"}, ["cty"] = {"Moundadan Chetty"}, ["ctz"] = {"Zacatepec Chatino"}, ["cua"] = {"Cua"}, ["cub"] = {"Cubeo"}, ["cuc"] = {"Usila Chinantec"}, ["cuh"] = {"Chuka", "Gichuka"}, ["cui"] = {"Cuiba"}, ["cuj"] = {"Mashco Piro"}, ["cuk"] = {"San Blas Kuna"}, ["cul"] = {"Culina", "Kulina"}, ["cuo"] = {"Cumanagoto"}, ["cup"] = {"Cupeño"}, ["cuq"] = {"Cun"}, ["cur"] = {"Chhulung"}, ["cus"] = {"Cushitic languages"}, ["cut"] = {"Teutila Cuicatec"}, ["cuu"] = {"Tai Ya"}, ["cuv"] = {"Cuvok"}, ["cuw"] = {"Chukwa"}, ["cux"] = {"Tepeuxila Cuicatec"}, ["cuy"] = {"Cuitlatec"}, ["cvg"] = {"Chug"}, ["cvn"] = {"Valle Nacional Chinantec"}, ["cwa"] = {"Kabwa"}, ["cwb"] = {"Maindo"}, ["cwd"] = {"Woods Cree"}, ["cwe"] = {"Kwere"}, ["cwg"] = {"Chewong", "Cheq Wong"}, ["cwt"] = {"Kuwaataay"}, ["cxh"] = {"Cha'ari"}, ["cya"] = {"Nopala Chatino"}, ["cyb"] = {"Cayubaba"}, ["cyo"] = {"Cuyonon"}, ["czh"] = {"Huizhou Chinese"}, ["czk"] = {"Knaanic"}, ["czn"] = {"Zenzontepec Chatino"}, ["czo"] = {"Min Zhong Chinese"}, ["czt"] = {"Zotung Chin"}, ["daa"] = {"Dangaléat"}, ["dac"] = {"Dambi"}, ["dad"] = {"Marik"}, ["dae"] = {"Duupa"}, ["dag"] = {"Dagbani"}, ["dah"] = {"Gwahatike"}, ["dai"] = {"Day"}, ["daj"] = {"Dar Fur Daju"}, ["dak"] = {"Dakota"}, ["dal"] = {"Dahalo"}, ["dam"] = {"Damakawa"}, ["dao"] = {"Daai Chin"}, ["daq"] = {"Dandami Maria"}, ["dar"] = {"Dargwa"}, ["das"] = {"Daho-Doo"}, ["dau"] = {"Dar Sila Daju"}, ["dav"] = {"Taita", "Dawida"}, ["daw"] = {"Davawenyo"}, ["dax"] = {"Dayi"}, ["day"] = {"Land Dayak languages"}, ["daz"] = {"Moi-Wadea", "Dao"}, ["dba"] = {"Bangime"}, ["dbb"] = {"Deno"}, ["dbd"] = {"Dadiya"}, ["dbe"] = {"Dabe"}, ["dbf"] = {"Edopi"}, ["dbg"] = {"Dogul Dom Dogon"}, ["dbi"] = {"Doka"}, ["dbj"] = {"Ida'an"}, ["dbl"] = {"Dyirbal"}, ["dbm"] = {"Duguri"}, ["dbn"] = {"Duriankere"}, ["dbo"] = {"Dulbu"}, ["dbp"] = {"Duwai"}, ["dbq"] = {"Daba"}, ["dbr"] = {"Dabarre"}, ["dbt"] = {"Ben Tey Dogon"}, ["dbu"] = {"Bondum Dom Dogon"}, ["dbv"] = {"Dungu"}, ["dbw"] = {"Bankan Tey Dogon"}, ["dby"] = {"Dibiyaso"}, ["dcc"] = {"Deccan"}, ["dcr"] = {"Negerhollands"}, ["dda"] = {"Dadi Dadi"}, ["ddd"] = {"Dongotono"}, ["dde"] = {"Doondo"}, ["ddg"] = {"Fataluku"}, ["ddi"] = {"West Goodenough"}, ["ddj"] = {"Jaru"}, ["ddn"] = {"Dendi (Benin)"}, ["ddo"] = {"Dido"}, ["ddr"] = {"Dhudhuroa"}, ["dds"] = {"Donno So Dogon"}, ["ddw"] = {"Dawera-Daweloor"}, ["dec"] = {"Dagik"}, ["ded"] = {"Dedua"}, ["dee"] = {"Dewoin"}, ["def"] = {"Dezfuli"}, ["deg"] = {"Degema"}, ["deh"] = {"Dehwari"}, ["dei"] = {"Demisa"}, ["del"] = {"Delaware"}, ["dem"] = {"Dem"}, ["den"] = {"Slave (Athapascan)"}, ["dep"] = {"Pidgin Delaware"}, ["deq"] = {"Dendi (Central African Republic)"}, ["der"] = {"Deori"}, ["des"] = {"Desano"}, ["dev"] = {"Domung"}, ["dez"] = {"Dengese"}, ["dga"] = {"Southern Dagaare"}, ["dgb"] = {"Bunoge Dogon"}, ["dgc"] = {"Casiguran Dumagat Agta"}, ["dgd"] = {"Dagaari Dioula"}, ["dge"] = {"Degenan"}, ["dgg"] = {"Doga"}, ["dgh"] = {"Dghwede"}, ["dgi"] = {"Northern Dagara"}, ["dgk"] = {"Dagba"}, ["dgl"] = {"Andaandi", "Dongolawi"}, ["dgn"] = {"Dagoman"}, ["dgo"] = {"Dogri (individual language)"}, ["dgr"] = {"Tlicho", "Dogrib", "Tłı̨chǫ"}, ["dgs"] = {"Dogoso"}, ["dgt"] = {"Ndra'ngith"}, ["dgw"] = {"Daungwurrung"}, ["dgx"] = {"Doghoro"}, ["dgz"] = {"Daga"}, ["dhd"] = {"Dhundari"}, ["dhg"] = {"Dhangu-Djangu", "Dhangu", "Djangu"}, ["dhi"] = {"Dhimal"}, ["dhl"] = {"Dhalandji"}, ["dhm"] = {"Zemba"}, ["dhn"] = {"Dhanki"}, ["dho"] = {"Dhodia"}, ["dhr"] = {"Dhargari"}, ["dhs"] = {"Dhaiso"}, ["dhu"] = {"Dhurga"}, ["dhv"] = {"Dehu", "Drehu"}, ["dhw"] = {"Dhanwar (Nepal)"}, ["dhx"] = {"Dhungaloo"}, ["dia"] = {"Dia"}, ["dib"] = {"South Central Dinka"}, ["dic"] = {"Lakota Dida"}, ["did"] = {"Didinga"}, ["dif"] = {"Dieri", "Diyari"}, ["dig"] = {"Digo", "Chidigo"}, ["dih"] = {"Kumiai"}, ["dii"] = {"Dimbong"}, ["dij"] = {"Dai"}, ["dik"] = {"Southwestern Dinka"}, ["dil"] = {"Dilling"}, ["dim"] = {"Dime"}, ["din"] = {"Dinka"}, ["dio"] = {"Dibo"}, ["dip"] = {"Northeastern Dinka"}, ["diq"] = {"Dimli (individual language)"}, ["dir"] = {"Dirim"}, ["dis"] = {"Dimasa"}, ["diu"] = {"Diriku"}, ["diw"] = {"Northwestern Dinka"}, ["dix"] = {"Dixon Reef"}, ["diy"] = {"Diuwe"}, ["diz"] = {"Ding"}, ["dja"] = {"Djadjawurrung"}, ["djb"] = {"Djinba"}, ["djc"] = {"Dar Daju Daju"}, ["djd"] = {"Djamindjung", "Ngaliwurru"}, ["dje"] = {"Zarma"}, ["djf"] = {"Djangun"}, ["dji"] = {"Djinang"}, ["djj"] = {"Djeebbana"}, ["djk"] = {"Eastern Maroon Creole", "Businenge Tongo", "Nenge"}, ["djm"] = {"Jamsay Dogon"}, ["djn"] = {"Jawoyn", "Djauan"}, ["djo"] = {"Jangkang"}, ["djr"] = {"Djambarrpuyngu"}, ["dju"] = {"Kapriman"}, ["djw"] = {"Djawi"}, ["dka"] = {"Dakpakha"}, ["dkg"] = {"Kadung"}, ["dkk"] = {"Dakka"}, ["dkr"] = {"Kuijau"}, ["dks"] = {"Southeastern Dinka"}, ["dkx"] = {"Mazagway"}, ["dlg"] = {"Dolgan"}, ["dlk"] = {"Dahalik"}, ["dlm"] = {"Dalmatian"}, ["dln"] = {"Darlong"}, ["dma"] = {"Duma"}, ["dmb"] = {"Mombo Dogon"}, ["dmc"] = {"Gavak"}, ["dmd"] = {"Madhi Madhi"}, ["dme"] = {"Dugwor"}, ["dmf"] = {"Medefaidrin"}, ["dmg"] = {"Upper Kinabatangan"}, ["dmk"] = {"Domaaki"}, ["dml"] = {"Dameli"}, ["dmm"] = {"Dama"}, ["dmn"] = {"Mande languages"}, ["dmo"] = {"Kemedzung"}, ["dmr"] = {"East Damar"}, ["dms"] = {"Dampelas"}, ["dmu"] = {"Dubu", "Tebi"}, ["dmv"] = {"Dumpas"}, ["dmw"] = {"Mudburra"}, ["dmx"] = {"Dema"}, ["dmy"] = {"Demta", "Sowari"}, ["dna"] = {"Upper Grand Valley Dani"}, ["dnd"] = {"Daonda"}, ["dne"] = {"Ndendeule"}, ["dng"] = {"Dungan"}, ["dni"] = {"Lower Grand Valley Dani"}, ["dnj"] = {"Dan"}, ["dnk"] = {"Dengka"}, ["dnn"] = {"Dzùùngoo"}, ["dno"] = {"Ndrulo", "Northern Lendu"}, ["dnr"] = {"Danaru"}, ["dnt"] = {"Mid Grand Valley Dani"}, ["dnu"] = {"Danau"}, ["dnv"] = {"Danu"}, ["dnw"] = {"Western Dani"}, ["dny"] = {"Dení"}, ["doa"] = {"Dom"}, ["dob"] = {"Dobu"}, ["doc"] = {"Northern Dong"}, ["doe"] = {"Doe"}, ["dof"] = {"Domu"}, ["doh"] = {"Dong"}, ["doi"] = {"Dogri (macrolanguage)"}, ["dok"] = {"Dondo"}, ["dol"] = {"Doso"}, ["don"] = {"Toura (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["doo"] = {"Dongo"}, ["dop"] = {"Lukpa"}, ["doq"] = {"Dominican Sign Language"}, ["dor"] = {"Dori'o"}, ["dos"] = {"Dogosé"}, ["dot"] = {"Dass"}, ["dov"] = {"Dombe"}, ["dow"] = {"Doyayo"}, ["dox"] = {"Bussa"}, ["doy"] = {"Dompo"}, ["doz"] = {"Dorze"}, ["dpp"] = {"Papar"}, ["dra"] = {"Dravidian languages"}, ["drb"] = {"Dair"}, ["drc"] = {"Minderico"}, ["drd"] = {"Darmiya"}, ["dre"] = {"Dolpo"}, ["drg"] = {"Rungus"}, ["dri"] = {"C'Lela"}, ["drl"] = {"Paakantyi"}, ["drn"] = {"West Damar"}, ["dro"] = {"Daro-Matu Melanau"}, ["drq"] = {"Dura"}, ["drs"] = {"Gedeo"}, ["drt"] = {"Drents"}, ["dru"] = {"Rukai"}, ["dry"] = {"Darai"}, ["dsb"] = {"Lower Sorbian"}, ["dse"] = {"Dutch Sign Language"}, ["dsh"] = {"Daasanach"}, ["dsi"] = {"Disa"}, ["dsk"] = {"Dokshi"}, ["dsl"] = {"Danish Sign Language"}, ["dsn"] = {"Dusner"}, ["dso"] = {"Desiya"}, ["dsq"] = {"Tadaksahak"}, ["dsz"] = {"Mardin Sign Language"}, ["dta"] = {"Daur"}, ["dtb"] = {"Labuk-Kinabatangan Kadazan"}, ["dtd"] = {"Ditidaht"}, ["dth"] = {"Adithinngithigh"}, ["dti"] = {"Ana Tinga Dogon"}, ["dtk"] = {"Tene Kan Dogon"}, ["dtm"] = {"Tomo Kan Dogon"}, ["dtn"] = {"Daatsʼíin"}, ["dto"] = {"Tommo So Dogon"}, ["dtp"] = {"Kadazan Dusun", "Central Dusun"}, ["dtr"] = {"Lotud"}, ["dts"] = {"Toro So Dogon"}, ["dtt"] = {"Toro Tegu Dogon"}, ["dtu"] = {"Tebul Ure Dogon"}, ["dty"] = {"Dotyali"}, ["dua"] = {"Duala"}, ["dub"] = {"Dubli"}, ["duc"] = {"Duna"}, ["due"] = {"Umiray Dumaget Agta"}, ["duf"] = {"Dumbea", "Drubea"}, ["dug"] = {"Duruma", "Chiduruma"}, ["duh"] = {"Dungra Bhil"}, ["dui"] = {"Dumun"}, ["duk"] = {"Uyajitaya"}, ["dul"] = {"Alabat Island Agta"}, ["dum"] = {"Middle Dutch (ca. 1050-1350)"}, ["dun"] = {"Dusun Deyah"}, ["duo"] = {"Dupaninan Agta"}, ["dup"] = {"Duano"}, ["duq"] = {"Dusun Malang"}, ["dur"] = {"Dii"}, ["dus"] = {"Dumi"}, ["duu"] = {"Drung"}, ["duv"] = {"Duvle"}, ["duw"] = {"Dusun Witu"}, ["dux"] = {"Duungooma"}, ["duy"] = {"Dicamay Agta"}, ["duz"] = {"Duli-Gey"}, ["dva"] = {"Duau"}, ["dwa"] = {"Diri"}, ["dwk"] = {"Dawik Kui"}, ["dwr"] = {"Dawro"}, ["dws"] = {"Dutton World Speedwords"}, ["dwu"] = {"Dhuwal"}, ["dww"] = {"Dawawa"}, ["dwy"] = {"Dhuwaya"}, ["dwz"] = {"Dewas Rai"}, ["dya"] = {"Dyan"}, ["dyb"] = {"Dyaberdyaber"}, ["dyd"] = {"Dyugun"}, ["dyg"] = {"Villa Viciosa Agta"}, ["dyi"] = {"Djimini Senoufo"}, ["dyl"] = {"Bhutanese Sign Language"}, ["dym"] = {"Yanda Dom Dogon"}, ["dyn"] = {"Dyangadi", "Dhanggatti"}, ["dyo"] = {"Jola-Fonyi"}, ["dyr"] = {"Dyarim"}, ["dyu"] = {"Dyula"}, ["dyy"] = {"Djabugay", "Dyaabugay"}, ["dza"] = {"Tunzu"}, ["dzd"] = {"Daza"}, ["dze"] = {"Djiwarli"}, ["dzg"] = {"Dazaga"}, ["dzl"] = {"Dzalakha"}, ["dzn"] = {"Dzando"}, ["eaa"] = {"Karenggapa"}, ["ebc"] = {"Beginci"}, ["ebg"] = {"Ebughu"}, ["ebk"] = {"Eastern Bontok"}, ["ebo"] = {"Teke-Ebo"}, ["ebr"] = {"Ebrié"}, ["ebu"] = {"Embu", "Kiembu"}, ["ecr"] = {"Eteocretan"}, ["ecs"] = {"Ecuadorian Sign Language"}, ["ecy"] = {"Eteocypriot"}, ["eee"] = {"E"}, ["efa"] = {"Efai"}, ["efe"] = {"Efe"}, ["efi"] = {"Efik"}, ["ega"] = {"Ega"}, ["egl"] = {"Emilian"}, ["egm"] = {"Benamanga"}, ["ego"] = {"Eggon"}, ["egx"] = {"Egyptian languages"}, ["egy"] = {"Egyptian (Ancient)"}, ["ehs"] = {"Miyakubo Sign Language"}, ["ehu"] = {"Ehueun"}, ["eip"] = {"Eipomek"}, ["eit"] = {"Eitiep"}, ["eiv"] = {"Askopan"}, ["eja"] = {"Ejamat"}, ["eka"] = {"Ekajuk"}, ["eke"] = {"Ekit"}, ["ekg"] = {"Ekari"}, ["eki"] = {"Eki"}, ["ekk"] = {"Standard Estonian"}, ["ekl"] = {"Kol (Bangladesh)", "Kol"}, ["ekm"] = {"Elip"}, ["eko"] = {"Koti"}, ["ekp"] = {"Ekpeye"}, ["ekr"] = {"Yace"}, ["eky"] = {"Eastern Kayah"}, ["ele"] = {"Elepi"}, ["elh"] = {"El Hugeirat"}, ["eli"] = {"Nding"}, ["elk"] = {"Elkei"}, ["elm"] = {"Eleme"}, ["elo"] = {"El Molo"}, ["elu"] = {"Elu"}, ["elx"] = {"Elamite"}, ["ema"] = {"Emai-Iuleha-Ora"}, ["emb"] = {"Embaloh"}, ["eme"] = {"Emerillon"}, ["emg"] = {"Eastern Meohang"}, ["emi"] = {"Mussau-Emira"}, ["emk"] = {"Eastern Maninkakan"}, ["emm"] = {"Mamulique"}, ["emn"] = {"Eman"}, ["emp"] = {"Northern Emberá"}, ["emq"] = {"Eastern Minyag"}, ["ems"] = {"Pacific Gulf Yupik"}, ["emu"] = {"Eastern Muria"}, ["emw"] = {"Emplawas"}, ["emx"] = {"Erromintxela"}, ["emy"] = {"Epigraphic Mayan"}, ["emz"] = {"Mbessa"}, ["ena"] = {"Apali"}, ["enb"] = {"Markweeta"}, ["enc"] = {"En"}, ["end"] = {"Ende"}, ["enf"] = {"Forest Enets"}, ["enh"] = {"Tundra Enets"}, ["enl"] = {"Enlhet"}, ["enm"] = {"Middle English (1100-1500)"}, ["enn"] = {"Engenni"}, ["eno"] = {"Enggano"}, ["enq"] = {"Enga"}, ["enr"] = {"Emumu", "Emem"}, ["enu"] = {"Enu"}, ["env"] = {"Enwan (Edo State)"}, ["enw"] = {"Enwan (Akwa Ibom State)"}, ["enx"] = {"Enxet"}, ["eot"] = {"Beti (Côte d'Ivoire)"}, ["epi"] = {"Epie"}, ["era"] = {"Eravallan"}, ["erg"] = {"Sie"}, ["erh"] = {"Eruwa"}, ["eri"] = {"Ogea"}, ["erk"] = {"South Efate"}, ["ero"] = {"Horpa"}, ["err"] = {"Erre"}, ["ers"] = {"Ersu"}, ["ert"] = {"Eritai"}, ["erw"] = {"Erokwanas"}, ["ese"] = {"Ese Ejja"}, ["esg"] = {"Aheri Gondi"}, ["esh"] = {"Eshtehardi"}, ["esi"] = {"North Alaskan Inupiatun"}, ["esk"] = {"Northwest Alaska Inupiatun"}, ["esl"] = {"Egypt Sign Language"}, ["esm"] = {"Esuma"}, ["esn"] = {"Salvadoran Sign Language"}, ["eso"] = {"Estonian Sign Language"}, ["esq"] = {"Esselen"}, ["ess"] = {"Central Siberian Yupik"}, ["esu"] = {"Central Yupik"}, ["esx"] = {"Eskimo-Aleut languages"}, ["esy"] = {"Eskayan"}, ["etb"] = {"Etebi"}, ["etc"] = {"Etchemin"}, ["eth"] = {"Ethiopian Sign Language"}, ["etn"] = {"Eton (Vanuatu)"}, ["eto"] = {"Eton (Cameroon)"}, ["etr"] = {"Edolo"}, ["ets"] = {"Yekhee"}, ["ett"] = {"Etruscan"}, ["etu"] = {"Ejagham"}, ["etx"] = {"Eten"}, ["etz"] = {"Semimi"}, ["eud"] = {"Eudeve"}, ["euq"] = {"Basque (family)"}, ["eve"] = {"Even"}, ["evh"] = {"Uvbie"}, ["evn"] = {"Evenki"}, ["ewo"] = {"Ewondo"}, ["ext"] = {"Extremaduran"}, ["eya"] = {"Eyak"}, ["eyo"] = {"Keiyo"}, ["eza"] = {"Ezaa"}, ["eze"] = {"Uzekwe"}, ["faa"] = {"Fasu"}, ["fab"] = {"Fa d'Ambu"}, ["fad"] = {"Wagi"}, ["faf"] = {"Fagani"}, ["fag"] = {"Finongan"}, ["fah"] = {"Baissa Fali"}, ["fai"] = {"Faiwol"}, ["faj"] = {"Faita"}, ["fak"] = {"Fang (Cameroon)"}, ["fal"] = {"South Fali"}, ["fam"] = {"Fam"}, ["fan"] = {"Fang (Equatorial Guinea)"}, ["fap"] = {"Paloor"}, ["far"] = {"Fataleka"}, ["fat"] = {"Fanti"}, ["fau"] = {"Fayu"}, ["fax"] = {"Fala"}, ["fay"] = {"Southwestern Fars"}, ["faz"] = {"Northwestern Fars"}, ["fbl"] = {"West Albay Bikol"}, ["fcs"] = {"Quebec Sign Language"}, ["fer"] = {"Feroge"}, ["ffi"] = {"Foia Foia"}, ["ffm"] = {"Maasina Fulfulde"}, ["fgr"] = {"Fongoro"}, ["fia"] = {"Nobiin"}, ["fie"] = {"Fyer"}, ["fif"] = {"Faifi"}, ["fil"] = {"Filipino", "Pilipino"}, ["fip"] = {"Fipa"}, ["fir"] = {"Firan"}, ["fit"] = {"Tornedalen Finnish", "Meänkieli"}, ["fiu"] = {"Finno-Ugrian languages"}, ["fiw"] = {"Fiwaga"}, ["fkk"] = {"Kirya-Konzəl"}, ["fkv"] = {"Kven Finnish"}, ["fla"] = {"Kalispel-Pend d'Oreille"}, ["flh"] = {"Foau"}, ["fli"] = {"Fali"}, ["fll"] = {"North Fali"}, ["fln"] = {"Flinders Island"}, ["flr"] = {"Fuliiru"}, ["fly"] = {"Flaaitaal", "Tsotsitaal"}, ["fmp"] = {"Fe'fe'"}, ["fmu"] = {"Far Western Muria"}, ["fnb"] = {"Fanbak"}, ["fng"] = {"Fanagalo"}, ["fni"] = {"Fania"}, ["fod"] = {"Foodo"}, ["foi"] = {"Foi"}, ["fom"] = {"Foma"}, ["fon"] = {"Fon"}, ["for"] = {"Fore"}, ["fos"] = {"Siraya"}, ["fox"] = {"Formosan languages"}, ["fpe"] = {"Fernando Po Creole English"}, ["fqs"] = {"Fas"}, ["frc"] = {"Cajun French"}, ["frd"] = {"Fordata"}, ["frk"] = {"Frankish"}, ["frm"] = {"Middle French (ca. 1400-1600)"}, ["fro"] = {"Old French (842-ca. 1400)"}, ["frp"] = {"Arpitan", "Francoprovençal"}, ["frq"] = {"Forak"}, ["frr"] = {"Northern Frisian"}, ["frs"] = {"Eastern Frisian"}, ["frt"] = {"Fortsenal"}, ["fse"] = {"Finnish Sign Language"}, ["fsl"] = {"French Sign Language"}, ["fss"] = {"Finland-Swedish Sign Language", "finlandssvenskt teckenspråk", "suomenruotsalainen viittomakieli"}, ["fub"] = {"Adamawa Fulfulde"}, ["fuc"] = {"Pulaar"}, ["fud"] = {"East Futuna"}, ["fue"] = {"Borgu Fulfulde"}, ["fuf"] = {"Pular"}, ["fuh"] = {"Western Niger Fulfulde"}, ["fui"] = {"Bagirmi Fulfulde"}, ["fuj"] = {"Ko"}, ["fum"] = {"Fum"}, ["fun"] = {"Fulniô"}, ["fuq"] = {"Central-Eastern Niger Fulfulde"}, ["fur"] = {"Friulian"}, ["fut"] = {"Futuna-Aniwa"}, ["fuu"] = {"Furu"}, ["fuv"] = {"Nigerian Fulfulde"}, ["fuy"] = {"Fuyug"}, ["fvr"] = {"Fur"}, ["fwa"] = {"Fwâi"}, ["fwe"] = {"Fwe"}, ["gaa"] = {"Ga"}, ["gab"] = {"Gabri"}, ["gac"] = {"Mixed Great Andamanese"}, ["gad"] = {"Gaddang"}, ["gae"] = {"Guarequena"}, ["gaf"] = {"Gende"}, ["gag"] = {"Gagauz"}, ["gah"] = {"Alekano"}, ["gai"] = {"Borei"}, ["gaj"] = {"Gadsup"}, ["gak"] = {"Gamkonora"}, ["gal"] = {"Galolen"}, ["gam"] = {"Kandawo"}, ["gan"] = {"Gan Chinese"}, ["gao"] = {"Gants"}, ["gap"] = {"Gal"}, ["gaq"] = {"Gata'"}, ["gar"] = {"Galeya"}, ["gas"] = {"Adiwasi Garasia"}, ["gat"] = {"Kenati"}, ["gau"] = {"Mudhili Gadaba"}, ["gaw"] = {"Nobonob"}, ["gax"] = {"Borana-Arsi-Guji Oromo"}, ["gay"] = {"Gayo"}, ["gaz"] = {"West Central Oromo"}, ["gba"] = {"Gbaya (Central African Republic)"}, ["gbb"] = {"Kaytetye"}, ["gbd"] = {"Karajarri"}, ["gbe"] = {"Niksek"}, ["gbf"] = {"Gaikundi"}, ["gbg"] = {"Gbanziri"}, ["gbh"] = {"Defi Gbe"}, ["gbi"] = {"Galela"}, ["gbj"] = {"Bodo Gadaba"}, ["gbk"] = {"Gaddi"}, ["gbl"] = {"Gamit"}, ["gbm"] = {"Garhwali"}, ["gbn"] = {"Mo'da"}, ["gbo"] = {"Northern Grebo"}, ["gbp"] = {"Gbaya-Bossangoa"}, ["gbq"] = {"Gbaya-Bozoum"}, ["gbr"] = {"Gbagyi"}, ["gbs"] = {"Gbesi Gbe"}, ["gbu"] = {"Gagadu"}, ["gbv"] = {"Gbanu"}, ["gbw"] = {"Gabi-Gabi"}, ["gbx"] = {"Eastern Xwla Gbe"}, ["gby"] = {"Gbari"}, ["gbz"] = {"Zoroastrian Dari"}, ["gcc"] = {"Mali"}, ["gcd"] = {"Ganggalida"}, ["gce"] = {"Galice"}, ["gcf"] = {"Guadeloupean Creole French"}, ["gcl"] = {"Grenadian Creole English"}, ["gcn"] = {"Gaina"}, ["gcr"] = {"Guianese Creole French"}, ["gct"] = {"Colonia Tovar German"}, ["gda"] = {"Gade Lohar"}, ["gdb"] = {"Pottangi Ollar Gadaba"}, ["gdc"] = {"Gugu Badhun"}, ["gdd"] = {"Gedaged"}, ["gde"] = {"Gude"}, ["gdf"] = {"Guduf-Gava"}, ["gdg"] = {"Ga'dang"}, ["gdh"] = {"Gadjerawang", "Gajirrabeng"}, ["gdi"] = {"Gundi"}, ["gdj"] = {"Gurdjar"}, ["gdk"] = {"Gadang"}, ["gdl"] = {"Dirasha"}, ["gdm"] = {"Laal"}, ["gdn"] = {"Umanakaina"}, ["gdo"] = {"Ghodoberi"}, ["gdq"] = {"Mehri"}, ["gdr"] = {"Wipi"}, ["gds"] = {"Ghandruk Sign Language"}, ["gdt"] = {"Kungardutyi"}, ["gdu"] = {"Gudu"}, ["gdx"] = {"Godwari"}, ["gea"] = {"Geruma"}, ["geb"] = {"Kire"}, ["gec"] = {"Gboloo Grebo"}, ["ged"] = {"Gade"}, ["gef"] = {"Gerai"}, ["geg"] = {"Gengle"}, ["geh"] = {"Hutterite German", "Hutterisch"}, ["gei"] = {"Gebe"}, ["gej"] = {"Gen"}, ["gek"] = {"Ywom"}, ["gel"] = {"ut-Ma'in"}, ["gem"] = {"Germanic languages"}, ["geq"] = {"Geme"}, ["ges"] = {"Geser-Gorom"}, ["gev"] = {"Eviya"}, ["gew"] = {"Gera"}, ["gex"] = {"Garre"}, ["gey"] = {"Enya"}, ["gez"] = {"Geez"}, ["gfk"] = {"Patpatar"}, ["gft"] = {"Gafat"}, ["gga"] = {"Gao"}, ["ggb"] = {"Gbii"}, ["ggd"] = {"Gugadj"}, ["gge"] = {"Gurr-goni"}, ["ggg"] = {"Gurgula"}, ["ggk"] = {"Kungarakany"}, ["ggl"] = {"Ganglau"}, ["ggt"] = {"Gitua"}, ["ggu"] = {"Gagu", "Gban"}, ["ggw"] = {"Gogodala"}, ["gha"] = {"Ghadamès"}, ["ghc"] = {"Hiberno-Scottish Gaelic"}, ["ghe"] = {"Southern Ghale"}, ["ghh"] = {"Northern Ghale"}, ["ghk"] = {"Geko Karen"}, ["ghl"] = {"Ghulfan"}, ["ghn"] = {"Ghanongga"}, ["gho"] = {"Ghomara"}, ["ghr"] = {"Ghera"}, ["ghs"] = {"Guhu-Samane"}, ["ght"] = {"Kuke", "Kutang Ghale"}, ["gia"] = {"Kija"}, ["gib"] = {"Gibanawa"}, ["gic"] = {"Gail"}, ["gid"] = {"Gidar"}, ["gie"] = {"Gaɓogbo", "Guébie"}, ["gig"] = {"Goaria"}, ["gih"] = {"Githabul"}, ["gii"] = {"Girirra"}, ["gil"] = {"Gilbertese"}, ["gim"] = {"Gimi (Eastern Highlands)"}, ["gin"] = {"Hinukh"}, ["gip"] = {"Gimi (West New Britain)"}, ["giq"] = {"Green Gelao"}, ["gir"] = {"Red Gelao"}, ["gis"] = {"North Giziga"}, ["git"] = {"Gitxsan"}, ["giu"] = {"Mulao"}, ["giw"] = {"White Gelao"}, ["gix"] = {"Gilima"}, ["giy"] = {"Giyug"}, ["giz"] = {"South Giziga"}, ["gjk"] = {"Kachi Koli"}, ["gjm"] = {"Gunditjmara"}, ["gjn"] = {"Gonja"}, ["gjr"] = {"Gurindji Kriol"}, ["gju"] = {"Gujari"}, ["gka"] = {"Guya"}, ["gkd"] = {"Magɨ (Madang Province)"}, ["gke"] = {"Ndai"}, ["gkn"] = {"Gokana"}, ["gko"] = {"Kok-Nar"}, ["gkp"] = {"Guinea Kpelle"}, ["gku"] = {"ǂUngkue"}, ["glb"] = {"Belning"}, ["glc"] = {"Bon Gula"}, ["gld"] = {"Nanai"}, ["glh"] = {"Northwest Pashai", "Northwest Pashayi"}, ["glj"] = {"Gula Iro"}, ["glk"] = {"Gilaki"}, ["gll"] = {"Garlali"}, ["glo"] = {"Galambu"}, ["glr"] = {"Glaro-Twabo"}, ["glu"] = {"Gula (Chad)"}, ["glw"] = {"Glavda"}, ["gly"] = {"Gule"}, ["gma"] = {"Gambera"}, ["gmb"] = {"Gula'alaa"}, ["gmd"] = {"Mághdì"}, ["gme"] = {"East Germanic languages"}, ["gmg"] = {"Magɨyi"}, ["gmh"] = {"Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)"}, ["gml"] = {"Middle Low German"}, ["gmm"] = {"Gbaya-Mbodomo"}, ["gmn"] = {"Gimnime"}, ["gmq"] = {"North Germanic languages"}, ["gmr"] = {"Mirning", "Mirniny"}, ["gmu"] = {"Gumalu"}, ["gmv"] = {"Gamo"}, ["gmw"] = {"West Germanic languages"}, ["gmx"] = {"Magoma"}, ["gmy"] = {"Mycenaean Greek"}, ["gmz"] = {"Mgbolizhia"}, ["gna"] = {"Kaansa"}, ["gnb"] = {"Gangte"}, ["gnc"] = {"Guanche"}, ["gnd"] = {"Zulgo-Gemzek"}, ["gne"] = {"Ganang"}, ["gng"] = {"Ngangam"}, ["gnh"] = {"Lere"}, ["gni"] = {"Gooniyandi"}, ["gnj"] = {"Ngen"}, ["gnk"] = {"ǁGana"}, ["gnl"] = {"Gangulu"}, ["gnm"] = {"Ginuman"}, ["gnn"] = {"Gumatj"}, ["gno"] = {"Northern Gondi"}, ["gnq"] = {"Gana"}, ["gnr"] = {"Gureng Gureng"}, ["gnt"] = {"Guntai"}, ["gnu"] = {"Gnau"}, ["gnw"] = {"Western Bolivian Guaraní"}, ["gnz"] = {"Ganzi"}, ["goa"] = {"Guro"}, ["gob"] = {"Playero"}, ["goc"] = {"Gorakor"}, ["god"] = {"Godié"}, ["goe"] = {"Gongduk"}, ["gof"] = {"Gofa"}, ["gog"] = {"Gogo"}, ["goh"] = {"Old High German (ca. 750-1050)"}, ["goi"] = {"Gobasi"}, ["goj"] = {"Gowlan"}, ["gok"] = {"Gowli"}, ["gol"] = {"Gola"}, ["gom"] = {"Goan Konkani"}, ["gon"] = {"Gondi"}, ["goo"] = {"Gone Dau"}, ["gop"] = {"Yeretuar"}, ["goq"] = {"Gorap"}, ["gor"] = {"Gorontalo"}, ["gos"] = {"Gronings"}, ["got"] = {"Gothic"}, ["gou"] = {"Gavar"}, ["gov"] = {"Goo"}, ["gow"] = {"Gorowa"}, ["gox"] = {"Gobu"}, ["goy"] = {"Goundo"}, ["goz"] = {"Gozarkhani"}, ["gpa"] = {"Gupa-Abawa"}, ["gpe"] = {"Ghanaian Pidgin English"}, ["gpn"] = {"Taiap"}, ["gqa"] = {"Ga'anda"}, ["gqi"] = {"Guiqiong"}, ["gqn"] = {"Guana (Brazil)"}, ["gqr"] = {"Gor"}, ["gqu"] = {"Qau"}, ["gra"] = {"Rajput Garasia"}, ["grb"] = {"Grebo"}, ["grc"] = {"Ancient Greek (to 1453)"}, ["grd"] = {"Guruntum-Mbaaru"}, ["grg"] = {"Madi"}, ["grh"] = {"Gbiri-Niragu"}, ["gri"] = {"Ghari"}, ["grj"] = {"Southern Grebo"}, ["grk"] = {"Greek languages"}, ["grm"] = {"Kota Marudu Talantang"}, ["gro"] = {"Groma"}, ["grq"] = {"Gorovu"}, ["grr"] = {"Taznatit"}, ["grs"] = {"Gresi"}, ["grt"] = {"Garo"}, ["gru"] = {"Kistane"}, ["grv"] = {"Central Grebo"}, ["grw"] = {"Gweda"}, ["grx"] = {"Guriaso"}, ["gry"] = {"Barclayville Grebo"}, ["grz"] = {"Guramalum"}, ["gse"] = {"Ghanaian Sign Language"}, ["gsg"] = {"German Sign Language"}, ["gsl"] = {"Gusilay"}, ["gsm"] = {"Guatemalan Sign Language"}, ["gsn"] = {"Nema", "Gusan"}, ["gso"] = {"Southwest Gbaya"}, ["gsp"] = {"Wasembo"}, ["gss"] = {"Greek Sign Language"}, ["gsw"] = {"Swiss German", "Alemannic", "Alsatian"}, ["gta"] = {"Guató"}, ["gtu"] = {"Aghu-Tharnggala"}, ["gua"] = {"Shiki"}, ["gub"] = {"Guajajára"}, ["guc"] = {"Wayuu"}, ["gud"] = {"Yocoboué Dida"}, ["gue"] = {"Gurindji"}, ["guf"] = {"Gupapuyngu"}, ["gug"] = {"Paraguayan Guaraní"}, ["guh"] = {"Guahibo"}, ["gui"] = {"Eastern Bolivian Guaraní"}, ["guk"] = {"Gumuz"}, ["gul"] = {"Sea Island Creole English"}, ["gum"] = {"Guambiano"}, ["gun"] = {"Mbyá Guaraní"}, ["guo"] = {"Guayabero"}, ["gup"] = {"Gunwinggu"}, ["guq"] = {"Aché"}, ["gur"] = {"Farefare"}, ["gus"] = {"Guinean Sign Language"}, ["gut"] = {"Maléku Jaíka"}, ["guu"] = {"Yanomamö"}, ["guw"] = {"Gun"}, ["gux"] = {"Gourmanchéma"}, ["guz"] = {"Gusii", "Ekegusii"}, ["gva"] = {"Guana (Paraguay)"}, ["gvc"] = {"Guanano"}, ["gve"] = {"Duwet"}, ["gvf"] = {"Golin"}, ["gvj"] = {"Guajá"}, ["gvl"] = {"Gulay"}, ["gvm"] = {"Gurmana"}, ["gvn"] = {"Kuku-Yalanji"}, ["gvo"] = {"Gavião Do Jiparaná"}, ["gvp"] = {"Pará Gavião"}, ["gvr"] = {"Gurung"}, ["gvs"] = {"Gumawana"}, ["gvy"] = {"Guyani"}, ["gwa"] = {"Mbato"}, ["gwb"] = {"Gwa"}, ["gwc"] = {"Gawri", "Kalami"}, ["gwd"] = {"Gawwada"}, ["gwe"] = {"Gweno"}, ["gwf"] = {"Gowro"}, ["gwg"] = {"Moo"}, ["gwi"] = {"Gwichʼin"}, ["gwj"] = {"ǀGwi"}, ["gwm"] = {"Awngthim"}, ["gwn"] = {"Gwandara"}, ["gwr"] = {"Gwere"}, ["gwt"] = {"Gawar-Bati"}, ["gwu"] = {"Guwamu"}, ["gww"] = {"Kwini"}, ["gwx"] = {"Gua"}, ["gxx"] = {"Wè Southern"}, ["gya"] = {"Northwest Gbaya"}, ["gyb"] = {"Garus"}, ["gyd"] = {"Kayardild"}, ["gye"] = {"Gyem"}, ["gyf"] = {"Gungabula"}, ["gyg"] = {"Gbayi"}, ["gyi"] = {"Gyele"}, ["gyl"] = {"Gayil"}, ["gym"] = {"Ngäbere"}, ["gyn"] = {"Guyanese Creole English"}, ["gyo"] = {"Gyalsumdo"}, ["gyr"] = {"Guarayu"}, ["gyy"] = {"Gunya"}, ["gyz"] = {"Geji", "Gyaazi"}, ["gza"] = {"Ganza"}, ["gzi"] = {"Gazi"}, ["gzn"] = {"Gane"}, ["haa"] = {"Hän"}, ["hab"] = {"Hanoi Sign Language"}, ["hac"] = {"Gurani"}, ["had"] = {"Hatam"}, ["hae"] = {"Eastern Oromo"}, ["haf"] = {"Haiphong Sign Language"}, ["hag"] = {"Hanga"}, ["hah"] = {"Hahon"}, ["hai"] = {"Haida"}, ["haj"] = {"Hajong"}, ["hak"] = {"Hakka Chinese"}, ["hal"] = {"Halang"}, ["ham"] = {"Hewa"}, ["han"] = {"Hangaza"}, ["hao"] = {"Hakö"}, ["hap"] = {"Hupla"}, ["haq"] = {"Ha"}, ["har"] = {"Harari"}, ["has"] = {"Haisla"}, ["hav"] = {"Havu"}, ["haw"] = {"Hawaiian"}, ["hax"] = {"Southern Haida"}, ["hay"] = {"Haya"}, ["haz"] = {"Hazaragi"}, ["hba"] = {"Hamba"}, ["hbb"] = {"Huba"}, ["hbn"] = {"Heiban"}, ["hbo"] = {"Ancient Hebrew"}, ["hbu"] = {"Habu"}, ["hca"] = {"Andaman Creole Hindi"}, ["hch"] = {"Huichol"}, ["hdn"] = {"Northern Haida"}, ["hds"] = {"Honduras Sign Language"}, ["hdy"] = {"Hadiyya"}, ["hea"] = {"Northern Qiandong Miao"}, ["hed"] = {"Herdé"}, ["heg"] = {"Helong"}, ["heh"] = {"Hehe"}, ["hei"] = {"Heiltsuk"}, ["hem"] = {"Hemba"}, ["hgm"] = {"Haiǁom"}, ["hgw"] = {"Haigwai"}, ["hhi"] = {"Hoia Hoia"}, ["hhr"] = {"Kerak"}, ["hhy"] = {"Hoyahoya"}, ["hia"] = {"Lamang"}, ["hib"] = {"Hibito"}, ["hid"] = {"Hidatsa"}, ["hif"] = {"Fiji Hindi"}, ["hig"] = {"Kamwe"}, ["hih"] = {"Pamosu"}, ["hii"] = {"Hinduri"}, ["hij"] = {"Hijuk"}, ["hik"] = {"Seit-Kaitetu"}, ["hil"] = {"Hiligaynon"}, ["him"] = {"Himachali languages", "Western Pahari languages"}, ["hio"] = {"Tsoa"}, ["hir"] = {"Himarimã"}, ["hit"] = {"Hittite"}, ["hiw"] = {"Hiw"}, ["hix"] = {"Hixkaryána"}, ["hji"] = {"Haji"}, ["hka"] = {"Kahe"}, ["hke"] = {"Hunde"}, ["hkh"] = {"Khah", "Poguli"}, ["hkk"] = {"Hunjara-Kaina Ke"}, ["hkn"] = {"Mel-Khaonh"}, ["hks"] = {"Hong Kong Sign Language", "Heung Kong Sau Yue"}, ["hla"] = {"Halia"}, ["hlb"] = {"Halbi"}, ["hld"] = {"Halang Doan"}, ["hle"] = {"Hlersu"}, ["hlt"] = {"Matu Chin"}, ["hlu"] = {"Hieroglyphic Luwian"}, ["hma"] = {"Southern Mashan Hmong", "Southern Mashan Miao"}, ["hmb"] = {"Humburi Senni Songhay"}, ["hmc"] = {"Central Huishui Hmong", "Central Huishui Miao"}, ["hmd"] = {"Large Flowery Miao", "A-hmaos", "Da-Hua Miao"}, ["hme"] = {"Eastern Huishui Hmong", "Eastern Huishui Miao"}, ["hmf"] = {"Hmong Don"}, ["hmg"] = {"Southwestern Guiyang Hmong"}, ["hmh"] = {"Southwestern Huishui Hmong", "Southwestern Huishui Miao"}, ["hmi"] = {"Northern Huishui Hmong", "Northern Huishui Miao"}, ["hmj"] = {"Ge", "Gejia"}, ["hmk"] = {"Maek"}, ["hml"] = {"Luopohe Hmong", "Luopohe Miao"}, ["hmm"] = {"Central Mashan Hmong", "Central Mashan Miao"}, ["hmn"] = {"Hmong", "Mong"}, ["hmp"] = {"Northern Mashan Hmong", "Northern Mashan Miao"}, ["hmq"] = {"Eastern Qiandong Miao"}, ["hmr"] = {"Hmar"}, ["hms"] = {"Southern Qiandong Miao"}, ["hmt"] = {"Hamtai"}, ["hmu"] = {"Hamap"}, ["hmv"] = {"Hmong Dô"}, ["hmw"] = {"Western Mashan Hmong", "Western Mashan Miao"}, ["hmx"] = {"Hmong-Mien languages"}, ["hmy"] = {"Southern Guiyang Hmong", "Southern Guiyang Miao"}, ["hmz"] = {"Hmong Shua", "Sinicized Miao"}, ["hna"] = {"Mina (Cameroon)"}, ["hnd"] = {"Southern Hindko"}, ["hne"] = {"Chhattisgarhi"}, ["hng"] = {"Hungu"}, ["hnh"] = {"ǁAni"}, ["hni"] = {"Hani"}, ["hnj"] = {"Hmong Njua", "Mong Leng", "Mong Njua"}, ["hnm"] = {"Hainanese"}, ["hnn"] = {"Hanunoo"}, ["hno"] = {"Northern Hindko"}, ["hns"] = {"Caribbean Hindustani"}, ["hnu"] = {"Hung"}, ["hoa"] = {"Hoava"}, ["hob"] = {"Mari (Madang Province)"}, ["hoc"] = {"Ho"}, ["hod"] = {"Holma"}, ["hoe"] = {"Horom"}, ["hoh"] = {"Hobyót"}, ["hoi"] = {"Holikachuk"}, ["hoj"] = {"Hadothi", "Haroti"}, ["hok"] = {"Hokan languages"}, ["hol"] = {"Holu"}, ["hom"] = {"Homa"}, ["hoo"] = {"Holoholo"}, ["hop"] = {"Hopi"}, ["hor"] = {"Horo"}, ["hos"] = {"Ho Chi Minh City Sign Language"}, ["hot"] = {"Hote", "Malê"}, ["hov"] = {"Hovongan"}, ["how"] = {"Honi"}, ["hoy"] = {"Holiya"}, ["hoz"] = {"Hozo"}, ["hpo"] = {"Hpon"}, ["hps"] = {"Hawai'i Sign Language (HSL)", "Hawai'i Pidgin Sign Language"}, ["hra"] = {"Hrangkhol"}, ["hrc"] = {"Niwer Mil"}, ["hre"] = {"Hre"}, ["hrk"] = {"Haruku"}, ["hrm"] = {"Horned Miao"}, ["hro"] = {"Haroi"}, ["hrp"] = {"Nhirrpi"}, ["hrt"] = {"Hértevin"}, ["hru"] = {"Hruso"}, ["hrw"] = {"Warwar Feni"}, ["hrx"] = {"Hunsrik"}, ["hrz"] = {"Harzani"}, ["hsb"] = {"Upper Sorbian"}, ["hsh"] = {"Hungarian Sign Language"}, ["hsl"] = {"Hausa Sign Language"}, ["hsn"] = {"Xiang Chinese"}, ["hss"] = {"Harsusi"}, ["hti"] = {"Hoti"}, ["hto"] = {"Minica Huitoto"}, ["hts"] = {"Hadza"}, ["htu"] = {"Hitu"}, ["htx"] = {"Middle Hittite"}, ["hub"] = {"Huambisa"}, ["huc"] = {"ǂHua", "ǂʼAmkhoe"}, ["hud"] = {"Huaulu"}, ["hue"] = {"San Francisco Del Mar Huave"}, ["huf"] = {"Humene"}, ["hug"] = {"Huachipaeri"}, ["huh"] = {"Huilliche"}, ["hui"] = {"Huli"}, ["huj"] = {"Northern Guiyang Hmong", "Northern Guiyang Miao"}, ["huk"] = {"Hulung"}, ["hul"] = {"Hula"}, ["hum"] = {"Hungana"}, ["huo"] = {"Hu"}, ["hup"] = {"Hupa"}, ["huq"] = {"Tsat"}, ["hur"] = {"Halkomelem"}, ["hus"] = {"Huastec"}, ["hut"] = {"Humla"}, ["huu"] = {"Murui Huitoto"}, ["huv"] = {"San Mateo Del Mar Huave"}, ["huw"] = {"Hukumina"}, ["hux"] = {"Nüpode Huitoto"}, ["huy"] = {"Hulaulá"}, ["huz"] = {"Hunzib"}, ["hvc"] = {"Haitian Vodoun Culture Language"}, ["hve"] = {"San Dionisio Del Mar Huave"}, ["hvk"] = {"Haveke"}, ["hvn"] = {"Sabu"}, ["hvv"] = {"Santa María Del Mar Huave"}, ["hwa"] = {"Wané"}, ["hwc"] = {"Hawai'i Creole English", "Hawai'i Pidgin"}, ["hwo"] = {"Hwana"}, ["hya"] = {"Hya"}, ["hyw"] = {"Western Armenian"}, ["hyx"] = {"Armenian (family)"}, ["iai"] = {"Iaai"}, ["ian"] = {"Iatmul"}, ["iar"] = {"Purari"}, ["iba"] = {"Iban"}, ["ibb"] = {"Ibibio"}, ["ibd"] = {"Iwaidja"}, ["ibe"] = {"Akpes"}, ["ibg"] = {"Ibanag"}, ["ibh"] = {"Bih"}, ["ibl"] = {"Ibaloi"}, ["ibm"] = {"Agoi"}, ["ibn"] = {"Ibino"}, ["ibr"] = {"Ibuoro"}, ["ibu"] = {"Ibu"}, ["iby"] = {"Ibani"}, ["ica"] = {"Ede Ica"}, ["ich"] = {"Etkywan"}, ["icl"] = {"Icelandic Sign Language"}, ["icr"] = {"Islander Creole English"}, ["ida"] = {"Idakho-Isukha-Tiriki", "Luidakho-Luisukha-Lutirichi"}, ["idb"] = {"Indo-Portuguese"}, ["idc"] = {"Idon", "Ajiya"}, ["idd"] = {"Ede Idaca"}, ["ide"] = {"Idere"}, ["idi"] = {"Idi"}, ["idr"] = {"Indri"}, ["ids"] = {"Idesa"}, ["idt"] = {"Idaté"}, ["idu"] = {"Idoma"}, ["ifa"] = {"Amganad Ifugao"}, ["ifb"] = {"Batad Ifugao", "Ayangan Ifugao"}, ["ife"] = {"Ifè"}, ["iff"] = {"Ifo"}, ["ifk"] = {"Tuwali Ifugao"}, ["ifm"] = {"Teke-Fuumu"}, ["ifu"] = {"Mayoyao Ifugao"}, ["ify"] = {"Keley-I Kallahan"}, ["igb"] = {"Ebira"}, ["ige"] = {"Igede"}, ["igg"] = {"Igana"}, ["igl"] = {"Igala"}, ["igm"] = {"Kanggape"}, ["ign"] = {"Ignaciano"}, ["igo"] = {"Isebe"}, ["igs"] = {"Interglossa"}, ["igw"] = {"Igwe"}, ["ihb"] = {"Iha Based Pidgin"}, ["ihi"] = {"Ihievbe"}, ["ihp"] = {"Iha"}, ["ihw"] = {"Bidhawal"}, ["iin"] = {"Thiin"}, ["iir"] = {"Indo-Iranian languages"}, ["ijc"] = {"Izon"}, ["ije"] = {"Biseni"}, ["ijj"] = {"Ede Ije"}, ["ijn"] = {"Kalabari"}, ["ijo"] = {"Ijo languages"}, ["ijs"] = {"Southeast Ijo"}, ["ike"] = {"Eastern Canadian Inuktitut"}, ["ikh"] = {"Ikhin-Arokho"}, ["iki"] = {"Iko"}, ["ikk"] = {"Ika"}, ["ikl"] = {"Ikulu"}, ["iko"] = {"Olulumo-Ikom"}, ["ikp"] = {"Ikpeshi"}, ["ikr"] = {"Ikaranggal"}, ["iks"] = {"Inuit Sign Language"}, ["ikt"] = {"Inuinnaqtun", "Western Canadian Inuktitut"}, ["ikv"] = {"Iku-Gora-Ankwa"}, ["ikw"] = {"Ikwere"}, ["ikx"] = {"Ik"}, ["ikz"] = {"Ikizu"}, ["ila"] = {"Ile Ape"}, ["ilb"] = {"Ila"}, ["ilg"] = {"Garig-Ilgar"}, ["ili"] = {"Ili Turki"}, ["ilk"] = {"Ilongot"}, ["ilm"] = {"Iranun (Malaysia)"}, ["ilo"] = {"Iloko"}, ["ilp"] = {"Iranun (Philippines)"}, ["ils"] = {"International Sign"}, ["ilu"] = {"Ili'uun"}, ["ilv"] = {"Ilue"}, ["ima"] = {"Mala Malasar"}, ["imi"] = {"Anamgura"}, ["iml"] = {"Miluk"}, ["imn"] = {"Imonda"}, ["imo"] = {"Imbongu"}, ["imr"] = {"Imroing"}, ["ims"] = {"Marsian"}, ["imt"] = {"Imotong"}, ["imy"] = {"Milyan"}, ["inb"] = {"Inga"}, ["inc"] = {"Indic languages"}, ["ine"] = {"Indo-European languages"}, ["ing"] = {"Degexit'an"}, ["inh"] = {"Ingush"}, ["inj"] = {"Jungle Inga"}, ["inl"] = {"Indonesian Sign Language"}, ["inm"] = {"Minaean"}, ["inn"] = {"Isinai"}, ["ino"] = {"Inoke-Yate"}, ["inp"] = {"Iñapari"}, ["ins"] = {"Indian Sign Language"}, ["int"] = {"Intha"}, ["inz"] = {"Ineseño"}, ["ior"] = {"Inor"}, ["iou"] = {"Tuma-Irumu"}, ["iow"] = {"Iowa-Oto"}, ["ipi"] = {"Ipili"}, ["ipo"] = {"Ipiko"}, ["iqu"] = {"Iquito"}, ["iqw"] = {"Ikwo"}, ["ira"] = {"Iranian languages"}, ["ire"] = {"Iresim"}, ["irh"] = {"Irarutu"}, ["iri"] = {"Rigwe", "Irigwe"}, ["irk"] = {"Iraqw"}, ["irn"] = {"Irántxe"}, ["iro"] = {"Iroquoian languages"}, ["irr"] = {"Ir"}, ["iru"] = {"Irula"}, ["irx"] = {"Kamberau"}, ["iry"] = {"Iraya"}, ["isa"] = {"Isabi"}, ["isc"] = {"Isconahua"}, ["isd"] = {"Isnag"}, ["ise"] = {"Italian Sign Language"}, ["isg"] = {"Irish Sign Language"}, ["ish"] = {"Esan"}, ["isi"] = {"Nkem-Nkum"}, ["isk"] = {"Ishkashimi"}, ["ism"] = {"Masimasi"}, ["isn"] = {"Isanzu"}, ["iso"] = {"Isoko"}, ["isr"] = {"Israeli Sign Language"}, ["ist"] = {"Istriot"}, ["isu"] = {"Isu (Menchum Division)"}, ["isv"] = {"Interslavic"}, ["itb"] = {"Binongan Itneg"}, ["itc"] = {"Italic languages"}, ["itd"] = {"Southern Tidung"}, ["ite"] = {"Itene"}, ["iti"] = {"Inlaod Itneg"}, ["itk"] = {"Judeo-Italian"}, ["itl"] = {"Itelmen"}, ["itm"] = {"Itu Mbon Uzo"}, ["ito"] = {"Itonama"}, ["itr"] = {"Iteri"}, ["its"] = {"Isekiri"}, ["itt"] = {"Maeng Itneg"}, ["itv"] = {"Itawit"}, ["itw"] = {"Ito"}, ["itx"] = {"Itik"}, ["ity"] = {"Moyadan Itneg"}, ["itz"] = {"Itzá"}, ["ium"] = {"Iu Mien"}, ["ivb"] = {"Ibatan"}, ["ivv"] = {"Ivatan"}, ["iwk"] = {"I-Wak"}, ["iwm"] = {"Iwam"}, ["iwo"] = {"Iwur"}, ["iws"] = {"Sepik Iwam"}, ["ixc"] = {"Ixcatec"}, ["ixl"] = {"Ixil"}, ["iya"] = {"Iyayu"}, ["iyo"] = {"Mesaka"}, ["iyx"] = {"Yaka (Congo)"}, ["izh"] = {"Ingrian"}, ["izm"] = {"Kizamani"}, ["izr"] = {"Izere"}, ["izz"] = {"Izii"}, ["jaa"] = {"Jamamadí"}, ["jab"] = {"Hyam"}, ["jac"] = {"Popti'", "Jakalteko"}, ["jad"] = {"Jahanka"}, ["jae"] = {"Yabem"}, ["jaf"] = {"Jara"}, ["jah"] = {"Jah Hut"}, ["jaj"] = {"Zazao"}, ["jak"] = {"Jakun"}, ["jal"] = {"Yalahatan"}, ["jam"] = {"Jamaican Creole English"}, ["jan"] = {"Jandai"}, ["jao"] = {"Yanyuwa"}, ["jaq"] = {"Yaqay"}, ["jas"] = {"New Caledonian Javanese"}, ["jat"] = {"Jakati"}, ["jau"] = {"Yaur"}, ["jax"] = {"Jambi Malay"}, ["jay"] = {"Yan-nhangu", "Nhangu"}, ["jaz"] = {"Jawe"}, ["jbe"] = {"Judeo-Berber"}, ["jbi"] = {"Badjiri"}, ["jbj"] = {"Arandai"}, ["jbk"] = {"Barikewa"}, ["jbm"] = {"Bijim"}, ["jbn"] = {"Nafusi"}, ["jbo"] = {"Lojban"}, ["jbr"] = {"Jofotek-Bromnya"}, ["jbt"] = {"Jabutí"}, ["jbu"] = {"Jukun Takum"}, ["jbw"] = {"Yawijibaya"}, ["jcs"] = {"Jamaican Country Sign Language"}, ["jct"] = {"Krymchak"}, ["jda"] = {"Jad"}, ["jdg"] = {"Jadgali"}, ["jdt"] = {"Judeo-Tat"}, ["jeb"] = {"Jebero"}, ["jee"] = {"Jerung"}, ["jeh"] = {"Jeh"}, ["jei"] = {"Yei"}, ["jek"] = {"Jeri Kuo"}, ["jel"] = {"Yelmek"}, ["jen"] = {"Dza"}, ["jer"] = {"Jere"}, ["jet"] = {"Manem"}, ["jeu"] = {"Jonkor Bourmataguil"}, ["jgb"] = {"Ngbee"}, ["jge"] = {"Judeo-Georgian"}, ["jgk"] = {"Gwak"}, ["jgo"] = {"Ngomba"}, ["jhi"] = {"Jehai"}, ["jhs"] = {"Jhankot Sign Language"}, ["jia"] = {"Jina"}, ["jib"] = {"Jibu"}, ["jic"] = {"Tol"}, ["jid"] = {"Bu (Kaduna State)"}, ["jie"] = {"Jilbe"}, ["jig"] = {"Jingulu", "Djingili"}, ["jih"] = {"sTodsde", "Shangzhai"}, ["jii"] = {"Jiiddu"}, ["jil"] = {"Jilim"}, ["jim"] = {"Jimi (Cameroon)"}, ["jio"] = {"Jiamao"}, ["jiq"] = {"Guanyinqiao", "Lavrung"}, ["jit"] = {"Jita"}, ["jiu"] = {"Youle Jinuo"}, ["jiv"] = {"Shuar"}, ["jiy"] = {"Buyuan Jinuo"}, ["jje"] = {"Jejueo"}, ["jjr"] = {"Bankal"}, ["jka"] = {"Kaera"}, ["jkm"] = {"Mobwa Karen"}, ["jko"] = {"Kubo"}, ["jkp"] = {"Paku Karen"}, ["jkr"] = {"Koro (India)"}, ["jks"] = {"Amami Koniya Sign Language"}, ["jku"] = {"Labir"}, ["jle"] = {"Ngile"}, ["jls"] = {"Jamaican Sign Language"}, ["jma"] = {"Dima"}, ["jmb"] = {"Zumbun"}, ["jmc"] = {"Machame"}, ["jmd"] = {"Yamdena"}, ["jmi"] = {"Jimi (Nigeria)"}, ["jml"] = {"Jumli"}, ["jmn"] = {"Makuri Naga"}, ["jmr"] = {"Kamara"}, ["jms"] = {"Mashi (Nigeria)"}, ["jmw"] = {"Mouwase"}, ["jmx"] = {"Western Juxtlahuaca Mixtec"}, ["jna"] = {"Jangshung"}, ["jnd"] = {"Jandavra"}, ["jng"] = {"Yangman"}, ["jni"] = {"Janji"}, ["jnj"] = {"Yemsa"}, ["jnl"] = {"Rawat"}, ["jns"] = {"Jaunsari"}, ["job"] = {"Joba"}, ["jod"] = {"Wojenaka"}, ["jog"] = {"Jogi"}, ["jor"] = {"Jorá"}, ["jos"] = {"Jordanian Sign Language"}, ["jow"] = {"Jowulu"}, ["jpa"] = {"Jewish Palestinian Aramaic"}, ["jpr"] = {"Judeo-Persian"}, ["jpx"] = {"Japanese (family)"}, ["jqr"] = {"Jaqaru"}, ["jra"] = {"Jarai"}, ["jrb"] = {"Judeo-Arabic"}, ["jrr"] = {"Jiru"}, ["jrt"] = {"Jakattoe"}, ["jru"] = {"Japrería"}, ["jsl"] = {"Japanese Sign Language"}, ["jua"] = {"Júma"}, ["jub"] = {"Wannu"}, ["juc"] = {"Jurchen"}, ["jud"] = {"Worodougou"}, ["juh"] = {"Hõne"}, ["jui"] = {"Ngadjuri"}, ["juk"] = {"Wapan"}, ["jul"] = {"Jirel"}, ["jum"] = {"Jumjum"}, ["jun"] = {"Juang"}, ["juo"] = {"Jiba"}, ["jup"] = {"Hupdë"}, ["jur"] = {"Jurúna"}, ["jus"] = {"Jumla Sign Language"}, ["jut"] = {"Jutish"}, ["juu"] = {"Ju"}, ["juw"] = {"Wãpha"}, ["juy"] = {"Juray"}, ["jvd"] = {"Javindo"}, ["jvn"] = {"Caribbean Javanese"}, ["jwi"] = {"Jwira-Pepesa"}, ["jya"] = {"Jiarong"}, ["jye"] = {"Judeo-Yemeni Arabic"}, ["jyy"] = {"Jaya"}, ["kaa"] = {"Kara-Kalpak", "Karakalpak"}, ["kab"] = {"Kabyle"}, ["kac"] = {"Kachin", "Jingpho"}, ["kad"] = {"Adara"}, ["kae"] = {"Ketangalan"}, ["kaf"] = {"Katso"}, ["kag"] = {"Kajaman"}, ["kah"] = {"Kara (Central African Republic)"}, ["kai"] = {"Karekare"}, ["kaj"] = {"Jju"}, ["kak"] = {"Kalanguya", "Kayapa Kallahan"}, ["kam"] = {"Kamba (Kenya)"}, ["kao"] = {"Xaasongaxango"}, ["kap"] = {"Bezhta"}, ["kaq"] = {"Capanahua"}, ["kar"] = {"Karen languages"}, ["kav"] = {"Katukína"}, ["kaw"] = {"Kawi"}, ["kax"] = {"Kao"}, ["kay"] = {"Kamayurá"}, ["kba"] = {"Kalarko"}, ["kbb"] = {"Kaxuiâna"}, ["kbc"] = {"Kadiwéu"}, ["kbd"] = {"Kabardian"}, ["kbe"] = {"Kanju"}, ["kbg"] = {"Khamba"}, ["kbh"] = {"Camsá"}, ["kbi"] = {"Kaptiau"}, ["kbj"] = {"Kari"}, ["kbk"] = {"Grass Koiari"}, ["kbl"] = {"Kanembu"}, ["kbm"] = {"Iwal"}, ["kbn"] = {"Kare (Central African Republic)"}, ["kbo"] = {"Keliko"}, ["kbp"] = {"Kabiyè"}, ["kbq"] = {"Kamano"}, ["kbr"] = {"Kafa"}, ["kbs"] = {"Kande"}, ["kbt"] = {"Abadi"}, ["kbu"] = {"Kabutra"}, ["kbv"] = {"Dera (Indonesia)"}, ["kbw"] = {"Kaiep"}, ["kbx"] = {"Ap Ma"}, ["kby"] = {"Manga Kanuri"}, ["kbz"] = {"Duhwa"}, ["kca"] = {"Khanty"}, ["kcb"] = {"Kawacha"}, ["kcc"] = {"Lubila"}, ["kcd"] = {"Ngkâlmpw Kanum"}, ["kce"] = {"Kaivi"}, ["kcf"] = {"Ukaan"}, ["kcg"] = {"Tyap"}, ["kch"] = {"Vono"}, ["kci"] = {"Ngyian", "Kamantan"}, ["kcj"] = {"Kobiana"}, ["kck"] = {"Kalanga"}, ["kcl"] = {"Kela (Papua New Guinea)", "Kala"}, ["kcm"] = {"Gula (Central African Republic)"}, ["kcn"] = {"Nubi"}, ["kco"] = {"Kinalakna"}, ["kcp"] = {"Kanga"}, ["kcq"] = {"Kamo"}, ["kcr"] = {"Katla"}, ["kcs"] = {"Koenoem"}, ["kct"] = {"Kaian"}, ["kcu"] = {"Kami (Tanzania)"}, ["kcv"] = {"Kete"}, ["kcw"] = {"Kabwari"}, ["kcx"] = {"Kachama-Ganjule"}, ["kcy"] = {"Korandje"}, ["kcz"] = {"Konongo"}, ["kda"] = {"Worimi"}, ["kdc"] = {"Kutu"}, ["kdd"] = {"Yankunytjatjara"}, ["kde"] = {"Makonde"}, ["kdf"] = {"Mamusi"}, ["kdg"] = {"Seba"}, ["kdh"] = {"Tem"}, ["kdi"] = {"Kumam"}, ["kdj"] = {"Karamojong"}, ["kdk"] = {"Numèè", "Kwényi"}, ["kdl"] = {"Tsikimba"}, ["kdm"] = {"Kagoma"}, ["kdn"] = {"Kunda"}, ["kdo"] = {"Kordofanian languages"}, ["kdp"] = {"Kaningdon-Nindem"}, ["kdq"] = {"Koch"}, ["kdr"] = {"Karaim"}, ["kdt"] = {"Kuy"}, ["kdu"] = {"Kadaru"}, ["kdw"] = {"Koneraw"}, ["kdx"] = {"Kam"}, ["kdy"] = {"Keder", "Keijar"}, ["kdz"] = {"Kwaja"}, ["kea"] = {"Kabuverdianu"}, ["keb"] = {"Kélé"}, ["kec"] = {"Keiga"}, ["ked"] = {"Kerewe"}, ["kee"] = {"Eastern Keres"}, ["kef"] = {"Kpessi"}, ["keg"] = {"Tese"}, ["keh"] = {"Keak"}, ["kei"] = {"Kei"}, ["kej"] = {"Kadar"}, ["kek"] = {"Kekchí"}, ["kel"] = {"Kela (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["kem"] = {"Kemak"}, ["ken"] = {"Kenyang"}, ["keo"] = {"Kakwa"}, ["kep"] = {"Kaikadi"}, ["keq"] = {"Kamar"}, ["ker"] = {"Kera"}, ["kes"] = {"Kugbo"}, ["ket"] = {"Ket"}, ["keu"] = {"Akebu"}, ["kev"] = {"Kanikkaran"}, ["kew"] = {"West Kewa"}, ["kex"] = {"Kukna"}, ["key"] = {"Kupia"}, ["kez"] = {"Kukele"}, ["kfa"] = {"Kodava"}, ["kfb"] = {"Northwestern Kolami"}, ["kfc"] = {"Konda-Dora"}, ["kfd"] = {"Korra Koraga"}, ["kfe"] = {"Kota (India)"}, ["kff"] = {"Koya"}, ["kfg"] = {"Kudiya"}, ["kfh"] = {"Kurichiya"}, ["kfi"] = {"Kannada Kurumba"}, ["kfj"] = {"Kemiehua"}, ["kfk"] = {"Kinnauri"}, ["kfl"] = {"Kung"}, ["kfm"] = {"Khunsari"}, ["kfn"] = {"Kuk"}, ["kfo"] = {"Koro (Côte d'Ivoire)"}, ["kfp"] = {"Korwa"}, ["kfq"] = {"Korku"}, ["kfr"] = {"Kachhi", "Kutchi"}, ["kfs"] = {"Bilaspuri"}, ["kft"] = {"Kanjari"}, ["kfu"] = {"Katkari"}, ["kfv"] = {"Kurmukar"}, ["kfw"] = {"Kharam Naga"}, ["kfx"] = {"Kullu Pahari"}, ["kfy"] = {"Kumaoni"}, ["kfz"] = {"Koromfé"}, ["kga"] = {"Koyaga"}, ["kgb"] = {"Kawe"}, ["kge"] = {"Komering"}, ["kgf"] = {"Kube"}, ["kgg"] = {"Kusunda"}, ["kgi"] = {"Selangor Sign Language"}, ["kgj"] = {"Gamale Kham"}, ["kgk"] = {"Kaiwá"}, ["kgl"] = {"Kunggari"}, ["kgn"] = {"Karingani"}, ["kgo"] = {"Krongo"}, ["kgp"] = {"Kaingang"}, ["kgq"] = {"Kamoro"}, ["kgr"] = {"Abun"}, ["kgs"] = {"Kumbainggar"}, ["kgt"] = {"Somyev"}, ["kgu"] = {"Kobol"}, ["kgv"] = {"Karas"}, ["kgw"] = {"Karon Dori"}, ["kgx"] = {"Kamaru"}, ["kgy"] = {"Kyerung"}, ["kha"] = {"Khasi"}, ["khb"] = {"Lü"}, ["khc"] = {"Tukang Besi North"}, ["khd"] = {"Bädi Kanum"}, ["khe"] = {"Korowai"}, ["khf"] = {"Khuen"}, ["khg"] = {"Khams Tibetan"}, ["khh"] = {"Kehu"}, ["khi"] = {"Khoisan languages"}, ["khj"] = {"Kuturmi"}, ["khk"] = {"Halh Mongolian"}, ["khl"] = {"Lusi"}, ["khn"] = {"Khandesi"}, ["kho"] = {"Khotanese", "Sakan"}, ["khp"] = {"Kapori", "Kapauri"}, ["khq"] = {"Koyra Chiini Songhay"}, ["khr"] = {"Kharia"}, ["khs"] = {"Kasua"}, ["kht"] = {"Khamti"}, ["khu"] = {"Nkhumbi"}, ["khv"] = {"Khvarshi"}, ["khw"] = {"Khowar"}, ["khx"] = {"Kanu"}, ["khy"] = {"Kele (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["khz"] = {"Keapara"}, ["kia"] = {"Kim"}, ["kib"] = {"Koalib"}, ["kic"] = {"Kickapoo"}, ["kid"] = {"Koshin"}, ["kie"] = {"Kibet"}, ["kif"] = {"Eastern Parbate Kham"}, ["kig"] = {"Kimaama", "Kimaghima"}, ["kih"] = {"Kilmeri"}, ["kii"] = {"Kitsai"}, ["kij"] = {"Kilivila"}, ["kil"] = {"Kariya"}, ["kim"] = {"Karagas"}, ["kio"] = {"Kiowa"}, ["kip"] = {"Sheshi Kham"}, ["kiq"] = {"Kosadle", "Kosare"}, ["kis"] = {"Kis"}, ["kit"] = {"Agob"}, ["kiu"] = {"Kirmanjki (individual language)"}, ["kiv"] = {"Kimbu"}, ["kiw"] = {"Northeast Kiwai"}, ["kix"] = {"Khiamniungan Naga"}, ["kiy"] = {"Kirikiri"}, ["kiz"] = {"Kisi"}, ["kja"] = {"Mlap"}, ["kjb"] = {"Q'anjob'al", "Kanjobal"}, ["kjc"] = {"Coastal Konjo"}, ["kjd"] = {"Southern Kiwai"}, ["kje"] = {"Kisar"}, ["kjg"] = {"Khmu"}, ["kjh"] = {"Khakas"}, ["kji"] = {"Zabana"}, ["kjj"] = {"Khinalugh"}, ["kjk"] = {"Highland Konjo"}, ["kjl"] = {"Western Parbate Kham"}, ["kjm"] = {"Kháng"}, ["kjn"] = {"Kunjen"}, ["kjo"] = {"Harijan Kinnauri"}, ["kjp"] = {"Pwo Eastern Karen"}, ["kjq"] = {"Western Keres"}, ["kjr"] = {"Kurudu"}, ["kjs"] = {"East Kewa"}, ["kjt"] = {"Phrae Pwo Karen"}, ["kju"] = {"Kashaya"}, ["kjv"] = {"Kaikavian Literary Language"}, ["kjx"] = {"Ramopa"}, ["kjy"] = {"Erave"}, ["kjz"] = {"Bumthangkha"}, ["kka"] = {"Kakanda"}, ["kkb"] = {"Kwerisa"}, ["kkc"] = {"Odoodee"}, ["kkd"] = {"Kinuku"}, ["kke"] = {"Kakabe"}, ["kkf"] = {"Kalaktang Monpa"}, ["kkg"] = {"Mabaka Valley Kalinga"}, ["kkh"] = {"Khün"}, ["kki"] = {"Kagulu"}, ["kkj"] = {"Kako"}, ["kkk"] = {"Kokota"}, ["kkl"] = {"Kosarek Yale"}, ["kkm"] = {"Kiong"}, ["kkn"] = {"Kon Keu"}, ["kko"] = {"Karko"}, ["kkp"] = {"Gugubera", "Koko-Bera"}, ["kkq"] = {"Kaeku"}, ["kkr"] = {"Kir-Balar"}, ["kks"] = {"Giiwo"}, ["kkt"] = {"Koi"}, ["kku"] = {"Tumi"}, ["kkv"] = {"Kangean"}, ["kkw"] = {"Teke-Kukuya"}, ["kkx"] = {"Kohin"}, ["kky"] = {"Guugu Yimidhirr", "Guguyimidjir"}, ["kkz"] = {"Kaska"}, ["kla"] = {"Klamath-Modoc"}, ["klb"] = {"Kiliwa"}, ["klc"] = {"Kolbila"}, ["kld"] = {"Gamilaraay"}, ["kle"] = {"Kulung (Nepal)"}, ["klf"] = {"Kendeje"}, ["klg"] = {"Tagakaulo"}, ["klh"] = {"Weliki"}, ["kli"] = {"Kalumpang"}, ["klj"] = {"Khalaj"}, ["klk"] = {"Kono (Nigeria)"}, ["kll"] = {"Kagan Kalagan"}, ["klm"] = {"Migum"}, ["kln"] = {"Kalenjin"}, ["klo"] = {"Kapya"}, ["klp"] = {"Kamasa"}, ["klq"] = {"Rumu"}, ["klr"] = {"Khaling"}, ["kls"] = {"Kalasha"}, ["klt"] = {"Nukna"}, ["klu"] = {"Klao"}, ["klv"] = {"Maskelynes"}, ["klw"] = {"Tado", "Lindu"}, ["klx"] = {"Koluwawa"}, ["kly"] = {"Kalao"}, ["klz"] = {"Kabola"}, ["kma"] = {"Konni"}, ["kmb"] = {"Kimbundu"}, ["kmc"] = {"Southern Dong"}, ["kmd"] = {"Majukayang Kalinga"}, ["kme"] = {"Bakole"}, ["kmf"] = {"Kare (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["kmg"] = {"Kâte"}, ["kmh"] = {"Kalam"}, ["kmi"] = {"Kami (Nigeria)"}, ["kmj"] = {"Kumarbhag Paharia"}, ["kmk"] = {"Limos Kalinga"}, ["kml"] = {"Tanudan Kalinga"}, ["kmm"] = {"Kom (India)"}, ["kmn"] = {"Awtuw"}, ["kmo"] = {"Kwoma"}, ["kmp"] = {"Gimme"}, ["kmq"] = {"Kwama"}, ["kmr"] = {"Northern Kurdish"}, ["kms"] = {"Kamasau"}, ["kmt"] = {"Kemtuik"}, ["kmu"] = {"Kanite"}, ["kmv"] = {"Karipúna Creole French"}, ["kmw"] = {"Komo (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["kmx"] = {"Waboda"}, ["kmy"] = {"Koma"}, ["kmz"] = {"Khorasani Turkish"}, ["kna"] = {"Dera (Nigeria)"}, ["knb"] = {"Lubuagan Kalinga"}, ["knc"] = {"Central Kanuri"}, ["knd"] = {"Konda"}, ["kne"] = {"Kankanaey"}, ["knf"] = {"Mankanya"}, ["kng"] = {"Koongo"}, ["kni"] = {"Kanufi"}, ["knj"] = {"Western Kanjobal"}, ["knk"] = {"Kuranko"}, ["knl"] = {"Keninjal"}, ["knm"] = {"Kanamarí"}, ["knn"] = {"Konkani (individual language)"}, ["kno"] = {"Kono (Sierra Leone)"}, ["knp"] = {"Kwanja"}, ["knq"] = {"Kintaq"}, ["knr"] = {"Kaningra"}, ["kns"] = {"Kensiu"}, ["knt"] = {"Panoan Katukína"}, ["knu"] = {"Kono (Guinea)"}, ["knv"] = {"Tabo"}, ["knw"] = {"Kung-Ekoka"}, ["knx"] = {"Kendayan", "Salako"}, ["kny"] = {"Kanyok"}, ["knz"] = {"Kalamsé"}, ["koa"] = {"Konomala"}, ["koc"] = {"Kpati"}, ["kod"] = {"Kodi"}, ["koe"] = {"Kacipo-Bale Suri"}, ["kof"] = {"Kubi"}, ["kog"] = {"Cogui", "Kogi"}, ["koh"] = {"Koyo"}, ["koi"] = {"Komi-Permyak"}, ["kok"] = {"Konkani (macrolanguage)"}, ["kol"] = {"Kol (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["koo"] = {"Konzo"}, ["kop"] = {"Waube"}, ["koq"] = {"Kota (Gabon)"}, ["kos"] = {"Kosraean"}, ["kot"] = {"Lagwan"}, ["kou"] = {"Koke"}, ["kov"] = {"Kudu-Camo"}, ["kow"] = {"Kugama"}, ["koy"] = {"Koyukon"}, ["koz"] = {"Korak"}, ["kpa"] = {"Kutto"}, ["kpb"] = {"Mullu Kurumba"}, ["kpc"] = {"Curripaco"}, ["kpd"] = {"Koba"}, ["kpe"] = {"Kpelle"}, ["kpf"] = {"Komba"}, ["kpg"] = {"Kapingamarangi"}, ["kph"] = {"Kplang"}, ["kpi"] = {"Kofei"}, ["kpj"] = {"Karajá"}, ["kpk"] = {"Kpan"}, ["kpl"] = {"Kpala"}, ["kpm"] = {"Koho"}, ["kpn"] = {"Kepkiriwát"}, ["kpo"] = {"Ikposo"}, ["kpq"] = {"Korupun-Sela"}, ["kpr"] = {"Korafe-Yegha"}, ["kps"] = {"Tehit"}, ["kpt"] = {"Karata"}, ["kpu"] = {"Kafoa"}, ["kpv"] = {"Komi-Zyrian"}, ["kpw"] = {"Kobon"}, ["kpx"] = {"Mountain Koiali"}, ["kpy"] = {"Koryak"}, ["kpz"] = {"Kupsabiny"}, ["kqa"] = {"Mum"}, ["kqb"] = {"Kovai"}, ["kqc"] = {"Doromu-Koki"}, ["kqd"] = {"Koy Sanjaq Surat"}, ["kqe"] = {"Kalagan"}, ["kqf"] = {"Kakabai"}, ["kqg"] = {"Khe"}, ["kqh"] = {"Kisankasa"}, ["kqi"] = {"Koitabu"}, ["kqj"] = {"Koromira"}, ["kqk"] = {"Kotafon Gbe"}, ["kql"] = {"Kyenele"}, ["kqm"] = {"Khisa"}, ["kqn"] = {"Kaonde"}, ["kqo"] = {"Eastern Krahn"}, ["kqp"] = {"Kimré"}, ["kqq"] = {"Krenak"}, ["kqr"] = {"Kimaragang"}, ["kqs"] = {"Northern Kissi"}, ["kqt"] = {"Klias River Kadazan"}, ["kqu"] = {"Seroa"}, ["kqv"] = {"Okolod"}, ["kqw"] = {"Kandas"}, ["kqx"] = {"Mser"}, ["kqy"] = {"Koorete"}, ["kqz"] = {"Korana"}, ["kra"] = {"Kumhali"}, ["krb"] = {"Karkin"}, ["krc"] = {"Karachay-Balkar"}, ["krd"] = {"Kairui-Midiki"}, ["kre"] = {"Panará"}, ["krf"] = {"Koro (Vanuatu)"}, ["krh"] = {"Kurama"}, ["kri"] = {"Krio"}, ["krj"] = {"Kinaray-A"}, ["krk"] = {"Kerek"}, ["krl"] = {"Karelian"}, ["krn"] = {"Sapo"}, ["kro"] = {"Kru languages"}, ["krp"] = {"Durop"}, ["krr"] = {"Krung"}, ["krs"] = {"Gbaya (Sudan)"}, ["krt"] = {"Tumari Kanuri"}, ["kru"] = {"Kurukh"}, ["krv"] = {"Kavet"}, ["krw"] = {"Western Krahn"}, ["krx"] = {"Karon"}, ["kry"] = {"Kryts"}, ["krz"] = {"Sota Kanum"}, ["ksb"] = {"Shambala"}, ["ksc"] = {"Southern Kalinga"}, ["ksd"] = {"Kuanua"}, ["kse"] = {"Kuni"}, ["ksf"] = {"Bafia"}, ["ksg"] = {"Kusaghe"}, ["ksh"] = {"Kölsch"}, ["ksi"] = {"Krisa", "I'saka"}, ["ksj"] = {"Uare"}, ["ksk"] = {"Kansa"}, ["ksl"] = {"Kumalu"}, ["ksm"] = {"Kumba"}, ["ksn"] = {"Kasiguranin"}, ["kso"] = {"Kofa"}, ["ksp"] = {"Kaba"}, ["ksq"] = {"Kwaami"}, ["ksr"] = {"Borong"}, ["kss"] = {"Southern Kisi"}, ["kst"] = {"Winyé"}, ["ksu"] = {"Khamyang"}, ["ksv"] = {"Kusu"}, ["ksw"] = {"S'gaw Karen"}, ["ksx"] = {"Kedang"}, ["ksy"] = {"Kharia Thar"}, ["ksz"] = {"Kodaku"}, ["kta"] = {"Katua"}, ["ktb"] = {"Kambaata"}, ["ktc"] = {"Kholok"}, ["ktd"] = {"Kokata", "Kukatha"}, ["kte"] = {"Nubri"}, ["ktf"] = {"Kwami"}, ["ktg"] = {"Kalkutung"}, ["kth"] = {"Karanga"}, ["kti"] = {"North Muyu"}, ["ktj"] = {"Plapo Krumen"}, ["ktk"] = {"Kaniet"}, ["ktl"] = {"Koroshi"}, ["ktm"] = {"Kurti"}, ["ktn"] = {"Karitiâna"}, ["kto"] = {"Kuot"}, ["ktp"] = {"Kaduo"}, ["ktq"] = {"Katabaga"}, ["kts"] = {"South Muyu"}, ["ktt"] = {"Ketum"}, ["ktu"] = {"Kituba (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["ktv"] = {"Eastern Katu"}, ["ktw"] = {"Kato"}, ["ktx"] = {"Kaxararí"}, ["kty"] = {"Kango (Bas-Uélé District)"}, ["ktz"] = {"Juǀʼhoan", "Juǀʼhoansi"}, ["kub"] = {"Kutep"}, ["kuc"] = {"Kwinsu"}, ["kud"] = {"'Auhelawa"}, ["kue"] = {"Kuman (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["kuf"] = {"Western Katu"}, ["kug"] = {"Kupa"}, ["kuh"] = {"Kushi"}, ["kui"] = {"Kuikúro-Kalapálo", "Kalapalo"}, ["kuj"] = {"Kuria"}, ["kuk"] = {"Kepo'"}, ["kul"] = {"Kulere"}, ["kum"] = {"Kumyk"}, ["kun"] = {"Kunama"}, ["kuo"] = {"Kumukio"}, ["kup"] = {"Kunimaipa"}, ["kuq"] = {"Karipuna"}, ["kus"] = {"Kusaal"}, ["kut"] = {"Kutenai"}, ["kuu"] = {"Upper Kuskokwim"}, ["kuv"] = {"Kur"}, ["kuw"] = {"Kpagua"}, ["kux"] = {"Kukatja"}, ["kuy"] = {"Kuuku-Ya'u"}, ["kuz"] = {"Kunza"}, ["kva"] = {"Bagvalal"}, ["kvb"] = {"Kubu"}, ["kvc"] = {"Kove"}, ["kvd"] = {"Kui (Indonesia)"}, ["kve"] = {"Kalabakan"}, ["kvf"] = {"Kabalai"}, ["kvg"] = {"Kuni-Boazi"}, ["kvh"] = {"Komodo"}, ["kvi"] = {"Kwang"}, ["kvj"] = {"Psikye"}, ["kvk"] = {"Korean Sign Language"}, ["kvl"] = {"Kayaw"}, ["kvm"] = {"Kendem"}, ["kvn"] = {"Border Kuna"}, ["kvo"] = {"Dobel"}, ["kvp"] = {"Kompane"}, ["kvq"] = {"Geba Karen"}, ["kvr"] = {"Kerinci"}, ["kvt"] = {"Lahta Karen", "Lahta"}, ["kvu"] = {"Yinbaw Karen"}, ["kvv"] = {"Kola"}, ["kvw"] = {"Wersing"}, ["kvx"] = {"Parkari Koli"}, ["kvy"] = {"Yintale Karen", "Yintale"}, ["kvz"] = {"Tsakwambo", "Tsaukambo"}, ["kwa"] = {"Dâw"}, ["kwb"] = {"Kwa"}, ["kwc"] = {"Likwala"}, ["kwd"] = {"Kwaio"}, ["kwe"] = {"Kwerba"}, ["kwf"] = {"Kwara'ae"}, ["kwg"] = {"Sara Kaba Deme"}, ["kwh"] = {"Kowiai"}, ["kwi"] = {"Awa-Cuaiquer"}, ["kwj"] = {"Kwanga"}, ["kwk"] = {"Kwak'wala", "Kwakiutl"}, ["kwl"] = {"Kofyar"}, ["kwm"] = {"Kwambi"}, ["kwn"] = {"Kwangali"}, ["kwo"] = {"Kwomtari"}, ["kwp"] = {"Kodia"}, ["kwr"] = {"Kwer"}, ["kws"] = {"Kwese"}, ["kwt"] = {"Kwesten"}, ["kwu"] = {"Kwakum"}, ["kwv"] = {"Sara Kaba Náà"}, ["kww"] = {"Kwinti"}, ["kwx"] = {"Khirwar"}, ["kwy"] = {"San Salvador Kongo"}, ["kwz"] = {"Kwadi"}, ["kxa"] = {"Kairiru"}, ["kxb"] = {"Krobu"}, ["kxc"] = {"Konso", "Khonso"}, ["kxd"] = {"Brunei"}, ["kxf"] = {"Manumanaw Karen", "Manumanaw"}, ["kxh"] = {"Karo (Ethiopia)"}, ["kxi"] = {"Keningau Murut"}, ["kxj"] = {"Kulfa"}, ["kxk"] = {"Zayein Karen"}, ["kxm"] = {"Northern Khmer"}, ["kxn"] = {"Kanowit-Tanjong Melanau"}, ["kxo"] = {"Kanoé"}, ["kxp"] = {"Wadiyara Koli"}, ["kxq"] = {"Smärky Kanum"}, ["kxr"] = {"Koro (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["kxs"] = {"Kangjia"}, ["kxt"] = {"Koiwat"}, ["kxv"] = {"Kuvi"}, ["kxw"] = {"Konai"}, ["kxx"] = {"Likuba"}, ["kxy"] = {"Kayong"}, ["kxz"] = {"Kerewo"}, ["kya"] = {"Kwaya"}, ["kyb"] = {"Butbut Kalinga"}, ["kyc"] = {"Kyaka"}, ["kyd"] = {"Karey"}, ["kye"] = {"Krache"}, ["kyf"] = {"Kouya"}, ["kyg"] = {"Keyagana"}, ["kyh"] = {"Karok"}, ["kyi"] = {"Kiput"}, ["kyj"] = {"Karao"}, ["kyk"] = {"Kamayo"}, ["kyl"] = {"Kalapuya"}, ["kym"] = {"Kpatili"}, ["kyn"] = {"Northern Binukidnon"}, ["kyo"] = {"Kelon"}, ["kyp"] = {"Kang"}, ["kyq"] = {"Kenga"}, ["kyr"] = {"Kuruáya"}, ["kys"] = {"Baram Kayan"}, ["kyt"] = {"Kayagar"}, ["kyu"] = {"Western Kayah"}, ["kyv"] = {"Kayort"}, ["kyw"] = {"Kudmali"}, ["kyx"] = {"Rapoisi"}, ["kyy"] = {"Kambaira"}, ["kyz"] = {"Kayabí"}, ["kza"] = {"Western Karaboro"}, ["kzb"] = {"Kaibobo"}, ["kzc"] = {"Bondoukou Kulango"}, ["kzd"] = {"Kadai"}, ["kze"] = {"Kosena"}, ["kzf"] = {"Da'a Kaili"}, ["kzg"] = {"Kikai"}, ["kzi"] = {"Kelabit"}, ["kzk"] = {"Kazukuru"}, ["kzl"] = {"Kayeli"}, ["kzm"] = {"Kais"}, ["kzn"] = {"Kokola"}, ["kzo"] = {"Kaningi"}, ["kzp"] = {"Kaidipang"}, ["kzq"] = {"Kaike"}, ["kzr"] = {"Karang"}, ["kzs"] = {"Sugut Dusun"}, ["kzu"] = {"Kayupulau"}, ["kzv"] = {"Komyandaret"}, ["kzw"] = {"Karirí-Xocó"}, ["kzx"] = {"Kamarian"}, ["kzy"] = {"Kango (Tshopo District)"}, ["kzz"] = {"Kalabra"}, ["laa"] = {"Southern Subanen"}, ["lab"] = {"Linear A"}, ["lac"] = {"Lacandon"}, ["lad"] = {"Ladino"}, ["lae"] = {"Pattani"}, ["laf"] = {"Lafofa"}, ["lag"] = {"Rangi"}, ["lah"] = {"Lahnda"}, ["lai"] = {"Lambya"}, ["laj"] = {"Lango (Uganda)"}, ["lal"] = {"Lalia"}, ["lam"] = {"Lamba"}, ["lan"] = {"Laru"}, ["lap"] = {"Laka (Chad)"}, ["laq"] = {"Qabiao"}, ["lar"] = {"Larteh"}, ["las"] = {"Lama (Togo)"}, ["lau"] = {"Laba"}, ["law"] = {"Lauje"}, ["lax"] = {"Tiwa"}, ["lay"] = {"Lama Bai"}, ["laz"] = {"Aribwatsa"}, ["lbb"] = {"Label"}, ["lbc"] = {"Lakkia"}, ["lbe"] = {"Lak"}, ["lbf"] = {"Tinani"}, ["lbg"] = {"Laopang"}, ["lbi"] = {"La'bi"}, ["lbj"] = {"Ladakhi"}, ["lbk"] = {"Central Bontok"}, ["lbl"] = {"Libon Bikol"}, ["lbm"] = {"Lodhi"}, ["lbn"] = {"Rmeet"}, ["lbo"] = {"Laven"}, ["lbq"] = {"Wampar"}, ["lbr"] = {"Lohorung"}, ["lbs"] = {"Libyan Sign Language"}, ["lbt"] = {"Lachi"}, ["lbu"] = {"Labu"}, ["lbv"] = {"Lavatbura-Lamusong"}, ["lbw"] = {"Tolaki"}, ["lbx"] = {"Lawangan"}, ["lby"] = {"Lamalama", "Lamu-Lamu"}, ["lbz"] = {"Lardil"}, ["lcc"] = {"Legenyem"}, ["lcd"] = {"Lola"}, ["lce"] = {"Loncong", "Sekak"}, ["lcf"] = {"Lubu"}, ["lch"] = {"Luchazi"}, ["lcl"] = {"Lisela"}, ["lcm"] = {"Tungag"}, ["lcp"] = {"Western Lawa"}, ["lcq"] = {"Luhu"}, ["lcs"] = {"Lisabata-Nuniali"}, ["lda"] = {"Kla-Dan"}, ["ldb"] = {"Dũya"}, ["ldd"] = {"Luri"}, ["ldg"] = {"Lenyima"}, ["ldh"] = {"Lamja-Dengsa-Tola"}, ["ldi"] = {"Laari"}, ["ldj"] = {"Lemoro"}, ["ldk"] = {"Leelau"}, ["ldl"] = {"Kaan"}, ["ldm"] = {"Landoma"}, ["ldn"] = {"Láadan"}, ["ldo"] = {"Loo"}, ["ldp"] = {"Tso"}, ["ldq"] = {"Lufu"}, ["lea"] = {"Lega-Shabunda"}, ["leb"] = {"Lala-Bisa"}, ["lec"] = {"Leco"}, ["led"] = {"Lendu"}, ["lee"] = {"Lyélé"}, ["lef"] = {"Lelemi"}, ["leh"] = {"Lenje"}, ["lei"] = {"Lemio"}, ["lej"] = {"Lengola"}, ["lek"] = {"Leipon"}, ["lel"] = {"Lele (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["lem"] = {"Nomaande"}, ["len"] = {"Lenca"}, ["leo"] = {"Leti (Cameroon)"}, ["lep"] = {"Lepcha"}, ["leq"] = {"Lembena"}, ["ler"] = {"Lenkau"}, ["les"] = {"Lese"}, ["let"] = {"Lesing-Gelimi", "Amio-Gelimi"}, ["leu"] = {"Kara (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["lev"] = {"Lamma"}, ["lew"] = {"Ledo Kaili"}, ["lex"] = {"Luang"}, ["ley"] = {"Lemolang"}, ["lez"] = {"Lezghian"}, ["lfa"] = {"Lefa"}, ["lfb"] = {"Buu (Cameroon)"}, ["lfn"] = {"Lingua Franca Nova"}, ["lga"] = {"Lungga"}, ["lgb"] = {"Laghu"}, ["lgg"] = {"Lugbara"}, ["lgh"] = {"Laghuu"}, ["lgi"] = {"Lengilu"}, ["lgk"] = {"Lingarak", "Neverver"}, ["lgl"] = {"Wala"}, ["lgm"] = {"Lega-Mwenga"}, ["lgn"] = {"T'apo", "Opuuo"}, ["lgo"] = {"Lango (South Sudan)"}, ["lgq"] = {"Logba"}, ["lgr"] = {"Lengo"}, ["lgs"] = {"Guinea-Bissau Sign Language", "Língua Gestual Guineense"}, ["lgt"] = {"Pahi"}, ["lgu"] = {"Longgu"}, ["lgz"] = {"Ligenza"}, ["lha"] = {"Laha (Viet Nam)"}, ["lhh"] = {"Laha (Indonesia)"}, ["lhi"] = {"Lahu Shi"}, ["lhl"] = {"Lahul Lohar"}, ["lhm"] = {"Lhomi"}, ["lhn"] = {"Lahanan"}, ["lhp"] = {"Lhokpu"}, ["lhs"] = {"Mlahsö"}, ["lht"] = {"Lo-Toga"}, ["lhu"] = {"Lahu"}, ["lia"] = {"West-Central Limba"}, ["lib"] = {"Likum"}, ["lic"] = {"Hlai"}, ["lid"] = {"Nyindrou"}, ["lie"] = {"Likila"}, ["lif"] = {"Limbu"}, ["lig"] = {"Ligbi"}, ["lih"] = {"Lihir"}, ["lij"] = {"Ligurian"}, ["lik"] = {"Lika"}, ["lil"] = {"Lillooet"}, ["lio"] = {"Liki"}, ["lip"] = {"Sekpele"}, ["liq"] = {"Libido"}, ["lir"] = {"Liberian English"}, ["lis"] = {"Lisu"}, ["liu"] = {"Logorik"}, ["liv"] = {"Liv"}, ["liw"] = {"Col"}, ["lix"] = {"Liabuku"}, ["liy"] = {"Banda-Bambari"}, ["liz"] = {"Libinza"}, ["lja"] = {"Golpa"}, ["lje"] = {"Rampi"}, ["lji"] = {"Laiyolo"}, ["ljl"] = {"Li'o"}, ["ljp"] = {"Lampung Api"}, ["ljw"] = {"Yirandali"}, ["ljx"] = {"Yuru"}, ["lka"] = {"Lakalei"}, ["lkb"] = {"Kabras", "Lukabaras"}, ["lkc"] = {"Kucong"}, ["lkd"] = {"Lakondê"}, ["lke"] = {"Kenyi"}, ["lkh"] = {"Lakha"}, ["lki"] = {"Laki"}, ["lkj"] = {"Remun"}, ["lkl"] = {"Laeko-Libuat"}, ["lkm"] = {"Kalaamaya"}, ["lkn"] = {"Lakon", "Vure"}, ["lko"] = {"Khayo", "Olukhayo"}, ["lkr"] = {"Päri"}, ["lks"] = {"Kisa", "Olushisa"}, ["lkt"] = {"Lakota"}, ["lku"] = {"Kungkari"}, ["lky"] = {"Lokoya"}, ["lla"] = {"Lala-Roba"}, ["llb"] = {"Lolo"}, ["llc"] = {"Lele (Guinea)"}, ["lld"] = {"Ladin"}, ["lle"] = {"Lele (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["llf"] = {"Hermit"}, ["llg"] = {"Lole"}, ["llh"] = {"Lamu"}, ["lli"] = {"Teke-Laali"}, ["llj"] = {"Ladji Ladji"}, ["llk"] = {"Lelak"}, ["lll"] = {"Lilau"}, ["llm"] = {"Lasalimu"}, ["lln"] = {"Lele (Chad)"}, ["llp"] = {"North Efate"}, ["llq"] = {"Lolak"}, ["lls"] = {"Lithuanian Sign Language"}, ["llu"] = {"Lau"}, ["llx"] = {"Lauan"}, ["lma"] = {"East Limba"}, ["lmb"] = {"Merei"}, ["lmc"] = {"Limilngan"}, ["lmd"] = {"Lumun"}, ["lme"] = {"Pévé"}, ["lmf"] = {"South Lembata"}, ["lmg"] = {"Lamogai"}, ["lmh"] = {"Lambichhong"}, ["lmi"] = {"Lombi"}, ["lmj"] = {"West Lembata"}, ["lmk"] = {"Lamkang"}, ["lml"] = {"Hano"}, ["lmn"] = {"Lambadi"}, ["lmo"] = {"Lombard"}, ["lmp"] = {"Limbum"}, ["lmq"] = {"Lamatuka"}, ["lmr"] = {"Lamalera"}, ["lmu"] = {"Lamenu"}, ["lmv"] = {"Lomaiviti"}, ["lmw"] = {"Lake Miwok"}, ["lmx"] = {"Laimbue"}, ["lmy"] = {"Lamboya"}, ["lna"] = {"Langbashe"}, ["lnb"] = {"Mbalanhu"}, ["lnd"] = {"Lundayeh", "Lun Bawang"}, ["lng"] = {"Langobardic"}, ["lnh"] = {"Lanoh"}, ["lni"] = {"Daantanai'"}, ["lnj"] = {"Leningitij"}, ["lnl"] = {"South Central Banda"}, ["lnm"] = {"Langam"}, ["lnn"] = {"Lorediakarkar"}, ["lns"] = {"Lamnso'"}, ["lnu"] = {"Longuda"}, ["lnw"] = {"Lanima"}, ["lnz"] = {"Lonzo"}, ["loa"] = {"Loloda"}, ["lob"] = {"Lobi"}, ["loc"] = {"Inonhan"}, ["loe"] = {"Saluan"}, ["lof"] = {"Logol"}, ["log"] = {"Logo"}, ["loh"] = {"Laarim", "Narim"}, ["loi"] = {"Loma (Côte d'Ivoire)"}, ["loj"] = {"Lou"}, ["lok"] = {"Loko"}, ["lol"] = {"Mongo"}, ["lom"] = {"Loma (Liberia)"}, ["lon"] = {"Malawi Lomwe"}, ["loo"] = {"Lombo"}, ["lop"] = {"Lopa"}, ["loq"] = {"Lobala"}, ["lor"] = {"Téén"}, ["los"] = {"Loniu"}, ["lot"] = {"Otuho"}, ["lou"] = {"Louisiana Creole"}, ["lov"] = {"Lopi"}, ["low"] = {"Tampias Lobu"}, ["lox"] = {"Loun"}, ["loy"] = {"Loke"}, ["loz"] = {"Lozi"}, ["lpa"] = {"Lelepa"}, ["lpe"] = {"Lepki"}, ["lpn"] = {"Long Phuri Naga"}, ["lpo"] = {"Lipo"}, ["lpx"] = {"Lopit"}, ["lqr"] = {"Logir"}, ["lra"] = {"Rara Bakati'"}, ["lrc"] = {"Northern Luri"}, ["lre"] = {"Laurentian"}, ["lrg"] = {"Laragia"}, ["lri"] = {"Marachi", "Olumarachi"}, ["lrk"] = {"Loarki"}, ["lrl"] = {"Lari"}, ["lrm"] = {"Marama", "Olumarama"}, ["lrn"] = {"Lorang"}, ["lro"] = {"Laro"}, ["lrr"] = {"Southern Yamphu"}, ["lrt"] = {"Larantuka Malay"}, ["lrv"] = {"Larevat"}, ["lrz"] = {"Lemerig"}, ["lsa"] = {"Lasgerdi"}, ["lsb"] = {"Burundian Sign Language", "Langue des Signes Burundaise"}, ["lsc"] = {"Albarradas Sign Language", "Lengua de señas Albarradas"}, ["lsd"] = {"Lishana Deni"}, ["lse"] = {"Lusengo"}, ["lsh"] = {"Lish"}, ["lsi"] = {"Lashi"}, ["lsl"] = {"Latvian Sign Language"}, ["lsm"] = {"Saamia", "Olusamia"}, ["lsn"] = {"Tibetan Sign Language"}, ["lso"] = {"Laos Sign Language"}, ["lsp"] = {"Panamanian Sign Language", "Lengua de Señas Panameñas"}, ["lsr"] = {"Aruop"}, ["lss"] = {"Lasi"}, ["lst"] = {"Trinidad and Tobago Sign Language"}, ["lsv"] = {"Sivia Sign Language"}, ["lsw"] = {"Seychelles Sign Language", "Lalang Siny Seselwa", "Langue des Signes Seychelloise"}, ["lsy"] = {"Mauritian Sign Language"}, ["ltc"] = {"Late Middle Chinese"}, ["ltg"] = {"Latgalian"}, ["lth"] = {"Thur"}, ["lti"] = {"Leti (Indonesia)"}, ["ltn"] = {"Latundê"}, ["lto"] = {"Tsotso", "Olutsotso"}, ["lts"] = {"Tachoni", "Lutachoni"}, ["ltu"] = {"Latu"}, ["lua"] = {"Luba-Lulua"}, ["luc"] = {"Aringa"}, ["lud"] = {"Ludian"}, ["lue"] = {"Luvale"}, ["luf"] = {"Laua"}, ["luh"] = {"Leizhou Chinese"}, ["lui"] = {"Luiseño"}, ["luj"] = {"Luna"}, ["luk"] = {"Lunanakha"}, ["lul"] = {"Olu'bo"}, ["lum"] = {"Luimbi"}, ["lun"] = {"Lunda"}, ["luo"] = {"Luo (Kenya and Tanzania)", "Dholuo"}, ["lup"] = {"Lumbu"}, ["luq"] = {"Lucumi"}, ["lur"] = {"Laura"}, ["lus"] = {"Lushai"}, ["lut"] = {"Lushootseed"}, ["luu"] = {"Lumba-Yakkha"}, ["luv"] = {"Luwati"}, ["luw"] = {"Luo (Cameroon)"}, ["luy"] = {"Luyia", "Oluluyia"}, ["luz"] = {"Southern Luri"}, ["lva"] = {"Maku'a"}, ["lvi"] = {"Lavi"}, ["lvk"] = {"Lavukaleve"}, ["lvl"] = {"Lwel"}, ["lvs"] = {"Standard Latvian"}, ["lvu"] = {"Levuka"}, ["lwa"] = {"Lwalu"}, ["lwe"] = {"Lewo Eleng"}, ["lwg"] = {"Wanga", "Oluwanga"}, ["lwh"] = {"White Lachi"}, ["lwl"] = {"Eastern Lawa"}, ["lwm"] = {"Laomian"}, ["lwo"] = {"Luwo"}, ["lws"] = {"Malawian Sign Language"}, ["lwt"] = {"Lewotobi"}, ["lwu"] = {"Lawu"}, ["lww"] = {"Lewo"}, ["lxm"] = {"Lakurumau"}, ["lya"] = {"Layakha"}, ["lyg"] = {"Lyngngam"}, ["lyn"] = {"Luyana"}, ["lzh"] = {"Literary Chinese"}, ["lzl"] = {"Litzlitz"}, ["lzn"] = {"Leinong Naga"}, ["lzz"] = {"Laz"}, ["maa"] = {"San Jerónimo Tecóatl Mazatec"}, ["mab"] = {"Yutanduchi Mixtec"}, ["mad"] = {"Madurese"}, ["mae"] = {"Bo-Rukul"}, ["maf"] = {"Mafa"}, ["mag"] = {"Magahi"}, ["mai"] = {"Maithili"}, ["maj"] = {"Jalapa De Díaz Mazatec"}, ["mak"] = {"Makasar"}, ["mam"] = {"Mam"}, ["man"] = {"Mandingo", "Manding"}, ["map"] = {"Austronesian languages"}, ["maq"] = {"Chiquihuitlán Mazatec"}, ["mas"] = {"Masai"}, ["mat"] = {"San Francisco Matlatzinca"}, ["mau"] = {"Huautla Mazatec"}, ["mav"] = {"Sateré-Mawé"}, ["maw"] = {"Mampruli"}, ["max"] = {"North Moluccan Malay"}, ["maz"] = {"Central Mazahua"}, ["mba"] = {"Higaonon"}, ["mbb"] = {"Western Bukidnon Manobo"}, ["mbc"] = {"Macushi"}, ["mbd"] = {"Dibabawon Manobo"}, ["mbe"] = {"Molale"}, ["mbf"] = {"Baba Malay"}, ["mbh"] = {"Mangseng"}, ["mbi"] = {"Ilianen Manobo"}, ["mbj"] = {"Nadëb"}, ["mbk"] = {"Malol"}, ["mbl"] = {"Maxakalí"}, ["mbm"] = {"Ombamba"}, ["mbn"] = {"Macaguán"}, ["mbo"] = {"Mbo (Cameroon)"}, ["mbp"] = {"Malayo"}, ["mbq"] = {"Maisin"}, ["mbr"] = {"Nukak Makú"}, ["mbs"] = {"Sarangani Manobo"}, ["mbt"] = {"Matigsalug Manobo"}, ["mbu"] = {"Mbula-Bwazza"}, ["mbv"] = {"Mbulungish"}, ["mbw"] = {"Maring"}, ["mbx"] = {"Mari (East Sepik Province)"}, ["mby"] = {"Memoni"}, ["mbz"] = {"Amoltepec Mixtec"}, ["mca"] = {"Maca"}, ["mcb"] = {"Machiguenga"}, ["mcc"] = {"Bitur"}, ["mcd"] = {"Sharanahua"}, ["mce"] = {"Itundujia Mixtec"}, ["mcf"] = {"Matsés"}, ["mcg"] = {"Mapoyo"}, ["mch"] = {"Maquiritari"}, ["mci"] = {"Mese"}, ["mcj"] = {"Mvanip"}, ["mck"] = {"Mbunda"}, ["mcl"] = {"Macaguaje"}, ["mcm"] = {"Malaccan Creole Portuguese"}, ["mcn"] = {"Masana"}, ["mco"] = {"Coatlán Mixe"}, ["mcp"] = {"Makaa"}, ["mcq"] = {"Ese"}, ["mcr"] = {"Menya"}, ["mcs"] = {"Mambai"}, ["mct"] = {"Mengisa"}, ["mcu"] = {"Cameroon Mambila"}, ["mcv"] = {"Minanibai"}, ["mcw"] = {"Mawa (Chad)"}, ["mcx"] = {"Mpiemo"}, ["mcy"] = {"South Watut"}, ["mcz"] = {"Mawan"}, ["mda"] = {"Mada (Nigeria)"}, ["mdb"] = {"Morigi"}, ["mdc"] = {"Male (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["mdd"] = {"Mbum"}, ["mde"] = {"Maba (Chad)"}, ["mdf"] = {"Moksha"}, ["mdg"] = {"Massalat"}, ["mdh"] = {"Maguindanaon"}, ["mdi"] = {"Mamvu"}, ["mdj"] = {"Mangbetu"}, ["mdk"] = {"Mangbutu"}, ["mdl"] = {"Maltese Sign Language"}, ["mdm"] = {"Mayogo"}, ["mdn"] = {"Mbati"}, ["mdp"] = {"Mbala"}, ["mdq"] = {"Mbole"}, ["mdr"] = {"Mandar"}, ["mds"] = {"Maria (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["mdt"] = {"Mbere"}, ["mdu"] = {"Mboko"}, ["mdv"] = {"Santa Lucía Monteverde Mixtec"}, ["mdw"] = {"Mbosi"}, ["mdx"] = {"Dizin"}, ["mdy"] = {"Male (Ethiopia)"}, ["mdz"] = {"Suruí Do Pará"}, ["mea"] = {"Menka"}, ["meb"] = {"Ikobi"}, ["mec"] = {"Marra"}, ["med"] = {"Melpa"}, ["mee"] = {"Mengen"}, ["mef"] = {"Megam"}, ["meh"] = {"Southwestern Tlaxiaco Mixtec"}, ["mei"] = {"Midob"}, ["mej"] = {"Meyah"}, ["mek"] = {"Mekeo"}, ["mel"] = {"Central Melanau"}, ["mem"] = {"Mangala"}, ["men"] = {"Mende (Sierra Leone)"}, ["meo"] = {"Kedah Malay"}, ["mep"] = {"Miriwoong"}, ["meq"] = {"Merey"}, ["mer"] = {"Meru"}, ["mes"] = {"Masmaje"}, ["met"] = {"Mato"}, ["meu"] = {"Motu"}, ["mev"] = {"Mano"}, ["mew"] = {"Maaka"}, ["mey"] = {"Hassaniyya"}, ["mez"] = {"Menominee"}, ["mfa"] = {"Pattani Malay"}, ["mfb"] = {"Bangka"}, ["mfc"] = {"Mba"}, ["mfd"] = {"Mendankwe-Nkwen"}, ["mfe"] = {"Morisyen"}, ["mff"] = {"Naki"}, ["mfg"] = {"Mogofin"}, ["mfh"] = {"Matal"}, ["mfi"] = {"Wandala"}, ["mfj"] = {"Mefele"}, ["mfk"] = {"North Mofu"}, ["mfl"] = {"Putai"}, ["mfm"] = {"Marghi South"}, ["mfn"] = {"Cross River Mbembe"}, ["mfo"] = {"Mbe"}, ["mfp"] = {"Makassar Malay"}, ["mfq"] = {"Moba"}, ["mfr"] = {"Marrithiyel"}, ["mfs"] = {"Mexican Sign Language"}, ["mft"] = {"Mokerang"}, ["mfu"] = {"Mbwela"}, ["mfv"] = {"Mandjak"}, ["mfw"] = {"Mulaha"}, ["mfx"] = {"Melo"}, ["mfy"] = {"Mayo"}, ["mfz"] = {"Mabaan"}, ["mga"] = {"Middle Irish (900-1200)"}, ["mgb"] = {"Mararit"}, ["mgc"] = {"Morokodo"}, ["mgd"] = {"Moru"}, ["mge"] = {"Mango"}, ["mgf"] = {"Maklew"}, ["mgg"] = {"Mpumpong"}, ["mgh"] = {"Makhuwa-Meetto"}, ["mgi"] = {"Lijili"}, ["mgj"] = {"Abureni"}, ["mgk"] = {"Mawes"}, ["mgl"] = {"Maleu-Kilenge"}, ["mgm"] = {"Mambae"}, ["mgn"] = {"Mbangi"}, ["mgo"] = {"Meta'"}, ["mgp"] = {"Eastern Magar"}, ["mgq"] = {"Malila"}, ["mgr"] = {"Mambwe-Lungu"}, ["mgs"] = {"Manda (Tanzania)"}, ["mgt"] = {"Mongol"}, ["mgu"] = {"Mailu"}, ["mgv"] = {"Matengo"}, ["mgw"] = {"Matumbi"}, ["mgy"] = {"Mbunga"}, ["mgz"] = {"Mbugwe"}, ["mha"] = {"Manda (India)"}, ["mhb"] = {"Mahongwe"}, ["mhc"] = {"Mocho"}, ["mhd"] = {"Mbugu"}, ["mhe"] = {"Besisi", "Mah Meri"}, ["mhf"] = {"Mamaa"}, ["mhg"] = {"Margu"}, ["mhi"] = {"Ma'di"}, ["mhj"] = {"Mogholi"}, ["mhk"] = {"Mungaka"}, ["mhl"] = {"Mauwake"}, ["mhm"] = {"Makhuwa-Moniga"}, ["mhn"] = {"Mòcheno"}, ["mho"] = {"Mashi (Zambia)"}, ["mhp"] = {"Balinese Malay"}, ["mhq"] = {"Mandan"}, ["mhr"] = {"Eastern Mari"}, ["mhs"] = {"Buru (Indonesia)"}, ["mht"] = {"Mandahuaca"}, ["mhu"] = {"Digaro-Mishmi", "Darang Deng"}, ["mhw"] = {"Mbukushu"}, ["mhx"] = {"Maru", "Lhaovo"}, ["mhy"] = {"Ma'anyan"}, ["mhz"] = {"Mor (Mor Islands)"}, ["mia"] = {"Miami"}, ["mib"] = {"Atatláhuca Mixtec"}, ["mic"] = {"Mi'kmaq", "Micmac"}, ["mid"] = {"Mandaic"}, ["mie"] = {"Ocotepec Mixtec"}, ["mif"] = {"Mofu-Gudur"}, ["mig"] = {"San Miguel El Grande Mixtec"}, ["mih"] = {"Chayuco Mixtec"}, ["mii"] = {"Chigmecatitlán Mixtec"}, ["mij"] = {"Abar", "Mungbam"}, ["mik"] = {"Mikasuki"}, ["mil"] = {"Peñoles Mixtec"}, ["mim"] = {"Alacatlatzala Mixtec"}, ["min"] = {"Minangkabau"}, ["mio"] = {"Pinotepa Nacional Mixtec"}, ["mip"] = {"Apasco-Apoala Mixtec"}, ["miq"] = {"Mískito"}, ["mir"] = {"Isthmus Mixe"}, ["mis"] = {"Uncoded languages"}, ["mit"] = {"Southern Puebla Mixtec"}, ["miu"] = {"Cacaloxtepec Mixtec"}, ["miw"] = {"Akoye"}, ["mix"] = {"Mixtepec Mixtec"}, ["miy"] = {"Ayutla Mixtec"}, ["miz"] = {"Coatzospan Mixtec"}, ["mjb"] = {"Makalero"}, ["mjc"] = {"San Juan Colorado Mixtec"}, ["mjd"] = {"Northwest Maidu"}, ["mje"] = {"Muskum"}, ["mjg"] = {"Tu"}, ["mjh"] = {"Mwera (Nyasa)"}, ["mji"] = {"Kim Mun"}, ["mjj"] = {"Mawak"}, ["mjk"] = {"Matukar"}, ["mjl"] = {"Mandeali"}, ["mjm"] = {"Medebur"}, ["mjn"] = {"Ma (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["mjo"] = {"Malankuravan"}, ["mjp"] = {"Malapandaram"}, ["mjq"] = {"Malaryan"}, ["mjr"] = {"Malavedan"}, ["mjs"] = {"Miship"}, ["mjt"] = {"Sauria Paharia"}, ["mju"] = {"Manna-Dora"}, ["mjv"] = {"Mannan"}, ["mjw"] = {"Karbi"}, ["mjx"] = {"Mahali"}, ["mjy"] = {"Mahican"}, ["mjz"] = {"Majhi"}, ["mka"] = {"Mbre"}, ["mkb"] = {"Mal Paharia"}, ["mkc"] = {"Siliput"}, ["mke"] = {"Mawchi"}, ["mkf"] = {"Miya"}, ["mkg"] = {"Mak (China)"}, ["mkh"] = {"Mon-Khmer languages"}, ["mki"] = {"Dhatki"}, ["mkj"] = {"Mokilese"}, ["mkk"] = {"Byep"}, ["mkl"] = {"Mokole"}, ["mkm"] = {"Moklen"}, ["mkn"] = {"Kupang Malay"}, ["mko"] = {"Mingang Doso"}, ["mkp"] = {"Moikodi"}, ["mkq"] = {"Bay Miwok"}, ["mkr"] = {"Malas"}, ["mks"] = {"Silacayoapan Mixtec"}, ["mkt"] = {"Vamale"}, ["mku"] = {"Konyanka Maninka"}, ["mkv"] = {"Mafea"}, ["mkw"] = {"Kituba (Congo)"}, ["mkx"] = {"Kinamiging Manobo"}, ["mky"] = {"East Makian"}, ["mkz"] = {"Makasae"}, ["mla"] = {"Malo"}, ["mlb"] = {"Mbule"}, ["mlc"] = {"Cao Lan"}, ["mle"] = {"Manambu"}, ["mlf"] = {"Mal"}, ["mlh"] = {"Mape"}, ["mli"] = {"Malimpung"}, ["mlj"] = {"Miltu"}, ["mlk"] = {"Ilwana", "Kiwilwana"}, ["mll"] = {"Malua Bay"}, ["mlm"] = {"Mulam"}, ["mln"] = {"Malango"}, ["mlo"] = {"Mlomp"}, ["mlp"] = {"Bargam"}, ["mlq"] = {"Western Maninkakan"}, ["mlr"] = {"Vame"}, ["mls"] = {"Masalit"}, ["mlu"] = {"To'abaita"}, ["mlv"] = {"Motlav", "Mwotlap"}, ["mlw"] = {"Moloko"}, ["mlx"] = {"Malfaxal", "Naha'ai"}, ["mlz"] = {"Malaynon"}, ["mma"] = {"Mama"}, ["mmb"] = {"Momina"}, ["mmc"] = {"Michoacán Mazahua"}, ["mmd"] = {"Maonan"}, ["mme"] = {"Mae"}, ["mmf"] = {"Mundat"}, ["mmg"] = {"North Ambrym"}, ["mmh"] = {"Mehináku"}, ["mmi"] = {"Hember Avu", "Amben", "Musar"}, ["mmj"] = {"Majhwar"}, ["mmk"] = {"Mukha-Dora"}, ["mml"] = {"Man Met"}, ["mmm"] = {"Maii"}, ["mmn"] = {"Mamanwa"}, ["mmo"] = {"Mangga Buang"}, ["mmp"] = {"Siawi"}, ["mmq"] = {"Musak"}, ["mmr"] = {"Western Xiangxi Miao"}, ["mmt"] = {"Malalamai"}, ["mmu"] = {"Mmaala"}, ["mmv"] = {"Miriti"}, ["mmw"] = {"Emae"}, ["mmx"] = {"Madak"}, ["mmy"] = {"Migaama"}, ["mmz"] = {"Mabaale"}, ["mna"] = {"Mbula"}, ["mnb"] = {"Muna"}, ["mnc"] = {"Manchu"}, ["mnd"] = {"Mondé"}, ["mne"] = {"Naba"}, ["mnf"] = {"Mundani"}, ["mng"] = {"Eastern Mnong"}, ["mnh"] = {"Mono (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["mni"] = {"Manipuri"}, ["mnj"] = {"Munji"}, ["mnk"] = {"Mandinka"}, ["mnl"] = {"Tiale"}, ["mnm"] = {"Mapena"}, ["mnn"] = {"Southern Mnong"}, ["mno"] = {"Manobo languages"}, ["mnp"] = {"Min Bei Chinese"}, ["mnq"] = {"Minriq"}, ["mnr"] = {"Mono (USA)"}, ["mns"] = {"Mansi"}, ["mnu"] = {"Mer"}, ["mnv"] = {"Rennell-Bellona"}, ["mnw"] = {"Mon"}, ["mnx"] = {"Manikion"}, ["mny"] = {"Manyawa"}, ["mnz"] = {"Moni"}, ["moa"] = {"Mwan"}, ["moc"] = {"Mocoví"}, ["mod"] = {"Mobilian"}, ["moe"] = {"Innu", "Montagnais"}, ["mog"] = {"Mongondow"}, ["moh"] = {"Mohawk"}, ["moi"] = {"Mboi"}, ["moj"] = {"Monzombo"}, ["mok"] = {"Morori"}, ["mom"] = {"Mangue"}, ["moo"] = {"Monom"}, ["mop"] = {"Mopán Maya"}, ["moq"] = {"Mor (Bomberai Peninsula)"}, ["mor"] = {"Moro"}, ["mos"] = {"Mossi"}, ["mot"] = {"Barí"}, ["mou"] = {"Mogum"}, ["mov"] = {"Mohave"}, ["mow"] = {"Moi (Congo)"}, ["mox"] = {"Molima"}, ["moy"] = {"Shekkacho"}, ["moz"] = {"Mukulu", "Gergiko"}, ["mpa"] = {"Mpoto"}, ["mpb"] = {"Malak Malak", "Mullukmulluk"}, ["mpc"] = {"Mangarrayi"}, ["mpd"] = {"Machinere"}, ["mpe"] = {"Majang"}, ["mpg"] = {"Marba"}, ["mph"] = {"Maung"}, ["mpi"] = {"Mpade"}, ["mpj"] = {"Martu Wangka", "Wangkajunga"}, ["mpk"] = {"Mbara (Chad)"}, ["mpl"] = {"Middle Watut"}, ["mpm"] = {"Yosondúa Mixtec"}, ["mpn"] = {"Mindiri"}, ["mpo"] = {"Miu"}, ["mpp"] = {"Migabac"}, ["mpq"] = {"Matís"}, ["mpr"] = {"Vangunu"}, ["mps"] = {"Dadibi"}, ["mpt"] = {"Mian"}, ["mpu"] = {"Makuráp"}, ["mpv"] = {"Mungkip"}, ["mpw"] = {"Mapidian"}, ["mpx"] = {"Misima-Panaeati"}, ["mpy"] = {"Mapia"}, ["mpz"] = {"Mpi"}, ["mqa"] = {"Maba (Indonesia)"}, ["mqb"] = {"Mbuko"}, ["mqc"] = {"Mangole"}, ["mqe"] = {"Matepi"}, ["mqf"] = {"Momuna"}, ["mqg"] = {"Kota Bangun Kutai Malay"}, ["mqh"] = {"Tlazoyaltepec Mixtec"}, ["mqi"] = {"Mariri"}, ["mqj"] = {"Mamasa"}, ["mqk"] = {"Rajah Kabunsuwan Manobo"}, ["mql"] = {"Mbelime"}, ["mqm"] = {"South Marquesan"}, ["mqn"] = {"Moronene"}, ["mqo"] = {"Modole"}, ["mqp"] = {"Manipa"}, ["mqq"] = {"Minokok"}, ["mqr"] = {"Mander"}, ["mqs"] = {"West Makian"}, ["mqt"] = {"Mok"}, ["mqu"] = {"Mandari"}, ["mqv"] = {"Mosimo"}, ["mqw"] = {"Murupi"}, ["mqx"] = {"Mamuju"}, ["mqy"] = {"Manggarai"}, ["mqz"] = {"Pano"}, ["mra"] = {"Mlabri"}, ["mrb"] = {"Marino"}, ["mrc"] = {"Maricopa"}, ["mrd"] = {"Western Magar"}, ["mre"] = {"Martha's Vineyard Sign Language"}, ["mrf"] = {"Elseng"}, ["mrg"] = {"Mising"}, ["mrh"] = {"Mara Chin"}, ["mrj"] = {"Western Mari"}, ["mrk"] = {"Hmwaveke"}, ["mrl"] = {"Mortlockese"}, ["mrm"] = {"Merlav", "Mwerlap"}, ["mrn"] = {"Cheke Holo"}, ["mro"] = {"Mru"}, ["mrp"] = {"Morouas"}, ["mrq"] = {"North Marquesan"}, ["mrr"] = {"Maria (India)"}, ["mrs"] = {"Maragus"}, ["mrt"] = {"Marghi Central"}, ["mru"] = {"Mono (Cameroon)"}, ["mrv"] = {"Mangareva"}, ["mrw"] = {"Maranao"}, ["mrx"] = {"Maremgi", "Dineor"}, ["mry"] = {"Mandaya"}, ["mrz"] = {"Marind"}, ["msb"] = {"Masbatenyo"}, ["msc"] = {"Sankaran Maninka"}, ["msd"] = {"Yucatec Maya Sign Language"}, ["mse"] = {"Musey"}, ["msf"] = {"Mekwei"}, ["msg"] = {"Moraid"}, ["msh"] = {"Masikoro Malagasy"}, ["msi"] = {"Sabah Malay"}, ["msj"] = {"Ma (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["msk"] = {"Mansaka"}, ["msl"] = {"Molof", "Poule"}, ["msm"] = {"Agusan Manobo"}, ["msn"] = {"Vurës"}, ["mso"] = {"Mombum"}, ["msp"] = {"Maritsauá"}, ["msq"] = {"Caac"}, ["msr"] = {"Mongolian Sign Language"}, ["mss"] = {"West Masela"}, ["msu"] = {"Musom"}, ["msv"] = {"Maslam"}, ["msw"] = {"Mansoanka"}, ["msx"] = {"Moresada"}, ["msy"] = {"Aruamu"}, ["msz"] = {"Momare"}, ["mta"] = {"Cotabato Manobo"}, ["mtb"] = {"Anyin Morofo"}, ["mtc"] = {"Munit"}, ["mtd"] = {"Mualang"}, ["mte"] = {"Mono (Solomon Islands)"}, ["mtf"] = {"Murik (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["mtg"] = {"Una"}, ["mth"] = {"Munggui"}, ["mti"] = {"Maiwa (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["mtj"] = {"Moskona"}, ["mtk"] = {"Mbe'"}, ["mtl"] = {"Montol"}, ["mtm"] = {"Mator"}, ["mtn"] = {"Matagalpa"}, ["mto"] = {"Totontepec Mixe"}, ["mtp"] = {"Wichí Lhamtés Nocten"}, ["mtq"] = {"Muong"}, ["mtr"] = {"Mewari"}, ["mts"] = {"Yora"}, ["mtt"] = {"Mota"}, ["mtu"] = {"Tututepec Mixtec"}, ["mtv"] = {"Asaro'o"}, ["mtw"] = {"Southern Binukidnon"}, ["mtx"] = {"Tidaá Mixtec"}, ["mty"] = {"Nabi"}, ["mua"] = {"Mundang"}, ["mub"] = {"Mubi"}, ["muc"] = {"Ajumbu"}, ["mud"] = {"Mednyj Aleut"}, ["mue"] = {"Media Lengua"}, ["mug"] = {"Musgu"}, ["muh"] = {"Mündü"}, ["mui"] = {"Musi"}, ["muj"] = {"Mabire"}, ["muk"] = {"Mugom"}, ["mul"] = {"Multiple languages"}, ["mum"] = {"Maiwala"}, ["mun"] = {"Munda languages"}, ["muo"] = {"Nyong"}, ["mup"] = {"Malvi"}, ["muq"] = {"Eastern Xiangxi Miao"}, ["mur"] = {"Murle"}, ["mus"] = {"Creek"}, ["mut"] = {"Western Muria"}, ["muu"] = {"Yaaku"}, ["muv"] = {"Muthuvan"}, ["mux"] = {"Bo-Ung"}, ["muy"] = {"Muyang"}, ["muz"] = {"Mursi"}, ["mva"] = {"Manam"}, ["mvb"] = {"Mattole"}, ["mvd"] = {"Mamboru"}, ["mve"] = {"Marwari (Pakistan)"}, ["mvf"] = {"Peripheral Mongolian"}, ["mvg"] = {"Yucuañe Mixtec"}, ["mvh"] = {"Mulgi"}, ["mvi"] = {"Miyako"}, ["mvk"] = {"Mekmek"}, ["mvl"] = {"Mbara (Australia)"}, ["mvn"] = {"Minaveha"}, ["mvo"] = {"Marovo"}, ["mvp"] = {"Duri"}, ["mvq"] = {"Moere"}, ["mvr"] = {"Marau"}, ["mvs"] = {"Massep"}, ["mvt"] = {"Mpotovoro"}, ["mvu"] = {"Marfa"}, ["mvv"] = {"Tagal Murut"}, ["mvw"] = {"Machinga"}, ["mvx"] = {"Meoswar"}, ["mvy"] = {"Indus Kohistani"}, ["mvz"] = {"Mesqan"}, ["mwa"] = {"Mwatebu"}, ["mwb"] = {"Juwal"}, ["mwc"] = {"Are"}, ["mwe"] = {"Mwera (Chimwera)"}, ["mwf"] = {"Murrinh-Patha"}, ["mwg"] = {"Aiklep"}, ["mwh"] = {"Mouk-Aria"}, ["mwi"] = {"Labo", "Ninde"}, ["mwk"] = {"Kita Maninkakan"}, ["mwl"] = {"Mirandese"}, ["mwm"] = {"Sar"}, ["mwn"] = {"Nyamwanga"}, ["mwo"] = {"Central Maewo"}, ["mwp"] = {"Kala Lagaw Ya"}, ["mwq"] = {"Mün Chin"}, ["mwr"] = {"Marwari"}, ["mws"] = {"Mwimbi-Muthambi"}, ["mwt"] = {"Moken"}, ["mwu"] = {"Mittu"}, ["mwv"] = {"Mentawai"}, ["mww"] = {"Hmong Daw"}, ["mwz"] = {"Moingi"}, ["mxa"] = {"Northwest Oaxaca Mixtec"}, ["mxb"] = {"Tezoatlán Mixtec"}, ["mxc"] = {"Manyika"}, ["mxd"] = {"Modang"}, ["mxe"] = {"Mele-Fila"}, ["mxf"] = {"Malgbe"}, ["mxg"] = {"Mbangala"}, ["mxh"] = {"Mvuba"}, ["mxi"] = {"Mozarabic"}, ["mxj"] = {"Miju-Mishmi", "Geman Deng"}, ["mxk"] = {"Monumbo"}, ["mxl"] = {"Maxi Gbe"}, ["mxm"] = {"Meramera"}, ["mxn"] = {"Moi (Indonesia)"}, ["mxo"] = {"Mbowe"}, ["mxp"] = {"Tlahuitoltepec Mixe"}, ["mxq"] = {"Juquila Mixe"}, ["mxr"] = {"Murik (Malaysia)"}, ["mxs"] = {"Huitepec Mixtec"}, ["mxt"] = {"Jamiltepec Mixtec"}, ["mxu"] = {"Mada (Cameroon)"}, ["mxv"] = {"Metlatónoc Mixtec"}, ["mxw"] = {"Namo"}, ["mxx"] = {"Mahou", "Mawukakan"}, ["mxy"] = {"Southeastern Nochixtlán Mixtec"}, ["mxz"] = {"Central Masela"}, ["myb"] = {"Mbay"}, ["myc"] = {"Mayeka"}, ["mye"] = {"Myene"}, ["myf"] = {"Bambassi"}, ["myg"] = {"Manta"}, ["myh"] = {"Makah"}, ["myj"] = {"Mangayat"}, ["myk"] = {"Mamara Senoufo"}, ["myl"] = {"Moma"}, ["mym"] = {"Me'en"}, ["myn"] = {"Mayan languages"}, ["myo"] = {"Anfillo"}, ["myp"] = {"Pirahã"}, ["myr"] = {"Muniche"}, ["mys"] = {"Mesmes"}, ["myu"] = {"Mundurukú"}, ["myv"] = {"Erzya"}, ["myw"] = {"Muyuw"}, ["myx"] = {"Masaaba"}, ["myy"] = {"Macuna"}, ["myz"] = {"Classical Mandaic"}, ["mza"] = {"Santa María Zacatepec Mixtec"}, ["mzb"] = {"Tumzabt"}, ["mzc"] = {"Madagascar Sign Language"}, ["mzd"] = {"Malimba"}, ["mze"] = {"Morawa"}, ["mzg"] = {"Monastic Sign Language"}, ["mzh"] = {"Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay"}, ["mzi"] = {"Ixcatlán Mazatec"}, ["mzj"] = {"Manya"}, ["mzk"] = {"Nigeria Mambila"}, ["mzl"] = {"Mazatlán Mixe"}, ["mzm"] = {"Mumuye"}, ["mzn"] = {"Mazanderani"}, ["mzo"] = {"Matipuhy"}, ["mzp"] = {"Movima"}, ["mzq"] = {"Mori Atas"}, ["mzr"] = {"Marúbo"}, ["mzs"] = {"Macanese"}, ["mzt"] = {"Mintil"}, ["mzu"] = {"Inapang"}, ["mzv"] = {"Manza"}, ["mzw"] = {"Deg"}, ["mzx"] = {"Mawayana"}, ["mzy"] = {"Mozambican Sign Language"}, ["mzz"] = {"Maiadomu"}, ["naa"] = {"Namla"}, ["nab"] = {"Southern Nambikuára"}, ["nac"] = {"Narak"}, ["nae"] = {"Naka'ela"}, ["naf"] = {"Nabak"}, ["nag"] = {"Naga Pidgin"}, ["nah"] = {"Nahuatl languages"}, ["nai"] = {"North American Indian languages"}, ["naj"] = {"Nalu"}, ["nak"] = {"Nakanai"}, ["nal"] = {"Nalik"}, ["nam"] = {"Ngan'gityemerri"}, ["nan"] = {"Min Nan Chinese"}, ["nao"] = {"Naaba"}, ["nap"] = {"Neapolitan"}, ["naq"] = {"Khoekhoe", "Nama (Namibia)"}, ["nar"] = {"Iguta"}, ["nas"] = {"Naasioi"}, ["nat"] = {"Ca̱hungwa̱rya̱", "Hungworo"}, ["naw"] = {"Nawuri"}, ["nax"] = {"Nakwi"}, ["nay"] = {"Ngarrindjeri"}, ["naz"] = {"Coatepec Nahuatl"}, ["nba"] = {"Nyemba"}, ["nbb"] = {"Ndoe"}, ["nbc"] = {"Chang Naga"}, ["nbd"] = {"Ngbinda"}, ["nbe"] = {"Konyak Naga"}, ["nbg"] = {"Nagarchal"}, ["nbh"] = {"Ngamo"}, ["nbi"] = {"Mao Naga"}, ["nbj"] = {"Ngarinyman"}, ["nbk"] = {"Nake"}, ["nbm"] = {"Ngbaka Ma'bo"}, ["nbn"] = {"Kuri"}, ["nbo"] = {"Nkukoli"}, ["nbp"] = {"Nnam"}, ["nbq"] = {"Nggem"}, ["nbr"] = {"Numana"}, ["nbs"] = {"Namibian Sign Language"}, ["nbt"] = {"Na"}, ["nbu"] = {"Rongmei Naga"}, ["nbv"] = {"Ngamambo"}, ["nbw"] = {"Southern Ngbandi"}, ["nby"] = {"Ningera"}, ["nca"] = {"Iyo"}, ["ncb"] = {"Central Nicobarese"}, ["ncc"] = {"Ponam"}, ["ncd"] = {"Nachering"}, ["nce"] = {"Yale"}, ["ncf"] = {"Notsi"}, ["ncg"] = {"Nisga'a"}, ["nch"] = {"Central Huasteca Nahuatl"}, ["nci"] = {"Classical Nahuatl"}, ["ncj"] = {"Northern Puebla Nahuatl"}, ["nck"] = {"Na-kara"}, ["ncl"] = {"Michoacán Nahuatl"}, ["ncm"] = {"Nambo"}, ["ncn"] = {"Nauna"}, ["nco"] = {"Sibe"}, ["ncq"] = {"Northern Katang"}, ["ncr"] = {"Ncane"}, ["ncs"] = {"Nicaraguan Sign Language"}, ["nct"] = {"Chothe Naga"}, ["ncu"] = {"Chumburung"}, ["ncx"] = {"Central Puebla Nahuatl"}, ["ncz"] = {"Natchez"}, ["nda"] = {"Ndasa"}, ["ndb"] = {"Kenswei Nsei"}, ["ndc"] = {"Ndau"}, ["ndd"] = {"Nde-Nsele-Nta"}, ["ndf"] = {"Nadruvian"}, ["ndg"] = {"Ndengereko"}, ["ndh"] = {"Ndali"}, ["ndi"] = {"Samba Leko"}, ["ndj"] = {"Ndamba"}, ["ndk"] = {"Ndaka"}, ["ndl"] = {"Ndolo"}, ["ndm"] = {"Ndam"}, ["ndn"] = {"Ngundi"}, ["ndp"] = {"Ndo"}, ["ndq"] = {"Ndombe"}, ["ndr"] = {"Ndoola"}, ["nds"] = {"Low German", "Low Saxon"}, ["ndt"] = {"Ndunga"}, ["ndu"] = {"Dugun"}, ["ndv"] = {"Ndut"}, ["ndw"] = {"Ndobo"}, ["ndx"] = {"Nduga"}, ["ndy"] = {"Lutos"}, ["ndz"] = {"Ndogo"}, ["nea"] = {"Eastern Ngad'a"}, ["neb"] = {"Toura (Côte d'Ivoire)"}, ["nec"] = {"Nedebang"}, ["ned"] = {"Nde-Gbite"}, ["nee"] = {"Nêlêmwa-Nixumwak"}, ["nef"] = {"Nefamese"}, ["neg"] = {"Negidal"}, ["neh"] = {"Nyenkha"}, ["nei"] = {"Neo-Hittite"}, ["nej"] = {"Neko"}, ["nek"] = {"Neku"}, ["nem"] = {"Nemi"}, ["nen"] = {"Nengone"}, ["neo"] = {"Ná-Meo"}, ["neq"] = {"North Central Mixe"}, ["ner"] = {"Yahadian"}, ["nes"] = {"Bhoti Kinnauri"}, ["net"] = {"Nete"}, ["neu"] = {"Neo"}, ["nev"] = {"Nyaheun"}, ["new"] = {"Nepal Bhasa", "Newar", "Newari"}, ["nex"] = {"Neme"}, ["ney"] = {"Neyo"}, ["nez"] = {"Nez Perce"}, ["nfa"] = {"Dhao"}, ["nfd"] = {"Ahwai"}, ["nfl"] = {"Ayiwo", "Äiwoo"}, ["nfr"] = {"Nafaanra"}, ["nfu"] = {"Mfumte"}, ["nga"] = {"Ngbaka"}, ["ngb"] = {"Northern Ngbandi"}, ["ngc"] = {"Ngombe (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["ngd"] = {"Ngando (Central African Republic)"}, ["nge"] = {"Ngemba"}, ["ngf"] = {"Trans-New Guinea languages"}, ["ngg"] = {"Ngbaka Manza"}, ["ngh"] = {"Nǁng"}, ["ngi"] = {"Ngizim"}, ["ngj"] = {"Ngie"}, ["ngk"] = {"Dalabon"}, ["ngl"] = {"Lomwe"}, ["ngm"] = {"Ngatik Men's Creole"}, ["ngn"] = {"Ngwo"}, ["ngp"] = {"Ngulu"}, ["ngq"] = {"Ngurimi", "Ngoreme"}, ["ngr"] = {"Engdewu"}, ["ngs"] = {"Gvoko"}, ["ngt"] = {"Kriang", "Ngeq"}, ["ngu"] = {"Guerrero Nahuatl"}, ["ngv"] = {"Nagumi"}, ["ngw"] = {"Ngwaba"}, ["ngx"] = {"Nggwahyi"}, ["ngy"] = {"Tibea"}, ["ngz"] = {"Ngungwel"}, ["nha"] = {"Nhanda"}, ["nhb"] = {"Beng"}, ["nhc"] = {"Tabasco Nahuatl"}, ["nhd"] = {"Chiripá", "Ava Guaraní"}, ["nhe"] = {"Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl"}, ["nhf"] = {"Nhuwala"}, ["nhg"] = {"Tetelcingo Nahuatl"}, ["nhh"] = {"Nahari"}, ["nhi"] = {"Zacatlán-Ahuacatlán-Tepetzintla Nahuatl"}, ["nhk"] = {"Isthmus-Cosoleacaque Nahuatl"}, ["nhm"] = {"Morelos Nahuatl"}, ["nhn"] = {"Central Nahuatl"}, ["nho"] = {"Takuu"}, ["nhp"] = {"Isthmus-Pajapan Nahuatl"}, ["nhq"] = {"Huaxcaleca Nahuatl"}, ["nhr"] = {"Naro"}, ["nht"] = {"Ometepec Nahuatl"}, ["nhu"] = {"Noone"}, ["nhv"] = {"Temascaltepec Nahuatl"}, ["nhw"] = {"Western Huasteca Nahuatl"}, ["nhx"] = {"Isthmus-Mecayapan Nahuatl"}, ["nhy"] = {"Northern Oaxaca Nahuatl"}, ["nhz"] = {"Santa María La Alta Nahuatl"}, ["nia"] = {"Nias"}, ["nib"] = {"Nakame"}, ["nic"] = {"Niger-Kordofanian languages"}, ["nid"] = {"Ngandi"}, ["nie"] = {"Niellim"}, ["nif"] = {"Nek"}, ["nig"] = {"Ngalakgan"}, ["nih"] = {"Nyiha (Tanzania)"}, ["nii"] = {"Nii"}, ["nij"] = {"Ngaju"}, ["nik"] = {"Southern Nicobarese"}, ["nil"] = {"Nila"}, ["nim"] = {"Nilamba"}, ["nin"] = {"Ninzo"}, ["nio"] = {"Nganasan"}, ["niq"] = {"Nandi"}, ["nir"] = {"Nimboran"}, ["nis"] = {"Nimi"}, ["nit"] = {"Southeastern Kolami"}, ["niu"] = {"Niuean"}, ["niv"] = {"Gilyak"}, ["niw"] = {"Nimo"}, ["nix"] = {"Hema"}, ["niy"] = {"Ngiti"}, ["niz"] = {"Ningil"}, ["nja"] = {"Nzanyi"}, ["njb"] = {"Nocte Naga"}, ["njd"] = {"Ndonde Hamba"}, ["njh"] = {"Lotha Naga"}, ["nji"] = {"Gudanji"}, ["njj"] = {"Njen"}, ["njl"] = {"Njalgulgule"}, ["njm"] = {"Angami Naga"}, ["njn"] = {"Liangmai Naga"}, ["njo"] = {"Ao Naga"}, ["njr"] = {"Njerep"}, ["njs"] = {"Nisa"}, ["njt"] = {"Ndyuka-Trio Pidgin"}, ["nju"] = {"Ngadjunmaya"}, ["njx"] = {"Kunyi"}, ["njy"] = {"Njyem"}, ["njz"] = {"Nyishi"}, ["nka"] = {"Nkoya"}, ["nkb"] = {"Khoibu Naga"}, ["nkc"] = {"Nkongho"}, ["nkd"] = {"Koireng"}, ["nke"] = {"Duke"}, ["nkf"] = {"Inpui Naga"}, ["nkg"] = {"Nekgini"}, ["nkh"] = {"Khezha Naga"}, ["nki"] = {"Thangal Naga"}, ["nkj"] = {"Nakai"}, ["nkk"] = {"Nokuku"}, ["nkm"] = {"Namat"}, ["nkn"] = {"Nkangala"}, ["nko"] = {"Nkonya"}, ["nkp"] = {"Niuatoputapu"}, ["nkq"] = {"Nkami"}, ["nkr"] = {"Nukuoro"}, ["nks"] = {"North Asmat"}, ["nkt"] = {"Nyika (Tanzania)"}, ["nku"] = {"Bouna Kulango"}, ["nkv"] = {"Nyika (Malawi and Zambia)"}, ["nkw"] = {"Nkutu"}, ["nkx"] = {"Nkoroo"}, ["nkz"] = {"Nkari"}, ["nla"] = {"Ngombale"}, ["nlc"] = {"Nalca"}, ["nle"] = {"East Nyala"}, ["nlg"] = {"Gela"}, ["nli"] = {"Grangali"}, ["nlj"] = {"Nyali"}, ["nlk"] = {"Ninia Yali"}, ["nll"] = {"Nihali"}, ["nlm"] = {"Mankiyali"}, ["nlo"] = {"Ngul"}, ["nlq"] = {"Lao Naga"}, ["nlu"] = {"Nchumbulu"}, ["nlv"] = {"Orizaba Nahuatl"}, ["nlw"] = {"Walangama"}, ["nlx"] = {"Nahali"}, ["nly"] = {"Nyamal"}, ["nlz"] = {"Nalögo"}, ["nma"] = {"Maram Naga"}, ["nmb"] = {"Big Nambas", "V'ënen Taut"}, ["nmc"] = {"Ngam"}, ["nmd"] = {"Ndumu"}, ["nme"] = {"Mzieme Naga"}, ["nmf"] = {"Tangkhul Naga (India)"}, ["nmg"] = {"Kwasio"}, ["nmh"] = {"Monsang Naga"}, ["nmi"] = {"Nyam"}, ["nmj"] = {"Ngombe (Central African Republic)"}, ["nmk"] = {"Namakura"}, ["nml"] = {"Ndemli"}, ["nmm"] = {"Manangba"}, ["nmn"] = {"ǃXóõ"}, ["nmo"] = {"Moyon Naga"}, ["nmp"] = {"Nimanbur"}, ["nmq"] = {"Nambya"}, ["nmr"] = {"Nimbari"}, ["nms"] = {"Letemboi"}, ["nmt"] = {"Namonuito"}, ["nmu"] = {"Northeast Maidu"}, ["nmv"] = {"Ngamini"}, ["nmw"] = {"Nimoa", "Rifao"}, ["nmx"] = {"Nama (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["nmy"] = {"Namuyi"}, ["nmz"] = {"Nawdm"}, ["nna"] = {"Nyangumarta"}, ["nnb"] = {"Nande"}, ["nnc"] = {"Nancere"}, ["nnd"] = {"West Ambae"}, ["nne"] = {"Ngandyera"}, ["nnf"] = {"Ngaing"}, ["nng"] = {"Maring Naga"}, ["nnh"] = {"Ngiemboon"}, ["nni"] = {"North Nuaulu"}, ["nnj"] = {"Nyangatom"}, ["nnk"] = {"Nankina"}, ["nnl"] = {"Northern Rengma Naga"}, ["nnm"] = {"Namia"}, ["nnn"] = {"Ngete"}, ["nnp"] = {"Wancho Naga"}, ["nnq"] = {"Ngindo"}, ["nnr"] = {"Narungga"}, ["nnt"] = {"Nanticoke"}, ["nnu"] = {"Dwang"}, ["nnv"] = {"Nugunu (Australia)"}, ["nnw"] = {"Southern Nuni"}, ["nny"] = {"Nyangga"}, ["nnz"] = {"Nda'nda'"}, ["noa"] = {"Woun Meu"}, ["noc"] = {"Nuk"}, ["nod"] = {"Northern Thai"}, ["noe"] = {"Nimadi"}, ["nof"] = {"Nomane"}, ["nog"] = {"Nogai"}, ["noh"] = {"Nomu"}, ["noi"] = {"Noiri"}, ["noj"] = {"Nonuya"}, ["nok"] = {"Nooksack"}, ["nol"] = {"Nomlaki"}, ["non"] = {"Old Norse"}, ["nop"] = {"Numanggang"}, ["noq"] = {"Ngongo"}, ["nos"] = {"Eastern Nisu"}, ["not"] = {"Nomatsiguenga"}, ["nou"] = {"Ewage-Notu"}, ["nov"] = {"Novial"}, ["now"] = {"Nyambo"}, ["noy"] = {"Noy"}, ["noz"] = {"Nayi"}, ["npa"] = {"Nar Phu"}, ["npb"] = {"Nupbikha"}, ["npg"] = {"Ponyo-Gongwang Naga"}, ["nph"] = {"Phom Naga"}, ["npi"] = {"Nepali (individual language)"}, ["npl"] = {"Southeastern Puebla Nahuatl"}, ["npn"] = {"Mondropolon"}, ["npo"] = {"Pochuri Naga"}, ["nps"] = {"Nipsan"}, ["npu"] = {"Puimei Naga"}, ["npx"] = {"Noipx"}, ["npy"] = {"Napu"}, ["nqg"] = {"Southern Nago"}, ["nqk"] = {"Kura Ede Nago"}, ["nql"] = {"Ngendelengo"}, ["nqm"] = {"Ndom"}, ["nqn"] = {"Nen"}, ["nqo"] = {"N'Ko", "N’Ko"}, ["nqq"] = {"Kyan-Karyaw Naga"}, ["nqt"] = {"Nteng"}, ["nqy"] = {"Akyaung Ari Naga"}, ["nra"] = {"Ngom"}, ["nrb"] = {"Nara"}, ["nrc"] = {"Noric"}, ["nre"] = {"Southern Rengma Naga"}, ["nrf"] = {"Jèrriais", "Guernésiais", "Sercquiais"}, ["nrg"] = {"Narango"}, ["nri"] = {"Chokri Naga"}, ["nrk"] = {"Ngarla"}, ["nrl"] = {"Ngarluma"}, ["nrm"] = {"Narom"}, ["nrn"] = {"Norn"}, ["nrp"] = {"North Picene"}, ["nrr"] = {"Norra", "Nora"}, ["nrt"] = {"Northern Kalapuya"}, ["nru"] = {"Narua"}, ["nrx"] = {"Ngurmbur"}, ["nrz"] = {"Lala"}, ["nsa"] = {"Sangtam Naga"}, ["nsb"] = {"Lower Nossob"}, ["nsc"] = {"Nshi"}, ["nsd"] = {"Southern Nisu"}, ["nse"] = {"Nsenga"}, ["nsf"] = {"Northwestern Nisu"}, ["nsg"] = {"Ngasa"}, ["nsh"] = {"Ngoshie"}, ["nsi"] = {"Nigerian Sign Language"}, ["nsk"] = {"Naskapi"}, ["nsl"] = {"Norwegian Sign Language"}, ["nsm"] = {"Sumi Naga"}, ["nsn"] = {"Nehan"}, ["nso"] = {"Pedi", "Northern Sotho", "Sepedi"}, ["nsp"] = {"Nepalese Sign Language"}, ["nsq"] = {"Northern Sierra Miwok"}, ["nsr"] = {"Maritime Sign Language"}, ["nss"] = {"Nali"}, ["nst"] = {"Tase Naga"}, ["nsu"] = {"Sierra Negra Nahuatl"}, ["nsv"] = {"Southwestern Nisu"}, ["nsw"] = {"Navut"}, ["nsx"] = {"Nsongo"}, ["nsy"] = {"Nasal"}, ["nsz"] = {"Nisenan"}, ["ntd"] = {"Northern Tidung"}, ["ntg"] = {"Ngantangarra"}, ["nti"] = {"Natioro"}, ["ntj"] = {"Ngaanyatjarra"}, ["ntk"] = {"Ikoma-Nata-Isenye"}, ["ntm"] = {"Nateni"}, ["nto"] = {"Ntomba"}, ["ntp"] = {"Northern Tepehuan"}, ["ntr"] = {"Delo"}, ["ntu"] = {"Natügu"}, ["ntw"] = {"Nottoway"}, ["ntx"] = {"Tangkhul Naga (Myanmar)"}, ["nty"] = {"Mantsi"}, ["ntz"] = {"Natanzi"}, ["nua"] = {"Yuanga"}, ["nub"] = {"Nubian languages"}, ["nuc"] = {"Nukuini"}, ["nud"] = {"Ngala"}, ["nue"] = {"Ngundu"}, ["nuf"] = {"Nusu"}, ["nug"] = {"Nungali"}, ["nuh"] = {"Ndunda"}, ["nui"] = {"Ngumbi"}, ["nuj"] = {"Nyole"}, ["nuk"] = {"Nuu-chah-nulth", "Nuuchahnulth"}, ["nul"] = {"Nusa Laut"}, ["num"] = {"Niuafo'ou"}, ["nun"] = {"Anong"}, ["nuo"] = {"Nguôn"}, ["nup"] = {"Nupe-Nupe-Tako"}, ["nuq"] = {"Nukumanu"}, ["nur"] = {"Nukuria"}, ["nus"] = {"Nuer"}, ["nut"] = {"Nung (Viet Nam)"}, ["nuu"] = {"Ngbundu"}, ["nuv"] = {"Northern Nuni"}, ["nuw"] = {"Nguluwan"}, ["nux"] = {"Mehek"}, ["nuy"] = {"Nunggubuyu"}, ["nuz"] = {"Tlamacazapa Nahuatl"}, ["nvh"] = {"Nasarian"}, ["nvm"] = {"Namiae"}, ["nvo"] = {"Nyokon"}, ["nwa"] = {"Nawathinehena"}, ["nwb"] = {"Nyabwa"}, ["nwc"] = {"Classical Newari", "Classical Nepal Bhasa", "Old Newari"}, ["nwe"] = {"Ngwe"}, ["nwg"] = {"Ngayawung"}, ["nwi"] = {"Southwest Tanna"}, ["nwm"] = {"Nyamusa-Molo"}, ["nwo"] = {"Nauo"}, ["nwr"] = {"Nawaru"}, ["nww"] = {"Ndwewe"}, ["nwx"] = {"Middle Newar"}, ["nwy"] = {"Nottoway-Meherrin"}, ["nxa"] = {"Nauete"}, ["nxd"] = {"Ngando (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["nxe"] = {"Nage"}, ["nxg"] = {"Ngad'a"}, ["nxi"] = {"Nindi"}, ["nxk"] = {"Koki Naga"}, ["nxl"] = {"South Nuaulu"}, ["nxm"] = {"Numidian"}, ["nxn"] = {"Ngawun"}, ["nxo"] = {"Ndambomo"}, ["nxq"] = {"Naxi"}, ["nxr"] = {"Ninggerum"}, ["nxx"] = {"Nafri"}, ["nyb"] = {"Nyangbo"}, ["nyc"] = {"Nyanga-li"}, ["nyd"] = {"Nyore", "Olunyole"}, ["nye"] = {"Nyengo"}, ["nyf"] = {"Giryama", "Kigiryama"}, ["nyg"] = {"Nyindu"}, ["nyh"] = {"Nyikina"}, ["nyi"] = {"Ama (Sudan)"}, ["nyj"] = {"Nyanga"}, ["nyk"] = {"Nyaneka"}, ["nyl"] = {"Nyeu"}, ["nym"] = {"Nyamwezi"}, ["nyn"] = {"Nyankole"}, ["nyo"] = {"Nyoro"}, ["nyp"] = {"Nyang'i"}, ["nyq"] = {"Nayini"}, ["nyr"] = {"Nyiha (Malawi)"}, ["nys"] = {"Nyungar"}, ["nyt"] = {"Nyawaygi"}, ["nyu"] = {"Nyungwe"}, ["nyv"] = {"Nyulnyul"}, ["nyw"] = {"Nyaw"}, ["nyx"] = {"Nganyaywana"}, ["nyy"] = {"Nyakyusa-Ngonde"}, ["nza"] = {"Tigon Mbembe"}, ["nzb"] = {"Njebi"}, ["nzd"] = {"Nzadi"}, ["nzi"] = {"Nzima"}, ["nzk"] = {"Nzakara"}, ["nzm"] = {"Zeme Naga"}, ["nzr"] = {"Dir-Nyamzak-Mbarimi"}, ["nzs"] = {"New Zealand Sign Language"}, ["nzu"] = {"Teke-Nzikou"}, ["nzy"] = {"Nzakambay"}, ["nzz"] = {"Nanga Dama Dogon"}, ["oaa"] = {"Orok"}, ["oac"] = {"Oroch"}, ["oak"] = {"Noakhali", "Noakhailla"}, ["oar"] = {"Old Aramaic (up to 700 BCE)", "Ancient Aramaic (up to 700 BCE)"}, ["oav"] = {"Old Avar"}, ["obi"] = {"Obispeño"}, ["obk"] = {"Southern Bontok"}, ["obl"] = {"Oblo"}, ["obm"] = {"Moabite"}, ["obo"] = {"Obo Manobo"}, ["obr"] = {"Old Burmese"}, ["obt"] = {"Old Breton"}, ["obu"] = {"Obulom"}, ["oca"] = {"Ocaina"}, ["och"] = {"Old Chinese"}, ["ocm"] = {"Old Cham"}, ["oco"] = {"Old Cornish"}, ["ocu"] = {"Atzingo Matlatzinca"}, ["oda"] = {"Odut"}, ["odk"] = {"Od"}, ["odt"] = {"Old Dutch"}, ["odu"] = {"Odual"}, ["ofo"] = {"Ofo"}, ["ofs"] = {"Old Frisian"}, ["ofu"] = {"Efutop"}, ["ogb"] = {"Ogbia"}, ["ogc"] = {"Ogbah"}, ["oge"] = {"Old Georgian"}, ["ogg"] = {"Ogbogolo"}, ["ogo"] = {"Khana"}, ["ogu"] = {"Ogbronuagum"}, ["oht"] = {"Old Hittite"}, ["ohu"] = {"Old Hungarian"}, ["oia"] = {"Oirata"}, ["oie"] = {"Okolie"}, ["oin"] = {"Inebu One"}, ["ojb"] = {"Northwestern Ojibwa"}, ["ojc"] = {"Central Ojibwa"}, ["ojg"] = {"Eastern Ojibwa"}, ["ojp"] = {"Old Japanese"}, ["ojs"] = {"Severn Ojibwa"}, ["ojv"] = {"Ontong Java"}, ["ojw"] = {"Western Ojibwa"}, ["oka"] = {"Okanagan"}, ["okb"] = {"Okobo"}, ["okc"] = {"Kobo"}, ["okd"] = {"Okodia"}, ["oke"] = {"Okpe (Southwestern Edo)"}, ["okg"] = {"Koko Babangk"}, ["okh"] = {"Koresh-e Rostam"}, ["oki"] = {"Okiek"}, ["okj"] = {"Oko-Juwoi"}, ["okk"] = {"Kwamtim One"}, ["okl"] = {"Old Kentish Sign Language"}, ["okm"] = {"Middle Korean (10th-16th cent.)"}, ["okn"] = {"Oki-No-Erabu"}, ["oko"] = {"Old Korean (3rd-9th cent.)"}, ["okr"] = {"Kirike"}, ["oks"] = {"Oko-Eni-Osayen"}, ["oku"] = {"Oku"}, ["okv"] = {"Orokaiva"}, ["okx"] = {"Okpe (Northwestern Edo)"}, ["okz"] = {"Old Khmer"}, ["ola"] = {"Walungge"}, ["olb"] = {"Oli-Bodiman"}, ["old"] = {"Mochi"}, ["ole"] = {"Olekha"}, ["olk"] = {"Olkol"}, ["olm"] = {"Oloma"}, ["olo"] = {"Livvi"}, ["olr"] = {"Olrat"}, ["olt"] = {"Old Lithuanian"}, ["olu"] = {"Kuvale"}, ["oma"] = {"Omaha-Ponca"}, ["omb"] = {"East Ambae"}, ["omc"] = {"Mochica"}, ["omg"] = {"Omagua"}, ["omi"] = {"Omi"}, ["omk"] = {"Omok"}, ["oml"] = {"Ombo"}, ["omn"] = {"Minoan"}, ["omo"] = {"Utarmbung"}, ["omp"] = {"Old Manipuri"}, ["omq"] = {"Oto-Manguean languages"}, ["omr"] = {"Old Marathi"}, ["omt"] = {"Omotik"}, ["omu"] = {"Omurano"}, ["omv"] = {"Omotic languages"}, ["omw"] = {"South Tairora"}, ["omx"] = {"Old Mon"}, ["omy"] = {"Old Malay"}, ["ona"] = {"Ona"}, ["onb"] = {"Lingao"}, ["one"] = {"Oneida"}, ["ong"] = {"Olo"}, ["oni"] = {"Onin"}, ["onj"] = {"Onjob"}, ["onk"] = {"Kabore One"}, ["onn"] = {"Onobasulu"}, ["ono"] = {"Onondaga"}, ["onp"] = {"Sartang"}, ["onr"] = {"Northern One"}, ["ons"] = {"Ono"}, ["ont"] = {"Ontenu"}, ["onu"] = {"Unua"}, ["onw"] = {"Old Nubian"}, ["onx"] = {"Onin Based Pidgin"}, ["ood"] = {"Tohono O'odham"}, ["oog"] = {"Ong"}, ["oon"] = {"Önge"}, ["oor"] = {"Oorlams"}, ["oos"] = {"Old Ossetic"}, ["opa"] = {"Okpamheri"}, ["opk"] = {"Kopkaka"}, ["opm"] = {"Oksapmin"}, ["opo"] = {"Opao"}, ["opt"] = {"Opata"}, ["opy"] = {"Ofayé"}, ["ora"] = {"Oroha"}, ["orc"] = {"Orma"}, ["ore"] = {"Orejón"}, ["org"] = {"Oring"}, ["orh"] = {"Oroqen"}, ["orn"] = {"Orang Kanaq"}, ["oro"] = {"Orokolo"}, ["orr"] = {"Oruma"}, ["ors"] = {"Orang Seletar"}, ["ort"] = {"Adivasi Oriya"}, ["oru"] = {"Ormuri"}, ["orv"] = {"Old Russian"}, ["orw"] = {"Oro Win"}, ["orx"] = {"Oro"}, ["ory"] = {"Odia (individual language)", "Oriya (individual language)"}, ["orz"] = {"Ormu"}, ["osa"] = {"Osage"}, ["osc"] = {"Oscan"}, ["osd"] = {"Digor Ossetic", "Digor", "Digor Ossetian"}, ["osi"] = {"Osing"}, ["osn"] = {"Old Sundanese"}, ["oso"] = {"Ososo"}, ["osp"] = {"Old Spanish"}, ["ost"] = {"Osatu"}, ["osu"] = {"Southern One"}, ["osx"] = {"Old Saxon"}, ["ota"] = {"Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)"}, ["otb"] = {"Old Tibetan"}, ["otd"] = {"Ot Danum"}, ["ote"] = {"Mezquital Otomi"}, ["oti"] = {"Oti"}, ["otk"] = {"Old Turkish"}, ["otl"] = {"Tilapa Otomi"}, ["otm"] = {"Eastern Highland Otomi"}, ["otn"] = {"Tenango Otomi"}, ["oto"] = {"Otomian languages"}, ["otq"] = {"Querétaro Otomi"}, ["otr"] = {"Otoro"}, ["ots"] = {"Estado de México Otomi"}, ["ott"] = {"Temoaya Otomi"}, ["otu"] = {"Otuke"}, ["otw"] = {"Ottawa"}, ["otx"] = {"Texcatepec Otomi"}, ["oty"] = {"Old Tamil"}, ["otz"] = {"Ixtenco Otomi"}, ["oua"] = {"Tagargrent"}, ["oub"] = {"Glio-Oubi"}, ["oue"] = {"Oune"}, ["oui"] = {"Old Uighur"}, ["oum"] = {"Ouma"}, ["ovd"] = {"Elfdalian", "Övdalian"}, ["owi"] = {"Owiniga"}, ["owl"] = {"Old Welsh"}, ["oyb"] = {"Oy"}, ["oyd"] = {"Oyda"}, ["oym"] = {"Wayampi"}, ["oyy"] = {"Oya'oya"}, ["ozm"] = {"Koonzime"}, ["paa"] = {"Papuan languages"}, ["pab"] = {"Parecís"}, ["pac"] = {"Pacoh"}, ["pad"] = {"Paumarí"}, ["pae"] = {"Pagibete"}, ["paf"] = {"Paranawát"}, ["pag"] = {"Pangasinan"}, ["pah"] = {"Tenharim"}, ["pai"] = {"Pe"}, ["pak"] = {"Parakanã"}, ["pal"] = {"Pahlavi"}, ["pam"] = {"Pampanga", "Kapampangan"}, ["pao"] = {"Northern Paiute"}, ["pap"] = {"Papiamento"}, ["paq"] = {"Parya"}, ["par"] = {"Panamint", "Timbisha"}, ["pas"] = {"Papasena"}, ["pau"] = {"Palauan"}, ["pav"] = {"Pakaásnovos"}, ["paw"] = {"Pawnee"}, ["pax"] = {"Pankararé"}, ["pay"] = {"Pech"}, ["paz"] = {"Pankararú"}, ["pbb"] = {"Páez"}, ["pbc"] = {"Patamona"}, ["pbe"] = {"Mezontla Popoloca"}, ["pbf"] = {"Coyotepec Popoloca"}, ["pbg"] = {"Paraujano"}, ["pbh"] = {"E'ñapa Woromaipu"}, ["pbi"] = {"Parkwa"}, ["pbl"] = {"Mak (Nigeria)"}, ["pbm"] = {"Puebla Mazatec"}, ["pbn"] = {"Kpasam"}, ["pbo"] = {"Papel"}, ["pbp"] = {"Badyara"}, ["pbr"] = {"Pangwa"}, ["pbs"] = {"Central Pame"}, ["pbt"] = {"Southern Pashto"}, ["pbu"] = {"Northern Pashto"}, ["pbv"] = {"Pnar"}, ["pby"] = {"Pyu (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["pca"] = {"Santa Inés Ahuatempan Popoloca"}, ["pcb"] = {"Pear"}, ["pcc"] = {"Bouyei"}, ["pcd"] = {"Picard"}, ["pce"] = {"Ruching Palaung"}, ["pcf"] = {"Paliyan"}, ["pcg"] = {"Paniya"}, ["pch"] = {"Pardhan"}, ["pci"] = {"Duruwa"}, ["pcj"] = {"Parenga"}, ["pck"] = {"Paite Chin"}, ["pcl"] = {"Pardhi"}, ["pcm"] = {"Nigerian Pidgin"}, ["pcn"] = {"Piti"}, ["pcp"] = {"Pacahuara"}, ["pcw"] = {"Pyapun"}, ["pda"] = {"Anam"}, ["pdc"] = {"Pennsylvania German"}, ["pdi"] = {"Pa Di"}, ["pdn"] = {"Podena", "Fedan"}, ["pdo"] = {"Padoe"}, ["pdt"] = {"Plautdietsch"}, ["pdu"] = {"Kayan"}, ["pea"] = {"Peranakan Indonesian"}, ["peb"] = {"Eastern Pomo"}, ["ped"] = {"Mala (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["pee"] = {"Taje"}, ["pef"] = {"Northeastern Pomo"}, ["peg"] = {"Pengo"}, ["peh"] = {"Bonan"}, ["pei"] = {"Chichimeca-Jonaz"}, ["pej"] = {"Northern Pomo"}, ["pek"] = {"Penchal"}, ["pel"] = {"Pekal"}, ["pem"] = {"Phende"}, ["peo"] = {"Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)"}, ["pep"] = {"Kunja"}, ["peq"] = {"Southern Pomo"}, ["pes"] = {"Iranian Persian"}, ["pev"] = {"Pémono"}, ["pex"] = {"Petats"}, ["pey"] = {"Petjo"}, ["pez"] = {"Eastern Penan"}, ["pfa"] = {"Pááfang"}, ["pfe"] = {"Pere"}, ["pfl"] = {"Pfaelzisch"}, ["pga"] = {"Sudanese Creole Arabic"}, ["pgd"] = {"Gāndhārī"}, ["pgg"] = {"Pangwali"}, ["pgi"] = {"Pagi"}, ["pgk"] = {"Rerep"}, ["pgl"] = {"Primitive Irish"}, ["pgn"] = {"Paelignian"}, ["pgs"] = {"Pangseng"}, ["pgu"] = {"Pagu"}, ["pgz"] = {"Papua New Guinean Sign Language"}, ["pha"] = {"Pa-Hng"}, ["phd"] = {"Phudagi"}, ["phg"] = {"Phuong"}, ["phh"] = {"Phukha"}, ["phi"] = {"Philippine languages"}, ["phj"] = {"Pahari"}, ["phk"] = {"Phake"}, ["phl"] = {"Phalura", "Palula"}, ["phm"] = {"Phimbi"}, ["phn"] = {"Phoenician"}, ["pho"] = {"Phunoi"}, ["phq"] = {"Phana'"}, ["phr"] = {"Pahari-Potwari"}, ["pht"] = {"Phu Thai"}, ["phu"] = {"Phuan"}, ["phv"] = {"Pahlavani"}, ["phw"] = {"Phangduwali"}, ["pia"] = {"Pima Bajo"}, ["pib"] = {"Yine"}, ["pic"] = {"Pinji"}, ["pid"] = {"Piaroa"}, ["pie"] = {"Piro"}, ["pif"] = {"Pingelapese"}, ["pig"] = {"Pisabo"}, ["pih"] = {"Pitcairn-Norfolk"}, ["pij"] = {"Pijao"}, ["pil"] = {"Yom"}, ["pim"] = {"Powhatan"}, ["pin"] = {"Piame"}, ["pio"] = {"Piapoco"}, ["pip"] = {"Pero"}, ["pir"] = {"Piratapuyo"}, ["pis"] = {"Pijin"}, ["pit"] = {"Pitta Pitta"}, ["piu"] = {"Pintupi-Luritja"}, ["piv"] = {"Pileni", "Vaeakau-Taumako"}, ["piw"] = {"Pimbwe"}, ["pix"] = {"Piu"}, ["piy"] = {"Piya-Kwonci"}, ["piz"] = {"Pije"}, ["pjt"] = {"Pitjantjatjara"}, ["pka"] = {"Ardhamāgadhī Prākrit"}, ["pkb"] = {"Pokomo", "Kipfokomo"}, ["pkc"] = {"Paekche"}, ["pkg"] = {"Pak-Tong"}, ["pkh"] = {"Pankhu"}, ["pkn"] = {"Pakanha"}, ["pko"] = {"Pökoot"}, ["pkp"] = {"Pukapuka"}, ["pkr"] = {"Attapady Kurumba"}, ["pks"] = {"Pakistan Sign Language"}, ["pkt"] = {"Maleng"}, ["pku"] = {"Paku"}, ["pla"] = {"Miani"}, ["plb"] = {"Polonombauk"}, ["plc"] = {"Central Palawano"}, ["pld"] = {"Polari"}, ["ple"] = {"Palu'e"}, ["plf"] = {"Central Malayo-Polynesian languages"}, ["plg"] = {"Pilagá"}, ["plh"] = {"Paulohi"}, ["plk"] = {"Kohistani Shina"}, ["pll"] = {"Shwe Palaung"}, ["pln"] = {"Palenquero"}, ["plo"] = {"Oluta Popoluca"}, ["plq"] = {"Palaic"}, ["plr"] = {"Palaka Senoufo"}, ["pls"] = {"San Marcos Tlacoyalco Popoloca", "San Marcos Tlalcoyalco Popoloca"}, ["plt"] = {"Plateau Malagasy"}, ["plu"] = {"Palikúr"}, ["plv"] = {"Southwest Palawano"}, ["plw"] = {"Brooke's Point Palawano"}, ["ply"] = {"Bolyu"}, ["plz"] = {"Paluan"}, ["pma"] = {"Paama"}, ["pmb"] = {"Pambia"}, ["pmd"] = {"Pallanganmiddang"}, ["pme"] = {"Pwaamei"}, ["pmf"] = {"Pamona"}, ["pmh"] = {"Māhārāṣṭri Prākrit"}, ["pmi"] = {"Northern Pumi"}, ["pmj"] = {"Southern Pumi"}, ["pml"] = {"Lingua Franca"}, ["pmm"] = {"Pomo"}, ["pmn"] = {"Pam"}, ["pmo"] = {"Pom"}, ["pmq"] = {"Northern Pame"}, ["pmr"] = {"Paynamar"}, ["pms"] = {"Piemontese"}, ["pmt"] = {"Tuamotuan"}, ["pmw"] = {"Plains Miwok"}, ["pmx"] = {"Poumei Naga"}, ["pmy"] = {"Papuan Malay"}, ["pmz"] = {"Southern Pame"}, ["pna"] = {"Punan Bah-Biau"}, ["pnb"] = {"Western Panjabi"}, ["pnc"] = {"Pannei"}, ["pnd"] = {"Mpinda"}, ["pne"] = {"Western Penan"}, ["png"] = {"Pangu", "Pongu"}, ["pnh"] = {"Penrhyn"}, ["pni"] = {"Aoheng"}, ["pnj"] = {"Pinjarup"}, ["pnk"] = {"Paunaka"}, ["pnl"] = {"Paleni"}, ["pnm"] = {"Punan Batu 1"}, ["pnn"] = {"Pinai-Hagahai"}, ["pno"] = {"Panobo"}, ["pnp"] = {"Pancana"}, ["pnq"] = {"Pana (Burkina Faso)"}, ["pnr"] = {"Panim"}, ["pns"] = {"Ponosakan"}, ["pnt"] = {"Pontic"}, ["pnu"] = {"Jiongnai Bunu"}, ["pnv"] = {"Pinigura"}, ["pnw"] = {"Banyjima", "Panytyima"}, ["pnx"] = {"Phong-Kniang"}, ["pny"] = {"Pinyin"}, ["pnz"] = {"Pana (Central African Republic)"}, ["poc"] = {"Poqomam"}, ["poe"] = {"San Juan Atzingo Popoloca"}, ["pof"] = {"Poke"}, ["pog"] = {"Potiguára"}, ["poh"] = {"Poqomchi'"}, ["poi"] = {"Highland Popoluca"}, ["pok"] = {"Pokangá"}, ["pom"] = {"Southeastern Pomo"}, ["pon"] = {"Pohnpeian"}, ["poo"] = {"Central Pomo"}, ["pop"] = {"Pwapwâ"}, ["poq"] = {"Texistepec Popoluca"}, ["pos"] = {"Sayula Popoluca"}, ["pot"] = {"Potawatomi"}, ["pov"] = {"Upper Guinea Crioulo"}, ["pow"] = {"San Felipe Otlaltepec Popoloca"}, ["pox"] = {"Polabian"}, ["poy"] = {"Pogolo"}, ["poz"] = {"Malayo-Polynesian languages"}, ["ppe"] = {"Papi"}, ["ppi"] = {"Paipai"}, ["ppk"] = {"Uma"}, ["ppl"] = {"Pipil", "Nicarao"}, ["ppm"] = {"Papuma"}, ["ppn"] = {"Papapana"}, ["ppo"] = {"Folopa"}, ["ppp"] = {"Pelende"}, ["ppq"] = {"Pei"}, ["pps"] = {"San Luís Temalacayuca Popoloca"}, ["ppt"] = {"Pare"}, ["ppu"] = {"Papora"}, ["pqa"] = {"Pa'a"}, ["pqe"] = {"Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages"}, ["pqm"] = {"Malecite-Passamaquoddy"}, ["pqw"] = {"Western Malayo-Polynesian languages"}, ["pra"] = {"Prakrit languages"}, ["prc"] = {"Parachi"}, ["prd"] = {"Parsi-Dari"}, ["pre"] = {"Principense"}, ["prf"] = {"Paranan"}, ["prg"] = {"Prussian"}, ["prh"] = {"Porohanon"}, ["pri"] = {"Paicî"}, ["prk"] = {"Parauk"}, ["prl"] = {"Peruvian Sign Language"}, ["prm"] = {"Kibiri"}, ["prn"] = {"Prasuni"}, ["pro"] = {"Old Provençal (to 1500)", "Old Occitan (to 1500)"}, ["prq"] = {"Ashéninka Perené"}, ["prr"] = {"Puri"}, ["prs"] = {"Dari", "Afghan Persian"}, ["prt"] = {"Phai"}, ["pru"] = {"Puragi"}, ["prw"] = {"Parawen"}, ["prx"] = {"Purik"}, ["prz"] = {"Providencia Sign Language"}, ["psa"] = {"Asue Awyu"}, ["psc"] = {"Iranian Sign Language", "Persian Sign Language"}, ["psd"] = {"Plains Indian Sign Language"}, ["pse"] = {"Central Malay"}, ["psg"] = {"Penang Sign Language"}, ["psh"] = {"Southwest Pashai", "Southwest Pashayi"}, ["psi"] = {"Southeast Pashai", "Southeast Pashayi"}, ["psl"] = {"Puerto Rican Sign Language"}, ["psm"] = {"Pauserna"}, ["psn"] = {"Panasuan"}, ["pso"] = {"Polish Sign Language"}, ["psp"] = {"Philippine Sign Language"}, ["psq"] = {"Pasi"}, ["psr"] = {"Portuguese Sign Language"}, ["pss"] = {"Kaulong"}, ["pst"] = {"Central Pashto"}, ["psu"] = {"Sauraseni Prākrit"}, ["psw"] = {"Port Sandwich"}, ["psy"] = {"Piscataway"}, ["pta"] = {"Pai Tavytera"}, ["pth"] = {"Pataxó Hã-Ha-Hãe"}, ["pti"] = {"Pindiini", "Wangkatha"}, ["ptn"] = {"Patani"}, ["pto"] = {"Zo'é"}, ["ptp"] = {"Patep"}, ["ptq"] = {"Pattapu"}, ["ptr"] = {"Piamatsina"}, ["ptt"] = {"Enrekang"}, ["ptu"] = {"Bambam"}, ["ptv"] = {"Port Vato"}, ["ptw"] = {"Pentlatch"}, ["pty"] = {"Pathiya"}, ["pua"] = {"Western Highland Purepecha"}, ["pub"] = {"Purum"}, ["puc"] = {"Punan Merap"}, ["pud"] = {"Punan Aput"}, ["pue"] = {"Puelche"}, ["puf"] = {"Punan Merah"}, ["pug"] = {"Phuie"}, ["pui"] = {"Puinave"}, ["puj"] = {"Punan Tubu"}, ["pum"] = {"Puma"}, ["puo"] = {"Puoc"}, ["pup"] = {"Pulabu"}, ["puq"] = {"Puquina"}, ["pur"] = {"Puruborá"}, ["put"] = {"Putoh"}, ["puu"] = {"Punu"}, ["puw"] = {"Puluwatese"}, ["pux"] = {"Puare"}, ["puy"] = {"Purisimeño"}, ["pwa"] = {"Pawaia"}, ["pwb"] = {"Panawa"}, ["pwg"] = {"Gapapaiwa"}, ["pwi"] = {"Patwin"}, ["pwm"] = {"Molbog"}, ["pwn"] = {"Paiwan"}, ["pwo"] = {"Pwo Western Karen"}, ["pwr"] = {"Powari"}, ["pww"] = {"Pwo Northern Karen"}, ["pxm"] = {"Quetzaltepec Mixe"}, ["pye"] = {"Pye Krumen"}, ["pym"] = {"Fyam"}, ["pyn"] = {"Poyanáwa"}, ["pys"] = {"Paraguayan Sign Language", "Lengua de Señas del Paraguay"}, ["pyu"] = {"Puyuma"}, ["pyx"] = {"Pyu (Myanmar)"}, ["pyy"] = {"Pyen"}, ["pze"] = {"Pesse"}, ["pzh"] = {"Pazeh"}, ["pzn"] = {"Jejara Naga", "Para Naga"}, ["qua"] = {"Quapaw"}, ["qub"] = {"Huallaga Huánuco Quechua"}, ["quc"] = {"K'iche'", "Quiché"}, ["qud"] = {"Calderón Highland Quichua"}, ["quf"] = {"Lambayeque Quechua"}, ["qug"] = {"Chimborazo Highland Quichua"}, ["quh"] = {"South Bolivian Quechua"}, ["qui"] = {"Quileute"}, ["quk"] = {"Chachapoyas Quechua"}, ["qul"] = {"North Bolivian Quechua"}, ["qum"] = {"Sipacapense"}, ["qun"] = {"Quinault"}, ["qup"] = {"Southern Pastaza Quechua"}, ["quq"] = {"Quinqui"}, ["qur"] = {"Yanahuanca Pasco Quechua"}, ["qus"] = {"Santiago del Estero Quichua"}, ["quv"] = {"Sacapulteco"}, ["quw"] = {"Tena Lowland Quichua"}, ["qux"] = {"Yauyos Quechua"}, ["quy"] = {"Ayacucho Quechua"}, ["quz"] = {"Cusco Quechua"}, ["qva"] = {"Ambo-Pasco Quechua"}, ["qvc"] = {"Cajamarca Quechua"}, ["qve"] = {"Eastern Apurímac Quechua"}, ["qvh"] = {"Huamalíes-Dos de Mayo Huánuco Quechua"}, ["qvi"] = {"Imbabura Highland Quichua"}, ["qvj"] = {"Loja Highland Quichua"}, ["qvl"] = {"Cajatambo North Lima Quechua"}, ["qvm"] = {"Margos-Yarowilca-Lauricocha Quechua"}, ["qvn"] = {"North Junín Quechua"}, ["qvo"] = {"Napo Lowland Quechua"}, ["qvp"] = {"Pacaraos Quechua"}, ["qvs"] = {"San Martín Quechua"}, ["qvw"] = {"Huaylla Wanca Quechua"}, ["qvy"] = {"Queyu"}, ["qvz"] = {"Northern Pastaza Quichua"}, ["qwa"] = {"Corongo Ancash Quechua"}, ["qwc"] = {"Classical Quechua"}, ["qwe"] = {"Quechuan (family)"}, ["qwh"] = {"Huaylas Ancash Quechua"}, ["qwm"] = {"Kuman (Russia)"}, ["qws"] = {"Sihuas Ancash Quechua"}, ["qwt"] = {"Kwalhioqua-Tlatskanai"}, ["qxa"] = {"Chiquián Ancash Quechua"}, ["qxc"] = {"Chincha Quechua"}, ["qxh"] = {"Panao Huánuco Quechua"}, ["qxl"] = {"Salasaca Highland Quichua"}, ["qxn"] = {"Northern Conchucos Ancash Quechua"}, ["qxo"] = {"Southern Conchucos Ancash Quechua"}, ["qxp"] = {"Puno Quechua"}, ["qxq"] = {"Qashqa'i"}, ["qxr"] = {"Cañar Highland Quichua"}, ["qxs"] = {"Southern Qiang"}, ["qxt"] = {"Santa Ana de Tusi Pasco Quechua"}, ["qxu"] = {"Arequipa-La Unión Quechua"}, ["qxw"] = {"Jauja Wanca Quechua"}, ["qya"] = {"Quenya"}, ["qyp"] = {"Quiripi"}, ["raa"] = {"Dungmali"}, ["rab"] = {"Camling"}, ["rac"] = {"Rasawa"}, ["rad"] = {"Rade"}, ["raf"] = {"Western Meohang"}, ["rag"] = {"Logooli", "Lulogooli"}, ["rah"] = {"Rabha"}, ["rai"] = {"Ramoaaina"}, ["raj"] = {"Rajasthani"}, ["rak"] = {"Tulu-Bohuai"}, ["ral"] = {"Ralte"}, ["ram"] = {"Canela"}, ["ran"] = {"Riantana"}, ["rao"] = {"Rao"}, ["rap"] = {"Rapanui"}, ["raq"] = {"Saam"}, ["rar"] = {"Rarotongan", "Cook Islands Maori"}, ["ras"] = {"Tegali"}, ["rat"] = {"Razajerdi"}, ["rau"] = {"Raute"}, ["rav"] = {"Sampang"}, ["raw"] = {"Rawang"}, ["rax"] = {"Rang"}, ["ray"] = {"Rapa"}, ["raz"] = {"Rahambuu"}, ["rbb"] = {"Rumai Palaung"}, ["rbk"] = {"Northern Bontok"}, ["rbl"] = {"Miraya Bikol"}, ["rbp"] = {"Barababaraba"}, ["rcf"] = {"Réunion Creole French"}, ["rdb"] = {"Rudbari"}, ["rea"] = {"Rerau"}, ["reb"] = {"Rembong"}, ["ree"] = {"Rejang Kayan"}, ["reg"] = {"Kara (Tanzania)"}, ["rei"] = {"Reli"}, ["rej"] = {"Rejang"}, ["rel"] = {"Rendille"}, ["rem"] = {"Remo"}, ["ren"] = {"Rengao"}, ["rer"] = {"Rer Bare"}, ["res"] = {"Reshe"}, ["ret"] = {"Retta"}, ["rey"] = {"Reyesano"}, ["rga"] = {"Roria"}, ["rge"] = {"Romano-Greek"}, ["rgk"] = {"Rangkas"}, ["rgn"] = {"Romagnol"}, ["rgr"] = {"Resígaro"}, ["rgs"] = {"Southern Roglai"}, ["rgu"] = {"Ringgou"}, ["rhg"] = {"Rohingya"}, ["rhp"] = {"Yahang"}, ["ria"] = {"Riang (India)"}, ["rib"] = {"Bribri Sign Language"}, ["rif"] = {"Tarifit"}, ["ril"] = {"Riang Lang", "Riang (Myanmar)"}, ["rim"] = {"Nyaturu"}, ["rin"] = {"Nungu"}, ["rir"] = {"Ribun"}, ["rit"] = {"Ritharrngu"}, ["riu"] = {"Riung"}, ["rjg"] = {"Rajong"}, ["rji"] = {"Raji"}, ["rjs"] = {"Rajbanshi"}, ["rka"] = {"Kraol"}, ["rkb"] = {"Rikbaktsa"}, ["rkh"] = {"Rakahanga-Manihiki"}, ["rki"] = {"Rakhine"}, ["rkm"] = {"Marka"}, ["rkt"] = {"Rangpuri", "Kamta"}, ["rkw"] = {"Arakwal"}, ["rma"] = {"Rama"}, ["rmb"] = {"Rembarrnga"}, ["rmc"] = {"Carpathian Romani"}, ["rmd"] = {"Traveller Danish"}, ["rme"] = {"Angloromani"}, ["rmf"] = {"Kalo Finnish Romani"}, ["rmg"] = {"Traveller Norwegian"}, ["rmh"] = {"Murkim"}, ["rmi"] = {"Lomavren"}, ["rmk"] = {"Romkun"}, ["rml"] = {"Baltic Romani"}, ["rmm"] = {"Roma"}, ["rmn"] = {"Balkan Romani"}, ["rmo"] = {"Sinte Romani"}, ["rmp"] = {"Rempi"}, ["rmq"] = {"Caló"}, ["rms"] = {"Romanian Sign Language"}, ["rmt"] = {"Domari"}, ["rmu"] = {"Tavringer Romani"}, ["rmv"] = {"Romanova"}, ["rmw"] = {"Welsh Romani"}, ["rmx"] = {"Romam"}, ["rmy"] = {"Vlax Romani"}, ["rmz"] = {"Marma"}, ["rnb"] = {"Brunca Sign Language"}, ["rnd"] = {"Ruund"}, ["rng"] = {"Ronga"}, ["rnl"] = {"Ranglong"}, ["rnn"] = {"Roon"}, ["rnp"] = {"Rongpo"}, ["rnr"] = {"Nari Nari"}, ["rnw"] = {"Rungwa"}, ["roa"] = {"Romance languages"}, ["rob"] = {"Tae'"}, ["roc"] = {"Cacgia Roglai"}, ["rod"] = {"Rogo"}, ["roe"] = {"Ronji"}, ["rof"] = {"Rombo"}, ["rog"] = {"Northern Roglai"}, ["rol"] = {"Romblomanon"}, ["rom"] = {"Romany"}, ["roo"] = {"Rotokas"}, ["rop"] = {"Kriol"}, ["ror"] = {"Rongga"}, ["rou"] = {"Runga"}, ["row"] = {"Dela-Oenale"}, ["rpn"] = {"Repanbitip"}, ["rpt"] = {"Rapting"}, ["rri"] = {"Ririo"}, ["rrm"] = {"Moriori"}, ["rro"] = {"Waima"}, ["rrt"] = {"Arritinngithigh"}, ["rsb"] = {"Romano-Serbian"}, ["rsk"] = {"Ruthenian", "Rusnak"}, ["rsl"] = {"Russian Sign Language"}, ["rsm"] = {"Miriwoong Sign Language"}, ["rsn"] = {"Rwandan Sign Language"}, ["rsw"] = {"Rishiwa"}, ["rtc"] = {"Rungtu Chin"}, ["rth"] = {"Ratahan"}, ["rtm"] = {"Rotuman"}, ["rts"] = {"Yurats"}, ["rtw"] = {"Rathawi"}, ["rub"] = {"Gungu"}, ["ruc"] = {"Ruuli"}, ["rue"] = {"Rusyn"}, ["ruf"] = {"Luguru"}, ["rug"] = {"Roviana"}, ["ruh"] = {"Ruga"}, ["rui"] = {"Rufiji"}, ["ruk"] = {"Che"}, ["ruo"] = {"Istro Romanian"}, ["rup"] = {"Macedo-Romanian", "Aromanian", "Arumanian"}, ["ruq"] = {"Megleno Romanian"}, ["rut"] = {"Rutul"}, ["ruu"] = {"Lanas Lobu"}, ["ruy"] = {"Mala (Nigeria)"}, ["ruz"] = {"Ruma"}, ["rwa"] = {"Rawo"}, ["rwk"] = {"Rwa"}, ["rwl"] = {"Ruwila"}, ["rwm"] = {"Amba (Uganda)"}, ["rwo"] = {"Rawa"}, ["rwr"] = {"Marwari (India)"}, ["rxd"] = {"Ngardi"}, ["rxw"] = {"Karuwali", "Garuwali"}, ["ryn"] = {"Northern Amami-Oshima"}, ["rys"] = {"Yaeyama"}, ["ryu"] = {"Central Okinawan"}, ["rzh"] = {"Rāziḥī"}, ["saa"] = {"Saba"}, ["sab"] = {"Buglere"}, ["sac"] = {"Meskwaki"}, ["sad"] = {"Sandawe"}, ["sae"] = {"Sabanê"}, ["saf"] = {"Safaliba"}, ["sah"] = {"Yakut"}, ["sai"] = {"South American Indian languages"}, ["saj"] = {"Sahu"}, ["sak"] = {"Sake"}, ["sal"] = {"Salishan languages"}, ["sam"] = {"Samaritan Aramaic"}, ["sao"] = {"Sause"}, ["saq"] = {"Samburu"}, ["sar"] = {"Saraveca"}, ["sas"] = {"Sasak"}, ["sat"] = {"Santali"}, ["sau"] = {"Saleman"}, ["sav"] = {"Saafi-Saafi"}, ["saw"] = {"Sawi"}, ["sax"] = {"Sa"}, ["say"] = {"Saya"}, ["saz"] = {"Saurashtra"}, ["sba"] = {"Ngambay"}, ["sbb"] = {"Simbo"}, ["sbc"] = {"Kele (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["sbd"] = {"Southern Samo"}, ["sbe"] = {"Saliba"}, ["sbf"] = {"Chabu", "Shabo"}, ["sbg"] = {"Seget"}, ["sbh"] = {"Sori-Harengan"}, ["sbi"] = {"Seti"}, ["sbj"] = {"Surbakhal"}, ["sbk"] = {"Safwa"}, ["sbl"] = {"Botolan Sambal"}, ["sbm"] = {"Sagala"}, ["sbn"] = {"Sindhi Bhil"}, ["sbo"] = {"Sabüm"}, ["sbp"] = {"Sangu (Tanzania)"}, ["sbq"] = {"Sileibi"}, ["sbr"] = {"Sembakung Murut"}, ["sbs"] = {"Subiya"}, ["sbt"] = {"Kimki"}, ["sbu"] = {"Stod Bhoti"}, ["sbv"] = {"Sabine"}, ["sbw"] = {"Simba"}, ["sbx"] = {"Seberuang"}, ["sby"] = {"Soli"}, ["sbz"] = {"Sara Kaba"}, ["scb"] = {"Chut"}, ["sce"] = {"Dongxiang"}, ["scf"] = {"San Miguel Creole French"}, ["scg"] = {"Sanggau"}, ["sch"] = {"Sakachep"}, ["sci"] = {"Sri Lankan Creole Malay"}, ["sck"] = {"Sadri"}, ["scl"] = {"Shina"}, ["scn"] = {"Sicilian"}, ["sco"] = {"Scots"}, ["scp"] = {"Hyolmo", "Helambu Sherpa"}, ["scq"] = {"Sa'och"}, ["scs"] = {"North Slavey"}, ["sct"] = {"Southern Katang"}, ["scu"] = {"Shumcho"}, ["scv"] = {"Sheni"}, ["scw"] = {"Sha"}, ["scx"] = {"Sicel"}, ["scz"] = {"Shaetlan"}, ["sda"] = {"Toraja-Sa'dan"}, ["sdb"] = {"Shabak"}, ["sdc"] = {"Sassarese Sardinian"}, ["sde"] = {"Surubu"}, ["sdf"] = {"Sarli"}, ["sdg"] = {"Savi"}, ["sdh"] = {"Southern Kurdish"}, ["sdj"] = {"Suundi"}, ["sdk"] = {"Sos Kundi"}, ["sdl"] = {"Saudi Arabian Sign Language"}, ["sdn"] = {"Gallurese Sardinian"}, ["sdo"] = {"Bukar-Sadung Bidayuh"}, ["sdp"] = {"Sherdukpen"}, ["sdq"] = {"Semandang"}, ["sdr"] = {"Oraon Sadri"}, ["sds"] = {"Sened"}, ["sdt"] = {"Shuadit"}, ["sdu"] = {"Sarudu"}, ["sdv"] = {"Eastern Sudanic languages"}, ["sdx"] = {"Sibu Melanau"}, ["sdz"] = {"Sallands"}, ["sea"] = {"Semai"}, ["seb"] = {"Shempire Senoufo"}, ["sec"] = {"Sechelt", "She shashishalhem"}, ["sed"] = {"Sedang"}, ["see"] = {"Seneca"}, ["sef"] = {"Cebaara Senoufo"}, ["seg"] = {"Segeju"}, ["seh"] = {"Sena"}, ["sei"] = {"Seri"}, ["sej"] = {"Sene"}, ["sek"] = {"Sekani"}, ["sel"] = {"Selkup"}, ["sem"] = {"Semitic languages"}, ["sen"] = {"Nanerigé Sénoufo"}, ["seo"] = {"Suarmin"}, ["sep"] = {"Sìcìté Sénoufo"}, ["seq"] = {"Senara Sénoufo"}, ["ser"] = {"Serrano"}, ["ses"] = {"Koyraboro Senni Songhai"}, ["set"] = {"Sentani"}, ["seu"] = {"Serui-Laut"}, ["sev"] = {"Nyarafolo Senoufo"}, ["sew"] = {"Sewa Bay"}, ["sey"] = {"Secoya"}, ["sez"] = {"Senthang Chin"}, ["sfb"] = {"Langue des signes de Belgique Francophone", "French Belgian Sign Language"}, ["sfe"] = {"Eastern Subanen"}, ["sfm"] = {"Small Flowery Miao"}, ["sfs"] = {"South African Sign Language"}, ["sfw"] = {"Sehwi"}, ["sga"] = {"Old Irish (to 900)"}, ["sgb"] = {"Mag-antsi Ayta"}, ["sgc"] = {"Kipsigis"}, ["sgd"] = {"Surigaonon"}, ["sge"] = {"Segai"}, ["sgg"] = {"Swiss-German Sign Language"}, ["sgh"] = {"Shughni"}, ["sgi"] = {"Suga"}, ["sgj"] = {"Surgujia"}, ["sgk"] = {"Sangkong"}, ["sgm"] = {"Singa"}, ["sgn"] = {"Sign languages"}, ["sgp"] = {"Singpho"}, ["sgr"] = {"Sangisari"}, ["sgs"] = {"Samogitian"}, ["sgt"] = {"Brokpake"}, ["sgu"] = {"Salas"}, ["sgw"] = {"Sebat Bet Gurage"}, ["sgx"] = {"Sierra Leone Sign Language"}, ["sgy"] = {"Sanglechi"}, ["sgz"] = {"Sursurunga"}, ["sha"] = {"Shall-Zwall"}, ["shb"] = {"Ninam"}, ["shc"] = {"Sonde"}, ["shd"] = {"Kundal Shahi"}, ["she"] = {"Sheko"}, ["shg"] = {"Shua"}, ["shh"] = {"Shoshoni"}, ["shi"] = {"Tachelhit"}, ["shj"] = {"Shatt"}, ["shk"] = {"Shilluk"}, ["shl"] = {"Shendu"}, ["shm"] = {"Shahrudi"}, ["shn"] = {"Shan"}, ["sho"] = {"Shanga"}, ["shp"] = {"Shipibo-Conibo"}, ["shq"] = {"Sala"}, ["shr"] = {"Shi"}, ["shs"] = {"Shuswap", "Secwepemctsín"}, ["sht"] = {"Shasta"}, ["shu"] = {"Chadian Arabic"}, ["shv"] = {"Shehri"}, ["shw"] = {"Shwai"}, ["shx"] = {"She"}, ["shy"] = {"Tachawit"}, ["shz"] = {"Syenara Senoufo"}, ["sia"] = {"Akkala Sami"}, ["sib"] = {"Sebop"}, ["sid"] = {"Sidamo"}, ["sie"] = {"Simaa"}, ["sif"] = {"Siamou"}, ["sig"] = {"Paasaal"}, ["sih"] = {"Zire", "Sîshëë"}, ["sii"] = {"Shom Peng"}, ["sij"] = {"Numbami"}, ["sik"] = {"Sikiana"}, ["sil"] = {"Tumulung Sisaala"}, ["sim"] = {"Mende (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["sio"] = {"Siouan languages"}, ["sip"] = {"Sikkimese"}, ["siq"] = {"Sonia"}, ["sir"] = {"Siri"}, ["sis"] = {"Siuslaw"}, ["sit"] = {"Sino-Tibetan languages"}, ["siu"] = {"Sinagen"}, ["siv"] = {"Sumariup"}, ["siw"] = {"Siwai"}, ["six"] = {"Sumau"}, ["siy"] = {"Sivandi"}, ["siz"] = {"Siwi"}, ["sja"] = {"Epena"}, ["sjb"] = {"Sajau Basap"}, ["sjc"] = {"Shaojiang Chinese"}, ["sjd"] = {"Kildin Sami"}, ["sje"] = {"Pite Sami"}, ["sjg"] = {"Assangori"}, ["sjk"] = {"Kemi Sami"}, ["sjl"] = {"Sajalong", "Miji"}, ["sjm"] = {"Mapun"}, ["sjn"] = {"Sindarin"}, ["sjo"] = {"Xibe"}, ["sjp"] = {"Surjapuri"}, ["sjr"] = {"Siar-Lak"}, ["sjs"] = {"Senhaja De Srair"}, ["sjt"] = {"Ter Sami"}, ["sju"] = {"Ume Sami"}, ["sjw"] = {"Shawnee"}, ["ska"] = {"Skagit"}, ["skb"] = {"Saek"}, ["skc"] = {"Ma Manda"}, ["skd"] = {"Southern Sierra Miwok"}, ["ske"] = {"Seke (Vanuatu)"}, ["skf"] = {"Sakirabiá"}, ["skg"] = {"Sakalava Malagasy"}, ["skh"] = {"Sikule"}, ["ski"] = {"Sika"}, ["skj"] = {"Seke (Nepal)"}, ["skm"] = {"Kutong"}, ["skn"] = {"Kolibugan Subanon"}, ["sko"] = {"Seko Tengah"}, ["skp"] = {"Sekapan"}, ["skq"] = {"Sininkere"}, ["skr"] = {"Saraiki", "Seraiki"}, ["sks"] = {"Maia"}, ["skt"] = {"Sakata"}, ["sku"] = {"Sakao"}, ["skv"] = {"Skou"}, ["skw"] = {"Skepi Creole Dutch"}, ["skx"] = {"Seko Padang"}, ["sky"] = {"Sikaiana"}, ["skz"] = {"Sekar"}, ["sla"] = {"Slavic languages"}, ["slc"] = {"Sáliba"}, ["sld"] = {"Sissala"}, ["sle"] = {"Sholaga"}, ["slf"] = {"Swiss-Italian Sign Language"}, ["slg"] = {"Selungai Murut"}, ["slh"] = {"Southern Puget Sound Salish"}, ["sli"] = {"Lower Silesian"}, ["slj"] = {"Salumá"}, ["sll"] = {"Salt-Yui"}, ["slm"] = {"Pangutaran Sama"}, ["sln"] = {"Salinan"}, ["slp"] = {"Lamaholot"}, ["slr"] = {"Salar"}, ["sls"] = {"Singapore Sign Language"}, ["slt"] = {"Sila"}, ["slu"] = {"Selaru"}, ["slw"] = {"Sialum"}, ["slx"] = {"Salampasu"}, ["sly"] = {"Selayar"}, ["slz"] = {"Ma'ya"}, ["sma"] = {"Southern Sami"}, ["smb"] = {"Simbari"}, ["smc"] = {"Som"}, ["smf"] = {"Auwe"}, ["smg"] = {"Simbali"}, ["smh"] = {"Samei"}, ["smi"] = {"Sami languages"}, ["smj"] = {"Lule Sami"}, ["smk"] = {"Bolinao"}, ["sml"] = {"Central Sama"}, ["smm"] = {"Musasa"}, ["smn"] = {"Inari Sami"}, ["smp"] = {"Samaritan"}, ["smq"] = {"Samo"}, ["smr"] = {"Simeulue"}, ["sms"] = {"Skolt Sami"}, ["smt"] = {"Simte"}, ["smu"] = {"Somray"}, ["smv"] = {"Samvedi"}, ["smw"] = {"Sumbawa"}, ["smx"] = {"Samba"}, ["smy"] = {"Semnani"}, ["smz"] = {"Simeku"}, ["snc"] = {"Sinaugoro"}, ["sne"] = {"Bau Bidayuh"}, ["snf"] = {"Noon"}, ["sng"] = {"Sanga (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["sni"] = {"Sensi"}, ["snj"] = {"Riverain Sango"}, ["snk"] = {"Soninke"}, ["snl"] = {"Sangil"}, ["snm"] = {"Southern Ma'di"}, ["snn"] = {"Siona"}, ["sno"] = {"Snohomish"}, ["snp"] = {"Siane"}, ["snq"] = {"Sangu (Gabon)"}, ["snr"] = {"Sihan"}, ["sns"] = {"South West Bay", "Nahavaq"}, ["snu"] = {"Senggi", "Viid"}, ["snv"] = {"Sa'ban"}, ["snw"] = {"Selee"}, ["snx"] = {"Sam"}, ["sny"] = {"Saniyo-Hiyewe"}, ["snz"] = {"Kou"}, ["soa"] = {"Thai Song"}, ["sob"] = {"Sobei"}, ["soc"] = {"So (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["sod"] = {"Songoora"}, ["soe"] = {"Songomeno"}, ["sog"] = {"Sogdian"}, ["soh"] = {"Aka"}, ["soi"] = {"Sonha"}, ["soj"] = {"Soi"}, ["sok"] = {"Sokoro"}, ["sol"] = {"Solos"}, ["son"] = {"Songhai languages"}, ["soo"] = {"Songo"}, ["sop"] = {"Songe"}, ["soq"] = {"Kanasi"}, ["sor"] = {"Somrai"}, ["sos"] = {"Seeku"}, ["sou"] = {"Southern Thai"}, ["sov"] = {"Sonsorol"}, ["sow"] = {"Sowanda"}, ["sox"] = {"Swo"}, ["soy"] = {"Miyobe"}, ["soz"] = {"Temi"}, ["spb"] = {"Sepa (Indonesia)"}, ["spc"] = {"Sapé"}, ["spd"] = {"Saep"}, ["spe"] = {"Sepa (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["spg"] = {"Sian"}, ["spi"] = {"Saponi"}, ["spk"] = {"Sengo"}, ["spl"] = {"Selepet"}, ["spm"] = {"Akukem"}, ["spn"] = {"Sanapaná"}, ["spo"] = {"Spokane"}, ["spp"] = {"Supyire Senoufo"}, ["spq"] = {"Loreto-Ucayali Spanish"}, ["spr"] = {"Saparua"}, ["sps"] = {"Saposa"}, ["spt"] = {"Spiti Bhoti"}, ["spu"] = {"Sapuan"}, ["spv"] = {"Sambalpuri", "Kosli"}, ["spx"] = {"South Picene"}, ["spy"] = {"Sabaot"}, ["sqa"] = {"Shama-Sambuga"}, ["sqh"] = {"Shau"}, ["sqj"] = {"Albanian languages"}, ["sqk"] = {"Albanian Sign Language"}, ["sqm"] = {"Suma"}, ["sqn"] = {"Susquehannock"}, ["sqo"] = {"Sorkhei"}, ["sqq"] = {"Sou"}, ["sqr"] = {"Siculo Arabic"}, ["sqs"] = {"Sri Lankan Sign Language"}, ["sqt"] = {"Soqotri"}, ["squ"] = {"Squamish", "Sḵwx̱wú7mesh sníchim"}, ["sqx"] = {"Kufr Qassem Sign Language (KQSL)"}, ["sra"] = {"Saruga"}, ["srb"] = {"Sora"}, ["src"] = {"Logudorese Sardinian"}, ["sre"] = {"Sara"}, ["srf"] = {"Nafi"}, ["srg"] = {"Sulod"}, ["srh"] = {"Sarikoli"}, ["sri"] = {"Siriano"}, ["srk"] = {"Serudung Murut"}, ["srl"] = {"Isirawa"}, ["srm"] = {"Saramaccan"}, ["srn"] = {"Sranan Tongo"}, ["sro"] = {"Campidanese Sardinian"}, ["srq"] = {"Sirionó"}, ["srr"] = {"Serer"}, ["srs"] = {"Sarsi"}, ["srt"] = {"Sauri"}, ["sru"] = {"Suruí"}, ["srv"] = {"Southern Sorsoganon"}, ["srw"] = {"Serua"}, ["srx"] = {"Sirmauri"}, ["sry"] = {"Sera"}, ["srz"] = {"Shahmirzadi"}, ["ssa"] = {"Nilo-Saharan languages"}, ["ssb"] = {"Southern Sama"}, ["ssc"] = {"Suba-Simbiti"}, ["ssd"] = {"Siroi"}, ["sse"] = {"Balangingi", "Bangingih Sama"}, ["ssf"] = {"Thao"}, ["ssg"] = {"Seimat"}, ["ssh"] = {"Shihhi Arabic"}, ["ssi"] = {"Sansi"}, ["ssj"] = {"Sausi"}, ["ssk"] = {"Sunam"}, ["ssl"] = {"Western Sisaala"}, ["ssm"] = {"Semnam"}, ["ssn"] = {"Waata"}, ["sso"] = {"Sissano"}, ["ssp"] = {"Spanish Sign Language"}, ["ssq"] = {"So'a"}, ["ssr"] = {"Swiss-French Sign Language"}, ["sss"] = {"Sô"}, ["sst"] = {"Sinasina"}, ["ssu"] = {"Susuami"}, ["ssv"] = {"Shark Bay"}, ["ssx"] = {"Samberigi"}, ["ssy"] = {"Saho"}, ["ssz"] = {"Sengseng"}, ["sta"] = {"Settla"}, ["stb"] = {"Northern Subanen"}, ["std"] = {"Sentinel"}, ["ste"] = {"Liana-Seti"}, ["stf"] = {"Seta"}, ["stg"] = {"Trieng"}, ["sth"] = {"Shelta"}, ["sti"] = {"Bulo Stieng"}, ["stj"] = {"Matya Samo"}, ["stk"] = {"Arammba"}, ["stl"] = {"Stellingwerfs"}, ["stm"] = {"Setaman"}, ["stn"] = {"Owa"}, ["sto"] = {"Stoney"}, ["stp"] = {"Southeastern Tepehuan"}, ["stq"] = {"Saterfriesisch"}, ["str"] = {"Straits Salish"}, ["sts"] = {"Shumashti"}, ["stt"] = {"Budeh Stieng"}, ["stu"] = {"Samtao"}, ["stv"] = {"Silt'e"}, ["stw"] = {"Satawalese"}, ["sty"] = {"Siberian Tatar"}, ["sua"] = {"Sulka"}, ["sub"] = {"Suku"}, ["suc"] = {"Western Subanon"}, ["sue"] = {"Suena"}, ["sug"] = {"Suganga"}, ["sui"] = {"Suki"}, ["suj"] = {"Shubi"}, ["suk"] = {"Sukuma"}, ["suo"] = {"Bouni"}, ["suq"] = {"Tirmaga-Chai Suri", "Suri"}, ["sur"] = {"Mwaghavul"}, ["sus"] = {"Susu"}, ["sut"] = {"Subtiaba"}, ["suv"] = {"Puroik"}, ["suw"] = {"Sumbwa"}, ["sux"] = {"Sumerian"}, ["suy"] = {"Suyá"}, ["suz"] = {"Sunwar"}, ["sva"] = {"Svan"}, ["svb"] = {"Ulau-Suain"}, ["svc"] = {"Vincentian Creole English"}, ["sve"] = {"Serili"}, ["svk"] = {"Slovakian Sign Language"}, ["svm"] = {"Slavomolisano"}, ["svs"] = {"Savosavo"}, ["svx"] = {"Skalvian"}, ["swb"] = {"Maore Comorian"}, ["swc"] = {"Congo Swahili"}, ["swf"] = {"Sere"}, ["swg"] = {"Swabian"}, ["swh"] = {"Swahili (individual language)", "Kiswahili"}, ["swi"] = {"Sui"}, ["swj"] = {"Sira"}, ["swk"] = {"Malawi Sena"}, ["swl"] = {"Swedish Sign Language"}, ["swm"] = {"Samosa"}, ["swn"] = {"Sawknah"}, ["swo"] = {"Shanenawa"}, ["swp"] = {"Suau"}, ["swq"] = {"Sharwa"}, ["swr"] = {"Saweru"}, ["sws"] = {"Seluwasan"}, ["swt"] = {"Sawila"}, ["swu"] = {"Suwawa"}, ["swv"] = {"Shekhawati"}, ["sww"] = {"Sowa"}, ["swx"] = {"Suruahá"}, ["swy"] = {"Sarua"}, ["sxb"] = {"Suba"}, ["sxc"] = {"Sicanian"}, ["sxe"] = {"Sighu"}, ["sxg"] = {"Shuhi", "Shixing"}, ["sxk"] = {"Southern Kalapuya"}, ["sxl"] = {"Selian"}, ["sxm"] = {"Samre"}, ["sxn"] = {"Sangir"}, ["sxo"] = {"Sorothaptic"}, ["sxr"] = {"Saaroa"}, ["sxs"] = {"Sasaru"}, ["sxu"] = {"Upper Saxon"}, ["sxw"] = {"Saxwe Gbe"}, ["sya"] = {"Siang"}, ["syb"] = {"Central Subanen"}, ["syc"] = {"Classical Syriac"}, ["syd"] = {"Samoyedic languages"}, ["syi"] = {"Seki"}, ["syk"] = {"Sukur"}, ["syl"] = {"Sylheti"}, ["sym"] = {"Maya Samo"}, ["syn"] = {"Senaya"}, ["syo"] = {"Suoy"}, ["syr"] = {"Syriac"}, ["sys"] = {"Sinyar"}, ["syw"] = {"Kagate"}, ["syx"] = {"Samay"}, ["syy"] = {"Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language"}, ["sza"] = {"Semelai"}, ["szb"] = {"Ngalum"}, ["szc"] = {"Semaq Beri"}, ["sze"] = {"Seze"}, ["szg"] = {"Sengele"}, ["szl"] = {"Silesian"}, ["szn"] = {"Sula"}, ["szp"] = {"Suabo"}, ["szs"] = {"Solomon Islands Sign Language"}, ["szv"] = {"Isu (Fako Division)"}, ["szw"] = {"Sawai"}, ["szy"] = {"Sakizaya"}, ["taa"] = {"Lower Tanana"}, ["tab"] = {"Tabassaran"}, ["tac"] = {"Lowland Tarahumara"}, ["tad"] = {"Tause"}, ["tae"] = {"Tariana"}, ["taf"] = {"Tapirapé"}, ["tag"] = {"Tagoi"}, ["tai"] = {"Tai languages"}, ["taj"] = {"Eastern Tamang"}, ["tak"] = {"Tala"}, ["tal"] = {"Tal"}, ["tan"] = {"Tangale"}, ["tao"] = {"Yami"}, ["tap"] = {"Taabwa"}, ["taq"] = {"Tamasheq"}, ["tar"] = {"Central Tarahumara"}, ["tas"] = {"Tay Boi"}, ["tau"] = {"Upper Tanana"}, ["tav"] = {"Tatuyo"}, ["taw"] = {"Tai"}, ["tax"] = {"Tamki"}, ["tay"] = {"Atayal"}, ["taz"] = {"Tocho"}, ["tba"] = {"Aikanã"}, ["tbc"] = {"Takia"}, ["tbd"] = {"Kaki Ae"}, ["tbe"] = {"Tanimbili"}, ["tbf"] = {"Mandara"}, ["tbg"] = {"North Tairora"}, ["tbh"] = {"Dharawal", "Thurawal"}, ["tbi"] = {"Gaam"}, ["tbj"] = {"Tiang"}, ["tbk"] = {"Calamian Tagbanwa"}, ["tbl"] = {"Tboli"}, ["tbm"] = {"Tagbu"}, ["tbn"] = {"Barro Negro Tunebo"}, ["tbo"] = {"Tawala"}, ["tbp"] = {"Taworta", "Diebroud"}, ["tbq"] = {"Tibeto-Burman languages"}, ["tbr"] = {"Tumtum"}, ["tbs"] = {"Tanguat"}, ["tbt"] = {"Tembo (Kitembo)"}, ["tbu"] = {"Tubar"}, ["tbv"] = {"Tobo"}, ["tbw"] = {"Tagbanwa"}, ["tbx"] = {"Kapin"}, ["tby"] = {"Tabaru"}, ["tbz"] = {"Ditammari"}, ["tca"] = {"Ticuna"}, ["tcb"] = {"Tanacross"}, ["tcc"] = {"Datooga"}, ["tcd"] = {"Tafi"}, ["tce"] = {"Southern Tutchone"}, ["tcf"] = {"Malinaltepec Me'phaa", "Malinaltepec Tlapanec"}, ["tcg"] = {"Tamagario"}, ["tch"] = {"Turks And Caicos Creole English"}, ["tci"] = {"Wára"}, ["tck"] = {"Tchitchege"}, ["tcl"] = {"Taman (Myanmar)"}, ["tcm"] = {"Tanahmerah"}, ["tcn"] = {"Tichurong"}, ["tco"] = {"Taungyo"}, ["tcp"] = {"Tawr Chin"}, ["tcq"] = {"Kaiy"}, ["tcs"] = {"Torres Strait Creole", "Yumplatok"}, ["tct"] = {"T'en"}, ["tcu"] = {"Southeastern Tarahumara"}, ["tcw"] = {"Tecpatlán Totonac"}, ["tcx"] = {"Toda"}, ["tcy"] = {"Tulu"}, ["tcz"] = {"Thado Chin"}, ["tda"] = {"Tagdal"}, ["tdb"] = {"Panchpargania"}, ["tdc"] = {"Emberá-Tadó"}, ["tdd"] = {"Tai Nüa"}, ["tde"] = {"Tiranige Diga Dogon"}, ["tdf"] = {"Talieng"}, ["tdg"] = {"Western Tamang"}, ["tdh"] = {"Thulung"}, ["tdi"] = {"Tomadino"}, ["tdj"] = {"Tajio"}, ["tdk"] = {"Tambas"}, ["tdl"] = {"Sur"}, ["tdm"] = {"Taruma"}, ["tdn"] = {"Tondano"}, ["tdo"] = {"Teme"}, ["tdq"] = {"Tita"}, ["tdr"] = {"Todrah"}, ["tds"] = {"Doutai"}, ["tdt"] = {"Tetun Dili"}, ["tdv"] = {"Toro"}, ["tdx"] = {"Tandroy-Mahafaly Malagasy"}, ["tdy"] = {"Tadyawan"}, ["tea"] = {"Temiar"}, ["teb"] = {"Tetete"}, ["tec"] = {"Terik"}, ["ted"] = {"Tepo Krumen"}, ["tee"] = {"Huehuetla Tepehua"}, ["tef"] = {"Teressa"}, ["teg"] = {"Teke-Tege"}, ["teh"] = {"Tehuelche"}, ["tei"] = {"Torricelli"}, ["tek"] = {"Ibali Teke"}, ["tem"] = {"Timne"}, ["ten"] = {"Tama (Colombia)"}, ["teo"] = {"Teso"}, ["tep"] = {"Tepecano"}, ["teq"] = {"Temein"}, ["ter"] = {"Tereno"}, ["tes"] = {"Tengger"}, ["tet"] = {"Tetum"}, ["teu"] = {"Soo"}, ["tev"] = {"Teor"}, ["tew"] = {"Tewa (USA)"}, ["tex"] = {"Tennet"}, ["tey"] = {"Tulishi"}, ["tez"] = {"Tetserret"}, ["tfi"] = {"Tofin Gbe"}, ["tfn"] = {"Tanaina"}, ["tfo"] = {"Tefaro"}, ["tfr"] = {"Teribe"}, ["tft"] = {"Ternate"}, ["tga"] = {"Sagalla"}, ["tgb"] = {"Tobilung"}, ["tgc"] = {"Tigak"}, ["tgd"] = {"Ciwogai"}, ["tge"] = {"Eastern Gorkha Tamang"}, ["tgf"] = {"Chalikha"}, ["tgh"] = {"Tobagonian Creole English"}, ["tgi"] = {"Lawunuia"}, ["tgj"] = {"Tagin"}, ["tgn"] = {"Tandaganon"}, ["tgo"] = {"Sudest"}, ["tgp"] = {"Tangoa"}, ["tgq"] = {"Tring"}, ["tgr"] = {"Tareng"}, ["tgs"] = {"Nume"}, ["tgt"] = {"Central Tagbanwa"}, ["tgu"] = {"Tanggu"}, ["tgv"] = {"Tingui-Boto"}, ["tgw"] = {"Tagwana Senoufo"}, ["tgx"] = {"Tagish"}, ["tgy"] = {"Togoyo"}, ["tgz"] = {"Tagalaka"}, ["thd"] = {"Kuuk Thaayorre", "Thayore"}, ["the"] = {"Chitwania Tharu"}, ["thf"] = {"Thangmi"}, ["thh"] = {"Northern Tarahumara"}, ["thi"] = {"Tai Long"}, ["thk"] = {"Tharaka", "Kitharaka"}, ["thl"] = {"Dangaura Tharu"}, ["thm"] = {"Aheu"}, ["thn"] = {"Thachanadan"}, ["thp"] = {"Thompson", "Nłeʔkepmxcín", "Thompson River Salish"}, ["thq"] = {"Kochila Tharu"}, ["thr"] = {"Rana Tharu"}, ["ths"] = {"Thakali"}, ["tht"] = {"Tahltan", "Tāłtān"}, ["thu"] = {"Thuri"}, ["thv"] = {"Tahaggart Tamahaq"}, ["thy"] = {"Tha"}, ["thz"] = {"Tayart Tamajeq"}, ["tia"] = {"Tidikelt Tamazight"}, ["tic"] = {"Tira"}, ["tif"] = {"Tifal"}, ["tig"] = {"Tigre"}, ["tih"] = {"Timugon Murut"}, ["tii"] = {"Tiene"}, ["tij"] = {"Tilung"}, ["tik"] = {"Tikar"}, ["til"] = {"Tillamook"}, ["tim"] = {"Timbe"}, ["tin"] = {"Tindi"}, ["tio"] = {"Teop"}, ["tip"] = {"Trimuris"}, ["tiq"] = {"Tiéfo"}, ["tis"] = {"Masadiit Itneg"}, ["tit"] = {"Tinigua"}, ["tiu"] = {"Adasen"}, ["tiv"] = {"Tiv"}, ["tiw"] = {"Tiwi"}, ["tix"] = {"Southern Tiwa"}, ["tiy"] = {"Tiruray"}, ["tiz"] = {"Tai Hongjin"}, ["tja"] = {"Tajuasohn"}, ["tjg"] = {"Tunjung"}, ["tji"] = {"Northern Tujia"}, ["tjj"] = {"Tjungundji"}, ["tjl"] = {"Tai Laing"}, ["tjm"] = {"Timucua"}, ["tjn"] = {"Tonjon"}, ["tjo"] = {"Temacine Tamazight"}, ["tjp"] = {"Tjupany"}, ["tjs"] = {"Southern Tujia"}, ["tju"] = {"Tjurruru"}, ["tjw"] = {"Djabwurrung"}, ["tka"] = {"Truká"}, ["tkb"] = {"Buksa"}, ["tkd"] = {"Tukudede"}, ["tke"] = {"Takwane"}, ["tkf"] = {"Tukumanféd"}, ["tkg"] = {"Tesaka Malagasy"}, ["tkl"] = {"Tokelau"}, ["tkm"] = {"Takelma"}, ["tkn"] = {"Toku-No-Shima"}, ["tkp"] = {"Tikopia"}, ["tkq"] = {"Tee"}, ["tkr"] = {"Tsakhur"}, ["tks"] = {"Takestani"}, ["tkt"] = {"Kathoriya Tharu"}, ["tku"] = {"Upper Necaxa Totonac"}, ["tkv"] = {"Mur Pano"}, ["tkw"] = {"Teanu"}, ["tkx"] = {"Tangko"}, ["tkz"] = {"Takua"}, ["tla"] = {"Southwestern Tepehuan"}, ["tlb"] = {"Tobelo"}, ["tlc"] = {"Yecuatla Totonac"}, ["tld"] = {"Talaud"}, ["tlf"] = {"Telefol"}, ["tlg"] = {"Tofanma"}, ["tlh"] = {"Klingon", "tlhIngan Hol"}, ["tli"] = {"Tlingit"}, ["tlj"] = {"Talinga-Bwisi"}, ["tlk"] = {"Taloki"}, ["tll"] = {"Tetela"}, ["tlm"] = {"Tolomako"}, ["tln"] = {"Talondo'"}, ["tlo"] = {"Talodi"}, ["tlp"] = {"Filomena Mata-Coahuitlán Totonac"}, ["tlq"] = {"Tai Loi"}, ["tlr"] = {"Talise"}, ["tls"] = {"Tambotalo"}, ["tlt"] = {"Sou Nama", "Teluti"}, ["tlu"] = {"Tulehu"}, ["tlv"] = {"Taliabu"}, ["tlx"] = {"Khehek"}, ["tly"] = {"Talysh"}, ["tma"] = {"Tama (Chad)"}, ["tmb"] = {"Katbol", "Avava"}, ["tmc"] = {"Tumak"}, ["tmd"] = {"Haruai"}, ["tme"] = {"Tremembé"}, ["tmf"] = {"Toba-Maskoy"}, ["tmg"] = {"Ternateño"}, ["tmh"] = {"Tamashek"}, ["tmi"] = {"Tutuba"}, ["tmj"] = {"Samarokena"}, ["tml"] = {"Tamnim Citak"}, ["tmm"] = {"Tai Thanh"}, ["tmn"] = {"Taman (Indonesia)"}, ["tmo"] = {"Temoq"}, ["tmq"] = {"Tumleo"}, ["tmr"] = {"Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (ca. 200-1200 CE)"}, ["tms"] = {"Tima"}, ["tmt"] = {"Tasmate"}, ["tmu"] = {"Iau"}, ["tmv"] = {"Tembo (Motembo)"}, ["tmw"] = {"Temuan"}, ["tmy"] = {"Tami"}, ["tmz"] = {"Tamanaku"}, ["tna"] = {"Tacana"}, ["tnb"] = {"Western Tunebo"}, ["tnc"] = {"Tanimuca-Retuarã"}, ["tnd"] = {"Angosturas Tunebo"}, ["tng"] = {"Tobanga"}, ["tnh"] = {"Maiani"}, ["tni"] = {"Tandia"}, ["tnk"] = {"Kwamera"}, ["tnl"] = {"Lenakel"}, ["tnm"] = {"Tabla"}, ["tnn"] = {"North Tanna"}, ["tno"] = {"Toromono"}, ["tnp"] = {"Whitesands"}, ["tnq"] = {"Taino"}, ["tnr"] = {"Ménik"}, ["tns"] = {"Tenis"}, ["tnt"] = {"Tontemboan"}, ["tnu"] = {"Tay Khang"}, ["tnv"] = {"Tangchangya"}, ["tnw"] = {"Tonsawang"}, ["tnx"] = {"Tanema"}, ["tny"] = {"Tongwe"}, ["tnz"] = {"Ten'edn"}, ["tob"] = {"Toba"}, ["toc"] = {"Coyutla Totonac"}, ["tod"] = {"Toma"}, ["tof"] = {"Gizrra"}, ["tog"] = {"Tonga (Nyasa)"}, ["toh"] = {"Gitonga"}, ["toi"] = {"Tonga (Zambia)"}, ["toj"] = {"Tojolabal"}, ["tok"] = {"Toki Pona"}, ["tol"] = {"Tolowa"}, ["tom"] = {"Tombulu"}, ["too"] = {"Xicotepec De Juárez Totonac"}, ["top"] = {"Papantla Totonac"}, ["toq"] = {"Toposa"}, ["tor"] = {"Togbo-Vara Banda"}, ["tos"] = {"Highland Totonac"}, ["tou"] = {"Tho"}, ["tov"] = {"Upper Taromi"}, ["tow"] = {"Jemez"}, ["tox"] = {"Tobian"}, ["toy"] = {"Topoiyo"}, ["toz"] = {"To"}, ["tpa"] = {"Taupota"}, ["tpc"] = {"Azoyú Me'phaa", "Azoyú Tlapanec"}, ["tpe"] = {"Tippera"}, ["tpf"] = {"Tarpia"}, ["tpg"] = {"Kula"}, ["tpi"] = {"Tok Pisin"}, ["tpj"] = {"Tapieté"}, ["tpk"] = {"Tupinikin"}, ["tpl"] = {"Tlacoapa Me'phaa", "Tlacoapa Tlapanec"}, ["tpm"] = {"Tampulma"}, ["tpn"] = {"Tupinambá"}, ["tpo"] = {"Tai Pao"}, ["tpp"] = {"Pisaflores Tepehua"}, ["tpq"] = {"Tukpa"}, ["tpr"] = {"Tuparí"}, ["tpt"] = {"Tlachichilco Tepehua"}, ["tpu"] = {"Tampuan"}, ["tpv"] = {"Tanapag"}, ["tpx"] = {"Acatepec Me'phaa", "Acatepec Tlapanec"}, ["tpy"] = {"Trumai"}, ["tpz"] = {"Tinputz"}, ["tqb"] = {"Tembé"}, ["tql"] = {"Lehali"}, ["tqm"] = {"Turumsa"}, ["tqn"] = {"Tenino"}, ["tqo"] = {"Toaripi"}, ["tqp"] = {"Tomoip"}, ["tqq"] = {"Tunni"}, ["tqr"] = {"Torona"}, ["tqt"] = {"Western Totonac"}, ["tqu"] = {"Touo"}, ["tqw"] = {"Tonkawa"}, ["tra"] = {"Tirahi"}, ["trb"] = {"Terebu"}, ["trc"] = {"Copala Triqui"}, ["trd"] = {"Turi"}, ["tre"] = {"East Tarangan"}, ["trf"] = {"Trinidadian Creole English"}, ["trg"] = {"Lishán Didán"}, ["trh"] = {"Turaka"}, ["tri"] = {"Trió"}, ["trj"] = {"Toram"}, ["trk"] = {"Turkic languages"}, ["trl"] = {"Traveller Scottish"}, ["trm"] = {"Tregami"}, ["trn"] = {"Trinitario"}, ["tro"] = {"Tarao Naga"}, ["trp"] = {"Kok Borok"}, ["trq"] = {"San Martín Itunyoso Triqui"}, ["trr"] = {"Taushiro"}, ["trs"] = {"Chicahuaxtla Triqui"}, ["trt"] = {"Tunggare"}, ["tru"] = {"Turoyo", "Surayt"}, ["trv"] = {"Sediq", "Seediq", "Taroko"}, ["trw"] = {"Torwali"}, ["trx"] = {"Tringgus-Sembaan Bidayuh"}, ["try"] = {"Turung"}, ["trz"] = {"Torá"}, ["tsa"] = {"Tsaangi"}, ["tsb"] = {"Tsamai"}, ["tsc"] = {"Tswa"}, ["tsd"] = {"Tsakonian"}, ["tse"] = {"Tunisian Sign Language"}, ["tsg"] = {"Tausug"}, ["tsh"] = {"Tsuvan"}, ["tsi"] = {"Tsimshian"}, ["tsj"] = {"Tshangla"}, ["tsk"] = {"Tseku"}, ["tsl"] = {"Ts'ün-Lao"}, ["tsm"] = {"Turkish Sign Language", "Türk İşaret Dili"}, ["tsp"] = {"Northern Toussian"}, ["tsq"] = {"Thai Sign Language"}, ["tsr"] = {"Akei"}, ["tss"] = {"Taiwan Sign Language"}, ["tst"] = {"Tondi Songway Kiini"}, ["tsu"] = {"Tsou"}, ["tsv"] = {"Tsogo"}, ["tsw"] = {"Tsishingini"}, ["tsx"] = {"Mubami"}, ["tsy"] = {"Tebul Sign Language"}, ["tsz"] = {"Purepecha"}, ["tta"] = {"Tutelo"}, ["ttb"] = {"Gaa"}, ["ttc"] = {"Tektiteko"}, ["ttd"] = {"Tauade"}, ["tte"] = {"Bwanabwana"}, ["ttf"] = {"Tuotomb"}, ["ttg"] = {"Tutong"}, ["tth"] = {"Upper Ta'oih"}, ["tti"] = {"Tobati"}, ["ttj"] = {"Tooro"}, ["ttk"] = {"Totoro"}, ["ttl"] = {"Totela"}, ["ttm"] = {"Northern Tutchone"}, ["ttn"] = {"Towei"}, ["tto"] = {"Lower Ta'oih"}, ["ttp"] = {"Tombelala"}, ["ttq"] = {"Tawallammat Tamajaq"}, ["ttr"] = {"Tera"}, ["tts"] = {"Northeastern Thai"}, ["ttt"] = {"Muslim Tat"}, ["ttu"] = {"Torau"}, ["ttv"] = {"Titan"}, ["ttw"] = {"Long Wat"}, ["tty"] = {"Sikaritai"}, ["ttz"] = {"Tsum"}, ["tua"] = {"Wiarumus"}, ["tub"] = {"Tübatulabal"}, ["tuc"] = {"Mutu"}, ["tud"] = {"Tuxá"}, ["tue"] = {"Tuyuca"}, ["tuf"] = {"Central Tunebo"}, ["tug"] = {"Tunia"}, ["tuh"] = {"Taulil"}, ["tui"] = {"Tupuri"}, ["tuj"] = {"Tugutil"}, ["tul"] = {"Tula"}, ["tum"] = {"Tumbuka"}, ["tun"] = {"Tunica"}, ["tuo"] = {"Tucano"}, ["tup"] = {"Tupi languages"}, ["tuq"] = {"Tedaga"}, ["tus"] = {"Tuscarora"}, ["tut"] = {"Altaic languages"}, ["tuu"] = {"Tututni"}, ["tuv"] = {"Turkana"}, ["tuw"] = {"Tungus languages"}, ["tux"] = {"Tuxináwa"}, ["tuy"] = {"Tugen"}, ["tuz"] = {"Turka"}, ["tva"] = {"Vaghua"}, ["tvd"] = {"Tsuvadi"}, ["tve"] = {"Te'un"}, ["tvi"] = {"Tulai"}, ["tvk"] = {"Southeast Ambrym"}, ["tvl"] = {"Tuvalu"}, ["tvm"] = {"Tela-Masbuar"}, ["tvn"] = {"Tavoyan"}, ["tvo"] = {"Tidore"}, ["tvs"] = {"Taveta"}, ["tvt"] = {"Tutsa Naga"}, ["tvu"] = {"Tunen"}, ["tvw"] = {"Sedoa"}, ["tvx"] = {"Taivoan"}, ["tvy"] = {"Timor Pidgin"}, ["twa"] = {"Twana"}, ["twb"] = {"Western Tawbuid"}, ["twc"] = {"Teshenawa"}, ["twd"] = {"Twents"}, ["twe"] = {"Tewa (Indonesia)"}, ["twf"] = {"Northern Tiwa"}, ["twg"] = {"Tereweng"}, ["twh"] = {"Tai Dón"}, ["twl"] = {"Tawara"}, ["twm"] = {"Tawang Monpa"}, ["twn"] = {"Twendi"}, ["two"] = {"Tswapong"}, ["twp"] = {"Ere"}, ["twq"] = {"Tasawaq"}, ["twr"] = {"Southwestern Tarahumara"}, ["twt"] = {"Turiwára"}, ["twu"] = {"Termanu"}, ["tww"] = {"Tuwari"}, ["twx"] = {"Tewe"}, ["twy"] = {"Tawoyan"}, ["txa"] = {"Tombonuo"}, ["txb"] = {"Tokharian B"}, ["txc"] = {"Tsetsaut"}, ["txe"] = {"Totoli"}, ["txg"] = {"Tangut"}, ["txh"] = {"Thracian"}, ["txi"] = {"Ikpeng"}, ["txj"] = {"Tarjumo"}, ["txm"] = {"Tomini"}, ["txn"] = {"West Tarangan"}, ["txo"] = {"Toto"}, ["txq"] = {"Tii"}, ["txr"] = {"Tartessian"}, ["txs"] = {"Tonsea"}, ["txt"] = {"Citak"}, ["txu"] = {"Kayapó"}, ["txx"] = {"Tatana"}, ["txy"] = {"Tanosy Malagasy"}, ["tya"] = {"Tauya"}, ["tye"] = {"Kyanga"}, ["tyh"] = {"O'du"}, ["tyi"] = {"Teke-Tsaayi"}, ["tyj"] = {"Tai Do", "Tai Yo"}, ["tyl"] = {"Thu Lao"}, ["tyn"] = {"Kombai"}, ["typ"] = {"Thaypan"}, ["tyr"] = {"Tai Daeng"}, ["tys"] = {"Tày Sa Pa"}, ["tyt"] = {"Tày Tac"}, ["tyu"] = {"Kua"}, ["tyv"] = {"Tuvinian"}, ["tyx"] = {"Teke-Tyee"}, ["tyy"] = {"Tiyaa"}, ["tyz"] = {"Tày"}, ["tza"] = {"Tanzanian Sign Language"}, ["tzh"] = {"Tzeltal"}, ["tzj"] = {"Tz'utujil"}, ["tzl"] = {"Talossan"}, ["tzm"] = {"Central Atlas Tamazight"}, ["tzn"] = {"Tugun"}, ["tzo"] = {"Tzotzil"}, ["tzx"] = {"Tabriak"}, ["uam"] = {"Uamué"}, ["uan"] = {"Kuan"}, ["uar"] = {"Tairuma"}, ["uba"] = {"Ubang"}, ["ubi"] = {"Ubi"}, ["ubl"] = {"Buhi'non Bikol"}, ["ubr"] = {"Ubir"}, ["ubu"] = {"Umbu-Ungu"}, ["uby"] = {"Ubykh"}, ["uda"] = {"Uda"}, ["ude"] = {"Udihe"}, ["udg"] = {"Muduga"}, ["udi"] = {"Udi"}, ["udj"] = {"Ujir"}, ["udl"] = {"Wuzlam"}, ["udm"] = {"Udmurt"}, ["udu"] = {"Uduk"}, ["ues"] = {"Kioko"}, ["ufi"] = {"Ufim"}, ["uga"] = {"Ugaritic"}, ["ugb"] = {"Kuku-Ugbanh"}, ["uge"] = {"Ughele"}, ["ugh"] = {"Kubachi"}, ["ugn"] = {"Ugandan Sign Language"}, ["ugo"] = {"Ugong"}, ["ugy"] = {"Uruguayan Sign Language"}, ["uha"] = {"Uhami"}, ["uhn"] = {"Damal"}, ["uis"] = {"Uisai"}, ["uiv"] = {"Iyive"}, ["uji"] = {"Tanjijili"}, ["uka"] = {"Kaburi"}, ["ukg"] = {"Ukuriguma"}, ["ukh"] = {"Ukhwejo"}, ["uki"] = {"Kui (India)"}, ["ukk"] = {"Muak Sa-aak"}, ["ukl"] = {"Ukrainian Sign Language"}, ["ukp"] = {"Ukpe-Bayobiri"}, ["ukq"] = {"Ukwa"}, ["uks"] = {"Urubú-Kaapor Sign Language", "Kaapor Sign Language"}, ["uku"] = {"Ukue"}, ["ukv"] = {"Kuku"}, ["ukw"] = {"Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni"}, ["uky"] = {"Kuuk-Yak"}, ["ula"] = {"Fungwa"}, ["ulb"] = {"Ulukwumi"}, ["ulc"] = {"Ulch"}, ["ule"] = {"Lule"}, ["ulf"] = {"Usku", "Afra"}, ["uli"] = {"Ulithian"}, ["ulk"] = {"Meriam Mir"}, ["ull"] = {"Ullatan"}, ["ulm"] = {"Ulumanda'"}, ["uln"] = {"Unserdeutsch"}, ["ulu"] = {"Uma' Lung"}, ["ulw"] = {"Ulwa"}, ["uly"] = {"Buli"}, ["uma"] = {"Umatilla"}, ["umb"] = {"Umbundu"}, ["umc"] = {"Marrucinian"}, ["umd"] = {"Umbindhamu"}, ["umg"] = {"Morrobalama", "Umbuygamu"}, ["umi"] = {"Ukit"}, ["umm"] = {"Umon"}, ["umn"] = {"Makyan Naga"}, ["umo"] = {"Umotína"}, ["ump"] = {"Umpila"}, ["umr"] = {"Umbugarla"}, ["ums"] = {"Pendau"}, ["umu"] = {"Munsee"}, ["una"] = {"North Watut"}, ["und"] = {"Undetermined"}, ["une"] = {"Uneme"}, ["ung"] = {"Ngarinyin"}, ["uni"] = {"Uni"}, ["unk"] = {"Enawené-Nawé"}, ["unm"] = {"Unami"}, ["unn"] = {"Kurnai"}, ["unr"] = {"Mundari"}, ["unu"] = {"Unubahe"}, ["unx"] = {"Munda"}, ["unz"] = {"Unde Kaili"}, ["uon"] = {"Kulon"}, ["upi"] = {"Umeda"}, ["upv"] = {"Uripiv-Wala-Rano-Atchin"}, ["ura"] = {"Urarina"}, ["urb"] = {"Urubú-Kaapor", "Kaapor"}, ["urc"] = {"Urningangg"}, ["ure"] = {"Uru"}, ["urf"] = {"Uradhi"}, ["urg"] = {"Urigina"}, ["urh"] = {"Urhobo"}, ["uri"] = {"Urim"}, ["urj"] = {"Uralic languages"}, ["urk"] = {"Urak Lawoi'"}, ["url"] = {"Urali"}, ["urm"] = {"Urapmin"}, ["urn"] = {"Uruangnirin"}, ["uro"] = {"Ura (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["urp"] = {"Uru-Pa-In"}, ["urr"] = {"Lehalurup", "Löyöp"}, ["urt"] = {"Urat"}, ["uru"] = {"Urumi"}, ["urv"] = {"Uruava"}, ["urw"] = {"Sop"}, ["urx"] = {"Urimo"}, ["ury"] = {"Orya"}, ["urz"] = {"Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau"}, ["usa"] = {"Usarufa"}, ["ush"] = {"Ushojo"}, ["usi"] = {"Usui"}, ["usk"] = {"Usaghade"}, ["usp"] = {"Uspanteco"}, ["uss"] = {"us-Saare"}, ["usu"] = {"Uya"}, ["uta"] = {"Otank"}, ["ute"] = {"Ute-Southern Paiute"}, ["uth"] = {"ut-Hun"}, ["utp"] = {"Amba (Solomon Islands)"}, ["utr"] = {"Etulo"}, ["utu"] = {"Utu"}, ["uum"] = {"Urum"}, ["uur"] = {"Ura (Vanuatu)"}, ["uuu"] = {"U"}, ["uve"] = {"West Uvean", "Fagauvea"}, ["uvh"] = {"Uri"}, ["uvl"] = {"Lote"}, ["uwa"] = {"Kuku-Uwanh"}, ["uya"] = {"Doko-Uyanga"}, ["uzn"] = {"Northern Uzbek"}, ["uzs"] = {"Southern Uzbek"}, ["vaa"] = {"Vaagri Booli"}, ["vae"] = {"Vale"}, ["vaf"] = {"Vafsi"}, ["vag"] = {"Vagla"}, ["vah"] = {"Varhadi-Nagpuri"}, ["vai"] = {"Vai"}, ["vaj"] = {"Sekele", "Northwestern ǃKung", "Vasekele"}, ["val"] = {"Vehes"}, ["vam"] = {"Vanimo"}, ["van"] = {"Valman"}, ["vao"] = {"Vao"}, ["vap"] = {"Vaiphei"}, ["var"] = {"Huarijio"}, ["vas"] = {"Vasavi"}, ["vau"] = {"Vanuma"}, ["vav"] = {"Varli"}, ["vay"] = {"Wayu"}, ["vbb"] = {"Southeast Babar"}, ["vbk"] = {"Southwestern Bontok"}, ["vec"] = {"Venetian"}, ["ved"] = {"Veddah"}, ["vel"] = {"Veluws"}, ["vem"] = {"Vemgo-Mabas"}, ["veo"] = {"Ventureño"}, ["vep"] = {"Veps"}, ["ver"] = {"Mom Jango"}, ["vgr"] = {"Vaghri"}, ["vgt"] = {"Vlaamse Gebarentaal", "Flemish Sign Language"}, ["vic"] = {"Virgin Islands Creole English"}, ["vid"] = {"Vidunda"}, ["vif"] = {"Vili"}, ["vig"] = {"Viemo"}, ["vil"] = {"Vilela"}, ["vin"] = {"Vinza"}, ["vis"] = {"Vishavan"}, ["vit"] = {"Viti"}, ["viv"] = {"Iduna"}, ["vjk"] = {"Bajjika"}, ["vka"] = {"Kariyarra"}, ["vkj"] = {"Kujarge"}, ["vkk"] = {"Kaur"}, ["vkl"] = {"Kulisusu"}, ["vkm"] = {"Kamakan"}, ["vkn"] = {"Koro Nulu"}, ["vko"] = {"Kodeoha"}, ["vkp"] = {"Korlai Creole Portuguese"}, ["vkt"] = {"Tenggarong Kutai Malay"}, ["vku"] = {"Kurrama"}, ["vkz"] = {"Koro Zuba"}, ["vlp"] = {"Valpei"}, ["vls"] = {"Vlaams"}, ["vma"] = {"Martuyhunira"}, ["vmb"] = {"Barbaram"}, ["vmc"] = {"Juxtlahuaca Mixtec"}, ["vmd"] = {"Mudu Koraga"}, ["vme"] = {"East Masela"}, ["vmf"] = {"Mainfränkisch"}, ["vmg"] = {"Lungalunga"}, ["vmh"] = {"Maraghei"}, ["vmi"] = {"Miwa"}, ["vmj"] = {"Ixtayutla Mixtec"}, ["vmk"] = {"Makhuwa-Shirima"}, ["vml"] = {"Malgana"}, ["vmm"] = {"Mitlatongo Mixtec"}, ["vmp"] = {"Soyaltepec Mazatec"}, ["vmq"] = {"Soyaltepec Mixtec"}, ["vmr"] = {"Marenje"}, ["vms"] = {"Moksela"}, ["vmu"] = {"Muluridyi"}, ["vmv"] = {"Valley Maidu"}, ["vmw"] = {"Makhuwa"}, ["vmx"] = {"Tamazola Mixtec"}, ["vmy"] = {"Ayautla Mazatec"}, ["vmz"] = {"Mazatlán Mazatec"}, ["vnk"] = {"Vano", "Lovono"}, ["vnm"] = {"Vinmavis", "Neve'ei"}, ["vnp"] = {"Vunapu"}, ["vor"] = {"Voro"}, ["vot"] = {"Votic"}, ["vra"] = {"Vera'a"}, ["vro"] = {"Võro"}, ["vrs"] = {"Varisi"}, ["vrt"] = {"Burmbar", "Banam Bay"}, ["vsi"] = {"Moldova Sign Language"}, ["vsl"] = {"Venezuelan Sign Language"}, ["vsn"] = {"Vedic Sanskrit"}, ["vsv"] = {"Valencian Sign Language", "Llengua de signes valenciana"}, ["vto"] = {"Vitou"}, ["vum"] = {"Vumbu"}, ["vun"] = {"Vunjo"}, ["vut"] = {"Vute"}, ["vwa"] = {"Awa (China)"}, ["waa"] = {"Walla Walla"}, ["wab"] = {"Wab"}, ["wac"] = {"Wasco-Wishram"}, ["wad"] = {"Wamesa", "Wondama"}, ["wae"] = {"Walser"}, ["waf"] = {"Wakoná"}, ["wag"] = {"Wa'ema"}, ["wah"] = {"Watubela"}, ["wai"] = {"Wares"}, ["waj"] = {"Waffa"}, ["wak"] = {"Wakashan languages"}, ["wal"] = {"Wolaytta", "Wolaitta"}, ["wam"] = {"Wampanoag"}, ["wan"] = {"Wan"}, ["wao"] = {"Wappo"}, ["wap"] = {"Wapishana"}, ["waq"] = {"Wagiman"}, ["war"] = {"Waray (Philippines)"}, ["was"] = {"Washo"}, ["wat"] = {"Kaninuwa"}, ["wau"] = {"Waurá"}, ["wav"] = {"Waka"}, ["waw"] = {"Waiwai"}, ["wax"] = {"Watam", "Marangis"}, ["way"] = {"Wayana"}, ["waz"] = {"Wampur"}, ["wba"] = {"Warao"}, ["wbb"] = {"Wabo"}, ["wbe"] = {"Waritai"}, ["wbf"] = {"Wara"}, ["wbh"] = {"Wanda"}, ["wbi"] = {"Vwanji"}, ["wbj"] = {"Alagwa"}, ["wbk"] = {"Waigali"}, ["wbl"] = {"Wakhi"}, ["wbm"] = {"Wa"}, ["wbp"] = {"Warlpiri"}, ["wbq"] = {"Waddar"}, ["wbr"] = {"Wagdi"}, ["wbs"] = {"West Bengal Sign Language"}, ["wbt"] = {"Warnman"}, ["wbv"] = {"Wajarri"}, ["wbw"] = {"Woi"}, ["wca"] = {"Yanomámi"}, ["wci"] = {"Waci Gbe"}, ["wdd"] = {"Wandji"}, ["wdg"] = {"Wadaginam"}, ["wdj"] = {"Wadjiginy"}, ["wdk"] = {"Wadikali"}, ["wdt"] = {"Wendat"}, ["wdu"] = {"Wadjigu"}, ["wdy"] = {"Wadjabangayi"}, ["wea"] = {"Wewaw"}, ["wec"] = {"Wè Western"}, ["wed"] = {"Wedau"}, ["weg"] = {"Wergaia"}, ["weh"] = {"Weh"}, ["wei"] = {"Kiunum"}, ["wem"] = {"Weme Gbe"}, ["wen"] = {"Sorbian languages"}, ["weo"] = {"Wemale"}, ["wep"] = {"Westphalien"}, ["wer"] = {"Weri"}, ["wes"] = {"Cameroon Pidgin"}, ["wet"] = {"Perai"}, ["weu"] = {"Rawngtu Chin"}, ["wew"] = {"Wejewa"}, ["wfg"] = {"Yafi", "Zorop"}, ["wga"] = {"Wagaya"}, ["wgb"] = {"Wagawaga"}, ["wgg"] = {"Wangkangurru", "Wangganguru"}, ["wgi"] = {"Wahgi"}, ["wgo"] = {"Waigeo"}, ["wgu"] = {"Wirangu"}, ["wgy"] = {"Warrgamay"}, ["wha"] = {"Sou Upaa", "Manusela"}, ["whg"] = {"North Wahgi"}, ["whk"] = {"Wahau Kenyah"}, ["whu"] = {"Wahau Kayan"}, ["wib"] = {"Southern Toussian"}, ["wic"] = {"Wichita"}, ["wie"] = {"Wik-Epa"}, ["wif"] = {"Wik-Keyangan"}, ["wig"] = {"Wik Ngathan"}, ["wih"] = {"Wik-Me'anha"}, ["wii"] = {"Minidien"}, ["wij"] = {"Wik-Iiyanh"}, ["wik"] = {"Wikalkan"}, ["wil"] = {"Wilawila"}, ["wim"] = {"Wik-Mungkan"}, ["win"] = {"Ho-Chunk"}, ["wir"] = {"Wiraféd"}, ["wiu"] = {"Wiru"}, ["wiv"] = {"Vitu"}, ["wiy"] = {"Wiyot"}, ["wja"] = {"Waja"}, ["wji"] = {"Warji"}, ["wka"] = {"Kw'adza"}, ["wkb"] = {"Kumbaran"}, ["wkd"] = {"Wakde", "Mo"}, ["wkl"] = {"Kalanadi"}, ["wkr"] = {"Keerray-Woorroong"}, ["wku"] = {"Kunduvadi"}, ["wkw"] = {"Wakawaka"}, ["wky"] = {"Wangkayutyuru"}, ["wla"] = {"Walio"}, ["wlc"] = {"Mwali Comorian"}, ["wle"] = {"Wolane"}, ["wlg"] = {"Kunbarlang"}, ["wlh"] = {"Welaun"}, ["wli"] = {"Waioli"}, ["wlk"] = {"Wailaki"}, ["wll"] = {"Wali (Sudan)"}, ["wlm"] = {"Middle Welsh"}, ["wlo"] = {"Wolio"}, ["wlr"] = {"Wailapa"}, ["wls"] = {"Wallisian"}, ["wlu"] = {"Wuliwuli"}, ["wlv"] = {"Wichí Lhamtés Vejoz"}, ["wlw"] = {"Walak"}, ["wlx"] = {"Wali (Ghana)"}, ["wly"] = {"Waling"}, ["wma"] = {"Mawa (Nigeria)"}, ["wmb"] = {"Wambaya"}, ["wmc"] = {"Wamas"}, ["wmd"] = {"Mamaindé"}, ["wme"] = {"Wambule"}, ["wmg"] = {"Western Minyag"}, ["wmh"] = {"Waima'a"}, ["wmi"] = {"Wamin"}, ["wmm"] = {"Maiwa (Indonesia)"}, ["wmn"] = {"Waamwang"}, ["wmo"] = {"Wom (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["wms"] = {"Wambon"}, ["wmt"] = {"Walmajarri"}, ["wmw"] = {"Mwani"}, ["wmx"] = {"Womo"}, ["wnb"] = {"Mokati"}, ["wnc"] = {"Wantoat"}, ["wnd"] = {"Wandarang"}, ["wne"] = {"Waneci"}, ["wng"] = {"Wanggom"}, ["wni"] = {"Ndzwani Comorian"}, ["wnk"] = {"Wanukaka"}, ["wnm"] = {"Wanggamala"}, ["wnn"] = {"Wunumara"}, ["wno"] = {"Wano"}, ["wnp"] = {"Wanap"}, ["wnu"] = {"Usan"}, ["wnw"] = {"Wintu"}, ["wny"] = {"Wanyi", "Waanyi"}, ["woa"] = {"Kuwema", "Tyaraity"}, ["wob"] = {"Wè Northern"}, ["woc"] = {"Wogeo"}, ["wod"] = {"Wolani"}, ["woe"] = {"Woleaian"}, ["wof"] = {"Gambian Wolof"}, ["wog"] = {"Wogamusin"}, ["woi"] = {"Kamang"}, ["wok"] = {"Longto"}, ["wom"] = {"Wom (Nigeria)"}, ["won"] = {"Wongo"}, ["woo"] = {"Manombai"}, ["wor"] = {"Woria"}, ["wos"] = {"Hanga Hundi"}, ["wow"] = {"Wawonii"}, ["woy"] = {"Weyto"}, ["wpc"] = {"Maco"}, ["wrb"] = {"Waluwarra", "Warluwara"}, ["wrg"] = {"Warungu", "Gudjal"}, ["wrh"] = {"Wiradjuri"}, ["wri"] = {"Wariyangga"}, ["wrk"] = {"Garrwa"}, ["wrl"] = {"Warlmanpa"}, ["wrm"] = {"Warumungu"}, ["wrn"] = {"Warnang"}, ["wro"] = {"Worrorra"}, ["wrp"] = {"Waropen"}, ["wrr"] = {"Wardaman"}, ["wrs"] = {"Waris"}, ["wru"] = {"Waru"}, ["wrv"] = {"Waruna"}, ["wrw"] = {"Gugu Warra"}, ["wrx"] = {"Wae Rana"}, ["wry"] = {"Merwari"}, ["wrz"] = {"Waray (Australia)"}, ["wsa"] = {"Warembori"}, ["wsg"] = {"Adilabad Gondi"}, ["wsi"] = {"Wusi"}, ["wsk"] = {"Waskia"}, ["wsr"] = {"Owenia"}, ["wss"] = {"Wasa"}, ["wsu"] = {"Wasu"}, ["wsv"] = {"Wotapuri-Katarqalai"}, ["wtb"] = {"Matambwe"}, ["wtf"] = {"Watiwa"}, ["wth"] = {"Wathawurrung"}, ["wti"] = {"Berta"}, ["wtk"] = {"Watakataui"}, ["wtm"] = {"Mewati"}, ["wtw"] = {"Wotu"}, ["wua"] = {"Wikngenchera"}, ["wub"] = {"Wunambal"}, ["wud"] = {"Wudu"}, ["wuh"] = {"Wutunhua"}, ["wul"] = {"Silimo"}, ["wum"] = {"Wumbvu"}, ["wun"] = {"Bungu"}, ["wur"] = {"Wurrugu"}, ["wut"] = {"Wutung"}, ["wuu"] = {"Wu Chinese"}, ["wuv"] = {"Wuvulu-Aua"}, ["wux"] = {"Wulna"}, ["wuy"] = {"Wauyai"}, ["wwa"] = {"Waama"}, ["wwb"] = {"Wakabunga"}, ["wwo"] = {"Wetamut", "Dorig"}, ["wwr"] = {"Warrwa"}, ["www"] = {"Wawa"}, ["wxa"] = {"Waxianghua"}, ["wxw"] = {"Wardandi"}, ["wyb"] = {"Wangaaybuwan-Ngiyambaa"}, ["wyi"] = {"Woiwurrung"}, ["wym"] = {"Wymysorys"}, ["wyn"] = {"Wyandot"}, ["wyr"] = {"Wayoró"}, ["wyy"] = {"Western Fijian"}, ["xaa"] = {"Andalusian Arabic"}, ["xab"] = {"Sambe"}, ["xac"] = {"Kachari"}, ["xad"] = {"Adai"}, ["xae"] = {"Aequian"}, ["xag"] = {"Aghwan"}, ["xai"] = {"Kaimbé"}, ["xaj"] = {"Ararandewára"}, ["xak"] = {"Máku"}, ["xal"] = {"Kalmyk", "Oirat"}, ["xam"] = {"ǀXam"}, ["xan"] = {"Xamtanga"}, ["xao"] = {"Khao"}, ["xap"] = {"Apalachee"}, ["xaq"] = {"Aquitanian"}, ["xar"] = {"Karami"}, ["xas"] = {"Kamas"}, ["xat"] = {"Katawixi"}, ["xau"] = {"Kauwera"}, ["xav"] = {"Xavánte"}, ["xaw"] = {"Kawaiisu"}, ["xay"] = {"Kayan Mahakam"}, ["xbb"] = {"Lower Burdekin"}, ["xbc"] = {"Bactrian"}, ["xbd"] = {"Bindal"}, ["xbe"] = {"Bigambal"}, ["xbg"] = {"Bunganditj"}, ["xbi"] = {"Kombio"}, ["xbj"] = {"Birrpayi"}, ["xbm"] = {"Middle Breton"}, ["xbn"] = {"Kenaboi"}, ["xbo"] = {"Bolgarian"}, ["xbp"] = {"Bibbulman"}, ["xbr"] = {"Kambera"}, ["xbw"] = {"Kambiwá"}, ["xby"] = {"Batjala", "Batyala"}, ["xcb"] = {"Cumbric"}, ["xcc"] = {"Camunic"}, ["xce"] = {"Celtiberian"}, ["xcg"] = {"Cisalpine Gaulish"}, ["xch"] = {"Chemakum", "Chimakum"}, ["xcl"] = {"Classical Armenian"}, ["xcm"] = {"Comecrudo"}, ["xcn"] = {"Cotoname"}, ["xco"] = {"Chorasmian"}, ["xcr"] = {"Carian"}, ["xct"] = {"Classical Tibetan"}, ["xcu"] = {"Curonian"}, ["xcv"] = {"Chuvantsy"}, ["xcw"] = {"Coahuilteco"}, ["xcy"] = {"Cayuse"}, ["xda"] = {"Darkinyung"}, ["xdc"] = {"Dacian"}, ["xdk"] = {"Dharuk"}, ["xdm"] = {"Edomite"}, ["xdo"] = {"Kwandu"}, ["xdq"] = {"Kaitag"}, ["xdy"] = {"Malayic Dayak"}, ["xeb"] = {"Eblan"}, ["xed"] = {"Hdi"}, ["xeg"] = {"ǁXegwi"}, ["xel"] = {"Kelo"}, ["xem"] = {"Kembayan"}, ["xep"] = {"Epi-Olmec"}, ["xer"] = {"Xerénte"}, ["xes"] = {"Kesawai"}, ["xet"] = {"Xetá"}, ["xeu"] = {"Keoru-Ahia"}, ["xfa"] = {"Faliscan"}, ["xga"] = {"Galatian"}, ["xgb"] = {"Gbin"}, ["xgd"] = {"Gudang"}, ["xgf"] = {"Gabrielino-Fernandeño"}, ["xgg"] = {"Goreng"}, ["xgi"] = {"Garingbal"}, ["xgl"] = {"Galindan"}, ["xgm"] = {"Dharumbal", "Guwinmal"}, ["xgn"] = {"Mongolian languages"}, ["xgr"] = {"Garza"}, ["xgu"] = {"Unggumi"}, ["xgw"] = {"Guwa"}, ["xha"] = {"Harami"}, ["xhc"] = {"Hunnic"}, ["xhd"] = {"Hadrami"}, ["xhe"] = {"Khetrani"}, ["xhm"] = {"Middle Khmer (1400 to 1850 CE)"}, ["xhr"] = {"Hernican"}, ["xht"] = {"Hattic"}, ["xhu"] = {"Hurrian"}, ["xhv"] = {"Khua"}, ["xib"] = {"Iberian"}, ["xii"] = {"Xiri"}, ["xil"] = {"Illyrian"}, ["xin"] = {"Xinca"}, ["xir"] = {"Xiriâna"}, ["xis"] = {"Kisan"}, ["xiv"] = {"Indus Valley Language"}, ["xiy"] = {"Xipaya"}, ["xjb"] = {"Minjungbal"}, ["xjt"] = {"Jaitmatang"}, ["xka"] = {"Kalkoti"}, ["xkb"] = {"Northern Nago"}, ["xkc"] = {"Kho'ini"}, ["xkd"] = {"Mendalam Kayan"}, ["xke"] = {"Kereho"}, ["xkf"] = {"Khengkha"}, ["xkg"] = {"Kagoro"}, ["xki"] = {"Kenyan Sign Language"}, ["xkj"] = {"Kajali"}, ["xkk"] = {"Kachok", "Kaco'"}, ["xkl"] = {"Mainstream Kenyah"}, ["xkn"] = {"Kayan River Kayan"}, ["xko"] = {"Kiorr"}, ["xkp"] = {"Kabatei"}, ["xkq"] = {"Koroni"}, ["xkr"] = {"Xakriabá"}, ["xks"] = {"Kumbewaha"}, ["xkt"] = {"Kantosi"}, ["xku"] = {"Kaamba"}, ["xkv"] = {"Kgalagadi"}, ["xkw"] = {"Kembra"}, ["xkx"] = {"Karore"}, ["xky"] = {"Uma' Lasan"}, ["xkz"] = {"Kurtokha"}, ["xla"] = {"Kamula"}, ["xlb"] = {"Loup B"}, ["xlc"] = {"Lycian"}, ["xld"] = {"Lydian"}, ["xle"] = {"Lemnian"}, ["xlg"] = {"Ligurian (Ancient)"}, ["xli"] = {"Liburnian"}, ["xln"] = {"Alanic"}, ["xlo"] = {"Loup A"}, ["xlp"] = {"Lepontic"}, ["xls"] = {"Lusitanian"}, ["xlu"] = {"Cuneiform Luwian"}, ["xly"] = {"Elymian"}, ["xma"] = {"Mushungulu"}, ["xmb"] = {"Mbonga"}, ["xmc"] = {"Makhuwa-Marrevone"}, ["xmd"] = {"Mbudum"}, ["xme"] = {"Median"}, ["xmf"] = {"Mingrelian"}, ["xmg"] = {"Mengaka"}, ["xmh"] = {"Kugu-Muminh"}, ["xmj"] = {"Majera"}, ["xmk"] = {"Ancient Macedonian"}, ["xml"] = {"Malaysian Sign Language"}, ["xmm"] = {"Manado Malay"}, ["xmn"] = {"Manichaean Middle Persian"}, ["xmo"] = {"Morerebi"}, ["xmp"] = {"Kuku-Mu'inh"}, ["xmq"] = {"Kuku-Mangk"}, ["xmr"] = {"Meroitic"}, ["xms"] = {"Moroccan Sign Language"}, ["xmt"] = {"Matbat"}, ["xmu"] = {"Kamu"}, ["xmv"] = {"Antankarana Malagasy", "Tankarana Malagasy"}, ["xmw"] = {"Tsimihety Malagasy"}, ["xmx"] = {"Salawati", "Maden"}, ["xmy"] = {"Mayaguduna"}, ["xmz"] = {"Mori Bawah"}, ["xna"] = {"Ancient North Arabian"}, ["xnb"] = {"Kanakanabu"}, ["xnd"] = {"Na-Dene languages"}, ["xng"] = {"Middle Mongolian"}, ["xnh"] = {"Kuanhua"}, ["xni"] = {"Ngarigu"}, ["xnj"] = {"Ngoni (Tanzania)"}, ["xnk"] = {"Nganakarti"}, ["xnm"] = {"Ngumbarl"}, ["xnn"] = {"Northern Kankanay"}, ["xno"] = {"Anglo-Norman"}, ["xnq"] = {"Ngoni (Mozambique)"}, ["xnr"] = {"Kangri"}, ["xns"] = {"Kanashi"}, ["xnt"] = {"Narragansett"}, ["xnu"] = {"Nukunul"}, ["xny"] = {"Nyiyaparli"}, ["xnz"] = {"Kenzi", "Mattoki"}, ["xoc"] = {"O'chi'chi'"}, ["xod"] = {"Kokoda"}, ["xog"] = {"Soga"}, ["xoi"] = {"Kominimung"}, ["xok"] = {"Xokleng"}, ["xom"] = {"Komo (Sudan)"}, ["xon"] = {"Konkomba"}, ["xoo"] = {"Xukurú"}, ["xop"] = {"Kopar"}, ["xor"] = {"Korubo"}, ["xow"] = {"Kowaki"}, ["xpa"] = {"Pirriya"}, ["xpb"] = {"Northeastern Tasmanian", "Pyemmairrener"}, ["xpc"] = {"Pecheneg"}, ["xpd"] = {"Oyster Bay Tasmanian"}, ["xpe"] = {"Liberia Kpelle"}, ["xpf"] = {"Southeast Tasmanian", "Nuenonne"}, ["xpg"] = {"Phrygian"}, ["xph"] = {"North Midlands Tasmanian", "Tyerrenoterpanner"}, ["xpi"] = {"Pictish"}, ["xpj"] = {"Mpalitjanh"}, ["xpk"] = {"Kulina Pano"}, ["xpl"] = {"Port Sorell Tasmanian"}, ["xpm"] = {"Pumpokol"}, ["xpn"] = {"Kapinawá"}, ["xpo"] = {"Pochutec"}, ["xpp"] = {"Puyo-Paekche"}, ["xpq"] = {"Mohegan-Pequot"}, ["xpr"] = {"Parthian"}, ["xps"] = {"Pisidian"}, ["xpt"] = {"Punthamara"}, ["xpu"] = {"Punic"}, ["xpv"] = {"Northern Tasmanian", "Tommeginne"}, ["xpw"] = {"Northwestern Tasmanian", "Peerapper"}, ["xpx"] = {"Southwestern Tasmanian", "Toogee"}, ["xpy"] = {"Puyo"}, ["xpz"] = {"Bruny Island Tasmanian"}, ["xqa"] = {"Karakhanid"}, ["xqt"] = {"Qatabanian"}, ["xra"] = {"Krahô"}, ["xrb"] = {"Eastern Karaboro"}, ["xrd"] = {"Gundungurra"}, ["xre"] = {"Kreye"}, ["xrg"] = {"Minang"}, ["xri"] = {"Krikati-Timbira"}, ["xrm"] = {"Armazic"}, ["xrn"] = {"Arin"}, ["xrr"] = {"Raetic"}, ["xrt"] = {"Aranama-Tamique"}, ["xru"] = {"Marriammu"}, ["xrw"] = {"Karawa"}, ["xsa"] = {"Sabaean"}, ["xsb"] = {"Sambal"}, ["xsc"] = {"Scythian"}, ["xsd"] = {"Sidetic"}, ["xse"] = {"Sempan"}, ["xsh"] = {"Shamang"}, ["xsi"] = {"Sio"}, ["xsj"] = {"Subi"}, ["xsl"] = {"South Slavey"}, ["xsm"] = {"Kasem"}, ["xsn"] = {"Sanga (Nigeria)"}, ["xso"] = {"Solano"}, ["xsp"] = {"Silopi"}, ["xsq"] = {"Makhuwa-Saka"}, ["xsr"] = {"Sherpa"}, ["xsu"] = {"Sanumá"}, ["xsv"] = {"Sudovian"}, ["xsy"] = {"Saisiyat"}, ["xta"] = {"Alcozauca Mixtec"}, ["xtb"] = {"Chazumba Mixtec"}, ["xtc"] = {"Katcha-Kadugli-Miri"}, ["xtd"] = {"Diuxi-Tilantongo Mixtec"}, ["xte"] = {"Ketengban"}, ["xtg"] = {"Transalpine Gaulish"}, ["xth"] = {"Yitha Yitha"}, ["xti"] = {"Sinicahua Mixtec"}, ["xtj"] = {"San Juan Teita Mixtec"}, ["xtl"] = {"Tijaltepec Mixtec"}, ["xtm"] = {"Magdalena Peñasco Mixtec"}, ["xtn"] = {"Northern Tlaxiaco Mixtec"}, ["xto"] = {"Tokharian A"}, ["xtp"] = {"San Miguel Piedras Mixtec"}, ["xtq"] = {"Tumshuqese"}, ["xtr"] = {"Early Tripuri"}, ["xts"] = {"Sindihui Mixtec"}, ["xtt"] = {"Tacahua Mixtec"}, ["xtu"] = {"Cuyamecalco Mixtec"}, ["xtv"] = {"Thawa"}, ["xtw"] = {"Tawandê"}, ["xty"] = {"Yoloxochitl Mixtec"}, ["xua"] = {"Alu Kurumba"}, ["xub"] = {"Betta Kurumba"}, ["xud"] = {"Umiida"}, ["xug"] = {"Kunigami"}, ["xuj"] = {"Jennu Kurumba"}, ["xul"] = {"Ngunawal", "Nunukul"}, ["xum"] = {"Umbrian"}, ["xun"] = {"Unggaranggu"}, ["xuo"] = {"Kuo"}, ["xup"] = {"Upper Umpqua"}, ["xur"] = {"Urartian"}, ["xut"] = {"Kuthant"}, ["xuu"] = {"Kxoe", "Khwedam"}, ["xve"] = {"Venetic"}, ["xvi"] = {"Kamviri"}, ["xvn"] = {"Vandalic"}, ["xvo"] = {"Volscian"}, ["xvs"] = {"Vestinian"}, ["xwa"] = {"Kwaza"}, ["xwc"] = {"Woccon"}, ["xwd"] = {"Wadi Wadi"}, ["xwe"] = {"Xwela Gbe"}, ["xwg"] = {"Kwegu"}, ["xwj"] = {"Wajuk"}, ["xwk"] = {"Wangkumara"}, ["xwl"] = {"Western Xwla Gbe"}, ["xwo"] = {"Written Oirat"}, ["xwr"] = {"Kwerba Mamberamo"}, ["xwt"] = {"Wotjobaluk"}, ["xww"] = {"Wemba Wemba"}, ["xxb"] = {"Boro (Ghana)"}, ["xxk"] = {"Ke'o"}, ["xxm"] = {"Minkin"}, ["xxr"] = {"Koropó"}, ["xxt"] = {"Tambora"}, ["xya"] = {"Yaygir"}, ["xyb"] = {"Yandjibara"}, ["xyj"] = {"Mayi-Yapi"}, ["xyk"] = {"Mayi-Kulan"}, ["xyl"] = {"Yalakalore"}, ["xyt"] = {"Mayi-Thakurti"}, ["xyy"] = {"Yorta Yorta"}, ["xzh"] = {"Zhang-Zhung"}, ["xzm"] = {"Zemgalian"}, ["xzp"] = {"Ancient Zapotec"}, ["yaa"] = {"Yaminahua"}, ["yab"] = {"Yuhup"}, ["yac"] = {"Pass Valley Yali"}, ["yad"] = {"Yagua"}, ["yae"] = {"Pumé"}, ["yaf"] = {"Yaka (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["yag"] = {"Yámana"}, ["yah"] = {"Yazgulyam"}, ["yai"] = {"Yagnobi"}, ["yaj"] = {"Banda-Yangere"}, ["yak"] = {"Yakama"}, ["yal"] = {"Yalunka"}, ["yam"] = {"Yamba"}, ["yan"] = {"Mayangna"}, ["yao"] = {"Yao"}, ["yap"] = {"Yapese"}, ["yaq"] = {"Yaqui"}, ["yar"] = {"Yabarana"}, ["yas"] = {"Nugunu (Cameroon)"}, ["yat"] = {"Yambeta"}, ["yau"] = {"Yuwana"}, ["yav"] = {"Yangben"}, ["yaw"] = {"Yawalapití"}, ["yax"] = {"Yauma"}, ["yay"] = {"Agwagwune"}, ["yaz"] = {"Lokaa"}, ["yba"] = {"Yala"}, ["ybb"] = {"Yemba"}, ["ybe"] = {"West Yugur"}, ["ybh"] = {"Yakha"}, ["ybi"] = {"Yamphu"}, ["ybj"] = {"Hasha"}, ["ybk"] = {"Bokha"}, ["ybl"] = {"Yukuben"}, ["ybm"] = {"Yaben"}, ["ybn"] = {"Yabaâna"}, ["ybo"] = {"Yabong"}, ["ybx"] = {"Yawiyo"}, ["yby"] = {"Yaweyuha"}, ["ych"] = {"Chesu"}, ["ycl"] = {"Lolopo"}, ["ycn"] = {"Yucuna"}, ["ycp"] = {"Chepya"}, ["ycr"] = {"Yilan Creole"}, ["yda"] = {"Yanda"}, ["ydd"] = {"Eastern Yiddish"}, ["yde"] = {"Yangum Dey"}, ["ydg"] = {"Yidgha"}, ["ydk"] = {"Yoidik"}, ["yea"] = {"Ravula"}, ["yec"] = {"Yeniche"}, ["yee"] = {"Yimas"}, ["yei"] = {"Yeni"}, ["yej"] = {"Yevanic"}, ["yel"] = {"Yela"}, ["yer"] = {"Tarok"}, ["yes"] = {"Nyankpa"}, ["yet"] = {"Yetfa"}, ["yeu"] = {"Yerukula"}, ["yev"] = {"Yapunda"}, ["yey"] = {"Yeyi"}, ["yga"] = {"Malyangapa"}, ["ygi"] = {"Yiningayi"}, ["ygl"] = {"Yangum Gel"}, ["ygm"] = {"Yagomi"}, ["ygp"] = {"Gepo"}, ["ygr"] = {"Yagaria"}, ["ygs"] = {"Yolŋu Sign Language"}, ["ygu"] = {"Yugul"}, ["ygw"] = {"Yagwoia"}, ["yha"] = {"Baha Buyang"}, ["yhd"] = {"Judeo-Iraqi Arabic"}, ["yhl"] = {"Hlepho Phowa"}, ["yhs"] = {"Yan-nhaŋu Sign Language"}, ["yia"] = {"Yinggarda"}, ["yif"] = {"Ache"}, ["yig"] = {"Wusa Nasu"}, ["yih"] = {"Western Yiddish"}, ["yii"] = {"Yidiny"}, ["yij"] = {"Yindjibarndi"}, ["yik"] = {"Dongshanba Lalo"}, ["yil"] = {"Yindjilandji"}, ["yim"] = {"Yimchungru Naga"}, ["yin"] = {"Riang Lai", "Yinchia"}, ["yip"] = {"Pholo"}, ["yiq"] = {"Miqie"}, ["yir"] = {"North Awyu"}, ["yis"] = {"Yis"}, ["yit"] = {"Eastern Lalu"}, ["yiu"] = {"Awu"}, ["yiv"] = {"Northern Nisu"}, ["yix"] = {"Axi Yi"}, ["yiz"] = {"Azhe"}, ["yka"] = {"Yakan"}, ["ykg"] = {"Northern Yukaghir"}, ["ykh"] = {"Khamnigan Mongol"}, ["yki"] = {"Yoke"}, ["ykk"] = {"Yakaikeke"}, ["ykl"] = {"Khlula"}, ["ykm"] = {"Kap"}, ["ykn"] = {"Kua-nsi"}, ["yko"] = {"Yasa"}, ["ykr"] = {"Yekora"}, ["ykt"] = {"Kathu"}, ["yku"] = {"Kuamasi"}, ["yky"] = {"Yakoma"}, ["yla"] = {"Yaul"}, ["ylb"] = {"Yaleba"}, ["yle"] = {"Yele"}, ["ylg"] = {"Yelogu"}, ["yli"] = {"Angguruk Yali"}, ["yll"] = {"Yil"}, ["ylm"] = {"Limi"}, ["yln"] = {"Langnian Buyang"}, ["ylo"] = {"Naluo Yi"}, ["ylr"] = {"Yalarnnga"}, ["ylu"] = {"Aribwaung"}, ["yly"] = {"Nyâlayu", "Nyelâyu"}, ["ymb"] = {"Yambes"}, ["ymc"] = {"Southern Muji"}, ["ymd"] = {"Muda"}, ["yme"] = {"Yameo"}, ["ymg"] = {"Yamongeri"}, ["ymh"] = {"Mili"}, ["ymi"] = {"Moji"}, ["ymk"] = {"Makwe"}, ["yml"] = {"Iamalele"}, ["ymm"] = {"Maay"}, ["ymn"] = {"Yamna", "Sunum"}, ["ymo"] = {"Yangum Mon"}, ["ymp"] = {"Yamap"}, ["ymq"] = {"Qila Muji"}, ["ymr"] = {"Malasar"}, ["yms"] = {"Mysian"}, ["ymx"] = {"Northern Muji"}, ["ymz"] = {"Muzi"}, ["yna"] = {"Aluo"}, ["ynb"] = {"Yamben"}, ["ynd"] = {"Yandruwandha"}, ["yne"] = {"Lang'e"}, ["yng"] = {"Yango"}, ["ynk"] = {"Naukan Yupik"}, ["ynl"] = {"Yangulam"}, ["ynn"] = {"Yana"}, ["yno"] = {"Yong"}, ["ynq"] = {"Yendang"}, ["yns"] = {"Yansi"}, ["ynu"] = {"Yahuna"}, ["yob"] = {"Yoba"}, ["yog"] = {"Yogad"}, ["yoi"] = {"Yonaguni"}, ["yok"] = {"Yokuts"}, ["yom"] = {"Yombe"}, ["yon"] = {"Yongkom"}, ["yot"] = {"Yotti"}, ["yox"] = {"Yoron"}, ["yoy"] = {"Yoy"}, ["ypa"] = {"Phala"}, ["ypb"] = {"Labo Phowa"}, ["ypg"] = {"Phola"}, ["yph"] = {"Phupha"}, ["ypk"] = {"Yupik languages"}, ["ypm"] = {"Phuma"}, ["ypn"] = {"Ani Phowa"}, ["ypo"] = {"Alo Phola"}, ["ypp"] = {"Phupa"}, ["ypz"] = {"Phuza"}, ["yra"] = {"Yerakai"}, ["yrb"] = {"Yareba"}, ["yre"] = {"Yaouré"}, ["yrk"] = {"Nenets"}, ["yrl"] = {"Nhengatu"}, ["yrm"] = {"Yirrk-Mel"}, ["yrn"] = {"Yerong"}, ["yro"] = {"Yaroamë"}, ["yrs"] = {"Yarsun"}, ["yrw"] = {"Yarawata"}, ["yry"] = {"Yarluyandi"}, ["ysc"] = {"Yassic"}, ["ysd"] = {"Samatao"}, ["ysg"] = {"Sonaga"}, ["ysl"] = {"Yugoslavian Sign Language"}, ["ysm"] = {"Myanmar Sign Language"}, ["ysn"] = {"Sani"}, ["yso"] = {"Nisi (China)"}, ["ysp"] = {"Southern Lolopo"}, ["ysr"] = {"Sirenik Yupik"}, ["yss"] = {"Yessan-Mayo"}, ["ysy"] = {"Sanie"}, ["yta"] = {"Talu"}, ["ytl"] = {"Tanglang"}, ["ytp"] = {"Thopho"}, ["ytw"] = {"Yout Wam"}, ["yty"] = {"Yatay"}, ["yua"] = {"Yucateco", "Yucatec Maya"}, ["yub"] = {"Yugambal"}, ["yuc"] = {"Yuchi"}, ["yud"] = {"Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic"}, ["yue"] = {"Yue Chinese", "Cantonese"}, ["yuf"] = {"Havasupai-Walapai-Yavapai"}, ["yug"] = {"Yug"}, ["yui"] = {"Yurutí"}, ["yuj"] = {"Karkar-Yuri"}, ["yuk"] = {"Yuki"}, ["yul"] = {"Yulu"}, ["yum"] = {"Quechan"}, ["yun"] = {"Bena (Nigeria)"}, ["yup"] = {"Yukpa"}, ["yuq"] = {"Yuqui"}, ["yur"] = {"Yurok"}, ["yut"] = {"Yopno"}, ["yuw"] = {"Yau (Morobe Province)"}, ["yux"] = {"Southern Yukaghir"}, ["yuy"] = {"East Yugur"}, ["yuz"] = {"Yuracare"}, ["yva"] = {"Yawa"}, ["yvt"] = {"Yavitero"}, ["ywa"] = {"Kalou"}, ["ywg"] = {"Yinhawangka"}, ["ywl"] = {"Western Lalu"}, ["ywn"] = {"Yawanawa"}, ["ywq"] = {"Wuding-Luquan Yi"}, ["ywr"] = {"Yawuru"}, ["ywt"] = {"Xishanba Lalo", "Central Lalo"}, ["ywu"] = {"Wumeng Nasu"}, ["yww"] = {"Yawarawarga"}, ["yxa"] = {"Mayawali"}, ["yxg"] = {"Yagara"}, ["yxl"] = {"Yardliyawarra"}, ["yxm"] = {"Yinwum"}, ["yxu"] = {"Yuyu"}, ["yxy"] = {"Yabula Yabula"}, ["yyr"] = {"Yir Yoront"}, ["yyu"] = {"Yau (Sandaun Province)"}, ["yyz"] = {"Ayizi"}, ["yzg"] = {"E'ma Buyang"}, ["yzk"] = {"Zokhuo"}, ["zaa"] = {"Sierra de Juárez Zapotec"}, ["zab"] = {"Western Tlacolula Valley Zapotec", "San Juan Guelavía Zapotec"}, ["zac"] = {"Ocotlán Zapotec"}, ["zad"] = {"Cajonos Zapotec"}, ["zae"] = {"Yareni Zapotec"}, ["zaf"] = {"Ayoquesco Zapotec"}, ["zag"] = {"Zaghawa"}, ["zah"] = {"Zangwal"}, ["zai"] = {"Isthmus Zapotec"}, ["zaj"] = {"Zaramo"}, ["zak"] = {"Zanaki"}, ["zal"] = {"Zauzou"}, ["zam"] = {"Miahuatlán Zapotec"}, ["zao"] = {"Ozolotepec Zapotec"}, ["zap"] = {"Zapotec"}, ["zaq"] = {"Aloápam Zapotec"}, ["zar"] = {"Rincón Zapotec"}, ["zas"] = {"Santo Domingo Albarradas Zapotec"}, ["zat"] = {"Tabaa Zapotec"}, ["zau"] = {"Zangskari"}, ["zav"] = {"Yatzachi Zapotec"}, ["zaw"] = {"Mitla Zapotec"}, ["zax"] = {"Xadani Zapotec"}, ["zay"] = {"Zayse-Zergulla", "Zaysete"}, ["zaz"] = {"Zari"}, ["zba"] = {"Balaibalan"}, ["zbc"] = {"Central Berawan"}, ["zbe"] = {"East Berawan"}, ["zbl"] = {"Blissymbols", "Bliss", "Blissymbolics"}, ["zbt"] = {"Batui"}, ["zbu"] = {"Bu (Bauchi State)"}, ["zbw"] = {"West Berawan"}, ["zca"] = {"Coatecas Altas Zapotec"}, ["zcd"] = {"Las Delicias Zapotec"}, ["zch"] = {"Central Hongshuihe Zhuang"}, ["zdj"] = {"Ngazidja Comorian"}, ["zea"] = {"Zeeuws"}, ["zeg"] = {"Zenag"}, ["zeh"] = {"Eastern Hongshuihe Zhuang"}, ["zem"] = {"Zeem"}, ["zen"] = {"Zenaga"}, ["zga"] = {"Kinga"}, ["zgb"] = {"Guibei Zhuang"}, ["zgh"] = {"Standard Moroccan Tamazight"}, ["zgm"] = {"Minz Zhuang"}, ["zgn"] = {"Guibian Zhuang"}, ["zgr"] = {"Magori"}, ["zhb"] = {"Zhaba"}, ["zhd"] = {"Dai Zhuang"}, ["zhi"] = {"Zhire"}, ["zhn"] = {"Nong Zhuang"}, ["zhw"] = {"Zhoa"}, ["zhx"] = {"Chinese (family)"}, ["zia"] = {"Zia"}, ["zib"] = {"Zimbabwe Sign Language"}, ["zik"] = {"Zimakani"}, ["zil"] = {"Zialo"}, ["zim"] = {"Mesme"}, ["zin"] = {"Zinza"}, ["ziw"] = {"Zigula"}, ["ziz"] = {"Zizilivakan"}, ["zka"] = {"Kaimbulawa"}, ["zkd"] = {"Kadu"}, ["zkg"] = {"Koguryo"}, ["zkh"] = {"Khorezmian"}, ["zkk"] = {"Karankawa"}, ["zkn"] = {"Kanan"}, ["zko"] = {"Kott"}, ["zkp"] = {"São Paulo Kaingáng"}, ["zkr"] = {"Zakhring"}, ["zkt"] = {"Kitan"}, ["zku"] = {"Kaurna"}, ["zkv"] = {"Krevinian"}, ["zkz"] = {"Khazar"}, ["zla"] = {"Zula"}, ["zle"] = {"East Slavic languages"}, ["zlj"] = {"Liujiang Zhuang"}, ["zlm"] = {"Malay (individual language)"}, ["zln"] = {"Lianshan Zhuang"}, ["zlq"] = {"Liuqian Zhuang"}, ["zls"] = {"South Slavic languages"}, ["zlu"] = {"Zul"}, ["zlw"] = {"West Slavic languages"}, ["zma"] = {"Manda (Australia)"}, ["zmb"] = {"Zimba"}, ["zmc"] = {"Margany"}, ["zmd"] = {"Maridan"}, ["zme"] = {"Mangerr"}, ["zmf"] = {"Mfinu"}, ["zmg"] = {"Marti Ke"}, ["zmh"] = {"Makolkol"}, ["zmi"] = {"Negeri Sembilan Malay"}, ["zmj"] = {"Maridjabin"}, ["zmk"] = {"Mandandanyi"}, ["zml"] = {"Matngala"}, ["zmm"] = {"Marimanindji", "Marramaninyshi"}, ["zmn"] = {"Mbangwe"}, ["zmo"] = {"Molo"}, ["zmp"] = {"Mbuun"}, ["zmq"] = {"Mituku"}, ["zmr"] = {"Maranunggu"}, ["zms"] = {"Mbesa"}, ["zmt"] = {"Maringarr"}, ["zmu"] = {"Muruwari"}, ["zmv"] = {"Mbariman-Gudhinma"}, ["zmw"] = {"Mbo (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["zmx"] = {"Bomitaba"}, ["zmy"] = {"Mariyedi"}, ["zmz"] = {"Mbandja"}, ["zna"] = {"Zan Gula"}, ["znd"] = {"Zande languages"}, ["zne"] = {"Zande (individual language)"}, ["zng"] = {"Mang"}, ["znk"] = {"Manangkari"}, ["zns"] = {"Mangas"}, ["zoc"] = {"Copainalá Zoque"}, ["zoh"] = {"Chimalapa Zoque"}, ["zom"] = {"Zou"}, ["zoo"] = {"Asunción Mixtepec Zapotec"}, ["zoq"] = {"Tabasco Zoque"}, ["zor"] = {"Rayón Zoque"}, ["zos"] = {"Francisco León Zoque"}, ["zpa"] = {"Lachiguiri Zapotec"}, ["zpb"] = {"Yautepec Zapotec"}, ["zpc"] = {"Choapan Zapotec"}, ["zpd"] = {"Southeastern Ixtlán Zapotec"}, ["zpe"] = {"Petapa Zapotec"}, ["zpf"] = {"San Pedro Quiatoni Zapotec"}, ["zpg"] = {"Guevea De Humboldt Zapotec"}, ["zph"] = {"Totomachapan Zapotec"}, ["zpi"] = {"Santa María Quiegolani Zapotec"}, ["zpj"] = {"Quiavicuzas Zapotec"}, ["zpk"] = {"Tlacolulita Zapotec"}, ["zpl"] = {"Lachixío Zapotec"}, ["zpm"] = {"Mixtepec Zapotec"}, ["zpn"] = {"Santa Inés Yatzechi Zapotec"}, ["zpo"] = {"Amatlán Zapotec"}, ["zpp"] = {"El Alto Zapotec"}, ["zpq"] = {"Zoogocho Zapotec"}, ["zpr"] = {"Santiago Xanica Zapotec"}, ["zps"] = {"Coatlán Zapotec"}, ["zpt"] = {"San Vicente Coatlán Zapotec"}, ["zpu"] = {"Yalálag Zapotec"}, ["zpv"] = {"Chichicapan Zapotec"}, ["zpw"] = {"Zaniza Zapotec"}, ["zpx"] = {"San Baltazar Loxicha Zapotec"}, ["zpy"] = {"Mazaltepec Zapotec"}, ["zpz"] = {"Texmelucan Zapotec"}, ["zqe"] = {"Qiubei Zhuang"}, ["zra"] = {"Kara (Korea)"}, ["zrg"] = {"Mirgan"}, ["zrn"] = {"Zerenkel"}, ["zro"] = {"Záparo"}, ["zrp"] = {"Zarphatic"}, ["zrs"] = {"Mairasi"}, ["zsa"] = {"Sarasira"}, ["zsk"] = {"Kaskean"}, ["zsl"] = {"Zambian Sign Language"}, ["zsm"] = {"Standard Malay"}, ["zsr"] = {"Southern Rincon Zapotec"}, ["zsu"] = {"Sukurum"}, ["zte"] = {"Elotepec Zapotec"}, ["ztg"] = {"Xanaguía Zapotec"}, ["ztl"] = {"Lapaguía-Guivini Zapotec"}, ["ztm"] = {"San Agustín Mixtepec Zapotec"}, ["ztn"] = {"Santa Catarina Albarradas Zapotec"}, ["ztp"] = {"Loxicha Zapotec"}, ["ztq"] = {"Quioquitani-Quierí Zapotec"}, ["zts"] = {"Tilquiapan Zapotec"}, ["ztt"] = {"Tejalapan Zapotec"}, ["ztu"] = {"Güilá Zapotec"}, ["ztx"] = {"Zaachila Zapotec"}, ["zty"] = {"Yatee Zapotec"}, ["zuh"] = {"Tokano"}, ["zum"] = {"Kumzari"}, ["zun"] = {"Zuni"}, ["zuy"] = {"Zumaya"}, ["zwa"] = {"Zay"}, ["zxx"] = {"No linguistic content", "Not applicable"}, ["zyb"] = {"Yongbei Zhuang"}, ["zyg"] = {"Yang Zhuang"}, ["zyj"] = {"Youjiang Zhuang"}, ["zyn"] = {"Yongnan Zhuang"}, ["zyp"] = {"Zyphe Chin"}, ["zza"] = {"Zaza", "Dimili", "Dimli (macrolanguage)", "Kirdki", "Kirmanjki (macrolanguage)", "Zazaki"}, ["zzj"] = {"Zuojiang Zhuang"} } local deprecated = { ["in"] = {"Indonesian"}, ["iw"] = {"Hebrew"}, ["ji"] = {"Yiddish"}, ["jw"] = {"Javanese"}, ["mo"] = {"Moldavian", "Moldovan"}, ["aam"] = {"Aramanik"}, ["adp"] = {"Adap"}, ["agp"] = {"Paranan"}, ["ais"] = {"Nataoran Amis"}, ["ajp"] = {"South Levantine Arabic"}, ["ajt"] = {"Judeo-Tunisian Arabic"}, ["aoh"] = {"Arma"}, ["asd"] = {"Asas"}, ["aue"] = {"ǂKxʼauǁʼein"}, ["ayx"] = {"Ayi (China)"}, ["ayy"] = {"Tayabas Ayta"}, ["baz"] = {"Tunen"}, ["bbz"] = {"Babalia Creole Arabic"}, ["bgm"] = {"Baga Mboteni"}, ["bhk"] = {"Albay Bicolano"}, ["bic"] = {"Bikaru"}, ["bij"] = {"Vaghat-Ya-Bijim-Legeri"}, ["bjd"] = {"Bandjigali"}, ["bjq"] = {"Southern Betsimisaraka Malagasy"}, ["bkb"] = {"Finallig"}, ["blg"] = {"Balau"}, ["bmy"] = {"Bemba (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["bpb"] = {"Barbacoas"}, ["btb"] = {"Beti (Cameroon)"}, ["btl"] = {"Bhatola"}, ["bxx"] = {"Borna (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["byy"] = {"Buya"}, ["cbe"] = {"Chipiajes"}, ["cbh"] = {"Cagua"}, ["cca"] = {"Cauca"}, ["ccq"] = {"Chaungtha"}, ["cdg"] = {"Chamari"}, ["cjr"] = {"Chorotega"}, ["cka"] = {"Khumi Awa Chin"}, ["cmk"] = {"Chimakum"}, ["coy"] = {"Coyaima"}, ["cqu"] = {"Chilean Quechua"}, ["cug"] = {"Chungmboko", "Cung"}, ["cum"] = {"Cumeral"}, ["daf"] = {"Dan"}, ["dap"] = {"Nisi (India)"}, ["dek"] = {"Dek"}, ["dgu"] = {"Degaru"}, ["dha"] = {"Dhanwar (India)"}, ["dit"] = {"Dirari"}, ["djl"] = {"Djiwarli"}, ["dkl"] = {"Kolum So Dogon"}, ["drh"] = {"Darkhat"}, ["drr"] = {"Dororo"}, ["drw"] = {"Darwazi"}, ["dud"] = {"Hun-Saare"}, ["duj"] = {"Dhuwal"}, ["dwl"] = {"Walo Kumbe Dogon"}, ["ekc"] = {"Eastern Karnic"}, ["elp"] = {"Elpaputih"}, ["emo"] = {"Emok"}, ["gav"] = {"Gabutamon"}, ["gbc"] = {"Garawa"}, ["gfx"] = {"Mangetti Dune ǃXung"}, ["ggn"] = {"Eastern Gurung"}, ["ggo"] = {"Southern Gondi"}, ["ggr"] = {"Aghu Tharnggalu"}, ["gio"] = {"Gelao"}, ["gji"] = {"Geji"}, ["gli"] = {"Guliguli"}, ["gti"] = {"Gbati-ri"}, ["guv"] = {"Gey"}, ["hrr"] = {"Horuru"}, ["iap"] = {"Iapama"}, ["ibi"] = {"Ibilo"}, ["ill"] = {"Iranun"}, ["ilw"] = {"Talur"}, ["ime"] = {"Imeraguen"}, ["izi"] = {"Izi-Ezaa-Ikwo-Mgbo"}, ["jar"] = {"Jarawa (Nigeria)"}, ["jeg"] = {"Jeng"}, ["kbf"] = {"Kakauhua"}, ["kdv"] = {"Kado"}, ["kgc"] = {"Kasseng"}, ["kgd"] = {"Kataang"}, ["kgh"] = {"Upper Tanudan Kalinga"}, ["kgm"] = {"Karipúna"}, ["kjf"] = {"Khalaj [Indo-Iranian]"}, ["koj"] = {"Sara Dunjo"}, ["kox"] = {"Coxima"}, ["kpp"] = {"Paku Karen"}, ["krm"] = {"Krim"}, ["ksa"] = {"Shuwa-Zamani"}, ["ktr"] = {"Kota Marudu Tinagas"}, ["kvs"] = {"Kunggara"}, ["kwq"] = {"Kwak"}, ["kxe"] = {"Kakihum"}, ["kxl"] = {"Nepali Kurux"}, ["kxu"] = {"Kui (India)"}, ["kzh"] = {"Kenuzi-Dongola"}, ["kzj"] = {"Coastal Kadazan"}, ["kzt"] = {"Tambunan Dusun"}, ["lak"] = {"Laka (Nigeria)"}, ["lba"] = {"Lui"}, ["leg"] = {"Lengua"}, ["lii"] = {"Lingkhim"}, ["llo"] = {"Khlor"}, ["lmm"] = {"Lamam"}, ["lmz"] = {"Lumbee"}, ["lno"] = {"Lango (South Sudan)"}, ["lsg"] = {"Lyons Sign Language"}, ["meg"] = {"Mea"}, ["mgx"] = {"Omati"}, ["mhh"] = {"Maskoy Pidgin"}, ["mja"] = {"Mahei"}, ["mld"] = {"Malakhel"}, ["mnt"] = {"Maykulan"}, ["mof"] = {"Mohegan-Montauk-Narragansett"}, ["mst"] = {"Cataelano Mandaya"}, ["mvm"] = {"Muya"}, ["mwd"] = {"Mudbura"}, ["mwj"] = {"Maligo"}, ["mwx"] = {"Mediak"}, ["mwy"] = {"Mosiro"}, ["myd"] = {"Maramba"}, ["myi"] = {"Mina (India)"}, ["myq"] = {"Forest Maninka"}, ["myt"] = {"Sangab Mandaya"}, ["nad"] = {"Nijadali"}, ["nbf"] = {"Naxi"}, ["nbx"] = {"Ngura"}, ["ncp"] = {"Ndaktup"}, ["ngo"] = {"Ngoni"}, ["nln"] = {"Durango Nahuatl"}, ["nlr"] = {"Ngarla"}, ["nns"] = {"Ningye"}, ["nnx"] = {"Ngong"}, ["nom"] = {"Nocamán"}, ["noo"] = {"Nootka"}, ["nte"] = {"Nathembo"}, ["nts"] = {"Natagaimas"}, ["nxu"] = {"Narau"}, ["ome"] = {"Omejes"}, ["oun"] = {"ǃOǃung"}, ["pat"] = {"Papitalai"}, ["pbz"] = {"Palu"}, ["pcr"] = {"Panang"}, ["pgy"] = {"Pongyong"}, ["pii"] = {"Pini"}, ["plj"] = {"Polci"}, ["plp"] = {"Palpa"}, ["pmc"] = {"Palumata"}, ["pmk"] = {"Pamlico"}, ["pmu"] = {"Mirpur Panjabi"}, ["pod"] = {"Ponares"}, ["ppa"] = {"Pao"}, ["ppr"] = {"Piru"}, ["prb"] = {"Lua'"}, ["prp"] = {"Parsi"}, ["pry"] = {"Pray 3"}, ["puk"] = {"Pu Ko"}, ["puz"] = {"Purum Naga"}, ["rie"] = {"Rien"}, ["rmr"] = {"Caló"}, ["rna"] = {"Runa"}, ["rsi"] = {"Rennellese Sign Language"}, ["sap"] = {"Sanapaná"}, ["sca"] = {"Sansu"}, ["sdm"] = {"Semandang"}, ["sgl"] = {"Sanglechi-Ishkashimi"}, ["sgo"] = {"Songa"}, ["skk"] = {"Sok"}, ["slq"] = {"Salchuq"}, ["smd"] = {"Sama"}, ["snb"] = {"Sebuyau"}, ["snh"] = {"Shinabo"}, ["sul"] = {"Surigaonon"}, ["sum"] = {"Sumo-Mayangna"}, ["svr"] = {"Savara"}, ["szd"] = {"Seru"}, ["tbb"] = {"Tapeba"}, ["tdu"] = {"Tempasuk Dusun"}, ["tgg"] = {"Tangga"}, ["thc"] = {"Tai Hang Tong"}, ["thw"] = {"Thudam"}, ["thx"] = {"The"}, ["tid"] = {"Tidong"}, ["tie"] = {"Tingal"}, ["tkk"] = {"Takpa"}, ["tlw"] = {"South Wemale"}, ["tmk"] = {"Northwestern Tamang"}, ["tmp"] = {"Tai Mène"}, ["tne"] = {"Tinoc Kallahan"}, ["tnf"] = {"Tangshewi"}, ["toe"] = {"Tomedes"}, ["tpw"] = {"Tupí"}, ["tsf"] = {"Southwestern Tamang"}, ["unp"] = {"Worora"}, ["uok"] = {"Uokha"}, ["uun"] = {"Kulon-Pazeh"}, ["vki"] = {"Ija-Zuba"}, ["wgw"] = {"Wagawaga"}, ["wit"] = {"Wintu"}, ["wiw"] = {"Wirangu"}, ["wra"] = {"Warapu"}, ["wrd"] = {"Warduji"}, ["wya"] = {"Wyandot"}, ["xba"] = {"Kamba (Brazil)"}, ["xbx"] = {"Kabixí"}, ["xia"] = {"Xiandao"}, ["xip"] = {"Xipináwa"}, ["xkh"] = {"Karahawyana"}, ["xrq"] = {"Karranga"}, ["xss"] = {"Assan"}, ["xtz"] = {"Tasmanian"}, ["ybd"] = {"Yangbye"}, ["yds"] = {"Yiddish Sign Language"}, ["yen"] = {"Yendang"}, ["yiy"] = {"Yir Yoront"}, ["yma"] = {"Yamphe"}, ["ymt"] = {"Mator-Taygi-Karagas"}, ["ynh"] = {"Yangho"}, ["yol"] = {"Yola"}, ["yos"] = {"Yos"}, ["yri"] = {"Yarí"}, ["yuu"] = {"Yugh"}, ["zir"] = {"Ziriya"}, ["zkb"] = {"Koibal"}, ["zua"] = {"Zeem"} } return { active = active, deprecated = deprecated, } lvtjy4barx2qygel3xiiq0zt2bdqn5t 1374646 1374645 2026-06-03T00:31:57Z A826 72368 ೧ revisions imported from [[:en:Module:Lang/data/iana_languages]] 1374645 Scribunto text/plain -- File-Date: 2026-04-09 local active = { ["aa"] = {"Afar"}, ["ab"] = {"Abkhazian"}, ["ae"] = {"Avestan"}, ["af"] = {"Afrikaans"}, ["ak"] = {"Akan"}, ["am"] = {"Amharic"}, ["an"] = {"Aragonese"}, ["ar"] = {"Arabic"}, ["as"] = {"Assamese"}, ["av"] = {"Avaric"}, ["ay"] = {"Aymara"}, ["az"] = {"Azerbaijani"}, ["ba"] = {"Bashkir"}, ["be"] = {"Belarusian"}, ["bg"] = {"Bulgarian"}, ["bh"] = {"Bihari languages"}, ["bi"] = {"Bislama"}, ["bm"] = {"Bambara"}, ["bn"] = {"Bengali", "Bangla"}, ["bo"] = {"Tibetan"}, ["br"] = {"Breton"}, ["bs"] = {"Bosnian"}, ["ca"] = {"Catalan", "Valencian"}, ["ce"] = {"Chechen"}, ["ch"] = {"Chamorro"}, ["co"] = {"Corsican"}, ["cr"] = {"Cree"}, ["cs"] = {"Czech"}, ["cu"] = {"Church Slavic", "Church Slavonic", "Old Bulgarian", "Old Church Slavonic", "Old Slavonic"}, ["cv"] = {"Chuvash"}, ["cy"] = {"Welsh"}, ["da"] = {"Danish"}, ["de"] = {"German"}, ["dv"] = {"Dhivehi", "Divehi", "Maldivian"}, ["dz"] = {"Dzongkha"}, ["ee"] = {"Ewe"}, ["el"] = {"Modern Greek (1453-)"}, ["en"] = {"English"}, ["eo"] = {"Esperanto"}, ["es"] = {"Spanish", "Castilian"}, ["et"] = {"Estonian"}, ["eu"] = {"Basque"}, ["fa"] = {"Persian"}, ["ff"] = {"Fulah"}, ["fi"] = {"Finnish"}, ["fj"] = {"Fijian"}, ["fo"] = {"Faroese"}, ["fr"] = {"French"}, ["fy"] = {"Western Frisian"}, ["ga"] = {"Irish"}, ["gd"] = {"Scottish Gaelic", "Gaelic"}, ["gl"] = {"Galician"}, ["gn"] = {"Guarani"}, ["gu"] = {"Gujarati"}, ["gv"] = {"Manx"}, ["ha"] = {"Hausa"}, ["he"] = {"Hebrew"}, ["hi"] = {"Hindi"}, ["ho"] = {"Hiri Motu"}, ["hr"] = {"Croatian"}, ["ht"] = {"Haitian", "Haitian Creole"}, ["hu"] = {"Hungarian"}, ["hy"] = {"Armenian"}, ["hz"] = {"Herero"}, ["ia"] = {"Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association)"}, ["id"] = {"Indonesian"}, ["ie"] = {"Interlingue", "Occidental"}, ["ig"] = {"Igbo"}, ["ii"] = {"Sichuan Yi", "Nuosu"}, ["ik"] = {"Inupiaq"}, ["io"] = {"Ido"}, ["is"] = {"Icelandic"}, ["it"] = {"Italian"}, ["iu"] = {"Inuktitut"}, ["ja"] = {"Japanese"}, ["jv"] = {"Javanese"}, ["ka"] = {"Georgian"}, ["kg"] = {"Kongo"}, ["ki"] = {"Kikuyu", "Gikuyu"}, ["kj"] = {"Kuanyama", "Kwanyama"}, ["kk"] = {"Kazakh"}, ["kl"] = {"Kalaallisut", "Greenlandic"}, ["km"] = {"Khmer", "Central Khmer"}, ["kn"] = {"Kannada"}, ["ko"] = {"Korean"}, ["kr"] = {"Kanuri"}, ["ks"] = {"Kashmiri"}, ["ku"] = {"Kurdish"}, ["kv"] = {"Komi"}, ["kw"] = {"Cornish"}, ["ky"] = {"Kirghiz", "Kyrgyz"}, ["la"] = {"Latin"}, ["lb"] = {"Luxembourgish", "Letzeburgesch"}, ["lg"] = {"Ganda", "Luganda"}, ["li"] = {"Limburgan", "Limburger", "Limburgish"}, ["ln"] = {"Lingala"}, ["lo"] = {"Lao"}, ["lt"] = {"Lithuanian"}, ["lu"] = {"Luba-Katanga"}, ["lv"] = {"Latvian"}, ["mg"] = {"Malagasy"}, ["mh"] = {"Marshallese"}, ["mi"] = {"Maori"}, ["mk"] = {"Macedonian"}, ["ml"] = {"Malayalam"}, ["mn"] = {"Mongolian"}, ["mr"] = {"Marathi"}, ["ms"] = {"Malay (macrolanguage)"}, ["mt"] = {"Maltese"}, ["my"] = {"Burmese"}, ["na"] = {"Nauru"}, ["nb"] = {"Norwegian Bokmål"}, ["nd"] = {"North Ndebele"}, ["ne"] = {"Nepali (macrolanguage)"}, ["ng"] = {"Ndonga"}, ["nl"] = {"Dutch", "Flemish"}, ["nn"] = {"Norwegian Nynorsk"}, ["no"] = {"Norwegian"}, ["nr"] = {"South Ndebele"}, ["nv"] = {"Navajo", "Navaho"}, ["ny"] = {"Chichewa", "Chewa", "Nyanja"}, ["oc"] = {"Occitan (post 1500)"}, ["oj"] = {"Ojibwa"}, ["om"] = {"Oromo"}, ["or"] = {"Oriya (macrolanguage)", "Odia (macrolanguage)"}, ["os"] = {"Iron Ossetic", "Iron", "Iron Ossetian", "Ossetian", "Ossetic"}, ["pa"] = {"Panjabi", "Punjabi"}, ["pi"] = {"Pali"}, ["pl"] = {"Polish"}, ["ps"] = {"Pushto", "Pashto"}, ["pt"] = {"Portuguese"}, ["qu"] = {"Quechua"}, ["rm"] = {"Romansh"}, ["rn"] = {"Rundi"}, ["ro"] = {"Romanian", "Moldavian", "Moldovan"}, ["ru"] = {"Russian"}, ["rw"] = {"Kinyarwanda"}, ["sa"] = {"Sanskrit"}, ["sc"] = {"Sardinian"}, ["sd"] = {"Sindhi"}, ["se"] = {"Northern Sami"}, ["sg"] = {"Sango"}, ["sh"] = {"Serbo-Croatian"}, ["si"] = {"Sinhala", "Sinhalese"}, ["sk"] = {"Slovak"}, ["sl"] = {"Slovenian"}, ["sm"] = {"Samoan"}, ["sn"] = {"Shona"}, ["so"] = {"Somali"}, ["sq"] = {"Albanian"}, ["sr"] = {"Serbian"}, ["ss"] = {"Swati"}, ["st"] = {"Southern Sotho"}, ["su"] = {"Sundanese"}, ["sv"] = {"Swedish"}, ["sw"] = {"Swahili (macrolanguage)"}, ["ta"] = {"Tamil"}, ["te"] = {"Telugu"}, ["tg"] = {"Tajik"}, ["th"] = {"Thai"}, ["ti"] = {"Tigrinya"}, ["tk"] = {"Turkmen"}, ["tl"] = {"Tagalog"}, ["tn"] = {"Tswana"}, ["to"] = {"Tonga (Tonga Islands)"}, ["tr"] = {"Turkish"}, ["ts"] = {"Tsonga"}, ["tt"] = {"Tatar"}, ["tw"] = {"Twi"}, ["ty"] = {"Tahitian"}, ["ug"] = {"Uighur", "Uyghur"}, ["uk"] = {"Ukrainian"}, ["ur"] = {"Urdu"}, ["uz"] = {"Uzbek"}, ["ve"] = {"Venda"}, ["vi"] = {"Vietnamese"}, ["vo"] = {"Volapük"}, ["wa"] = {"Walloon"}, ["wo"] = {"Wolof"}, ["xh"] = {"Xhosa"}, ["yi"] = {"Yiddish"}, ["yo"] = {"Yoruba"}, ["za"] = {"Zhuang", "Chuang"}, ["zh"] = {"Chinese"}, ["zu"] = {"Zulu"}, ["aaa"] = {"Ghotuo"}, ["aab"] = {"Alumu-Tesu"}, ["aac"] = {"Ari"}, ["aad"] = {"Amal"}, ["aae"] = {"Arbëreshë Albanian"}, ["aaf"] = {"Aranadan"}, ["aag"] = {"Ambrak"}, ["aah"] = {"Abu' Arapesh"}, ["aai"] = {"Arifama-Miniafia"}, ["aak"] = {"Ankave"}, ["aal"] = {"Afade"}, ["aan"] = {"Anambé"}, ["aao"] = {"Algerian Saharan Arabic"}, ["aap"] = {"Pará Arára"}, ["aaq"] = {"Eastern Abnaki"}, ["aas"] = {"Aasáx"}, ["aat"] = {"Arvanitika Albanian"}, ["aau"] = {"Abau"}, ["aav"] = {"Austro-Asiatic languages"}, ["aaw"] = {"Solong"}, ["aax"] = {"Mandobo Atas"}, ["aaz"] = {"Amarasi"}, ["aba"] = {"Abé"}, ["abb"] = {"Bankon"}, ["abc"] = {"Ambala Ayta"}, ["abd"] = {"Manide"}, ["abe"] = {"Western Abnaki"}, ["abf"] = {"Abai Sungai"}, ["abg"] = {"Abaga"}, ["abh"] = {"Tajiki Arabic"}, ["abi"] = {"Abidji"}, ["abj"] = {"Aka-Bea"}, ["abl"] = {"Lampung Nyo"}, ["abm"] = {"Abanyom"}, ["abn"] = {"Abua"}, ["abo"] = {"Abon"}, ["abp"] = {"Abellen Ayta"}, ["abq"] = {"Abaza"}, ["abr"] = {"Abron"}, ["abs"] = {"Ambonese Malay"}, ["abt"] = {"Ambulas"}, ["abu"] = {"Abure"}, ["abv"] = {"Baharna Arabic"}, ["abw"] = {"Pal"}, ["abx"] = {"Inabaknon"}, ["aby"] = {"Aneme Wake"}, ["abz"] = {"Abui"}, ["aca"] = {"Achagua"}, ["acb"] = {"Áncá"}, ["acd"] = {"Gikyode"}, ["ace"] = {"Achinese"}, ["acf"] = {"Saint Lucian Creole French"}, ["ach"] = {"Acoli"}, ["aci"] = {"Aka-Cari"}, ["ack"] = {"Aka-Kora"}, ["acl"] = {"Akar-Bale"}, ["acm"] = {"Mesopotamian Arabic"}, ["acn"] = {"Achang"}, ["acp"] = {"Eastern Acipa"}, ["acq"] = {"Ta'izzi-Adeni Arabic"}, ["acr"] = {"Achi"}, ["acs"] = {"Acroá"}, ["act"] = {"Achterhoeks"}, ["acu"] = {"Achuar-Shiwiar"}, ["acv"] = {"Achumawi"}, ["acw"] = {"Hijazi Arabic"}, ["acx"] = {"Omani Arabic"}, ["acy"] = {"Cypriot Arabic"}, ["acz"] = {"Acheron"}, ["ada"] = {"Adangme"}, ["adb"] = {"Atauran"}, ["add"] = {"Lidzonka", "Dzodinka"}, ["ade"] = {"Adele"}, ["adf"] = {"Dhofari Arabic"}, ["adg"] = {"Andegerebinha"}, ["adh"] = {"Adhola"}, ["adi"] = {"Adi"}, ["adj"] = {"Adioukrou"}, ["adl"] = {"Galo"}, ["adn"] = {"Adang"}, ["ado"] = {"Abu"}, ["adq"] = {"Adangbe"}, ["adr"] = {"Adonara"}, ["ads"] = {"Adamorobe Sign Language"}, ["adt"] = {"Adnyamathanha"}, ["adu"] = {"Aduge"}, ["adw"] = {"Amundava"}, ["adx"] = {"Amdo Tibetan"}, ["ady"] = {"Adyghe", "Adygei"}, ["adz"] = {"Adzera"}, ["aea"] = {"Areba"}, ["aeb"] = {"Tunisian Arabic"}, ["aec"] = {"Saidi Arabic"}, ["aed"] = {"Argentine Sign Language"}, ["aee"] = {"Northeast Pashai", "Northeast Pashayi"}, ["aek"] = {"Haeke"}, ["ael"] = {"Ambele"}, ["aem"] = {"Arem"}, ["aen"] = {"Armenian Sign Language"}, ["aeq"] = {"Aer"}, ["aer"] = {"Eastern Arrernte"}, ["aes"] = {"Alsea"}, ["aeu"] = {"Akeu"}, ["aew"] = {"Ambakich"}, ["aey"] = {"Amele"}, ["aez"] = {"Aeka"}, ["afa"] = {"Afro-Asiatic languages"}, ["afb"] = {"Gulf Arabic"}, ["afd"] = {"Andai"}, ["afe"] = {"Putukwam"}, ["afg"] = {"Afghan Sign Language"}, ["afh"] = {"Afrihili"}, ["afi"] = {"Akrukay", "Chini"}, ["afk"] = {"Nanubae"}, ["afn"] = {"Defaka"}, ["afo"] = {"Eloyi"}, ["afp"] = {"Tapei"}, ["afs"] = {"Afro-Seminole Creole"}, ["aft"] = {"Afitti"}, ["afu"] = {"Awutu"}, ["afz"] = {"Obokuitai"}, ["aga"] = {"Aguano"}, ["agb"] = {"Legbo"}, ["agc"] = {"Agatu"}, ["agd"] = {"Agarabi"}, ["age"] = {"Angal"}, ["agf"] = {"Arguni"}, ["agg"] = {"Angor"}, ["agh"] = {"Ngelima"}, ["agi"] = {"Agariya"}, ["agj"] = {"Argobba"}, ["agk"] = {"Isarog Agta"}, ["agl"] = {"Fembe"}, ["agm"] = {"Angaataha"}, ["agn"] = {"Agutaynen"}, ["ago"] = {"Tainae"}, ["agq"] = {"Aghem"}, ["agr"] = {"Aguaruna"}, ["ags"] = {"Esimbi"}, ["agt"] = {"Central Cagayan Agta"}, ["agu"] = {"Aguacateco"}, ["agv"] = {"Remontado Dumagat"}, ["agw"] = {"Kahua"}, ["agx"] = {"Aghul"}, ["agy"] = {"Southern Alta"}, ["agz"] = {"Mt. Iriga Agta"}, ["aha"] = {"Ahanta"}, ["ahb"] = {"Axamb"}, ["ahg"] = {"Qimant"}, ["ahh"] = {"Aghu"}, ["ahi"] = {"Tiagbamrin Aizi"}, ["ahk"] = {"Akha"}, ["ahl"] = {"Igo"}, ["ahm"] = {"Mobumrin Aizi"}, ["ahn"] = {"Àhàn"}, ["aho"] = {"Ahom"}, ["ahp"] = {"Aproumu Aizi"}, ["ahr"] = {"Ahirani"}, ["ahs"] = {"Ashe"}, ["aht"] = {"Ahtena"}, ["aia"] = {"Arosi"}, ["aib"] = {"Ainu (China)"}, ["aic"] = {"Ainbai"}, ["aid"] = {"Alngith"}, ["aie"] = {"Amara"}, ["aif"] = {"Agi"}, ["aig"] = {"Antigua and Barbuda Creole English"}, ["aih"] = {"Ai-Cham"}, ["aii"] = {"Assyrian Neo-Aramaic"}, ["aij"] = {"Lishanid Noshan"}, ["aik"] = {"Ake"}, ["ail"] = {"Aimele"}, ["aim"] = {"Aimol"}, ["ain"] = {"Ainu (Japan)"}, ["aio"] = {"Aiton"}, ["aip"] = {"Burumakok"}, ["aiq"] = {"Aimaq"}, ["air"] = {"Airoran"}, ["ait"] = {"Arikem"}, ["aiw"] = {"Aari"}, ["aix"] = {"Aighon"}, ["aiy"] = {"Ali"}, ["aja"] = {"Aja (South Sudan)"}, ["ajg"] = {"Aja (Benin)"}, ["aji"] = {"Ajië"}, ["ajn"] = {"Andajin"}, ["ajs"] = {"Algerian Jewish Sign Language"}, ["aju"] = {"Judeo-Moroccan Arabic"}, ["ajw"] = {"Ajawa"}, ["ajz"] = {"Amri Karbi"}, ["akb"] = {"Batak Angkola"}, ["akc"] = {"Mpur"}, ["akd"] = {"Ukpet-Ehom"}, ["ake"] = {"Akawaio"}, ["akf"] = {"Akpa"}, ["akg"] = {"Anakalangu"}, ["akh"] = {"Angal Heneng"}, ["aki"] = {"Aiome"}, ["akj"] = {"Aka-Jeru"}, ["akk"] = {"Akkadian"}, ["akl"] = {"Aklanon"}, ["akm"] = {"Aka-Bo"}, ["ako"] = {"Akurio"}, ["akp"] = {"Siwu"}, ["akq"] = {"Ak"}, ["akr"] = {"Araki"}, ["aks"] = {"Akaselem"}, ["akt"] = {"Akolet"}, ["aku"] = {"Akum"}, ["akv"] = {"Akhvakh"}, ["akw"] = {"Akwa"}, ["akx"] = {"Aka-Kede"}, ["aky"] = {"Aka-Kol"}, ["akz"] = {"Alabama"}, ["ala"] = {"Alago"}, ["alc"] = {"Qawasqar"}, ["ald"] = {"Alladian"}, ["ale"] = {"Aleut"}, ["alf"] = {"Alege"}, ["alg"] = {"Algonquian languages"}, ["alh"] = {"Alawa"}, ["ali"] = {"Amaimon"}, ["alj"] = {"Alangan"}, ["alk"] = {"Alak"}, ["all"] = {"Allar"}, ["alm"] = {"Amblong"}, ["aln"] = {"Gheg Albanian"}, ["alo"] = {"Larike-Wakasihu"}, ["alp"] = {"Alune"}, ["alq"] = {"Algonquin"}, ["alr"] = {"Alutor"}, ["als"] = {"Tosk Albanian"}, ["alt"] = {"Southern Altai"}, ["alu"] = {"'Are'are"}, ["alv"] = {"Atlantic-Congo languages"}, ["alw"] = {"Alaba-K’abeena", "Wanbasana"}, ["alx"] = {"Amol"}, ["aly"] = {"Alyawarr"}, ["alz"] = {"Alur"}, ["ama"] = {"Amanayé"}, ["amb"] = {"Ambo"}, ["amc"] = {"Amahuaca"}, ["ame"] = {"Yanesha'"}, ["amf"] = {"Hamer-Banna"}, ["amg"] = {"Amurdak"}, ["ami"] = {"Amis"}, ["amj"] = {"Amdang"}, ["amk"] = {"Ambai"}, ["aml"] = {"War-Jaintia"}, ["amm"] = {"Ama (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["amn"] = {"Amanab"}, ["amo"] = {"Amo"}, ["amp"] = {"Alamblak"}, ["amq"] = {"Amahai"}, ["amr"] = {"Amarakaeri"}, ["ams"] = {"Southern Amami-Oshima"}, ["amt"] = {"Amto"}, ["amu"] = {"Guerrero Amuzgo"}, ["amv"] = {"Ambelau"}, ["amw"] = {"Western Neo-Aramaic"}, ["amx"] = {"Anmatyerre"}, ["amy"] = {"Ami"}, ["amz"] = {"Atampaya"}, ["ana"] = {"Andaqui"}, ["anb"] = {"Andoa"}, ["anc"] = {"Ngas"}, ["and"] = {"Ansus"}, ["ane"] = {"Xârâcùù"}, ["anf"] = {"Animere"}, ["ang"] = {"Old English (ca. 450-1100)"}, ["anh"] = {"Nend"}, ["ani"] = {"Andi"}, ["anj"] = {"Anor"}, ["ank"] = {"Goemai"}, ["anl"] = {"Anu-Hkongso Chin"}, ["anm"] = {"Anal"}, ["ann"] = {"Obolo"}, ["ano"] = {"Andoque"}, ["anp"] = {"Angika"}, ["anq"] = {"Jarawa (India)"}, ["anr"] = {"Andh"}, ["ans"] = {"Anserma"}, ["ant"] = {"Antakarinya", "Antikarinya"}, ["anu"] = {"Anuak"}, ["anv"] = {"Denya"}, ["anw"] = {"Anaang"}, ["anx"] = {"Andra-Hus"}, ["any"] = {"Anyin"}, ["anz"] = {"Anem"}, ["aoa"] = {"Angolar"}, ["aob"] = {"Abom"}, ["aoc"] = {"Pemon"}, ["aod"] = {"Andarum"}, ["aoe"] = {"Angal Enen"}, ["aof"] = {"Bragat"}, ["aog"] = {"Angoram"}, ["aoi"] = {"Anindilyakwa"}, ["aoj"] = {"Mufian"}, ["aok"] = {"Arhö"}, ["aol"] = {"Alor"}, ["aom"] = {"Ömie"}, ["aon"] = {"Bumbita Arapesh"}, ["aor"] = {"Aore"}, ["aos"] = {"Taikat"}, ["aot"] = {"Atong (India)", "A'tong"}, ["aou"] = {"A'ou"}, ["aox"] = {"Atorada"}, ["aoz"] = {"Uab Meto"}, ["apa"] = {"Apache languages"}, ["apb"] = {"Sa'a"}, ["apc"] = {"Levantine Arabic"}, ["apd"] = {"Sudanese Arabic"}, ["ape"] = {"Bukiyip"}, ["apf"] = {"Pahanan Agta"}, ["apg"] = {"Ampanang"}, ["aph"] = {"Athpariya"}, ["api"] = {"Apiaká"}, ["apj"] = {"Jicarilla Apache"}, ["apk"] = {"Kiowa Apache"}, ["apl"] = {"Lipan Apache"}, ["apm"] = {"Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache"}, ["apn"] = {"Apinayé"}, ["apo"] = {"Ambul"}, ["app"] = {"Apma"}, ["apq"] = {"A-Pucikwar"}, ["apr"] = {"Arop-Lokep"}, ["aps"] = {"Arop-Sissano"}, ["apt"] = {"Apatani"}, ["apu"] = {"Apurinã"}, ["apv"] = {"Alapmunte"}, ["apw"] = {"Western Apache"}, ["apx"] = {"Aputai"}, ["apy"] = {"Apalaí"}, ["apz"] = {"Safeyoka"}, ["aqa"] = {"Alacalufan languages"}, ["aqc"] = {"Archi"}, ["aqd"] = {"Ampari Dogon"}, ["aqg"] = {"Arigidi"}, ["aqk"] = {"Aninka"}, ["aql"] = {"Algic languages"}, ["aqm"] = {"Atohwaim"}, ["aqn"] = {"Northern Alta"}, ["aqp"] = {"Atakapa"}, ["aqr"] = {"Arhâ"}, ["aqt"] = {"Angaité"}, ["aqz"] = {"Akuntsu"}, ["arb"] = {"Standard Arabic"}, ["arc"] = {"Official Aramaic (700-300 BCE)", "Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)"}, ["ard"] = {"Arabana"}, ["are"] = {"Western Arrarnta"}, ["arh"] = {"Arhuaco"}, ["ari"] = {"Arikara"}, ["arj"] = {"Arapaso"}, ["ark"] = {"Arikapú"}, ["arl"] = {"Arabela"}, ["arn"] = {"Mapudungun", "Mapuche"}, ["aro"] = {"Araona"}, ["arp"] = {"Arapaho"}, ["arq"] = {"Algerian Arabic"}, ["arr"] = {"Karo (Brazil)"}, ["ars"] = {"Najdi Arabic"}, ["art"] = {"Artificial languages"}, ["aru"] = {"Aruá (Amazonas State)", "Arawá"}, ["arv"] = {"Arbore"}, ["arw"] = {"Arawak"}, ["arx"] = {"Aruá (Rodonia State)"}, ["ary"] = {"Moroccan Arabic"}, ["arz"] = {"Egyptian Arabic"}, ["asa"] = {"Asu (Tanzania)"}, ["asb"] = {"Assiniboine", "Nakoda Assiniboine"}, ["asc"] = {"Casuarina Coast Asmat"}, ["ase"] = {"American Sign Language"}, ["asf"] = {"Auslan", "Australian Sign Language"}, ["asg"] = {"Cishingini"}, ["ash"] = {"Abishira"}, ["asi"] = {"Buruwai"}, ["asj"] = {"Sari"}, ["ask"] = {"Ashkun"}, ["asl"] = {"Asilulu"}, ["asn"] = {"Xingú Asuriní"}, ["aso"] = {"Dano"}, ["asp"] = {"Algerian Sign Language"}, ["asq"] = {"Austrian Sign Language"}, ["asr"] = {"Asuri"}, ["ass"] = {"Ipulo"}, ["ast"] = {"Asturian", "Asturleonese", "Bable", "Leonese"}, ["asu"] = {"Tocantins Asurini"}, ["asv"] = {"Asoa"}, ["asw"] = {"Australian Aborigines Sign Language"}, ["asx"] = {"Muratayak"}, ["asy"] = {"Yaosakor Asmat"}, ["asz"] = {"As"}, ["ata"] = {"Pele-Ata"}, ["atb"] = {"Zaiwa"}, ["atc"] = {"Atsahuaca"}, ["atd"] = {"Ata Manobo"}, ["ate"] = {"Atemble"}, ["atg"] = {"Ivbie North-Okpela-Arhe"}, ["ath"] = {"Athapascan languages"}, ["ati"] = {"Attié"}, ["atj"] = {"Atikamekw", "Nehirowimowin"}, ["atk"] = {"Ati"}, ["atl"] = {"Mt. Iraya Agta"}, ["atm"] = {"Ata"}, ["atn"] = {"Ashtiani"}, ["ato"] = {"Atong (Cameroon)"}, ["atp"] = {"Pudtol Atta"}, ["atq"] = {"Aralle-Tabulahan"}, ["atr"] = {"Waimiri-Atroari"}, ["ats"] = {"Gros Ventre"}, ["att"] = {"Pamplona Atta"}, ["atu"] = {"Reel"}, ["atv"] = {"Northern Altai"}, ["atw"] = {"Atsugewi"}, ["atx"] = {"Arutani"}, ["aty"] = {"Aneityum"}, ["atz"] = {"Arta"}, ["aua"] = {"Asumboa"}, ["aub"] = {"Alugu"}, ["auc"] = {"Waorani"}, ["aud"] = {"Anuta"}, ["auf"] = {"Arauan languages"}, ["aug"] = {"Aguna"}, ["auh"] = {"Aushi"}, ["aui"] = {"Anuki"}, ["auj"] = {"Awjilah"}, ["auk"] = {"Heyo"}, ["aul"] = {"Aulua"}, ["aum"] = {"Asu (Nigeria)"}, ["aun"] = {"Molmo One"}, ["auo"] = {"Auyokawa"}, ["aup"] = {"Makayam"}, ["auq"] = {"Anus", "Korur"}, ["aur"] = {"Aruek"}, ["aus"] = {"Australian languages"}, ["aut"] = {"Austral"}, ["auu"] = {"Auye"}, ["auw"] = {"Awyi"}, ["aux"] = {"Aurá"}, ["auy"] = {"Awiyaana"}, ["auz"] = {"Uzbeki Arabic"}, ["avb"] = {"Avau"}, ["avd"] = {"Alviri-Vidari"}, ["avi"] = {"Avikam"}, ["avk"] = {"Kotava"}, ["avl"] = {"Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic"}, ["avm"] = {"Angkamuthi"}, ["avn"] = {"Avatime"}, ["avo"] = {"Agavotaguerra"}, ["avs"] = {"Aushiri"}, ["avt"] = {"Au"}, ["avu"] = {"Avokaya"}, ["avv"] = {"Avá-Canoeiro"}, ["awa"] = {"Awadhi"}, ["awb"] = {"Awa (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["awc"] = {"Cicipu"}, ["awd"] = {"Arawakan languages"}, ["awe"] = {"Awetí"}, ["awg"] = {"Anguthimri"}, ["awh"] = {"Awbono"}, ["awi"] = {"Aekyom"}, ["awk"] = {"Awabakal"}, ["awm"] = {"Arawum"}, ["awn"] = {"Awngi"}, ["awo"] = {"Awak"}, ["awr"] = {"Awera"}, ["aws"] = {"South Awyu"}, ["awt"] = {"Araweté"}, ["awu"] = {"Central Awyu"}, ["awv"] = {"Jair Awyu"}, ["aww"] = {"Awun"}, ["awx"] = {"Awara"}, ["awy"] = {"Edera Awyu"}, ["axb"] = {"Abipon"}, ["axe"] = {"Ayerrerenge"}, ["axg"] = {"Mato Grosso Arára"}, ["axk"] = {"Yaka (Central African Republic)"}, ["axl"] = {"Lower Southern Aranda"}, ["axm"] = {"Middle Armenian"}, ["axx"] = {"Xârâgurè"}, ["aya"] = {"Awar"}, ["ayb"] = {"Ayizo Gbe"}, ["ayc"] = {"Southern Aymara"}, ["ayd"] = {"Ayabadhu"}, ["aye"] = {"Ayere"}, ["ayg"] = {"Ginyanga"}, ["ayh"] = {"Hadrami Arabic"}, ["ayi"] = {"Leyigha"}, ["ayk"] = {"Akuku"}, ["ayl"] = {"Libyan Arabic"}, ["ayn"] = {"Sanaani Arabic"}, ["ayo"] = {"Ayoreo"}, ["ayp"] = {"North Mesopotamian Arabic"}, ["ayq"] = {"Ayi (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["ayr"] = {"Central Aymara"}, ["ays"] = {"Sorsogon Ayta"}, ["ayt"] = {"Magbukun Ayta"}, ["ayu"] = {"Ayu"}, ["ayz"] = {"Mai Brat"}, ["aza"] = {"Azha"}, ["azb"] = {"South Azerbaijani"}, ["azc"] = {"Uto-Aztecan languages"}, ["azd"] = {"Eastern Durango Nahuatl"}, ["azg"] = {"San Pedro Amuzgos Amuzgo"}, ["azj"] = {"North Azerbaijani"}, ["azm"] = {"Ipalapa Amuzgo"}, ["azn"] = {"Western Durango Nahuatl"}, ["azo"] = {"Awing"}, ["azt"] = {"Faire Atta"}, ["azz"] = {"Highland Puebla Nahuatl"}, ["baa"] = {"Babatana"}, ["bab"] = {"Bainouk-Gunyuño"}, ["bac"] = {"Badui"}, ["bad"] = {"Banda languages"}, ["bae"] = {"Baré"}, ["baf"] = {"Nubaca"}, ["bag"] = {"Tuki"}, ["bah"] = {"Bahamas Creole English"}, ["bai"] = {"Bamileke languages"}, ["baj"] = {"Barakai"}, ["bal"] = {"Baluchi"}, ["ban"] = {"Balinese"}, ["bao"] = {"Waimaha"}, ["bap"] = {"Bantawa"}, ["bar"] = {"Bavarian"}, ["bas"] = {"Basa (Cameroon)"}, ["bat"] = {"Baltic languages"}, ["bau"] = {"Bada (Nigeria)"}, ["bav"] = {"Vengo"}, ["baw"] = {"Bambili-Bambui"}, ["bax"] = {"Bamun"}, ["bay"] = {"Batuley"}, ["bba"] = {"Baatonum"}, ["bbb"] = {"Barai"}, ["bbc"] = {"Batak Toba"}, ["bbd"] = {"Bau"}, ["bbe"] = {"Bangba"}, ["bbf"] = {"Baibai"}, ["bbg"] = {"Barama"}, ["bbh"] = {"Bugan"}, ["bbi"] = {"Barombi"}, ["bbj"] = {"Ghomálá'"}, ["bbk"] = {"Babanki"}, ["bbl"] = {"Bats"}, ["bbm"] = {"Babango"}, ["bbn"] = {"Uneapa"}, ["bbo"] = {"Northern Bobo Madaré", "Konabéré"}, ["bbp"] = {"West Central Banda"}, ["bbq"] = {"Bamali"}, ["bbr"] = {"Girawa"}, ["bbs"] = {"Bakpinka"}, ["bbt"] = {"Mburku"}, ["bbu"] = {"Kulung (Nigeria)"}, ["bbv"] = {"Karnai"}, ["bbw"] = {"Baba"}, ["bbx"] = {"Bubia"}, ["bby"] = {"Befang"}, ["bca"] = {"Central Bai"}, ["bcb"] = {"Bainouk-Samik"}, ["bcc"] = {"Southern Balochi"}, ["bcd"] = {"North Babar"}, ["bce"] = {"Bamenyam"}, ["bcf"] = {"Bamu"}, ["bcg"] = {"Baga Pokur"}, ["bch"] = {"Bariai"}, ["bci"] = {"Baoulé"}, ["bcj"] = {"Bardi"}, ["bck"] = {"Bunuba"}, ["bcl"] = {"Central Bikol"}, ["bcm"] = {"Bannoni"}, ["bcn"] = {"Bali (Nigeria)"}, ["bco"] = {"Kaluli"}, ["bcp"] = {"Bali (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["bcq"] = {"Bench"}, ["bcr"] = {"Babine"}, ["bcs"] = {"Kohumono"}, ["bct"] = {"Bendi"}, ["bcu"] = {"Awad Bing"}, ["bcv"] = {"Shoo-Minda-Nye"}, ["bcw"] = {"Bana"}, ["bcy"] = {"Bacama"}, ["bcz"] = {"Bainouk-Gunyaamolo"}, ["bda"] = {"Bayot"}, ["bdb"] = {"Basap"}, ["bdc"] = {"Emberá-Baudó"}, ["bdd"] = {"Bunama"}, ["bde"] = {"Bade"}, ["bdf"] = {"Biage"}, ["bdg"] = {"Bonggi"}, ["bdh"] = {"Baka (South Sudan)"}, ["bdi"] = {"Burun"}, ["bdj"] = {"Bai (South Sudan)", "Bai"}, ["bdk"] = {"Budukh"}, ["bdl"] = {"Indonesian Bajau"}, ["bdm"] = {"Buduma"}, ["bdn"] = {"Baldemu"}, ["bdo"] = {"Morom"}, ["bdp"] = {"Bende"}, ["bdq"] = {"Bahnar"}, ["bdr"] = {"West Coast Bajau"}, ["bds"] = {"Burunge"}, ["bdt"] = {"Bokoto"}, ["bdu"] = {"Oroko"}, ["bdv"] = {"Bodo Parja"}, ["bdw"] = {"Baham"}, ["bdx"] = {"Budong-Budong"}, ["bdy"] = {"Bandjalang"}, ["bdz"] = {"Badeshi"}, ["bea"] = {"Beaver"}, ["beb"] = {"Bebele"}, ["bec"] = {"Iceve-Maci"}, ["bed"] = {"Bedoanas"}, ["bee"] = {"Byangsi"}, ["bef"] = {"Benabena"}, ["beg"] = {"Belait"}, ["beh"] = {"Biali"}, ["bei"] = {"Bekati'"}, ["bej"] = {"Beja", "Bedawiyet"}, ["bek"] = {"Bebeli"}, ["bem"] = {"Bemba (Zambia)"}, ["beo"] = {"Beami"}, ["bep"] = {"Besoa"}, ["beq"] = {"Beembe"}, ["ber"] = {"Berber languages"}, ["bes"] = {"Besme"}, ["bet"] = {"Guiberoua Béte"}, ["beu"] = {"Blagar"}, ["bev"] = {"Daloa Bété"}, ["bew"] = {"Betawi"}, ["bex"] = {"Jur Modo"}, ["bey"] = {"Beli (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["bez"] = {"Bena (Tanzania)"}, ["bfa"] = {"Bari"}, ["bfb"] = {"Pauri Bareli"}, ["bfc"] = {"Panyi Bai", "Northern Bai"}, ["bfd"] = {"Bafut"}, ["bfe"] = {"Betaf", "Tena"}, ["bff"] = {"Bofi"}, ["bfg"] = {"Busang Kayan"}, ["bfh"] = {"Blafe"}, ["bfi"] = {"British Sign Language"}, ["bfj"] = {"Bafanji"}, ["bfk"] = {"Ban Khor Sign Language"}, ["bfl"] = {"Banda-Ndélé"}, ["bfm"] = {"Mmen"}, ["bfn"] = {"Bunak"}, ["bfo"] = {"Malba Birifor"}, ["bfp"] = {"Beba"}, ["bfq"] = {"Badaga"}, ["bfr"] = {"Bazigar"}, ["bfs"] = {"Southern Bai"}, ["bft"] = {"Balti"}, ["bfu"] = {"Gahri"}, ["bfw"] = {"Bondo"}, ["bfx"] = {"Bantayanon"}, ["bfy"] = {"Bagheli"}, ["bfz"] = {"Mahasu Pahari"}, ["bga"] = {"Gwamhi-Wuri"}, ["bgb"] = {"Bobongko"}, ["bgc"] = {"Haryanvi"}, ["bgd"] = {"Rathwi Bareli"}, ["bge"] = {"Bauria"}, ["bgf"] = {"Bangandu"}, ["bgg"] = {"Bugun"}, ["bgi"] = {"Giangan"}, ["bgj"] = {"Bangolan"}, ["bgk"] = {"Bit", "Buxinhua"}, ["bgl"] = {"Bo (Laos)"}, ["bgn"] = {"Western Balochi"}, ["bgo"] = {"Baga Koga"}, ["bgp"] = {"Eastern Balochi"}, ["bgq"] = {"Bagri"}, ["bgr"] = {"Bawm Chin"}, ["bgs"] = {"Tagabawa"}, ["bgt"] = {"Bughotu"}, ["bgu"] = {"Mbongno"}, ["bgv"] = {"Warkay-Bipim"}, ["bgw"] = {"Bhatri"}, ["bgx"] = {"Balkan Gagauz Turkish"}, ["bgy"] = {"Benggoi"}, ["bgz"] = {"Banggai"}, ["bha"] = {"Bharia"}, ["bhb"] = {"Bhili"}, ["bhc"] = {"Biga"}, ["bhd"] = {"Bhadrawahi"}, ["bhe"] = {"Bhaya"}, ["bhf"] = {"Odiai"}, ["bhg"] = {"Binandere"}, ["bhh"] = {"Bukharic"}, ["bhi"] = {"Bhilali"}, ["bhj"] = {"Bahing"}, ["bhl"] = {"Bimin"}, ["bhm"] = {"Bathari"}, ["bhn"] = {"Bohtan Neo-Aramaic"}, ["bho"] = {"Bhojpuri"}, ["bhp"] = {"Bima"}, ["bhq"] = {"Tukang Besi South"}, ["bhr"] = {"Bara Malagasy"}, ["bhs"] = {"Buwal"}, ["bht"] = {"Bhattiyali"}, ["bhu"] = {"Bhunjia"}, ["bhv"] = {"Bahau"}, ["bhw"] = {"Biak"}, ["bhx"] = {"Bhalay"}, ["bhy"] = {"Bhele"}, ["bhz"] = {"Bada (Indonesia)"}, ["bia"] = {"Badimaya"}, ["bib"] = {"Bissa", "Bisa"}, ["bid"] = {"Bidiyo"}, ["bie"] = {"Bepour"}, ["bif"] = {"Biafada"}, ["big"] = {"Biangai"}, ["bik"] = {"Bikol"}, ["bil"] = {"Bile"}, ["bim"] = {"Bimoba"}, ["bin"] = {"Bini", "Edo"}, ["bio"] = {"Nai"}, ["bip"] = {"Bila"}, ["biq"] = {"Bipi"}, ["bir"] = {"Bisorio"}, ["bit"] = {"Berinomo"}, ["biu"] = {"Biete"}, ["biv"] = {"Southern Birifor"}, ["biw"] = {"Kol (Cameroon)"}, ["bix"] = {"Bijori"}, ["biy"] = {"Birhor"}, ["biz"] = {"Baloi"}, ["bja"] = {"Budza"}, ["bjb"] = {"Banggarla"}, ["bjc"] = {"Bariji"}, ["bje"] = {"Biao-Jiao Mien"}, ["bjf"] = {"Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic"}, ["bjg"] = {"Bidyogo"}, ["bjh"] = {"Bahinemo"}, ["bji"] = {"Burji"}, ["bjj"] = {"Kanauji"}, ["bjk"] = {"Barok"}, ["bjl"] = {"Bulu (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["bjm"] = {"Bajelani"}, ["bjn"] = {"Banjar"}, ["bjo"] = {"Mid-Southern Banda"}, ["bjp"] = {"Fanamaket"}, ["bjr"] = {"Binumarien"}, ["bjs"] = {"Bajan"}, ["bjt"] = {"Balanta-Ganja"}, ["bju"] = {"Busuu"}, ["bjv"] = {"Bedjond"}, ["bjw"] = {"Bakwé"}, ["bjx"] = {"Banao Itneg"}, ["bjy"] = {"Bayali"}, ["bjz"] = {"Baruga"}, ["bka"] = {"Kyak"}, ["bkc"] = {"Baka (Cameroon)"}, ["bkd"] = {"Binukid", "Talaandig"}, ["bkf"] = {"Beeke"}, ["bkg"] = {"Buraka"}, ["bkh"] = {"Bakoko"}, ["bki"] = {"Baki"}, ["bkj"] = {"Pande"}, ["bkk"] = {"Brokskat"}, ["bkl"] = {"Berik"}, ["bkm"] = {"Kom (Cameroon)"}, ["bkn"] = {"Bukitan"}, ["bko"] = {"Kwa'"}, ["bkp"] = {"Boko (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["bkq"] = {"Bakairí"}, ["bkr"] = {"Bakumpai"}, ["bks"] = {"Northern Sorsoganon"}, ["bkt"] = {"Boloki"}, ["bku"] = {"Buhid"}, ["bkv"] = {"Bekwarra"}, ["bkw"] = {"Bekwel"}, ["bkx"] = {"Baikeno"}, ["bky"] = {"Bokyi"}, ["bkz"] = {"Bungku"}, ["bla"] = {"Siksika"}, ["blb"] = {"Bilua"}, ["blc"] = {"Bella Coola"}, ["bld"] = {"Bolango"}, ["ble"] = {"Balanta-Kentohe"}, ["blf"] = {"Buol"}, ["blh"] = {"Kuwaa"}, ["bli"] = {"Bolia"}, ["blj"] = {"Bolongan"}, ["blk"] = {"Pa'o Karen", "Pa'O"}, ["bll"] = {"Biloxi"}, ["blm"] = {"Beli (South Sudan)"}, ["bln"] = {"Southern Catanduanes Bikol"}, ["blo"] = {"Anii"}, ["blp"] = {"Blablanga"}, ["blq"] = {"Baluan-Pam"}, ["blr"] = {"Blang"}, ["bls"] = {"Balaesang"}, ["blt"] = {"Tai Dam"}, ["blv"] = {"Kibala", "Bolo"}, ["blw"] = {"Balangao"}, ["blx"] = {"Mag-Indi Ayta"}, ["bly"] = {"Notre"}, ["blz"] = {"Balantak"}, ["bma"] = {"Lame"}, ["bmb"] = {"Bembe"}, ["bmc"] = {"Biem"}, ["bmd"] = {"Baga Manduri"}, ["bme"] = {"Limassa"}, ["bmf"] = {"Bom-Kim"}, ["bmg"] = {"Bamwe"}, ["bmh"] = {"Kein"}, ["bmi"] = {"Bagirmi"}, ["bmj"] = {"Bote-Majhi"}, ["bmk"] = {"Ghayavi"}, ["bml"] = {"Bomboli"}, ["bmm"] = {"Northern Betsimisaraka Malagasy"}, ["bmn"] = {"Bina (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["bmo"] = {"Bambalang"}, ["bmp"] = {"Bulgebi"}, ["bmq"] = {"Bomu"}, ["bmr"] = {"Muinane"}, ["bms"] = {"Bilma Kanuri"}, ["bmt"] = {"Biao Mon"}, ["bmu"] = {"Somba-Siawari"}, ["bmv"] = {"Bum"}, ["bmw"] = {"Bomwali"}, ["bmx"] = {"Baimak"}, ["bmz"] = {"Baramu"}, ["bna"] = {"Bonerate"}, ["bnb"] = {"Bookan"}, ["bnc"] = {"Bontok"}, ["bnd"] = {"Banda (Indonesia)"}, ["bne"] = {"Bintauna"}, ["bnf"] = {"Masiwang"}, ["bng"] = {"Benga"}, ["bni"] = {"Bangi"}, ["bnj"] = {"Eastern Tawbuid"}, ["bnk"] = {"Bierebo"}, ["bnl"] = {"Boon"}, ["bnm"] = {"Batanga"}, ["bnn"] = {"Bunun"}, ["bno"] = {"Bantoanon"}, ["bnp"] = {"Bola"}, ["bnq"] = {"Bantik"}, ["bnr"] = {"Butmas-Tur"}, ["bns"] = {"Bundeli"}, ["bnt"] = {"Bantu languages"}, ["bnu"] = {"Bentong"}, ["bnv"] = {"Bonerif", "Beneraf", "Edwas"}, ["bnw"] = {"Bisis"}, ["bnx"] = {"Bangubangu"}, ["bny"] = {"Bintulu"}, ["bnz"] = {"Beezen"}, ["boa"] = {"Bora"}, ["bob"] = {"Aweer"}, ["boe"] = {"Mundabli-Mufu"}, ["bof"] = {"Bolon"}, ["bog"] = {"Bamako Sign Language"}, ["boh"] = {"Boma"}, ["boi"] = {"Barbareño"}, ["boj"] = {"Anjam"}, ["bok"] = {"Bonjo"}, ["bol"] = {"Bole"}, ["bom"] = {"Berom"}, ["bon"] = {"Bine"}, ["boo"] = {"Tiemacèwè Bozo"}, ["bop"] = {"Bonkiman"}, ["boq"] = {"Bogaya"}, ["bor"] = {"Borôro"}, ["bot"] = {"Bongo"}, ["bou"] = {"Bondei"}, ["bov"] = {"Tuwuli"}, ["bow"] = {"Rema"}, ["box"] = {"Buamu"}, ["boy"] = {"Bodo (Central African Republic)"}, ["boz"] = {"Tiéyaxo Bozo"}, ["bpa"] = {"Daakaka"}, ["bpc"] = {"Mbuk"}, ["bpd"] = {"Banda-Banda"}, ["bpe"] = {"Bauni"}, ["bpg"] = {"Bonggo"}, ["bph"] = {"Botlikh"}, ["bpi"] = {"Bagupi"}, ["bpj"] = {"Binji"}, ["bpk"] = {"Orowe", "'Ôrôê"}, ["bpl"] = {"Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin"}, ["bpm"] = {"Biyom"}, ["bpn"] = {"Dzao Min"}, ["bpo"] = {"Anasi"}, ["bpp"] = {"Kaure"}, ["bpq"] = {"Banda Malay"}, ["bpr"] = {"Koronadal Blaan"}, ["bps"] = {"Sarangani Blaan"}, ["bpt"] = {"Barrow Point"}, ["bpu"] = {"Bongu"}, ["bpv"] = {"Bian Marind"}, ["bpw"] = {"Bo (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["bpx"] = {"Palya Bareli"}, ["bpy"] = {"Bishnupriya"}, ["bpz"] = {"Bilba"}, ["bqa"] = {"Tchumbuli"}, ["bqb"] = {"Bagusa"}, ["bqc"] = {"Boko (Benin)", "Boo"}, ["bqd"] = {"Bung"}, ["bqf"] = {"Baga Kaloum"}, ["bqg"] = {"Bago-Kusuntu"}, ["bqh"] = {"Baima"}, ["bqi"] = {"Bakhtiari"}, ["bqj"] = {"Bandial"}, ["bqk"] = {"Banda-Mbrès"}, ["bql"] = {"Karian", "Bilakura"}, ["bqm"] = {"Wumboko"}, ["bqn"] = {"Bulgarian Sign Language"}, ["bqo"] = {"Balo"}, ["bqp"] = {"Busa"}, ["bqq"] = {"Biritai"}, ["bqr"] = {"Burusu"}, ["bqs"] = {"Bosngun"}, ["bqt"] = {"Bamukumbit"}, ["bqu"] = {"Boguru"}, ["bqv"] = {"Koro Wachi", "Begbere-Ejar"}, ["bqw"] = {"Buru (Nigeria)"}, ["bqx"] = {"Baangi"}, ["bqy"] = {"Bengkala Sign Language"}, ["bqz"] = {"Bakaka"}, ["bra"] = {"Braj"}, ["brb"] = {"Brao", "Lave"}, ["brc"] = {"Berbice Creole Dutch"}, ["brd"] = {"Baraamu"}, ["brf"] = {"Bira"}, ["brg"] = {"Baure"}, ["brh"] = {"Brahui"}, ["bri"] = {"Mokpwe"}, ["brj"] = {"Bieria"}, ["brk"] = {"Birked"}, ["brl"] = {"Birwa"}, ["brm"] = {"Barambu"}, ["brn"] = {"Boruca"}, ["bro"] = {"Brokkat"}, ["brp"] = {"Barapasi"}, ["brq"] = {"Breri"}, ["brr"] = {"Birao"}, ["brs"] = {"Baras"}, ["brt"] = {"Bitare"}, ["bru"] = {"Eastern Bru"}, ["brv"] = {"Western Bru"}, ["brw"] = {"Bellari"}, ["brx"] = {"Bodo (India)"}, ["bry"] = {"Burui"}, ["brz"] = {"Bilbil"}, ["bsa"] = {"Abinomn"}, ["bsb"] = {"Brunei Bisaya"}, ["bsc"] = {"Bassari", "Oniyan"}, ["bse"] = {"Wushi"}, ["bsf"] = {"Bauchi"}, ["bsg"] = {"Bashkardi"}, ["bsh"] = {"Kati"}, ["bsi"] = {"Bassossi"}, ["bsj"] = {"Bangwinji"}, ["bsk"] = {"Burushaski"}, ["bsl"] = {"Basa-Gumna"}, ["bsm"] = {"Busami"}, ["bsn"] = {"Barasana-Eduria"}, ["bso"] = {"Buso"}, ["bsp"] = {"Baga Sitemu"}, ["bsq"] = {"Bassa"}, ["bsr"] = {"Bassa-Kontagora"}, ["bss"] = {"Akoose"}, ["bst"] = {"Basketo"}, ["bsu"] = {"Bahonsuai"}, ["bsv"] = {"Baga Sobané"}, ["bsw"] = {"Baiso"}, ["bsx"] = {"Yangkam"}, ["bsy"] = {"Sabah Bisaya"}, ["bta"] = {"Bata"}, ["btc"] = {"Bati (Cameroon)"}, ["btd"] = {"Batak Dairi"}, ["bte"] = {"Gamo-Ningi"}, ["btf"] = {"Birgit"}, ["btg"] = {"Gagnoa Bété"}, ["bth"] = {"Biatah Bidayuh"}, ["bti"] = {"Burate"}, ["btj"] = {"Bacanese Malay"}, ["btk"] = {"Batak languages"}, ["btm"] = {"Batak Mandailing"}, ["btn"] = {"Ratagnon"}, ["bto"] = {"Rinconada Bikol"}, ["btp"] = {"Budibud"}, ["btq"] = {"Batek"}, ["btr"] = {"Baetora"}, ["bts"] = {"Batak Simalungun"}, ["btt"] = {"Bete-Bendi"}, ["btu"] = {"Batu"}, ["btv"] = {"Bateri"}, ["btw"] = {"Butuanon"}, ["btx"] = {"Batak Karo"}, ["bty"] = {"Bobot"}, ["btz"] = {"Batak Alas-Kluet"}, ["bua"] = {"Buriat"}, ["bub"] = {"Bua"}, ["buc"] = {"Bushi"}, ["bud"] = {"Ntcham"}, ["bue"] = {"Beothuk"}, ["buf"] = {"Bushoong"}, ["bug"] = {"Buginese"}, ["buh"] = {"Younuo Bunu"}, ["bui"] = {"Bongili"}, ["buj"] = {"Basa-Gurmana"}, ["buk"] = {"Bugawac"}, ["bum"] = {"Bulu (Cameroon)"}, ["bun"] = {"Sherbro"}, ["buo"] = {"Terei"}, ["bup"] = {"Busoa"}, ["buq"] = {"Brem"}, ["bus"] = {"Bokobaru"}, ["but"] = {"Bungain"}, ["buu"] = {"Budu"}, ["buv"] = {"Bun"}, ["buw"] = {"Bubi"}, ["bux"] = {"Boghom"}, ["buy"] = {"Bullom So"}, ["buz"] = {"Bukwen"}, ["bva"] = {"Barein"}, ["bvb"] = {"Bube"}, ["bvc"] = {"Baelelea"}, ["bvd"] = {"Baeggu"}, ["bve"] = {"Berau Malay"}, ["bvf"] = {"Boor"}, ["bvg"] = {"Bonkeng"}, ["bvh"] = {"Bure"}, ["bvi"] = {"Belanda Viri"}, ["bvj"] = {"Baan"}, ["bvk"] = {"Bukat"}, ["bvl"] = {"Bolivian Sign Language"}, ["bvm"] = {"Bamunka"}, ["bvn"] = {"Buna"}, ["bvo"] = {"Bolgo"}, ["bvp"] = {"Bumang"}, ["bvq"] = {"Birri"}, ["bvr"] = {"Burarra"}, ["bvt"] = {"Bati (Indonesia)"}, ["bvu"] = {"Bukit Malay"}, ["bvv"] = {"Baniva"}, ["bvw"] = {"Boga"}, ["bvx"] = {"Dibole"}, ["bvy"] = {"Baybayanon"}, ["bvz"] = {"Bauzi"}, ["bwa"] = {"Bwatoo"}, ["bwb"] = {"Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua"}, ["bwc"] = {"Bwile"}, ["bwd"] = {"Bwaidoka"}, ["bwe"] = {"Bwe Karen"}, ["bwf"] = {"Boselewa"}, ["bwg"] = {"Barwe"}, ["bwh"] = {"Bishuo"}, ["bwi"] = {"Baniwa"}, ["bwj"] = {"Láá Láá Bwamu"}, ["bwk"] = {"Bauwaki"}, ["bwl"] = {"Bwela"}, ["bwm"] = {"Biwat"}, ["bwn"] = {"Wunai Bunu"}, ["bwo"] = {"Boro (Ethiopia)", "Borna (Ethiopia)"}, ["bwp"] = {"Mandobo Bawah"}, ["bwq"] = {"Southern Bobo Madaré"}, ["bwr"] = {"Bura-Pabir"}, ["bws"] = {"Bomboma"}, ["bwt"] = {"Bafaw-Balong"}, ["bwu"] = {"Buli (Ghana)"}, ["bww"] = {"Bwa"}, ["bwx"] = {"Bu-Nao Bunu"}, ["bwy"] = {"Cwi Bwamu"}, ["bwz"] = {"Bwisi"}, ["bxa"] = {"Tairaha"}, ["bxb"] = {"Belanda Bor"}, ["bxc"] = {"Molengue"}, ["bxd"] = {"Pela"}, ["bxe"] = {"Birale"}, ["bxf"] = {"Bilur", "Minigir"}, ["bxg"] = {"Bangala"}, ["bxh"] = {"Buhutu"}, ["bxi"] = {"Pirlatapa"}, ["bxj"] = {"Bayungu"}, ["bxk"] = {"Bukusu", "Lubukusu"}, ["bxl"] = {"Jalkunan"}, ["bxm"] = {"Mongolia Buriat"}, ["bxn"] = {"Burduna"}, ["bxo"] = {"Barikanchi"}, ["bxp"] = {"Bebil"}, ["bxq"] = {"Beele"}, ["bxr"] = {"Russia Buriat"}, ["bxs"] = {"Busam"}, ["bxu"] = {"China Buriat"}, ["bxv"] = {"Berakou"}, ["bxw"] = {"Bankagooma"}, ["bxz"] = {"Binahari"}, ["bya"] = {"Batak"}, ["byb"] = {"Bikya"}, ["byc"] = {"Ubaghara"}, ["byd"] = {"Benyadu'"}, ["bye"] = {"Pouye"}, ["byf"] = {"Bete"}, ["byg"] = {"Baygo"}, ["byh"] = {"Bhujel"}, ["byi"] = {"Buyu"}, ["byj"] = {"Bina (Nigeria)"}, ["byk"] = {"Biao"}, ["byl"] = {"Bayono"}, ["bym"] = {"Bidjara"}, ["byn"] = {"Bilin", "Blin"}, ["byo"] = {"Biyo"}, ["byp"] = {"Bumaji"}, ["byq"] = {"Basay"}, ["byr"] = {"Baruya", "Yipma"}, ["bys"] = {"Burak"}, ["byt"] = {"Berti"}, ["byv"] = {"Medumba"}, ["byw"] = {"Belhariya"}, ["byx"] = {"Qaqet"}, ["byz"] = {"Banaro"}, ["bza"] = {"Bandi"}, ["bzb"] = {"Andio"}, ["bzc"] = {"Southern Betsimisaraka Malagasy"}, ["bzd"] = {"Bribri"}, ["bze"] = {"Jenaama Bozo"}, ["bzf"] = {"Boikin"}, ["bzg"] = {"Babuza"}, ["bzh"] = {"Mapos Buang"}, ["bzi"] = {"Bisu"}, ["bzj"] = {"Belize Kriol English"}, ["bzk"] = {"Nicaragua Creole English"}, ["bzl"] = {"Boano (Sulawesi)"}, ["bzm"] = {"Bolondo"}, ["bzn"] = {"Boano (Maluku)"}, ["bzo"] = {"Bozaba"}, ["bzp"] = {"Kemberano"}, ["bzq"] = {"Buli (Indonesia)"}, ["bzr"] = {"Biri"}, ["bzs"] = {"Brazilian Sign Language"}, ["bzt"] = {"Brithenig"}, ["bzu"] = {"Burmeso"}, ["bzv"] = {"Naami"}, ["bzw"] = {"Basa (Nigeria)"}, ["bzx"] = {"Kɛlɛngaxo Bozo"}, ["bzy"] = {"Obanliku"}, ["bzz"] = {"Evant"}, ["caa"] = {"Chortí"}, ["cab"] = {"Garifuna"}, ["cac"] = {"Chuj"}, ["cad"] = {"Caddo"}, ["cae"] = {"Lehar", "Laalaa"}, ["caf"] = {"Southern Carrier"}, ["cag"] = {"Nivaclé"}, ["cah"] = {"Cahuarano"}, ["cai"] = {"Central American Indian languages"}, ["caj"] = {"Chané"}, ["cak"] = {"Kaqchikel", "Cakchiquel"}, ["cal"] = {"Carolinian"}, ["cam"] = {"Cemuhî"}, ["can"] = {"Chambri"}, ["cao"] = {"Chácobo"}, ["cap"] = {"Chipaya"}, ["caq"] = {"Car Nicobarese"}, ["car"] = {"Galibi Carib"}, ["cas"] = {"Tsimané"}, ["cau"] = {"Caucasian languages"}, ["cav"] = {"Cavineña"}, ["caw"] = {"Callawalla"}, ["cax"] = {"Chiquitano"}, ["cay"] = {"Cayuga"}, ["caz"] = {"Canichana"}, ["cba"] = {"Chibchan languages"}, ["cbb"] = {"Cabiyarí"}, ["cbc"] = {"Carapana"}, ["cbd"] = {"Carijona"}, ["cbg"] = {"Chimila"}, ["cbi"] = {"Chachi"}, ["cbj"] = {"Ede Cabe"}, ["cbk"] = {"Chavacano"}, ["cbl"] = {"Bualkhaw Chin"}, ["cbn"] = {"Nyahkur"}, ["cbo"] = {"Izora"}, ["cbq"] = {"Tsucuba", "Cuba"}, ["cbr"] = {"Cashibo-Cacataibo"}, ["cbs"] = {"Cashinahua"}, ["cbt"] = {"Chayahuita"}, ["cbu"] = {"Candoshi-Shapra"}, ["cbv"] = {"Cacua"}, ["cbw"] = {"Kinabalian"}, ["cby"] = {"Carabayo"}, ["ccc"] = {"Chamicuro"}, ["ccd"] = {"Cafundo Creole"}, ["cce"] = {"Chopi"}, ["ccg"] = {"Samba Daka"}, ["cch"] = {"Atsam"}, ["ccj"] = {"Kasanga"}, ["ccl"] = {"Cutchi-Swahili"}, ["ccm"] = {"Malaccan Creole Malay"}, ["ccn"] = {"North Caucasian languages"}, ["cco"] = {"Comaltepec Chinantec"}, ["ccp"] = {"Chakma"}, ["ccr"] = {"Cacaopera"}, ["ccs"] = {"South Caucasian languages"}, ["cda"] = {"Choni"}, ["cdc"] = {"Chadic languages"}, ["cdd"] = {"Caddoan languages"}, ["cde"] = {"Chenchu"}, ["cdf"] = {"Chiru"}, ["cdh"] = {"Chambeali"}, ["cdi"] = {"Chodri"}, ["cdj"] = {"Churahi"}, ["cdm"] = {"Chepang"}, ["cdn"] = {"Chaudangsi"}, ["cdo"] = {"Min Dong Chinese"}, ["cdr"] = {"Cinda-Regi-Tiyal"}, ["cds"] = {"Chadian Sign Language"}, ["cdy"] = {"Chadong"}, ["cdz"] = {"Koda"}, ["cea"] = {"Lower Chehalis"}, ["ceb"] = {"Cebuano"}, ["ceg"] = {"Chamacoco"}, ["cek"] = {"Eastern Khumi Chin"}, ["cel"] = {"Celtic languages"}, ["cen"] = {"Cen"}, ["cet"] = {"Centúúm"}, ["cey"] = {"Ekai Chin"}, ["cfa"] = {"Dijim-Bwilim"}, ["cfd"] = {"Cara"}, ["cfg"] = {"Como Karim"}, ["cfm"] = {"Falam Chin"}, ["cga"] = {"Changriwa"}, ["cgc"] = {"Kagayanen"}, ["cgg"] = {"Chiga"}, ["cgk"] = {"Chocangacakha"}, ["chb"] = {"Chibcha"}, ["chc"] = {"Catawba"}, ["chd"] = {"Highland Oaxaca Chontal"}, ["chf"] = {"Tabasco Chontal"}, ["chg"] = {"Chagatai"}, ["chh"] = {"Chinook"}, ["chj"] = {"Ojitlán Chinantec"}, ["chk"] = {"Chuukese"}, ["chl"] = {"Cahuilla"}, ["chm"] = {"Mari (Russia)"}, ["chn"] = {"Chinook jargon"}, ["cho"] = {"Choctaw"}, ["chp"] = {"Chipewyan", "Dene Suline"}, ["chq"] = {"Quiotepec Chinantec"}, ["chr"] = {"Cherokee"}, ["cht"] = {"Cholón"}, ["chw"] = {"Chuwabu"}, ["chx"] = {"Chantyal"}, ["chy"] = {"Cheyenne"}, ["chz"] = {"Ozumacín Chinantec"}, ["cia"] = {"Cia-Cia"}, ["cib"] = {"Ci Gbe"}, ["cic"] = {"Chickasaw"}, ["cid"] = {"Chimariko"}, ["cie"] = {"Cineni"}, ["cih"] = {"Chinali"}, ["cik"] = {"Chitkuli Kinnauri"}, ["cim"] = {"Cimbrian"}, ["cin"] = {"Cinta Larga"}, ["cip"] = {"Chiapanec"}, ["cir"] = {"Tiri", "Haméa", "Méa"}, ["ciw"] = {"Chippewa"}, ["ciy"] = {"Chaima"}, ["cja"] = {"Western Cham"}, ["cje"] = {"Chru"}, ["cjh"] = {"Upper Chehalis"}, ["cji"] = {"Chamalal"}, ["cjk"] = {"Chokwe"}, ["cjm"] = {"Eastern Cham"}, ["cjn"] = {"Chenapian"}, ["cjo"] = {"Ashéninka Pajonal"}, ["cjp"] = {"Cabécar"}, ["cjs"] = {"Shor"}, ["cjv"] = {"Chuave"}, ["cjy"] = {"Jinyu Chinese"}, ["ckb"] = {"Central Kurdish"}, ["ckh"] = {"Chak"}, ["ckl"] = {"Cibak"}, ["ckm"] = {"Chakavian"}, ["ckn"] = {"Kaang Chin"}, ["cko"] = {"Anufo"}, ["ckq"] = {"Kajakse"}, ["ckr"] = {"Kairak"}, ["cks"] = {"Tayo"}, ["ckt"] = {"Chukot"}, ["cku"] = {"Koasati"}, ["ckv"] = {"Kavalan"}, ["ckx"] = {"Caka"}, ["cky"] = {"Cakfem-Mushere"}, ["ckz"] = {"Cakchiquel-Quiché Mixed Language"}, ["cla"] = {"Ron"}, ["clc"] = {"Chilcotin", "Tsilhqot’in"}, ["cld"] = {"Chaldean Neo-Aramaic"}, ["cle"] = {"Lealao Chinantec"}, ["clh"] = {"Chilisso"}, ["cli"] = {"Chakali"}, ["clj"] = {"Laitu Chin"}, ["clk"] = {"Idu-Mishmi"}, ["cll"] = {"Chala"}, ["clm"] = {"Klallam", "Clallam"}, ["clo"] = {"Lowland Oaxaca Chontal"}, ["cls"] = {"Classical Sanskrit"}, ["clt"] = {"Lautu Chin"}, ["clu"] = {"Caluyanun"}, ["clw"] = {"Chulym"}, ["cly"] = {"Eastern Highland Chatino"}, ["cma"] = {"Maa"}, ["cmc"] = {"Chamic languages"}, ["cme"] = {"Cerma"}, ["cmg"] = {"Classical Mongolian"}, ["cmi"] = {"Emberá-Chamí"}, ["cml"] = {"Campalagian"}, ["cmm"] = {"Michigamea"}, ["cmn"] = {"Mandarin Chinese"}, ["cmo"] = {"Central Mnong"}, ["cmr"] = {"Mro-Khimi Chin"}, ["cms"] = {"Messapic"}, ["cmt"] = {"Camtho"}, ["cna"] = {"Changthang"}, ["cnb"] = {"Chinbon Chin"}, ["cnc"] = {"Côông"}, ["cng"] = {"Northern Qiang"}, ["cnh"] = {"Hakha Chin", "Haka Chin"}, ["cni"] = {"Asháninka"}, ["cnk"] = {"Khumi Chin"}, ["cnl"] = {"Lalana Chinantec"}, ["cno"] = {"Con"}, ["cnp"] = {"Northern Ping Chinese", "Northern Pinghua"}, ["cnq"] = {"Chung"}, ["cnr"] = {"Montenegrin"}, ["cns"] = {"Central Asmat"}, ["cnt"] = {"Tepetotutla Chinantec"}, ["cnu"] = {"Chenoua"}, ["cnw"] = {"Ngawn Chin"}, ["cnx"] = {"Middle Cornish"}, ["coa"] = {"Cocos Islands Malay"}, ["cob"] = {"Chicomuceltec"}, ["coc"] = {"Cocopa"}, ["cod"] = {"Cocama-Cocamilla"}, ["coe"] = {"Koreguaje"}, ["cof"] = {"Colorado"}, ["cog"] = {"Chong"}, ["coh"] = {"Chonyi-Dzihana-Kauma", "Chichonyi-Chidzihana-Chikauma"}, ["coj"] = {"Cochimi"}, ["cok"] = {"Santa Teresa Cora"}, ["col"] = {"Columbia-Wenatchi"}, ["com"] = {"Comanche"}, ["con"] = {"Cofán"}, ["coo"] = {"Comox"}, ["cop"] = {"Coptic"}, ["coq"] = {"Coquille"}, ["cot"] = {"Caquinte"}, ["cou"] = {"Wamey"}, ["cov"] = {"Cao Miao"}, ["cow"] = {"Cowlitz"}, ["cox"] = {"Nanti"}, ["coz"] = {"Chochotec"}, ["cpa"] = {"Palantla Chinantec"}, ["cpb"] = {"Ucayali-Yurúa Ashéninka"}, ["cpc"] = {"Ajyíninka Apurucayali"}, ["cpe"] = {"English-based creoles and pidgins"}, ["cpf"] = {"French-based creoles and pidgins"}, ["cpg"] = {"Cappadocian Greek"}, ["cpi"] = {"Chinese Pidgin English"}, ["cpn"] = {"Cherepon"}, ["cpo"] = {"Kpeego"}, ["cpp"] = {"Portuguese-based creoles and pidgins"}, ["cps"] = {"Capiznon"}, ["cpu"] = {"Pichis Ashéninka"}, ["cpx"] = {"Pu-Xian Chinese"}, ["cpy"] = {"South Ucayali Ashéninka"}, ["cqd"] = {"Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao"}, ["cra"] = {"Chara"}, ["crb"] = {"Island Carib"}, ["crc"] = {"Lonwolwol"}, ["crd"] = {"Coeur d'Alene"}, ["crf"] = {"Caramanta"}, ["crg"] = {"Michif"}, ["crh"] = {"Crimean Tatar", "Crimean Turkish"}, ["cri"] = {"Sãotomense"}, ["crj"] = {"Southern East Cree"}, ["crk"] = {"Plains Cree"}, ["crl"] = {"Northern East Cree"}, ["crm"] = {"Moose Cree"}, ["crn"] = {"El Nayar Cora"}, ["cro"] = {"Crow"}, ["crp"] = {"Creoles and pidgins"}, ["crq"] = {"Iyo'wujwa Chorote"}, ["crr"] = {"Carolina Algonquian"}, ["crs"] = {"Seselwa Creole French"}, ["crt"] = {"Iyojwa'ja Chorote"}, ["crv"] = {"Chaura"}, ["crw"] = {"Chrau"}, ["crx"] = {"Carrier"}, ["cry"] = {"Cori"}, ["crz"] = {"Cruzeño"}, ["csa"] = {"Chiltepec Chinantec"}, ["csb"] = {"Kashubian"}, ["csc"] = {"Catalan Sign Language", "Lengua de señas catalana", "Llengua de Signes Catalana"}, ["csd"] = {"Chiangmai Sign Language"}, ["cse"] = {"Czech Sign Language"}, ["csf"] = {"Cuba Sign Language"}, ["csg"] = {"Chilean Sign Language"}, ["csh"] = {"Asho Chin"}, ["csi"] = {"Coast Miwok"}, ["csj"] = {"Songlai Chin"}, ["csk"] = {"Jola-Kasa"}, ["csl"] = {"Chinese Sign Language"}, ["csm"] = {"Central Sierra Miwok"}, ["csn"] = {"Colombian Sign Language"}, ["cso"] = {"Sochiapam Chinantec", "Sochiapan Chinantec"}, ["csp"] = {"Southern Ping Chinese", "Southern Pinghua"}, ["csq"] = {"Croatia Sign Language"}, ["csr"] = {"Costa Rican Sign Language"}, ["css"] = {"Southern Ohlone"}, ["cst"] = {"Northern Ohlone"}, ["csu"] = {"Central Sudanic languages"}, ["csv"] = {"Sumtu Chin"}, ["csw"] = {"Swampy Cree"}, ["csx"] = {"Cambodian Sign Language"}, ["csy"] = {"Siyin Chin"}, ["csz"] = {"Coos"}, ["cta"] = {"Tataltepec Chatino"}, ["ctc"] = {"Chetco"}, ["ctd"] = {"Tedim Chin"}, ["cte"] = {"Tepinapa Chinantec"}, ["ctg"] = {"Chittagonian"}, ["cth"] = {"Thaiphum Chin"}, ["ctl"] = {"Tlacoatzintepec Chinantec"}, ["ctm"] = {"Chitimacha"}, ["ctn"] = {"Chhintange"}, ["cto"] = {"Emberá-Catío"}, ["ctp"] = {"Western Highland Chatino"}, ["cts"] = {"Northern Catanduanes Bikol"}, ["ctt"] = {"Wayanad Chetti"}, ["ctu"] = {"Chol"}, ["cty"] = {"Moundadan Chetty"}, ["ctz"] = {"Zacatepec Chatino"}, ["cua"] = {"Cua"}, ["cub"] = {"Cubeo"}, ["cuc"] = {"Usila Chinantec"}, ["cuh"] = {"Chuka", "Gichuka"}, ["cui"] = {"Cuiba"}, ["cuj"] = {"Mashco Piro"}, ["cuk"] = {"San Blas Kuna"}, ["cul"] = {"Culina", "Kulina"}, ["cuo"] = {"Cumanagoto"}, ["cup"] = {"Cupeño"}, ["cuq"] = {"Cun"}, ["cur"] = {"Chhulung"}, ["cus"] = {"Cushitic languages"}, ["cut"] = {"Teutila Cuicatec"}, ["cuu"] = {"Tai Ya"}, ["cuv"] = {"Cuvok"}, ["cuw"] = {"Chukwa"}, ["cux"] = {"Tepeuxila Cuicatec"}, ["cuy"] = {"Cuitlatec"}, ["cvg"] = {"Chug"}, ["cvn"] = {"Valle Nacional Chinantec"}, ["cwa"] = {"Kabwa"}, ["cwb"] = {"Maindo"}, ["cwd"] = {"Woods Cree"}, ["cwe"] = {"Kwere"}, ["cwg"] = {"Chewong", "Cheq Wong"}, ["cwt"] = {"Kuwaataay"}, ["cxh"] = {"Cha'ari"}, ["cya"] = {"Nopala Chatino"}, ["cyb"] = {"Cayubaba"}, ["cyo"] = {"Cuyonon"}, ["czh"] = {"Huizhou Chinese"}, ["czk"] = {"Knaanic"}, ["czn"] = {"Zenzontepec Chatino"}, ["czo"] = {"Min Zhong Chinese"}, ["czt"] = {"Zotung Chin"}, ["daa"] = {"Dangaléat"}, ["dac"] = {"Dambi"}, ["dad"] = {"Marik"}, ["dae"] = {"Duupa"}, ["dag"] = {"Dagbani"}, ["dah"] = {"Gwahatike"}, ["dai"] = {"Day"}, ["daj"] = {"Dar Fur Daju"}, ["dak"] = {"Dakota"}, ["dal"] = {"Dahalo"}, ["dam"] = {"Damakawa"}, ["dao"] = {"Daai Chin"}, ["daq"] = {"Dandami Maria"}, ["dar"] = {"Dargwa"}, ["das"] = {"Daho-Doo"}, ["dau"] = {"Dar Sila Daju"}, ["dav"] = {"Taita", "Dawida"}, ["daw"] = {"Davawenyo"}, ["dax"] = {"Dayi"}, ["day"] = {"Land Dayak languages"}, ["daz"] = {"Moi-Wadea", "Dao"}, ["dba"] = {"Bangime"}, ["dbb"] = {"Deno"}, ["dbd"] = {"Dadiya"}, ["dbe"] = {"Dabe"}, ["dbf"] = {"Edopi"}, ["dbg"] = {"Dogul Dom Dogon"}, ["dbi"] = {"Doka"}, ["dbj"] = {"Ida'an"}, ["dbl"] = {"Dyirbal"}, ["dbm"] = {"Duguri"}, ["dbn"] = {"Duriankere"}, ["dbo"] = {"Dulbu"}, ["dbp"] = {"Duwai"}, ["dbq"] = {"Daba"}, ["dbr"] = {"Dabarre"}, ["dbt"] = {"Ben Tey Dogon"}, ["dbu"] = {"Bondum Dom Dogon"}, ["dbv"] = {"Dungu"}, ["dbw"] = {"Bankan Tey Dogon"}, ["dby"] = {"Dibiyaso"}, ["dcc"] = {"Deccan"}, ["dcr"] = {"Negerhollands"}, ["dda"] = {"Dadi Dadi"}, ["ddd"] = {"Dongotono"}, ["dde"] = {"Doondo"}, ["ddg"] = {"Fataluku"}, ["ddi"] = {"West Goodenough"}, ["ddj"] = {"Jaru"}, ["ddn"] = {"Dendi (Benin)"}, ["ddo"] = {"Dido"}, ["ddr"] = {"Dhudhuroa"}, ["dds"] = {"Donno So Dogon"}, ["ddw"] = {"Dawera-Daweloor"}, ["dec"] = {"Dagik"}, ["ded"] = {"Dedua"}, ["dee"] = {"Dewoin"}, ["def"] = {"Dezfuli"}, ["deg"] = {"Degema"}, ["deh"] = {"Dehwari"}, ["dei"] = {"Demisa"}, ["del"] = {"Delaware"}, ["dem"] = {"Dem"}, ["den"] = {"Slave (Athapascan)"}, ["dep"] = {"Pidgin Delaware"}, ["deq"] = {"Dendi (Central African Republic)"}, ["der"] = {"Deori"}, ["des"] = {"Desano"}, ["dev"] = {"Domung"}, ["dez"] = {"Dengese"}, ["dga"] = {"Southern Dagaare"}, ["dgb"] = {"Bunoge Dogon"}, ["dgc"] = {"Casiguran Dumagat Agta"}, ["dgd"] = {"Dagaari Dioula"}, ["dge"] = {"Degenan"}, ["dgg"] = {"Doga"}, ["dgh"] = {"Dghwede"}, ["dgi"] = {"Northern Dagara"}, ["dgk"] = {"Dagba"}, ["dgl"] = {"Andaandi", "Dongolawi"}, ["dgn"] = {"Dagoman"}, ["dgo"] = {"Dogri (individual language)"}, ["dgr"] = {"Tlicho", "Dogrib", "Tłı̨chǫ"}, ["dgs"] = {"Dogoso"}, ["dgt"] = {"Ndra'ngith"}, ["dgw"] = {"Daungwurrung"}, ["dgx"] = {"Doghoro"}, ["dgz"] = {"Daga"}, ["dhd"] = {"Dhundari"}, ["dhg"] = {"Dhangu-Djangu", "Dhangu", "Djangu"}, ["dhi"] = {"Dhimal"}, ["dhl"] = {"Dhalandji"}, ["dhm"] = {"Zemba"}, ["dhn"] = {"Dhanki"}, ["dho"] = {"Dhodia"}, ["dhr"] = {"Dhargari"}, ["dhs"] = {"Dhaiso"}, ["dhu"] = {"Dhurga"}, ["dhv"] = {"Dehu", "Drehu"}, ["dhw"] = {"Dhanwar (Nepal)"}, ["dhx"] = {"Dhungaloo"}, ["dia"] = {"Dia"}, ["dib"] = {"South Central Dinka"}, ["dic"] = {"Lakota Dida"}, ["did"] = {"Didinga"}, ["dif"] = {"Dieri", "Diyari"}, ["dig"] = {"Digo", "Chidigo"}, ["dih"] = {"Kumiai"}, ["dii"] = {"Dimbong"}, ["dij"] = {"Dai"}, ["dik"] = {"Southwestern Dinka"}, ["dil"] = {"Dilling"}, ["dim"] = {"Dime"}, ["din"] = {"Dinka"}, ["dio"] = {"Dibo"}, ["dip"] = {"Northeastern Dinka"}, ["diq"] = {"Dimli (individual language)"}, ["dir"] = {"Dirim"}, ["dis"] = {"Dimasa"}, ["diu"] = {"Diriku"}, ["diw"] = {"Northwestern Dinka"}, ["dix"] = {"Dixon Reef"}, ["diy"] = {"Diuwe"}, ["diz"] = {"Ding"}, ["dja"] = {"Djadjawurrung"}, ["djb"] = {"Djinba"}, ["djc"] = {"Dar Daju Daju"}, ["djd"] = {"Djamindjung", "Ngaliwurru"}, ["dje"] = {"Zarma"}, ["djf"] = {"Djangun"}, ["dji"] = {"Djinang"}, ["djj"] = {"Djeebbana"}, ["djk"] = {"Eastern Maroon Creole", "Businenge Tongo", "Nenge"}, ["djm"] = {"Jamsay Dogon"}, ["djn"] = {"Jawoyn", "Djauan"}, ["djo"] = {"Jangkang"}, ["djr"] = {"Djambarrpuyngu"}, ["dju"] = {"Kapriman"}, ["djw"] = {"Djawi"}, ["dka"] = {"Dakpakha"}, ["dkg"] = {"Kadung"}, ["dkk"] = {"Dakka"}, ["dkr"] = {"Kuijau"}, ["dks"] = {"Southeastern Dinka"}, ["dkx"] = {"Mazagway"}, ["dlg"] = {"Dolgan"}, ["dlk"] = {"Dahalik"}, ["dlm"] = {"Dalmatian"}, ["dln"] = {"Darlong"}, ["dma"] = {"Duma"}, ["dmb"] = {"Mombo Dogon"}, ["dmc"] = {"Gavak"}, ["dmd"] = {"Madhi Madhi"}, ["dme"] = {"Dugwor"}, ["dmf"] = {"Medefaidrin"}, ["dmg"] = {"Upper Kinabatangan"}, ["dmk"] = {"Domaaki"}, ["dml"] = {"Dameli"}, ["dmm"] = {"Dama"}, ["dmn"] = {"Mande languages"}, ["dmo"] = {"Kemedzung"}, ["dmr"] = {"East Damar"}, ["dms"] = {"Dampelas"}, ["dmu"] = {"Dubu", "Tebi"}, ["dmv"] = {"Dumpas"}, ["dmw"] = {"Mudburra"}, ["dmx"] = {"Dema"}, ["dmy"] = {"Demta", "Sowari"}, ["dna"] = {"Upper Grand Valley Dani"}, ["dnd"] = {"Daonda"}, ["dne"] = {"Ndendeule"}, ["dng"] = {"Dungan"}, ["dni"] = {"Lower Grand Valley Dani"}, ["dnj"] = {"Dan"}, ["dnk"] = {"Dengka"}, ["dnn"] = {"Dzùùngoo"}, ["dno"] = {"Ndrulo", "Northern Lendu"}, ["dnr"] = {"Danaru"}, ["dnt"] = {"Mid Grand Valley Dani"}, ["dnu"] = {"Danau"}, ["dnv"] = {"Danu"}, ["dnw"] = {"Western Dani"}, ["dny"] = {"Dení"}, ["doa"] = {"Dom"}, ["dob"] = {"Dobu"}, ["doc"] = {"Northern Dong"}, ["doe"] = {"Doe"}, ["dof"] = {"Domu"}, ["doh"] = {"Dong"}, ["doi"] = {"Dogri (macrolanguage)"}, ["dok"] = {"Dondo"}, ["dol"] = {"Doso"}, ["don"] = {"Toura (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["doo"] = {"Dongo"}, ["dop"] = {"Lukpa"}, ["doq"] = {"Dominican Sign Language"}, ["dor"] = {"Dori'o"}, ["dos"] = {"Dogosé"}, ["dot"] = {"Dass"}, ["dov"] = {"Dombe"}, ["dow"] = {"Doyayo"}, ["dox"] = {"Bussa"}, ["doy"] = {"Dompo"}, ["doz"] = {"Dorze"}, ["dpp"] = {"Papar"}, ["dra"] = {"Dravidian languages"}, ["drb"] = {"Dair"}, ["drc"] = {"Minderico"}, ["drd"] = {"Darmiya"}, ["dre"] = {"Dolpo"}, ["drg"] = {"Rungus"}, ["dri"] = {"C'Lela"}, ["drl"] = {"Paakantyi"}, ["drn"] = {"West Damar"}, ["dro"] = {"Daro-Matu Melanau"}, ["drq"] = {"Dura"}, ["drs"] = {"Gedeo"}, ["drt"] = {"Drents"}, ["dru"] = {"Rukai"}, ["dry"] = {"Darai"}, ["dsb"] = {"Lower Sorbian"}, ["dse"] = {"Dutch Sign Language"}, ["dsh"] = {"Daasanach"}, ["dsi"] = {"Disa"}, ["dsk"] = {"Dokshi"}, ["dsl"] = {"Danish Sign Language"}, ["dsn"] = {"Dusner"}, ["dso"] = {"Desiya"}, ["dsq"] = {"Tadaksahak"}, ["dsz"] = {"Mardin Sign Language"}, ["dta"] = {"Daur"}, ["dtb"] = {"Labuk-Kinabatangan Kadazan"}, ["dtd"] = {"Ditidaht"}, ["dth"] = {"Adithinngithigh"}, ["dti"] = {"Ana Tinga Dogon"}, ["dtk"] = {"Tene Kan Dogon"}, ["dtm"] = {"Tomo Kan Dogon"}, ["dtn"] = {"Daatsʼíin"}, ["dto"] = {"Tommo So Dogon"}, ["dtp"] = {"Kadazan Dusun", "Central Dusun"}, ["dtr"] = {"Lotud"}, ["dts"] = {"Toro So Dogon"}, ["dtt"] = {"Toro Tegu Dogon"}, ["dtu"] = {"Tebul Ure Dogon"}, ["dty"] = {"Dotyali"}, ["dua"] = {"Duala"}, ["dub"] = {"Dubli"}, ["duc"] = {"Duna"}, ["due"] = {"Umiray Dumaget Agta"}, ["duf"] = {"Dumbea", "Drubea"}, ["dug"] = {"Duruma", "Chiduruma"}, ["duh"] = {"Dungra Bhil"}, ["dui"] = {"Dumun"}, ["duk"] = {"Uyajitaya"}, ["dul"] = {"Alabat Island Agta"}, ["dum"] = {"Middle Dutch (ca. 1050-1350)"}, ["dun"] = {"Dusun Deyah"}, ["duo"] = {"Dupaninan Agta"}, ["dup"] = {"Duano"}, ["duq"] = {"Dusun Malang"}, ["dur"] = {"Dii"}, ["dus"] = {"Dumi"}, ["duu"] = {"Drung"}, ["duv"] = {"Duvle"}, ["duw"] = {"Dusun Witu"}, ["dux"] = {"Duungooma"}, ["duy"] = {"Dicamay Agta"}, ["duz"] = {"Duli-Gey"}, ["dva"] = {"Duau"}, ["dwa"] = {"Diri"}, ["dwk"] = {"Dawik Kui"}, ["dwr"] = {"Dawro"}, ["dws"] = {"Dutton World Speedwords"}, ["dwu"] = {"Dhuwal"}, ["dww"] = {"Dawawa"}, ["dwy"] = {"Dhuwaya"}, ["dwz"] = {"Dewas Rai"}, ["dya"] = {"Dyan"}, ["dyb"] = {"Dyaberdyaber"}, ["dyd"] = {"Dyugun"}, ["dyg"] = {"Villa Viciosa Agta"}, ["dyi"] = {"Djimini Senoufo"}, ["dyl"] = {"Bhutanese Sign Language"}, ["dym"] = {"Yanda Dom Dogon"}, ["dyn"] = {"Dyangadi", "Dhanggatti"}, ["dyo"] = {"Jola-Fonyi"}, ["dyr"] = {"Dyarim"}, ["dyu"] = {"Dyula"}, ["dyy"] = {"Djabugay", "Dyaabugay"}, ["dza"] = {"Tunzu"}, ["dzd"] = {"Daza"}, ["dze"] = {"Djiwarli"}, ["dzg"] = {"Dazaga"}, ["dzl"] = {"Dzalakha"}, ["dzn"] = {"Dzando"}, ["eaa"] = {"Karenggapa"}, ["ebc"] = {"Beginci"}, ["ebg"] = {"Ebughu"}, ["ebk"] = {"Eastern Bontok"}, ["ebo"] = {"Teke-Ebo"}, ["ebr"] = {"Ebrié"}, ["ebu"] = {"Embu", "Kiembu"}, ["ecr"] = {"Eteocretan"}, ["ecs"] = {"Ecuadorian Sign Language"}, ["ecy"] = {"Eteocypriot"}, ["eee"] = {"E"}, ["efa"] = {"Efai"}, ["efe"] = {"Efe"}, ["efi"] = {"Efik"}, ["ega"] = {"Ega"}, ["egl"] = {"Emilian"}, ["egm"] = {"Benamanga"}, ["ego"] = {"Eggon"}, ["egx"] = {"Egyptian languages"}, ["egy"] = {"Egyptian (Ancient)"}, ["ehs"] = {"Miyakubo Sign Language"}, ["ehu"] = {"Ehueun"}, ["eip"] = {"Eipomek"}, ["eit"] = {"Eitiep"}, ["eiv"] = {"Askopan"}, ["eja"] = {"Ejamat"}, ["eka"] = {"Ekajuk"}, ["eke"] = {"Ekit"}, ["ekg"] = {"Ekari"}, ["eki"] = {"Eki"}, ["ekk"] = {"Standard Estonian"}, ["ekl"] = {"Kol (Bangladesh)", "Kol"}, ["ekm"] = {"Elip"}, ["eko"] = {"Koti"}, ["ekp"] = {"Ekpeye"}, ["ekr"] = {"Yace"}, ["eky"] = {"Eastern Kayah"}, ["ele"] = {"Elepi"}, ["elh"] = {"El Hugeirat"}, ["eli"] = {"Nding"}, ["elk"] = {"Elkei"}, ["elm"] = {"Eleme"}, ["elo"] = {"El Molo"}, ["elu"] = {"Elu"}, ["elx"] = {"Elamite"}, ["ema"] = {"Emai-Iuleha-Ora"}, ["emb"] = {"Embaloh"}, ["eme"] = {"Emerillon"}, ["emg"] = {"Eastern Meohang"}, ["emi"] = {"Mussau-Emira"}, ["emk"] = {"Eastern Maninkakan"}, ["emm"] = {"Mamulique"}, ["emn"] = {"Eman"}, ["emp"] = {"Northern Emberá"}, ["emq"] = {"Eastern Minyag"}, ["ems"] = {"Pacific Gulf Yupik"}, ["emu"] = {"Eastern Muria"}, ["emw"] = {"Emplawas"}, ["emx"] = {"Erromintxela"}, ["emy"] = {"Epigraphic Mayan"}, ["emz"] = {"Mbessa"}, ["ena"] = {"Apali"}, ["enb"] = {"Markweeta"}, ["enc"] = {"En"}, ["end"] = {"Ende"}, ["enf"] = {"Forest Enets"}, ["enh"] = {"Tundra Enets"}, ["enl"] = {"Enlhet"}, ["enm"] = {"Middle English (1100-1500)"}, ["enn"] = {"Engenni"}, ["eno"] = {"Enggano"}, ["enq"] = {"Enga"}, ["enr"] = {"Emumu", "Emem"}, ["enu"] = {"Enu"}, ["env"] = {"Enwan (Edo State)"}, ["enw"] = {"Enwan (Akwa Ibom State)"}, ["enx"] = {"Enxet"}, ["eot"] = {"Beti (Côte d'Ivoire)"}, ["epi"] = {"Epie"}, ["era"] = {"Eravallan"}, ["erg"] = {"Sie"}, ["erh"] = {"Eruwa"}, ["eri"] = {"Ogea"}, ["erk"] = {"South Efate"}, ["ero"] = {"Horpa"}, ["err"] = {"Erre"}, ["ers"] = {"Ersu"}, ["ert"] = {"Eritai"}, ["erw"] = {"Erokwanas"}, ["ese"] = {"Ese Ejja"}, ["esg"] = {"Aheri Gondi"}, ["esh"] = {"Eshtehardi"}, ["esi"] = {"North Alaskan Inupiatun"}, ["esk"] = {"Northwest Alaska Inupiatun"}, ["esl"] = {"Egypt Sign Language"}, ["esm"] = {"Esuma"}, ["esn"] = {"Salvadoran Sign Language"}, ["eso"] = {"Estonian Sign Language"}, ["esq"] = {"Esselen"}, ["ess"] = {"Central Siberian Yupik"}, ["esu"] = {"Central Yupik"}, ["esx"] = {"Eskimo-Aleut languages"}, ["esy"] = {"Eskayan"}, ["etb"] = {"Etebi"}, ["etc"] = {"Etchemin"}, ["eth"] = {"Ethiopian Sign Language"}, ["etn"] = {"Eton (Vanuatu)"}, ["eto"] = {"Eton (Cameroon)"}, ["etr"] = {"Edolo"}, ["ets"] = {"Yekhee"}, ["ett"] = {"Etruscan"}, ["etu"] = {"Ejagham"}, ["etx"] = {"Eten"}, ["etz"] = {"Semimi"}, ["eud"] = {"Eudeve"}, ["euq"] = {"Basque (family)"}, ["eve"] = {"Even"}, ["evh"] = {"Uvbie"}, ["evn"] = {"Evenki"}, ["ewo"] = {"Ewondo"}, ["ext"] = {"Extremaduran"}, ["eya"] = {"Eyak"}, ["eyo"] = {"Keiyo"}, ["eza"] = {"Ezaa"}, ["eze"] = {"Uzekwe"}, ["faa"] = {"Fasu"}, ["fab"] = {"Fa d'Ambu"}, ["fad"] = {"Wagi"}, ["faf"] = {"Fagani"}, ["fag"] = {"Finongan"}, ["fah"] = {"Baissa Fali"}, ["fai"] = {"Faiwol"}, ["faj"] = {"Faita"}, ["fak"] = {"Fang (Cameroon)"}, ["fal"] = {"South Fali"}, ["fam"] = {"Fam"}, ["fan"] = {"Fang (Equatorial Guinea)"}, ["fap"] = {"Paloor"}, ["far"] = {"Fataleka"}, ["fat"] = {"Fanti"}, ["fau"] = {"Fayu"}, ["fax"] = {"Fala"}, ["fay"] = {"Southwestern Fars"}, ["faz"] = {"Northwestern Fars"}, ["fbl"] = {"West Albay Bikol"}, ["fcs"] = {"Quebec Sign Language"}, ["fer"] = {"Feroge"}, ["ffi"] = {"Foia Foia"}, ["ffm"] = {"Maasina Fulfulde"}, ["fgr"] = {"Fongoro"}, ["fia"] = {"Nobiin"}, ["fie"] = {"Fyer"}, ["fif"] = {"Faifi"}, ["fil"] = {"Filipino", "Pilipino"}, ["fip"] = {"Fipa"}, ["fir"] = {"Firan"}, ["fit"] = {"Tornedalen Finnish", "Meänkieli"}, ["fiu"] = {"Finno-Ugrian languages"}, ["fiw"] = {"Fiwaga"}, ["fkk"] = {"Kirya-Konzəl"}, ["fkv"] = {"Kven Finnish"}, ["fla"] = {"Kalispel-Pend d'Oreille"}, ["flh"] = {"Foau"}, ["fli"] = {"Fali"}, ["fll"] = {"North Fali"}, ["fln"] = {"Flinders Island"}, ["flr"] = {"Fuliiru"}, ["fly"] = {"Flaaitaal", "Tsotsitaal"}, ["fmp"] = {"Fe'fe'"}, ["fmu"] = {"Far Western Muria"}, ["fnb"] = {"Fanbak"}, ["fng"] = {"Fanagalo"}, ["fni"] = {"Fania"}, ["fod"] = {"Foodo"}, ["foi"] = {"Foi"}, ["fom"] = {"Foma"}, ["fon"] = {"Fon"}, ["for"] = {"Fore"}, ["fos"] = {"Siraya"}, ["fox"] = {"Formosan languages"}, ["fpe"] = {"Fernando Po Creole English"}, ["fqs"] = {"Fas"}, ["frc"] = {"Cajun French"}, ["frd"] = {"Fordata"}, ["frk"] = {"Frankish"}, ["frm"] = {"Middle French (ca. 1400-1600)"}, ["fro"] = {"Old French (842-ca. 1400)"}, ["frp"] = {"Arpitan", "Francoprovençal"}, ["frq"] = {"Forak"}, ["frr"] = {"Northern Frisian"}, ["frs"] = {"Eastern Frisian"}, ["frt"] = {"Fortsenal"}, ["fse"] = {"Finnish Sign Language"}, ["fsl"] = {"French Sign Language"}, ["fss"] = {"Finland-Swedish Sign Language", "finlandssvenskt teckenspråk", "suomenruotsalainen viittomakieli"}, ["fub"] = {"Adamawa Fulfulde"}, ["fuc"] = {"Pulaar"}, ["fud"] = {"East Futuna"}, ["fue"] = {"Borgu Fulfulde"}, ["fuf"] = {"Pular"}, ["fuh"] = {"Western Niger Fulfulde"}, ["fui"] = {"Bagirmi Fulfulde"}, ["fuj"] = {"Ko"}, ["fum"] = {"Fum"}, ["fun"] = {"Fulniô"}, ["fuq"] = {"Central-Eastern Niger Fulfulde"}, ["fur"] = {"Friulian"}, ["fut"] = {"Futuna-Aniwa"}, ["fuu"] = {"Furu"}, ["fuv"] = {"Nigerian Fulfulde"}, ["fuy"] = {"Fuyug"}, ["fvr"] = {"Fur"}, ["fwa"] = {"Fwâi"}, ["fwe"] = {"Fwe"}, ["gaa"] = {"Ga"}, ["gab"] = {"Gabri"}, ["gac"] = {"Mixed Great Andamanese"}, ["gad"] = {"Gaddang"}, ["gae"] = {"Guarequena"}, ["gaf"] = {"Gende"}, ["gag"] = {"Gagauz"}, ["gah"] = {"Alekano"}, ["gai"] = {"Borei"}, ["gaj"] = {"Gadsup"}, ["gak"] = {"Gamkonora"}, ["gal"] = {"Galolen"}, ["gam"] = {"Kandawo"}, ["gan"] = {"Gan Chinese"}, ["gao"] = {"Gants"}, ["gap"] = {"Gal"}, ["gaq"] = {"Gata'"}, ["gar"] = {"Galeya"}, ["gas"] = {"Adiwasi Garasia"}, ["gat"] = {"Kenati"}, ["gau"] = {"Mudhili Gadaba"}, ["gaw"] = {"Nobonob"}, ["gax"] = {"Borana-Arsi-Guji Oromo"}, ["gay"] = {"Gayo"}, ["gaz"] = {"West Central Oromo"}, ["gba"] = {"Gbaya (Central African Republic)"}, ["gbb"] = {"Kaytetye"}, ["gbd"] = {"Karajarri"}, ["gbe"] = {"Niksek"}, ["gbf"] = {"Gaikundi"}, ["gbg"] = {"Gbanziri"}, ["gbh"] = {"Defi Gbe"}, ["gbi"] = {"Galela"}, ["gbj"] = {"Bodo Gadaba"}, ["gbk"] = {"Gaddi"}, ["gbl"] = {"Gamit"}, ["gbm"] = {"Garhwali"}, ["gbn"] = {"Mo'da"}, ["gbo"] = {"Northern Grebo"}, ["gbp"] = {"Gbaya-Bossangoa"}, ["gbq"] = {"Gbaya-Bozoum"}, ["gbr"] = {"Gbagyi"}, ["gbs"] = {"Gbesi Gbe"}, ["gbu"] = {"Gagadu"}, ["gbv"] = {"Gbanu"}, ["gbw"] = {"Gabi-Gabi"}, ["gbx"] = {"Eastern Xwla Gbe"}, ["gby"] = {"Gbari"}, ["gbz"] = {"Zoroastrian Dari"}, ["gcc"] = {"Mali"}, ["gcd"] = {"Ganggalida"}, ["gce"] = {"Galice"}, ["gcf"] = {"Guadeloupean Creole French"}, ["gcl"] = {"Grenadian Creole English"}, ["gcn"] = {"Gaina"}, ["gcr"] = {"Guianese Creole French"}, ["gct"] = {"Colonia Tovar German"}, ["gda"] = {"Gade Lohar"}, ["gdb"] = {"Pottangi Ollar Gadaba"}, ["gdc"] = {"Gugu Badhun"}, ["gdd"] = {"Gedaged"}, ["gde"] = {"Gude"}, ["gdf"] = {"Guduf-Gava"}, ["gdg"] = {"Ga'dang"}, ["gdh"] = {"Gadjerawang", "Gajirrabeng"}, ["gdi"] = {"Gundi"}, ["gdj"] = {"Gurdjar"}, ["gdk"] = {"Gadang"}, ["gdl"] = {"Dirasha"}, ["gdm"] = {"Laal"}, ["gdn"] = {"Umanakaina"}, ["gdo"] = {"Ghodoberi"}, ["gdq"] = {"Mehri"}, ["gdr"] = {"Wipi"}, ["gds"] = {"Ghandruk Sign Language"}, ["gdt"] = {"Kungardutyi"}, ["gdu"] = {"Gudu"}, ["gdx"] = {"Godwari"}, ["gea"] = {"Geruma"}, ["geb"] = {"Kire"}, ["gec"] = {"Gboloo Grebo"}, ["ged"] = {"Gade"}, ["gef"] = {"Gerai"}, ["geg"] = {"Gengle"}, ["geh"] = {"Hutterite German", "Hutterisch"}, ["gei"] = {"Gebe"}, ["gej"] = {"Gen"}, ["gek"] = {"Ywom"}, ["gel"] = {"ut-Ma'in"}, ["gem"] = {"Germanic languages"}, ["geq"] = {"Geme"}, ["ges"] = {"Geser-Gorom"}, ["gev"] = {"Eviya"}, ["gew"] = {"Gera"}, ["gex"] = {"Garre"}, ["gey"] = {"Enya"}, ["gez"] = {"Geez"}, ["gfk"] = {"Patpatar"}, ["gft"] = {"Gafat"}, ["gga"] = {"Gao"}, ["ggb"] = {"Gbii"}, ["ggd"] = {"Gugadj"}, ["gge"] = {"Gurr-goni"}, ["ggg"] = {"Gurgula"}, ["ggk"] = {"Kungarakany"}, ["ggl"] = {"Ganglau"}, ["ggt"] = {"Gitua"}, ["ggu"] = {"Gagu", "Gban"}, ["ggw"] = {"Gogodala"}, ["gha"] = {"Ghadamès"}, ["ghc"] = {"Hiberno-Scottish Gaelic"}, ["ghe"] = {"Southern Ghale"}, ["ghh"] = {"Northern Ghale"}, ["ghk"] = {"Geko Karen"}, ["ghl"] = {"Ghulfan"}, ["ghn"] = {"Ghanongga"}, ["gho"] = {"Ghomara"}, ["ghr"] = {"Ghera"}, ["ghs"] = {"Guhu-Samane"}, ["ght"] = {"Kuke", "Kutang Ghale"}, ["gia"] = {"Kija"}, ["gib"] = {"Gibanawa"}, ["gic"] = {"Gail"}, ["gid"] = {"Gidar"}, ["gie"] = {"Gaɓogbo", "Guébie"}, ["gig"] = {"Goaria"}, ["gih"] = {"Githabul"}, ["gii"] = {"Girirra"}, ["gil"] = {"Gilbertese"}, ["gim"] = {"Gimi (Eastern Highlands)"}, ["gin"] = {"Hinukh"}, ["gip"] = {"Gimi (West New Britain)"}, ["giq"] = {"Green Gelao"}, ["gir"] = {"Red Gelao"}, ["gis"] = {"North Giziga"}, ["git"] = {"Gitxsan"}, ["giu"] = {"Mulao"}, ["giw"] = {"White Gelao"}, ["gix"] = {"Gilima"}, ["giy"] = {"Giyug"}, ["giz"] = {"South Giziga"}, ["gjk"] = {"Kachi Koli"}, ["gjm"] = {"Gunditjmara"}, ["gjn"] = {"Gonja"}, ["gjr"] = {"Gurindji Kriol"}, ["gju"] = {"Gujari"}, ["gka"] = {"Guya"}, ["gkd"] = {"Magɨ (Madang Province)"}, ["gke"] = {"Ndai"}, ["gkn"] = {"Gokana"}, ["gko"] = {"Kok-Nar"}, ["gkp"] = {"Guinea Kpelle"}, ["gku"] = {"ǂUngkue"}, ["glb"] = {"Belning"}, ["glc"] = {"Bon Gula"}, ["gld"] = {"Nanai"}, ["glh"] = {"Northwest Pashai", "Northwest Pashayi"}, ["glj"] = {"Gula Iro"}, ["glk"] = {"Gilaki"}, ["gll"] = {"Garlali"}, ["glo"] = {"Galambu"}, ["glr"] = {"Glaro-Twabo"}, ["glu"] = {"Gula (Chad)"}, ["glw"] = {"Glavda"}, ["gly"] = {"Gule"}, ["gma"] = {"Gambera"}, ["gmb"] = {"Gula'alaa"}, ["gmd"] = {"Mághdì"}, ["gme"] = {"East Germanic languages"}, ["gmg"] = {"Magɨyi"}, ["gmh"] = {"Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)"}, ["gml"] = {"Middle Low German"}, ["gmm"] = {"Gbaya-Mbodomo"}, ["gmn"] = {"Gimnime"}, ["gmq"] = {"North Germanic languages"}, ["gmr"] = {"Mirning", "Mirniny"}, ["gmu"] = {"Gumalu"}, ["gmv"] = {"Gamo"}, ["gmw"] = {"West Germanic languages"}, ["gmx"] = {"Magoma"}, ["gmy"] = {"Mycenaean Greek"}, ["gmz"] = {"Mgbolizhia"}, ["gna"] = {"Kaansa"}, ["gnb"] = {"Gangte"}, ["gnc"] = {"Guanche"}, ["gnd"] = {"Zulgo-Gemzek"}, ["gne"] = {"Ganang"}, ["gng"] = {"Ngangam"}, ["gnh"] = {"Lere"}, ["gni"] = {"Gooniyandi"}, ["gnj"] = {"Ngen"}, ["gnk"] = {"ǁGana"}, ["gnl"] = {"Gangulu"}, ["gnm"] = {"Ginuman"}, ["gnn"] = {"Gumatj"}, ["gno"] = {"Northern Gondi"}, ["gnq"] = {"Gana"}, ["gnr"] = {"Gureng Gureng"}, ["gnt"] = {"Guntai"}, ["gnu"] = {"Gnau"}, ["gnw"] = {"Western Bolivian Guaraní"}, ["gnz"] = {"Ganzi"}, ["goa"] = {"Guro"}, ["gob"] = {"Playero"}, ["goc"] = {"Gorakor"}, ["god"] = {"Godié"}, ["goe"] = {"Gongduk"}, ["gof"] = {"Gofa"}, ["gog"] = {"Gogo"}, ["goh"] = {"Old High German (ca. 750-1050)"}, ["goi"] = {"Gobasi"}, ["goj"] = {"Gowlan"}, ["gok"] = {"Gowli"}, ["gol"] = {"Gola"}, ["gom"] = {"Goan Konkani"}, ["gon"] = {"Gondi"}, ["goo"] = {"Gone Dau"}, ["gop"] = {"Yeretuar"}, ["goq"] = {"Gorap"}, ["gor"] = {"Gorontalo"}, ["gos"] = {"Gronings"}, ["got"] = {"Gothic"}, ["gou"] = {"Gavar"}, ["gov"] = {"Goo"}, ["gow"] = {"Gorowa"}, ["gox"] = {"Gobu"}, ["goy"] = {"Goundo"}, ["goz"] = {"Gozarkhani"}, ["gpa"] = {"Gupa-Abawa"}, ["gpe"] = {"Ghanaian Pidgin English"}, ["gpn"] = {"Taiap"}, ["gqa"] = {"Ga'anda"}, ["gqi"] = {"Guiqiong"}, ["gqn"] = {"Guana (Brazil)"}, ["gqr"] = {"Gor"}, ["gqu"] = {"Qau"}, ["gra"] = {"Rajput Garasia"}, ["grb"] = {"Grebo"}, ["grc"] = {"Ancient Greek (to 1453)"}, ["grd"] = {"Guruntum-Mbaaru"}, ["grg"] = {"Madi"}, ["grh"] = {"Gbiri-Niragu"}, ["gri"] = {"Ghari"}, ["grj"] = {"Southern Grebo"}, ["grk"] = {"Greek languages"}, ["grm"] = {"Kota Marudu Talantang"}, ["gro"] = {"Groma"}, ["grq"] = {"Gorovu"}, ["grr"] = {"Taznatit"}, ["grs"] = {"Gresi"}, ["grt"] = {"Garo"}, ["gru"] = {"Kistane"}, ["grv"] = {"Central Grebo"}, ["grw"] = {"Gweda"}, ["grx"] = {"Guriaso"}, ["gry"] = {"Barclayville Grebo"}, ["grz"] = {"Guramalum"}, ["gse"] = {"Ghanaian Sign Language"}, ["gsg"] = {"German Sign Language"}, ["gsl"] = {"Gusilay"}, ["gsm"] = {"Guatemalan Sign Language"}, ["gsn"] = {"Nema", "Gusan"}, ["gso"] = {"Southwest Gbaya"}, ["gsp"] = {"Wasembo"}, ["gss"] = {"Greek Sign Language"}, ["gsw"] = {"Swiss German", "Alemannic", "Alsatian"}, ["gta"] = {"Guató"}, ["gtu"] = {"Aghu-Tharnggala"}, ["gua"] = {"Shiki"}, ["gub"] = {"Guajajára"}, ["guc"] = {"Wayuu"}, ["gud"] = {"Yocoboué Dida"}, ["gue"] = {"Gurindji"}, ["guf"] = {"Gupapuyngu"}, ["gug"] = {"Paraguayan Guaraní"}, ["guh"] = {"Guahibo"}, ["gui"] = {"Eastern Bolivian Guaraní"}, ["guk"] = {"Gumuz"}, ["gul"] = {"Sea Island Creole English"}, ["gum"] = {"Guambiano"}, ["gun"] = {"Mbyá Guaraní"}, ["guo"] = {"Guayabero"}, ["gup"] = {"Gunwinggu"}, ["guq"] = {"Aché"}, ["gur"] = {"Farefare"}, ["gus"] = {"Guinean Sign Language"}, ["gut"] = {"Maléku Jaíka"}, ["guu"] = {"Yanomamö"}, ["guw"] = {"Gun"}, ["gux"] = {"Gourmanchéma"}, ["guz"] = {"Gusii", "Ekegusii"}, ["gva"] = {"Guana (Paraguay)"}, ["gvc"] = {"Guanano"}, ["gve"] = {"Duwet"}, ["gvf"] = {"Golin"}, ["gvj"] = {"Guajá"}, ["gvl"] = {"Gulay"}, ["gvm"] = {"Gurmana"}, ["gvn"] = {"Kuku-Yalanji"}, ["gvo"] = {"Gavião Do Jiparaná"}, ["gvp"] = {"Pará Gavião"}, ["gvr"] = {"Gurung"}, ["gvs"] = {"Gumawana"}, ["gvy"] = {"Guyani"}, ["gwa"] = {"Mbato"}, ["gwb"] = {"Gwa"}, ["gwc"] = {"Gawri", "Kalami"}, ["gwd"] = {"Gawwada"}, ["gwe"] = {"Gweno"}, ["gwf"] = {"Gowro"}, ["gwg"] = {"Moo"}, ["gwi"] = {"Gwichʼin"}, ["gwj"] = {"ǀGwi"}, ["gwm"] = {"Awngthim"}, ["gwn"] = {"Gwandara"}, ["gwr"] = {"Gwere"}, ["gwt"] = {"Gawar-Bati"}, ["gwu"] = {"Guwamu"}, ["gww"] = {"Kwini"}, ["gwx"] = {"Gua"}, ["gxx"] = {"Wè Southern"}, ["gya"] = {"Northwest Gbaya"}, ["gyb"] = {"Garus"}, ["gyd"] = {"Kayardild"}, ["gye"] = {"Gyem"}, ["gyf"] = {"Gungabula"}, ["gyg"] = {"Gbayi"}, ["gyi"] = {"Gyele"}, ["gyl"] = {"Gayil"}, ["gym"] = {"Ngäbere"}, ["gyn"] = {"Guyanese Creole English"}, ["gyo"] = {"Gyalsumdo"}, ["gyr"] = {"Guarayu"}, ["gyy"] = {"Gunya"}, ["gyz"] = {"Geji", "Gyaazi"}, ["gza"] = {"Ganza"}, ["gzi"] = {"Gazi"}, ["gzn"] = {"Gane"}, ["haa"] = {"Hän"}, ["hab"] = {"Hanoi Sign Language"}, ["hac"] = {"Gurani"}, ["had"] = {"Hatam"}, ["hae"] = {"Eastern Oromo"}, ["haf"] = {"Haiphong Sign Language"}, ["hag"] = {"Hanga"}, ["hah"] = {"Hahon"}, ["hai"] = {"Haida"}, ["haj"] = {"Hajong"}, ["hak"] = {"Hakka Chinese"}, ["hal"] = {"Halang"}, ["ham"] = {"Hewa"}, ["han"] = {"Hangaza"}, ["hao"] = {"Hakö"}, ["hap"] = {"Hupla"}, ["haq"] = {"Ha"}, ["har"] = {"Harari"}, ["has"] = {"Haisla"}, ["hav"] = {"Havu"}, ["haw"] = {"Hawaiian"}, ["hax"] = {"Southern Haida"}, ["hay"] = {"Haya"}, ["haz"] = {"Hazaragi"}, ["hba"] = {"Hamba"}, ["hbb"] = {"Huba"}, ["hbn"] = {"Heiban"}, ["hbo"] = {"Ancient Hebrew"}, ["hbu"] = {"Habu"}, ["hca"] = {"Andaman Creole Hindi"}, ["hch"] = {"Huichol"}, ["hdn"] = {"Northern Haida"}, ["hds"] = {"Honduras Sign Language"}, ["hdy"] = {"Hadiyya"}, ["hea"] = {"Northern Qiandong Miao"}, ["hed"] = {"Herdé"}, ["heg"] = {"Helong"}, ["heh"] = {"Hehe"}, ["hei"] = {"Heiltsuk"}, ["hem"] = {"Hemba"}, ["hgm"] = {"Haiǁom"}, ["hgw"] = {"Haigwai"}, ["hhi"] = {"Hoia Hoia"}, ["hhr"] = {"Kerak"}, ["hhy"] = {"Hoyahoya"}, ["hia"] = {"Lamang"}, ["hib"] = {"Hibito"}, ["hid"] = {"Hidatsa"}, ["hif"] = {"Fiji Hindi"}, ["hig"] = {"Kamwe"}, ["hih"] = {"Pamosu"}, ["hii"] = {"Hinduri"}, ["hij"] = {"Hijuk"}, ["hik"] = {"Seit-Kaitetu"}, ["hil"] = {"Hiligaynon"}, ["him"] = {"Himachali languages", "Western Pahari languages"}, ["hio"] = {"Tsoa"}, ["hir"] = {"Himarimã"}, ["hit"] = {"Hittite"}, ["hiw"] = {"Hiw"}, ["hix"] = {"Hixkaryána"}, ["hji"] = {"Haji"}, ["hka"] = {"Kahe"}, ["hke"] = {"Hunde"}, ["hkh"] = {"Khah", "Poguli"}, ["hkk"] = {"Hunjara-Kaina Ke"}, ["hkn"] = {"Mel-Khaonh"}, ["hks"] = {"Hong Kong Sign Language", "Heung Kong Sau Yue"}, ["hla"] = {"Halia"}, ["hlb"] = {"Halbi"}, ["hld"] = {"Halang Doan"}, ["hle"] = {"Hlersu"}, ["hlt"] = {"Matu Chin"}, ["hlu"] = {"Hieroglyphic Luwian"}, ["hma"] = {"Southern Mashan Hmong", "Southern Mashan Miao"}, ["hmb"] = {"Humburi Senni Songhay"}, ["hmc"] = {"Central Huishui Hmong", "Central Huishui Miao"}, ["hmd"] = {"Large Flowery Miao", "A-hmaos", "Da-Hua Miao"}, ["hme"] = {"Eastern Huishui Hmong", "Eastern Huishui Miao"}, ["hmf"] = {"Hmong Don"}, ["hmg"] = {"Southwestern Guiyang Hmong"}, ["hmh"] = {"Southwestern Huishui Hmong", "Southwestern Huishui Miao"}, ["hmi"] = {"Northern Huishui Hmong", "Northern Huishui Miao"}, ["hmj"] = {"Ge", "Gejia"}, ["hmk"] = {"Maek"}, ["hml"] = {"Luopohe Hmong", "Luopohe Miao"}, ["hmm"] = {"Central Mashan Hmong", "Central Mashan Miao"}, ["hmn"] = {"Hmong", "Mong"}, ["hmp"] = {"Northern Mashan Hmong", "Northern Mashan Miao"}, ["hmq"] = {"Eastern Qiandong Miao"}, ["hmr"] = {"Hmar"}, ["hms"] = {"Southern Qiandong Miao"}, ["hmt"] = {"Hamtai"}, ["hmu"] = {"Hamap"}, ["hmv"] = {"Hmong Dô"}, ["hmw"] = {"Western Mashan Hmong", "Western Mashan Miao"}, ["hmx"] = {"Hmong-Mien languages"}, ["hmy"] = {"Southern Guiyang Hmong", "Southern Guiyang Miao"}, ["hmz"] = {"Hmong Shua", "Sinicized Miao"}, ["hna"] = {"Mina (Cameroon)"}, ["hnd"] = {"Southern Hindko"}, ["hne"] = {"Chhattisgarhi"}, ["hng"] = {"Hungu"}, ["hnh"] = {"ǁAni"}, ["hni"] = {"Hani"}, ["hnj"] = {"Hmong Njua", "Mong Leng", "Mong Njua"}, ["hnm"] = {"Hainanese"}, ["hnn"] = {"Hanunoo"}, ["hno"] = {"Northern Hindko"}, ["hns"] = {"Caribbean Hindustani"}, ["hnu"] = {"Hung"}, ["hoa"] = {"Hoava"}, ["hob"] = {"Mari (Madang Province)"}, ["hoc"] = {"Ho"}, ["hod"] = {"Holma"}, ["hoe"] = {"Horom"}, ["hoh"] = {"Hobyót"}, ["hoi"] = {"Holikachuk"}, ["hoj"] = {"Hadothi", "Haroti"}, ["hok"] = {"Hokan languages"}, ["hol"] = {"Holu"}, ["hom"] = {"Homa"}, ["hoo"] = {"Holoholo"}, ["hop"] = {"Hopi"}, ["hor"] = {"Horo"}, ["hos"] = {"Ho Chi Minh City Sign Language"}, ["hot"] = {"Hote", "Malê"}, ["hov"] = {"Hovongan"}, ["how"] = {"Honi"}, ["hoy"] = {"Holiya"}, ["hoz"] = {"Hozo"}, ["hpo"] = {"Hpon"}, ["hps"] = {"Hawai'i Sign Language (HSL)", "Hawai'i Pidgin Sign Language"}, ["hra"] = {"Hrangkhol"}, ["hrc"] = {"Niwer Mil"}, ["hre"] = {"Hre"}, ["hrk"] = {"Haruku"}, ["hrm"] = {"Horned Miao"}, ["hro"] = {"Haroi"}, ["hrp"] = {"Nhirrpi"}, ["hrt"] = {"Hértevin"}, ["hru"] = {"Hruso"}, ["hrw"] = {"Warwar Feni"}, ["hrx"] = {"Hunsrik"}, ["hrz"] = {"Harzani"}, ["hsb"] = {"Upper Sorbian"}, ["hsh"] = {"Hungarian Sign Language"}, ["hsl"] = {"Hausa Sign Language"}, ["hsn"] = {"Xiang Chinese"}, ["hss"] = {"Harsusi"}, ["hti"] = {"Hoti"}, ["hto"] = {"Minica Huitoto"}, ["hts"] = {"Hadza"}, ["htu"] = {"Hitu"}, ["htx"] = {"Middle Hittite"}, ["hub"] = {"Huambisa"}, ["huc"] = {"ǂHua", "ǂʼAmkhoe"}, ["hud"] = {"Huaulu"}, ["hue"] = {"San Francisco Del Mar Huave"}, ["huf"] = {"Humene"}, ["hug"] = {"Huachipaeri"}, ["huh"] = {"Huilliche"}, ["hui"] = {"Huli"}, ["huj"] = {"Northern Guiyang Hmong", "Northern Guiyang Miao"}, ["huk"] = {"Hulung"}, ["hul"] = {"Hula"}, ["hum"] = {"Hungana"}, ["huo"] = {"Hu"}, ["hup"] = {"Hupa"}, ["huq"] = {"Tsat"}, ["hur"] = {"Halkomelem"}, ["hus"] = {"Huastec"}, ["hut"] = {"Humla"}, ["huu"] = {"Murui Huitoto"}, ["huv"] = {"San Mateo Del Mar Huave"}, ["huw"] = {"Hukumina"}, ["hux"] = {"Nüpode Huitoto"}, ["huy"] = {"Hulaulá"}, ["huz"] = {"Hunzib"}, ["hvc"] = {"Haitian Vodoun Culture Language"}, ["hve"] = {"San Dionisio Del Mar Huave"}, ["hvk"] = {"Haveke"}, ["hvn"] = {"Sabu"}, ["hvv"] = {"Santa María Del Mar Huave"}, ["hwa"] = {"Wané"}, ["hwc"] = {"Hawai'i Creole English", "Hawai'i Pidgin"}, ["hwo"] = {"Hwana"}, ["hya"] = {"Hya"}, ["hyw"] = {"Western Armenian"}, ["hyx"] = {"Armenian (family)"}, ["iai"] = {"Iaai"}, ["ian"] = {"Iatmul"}, ["iar"] = {"Purari"}, ["iba"] = {"Iban"}, ["ibb"] = {"Ibibio"}, ["ibd"] = {"Iwaidja"}, ["ibe"] = {"Akpes"}, ["ibg"] = {"Ibanag"}, ["ibh"] = {"Bih"}, ["ibl"] = {"Ibaloi"}, ["ibm"] = {"Agoi"}, ["ibn"] = {"Ibino"}, ["ibr"] = {"Ibuoro"}, ["ibu"] = {"Ibu"}, ["iby"] = {"Ibani"}, ["ica"] = {"Ede Ica"}, ["ich"] = {"Etkywan"}, ["icl"] = {"Icelandic Sign Language"}, ["icr"] = {"Islander Creole English"}, ["ida"] = {"Idakho-Isukha-Tiriki", "Luidakho-Luisukha-Lutirichi"}, ["idb"] = {"Indo-Portuguese"}, ["idc"] = {"Idon", "Ajiya"}, ["idd"] = {"Ede Idaca"}, ["ide"] = {"Idere"}, ["idi"] = {"Idi"}, ["idr"] = {"Indri"}, ["ids"] = {"Idesa"}, ["idt"] = {"Idaté"}, ["idu"] = {"Idoma"}, ["ifa"] = {"Amganad Ifugao"}, ["ifb"] = {"Batad Ifugao", "Ayangan Ifugao"}, ["ife"] = {"Ifè"}, ["iff"] = {"Ifo"}, ["ifk"] = {"Tuwali Ifugao"}, ["ifm"] = {"Teke-Fuumu"}, ["ifu"] = {"Mayoyao Ifugao"}, ["ify"] = {"Keley-I Kallahan"}, ["igb"] = {"Ebira"}, ["ige"] = {"Igede"}, ["igg"] = {"Igana"}, ["igl"] = {"Igala"}, ["igm"] = {"Kanggape"}, ["ign"] = {"Ignaciano"}, ["igo"] = {"Isebe"}, ["igs"] = {"Interglossa"}, ["igw"] = {"Igwe"}, ["ihb"] = {"Iha Based Pidgin"}, ["ihi"] = {"Ihievbe"}, ["ihp"] = {"Iha"}, ["ihw"] = {"Bidhawal"}, ["iin"] = {"Thiin"}, ["iir"] = {"Indo-Iranian languages"}, ["ijc"] = {"Izon"}, ["ije"] = {"Biseni"}, ["ijj"] = {"Ede Ije"}, ["ijn"] = {"Kalabari"}, ["ijo"] = {"Ijo languages"}, ["ijs"] = {"Southeast Ijo"}, ["ike"] = {"Eastern Canadian Inuktitut"}, ["ikh"] = {"Ikhin-Arokho"}, ["iki"] = {"Iko"}, ["ikk"] = {"Ika"}, ["ikl"] = {"Ikulu"}, ["iko"] = {"Olulumo-Ikom"}, ["ikp"] = {"Ikpeshi"}, ["ikr"] = {"Ikaranggal"}, ["iks"] = {"Inuit Sign Language"}, ["ikt"] = {"Inuinnaqtun", "Western Canadian Inuktitut"}, ["ikv"] = {"Iku-Gora-Ankwa"}, ["ikw"] = {"Ikwere"}, ["ikx"] = {"Ik"}, ["ikz"] = {"Ikizu"}, ["ila"] = {"Ile Ape"}, ["ilb"] = {"Ila"}, ["ilg"] = {"Garig-Ilgar"}, ["ili"] = {"Ili Turki"}, ["ilk"] = {"Ilongot"}, ["ilm"] = {"Iranun (Malaysia)"}, ["ilo"] = {"Iloko"}, ["ilp"] = {"Iranun (Philippines)"}, ["ils"] = {"International Sign"}, ["ilu"] = {"Ili'uun"}, ["ilv"] = {"Ilue"}, ["ima"] = {"Mala Malasar"}, ["imi"] = {"Anamgura"}, ["iml"] = {"Miluk"}, ["imn"] = {"Imonda"}, ["imo"] = {"Imbongu"}, ["imr"] = {"Imroing"}, ["ims"] = {"Marsian"}, ["imt"] = {"Imotong"}, ["imy"] = {"Milyan"}, ["inb"] = {"Inga"}, ["inc"] = {"Indic languages"}, ["ine"] = {"Indo-European languages"}, ["ing"] = {"Degexit'an"}, ["inh"] = {"Ingush"}, ["inj"] = {"Jungle Inga"}, ["inl"] = {"Indonesian Sign Language"}, ["inm"] = {"Minaean"}, ["inn"] = {"Isinai"}, ["ino"] = {"Inoke-Yate"}, ["inp"] = {"Iñapari"}, ["ins"] = {"Indian Sign Language"}, ["int"] = {"Intha"}, ["inz"] = {"Ineseño"}, ["ior"] = {"Inor"}, ["iou"] = {"Tuma-Irumu"}, ["iow"] = {"Iowa-Oto"}, ["ipi"] = {"Ipili"}, ["ipo"] = {"Ipiko"}, ["iqu"] = {"Iquito"}, ["iqw"] = {"Ikwo"}, ["ira"] = {"Iranian languages"}, ["ire"] = {"Iresim"}, ["irh"] = {"Irarutu"}, ["iri"] = {"Rigwe", "Irigwe"}, ["irk"] = {"Iraqw"}, ["irn"] = {"Irántxe"}, ["iro"] = {"Iroquoian languages"}, ["irr"] = {"Ir"}, ["iru"] = {"Irula"}, ["irx"] = {"Kamberau"}, ["iry"] = {"Iraya"}, ["isa"] = {"Isabi"}, ["isc"] = {"Isconahua"}, ["isd"] = {"Isnag"}, ["ise"] = {"Italian Sign Language"}, ["isg"] = {"Irish Sign Language"}, ["ish"] = {"Esan"}, ["isi"] = {"Nkem-Nkum"}, ["isk"] = {"Ishkashimi"}, ["ism"] = {"Masimasi"}, ["isn"] = {"Isanzu"}, ["iso"] = {"Isoko"}, ["isr"] = {"Israeli Sign Language"}, ["ist"] = {"Istriot"}, ["isu"] = {"Isu (Menchum Division)"}, ["isv"] = {"Interslavic"}, ["itb"] = {"Binongan Itneg"}, ["itc"] = {"Italic languages"}, ["itd"] = {"Southern Tidung"}, ["ite"] = {"Itene"}, ["iti"] = {"Inlaod Itneg"}, ["itk"] = {"Judeo-Italian"}, ["itl"] = {"Itelmen"}, ["itm"] = {"Itu Mbon Uzo"}, ["ito"] = {"Itonama"}, ["itr"] = {"Iteri"}, ["its"] = {"Isekiri"}, ["itt"] = {"Maeng Itneg"}, ["itv"] = {"Itawit"}, ["itw"] = {"Ito"}, ["itx"] = {"Itik"}, ["ity"] = {"Moyadan Itneg"}, ["itz"] = {"Itzá"}, ["ium"] = {"Iu Mien"}, ["ivb"] = {"Ibatan"}, ["ivv"] = {"Ivatan"}, ["iwk"] = {"I-Wak"}, ["iwm"] = {"Iwam"}, ["iwo"] = {"Iwur"}, ["iws"] = {"Sepik Iwam"}, ["ixc"] = {"Ixcatec"}, ["ixl"] = {"Ixil"}, ["iya"] = {"Iyayu"}, ["iyo"] = {"Mesaka"}, ["iyx"] = {"Yaka (Congo)"}, ["izh"] = {"Ingrian"}, ["izm"] = {"Kizamani"}, ["izr"] = {"Izere"}, ["izz"] = {"Izii"}, ["jaa"] = {"Jamamadí"}, ["jab"] = {"Hyam"}, ["jac"] = {"Popti'", "Jakalteko"}, ["jad"] = {"Jahanka"}, ["jae"] = {"Yabem"}, ["jaf"] = {"Jara"}, ["jah"] = {"Jah Hut"}, ["jaj"] = {"Zazao"}, ["jak"] = {"Jakun"}, ["jal"] = {"Yalahatan"}, ["jam"] = {"Jamaican Creole English"}, ["jan"] = {"Jandai"}, ["jao"] = {"Yanyuwa"}, ["jaq"] = {"Yaqay"}, ["jas"] = {"New Caledonian Javanese"}, ["jat"] = {"Jakati"}, ["jau"] = {"Yaur"}, ["jax"] = {"Jambi Malay"}, ["jay"] = {"Yan-nhangu", "Nhangu"}, ["jaz"] = {"Jawe"}, ["jbe"] = {"Judeo-Berber"}, ["jbi"] = {"Badjiri"}, ["jbj"] = {"Arandai"}, ["jbk"] = {"Barikewa"}, ["jbm"] = {"Bijim"}, ["jbn"] = {"Nafusi"}, ["jbo"] = {"Lojban"}, ["jbr"] = {"Jofotek-Bromnya"}, ["jbt"] = {"Jabutí"}, ["jbu"] = {"Jukun Takum"}, ["jbw"] = {"Yawijibaya"}, ["jcs"] = {"Jamaican Country Sign Language"}, ["jct"] = {"Krymchak"}, ["jda"] = {"Jad"}, ["jdg"] = {"Jadgali"}, ["jdt"] = {"Judeo-Tat"}, ["jeb"] = {"Jebero"}, ["jee"] = {"Jerung"}, ["jeh"] = {"Jeh"}, ["jei"] = {"Yei"}, ["jek"] = {"Jeri Kuo"}, ["jel"] = {"Yelmek"}, ["jen"] = {"Dza"}, ["jer"] = {"Jere"}, ["jet"] = {"Manem"}, ["jeu"] = {"Jonkor Bourmataguil"}, ["jgb"] = {"Ngbee"}, ["jge"] = {"Judeo-Georgian"}, ["jgk"] = {"Gwak"}, ["jgo"] = {"Ngomba"}, ["jhi"] = {"Jehai"}, ["jhs"] = {"Jhankot Sign Language"}, ["jia"] = {"Jina"}, ["jib"] = {"Jibu"}, ["jic"] = {"Tol"}, ["jid"] = {"Bu (Kaduna State)"}, ["jie"] = {"Jilbe"}, ["jig"] = {"Jingulu", "Djingili"}, ["jih"] = {"sTodsde", "Shangzhai"}, ["jii"] = {"Jiiddu"}, ["jil"] = {"Jilim"}, ["jim"] = {"Jimi (Cameroon)"}, ["jio"] = {"Jiamao"}, ["jiq"] = {"Guanyinqiao", "Lavrung"}, ["jit"] = {"Jita"}, ["jiu"] = {"Youle Jinuo"}, ["jiv"] = {"Shuar"}, ["jiy"] = {"Buyuan Jinuo"}, ["jje"] = {"Jejueo"}, ["jjr"] = {"Bankal"}, ["jka"] = {"Kaera"}, ["jkm"] = {"Mobwa Karen"}, ["jko"] = {"Kubo"}, ["jkp"] = {"Paku Karen"}, ["jkr"] = {"Koro (India)"}, ["jks"] = {"Amami Koniya Sign Language"}, ["jku"] = {"Labir"}, ["jle"] = {"Ngile"}, ["jls"] = {"Jamaican Sign Language"}, ["jma"] = {"Dima"}, ["jmb"] = {"Zumbun"}, ["jmc"] = {"Machame"}, ["jmd"] = {"Yamdena"}, ["jmi"] = {"Jimi (Nigeria)"}, ["jml"] = {"Jumli"}, ["jmn"] = {"Makuri Naga"}, ["jmr"] = {"Kamara"}, ["jms"] = {"Mashi (Nigeria)"}, ["jmw"] = {"Mouwase"}, ["jmx"] = {"Western Juxtlahuaca Mixtec"}, ["jna"] = {"Jangshung"}, ["jnd"] = {"Jandavra"}, ["jng"] = {"Yangman"}, ["jni"] = {"Janji"}, ["jnj"] = {"Yemsa"}, ["jnl"] = {"Rawat"}, ["jns"] = {"Jaunsari"}, ["job"] = {"Joba"}, ["jod"] = {"Wojenaka"}, ["jog"] = {"Jogi"}, ["jor"] = {"Jorá"}, ["jos"] = {"Jordanian Sign Language"}, ["jow"] = {"Jowulu"}, ["jpa"] = {"Jewish Palestinian Aramaic"}, ["jpr"] = {"Judeo-Persian"}, ["jpx"] = {"Japanese (family)"}, ["jqr"] = {"Jaqaru"}, ["jra"] = {"Jarai"}, ["jrb"] = {"Judeo-Arabic"}, ["jrr"] = {"Jiru"}, ["jrt"] = {"Jakattoe"}, ["jru"] = {"Japrería"}, ["jsl"] = {"Japanese Sign Language"}, ["jua"] = {"Júma"}, ["jub"] = {"Wannu"}, ["juc"] = {"Jurchen"}, ["jud"] = {"Worodougou"}, ["juh"] = {"Hõne"}, ["jui"] = {"Ngadjuri"}, ["juk"] = {"Wapan"}, ["jul"] = {"Jirel"}, ["jum"] = {"Jumjum"}, ["jun"] = {"Juang"}, ["juo"] = {"Jiba"}, ["jup"] = {"Hupdë"}, ["jur"] = {"Jurúna"}, ["jus"] = {"Jumla Sign Language"}, ["jut"] = {"Jutish"}, ["juu"] = {"Ju"}, ["juw"] = {"Wãpha"}, ["juy"] = {"Juray"}, ["jvd"] = {"Javindo"}, ["jvn"] = {"Caribbean Javanese"}, ["jwi"] = {"Jwira-Pepesa"}, ["jya"] = {"Jiarong"}, ["jye"] = {"Judeo-Yemeni Arabic"}, ["jyy"] = {"Jaya"}, ["kaa"] = {"Kara-Kalpak", "Karakalpak"}, ["kab"] = {"Kabyle"}, ["kac"] = {"Kachin", "Jingpho"}, ["kad"] = {"Adara"}, ["kae"] = {"Ketangalan"}, ["kaf"] = {"Katso"}, ["kag"] = {"Kajaman"}, ["kah"] = {"Kara (Central African Republic)"}, ["kai"] = {"Karekare"}, ["kaj"] = {"Jju"}, ["kak"] = {"Kalanguya", "Kayapa Kallahan"}, ["kam"] = {"Kamba (Kenya)"}, ["kao"] = {"Xaasongaxango"}, ["kap"] = {"Bezhta"}, ["kaq"] = {"Capanahua"}, ["kar"] = {"Karen languages"}, ["kav"] = {"Katukína"}, ["kaw"] = {"Kawi"}, ["kax"] = {"Kao"}, ["kay"] = {"Kamayurá"}, ["kba"] = {"Kalarko"}, ["kbb"] = {"Kaxuiâna"}, ["kbc"] = {"Kadiwéu"}, ["kbd"] = {"Kabardian"}, ["kbe"] = {"Kanju"}, ["kbg"] = {"Khamba"}, ["kbh"] = {"Camsá"}, ["kbi"] = {"Kaptiau"}, ["kbj"] = {"Kari"}, ["kbk"] = {"Grass Koiari"}, ["kbl"] = {"Kanembu"}, ["kbm"] = {"Iwal"}, ["kbn"] = {"Kare (Central African Republic)"}, ["kbo"] = {"Keliko"}, ["kbp"] = {"Kabiyè"}, ["kbq"] = {"Kamano"}, ["kbr"] = {"Kafa"}, ["kbs"] = {"Kande"}, ["kbt"] = {"Abadi"}, ["kbu"] = {"Kabutra"}, ["kbv"] = {"Dera (Indonesia)"}, ["kbw"] = {"Kaiep"}, ["kbx"] = {"Ap Ma"}, ["kby"] = {"Manga Kanuri"}, ["kbz"] = {"Duhwa"}, ["kca"] = {"Khanty"}, ["kcb"] = {"Kawacha"}, ["kcc"] = {"Lubila"}, ["kcd"] = {"Ngkâlmpw Kanum"}, ["kce"] = {"Kaivi"}, ["kcf"] = {"Ukaan"}, ["kcg"] = {"Tyap"}, ["kch"] = {"Vono"}, ["kci"] = {"Ngyian", "Kamantan"}, ["kcj"] = {"Kobiana"}, ["kck"] = {"Kalanga"}, ["kcl"] = {"Kela (Papua New Guinea)", "Kala"}, ["kcm"] = {"Gula (Central African Republic)"}, ["kcn"] = {"Nubi"}, ["kco"] = {"Kinalakna"}, ["kcp"] = {"Kanga"}, ["kcq"] = {"Kamo"}, ["kcr"] = {"Katla"}, ["kcs"] = {"Koenoem"}, ["kct"] = {"Kaian"}, ["kcu"] = {"Kami (Tanzania)"}, ["kcv"] = {"Kete"}, ["kcw"] = {"Kabwari"}, ["kcx"] = {"Kachama-Ganjule"}, ["kcy"] = {"Korandje"}, ["kcz"] = {"Konongo"}, ["kda"] = {"Worimi"}, ["kdc"] = {"Kutu"}, ["kdd"] = {"Yankunytjatjara"}, ["kde"] = {"Makonde"}, ["kdf"] = {"Mamusi"}, ["kdg"] = {"Seba"}, ["kdh"] = {"Tem"}, ["kdi"] = {"Kumam"}, ["kdj"] = {"Karamojong"}, ["kdk"] = {"Numèè", "Kwényi"}, ["kdl"] = {"Tsikimba"}, ["kdm"] = {"Kagoma"}, ["kdn"] = {"Kunda"}, ["kdo"] = {"Kordofanian languages"}, ["kdp"] = {"Kaningdon-Nindem"}, ["kdq"] = {"Koch"}, ["kdr"] = {"Karaim"}, ["kdt"] = {"Kuy"}, ["kdu"] = {"Kadaru"}, ["kdw"] = {"Koneraw"}, ["kdx"] = {"Kam"}, ["kdy"] = {"Keder", "Keijar"}, ["kdz"] = {"Kwaja"}, ["kea"] = {"Kabuverdianu"}, ["keb"] = {"Kélé"}, ["kec"] = {"Keiga"}, ["ked"] = {"Kerewe"}, ["kee"] = {"Eastern Keres"}, ["kef"] = {"Kpessi"}, ["keg"] = {"Tese"}, ["keh"] = {"Keak"}, ["kei"] = {"Kei"}, ["kej"] = {"Kadar"}, ["kek"] = {"Kekchí"}, ["kel"] = {"Kela (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["kem"] = {"Kemak"}, ["ken"] = {"Kenyang"}, ["keo"] = {"Kakwa"}, ["kep"] = {"Kaikadi"}, ["keq"] = {"Kamar"}, ["ker"] = {"Kera"}, ["kes"] = {"Kugbo"}, ["ket"] = {"Ket"}, ["keu"] = {"Akebu"}, ["kev"] = {"Kanikkaran"}, ["kew"] = {"West Kewa"}, ["kex"] = {"Kukna"}, ["key"] = {"Kupia"}, ["kez"] = {"Kukele"}, ["kfa"] = {"Kodava"}, ["kfb"] = {"Northwestern Kolami"}, ["kfc"] = {"Konda-Dora"}, ["kfd"] = {"Korra Koraga"}, ["kfe"] = {"Kota (India)"}, ["kff"] = {"Koya"}, ["kfg"] = {"Kudiya"}, ["kfh"] = {"Kurichiya"}, ["kfi"] = {"Kannada Kurumba"}, ["kfj"] = {"Kemiehua"}, ["kfk"] = {"Kinnauri"}, ["kfl"] = {"Kung"}, ["kfm"] = {"Khunsari"}, ["kfn"] = {"Kuk"}, ["kfo"] = {"Koro (Côte d'Ivoire)"}, ["kfp"] = {"Korwa"}, ["kfq"] = {"Korku"}, ["kfr"] = {"Kachhi", "Kutchi"}, ["kfs"] = {"Bilaspuri"}, ["kft"] = {"Kanjari"}, ["kfu"] = {"Katkari"}, ["kfv"] = {"Kurmukar"}, ["kfw"] = {"Kharam Naga"}, ["kfx"] = {"Kullu Pahari"}, ["kfy"] = {"Kumaoni"}, ["kfz"] = {"Koromfé"}, ["kga"] = {"Koyaga"}, ["kgb"] = {"Kawe"}, ["kge"] = {"Komering"}, ["kgf"] = {"Kube"}, ["kgg"] = {"Kusunda"}, ["kgi"] = {"Selangor Sign Language"}, ["kgj"] = {"Gamale Kham"}, ["kgk"] = {"Kaiwá"}, ["kgl"] = {"Kunggari"}, ["kgn"] = {"Karingani"}, ["kgo"] = {"Krongo"}, ["kgp"] = {"Kaingang"}, ["kgq"] = {"Kamoro"}, ["kgr"] = {"Abun"}, ["kgs"] = {"Kumbainggar"}, ["kgt"] = {"Somyev"}, ["kgu"] = {"Kobol"}, ["kgv"] = {"Karas"}, ["kgw"] = {"Karon Dori"}, ["kgx"] = {"Kamaru"}, ["kgy"] = {"Kyerung"}, ["kha"] = {"Khasi"}, ["khb"] = {"Lü"}, ["khc"] = {"Tukang Besi North"}, ["khd"] = {"Bädi Kanum"}, ["khe"] = {"Korowai"}, ["khf"] = {"Khuen"}, ["khg"] = {"Khams Tibetan"}, ["khh"] = {"Kehu"}, ["khi"] = {"Khoisan languages"}, ["khj"] = {"Kuturmi"}, ["khk"] = {"Halh Mongolian"}, ["khl"] = {"Lusi"}, ["khn"] = {"Khandesi"}, ["kho"] = {"Khotanese", "Sakan"}, ["khp"] = {"Kapori", "Kapauri"}, ["khq"] = {"Koyra Chiini Songhay"}, ["khr"] = {"Kharia"}, ["khs"] = {"Kasua"}, ["kht"] = {"Khamti"}, ["khu"] = {"Nkhumbi"}, ["khv"] = {"Khvarshi"}, ["khw"] = {"Khowar"}, ["khx"] = {"Kanu"}, ["khy"] = {"Kele (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["khz"] = {"Keapara"}, ["kia"] = {"Kim"}, ["kib"] = {"Koalib"}, ["kic"] = {"Kickapoo"}, ["kid"] = {"Koshin"}, ["kie"] = {"Kibet"}, ["kif"] = {"Eastern Parbate Kham"}, ["kig"] = {"Kimaama", "Kimaghima"}, ["kih"] = {"Kilmeri"}, ["kii"] = {"Kitsai"}, ["kij"] = {"Kilivila"}, ["kil"] = {"Kariya"}, ["kim"] = {"Karagas"}, ["kio"] = {"Kiowa"}, ["kip"] = {"Sheshi Kham"}, ["kiq"] = {"Kosadle", "Kosare"}, ["kis"] = {"Kis"}, ["kit"] = {"Agob"}, ["kiu"] = {"Kirmanjki (individual language)"}, ["kiv"] = {"Kimbu"}, ["kiw"] = {"Northeast Kiwai"}, ["kix"] = {"Khiamniungan Naga"}, ["kiy"] = {"Kirikiri"}, ["kiz"] = {"Kisi"}, ["kja"] = {"Mlap"}, ["kjb"] = {"Q'anjob'al", "Kanjobal"}, ["kjc"] = {"Coastal Konjo"}, ["kjd"] = {"Southern Kiwai"}, ["kje"] = {"Kisar"}, ["kjg"] = {"Khmu"}, ["kjh"] = {"Khakas"}, ["kji"] = {"Zabana"}, ["kjj"] = {"Khinalugh"}, ["kjk"] = {"Highland Konjo"}, ["kjl"] = {"Western Parbate Kham"}, ["kjm"] = {"Kháng"}, ["kjn"] = {"Kunjen"}, ["kjo"] = {"Harijan Kinnauri"}, ["kjp"] = {"Pwo Eastern Karen"}, ["kjq"] = {"Western Keres"}, ["kjr"] = {"Kurudu"}, ["kjs"] = {"East Kewa"}, ["kjt"] = {"Phrae Pwo Karen"}, ["kju"] = {"Kashaya"}, ["kjv"] = {"Kaikavian Literary Language"}, ["kjx"] = {"Ramopa"}, ["kjy"] = {"Erave"}, ["kjz"] = {"Bumthangkha"}, ["kka"] = {"Kakanda"}, ["kkb"] = {"Kwerisa"}, ["kkc"] = {"Odoodee"}, ["kkd"] = {"Kinuku"}, ["kke"] = {"Kakabe"}, ["kkf"] = {"Kalaktang Monpa"}, ["kkg"] = {"Mabaka Valley Kalinga"}, ["kkh"] = {"Khün"}, ["kki"] = {"Kagulu"}, ["kkj"] = {"Kako"}, ["kkk"] = {"Kokota"}, ["kkl"] = {"Kosarek Yale"}, ["kkm"] = {"Kiong"}, ["kkn"] = {"Kon Keu"}, ["kko"] = {"Karko"}, ["kkp"] = {"Gugubera", "Koko-Bera"}, ["kkq"] = {"Kaeku"}, ["kkr"] = {"Kir-Balar"}, ["kks"] = {"Giiwo"}, ["kkt"] = {"Koi"}, ["kku"] = {"Tumi"}, ["kkv"] = {"Kangean"}, ["kkw"] = {"Teke-Kukuya"}, ["kkx"] = {"Kohin"}, ["kky"] = {"Guugu Yimidhirr", "Guguyimidjir"}, ["kkz"] = {"Kaska"}, ["kla"] = {"Klamath-Modoc"}, ["klb"] = {"Kiliwa"}, ["klc"] = {"Kolbila"}, ["kld"] = {"Gamilaraay"}, ["kle"] = {"Kulung (Nepal)"}, ["klf"] = {"Kendeje"}, ["klg"] = {"Tagakaulo"}, ["klh"] = {"Weliki"}, ["kli"] = {"Kalumpang"}, ["klj"] = {"Khalaj"}, ["klk"] = {"Kono (Nigeria)"}, ["kll"] = {"Kagan Kalagan"}, ["klm"] = {"Migum"}, ["kln"] = {"Kalenjin"}, ["klo"] = {"Kapya"}, ["klp"] = {"Kamasa"}, ["klq"] = {"Rumu"}, ["klr"] = {"Khaling"}, ["kls"] = {"Kalasha"}, ["klt"] = {"Nukna"}, ["klu"] = {"Klao"}, ["klv"] = {"Maskelynes"}, ["klw"] = {"Tado", "Lindu"}, ["klx"] = {"Koluwawa"}, ["kly"] = {"Kalao"}, ["klz"] = {"Kabola"}, ["kma"] = {"Konni"}, ["kmb"] = {"Kimbundu"}, ["kmc"] = {"Southern Dong"}, ["kmd"] = {"Majukayang Kalinga"}, ["kme"] = {"Bakole"}, ["kmf"] = {"Kare (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["kmg"] = {"Kâte"}, ["kmh"] = {"Kalam"}, ["kmi"] = {"Kami (Nigeria)"}, ["kmj"] = {"Kumarbhag Paharia"}, ["kmk"] = {"Limos Kalinga"}, ["kml"] = {"Tanudan Kalinga"}, ["kmm"] = {"Kom (India)"}, ["kmn"] = {"Awtuw"}, ["kmo"] = {"Kwoma"}, ["kmp"] = {"Gimme"}, ["kmq"] = {"Kwama"}, ["kmr"] = {"Northern Kurdish"}, ["kms"] = {"Kamasau"}, ["kmt"] = {"Kemtuik"}, ["kmu"] = {"Kanite"}, ["kmv"] = {"Karipúna Creole French"}, ["kmw"] = {"Komo (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["kmx"] = {"Waboda"}, ["kmy"] = {"Koma"}, ["kmz"] = {"Khorasani Turkish"}, ["kna"] = {"Dera (Nigeria)"}, ["knb"] = {"Lubuagan Kalinga"}, ["knc"] = {"Central Kanuri"}, ["knd"] = {"Konda"}, ["kne"] = {"Kankanaey"}, ["knf"] = {"Mankanya"}, ["kng"] = {"Koongo"}, ["kni"] = {"Kanufi"}, ["knj"] = {"Western Kanjobal"}, ["knk"] = {"Kuranko"}, ["knl"] = {"Keninjal"}, ["knm"] = {"Kanamarí"}, ["knn"] = {"Konkani (individual language)"}, ["kno"] = {"Kono (Sierra Leone)"}, ["knp"] = {"Kwanja"}, ["knq"] = {"Kintaq"}, ["knr"] = {"Kaningra"}, ["kns"] = {"Kensiu"}, ["knt"] = {"Panoan Katukína"}, ["knu"] = {"Kono (Guinea)"}, ["knv"] = {"Tabo"}, ["knw"] = {"Kung-Ekoka"}, ["knx"] = {"Kendayan", "Salako"}, ["kny"] = {"Kanyok"}, ["knz"] = {"Kalamsé"}, ["koa"] = {"Konomala"}, ["koc"] = {"Kpati"}, ["kod"] = {"Kodi"}, ["koe"] = {"Kacipo-Bale Suri"}, ["kof"] = {"Kubi"}, ["kog"] = {"Cogui", "Kogi"}, ["koh"] = {"Koyo"}, ["koi"] = {"Komi-Permyak"}, ["kok"] = {"Konkani (macrolanguage)"}, ["kol"] = {"Kol (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["koo"] = {"Konzo"}, ["kop"] = {"Waube"}, ["koq"] = {"Kota (Gabon)"}, ["kos"] = {"Kosraean"}, ["kot"] = {"Lagwan"}, ["kou"] = {"Koke"}, ["kov"] = {"Kudu-Camo"}, ["kow"] = {"Kugama"}, ["koy"] = {"Koyukon"}, ["koz"] = {"Korak"}, ["kpa"] = {"Kutto"}, ["kpb"] = {"Mullu Kurumba"}, ["kpc"] = {"Curripaco"}, ["kpd"] = {"Koba"}, ["kpe"] = {"Kpelle"}, ["kpf"] = {"Komba"}, ["kpg"] = {"Kapingamarangi"}, ["kph"] = {"Kplang"}, ["kpi"] = {"Kofei"}, ["kpj"] = {"Karajá"}, ["kpk"] = {"Kpan"}, ["kpl"] = {"Kpala"}, ["kpm"] = {"Koho"}, ["kpn"] = {"Kepkiriwát"}, ["kpo"] = {"Ikposo"}, ["kpq"] = {"Korupun-Sela"}, ["kpr"] = {"Korafe-Yegha"}, ["kps"] = {"Tehit"}, ["kpt"] = {"Karata"}, ["kpu"] = {"Kafoa"}, ["kpv"] = {"Komi-Zyrian"}, ["kpw"] = {"Kobon"}, ["kpx"] = {"Mountain Koiali"}, ["kpy"] = {"Koryak"}, ["kpz"] = {"Kupsabiny"}, ["kqa"] = {"Mum"}, ["kqb"] = {"Kovai"}, ["kqc"] = {"Doromu-Koki"}, ["kqd"] = {"Koy Sanjaq Surat"}, ["kqe"] = {"Kalagan"}, ["kqf"] = {"Kakabai"}, ["kqg"] = {"Khe"}, ["kqh"] = {"Kisankasa"}, ["kqi"] = {"Koitabu"}, ["kqj"] = {"Koromira"}, ["kqk"] = {"Kotafon Gbe"}, ["kql"] = {"Kyenele"}, ["kqm"] = {"Khisa"}, ["kqn"] = {"Kaonde"}, ["kqo"] = {"Eastern Krahn"}, ["kqp"] = {"Kimré"}, ["kqq"] = {"Krenak"}, ["kqr"] = {"Kimaragang"}, ["kqs"] = {"Northern Kissi"}, ["kqt"] = {"Klias River Kadazan"}, ["kqu"] = {"Seroa"}, ["kqv"] = {"Okolod"}, ["kqw"] = {"Kandas"}, ["kqx"] = {"Mser"}, ["kqy"] = {"Koorete"}, ["kqz"] = {"Korana"}, ["kra"] = {"Kumhali"}, ["krb"] = {"Karkin"}, ["krc"] = {"Karachay-Balkar"}, ["krd"] = {"Kairui-Midiki"}, ["kre"] = {"Panará"}, ["krf"] = {"Koro (Vanuatu)"}, ["krh"] = {"Kurama"}, ["kri"] = {"Krio"}, ["krj"] = {"Kinaray-A"}, ["krk"] = {"Kerek"}, ["krl"] = {"Karelian"}, ["krn"] = {"Sapo"}, ["kro"] = {"Kru languages"}, ["krp"] = {"Durop"}, ["krr"] = {"Krung"}, ["krs"] = {"Gbaya (Sudan)"}, ["krt"] = {"Tumari Kanuri"}, ["kru"] = {"Kurukh"}, ["krv"] = {"Kavet"}, ["krw"] = {"Western Krahn"}, ["krx"] = {"Karon"}, ["kry"] = {"Kryts"}, ["krz"] = {"Sota Kanum"}, ["ksb"] = {"Shambala"}, ["ksc"] = {"Southern Kalinga"}, ["ksd"] = {"Kuanua"}, ["kse"] = {"Kuni"}, ["ksf"] = {"Bafia"}, ["ksg"] = {"Kusaghe"}, ["ksh"] = {"Kölsch"}, ["ksi"] = {"Krisa", "I'saka"}, ["ksj"] = {"Uare"}, ["ksk"] = {"Kansa"}, ["ksl"] = {"Kumalu"}, ["ksm"] = {"Kumba"}, ["ksn"] = {"Kasiguranin"}, ["kso"] = {"Kofa"}, ["ksp"] = {"Kaba"}, ["ksq"] = {"Kwaami"}, ["ksr"] = {"Borong"}, ["kss"] = {"Southern Kisi"}, ["kst"] = {"Winyé"}, ["ksu"] = {"Khamyang"}, ["ksv"] = {"Kusu"}, ["ksw"] = {"S'gaw Karen"}, ["ksx"] = {"Kedang"}, ["ksy"] = {"Kharia Thar"}, ["ksz"] = {"Kodaku"}, ["kta"] = {"Katua"}, ["ktb"] = {"Kambaata"}, ["ktc"] = {"Kholok"}, ["ktd"] = {"Kokata", "Kukatha"}, ["kte"] = {"Nubri"}, ["ktf"] = {"Kwami"}, ["ktg"] = {"Kalkutung"}, ["kth"] = {"Karanga"}, ["kti"] = {"North Muyu"}, ["ktj"] = {"Plapo Krumen"}, ["ktk"] = {"Kaniet"}, ["ktl"] = {"Koroshi"}, ["ktm"] = {"Kurti"}, ["ktn"] = {"Karitiâna"}, ["kto"] = {"Kuot"}, ["ktp"] = {"Kaduo"}, ["ktq"] = {"Katabaga"}, ["kts"] = {"South Muyu"}, ["ktt"] = {"Ketum"}, ["ktu"] = {"Kituba (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["ktv"] = {"Eastern Katu"}, ["ktw"] = {"Kato"}, ["ktx"] = {"Kaxararí"}, ["kty"] = {"Kango (Bas-Uélé District)"}, ["ktz"] = {"Juǀʼhoan", "Juǀʼhoansi"}, ["kub"] = {"Kutep"}, ["kuc"] = {"Kwinsu"}, ["kud"] = {"'Auhelawa"}, ["kue"] = {"Kuman (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["kuf"] = {"Western Katu"}, ["kug"] = {"Kupa"}, ["kuh"] = {"Kushi"}, ["kui"] = {"Kuikúro-Kalapálo", "Kalapalo"}, ["kuj"] = {"Kuria"}, ["kuk"] = {"Kepo'"}, ["kul"] = {"Kulere"}, ["kum"] = {"Kumyk"}, ["kun"] = {"Kunama"}, ["kuo"] = {"Kumukio"}, ["kup"] = {"Kunimaipa"}, ["kuq"] = {"Karipuna"}, ["kus"] = {"Kusaal"}, ["kut"] = {"Kutenai"}, ["kuu"] = {"Upper Kuskokwim"}, ["kuv"] = {"Kur"}, ["kuw"] = {"Kpagua"}, ["kux"] = {"Kukatja"}, ["kuy"] = {"Kuuku-Ya'u"}, ["kuz"] = {"Kunza"}, ["kva"] = {"Bagvalal"}, ["kvb"] = {"Kubu"}, ["kvc"] = {"Kove"}, ["kvd"] = {"Kui (Indonesia)"}, ["kve"] = {"Kalabakan"}, ["kvf"] = {"Kabalai"}, ["kvg"] = {"Kuni-Boazi"}, ["kvh"] = {"Komodo"}, ["kvi"] = {"Kwang"}, ["kvj"] = {"Psikye"}, ["kvk"] = {"Korean Sign Language"}, ["kvl"] = {"Kayaw"}, ["kvm"] = {"Kendem"}, ["kvn"] = {"Border Kuna"}, ["kvo"] = {"Dobel"}, ["kvp"] = {"Kompane"}, ["kvq"] = {"Geba Karen"}, ["kvr"] = {"Kerinci"}, ["kvt"] = {"Lahta Karen", "Lahta"}, ["kvu"] = {"Yinbaw Karen"}, ["kvv"] = {"Kola"}, ["kvw"] = {"Wersing"}, ["kvx"] = {"Parkari Koli"}, ["kvy"] = {"Yintale Karen", "Yintale"}, ["kvz"] = {"Tsakwambo", "Tsaukambo"}, ["kwa"] = {"Dâw"}, ["kwb"] = {"Kwa"}, ["kwc"] = {"Likwala"}, ["kwd"] = {"Kwaio"}, ["kwe"] = {"Kwerba"}, ["kwf"] = {"Kwara'ae"}, ["kwg"] = {"Sara Kaba Deme"}, ["kwh"] = {"Kowiai"}, ["kwi"] = {"Awa-Cuaiquer"}, ["kwj"] = {"Kwanga"}, ["kwk"] = {"Kwak'wala", "Kwakiutl"}, ["kwl"] = {"Kofyar"}, ["kwm"] = {"Kwambi"}, ["kwn"] = {"Kwangali"}, ["kwo"] = {"Kwomtari"}, ["kwp"] = {"Kodia"}, ["kwr"] = {"Kwer"}, ["kws"] = {"Kwese"}, ["kwt"] = {"Kwesten"}, ["kwu"] = {"Kwakum"}, ["kwv"] = {"Sara Kaba Náà"}, ["kww"] = {"Kwinti"}, ["kwx"] = {"Khirwar"}, ["kwy"] = {"San Salvador Kongo"}, ["kwz"] = {"Kwadi"}, ["kxa"] = {"Kairiru"}, ["kxb"] = {"Krobu"}, ["kxc"] = {"Konso", "Khonso"}, ["kxd"] = {"Brunei"}, ["kxf"] = {"Manumanaw Karen", "Manumanaw"}, ["kxh"] = {"Karo (Ethiopia)"}, ["kxi"] = {"Keningau Murut"}, ["kxj"] = {"Kulfa"}, ["kxk"] = {"Zayein Karen"}, ["kxm"] = {"Northern Khmer"}, ["kxn"] = {"Kanowit-Tanjong Melanau"}, ["kxo"] = {"Kanoé"}, ["kxp"] = {"Wadiyara Koli"}, ["kxq"] = {"Smärky Kanum"}, ["kxr"] = {"Koro (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["kxs"] = {"Kangjia"}, ["kxt"] = {"Koiwat"}, ["kxv"] = {"Kuvi"}, ["kxw"] = {"Konai"}, ["kxx"] = {"Likuba"}, ["kxy"] = {"Kayong"}, ["kxz"] = {"Kerewo"}, ["kya"] = {"Kwaya"}, ["kyb"] = {"Butbut Kalinga"}, ["kyc"] = {"Kyaka"}, ["kyd"] = {"Karey"}, ["kye"] = {"Krache"}, ["kyf"] = {"Kouya"}, ["kyg"] = {"Keyagana"}, ["kyh"] = {"Karok"}, ["kyi"] = {"Kiput"}, ["kyj"] = {"Karao"}, ["kyk"] = {"Kamayo"}, ["kyl"] = {"Kalapuya"}, ["kym"] = {"Kpatili"}, ["kyn"] = {"Northern Binukidnon"}, ["kyo"] = {"Kelon"}, ["kyp"] = {"Kang"}, ["kyq"] = {"Kenga"}, ["kyr"] = {"Kuruáya"}, ["kys"] = {"Baram Kayan"}, ["kyt"] = {"Kayagar"}, ["kyu"] = {"Western Kayah"}, ["kyv"] = {"Kayort"}, ["kyw"] = {"Kudmali"}, ["kyx"] = {"Rapoisi"}, ["kyy"] = {"Kambaira"}, ["kyz"] = {"Kayabí"}, ["kza"] = {"Western Karaboro"}, ["kzb"] = {"Kaibobo"}, ["kzc"] = {"Bondoukou Kulango"}, ["kzd"] = {"Kadai"}, ["kze"] = {"Kosena"}, ["kzf"] = {"Da'a Kaili"}, ["kzg"] = {"Kikai"}, ["kzi"] = {"Kelabit"}, ["kzk"] = {"Kazukuru"}, ["kzl"] = {"Kayeli"}, ["kzm"] = {"Kais"}, ["kzn"] = {"Kokola"}, ["kzo"] = {"Kaningi"}, ["kzp"] = {"Kaidipang"}, ["kzq"] = {"Kaike"}, ["kzr"] = {"Karang"}, ["kzs"] = {"Sugut Dusun"}, ["kzu"] = {"Kayupulau"}, ["kzv"] = {"Komyandaret"}, ["kzw"] = {"Karirí-Xocó"}, ["kzx"] = {"Kamarian"}, ["kzy"] = {"Kango (Tshopo District)"}, ["kzz"] = {"Kalabra"}, ["laa"] = {"Southern Subanen"}, ["lab"] = {"Linear A"}, ["lac"] = {"Lacandon"}, ["lad"] = {"Ladino"}, ["lae"] = {"Pattani"}, ["laf"] = {"Lafofa"}, ["lag"] = {"Rangi"}, ["lah"] = {"Lahnda"}, ["lai"] = {"Lambya"}, ["laj"] = {"Lango (Uganda)"}, ["lal"] = {"Lalia"}, ["lam"] = {"Lamba"}, ["lan"] = {"Laru"}, ["lap"] = {"Laka (Chad)"}, ["laq"] = {"Qabiao"}, ["lar"] = {"Larteh"}, ["las"] = {"Lama (Togo)"}, ["lau"] = {"Laba"}, ["law"] = {"Lauje"}, ["lax"] = {"Tiwa"}, ["lay"] = {"Lama Bai"}, ["laz"] = {"Aribwatsa"}, ["lbb"] = {"Label"}, ["lbc"] = {"Lakkia"}, ["lbe"] = {"Lak"}, ["lbf"] = {"Tinani"}, ["lbg"] = {"Laopang"}, ["lbi"] = {"La'bi"}, ["lbj"] = {"Ladakhi"}, ["lbk"] = {"Central Bontok"}, ["lbl"] = {"Libon Bikol"}, ["lbm"] = {"Lodhi"}, ["lbn"] = {"Rmeet"}, ["lbo"] = {"Laven"}, ["lbq"] = {"Wampar"}, ["lbr"] = {"Lohorung"}, ["lbs"] = {"Libyan Sign Language"}, ["lbt"] = {"Lachi"}, ["lbu"] = {"Labu"}, ["lbv"] = {"Lavatbura-Lamusong"}, ["lbw"] = {"Tolaki"}, ["lbx"] = {"Lawangan"}, ["lby"] = {"Lamalama", "Lamu-Lamu"}, ["lbz"] = {"Lardil"}, ["lcc"] = {"Legenyem"}, ["lcd"] = {"Lola"}, ["lce"] = {"Loncong", "Sekak"}, ["lcf"] = {"Lubu"}, ["lch"] = {"Luchazi"}, ["lcl"] = {"Lisela"}, ["lcm"] = {"Tungag"}, ["lcp"] = {"Western Lawa"}, ["lcq"] = {"Luhu"}, ["lcs"] = {"Lisabata-Nuniali"}, ["lda"] = {"Kla-Dan"}, ["ldb"] = {"Dũya"}, ["ldd"] = {"Luri"}, ["ldg"] = {"Lenyima"}, ["ldh"] = {"Lamja-Dengsa-Tola"}, ["ldi"] = {"Laari"}, ["ldj"] = {"Lemoro"}, ["ldk"] = {"Leelau"}, ["ldl"] = {"Kaan"}, ["ldm"] = {"Landoma"}, ["ldn"] = {"Láadan"}, ["ldo"] = {"Loo"}, ["ldp"] = {"Tso"}, ["ldq"] = {"Lufu"}, ["lea"] = {"Lega-Shabunda"}, ["leb"] = {"Lala-Bisa"}, ["lec"] = {"Leco"}, ["led"] = {"Lendu"}, ["lee"] = {"Lyélé"}, ["lef"] = {"Lelemi"}, ["leh"] = {"Lenje"}, ["lei"] = {"Lemio"}, ["lej"] = {"Lengola"}, ["lek"] = {"Leipon"}, ["lel"] = {"Lele (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["lem"] = {"Nomaande"}, ["len"] = {"Lenca"}, ["leo"] = {"Leti (Cameroon)"}, ["lep"] = {"Lepcha"}, ["leq"] = {"Lembena"}, ["ler"] = {"Lenkau"}, ["les"] = {"Lese"}, ["let"] = {"Lesing-Gelimi", "Amio-Gelimi"}, ["leu"] = {"Kara (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["lev"] = {"Lamma"}, ["lew"] = {"Ledo Kaili"}, ["lex"] = {"Luang"}, ["ley"] = {"Lemolang"}, ["lez"] = {"Lezghian"}, ["lfa"] = {"Lefa"}, ["lfb"] = {"Buu (Cameroon)"}, ["lfn"] = {"Lingua Franca Nova"}, ["lga"] = {"Lungga"}, ["lgb"] = {"Laghu"}, ["lgg"] = {"Lugbara"}, ["lgh"] = {"Laghuu"}, ["lgi"] = {"Lengilu"}, ["lgk"] = {"Lingarak", "Neverver"}, ["lgl"] = {"Wala"}, ["lgm"] = {"Lega-Mwenga"}, ["lgn"] = {"T'apo", "Opuuo"}, ["lgo"] = {"Lango (South Sudan)"}, ["lgq"] = {"Logba"}, ["lgr"] = {"Lengo"}, ["lgs"] = {"Guinea-Bissau Sign Language", "Língua Gestual Guineense"}, ["lgt"] = {"Pahi"}, ["lgu"] = {"Longgu"}, ["lgz"] = {"Ligenza"}, ["lha"] = {"Laha (Viet Nam)"}, ["lhh"] = {"Laha (Indonesia)"}, ["lhi"] = {"Lahu Shi"}, ["lhl"] = {"Lahul Lohar"}, ["lhm"] = {"Lhomi"}, ["lhn"] = {"Lahanan"}, ["lhp"] = {"Lhokpu"}, ["lhs"] = {"Mlahsö"}, ["lht"] = {"Lo-Toga"}, ["lhu"] = {"Lahu"}, ["lia"] = {"West-Central Limba"}, ["lib"] = {"Likum"}, ["lic"] = {"Hlai"}, ["lid"] = {"Nyindrou"}, ["lie"] = {"Likila"}, ["lif"] = {"Limbu"}, ["lig"] = {"Ligbi"}, ["lih"] = {"Lihir"}, ["lij"] = {"Ligurian"}, ["lik"] = {"Lika"}, ["lil"] = {"Lillooet"}, ["lio"] = {"Liki"}, ["lip"] = {"Sekpele"}, ["liq"] = {"Libido"}, ["lir"] = {"Liberian English"}, ["lis"] = {"Lisu"}, ["liu"] = {"Logorik"}, ["liv"] = {"Liv"}, ["liw"] = {"Col"}, ["lix"] = {"Liabuku"}, ["liy"] = {"Banda-Bambari"}, ["liz"] = {"Libinza"}, ["lja"] = {"Golpa"}, ["lje"] = {"Rampi"}, ["lji"] = {"Laiyolo"}, ["ljl"] = {"Li'o"}, ["ljp"] = {"Lampung Api"}, ["ljw"] = {"Yirandali"}, ["ljx"] = {"Yuru"}, ["lka"] = {"Lakalei"}, ["lkb"] = {"Kabras", "Lukabaras"}, ["lkc"] = {"Kucong"}, ["lkd"] = {"Lakondê"}, ["lke"] = {"Kenyi"}, ["lkh"] = {"Lakha"}, ["lki"] = {"Laki"}, ["lkj"] = {"Remun"}, ["lkl"] = {"Laeko-Libuat"}, ["lkm"] = {"Kalaamaya"}, ["lkn"] = {"Lakon", "Vure"}, ["lko"] = {"Khayo", "Olukhayo"}, ["lkr"] = {"Päri"}, ["lks"] = {"Kisa", "Olushisa"}, ["lkt"] = {"Lakota"}, ["lku"] = {"Kungkari"}, ["lky"] = {"Lokoya"}, ["lla"] = {"Lala-Roba"}, ["llb"] = {"Lolo"}, ["llc"] = {"Lele (Guinea)"}, ["lld"] = {"Ladin"}, ["lle"] = {"Lele (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["llf"] = {"Hermit"}, ["llg"] = {"Lole"}, ["llh"] = {"Lamu"}, ["lli"] = {"Teke-Laali"}, ["llj"] = {"Ladji Ladji"}, ["llk"] = {"Lelak"}, ["lll"] = {"Lilau"}, ["llm"] = {"Lasalimu"}, ["lln"] = {"Lele (Chad)"}, ["llp"] = {"North Efate"}, ["llq"] = {"Lolak"}, ["lls"] = {"Lithuanian Sign Language"}, ["llu"] = {"Lau"}, ["llx"] = {"Lauan"}, ["lma"] = {"East Limba"}, ["lmb"] = {"Merei"}, ["lmc"] = {"Limilngan"}, ["lmd"] = {"Lumun"}, ["lme"] = {"Pévé"}, ["lmf"] = {"South Lembata"}, ["lmg"] = {"Lamogai"}, ["lmh"] = {"Lambichhong"}, ["lmi"] = {"Lombi"}, ["lmj"] = {"West Lembata"}, ["lmk"] = {"Lamkang"}, ["lml"] = {"Hano"}, ["lmn"] = {"Lambadi"}, ["lmo"] = {"Lombard"}, ["lmp"] = {"Limbum"}, ["lmq"] = {"Lamatuka"}, ["lmr"] = {"Lamalera"}, ["lmu"] = {"Lamenu"}, ["lmv"] = {"Lomaiviti"}, ["lmw"] = {"Lake Miwok"}, ["lmx"] = {"Laimbue"}, ["lmy"] = {"Lamboya"}, ["lna"] = {"Langbashe"}, ["lnb"] = {"Mbalanhu"}, ["lnd"] = {"Lundayeh", "Lun Bawang"}, ["lng"] = {"Langobardic"}, ["lnh"] = {"Lanoh"}, ["lni"] = {"Daantanai'"}, ["lnj"] = {"Leningitij"}, ["lnl"] = {"South Central Banda"}, ["lnm"] = {"Langam"}, ["lnn"] = {"Lorediakarkar"}, ["lns"] = {"Lamnso'"}, ["lnu"] = {"Longuda"}, ["lnw"] = {"Lanima"}, ["lnz"] = {"Lonzo"}, ["loa"] = {"Loloda"}, ["lob"] = {"Lobi"}, ["loc"] = {"Inonhan"}, ["loe"] = {"Saluan"}, ["lof"] = {"Logol"}, ["log"] = {"Logo"}, ["loh"] = {"Laarim", "Narim"}, ["loi"] = {"Loma (Côte d'Ivoire)"}, ["loj"] = {"Lou"}, ["lok"] = {"Loko"}, ["lol"] = {"Mongo"}, ["lom"] = {"Loma (Liberia)"}, ["lon"] = {"Malawi Lomwe"}, ["loo"] = {"Lombo"}, ["lop"] = {"Lopa"}, ["loq"] = {"Lobala"}, ["lor"] = {"Téén"}, ["los"] = {"Loniu"}, ["lot"] = {"Otuho"}, ["lou"] = {"Louisiana Creole"}, ["lov"] = {"Lopi"}, ["low"] = {"Tampias Lobu"}, ["lox"] = {"Loun"}, ["loy"] = {"Loke"}, ["loz"] = {"Lozi"}, ["lpa"] = {"Lelepa"}, ["lpe"] = {"Lepki"}, ["lpn"] = {"Long Phuri Naga"}, ["lpo"] = {"Lipo"}, ["lpx"] = {"Lopit"}, ["lqr"] = {"Logir"}, ["lra"] = {"Rara Bakati'"}, ["lrc"] = {"Northern Luri"}, ["lre"] = {"Laurentian"}, ["lrg"] = {"Laragia"}, ["lri"] = {"Marachi", "Olumarachi"}, ["lrk"] = {"Loarki"}, ["lrl"] = {"Lari"}, ["lrm"] = {"Marama", "Olumarama"}, ["lrn"] = {"Lorang"}, ["lro"] = {"Laro"}, ["lrr"] = {"Southern Yamphu"}, ["lrt"] = {"Larantuka Malay"}, ["lrv"] = {"Larevat"}, ["lrz"] = {"Lemerig"}, ["lsa"] = {"Lasgerdi"}, ["lsb"] = {"Burundian Sign Language", "Langue des Signes Burundaise"}, ["lsc"] = {"Albarradas Sign Language", "Lengua de señas Albarradas"}, ["lsd"] = {"Lishana Deni"}, ["lse"] = {"Lusengo"}, ["lsh"] = {"Lish"}, ["lsi"] = {"Lashi"}, ["lsl"] = {"Latvian Sign Language"}, ["lsm"] = {"Saamia", "Olusamia"}, ["lsn"] = {"Tibetan Sign Language"}, ["lso"] = {"Laos Sign Language"}, ["lsp"] = {"Panamanian Sign Language", "Lengua de Señas Panameñas"}, ["lsr"] = {"Aruop"}, ["lss"] = {"Lasi"}, ["lst"] = {"Trinidad and Tobago Sign Language"}, ["lsv"] = {"Sivia Sign Language"}, ["lsw"] = {"Seychelles Sign Language", "Lalang Siny Seselwa", "Langue des Signes Seychelloise"}, ["lsy"] = {"Mauritian Sign Language"}, ["ltc"] = {"Late Middle Chinese"}, ["ltg"] = {"Latgalian"}, ["lth"] = {"Thur"}, ["lti"] = {"Leti (Indonesia)"}, ["ltn"] = {"Latundê"}, ["lto"] = {"Tsotso", "Olutsotso"}, ["lts"] = {"Tachoni", "Lutachoni"}, ["ltu"] = {"Latu"}, ["lua"] = {"Luba-Lulua"}, ["luc"] = {"Aringa"}, ["lud"] = {"Ludian"}, ["lue"] = {"Luvale"}, ["luf"] = {"Laua"}, ["luh"] = {"Leizhou Chinese"}, ["lui"] = {"Luiseño"}, ["luj"] = {"Luna"}, ["luk"] = {"Lunanakha"}, ["lul"] = {"Olu'bo"}, ["lum"] = {"Luimbi"}, ["lun"] = {"Lunda"}, ["luo"] = {"Luo (Kenya and Tanzania)", "Dholuo"}, ["lup"] = {"Lumbu"}, ["luq"] = {"Lucumi"}, ["lur"] = {"Laura"}, ["lus"] = {"Lushai"}, ["lut"] = {"Lushootseed"}, ["luu"] = {"Lumba-Yakkha"}, ["luv"] = {"Luwati"}, ["luw"] = {"Luo (Cameroon)"}, ["luy"] = {"Luyia", "Oluluyia"}, ["luz"] = {"Southern Luri"}, ["lva"] = {"Maku'a"}, ["lvi"] = {"Lavi"}, ["lvk"] = {"Lavukaleve"}, ["lvl"] = {"Lwel"}, ["lvs"] = {"Standard Latvian"}, ["lvu"] = {"Levuka"}, ["lwa"] = {"Lwalu"}, ["lwe"] = {"Lewo Eleng"}, ["lwg"] = {"Wanga", "Oluwanga"}, ["lwh"] = {"White Lachi"}, ["lwl"] = {"Eastern Lawa"}, ["lwm"] = {"Laomian"}, ["lwo"] = {"Luwo"}, ["lws"] = {"Malawian Sign Language"}, ["lwt"] = {"Lewotobi"}, ["lwu"] = {"Lawu"}, ["lww"] = {"Lewo"}, ["lxm"] = {"Lakurumau"}, ["lya"] = {"Layakha"}, ["lyg"] = {"Lyngngam"}, ["lyn"] = {"Luyana"}, ["lzh"] = {"Literary Chinese"}, ["lzl"] = {"Litzlitz"}, ["lzn"] = {"Leinong Naga"}, ["lzz"] = {"Laz"}, ["maa"] = {"San Jerónimo Tecóatl Mazatec"}, ["mab"] = {"Yutanduchi Mixtec"}, ["mad"] = {"Madurese"}, ["mae"] = {"Bo-Rukul"}, ["maf"] = {"Mafa"}, ["mag"] = {"Magahi"}, ["mai"] = {"Maithili"}, ["maj"] = {"Jalapa De Díaz Mazatec"}, ["mak"] = {"Makasar"}, ["mam"] = {"Mam"}, ["man"] = {"Mandingo", "Manding"}, ["map"] = {"Austronesian languages"}, ["maq"] = {"Chiquihuitlán Mazatec"}, ["mas"] = {"Masai"}, ["mat"] = {"San Francisco Matlatzinca"}, ["mau"] = {"Huautla Mazatec"}, ["mav"] = {"Sateré-Mawé"}, ["maw"] = {"Mampruli"}, ["max"] = {"North Moluccan Malay"}, ["maz"] = {"Central Mazahua"}, ["mba"] = {"Higaonon"}, ["mbb"] = {"Western Bukidnon Manobo"}, ["mbc"] = {"Macushi"}, ["mbd"] = {"Dibabawon Manobo"}, ["mbe"] = {"Molale"}, ["mbf"] = {"Baba Malay"}, ["mbh"] = {"Mangseng"}, ["mbi"] = {"Ilianen Manobo"}, ["mbj"] = {"Nadëb"}, ["mbk"] = {"Malol"}, ["mbl"] = {"Maxakalí"}, ["mbm"] = {"Ombamba"}, ["mbn"] = {"Macaguán"}, ["mbo"] = {"Mbo (Cameroon)"}, ["mbp"] = {"Malayo"}, ["mbq"] = {"Maisin"}, ["mbr"] = {"Nukak Makú"}, ["mbs"] = {"Sarangani Manobo"}, ["mbt"] = {"Matigsalug Manobo"}, ["mbu"] = {"Mbula-Bwazza"}, ["mbv"] = {"Mbulungish"}, ["mbw"] = {"Maring"}, ["mbx"] = {"Mari (East Sepik Province)"}, ["mby"] = {"Memoni"}, ["mbz"] = {"Amoltepec Mixtec"}, ["mca"] = {"Maca"}, ["mcb"] = {"Machiguenga"}, ["mcc"] = {"Bitur"}, ["mcd"] = {"Sharanahua"}, ["mce"] = {"Itundujia Mixtec"}, ["mcf"] = {"Matsés"}, ["mcg"] = {"Mapoyo"}, ["mch"] = {"Maquiritari"}, ["mci"] = {"Mese"}, ["mcj"] = {"Mvanip"}, ["mck"] = {"Mbunda"}, ["mcl"] = {"Macaguaje"}, ["mcm"] = {"Malaccan Creole Portuguese"}, ["mcn"] = {"Masana"}, ["mco"] = {"Coatlán Mixe"}, ["mcp"] = {"Makaa"}, ["mcq"] = {"Ese"}, ["mcr"] = {"Menya"}, ["mcs"] = {"Mambai"}, ["mct"] = {"Mengisa"}, ["mcu"] = {"Cameroon Mambila"}, ["mcv"] = {"Minanibai"}, ["mcw"] = {"Mawa (Chad)"}, ["mcx"] = {"Mpiemo"}, ["mcy"] = {"South Watut"}, ["mcz"] = {"Mawan"}, ["mda"] = {"Mada (Nigeria)"}, ["mdb"] = {"Morigi"}, ["mdc"] = {"Male (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["mdd"] = {"Mbum"}, ["mde"] = {"Maba (Chad)"}, ["mdf"] = {"Moksha"}, ["mdg"] = {"Massalat"}, ["mdh"] = {"Maguindanaon"}, ["mdi"] = {"Mamvu"}, ["mdj"] = {"Mangbetu"}, ["mdk"] = {"Mangbutu"}, ["mdl"] = {"Maltese Sign Language"}, ["mdm"] = {"Mayogo"}, ["mdn"] = {"Mbati"}, ["mdp"] = {"Mbala"}, ["mdq"] = {"Mbole"}, ["mdr"] = {"Mandar"}, ["mds"] = {"Maria (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["mdt"] = {"Mbere"}, ["mdu"] = {"Mboko"}, ["mdv"] = {"Santa Lucía Monteverde Mixtec"}, ["mdw"] = {"Mbosi"}, ["mdx"] = {"Dizin"}, ["mdy"] = {"Male (Ethiopia)"}, ["mdz"] = {"Suruí Do Pará"}, ["mea"] = {"Menka"}, ["meb"] = {"Ikobi"}, ["mec"] = {"Marra"}, ["med"] = {"Melpa"}, ["mee"] = {"Mengen"}, ["mef"] = {"Megam"}, ["meh"] = {"Southwestern Tlaxiaco Mixtec"}, ["mei"] = {"Midob"}, ["mej"] = {"Meyah"}, ["mek"] = {"Mekeo"}, ["mel"] = {"Central Melanau"}, ["mem"] = {"Mangala"}, ["men"] = {"Mende (Sierra Leone)"}, ["meo"] = {"Kedah Malay"}, ["mep"] = {"Miriwoong"}, ["meq"] = {"Merey"}, ["mer"] = {"Meru"}, ["mes"] = {"Masmaje"}, ["met"] = {"Mato"}, ["meu"] = {"Motu"}, ["mev"] = {"Mano"}, ["mew"] = {"Maaka"}, ["mey"] = {"Hassaniyya"}, ["mez"] = {"Menominee"}, ["mfa"] = {"Pattani Malay"}, ["mfb"] = {"Bangka"}, ["mfc"] = {"Mba"}, ["mfd"] = {"Mendankwe-Nkwen"}, ["mfe"] = {"Morisyen"}, ["mff"] = {"Naki"}, ["mfg"] = {"Mogofin"}, ["mfh"] = {"Matal"}, ["mfi"] = {"Wandala"}, ["mfj"] = {"Mefele"}, ["mfk"] = {"North Mofu"}, ["mfl"] = {"Putai"}, ["mfm"] = {"Marghi South"}, ["mfn"] = {"Cross River Mbembe"}, ["mfo"] = {"Mbe"}, ["mfp"] = {"Makassar Malay"}, ["mfq"] = {"Moba"}, ["mfr"] = {"Marrithiyel"}, ["mfs"] = {"Mexican Sign Language"}, ["mft"] = {"Mokerang"}, ["mfu"] = {"Mbwela"}, ["mfv"] = {"Mandjak"}, ["mfw"] = {"Mulaha"}, ["mfx"] = {"Melo"}, ["mfy"] = {"Mayo"}, ["mfz"] = {"Mabaan"}, ["mga"] = {"Middle Irish (900-1200)"}, ["mgb"] = {"Mararit"}, ["mgc"] = {"Morokodo"}, ["mgd"] = {"Moru"}, ["mge"] = {"Mango"}, ["mgf"] = {"Maklew"}, ["mgg"] = {"Mpumpong"}, ["mgh"] = {"Makhuwa-Meetto"}, ["mgi"] = {"Lijili"}, ["mgj"] = {"Abureni"}, ["mgk"] = {"Mawes"}, ["mgl"] = {"Maleu-Kilenge"}, ["mgm"] = {"Mambae"}, ["mgn"] = {"Mbangi"}, ["mgo"] = {"Meta'"}, ["mgp"] = {"Eastern Magar"}, ["mgq"] = {"Malila"}, ["mgr"] = {"Mambwe-Lungu"}, ["mgs"] = {"Manda (Tanzania)"}, ["mgt"] = {"Mongol"}, ["mgu"] = {"Mailu"}, ["mgv"] = {"Matengo"}, ["mgw"] = {"Matumbi"}, ["mgy"] = {"Mbunga"}, ["mgz"] = {"Mbugwe"}, ["mha"] = {"Manda (India)"}, ["mhb"] = {"Mahongwe"}, ["mhc"] = {"Mocho"}, ["mhd"] = {"Mbugu"}, ["mhe"] = {"Besisi", "Mah Meri"}, ["mhf"] = {"Mamaa"}, ["mhg"] = {"Margu"}, ["mhi"] = {"Ma'di"}, ["mhj"] = {"Mogholi"}, ["mhk"] = {"Mungaka"}, ["mhl"] = {"Mauwake"}, ["mhm"] = {"Makhuwa-Moniga"}, ["mhn"] = {"Mòcheno"}, ["mho"] = {"Mashi (Zambia)"}, ["mhp"] = {"Balinese Malay"}, ["mhq"] = {"Mandan"}, ["mhr"] = {"Eastern Mari"}, ["mhs"] = {"Buru (Indonesia)"}, ["mht"] = {"Mandahuaca"}, ["mhu"] = {"Digaro-Mishmi", "Darang Deng"}, ["mhw"] = {"Mbukushu"}, ["mhx"] = {"Maru", "Lhaovo"}, ["mhy"] = {"Ma'anyan"}, ["mhz"] = {"Mor (Mor Islands)"}, ["mia"] = {"Miami"}, ["mib"] = {"Atatláhuca Mixtec"}, ["mic"] = {"Mi'kmaq", "Micmac"}, ["mid"] = {"Mandaic"}, ["mie"] = {"Ocotepec Mixtec"}, ["mif"] = {"Mofu-Gudur"}, ["mig"] = {"San Miguel El Grande Mixtec"}, ["mih"] = {"Chayuco Mixtec"}, ["mii"] = {"Chigmecatitlán Mixtec"}, ["mij"] = {"Abar", "Mungbam"}, ["mik"] = {"Mikasuki"}, ["mil"] = {"Peñoles Mixtec"}, ["mim"] = {"Alacatlatzala Mixtec"}, ["min"] = {"Minangkabau"}, ["mio"] = {"Pinotepa Nacional Mixtec"}, ["mip"] = {"Apasco-Apoala Mixtec"}, ["miq"] = {"Mískito"}, ["mir"] = {"Isthmus Mixe"}, ["mis"] = {"Uncoded languages"}, ["mit"] = {"Southern Puebla Mixtec"}, ["miu"] = {"Cacaloxtepec Mixtec"}, ["miw"] = {"Akoye"}, ["mix"] = {"Mixtepec Mixtec"}, ["miy"] = {"Ayutla Mixtec"}, ["miz"] = {"Coatzospan Mixtec"}, ["mjb"] = {"Makalero"}, ["mjc"] = {"San Juan Colorado Mixtec"}, ["mjd"] = {"Northwest Maidu"}, ["mje"] = {"Muskum"}, ["mjg"] = {"Tu"}, ["mjh"] = {"Mwera (Nyasa)"}, ["mji"] = {"Kim Mun"}, ["mjj"] = {"Mawak"}, ["mjk"] = {"Matukar"}, ["mjl"] = {"Mandeali"}, ["mjm"] = {"Medebur"}, ["mjn"] = {"Ma (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["mjo"] = {"Malankuravan"}, ["mjp"] = {"Malapandaram"}, ["mjq"] = {"Malaryan"}, ["mjr"] = {"Malavedan"}, ["mjs"] = {"Miship"}, ["mjt"] = {"Sauria Paharia"}, ["mju"] = {"Manna-Dora"}, ["mjv"] = {"Mannan"}, ["mjw"] = {"Karbi"}, ["mjx"] = {"Mahali"}, ["mjy"] = {"Mahican"}, ["mjz"] = {"Majhi"}, ["mka"] = {"Mbre"}, ["mkb"] = {"Mal Paharia"}, ["mkc"] = {"Siliput"}, ["mke"] = {"Mawchi"}, ["mkf"] = {"Miya"}, ["mkg"] = {"Mak (China)"}, ["mkh"] = {"Mon-Khmer languages"}, ["mki"] = {"Dhatki"}, ["mkj"] = {"Mokilese"}, ["mkk"] = {"Byep"}, ["mkl"] = {"Mokole"}, ["mkm"] = {"Moklen"}, ["mkn"] = {"Kupang Malay"}, ["mko"] = {"Mingang Doso"}, ["mkp"] = {"Moikodi"}, ["mkq"] = {"Bay Miwok"}, ["mkr"] = {"Malas"}, ["mks"] = {"Silacayoapan Mixtec"}, ["mkt"] = {"Vamale"}, ["mku"] = {"Konyanka Maninka"}, ["mkv"] = {"Mafea"}, ["mkw"] = {"Kituba (Congo)"}, ["mkx"] = {"Kinamiging Manobo"}, ["mky"] = {"East Makian"}, ["mkz"] = {"Makasae"}, ["mla"] = {"Malo"}, ["mlb"] = {"Mbule"}, ["mlc"] = {"Cao Lan"}, ["mle"] = {"Manambu"}, ["mlf"] = {"Mal"}, ["mlh"] = {"Mape"}, ["mli"] = {"Malimpung"}, ["mlj"] = {"Miltu"}, ["mlk"] = {"Ilwana", "Kiwilwana"}, ["mll"] = {"Malua Bay"}, ["mlm"] = {"Mulam"}, ["mln"] = {"Malango"}, ["mlo"] = {"Mlomp"}, ["mlp"] = {"Bargam"}, ["mlq"] = {"Western Maninkakan"}, ["mlr"] = {"Vame"}, ["mls"] = {"Masalit"}, ["mlu"] = {"To'abaita"}, ["mlv"] = {"Motlav", "Mwotlap"}, ["mlw"] = {"Moloko"}, ["mlx"] = {"Malfaxal", "Naha'ai"}, ["mlz"] = {"Malaynon"}, ["mma"] = {"Mama"}, ["mmb"] = {"Momina"}, ["mmc"] = {"Michoacán Mazahua"}, ["mmd"] = {"Maonan"}, ["mme"] = {"Mae"}, ["mmf"] = {"Mundat"}, ["mmg"] = {"North Ambrym"}, ["mmh"] = {"Mehináku"}, ["mmi"] = {"Hember Avu", "Amben", "Musar"}, ["mmj"] = {"Majhwar"}, ["mmk"] = {"Mukha-Dora"}, ["mml"] = {"Man Met"}, ["mmm"] = {"Maii"}, ["mmn"] = {"Mamanwa"}, ["mmo"] = {"Mangga Buang"}, ["mmp"] = {"Siawi"}, ["mmq"] = {"Musak"}, ["mmr"] = {"Western Xiangxi Miao"}, ["mmt"] = {"Malalamai"}, ["mmu"] = {"Mmaala"}, ["mmv"] = {"Miriti"}, ["mmw"] = {"Emae"}, ["mmx"] = {"Madak"}, ["mmy"] = {"Migaama"}, ["mmz"] = {"Mabaale"}, ["mna"] = {"Mbula"}, ["mnb"] = {"Muna"}, ["mnc"] = {"Manchu"}, ["mnd"] = {"Mondé"}, ["mne"] = {"Naba"}, ["mnf"] = {"Mundani"}, ["mng"] = {"Eastern Mnong"}, ["mnh"] = {"Mono (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["mni"] = {"Manipuri"}, ["mnj"] = {"Munji"}, ["mnk"] = {"Mandinka"}, ["mnl"] = {"Tiale"}, ["mnm"] = {"Mapena"}, ["mnn"] = {"Southern Mnong"}, ["mno"] = {"Manobo languages"}, ["mnp"] = {"Min Bei Chinese"}, ["mnq"] = {"Minriq"}, ["mnr"] = {"Mono (USA)"}, ["mns"] = {"Mansi"}, ["mnu"] = {"Mer"}, ["mnv"] = {"Rennell-Bellona"}, ["mnw"] = {"Mon"}, ["mnx"] = {"Manikion"}, ["mny"] = {"Manyawa"}, ["mnz"] = {"Moni"}, ["moa"] = {"Mwan"}, ["moc"] = {"Mocoví"}, ["mod"] = {"Mobilian"}, ["moe"] = {"Innu", "Montagnais"}, ["mog"] = {"Mongondow"}, ["moh"] = {"Mohawk"}, ["moi"] = {"Mboi"}, ["moj"] = {"Monzombo"}, ["mok"] = {"Morori"}, ["mom"] = {"Mangue"}, ["moo"] = {"Monom"}, ["mop"] = {"Mopán Maya"}, ["moq"] = {"Mor (Bomberai Peninsula)"}, ["mor"] = {"Moro"}, ["mos"] = {"Mossi"}, ["mot"] = {"Barí"}, ["mou"] = {"Mogum"}, ["mov"] = {"Mohave"}, ["mow"] = {"Moi (Congo)"}, ["mox"] = {"Molima"}, ["moy"] = {"Shekkacho"}, ["moz"] = {"Mukulu", "Gergiko"}, ["mpa"] = {"Mpoto"}, ["mpb"] = {"Malak Malak", "Mullukmulluk"}, ["mpc"] = {"Mangarrayi"}, ["mpd"] = {"Machinere"}, ["mpe"] = {"Majang"}, ["mpg"] = {"Marba"}, ["mph"] = {"Maung"}, ["mpi"] = {"Mpade"}, ["mpj"] = {"Martu Wangka", "Wangkajunga"}, ["mpk"] = {"Mbara (Chad)"}, ["mpl"] = {"Middle Watut"}, ["mpm"] = {"Yosondúa Mixtec"}, ["mpn"] = {"Mindiri"}, ["mpo"] = {"Miu"}, ["mpp"] = {"Migabac"}, ["mpq"] = {"Matís"}, ["mpr"] = {"Vangunu"}, ["mps"] = {"Dadibi"}, ["mpt"] = {"Mian"}, ["mpu"] = {"Makuráp"}, ["mpv"] = {"Mungkip"}, ["mpw"] = {"Mapidian"}, ["mpx"] = {"Misima-Panaeati"}, ["mpy"] = {"Mapia"}, ["mpz"] = {"Mpi"}, ["mqa"] = {"Maba (Indonesia)"}, ["mqb"] = {"Mbuko"}, ["mqc"] = {"Mangole"}, ["mqe"] = {"Matepi"}, ["mqf"] = {"Momuna"}, ["mqg"] = {"Kota Bangun Kutai Malay"}, ["mqh"] = {"Tlazoyaltepec Mixtec"}, ["mqi"] = {"Mariri"}, ["mqj"] = {"Mamasa"}, ["mqk"] = {"Rajah Kabunsuwan Manobo"}, ["mql"] = {"Mbelime"}, ["mqm"] = {"South Marquesan"}, ["mqn"] = {"Moronene"}, ["mqo"] = {"Modole"}, ["mqp"] = {"Manipa"}, ["mqq"] = {"Minokok"}, ["mqr"] = {"Mander"}, ["mqs"] = {"West Makian"}, ["mqt"] = {"Mok"}, ["mqu"] = {"Mandari"}, ["mqv"] = {"Mosimo"}, ["mqw"] = {"Murupi"}, ["mqx"] = {"Mamuju"}, ["mqy"] = {"Manggarai"}, ["mqz"] = {"Pano"}, ["mra"] = {"Mlabri"}, ["mrb"] = {"Marino"}, ["mrc"] = {"Maricopa"}, ["mrd"] = {"Western Magar"}, ["mre"] = {"Martha's Vineyard Sign Language"}, ["mrf"] = {"Elseng"}, ["mrg"] = {"Mising"}, ["mrh"] = {"Mara Chin"}, ["mrj"] = {"Western Mari"}, ["mrk"] = {"Hmwaveke"}, ["mrl"] = {"Mortlockese"}, ["mrm"] = {"Merlav", "Mwerlap"}, ["mrn"] = {"Cheke Holo"}, ["mro"] = {"Mru"}, ["mrp"] = {"Morouas"}, ["mrq"] = {"North Marquesan"}, ["mrr"] = {"Maria (India)"}, ["mrs"] = {"Maragus"}, ["mrt"] = {"Marghi Central"}, ["mru"] = {"Mono (Cameroon)"}, ["mrv"] = {"Mangareva"}, ["mrw"] = {"Maranao"}, ["mrx"] = {"Maremgi", "Dineor"}, ["mry"] = {"Mandaya"}, ["mrz"] = {"Marind"}, ["msb"] = {"Masbatenyo"}, ["msc"] = {"Sankaran Maninka"}, ["msd"] = {"Yucatec Maya Sign Language"}, ["mse"] = {"Musey"}, ["msf"] = {"Mekwei"}, ["msg"] = {"Moraid"}, ["msh"] = {"Masikoro Malagasy"}, ["msi"] = {"Sabah Malay"}, ["msj"] = {"Ma (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["msk"] = {"Mansaka"}, ["msl"] = {"Molof", "Poule"}, ["msm"] = {"Agusan Manobo"}, ["msn"] = {"Vurës"}, ["mso"] = {"Mombum"}, ["msp"] = {"Maritsauá"}, ["msq"] = {"Caac"}, ["msr"] = {"Mongolian Sign Language"}, ["mss"] = {"West Masela"}, ["msu"] = {"Musom"}, ["msv"] = {"Maslam"}, ["msw"] = {"Mansoanka"}, ["msx"] = {"Moresada"}, ["msy"] = {"Aruamu"}, ["msz"] = {"Momare"}, ["mta"] = {"Cotabato Manobo"}, ["mtb"] = {"Anyin Morofo"}, ["mtc"] = {"Munit"}, ["mtd"] = {"Mualang"}, ["mte"] = {"Mono (Solomon Islands)"}, ["mtf"] = {"Murik (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["mtg"] = {"Una"}, ["mth"] = {"Munggui"}, ["mti"] = {"Maiwa (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["mtj"] = {"Moskona"}, ["mtk"] = {"Mbe'"}, ["mtl"] = {"Montol"}, ["mtm"] = {"Mator"}, ["mtn"] = {"Matagalpa"}, ["mto"] = {"Totontepec Mixe"}, ["mtp"] = {"Wichí Lhamtés Nocten"}, ["mtq"] = {"Muong"}, ["mtr"] = {"Mewari"}, ["mts"] = {"Yora"}, ["mtt"] = {"Mota"}, ["mtu"] = {"Tututepec Mixtec"}, ["mtv"] = {"Asaro'o"}, ["mtw"] = {"Southern Binukidnon"}, ["mtx"] = {"Tidaá Mixtec"}, ["mty"] = {"Nabi"}, ["mua"] = {"Mundang"}, ["mub"] = {"Mubi"}, ["muc"] = {"Ajumbu"}, ["mud"] = {"Mednyj Aleut"}, ["mue"] = {"Media Lengua"}, ["mug"] = {"Musgu"}, ["muh"] = {"Mündü"}, ["mui"] = {"Musi"}, ["muj"] = {"Mabire"}, ["muk"] = {"Mugom"}, ["mul"] = {"Multiple languages"}, ["mum"] = {"Maiwala"}, ["mun"] = {"Munda languages"}, ["muo"] = {"Nyong"}, ["mup"] = {"Malvi"}, ["muq"] = {"Eastern Xiangxi Miao"}, ["mur"] = {"Murle"}, ["mus"] = {"Creek"}, ["mut"] = {"Western Muria"}, ["muu"] = {"Yaaku"}, ["muv"] = {"Muthuvan"}, ["mux"] = {"Bo-Ung"}, ["muy"] = {"Muyang"}, ["muz"] = {"Mursi"}, ["mva"] = {"Manam"}, ["mvb"] = {"Mattole"}, ["mvd"] = {"Mamboru"}, ["mve"] = {"Marwari (Pakistan)"}, ["mvf"] = {"Peripheral Mongolian"}, ["mvg"] = {"Yucuañe Mixtec"}, ["mvh"] = {"Mulgi"}, ["mvi"] = {"Miyako"}, ["mvk"] = {"Mekmek"}, ["mvl"] = {"Mbara (Australia)"}, ["mvn"] = {"Minaveha"}, ["mvo"] = {"Marovo"}, ["mvp"] = {"Duri"}, ["mvq"] = {"Moere"}, ["mvr"] = {"Marau"}, ["mvs"] = {"Massep"}, ["mvt"] = {"Mpotovoro"}, ["mvu"] = {"Marfa"}, ["mvv"] = {"Tagal Murut"}, ["mvw"] = {"Machinga"}, ["mvx"] = {"Meoswar"}, ["mvy"] = {"Indus Kohistani"}, ["mvz"] = {"Mesqan"}, ["mwa"] = {"Mwatebu"}, ["mwb"] = {"Juwal"}, ["mwc"] = {"Are"}, ["mwe"] = {"Mwera (Chimwera)"}, ["mwf"] = {"Murrinh-Patha"}, ["mwg"] = {"Aiklep"}, ["mwh"] = {"Mouk-Aria"}, ["mwi"] = {"Labo", "Ninde"}, ["mwk"] = {"Kita Maninkakan"}, ["mwl"] = {"Mirandese"}, ["mwm"] = {"Sar"}, ["mwn"] = {"Nyamwanga"}, ["mwo"] = {"Central Maewo"}, ["mwp"] = {"Kala Lagaw Ya"}, ["mwq"] = {"Mün Chin"}, ["mwr"] = {"Marwari"}, ["mws"] = {"Mwimbi-Muthambi"}, ["mwt"] = {"Moken"}, ["mwu"] = {"Mittu"}, ["mwv"] = {"Mentawai"}, ["mww"] = {"Hmong Daw"}, ["mwz"] = {"Moingi"}, ["mxa"] = {"Northwest Oaxaca Mixtec"}, ["mxb"] = {"Tezoatlán Mixtec"}, ["mxc"] = {"Manyika"}, ["mxd"] = {"Modang"}, ["mxe"] = {"Mele-Fila"}, ["mxf"] = {"Malgbe"}, ["mxg"] = {"Mbangala"}, ["mxh"] = {"Mvuba"}, ["mxi"] = {"Mozarabic"}, ["mxj"] = {"Miju-Mishmi", "Geman Deng"}, ["mxk"] = {"Monumbo"}, ["mxl"] = {"Maxi Gbe"}, ["mxm"] = {"Meramera"}, ["mxn"] = {"Moi (Indonesia)"}, ["mxo"] = {"Mbowe"}, ["mxp"] = {"Tlahuitoltepec Mixe"}, ["mxq"] = {"Juquila Mixe"}, ["mxr"] = {"Murik (Malaysia)"}, ["mxs"] = {"Huitepec Mixtec"}, ["mxt"] = {"Jamiltepec Mixtec"}, ["mxu"] = {"Mada (Cameroon)"}, ["mxv"] = {"Metlatónoc Mixtec"}, ["mxw"] = {"Namo"}, ["mxx"] = {"Mahou", "Mawukakan"}, ["mxy"] = {"Southeastern Nochixtlán Mixtec"}, ["mxz"] = {"Central Masela"}, ["myb"] = {"Mbay"}, ["myc"] = {"Mayeka"}, ["mye"] = {"Myene"}, ["myf"] = {"Bambassi"}, ["myg"] = {"Manta"}, ["myh"] = {"Makah"}, ["myj"] = {"Mangayat"}, ["myk"] = {"Mamara Senoufo"}, ["myl"] = {"Moma"}, ["mym"] = {"Me'en"}, ["myn"] = {"Mayan languages"}, ["myo"] = {"Anfillo"}, ["myp"] = {"Pirahã"}, ["myr"] = {"Muniche"}, ["mys"] = {"Mesmes"}, ["myu"] = {"Mundurukú"}, ["myv"] = {"Erzya"}, ["myw"] = {"Muyuw"}, ["myx"] = {"Masaaba"}, ["myy"] = {"Macuna"}, ["myz"] = {"Classical Mandaic"}, ["mza"] = {"Santa María Zacatepec Mixtec"}, ["mzb"] = {"Tumzabt"}, ["mzc"] = {"Madagascar Sign Language"}, ["mzd"] = {"Malimba"}, ["mze"] = {"Morawa"}, ["mzg"] = {"Monastic Sign Language"}, ["mzh"] = {"Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay"}, ["mzi"] = {"Ixcatlán Mazatec"}, ["mzj"] = {"Manya"}, ["mzk"] = {"Nigeria Mambila"}, ["mzl"] = {"Mazatlán Mixe"}, ["mzm"] = {"Mumuye"}, ["mzn"] = {"Mazanderani"}, ["mzo"] = {"Matipuhy"}, ["mzp"] = {"Movima"}, ["mzq"] = {"Mori Atas"}, ["mzr"] = {"Marúbo"}, ["mzs"] = {"Macanese"}, ["mzt"] = {"Mintil"}, ["mzu"] = {"Inapang"}, ["mzv"] = {"Manza"}, ["mzw"] = {"Deg"}, ["mzx"] = {"Mawayana"}, ["mzy"] = {"Mozambican Sign Language"}, ["mzz"] = {"Maiadomu"}, ["naa"] = {"Namla"}, ["nab"] = {"Southern Nambikuára"}, ["nac"] = {"Narak"}, ["nae"] = {"Naka'ela"}, ["naf"] = {"Nabak"}, ["nag"] = {"Naga Pidgin"}, ["nah"] = {"Nahuatl languages"}, ["nai"] = {"North American Indian languages"}, ["naj"] = {"Nalu"}, ["nak"] = {"Nakanai"}, ["nal"] = {"Nalik"}, ["nam"] = {"Ngan'gityemerri"}, ["nan"] = {"Min Nan Chinese"}, ["nao"] = {"Naaba"}, ["nap"] = {"Neapolitan"}, ["naq"] = {"Khoekhoe", "Nama (Namibia)"}, ["nar"] = {"Iguta"}, ["nas"] = {"Naasioi"}, ["nat"] = {"Ca̱hungwa̱rya̱", "Hungworo"}, ["naw"] = {"Nawuri"}, ["nax"] = {"Nakwi"}, ["nay"] = {"Ngarrindjeri"}, ["naz"] = {"Coatepec Nahuatl"}, ["nba"] = {"Nyemba"}, ["nbb"] = {"Ndoe"}, ["nbc"] = {"Chang Naga"}, ["nbd"] = {"Ngbinda"}, ["nbe"] = {"Konyak Naga"}, ["nbg"] = {"Nagarchal"}, ["nbh"] = {"Ngamo"}, ["nbi"] = {"Mao Naga"}, ["nbj"] = {"Ngarinyman"}, ["nbk"] = {"Nake"}, ["nbm"] = {"Ngbaka Ma'bo"}, ["nbn"] = {"Kuri"}, ["nbo"] = {"Nkukoli"}, ["nbp"] = {"Nnam"}, ["nbq"] = {"Nggem"}, ["nbr"] = {"Numana"}, ["nbs"] = {"Namibian Sign Language"}, ["nbt"] = {"Na"}, ["nbu"] = {"Rongmei Naga"}, ["nbv"] = {"Ngamambo"}, ["nbw"] = {"Southern Ngbandi"}, ["nby"] = {"Ningera"}, ["nca"] = {"Iyo"}, ["ncb"] = {"Central Nicobarese"}, ["ncc"] = {"Ponam"}, ["ncd"] = {"Nachering"}, ["nce"] = {"Yale"}, ["ncf"] = {"Notsi"}, ["ncg"] = {"Nisga'a"}, ["nch"] = {"Central Huasteca Nahuatl"}, ["nci"] = {"Classical Nahuatl"}, ["ncj"] = {"Northern Puebla Nahuatl"}, ["nck"] = {"Na-kara"}, ["ncl"] = {"Michoacán Nahuatl"}, ["ncm"] = {"Nambo"}, ["ncn"] = {"Nauna"}, ["nco"] = {"Sibe"}, ["ncq"] = {"Northern Katang"}, ["ncr"] = {"Ncane"}, ["ncs"] = {"Nicaraguan Sign Language"}, ["nct"] = {"Chothe Naga"}, ["ncu"] = {"Chumburung"}, ["ncx"] = {"Central Puebla Nahuatl"}, ["ncz"] = {"Natchez"}, ["nda"] = {"Ndasa"}, ["ndb"] = {"Kenswei Nsei"}, ["ndc"] = {"Ndau"}, ["ndd"] = {"Nde-Nsele-Nta"}, ["ndf"] = {"Nadruvian"}, ["ndg"] = {"Ndengereko"}, ["ndh"] = {"Ndali"}, ["ndi"] = {"Samba Leko"}, ["ndj"] = {"Ndamba"}, ["ndk"] = {"Ndaka"}, ["ndl"] = {"Ndolo"}, ["ndm"] = {"Ndam"}, ["ndn"] = {"Ngundi"}, ["ndp"] = {"Ndo"}, ["ndq"] = {"Ndombe"}, ["ndr"] = {"Ndoola"}, ["nds"] = {"Low German", "Low Saxon"}, ["ndt"] = {"Ndunga"}, ["ndu"] = {"Dugun"}, ["ndv"] = {"Ndut"}, ["ndw"] = {"Ndobo"}, ["ndx"] = {"Nduga"}, ["ndy"] = {"Lutos"}, ["ndz"] = {"Ndogo"}, ["nea"] = {"Eastern Ngad'a"}, ["neb"] = {"Toura (Côte d'Ivoire)"}, ["nec"] = {"Nedebang"}, ["ned"] = {"Nde-Gbite"}, ["nee"] = {"Nêlêmwa-Nixumwak"}, ["nef"] = {"Nefamese"}, ["neg"] = {"Negidal"}, ["neh"] = {"Nyenkha"}, ["nei"] = {"Neo-Hittite"}, ["nej"] = {"Neko"}, ["nek"] = {"Neku"}, ["nem"] = {"Nemi"}, ["nen"] = {"Nengone"}, ["neo"] = {"Ná-Meo"}, ["neq"] = {"North Central Mixe"}, ["ner"] = {"Yahadian"}, ["nes"] = {"Bhoti Kinnauri"}, ["net"] = {"Nete"}, ["neu"] = {"Neo"}, ["nev"] = {"Nyaheun"}, ["new"] = {"Nepal Bhasa", "Newar", "Newari"}, ["nex"] = {"Neme"}, ["ney"] = {"Neyo"}, ["nez"] = {"Nez Perce"}, ["nfa"] = {"Dhao"}, ["nfd"] = {"Ahwai"}, ["nfl"] = {"Ayiwo", "Äiwoo"}, ["nfr"] = {"Nafaanra"}, ["nfu"] = {"Mfumte"}, ["nga"] = {"Ngbaka"}, ["ngb"] = {"Northern Ngbandi"}, ["ngc"] = {"Ngombe (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["ngd"] = {"Ngando (Central African Republic)"}, ["nge"] = {"Ngemba"}, ["ngf"] = {"Trans-New Guinea languages"}, ["ngg"] = {"Ngbaka Manza"}, ["ngh"] = {"Nǁng"}, ["ngi"] = {"Ngizim"}, ["ngj"] = {"Ngie"}, ["ngk"] = {"Dalabon"}, ["ngl"] = {"Lomwe"}, ["ngm"] = {"Ngatik Men's Creole"}, ["ngn"] = {"Ngwo"}, ["ngp"] = {"Ngulu"}, ["ngq"] = {"Ngurimi", "Ngoreme"}, ["ngr"] = {"Engdewu"}, ["ngs"] = {"Gvoko"}, ["ngt"] = {"Kriang", "Ngeq"}, ["ngu"] = {"Guerrero Nahuatl"}, ["ngv"] = {"Nagumi"}, ["ngw"] = {"Ngwaba"}, ["ngx"] = {"Nggwahyi"}, ["ngy"] = {"Tibea"}, ["ngz"] = {"Ngungwel"}, ["nha"] = {"Nhanda"}, ["nhb"] = {"Beng"}, ["nhc"] = {"Tabasco Nahuatl"}, ["nhd"] = {"Chiripá", "Ava Guaraní"}, ["nhe"] = {"Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl"}, ["nhf"] = {"Nhuwala"}, ["nhg"] = {"Tetelcingo Nahuatl"}, ["nhh"] = {"Nahari"}, ["nhi"] = {"Zacatlán-Ahuacatlán-Tepetzintla Nahuatl"}, ["nhk"] = {"Isthmus-Cosoleacaque Nahuatl"}, ["nhm"] = {"Morelos Nahuatl"}, ["nhn"] = {"Central Nahuatl"}, ["nho"] = {"Takuu"}, ["nhp"] = {"Isthmus-Pajapan Nahuatl"}, ["nhq"] = {"Huaxcaleca Nahuatl"}, ["nhr"] = {"Naro"}, ["nht"] = {"Ometepec Nahuatl"}, ["nhu"] = {"Noone"}, ["nhv"] = {"Temascaltepec Nahuatl"}, ["nhw"] = {"Western Huasteca Nahuatl"}, ["nhx"] = {"Isthmus-Mecayapan Nahuatl"}, ["nhy"] = {"Northern Oaxaca Nahuatl"}, ["nhz"] = {"Santa María La Alta Nahuatl"}, ["nia"] = {"Nias"}, ["nib"] = {"Nakame"}, ["nic"] = {"Niger-Kordofanian languages"}, ["nid"] = {"Ngandi"}, ["nie"] = {"Niellim"}, ["nif"] = {"Nek"}, ["nig"] = {"Ngalakgan"}, ["nih"] = {"Nyiha (Tanzania)"}, ["nii"] = {"Nii"}, ["nij"] = {"Ngaju"}, ["nik"] = {"Southern Nicobarese"}, ["nil"] = {"Nila"}, ["nim"] = {"Nilamba"}, ["nin"] = {"Ninzo"}, ["nio"] = {"Nganasan"}, ["niq"] = {"Nandi"}, ["nir"] = {"Nimboran"}, ["nis"] = {"Nimi"}, ["nit"] = {"Southeastern Kolami"}, ["niu"] = {"Niuean"}, ["niv"] = {"Gilyak"}, ["niw"] = {"Nimo"}, ["nix"] = {"Hema"}, ["niy"] = {"Ngiti"}, ["niz"] = {"Ningil"}, ["nja"] = {"Nzanyi"}, ["njb"] = {"Nocte Naga"}, ["njd"] = {"Ndonde Hamba"}, ["njh"] = {"Lotha Naga"}, ["nji"] = {"Gudanji"}, ["njj"] = {"Njen"}, ["njl"] = {"Njalgulgule"}, ["njm"] = {"Angami Naga"}, ["njn"] = {"Liangmai Naga"}, ["njo"] = {"Ao Naga"}, ["njr"] = {"Njerep"}, ["njs"] = {"Nisa"}, ["njt"] = {"Ndyuka-Trio Pidgin"}, ["nju"] = {"Ngadjunmaya"}, ["njx"] = {"Kunyi"}, ["njy"] = {"Njyem"}, ["njz"] = {"Nyishi"}, ["nka"] = {"Nkoya"}, ["nkb"] = {"Khoibu Naga"}, ["nkc"] = {"Nkongho"}, ["nkd"] = {"Koireng"}, ["nke"] = {"Duke"}, ["nkf"] = {"Inpui Naga"}, ["nkg"] = {"Nekgini"}, ["nkh"] = {"Khezha Naga"}, ["nki"] = {"Thangal Naga"}, ["nkj"] = {"Nakai"}, ["nkk"] = {"Nokuku"}, ["nkm"] = {"Namat"}, ["nkn"] = {"Nkangala"}, ["nko"] = {"Nkonya"}, ["nkp"] = {"Niuatoputapu"}, ["nkq"] = {"Nkami"}, ["nkr"] = {"Nukuoro"}, ["nks"] = {"North Asmat"}, ["nkt"] = {"Nyika (Tanzania)"}, ["nku"] = {"Bouna Kulango"}, ["nkv"] = {"Nyika (Malawi and Zambia)"}, ["nkw"] = {"Nkutu"}, ["nkx"] = {"Nkoroo"}, ["nkz"] = {"Nkari"}, ["nla"] = {"Ngombale"}, ["nlc"] = {"Nalca"}, ["nle"] = {"East Nyala"}, ["nlg"] = {"Gela"}, ["nli"] = {"Grangali"}, ["nlj"] = {"Nyali"}, ["nlk"] = {"Ninia Yali"}, ["nll"] = {"Nihali"}, ["nlm"] = {"Mankiyali"}, ["nlo"] = {"Ngul"}, ["nlq"] = {"Lao Naga"}, ["nlu"] = {"Nchumbulu"}, ["nlv"] = {"Orizaba Nahuatl"}, ["nlw"] = {"Walangama"}, ["nlx"] = {"Nahali"}, ["nly"] = {"Nyamal"}, ["nlz"] = {"Nalögo"}, ["nma"] = {"Maram Naga"}, ["nmb"] = {"Big Nambas", "V'ënen Taut"}, ["nmc"] = {"Ngam"}, ["nmd"] = {"Ndumu"}, ["nme"] = {"Mzieme Naga"}, ["nmf"] = {"Tangkhul Naga (India)"}, ["nmg"] = {"Kwasio"}, ["nmh"] = {"Monsang Naga"}, ["nmi"] = {"Nyam"}, ["nmj"] = {"Ngombe (Central African Republic)"}, ["nmk"] = {"Namakura"}, ["nml"] = {"Ndemli"}, ["nmm"] = {"Manangba"}, ["nmn"] = {"ǃXóõ"}, ["nmo"] = {"Moyon Naga"}, ["nmp"] = {"Nimanbur"}, ["nmq"] = {"Nambya"}, ["nmr"] = {"Nimbari"}, ["nms"] = {"Letemboi"}, ["nmt"] = {"Namonuito"}, ["nmu"] = {"Northeast Maidu"}, ["nmv"] = {"Ngamini"}, ["nmw"] = {"Nimoa", "Rifao"}, ["nmx"] = {"Nama (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["nmy"] = {"Namuyi"}, ["nmz"] = {"Nawdm"}, ["nna"] = {"Nyangumarta"}, ["nnb"] = {"Nande"}, ["nnc"] = {"Nancere"}, ["nnd"] = {"West Ambae"}, ["nne"] = {"Ngandyera"}, ["nnf"] = {"Ngaing"}, ["nng"] = {"Maring Naga"}, ["nnh"] = {"Ngiemboon"}, ["nni"] = {"North Nuaulu"}, ["nnj"] = {"Nyangatom"}, ["nnk"] = {"Nankina"}, ["nnl"] = {"Northern Rengma Naga"}, ["nnm"] = {"Namia"}, ["nnn"] = {"Ngete"}, ["nnp"] = {"Wancho Naga"}, ["nnq"] = {"Ngindo"}, ["nnr"] = {"Narungga"}, ["nnt"] = {"Nanticoke"}, ["nnu"] = {"Dwang"}, ["nnv"] = {"Nugunu (Australia)"}, ["nnw"] = {"Southern Nuni"}, ["nny"] = {"Nyangga"}, ["nnz"] = {"Nda'nda'"}, ["noa"] = {"Woun Meu"}, ["noc"] = {"Nuk"}, ["nod"] = {"Northern Thai"}, ["noe"] = {"Nimadi"}, ["nof"] = {"Nomane"}, ["nog"] = {"Nogai"}, ["noh"] = {"Nomu"}, ["noi"] = {"Noiri"}, ["noj"] = {"Nonuya"}, ["nok"] = {"Nooksack"}, ["nol"] = {"Nomlaki"}, ["non"] = {"Old Norse"}, ["nop"] = {"Numanggang"}, ["noq"] = {"Ngongo"}, ["nos"] = {"Eastern Nisu"}, ["not"] = {"Nomatsiguenga"}, ["nou"] = {"Ewage-Notu"}, ["nov"] = {"Novial"}, ["now"] = {"Nyambo"}, ["noy"] = {"Noy"}, ["noz"] = {"Nayi"}, ["npa"] = {"Nar Phu"}, ["npb"] = {"Nupbikha"}, ["npg"] = {"Ponyo-Gongwang Naga"}, ["nph"] = {"Phom Naga"}, ["npi"] = {"Nepali (individual language)"}, ["npl"] = {"Southeastern Puebla Nahuatl"}, ["npn"] = {"Mondropolon"}, ["npo"] = {"Pochuri Naga"}, ["nps"] = {"Nipsan"}, ["npu"] = {"Puimei Naga"}, ["npx"] = {"Noipx"}, ["npy"] = {"Napu"}, ["nqg"] = {"Southern Nago"}, ["nqk"] = {"Kura Ede Nago"}, ["nql"] = {"Ngendelengo"}, ["nqm"] = {"Ndom"}, ["nqn"] = {"Nen"}, ["nqo"] = {"N'Ko", "N’Ko"}, ["nqq"] = {"Kyan-Karyaw Naga"}, ["nqt"] = {"Nteng"}, ["nqy"] = {"Akyaung Ari Naga"}, ["nra"] = {"Ngom"}, ["nrb"] = {"Nara"}, ["nrc"] = {"Noric"}, ["nre"] = {"Southern Rengma Naga"}, ["nrf"] = {"Jèrriais", "Guernésiais", "Sercquiais"}, ["nrg"] = {"Narango"}, ["nri"] = {"Chokri Naga"}, ["nrk"] = {"Ngarla"}, ["nrl"] = {"Ngarluma"}, ["nrm"] = {"Narom"}, ["nrn"] = {"Norn"}, ["nrp"] = {"North Picene"}, ["nrr"] = {"Norra", "Nora"}, ["nrt"] = {"Northern Kalapuya"}, ["nru"] = {"Narua"}, ["nrx"] = {"Ngurmbur"}, ["nrz"] = {"Lala"}, ["nsa"] = {"Sangtam Naga"}, ["nsb"] = {"Lower Nossob"}, ["nsc"] = {"Nshi"}, ["nsd"] = {"Southern Nisu"}, ["nse"] = {"Nsenga"}, ["nsf"] = {"Northwestern Nisu"}, ["nsg"] = {"Ngasa"}, ["nsh"] = {"Ngoshie"}, ["nsi"] = {"Nigerian Sign Language"}, ["nsk"] = {"Naskapi"}, ["nsl"] = {"Norwegian Sign Language"}, ["nsm"] = {"Sumi Naga"}, ["nsn"] = {"Nehan"}, ["nso"] = {"Pedi", "Northern Sotho", "Sepedi"}, ["nsp"] = {"Nepalese Sign Language"}, ["nsq"] = {"Northern Sierra Miwok"}, ["nsr"] = {"Maritime Sign Language"}, ["nss"] = {"Nali"}, ["nst"] = {"Tase Naga"}, ["nsu"] = {"Sierra Negra Nahuatl"}, ["nsv"] = {"Southwestern Nisu"}, ["nsw"] = {"Navut"}, ["nsx"] = {"Nsongo"}, ["nsy"] = {"Nasal"}, ["nsz"] = {"Nisenan"}, ["ntd"] = {"Northern Tidung"}, ["ntg"] = {"Ngantangarra"}, ["nti"] = {"Natioro"}, ["ntj"] = {"Ngaanyatjarra"}, ["ntk"] = {"Ikoma-Nata-Isenye"}, ["ntm"] = {"Nateni"}, ["nto"] = {"Ntomba"}, ["ntp"] = {"Northern Tepehuan"}, ["ntr"] = {"Delo"}, ["ntu"] = {"Natügu"}, ["ntw"] = {"Nottoway"}, ["ntx"] = {"Tangkhul Naga (Myanmar)"}, ["nty"] = {"Mantsi"}, ["ntz"] = {"Natanzi"}, ["nua"] = {"Yuanga"}, ["nub"] = {"Nubian languages"}, ["nuc"] = {"Nukuini"}, ["nud"] = {"Ngala"}, ["nue"] = {"Ngundu"}, ["nuf"] = {"Nusu"}, ["nug"] = {"Nungali"}, ["nuh"] = {"Ndunda"}, ["nui"] = {"Ngumbi"}, ["nuj"] = {"Nyole"}, ["nuk"] = {"Nuu-chah-nulth", "Nuuchahnulth"}, ["nul"] = {"Nusa Laut"}, ["num"] = {"Niuafo'ou"}, ["nun"] = {"Anong"}, ["nuo"] = {"Nguôn"}, ["nup"] = {"Nupe-Nupe-Tako"}, ["nuq"] = {"Nukumanu"}, ["nur"] = {"Nukuria"}, ["nus"] = {"Nuer"}, ["nut"] = {"Nung (Viet Nam)"}, ["nuu"] = {"Ngbundu"}, ["nuv"] = {"Northern Nuni"}, ["nuw"] = {"Nguluwan"}, ["nux"] = {"Mehek"}, ["nuy"] = {"Nunggubuyu"}, ["nuz"] = {"Tlamacazapa Nahuatl"}, ["nvh"] = {"Nasarian"}, ["nvm"] = {"Namiae"}, ["nvo"] = {"Nyokon"}, ["nwa"] = {"Nawathinehena"}, ["nwb"] = {"Nyabwa"}, ["nwc"] = {"Classical Newari", "Classical Nepal Bhasa", "Old Newari"}, ["nwe"] = {"Ngwe"}, ["nwg"] = {"Ngayawung"}, ["nwi"] = {"Southwest Tanna"}, ["nwm"] = {"Nyamusa-Molo"}, ["nwo"] = {"Nauo"}, ["nwr"] = {"Nawaru"}, ["nww"] = {"Ndwewe"}, ["nwx"] = {"Middle Newar"}, ["nwy"] = {"Nottoway-Meherrin"}, ["nxa"] = {"Nauete"}, ["nxd"] = {"Ngando (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["nxe"] = {"Nage"}, ["nxg"] = {"Ngad'a"}, ["nxi"] = {"Nindi"}, ["nxk"] = {"Koki Naga"}, ["nxl"] = {"South Nuaulu"}, ["nxm"] = {"Numidian"}, ["nxn"] = {"Ngawun"}, ["nxo"] = {"Ndambomo"}, ["nxq"] = {"Naxi"}, ["nxr"] = {"Ninggerum"}, ["nxx"] = {"Nafri"}, ["nyb"] = {"Nyangbo"}, ["nyc"] = {"Nyanga-li"}, ["nyd"] = {"Nyore", "Olunyole"}, ["nye"] = {"Nyengo"}, ["nyf"] = {"Giryama", "Kigiryama"}, ["nyg"] = {"Nyindu"}, ["nyh"] = {"Nyikina"}, ["nyi"] = {"Ama (Sudan)"}, ["nyj"] = {"Nyanga"}, ["nyk"] = {"Nyaneka"}, ["nyl"] = {"Nyeu"}, ["nym"] = {"Nyamwezi"}, ["nyn"] = {"Nyankole"}, ["nyo"] = {"Nyoro"}, ["nyp"] = {"Nyang'i"}, ["nyq"] = {"Nayini"}, ["nyr"] = {"Nyiha (Malawi)"}, ["nys"] = {"Nyungar"}, ["nyt"] = {"Nyawaygi"}, ["nyu"] = {"Nyungwe"}, ["nyv"] = {"Nyulnyul"}, ["nyw"] = {"Nyaw"}, ["nyx"] = {"Nganyaywana"}, ["nyy"] = {"Nyakyusa-Ngonde"}, ["nza"] = {"Tigon Mbembe"}, ["nzb"] = {"Njebi"}, ["nzd"] = {"Nzadi"}, ["nzi"] = {"Nzima"}, ["nzk"] = {"Nzakara"}, ["nzm"] = {"Zeme Naga"}, ["nzr"] = {"Dir-Nyamzak-Mbarimi"}, ["nzs"] = {"New Zealand Sign Language"}, ["nzu"] = {"Teke-Nzikou"}, ["nzy"] = {"Nzakambay"}, ["nzz"] = {"Nanga Dama Dogon"}, ["oaa"] = {"Orok"}, ["oac"] = {"Oroch"}, ["oak"] = {"Noakhali", "Noakhailla"}, ["oar"] = {"Old Aramaic (up to 700 BCE)", "Ancient Aramaic (up to 700 BCE)"}, ["oav"] = {"Old Avar"}, ["obi"] = {"Obispeño"}, ["obk"] = {"Southern Bontok"}, ["obl"] = {"Oblo"}, ["obm"] = {"Moabite"}, ["obo"] = {"Obo Manobo"}, ["obr"] = {"Old Burmese"}, ["obt"] = {"Old Breton"}, ["obu"] = {"Obulom"}, ["oca"] = {"Ocaina"}, ["och"] = {"Old Chinese"}, ["ocm"] = {"Old Cham"}, ["oco"] = {"Old Cornish"}, ["ocu"] = {"Atzingo Matlatzinca"}, ["oda"] = {"Odut"}, ["odk"] = {"Od"}, ["odt"] = {"Old Dutch"}, ["odu"] = {"Odual"}, ["ofo"] = {"Ofo"}, ["ofs"] = {"Old Frisian"}, ["ofu"] = {"Efutop"}, ["ogb"] = {"Ogbia"}, ["ogc"] = {"Ogbah"}, ["oge"] = {"Old Georgian"}, ["ogg"] = {"Ogbogolo"}, ["ogo"] = {"Khana"}, ["ogu"] = {"Ogbronuagum"}, ["oht"] = {"Old Hittite"}, ["ohu"] = {"Old Hungarian"}, ["oia"] = {"Oirata"}, ["oie"] = {"Okolie"}, ["oin"] = {"Inebu One"}, ["ojb"] = {"Northwestern Ojibwa"}, ["ojc"] = {"Central Ojibwa"}, ["ojg"] = {"Eastern Ojibwa"}, ["ojp"] = {"Old Japanese"}, ["ojs"] = {"Severn Ojibwa"}, ["ojv"] = {"Ontong Java"}, ["ojw"] = {"Western Ojibwa"}, ["oka"] = {"Okanagan"}, ["okb"] = {"Okobo"}, ["okc"] = {"Kobo"}, ["okd"] = {"Okodia"}, ["oke"] = {"Okpe (Southwestern Edo)"}, ["okg"] = {"Koko Babangk"}, ["okh"] = {"Koresh-e Rostam"}, ["oki"] = {"Okiek"}, ["okj"] = {"Oko-Juwoi"}, ["okk"] = {"Kwamtim One"}, ["okl"] = {"Old Kentish Sign Language"}, ["okm"] = {"Middle Korean (10th-16th cent.)"}, ["okn"] = {"Oki-No-Erabu"}, ["oko"] = {"Old Korean (3rd-9th cent.)"}, ["okr"] = {"Kirike"}, ["oks"] = {"Oko-Eni-Osayen"}, ["oku"] = {"Oku"}, ["okv"] = {"Orokaiva"}, ["okx"] = {"Okpe (Northwestern Edo)"}, ["okz"] = {"Old Khmer"}, ["ola"] = {"Walungge"}, ["olb"] = {"Oli-Bodiman"}, ["old"] = {"Mochi"}, ["ole"] = {"Olekha"}, ["olk"] = {"Olkol"}, ["olm"] = {"Oloma"}, ["olo"] = {"Livvi"}, ["olr"] = {"Olrat"}, ["olt"] = {"Old Lithuanian"}, ["olu"] = {"Kuvale"}, ["oma"] = {"Omaha-Ponca"}, ["omb"] = {"East Ambae"}, ["omc"] = {"Mochica"}, ["omg"] = {"Omagua"}, ["omi"] = {"Omi"}, ["omk"] = {"Omok"}, ["oml"] = {"Ombo"}, ["omn"] = {"Minoan"}, ["omo"] = {"Utarmbung"}, ["omp"] = {"Old Manipuri"}, ["omq"] = {"Oto-Manguean languages"}, ["omr"] = {"Old Marathi"}, ["omt"] = {"Omotik"}, ["omu"] = {"Omurano"}, ["omv"] = {"Omotic languages"}, ["omw"] = {"South Tairora"}, ["omx"] = {"Old Mon"}, ["omy"] = {"Old Malay"}, ["ona"] = {"Ona"}, ["onb"] = {"Lingao"}, ["one"] = {"Oneida"}, ["ong"] = {"Olo"}, ["oni"] = {"Onin"}, ["onj"] = {"Onjob"}, ["onk"] = {"Kabore One"}, ["onn"] = {"Onobasulu"}, ["ono"] = {"Onondaga"}, ["onp"] = {"Sartang"}, ["onr"] = {"Northern One"}, ["ons"] = {"Ono"}, ["ont"] = {"Ontenu"}, ["onu"] = {"Unua"}, ["onw"] = {"Old Nubian"}, ["onx"] = {"Onin Based Pidgin"}, ["ood"] = {"Tohono O'odham"}, ["oog"] = {"Ong"}, ["oon"] = {"Önge"}, ["oor"] = {"Oorlams"}, ["oos"] = {"Old Ossetic"}, ["opa"] = {"Okpamheri"}, ["opk"] = {"Kopkaka"}, ["opm"] = {"Oksapmin"}, ["opo"] = {"Opao"}, ["opt"] = {"Opata"}, ["opy"] = {"Ofayé"}, ["ora"] = {"Oroha"}, ["orc"] = {"Orma"}, ["ore"] = {"Orejón"}, ["org"] = {"Oring"}, ["orh"] = {"Oroqen"}, ["orn"] = {"Orang Kanaq"}, ["oro"] = {"Orokolo"}, ["orr"] = {"Oruma"}, ["ors"] = {"Orang Seletar"}, ["ort"] = {"Adivasi Oriya"}, ["oru"] = {"Ormuri"}, ["orv"] = {"Old Russian"}, ["orw"] = {"Oro Win"}, ["orx"] = {"Oro"}, ["ory"] = {"Odia (individual language)", "Oriya (individual language)"}, ["orz"] = {"Ormu"}, ["osa"] = {"Osage"}, ["osc"] = {"Oscan"}, ["osd"] = {"Digor Ossetic", "Digor", "Digor Ossetian"}, ["osi"] = {"Osing"}, ["osn"] = {"Old Sundanese"}, ["oso"] = {"Ososo"}, ["osp"] = {"Old Spanish"}, ["ost"] = {"Osatu"}, ["osu"] = {"Southern One"}, ["osx"] = {"Old Saxon"}, ["ota"] = {"Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)"}, ["otb"] = {"Old Tibetan"}, ["otd"] = {"Ot Danum"}, ["ote"] = {"Mezquital Otomi"}, ["oti"] = {"Oti"}, ["otk"] = {"Old Turkish"}, ["otl"] = {"Tilapa Otomi"}, ["otm"] = {"Eastern Highland Otomi"}, ["otn"] = {"Tenango Otomi"}, ["oto"] = {"Otomian languages"}, ["otq"] = {"Querétaro Otomi"}, ["otr"] = {"Otoro"}, ["ots"] = {"Estado de México Otomi"}, ["ott"] = {"Temoaya Otomi"}, ["otu"] = {"Otuke"}, ["otw"] = {"Ottawa"}, ["otx"] = {"Texcatepec Otomi"}, ["oty"] = {"Old Tamil"}, ["otz"] = {"Ixtenco Otomi"}, ["oua"] = {"Tagargrent"}, ["oub"] = {"Glio-Oubi"}, ["oue"] = {"Oune"}, ["oui"] = {"Old Uighur"}, ["oum"] = {"Ouma"}, ["ovd"] = {"Elfdalian", "Övdalian"}, ["owi"] = {"Owiniga"}, ["owl"] = {"Old Welsh"}, ["oyb"] = {"Oy"}, ["oyd"] = {"Oyda"}, ["oym"] = {"Wayampi"}, ["oyy"] = {"Oya'oya"}, ["ozm"] = {"Koonzime"}, ["paa"] = {"Papuan languages"}, ["pab"] = {"Parecís"}, ["pac"] = {"Pacoh"}, ["pad"] = {"Paumarí"}, ["pae"] = {"Pagibete"}, ["paf"] = {"Paranawát"}, ["pag"] = {"Pangasinan"}, ["pah"] = {"Tenharim"}, ["pai"] = {"Pe"}, ["pak"] = {"Parakanã"}, ["pal"] = {"Pahlavi"}, ["pam"] = {"Pampanga", "Kapampangan"}, ["pao"] = {"Northern Paiute"}, ["pap"] = {"Papiamento"}, ["paq"] = {"Parya"}, ["par"] = {"Panamint", "Timbisha"}, ["pas"] = {"Papasena"}, ["pau"] = {"Palauan"}, ["pav"] = {"Pakaásnovos"}, ["paw"] = {"Pawnee"}, ["pax"] = {"Pankararé"}, ["pay"] = {"Pech"}, ["paz"] = {"Pankararú"}, ["pbb"] = {"Páez"}, ["pbc"] = {"Patamona"}, ["pbe"] = {"Mezontla Popoloca"}, ["pbf"] = {"Coyotepec Popoloca"}, ["pbg"] = {"Paraujano"}, ["pbh"] = {"E'ñapa Woromaipu"}, ["pbi"] = {"Parkwa"}, ["pbl"] = {"Mak (Nigeria)"}, ["pbm"] = {"Puebla Mazatec"}, ["pbn"] = {"Kpasam"}, ["pbo"] = {"Papel"}, ["pbp"] = {"Badyara"}, ["pbr"] = {"Pangwa"}, ["pbs"] = {"Central Pame"}, ["pbt"] = {"Southern Pashto"}, ["pbu"] = {"Northern Pashto"}, ["pbv"] = {"Pnar"}, ["pby"] = {"Pyu (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["pca"] = {"Santa Inés Ahuatempan Popoloca"}, ["pcb"] = {"Pear"}, ["pcc"] = {"Bouyei"}, ["pcd"] = {"Picard"}, ["pce"] = {"Ruching Palaung"}, ["pcf"] = {"Paliyan"}, ["pcg"] = {"Paniya"}, ["pch"] = {"Pardhan"}, ["pci"] = {"Duruwa"}, ["pcj"] = {"Parenga"}, ["pck"] = {"Paite Chin"}, ["pcl"] = {"Pardhi"}, ["pcm"] = {"Nigerian Pidgin"}, ["pcn"] = {"Piti"}, ["pcp"] = {"Pacahuara"}, ["pcw"] = {"Pyapun"}, ["pda"] = {"Anam"}, ["pdc"] = {"Pennsylvania German"}, ["pdi"] = {"Pa Di"}, ["pdn"] = {"Podena", "Fedan"}, ["pdo"] = {"Padoe"}, ["pdt"] = {"Plautdietsch"}, ["pdu"] = {"Kayan"}, ["pea"] = {"Peranakan Indonesian"}, ["peb"] = {"Eastern Pomo"}, ["ped"] = {"Mala (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["pee"] = {"Taje"}, ["pef"] = {"Northeastern Pomo"}, ["peg"] = {"Pengo"}, ["peh"] = {"Bonan"}, ["pei"] = {"Chichimeca-Jonaz"}, ["pej"] = {"Northern Pomo"}, ["pek"] = {"Penchal"}, ["pel"] = {"Pekal"}, ["pem"] = {"Phende"}, ["peo"] = {"Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)"}, ["pep"] = {"Kunja"}, ["peq"] = {"Southern Pomo"}, ["pes"] = {"Iranian Persian"}, ["pev"] = {"Pémono"}, ["pex"] = {"Petats"}, ["pey"] = {"Petjo"}, ["pez"] = {"Eastern Penan"}, ["pfa"] = {"Pááfang"}, ["pfe"] = {"Pere"}, ["pfl"] = {"Pfaelzisch"}, ["pga"] = {"Sudanese Creole Arabic"}, ["pgd"] = {"Gāndhārī"}, ["pgg"] = {"Pangwali"}, ["pgi"] = {"Pagi"}, ["pgk"] = {"Rerep"}, ["pgl"] = {"Primitive Irish"}, ["pgn"] = {"Paelignian"}, ["pgs"] = {"Pangseng"}, ["pgu"] = {"Pagu"}, ["pgz"] = {"Papua New Guinean Sign Language"}, ["pha"] = {"Pa-Hng"}, ["phd"] = {"Phudagi"}, ["phg"] = {"Phuong"}, ["phh"] = {"Phukha"}, ["phi"] = {"Philippine languages"}, ["phj"] = {"Pahari"}, ["phk"] = {"Phake"}, ["phl"] = {"Phalura", "Palula"}, ["phm"] = {"Phimbi"}, ["phn"] = {"Phoenician"}, ["pho"] = {"Phunoi"}, ["phq"] = {"Phana'"}, ["phr"] = {"Pahari-Potwari"}, ["pht"] = {"Phu Thai"}, ["phu"] = {"Phuan"}, ["phv"] = {"Pahlavani"}, ["phw"] = {"Phangduwali"}, ["pia"] = {"Pima Bajo"}, ["pib"] = {"Yine"}, ["pic"] = {"Pinji"}, ["pid"] = {"Piaroa"}, ["pie"] = {"Piro"}, ["pif"] = {"Pingelapese"}, ["pig"] = {"Pisabo"}, ["pih"] = {"Pitcairn-Norfolk"}, ["pij"] = {"Pijao"}, ["pil"] = {"Yom"}, ["pim"] = {"Powhatan"}, ["pin"] = {"Piame"}, ["pio"] = {"Piapoco"}, ["pip"] = {"Pero"}, ["pir"] = {"Piratapuyo"}, ["pis"] = {"Pijin"}, ["pit"] = {"Pitta Pitta"}, ["piu"] = {"Pintupi-Luritja"}, ["piv"] = {"Pileni", "Vaeakau-Taumako"}, ["piw"] = {"Pimbwe"}, ["pix"] = {"Piu"}, ["piy"] = {"Piya-Kwonci"}, ["piz"] = {"Pije"}, ["pjt"] = {"Pitjantjatjara"}, ["pka"] = {"Ardhamāgadhī Prākrit"}, ["pkb"] = {"Pokomo", "Kipfokomo"}, ["pkc"] = {"Paekche"}, ["pkg"] = {"Pak-Tong"}, ["pkh"] = {"Pankhu"}, ["pkn"] = {"Pakanha"}, ["pko"] = {"Pökoot"}, ["pkp"] = {"Pukapuka"}, ["pkr"] = {"Attapady Kurumba"}, ["pks"] = {"Pakistan Sign Language"}, ["pkt"] = {"Maleng"}, ["pku"] = {"Paku"}, ["pla"] = {"Miani"}, ["plb"] = {"Polonombauk"}, ["plc"] = {"Central Palawano"}, ["pld"] = {"Polari"}, ["ple"] = {"Palu'e"}, ["plf"] = {"Central Malayo-Polynesian languages"}, ["plg"] = {"Pilagá"}, ["plh"] = {"Paulohi"}, ["plk"] = {"Kohistani Shina"}, ["pll"] = {"Shwe Palaung"}, ["pln"] = {"Palenquero"}, ["plo"] = {"Oluta Popoluca"}, ["plq"] = {"Palaic"}, ["plr"] = {"Palaka Senoufo"}, ["pls"] = {"San Marcos Tlacoyalco Popoloca", "San Marcos Tlalcoyalco Popoloca"}, ["plt"] = {"Plateau Malagasy"}, ["plu"] = {"Palikúr"}, ["plv"] = {"Southwest Palawano"}, ["plw"] = {"Brooke's Point Palawano"}, ["ply"] = {"Bolyu"}, ["plz"] = {"Paluan"}, ["pma"] = {"Paama"}, ["pmb"] = {"Pambia"}, ["pmd"] = {"Pallanganmiddang"}, ["pme"] = {"Pwaamei"}, ["pmf"] = {"Pamona"}, ["pmh"] = {"Māhārāṣṭri Prākrit"}, ["pmi"] = {"Northern Pumi"}, ["pmj"] = {"Southern Pumi"}, ["pml"] = {"Lingua Franca"}, ["pmm"] = {"Pomo"}, ["pmn"] = {"Pam"}, ["pmo"] = {"Pom"}, ["pmq"] = {"Northern Pame"}, ["pmr"] = {"Paynamar"}, ["pms"] = {"Piemontese"}, ["pmt"] = {"Tuamotuan"}, ["pmw"] = {"Plains Miwok"}, ["pmx"] = {"Poumei Naga"}, ["pmy"] = {"Papuan Malay"}, ["pmz"] = {"Southern Pame"}, ["pna"] = {"Punan Bah-Biau"}, ["pnb"] = {"Western Panjabi"}, ["pnc"] = {"Pannei"}, ["pnd"] = {"Mpinda"}, ["pne"] = {"Western Penan"}, ["png"] = {"Pangu", "Pongu"}, ["pnh"] = {"Penrhyn"}, ["pni"] = {"Aoheng"}, ["pnj"] = {"Pinjarup"}, ["pnk"] = {"Paunaka"}, ["pnl"] = {"Paleni"}, ["pnm"] = {"Punan Batu 1"}, ["pnn"] = {"Pinai-Hagahai"}, ["pno"] = {"Panobo"}, ["pnp"] = {"Pancana"}, ["pnq"] = {"Pana (Burkina Faso)"}, ["pnr"] = {"Panim"}, ["pns"] = {"Ponosakan"}, ["pnt"] = {"Pontic"}, ["pnu"] = {"Jiongnai Bunu"}, ["pnv"] = {"Pinigura"}, ["pnw"] = {"Banyjima", "Panytyima"}, ["pnx"] = {"Phong-Kniang"}, ["pny"] = {"Pinyin"}, ["pnz"] = {"Pana (Central African Republic)"}, ["poc"] = {"Poqomam"}, ["poe"] = {"San Juan Atzingo Popoloca"}, ["pof"] = {"Poke"}, ["pog"] = {"Potiguára"}, ["poh"] = {"Poqomchi'"}, ["poi"] = {"Highland Popoluca"}, ["pok"] = {"Pokangá"}, ["pom"] = {"Southeastern Pomo"}, ["pon"] = {"Pohnpeian"}, ["poo"] = {"Central Pomo"}, ["pop"] = {"Pwapwâ"}, ["poq"] = {"Texistepec Popoluca"}, ["pos"] = {"Sayula Popoluca"}, ["pot"] = {"Potawatomi"}, ["pov"] = {"Upper Guinea Crioulo"}, ["pow"] = {"San Felipe Otlaltepec Popoloca"}, ["pox"] = {"Polabian"}, ["poy"] = {"Pogolo"}, ["poz"] = {"Malayo-Polynesian languages"}, ["ppe"] = {"Papi"}, ["ppi"] = {"Paipai"}, ["ppk"] = {"Uma"}, ["ppl"] = {"Pipil", "Nicarao"}, ["ppm"] = {"Papuma"}, ["ppn"] = {"Papapana"}, ["ppo"] = {"Folopa"}, ["ppp"] = {"Pelende"}, ["ppq"] = {"Pei"}, ["pps"] = {"San Luís Temalacayuca Popoloca"}, ["ppt"] = {"Pare"}, ["ppu"] = {"Papora"}, ["pqa"] = {"Pa'a"}, ["pqe"] = {"Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages"}, ["pqm"] = {"Malecite-Passamaquoddy"}, ["pqw"] = {"Western Malayo-Polynesian languages"}, ["pra"] = {"Prakrit languages"}, ["prc"] = {"Parachi"}, ["prd"] = {"Parsi-Dari"}, ["pre"] = {"Principense"}, ["prf"] = {"Paranan"}, ["prg"] = {"Prussian"}, ["prh"] = {"Porohanon"}, ["pri"] = {"Paicî"}, ["prk"] = {"Parauk"}, ["prl"] = {"Peruvian Sign Language"}, ["prm"] = {"Kibiri"}, ["prn"] = {"Prasuni"}, ["pro"] = {"Old Provençal (to 1500)", "Old Occitan (to 1500)"}, ["prq"] = {"Ashéninka Perené"}, ["prr"] = {"Puri"}, ["prs"] = {"Dari", "Afghan Persian"}, ["prt"] = {"Phai"}, ["pru"] = {"Puragi"}, ["prw"] = {"Parawen"}, ["prx"] = {"Purik"}, ["prz"] = {"Providencia Sign Language"}, ["psa"] = {"Asue Awyu"}, ["psc"] = {"Iranian Sign Language", "Persian Sign Language"}, ["psd"] = {"Plains Indian Sign Language"}, ["pse"] = {"Central Malay"}, ["psg"] = {"Penang Sign Language"}, ["psh"] = {"Southwest Pashai", "Southwest Pashayi"}, ["psi"] = {"Southeast Pashai", "Southeast Pashayi"}, ["psl"] = {"Puerto Rican Sign Language"}, ["psm"] = {"Pauserna"}, ["psn"] = {"Panasuan"}, ["pso"] = {"Polish Sign Language"}, ["psp"] = {"Philippine Sign Language"}, ["psq"] = {"Pasi"}, ["psr"] = {"Portuguese Sign Language"}, ["pss"] = {"Kaulong"}, ["pst"] = {"Central Pashto"}, ["psu"] = {"Sauraseni Prākrit"}, ["psw"] = {"Port Sandwich"}, ["psy"] = {"Piscataway"}, ["pta"] = {"Pai Tavytera"}, ["pth"] = {"Pataxó Hã-Ha-Hãe"}, ["pti"] = {"Pindiini", "Wangkatha"}, ["ptn"] = {"Patani"}, ["pto"] = {"Zo'é"}, ["ptp"] = {"Patep"}, ["ptq"] = {"Pattapu"}, ["ptr"] = {"Piamatsina"}, ["ptt"] = {"Enrekang"}, ["ptu"] = {"Bambam"}, ["ptv"] = {"Port Vato"}, ["ptw"] = {"Pentlatch"}, ["pty"] = {"Pathiya"}, ["pua"] = {"Western Highland Purepecha"}, ["pub"] = {"Purum"}, ["puc"] = {"Punan Merap"}, ["pud"] = {"Punan Aput"}, ["pue"] = {"Puelche"}, ["puf"] = {"Punan Merah"}, ["pug"] = {"Phuie"}, ["pui"] = {"Puinave"}, ["puj"] = {"Punan Tubu"}, ["pum"] = {"Puma"}, ["puo"] = {"Puoc"}, ["pup"] = {"Pulabu"}, ["puq"] = {"Puquina"}, ["pur"] = {"Puruborá"}, ["put"] = {"Putoh"}, ["puu"] = {"Punu"}, ["puw"] = {"Puluwatese"}, ["pux"] = {"Puare"}, ["puy"] = {"Purisimeño"}, ["pwa"] = {"Pawaia"}, ["pwb"] = {"Panawa"}, ["pwg"] = {"Gapapaiwa"}, ["pwi"] = {"Patwin"}, ["pwm"] = {"Molbog"}, ["pwn"] = {"Paiwan"}, ["pwo"] = {"Pwo Western Karen"}, ["pwr"] = {"Powari"}, ["pww"] = {"Pwo Northern Karen"}, ["pxm"] = {"Quetzaltepec Mixe"}, ["pye"] = {"Pye Krumen"}, ["pym"] = {"Fyam"}, ["pyn"] = {"Poyanáwa"}, ["pys"] = {"Paraguayan Sign Language", "Lengua de Señas del Paraguay"}, ["pyu"] = {"Puyuma"}, ["pyx"] = {"Pyu (Myanmar)"}, ["pyy"] = {"Pyen"}, ["pze"] = {"Pesse"}, ["pzh"] = {"Pazeh"}, ["pzn"] = {"Jejara Naga", "Para Naga"}, ["qua"] = {"Quapaw"}, ["qub"] = {"Huallaga Huánuco Quechua"}, ["quc"] = {"K'iche'", "Quiché"}, ["qud"] = {"Calderón Highland Quichua"}, ["quf"] = {"Lambayeque Quechua"}, ["qug"] = {"Chimborazo Highland Quichua"}, ["quh"] = {"South Bolivian Quechua"}, ["qui"] = {"Quileute"}, ["quk"] = {"Chachapoyas Quechua"}, ["qul"] = {"North Bolivian Quechua"}, ["qum"] = {"Sipacapense"}, ["qun"] = {"Quinault"}, ["qup"] = {"Southern Pastaza Quechua"}, ["quq"] = {"Quinqui"}, ["qur"] = {"Yanahuanca Pasco Quechua"}, ["qus"] = {"Santiago del Estero Quichua"}, ["quv"] = {"Sacapulteco"}, ["quw"] = {"Tena Lowland Quichua"}, ["qux"] = {"Yauyos Quechua"}, ["quy"] = {"Ayacucho Quechua"}, ["quz"] = {"Cusco Quechua"}, ["qva"] = {"Ambo-Pasco Quechua"}, ["qvc"] = {"Cajamarca Quechua"}, ["qve"] = {"Eastern Apurímac Quechua"}, ["qvh"] = {"Huamalíes-Dos de Mayo Huánuco Quechua"}, ["qvi"] = {"Imbabura Highland Quichua"}, ["qvj"] = {"Loja Highland Quichua"}, ["qvl"] = {"Cajatambo North Lima Quechua"}, ["qvm"] = {"Margos-Yarowilca-Lauricocha Quechua"}, ["qvn"] = {"North Junín Quechua"}, ["qvo"] = {"Napo Lowland Quechua"}, ["qvp"] = {"Pacaraos Quechua"}, ["qvs"] = {"San Martín Quechua"}, ["qvw"] = {"Huaylla Wanca Quechua"}, ["qvy"] = {"Queyu"}, ["qvz"] = {"Northern Pastaza Quichua"}, ["qwa"] = {"Corongo Ancash Quechua"}, ["qwc"] = {"Classical Quechua"}, ["qwe"] = {"Quechuan (family)"}, ["qwh"] = {"Huaylas Ancash Quechua"}, ["qwm"] = {"Kuman (Russia)"}, ["qws"] = {"Sihuas Ancash Quechua"}, ["qwt"] = {"Kwalhioqua-Tlatskanai"}, ["qxa"] = {"Chiquián Ancash Quechua"}, ["qxc"] = {"Chincha Quechua"}, ["qxh"] = {"Panao Huánuco Quechua"}, ["qxl"] = {"Salasaca Highland Quichua"}, ["qxn"] = {"Northern Conchucos Ancash Quechua"}, ["qxo"] = {"Southern Conchucos Ancash Quechua"}, ["qxp"] = {"Puno Quechua"}, ["qxq"] = {"Qashqa'i"}, ["qxr"] = {"Cañar Highland Quichua"}, ["qxs"] = {"Southern Qiang"}, ["qxt"] = {"Santa Ana de Tusi Pasco Quechua"}, ["qxu"] = {"Arequipa-La Unión Quechua"}, ["qxw"] = {"Jauja Wanca Quechua"}, ["qya"] = {"Quenya"}, ["qyp"] = {"Quiripi"}, ["raa"] = {"Dungmali"}, ["rab"] = {"Camling"}, ["rac"] = {"Rasawa"}, ["rad"] = {"Rade"}, ["raf"] = {"Western Meohang"}, ["rag"] = {"Logooli", "Lulogooli"}, ["rah"] = {"Rabha"}, ["rai"] = {"Ramoaaina"}, ["raj"] = {"Rajasthani"}, ["rak"] = {"Tulu-Bohuai"}, ["ral"] = {"Ralte"}, ["ram"] = {"Canela"}, ["ran"] = {"Riantana"}, ["rao"] = {"Rao"}, ["rap"] = {"Rapanui"}, ["raq"] = {"Saam"}, ["rar"] = {"Rarotongan", "Cook Islands Maori"}, ["ras"] = {"Tegali"}, ["rat"] = {"Razajerdi"}, ["rau"] = {"Raute"}, ["rav"] = {"Sampang"}, ["raw"] = {"Rawang"}, ["rax"] = {"Rang"}, ["ray"] = {"Rapa"}, ["raz"] = {"Rahambuu"}, ["rbb"] = {"Rumai Palaung"}, ["rbk"] = {"Northern Bontok"}, ["rbl"] = {"Miraya Bikol"}, ["rbp"] = {"Barababaraba"}, ["rcf"] = {"Réunion Creole French"}, ["rdb"] = {"Rudbari"}, ["rea"] = {"Rerau"}, ["reb"] = {"Rembong"}, ["ree"] = {"Rejang Kayan"}, ["reg"] = {"Kara (Tanzania)"}, ["rei"] = {"Reli"}, ["rej"] = {"Rejang"}, ["rel"] = {"Rendille"}, ["rem"] = {"Remo"}, ["ren"] = {"Rengao"}, ["rer"] = {"Rer Bare"}, ["res"] = {"Reshe"}, ["ret"] = {"Retta"}, ["rey"] = {"Reyesano"}, ["rga"] = {"Roria"}, ["rge"] = {"Romano-Greek"}, ["rgk"] = {"Rangkas"}, ["rgn"] = {"Romagnol"}, ["rgr"] = {"Resígaro"}, ["rgs"] = {"Southern Roglai"}, ["rgu"] = {"Ringgou"}, ["rhg"] = {"Rohingya"}, ["rhp"] = {"Yahang"}, ["ria"] = {"Riang (India)"}, ["rib"] = {"Bribri Sign Language"}, ["rif"] = {"Tarifit"}, ["ril"] = {"Riang Lang", "Riang (Myanmar)"}, ["rim"] = {"Nyaturu"}, ["rin"] = {"Nungu"}, ["rir"] = {"Ribun"}, ["rit"] = {"Ritharrngu"}, ["riu"] = {"Riung"}, ["rjg"] = {"Rajong"}, ["rji"] = {"Raji"}, ["rjs"] = {"Rajbanshi"}, ["rka"] = {"Kraol"}, ["rkb"] = {"Rikbaktsa"}, ["rkh"] = {"Rakahanga-Manihiki"}, ["rki"] = {"Rakhine"}, ["rkm"] = {"Marka"}, ["rkt"] = {"Rangpuri", "Kamta"}, ["rkw"] = {"Arakwal"}, ["rma"] = {"Rama"}, ["rmb"] = {"Rembarrnga"}, ["rmc"] = {"Carpathian Romani"}, ["rmd"] = {"Traveller Danish"}, ["rme"] = {"Angloromani"}, ["rmf"] = {"Kalo Finnish Romani"}, ["rmg"] = {"Traveller Norwegian"}, ["rmh"] = {"Murkim"}, ["rmi"] = {"Lomavren"}, ["rmk"] = {"Romkun"}, ["rml"] = {"Baltic Romani"}, ["rmm"] = {"Roma"}, ["rmn"] = {"Balkan Romani"}, ["rmo"] = {"Sinte Romani"}, ["rmp"] = {"Rempi"}, ["rmq"] = {"Caló"}, ["rms"] = {"Romanian Sign Language"}, ["rmt"] = {"Domari"}, ["rmu"] = {"Tavringer Romani"}, ["rmv"] = {"Romanova"}, ["rmw"] = {"Welsh Romani"}, ["rmx"] = {"Romam"}, ["rmy"] = {"Vlax Romani"}, ["rmz"] = {"Marma"}, ["rnb"] = {"Brunca Sign Language"}, ["rnd"] = {"Ruund"}, ["rng"] = {"Ronga"}, ["rnl"] = {"Ranglong"}, ["rnn"] = {"Roon"}, ["rnp"] = {"Rongpo"}, ["rnr"] = {"Nari Nari"}, ["rnw"] = {"Rungwa"}, ["roa"] = {"Romance languages"}, ["rob"] = {"Tae'"}, ["roc"] = {"Cacgia Roglai"}, ["rod"] = {"Rogo"}, ["roe"] = {"Ronji"}, ["rof"] = {"Rombo"}, ["rog"] = {"Northern Roglai"}, ["rol"] = {"Romblomanon"}, ["rom"] = {"Romany"}, ["roo"] = {"Rotokas"}, ["rop"] = {"Kriol"}, ["ror"] = {"Rongga"}, ["rou"] = {"Runga"}, ["row"] = {"Dela-Oenale"}, ["rpn"] = {"Repanbitip"}, ["rpt"] = {"Rapting"}, ["rri"] = {"Ririo"}, ["rrm"] = {"Moriori"}, ["rro"] = {"Waima"}, ["rrt"] = {"Arritinngithigh"}, ["rsb"] = {"Romano-Serbian"}, ["rsk"] = {"Ruthenian", "Rusnak"}, ["rsl"] = {"Russian Sign Language"}, ["rsm"] = {"Miriwoong Sign Language"}, ["rsn"] = {"Rwandan Sign Language"}, ["rsw"] = {"Rishiwa"}, ["rtc"] = {"Rungtu Chin"}, ["rth"] = {"Ratahan"}, ["rtm"] = {"Rotuman"}, ["rts"] = {"Yurats"}, ["rtw"] = {"Rathawi"}, ["rub"] = {"Gungu"}, ["ruc"] = {"Ruuli"}, ["rue"] = {"Rusyn"}, ["ruf"] = {"Luguru"}, ["rug"] = {"Roviana"}, ["ruh"] = {"Ruga"}, ["rui"] = {"Rufiji"}, ["ruk"] = {"Che"}, ["ruo"] = {"Istro Romanian"}, ["rup"] = {"Macedo-Romanian", "Aromanian", "Arumanian"}, ["ruq"] = {"Megleno Romanian"}, ["rut"] = {"Rutul"}, ["ruu"] = {"Lanas Lobu"}, ["ruy"] = {"Mala (Nigeria)"}, ["ruz"] = {"Ruma"}, ["rwa"] = {"Rawo"}, ["rwk"] = {"Rwa"}, ["rwl"] = {"Ruwila"}, ["rwm"] = {"Amba (Uganda)"}, ["rwo"] = {"Rawa"}, ["rwr"] = {"Marwari (India)"}, ["rxd"] = {"Ngardi"}, ["rxw"] = {"Karuwali", "Garuwali"}, ["ryn"] = {"Northern Amami-Oshima"}, ["rys"] = {"Yaeyama"}, ["ryu"] = {"Central Okinawan"}, ["rzh"] = {"Rāziḥī"}, ["saa"] = {"Saba"}, ["sab"] = {"Buglere"}, ["sac"] = {"Meskwaki"}, ["sad"] = {"Sandawe"}, ["sae"] = {"Sabanê"}, ["saf"] = {"Safaliba"}, ["sah"] = {"Yakut"}, ["sai"] = {"South American Indian languages"}, ["saj"] = {"Sahu"}, ["sak"] = {"Sake"}, ["sal"] = {"Salishan languages"}, ["sam"] = {"Samaritan Aramaic"}, ["sao"] = {"Sause"}, ["saq"] = {"Samburu"}, ["sar"] = {"Saraveca"}, ["sas"] = {"Sasak"}, ["sat"] = {"Santali"}, ["sau"] = {"Saleman"}, ["sav"] = {"Saafi-Saafi"}, ["saw"] = {"Sawi"}, ["sax"] = {"Sa"}, ["say"] = {"Saya"}, ["saz"] = {"Saurashtra"}, ["sba"] = {"Ngambay"}, ["sbb"] = {"Simbo"}, ["sbc"] = {"Kele (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["sbd"] = {"Southern Samo"}, ["sbe"] = {"Saliba"}, ["sbf"] = {"Chabu", "Shabo"}, ["sbg"] = {"Seget"}, ["sbh"] = {"Sori-Harengan"}, ["sbi"] = {"Seti"}, ["sbj"] = {"Surbakhal"}, ["sbk"] = {"Safwa"}, ["sbl"] = {"Botolan Sambal"}, ["sbm"] = {"Sagala"}, ["sbn"] = {"Sindhi Bhil"}, ["sbo"] = {"Sabüm"}, ["sbp"] = {"Sangu (Tanzania)"}, ["sbq"] = {"Sileibi"}, ["sbr"] = {"Sembakung Murut"}, ["sbs"] = {"Subiya"}, ["sbt"] = {"Kimki"}, ["sbu"] = {"Stod Bhoti"}, ["sbv"] = {"Sabine"}, ["sbw"] = {"Simba"}, ["sbx"] = {"Seberuang"}, ["sby"] = {"Soli"}, ["sbz"] = {"Sara Kaba"}, ["scb"] = {"Chut"}, ["sce"] = {"Dongxiang"}, ["scf"] = {"San Miguel Creole French"}, ["scg"] = {"Sanggau"}, ["sch"] = {"Sakachep"}, ["sci"] = {"Sri Lankan Creole Malay"}, ["sck"] = {"Sadri"}, ["scl"] = {"Shina"}, ["scn"] = {"Sicilian"}, ["sco"] = {"Scots"}, ["scp"] = {"Hyolmo", "Helambu Sherpa"}, ["scq"] = {"Sa'och"}, ["scs"] = {"North Slavey"}, ["sct"] = {"Southern Katang"}, ["scu"] = {"Shumcho"}, ["scv"] = {"Sheni"}, ["scw"] = {"Sha"}, ["scx"] = {"Sicel"}, ["scz"] = {"Shaetlan"}, ["sda"] = {"Toraja-Sa'dan"}, ["sdb"] = {"Shabak"}, ["sdc"] = {"Sassarese Sardinian"}, ["sde"] = {"Surubu"}, ["sdf"] = {"Sarli"}, ["sdg"] = {"Savi"}, ["sdh"] = {"Southern Kurdish"}, ["sdj"] = {"Suundi"}, ["sdk"] = {"Sos Kundi"}, ["sdl"] = {"Saudi Arabian Sign Language"}, ["sdn"] = {"Gallurese Sardinian"}, ["sdo"] = {"Bukar-Sadung Bidayuh"}, ["sdp"] = {"Sherdukpen"}, ["sdq"] = {"Semandang"}, ["sdr"] = {"Oraon Sadri"}, ["sds"] = {"Sened"}, ["sdt"] = {"Shuadit"}, ["sdu"] = {"Sarudu"}, ["sdv"] = {"Eastern Sudanic languages"}, ["sdx"] = {"Sibu Melanau"}, ["sdz"] = {"Sallands"}, ["sea"] = {"Semai"}, ["seb"] = {"Shempire Senoufo"}, ["sec"] = {"Sechelt", "She shashishalhem"}, ["sed"] = {"Sedang"}, ["see"] = {"Seneca"}, ["sef"] = {"Cebaara Senoufo"}, ["seg"] = {"Segeju"}, ["seh"] = {"Sena"}, ["sei"] = {"Seri"}, ["sej"] = {"Sene"}, ["sek"] = {"Sekani"}, ["sel"] = {"Selkup"}, ["sem"] = {"Semitic languages"}, ["sen"] = {"Nanerigé Sénoufo"}, ["seo"] = {"Suarmin"}, ["sep"] = {"Sìcìté Sénoufo"}, ["seq"] = {"Senara Sénoufo"}, ["ser"] = {"Serrano"}, ["ses"] = {"Koyraboro Senni Songhai"}, ["set"] = {"Sentani"}, ["seu"] = {"Serui-Laut"}, ["sev"] = {"Nyarafolo Senoufo"}, ["sew"] = {"Sewa Bay"}, ["sey"] = {"Secoya"}, ["sez"] = {"Senthang Chin"}, ["sfb"] = {"Langue des signes de Belgique Francophone", "French Belgian Sign Language"}, ["sfe"] = {"Eastern Subanen"}, ["sfm"] = {"Small Flowery Miao"}, ["sfs"] = {"South African Sign Language"}, ["sfw"] = {"Sehwi"}, ["sga"] = {"Old Irish (to 900)"}, ["sgb"] = {"Mag-antsi Ayta"}, ["sgc"] = {"Kipsigis"}, ["sgd"] = {"Surigaonon"}, ["sge"] = {"Segai"}, ["sgg"] = {"Swiss-German Sign Language"}, ["sgh"] = {"Shughni"}, ["sgi"] = {"Suga"}, ["sgj"] = {"Surgujia"}, ["sgk"] = {"Sangkong"}, ["sgm"] = {"Singa"}, ["sgn"] = {"Sign languages"}, ["sgp"] = {"Singpho"}, ["sgr"] = {"Sangisari"}, ["sgs"] = {"Samogitian"}, ["sgt"] = {"Brokpake"}, ["sgu"] = {"Salas"}, ["sgw"] = {"Sebat Bet Gurage"}, ["sgx"] = {"Sierra Leone Sign Language"}, ["sgy"] = {"Sanglechi"}, ["sgz"] = {"Sursurunga"}, ["sha"] = {"Shall-Zwall"}, ["shb"] = {"Ninam"}, ["shc"] = {"Sonde"}, ["shd"] = {"Kundal Shahi"}, ["she"] = {"Sheko"}, ["shg"] = {"Shua"}, ["shh"] = {"Shoshoni"}, ["shi"] = {"Tachelhit"}, ["shj"] = {"Shatt"}, ["shk"] = {"Shilluk"}, ["shl"] = {"Shendu"}, ["shm"] = {"Shahrudi"}, ["shn"] = {"Shan"}, ["sho"] = {"Shanga"}, ["shp"] = {"Shipibo-Conibo"}, ["shq"] = {"Sala"}, ["shr"] = {"Shi"}, ["shs"] = {"Shuswap", "Secwepemctsín"}, ["sht"] = {"Shasta"}, ["shu"] = {"Chadian Arabic"}, ["shv"] = {"Shehri"}, ["shw"] = {"Shwai"}, ["shx"] = {"She"}, ["shy"] = {"Tachawit"}, ["shz"] = {"Syenara Senoufo"}, ["sia"] = {"Akkala Sami"}, ["sib"] = {"Sebop"}, ["sid"] = {"Sidamo"}, ["sie"] = {"Simaa"}, ["sif"] = {"Siamou"}, ["sig"] = {"Paasaal"}, ["sih"] = {"Zire", "Sîshëë"}, ["sii"] = {"Shom Peng"}, ["sij"] = {"Numbami"}, ["sik"] = {"Sikiana"}, ["sil"] = {"Tumulung Sisaala"}, ["sim"] = {"Mende (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["sio"] = {"Siouan languages"}, ["sip"] = {"Sikkimese"}, ["siq"] = {"Sonia"}, ["sir"] = {"Siri"}, ["sis"] = {"Siuslaw"}, ["sit"] = {"Sino-Tibetan languages"}, ["siu"] = {"Sinagen"}, ["siv"] = {"Sumariup"}, ["siw"] = {"Siwai"}, ["six"] = {"Sumau"}, ["siy"] = {"Sivandi"}, ["siz"] = {"Siwi"}, ["sja"] = {"Epena"}, ["sjb"] = {"Sajau Basap"}, ["sjc"] = {"Shaojiang Chinese"}, ["sjd"] = {"Kildin Sami"}, ["sje"] = {"Pite Sami"}, ["sjg"] = {"Assangori"}, ["sjk"] = {"Kemi Sami"}, ["sjl"] = {"Sajalong", "Miji"}, ["sjm"] = {"Mapun"}, ["sjn"] = {"Sindarin"}, ["sjo"] = {"Xibe"}, ["sjp"] = {"Surjapuri"}, ["sjr"] = {"Siar-Lak"}, ["sjs"] = {"Senhaja De Srair"}, ["sjt"] = {"Ter Sami"}, ["sju"] = {"Ume Sami"}, ["sjw"] = {"Shawnee"}, ["ska"] = {"Skagit"}, ["skb"] = {"Saek"}, ["skc"] = {"Ma Manda"}, ["skd"] = {"Southern Sierra Miwok"}, ["ske"] = {"Seke (Vanuatu)"}, ["skf"] = {"Sakirabiá"}, ["skg"] = {"Sakalava Malagasy"}, ["skh"] = {"Sikule"}, ["ski"] = {"Sika"}, ["skj"] = {"Seke (Nepal)"}, ["skm"] = {"Kutong"}, ["skn"] = {"Kolibugan Subanon"}, ["sko"] = {"Seko Tengah"}, ["skp"] = {"Sekapan"}, ["skq"] = {"Sininkere"}, ["skr"] = {"Saraiki", "Seraiki"}, ["sks"] = {"Maia"}, ["skt"] = {"Sakata"}, ["sku"] = {"Sakao"}, ["skv"] = {"Skou"}, ["skw"] = {"Skepi Creole Dutch"}, ["skx"] = {"Seko Padang"}, ["sky"] = {"Sikaiana"}, ["skz"] = {"Sekar"}, ["sla"] = {"Slavic languages"}, ["slc"] = {"Sáliba"}, ["sld"] = {"Sissala"}, ["sle"] = {"Sholaga"}, ["slf"] = {"Swiss-Italian Sign Language"}, ["slg"] = {"Selungai Murut"}, ["slh"] = {"Southern Puget Sound Salish"}, ["sli"] = {"Lower Silesian"}, ["slj"] = {"Salumá"}, ["sll"] = {"Salt-Yui"}, ["slm"] = {"Pangutaran Sama"}, ["sln"] = {"Salinan"}, ["slp"] = {"Lamaholot"}, ["slr"] = {"Salar"}, ["sls"] = {"Singapore Sign Language"}, ["slt"] = {"Sila"}, ["slu"] = {"Selaru"}, ["slw"] = {"Sialum"}, ["slx"] = {"Salampasu"}, ["sly"] = {"Selayar"}, ["slz"] = {"Ma'ya"}, ["sma"] = {"Southern Sami"}, ["smb"] = {"Simbari"}, ["smc"] = {"Som"}, ["smf"] = {"Auwe"}, ["smg"] = {"Simbali"}, ["smh"] = {"Samei"}, ["smi"] = {"Sami languages"}, ["smj"] = {"Lule Sami"}, ["smk"] = {"Bolinao"}, ["sml"] = {"Central Sama"}, ["smm"] = {"Musasa"}, ["smn"] = {"Inari Sami"}, ["smp"] = {"Samaritan"}, ["smq"] = {"Samo"}, ["smr"] = {"Simeulue"}, ["sms"] = {"Skolt Sami"}, ["smt"] = {"Simte"}, ["smu"] = {"Somray"}, ["smv"] = {"Samvedi"}, ["smw"] = {"Sumbawa"}, ["smx"] = {"Samba"}, ["smy"] = {"Semnani"}, ["smz"] = {"Simeku"}, ["snc"] = {"Sinaugoro"}, ["sne"] = {"Bau Bidayuh"}, ["snf"] = {"Noon"}, ["sng"] = {"Sanga (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["sni"] = {"Sensi"}, ["snj"] = {"Riverain Sango"}, ["snk"] = {"Soninke"}, ["snl"] = {"Sangil"}, ["snm"] = {"Southern Ma'di"}, ["snn"] = {"Siona"}, ["sno"] = {"Snohomish"}, ["snp"] = {"Siane"}, ["snq"] = {"Sangu (Gabon)"}, ["snr"] = {"Sihan"}, ["sns"] = {"South West Bay", "Nahavaq"}, ["snu"] = {"Senggi", "Viid"}, ["snv"] = {"Sa'ban"}, ["snw"] = {"Selee"}, ["snx"] = {"Sam"}, ["sny"] = {"Saniyo-Hiyewe"}, ["snz"] = {"Kou"}, ["soa"] = {"Thai Song"}, ["sob"] = {"Sobei"}, ["soc"] = {"So (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["sod"] = {"Songoora"}, ["soe"] = {"Songomeno"}, ["sog"] = {"Sogdian"}, ["soh"] = {"Aka"}, ["soi"] = {"Sonha"}, ["soj"] = {"Soi"}, ["sok"] = {"Sokoro"}, ["sol"] = {"Solos"}, ["son"] = {"Songhai languages"}, ["soo"] = {"Songo"}, ["sop"] = {"Songe"}, ["soq"] = {"Kanasi"}, ["sor"] = {"Somrai"}, ["sos"] = {"Seeku"}, ["sou"] = {"Southern Thai"}, ["sov"] = {"Sonsorol"}, ["sow"] = {"Sowanda"}, ["sox"] = {"Swo"}, ["soy"] = {"Miyobe"}, ["soz"] = {"Temi"}, ["spb"] = {"Sepa (Indonesia)"}, ["spc"] = {"Sapé"}, ["spd"] = {"Saep"}, ["spe"] = {"Sepa (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["spg"] = {"Sian"}, ["spi"] = {"Saponi"}, ["spk"] = {"Sengo"}, ["spl"] = {"Selepet"}, ["spm"] = {"Akukem"}, ["spn"] = {"Sanapaná"}, ["spo"] = {"Spokane"}, ["spp"] = {"Supyire Senoufo"}, ["spq"] = {"Loreto-Ucayali Spanish"}, ["spr"] = {"Saparua"}, ["sps"] = {"Saposa"}, ["spt"] = {"Spiti Bhoti"}, ["spu"] = {"Sapuan"}, ["spv"] = {"Sambalpuri", "Kosli"}, ["spx"] = {"South Picene"}, ["spy"] = {"Sabaot"}, ["sqa"] = {"Shama-Sambuga"}, ["sqh"] = {"Shau"}, ["sqj"] = {"Albanian languages"}, ["sqk"] = {"Albanian Sign Language"}, ["sqm"] = {"Suma"}, ["sqn"] = {"Susquehannock"}, ["sqo"] = {"Sorkhei"}, ["sqq"] = {"Sou"}, ["sqr"] = {"Siculo Arabic"}, ["sqs"] = {"Sri Lankan Sign Language"}, ["sqt"] = {"Soqotri"}, ["squ"] = {"Squamish", "Sḵwx̱wú7mesh sníchim"}, ["sqx"] = {"Kufr Qassem Sign Language (KQSL)"}, ["sra"] = {"Saruga"}, ["srb"] = {"Sora"}, ["src"] = {"Logudorese Sardinian"}, ["sre"] = {"Sara"}, ["srf"] = {"Nafi"}, ["srg"] = {"Sulod"}, ["srh"] = {"Sarikoli"}, ["sri"] = {"Siriano"}, ["srk"] = {"Serudung Murut"}, ["srl"] = {"Isirawa"}, ["srm"] = {"Saramaccan"}, ["srn"] = {"Sranan Tongo"}, ["sro"] = {"Campidanese Sardinian"}, ["srq"] = {"Sirionó"}, ["srr"] = {"Serer"}, ["srs"] = {"Sarsi"}, ["srt"] = {"Sauri"}, ["sru"] = {"Suruí"}, ["srv"] = {"Southern Sorsoganon"}, ["srw"] = {"Serua"}, ["srx"] = {"Sirmauri"}, ["sry"] = {"Sera"}, ["srz"] = {"Shahmirzadi"}, ["ssa"] = {"Nilo-Saharan languages"}, ["ssb"] = {"Southern Sama"}, ["ssc"] = {"Suba-Simbiti"}, ["ssd"] = {"Siroi"}, ["sse"] = {"Balangingi", "Bangingih Sama"}, ["ssf"] = {"Thao"}, ["ssg"] = {"Seimat"}, ["ssh"] = {"Shihhi Arabic"}, ["ssi"] = {"Sansi"}, ["ssj"] = {"Sausi"}, ["ssk"] = {"Sunam"}, ["ssl"] = {"Western Sisaala"}, ["ssm"] = {"Semnam"}, ["ssn"] = {"Waata"}, ["sso"] = {"Sissano"}, ["ssp"] = {"Spanish Sign Language"}, ["ssq"] = {"So'a"}, ["ssr"] = {"Swiss-French Sign Language"}, ["sss"] = {"Sô"}, ["sst"] = {"Sinasina"}, ["ssu"] = {"Susuami"}, ["ssv"] = {"Shark Bay"}, ["ssx"] = {"Samberigi"}, ["ssy"] = {"Saho"}, ["ssz"] = {"Sengseng"}, ["sta"] = {"Settla"}, ["stb"] = {"Northern Subanen"}, ["std"] = {"Sentinel"}, ["ste"] = {"Liana-Seti"}, ["stf"] = {"Seta"}, ["stg"] = {"Trieng"}, ["sth"] = {"Shelta"}, ["sti"] = {"Bulo Stieng"}, ["stj"] = {"Matya Samo"}, ["stk"] = {"Arammba"}, ["stl"] = {"Stellingwerfs"}, ["stm"] = {"Setaman"}, ["stn"] = {"Owa"}, ["sto"] = {"Stoney"}, ["stp"] = {"Southeastern Tepehuan"}, ["stq"] = {"Saterfriesisch"}, ["str"] = {"Straits Salish"}, ["sts"] = {"Shumashti"}, ["stt"] = {"Budeh Stieng"}, ["stu"] = {"Samtao"}, ["stv"] = {"Silt'e"}, ["stw"] = {"Satawalese"}, ["sty"] = {"Siberian Tatar"}, ["sua"] = {"Sulka"}, ["sub"] = {"Suku"}, ["suc"] = {"Western Subanon"}, ["sue"] = {"Suena"}, ["sug"] = {"Suganga"}, ["sui"] = {"Suki"}, ["suj"] = {"Shubi"}, ["suk"] = {"Sukuma"}, ["suo"] = {"Bouni"}, ["suq"] = {"Tirmaga-Chai Suri", "Suri"}, ["sur"] = {"Mwaghavul"}, ["sus"] = {"Susu"}, ["sut"] = {"Subtiaba"}, ["suv"] = {"Puroik"}, ["suw"] = {"Sumbwa"}, ["sux"] = {"Sumerian"}, ["suy"] = {"Suyá"}, ["suz"] = {"Sunwar"}, ["sva"] = {"Svan"}, ["svb"] = {"Ulau-Suain"}, ["svc"] = {"Vincentian Creole English"}, ["sve"] = {"Serili"}, ["svk"] = {"Slovakian Sign Language"}, ["svm"] = {"Slavomolisano"}, ["svs"] = {"Savosavo"}, ["svx"] = {"Skalvian"}, ["swb"] = {"Maore Comorian"}, ["swc"] = {"Congo Swahili"}, ["swf"] = {"Sere"}, ["swg"] = {"Swabian"}, ["swh"] = {"Swahili (individual language)", "Kiswahili"}, ["swi"] = {"Sui"}, ["swj"] = {"Sira"}, ["swk"] = {"Malawi Sena"}, ["swl"] = {"Swedish Sign Language"}, ["swm"] = {"Samosa"}, ["swn"] = {"Sawknah"}, ["swo"] = {"Shanenawa"}, ["swp"] = {"Suau"}, ["swq"] = {"Sharwa"}, ["swr"] = {"Saweru"}, ["sws"] = {"Seluwasan"}, ["swt"] = {"Sawila"}, ["swu"] = {"Suwawa"}, ["swv"] = {"Shekhawati"}, ["sww"] = {"Sowa"}, ["swx"] = {"Suruahá"}, ["swy"] = {"Sarua"}, ["sxb"] = {"Suba"}, ["sxc"] = {"Sicanian"}, ["sxe"] = {"Sighu"}, ["sxg"] = {"Shuhi", "Shixing"}, ["sxk"] = {"Southern Kalapuya"}, ["sxl"] = {"Selian"}, ["sxm"] = {"Samre"}, ["sxn"] = {"Sangir"}, ["sxo"] = {"Sorothaptic"}, ["sxr"] = {"Saaroa"}, ["sxs"] = {"Sasaru"}, ["sxu"] = {"Upper Saxon"}, ["sxw"] = {"Saxwe Gbe"}, ["sya"] = {"Siang"}, ["syb"] = {"Central Subanen"}, ["syc"] = {"Classical Syriac"}, ["syd"] = {"Samoyedic languages"}, ["syi"] = {"Seki"}, ["syk"] = {"Sukur"}, ["syl"] = {"Sylheti"}, ["sym"] = {"Maya Samo"}, ["syn"] = {"Senaya"}, ["syo"] = {"Suoy"}, ["syr"] = {"Syriac"}, ["sys"] = {"Sinyar"}, ["syw"] = {"Kagate"}, ["syx"] = {"Samay"}, ["syy"] = {"Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language"}, ["sza"] = {"Semelai"}, ["szb"] = {"Ngalum"}, ["szc"] = {"Semaq Beri"}, ["sze"] = {"Seze"}, ["szg"] = {"Sengele"}, ["szl"] = {"Silesian"}, ["szn"] = {"Sula"}, ["szp"] = {"Suabo"}, ["szs"] = {"Solomon Islands Sign Language"}, ["szv"] = {"Isu (Fako Division)"}, ["szw"] = {"Sawai"}, ["szy"] = {"Sakizaya"}, ["taa"] = {"Lower Tanana"}, ["tab"] = {"Tabassaran"}, ["tac"] = {"Lowland Tarahumara"}, ["tad"] = {"Tause"}, ["tae"] = {"Tariana"}, ["taf"] = {"Tapirapé"}, ["tag"] = {"Tagoi"}, ["tai"] = {"Tai languages"}, ["taj"] = {"Eastern Tamang"}, ["tak"] = {"Tala"}, ["tal"] = {"Tal"}, ["tan"] = {"Tangale"}, ["tao"] = {"Yami"}, ["tap"] = {"Taabwa"}, ["taq"] = {"Tamasheq"}, ["tar"] = {"Central Tarahumara"}, ["tas"] = {"Tay Boi"}, ["tau"] = {"Upper Tanana"}, ["tav"] = {"Tatuyo"}, ["taw"] = {"Tai"}, ["tax"] = {"Tamki"}, ["tay"] = {"Atayal"}, ["taz"] = {"Tocho"}, ["tba"] = {"Aikanã"}, ["tbc"] = {"Takia"}, ["tbd"] = {"Kaki Ae"}, ["tbe"] = {"Tanimbili"}, ["tbf"] = {"Mandara"}, ["tbg"] = {"North Tairora"}, ["tbh"] = {"Dharawal", "Thurawal"}, ["tbi"] = {"Gaam"}, ["tbj"] = {"Tiang"}, ["tbk"] = {"Calamian Tagbanwa"}, ["tbl"] = {"Tboli"}, ["tbm"] = {"Tagbu"}, ["tbn"] = {"Barro Negro Tunebo"}, ["tbo"] = {"Tawala"}, ["tbp"] = {"Taworta", "Diebroud"}, ["tbq"] = {"Tibeto-Burman languages"}, ["tbr"] = {"Tumtum"}, ["tbs"] = {"Tanguat"}, ["tbt"] = {"Tembo (Kitembo)"}, ["tbu"] = {"Tubar"}, ["tbv"] = {"Tobo"}, ["tbw"] = {"Tagbanwa"}, ["tbx"] = {"Kapin"}, ["tby"] = {"Tabaru"}, ["tbz"] = {"Ditammari"}, ["tca"] = {"Ticuna"}, ["tcb"] = {"Tanacross"}, ["tcc"] = {"Datooga"}, ["tcd"] = {"Tafi"}, ["tce"] = {"Southern Tutchone"}, ["tcf"] = {"Malinaltepec Me'phaa", "Malinaltepec Tlapanec"}, ["tcg"] = {"Tamagario"}, ["tch"] = {"Turks And Caicos Creole English"}, ["tci"] = {"Wára"}, ["tck"] = {"Tchitchege"}, ["tcl"] = {"Taman (Myanmar)"}, ["tcm"] = {"Tanahmerah"}, ["tcn"] = {"Tichurong"}, ["tco"] = {"Taungyo"}, ["tcp"] = {"Tawr Chin"}, ["tcq"] = {"Kaiy"}, ["tcs"] = {"Torres Strait Creole", "Yumplatok"}, ["tct"] = {"T'en"}, ["tcu"] = {"Southeastern Tarahumara"}, ["tcw"] = {"Tecpatlán Totonac"}, ["tcx"] = {"Toda"}, ["tcy"] = {"Tulu"}, ["tcz"] = {"Thado Chin"}, ["tda"] = {"Tagdal"}, ["tdb"] = {"Panchpargania"}, ["tdc"] = {"Emberá-Tadó"}, ["tdd"] = {"Tai Nüa"}, ["tde"] = {"Tiranige Diga Dogon"}, ["tdf"] = {"Talieng"}, ["tdg"] = {"Western Tamang"}, ["tdh"] = {"Thulung"}, ["tdi"] = {"Tomadino"}, ["tdj"] = {"Tajio"}, ["tdk"] = {"Tambas"}, ["tdl"] = {"Sur"}, ["tdm"] = {"Taruma"}, ["tdn"] = {"Tondano"}, ["tdo"] = {"Teme"}, ["tdq"] = {"Tita"}, ["tdr"] = {"Todrah"}, ["tds"] = {"Doutai"}, ["tdt"] = {"Tetun Dili"}, ["tdv"] = {"Toro"}, ["tdx"] = {"Tandroy-Mahafaly Malagasy"}, ["tdy"] = {"Tadyawan"}, ["tea"] = {"Temiar"}, ["teb"] = {"Tetete"}, ["tec"] = {"Terik"}, ["ted"] = {"Tepo Krumen"}, ["tee"] = {"Huehuetla Tepehua"}, ["tef"] = {"Teressa"}, ["teg"] = {"Teke-Tege"}, ["teh"] = {"Tehuelche"}, ["tei"] = {"Torricelli"}, ["tek"] = {"Ibali Teke"}, ["tem"] = {"Timne"}, ["ten"] = {"Tama (Colombia)"}, ["teo"] = {"Teso"}, ["tep"] = {"Tepecano"}, ["teq"] = {"Temein"}, ["ter"] = {"Tereno"}, ["tes"] = {"Tengger"}, ["tet"] = {"Tetum"}, ["teu"] = {"Soo"}, ["tev"] = {"Teor"}, ["tew"] = {"Tewa (USA)"}, ["tex"] = {"Tennet"}, ["tey"] = {"Tulishi"}, ["tez"] = {"Tetserret"}, ["tfi"] = {"Tofin Gbe"}, ["tfn"] = {"Tanaina"}, ["tfo"] = {"Tefaro"}, ["tfr"] = {"Teribe"}, ["tft"] = {"Ternate"}, ["tga"] = {"Sagalla"}, ["tgb"] = {"Tobilung"}, ["tgc"] = {"Tigak"}, ["tgd"] = {"Ciwogai"}, ["tge"] = {"Eastern Gorkha Tamang"}, ["tgf"] = {"Chalikha"}, ["tgh"] = {"Tobagonian Creole English"}, ["tgi"] = {"Lawunuia"}, ["tgj"] = {"Tagin"}, ["tgn"] = {"Tandaganon"}, ["tgo"] = {"Sudest"}, ["tgp"] = {"Tangoa"}, ["tgq"] = {"Tring"}, ["tgr"] = {"Tareng"}, ["tgs"] = {"Nume"}, ["tgt"] = {"Central Tagbanwa"}, ["tgu"] = {"Tanggu"}, ["tgv"] = {"Tingui-Boto"}, ["tgw"] = {"Tagwana Senoufo"}, ["tgx"] = {"Tagish"}, ["tgy"] = {"Togoyo"}, ["tgz"] = {"Tagalaka"}, ["thd"] = {"Kuuk Thaayorre", "Thayore"}, ["the"] = {"Chitwania Tharu"}, ["thf"] = {"Thangmi"}, ["thh"] = {"Northern Tarahumara"}, ["thi"] = {"Tai Long"}, ["thk"] = {"Tharaka", "Kitharaka"}, ["thl"] = {"Dangaura Tharu"}, ["thm"] = {"Aheu"}, ["thn"] = {"Thachanadan"}, ["thp"] = {"Thompson", "Nłeʔkepmxcín", "Thompson River Salish"}, ["thq"] = {"Kochila Tharu"}, ["thr"] = {"Rana Tharu"}, ["ths"] = {"Thakali"}, ["tht"] = {"Tahltan", "Tāłtān"}, ["thu"] = {"Thuri"}, ["thv"] = {"Tahaggart Tamahaq"}, ["thy"] = {"Tha"}, ["thz"] = {"Tayart Tamajeq"}, ["tia"] = {"Tidikelt Tamazight"}, ["tic"] = {"Tira"}, ["tif"] = {"Tifal"}, ["tig"] = {"Tigre"}, ["tih"] = {"Timugon Murut"}, ["tii"] = {"Tiene"}, ["tij"] = {"Tilung"}, ["tik"] = {"Tikar"}, ["til"] = {"Tillamook"}, ["tim"] = {"Timbe"}, ["tin"] = {"Tindi"}, ["tio"] = {"Teop"}, ["tip"] = {"Trimuris"}, ["tiq"] = {"Tiéfo"}, ["tis"] = {"Masadiit Itneg"}, ["tit"] = {"Tinigua"}, ["tiu"] = {"Adasen"}, ["tiv"] = {"Tiv"}, ["tiw"] = {"Tiwi"}, ["tix"] = {"Southern Tiwa"}, ["tiy"] = {"Tiruray"}, ["tiz"] = {"Tai Hongjin"}, ["tja"] = {"Tajuasohn"}, ["tjg"] = {"Tunjung"}, ["tji"] = {"Northern Tujia"}, ["tjj"] = {"Tjungundji"}, ["tjl"] = {"Tai Laing"}, ["tjm"] = {"Timucua"}, ["tjn"] = {"Tonjon"}, ["tjo"] = {"Temacine Tamazight"}, ["tjp"] = {"Tjupany"}, ["tjs"] = {"Southern Tujia"}, ["tju"] = {"Tjurruru"}, ["tjw"] = {"Djabwurrung"}, ["tka"] = {"Truká"}, ["tkb"] = {"Buksa"}, ["tkd"] = {"Tukudede"}, ["tke"] = {"Takwane"}, ["tkf"] = {"Tukumanféd"}, ["tkg"] = {"Tesaka Malagasy"}, ["tkl"] = {"Tokelau"}, ["tkm"] = {"Takelma"}, ["tkn"] = {"Toku-No-Shima"}, ["tkp"] = {"Tikopia"}, ["tkq"] = {"Tee"}, ["tkr"] = {"Tsakhur"}, ["tks"] = {"Takestani"}, ["tkt"] = {"Kathoriya Tharu"}, ["tku"] = {"Upper Necaxa Totonac"}, ["tkv"] = {"Mur Pano"}, ["tkw"] = {"Teanu"}, ["tkx"] = {"Tangko"}, ["tkz"] = {"Takua"}, ["tla"] = {"Southwestern Tepehuan"}, ["tlb"] = {"Tobelo"}, ["tlc"] = {"Yecuatla Totonac"}, ["tld"] = {"Talaud"}, ["tlf"] = {"Telefol"}, ["tlg"] = {"Tofanma"}, ["tlh"] = {"Klingon", "tlhIngan Hol"}, ["tli"] = {"Tlingit"}, ["tlj"] = {"Talinga-Bwisi"}, ["tlk"] = {"Taloki"}, ["tll"] = {"Tetela"}, ["tlm"] = {"Tolomako"}, ["tln"] = {"Talondo'"}, ["tlo"] = {"Talodi"}, ["tlp"] = {"Filomena Mata-Coahuitlán Totonac"}, ["tlq"] = {"Tai Loi"}, ["tlr"] = {"Talise"}, ["tls"] = {"Tambotalo"}, ["tlt"] = {"Sou Nama", "Teluti"}, ["tlu"] = {"Tulehu"}, ["tlv"] = {"Taliabu"}, ["tlx"] = {"Khehek"}, ["tly"] = {"Talysh"}, ["tma"] = {"Tama (Chad)"}, ["tmb"] = {"Katbol", "Avava"}, ["tmc"] = {"Tumak"}, ["tmd"] = {"Haruai"}, ["tme"] = {"Tremembé"}, ["tmf"] = {"Toba-Maskoy"}, ["tmg"] = {"Ternateño"}, ["tmh"] = {"Tamashek"}, ["tmi"] = {"Tutuba"}, ["tmj"] = {"Samarokena"}, ["tml"] = {"Tamnim Citak"}, ["tmm"] = {"Tai Thanh"}, ["tmn"] = {"Taman (Indonesia)"}, ["tmo"] = {"Temoq"}, ["tmq"] = {"Tumleo"}, ["tmr"] = {"Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (ca. 200-1200 CE)"}, ["tms"] = {"Tima"}, ["tmt"] = {"Tasmate"}, ["tmu"] = {"Iau"}, ["tmv"] = {"Tembo (Motembo)"}, ["tmw"] = {"Temuan"}, ["tmy"] = {"Tami"}, ["tmz"] = {"Tamanaku"}, ["tna"] = {"Tacana"}, ["tnb"] = {"Western Tunebo"}, ["tnc"] = {"Tanimuca-Retuarã"}, ["tnd"] = {"Angosturas Tunebo"}, ["tng"] = {"Tobanga"}, ["tnh"] = {"Maiani"}, ["tni"] = {"Tandia"}, ["tnk"] = {"Kwamera"}, ["tnl"] = {"Lenakel"}, ["tnm"] = {"Tabla"}, ["tnn"] = {"North Tanna"}, ["tno"] = {"Toromono"}, ["tnp"] = {"Whitesands"}, ["tnq"] = {"Taino"}, ["tnr"] = {"Ménik"}, ["tns"] = {"Tenis"}, ["tnt"] = {"Tontemboan"}, ["tnu"] = {"Tay Khang"}, ["tnv"] = {"Tangchangya"}, ["tnw"] = {"Tonsawang"}, ["tnx"] = {"Tanema"}, ["tny"] = {"Tongwe"}, ["tnz"] = {"Ten'edn"}, ["tob"] = {"Toba"}, ["toc"] = {"Coyutla Totonac"}, ["tod"] = {"Toma"}, ["tof"] = {"Gizrra"}, ["tog"] = {"Tonga (Nyasa)"}, ["toh"] = {"Gitonga"}, ["toi"] = {"Tonga (Zambia)"}, ["toj"] = {"Tojolabal"}, ["tok"] = {"Toki Pona"}, ["tol"] = {"Tolowa"}, ["tom"] = {"Tombulu"}, ["too"] = {"Xicotepec De Juárez Totonac"}, ["top"] = {"Papantla Totonac"}, ["toq"] = {"Toposa"}, ["tor"] = {"Togbo-Vara Banda"}, ["tos"] = {"Highland Totonac"}, ["tou"] = {"Tho"}, ["tov"] = {"Upper Taromi"}, ["tow"] = {"Jemez"}, ["tox"] = {"Tobian"}, ["toy"] = {"Topoiyo"}, ["toz"] = {"To"}, ["tpa"] = {"Taupota"}, ["tpc"] = {"Azoyú Me'phaa", "Azoyú Tlapanec"}, ["tpe"] = {"Tippera"}, ["tpf"] = {"Tarpia"}, ["tpg"] = {"Kula"}, ["tpi"] = {"Tok Pisin"}, ["tpj"] = {"Tapieté"}, ["tpk"] = {"Tupinikin"}, ["tpl"] = {"Tlacoapa Me'phaa", "Tlacoapa Tlapanec"}, ["tpm"] = {"Tampulma"}, ["tpn"] = {"Tupinambá"}, ["tpo"] = {"Tai Pao"}, ["tpp"] = {"Pisaflores Tepehua"}, ["tpq"] = {"Tukpa"}, ["tpr"] = {"Tuparí"}, ["tpt"] = {"Tlachichilco Tepehua"}, ["tpu"] = {"Tampuan"}, ["tpv"] = {"Tanapag"}, ["tpx"] = {"Acatepec Me'phaa", "Acatepec Tlapanec"}, ["tpy"] = {"Trumai"}, ["tpz"] = {"Tinputz"}, ["tqb"] = {"Tembé"}, ["tql"] = {"Lehali"}, ["tqm"] = {"Turumsa"}, ["tqn"] = {"Tenino"}, ["tqo"] = {"Toaripi"}, ["tqp"] = {"Tomoip"}, ["tqq"] = {"Tunni"}, ["tqr"] = {"Torona"}, ["tqt"] = {"Western Totonac"}, ["tqu"] = {"Touo"}, ["tqw"] = {"Tonkawa"}, ["tra"] = {"Tirahi"}, ["trb"] = {"Terebu"}, ["trc"] = {"Copala Triqui"}, ["trd"] = {"Turi"}, ["tre"] = {"East Tarangan"}, ["trf"] = {"Trinidadian Creole English"}, ["trg"] = {"Lishán Didán"}, ["trh"] = {"Turaka"}, ["tri"] = {"Trió"}, ["trj"] = {"Toram"}, ["trk"] = {"Turkic languages"}, ["trl"] = {"Traveller Scottish"}, ["trm"] = {"Tregami"}, ["trn"] = {"Trinitario"}, ["tro"] = {"Tarao Naga"}, ["trp"] = {"Kok Borok"}, ["trq"] = {"San Martín Itunyoso Triqui"}, ["trr"] = {"Taushiro"}, ["trs"] = {"Chicahuaxtla Triqui"}, ["trt"] = {"Tunggare"}, ["tru"] = {"Turoyo", "Surayt"}, ["trv"] = {"Sediq", "Seediq", "Taroko"}, ["trw"] = {"Torwali"}, ["trx"] = {"Tringgus-Sembaan Bidayuh"}, ["try"] = {"Turung"}, ["trz"] = {"Torá"}, ["tsa"] = {"Tsaangi"}, ["tsb"] = {"Tsamai"}, ["tsc"] = {"Tswa"}, ["tsd"] = {"Tsakonian"}, ["tse"] = {"Tunisian Sign Language"}, ["tsg"] = {"Tausug"}, ["tsh"] = {"Tsuvan"}, ["tsi"] = {"Tsimshian"}, ["tsj"] = {"Tshangla"}, ["tsk"] = {"Tseku"}, ["tsl"] = {"Ts'ün-Lao"}, ["tsm"] = {"Turkish Sign Language", "Türk İşaret Dili"}, ["tsp"] = {"Northern Toussian"}, ["tsq"] = {"Thai Sign Language"}, ["tsr"] = {"Akei"}, ["tss"] = {"Taiwan Sign Language"}, ["tst"] = {"Tondi Songway Kiini"}, ["tsu"] = {"Tsou"}, ["tsv"] = {"Tsogo"}, ["tsw"] = {"Tsishingini"}, ["tsx"] = {"Mubami"}, ["tsy"] = {"Tebul Sign Language"}, ["tsz"] = {"Purepecha"}, ["tta"] = {"Tutelo"}, ["ttb"] = {"Gaa"}, ["ttc"] = {"Tektiteko"}, ["ttd"] = {"Tauade"}, ["tte"] = {"Bwanabwana"}, ["ttf"] = {"Tuotomb"}, ["ttg"] = {"Tutong"}, ["tth"] = {"Upper Ta'oih"}, ["tti"] = {"Tobati"}, ["ttj"] = {"Tooro"}, ["ttk"] = {"Totoro"}, ["ttl"] = {"Totela"}, ["ttm"] = {"Northern Tutchone"}, ["ttn"] = {"Towei"}, ["tto"] = {"Lower Ta'oih"}, ["ttp"] = {"Tombelala"}, ["ttq"] = {"Tawallammat Tamajaq"}, ["ttr"] = {"Tera"}, ["tts"] = {"Northeastern Thai"}, ["ttt"] = {"Muslim Tat"}, ["ttu"] = {"Torau"}, ["ttv"] = {"Titan"}, ["ttw"] = {"Long Wat"}, ["tty"] = {"Sikaritai"}, ["ttz"] = {"Tsum"}, ["tua"] = {"Wiarumus"}, ["tub"] = {"Tübatulabal"}, ["tuc"] = {"Mutu"}, ["tud"] = {"Tuxá"}, ["tue"] = {"Tuyuca"}, ["tuf"] = {"Central Tunebo"}, ["tug"] = {"Tunia"}, ["tuh"] = {"Taulil"}, ["tui"] = {"Tupuri"}, ["tuj"] = {"Tugutil"}, ["tul"] = {"Tula"}, ["tum"] = {"Tumbuka"}, ["tun"] = {"Tunica"}, ["tuo"] = {"Tucano"}, ["tup"] = {"Tupi languages"}, ["tuq"] = {"Tedaga"}, ["tus"] = {"Tuscarora"}, ["tut"] = {"Altaic languages"}, ["tuu"] = {"Tututni"}, ["tuv"] = {"Turkana"}, ["tuw"] = {"Tungus languages"}, ["tux"] = {"Tuxináwa"}, ["tuy"] = {"Tugen"}, ["tuz"] = {"Turka"}, ["tva"] = {"Vaghua"}, ["tvd"] = {"Tsuvadi"}, ["tve"] = {"Te'un"}, ["tvi"] = {"Tulai"}, ["tvk"] = {"Southeast Ambrym"}, ["tvl"] = {"Tuvalu"}, ["tvm"] = {"Tela-Masbuar"}, ["tvn"] = {"Tavoyan"}, ["tvo"] = {"Tidore"}, ["tvs"] = {"Taveta"}, ["tvt"] = {"Tutsa Naga"}, ["tvu"] = {"Tunen"}, ["tvw"] = {"Sedoa"}, ["tvx"] = {"Taivoan"}, ["tvy"] = {"Timor Pidgin"}, ["twa"] = {"Twana"}, ["twb"] = {"Western Tawbuid"}, ["twc"] = {"Teshenawa"}, ["twd"] = {"Twents"}, ["twe"] = {"Tewa (Indonesia)"}, ["twf"] = {"Northern Tiwa"}, ["twg"] = {"Tereweng"}, ["twh"] = {"Tai Dón"}, ["twl"] = {"Tawara"}, ["twm"] = {"Tawang Monpa"}, ["twn"] = {"Twendi"}, ["two"] = {"Tswapong"}, ["twp"] = {"Ere"}, ["twq"] = {"Tasawaq"}, ["twr"] = {"Southwestern Tarahumara"}, ["twt"] = {"Turiwára"}, ["twu"] = {"Termanu"}, ["tww"] = {"Tuwari"}, ["twx"] = {"Tewe"}, ["twy"] = {"Tawoyan"}, ["txa"] = {"Tombonuo"}, ["txb"] = {"Tokharian B"}, ["txc"] = {"Tsetsaut"}, ["txe"] = {"Totoli"}, ["txg"] = {"Tangut"}, ["txh"] = {"Thracian"}, ["txi"] = {"Ikpeng"}, ["txj"] = {"Tarjumo"}, ["txm"] = {"Tomini"}, ["txn"] = {"West Tarangan"}, ["txo"] = {"Toto"}, ["txq"] = {"Tii"}, ["txr"] = {"Tartessian"}, ["txs"] = {"Tonsea"}, ["txt"] = {"Citak"}, ["txu"] = {"Kayapó"}, ["txx"] = {"Tatana"}, ["txy"] = {"Tanosy Malagasy"}, ["tya"] = {"Tauya"}, ["tye"] = {"Kyanga"}, ["tyh"] = {"O'du"}, ["tyi"] = {"Teke-Tsaayi"}, ["tyj"] = {"Tai Do", "Tai Yo"}, ["tyl"] = {"Thu Lao"}, ["tyn"] = {"Kombai"}, ["typ"] = {"Thaypan"}, ["tyr"] = {"Tai Daeng"}, ["tys"] = {"Tày Sa Pa"}, ["tyt"] = {"Tày Tac"}, ["tyu"] = {"Kua"}, ["tyv"] = {"Tuvinian"}, ["tyx"] = {"Teke-Tyee"}, ["tyy"] = {"Tiyaa"}, ["tyz"] = {"Tày"}, ["tza"] = {"Tanzanian Sign Language"}, ["tzh"] = {"Tzeltal"}, ["tzj"] = {"Tz'utujil"}, ["tzl"] = {"Talossan"}, ["tzm"] = {"Central Atlas Tamazight"}, ["tzn"] = {"Tugun"}, ["tzo"] = {"Tzotzil"}, ["tzx"] = {"Tabriak"}, ["uam"] = {"Uamué"}, ["uan"] = {"Kuan"}, ["uar"] = {"Tairuma"}, ["uba"] = {"Ubang"}, ["ubi"] = {"Ubi"}, ["ubl"] = {"Buhi'non Bikol"}, ["ubr"] = {"Ubir"}, ["ubu"] = {"Umbu-Ungu"}, ["uby"] = {"Ubykh"}, ["uda"] = {"Uda"}, ["ude"] = {"Udihe"}, ["udg"] = {"Muduga"}, ["udi"] = {"Udi"}, ["udj"] = {"Ujir"}, ["udl"] = {"Wuzlam"}, ["udm"] = {"Udmurt"}, ["udu"] = {"Uduk"}, ["ues"] = {"Kioko"}, ["ufi"] = {"Ufim"}, ["uga"] = {"Ugaritic"}, ["ugb"] = {"Kuku-Ugbanh"}, ["uge"] = {"Ughele"}, ["ugh"] = {"Kubachi"}, ["ugn"] = {"Ugandan Sign Language"}, ["ugo"] = {"Ugong"}, ["ugy"] = {"Uruguayan Sign Language"}, ["uha"] = {"Uhami"}, ["uhn"] = {"Damal"}, ["uis"] = {"Uisai"}, ["uiv"] = {"Iyive"}, ["uji"] = {"Tanjijili"}, ["uka"] = {"Kaburi"}, ["ukg"] = {"Ukuriguma"}, ["ukh"] = {"Ukhwejo"}, ["uki"] = {"Kui (India)"}, ["ukk"] = {"Muak Sa-aak"}, ["ukl"] = {"Ukrainian Sign Language"}, ["ukp"] = {"Ukpe-Bayobiri"}, ["ukq"] = {"Ukwa"}, ["uks"] = {"Urubú-Kaapor Sign Language", "Kaapor Sign Language"}, ["uku"] = {"Ukue"}, ["ukv"] = {"Kuku"}, ["ukw"] = {"Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni"}, ["uky"] = {"Kuuk-Yak"}, ["ula"] = {"Fungwa"}, ["ulb"] = {"Ulukwumi"}, ["ulc"] = {"Ulch"}, ["ule"] = {"Lule"}, ["ulf"] = {"Usku", "Afra"}, ["uli"] = {"Ulithian"}, ["ulk"] = {"Meriam Mir"}, ["ull"] = {"Ullatan"}, ["ulm"] = {"Ulumanda'"}, ["uln"] = {"Unserdeutsch"}, ["ulu"] = {"Uma' Lung"}, ["ulw"] = {"Ulwa"}, ["uly"] = {"Buli"}, ["uma"] = {"Umatilla"}, ["umb"] = {"Umbundu"}, ["umc"] = {"Marrucinian"}, ["umd"] = {"Umbindhamu"}, ["umg"] = {"Morrobalama", "Umbuygamu"}, ["umi"] = {"Ukit"}, ["umm"] = {"Umon"}, ["umn"] = {"Makyan Naga"}, ["umo"] = {"Umotína"}, ["ump"] = {"Umpila"}, ["umr"] = {"Umbugarla"}, ["ums"] = {"Pendau"}, ["umu"] = {"Munsee"}, ["una"] = {"North Watut"}, ["und"] = {"Undetermined"}, ["une"] = {"Uneme"}, ["ung"] = {"Ngarinyin"}, ["uni"] = {"Uni"}, ["unk"] = {"Enawené-Nawé"}, ["unm"] = {"Unami"}, ["unn"] = {"Kurnai"}, ["unr"] = {"Mundari"}, ["unu"] = {"Unubahe"}, ["unx"] = {"Munda"}, ["unz"] = {"Unde Kaili"}, ["uon"] = {"Kulon"}, ["upi"] = {"Umeda"}, ["upv"] = {"Uripiv-Wala-Rano-Atchin"}, ["ura"] = {"Urarina"}, ["urb"] = {"Urubú-Kaapor", "Kaapor"}, ["urc"] = {"Urningangg"}, ["ure"] = {"Uru"}, ["urf"] = {"Uradhi"}, ["urg"] = {"Urigina"}, ["urh"] = {"Urhobo"}, ["uri"] = {"Urim"}, ["urj"] = {"Uralic languages"}, ["urk"] = {"Urak Lawoi'"}, ["url"] = {"Urali"}, ["urm"] = {"Urapmin"}, ["urn"] = {"Uruangnirin"}, ["uro"] = {"Ura (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["urp"] = {"Uru-Pa-In"}, ["urr"] = {"Lehalurup", "Löyöp"}, ["urt"] = {"Urat"}, ["uru"] = {"Urumi"}, ["urv"] = {"Uruava"}, ["urw"] = {"Sop"}, ["urx"] = {"Urimo"}, ["ury"] = {"Orya"}, ["urz"] = {"Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau"}, ["usa"] = {"Usarufa"}, ["ush"] = {"Ushojo"}, ["usi"] = {"Usui"}, ["usk"] = {"Usaghade"}, ["usp"] = {"Uspanteco"}, ["uss"] = {"us-Saare"}, ["usu"] = {"Uya"}, ["uta"] = {"Otank"}, ["ute"] = {"Ute-Southern Paiute"}, ["uth"] = {"ut-Hun"}, ["utp"] = {"Amba (Solomon Islands)"}, ["utr"] = {"Etulo"}, ["utu"] = {"Utu"}, ["uum"] = {"Urum"}, ["uur"] = {"Ura (Vanuatu)"}, ["uuu"] = {"U"}, ["uve"] = {"West Uvean", "Fagauvea"}, ["uvh"] = {"Uri"}, ["uvl"] = {"Lote"}, ["uwa"] = {"Kuku-Uwanh"}, ["uya"] = {"Doko-Uyanga"}, ["uzn"] = {"Northern Uzbek"}, ["uzs"] = {"Southern Uzbek"}, ["vaa"] = {"Vaagri Booli"}, ["vae"] = {"Vale"}, ["vaf"] = {"Vafsi"}, ["vag"] = {"Vagla"}, ["vah"] = {"Varhadi-Nagpuri"}, ["vai"] = {"Vai"}, ["vaj"] = {"Sekele", "Northwestern ǃKung", "Vasekele"}, ["val"] = {"Vehes"}, ["vam"] = {"Vanimo"}, ["van"] = {"Valman"}, ["vao"] = {"Vao"}, ["vap"] = {"Vaiphei"}, ["var"] = {"Huarijio"}, ["vas"] = {"Vasavi"}, ["vau"] = {"Vanuma"}, ["vav"] = {"Varli"}, ["vay"] = {"Wayu"}, ["vbb"] = {"Southeast Babar"}, ["vbk"] = {"Southwestern Bontok"}, ["vec"] = {"Venetian"}, ["ved"] = {"Veddah"}, ["vel"] = {"Veluws"}, ["vem"] = {"Vemgo-Mabas"}, ["veo"] = {"Ventureño"}, ["vep"] = {"Veps"}, ["ver"] = {"Mom Jango"}, ["vgr"] = {"Vaghri"}, ["vgt"] = {"Vlaamse Gebarentaal", "Flemish Sign Language"}, ["vic"] = {"Virgin Islands Creole English"}, ["vid"] = {"Vidunda"}, ["vif"] = {"Vili"}, ["vig"] = {"Viemo"}, ["vil"] = {"Vilela"}, ["vin"] = {"Vinza"}, ["vis"] = {"Vishavan"}, ["vit"] = {"Viti"}, ["viv"] = {"Iduna"}, ["vjk"] = {"Bajjika"}, ["vka"] = {"Kariyarra"}, ["vkj"] = {"Kujarge"}, ["vkk"] = {"Kaur"}, ["vkl"] = {"Kulisusu"}, ["vkm"] = {"Kamakan"}, ["vkn"] = {"Koro Nulu"}, ["vko"] = {"Kodeoha"}, ["vkp"] = {"Korlai Creole Portuguese"}, ["vkt"] = {"Tenggarong Kutai Malay"}, ["vku"] = {"Kurrama"}, ["vkz"] = {"Koro Zuba"}, ["vlp"] = {"Valpei"}, ["vls"] = {"Vlaams"}, ["vma"] = {"Martuyhunira"}, ["vmb"] = {"Barbaram"}, ["vmc"] = {"Juxtlahuaca Mixtec"}, ["vmd"] = {"Mudu Koraga"}, ["vme"] = {"East Masela"}, ["vmf"] = {"Mainfränkisch"}, ["vmg"] = {"Lungalunga"}, ["vmh"] = {"Maraghei"}, ["vmi"] = {"Miwa"}, ["vmj"] = {"Ixtayutla Mixtec"}, ["vmk"] = {"Makhuwa-Shirima"}, ["vml"] = {"Malgana"}, ["vmm"] = {"Mitlatongo Mixtec"}, ["vmp"] = {"Soyaltepec Mazatec"}, ["vmq"] = {"Soyaltepec Mixtec"}, ["vmr"] = {"Marenje"}, ["vms"] = {"Moksela"}, ["vmu"] = {"Muluridyi"}, ["vmv"] = {"Valley Maidu"}, ["vmw"] = {"Makhuwa"}, ["vmx"] = {"Tamazola Mixtec"}, ["vmy"] = {"Ayautla Mazatec"}, ["vmz"] = {"Mazatlán Mazatec"}, ["vnk"] = {"Vano", "Lovono"}, ["vnm"] = {"Vinmavis", "Neve'ei"}, ["vnp"] = {"Vunapu"}, ["vor"] = {"Voro"}, ["vot"] = {"Votic"}, ["vra"] = {"Vera'a"}, ["vro"] = {"Võro"}, ["vrs"] = {"Varisi"}, ["vrt"] = {"Burmbar", "Banam Bay"}, ["vsi"] = {"Moldova Sign Language"}, ["vsl"] = {"Venezuelan Sign Language"}, ["vsn"] = {"Vedic Sanskrit"}, ["vsv"] = {"Valencian Sign Language", "Llengua de signes valenciana"}, ["vto"] = {"Vitou"}, ["vum"] = {"Vumbu"}, ["vun"] = {"Vunjo"}, ["vut"] = {"Vute"}, ["vwa"] = {"Awa (China)"}, ["waa"] = {"Walla Walla"}, ["wab"] = {"Wab"}, ["wac"] = {"Wasco-Wishram"}, ["wad"] = {"Wamesa", "Wondama"}, ["wae"] = {"Walser"}, ["waf"] = {"Wakoná"}, ["wag"] = {"Wa'ema"}, ["wah"] = {"Watubela"}, ["wai"] = {"Wares"}, ["waj"] = {"Waffa"}, ["wak"] = {"Wakashan languages"}, ["wal"] = {"Wolaytta", "Wolaitta"}, ["wam"] = {"Wampanoag"}, ["wan"] = {"Wan"}, ["wao"] = {"Wappo"}, ["wap"] = {"Wapishana"}, ["waq"] = {"Wagiman"}, ["war"] = {"Waray (Philippines)"}, ["was"] = {"Washo"}, ["wat"] = {"Kaninuwa"}, ["wau"] = {"Waurá"}, ["wav"] = {"Waka"}, ["waw"] = {"Waiwai"}, ["wax"] = {"Watam", "Marangis"}, ["way"] = {"Wayana"}, ["waz"] = {"Wampur"}, ["wba"] = {"Warao"}, ["wbb"] = {"Wabo"}, ["wbe"] = {"Waritai"}, ["wbf"] = {"Wara"}, ["wbh"] = {"Wanda"}, ["wbi"] = {"Vwanji"}, ["wbj"] = {"Alagwa"}, ["wbk"] = {"Waigali"}, ["wbl"] = {"Wakhi"}, ["wbm"] = {"Wa"}, ["wbp"] = {"Warlpiri"}, ["wbq"] = {"Waddar"}, ["wbr"] = {"Wagdi"}, ["wbs"] = {"West Bengal Sign Language"}, ["wbt"] = {"Warnman"}, ["wbv"] = {"Wajarri"}, ["wbw"] = {"Woi"}, ["wca"] = {"Yanomámi"}, ["wci"] = {"Waci Gbe"}, ["wdd"] = {"Wandji"}, ["wdg"] = {"Wadaginam"}, ["wdj"] = {"Wadjiginy"}, ["wdk"] = {"Wadikali"}, ["wdt"] = {"Wendat"}, ["wdu"] = {"Wadjigu"}, ["wdy"] = {"Wadjabangayi"}, ["wea"] = {"Wewaw"}, ["wec"] = {"Wè Western"}, ["wed"] = {"Wedau"}, ["weg"] = {"Wergaia"}, ["weh"] = {"Weh"}, ["wei"] = {"Kiunum"}, ["wem"] = {"Weme Gbe"}, ["wen"] = {"Sorbian languages"}, ["weo"] = {"Wemale"}, ["wep"] = {"Westphalien"}, ["wer"] = {"Weri"}, ["wes"] = {"Cameroon Pidgin"}, ["wet"] = {"Perai"}, ["weu"] = {"Rawngtu Chin"}, ["wew"] = {"Wejewa"}, ["wfg"] = {"Yafi", "Zorop"}, ["wga"] = {"Wagaya"}, ["wgb"] = {"Wagawaga"}, ["wgg"] = {"Wangkangurru", "Wangganguru"}, ["wgi"] = {"Wahgi"}, ["wgo"] = {"Waigeo"}, ["wgu"] = {"Wirangu"}, ["wgy"] = {"Warrgamay"}, ["wha"] = {"Sou Upaa", "Manusela"}, ["whg"] = {"North Wahgi"}, ["whk"] = {"Wahau Kenyah"}, ["whu"] = {"Wahau Kayan"}, ["wib"] = {"Southern Toussian"}, ["wic"] = {"Wichita"}, ["wie"] = {"Wik-Epa"}, ["wif"] = {"Wik-Keyangan"}, ["wig"] = {"Wik Ngathan"}, ["wih"] = {"Wik-Me'anha"}, ["wii"] = {"Minidien"}, ["wij"] = {"Wik-Iiyanh"}, ["wik"] = {"Wikalkan"}, ["wil"] = {"Wilawila"}, ["wim"] = {"Wik-Mungkan"}, ["win"] = {"Ho-Chunk"}, ["wir"] = {"Wiraféd"}, ["wiu"] = {"Wiru"}, ["wiv"] = {"Vitu"}, ["wiy"] = {"Wiyot"}, ["wja"] = {"Waja"}, ["wji"] = {"Warji"}, ["wka"] = {"Kw'adza"}, ["wkb"] = {"Kumbaran"}, ["wkd"] = {"Wakde", "Mo"}, ["wkl"] = {"Kalanadi"}, ["wkr"] = {"Keerray-Woorroong"}, ["wku"] = {"Kunduvadi"}, ["wkw"] = {"Wakawaka"}, ["wky"] = {"Wangkayutyuru"}, ["wla"] = {"Walio"}, ["wlc"] = {"Mwali Comorian"}, ["wle"] = {"Wolane"}, ["wlg"] = {"Kunbarlang"}, ["wlh"] = {"Welaun"}, ["wli"] = {"Waioli"}, ["wlk"] = {"Wailaki"}, ["wll"] = {"Wali (Sudan)"}, ["wlm"] = {"Middle Welsh"}, ["wlo"] = {"Wolio"}, ["wlr"] = {"Wailapa"}, ["wls"] = {"Wallisian"}, ["wlu"] = {"Wuliwuli"}, ["wlv"] = {"Wichí Lhamtés Vejoz"}, ["wlw"] = {"Walak"}, ["wlx"] = {"Wali (Ghana)"}, ["wly"] = {"Waling"}, ["wma"] = {"Mawa (Nigeria)"}, ["wmb"] = {"Wambaya"}, ["wmc"] = {"Wamas"}, ["wmd"] = {"Mamaindé"}, ["wme"] = {"Wambule"}, ["wmg"] = {"Western Minyag"}, ["wmh"] = {"Waima'a"}, ["wmi"] = {"Wamin"}, ["wmm"] = {"Maiwa (Indonesia)"}, ["wmn"] = {"Waamwang"}, ["wmo"] = {"Wom (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["wms"] = {"Wambon"}, ["wmt"] = {"Walmajarri"}, ["wmw"] = {"Mwani"}, ["wmx"] = {"Womo"}, ["wnb"] = {"Mokati"}, ["wnc"] = {"Wantoat"}, ["wnd"] = {"Wandarang"}, ["wne"] = {"Waneci"}, ["wng"] = {"Wanggom"}, ["wni"] = {"Ndzwani Comorian"}, ["wnk"] = {"Wanukaka"}, ["wnm"] = {"Wanggamala"}, ["wnn"] = {"Wunumara"}, ["wno"] = {"Wano"}, ["wnp"] = {"Wanap"}, ["wnu"] = {"Usan"}, ["wnw"] = {"Wintu"}, ["wny"] = {"Wanyi", "Waanyi"}, ["woa"] = {"Kuwema", "Tyaraity"}, ["wob"] = {"Wè Northern"}, ["woc"] = {"Wogeo"}, ["wod"] = {"Wolani"}, ["woe"] = {"Woleaian"}, ["wof"] = {"Gambian Wolof"}, ["wog"] = {"Wogamusin"}, ["woi"] = {"Kamang"}, ["wok"] = {"Longto"}, ["wom"] = {"Wom (Nigeria)"}, ["won"] = {"Wongo"}, ["woo"] = {"Manombai"}, ["wor"] = {"Woria"}, ["wos"] = {"Hanga Hundi"}, ["wow"] = {"Wawonii"}, ["woy"] = {"Weyto"}, ["wpc"] = {"Maco"}, ["wrb"] = {"Waluwarra", "Warluwara"}, ["wrg"] = {"Warungu", "Gudjal"}, ["wrh"] = {"Wiradjuri"}, ["wri"] = {"Wariyangga"}, ["wrk"] = {"Garrwa"}, ["wrl"] = {"Warlmanpa"}, ["wrm"] = {"Warumungu"}, ["wrn"] = {"Warnang"}, ["wro"] = {"Worrorra"}, ["wrp"] = {"Waropen"}, ["wrr"] = {"Wardaman"}, ["wrs"] = {"Waris"}, ["wru"] = {"Waru"}, ["wrv"] = {"Waruna"}, ["wrw"] = {"Gugu Warra"}, ["wrx"] = {"Wae Rana"}, ["wry"] = {"Merwari"}, ["wrz"] = {"Waray (Australia)"}, ["wsa"] = {"Warembori"}, ["wsg"] = {"Adilabad Gondi"}, ["wsi"] = {"Wusi"}, ["wsk"] = {"Waskia"}, ["wsr"] = {"Owenia"}, ["wss"] = {"Wasa"}, ["wsu"] = {"Wasu"}, ["wsv"] = {"Wotapuri-Katarqalai"}, ["wtb"] = {"Matambwe"}, ["wtf"] = {"Watiwa"}, ["wth"] = {"Wathawurrung"}, ["wti"] = {"Berta"}, ["wtk"] = {"Watakataui"}, ["wtm"] = {"Mewati"}, ["wtw"] = {"Wotu"}, ["wua"] = {"Wikngenchera"}, ["wub"] = {"Wunambal"}, ["wud"] = {"Wudu"}, ["wuh"] = {"Wutunhua"}, ["wul"] = {"Silimo"}, ["wum"] = {"Wumbvu"}, ["wun"] = {"Bungu"}, ["wur"] = {"Wurrugu"}, ["wut"] = {"Wutung"}, ["wuu"] = {"Wu Chinese"}, ["wuv"] = {"Wuvulu-Aua"}, ["wux"] = {"Wulna"}, ["wuy"] = {"Wauyai"}, ["wwa"] = {"Waama"}, ["wwb"] = {"Wakabunga"}, ["wwo"] = {"Wetamut", "Dorig"}, ["wwr"] = {"Warrwa"}, ["www"] = {"Wawa"}, ["wxa"] = {"Waxianghua"}, ["wxw"] = {"Wardandi"}, ["wyb"] = {"Wangaaybuwan-Ngiyambaa"}, ["wyi"] = {"Woiwurrung"}, ["wym"] = {"Wymysorys"}, ["wyn"] = {"Wyandot"}, ["wyr"] = {"Wayoró"}, ["wyy"] = {"Western Fijian"}, ["xaa"] = {"Andalusian Arabic"}, ["xab"] = {"Sambe"}, ["xac"] = {"Kachari"}, ["xad"] = {"Adai"}, ["xae"] = {"Aequian"}, ["xag"] = {"Aghwan"}, ["xai"] = {"Kaimbé"}, ["xaj"] = {"Ararandewára"}, ["xak"] = {"Máku"}, ["xal"] = {"Kalmyk", "Oirat"}, ["xam"] = {"ǀXam"}, ["xan"] = {"Xamtanga"}, ["xao"] = {"Khao"}, ["xap"] = {"Apalachee"}, ["xaq"] = {"Aquitanian"}, ["xar"] = {"Karami"}, ["xas"] = {"Kamas"}, ["xat"] = {"Katawixi"}, ["xau"] = {"Kauwera"}, ["xav"] = {"Xavánte"}, ["xaw"] = {"Kawaiisu"}, ["xay"] = {"Kayan Mahakam"}, ["xbb"] = {"Lower Burdekin"}, ["xbc"] = {"Bactrian"}, ["xbd"] = {"Bindal"}, ["xbe"] = {"Bigambal"}, ["xbg"] = {"Bunganditj"}, ["xbi"] = {"Kombio"}, ["xbj"] = {"Birrpayi"}, ["xbm"] = {"Middle Breton"}, ["xbn"] = {"Kenaboi"}, ["xbo"] = {"Bolgarian"}, ["xbp"] = {"Bibbulman"}, ["xbr"] = {"Kambera"}, ["xbw"] = {"Kambiwá"}, ["xby"] = {"Batjala", "Batyala"}, ["xcb"] = {"Cumbric"}, ["xcc"] = {"Camunic"}, ["xce"] = {"Celtiberian"}, ["xcg"] = {"Cisalpine Gaulish"}, ["xch"] = {"Chemakum", "Chimakum"}, ["xcl"] = {"Classical Armenian"}, ["xcm"] = {"Comecrudo"}, ["xcn"] = {"Cotoname"}, ["xco"] = {"Chorasmian"}, ["xcr"] = {"Carian"}, ["xct"] = {"Classical Tibetan"}, ["xcu"] = {"Curonian"}, ["xcv"] = {"Chuvantsy"}, ["xcw"] = {"Coahuilteco"}, ["xcy"] = {"Cayuse"}, ["xda"] = {"Darkinyung"}, ["xdc"] = {"Dacian"}, ["xdk"] = {"Dharuk"}, ["xdm"] = {"Edomite"}, ["xdo"] = {"Kwandu"}, ["xdq"] = {"Kaitag"}, ["xdy"] = {"Malayic Dayak"}, ["xeb"] = {"Eblan"}, ["xed"] = {"Hdi"}, ["xeg"] = {"ǁXegwi"}, ["xel"] = {"Kelo"}, ["xem"] = {"Kembayan"}, ["xep"] = {"Epi-Olmec"}, ["xer"] = {"Xerénte"}, ["xes"] = {"Kesawai"}, ["xet"] = {"Xetá"}, ["xeu"] = {"Keoru-Ahia"}, ["xfa"] = {"Faliscan"}, ["xga"] = {"Galatian"}, ["xgb"] = {"Gbin"}, ["xgd"] = {"Gudang"}, ["xgf"] = {"Gabrielino-Fernandeño"}, ["xgg"] = {"Goreng"}, ["xgi"] = {"Garingbal"}, ["xgl"] = {"Galindan"}, ["xgm"] = {"Dharumbal", "Guwinmal"}, ["xgn"] = {"Mongolian languages"}, ["xgr"] = {"Garza"}, ["xgu"] = {"Unggumi"}, ["xgw"] = {"Guwa"}, ["xha"] = {"Harami"}, ["xhc"] = {"Hunnic"}, ["xhd"] = {"Hadrami"}, ["xhe"] = {"Khetrani"}, ["xhm"] = {"Middle Khmer (1400 to 1850 CE)"}, ["xhr"] = {"Hernican"}, ["xht"] = {"Hattic"}, ["xhu"] = {"Hurrian"}, ["xhv"] = {"Khua"}, ["xib"] = {"Iberian"}, ["xii"] = {"Xiri"}, ["xil"] = {"Illyrian"}, ["xin"] = {"Xinca"}, ["xir"] = {"Xiriâna"}, ["xis"] = {"Kisan"}, ["xiv"] = {"Indus Valley Language"}, ["xiy"] = {"Xipaya"}, ["xjb"] = {"Minjungbal"}, ["xjt"] = {"Jaitmatang"}, ["xka"] = {"Kalkoti"}, ["xkb"] = {"Northern Nago"}, ["xkc"] = {"Kho'ini"}, ["xkd"] = {"Mendalam Kayan"}, ["xke"] = {"Kereho"}, ["xkf"] = {"Khengkha"}, ["xkg"] = {"Kagoro"}, ["xki"] = {"Kenyan Sign Language"}, ["xkj"] = {"Kajali"}, ["xkk"] = {"Kachok", "Kaco'"}, ["xkl"] = {"Mainstream Kenyah"}, ["xkn"] = {"Kayan River Kayan"}, ["xko"] = {"Kiorr"}, ["xkp"] = {"Kabatei"}, ["xkq"] = {"Koroni"}, ["xkr"] = {"Xakriabá"}, ["xks"] = {"Kumbewaha"}, ["xkt"] = {"Kantosi"}, ["xku"] = {"Kaamba"}, ["xkv"] = {"Kgalagadi"}, ["xkw"] = {"Kembra"}, ["xkx"] = {"Karore"}, ["xky"] = {"Uma' Lasan"}, ["xkz"] = {"Kurtokha"}, ["xla"] = {"Kamula"}, ["xlb"] = {"Loup B"}, ["xlc"] = {"Lycian"}, ["xld"] = {"Lydian"}, ["xle"] = {"Lemnian"}, ["xlg"] = {"Ligurian (Ancient)"}, ["xli"] = {"Liburnian"}, ["xln"] = {"Alanic"}, ["xlo"] = {"Loup A"}, ["xlp"] = {"Lepontic"}, ["xls"] = {"Lusitanian"}, ["xlu"] = {"Cuneiform Luwian"}, ["xly"] = {"Elymian"}, ["xma"] = {"Mushungulu"}, ["xmb"] = {"Mbonga"}, ["xmc"] = {"Makhuwa-Marrevone"}, ["xmd"] = {"Mbudum"}, ["xme"] = {"Median"}, ["xmf"] = {"Mingrelian"}, ["xmg"] = {"Mengaka"}, ["xmh"] = {"Kugu-Muminh"}, ["xmj"] = {"Majera"}, ["xmk"] = {"Ancient Macedonian"}, ["xml"] = {"Malaysian Sign Language"}, ["xmm"] = {"Manado Malay"}, ["xmn"] = {"Manichaean Middle Persian"}, ["xmo"] = {"Morerebi"}, ["xmp"] = {"Kuku-Mu'inh"}, ["xmq"] = {"Kuku-Mangk"}, ["xmr"] = {"Meroitic"}, ["xms"] = {"Moroccan Sign Language"}, ["xmt"] = {"Matbat"}, ["xmu"] = {"Kamu"}, ["xmv"] = {"Antankarana Malagasy", "Tankarana Malagasy"}, ["xmw"] = {"Tsimihety Malagasy"}, ["xmx"] = {"Salawati", "Maden"}, ["xmy"] = {"Mayaguduna"}, ["xmz"] = {"Mori Bawah"}, ["xna"] = {"Ancient North Arabian"}, ["xnb"] = {"Kanakanabu"}, ["xnd"] = {"Na-Dene languages"}, ["xng"] = {"Middle Mongolian"}, ["xnh"] = {"Kuanhua"}, ["xni"] = {"Ngarigu"}, ["xnj"] = {"Ngoni (Tanzania)"}, ["xnk"] = {"Nganakarti"}, ["xnm"] = {"Ngumbarl"}, ["xnn"] = {"Northern Kankanay"}, ["xno"] = {"Anglo-Norman"}, ["xnq"] = {"Ngoni (Mozambique)"}, ["xnr"] = {"Kangri"}, ["xns"] = {"Kanashi"}, ["xnt"] = {"Narragansett"}, ["xnu"] = {"Nukunul"}, ["xny"] = {"Nyiyaparli"}, ["xnz"] = {"Kenzi", "Mattoki"}, ["xoc"] = {"O'chi'chi'"}, ["xod"] = {"Kokoda"}, ["xog"] = {"Soga"}, ["xoi"] = {"Kominimung"}, ["xok"] = {"Xokleng"}, ["xom"] = {"Komo (Sudan)"}, ["xon"] = {"Konkomba"}, ["xoo"] = {"Xukurú"}, ["xop"] = {"Kopar"}, ["xor"] = {"Korubo"}, ["xow"] = {"Kowaki"}, ["xpa"] = {"Pirriya"}, ["xpb"] = {"Northeastern Tasmanian", "Pyemmairrener"}, ["xpc"] = {"Pecheneg"}, ["xpd"] = {"Oyster Bay Tasmanian"}, ["xpe"] = {"Liberia Kpelle"}, ["xpf"] = {"Southeast Tasmanian", "Nuenonne"}, ["xpg"] = {"Phrygian"}, ["xph"] = {"North Midlands Tasmanian", "Tyerrenoterpanner"}, ["xpi"] = {"Pictish"}, ["xpj"] = {"Mpalitjanh"}, ["xpk"] = {"Kulina Pano"}, ["xpl"] = {"Port Sorell Tasmanian"}, ["xpm"] = {"Pumpokol"}, ["xpn"] = {"Kapinawá"}, ["xpo"] = {"Pochutec"}, ["xpp"] = {"Puyo-Paekche"}, ["xpq"] = {"Mohegan-Pequot"}, ["xpr"] = {"Parthian"}, ["xps"] = {"Pisidian"}, ["xpt"] = {"Punthamara"}, ["xpu"] = {"Punic"}, ["xpv"] = {"Northern Tasmanian", "Tommeginne"}, ["xpw"] = {"Northwestern Tasmanian", "Peerapper"}, ["xpx"] = {"Southwestern Tasmanian", "Toogee"}, ["xpy"] = {"Puyo"}, ["xpz"] = {"Bruny Island Tasmanian"}, ["xqa"] = {"Karakhanid"}, ["xqt"] = {"Qatabanian"}, ["xra"] = {"Krahô"}, ["xrb"] = {"Eastern Karaboro"}, ["xrd"] = {"Gundungurra"}, ["xre"] = {"Kreye"}, ["xrg"] = {"Minang"}, ["xri"] = {"Krikati-Timbira"}, ["xrm"] = {"Armazic"}, ["xrn"] = {"Arin"}, ["xrr"] = {"Raetic"}, ["xrt"] = {"Aranama-Tamique"}, ["xru"] = {"Marriammu"}, ["xrw"] = {"Karawa"}, ["xsa"] = {"Sabaean"}, ["xsb"] = {"Sambal"}, ["xsc"] = {"Scythian"}, ["xsd"] = {"Sidetic"}, ["xse"] = {"Sempan"}, ["xsh"] = {"Shamang"}, ["xsi"] = {"Sio"}, ["xsj"] = {"Subi"}, ["xsl"] = {"South Slavey"}, ["xsm"] = {"Kasem"}, ["xsn"] = {"Sanga (Nigeria)"}, ["xso"] = {"Solano"}, ["xsp"] = {"Silopi"}, ["xsq"] = {"Makhuwa-Saka"}, ["xsr"] = {"Sherpa"}, ["xsu"] = {"Sanumá"}, ["xsv"] = {"Sudovian"}, ["xsy"] = {"Saisiyat"}, ["xta"] = {"Alcozauca Mixtec"}, ["xtb"] = {"Chazumba Mixtec"}, ["xtc"] = {"Katcha-Kadugli-Miri"}, ["xtd"] = {"Diuxi-Tilantongo Mixtec"}, ["xte"] = {"Ketengban"}, ["xtg"] = {"Transalpine Gaulish"}, ["xth"] = {"Yitha Yitha"}, ["xti"] = {"Sinicahua Mixtec"}, ["xtj"] = {"San Juan Teita Mixtec"}, ["xtl"] = {"Tijaltepec Mixtec"}, ["xtm"] = {"Magdalena Peñasco Mixtec"}, ["xtn"] = {"Northern Tlaxiaco Mixtec"}, ["xto"] = {"Tokharian A"}, ["xtp"] = {"San Miguel Piedras Mixtec"}, ["xtq"] = {"Tumshuqese"}, ["xtr"] = {"Early Tripuri"}, ["xts"] = {"Sindihui Mixtec"}, ["xtt"] = {"Tacahua Mixtec"}, ["xtu"] = {"Cuyamecalco Mixtec"}, ["xtv"] = {"Thawa"}, ["xtw"] = {"Tawandê"}, ["xty"] = {"Yoloxochitl Mixtec"}, ["xua"] = {"Alu Kurumba"}, ["xub"] = {"Betta Kurumba"}, ["xud"] = {"Umiida"}, ["xug"] = {"Kunigami"}, ["xuj"] = {"Jennu Kurumba"}, ["xul"] = {"Ngunawal", "Nunukul"}, ["xum"] = {"Umbrian"}, ["xun"] = {"Unggaranggu"}, ["xuo"] = {"Kuo"}, ["xup"] = {"Upper Umpqua"}, ["xur"] = {"Urartian"}, ["xut"] = {"Kuthant"}, ["xuu"] = {"Kxoe", "Khwedam"}, ["xve"] = {"Venetic"}, ["xvi"] = {"Kamviri"}, ["xvn"] = {"Vandalic"}, ["xvo"] = {"Volscian"}, ["xvs"] = {"Vestinian"}, ["xwa"] = {"Kwaza"}, ["xwc"] = {"Woccon"}, ["xwd"] = {"Wadi Wadi"}, ["xwe"] = {"Xwela Gbe"}, ["xwg"] = {"Kwegu"}, ["xwj"] = {"Wajuk"}, ["xwk"] = {"Wangkumara"}, ["xwl"] = {"Western Xwla Gbe"}, ["xwo"] = {"Written Oirat"}, ["xwr"] = {"Kwerba Mamberamo"}, ["xwt"] = {"Wotjobaluk"}, ["xww"] = {"Wemba Wemba"}, ["xxb"] = {"Boro (Ghana)"}, ["xxk"] = {"Ke'o"}, ["xxm"] = {"Minkin"}, ["xxr"] = {"Koropó"}, ["xxt"] = {"Tambora"}, ["xya"] = {"Yaygir"}, ["xyb"] = {"Yandjibara"}, ["xyj"] = {"Mayi-Yapi"}, ["xyk"] = {"Mayi-Kulan"}, ["xyl"] = {"Yalakalore"}, ["xyt"] = {"Mayi-Thakurti"}, ["xyy"] = {"Yorta Yorta"}, ["xzh"] = {"Zhang-Zhung"}, ["xzm"] = {"Zemgalian"}, ["xzp"] = {"Ancient Zapotec"}, ["yaa"] = {"Yaminahua"}, ["yab"] = {"Yuhup"}, ["yac"] = {"Pass Valley Yali"}, ["yad"] = {"Yagua"}, ["yae"] = {"Pumé"}, ["yaf"] = {"Yaka (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["yag"] = {"Yámana"}, ["yah"] = {"Yazgulyam"}, ["yai"] = {"Yagnobi"}, ["yaj"] = {"Banda-Yangere"}, ["yak"] = {"Yakama"}, ["yal"] = {"Yalunka"}, ["yam"] = {"Yamba"}, ["yan"] = {"Mayangna"}, ["yao"] = {"Yao"}, ["yap"] = {"Yapese"}, ["yaq"] = {"Yaqui"}, ["yar"] = {"Yabarana"}, ["yas"] = {"Nugunu (Cameroon)"}, ["yat"] = {"Yambeta"}, ["yau"] = {"Yuwana"}, ["yav"] = {"Yangben"}, ["yaw"] = {"Yawalapití"}, ["yax"] = {"Yauma"}, ["yay"] = {"Agwagwune"}, ["yaz"] = {"Lokaa"}, ["yba"] = {"Yala"}, ["ybb"] = {"Yemba"}, ["ybe"] = {"West Yugur"}, ["ybh"] = {"Yakha"}, ["ybi"] = {"Yamphu"}, ["ybj"] = {"Hasha"}, ["ybk"] = {"Bokha"}, ["ybl"] = {"Yukuben"}, ["ybm"] = {"Yaben"}, ["ybn"] = {"Yabaâna"}, ["ybo"] = {"Yabong"}, ["ybx"] = {"Yawiyo"}, ["yby"] = {"Yaweyuha"}, ["ych"] = {"Chesu"}, ["ycl"] = {"Lolopo"}, ["ycn"] = {"Yucuna"}, ["ycp"] = {"Chepya"}, ["ycr"] = {"Yilan Creole"}, ["yda"] = {"Yanda"}, ["ydd"] = {"Eastern Yiddish"}, ["yde"] = {"Yangum Dey"}, ["ydg"] = {"Yidgha"}, ["ydk"] = {"Yoidik"}, ["yea"] = {"Ravula"}, ["yec"] = {"Yeniche"}, ["yee"] = {"Yimas"}, ["yei"] = {"Yeni"}, ["yej"] = {"Yevanic"}, ["yel"] = {"Yela"}, ["yer"] = {"Tarok"}, ["yes"] = {"Nyankpa"}, ["yet"] = {"Yetfa"}, ["yeu"] = {"Yerukula"}, ["yev"] = {"Yapunda"}, ["yey"] = {"Yeyi"}, ["yga"] = {"Malyangapa"}, ["ygi"] = {"Yiningayi"}, ["ygl"] = {"Yangum Gel"}, ["ygm"] = {"Yagomi"}, ["ygp"] = {"Gepo"}, ["ygr"] = {"Yagaria"}, ["ygs"] = {"Yolŋu Sign Language"}, ["ygu"] = {"Yugul"}, ["ygw"] = {"Yagwoia"}, ["yha"] = {"Baha Buyang"}, ["yhd"] = {"Judeo-Iraqi Arabic"}, ["yhl"] = {"Hlepho Phowa"}, ["yhs"] = {"Yan-nhaŋu Sign Language"}, ["yia"] = {"Yinggarda"}, ["yif"] = {"Ache"}, ["yig"] = {"Wusa Nasu"}, ["yih"] = {"Western Yiddish"}, ["yii"] = {"Yidiny"}, ["yij"] = {"Yindjibarndi"}, ["yik"] = {"Dongshanba Lalo"}, ["yil"] = {"Yindjilandji"}, ["yim"] = {"Yimchungru Naga"}, ["yin"] = {"Riang Lai", "Yinchia"}, ["yip"] = {"Pholo"}, ["yiq"] = {"Miqie"}, ["yir"] = {"North Awyu"}, ["yis"] = {"Yis"}, ["yit"] = {"Eastern Lalu"}, ["yiu"] = {"Awu"}, ["yiv"] = {"Northern Nisu"}, ["yix"] = {"Axi Yi"}, ["yiz"] = {"Azhe"}, ["yka"] = {"Yakan"}, ["ykg"] = {"Northern Yukaghir"}, ["ykh"] = {"Khamnigan Mongol"}, ["yki"] = {"Yoke"}, ["ykk"] = {"Yakaikeke"}, ["ykl"] = {"Khlula"}, ["ykm"] = {"Kap"}, ["ykn"] = {"Kua-nsi"}, ["yko"] = {"Yasa"}, ["ykr"] = {"Yekora"}, ["ykt"] = {"Kathu"}, ["yku"] = {"Kuamasi"}, ["yky"] = {"Yakoma"}, ["yla"] = {"Yaul"}, ["ylb"] = {"Yaleba"}, ["yle"] = {"Yele"}, ["ylg"] = {"Yelogu"}, ["yli"] = {"Angguruk Yali"}, ["yll"] = {"Yil"}, ["ylm"] = {"Limi"}, ["yln"] = {"Langnian Buyang"}, ["ylo"] = {"Naluo Yi"}, ["ylr"] = {"Yalarnnga"}, ["ylu"] = {"Aribwaung"}, ["yly"] = {"Nyâlayu", "Nyelâyu"}, ["ymb"] = {"Yambes"}, ["ymc"] = {"Southern Muji"}, ["ymd"] = {"Muda"}, ["yme"] = {"Yameo"}, ["ymg"] = {"Yamongeri"}, ["ymh"] = {"Mili"}, ["ymi"] = {"Moji"}, ["ymk"] = {"Makwe"}, ["yml"] = {"Iamalele"}, ["ymm"] = {"Maay"}, ["ymn"] = {"Yamna", "Sunum"}, ["ymo"] = {"Yangum Mon"}, ["ymp"] = {"Yamap"}, ["ymq"] = {"Qila Muji"}, ["ymr"] = {"Malasar"}, ["yms"] = {"Mysian"}, ["ymx"] = {"Northern Muji"}, ["ymz"] = {"Muzi"}, ["yna"] = {"Aluo"}, ["ynb"] = {"Yamben"}, ["ynd"] = {"Yandruwandha"}, ["yne"] = {"Lang'e"}, ["yng"] = {"Yango"}, ["ynk"] = {"Naukan Yupik"}, ["ynl"] = {"Yangulam"}, ["ynn"] = {"Yana"}, ["yno"] = {"Yong"}, ["ynq"] = {"Yendang"}, ["yns"] = {"Yansi"}, ["ynu"] = {"Yahuna"}, ["yob"] = {"Yoba"}, ["yog"] = {"Yogad"}, ["yoi"] = {"Yonaguni"}, ["yok"] = {"Yokuts"}, ["yom"] = {"Yombe"}, ["yon"] = {"Yongkom"}, ["yot"] = {"Yotti"}, ["yox"] = {"Yoron"}, ["yoy"] = {"Yoy"}, ["ypa"] = {"Phala"}, ["ypb"] = {"Labo Phowa"}, ["ypg"] = {"Phola"}, ["yph"] = {"Phupha"}, ["ypk"] = {"Yupik languages"}, ["ypm"] = {"Phuma"}, ["ypn"] = {"Ani Phowa"}, ["ypo"] = {"Alo Phola"}, ["ypp"] = {"Phupa"}, ["ypz"] = {"Phuza"}, ["yra"] = {"Yerakai"}, ["yrb"] = {"Yareba"}, ["yre"] = {"Yaouré"}, ["yrk"] = {"Nenets"}, ["yrl"] = {"Nhengatu"}, ["yrm"] = {"Yirrk-Mel"}, ["yrn"] = {"Yerong"}, ["yro"] = {"Yaroamë"}, ["yrs"] = {"Yarsun"}, ["yrw"] = {"Yarawata"}, ["yry"] = {"Yarluyandi"}, ["ysc"] = {"Yassic"}, ["ysd"] = {"Samatao"}, ["ysg"] = {"Sonaga"}, ["ysl"] = {"Yugoslavian Sign Language"}, ["ysm"] = {"Myanmar Sign Language"}, ["ysn"] = {"Sani"}, ["yso"] = {"Nisi (China)"}, ["ysp"] = {"Southern Lolopo"}, ["ysr"] = {"Sirenik Yupik"}, ["yss"] = {"Yessan-Mayo"}, ["ysy"] = {"Sanie"}, ["yta"] = {"Talu"}, ["ytl"] = {"Tanglang"}, ["ytp"] = {"Thopho"}, ["ytw"] = {"Yout Wam"}, ["yty"] = {"Yatay"}, ["yua"] = {"Yucateco", "Yucatec Maya"}, ["yub"] = {"Yugambal"}, ["yuc"] = {"Yuchi"}, ["yud"] = {"Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic"}, ["yue"] = {"Yue Chinese", "Cantonese"}, ["yuf"] = {"Havasupai-Walapai-Yavapai"}, ["yug"] = {"Yug"}, ["yui"] = {"Yurutí"}, ["yuj"] = {"Karkar-Yuri"}, ["yuk"] = {"Yuki"}, ["yul"] = {"Yulu"}, ["yum"] = {"Quechan"}, ["yun"] = {"Bena (Nigeria)"}, ["yup"] = {"Yukpa"}, ["yuq"] = {"Yuqui"}, ["yur"] = {"Yurok"}, ["yut"] = {"Yopno"}, ["yuw"] = {"Yau (Morobe Province)"}, ["yux"] = {"Southern Yukaghir"}, ["yuy"] = {"East Yugur"}, ["yuz"] = {"Yuracare"}, ["yva"] = {"Yawa"}, ["yvt"] = {"Yavitero"}, ["ywa"] = {"Kalou"}, ["ywg"] = {"Yinhawangka"}, ["ywl"] = {"Western Lalu"}, ["ywn"] = {"Yawanawa"}, ["ywq"] = {"Wuding-Luquan Yi"}, ["ywr"] = {"Yawuru"}, ["ywt"] = {"Xishanba Lalo", "Central Lalo"}, ["ywu"] = {"Wumeng Nasu"}, ["yww"] = {"Yawarawarga"}, ["yxa"] = {"Mayawali"}, ["yxg"] = {"Yagara"}, ["yxl"] = {"Yardliyawarra"}, ["yxm"] = {"Yinwum"}, ["yxu"] = {"Yuyu"}, ["yxy"] = {"Yabula Yabula"}, ["yyr"] = {"Yir Yoront"}, ["yyu"] = {"Yau (Sandaun Province)"}, ["yyz"] = {"Ayizi"}, ["yzg"] = {"E'ma Buyang"}, ["yzk"] = {"Zokhuo"}, ["zaa"] = {"Sierra de Juárez Zapotec"}, ["zab"] = {"Western Tlacolula Valley Zapotec", "San Juan Guelavía Zapotec"}, ["zac"] = {"Ocotlán Zapotec"}, ["zad"] = {"Cajonos Zapotec"}, ["zae"] = {"Yareni Zapotec"}, ["zaf"] = {"Ayoquesco Zapotec"}, ["zag"] = {"Zaghawa"}, ["zah"] = {"Zangwal"}, ["zai"] = {"Isthmus Zapotec"}, ["zaj"] = {"Zaramo"}, ["zak"] = {"Zanaki"}, ["zal"] = {"Zauzou"}, ["zam"] = {"Miahuatlán Zapotec"}, ["zao"] = {"Ozolotepec Zapotec"}, ["zap"] = {"Zapotec"}, ["zaq"] = {"Aloápam Zapotec"}, ["zar"] = {"Rincón Zapotec"}, ["zas"] = {"Santo Domingo Albarradas Zapotec"}, ["zat"] = {"Tabaa Zapotec"}, ["zau"] = {"Zangskari"}, ["zav"] = {"Yatzachi Zapotec"}, ["zaw"] = {"Mitla Zapotec"}, ["zax"] = {"Xadani Zapotec"}, ["zay"] = {"Zayse-Zergulla", "Zaysete"}, ["zaz"] = {"Zari"}, ["zba"] = {"Balaibalan"}, ["zbc"] = {"Central Berawan"}, ["zbe"] = {"East Berawan"}, ["zbl"] = {"Blissymbols", "Bliss", "Blissymbolics"}, ["zbt"] = {"Batui"}, ["zbu"] = {"Bu (Bauchi State)"}, ["zbw"] = {"West Berawan"}, ["zca"] = {"Coatecas Altas Zapotec"}, ["zcd"] = {"Las Delicias Zapotec"}, ["zch"] = {"Central Hongshuihe Zhuang"}, ["zdj"] = {"Ngazidja Comorian"}, ["zea"] = {"Zeeuws"}, ["zeg"] = {"Zenag"}, ["zeh"] = {"Eastern Hongshuihe Zhuang"}, ["zem"] = {"Zeem"}, ["zen"] = {"Zenaga"}, ["zga"] = {"Kinga"}, ["zgb"] = {"Guibei Zhuang"}, ["zgh"] = {"Standard Moroccan Tamazight"}, ["zgm"] = {"Minz Zhuang"}, ["zgn"] = {"Guibian Zhuang"}, ["zgr"] = {"Magori"}, ["zhb"] = {"Zhaba"}, ["zhd"] = {"Dai Zhuang"}, ["zhi"] = {"Zhire"}, ["zhn"] = {"Nong Zhuang"}, ["zhw"] = {"Zhoa"}, ["zhx"] = {"Chinese (family)"}, ["zia"] = {"Zia"}, ["zib"] = {"Zimbabwe Sign Language"}, ["zik"] = {"Zimakani"}, ["zil"] = {"Zialo"}, ["zim"] = {"Mesme"}, ["zin"] = {"Zinza"}, ["ziw"] = {"Zigula"}, ["ziz"] = {"Zizilivakan"}, ["zka"] = {"Kaimbulawa"}, ["zkd"] = {"Kadu"}, ["zkg"] = {"Koguryo"}, ["zkh"] = {"Khorezmian"}, ["zkk"] = {"Karankawa"}, ["zkn"] = {"Kanan"}, ["zko"] = {"Kott"}, ["zkp"] = {"São Paulo Kaingáng"}, ["zkr"] = {"Zakhring"}, ["zkt"] = {"Kitan"}, ["zku"] = {"Kaurna"}, ["zkv"] = {"Krevinian"}, ["zkz"] = {"Khazar"}, ["zla"] = {"Zula"}, ["zle"] = {"East Slavic languages"}, ["zlj"] = {"Liujiang Zhuang"}, ["zlm"] = {"Malay (individual language)"}, ["zln"] = {"Lianshan Zhuang"}, ["zlq"] = {"Liuqian Zhuang"}, ["zls"] = {"South Slavic languages"}, ["zlu"] = {"Zul"}, ["zlw"] = {"West Slavic languages"}, ["zma"] = {"Manda (Australia)"}, ["zmb"] = {"Zimba"}, ["zmc"] = {"Margany"}, ["zmd"] = {"Maridan"}, ["zme"] = {"Mangerr"}, ["zmf"] = {"Mfinu"}, ["zmg"] = {"Marti Ke"}, ["zmh"] = {"Makolkol"}, ["zmi"] = {"Negeri Sembilan Malay"}, ["zmj"] = {"Maridjabin"}, ["zmk"] = {"Mandandanyi"}, ["zml"] = {"Matngala"}, ["zmm"] = {"Marimanindji", "Marramaninyshi"}, ["zmn"] = {"Mbangwe"}, ["zmo"] = {"Molo"}, ["zmp"] = {"Mbuun"}, ["zmq"] = {"Mituku"}, ["zmr"] = {"Maranunggu"}, ["zms"] = {"Mbesa"}, ["zmt"] = {"Maringarr"}, ["zmu"] = {"Muruwari"}, ["zmv"] = {"Mbariman-Gudhinma"}, ["zmw"] = {"Mbo (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["zmx"] = {"Bomitaba"}, ["zmy"] = {"Mariyedi"}, ["zmz"] = {"Mbandja"}, ["zna"] = {"Zan Gula"}, ["znd"] = {"Zande languages"}, ["zne"] = {"Zande (individual language)"}, ["zng"] = {"Mang"}, ["znk"] = {"Manangkari"}, ["zns"] = {"Mangas"}, ["zoc"] = {"Copainalá Zoque"}, ["zoh"] = {"Chimalapa Zoque"}, ["zom"] = {"Zou"}, ["zoo"] = {"Asunción Mixtepec Zapotec"}, ["zoq"] = {"Tabasco Zoque"}, ["zor"] = {"Rayón Zoque"}, ["zos"] = {"Francisco León Zoque"}, ["zpa"] = {"Lachiguiri Zapotec"}, ["zpb"] = {"Yautepec Zapotec"}, ["zpc"] = {"Choapan Zapotec"}, ["zpd"] = {"Southeastern Ixtlán Zapotec"}, ["zpe"] = {"Petapa Zapotec"}, ["zpf"] = {"San Pedro Quiatoni Zapotec"}, ["zpg"] = {"Guevea De Humboldt Zapotec"}, ["zph"] = {"Totomachapan Zapotec"}, ["zpi"] = {"Santa María Quiegolani Zapotec"}, ["zpj"] = {"Quiavicuzas Zapotec"}, ["zpk"] = {"Tlacolulita Zapotec"}, ["zpl"] = {"Lachixío Zapotec"}, ["zpm"] = {"Mixtepec Zapotec"}, ["zpn"] = {"Santa Inés Yatzechi Zapotec"}, ["zpo"] = {"Amatlán Zapotec"}, ["zpp"] = {"El Alto Zapotec"}, ["zpq"] = {"Zoogocho Zapotec"}, ["zpr"] = {"Santiago Xanica Zapotec"}, ["zps"] = {"Coatlán Zapotec"}, ["zpt"] = {"San Vicente Coatlán Zapotec"}, ["zpu"] = {"Yalálag Zapotec"}, ["zpv"] = {"Chichicapan Zapotec"}, ["zpw"] = {"Zaniza Zapotec"}, ["zpx"] = {"San Baltazar Loxicha Zapotec"}, ["zpy"] = {"Mazaltepec Zapotec"}, ["zpz"] = {"Texmelucan Zapotec"}, ["zqe"] = {"Qiubei Zhuang"}, ["zra"] = {"Kara (Korea)"}, ["zrg"] = {"Mirgan"}, ["zrn"] = {"Zerenkel"}, ["zro"] = {"Záparo"}, ["zrp"] = {"Zarphatic"}, ["zrs"] = {"Mairasi"}, ["zsa"] = {"Sarasira"}, ["zsk"] = {"Kaskean"}, ["zsl"] = {"Zambian Sign Language"}, ["zsm"] = {"Standard Malay"}, ["zsr"] = {"Southern Rincon Zapotec"}, ["zsu"] = {"Sukurum"}, ["zte"] = {"Elotepec Zapotec"}, ["ztg"] = {"Xanaguía Zapotec"}, ["ztl"] = {"Lapaguía-Guivini Zapotec"}, ["ztm"] = {"San Agustín Mixtepec Zapotec"}, ["ztn"] = {"Santa Catarina Albarradas Zapotec"}, ["ztp"] = {"Loxicha Zapotec"}, ["ztq"] = {"Quioquitani-Quierí Zapotec"}, ["zts"] = {"Tilquiapan Zapotec"}, ["ztt"] = {"Tejalapan Zapotec"}, ["ztu"] = {"Güilá Zapotec"}, ["ztx"] = {"Zaachila Zapotec"}, ["zty"] = {"Yatee Zapotec"}, ["zuh"] = {"Tokano"}, ["zum"] = {"Kumzari"}, ["zun"] = {"Zuni"}, ["zuy"] = {"Zumaya"}, ["zwa"] = {"Zay"}, ["zxx"] = {"No linguistic content", "Not applicable"}, ["zyb"] = {"Yongbei Zhuang"}, ["zyg"] = {"Yang Zhuang"}, ["zyj"] = {"Youjiang Zhuang"}, ["zyn"] = {"Yongnan Zhuang"}, ["zyp"] = {"Zyphe Chin"}, ["zza"] = {"Zaza", "Dimili", "Dimli (macrolanguage)", "Kirdki", "Kirmanjki (macrolanguage)", "Zazaki"}, ["zzj"] = {"Zuojiang Zhuang"} } local deprecated = { ["in"] = {"Indonesian"}, ["iw"] = {"Hebrew"}, ["ji"] = {"Yiddish"}, ["jw"] = {"Javanese"}, ["mo"] = {"Moldavian", "Moldovan"}, ["aam"] = {"Aramanik"}, ["adp"] = {"Adap"}, ["agp"] = {"Paranan"}, ["ais"] = {"Nataoran Amis"}, ["ajp"] = {"South Levantine Arabic"}, ["ajt"] = {"Judeo-Tunisian Arabic"}, ["aoh"] = {"Arma"}, ["asd"] = {"Asas"}, ["aue"] = {"ǂKxʼauǁʼein"}, ["ayx"] = {"Ayi (China)"}, ["ayy"] = {"Tayabas Ayta"}, ["baz"] = {"Tunen"}, ["bbz"] = {"Babalia Creole Arabic"}, ["bgm"] = {"Baga Mboteni"}, ["bhk"] = {"Albay Bicolano"}, ["bic"] = {"Bikaru"}, ["bij"] = {"Vaghat-Ya-Bijim-Legeri"}, ["bjd"] = {"Bandjigali"}, ["bjq"] = {"Southern Betsimisaraka Malagasy"}, ["bkb"] = {"Finallig"}, ["blg"] = {"Balau"}, ["bmy"] = {"Bemba (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["bpb"] = {"Barbacoas"}, ["btb"] = {"Beti (Cameroon)"}, ["btl"] = {"Bhatola"}, ["bxx"] = {"Borna (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["byy"] = {"Buya"}, ["cbe"] = {"Chipiajes"}, ["cbh"] = {"Cagua"}, ["cca"] = {"Cauca"}, ["ccq"] = {"Chaungtha"}, ["cdg"] = {"Chamari"}, ["cjr"] = {"Chorotega"}, ["cka"] = {"Khumi Awa Chin"}, ["cmk"] = {"Chimakum"}, ["coy"] = {"Coyaima"}, ["cqu"] = {"Chilean Quechua"}, ["cug"] = {"Chungmboko", "Cung"}, ["cum"] = {"Cumeral"}, ["daf"] = {"Dan"}, ["dap"] = {"Nisi (India)"}, ["dek"] = {"Dek"}, ["dgu"] = {"Degaru"}, ["dha"] = {"Dhanwar (India)"}, ["dit"] = {"Dirari"}, ["djl"] = {"Djiwarli"}, ["dkl"] = {"Kolum So Dogon"}, ["drh"] = {"Darkhat"}, ["drr"] = {"Dororo"}, ["drw"] = {"Darwazi"}, ["dud"] = {"Hun-Saare"}, ["duj"] = {"Dhuwal"}, ["dwl"] = {"Walo Kumbe Dogon"}, ["ekc"] = {"Eastern Karnic"}, ["elp"] = {"Elpaputih"}, ["emo"] = {"Emok"}, ["gav"] = {"Gabutamon"}, ["gbc"] = {"Garawa"}, ["gfx"] = {"Mangetti Dune ǃXung"}, ["ggn"] = {"Eastern Gurung"}, ["ggo"] = {"Southern Gondi"}, ["ggr"] = {"Aghu Tharnggalu"}, ["gio"] = {"Gelao"}, ["gji"] = {"Geji"}, ["gli"] = {"Guliguli"}, ["gti"] = {"Gbati-ri"}, ["guv"] = {"Gey"}, ["hrr"] = {"Horuru"}, ["iap"] = {"Iapama"}, ["ibi"] = {"Ibilo"}, ["ill"] = {"Iranun"}, ["ilw"] = {"Talur"}, ["ime"] = {"Imeraguen"}, ["izi"] = {"Izi-Ezaa-Ikwo-Mgbo"}, ["jar"] = {"Jarawa (Nigeria)"}, ["jeg"] = {"Jeng"}, ["kbf"] = {"Kakauhua"}, ["kdv"] = {"Kado"}, ["kgc"] = {"Kasseng"}, ["kgd"] = {"Kataang"}, ["kgh"] = {"Upper Tanudan Kalinga"}, ["kgm"] = {"Karipúna"}, ["kjf"] = {"Khalaj [Indo-Iranian]"}, ["koj"] = {"Sara Dunjo"}, ["kox"] = {"Coxima"}, ["kpp"] = {"Paku Karen"}, ["krm"] = {"Krim"}, ["ksa"] = {"Shuwa-Zamani"}, ["ktr"] = {"Kota Marudu Tinagas"}, ["kvs"] = {"Kunggara"}, ["kwq"] = {"Kwak"}, ["kxe"] = {"Kakihum"}, ["kxl"] = {"Nepali Kurux"}, ["kxu"] = {"Kui (India)"}, ["kzh"] = {"Kenuzi-Dongola"}, ["kzj"] = {"Coastal Kadazan"}, ["kzt"] = {"Tambunan Dusun"}, ["lak"] = {"Laka (Nigeria)"}, ["lba"] = {"Lui"}, ["leg"] = {"Lengua"}, ["lii"] = {"Lingkhim"}, ["llo"] = {"Khlor"}, ["lmm"] = {"Lamam"}, ["lmz"] = {"Lumbee"}, ["lno"] = {"Lango (South Sudan)"}, ["lsg"] = {"Lyons Sign Language"}, ["meg"] = {"Mea"}, ["mgx"] = {"Omati"}, ["mhh"] = {"Maskoy Pidgin"}, ["mja"] = {"Mahei"}, ["mld"] = {"Malakhel"}, ["mnt"] = {"Maykulan"}, ["mof"] = {"Mohegan-Montauk-Narragansett"}, ["mst"] = {"Cataelano Mandaya"}, ["mvm"] = {"Muya"}, ["mwd"] = {"Mudbura"}, ["mwj"] = {"Maligo"}, ["mwx"] = {"Mediak"}, ["mwy"] = {"Mosiro"}, ["myd"] = {"Maramba"}, ["myi"] = {"Mina (India)"}, ["myq"] = {"Forest Maninka"}, ["myt"] = {"Sangab Mandaya"}, ["nad"] = {"Nijadali"}, ["nbf"] = {"Naxi"}, ["nbx"] = {"Ngura"}, ["ncp"] = {"Ndaktup"}, ["ngo"] = {"Ngoni"}, ["nln"] = {"Durango Nahuatl"}, ["nlr"] = {"Ngarla"}, ["nns"] = {"Ningye"}, ["nnx"] = {"Ngong"}, ["nom"] = {"Nocamán"}, ["noo"] = {"Nootka"}, ["nte"] = {"Nathembo"}, ["nts"] = {"Natagaimas"}, ["nxu"] = {"Narau"}, ["ome"] = {"Omejes"}, ["oun"] = {"ǃOǃung"}, ["pat"] = {"Papitalai"}, ["pbz"] = {"Palu"}, ["pcr"] = {"Panang"}, ["pgy"] = {"Pongyong"}, ["pii"] = {"Pini"}, ["plj"] = {"Polci"}, ["plp"] = {"Palpa"}, ["pmc"] = {"Palumata"}, ["pmk"] = {"Pamlico"}, ["pmu"] = {"Mirpur Panjabi"}, ["pod"] = {"Ponares"}, ["ppa"] = {"Pao"}, ["ppr"] = {"Piru"}, ["prb"] = {"Lua'"}, ["prp"] = {"Parsi"}, ["pry"] = {"Pray 3"}, ["puk"] = {"Pu Ko"}, ["puz"] = {"Purum Naga"}, ["rie"] = {"Rien"}, ["rmr"] = {"Caló"}, ["rna"] = {"Runa"}, ["rsi"] = {"Rennellese Sign Language"}, ["sap"] = {"Sanapaná"}, ["sca"] = {"Sansu"}, ["sdm"] = {"Semandang"}, ["sgl"] = {"Sanglechi-Ishkashimi"}, ["sgo"] = {"Songa"}, ["skk"] = {"Sok"}, ["slq"] = {"Salchuq"}, ["smd"] = {"Sama"}, ["snb"] = {"Sebuyau"}, ["snh"] = {"Shinabo"}, ["sul"] = {"Surigaonon"}, ["sum"] = {"Sumo-Mayangna"}, ["svr"] = {"Savara"}, ["szd"] = {"Seru"}, ["tbb"] = {"Tapeba"}, ["tdu"] = {"Tempasuk Dusun"}, ["tgg"] = {"Tangga"}, ["thc"] = {"Tai Hang Tong"}, ["thw"] = {"Thudam"}, ["thx"] = {"The"}, ["tid"] = {"Tidong"}, ["tie"] = {"Tingal"}, ["tkk"] = {"Takpa"}, ["tlw"] = {"South Wemale"}, ["tmk"] = {"Northwestern Tamang"}, ["tmp"] = {"Tai Mène"}, ["tne"] = {"Tinoc Kallahan"}, ["tnf"] = {"Tangshewi"}, ["toe"] = {"Tomedes"}, ["tpw"] = {"Tupí"}, ["tsf"] = {"Southwestern Tamang"}, ["unp"] = {"Worora"}, ["uok"] = {"Uokha"}, ["uun"] = {"Kulon-Pazeh"}, ["vki"] = {"Ija-Zuba"}, ["wgw"] = {"Wagawaga"}, ["wit"] = {"Wintu"}, ["wiw"] = {"Wirangu"}, ["wra"] = {"Warapu"}, ["wrd"] = {"Warduji"}, ["wya"] = {"Wyandot"}, ["xba"] = {"Kamba (Brazil)"}, ["xbx"] = {"Kabixí"}, ["xia"] = {"Xiandao"}, ["xip"] = {"Xipináwa"}, ["xkh"] = {"Karahawyana"}, ["xrq"] = {"Karranga"}, ["xss"] = {"Assan"}, ["xtz"] = {"Tasmanian"}, ["ybd"] = {"Yangbye"}, ["yds"] = {"Yiddish Sign Language"}, ["yen"] = {"Yendang"}, ["yiy"] = {"Yir Yoront"}, ["yma"] = {"Yamphe"}, ["ymt"] = {"Mator-Taygi-Karagas"}, ["ynh"] = {"Yangho"}, ["yol"] = {"Yola"}, ["yos"] = {"Yos"}, ["yri"] = {"Yarí"}, ["yuu"] = {"Yugh"}, ["zir"] = {"Ziriya"}, ["zkb"] = {"Koibal"}, ["zua"] = {"Zeem"} } return { active = active, deprecated = deprecated, } lvtjy4barx2qygel3xiiq0zt2bdqn5t 828 159092 1374647 1314025 2026-04-16T17:41:42Z en>Trappist the monk 0 update to 2026-04-09 data; 1374647 Scribunto text/plain -- File-Date: 2026-04-09 return { ["Adlm"] = {"Adlam"}, ["Afak"] = {"Afaka"}, ["Aghb"] = {"Caucasian Albanian"}, ["Ahom"] = {"Ahom", "Tai Ahom"}, ["Arab"] = {"Arabic"}, ["Aran"] = {"Arabic (Nastaliq variant)"}, ["Armi"] = {"Imperial Aramaic"}, ["Armn"] = {"Armenian"}, ["Avst"] = {"Avestan"}, ["Bali"] = {"Balinese"}, ["Bamu"] = {"Bamum"}, ["Bass"] = {"Bassa Vah"}, ["Batk"] = {"Batak"}, ["Beng"] = {"Bengali", "Bangla"}, ["Berf"] = {"Beria Erfe"}, ["Bhks"] = {"Bhaiksuki"}, ["Blis"] = {"Blissymbols"}, ["Bopo"] = {"Bopomofo"}, ["Brah"] = {"Brahmi"}, ["Brai"] = {"Braille"}, ["Bugi"] = {"Buginese"}, ["Buhd"] = {"Buhid"}, ["Cakm"] = {"Chakma"}, ["Cans"] = {"Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics"}, ["Cari"] = {"Carian"}, ["Cham"] = {"Cham"}, ["Cher"] = {"Cherokee"}, ["Chis"] = {"Chisoi"}, ["Chrs"] = {"Chorasmian"}, ["Cirt"] = {"Cirth"}, ["Copt"] = {"Coptic"}, ["Cpmn"] = {"Cypro-Minoan"}, ["Cprt"] = {"Cypriot syllabary"}, ["Cyrl"] = {"Cyrillic"}, ["Cyrs"] = {"Cyrillic (Old Church Slavonic variant)"}, ["Deva"] = {"Devanagari", "Nagari"}, ["Diak"] = {"Dives Akuru"}, ["Dogr"] = {"Dogra"}, ["Dsrt"] = {"Deseret", "Mormon"}, ["Dupl"] = {"Duployan shorthand", "Duployan stenography"}, ["Egyd"] = {"Egyptian demotic"}, ["Egyh"] = {"Egyptian hieratic"}, ["Egyp"] = {"Egyptian hieroglyphs"}, ["Elba"] = {"Elbasan"}, ["Elym"] = {"Elymaic"}, ["Ethi"] = {"Ethiopic", "Geʻez", "Ge'ez"}, ["Gara"] = {"Garay"}, ["Geok"] = {"Khutsuri (Asomtavruli and Nuskhuri)"}, ["Geor"] = {"Georgian (Mkhedruli and Mtavruli)"}, ["Glag"] = {"Glagolitic"}, ["Gong"] = {"Gunjala Gondi"}, ["Gonm"] = {"Masaram Gondi"}, ["Goth"] = {"Gothic"}, ["Gran"] = {"Grantha"}, ["Grek"] = {"Greek"}, ["Gujr"] = {"Gujarati"}, ["Gukh"] = {"Gurung Khema"}, ["Guru"] = {"Gurmukhi"}, ["Hanb"] = {"Han with Bopomofo (alias for Han + Bopomofo)"}, ["Hang"] = {"Hangul", "Hangŭl", "Hangeul"}, ["Hani"] = {"Han", "Hanzi", "Kanji", "Hanja"}, ["Hano"] = {"Hanunoo", "Hanunóo"}, ["Hans"] = {"Han (Simplified variant)"}, ["Hant"] = {"Han (Traditional variant)"}, ["Hatr"] = {"Hatran"}, ["Hebr"] = {"Hebrew"}, ["Hira"] = {"Hiragana"}, ["Hluw"] = {"Anatolian Hieroglyphs", "Luwian Hieroglyphs", "Hittite Hieroglyphs"}, ["Hmng"] = {"Pahawh Hmong"}, ["Hmnp"] = {"Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong"}, ["Hntl"] = {"Han (Traditional variant) with Latin (alias for Hant + Latn)"}, ["Hrkt"] = {"Japanese syllabaries (alias for Hiragana + Katakana)"}, ["Hung"] = {"Old Hungarian", "Hungarian Runic"}, ["Inds"] = {"Indus", "Harappan"}, ["Ital"] = {"Old Italic (Etruscan, Oscan, etc.)"}, ["Jamo"] = {"Jamo (alias for Jamo subset of Hangul)"}, ["Java"] = {"Javanese"}, ["Jpan"] = {"Japanese (alias for Han + Hiragana + Katakana)"}, ["Jurc"] = {"Jurchen"}, ["Kali"] = {"Kayah Li"}, ["Kana"] = {"Katakana"}, ["Kawi"] = {"Kawi"}, ["Khar"] = {"Kharoshthi"}, ["Khmr"] = {"Khmer"}, ["Khoj"] = {"Khojki"}, ["Kitl"] = {"Khitan large script"}, ["Kits"] = {"Khitan small script"}, ["Knda"] = {"Kannada"}, ["Kore"] = {"Korean (alias for Hangul + Han)"}, ["Kpel"] = {"Kpelle"}, ["Krai"] = {"Kirat Rai"}, ["Kthi"] = {"Kaithi"}, ["Lana"] = {"Tai Tham", "Lanna"}, ["Laoo"] = {"Lao"}, ["Latf"] = {"Latin (Fraktur variant)"}, ["Latg"] = {"Latin (Gaelic variant)"}, ["Latn"] = {"Latin"}, ["Leke"] = {"Leke"}, ["Lepc"] = {"Lepcha", "Róng"}, ["Limb"] = {"Limbu"}, ["Lina"] = {"Linear A"}, ["Linb"] = {"Linear B"}, ["Lisu"] = {"Lisu", "Fraser"}, ["Loma"] = {"Loma"}, ["Lyci"] = {"Lycian"}, ["Lydi"] = {"Lydian"}, ["Mahj"] = {"Mahajani"}, ["Maka"] = {"Makasar"}, ["Mand"] = {"Mandaic", "Mandaean"}, ["Mani"] = {"Manichaean"}, ["Marc"] = {"Marchen"}, ["Maya"] = {"Mayan hieroglyphs"}, ["Medf"] = {"Medefaidrin", "Oberi Okaime", "Oberi Ɔkaimɛ"}, ["Mend"] = {"Mende Kikakui"}, ["Merc"] = {"Meroitic Cursive"}, ["Mero"] = {"Meroitic Hieroglyphs"}, ["Mlym"] = {"Malayalam"}, ["Modi"] = {"Modi", "Moḍī"}, ["Mong"] = {"Mongolian"}, ["Moon"] = {"Moon", "Moon code", "Moon script", "Moon type"}, ["Mroo"] = {"Mro", "Mru"}, ["Mtei"] = {"Meitei Mayek", "Meithei", "Meetei"}, ["Mult"] = {"Multani"}, ["Mymr"] = {"Myanmar", "Burmese"}, ["Nagm"] = {"Nag Mundari"}, ["Nand"] = {"Nandinagari"}, ["Narb"] = {"Old North Arabian", "Ancient North Arabian"}, ["Nbat"] = {"Nabataean"}, ["Newa"] = {"Newa", "Newar", "Newari", "Nepāla lipi"}, ["Nkdb"] = {"Naxi Dongba", "na²¹ɕi³³ to³³ba²¹", "Nakhi Tomba"}, ["Nkgb"] = {"Naxi Geba", "na²¹ɕi³³ gʌ²¹ba²¹", "'Na-'Khi ²Ggŏ-¹baw", "Nakhi Geba"}, ["Nkoo"] = {"N’Ko", "N'Ko"}, ["Nshu"] = {"Nüshu"}, ["Ogam"] = {"Ogham"}, ["Olck"] = {"Ol Chiki", "Ol Cemet'", "Ol", "Santali"}, ["Onao"] = {"Ol Onal"}, ["Orkh"] = {"Old Turkic", "Orkhon Runic"}, ["Orya"] = {"Oriya", "Odia"}, ["Osge"] = {"Osage"}, ["Osma"] = {"Osmanya"}, ["Ougr"] = {"Old Uyghur"}, ["Palm"] = {"Palmyrene"}, ["Pauc"] = {"Pau Cin Hau"}, ["Pcun"] = {"Proto-Cuneiform"}, ["Pelm"] = {"Proto-Elamite"}, ["Perm"] = {"Old Permic"}, ["Phag"] = {"Phags-pa"}, ["Phli"] = {"Inscriptional Pahlavi"}, ["Phlp"] = {"Psalter Pahlavi"}, ["Phlv"] = {"Book Pahlavi"}, ["Phnx"] = {"Phoenician"}, ["Piqd"] = {"Klingon (KLI pIqaD)"}, ["Plrd"] = {"Miao", "Pollard"}, ["Prti"] = {"Inscriptional Parthian"}, ["Psin"] = {"Proto-Sinaitic"}, ["Ranj"] = {"Ranjana"}, ["Rjng"] = {"Rejang", "Redjang", "Kaganga"}, ["Rohg"] = {"Hanifi Rohingya"}, ["Roro"] = {"Rongorongo"}, ["Runr"] = {"Runic"}, ["Samr"] = {"Samaritan"}, ["Sara"] = {"Sarati"}, ["Sarb"] = {"Old South Arabian"}, ["Saur"] = {"Saurashtra"}, ["Seal"] = {"Seal", "Small Seal"}, ["Sgnw"] = {"SignWriting"}, ["Shaw"] = {"Shavian", "Shaw"}, ["Shrd"] = {"Sharada", "Śāradā"}, ["Shui"] = {"Shuishu"}, ["Sidd"] = {"Siddham", "Siddhaṃ", "Siddhamātṛkā"}, ["Sidt"] = {"Sidetic"}, ["Sind"] = {"Khudawadi", "Sindhi"}, ["Sinh"] = {"Sinhala"}, ["Sogd"] = {"Sogdian"}, ["Sogo"] = {"Old Sogdian"}, ["Sora"] = {"Sora Sompeng"}, ["Soyo"] = {"Soyombo"}, ["Sund"] = {"Sundanese"}, ["Sunu"] = {"Sunuwar"}, ["Sylo"] = {"Syloti Nagri"}, ["Syrc"] = {"Syriac"}, ["Syre"] = {"Syriac (Estrangelo variant)"}, ["Syrj"] = {"Syriac (Western variant)"}, ["Syrn"] = {"Syriac (Eastern variant)"}, ["Tagb"] = {"Tagbanwa"}, ["Takr"] = {"Takri", "Ṭākrī", "Ṭāṅkrī"}, ["Tale"] = {"Tai Le"}, ["Talu"] = {"New Tai Lue"}, ["Taml"] = {"Tamil"}, ["Tang"] = {"Tangut"}, ["Tavt"] = {"Tai Viet"}, ["Tayo"] = {"Tai Yo"}, ["Telu"] = {"Telugu"}, ["Teng"] = {"Tengwar"}, ["Tfng"] = {"Tifinagh", "Berber"}, ["Tglg"] = {"Tagalog", "Baybayin", "Alibata"}, ["Thaa"] = {"Thaana"}, ["Thai"] = {"Thai"}, ["Tibt"] = {"Tibetan"}, ["Tirh"] = {"Tirhuta"}, ["Tnsa"] = {"Tangsa"}, ["Todr"] = {"Todhri"}, ["Tols"] = {"Tolong Siki"}, ["Toto"] = {"Toto"}, ["Tutg"] = {"Tulu-Tigalari"}, ["Ugar"] = {"Ugaritic"}, ["Vaii"] = {"Vai"}, ["Visp"] = {"Visible Speech"}, ["Vith"] = {"Vithkuqi"}, ["Wara"] = {"Warang Citi", "Varang Kshiti"}, ["Wcho"] = {"Wancho"}, ["Wole"] = {"Woleai"}, ["Xpeo"] = {"Old Persian"}, ["Xsux"] = {"Sumero-Akkadian cuneiform"}, ["Yezi"] = {"Yezidi"}, ["Yiii"] = {"Yi"}, ["Zanb"] = {"Zanabazar Square", "Zanabazarin Dörböljin Useg", "Xewtee Dörböljin Bicig", "Horizontal Square Script"}, ["Zinh"] = {"Code for inherited script"}, ["Zmth"] = {"Mathematical notation"}, ["Zsye"] = {"Symbols (Emoji variant)"}, ["Zsym"] = {"Symbols"}, ["Zxxx"] = {"Code for unwritten documents"}, ["Zyyy"] = {"Code for undetermined script"}, ["Zzzz"] = {"Code for uncoded script"} } c7u9sv80kzrh5jzaij9fynoelyyehwq 1374648 1374647 2026-06-03T00:31:57Z A826 72368 ೧ revisions imported from [[:en:Module:Lang/data/iana_scripts]] 1374647 Scribunto text/plain -- File-Date: 2026-04-09 return { ["Adlm"] = {"Adlam"}, ["Afak"] = {"Afaka"}, ["Aghb"] = {"Caucasian Albanian"}, ["Ahom"] = {"Ahom", "Tai Ahom"}, ["Arab"] = {"Arabic"}, ["Aran"] = {"Arabic (Nastaliq variant)"}, ["Armi"] = {"Imperial Aramaic"}, ["Armn"] = {"Armenian"}, ["Avst"] = {"Avestan"}, ["Bali"] = {"Balinese"}, ["Bamu"] = {"Bamum"}, ["Bass"] = {"Bassa Vah"}, ["Batk"] = {"Batak"}, ["Beng"] = {"Bengali", "Bangla"}, ["Berf"] = {"Beria Erfe"}, ["Bhks"] = {"Bhaiksuki"}, ["Blis"] = {"Blissymbols"}, ["Bopo"] = {"Bopomofo"}, ["Brah"] = {"Brahmi"}, ["Brai"] = {"Braille"}, ["Bugi"] = {"Buginese"}, ["Buhd"] = {"Buhid"}, ["Cakm"] = {"Chakma"}, ["Cans"] = {"Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics"}, ["Cari"] = {"Carian"}, ["Cham"] = {"Cham"}, ["Cher"] = {"Cherokee"}, ["Chis"] = {"Chisoi"}, ["Chrs"] = {"Chorasmian"}, ["Cirt"] = {"Cirth"}, ["Copt"] = {"Coptic"}, ["Cpmn"] = {"Cypro-Minoan"}, ["Cprt"] = {"Cypriot syllabary"}, ["Cyrl"] = {"Cyrillic"}, ["Cyrs"] = {"Cyrillic (Old Church Slavonic variant)"}, ["Deva"] = {"Devanagari", "Nagari"}, ["Diak"] = {"Dives Akuru"}, ["Dogr"] = {"Dogra"}, ["Dsrt"] = {"Deseret", "Mormon"}, ["Dupl"] = {"Duployan shorthand", "Duployan stenography"}, ["Egyd"] = {"Egyptian demotic"}, ["Egyh"] = {"Egyptian hieratic"}, ["Egyp"] = {"Egyptian hieroglyphs"}, ["Elba"] = {"Elbasan"}, ["Elym"] = {"Elymaic"}, ["Ethi"] = {"Ethiopic", "Geʻez", "Ge'ez"}, ["Gara"] = {"Garay"}, ["Geok"] = {"Khutsuri (Asomtavruli and Nuskhuri)"}, ["Geor"] = {"Georgian (Mkhedruli and Mtavruli)"}, ["Glag"] = {"Glagolitic"}, ["Gong"] = {"Gunjala Gondi"}, ["Gonm"] = {"Masaram Gondi"}, ["Goth"] = {"Gothic"}, ["Gran"] = {"Grantha"}, ["Grek"] = {"Greek"}, ["Gujr"] = {"Gujarati"}, ["Gukh"] = {"Gurung Khema"}, ["Guru"] = {"Gurmukhi"}, ["Hanb"] = {"Han with Bopomofo (alias for Han + Bopomofo)"}, ["Hang"] = {"Hangul", "Hangŭl", "Hangeul"}, ["Hani"] = {"Han", "Hanzi", "Kanji", "Hanja"}, ["Hano"] = {"Hanunoo", "Hanunóo"}, ["Hans"] = {"Han (Simplified variant)"}, ["Hant"] = {"Han (Traditional variant)"}, ["Hatr"] = {"Hatran"}, ["Hebr"] = {"Hebrew"}, ["Hira"] = {"Hiragana"}, ["Hluw"] = {"Anatolian Hieroglyphs", "Luwian Hieroglyphs", "Hittite Hieroglyphs"}, ["Hmng"] = {"Pahawh Hmong"}, ["Hmnp"] = {"Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong"}, ["Hntl"] = {"Han (Traditional variant) with Latin (alias for Hant + Latn)"}, ["Hrkt"] = {"Japanese syllabaries (alias for Hiragana + Katakana)"}, ["Hung"] = {"Old Hungarian", "Hungarian Runic"}, ["Inds"] = {"Indus", "Harappan"}, ["Ital"] = {"Old Italic (Etruscan, Oscan, etc.)"}, ["Jamo"] = {"Jamo (alias for Jamo subset of Hangul)"}, ["Java"] = {"Javanese"}, ["Jpan"] = {"Japanese (alias for Han + Hiragana + Katakana)"}, ["Jurc"] = {"Jurchen"}, ["Kali"] = {"Kayah Li"}, ["Kana"] = {"Katakana"}, ["Kawi"] = {"Kawi"}, ["Khar"] = {"Kharoshthi"}, ["Khmr"] = {"Khmer"}, ["Khoj"] = {"Khojki"}, ["Kitl"] = {"Khitan large script"}, ["Kits"] = {"Khitan small script"}, ["Knda"] = {"Kannada"}, ["Kore"] = {"Korean (alias for Hangul + Han)"}, ["Kpel"] = {"Kpelle"}, ["Krai"] = {"Kirat Rai"}, ["Kthi"] = {"Kaithi"}, ["Lana"] = {"Tai Tham", "Lanna"}, ["Laoo"] = {"Lao"}, ["Latf"] = {"Latin (Fraktur variant)"}, ["Latg"] = {"Latin (Gaelic variant)"}, ["Latn"] = {"Latin"}, ["Leke"] = {"Leke"}, ["Lepc"] = {"Lepcha", "Róng"}, ["Limb"] = {"Limbu"}, ["Lina"] = {"Linear A"}, ["Linb"] = {"Linear B"}, ["Lisu"] = {"Lisu", "Fraser"}, ["Loma"] = {"Loma"}, ["Lyci"] = {"Lycian"}, ["Lydi"] = {"Lydian"}, ["Mahj"] = {"Mahajani"}, ["Maka"] = {"Makasar"}, ["Mand"] = {"Mandaic", "Mandaean"}, ["Mani"] = {"Manichaean"}, ["Marc"] = {"Marchen"}, ["Maya"] = {"Mayan hieroglyphs"}, ["Medf"] = {"Medefaidrin", "Oberi Okaime", "Oberi Ɔkaimɛ"}, ["Mend"] = {"Mende Kikakui"}, ["Merc"] = {"Meroitic Cursive"}, ["Mero"] = {"Meroitic Hieroglyphs"}, ["Mlym"] = {"Malayalam"}, ["Modi"] = {"Modi", "Moḍī"}, ["Mong"] = {"Mongolian"}, ["Moon"] = {"Moon", "Moon code", "Moon script", "Moon type"}, ["Mroo"] = {"Mro", "Mru"}, ["Mtei"] = {"Meitei Mayek", "Meithei", "Meetei"}, ["Mult"] = {"Multani"}, ["Mymr"] = {"Myanmar", "Burmese"}, ["Nagm"] = {"Nag Mundari"}, ["Nand"] = {"Nandinagari"}, ["Narb"] = {"Old North Arabian", "Ancient North Arabian"}, ["Nbat"] = {"Nabataean"}, ["Newa"] = {"Newa", "Newar", "Newari", "Nepāla lipi"}, ["Nkdb"] = {"Naxi Dongba", "na²¹ɕi³³ to³³ba²¹", "Nakhi Tomba"}, ["Nkgb"] = {"Naxi Geba", "na²¹ɕi³³ gʌ²¹ba²¹", "'Na-'Khi ²Ggŏ-¹baw", "Nakhi Geba"}, ["Nkoo"] = {"N’Ko", "N'Ko"}, ["Nshu"] = {"Nüshu"}, ["Ogam"] = {"Ogham"}, ["Olck"] = {"Ol Chiki", "Ol Cemet'", "Ol", "Santali"}, ["Onao"] = {"Ol Onal"}, ["Orkh"] = {"Old Turkic", "Orkhon Runic"}, ["Orya"] = {"Oriya", "Odia"}, ["Osge"] = {"Osage"}, ["Osma"] = {"Osmanya"}, ["Ougr"] = {"Old Uyghur"}, ["Palm"] = {"Palmyrene"}, ["Pauc"] = {"Pau Cin Hau"}, ["Pcun"] = {"Proto-Cuneiform"}, ["Pelm"] = {"Proto-Elamite"}, ["Perm"] = {"Old Permic"}, ["Phag"] = {"Phags-pa"}, ["Phli"] = {"Inscriptional Pahlavi"}, ["Phlp"] = {"Psalter Pahlavi"}, ["Phlv"] = {"Book Pahlavi"}, ["Phnx"] = {"Phoenician"}, ["Piqd"] = {"Klingon (KLI pIqaD)"}, ["Plrd"] = {"Miao", "Pollard"}, ["Prti"] = {"Inscriptional Parthian"}, ["Psin"] = {"Proto-Sinaitic"}, ["Ranj"] = {"Ranjana"}, ["Rjng"] = {"Rejang", "Redjang", "Kaganga"}, ["Rohg"] = {"Hanifi Rohingya"}, ["Roro"] = {"Rongorongo"}, ["Runr"] = {"Runic"}, ["Samr"] = {"Samaritan"}, ["Sara"] = {"Sarati"}, ["Sarb"] = {"Old South Arabian"}, ["Saur"] = {"Saurashtra"}, ["Seal"] = {"Seal", "Small Seal"}, ["Sgnw"] = {"SignWriting"}, ["Shaw"] = {"Shavian", "Shaw"}, ["Shrd"] = {"Sharada", "Śāradā"}, ["Shui"] = {"Shuishu"}, ["Sidd"] = {"Siddham", "Siddhaṃ", "Siddhamātṛkā"}, ["Sidt"] = {"Sidetic"}, ["Sind"] = {"Khudawadi", "Sindhi"}, ["Sinh"] = {"Sinhala"}, ["Sogd"] = {"Sogdian"}, ["Sogo"] = {"Old Sogdian"}, ["Sora"] = {"Sora Sompeng"}, ["Soyo"] = {"Soyombo"}, ["Sund"] = {"Sundanese"}, ["Sunu"] = {"Sunuwar"}, ["Sylo"] = {"Syloti Nagri"}, ["Syrc"] = {"Syriac"}, ["Syre"] = {"Syriac (Estrangelo variant)"}, ["Syrj"] = {"Syriac (Western variant)"}, ["Syrn"] = {"Syriac (Eastern variant)"}, ["Tagb"] = {"Tagbanwa"}, ["Takr"] = {"Takri", "Ṭākrī", "Ṭāṅkrī"}, ["Tale"] = {"Tai Le"}, ["Talu"] = {"New Tai Lue"}, ["Taml"] = {"Tamil"}, ["Tang"] = {"Tangut"}, ["Tavt"] = {"Tai Viet"}, ["Tayo"] = {"Tai Yo"}, ["Telu"] = {"Telugu"}, ["Teng"] = {"Tengwar"}, ["Tfng"] = {"Tifinagh", "Berber"}, ["Tglg"] = {"Tagalog", "Baybayin", "Alibata"}, ["Thaa"] = {"Thaana"}, ["Thai"] = {"Thai"}, ["Tibt"] = {"Tibetan"}, ["Tirh"] = {"Tirhuta"}, ["Tnsa"] = {"Tangsa"}, ["Todr"] = {"Todhri"}, ["Tols"] = {"Tolong Siki"}, ["Toto"] = {"Toto"}, ["Tutg"] = {"Tulu-Tigalari"}, ["Ugar"] = {"Ugaritic"}, ["Vaii"] = {"Vai"}, ["Visp"] = {"Visible Speech"}, ["Vith"] = {"Vithkuqi"}, ["Wara"] = {"Warang Citi", "Varang Kshiti"}, ["Wcho"] = {"Wancho"}, ["Wole"] = {"Woleai"}, ["Xpeo"] = {"Old Persian"}, ["Xsux"] = {"Sumero-Akkadian cuneiform"}, ["Yezi"] = {"Yezidi"}, ["Yiii"] = {"Yi"}, ["Zanb"] = {"Zanabazar Square", "Zanabazarin Dörböljin Useg", "Xewtee Dörböljin Bicig", "Horizontal Square Script"}, ["Zinh"] = {"Code for inherited script"}, ["Zmth"] = {"Mathematical notation"}, ["Zsye"] = {"Symbols (Emoji variant)"}, ["Zsym"] = {"Symbols"}, ["Zxxx"] = {"Code for unwritten documents"}, ["Zyyy"] = {"Code for undetermined script"}, ["Zzzz"] = {"Code for uncoded script"} } c7u9sv80kzrh5jzaij9fynoelyyehwq 828 159093 1374649 1314027 2026-04-16T17:41:45Z en>Trappist the monk 0 update to 2026-04-09 data; 1374649 Scribunto text/plain -- File-Date: 2026-04-09 return { ["AC"] = {"Ascension Island"}, ["AD"] = {"Andorra"}, ["AE"] = {"United Arab Emirates"}, ["AF"] = {"Afghanistan"}, ["AG"] = {"Antigua and Barbuda"}, ["AI"] = {"Anguilla"}, ["AL"] = {"Albania"}, ["AM"] = {"Armenia"}, ["AO"] = {"Angola"}, ["AQ"] = {"Antarctica"}, ["AR"] = {"Argentina"}, ["AS"] = {"American Samoa"}, ["AT"] = {"Austria"}, ["AU"] = {"Australia"}, ["AW"] = {"Aruba"}, ["AX"] = {"Åland Islands"}, ["AZ"] = {"Azerbaijan"}, ["BA"] = {"Bosnia and Herzegovina"}, ["BB"] = {"Barbados"}, ["BD"] = {"Bangladesh"}, ["BE"] = {"Belgium"}, ["BF"] = {"Burkina Faso"}, ["BG"] = {"Bulgaria"}, ["BH"] = {"Bahrain"}, ["BI"] = {"Burundi"}, ["BJ"] = {"Benin"}, ["BL"] = {"Saint Barthélemy"}, ["BM"] = {"Bermuda"}, ["BN"] = {"Brunei Darussalam"}, ["BO"] = {"Bolivia"}, ["BQ"] = {"Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba"}, ["BR"] = {"Brazil"}, ["BS"] = {"Bahamas"}, ["BT"] = {"Bhutan"}, ["BV"] = {"Bouvet Island"}, ["BW"] = {"Botswana"}, ["BY"] = {"Belarus"}, ["BZ"] = {"Belize"}, ["CA"] = {"Canada"}, ["CC"] = {"Cocos (Keeling) Islands"}, ["CD"] = {"The Democratic Republic of the Congo"}, ["CF"] = {"Central African Republic"}, ["CG"] = {"Congo"}, ["CH"] = {"Switzerland"}, ["CI"] = {"Côte d'Ivoire"}, ["CK"] = {"Cook Islands"}, ["CL"] = {"Chile"}, ["CM"] = {"Cameroon"}, ["CN"] = {"China"}, ["CO"] = {"Colombia"}, ["CP"] = {"Clipperton Island"}, ["CQ"] = {"Sark"}, ["CR"] = {"Costa Rica"}, ["CU"] = {"Cuba"}, ["CV"] = {"Cabo Verde", "Cape Verde"}, ["CW"] = {"Curaçao"}, ["CX"] = {"Christmas Island"}, ["CY"] = {"Cyprus"}, ["CZ"] = {"Czechia", "Czech Republic"}, ["DE"] = {"Germany"}, ["DG"] = {"Diego Garcia"}, ["DJ"] = {"Djibouti"}, ["DK"] = {"Denmark"}, ["DM"] = {"Dominica"}, ["DO"] = {"Dominican Republic"}, ["DZ"] = {"Algeria"}, ["EA"] = {"Ceuta, Melilla"}, ["EC"] = {"Ecuador"}, ["EE"] = {"Estonia"}, ["EG"] = {"Egypt"}, ["EH"] = {"Western Sahara"}, ["ER"] = {"Eritrea"}, ["ES"] = {"Spain"}, ["ET"] = {"Ethiopia"}, ["EU"] = {"European Union"}, ["EZ"] = {"Eurozone"}, ["FI"] = {"Finland"}, ["FJ"] = {"Fiji"}, ["FK"] = {"Falkland Islands (Malvinas)"}, ["FM"] = {"Federated States of Micronesia"}, ["FO"] = {"Faroe Islands"}, ["FR"] = {"France"}, ["GA"] = {"Gabon"}, ["GB"] = {"United Kingdom"}, ["GD"] = {"Grenada"}, ["GE"] = {"Georgia"}, ["GF"] = {"French Guiana"}, ["GG"] = {"Guernsey"}, ["GH"] = {"Ghana"}, ["GI"] = {"Gibraltar"}, ["GL"] = {"Greenland"}, ["GM"] = {"Gambia"}, ["GN"] = {"Guinea"}, ["GP"] = {"Guadeloupe"}, ["GQ"] = {"Equatorial Guinea"}, ["GR"] = {"Greece"}, ["GS"] = {"South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands"}, ["GT"] = {"Guatemala"}, ["GU"] = {"Guam"}, ["GW"] = {"Guinea-Bissau"}, ["GY"] = {"Guyana"}, ["HK"] = {"Hong Kong"}, ["HM"] = {"Heard Island and McDonald Islands"}, ["HN"] = {"Honduras"}, ["HR"] = {"Croatia"}, ["HT"] = {"Haiti"}, ["HU"] = {"Hungary"}, ["IC"] = {"Canary Islands"}, ["ID"] = {"Indonesia"}, ["IE"] = {"Ireland"}, ["IL"] = {"Israel"}, ["IM"] = {"Isle of Man"}, ["IN"] = {"India"}, ["IO"] = {"British Indian Ocean Territory"}, ["IQ"] = {"Iraq"}, ["IR"] = {"Islamic Republic of Iran"}, ["IS"] = {"Iceland"}, ["IT"] = {"Italy"}, ["JE"] = {"Jersey"}, ["JM"] = {"Jamaica"}, ["JO"] = {"Jordan"}, ["JP"] = {"Japan"}, ["KE"] = {"Kenya"}, ["KG"] = {"Kyrgyzstan"}, ["KH"] = {"Cambodia"}, ["KI"] = {"Kiribati"}, ["KM"] = {"Comoros"}, ["KN"] = {"Saint Kitts and Nevis"}, ["KP"] = {"Democratic People's Republic of Korea"}, ["KR"] = {"Republic of Korea"}, ["KW"] = {"Kuwait"}, ["KY"] = {"Cayman Islands"}, ["KZ"] = {"Kazakhstan"}, ["LA"] = {"Lao People's Democratic Republic"}, ["LB"] = {"Lebanon"}, ["LC"] = {"Saint Lucia"}, ["LI"] = {"Liechtenstein"}, ["LK"] = {"Sri Lanka"}, ["LR"] = {"Liberia"}, ["LS"] = {"Lesotho"}, ["LT"] = {"Lithuania"}, ["LU"] = {"Luxembourg"}, ["LV"] = {"Latvia"}, ["LY"] = {"Libya"}, ["MA"] = {"Morocco"}, ["MC"] = {"Monaco"}, ["MD"] = {"Moldova"}, ["ME"] = {"Montenegro"}, ["MF"] = {"Saint Martin (French part)"}, ["MG"] = {"Madagascar"}, ["MH"] = {"Marshall Islands"}, ["MK"] = {"North Macedonia"}, ["ML"] = {"Mali"}, ["MM"] = {"Myanmar"}, ["MN"] = {"Mongolia"}, ["MO"] = {"Macao"}, ["MP"] = {"Northern Mariana Islands"}, ["MQ"] = {"Martinique"}, ["MR"] = {"Mauritania"}, ["MS"] = {"Montserrat"}, ["MT"] = {"Malta"}, ["MU"] = {"Mauritius"}, ["MV"] = {"Maldives"}, ["MW"] = {"Malawi"}, ["MX"] = {"Mexico"}, ["MY"] = {"Malaysia"}, ["MZ"] = {"Mozambique"}, ["NA"] = {"Namibia"}, ["NC"] = {"New Caledonia"}, ["NE"] = {"Niger"}, ["NF"] = {"Norfolk Island"}, ["NG"] = {"Nigeria"}, ["NI"] = {"Nicaragua"}, ["NL"] = {"Netherlands"}, ["NO"] = {"Norway"}, ["NP"] = {"Nepal"}, ["NR"] = {"Nauru"}, ["NU"] = {"Niue"}, ["NZ"] = {"New Zealand"}, ["OM"] = {"Oman"}, ["PA"] = {"Panama"}, ["PE"] = {"Peru"}, ["PF"] = {"French Polynesia"}, ["PG"] = {"Papua New Guinea"}, ["PH"] = {"Philippines"}, ["PK"] = {"Pakistan"}, ["PL"] = {"Poland"}, ["PM"] = {"Saint Pierre and Miquelon"}, ["PN"] = {"Pitcairn"}, ["PR"] = {"Puerto Rico"}, ["PS"] = {"State of Palestine"}, ["PT"] = {"Portugal"}, ["PW"] = {"Palau"}, ["PY"] = {"Paraguay"}, ["QA"] = {"Qatar"}, ["RE"] = {"Réunion"}, ["RO"] = {"Romania"}, ["RS"] = {"Serbia"}, ["RU"] = {"Russian Federation"}, ["RW"] = {"Rwanda"}, ["SA"] = {"Saudi Arabia"}, ["SB"] = {"Solomon Islands"}, ["SC"] = {"Seychelles"}, ["SD"] = {"Sudan"}, ["SE"] = {"Sweden"}, ["SG"] = {"Singapore"}, ["SH"] = {"Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha"}, ["SI"] = {"Slovenia"}, ["SJ"] = {"Svalbard and Jan Mayen"}, ["SK"] = {"Slovakia"}, ["SL"] = {"Sierra Leone"}, ["SM"] = {"San Marino"}, ["SN"] = {"Senegal"}, ["SO"] = {"Somalia"}, ["SR"] = {"Suriname"}, ["SS"] = {"South Sudan"}, ["ST"] = {"Sao Tome and Principe"}, ["SV"] = {"El Salvador"}, ["SX"] = {"Sint Maarten (Dutch part)"}, ["SY"] = {"Syrian Arab Republic"}, ["SZ"] = {"Eswatini", "eSwatini", "Swaziland"}, ["TA"] = {"Tristan da Cunha"}, ["TC"] = {"Turks and Caicos Islands"}, ["TD"] = {"Chad"}, ["TF"] = {"French Southern Territories"}, ["TG"] = {"Togo"}, ["TH"] = {"Thailand"}, ["TJ"] = {"Tajikistan"}, ["TK"] = {"Tokelau"}, ["TL"] = {"Timor-Leste"}, ["TM"] = {"Turkmenistan"}, ["TN"] = {"Tunisia"}, ["TO"] = {"Tonga"}, ["TR"] = {"Türkiye", "Turkey"}, ["TT"] = {"Trinidad and Tobago"}, ["TV"] = {"Tuvalu"}, ["TW"] = {"Taiwan, Province of China"}, ["TZ"] = {"United Republic of Tanzania"}, ["UA"] = {"Ukraine"}, ["UG"] = {"Uganda"}, ["UM"] = {"United States Minor Outlying Islands"}, ["UN"] = {"United Nations"}, ["US"] = {"United States"}, ["UY"] = {"Uruguay"}, ["UZ"] = {"Uzbekistan"}, ["VA"] = {"Holy See (Vatican City State)"}, ["VC"] = {"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines"}, ["VE"] = {"Venezuela"}, ["VG"] = {"British Virgin Islands"}, ["VI"] = {"U.S. Virgin Islands"}, ["VN"] = {"Viet Nam"}, ["VU"] = {"Vanuatu"}, ["WF"] = {"Wallis and Futuna"}, ["WS"] = {"Samoa"}, ["YE"] = {"Yemen"}, ["YT"] = {"Mayotte"}, ["ZA"] = {"South Africa"}, ["ZM"] = {"Zambia"}, ["ZW"] = {"Zimbabwe"}, ["001"] = {"World"}, ["002"] = {"Africa"}, ["003"] = {"North America"}, ["005"] = {"South America"}, ["009"] = {"Oceania"}, ["011"] = {"Western Africa"}, ["013"] = {"Central America"}, ["014"] = {"Eastern Africa"}, ["015"] = {"Northern Africa"}, ["017"] = {"Middle Africa"}, ["018"] = {"Southern Africa"}, ["019"] = {"Americas"}, ["021"] = {"Northern America"}, ["029"] = {"Caribbean"}, ["030"] = {"Eastern Asia"}, ["034"] = {"Southern Asia"}, ["035"] = {"South-Eastern Asia"}, ["039"] = {"Southern Europe"}, ["053"] = {"Australia and New Zealand"}, ["054"] = {"Melanesia"}, ["057"] = {"Micronesia"}, ["061"] = {"Polynesia"}, ["142"] = {"Asia"}, ["143"] = {"Central Asia"}, ["145"] = {"Western Asia"}, ["150"] = {"Europe"}, ["151"] = {"Eastern Europe"}, ["154"] = {"Northern Europe"}, ["155"] = {"Western Europe"}, ["202"] = {"Sub-Saharan Africa"}, ["419"] = {"Latin America and the Caribbean"} } g6yaur4e17eza63dfjndtg5xzrqcitv 1374650 1374649 2026-06-03T00:31:57Z A826 72368 ೧ revisions imported from [[:en:Module:Lang/data/iana_regions]] 1374649 Scribunto text/plain -- File-Date: 2026-04-09 return { ["AC"] = {"Ascension Island"}, ["AD"] = {"Andorra"}, ["AE"] = {"United Arab Emirates"}, ["AF"] = {"Afghanistan"}, ["AG"] = {"Antigua and Barbuda"}, ["AI"] = {"Anguilla"}, ["AL"] = {"Albania"}, ["AM"] = {"Armenia"}, ["AO"] = {"Angola"}, ["AQ"] = {"Antarctica"}, ["AR"] = {"Argentina"}, ["AS"] = {"American Samoa"}, ["AT"] = {"Austria"}, ["AU"] = {"Australia"}, ["AW"] = {"Aruba"}, ["AX"] = {"Åland Islands"}, ["AZ"] = {"Azerbaijan"}, ["BA"] = {"Bosnia and Herzegovina"}, ["BB"] = {"Barbados"}, ["BD"] = {"Bangladesh"}, ["BE"] = {"Belgium"}, ["BF"] = {"Burkina Faso"}, ["BG"] = {"Bulgaria"}, ["BH"] = {"Bahrain"}, ["BI"] = {"Burundi"}, ["BJ"] = {"Benin"}, ["BL"] = {"Saint Barthélemy"}, ["BM"] = {"Bermuda"}, ["BN"] = {"Brunei Darussalam"}, ["BO"] = {"Bolivia"}, ["BQ"] = {"Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba"}, ["BR"] = {"Brazil"}, ["BS"] = {"Bahamas"}, ["BT"] = {"Bhutan"}, ["BV"] = {"Bouvet Island"}, ["BW"] = {"Botswana"}, ["BY"] = {"Belarus"}, ["BZ"] = {"Belize"}, ["CA"] = {"Canada"}, ["CC"] = {"Cocos (Keeling) Islands"}, ["CD"] = {"The Democratic Republic of the Congo"}, ["CF"] = {"Central African Republic"}, ["CG"] = {"Congo"}, ["CH"] = {"Switzerland"}, ["CI"] = {"Côte d'Ivoire"}, ["CK"] = {"Cook Islands"}, ["CL"] = {"Chile"}, ["CM"] = {"Cameroon"}, ["CN"] = {"China"}, ["CO"] = {"Colombia"}, ["CP"] = {"Clipperton Island"}, ["CQ"] = {"Sark"}, ["CR"] = {"Costa Rica"}, ["CU"] = {"Cuba"}, ["CV"] = {"Cabo Verde", "Cape Verde"}, ["CW"] = {"Curaçao"}, ["CX"] = {"Christmas Island"}, ["CY"] = {"Cyprus"}, ["CZ"] = {"Czechia", "Czech Republic"}, ["DE"] = {"Germany"}, ["DG"] = {"Diego Garcia"}, ["DJ"] = {"Djibouti"}, ["DK"] = {"Denmark"}, ["DM"] = {"Dominica"}, ["DO"] = {"Dominican Republic"}, ["DZ"] = {"Algeria"}, ["EA"] = {"Ceuta, Melilla"}, ["EC"] = {"Ecuador"}, ["EE"] = {"Estonia"}, ["EG"] = {"Egypt"}, ["EH"] = {"Western Sahara"}, ["ER"] = {"Eritrea"}, ["ES"] = {"Spain"}, ["ET"] = {"Ethiopia"}, ["EU"] = {"European Union"}, ["EZ"] = {"Eurozone"}, ["FI"] = {"Finland"}, ["FJ"] = {"Fiji"}, ["FK"] = {"Falkland Islands (Malvinas)"}, ["FM"] = {"Federated States of Micronesia"}, ["FO"] = {"Faroe Islands"}, ["FR"] = {"France"}, ["GA"] = {"Gabon"}, ["GB"] = {"United Kingdom"}, ["GD"] = {"Grenada"}, ["GE"] = {"Georgia"}, ["GF"] = {"French Guiana"}, ["GG"] = {"Guernsey"}, ["GH"] = {"Ghana"}, ["GI"] = {"Gibraltar"}, ["GL"] = {"Greenland"}, ["GM"] = {"Gambia"}, ["GN"] = {"Guinea"}, ["GP"] = {"Guadeloupe"}, ["GQ"] = {"Equatorial Guinea"}, ["GR"] = {"Greece"}, ["GS"] = {"South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands"}, ["GT"] = {"Guatemala"}, ["GU"] = {"Guam"}, ["GW"] = {"Guinea-Bissau"}, ["GY"] = {"Guyana"}, ["HK"] = {"Hong Kong"}, ["HM"] = {"Heard Island and McDonald Islands"}, ["HN"] = {"Honduras"}, ["HR"] = {"Croatia"}, ["HT"] = {"Haiti"}, ["HU"] = {"Hungary"}, ["IC"] = {"Canary Islands"}, ["ID"] = {"Indonesia"}, ["IE"] = {"Ireland"}, ["IL"] = {"Israel"}, ["IM"] = {"Isle of Man"}, ["IN"] = {"India"}, ["IO"] = {"British Indian Ocean Territory"}, ["IQ"] = {"Iraq"}, ["IR"] = {"Islamic Republic of Iran"}, ["IS"] = {"Iceland"}, ["IT"] = {"Italy"}, ["JE"] = {"Jersey"}, ["JM"] = {"Jamaica"}, ["JO"] = {"Jordan"}, ["JP"] = {"Japan"}, ["KE"] = {"Kenya"}, ["KG"] = {"Kyrgyzstan"}, ["KH"] = {"Cambodia"}, ["KI"] = {"Kiribati"}, ["KM"] = {"Comoros"}, ["KN"] = {"Saint Kitts and Nevis"}, ["KP"] = {"Democratic People's Republic of Korea"}, ["KR"] = {"Republic of Korea"}, ["KW"] = {"Kuwait"}, ["KY"] = {"Cayman Islands"}, ["KZ"] = {"Kazakhstan"}, ["LA"] = {"Lao People's Democratic Republic"}, ["LB"] = {"Lebanon"}, ["LC"] = {"Saint Lucia"}, ["LI"] = {"Liechtenstein"}, ["LK"] = {"Sri Lanka"}, ["LR"] = {"Liberia"}, ["LS"] = {"Lesotho"}, ["LT"] = {"Lithuania"}, ["LU"] = {"Luxembourg"}, ["LV"] = {"Latvia"}, ["LY"] = {"Libya"}, ["MA"] = {"Morocco"}, ["MC"] = {"Monaco"}, ["MD"] = {"Moldova"}, ["ME"] = {"Montenegro"}, ["MF"] = {"Saint Martin (French part)"}, ["MG"] = {"Madagascar"}, ["MH"] = {"Marshall Islands"}, ["MK"] = {"North Macedonia"}, ["ML"] = {"Mali"}, ["MM"] = {"Myanmar"}, ["MN"] = {"Mongolia"}, ["MO"] = {"Macao"}, ["MP"] = {"Northern Mariana Islands"}, ["MQ"] = {"Martinique"}, ["MR"] = {"Mauritania"}, ["MS"] = {"Montserrat"}, ["MT"] = {"Malta"}, ["MU"] = {"Mauritius"}, ["MV"] = {"Maldives"}, ["MW"] = {"Malawi"}, ["MX"] = {"Mexico"}, ["MY"] = {"Malaysia"}, ["MZ"] = {"Mozambique"}, ["NA"] = {"Namibia"}, ["NC"] = {"New Caledonia"}, ["NE"] = {"Niger"}, ["NF"] = {"Norfolk Island"}, ["NG"] = {"Nigeria"}, ["NI"] = {"Nicaragua"}, ["NL"] = {"Netherlands"}, ["NO"] = {"Norway"}, ["NP"] = {"Nepal"}, ["NR"] = {"Nauru"}, ["NU"] = {"Niue"}, ["NZ"] = {"New Zealand"}, ["OM"] = {"Oman"}, ["PA"] = {"Panama"}, ["PE"] = {"Peru"}, ["PF"] = {"French Polynesia"}, ["PG"] = {"Papua New Guinea"}, ["PH"] = {"Philippines"}, ["PK"] = {"Pakistan"}, ["PL"] = {"Poland"}, ["PM"] = {"Saint Pierre and Miquelon"}, ["PN"] = {"Pitcairn"}, ["PR"] = {"Puerto Rico"}, ["PS"] = {"State of Palestine"}, ["PT"] = {"Portugal"}, ["PW"] = {"Palau"}, ["PY"] = {"Paraguay"}, ["QA"] = {"Qatar"}, ["RE"] = {"Réunion"}, ["RO"] = {"Romania"}, ["RS"] = {"Serbia"}, ["RU"] = {"Russian Federation"}, ["RW"] = {"Rwanda"}, ["SA"] = {"Saudi Arabia"}, ["SB"] = {"Solomon Islands"}, ["SC"] = {"Seychelles"}, ["SD"] = {"Sudan"}, ["SE"] = {"Sweden"}, ["SG"] = {"Singapore"}, ["SH"] = {"Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha"}, ["SI"] = {"Slovenia"}, ["SJ"] = {"Svalbard and Jan Mayen"}, ["SK"] = {"Slovakia"}, ["SL"] = {"Sierra Leone"}, ["SM"] = {"San Marino"}, ["SN"] = {"Senegal"}, ["SO"] = {"Somalia"}, ["SR"] = {"Suriname"}, ["SS"] = {"South Sudan"}, ["ST"] = {"Sao Tome and Principe"}, ["SV"] = {"El Salvador"}, ["SX"] = {"Sint Maarten (Dutch part)"}, ["SY"] = {"Syrian Arab Republic"}, ["SZ"] = {"Eswatini", "eSwatini", "Swaziland"}, ["TA"] = {"Tristan da Cunha"}, ["TC"] = {"Turks and Caicos Islands"}, ["TD"] = {"Chad"}, ["TF"] = {"French Southern Territories"}, ["TG"] = {"Togo"}, ["TH"] = {"Thailand"}, ["TJ"] = {"Tajikistan"}, ["TK"] = {"Tokelau"}, ["TL"] = {"Timor-Leste"}, ["TM"] = {"Turkmenistan"}, ["TN"] = {"Tunisia"}, ["TO"] = {"Tonga"}, ["TR"] = {"Türkiye", "Turkey"}, ["TT"] = {"Trinidad and Tobago"}, ["TV"] = {"Tuvalu"}, ["TW"] = {"Taiwan, Province of China"}, ["TZ"] = {"United Republic of Tanzania"}, ["UA"] = {"Ukraine"}, ["UG"] = {"Uganda"}, ["UM"] = {"United States Minor Outlying Islands"}, ["UN"] = {"United Nations"}, ["US"] = {"United States"}, ["UY"] = {"Uruguay"}, ["UZ"] = {"Uzbekistan"}, ["VA"] = {"Holy See (Vatican City State)"}, ["VC"] = {"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines"}, ["VE"] = {"Venezuela"}, ["VG"] = {"British Virgin Islands"}, ["VI"] = {"U.S. Virgin Islands"}, ["VN"] = {"Viet Nam"}, ["VU"] = {"Vanuatu"}, ["WF"] = {"Wallis and Futuna"}, ["WS"] = {"Samoa"}, ["YE"] = {"Yemen"}, ["YT"] = {"Mayotte"}, ["ZA"] = {"South Africa"}, ["ZM"] = {"Zambia"}, ["ZW"] = {"Zimbabwe"}, ["001"] = {"World"}, ["002"] = {"Africa"}, ["003"] = {"North America"}, ["005"] = {"South America"}, ["009"] = {"Oceania"}, ["011"] = {"Western Africa"}, ["013"] = {"Central America"}, ["014"] = {"Eastern Africa"}, ["015"] = {"Northern Africa"}, ["017"] = {"Middle Africa"}, ["018"] = {"Southern Africa"}, ["019"] = {"Americas"}, ["021"] = {"Northern America"}, ["029"] = {"Caribbean"}, ["030"] = {"Eastern Asia"}, ["034"] = {"Southern Asia"}, ["035"] = {"South-Eastern Asia"}, ["039"] = {"Southern Europe"}, ["053"] = {"Australia and New Zealand"}, ["054"] = {"Melanesia"}, ["057"] = {"Micronesia"}, ["061"] = {"Polynesia"}, ["142"] = {"Asia"}, ["143"] = {"Central Asia"}, ["145"] = {"Western Asia"}, ["150"] = {"Europe"}, ["151"] = {"Eastern Europe"}, ["154"] = {"Northern Europe"}, ["155"] = {"Western Europe"}, ["202"] = {"Sub-Saharan Africa"}, ["419"] = {"Latin America and the Caribbean"} } g6yaur4e17eza63dfjndtg5xzrqcitv 828 159094 1374651 1314029 2026-04-16T17:41:55Z en>Trappist the monk 0 update to 2026-04-09 data; 1374651 Scribunto text/plain -- File-Date: 2026-04-09 return { ["1606nict"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Late Middle French (to 1606)"}, ["prefixes"] = {"frm"}, }, ["1694acad"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Early Modern French"}, ["prefixes"] = {"fr"}, }, ["1901"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Traditional German orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"de"}, }, ["1959acad"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"\"Academic\" (\"governmental\") variant of Belarusian as codified in 1959"}, ["prefixes"] = {"be"}, }, ["1994"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Standardized Resian orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sl-rozaj", "sl-rozaj-biske", "sl-rozaj-njiva", "sl-rozaj-osojs", "sl-rozaj-solba"}, }, ["1996"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"German orthography of 1996"}, ["prefixes"] = {"de"}, }, ["abl1943"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Orthographic formulation of 1943 - Official in Brazil (Formulário Ortográfico de 1943 - Oficial no Brasil)"}, ["prefixes"] = {"pt-br"}, }, ["akhmimic"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Akhmimic dialect of Coptic"}, ["prefixes"] = {"cop"}, }, ["akuapem"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Akuapem Twi"}, ["prefixes"] = {"tw"}, }, ["alalc97"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"ALA-LC Romanization, 1997 edition"}, ["prefixes"] = {}, }, ["aluku"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Aluku dialect", "Boni dialect"}, ["prefixes"] = {"djk"}, }, ["anpezo"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Anpezo standard of Ladin"}, ["prefixes"] = {"lld"}, }, ["ao1990"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement of 1990 (Acordo Ortográfico da Língua Portuguesa de 1990)"}, ["prefixes"] = {"pt", "gl"}, }, ["aranes"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Aranese"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc"}, }, ["arkaika"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Arcaicam Esperantom", "Arkaika Esperanto"}, ["prefixes"] = {"eo"}, }, ["asante"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Asante Twi", "Ashanti Twi"}, ["prefixes"] = {"tw"}, }, ["auvern"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Auvergnat"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc"}, }, ["baku1926"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Unified Turkic Latin Alphabet (Historical)"}, ["prefixes"] = {"az", "ba", "crh", "kk", "krc", "ky", "sah", "tk", "tt", "uz"}, }, ["balanka"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The Balanka dialect of Anii"}, ["prefixes"] = {"blo"}, }, ["barla"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The Barlavento dialect group of Kabuverdianu"}, ["prefixes"] = {"kea"}, }, ["basiceng"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Basic English"}, ["prefixes"] = {"en"}, }, ["bauddha"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sa"}, }, ["bciav"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"BCI Blissymbolics AV"}, ["prefixes"] = {"zbl"}, }, ["bcizbl"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"BCI Blissymbolics"}, ["prefixes"] = {"zbl"}, }, ["biscayan"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Biscayan dialect of Basque"}, ["prefixes"] = {"eu"}, }, ["biske"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The San Giorgio dialect of Resian", "The Bila dialect of Resian"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sl-rozaj"}, }, ["blasl"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Black American Sign Language dialect"}, ["prefixes"] = {"ase", "sgn-ase"}, }, ["bohairic"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Bohairic dialect of Coptic"}, ["prefixes"] = {"cop"}, }, ["bohoric"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Slovene in Bohorič alphabet"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sl"}, }, ["boont"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Boontling"}, ["prefixes"] = {"en"}, }, ["bornholm"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Bornholmsk"}, ["prefixes"] = {"da"}, }, ["cisaup"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Cisalpine"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc"}, }, ["colb1945"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Portuguese-Brazilian Orthographic Convention of 1945 (Convenção Ortográfica Luso-Brasileira de 1945)"}, ["prefixes"] = {"pt"}, }, ["cornu"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Cornu-English", "Cornish English", "Anglo-Cornish"}, ["prefixes"] = {"en"}, }, ["creiss"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Occitan variants of the Croissant area"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc"}, }, ["dajnko"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Slovene in Dajnko alphabet"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sl"}, }, ["ekavsk"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Serbian with Ekavian pronunciation"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sr", "sr-latn", "sr-cyrl"}, }, ["emodeng"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Early Modern English (1500-1700)"}, ["prefixes"] = {"en"}, }, ["fascia"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Fascia standard of Ladin"}, ["prefixes"] = {"lld"}, }, ["fayyumic"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Fayyumic dialect of Coptic"}, ["prefixes"] = {"cop"}, }, ["fodom"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Fodom standard of Ladin"}, ["prefixes"] = {"lld"}, }, ["fonipa"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"International Phonetic Alphabet"}, ["prefixes"] = {}, }, ["fonkirsh"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Kirshenbaum Phonetic Alphabet"}, ["prefixes"] = {}, }, ["fonnapa"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"North American Phonetic Alphabet", "Americanist Phonetic Notation"}, ["prefixes"] = {}, }, ["fonupa"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Uralic Phonetic Alphabet"}, ["prefixes"] = {}, }, ["fonxsamp"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"X-SAMPA transcription"}, ["prefixes"] = {}, }, ["gallo"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Gallo"}, ["prefixes"] = {"fr"}, }, ["gascon"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Gascon"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc"}, }, ["gherd"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Gherdëina standard of Ladin"}, ["prefixes"] = {"lld"}, }, ["grclass"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Classical Occitan orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc", "oc-aranes", "oc-auvern", "oc-cisaup", "oc-creiss", "oc-gascon", "oc-lemosin", "oc-lengadoc", "oc-nicard", "oc-provenc", "oc-vivaraup"}, }, ["grital"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Italian-inspired Occitan orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc", "oc-cisaup", "oc-nicard", "oc-provenc"}, }, ["grmistr"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Mistralian or Mistralian-inspired Occitan orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc", "oc-aranes", "oc-auvern", "oc-cisaup", "oc-creiss", "oc-gascon", "oc-lemosin", "oc-lengadoc", "oc-nicard", "oc-provenc", "oc-vivaraup"}, }, ["hanoi"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The Hà Nội variant of Vietnamese"}, ["prefixes"] = {"vi"}, }, ["hepburn"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Hepburn romanization"}, ["prefixes"] = {"ja-latn"}, }, ["hognorsk"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Norwegian in Høgnorsk (High Norwegian) orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"nn"}, }, ["hsistemo"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Standard H-system orthographic fallback for spelling Esperanto"}, ["prefixes"] = {"eo"}, }, ["huett"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The Huế (province Thừa Thiên) variant of Vietnamese"}, ["prefixes"] = {"vi"}, }, ["ijekavsk"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Serbian with Ijekavian pronunciation"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sr", "sr-latn", "sr-cyrl"}, }, ["itihasa"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Epic Sanskrit"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sa"}, }, ["ivanchov"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Bulgarian in 1899 orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"bg"}, }, ["jauer"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Jauer dialect of Romansh"}, ["prefixes"] = {"rm"}, }, ["jyutping"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Jyutping Cantonese Romanization"}, ["prefixes"] = {"yue"}, }, ["kkcor"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Common Cornish orthography of Revived Cornish"}, ["prefixes"] = {"kw"}, }, ["kleinsch"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Kleinschmidt orthography", "Allattaasitaamut"}, ["prefixes"] = {"kl", "kl-tunumiit"}, }, ["kociewie"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The Kociewie dialect of Polish"}, ["prefixes"] = {"pl"}, }, ["kscor"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Standard Cornish orthography of Revived Cornish", "Kernowek Standard"}, ["prefixes"] = {"kw"}, }, ["leidentr"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Ancient Egyptian in Leiden Unified Transliteration"}, ["prefixes"] = {"egy"}, }, ["lemosin"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Limousin"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc"}, }, ["lengadoc"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Languedocien"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc"}, }, ["lipaw"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The Lipovaz dialect of Resian", "The Lipovec dialect of Resian"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sl-rozaj"}, }, ["ltg1929"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The Latgalian language orthography codified in 1929"}, ["prefixes"] = {"ltg"}, }, ["ltg2007"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The Latgalian language orthography codified in the language law in 2007"}, ["prefixes"] = {"ltg"}, }, ["luna1918"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Post-1917 Russian orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"ru"}, }, ["lycopol"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Lycopolitan alias Subakhmimic dialect of Coptic"}, ["prefixes"] = {"cop"}, }, ["mdcegyp"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs encoded in Manuel de Codage"}, ["prefixes"] = {"egy"}, }, ["mdctrans"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Ancient Egyptian transliteration encoded in Manuel de Codage"}, ["prefixes"] = {"egy"}, }, ["mesokem"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Mesokemic alias Oxyrhynchite dialect of Coptic"}, ["prefixes"] = {"cop"}, }, ["metelko"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Slovene in Metelko alphabet"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sl"}, }, ["monoton"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Monotonic Greek"}, ["prefixes"] = {"el"}, }, ["ndyuka"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Ndyuka dialect", "Aukan dialect"}, ["prefixes"] = {"djk"}, }, ["nedis"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Natisone dialect", "Nadiza dialect"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sl"}, }, ["newfound"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Newfoundland English"}, ["prefixes"] = {"en-ca"}, }, ["nicard"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Niçard"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc"}, }, ["njiva"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The Gniva dialect of Resian", "The Njiva dialect of Resian"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sl-rozaj"}, }, ["nulik"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Volapük nulik", "Volapük perevidöl", "Volapük nulädik", "de Jong's Volapük", "New Volapük", "Revised Volapük", "Modern Volapük"}, ["prefixes"] = {"vo"}, }, ["osojs"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The Oseacco dialect of Resian", "The Osojane dialect of Resian"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sl-rozaj"}, }, ["oxendict"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Oxford English Dictionary spelling"}, ["prefixes"] = {"en"}, }, ["pahawh2"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Pahawh Hmong Second Stage Reduced orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"mww", "hnj"}, }, ["pahawh3"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Pahawh Hmong Third Stage Reduced orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"mww", "hnj"}, }, ["pahawh4"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Pahawh Hmong Final Version orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"mww", "hnj"}, }, ["pamaka"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Pamaka dialect"}, ["prefixes"] = {"djk"}, }, ["peano"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Latino Sine Flexione", "Interlingua de API", "Interlingua de Peano"}, ["prefixes"] = {"la"}, }, ["pehoeji"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Hokkien Vernacular Romanization System", "Pe̍h-ōe-jī orthography/romanization"}, ["prefixes"] = {"nan-latn"}, }, ["petr1708"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Petrine orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"ru"}, }, ["pinyin"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Pinyin romanization"}, ["prefixes"] = {"zh-latn", "bo-latn"}, }, ["polyton"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Polytonic Greek"}, ["prefixes"] = {"el"}, }, ["provenc"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Provençal"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc"}, }, ["puter"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Puter idiom of Romansh"}, ["prefixes"] = {"rm"}, }, ["rigik"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Volapük rigik", "Schleyer's Volapük", "Original Volapük", "Classic Volapük"}, ["prefixes"] = {"vo"}, }, ["rozaj"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Resian", "Resianic", "Rezijan"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sl"}, }, ["rumgr"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Rumantsch Grischun"}, ["prefixes"] = {"rm"}, }, ["sahidic"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Sahidic dialect of Coptic"}, ["prefixes"] = {"cop"}, }, ["saigon"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The Sài Gòn variant of Vietnamese"}, ["prefixes"] = {"vi"}, }, ["scotland"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Scottish Standard English"}, ["prefixes"] = {"en"}, }, ["scouse"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Scouse"}, ["prefixes"] = {"en"}, }, ["simple"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Simplified form"}, ["prefixes"] = {}, }, ["slepe"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Sorbian dialect of Schleife"}, ["prefixes"] = {"dsb"}, }, ["solba"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The Stolvizza dialect of Resian", "The Solbica dialect of Resian"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sl-rozaj"}, }, ["sotav"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The Sotavento dialect group of Kabuverdianu"}, ["prefixes"] = {"kea"}, }, ["spanglis"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Spanglish"}, ["prefixes"] = {"en", "es"}, }, ["stadi"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The \"Stadin slangi\" dialect of Finnish"}, ["prefixes"] = {"fi"}, }, ["surmiran"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Surmiran idiom of Romansh"}, ["prefixes"] = {"rm"}, }, ["sursilv"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Sursilvan idiom of Romansh"}, ["prefixes"] = {"rm"}, }, ["sutsilv"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Sutsilvan idiom of Romansh"}, ["prefixes"] = {"rm"}, }, ["synnejyl"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Synnejysk", "South Jutish"}, ["prefixes"] = {"da"}, }, ["taglish"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Tagalog-English code-switching"}, ["prefixes"] = {"en", "tl", "fil"}, }, ["tailo"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Taiwanese Hokkien Romanization System for Hokkien languages", "Tâi-lô orthography/romanization"}, ["prefixes"] = {"nan-latn"}, }, ["tarask"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Belarusian in Taraskievica orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"be"}, }, ["tongyong"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Tongyong Pinyin romanization"}, ["prefixes"] = {"zh-latn"}, }, ["tunumiit"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Tunumiisiut", "East Greenlandic", "Østgrønlandsk"}, ["prefixes"] = {"kl"}, }, ["uccor"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Unified Cornish orthography of Revived Cornish"}, ["prefixes"] = {"kw"}, }, ["ucrcor"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Unified Cornish Revised orthography of Revived Cornish"}, ["prefixes"] = {"kw"}, }, ["ulster"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Ulster dialect of Scots"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sco"}, }, ["unifon"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Unifon phonetic alphabet"}, ["prefixes"] = {"en", "hup", "kyh", "tol", "yur"}, }, ["valbadia"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Val Badia standard of Ladin"}, ["prefixes"] = {"lld"}, }, ["valencia"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Valencian"}, ["prefixes"] = {"ca"}, }, ["vallader"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Vallader idiom of Romansh"}, ["prefixes"] = {"rm"}, }, ["vecdruka"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Latvian orthography used before 1920s (\"vecā druka\")"}, ["prefixes"] = {"lv"}, }, ["viennese"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The Viennese dialect of German"}, ["prefixes"] = {"de"}, }, ["vivaraup"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Vivaro-Alpine"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc"}, }, ["wadegile"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Wade-Giles romanization"}, ["prefixes"] = {"zh-latn"}, }, ["xsistemo"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Standard X-system orthographic fallback for spelling Esperanto"}, ["prefixes"] = {"eo"}, } } hihn3g9afhb8a4id9j49c2eq9e038vk 1374652 1374651 2026-06-03T00:31:57Z A826 72368 ೧ revisions imported from [[:en:Module:Lang/data/iana_variants]] 1374651 Scribunto text/plain -- File-Date: 2026-04-09 return { ["1606nict"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Late Middle French (to 1606)"}, ["prefixes"] = {"frm"}, }, ["1694acad"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Early Modern French"}, ["prefixes"] = {"fr"}, }, ["1901"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Traditional German orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"de"}, }, ["1959acad"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"\"Academic\" (\"governmental\") variant of Belarusian as codified in 1959"}, ["prefixes"] = {"be"}, }, ["1994"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Standardized Resian orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sl-rozaj", "sl-rozaj-biske", "sl-rozaj-njiva", "sl-rozaj-osojs", "sl-rozaj-solba"}, }, ["1996"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"German orthography of 1996"}, ["prefixes"] = {"de"}, }, ["abl1943"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Orthographic formulation of 1943 - Official in Brazil (Formulário Ortográfico de 1943 - Oficial no Brasil)"}, ["prefixes"] = {"pt-br"}, }, ["akhmimic"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Akhmimic dialect of Coptic"}, ["prefixes"] = {"cop"}, }, ["akuapem"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Akuapem Twi"}, ["prefixes"] = {"tw"}, }, ["alalc97"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"ALA-LC Romanization, 1997 edition"}, ["prefixes"] = {}, }, ["aluku"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Aluku dialect", "Boni dialect"}, ["prefixes"] = {"djk"}, }, ["anpezo"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Anpezo standard of Ladin"}, ["prefixes"] = {"lld"}, }, ["ao1990"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement of 1990 (Acordo Ortográfico da Língua Portuguesa de 1990)"}, ["prefixes"] = {"pt", "gl"}, }, ["aranes"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Aranese"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc"}, }, ["arkaika"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Arcaicam Esperantom", "Arkaika Esperanto"}, ["prefixes"] = {"eo"}, }, ["asante"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Asante Twi", "Ashanti Twi"}, ["prefixes"] = {"tw"}, }, ["auvern"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Auvergnat"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc"}, }, ["baku1926"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Unified Turkic Latin Alphabet (Historical)"}, ["prefixes"] = {"az", "ba", "crh", "kk", "krc", "ky", "sah", "tk", "tt", "uz"}, }, ["balanka"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The Balanka dialect of Anii"}, ["prefixes"] = {"blo"}, }, ["barla"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The Barlavento dialect group of Kabuverdianu"}, ["prefixes"] = {"kea"}, }, ["basiceng"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Basic English"}, ["prefixes"] = {"en"}, }, ["bauddha"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sa"}, }, ["bciav"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"BCI Blissymbolics AV"}, ["prefixes"] = {"zbl"}, }, ["bcizbl"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"BCI Blissymbolics"}, ["prefixes"] = {"zbl"}, }, ["biscayan"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Biscayan dialect of Basque"}, ["prefixes"] = {"eu"}, }, ["biske"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The San Giorgio dialect of Resian", "The Bila dialect of Resian"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sl-rozaj"}, }, ["blasl"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Black American Sign Language dialect"}, ["prefixes"] = {"ase", "sgn-ase"}, }, ["bohairic"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Bohairic dialect of Coptic"}, ["prefixes"] = {"cop"}, }, ["bohoric"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Slovene in Bohorič alphabet"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sl"}, }, ["boont"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Boontling"}, ["prefixes"] = {"en"}, }, ["bornholm"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Bornholmsk"}, ["prefixes"] = {"da"}, }, ["cisaup"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Cisalpine"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc"}, }, ["colb1945"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Portuguese-Brazilian Orthographic Convention of 1945 (Convenção Ortográfica Luso-Brasileira de 1945)"}, ["prefixes"] = {"pt"}, }, ["cornu"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Cornu-English", "Cornish English", "Anglo-Cornish"}, ["prefixes"] = {"en"}, }, ["creiss"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Occitan variants of the Croissant area"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc"}, }, ["dajnko"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Slovene in Dajnko alphabet"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sl"}, }, ["ekavsk"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Serbian with Ekavian pronunciation"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sr", "sr-latn", "sr-cyrl"}, }, ["emodeng"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Early Modern English (1500-1700)"}, ["prefixes"] = {"en"}, }, ["fascia"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Fascia standard of Ladin"}, ["prefixes"] = {"lld"}, }, ["fayyumic"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Fayyumic dialect of Coptic"}, ["prefixes"] = {"cop"}, }, ["fodom"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Fodom standard of Ladin"}, ["prefixes"] = {"lld"}, }, ["fonipa"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"International Phonetic Alphabet"}, ["prefixes"] = {}, }, ["fonkirsh"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Kirshenbaum Phonetic Alphabet"}, ["prefixes"] = {}, }, ["fonnapa"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"North American Phonetic Alphabet", "Americanist Phonetic Notation"}, ["prefixes"] = {}, }, ["fonupa"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Uralic Phonetic Alphabet"}, ["prefixes"] = {}, }, ["fonxsamp"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"X-SAMPA transcription"}, ["prefixes"] = {}, }, ["gallo"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Gallo"}, ["prefixes"] = {"fr"}, }, ["gascon"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Gascon"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc"}, }, ["gherd"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Gherdëina standard of Ladin"}, ["prefixes"] = {"lld"}, }, ["grclass"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Classical Occitan orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc", "oc-aranes", "oc-auvern", "oc-cisaup", "oc-creiss", "oc-gascon", "oc-lemosin", "oc-lengadoc", "oc-nicard", "oc-provenc", "oc-vivaraup"}, }, ["grital"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Italian-inspired Occitan orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc", "oc-cisaup", "oc-nicard", "oc-provenc"}, }, ["grmistr"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Mistralian or Mistralian-inspired Occitan orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc", "oc-aranes", "oc-auvern", "oc-cisaup", "oc-creiss", "oc-gascon", "oc-lemosin", "oc-lengadoc", "oc-nicard", "oc-provenc", "oc-vivaraup"}, }, ["hanoi"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The Hà Nội variant of Vietnamese"}, ["prefixes"] = {"vi"}, }, ["hepburn"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Hepburn romanization"}, ["prefixes"] = {"ja-latn"}, }, ["hognorsk"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Norwegian in Høgnorsk (High Norwegian) orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"nn"}, }, ["hsistemo"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Standard H-system orthographic fallback for spelling Esperanto"}, ["prefixes"] = {"eo"}, }, ["huett"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The Huế (province Thừa Thiên) variant of Vietnamese"}, ["prefixes"] = {"vi"}, }, ["ijekavsk"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Serbian with Ijekavian pronunciation"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sr", "sr-latn", "sr-cyrl"}, }, ["itihasa"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Epic Sanskrit"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sa"}, }, ["ivanchov"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Bulgarian in 1899 orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"bg"}, }, ["jauer"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Jauer dialect of Romansh"}, ["prefixes"] = {"rm"}, }, ["jyutping"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Jyutping Cantonese Romanization"}, ["prefixes"] = {"yue"}, }, ["kkcor"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Common Cornish orthography of Revived Cornish"}, ["prefixes"] = {"kw"}, }, ["kleinsch"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Kleinschmidt orthography", "Allattaasitaamut"}, ["prefixes"] = {"kl", "kl-tunumiit"}, }, ["kociewie"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The Kociewie dialect of Polish"}, ["prefixes"] = {"pl"}, }, ["kscor"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Standard Cornish orthography of Revived Cornish", "Kernowek Standard"}, ["prefixes"] = {"kw"}, }, ["leidentr"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Ancient Egyptian in Leiden Unified Transliteration"}, ["prefixes"] = {"egy"}, }, ["lemosin"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Limousin"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc"}, }, ["lengadoc"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Languedocien"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc"}, }, ["lipaw"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The Lipovaz dialect of Resian", "The Lipovec dialect of Resian"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sl-rozaj"}, }, ["ltg1929"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The Latgalian language orthography codified in 1929"}, ["prefixes"] = {"ltg"}, }, ["ltg2007"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The Latgalian language orthography codified in the language law in 2007"}, ["prefixes"] = {"ltg"}, }, ["luna1918"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Post-1917 Russian orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"ru"}, }, ["lycopol"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Lycopolitan alias Subakhmimic dialect of Coptic"}, ["prefixes"] = {"cop"}, }, ["mdcegyp"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs encoded in Manuel de Codage"}, ["prefixes"] = {"egy"}, }, ["mdctrans"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Ancient Egyptian transliteration encoded in Manuel de Codage"}, ["prefixes"] = {"egy"}, }, ["mesokem"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Mesokemic alias Oxyrhynchite dialect of Coptic"}, ["prefixes"] = {"cop"}, }, ["metelko"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Slovene in Metelko alphabet"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sl"}, }, ["monoton"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Monotonic Greek"}, ["prefixes"] = {"el"}, }, ["ndyuka"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Ndyuka dialect", "Aukan dialect"}, ["prefixes"] = {"djk"}, }, ["nedis"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Natisone dialect", "Nadiza dialect"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sl"}, }, ["newfound"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Newfoundland English"}, ["prefixes"] = {"en-ca"}, }, ["nicard"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Niçard"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc"}, }, ["njiva"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The Gniva dialect of Resian", "The Njiva dialect of Resian"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sl-rozaj"}, }, ["nulik"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Volapük nulik", "Volapük perevidöl", "Volapük nulädik", "de Jong's Volapük", "New Volapük", "Revised Volapük", "Modern Volapük"}, ["prefixes"] = {"vo"}, }, ["osojs"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The Oseacco dialect of Resian", "The Osojane dialect of Resian"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sl-rozaj"}, }, ["oxendict"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Oxford English Dictionary spelling"}, ["prefixes"] = {"en"}, }, ["pahawh2"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Pahawh Hmong Second Stage Reduced orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"mww", "hnj"}, }, ["pahawh3"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Pahawh Hmong Third Stage Reduced orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"mww", "hnj"}, }, ["pahawh4"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Pahawh Hmong Final Version orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"mww", "hnj"}, }, ["pamaka"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Pamaka dialect"}, ["prefixes"] = {"djk"}, }, ["peano"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Latino Sine Flexione", "Interlingua de API", "Interlingua de Peano"}, ["prefixes"] = {"la"}, }, ["pehoeji"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Hokkien Vernacular Romanization System", "Pe̍h-ōe-jī orthography/romanization"}, ["prefixes"] = {"nan-latn"}, }, ["petr1708"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Petrine orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"ru"}, }, ["pinyin"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Pinyin romanization"}, ["prefixes"] = {"zh-latn", "bo-latn"}, }, ["polyton"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Polytonic Greek"}, ["prefixes"] = {"el"}, }, ["provenc"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Provençal"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc"}, }, ["puter"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Puter idiom of Romansh"}, ["prefixes"] = {"rm"}, }, ["rigik"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Volapük rigik", "Schleyer's Volapük", "Original Volapük", "Classic Volapük"}, ["prefixes"] = {"vo"}, }, ["rozaj"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Resian", "Resianic", "Rezijan"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sl"}, }, ["rumgr"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Rumantsch Grischun"}, ["prefixes"] = {"rm"}, }, ["sahidic"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Sahidic dialect of Coptic"}, ["prefixes"] = {"cop"}, }, ["saigon"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The Sài Gòn variant of Vietnamese"}, ["prefixes"] = {"vi"}, }, ["scotland"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Scottish Standard English"}, ["prefixes"] = {"en"}, }, ["scouse"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Scouse"}, ["prefixes"] = {"en"}, }, ["simple"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Simplified form"}, ["prefixes"] = {}, }, ["slepe"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Sorbian dialect of Schleife"}, ["prefixes"] = {"dsb"}, }, ["solba"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The Stolvizza dialect of Resian", "The Solbica dialect of Resian"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sl-rozaj"}, }, ["sotav"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The Sotavento dialect group of Kabuverdianu"}, ["prefixes"] = {"kea"}, }, ["spanglis"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Spanglish"}, ["prefixes"] = {"en", "es"}, }, ["stadi"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The \"Stadin slangi\" dialect of Finnish"}, ["prefixes"] = {"fi"}, }, ["surmiran"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Surmiran idiom of Romansh"}, ["prefixes"] = {"rm"}, }, ["sursilv"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Sursilvan idiom of Romansh"}, ["prefixes"] = {"rm"}, }, ["sutsilv"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Sutsilvan idiom of Romansh"}, ["prefixes"] = {"rm"}, }, ["synnejyl"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Synnejysk", "South Jutish"}, ["prefixes"] = {"da"}, }, ["taglish"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Tagalog-English code-switching"}, ["prefixes"] = {"en", "tl", "fil"}, }, ["tailo"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Taiwanese Hokkien Romanization System for Hokkien languages", "Tâi-lô orthography/romanization"}, ["prefixes"] = {"nan-latn"}, }, ["tarask"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Belarusian in Taraskievica orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"be"}, }, ["tongyong"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Tongyong Pinyin romanization"}, ["prefixes"] = {"zh-latn"}, }, ["tunumiit"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Tunumiisiut", "East Greenlandic", "Østgrønlandsk"}, ["prefixes"] = {"kl"}, }, ["uccor"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Unified Cornish orthography of Revived Cornish"}, ["prefixes"] = {"kw"}, }, ["ucrcor"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Unified Cornish Revised orthography of Revived Cornish"}, ["prefixes"] = {"kw"}, }, ["ulster"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Ulster dialect of Scots"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sco"}, }, ["unifon"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Unifon phonetic alphabet"}, ["prefixes"] = {"en", "hup", "kyh", "tol", "yur"}, }, ["valbadia"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Val Badia standard of Ladin"}, ["prefixes"] = {"lld"}, }, ["valencia"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Valencian"}, ["prefixes"] = {"ca"}, }, ["vallader"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Vallader idiom of Romansh"}, ["prefixes"] = {"rm"}, }, ["vecdruka"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Latvian orthography used before 1920s (\"vecā druka\")"}, ["prefixes"] = {"lv"}, }, ["viennese"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The Viennese dialect of German"}, ["prefixes"] = {"de"}, }, ["vivaraup"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Vivaro-Alpine"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc"}, }, ["wadegile"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Wade-Giles romanization"}, ["prefixes"] = {"zh-latn"}, }, ["xsistemo"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Standard X-system orthographic fallback for spelling Esperanto"}, ["prefixes"] = {"eo"}, } } hihn3g9afhb8a4id9j49c2eq9e038vk 828 159095 1374653 1314031 2026-04-16T17:41:58Z en>Trappist the monk 0 update to 2026-04-09 data; 1374653 Scribunto text/plain -- File-Date: 2026-04-09 return { ["Arab"] = {"ar", "fa", "ps", "ur"}, ["Armn"] = {"hy"}, ["Beng"] = {"as", "bn"}, ["Blis"] = {"zbl"}, ["Cyrl"] = {"ab", "be", "bg", "kk", "mk", "ru", "uk"}, ["Deva"] = {"hi", "mr", "ne", "kok", "mai"}, ["Ethi"] = {"am", "ti"}, ["Geor"] = {"ka"}, ["Grek"] = {"el"}, ["Gujr"] = {"gu"}, ["Guru"] = {"pa"}, ["Hebr"] = {"he", "iw", "yi"}, ["Jpan"] = {"ja"}, ["Khmr"] = {"km"}, ["Knda"] = {"kn"}, ["Kore"] = {"ko"}, ["Laoo"] = {"lo"}, ["Latn"] = {"af", "ay", "bs", "ca", "ch", "cs", "cy", "da", "de", "en", "eo", "es", "et", "eu", "fi", "fj", "fo", "fr", "fy", "ga", "gl", "gn", "gv", "hr", "ht", "hu", "id", "in", "is", "it", "kl", "la", "lb", "ln", "lt", "lv", "mg", "mh", "mo", "ms", "mt", "na", "nb", "nd", "nl", "nn", "no", "nr", "ny", "om", "pl", "pt", "qu", "rm", "rn", "ro", "rw", "sg", "sk", "sl", "sm", "so", "sq", "ss", "st", "sv", "sw", "tl", "tn", "to", "tr", "ts", "ve", "vi", "xh", "zu", "dsb", "frr", "frs", "gsw", "hsb", "men", "nds", "niu", "nso", "tem", "tkl", "tmh", "tpi", "tvl"}, ["Mlym"] = {"ml"}, ["Mymr"] = {"my"}, ["Nkoo"] = {"nqo"}, ["Orya"] = {"or"}, ["Sinh"] = {"si"}, ["Taml"] = {"ta"}, ["Telu"] = {"te"}, ["Thaa"] = {"dv"}, ["Thai"] = {"th"}, ["Tibt"] = {"dz"} } 279k6466bl7suzghdzqpj4bl8bc5wui 1374654 1374653 2026-06-03T00:31:57Z A826 72368 ೧ revisions imported from [[:en:Module:Lang/data/iana_suppressed_scripts]] 1374653 Scribunto text/plain -- File-Date: 2026-04-09 return { ["Arab"] = {"ar", "fa", "ps", "ur"}, ["Armn"] = {"hy"}, ["Beng"] = {"as", "bn"}, ["Blis"] = {"zbl"}, ["Cyrl"] = {"ab", "be", "bg", "kk", "mk", "ru", "uk"}, ["Deva"] = {"hi", "mr", "ne", "kok", "mai"}, ["Ethi"] = {"am", "ti"}, ["Geor"] = {"ka"}, ["Grek"] = {"el"}, ["Gujr"] = {"gu"}, ["Guru"] = {"pa"}, ["Hebr"] = {"he", "iw", "yi"}, ["Jpan"] = {"ja"}, ["Khmr"] = {"km"}, ["Knda"] = {"kn"}, ["Kore"] = {"ko"}, ["Laoo"] = {"lo"}, ["Latn"] = {"af", "ay", "bs", "ca", "ch", "cs", "cy", "da", "de", "en", "eo", "es", "et", "eu", "fi", "fj", "fo", "fr", "fy", "ga", "gl", "gn", "gv", "hr", "ht", "hu", "id", "in", "is", "it", "kl", "la", "lb", "ln", "lt", "lv", "mg", "mh", "mo", "ms", "mt", "na", "nb", "nd", "nl", "nn", "no", "nr", "ny", "om", "pl", "pt", "qu", "rm", "rn", "ro", "rw", "sg", "sk", "sl", "sm", "so", "sq", "ss", "st", "sv", "sw", "tl", "tn", "to", "tr", "ts", "ve", "vi", "xh", "zu", "dsb", "frr", "frs", "gsw", "hsb", "men", "nds", "niu", "nso", "tem", "tkl", "tmh", "tpi", "tvl"}, ["Mlym"] = {"ml"}, ["Mymr"] = {"my"}, ["Nkoo"] = {"nqo"}, ["Orya"] = {"or"}, ["Sinh"] = {"si"}, ["Taml"] = {"ta"}, ["Telu"] = {"te"}, ["Thaa"] = {"dv"}, ["Thai"] = {"th"}, ["Tibt"] = {"dz"} } 279k6466bl7suzghdzqpj4bl8bc5wui 828 160727 1374631 1257990 2026-05-31T05:15:32Z en>Ahechtbot 0 [[Wikipedia:BOT|Bot]]: Updated page. 1374631 Scribunto text/plain return { ["U"] = 277000, ["U.S._Coast_Guard_Cutter"] = 2800, ["U.S._House_of_Representatives_abbreviation"] = 17000, ["UAF_player"] = 2700, ["UCI_team_code"] = 13000, ["UEFA_player"] = 5900, ["UK"] = 4300, ["UK-LEG"] = 2500, ["UKR"] = 15000, ["UK_legislation"] = 3200, ["URL"] = 429000, ["URL2"] = 21000, ["URS"] = 7300, ["URY"] = 2400, ["US$"] = 7300, ["US-railway-routemap"] = 2100, ["US20_Invite"] = 3700, ["USA"] = 45000, ["USBill"] = 2400, ["USCGC"] = 2800, ["USCongRep-end"] = 5400, ["USCongRep-row"] = 5900, ["USCongRep-start"] = 5400, ["USCongressOrdinal"] = 6400, ["USCongressOrdinal/code"] = 6400, ["USD"] = 6400, ["USGS_gazetteer"] = 5600, ["USGovernment"] = 2100, ["USNS"] = 3500, ["USN_flag"] = 10000, ["USPL"] = 2200, ["USRaceRating"] = 2900, ["USS"] = 39000, ["USSR"] = 2200, ["USStat"] = 2500, ["US_Census_population"] = 41000, ["US_Census_population/styles.css"] = 41000, ["US_House_succession_box"] = 8200, ["US_State_Abbrev"] = 18000, ["US_county_navigation_box"] = 99000, ["US_dollar"] = 14000, ["US_government_sources"] = 2700, ["US_patent"] = 2900, ["US_political_race_rating"] = 2900, ["US_state_abbreviation_to_name"] = 18000, ["US_state_disestablishment_category"] = 5200, ["US_state_disestablishment_category/core"] = 5200, ["US_state_establishment_category"] = 10000, ["US_state_establishment_category/core"] = 10000, ["US_state_navigation_box"] = 16000, ["US_state_sports_year_category"] = 6600, ["US_state_sports_year_category/core"] = 6600, ["UTRS"] = 8800, ["UTRS-unblock-user"] = 4900, ["UTZ"] = 4300, ["UZB"] = 3000, ["Ubl"] = 211000, ["Ubli"] = 5500, ["Ublist"] = 7000, ["Ucat"] = 42000, ["Uir"] = 32000, ["Ul"] = 5900, ["Ulist"] = 7700, ["Umbox"] = 80000, ["Umbox/styles.css"] = 80000, ["Unassessed-Class"] = 12000, ["Unblock-auto_reviewed"] = 5500, ["Unblock-spamun_reviewed"] = 5200, ["Unblock-un_reviewed"] = 21000, ["Unblock_reviewed"] = 81000, ["Unblock_wizard_link"] = 4300, ["Unbulleted_indent_list"] = 7300, ["Unbulleted_list"] = 682000, ["Unbulleted_list_citebundle"] = 2400, ["Under_construction"] = 2600, ["Underline"] = 4800, ["Undisclosed_paid"] = 2900, ["Unindent"] = 4500, ["United_States_Code"] = 3700, ["United_States_Naval_Ship"] = 3500, ["United_States_Ship"] = 39000, ["United_States_presidential_election_results_table_footer"] = 3200, ["United_States_presidential_election_results_table_header"] = 3800, ["United_States_presidential_election_results_table_row"] = 3800, ["United_States_topic"] = 6000, ["Unknown"] = 3500, ["Unknown-Class"] = 13000, ["Unlikely"] = 2300, ["Unlink"] = 22000, ["Unreferenced"] = 95000, ["Unreferenced_section"] = 42000, ["Unrelated"] = 6200, ["Unreliable_source?"] = 14000, ["Unreliable_sources"] = 10000, ["Unsourced"] = 2600, ["Unsourced_section"] = 2400, ["Update"] = 36000, ["Update_after"] = 4200, ["Update_inline"] = 9200, ["Update_inline_span"] = 2500, ["Update_section"] = 5300, ["Update_span"] = 2600, ["Updated"] = 70000, ["Uploader_information"] = 154000, ["Url"] = 62000, ["Use_American_English"] = 576000, ["Use_Australian_English"] = 140000, ["Use_British_English"] = 423000, ["Use_Canadian_English"] = 60000, ["Use_Ghanaian_English"] = 2600, ["Use_Hiberno-English"] = 35000, ["Use_Hong_Kong_English"] = 4800, ["Use_Indian_English"] = 173000, ["Use_Irish_English"] = 11000, ["Use_New_Zealand_English"] = 39000, ["Use_Nigerian_English"] = 7400, ["Use_Oxford_spelling"] = 4900, ["Use_Pakistani_English"] = 9800, ["Use_Philippine_English"] = 11000, ["Use_South_African_English"] = 12000, ["Use_dmy_dates"] = 1970000, ["Use_list-defined_references"] = 6300, ["Use_mdy_dates"] = 1080000, ["Use_shortened_footnotes"] = 2900, ["User"] = 713000, ["User-generated_source"] = 4800, ["User-multi"] = 392000, ["User0"] = 41000, ["User19"] = 11000, ["User2"] = 3900, ["User21"] = 59000, ["User3"] = 283000, ["User4"] = 4000, ["User5"] = 7000, ["UserSummary"] = 125000, ["User_American"] = 2400, ["User_COI"] = 38000, ["User_Copy_Edit"] = 2600, ["User_Firefox"] = 6000, ["User_HTML"] = 3000, ["User_OS:Dos/style.css"] = 2200, ["User_QAIbox"] = 7200, ["User_QAIbox/auto"] = 4900, ["User_Translator"] = 2500, ["User_UN"] = 2400, ["User_WP"] = 20000, ["User_WP/switch"] = 20000, ["User_Wikipedia"] = 2700, ["User_Wikipedia/RC_Patrol"] = 3900, ["User_Wikipedia/Rollback"] = 2400, ["User_Wikipedia/WikiGnome"] = 2900, ["User_Wikipedia_reference"] = 2800, ["User_Wikipedian_For"] = 11000, ["User_Wikipedian_for"] = 16000, ["User_Wikipediholic"] = 2500, ["User_category_header"] = 2200, ["User_committed_identity"] = 2400, ["User_contrib"] = 5300, ["User_current_age"] = 2500, ["User_current_age/days"] = 2500, ["User_current_age/months"] = 2500, ["User_current_age/years"] = 2500, ["User_de"] = 5900, ["User_de-1"] = 8100, ["User_de-2"] = 4600, ["User_de-3"] = 2400, ["User_en"] = 42000, ["User_en-1"] = 2500, ["User_en-2"] = 7900, ["User_en-3"] = 16000, ["User_en-4"] = 9800, ["User_en-5"] = 7200, ["User_en-N"] = 5400, ["User_en-us"] = 2200, ["User_es"] = 4000, ["User_es-1"] = 7600, ["User_es-2"] = 5100, ["User_es-3"] = 2800, ["User_fr"] = 4300, ["User_fr-1"] = 9500, ["User_fr-2"] = 6800, ["User_fr-3"] = 4000, ["User_html"] = 2700, ["User_in_region"] = 32000, ["User_in_the_United_Kingdom"] = 2300, ["User_in_the_United_States"] = 4900, ["User_infobox"] = 3100, ["User_instrument"] = 2900, ["User_invitation"] = 5900, ["User_iso15924"] = 2600, ["User_iso15924/level-text"] = 3000, ["User_iso15924/user_script_catlink"] = 3000, ["User_it-1"] = 2900, ["User_ja-1"] = 3200, ["User_la-1"] = 2800, ["User_link"] = 282000, ["User_lives_in"] = 7200, ["User_male"] = 2800, ["User_oops"] = 2500, ["User_other"] = 636000, ["User_page"] = 47000, ["User_precious"] = 2000, ["User_proud"] = 5600, ["User_rights"] = 5700, ["User_ru"] = 3200, ["User_ru-1"] = 2200, ["User_sandbox"] = 253000, ["User_summary"] = 125000, ["User_talk_other"] = 81000, ["User_time_zone"] = 4300, ["User_visited"] = 6700, ["User_wikipedia"] = 2200, ["User_wikipedia/RC_Patrol"] = 3500, ["User_wikipedia/WikiGnome"] = 2900, ["User_wishes_to_visit"] = 6200, ["User_x"] = 2100, ["User_zh"] = 2500, ["Userbox"] = 340000, ["Userbox-2"] = 37000, ["Userbox-level"] = 110000, ["Userbox-r"] = 6700, ["Userbox/styles.css"] = 347000, ["UserboxCOI"] = 38000, ["Userbox_table_bottom"] = 11000, ["Userbox_table_category"] = 2400, ["Userbox_table_top"] = 11000, ["Userbox_table_userbox"] = 11000, ["Userboxbottom"] = 56000, ["Userboxtop"] = 61000, ["Usercheck-short"] = 3900, ["Userlinks"] = 34000, ["Userpage"] = 31000, ["Userpage_blanked"] = 12000, ["Userspace_draft"] = 38000, ["Userspace_file"] = 2200, ["Usertalk_other"] = 2200, ["Uses_TemplateStyles"] = 2400, ["Usgs-gazetteer"] = 5600, ["Ushr"] = 17000, ["Ussc"] = 6100, ["Usurped"] = 64000, ["Utrs"] = 5300, ["Uwl"] = 4300, ["Module:URL"] = 667000, ["Module:Unicode_data"] = 1700000, ["Module:Unicode_data/scripts"] = 394000, ["Module:Unstrip"] = 139000, ["Module:Unsubst"] = 14600000, ["Module:Unsubst-infobox"] = 206000, ["Module:Urldecode"] = 9300, ["Module:User"] = 713000, ["Module:User:AnomieBOT/Auto-G8"] = 513000, ["Module:UserLinks"] = 1100000, ["Module:UserLinks/config"] = 1100000, ["Module:UserLinks/extra"] = 23000, ["Module:UserLinks/shared"] = 1100000, ["Module:User_contrib"] = 5300, ["Module:Userbox"] = 347000, ["Module:Uses_TemplateStyles"] = 2400, ["Module:Uses_TemplateStyles/config"] = 2400, ["Module:Uses_Wikidata"] = 3600, ["Module:Ustring"] = 860000, } i542h6n9n7mg5adyrxenc20fy360axg 1374632 1374631 2026-06-03T00:31:56Z A826 72368 ೧ revisions imported from [[:en:Module:Transclusion_count/data/U]] 1374631 Scribunto text/plain return { ["U"] = 277000, ["U.S._Coast_Guard_Cutter"] = 2800, ["U.S._House_of_Representatives_abbreviation"] = 17000, ["UAF_player"] = 2700, ["UCI_team_code"] = 13000, ["UEFA_player"] = 5900, ["UK"] = 4300, ["UK-LEG"] = 2500, ["UKR"] = 15000, ["UK_legislation"] = 3200, ["URL"] = 429000, ["URL2"] = 21000, ["URS"] = 7300, ["URY"] = 2400, ["US$"] = 7300, ["US-railway-routemap"] = 2100, ["US20_Invite"] = 3700, ["USA"] = 45000, ["USBill"] = 2400, ["USCGC"] = 2800, ["USCongRep-end"] = 5400, ["USCongRep-row"] = 5900, ["USCongRep-start"] = 5400, ["USCongressOrdinal"] = 6400, ["USCongressOrdinal/code"] = 6400, ["USD"] = 6400, ["USGS_gazetteer"] = 5600, ["USGovernment"] = 2100, ["USNS"] = 3500, ["USN_flag"] = 10000, ["USPL"] = 2200, ["USRaceRating"] = 2900, ["USS"] = 39000, ["USSR"] = 2200, ["USStat"] = 2500, ["US_Census_population"] = 41000, ["US_Census_population/styles.css"] = 41000, ["US_House_succession_box"] = 8200, ["US_State_Abbrev"] = 18000, ["US_county_navigation_box"] = 99000, ["US_dollar"] = 14000, ["US_government_sources"] = 2700, ["US_patent"] = 2900, ["US_political_race_rating"] = 2900, ["US_state_abbreviation_to_name"] = 18000, ["US_state_disestablishment_category"] = 5200, ["US_state_disestablishment_category/core"] = 5200, ["US_state_establishment_category"] = 10000, ["US_state_establishment_category/core"] = 10000, ["US_state_navigation_box"] = 16000, ["US_state_sports_year_category"] = 6600, ["US_state_sports_year_category/core"] = 6600, ["UTRS"] = 8800, ["UTRS-unblock-user"] = 4900, ["UTZ"] = 4300, ["UZB"] = 3000, ["Ubl"] = 211000, ["Ubli"] = 5500, ["Ublist"] = 7000, ["Ucat"] = 42000, ["Uir"] = 32000, ["Ul"] = 5900, ["Ulist"] = 7700, ["Umbox"] = 80000, ["Umbox/styles.css"] = 80000, ["Unassessed-Class"] = 12000, ["Unblock-auto_reviewed"] = 5500, ["Unblock-spamun_reviewed"] = 5200, ["Unblock-un_reviewed"] = 21000, ["Unblock_reviewed"] = 81000, ["Unblock_wizard_link"] = 4300, ["Unbulleted_indent_list"] = 7300, ["Unbulleted_list"] = 682000, ["Unbulleted_list_citebundle"] = 2400, ["Under_construction"] = 2600, ["Underline"] = 4800, ["Undisclosed_paid"] = 2900, ["Unindent"] = 4500, ["United_States_Code"] = 3700, ["United_States_Naval_Ship"] = 3500, ["United_States_Ship"] = 39000, ["United_States_presidential_election_results_table_footer"] = 3200, ["United_States_presidential_election_results_table_header"] = 3800, ["United_States_presidential_election_results_table_row"] = 3800, ["United_States_topic"] = 6000, ["Unknown"] = 3500, ["Unknown-Class"] = 13000, ["Unlikely"] = 2300, ["Unlink"] = 22000, ["Unreferenced"] = 95000, ["Unreferenced_section"] = 42000, ["Unrelated"] = 6200, ["Unreliable_source?"] = 14000, ["Unreliable_sources"] = 10000, ["Unsourced"] = 2600, ["Unsourced_section"] = 2400, ["Update"] = 36000, ["Update_after"] = 4200, ["Update_inline"] = 9200, ["Update_inline_span"] = 2500, ["Update_section"] = 5300, ["Update_span"] = 2600, ["Updated"] = 70000, ["Uploader_information"] = 154000, ["Url"] = 62000, ["Use_American_English"] = 576000, ["Use_Australian_English"] = 140000, ["Use_British_English"] = 423000, ["Use_Canadian_English"] = 60000, ["Use_Ghanaian_English"] = 2600, ["Use_Hiberno-English"] = 35000, ["Use_Hong_Kong_English"] = 4800, ["Use_Indian_English"] = 173000, ["Use_Irish_English"] = 11000, ["Use_New_Zealand_English"] = 39000, ["Use_Nigerian_English"] = 7400, ["Use_Oxford_spelling"] = 4900, ["Use_Pakistani_English"] = 9800, ["Use_Philippine_English"] = 11000, ["Use_South_African_English"] = 12000, ["Use_dmy_dates"] = 1970000, ["Use_list-defined_references"] = 6300, ["Use_mdy_dates"] = 1080000, ["Use_shortened_footnotes"] = 2900, ["User"] = 713000, ["User-generated_source"] = 4800, ["User-multi"] = 392000, ["User0"] = 41000, ["User19"] = 11000, ["User2"] = 3900, ["User21"] = 59000, ["User3"] = 283000, ["User4"] = 4000, ["User5"] = 7000, ["UserSummary"] = 125000, ["User_American"] = 2400, ["User_COI"] = 38000, ["User_Copy_Edit"] = 2600, ["User_Firefox"] = 6000, ["User_HTML"] = 3000, ["User_OS:Dos/style.css"] = 2200, ["User_QAIbox"] = 7200, ["User_QAIbox/auto"] = 4900, ["User_Translator"] = 2500, ["User_UN"] = 2400, ["User_WP"] = 20000, ["User_WP/switch"] = 20000, ["User_Wikipedia"] = 2700, ["User_Wikipedia/RC_Patrol"] = 3900, ["User_Wikipedia/Rollback"] = 2400, ["User_Wikipedia/WikiGnome"] = 2900, ["User_Wikipedia_reference"] = 2800, ["User_Wikipedian_For"] = 11000, ["User_Wikipedian_for"] = 16000, ["User_Wikipediholic"] = 2500, ["User_category_header"] = 2200, ["User_committed_identity"] = 2400, ["User_contrib"] = 5300, ["User_current_age"] = 2500, ["User_current_age/days"] = 2500, ["User_current_age/months"] = 2500, ["User_current_age/years"] = 2500, ["User_de"] = 5900, ["User_de-1"] = 8100, ["User_de-2"] = 4600, ["User_de-3"] = 2400, ["User_en"] = 42000, ["User_en-1"] = 2500, ["User_en-2"] = 7900, ["User_en-3"] = 16000, ["User_en-4"] = 9800, ["User_en-5"] = 7200, ["User_en-N"] = 5400, ["User_en-us"] = 2200, ["User_es"] = 4000, ["User_es-1"] = 7600, ["User_es-2"] = 5100, ["User_es-3"] = 2800, ["User_fr"] = 4300, ["User_fr-1"] = 9500, ["User_fr-2"] = 6800, ["User_fr-3"] = 4000, ["User_html"] = 2700, ["User_in_region"] = 32000, ["User_in_the_United_Kingdom"] = 2300, ["User_in_the_United_States"] = 4900, ["User_infobox"] = 3100, ["User_instrument"] = 2900, ["User_invitation"] = 5900, ["User_iso15924"] = 2600, ["User_iso15924/level-text"] = 3000, ["User_iso15924/user_script_catlink"] = 3000, ["User_it-1"] = 2900, ["User_ja-1"] = 3200, ["User_la-1"] = 2800, ["User_link"] = 282000, ["User_lives_in"] = 7200, ["User_male"] = 2800, ["User_oops"] = 2500, ["User_other"] = 636000, ["User_page"] = 47000, ["User_precious"] = 2000, ["User_proud"] = 5600, ["User_rights"] = 5700, ["User_ru"] = 3200, ["User_ru-1"] = 2200, ["User_sandbox"] = 253000, ["User_summary"] = 125000, ["User_talk_other"] = 81000, ["User_time_zone"] = 4300, ["User_visited"] = 6700, ["User_wikipedia"] = 2200, ["User_wikipedia/RC_Patrol"] = 3500, ["User_wikipedia/WikiGnome"] = 2900, ["User_wishes_to_visit"] = 6200, ["User_x"] = 2100, ["User_zh"] = 2500, ["Userbox"] = 340000, ["Userbox-2"] = 37000, ["Userbox-level"] = 110000, ["Userbox-r"] = 6700, ["Userbox/styles.css"] = 347000, ["UserboxCOI"] = 38000, ["Userbox_table_bottom"] = 11000, ["Userbox_table_category"] = 2400, ["Userbox_table_top"] = 11000, ["Userbox_table_userbox"] = 11000, ["Userboxbottom"] = 56000, ["Userboxtop"] = 61000, ["Usercheck-short"] = 3900, ["Userlinks"] = 34000, ["Userpage"] = 31000, ["Userpage_blanked"] = 12000, ["Userspace_draft"] = 38000, ["Userspace_file"] = 2200, ["Usertalk_other"] = 2200, ["Uses_TemplateStyles"] = 2400, ["Usgs-gazetteer"] = 5600, ["Ushr"] = 17000, ["Ussc"] = 6100, ["Usurped"] = 64000, ["Utrs"] = 5300, ["Uwl"] = 4300, ["Module:URL"] = 667000, ["Module:Unicode_data"] = 1700000, ["Module:Unicode_data/scripts"] = 394000, ["Module:Unstrip"] = 139000, ["Module:Unsubst"] = 14600000, ["Module:Unsubst-infobox"] = 206000, ["Module:Urldecode"] = 9300, ["Module:User"] = 713000, ["Module:User:AnomieBOT/Auto-G8"] = 513000, ["Module:UserLinks"] = 1100000, ["Module:UserLinks/config"] = 1100000, ["Module:UserLinks/extra"] = 23000, ["Module:UserLinks/shared"] = 1100000, ["Module:User_contrib"] = 5300, ["Module:Userbox"] = 347000, ["Module:Uses_TemplateStyles"] = 2400, ["Module:Uses_TemplateStyles/config"] = 2400, ["Module:Uses_Wikidata"] = 3600, ["Module:Ustring"] = 860000, } i542h6n9n7mg5adyrxenc20fy360axg 0 172798 1374686 1373961 2026-06-03T11:39:02Z Pavanaja 5 /* ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಿಕ ಜೀವನ ಮತ್ತು ಶಿಕ್ಷಣ */ 1374686 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ದೇವೇಂದ್ರ ಬಡಿಗೇರ್ | image = | birth_place = ಬೆನಕಲ್, ಕೊಪ್ಪಳ ಜಿಲ್ಲೆ, ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ | citizenship = ಭಾರತೀಯ | occupation = ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರ ನಿರ್ದೇಶಕ, ಚಿತ್ರಕಥೆಗಾರ, ನಿರ್ಮಾಪಕ | years_active = ೨೦೨೦ - ಪ್ರಸಕ್ತ | known_for = ರುದ್ರಿ }} '''ದೇವೇಂದ್ರ ಬಡಿಗೇರ್ ''' ಅವರು [[ಕನ್ನಡ ಚಿತ್ರರಂಗ]]ದಲ್ಲಿ ಕಾರ್ಯನಿರ್ವಹಿಸುವ ಭಾರತೀಯ [[ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರ ನಿರ್ದೇಶಕ]], ಚಿತ್ರಕಥೆಗಾರ ಮತ್ತು [[ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರ ನಿರ್ಮಾಪಕ]]ರಾಗಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಅವರು ತಮ್ಮ ಮೊದಲ ಫೀಚರ್ ಚಿತ್ರವಾದ ''ರುದ್ರಿ'' (೨೦೨೦) ಮೂಲಕ ಪರಿಚಿತರಾಗಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಈ ಚಿತ್ರವು ಅಂತರರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರೋತ್ಸವಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಗೆದ್ದು, ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ಅಂತರರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರೋತ್ಸವದಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರದರ್ಶಿಸಲಾಯಿತು.<ref>{{cite web |title=14th BIFFES Winners |url=https://biffes.org/frontend/images/widget/14th%20BIFFES%20Winners.pdf |website=BIFFES |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref> ನಂತರ ಅವರು ''IN'' (೨೦೨೩) ಮತ್ತು ''ವನ್ಯ'' (೨೦೨೫) ಚಿತ್ರಗಳನ್ನು ನಿರ್ದೇಶಿಸಿದ್ದಾರೆ.<ref>{{cite web |title=Badiger Devendra |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm10066090/ |website=IMDb |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref> == ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಿಕ ಜೀವನ ಮತ್ತು ಶಿಕ್ಷಣ == ದೇವೇಂದ್ರ ಬಡಿಗೇರ್ ಅವರು ಉತ್ತರ ಕರ್ನಾಟಕದ [[ಕೊಪ್ಪಳ ಜಿಲ್ಲೆ]]ಯ ಬೆನಕಲ್ ಗ್ರಾಮದಲ್ಲಿ ಜನಿಸಿದರು. ಅವರು ಕೂರ್ಗ್ ಮತ್ತು ಮೈಸೂರಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಬೆಳೆದರು. ಅವರು ತಮ್ಮ ಪ್ರಾಥಮಿಕ ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ರೌಢ ಶಿಕ್ಷಣವನ್ನು ಮೈಸೂರಿನ ಮಲ್ಲಮ್ಮ ಮತ್ತು ಮರಿಮಲ್ಲಪ್ಪ ಶಿಕ್ಷಣ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಪೂರ್ಣಗೊಳಿಸಿದರು. ಅವರು ಕೆನಡಾದಲ್ಲಿ IATA UFTAA ಡಿಪ್ಲೊಮಾ ಪಡೆದರು. == ಚಿತ್ರರಂಗಕ್ಕೆ ಮುನ್ನದ ವೃತ್ತಿಜೀವನ == ಚಿತ್ರರಂಗಕ್ಕೆ ಪ್ರವೇಶಿಸುವ ಮೊದಲು, ಬಡಿಗೇರ್ ಅವರು ೨೦೦೬ ರಲ್ಲಿ ಬೆಂಗಳೂರಿನಲ್ಲಿ ''ಅಟ್ಲಾಸ್ ಹಾಪರ್ಸ್ ಪೈವೇಟ್ ಲಿಮಿಟೆಡ್'' ಎಂಬ ಪ್ರಯಾಣ ಸಲಹಾ ಕಂಪನಿಯನ್ನು ಸ್ಥಾಪಿಸಿದರು.<ref>{{cite web |title=Atlas Hoppers |url=https://atlashoppers.com/ |website=Atlas Hoppers |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref> == ವೃತ್ತಿಜೀವನ == === ಕಿರುಚಿತ್ರಗಳು === * ''ಚಿತ್ತ ಛಾಯೆ'' – ನಿರ್ಮಾಣ ಮತ್ತು ಅಭಿನಯ * ''ಗಾಂಧಿ ಕಿಡ್ನ್ಯಾಪ್ಡ್ ಸೋನಿಯಾ'' – ಸಹನಿರ್ಮಾಣ ಮತ್ತು ಅಭಿನಯ * ''ಹೈವೇ ರಾಬರಿ'' – ಸಹನಿರ್ಮಾಣ === ಫೀಚರ್ ಚಿತ್ರಗಳು === {| class="wikitable" ! ವರ್ಷ ! ಶೀರ್ಷಿಕೆ ! ಪಾತ್ರ ! ಟಿಪ್ಪಣಿಗಳು |- | 2020 | ''ರುದ್ರಿ'' | ನಿರ್ದೇಶಕ, ನಿರ್ಮಾಪಕ | ಬಡಿಗೇರ್ ದೇವೇಂದ್ರ ಅವರ ಮೊದಲ ಫೀಚರ್ ಚಿತ್ರ. ಚಿತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ಪಾವನಾ ಗೌಡ ಅಭಿನಯಿಸಿದ್ದರು.<ref>{{cite news |title=My character is the whole soul of the Rudri: Pavana Gowda |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/my-character-is-the-whole-soul-of-the-rudri-pavana-gowda/articleshow/74691853.cms |work=The Times of India |date=18 March 2020 |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref> ಈ ಚಿತ್ರವು ಟ್ಯಾಗೋರ್ ಅಂತರರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರೋತ್ಸವದಲ್ಲಿ ಮೂರು ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಗೆದ್ದಿತು.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rudri wins three awards at the Tagore International Film Festival |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rudri-wins-three-awards-at-the-tagore-international-film-festival/articleshow/76976612.cms |work=The Times of India |date=15 July 2020 |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref> |- | 2023 | ''IN'' | ನಿರ್ದೇಶಕ, ನಿರ್ಮಾಪಕ | |- | 2025 | ''ವನ್ಯ'' | ನಿರ್ದೇಶಕ, ನಿರ್ಮಾಪಕ | |} == ವಿಷಯಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಶೈಲಿ == ಬಡಿಗೇರ್ ಅವರ ಚಿತ್ರಗಳು ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ನ್ಯಾಯ, ಅಂಚಿನಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಸಮುದಾಯಗಳ ಧ್ವನಿ ಮತ್ತು ಮಾನವೀಯ ಸ್ಥೈರ್ಯವನ್ನು ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿರುತ್ತವೆ. ''ದ ಟೈಮ್ಸ್ ಆಫ್ ಇಂಡಿಯಾ'' ವು ಅವರನ್ನು “ಶೋಷಿತರ ಧ್ವನಿಯಾಗಿ ನಿಲ್ಲುವ ಚಿತ್ರನಿರ್ಮಾಪಕ" ಎಂದು ವಿವರಿಸಿದೆ.<ref>{{cite news |title=Filmmakers stand as voices for the oppressed: Badiger Devendra |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/filmmakers-stand-as-voices-for-the-oppressed-badiger-devendra/articleshow/121533869.cms |work=The Times of India |date=1 June 2025 |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref> == ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಗೌರವಗಳು == * ಟ್ಯಾಗೋರ್ ಅಂತರರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರೋತ್ಸವ – ''ರುದ್ರಿ'' ಚಿತ್ರಕ್ಕೆ ಮೂರು ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿಗಳು.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rudri wins three awards at the Tagore International Film Festival |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rudri-wins-three-awards-at-the-tagore-international-film-festival/articleshow/76976612.cms |work=The Times of India |date=15 July 2020 |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref> * BIFFES – ''ರುದ್ರಿ'' ಚಿತ್ರದ ಪ್ರದರ್ಶನ.<ref>{{cite web |title=14th BIFFES Winners |url=https://biffes.org/frontend/images/widget/14th%20BIFFES%20Winners.pdf |website=BIFFES |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref> * IFFI ಗೋವಾ – ಡೆಬ್ಯೂ ಡೈರೆಕ್ಟರ್ಸ್ ಪ್ರಿವ್ಯೂ ಕಮಿಟಿಯ ಭಾಗವಾಗಿ ಆಯ್ಕೆ.<ref>{{cite web |title=International Film Festival of India |url=https://www.iffigoa.org/debut-directors-previw-commitee-2024 |website=IFFI Goa |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref> == ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರ ಪಟ್ಟಿ == {| class="wikitable" ! ವರ್ಷ ! ಚಿತ್ರ ! ಪಾತ್ರ |- | 2020 | ''ರುದ್ರಿ'' | ನಿರ್ದೇಶಕ, ನಿರ್ಮಾಪಕ |- | 2023 | ''IN'' | ನಿರ್ದೇಶಕ, ನಿರ್ಮಾಪಕ |- | 2025 | ''ವನ್ಯ'' | ನಿರ್ದೇಶಕ, ನಿರ್ಮಾಪಕ |} == ಬಾಹ್ಯ ಕೊಂಡಿಗಳು == * {{IMDb name|10066090|ಬಡಿಗೇರ್ ದೇವೇಂದ್ರ}} ==ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು== {{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು}} [[ವರ್ಗ:ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿ]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರ ನಿರ್ದೇಶಕರು]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ಚಿತ್ರಕಥೆ ಲೇಖಕ]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರ ನಿರ್ಮಾಪಕ]] f0qj97179qq941wfeqcb2hzi6zjkm54 0 177759 1374674 1343993 2026-06-03T07:53:24Z VASANTH S.N. 728 /* ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು */ 1374674 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | image = Cryptomeria japonica SZ124.png | image_caption = Plate from "Flora Japonica" by Philipp Franz von Siebold and Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini | status = NT | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Thomas, P. |author2=Katsuki, T. |author3=Farjon, A. |date=2013 |title=''Cryptomeria japonica'' |volume=2013 |article-number=e.T39149A2886821 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T39149A2886821.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> | display_parents = 2 | genus = ಕ್ರಿಪ್ಟೋಮೀರಿಯ | parent_authority = D.Don | species = ಜಪಾನಿಕ | authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus the Younger|L.f.]]) [[David Don|D.Don]] | synonyms = {{Collapsible list |title = Synonyms list | * ''Cryptomeria araucarioides'' <small>Henkel & W.Hochst.</small> * ''Cryptomeria compacta'' <small>Beissn.</small> * ''Cryptomeria elegans'' <small>Jacob-Makoy</small> * ''Cryptomeria fortunei'' <small>Hooibr. ex Billain</small> * ''Cryptomeria generalis'' <small>E.H.L.Krause </small> * ''Cryptomeria kawaii'' <small>Hayata</small> * ''Cryptomeria lobbiana'' <small>Billain</small> * ''Cryptomeria lobbii'' <small>(Carrière) Lavallée</small> * ''Cryptomeria mairei'' <small>(H.Lév.) Nakai</small> * ''Cryptomeria mucronata'' <small>Beissn.</small> * ''Cryptomeria nana'' <small>Lindl. & Gordon</small> * ''Cryptomeria nigricans'' <small>Carrière</small> * ''Cryptomeria pungens'' <small>Beissn.</small> * ''Cryptomeria variegata'' <small>Beissn.</small> * ''Cryptomeria viridis'' <small>Beissn.</small> * ''Cupressus japonica'' <small>Thunb. ex L.f.</small> * ''Cupressus mairei'' <small>H.Lév.</small> * ''Schubertia japonica'' <small>(Thunb. ex L.f.) Jacques</small> * ''Schubertia japonicum'' <small>(Thunb. ex L. f.) Brongn.</small> * ''Taxodium japonicum'' <small>(Thunb. ex L.f.) Brongn.</small> }} }} '''ಕ್ರಿಪ್ಟೋಮೀರಿಯ''' ನಗ್ನಬೀಜಿ ಸಸ್ಯಗುಂಪಿನ ಪೈನೇಸೀ ಕುಟುಂಬಕ್ಕೆ ಸೇರಿದ ಒಂದು ನಿತ್ಯಹರಿದ್ವರ್ಣದ ಶಂಕುವೃಕ್ಷ. ಇದಕ್ಕೆ ಜಪಾನೀ ಸೀಡರ್ ಎಂಬ ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ಬಳಕೆಯ ಹೆಸರಿದೆ. ==ಪ್ರಭೇದಗಳು== [[Image:Cryptomeria japonica MHNT.BOT2004.0.64.jpg|right|thumb|[[Conifer cone|Cone]] and [[seed]]]] ಜಪಾನಿಕ ಎಂಬ ಒಂದೇ ಪ್ರಭೇದವನ್ನೊಳಗೊಂಡಿರುವ ಇದರ ತವರು [[ಚೀನಾ|ಚೀನ]]. ==ಸಸ್ಯ ಲಕ್ಷಣಗಳು== ಕ್ರಿಪ್ಟೊಮೀರಿಯ ಸುಮಾರು 125' ಎತ್ತರಕ್ಕೆ ಬೆಳೆಯುವ ಬೃಹದ್ಗಾತ್ರದ ಮರ. ಇದಕ್ಕೆ ನೇರವಾಗಿ ಬೆಳೆಯುವ ನಾಜೂಕಿನ ಮುಖ್ಯ ಕಾಂಡವಿದೆ. ತೊಗಟೆ ಕೆಂಪುಮಿಶ್ರಿತ ಕಂದುಬಣ್ಣದ್ದು. ಎಲೆಗಳು ಉದ್ದನೆಯ ಕಡ್ಡಿಗಳಂತಿದ್ದು ಸುರುಳಿಸುರುಳಿಯಾಗಿ ಜೋಡಣೆಗೊಂಡಿವೆ. ಹೂಗಳು ಏಕಲಿಂಗಿಗಳು; ಬೇರೆಬೇರೆ ಶಂಕುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ (ಕೋನ್) ಸಮಾವೇಶಗೊಂಡಿವೆ. ಹಲವಾರು ಗಂಡುಶಂಕುಗಳು ಗುಂಪುಗೂಡಿಕೊಂಡು ರೆಂಬೆಗಳ ತುದಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಹುಟ್ಟುತ್ತವೆ. ಇವುಗಳ ಆಕಾರ ದೀರ್ಘ ಅಂಡದಂತೆ. ಹೆಣ್ಣು ಶಂಕುಗಳು ಗುಂಡಗಿವೆ; ಒಂಟೊಂಟಿಯಾಗಿ ಮೋಟು ರೆಂಬೆಗಳ ತುದಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಹುಟ್ಟುತ್ತವೆ. ಪ್ರತಿ ಶಂಕುವಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಹಲವಾರು ಪಟ್ಟಿಗಳೂ ಒಂದೊಂದು ಪಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ಅಂಟಿದಂತೆ 3-5 ಅಂಡಕಗಳೂ ಇವೆ. ಅಂಡಕಗಳು ನಿಷೇಚನಗೊಂಡು ಬೀಜಗಳಾದಂತೆ ಅವಕ್ಕೆ ತೆಳುವಾದ ರೆಕ್ಕೆ ಮೂಡುತ್ತದೆ. ಬೀಜ ಪ್ರಸರಣಕ್ಕೆ ಈ ರೆಕ್ಕೆ ಸಹಕಾರಿ. ==ಸಸ್ಯಾಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿ== ಕ್ರಿಪ್ಟೊ ಮೀರಿಯವನ್ನು ಬೀಜಗಳ ಮೂಲಕ ಇಲ್ಲವೆ ಕಾಂಡ ತುಂಡುಗಳ ಮೂಲಕ ವೃದ್ಧಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಇದರ ಬೆಳವಣಿಗೆಗೆ ಫಲವತ್ತಾದ ತೇವಪೂರಿತ ಗೋಡುಮಣ್ಣು ಮತ್ತು ನೆರಳು ಅತ್ಯಗತ್ಯ.<ref name=eflora>{{eFloras|2|200005392|Cryptomeria |first1=Liguo |last1=Fu |first2=Yong-fu |last2=Yu |first3=Robert R. |last3=Mill |volume=4}}</ref> ==ಉಪಯೋಗಗಳು== ಇದಕ್ಕೆ ಸುಂದರವಾದ ಪಿರಮಿಡ್ ಆಕೃತಿಯಿರುವುದರಿಂದಲೂ ಇದರ ಎಲೆಗಳು ಯಾವಾಗಲೂ ಹಸಿರಾಗಿರುವುದರಿಂದಲೂ ಇದನ್ನು ಚೀನ ಮತ್ತು ಜಪಾನುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ರಸ್ತೆಗಳ ಅಕ್ಕಪಕ್ಕದಲ್ಲೂ ಉದ್ಯಾನಗಳಲ್ಲೂ ಶೋಭೆಗೆಂದು ಬೆಳೆಸಲಾಗಿದೆ. ಅಲ್ಲದೆ ಇದರ ಚೌಬೀನೆ ಮೃದುವಾಗಿಯೂ ಕೆಂಪುಮಿಶ್ರಿತ ಕಂದುಬಣ್ಣದ್ದಾಗಿಯೂ ಇದ್ದು ಮರಗೆಲಸಕ್ಕೆ ಸುಲಭವಾಗಿ ಮಣಿಯುವುದರಿಂದ ಇದನ್ನು ಕಟ್ಟಡದ ಕೆಲಸಗಳಿಗೆ, ಪೀಪಾಯಿ ಮತ್ತು ಟೀ ಪೆಟ್ಟಿಗೆಗಳ ತಯಾರಿಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿ ಹಿಮಾಲಯ ಪರ್ವತಶ್ರೇಣಿಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಇದು ಬೆಳೆಯುತ್ತದೆ. ==ಛಾಯಾಂಕಣ== <gallery> Cryptomeria-Saint-Gilles.jpg|A [[Plantation#Forestry|forestry plantation]] Kayano Ōsugi 20070814.jpg|[[Great sugi of Kayano]] Tree lined path to the Togakushi shrine1.jpg|Sugi avenue at the [[Togakushi shrine]] in [[Nagano, Nagano|Nagano]] Cryptomeria japonica MHNT.BOT.2010.13.2.jpg|Cross section Wilsons Stump Yaku cedar 001.jpg|Wilson's Stump was a sugi tree on Yaku Island estimated to be over 2,000 years old when cut Cryptomeria japonica - JBM.jpg|Grown as a [[bonsai]] Sugi seed cone (71957).jpg|Seed cone </gallery> ==ಬಾಹ್ಯ ಸಂಪರ್ಕಗಳು== * [http://www.cirrusimage.com/tree_Japanese_cedar.htm ''Cryptomeria japonica''], [[Morton Arboretum]] acc. 560–82*11 & 12 * [http://hort.ufl.edu/trees/CRYJAPC.pdf USDA Forest Service Fact Sheet ST-219 ''Japanese Cedar''] (pdf) * [http://conifersaroundtheworld.com/blog/cryptomeria-japonica-sugi Conifers Around the World: Cryptomeria japonica - Sugi]. ==ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು== {{Includes Wikisource| ಮೈಸೂರು ವಿಶ್ವವಿದ್ಯಾನಿಲಯ ವಿಶ್ವಕೋಶ/ಕ್ರಿಪ್ಟೋಮೀರಿಯ}} [[ವರ್ಗ:ಸಸ್ಯಗಳು]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ಸಸ್ಯ ಕುಟುಂಬಗಳು]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ಅಲಂಕಾರಿಕ ಸಸ್ಯಗಳು]] teuuozg8h3xgxxcz8x3y90nvzclkyy3 1374675 1374674 2026-06-03T07:56:45Z VASANTH S.N. 728 1374675 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | image = Cryptomeria japonica SZ124.png | image_caption = Plate from "Flora Japonica" by Philipp Franz von Siebold and Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini | status = NT | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Thomas, P. |author2=Katsuki, T. |author3=Farjon, A. |date=2013 |title=''Cryptomeria japonica'' |volume=2013 |article-number=e.T39149A2886821 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T39149A2886821.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> | display_parents = 2 | genus = ಕ್ರಿಪ್ಟೋಮೀರಿಯ | parent_authority = D.Don | species = ಜಪಾನಿಕ | authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus the Younger|L.f.]]) [[David Don|D.Don]] | synonyms = {{Collapsible list |title = Synonyms list | * ''Cryptomeria araucarioides'' <small>Henkel & W.Hochst.</small> * ''Cryptomeria compacta'' <small>Beissn.</small> * ''Cryptomeria elegans'' <small>Jacob-Makoy</small> * ''Cryptomeria fortunei'' <small>Hooibr. ex Billain</small> * ''Cryptomeria generalis'' <small>E.H.L.Krause </small> * ''Cryptomeria kawaii'' <small>Hayata</small> * ''Cryptomeria lobbiana'' <small>Billain</small> * ''Cryptomeria lobbii'' <small>(Carrière) Lavallée</small> * ''Cryptomeria mairei'' <small>(H.Lév.) Nakai</small> * ''Cryptomeria mucronata'' <small>Beissn.</small> * ''Cryptomeria nana'' <small>Lindl. & Gordon</small> * ''Cryptomeria nigricans'' <small>Carrière</small> * ''Cryptomeria pungens'' <small>Beissn.</small> * ''Cryptomeria variegata'' <small>Beissn.</small> * ''Cryptomeria viridis'' <small>Beissn.</small> * ''Cupressus japonica'' <small>Thunb. ex L.f.</small> * ''Cupressus mairei'' <small>H.Lév.</small> * ''Schubertia japonica'' <small>(Thunb. ex L.f.) Jacques</small> * ''Schubertia japonicum'' <small>(Thunb. ex L. f.) Brongn.</small> * ''Taxodium japonicum'' <small>(Thunb. ex L.f.) Brongn.</small> }} }} '''ಕ್ರಿಪ್ಟೋಮೀರಿಯ''' ನಗ್ನಬೀಜಿ [[ಸಸ್ಯ]]ಗುಂಪಿನ ಪೈನೇಸೀ ಕುಟುಂಬಕ್ಕೆ ಸೇರಿದ ಒಂದು [[ನಿತ್ಯಹರಿದ್ವರ್ಣ]]ದ ಶಂಕುವೃಕ್ಷ. ಇದಕ್ಕೆ ಜಪಾನೀ ಸೀಡರ್ ಎಂಬ ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ಬಳಕೆಯ ಹೆಸರಿದೆ. ==ಪ್ರಭೇದಗಳು== [[Image:Cryptomeria japonica MHNT.BOT2004.0.64.jpg|right|thumb|[[Conifer cone|Cone]] and [[seed]]]] ಜಪಾನಿಕ ಎಂಬ ಒಂದೇ ಪ್ರಭೇದವನ್ನೊಳಗೊಂಡಿರುವ ಇದರ ತವರು [[ಚೀನಾ|ಚೀನ]]. ==ಸಸ್ಯ ಲಕ್ಷಣಗಳು== ಕ್ರಿಪ್ಟೊಮೀರಿಯ ಸುಮಾರು 125' ಎತ್ತರಕ್ಕೆ ಬೆಳೆಯುವ ಬೃಹದ್ಗಾತ್ರದ ಮರ. ಇದಕ್ಕೆ ನೇರವಾಗಿ ಬೆಳೆಯುವ ನಾಜೂಕಿನ ಮುಖ್ಯ ಕಾಂಡವಿದೆ. [[ತೊಗಟೆ]] ಕೆಂಪುಮಿಶ್ರಿತ ಕಂದುಬಣ್ಣದ್ದು. [[ಎಲೆ]]ಗಳು ಉದ್ದನೆಯ ಕಡ್ಡಿಗಳಂತಿದ್ದು ಸುರುಳಿಸುರುಳಿಯಾಗಿ ಜೋಡಣೆಗೊಂಡಿವೆ. [[ಹೂವು|ಹೂ]]ಗಳು ಏಕಲಿಂಗಿಗಳು; ಬೇರೆಬೇರೆ ಶಂಕುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ (ಕೋನ್) ಸಮಾವೇಶಗೊಂಡಿವೆ. ಹಲವಾರು ಗಂಡುಶಂಕುಗಳು ಗುಂಪುಗೂಡಿಕೊಂಡು ರೆಂಬೆಗಳ ತುದಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಹುಟ್ಟುತ್ತವೆ. ಇವುಗಳ ಆಕಾರ ದೀರ್ಘ ಅಂಡದಂತೆ. ಹೆಣ್ಣು ಶಂಕುಗಳು ಗುಂಡಗಿವೆ; ಒಂಟೊಂಟಿಯಾಗಿ ಮೋಟು ರೆಂಬೆಗಳ ತುದಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಹುಟ್ಟುತ್ತವೆ. ಪ್ರತಿ ಶಂಕುವಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಹಲವಾರು ಪಟ್ಟಿಗಳೂ ಒಂದೊಂದು ಪಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ಅಂಟಿದಂತೆ 3-5 ಅಂಡಕಗಳೂ ಇವೆ. ಅಂಡಕಗಳು ನಿಷೇಚನಗೊಂಡು ಬೀಜಗಳಾದಂತೆ ಅವಕ್ಕೆ ತೆಳುವಾದ ರೆಕ್ಕೆ ಮೂಡುತ್ತದೆ. ಬೀಜ ಪ್ರಸರಣಕ್ಕೆ ಈ ರೆಕ್ಕೆ ಸಹಕಾರಿ. ==ಸಸ್ಯಾಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿ== ಕ್ರಿಪ್ಟೊ ಮೀರಿಯವನ್ನು ಬೀಜಗಳ ಮೂಲಕ ಇಲ್ಲವೆ ಕಾಂಡ ತುಂಡುಗಳ ಮೂಲಕ ವೃದ್ಧಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಇದರ ಬೆಳವಣಿಗೆಗೆ ಫಲವತ್ತಾದ ತೇವಪೂರಿತ ಗೋಡುಮಣ್ಣು ಮತ್ತು ನೆರಳು ಅತ್ಯಗತ್ಯ.<ref name=eflora>{{eFloras|2|200005392|Cryptomeria |first1=Liguo |last1=Fu |first2=Yong-fu |last2=Yu |first3=Robert R. |last3=Mill |volume=4}}</ref> ==ಉಪಯೋಗಗಳು== ಇದಕ್ಕೆ ಸುಂದರವಾದ [[ಪಿರಮಿಡ್]] ಆಕೃತಿಯಿರುವುದರಿಂದಲೂ ಇದರ ಎಲೆಗಳು ಯಾವಾಗಲೂ ಹಸಿರಾಗಿರುವುದರಿಂದಲೂ ಇದನ್ನು ಚೀನ ಮತ್ತು [[ಜಪಾನ್|ಜಪಾನು]]ಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ರಸ್ತೆಗಳ ಅಕ್ಕಪಕ್ಕದಲ್ಲೂ ಉದ್ಯಾನಗಳಲ್ಲೂ ಶೋಭೆಗೆಂದು ಬೆಳೆಸಲಾಗಿದೆ. ಅಲ್ಲದೆ ಇದರ ಚೌಬೀನೆ ಮೃದುವಾಗಿಯೂ ಕೆಂಪುಮಿಶ್ರಿತ ಕಂದುಬಣ್ಣದ್ದಾಗಿಯೂ ಇದ್ದು ಮರಗೆಲಸಕ್ಕೆ ಸುಲಭವಾಗಿ ಮಣಿಯುವುದರಿಂದ ಇದನ್ನು ಕಟ್ಟಡದ ಕೆಲಸಗಳಿಗೆ, [[ಪೀಪಾಯಿ]] ಮತ್ತು ಟೀ ಪೆಟ್ಟಿಗೆಗಳ ತಯಾರಿಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. [[ಭಾರತ]]ದಲ್ಲಿ [[ಹಿಮಾಲಯ]] ಪರ್ವತಶ್ರೇಣಿಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಇದು ಬೆಳೆಯುತ್ತದೆ. ==ಛಾಯಾಂಕಣ== <gallery> Cryptomeria-Saint-Gilles.jpg|A [[Plantation#Forestry|forestry plantation]] Kayano Ōsugi 20070814.jpg|[[Great sugi of Kayano]] Tree lined path to the Togakushi shrine1.jpg|Sugi avenue at the [[Togakushi shrine]] in [[Nagano, Nagano|Nagano]] Cryptomeria japonica MHNT.BOT.2010.13.2.jpg|Cross section Wilsons Stump Yaku cedar 001.jpg|Wilson's Stump was a sugi tree on Yaku Island estimated to be over 2,000 years old when cut Cryptomeria japonica - JBM.jpg|Grown as a [[bonsai]] Sugi seed cone (71957).jpg|Seed cone </gallery> ==ಬಾಹ್ಯ ಸಂಪರ್ಕಗಳು== * [http://www.cirrusimage.com/tree_Japanese_cedar.htm ''Cryptomeria japonica''], [[Morton Arboretum]] acc. 560–82*11 & 12 * [http://hort.ufl.edu/trees/CRYJAPC.pdf USDA Forest Service Fact Sheet ST-219 ''Japanese Cedar''] (pdf) * [http://conifersaroundtheworld.com/blog/cryptomeria-japonica-sugi Conifers Around the World: Cryptomeria japonica - Sugi]. ==ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು== {{Includes Wikisource| ಮೈಸೂರು ವಿಶ್ವವಿದ್ಯಾನಿಲಯ ವಿಶ್ವಕೋಶ/ಕ್ರಿಪ್ಟೋಮೀರಿಯ}} [[ವರ್ಗ:ಸಸ್ಯಗಳು]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ಸಸ್ಯ ಕುಟುಂಬಗಳು]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ಅಲಂಕಾರಿಕ ಸಸ್ಯಗಳು]] ri9nw8kz42fqfuzpwyyovaxtwbcpbii 1374676 1374675 2026-06-03T08:01:37Z VASANTH S.N. 728 ಪರಿಷ್ಕರಣೆ 1374676 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | image = Cryptomeria japonica SZ124.png | image_caption = Plate from "Flora Japonica" by Philipp Franz von Siebold and Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini | status = NT | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Thomas, P. |author2=Katsuki, T. |author3=Farjon, A. |date=2013 |title=''Cryptomeria japonica'' |volume=2013 |article-number=e.T39149A2886821 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T39149A2886821.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> | display_parents = 2 | genus = ಕ್ರಿಪ್ಟೋಮೀರಿಯ | parent_authority = D.Don | species = ಜಪಾನಿಕ | authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus the Younger|L.f.]]) [[David Don|D.Don]] | synonyms = {{Collapsible list |title = Synonyms list | * ''Cryptomeria araucarioides'' <small>Henkel & W.Hochst.</small> * ''Cryptomeria compacta'' <small>Beissn.</small> * ''Cryptomeria elegans'' <small>Jacob-Makoy</small> * ''Cryptomeria fortunei'' <small>Hooibr. ex Billain</small> * ''Cryptomeria generalis'' <small>E.H.L.Krause </small> * ''Cryptomeria kawaii'' <small>Hayata</small> * ''Cryptomeria lobbiana'' <small>Billain</small> * ''Cryptomeria lobbii'' <small>(Carrière) Lavallée</small> * ''Cryptomeria mairei'' <small>(H.Lév.) Nakai</small> * ''Cryptomeria mucronata'' <small>Beissn.</small> * ''Cryptomeria nana'' <small>Lindl. & Gordon</small> * ''Cryptomeria nigricans'' <small>Carrière</small> * ''Cryptomeria pungens'' <small>Beissn.</small> * ''Cryptomeria variegata'' <small>Beissn.</small> * ''Cryptomeria viridis'' <small>Beissn.</small> * ''Cupressus japonica'' <small>Thunb. ex L.f.</small> * ''Cupressus mairei'' <small>H.Lév.</small> * ''Schubertia japonica'' <small>(Thunb. ex L.f.) Jacques</small> * ''Schubertia japonicum'' <small>(Thunb. ex L. f.) Brongn.</small> * ''Taxodium japonicum'' <small>(Thunb. ex L.f.) Brongn.</small> }} }} '''ಕ್ರಿಪ್ಟೋಮೀರಿಯ''' ನಗ್ನಬೀಜಿ [[ಸಸ್ಯ]]ಗುಂಪಿನ ಪೈನೇಸೀ ಕುಟುಂಬಕ್ಕೆ ಸೇರಿದ ಒಂದು [[ನಿತ್ಯಹರಿದ್ವರ್ಣ]]ದ ಶಂಕುವೃಕ್ಷ. ಇದಕ್ಕೆ ಜಪಾನೀ ಸೀಡರ್ <ref>{{PLANTS|id=CRJA3|taxon=Cryptomeria japonica|access-date=17 January 2016}}</ref>ಎಂಬ ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ಬಳಕೆಯ ಹೆಸರಿದೆ. ==ಪ್ರಭೇದಗಳು== [[Image:Cryptomeria japonica MHNT.BOT2004.0.64.jpg|right|thumb|[[Conifer cone|Cone]] and [[seed]]]] ಜಪಾನಿಕ ಎಂಬ ಒಂದೇ ಪ್ರಭೇದವನ್ನೊಳಗೊಂಡಿರುವ ಇದರ ತವರು [[ಚೀನಾ|ಚೀನ]]. ==ಸಸ್ಯ ಲಕ್ಷಣಗಳು== ಕ್ರಿಪ್ಟೊಮೀರಿಯ ಸುಮಾರು 125' ಎತ್ತರಕ್ಕೆ ಬೆಳೆಯುವ ಬೃಹದ್ಗಾತ್ರದ ಮರ. ಇದಕ್ಕೆ ನೇರವಾಗಿ ಬೆಳೆಯುವ ನಾಜೂಕಿನ ಮುಖ್ಯ ಕಾಂಡವಿದೆ. [[ತೊಗಟೆ]] ಕೆಂಪುಮಿಶ್ರಿತ ಕಂದುಬಣ್ಣದ್ದು. [[ಎಲೆ]]ಗಳು ಉದ್ದನೆಯ ಕಡ್ಡಿಗಳಂತಿದ್ದು ಸುರುಳಿಸುರುಳಿಯಾಗಿ ಜೋಡಣೆಗೊಂಡಿವೆ. [[ಹೂವು|ಹೂ]]ಗಳು ಏಕಲಿಂಗಿಗಳು; ಬೇರೆಬೇರೆ ಶಂಕುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ (ಕೋನ್) ಸಮಾವೇಶಗೊಂಡಿವೆ. ಹಲವಾರು ಗಂಡುಶಂಕುಗಳು ಗುಂಪುಗೂಡಿಕೊಂಡು ರೆಂಬೆಗಳ ತುದಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಹುಟ್ಟುತ್ತವೆ. ಇವುಗಳ ಆಕಾರ ದೀರ್ಘ ಅಂಡದಂತೆ. ಹೆಣ್ಣು ಶಂಕುಗಳು ಗುಂಡಗಿವೆ; ಒಂಟೊಂಟಿಯಾಗಿ ಮೋಟು ರೆಂಬೆಗಳ ತುದಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಹುಟ್ಟುತ್ತವೆ. ಪ್ರತಿ ಶಂಕುವಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಹಲವಾರು ಪಟ್ಟಿಗಳೂ ಒಂದೊಂದು ಪಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ಅಂಟಿದಂತೆ 3-5 ಅಂಡಕಗಳೂ ಇವೆ. ಅಂಡಕಗಳು ನಿಷೇಚನಗೊಂಡು ಬೀಜಗಳಾದಂತೆ ಅವಕ್ಕೆ ತೆಳುವಾದ ರೆಕ್ಕೆ ಮೂಡುತ್ತದೆ. ಬೀಜ ಪ್ರಸರಣಕ್ಕೆ ಈ ರೆಕ್ಕೆ ಸಹಕಾರಿ. ==ಸಸ್ಯಾಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿ== ಕ್ರಿಪ್ಟೊ ಮೀರಿಯವನ್ನು ಬೀಜಗಳ ಮೂಲಕ ಇಲ್ಲವೆ ಕಾಂಡ ತುಂಡುಗಳ ಮೂಲಕ ವೃದ್ಧಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಇದರ ಬೆಳವಣಿಗೆಗೆ ಫಲವತ್ತಾದ ತೇವಪೂರಿತ ಗೋಡುಮಣ್ಣು ಮತ್ತು ನೆರಳು ಅತ್ಯಗತ್ಯ.<ref name=eflora>{{eFloras|2|200005392|Cryptomeria |first1=Liguo |last1=Fu |first2=Yong-fu |last2=Yu |first3=Robert R. |last3=Mill |volume=4}}</ref> ==ಉಪಯೋಗಗಳು== [[File:Cryptomeria japonica01.jpg|thumb|Plank cut from ''Cryptomeria japonica'']] [[File:Cryptomeria japonica MHNT.BOT.2010.13.2.jpg|thumb|Cross section]] ಇದಕ್ಕೆ ಸುಂದರವಾದ [[ಪಿರಮಿಡ್]] ಆಕೃತಿಯಿರುವುದರಿಂದಲೂ ಇದರ ಎಲೆಗಳು ಯಾವಾಗಲೂ ಹಸಿರಾಗಿರುವುದರಿಂದಲೂ ಇದನ್ನು ಚೀನ ಮತ್ತು [[ಜಪಾನ್|ಜಪಾನು]]ಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ರಸ್ತೆಗಳ ಅಕ್ಕಪಕ್ಕದಲ್ಲೂ ಉದ್ಯಾನಗಳಲ್ಲೂ ಶೋಭೆಗೆಂದು ಬೆಳೆಸಲಾಗಿದೆ. ಅಲ್ಲದೆ ಇದರ ಚೌಬೀನೆ ಮೃದುವಾಗಿಯೂ ಕೆಂಪುಮಿಶ್ರಿತ ಕಂದುಬಣ್ಣದ್ದಾಗಿಯೂ ಇದ್ದು ಮರಗೆಲಸಕ್ಕೆ ಸುಲಭವಾಗಿ ಮಣಿಯುವುದರಿಂದ ಇದನ್ನು ಕಟ್ಟಡದ ಕೆಲಸಗಳಿಗೆ, [[ಪೀಪಾಯಿ]] ಮತ್ತು ಟೀ ಪೆಟ್ಟಿಗೆಗಳ ತಯಾರಿಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. [[ಭಾರತ]]ದಲ್ಲಿ [[ಹಿಮಾಲಯ]] ಪರ್ವತಶ್ರೇಣಿಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಇದು ಬೆಳೆಯುತ್ತದೆ. ==ಛಾಯಾಂಕಣ== <gallery> Cryptomeria-Saint-Gilles.jpg|A [[Plantation#Forestry|forestry plantation]] Kayano Ōsugi 20070814.jpg|[[Great sugi of Kayano]] Tree lined path to the Togakushi shrine1.jpg|Sugi avenue at the [[Togakushi shrine]] in [[Nagano, Nagano|Nagano]] Cryptomeria japonica MHNT.BOT.2010.13.2.jpg|Cross section Wilsons Stump Yaku cedar 001.jpg|Wilson's Stump was a sugi tree on Yaku Island estimated to be over 2,000 years old when cut Cryptomeria japonica - JBM.jpg|Grown as a [[bonsai]] Sugi seed cone (71957).jpg|Seed cone </gallery> ==ಬಾಹ್ಯ ಸಂಪರ್ಕಗಳು== * [http://www.cirrusimage.com/tree_Japanese_cedar.htm ''Cryptomeria japonica''], [[Morton Arboretum]] acc. 560–82*11 & 12 * [http://hort.ufl.edu/trees/CRYJAPC.pdf USDA Forest Service Fact Sheet ST-219 ''Japanese Cedar''] (pdf) * [http://conifersaroundtheworld.com/blog/cryptomeria-japonica-sugi Conifers Around the World: Cryptomeria japonica - Sugi]. ==ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು== {{Includes Wikisource| ಮೈಸೂರು ವಿಶ್ವವಿದ್ಯಾನಿಲಯ ವಿಶ್ವಕೋಶ/ಕ್ರಿಪ್ಟೋಮೀರಿಯ}} [[ವರ್ಗ:ಸಸ್ಯಗಳು]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ಸಸ್ಯ ಕುಟುಂಬಗಳು]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ಅಲಂಕಾರಿಕ ಸಸ್ಯಗಳು]] f6nw2l2rvph5pdkhbyus08gakm0418j 0 179236 1374665 1374533 2026-06-03T03:17:37Z ThePositiveVibes 87814 /* */ 1374665 wikitext text/x-wiki {{under construction}} {{Infobox Indian political party |party_name = ತಮಿಳಗ ವೆಟ್ರಿ ಕಳಗಂ |colorcode = {{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}} |logo = |abbreviation = ಟಿವಿಕೆ |president = [[ಸಿ. ಜೋಸೆಫ್ ವಿಜಯ್]] |general_secretary = [[ಎನ್. ಆನಂದ್]] |treasurer = [[ಪಿ. ವೆಂಕಟರಮಣನ್]] |founder = ಸಿ. ಜೋಸೆಫ್ ವಿಜಯ್ |foundation = {{start date and age|df=y|2024|02|02}} |headquarters = ಪನೈಯೂರ್, [[ಚೆನ್ನೈ]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/protesting-sanitation-workers-call-on-tvk-chief-vijay-at-party-office/article69921228.ece|title=Protesting Chennai sanitation workers call on TVK chief Vijay|date=22 August 2025|access-date=1 January 2026|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> |membership = 15 ಮಿಲಿಯನ್+ (ಸೆಪ್ಟೆಂಬರ್ 2025)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/news/tamilnadu/tvk-membership-rises-to-1-crore-1163142 | title=த.வெ.க. உறுப்பினர் சேர்க்கை 1½ கோடியாக உயர்ந்தது|trans-title=TVK membership count increases to 1.5 crores|work=[[Dina Thanthi]]|date=15 June 2025|lang=ta}}</ref> | alliance = | position = [[ಮಧ್ಯ-ಎಡ]]<ref name="CL">{{cite web|last=Tamilarasu|first=Prabhakar|date=4 September 2024|title='Thalapathy' Vijay is busy reading Ambedkar as his party plans to lean Left of Centre. Right's a no go|url=https://theprint.in/politics/thalapathy-vijay-is-busy-reading-ambedkar-as-his-party-plans-to-lean-left-of-centre-rights-a-no-go/2250688/|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[ThePrint]]}}</ref> | ideology = {{ubl|[[ಸಮಾನತಾವಾದ]]|[[ಜಾತ್ಯತೀತತೆ]]|[[ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ನ್ಯಾಯ]]}} | colours = {{color box|{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}}} [[ಕೆಂಪು (ಬಣ್ಣ)|ಗಾಢ ಕೆಂಪು]]<br />{{color box|#ffca00}} [[ಹಳದಿ]] | slogan = ''Pirappokkum&nbsp;Ella&nbsp;Uyirkkum''<br />({{translation|All are equal by birth}}) (from ''[[Kural]]'' verse 972)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/photo-gallery/tvk-vijay-ideology-pirappokkum-ellaa-uyirkkum-thirukkural-meaning-in-tamil-thiruvalluvar-536343|title= பிறப்பொக்கும் எல்லா உயிர்க்கும் திருக்குறளின் அர்த்தம் என்ன?|trans-title=Pirappokkum Ellaa Uyirkkum Thirukkural Meaning|work=[[Zee News]]|date=30 October 2024|access-date=1 June 2025|lang=ta}}</ref> | eci = [[List of political parties in India#State parties|ರಾಜ್ಯ ಪಕ್ಷ]] | loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|543|hex={{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}}} | rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|245|hex={{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}}} | state_seats_name = [[ತಮಿಳುನಾಡು ವಿಧಾನಸಭೆ]] | state_seats = {{Composition bar|107|234|hex={{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}}} | state2_seats_name = [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]] | state2_seats = {{Composition bar|2|30|hex={{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}}} | no_states = {{Composition bar|1|31|hex={{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}}} | website = {{url|tvkvijay.com}} | Political position = | flag = Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam Flag.jpeg |electoral_symbol = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Whistle.svg|frameless|class=skin-invert|upright=.75|120px]]<br />Whistle }} '''ತಮಿಳಗ ವೆಟ್ರಿ ಕಳಗಂ''' [[ತಮಿೞ್ನಾಡು|ತಮಿಳುನಾಡು]] ರಾಜ್ಯ ಮತ್ತು [[ಪುದುಚೇರಿ]] ಕೇಂದ್ರಾಡಳಿತ ಪ್ರದೇಶದಲ್ಲಿ ಸಕ್ರಿಯವಾಗಿರುವ ಒಂದು ಭಾರತೀಯ ಪ್ರಾದೇಶಿಕ ರಾಜಕೀಯ ಪಕ್ಷವಾಗಿದೆ. ಇದನ್ನು ಫೆಬ್ರವರಿ ೨, ೨೦೨೪ ರಂದು ನಟ-ರಾಜಕಾರಣಿ [[ಸಿ. ಜೋಸೆಫ್ ವಿಜಯ್]] ಅವರು ಸ್ಥಾಪಿಸಿದರು ಮತ್ತು ಇದರ ಪ್ರಧಾನ ಕಚೇರಿ [[ಚೆನ್ನೈ]]ನ ಪನೈಯೂರ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿದೆ. ೨೦೨೬ ರ ಶಾಸಕಾಂಗ ಚುನಾವಣೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಟಿವಿಕೆ ತಮಿಳುನಾಡಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಅಧಿಕಾರ ವಹಿಸಿಕೊಂಡಿತು ಮತ್ತು ವಿಜಯ್ ಮುಖ್ಯಮಂತ್ರಿಯಾದರು. ==ಚುನಾವಣಾ ಸಾಧನೆ== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;" !style="background-color:{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}};color:white"|Year !style="background-color:{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}};color:white"|Party leader !style="background-color:{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}};color:white"|Seats contested !style="background-color:{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}};color:white"|Seats won in assembly !style="background-color:{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}};color:white"|Change in seats !style="background-color:{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}};color:white"|Popular vote !style="background-color:{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}};color:white"|Percentage of votes !style="background-color:{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}};color:white"|Vote Swing |- | colspan=8|[[File:Seal of Tamil Nadu.svg|18px]] [[ತಮಿಳುನಾಡು]] |- | [[2026 ತಮಿಳುನಾಡು ವಿಧಾನಸಭೆ ಚುನಾವಣೆ|2026]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/voteshareresult-S22.htm|title=Tamil Nadu Assembly election results 2026}}</ref> | [[ಸಿ. ಜೋಸೆಫ್ ವಿಜಯ್]] | 233 | {{Composition bar|107|234|{{party color|ತಮಿಳಗ ವೆಟ್ರಿ ಕಳಗಂ}}}} |{{Steady}} |1,72,26,209 |34.92 |{{Steady}} |- | colspan=8|[[File:Emblem of the Government of Puducherry.png|18px]] [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] |- | [[2026 ಪುದುಚೇರಿ ವಿಧಾನಸಭಾ ಚುನಾವಣೆ]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/voteshareresult-U07.htm|title=Puducherry Assembly election results 2026}}</ref> | [[ಸಿ. ಜೋಸೆಫ್ ವಿಜಯ್]] | 28 | {{Composition bar |2|30|{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}}} |{{Steady}} |1,44,817 |16.72 |{{Steady}} |} ==ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು== 2d5siinvy029wuqk73s06eik3fiypex 1374666 1374665 2026-06-03T03:19:31Z ThePositiveVibes 87814 /* ಚುನಾವಣಾ ಸಾಧನೆ */ 1374666 wikitext text/x-wiki {{under construction}} {{Infobox Indian political party |party_name = ತಮಿಳಗ ವೆಟ್ರಿ ಕಳಗಂ |colorcode = {{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}} |logo = |abbreviation = ಟಿವಿಕೆ |president = [[ಸಿ. ಜೋಸೆಫ್ ವಿಜಯ್]] |general_secretary = [[ಎನ್. ಆನಂದ್]] |treasurer = [[ಪಿ. ವೆಂಕಟರಮಣನ್]] |founder = ಸಿ. ಜೋಸೆಫ್ ವಿಜಯ್ |foundation = {{start date and age|df=y|2024|02|02}} |headquarters = ಪನೈಯೂರ್, [[ಚೆನ್ನೈ]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/protesting-sanitation-workers-call-on-tvk-chief-vijay-at-party-office/article69921228.ece|title=Protesting Chennai sanitation workers call on TVK chief Vijay|date=22 August 2025|access-date=1 January 2026|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> |membership = 15 ಮಿಲಿಯನ್+ (ಸೆಪ್ಟೆಂಬರ್ 2025)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/news/tamilnadu/tvk-membership-rises-to-1-crore-1163142 | title=த.வெ.க. உறுப்பினர் சேர்க்கை 1½ கோடியாக உயர்ந்தது|trans-title=TVK membership count increases to 1.5 crores|work=[[Dina Thanthi]]|date=15 June 2025|lang=ta}}</ref> | alliance = | position = [[ಮಧ್ಯ-ಎಡ]]<ref name="CL">{{cite web|last=Tamilarasu|first=Prabhakar|date=4 September 2024|title='Thalapathy' Vijay is busy reading Ambedkar as his party plans to lean Left of Centre. Right's a no go|url=https://theprint.in/politics/thalapathy-vijay-is-busy-reading-ambedkar-as-his-party-plans-to-lean-left-of-centre-rights-a-no-go/2250688/|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[ThePrint]]}}</ref> | ideology = {{ubl|[[ಸಮಾನತಾವಾದ]]|[[ಜಾತ್ಯತೀತತೆ]]|[[ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ನ್ಯಾಯ]]}} | colours = {{color box|{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}}} [[ಕೆಂಪು (ಬಣ್ಣ)|ಗಾಢ ಕೆಂಪು]]<br />{{color box|#ffca00}} [[ಹಳದಿ]] | slogan = ''Pirappokkum&nbsp;Ella&nbsp;Uyirkkum''<br />({{translation|All are equal by birth}}) (from ''[[Kural]]'' verse 972)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/photo-gallery/tvk-vijay-ideology-pirappokkum-ellaa-uyirkkum-thirukkural-meaning-in-tamil-thiruvalluvar-536343|title= பிறப்பொக்கும் எல்லா உயிர்க்கும் திருக்குறளின் அர்த்தம் என்ன?|trans-title=Pirappokkum Ellaa Uyirkkum Thirukkural Meaning|work=[[Zee News]]|date=30 October 2024|access-date=1 June 2025|lang=ta}}</ref> | eci = [[List of political parties in India#State parties|ರಾಜ್ಯ ಪಕ್ಷ]] | loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|543|hex={{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}}} | rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|245|hex={{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}}} | state_seats_name = [[ತಮಿಳುನಾಡು ವಿಧಾನಸಭೆ]] | state_seats = {{Composition bar|107|234|hex={{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}}} | state2_seats_name = [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]] | state2_seats = {{Composition bar|2|30|hex={{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}}} | no_states = {{Composition bar|1|31|hex={{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}}} | website = {{url|tvkvijay.com}} | Political position = | flag = Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam Flag.jpeg |electoral_symbol = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Whistle.svg|frameless|class=skin-invert|upright=.75|120px]]<br />Whistle }} '''ತಮಿಳಗ ವೆಟ್ರಿ ಕಳಗಂ''' [[ತಮಿೞ್ನಾಡು|ತಮಿಳುನಾಡು]] ರಾಜ್ಯ ಮತ್ತು [[ಪುದುಚೇರಿ]] ಕೇಂದ್ರಾಡಳಿತ ಪ್ರದೇಶದಲ್ಲಿ ಸಕ್ರಿಯವಾಗಿರುವ ಒಂದು ಭಾರತೀಯ ಪ್ರಾದೇಶಿಕ ರಾಜಕೀಯ ಪಕ್ಷವಾಗಿದೆ. ಇದನ್ನು ಫೆಬ್ರವರಿ ೨, ೨೦೨೪ ರಂದು ನಟ-ರಾಜಕಾರಣಿ [[ಸಿ. ಜೋಸೆಫ್ ವಿಜಯ್]] ಅವರು ಸ್ಥಾಪಿಸಿದರು ಮತ್ತು ಇದರ ಪ್ರಧಾನ ಕಚೇರಿ [[ಚೆನ್ನೈ]]ನ ಪನೈಯೂರ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿದೆ. ೨೦೨೬ ರ ಶಾಸಕಾಂಗ ಚುನಾವಣೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಟಿವಿಕೆ ತಮಿಳುನಾಡಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಅಧಿಕಾರ ವಹಿಸಿಕೊಂಡಿತು ಮತ್ತು ವಿಜಯ್ ಮುಖ್ಯಮಂತ್ರಿಯಾದರು. ==ಚುನಾವಣಾ ಸಾಧನೆ== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;" !style="background-color:{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}};color:white"|Year !style="background-color:{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}};color:white"|Party leader !style="background-color:{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}};color:white"|Seats contested !style="background-color:{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}};color:white"|Seats won in assembly !style="background-color:{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}};color:white"|Change in seats !style="background-color:{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}};color:white"|Popular vote !style="background-color:{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}};color:white"|Percentage of votes !style="background-color:{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}};color:white"|Vote Swing |- | colspan=8|[[File:Seal of Tamil Nadu.svg|18px]] [[ತಮಿಳುನಾಡು]] |- | ೨೦೨೬<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/voteshareresult-S22.htm|title=Tamil Nadu Assembly election results 2026}}</ref> | [[ಸಿ. ಜೋಸೆಫ್ ವಿಜಯ್]] | ೨೩೩ | {{Composition bar|107|234|{{party color|ತಮಿಳಗ ವೆಟ್ರಿ ಕಳಗಂ}}}} |{{Steady}} |೧,೭೨,೭೬,೨೦೯ |34.92 |{{Steady}} |- | colspan=8|[[File:Emblem of the Government of Puducherry.png|18px]] [[ಪುದುಚೇರಿ]] |- | [[2026 ಪುದುಚೇರಿ ವಿಧಾನಸಭಾ ಚುನಾವಣೆ]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/voteshareresult-U07.htm|title=Puducherry Assembly election results 2026}}</ref> | [[ಸಿ. ಜೋಸೆಫ್ ವಿಜಯ್]] | ೨೮ | {{Composition bar |2|30|{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}}} |{{Steady}} |1,44,817 |16.72 |{{Steady}} |} ==ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು== a3gr4h45kr1l6h9nx5ytekf9qnnduto 1374667 1374666 2026-06-03T03:20:28Z ThePositiveVibes 87814 /* ಚುನಾವಣಾ ಸಾಧನೆ */ 1374667 wikitext text/x-wiki {{under construction}} {{Infobox Indian political party |party_name = ತಮಿಳಗ ವೆಟ್ರಿ ಕಳಗಂ |colorcode = {{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}} |logo = |abbreviation = ಟಿವಿಕೆ |president = [[ಸಿ. ಜೋಸೆಫ್ ವಿಜಯ್]] |general_secretary = [[ಎನ್. ಆನಂದ್]] |treasurer = [[ಪಿ. ವೆಂಕಟರಮಣನ್]] |founder = ಸಿ. ಜೋಸೆಫ್ ವಿಜಯ್ |foundation = {{start date and age|df=y|2024|02|02}} |headquarters = ಪನೈಯೂರ್, [[ಚೆನ್ನೈ]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/protesting-sanitation-workers-call-on-tvk-chief-vijay-at-party-office/article69921228.ece|title=Protesting Chennai sanitation workers call on TVK chief Vijay|date=22 August 2025|access-date=1 January 2026|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> |membership = 15 ಮಿಲಿಯನ್+ (ಸೆಪ್ಟೆಂಬರ್ 2025)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/news/tamilnadu/tvk-membership-rises-to-1-crore-1163142 | title=த.வெ.க. உறுப்பினர் சேர்க்கை 1½ கோடியாக உயர்ந்தது|trans-title=TVK membership count increases to 1.5 crores|work=[[Dina Thanthi]]|date=15 June 2025|lang=ta}}</ref> | alliance = | position = [[ಮಧ್ಯ-ಎಡ]]<ref name="CL">{{cite web|last=Tamilarasu|first=Prabhakar|date=4 September 2024|title='Thalapathy' Vijay is busy reading Ambedkar as his party plans to lean Left of Centre. Right's a no go|url=https://theprint.in/politics/thalapathy-vijay-is-busy-reading-ambedkar-as-his-party-plans-to-lean-left-of-centre-rights-a-no-go/2250688/|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[ThePrint]]}}</ref> | ideology = {{ubl|[[ಸಮಾನತಾವಾದ]]|[[ಜಾತ್ಯತೀತತೆ]]|[[ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ನ್ಯಾಯ]]}} | colours = {{color box|{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}}} [[ಕೆಂಪು (ಬಣ್ಣ)|ಗಾಢ ಕೆಂಪು]]<br />{{color box|#ffca00}} [[ಹಳದಿ]] | slogan = ''Pirappokkum&nbsp;Ella&nbsp;Uyirkkum''<br />({{translation|All are equal by birth}}) (from ''[[Kural]]'' verse 972)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/photo-gallery/tvk-vijay-ideology-pirappokkum-ellaa-uyirkkum-thirukkural-meaning-in-tamil-thiruvalluvar-536343|title= பிறப்பொக்கும் எல்லா உயிர்க்கும் திருக்குறளின் அர்த்தம் என்ன?|trans-title=Pirappokkum Ellaa Uyirkkum Thirukkural Meaning|work=[[Zee News]]|date=30 October 2024|access-date=1 June 2025|lang=ta}}</ref> | eci = [[List of political parties in India#State parties|ರಾಜ್ಯ ಪಕ್ಷ]] | loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|543|hex={{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}}} | rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|245|hex={{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}}} | state_seats_name = [[ತಮಿಳುನಾಡು ವಿಧಾನಸಭೆ]] | state_seats = {{Composition bar|107|234|hex={{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}}} | state2_seats_name = [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]] | state2_seats = {{Composition bar|2|30|hex={{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}}} | no_states = {{Composition bar|1|31|hex={{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}}} | website = {{url|tvkvijay.com}} | Political position = | flag = Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam Flag.jpeg |electoral_symbol = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Whistle.svg|frameless|class=skin-invert|upright=.75|120px]]<br />Whistle }} '''ತಮಿಳಗ ವೆಟ್ರಿ ಕಳಗಂ''' [[ತಮಿೞ್ನಾಡು|ತಮಿಳುನಾಡು]] ರಾಜ್ಯ ಮತ್ತು [[ಪುದುಚೇರಿ]] ಕೇಂದ್ರಾಡಳಿತ ಪ್ರದೇಶದಲ್ಲಿ ಸಕ್ರಿಯವಾಗಿರುವ ಒಂದು ಭಾರತೀಯ ಪ್ರಾದೇಶಿಕ ರಾಜಕೀಯ ಪಕ್ಷವಾಗಿದೆ. ಇದನ್ನು ಫೆಬ್ರವರಿ ೨, ೨೦೨೪ ರಂದು ನಟ-ರಾಜಕಾರಣಿ [[ಸಿ. ಜೋಸೆಫ್ ವಿಜಯ್]] ಅವರು ಸ್ಥಾಪಿಸಿದರು ಮತ್ತು ಇದರ ಪ್ರಧಾನ ಕಚೇರಿ [[ಚೆನ್ನೈ]]ನ ಪನೈಯೂರ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿದೆ. ೨೦೨೬ ರ ಶಾಸಕಾಂಗ ಚುನಾವಣೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಟಿವಿಕೆ ತಮಿಳುನಾಡಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಅಧಿಕಾರ ವಹಿಸಿಕೊಂಡಿತು ಮತ್ತು ವಿಜಯ್ ಮುಖ್ಯಮಂತ್ರಿಯಾದರು. ==ಚುನಾವಣಾ ಸಾಧನೆ== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;" !style="background-color:{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}};color:white"|Year !style="background-color:{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}};color:white"|Party leader !style="background-color:{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}};color:white"|Seats contested !style="background-color:{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}};color:white"|Seats won in assembly !style="background-color:{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}};color:white"|Change in seats !style="background-color:{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}};color:white"|Popular vote !style="background-color:{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}};color:white"|Percentage of votes !style="background-color:{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}};color:white"|Vote Swing |- | colspan=8|[[File:Seal of Tamil Nadu.svg|18px]] [[ತಮಿಳುನಾಡು]] |- | ೨೦೨೬<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/voteshareresult-S22.htm|title=Tamil Nadu Assembly election results 2026}}</ref> | [[ಸಿ. ಜೋಸೆಫ್ ವಿಜಯ್]] | ೨೩೩ | {{Composition bar|107|234|{{party color|ತಮಿಳಗ ವೆಟ್ರಿ ಕಳಗಂ}}}} |{{Steady}} |೧,೭೨,೭೬,೨೦೯ |೩೪.೯೨ |{{Steady}} |- | colspan=8|[[File:Emblem of the Government of Puducherry.png|18px]] [[ಪುದುಚೇರಿ]] |- | [[2026 ಪುದುಚೇರಿ ವಿಧಾನಸಭಾ ಚುನಾವಣೆ]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/voteshareresult-U07.htm|title=Puducherry Assembly election results 2026}}</ref> | [[ಸಿ. ಜೋಸೆಫ್ ವಿಜಯ್]] | ೨೮ | {{Composition bar |2|30|{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}}} |{{Steady}} |೧,೪೪,೮೧೭ |೧೬.೭೨ |{{Steady}} |} ==ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು== nl8lp9dcjbf313p3gxlc2fxisq9x141 1374668 1374667 2026-06-03T03:22:06Z ThePositiveVibes 87814 /* ಚುನಾವಣಾ ಸಾಧನೆ */ Fixed 1374668 wikitext text/x-wiki {{under construction}} {{Infobox Indian political party |party_name = ತಮಿಳಗ ವೆಟ್ರಿ ಕಳಗಂ |colorcode = {{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}} |logo = |abbreviation = ಟಿವಿಕೆ |president = [[ಸಿ. ಜೋಸೆಫ್ ವಿಜಯ್]] |general_secretary = [[ಎನ್. ಆನಂದ್]] |treasurer = [[ಪಿ. ವೆಂಕಟರಮಣನ್]] |founder = ಸಿ. ಜೋಸೆಫ್ ವಿಜಯ್ |foundation = {{start date and age|df=y|2024|02|02}} |headquarters = ಪನೈಯೂರ್, [[ಚೆನ್ನೈ]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/protesting-sanitation-workers-call-on-tvk-chief-vijay-at-party-office/article69921228.ece|title=Protesting Chennai sanitation workers call on TVK chief Vijay|date=22 August 2025|access-date=1 January 2026|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> |membership = 15 ಮಿಲಿಯನ್+ (ಸೆಪ್ಟೆಂಬರ್ 2025)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/news/tamilnadu/tvk-membership-rises-to-1-crore-1163142 | title=த.வெ.க. உறுப்பினர் சேர்க்கை 1½ கோடியாக உயர்ந்தது|trans-title=TVK membership count increases to 1.5 crores|work=[[Dina Thanthi]]|date=15 June 2025|lang=ta}}</ref> | alliance = | position = [[ಮಧ್ಯ-ಎಡ]]<ref name="CL">{{cite web|last=Tamilarasu|first=Prabhakar|date=4 September 2024|title='Thalapathy' Vijay is busy reading Ambedkar as his party plans to lean Left of Centre. Right's a no go|url=https://theprint.in/politics/thalapathy-vijay-is-busy-reading-ambedkar-as-his-party-plans-to-lean-left-of-centre-rights-a-no-go/2250688/|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[ThePrint]]}}</ref> | ideology = {{ubl|[[ಸಮಾನತಾವಾದ]]|[[ಜಾತ್ಯತೀತತೆ]]|[[ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ನ್ಯಾಯ]]}} | colours = {{color box|{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}}} [[ಕೆಂಪು (ಬಣ್ಣ)|ಗಾಢ ಕೆಂಪು]]<br />{{color box|#ffca00}} [[ಹಳದಿ]] | slogan = ''Pirappokkum&nbsp;Ella&nbsp;Uyirkkum''<br />({{translation|All are equal by birth}}) (from ''[[Kural]]'' verse 972)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/photo-gallery/tvk-vijay-ideology-pirappokkum-ellaa-uyirkkum-thirukkural-meaning-in-tamil-thiruvalluvar-536343|title= பிறப்பொக்கும் எல்லா உயிர்க்கும் திருக்குறளின் அர்த்தம் என்ன?|trans-title=Pirappokkum Ellaa Uyirkkum Thirukkural Meaning|work=[[Zee News]]|date=30 October 2024|access-date=1 June 2025|lang=ta}}</ref> | eci = [[List of political parties in India#State parties|ರಾಜ್ಯ ಪಕ್ಷ]] | loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|543|hex={{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}}} | rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|245|hex={{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}}} | state_seats_name = [[ತಮಿಳುನಾಡು ವಿಧಾನಸಭೆ]] | state_seats = {{Composition bar|107|234|hex={{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}}} | state2_seats_name = [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]] | state2_seats = {{Composition bar|2|30|hex={{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}}} | no_states = {{Composition bar|1|31|hex={{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}}} | website = {{url|tvkvijay.com}} | Political position = | flag = Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam Flag.jpeg |electoral_symbol = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Whistle.svg|frameless|class=skin-invert|upright=.75|120px]]<br />Whistle }} '''ತಮಿಳಗ ವೆಟ್ರಿ ಕಳಗಂ''' [[ತಮಿೞ್ನಾಡು|ತಮಿಳುನಾಡು]] ರಾಜ್ಯ ಮತ್ತು [[ಪುದುಚೇರಿ]] ಕೇಂದ್ರಾಡಳಿತ ಪ್ರದೇಶದಲ್ಲಿ ಸಕ್ರಿಯವಾಗಿರುವ ಒಂದು ಭಾರತೀಯ ಪ್ರಾದೇಶಿಕ ರಾಜಕೀಯ ಪಕ್ಷವಾಗಿದೆ. ಇದನ್ನು ಫೆಬ್ರವರಿ ೨, ೨೦೨೪ ರಂದು ನಟ-ರಾಜಕಾರಣಿ [[ಸಿ. ಜೋಸೆಫ್ ವಿಜಯ್]] ಅವರು ಸ್ಥಾಪಿಸಿದರು ಮತ್ತು ಇದರ ಪ್ರಧಾನ ಕಚೇರಿ [[ಚೆನ್ನೈ]]ನ ಪನೈಯೂರ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿದೆ. ೨೦೨೬ ರ ಶಾಸಕಾಂಗ ಚುನಾವಣೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಟಿವಿಕೆ ತಮಿಳುನಾಡಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಅಧಿಕಾರ ವಹಿಸಿಕೊಂಡಿತು ಮತ್ತು ವಿಜಯ್ ಮುಖ್ಯಮಂತ್ರಿಯಾದರು. ==ಚುನಾವಣಾ ಸಾಧನೆ== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;" !style="background-color:{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}};color:white"|ವರ್ಷ !style="background-color:{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}};color:white"|ಪಕ್ಷದ ನಾಯಕ !style="background-color:{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}};color:white"|ಸ್ಪರ್ಧಿಸಿದ ಸ್ಥಾನಗಳು !style="background-color:{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}};color:white"|ವಿಧಾನಸಭೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಗೆದ್ದ ಸ್ಥಾನಗಳು !style="background-color:{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}};color:white"|ಸ್ಥಾನಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಬದಲಾವಣೆ !style="background-color:{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}};color:white"|ಜನಪ್ರಿಯ ಮತ !style="background-color:{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}};color:white"|ಮತಗಳ ಶೇಕಡಾವಾರು !style="background-color:{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}};color:white"|ಮತ ಏರಿಕೆ |- | colspan=8|[[File:Seal of Tamil Nadu.svg|18px]] [[ತಮಿಳುನಾಡು]] |- | ೨೦೨೬<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/voteshareresult-S22.htm|title=Tamil Nadu Assembly election results 2026}}</ref> | [[ಸಿ. ಜೋಸೆಫ್ ವಿಜಯ್]] | ೨೩೩ | {{Composition bar|107|234|{{party color|ತಮಿಳಗ ವೆಟ್ರಿ ಕಳಗಂ}}}} |{{Steady}} |೧,೭೨,೭೬,೨೦೯ |೩೪.೯೨ |{{Steady}} |- | colspan=8|[[File:Emblem of the Government of Puducherry.png|18px]] [[ಪುದುಚೇರಿ]] |- | [[2026 ಪುದುಚೇರಿ ವಿಧಾನಸಭಾ ಚುನಾವಣೆ]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/voteshareresult-U07.htm|title=Puducherry Assembly election results 2026}}</ref> | [[ಸಿ. ಜೋಸೆಫ್ ವಿಜಯ್]] | ೨೮ | {{Composition bar |2|30|{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}}} |{{Steady}} |೧,೪೪,೮೧೭ |೧೬.೭೨ |{{Steady}} |} ==ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು== hnsijuf7kbim5mmmb487c17iz77kaz6 0 179254 1374680 1374560 2026-06-03T09:17:13Z Spoorthi Rao 39512 /* ರೂಪಾಂತರಗಳು * 1374680 wikitext text/x-wiki {{for|ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರ|ಕರ್ಣ (ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರ)}} '''ಕರ್ಣ''' ಪ್ರಸ್ತುತ [[ಝೀ ಕನ್ನಡ]]ದಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಸಾರವಾಗುತ್ತಿರುವ [[ಭಾರತೀಯ]] [[ಕನ್ನಡ|ಕನ್ನಡ ಭಾಷೆ]]ಯ ದೈನಂದಿನ ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿಯಾಗಿದೆ. ಈ ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿಯು 2 ಜುಲೈ 2025 ರಂದು ಝೀ ಕನ್ನಡದಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಥಮ ಪ್ರದರ್ಶನಗೊಂಡಿತು. ಸೋಮವಾರದಿಂದ ಶುಕ್ರವಾರದವರೆಗೆ ಸಂಜೆ 8.00 ಗಂಟೆಗೆ ಪ್ರಸಾರವಾಗುತ್ತಿದೆ. ಈ ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿಯು [[ಹಿಂದಿ ಭಾಷೆ|ಹಿಂದಿ]] ಭಾಷೆಯ [[:en:Rajaa Betaa | ರಾಜಾ ಬೇಟಾ]] ದ ಅಧಿಕೃತ ರೀಮೆಕ್ ಆಗಿದೆ. ಈ ಕಾರ್ಯಕ್ರಮದಲ್ಲಿ [[ಕನ್ನಡತಿ (ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿ)|ಕನ್ನಡತಿ]] ಖ್ಯಾತಿಯ ಕಿರಣ್ ರಾಜ್, [[ಗೀತಾ (ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿ)|ಗೀತಾ ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿ]] ಖ್ಯಾತಿಯ ಭವ್ಯ ಗೌಡ, [[ಮಂಗಳ ಗೌರಿ ಮದುವೆ|ಪುಟ್ಟಗೌರಿ ಮದುವೆ]] ಖ್ಯಾತಿಯ ನಮೃತಾ ಗೌಡ, ಟಿ.ಎಸ್ ನಾಗಾಭರಣ ಮತ್ತು ಆಶಾಲತ ಮುಖ್ಯ ಪಾತ್ರಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ನಟಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದಾರೆ. {{Infobox television | image = [[ಚಿತ್ರ:Karna-Serial-01.jpeg|thumb| ಟೈಟಲ್ ಕಾರ್ಡ್]] | name = | caption = | native_name = | genre = | creator = | based_on = | inspired_by = | developer = | writer = | screenplay = | story = | director = | creative_director = | starring = | theme_music_composer = | music = | open_theme = | end_theme = | composer = | country = [[ಭಾರತ]] | language = [[ಕನ್ನಡ]] | num_seasons = | num_episodes = | list_episodes = | producer = | location = | cinematography = | editor = | camera = | runtime = | company = | distributor = | budget = | network = [[ಝೀ ಕನ್ನಡ]] | picture_format = | audio_format = | first_aired = 2 ಜುಲೈ 2025 | last_aired = ಪ್ರಸ್ತುತ | preceded_by = | followed_by = | related = }} ==ಕಥಾ ವಸ್ತು== ಡಾ. ಕರ್ಣ ಒಬ್ಬ ಹೆರಿಗೆ ಹಾಗೂ ಸ್ತ್ರೀರೋಗ ತಜ್ಞ. ಅವನ ಕುಟುಂಬದವರು ಅವನ ಮೇಲೆ ದ್ವೇಷ ಸಾಧಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದರು, ಅವನು ಅವರ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಅಗತ್ಯಗಳನ್ನು ಪೂರೈಸುತ್ತಾನೆ. ಕರ್ಣನನ್ನು ಬಲವಂತವಾಗಿ ಮದುವೆಯಾಗಲು ಒತ್ತಾಯಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ನಿಧಿ ಕರ್ಣನ ಸ್ನೇಹಿತೆ, ಮತ್ತು ಅವನು ಅವಳನ್ನು ನಂಬುತ್ತಾನೆ. ನಿಧಿ ಕರ್ಣನನ್ನು ಪ್ರೀತಿಸುತ್ತಾಳೆ, ಮತ್ತು ಅವಳು ಕರ್ಣನ ಮೇಲಿನ ತನ್ನ ಪ್ರೀತಿಯನ್ನು ಹೇಳಲು ಪ್ರಯತ್ನಿಸುತ್ತಾಳೆ. ನಿಧಿಯ ಅಕ್ಕ ನಿತ್ಯಾ ಕರ್ಣನನ್ನು ಮದುವೆಯಾಗುತ್ತಾಳೆ. ==ಪ್ರಸಾರ== ಕರ್ಣ ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿ ಜೂನ್‌ 16ರಿಂದ ಪ್ರತಿದಿನ ರಾತ್ರಿ 8ಗಂಟೆಗೆ ದೂರದರ್ಶನದಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಸಾರವಾಗಬೇಕಿತ್ತು. ಆದರೆ ಈ ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿಯ ನಟಿ ಭವ್ಯಾ ಗೌಡ ಅವರು ಈ ಹಿಂದೆ ನಟಿಸಿದ್ದ ವಾಹಿನಿಯೊಂದಿಗೆ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಂಡಿದ್ದ ಒಪ್ಪಂದದ ಅವಧಿ ಮುಗಿಯುವ ಮುನ್ನವೇ ಬೇರೆ ವಾಹಿನಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಕಾಣಿಸಿಕೊಂಡಿದ್ದಕ್ಕೆ. ಆ ವಾಹಿನಿ ಕರ್ಣ ಪ್ರಸಾರಕ್ಕೆ ಸ್ಟೇ ಆರ್ಡರ್‌ ತಂದಿದ್ದ ಕಾರಣ ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿ ಪ್ರಸಾರವಾಗಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ. ಆದ್ದರಿಂದ ಜುಲೈ 2ರಂದು ಕರ್ಣ ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿಯ ಮೊದಲ ಎಪಿಸೋಡ್‌ ಜೀ5ನಲ್ಲಿ ಅಪ್ಲೋಡ್‌ ಆಗಿದೆ. ಮೊದಲ ಎಪಿಸೋಡ್‌ ಒಟ್ಟು 34 ನಿಮಿಷ 48 ಸೆಕೆಂಡ್‌‌ಗಳಿಂದ ಕೂಡಿತ್ತು <ref>{{cite web |title= ಕರ್ಣʼ ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿ ಶುರುವಾಯ್ತು..ಮೊದಲ ಎಪಿಸೋಡ್‌ ಪ್ರಸಾರವೂ ಆಯ್ತು; ಆದರೆ ಟಿವಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಅಲ್ಲ |url=https://kannada.timesnownews.com/entertainment/karna-kannada-serial-is-now-streaming-on-the-zee5-app-when-will-telecast-in-tv-article-152199666. |publisher= ಟೈಮ್ಸ್ ನವೌ ಕನ್ನಡ |access-date= 2 ಜುಲೈ 2025 }}</ref> ==ಕಲಾವಿದರು== *ಕಿರಣ್ ರಾಜ್: ಕಥಾ ನಾಯಕ ಡಾ.ಕರ್ಣನ ಪಾತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ. *ಭವ್ಯಾ ಗೌಡ <ref>{{cite web |title= ಕರ್ಣ ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿ ಪ್ರಸಾರ ಆಗದಂತೆ ತಡೆದಿದ್ದು ಯಾರು? ಕ್ಷಮೆ ಕೇಳಿದ್ದು ಯಾಕೆ ಕಿರಣ್‌ ರಾಜ್‌? |url=https://kannada.timesnownews.com/entertainment/kiran-raj-karna-serial-not-telecast-due-to-bhavya-gowda-agreement-article-152006932 |publisher= ಟೈಮ್ಸ್ ಆಫ್ ಇಂಡಿಯಾ |access-date= 17 ಜೂನ್ 2025}}</ref> : ಕಥಾ ನಾಯಕಿ ಡಾ.ನಿಧಿ ಪಾತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ. * ನಮೃತಾ ಗೌಡ <ref>{{cite web |title= ನಿತ್ಯಾ ಪಾತ್ರದಿಂದ ಸಿಗುವ ದ್ವೇಷದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಮಾತಾನಾಡಿದ ನಮೃತಾ ಗೌಡ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/namratha-gowda-faces-online-hate-after-karna-serial-twist-actress-exposes-trolls-targeting-her-and-mother/articleshow/124409067.cms |publisher= ಟೈಮ್ಸ್ ಆಫ್ ಇಂಡಿಯಾ |access-date= 9 ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ 2025 }}</ref> : ನಿತ್ಯಾ ಪಾತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ. *ಟಿ.ಎಸ್ ನಾಗಭರಣ: ರಮೇಶ್ ಪಾತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ** ಅಭೀಜಿತ್ *ಶ್ಯಾಮ್ ಸಿಮ್ರನ್: *ಆಶಾ ಲತಾ: ಕರ್ಣನ ಅಜ್ಜಿ ಪಾತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ==ರೂಪಾಂತರಗಳು== {|class="wikitable sortable " style="text-align:left;" !style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|ಬಾಷೆ !style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|ಶೀರ್ಷಿಕೆ !style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|ಮೂಲ ಬಿಡುಗಡೆ !style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|ವಾಹಿನಿ(ಗಳು) !style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|ಕೊನೆಯ ಪ್ರಸಾರ !style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|ಟಿಪ್ಪಣಿಗಳು |- | [[ಹಿಂದಿ]] | ''[[:en:Rajaa Betaa | ರಾಜಾ ಬೇಟಾ]]'' <br> राजा बेटा | 15 ಜನವರಿ 2019 | [[:en:Zee TV | ಝೀ ಟಿವಿ]] | 1 ನವೆಂಬರ್ 2019 | ಮೂಲ |- | [[ಕನ್ನಡ]] | ''ಕರ್ಣ'' <br> | 2 ಜುಲೈ 2025 | [[ಝೀ ಕನ್ನಡ]] | ಪ್ರಸ್ತುತ | ರೀಮೇಕ್ |- | [[ತೆಲುಗು]] | కర్ణ <br> ಕರ್ಣ | 23 ಮಾರ್ಚ್ 2026 | [[:en: Zee Telugu |ಝೀ ತೆಲುಗು]] | ಪ್ರಸ್ತುತ | ಕನ್ನಡದಿಂದ ಡಬ್ಡ್ |} ==ಬಾಹ್ಯಕೊಂಡಿಗಳು== * [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/karna/0-6-4z5765779 ಕರ್ಣ @ ] [[ಝೀ5]] ಯಲ್ಲಿ ವೀಕ್ಷಣೆ ಮಾಡಿ ==ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು== {{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು}} [[ವರ್ಗ:ಝೀ ಕನ್ನಡದ ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿ]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ಕನ್ನಡ ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿ]] [[ವರ್ಗ: ಕನ್ನಡ]] [[ವರ್ಗ: ಕಿರುತೆರೆ]] 4rz3aj8vjcgxjtuvclphl7utaj6hg96 0 179259 1374604 1374551 2026-06-02T18:23:29Z CommonsDelinker 768 SwapanDasG.jpg ಹೆಸರಿನ ಫೈಲು Pi.1415926535ರವರಿಂದ ಕಾಮನ್ಸ್‍ನಲ್ಲಿ ಅಳಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿರುವುದರಿಂದ ಅದನ್ನು ಪುಟದಿಂದ ತಗೆದುಹಾಕಲಾಗಿದೆ. 1374604 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ಸರ್ಕಾರಿ ಅಧ್ಯಕ್ಷ | name = ಸ್ವಪನ್ ದಾಶ್‌ಗುಪ್ತ | image = | caption = ಶ್ರೀ ಸ್ವಪನ್ ದಾಶ್‌ಗುಪ್ತರಿಗೆ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ ದೊರೆಯುತ್ತಿರುವುದು | office = ಸಂಪುಟ ಸಚಿವರು, [[ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಬಂಗಾಳ ಸರ್ಕಾರ]] | governor = [[ಆರ್. ಎನ್. ರವಿ]] | 1namedata = [[ಶುಭೇಂದು ಅಧಿಕಾರೀ]] | 1blankname = [[ಮುಖ್ಯಮಂತ್ರಿ]] | 2blankname = ವಿಭಾಗಗಳು | 2namedata = | term_start = ಜೂನ್ 1, 2026 | office1 = ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಬಂಗಾಳ ವಿಧಾನಸಭೆಯ ಸದಸ್ಯರು. | termstart1 = 4 ಮೇ 2026 | constituency1 = [[ರಾಶ್‌ಬೆಹಾರಿ ವಿಧಾನಸಭಾ ಕ್ಷೇತ್ರ|ರಾಶ್‌ಬೆಹಾರಿ]] | predecessor1 = [[ದೇಬಾಶಿಷ್ ಕುಮಾರ್]] | office2 = [[ಸಂಸತ್ ಸದಸ್ಯ, ರಾಜ್ಯಸಭೆ]] | termstart2 = ಜೂನ್ 1, 2021 | termend2 = 24 ಏಪ್ರಿಲ್ 2022 | predecessor2 = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1955|10|03}} | birth_place = [[ಕೋಲ್ಕಾತಾ, ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಬಂಗಾಳ]], ಭಾರತ | alma_mater = [[ಸೇಂಟ್ ಸ್ಟೀಫನ್ಸ್ ಕಾಲೇಜು, ದೆಹಲಿ]] ([[ಕಲಾ ಪದವಿ|ಬಿಎ]])<br/>[[SOAS ಲಂಡನ್ ವಿಶ್ವವಿದ್ಯಾಲಯ]] ([[ಮಾಸ್ಟರ್ ಆಫ್ ಆರ್ಟ್ಸ್|ಎಂಎ]], [[ಪಿಎಚ್‌ಡಿ]])<br/>[[ನಫೀಲ್ಡ್ ಕಾಲೇಜು, ಆಕ್ಸ್‌ಫರ್ಡ್]] ([[ಪೋಸ್ಟ್‌ಡಾಕ್ಟರಲ್ ಫೆಲೋ]]) | occupation = ಪತ್ರಕರ್ತ, ಬರಹಗಾರ, ರಾಜಕೀಯ ವಿಶ್ಲೇಷಕ | party = [[ಭಾರತೀಯ ಜನತಾ ಪಕ್ಷ]] (1990 ರಿಂದ) | spouse = ರೆಶ್ಮೀ ದಾಶ್‌ಗುಪ್ತ | children = 1 ಮಗ | awards = [[ಪದ್ಮಭೂಷಣ]] (2015) }} '''ಸ್ವಪನ್ ದಾಶ್‌ಗುಪ್ತ''' (ಜನನ 3 ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ 1955) ಒಬ್ಬ ಭಾರತೀಯ ಪತ್ರಕರ್ತ ಮತ್ತು ರಾಜಕಾರಣಿ.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2016 |title=Subramanian Swamy, Sidhu, Suresh Gopi, Swapan Dasgupta nominated for Rajya Sabha |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/subramanian-swamy-navjot-singh-sidhu-swapan-dasgupta-nominated-for-rajya-sabha/ |access-date=20 July 2017 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> ಅವರು ಭಾರತೀಯ [[ಬಲಪಂಥೀಯ ರಾಜಕೀಯ|ಬಲಪಂಥೀಯರಲ್ಲಿ]] ಪ್ರಭಾವಶಾಲಿಯಾಗಿದ್ದಾರೆ,<ref>{{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಪುಸ್ತಕ |last=Ayres |first=Alyssa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i8M9DwAAQBAJ |title=Our Time Has Come: How India is Making Its Place in the World |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190494520 |pages=28 |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಪುಸ್ತಕ |last=Basu |first=Manisha |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/rhetoric-of-hindu-india/23F550BAE62DCB5D3884F9345105AA57 |title=The Rhetoric of Hindu India by Manisha Basu |date=August 2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-14987-8 |pages=67–68, 139 |language=en |access-date=2019-08-03}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Joseph |first=Tony |title=The real reason Indian intellectuals are backing Narendra Modi |url=https://qz.com/205367/the-real-reason-indian-intellectuals-are-flocking-to-modi/ |access-date=2019-08-03 |website=Quartz |language=en}}</ref> [[ಹಿಂದೂ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯತೆ|ಹಿಂದೂ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯತೆಯನ್ನು]] ಪ್ರತಿಪಾದಿಸುವ ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್ ದಿನಪತ್ರಿಕೆಗಳಿಗೆ ಅಂಕಣಗಳನ್ನು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಿದ್ದಾರೆ.<ref>{{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಪುಸ್ತಕ |last=Basu |first=Manisha |title=The Rhetoric of Hindu India by Manisha Basu |date=August 2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-14987-8 |pages=16 |language=en |chapter=Introductory Matters |access-date=2019-08-03 |chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/rhetoric-of-hindu-india/23F550BAE62DCB5D3884F9345105AA57}}</ref> ಅವರು ಪ್ರಸ್ತುತ 2026 ರಿಂದ ರಾಶ್‌ಬೆಹಾರಿ ವಿಧಾನಸಭಾ ಕ್ಷೇತ್ರವನ್ನು ಪ್ರತಿನಿಧಿಸುವ ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಬಂಗಾಳ ವಿಧಾನಸಭೆಯ ಸದಸ್ಯರಾಗಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಅವರು [[ರಾಜ್ಯಸಭೆ|ರಾಜ್ಯಸಭೆಯ]] ನಾಮನಿರ್ದೇಶಿತ ಸದಸ್ಯರಾಗಿದ್ದರು. ೨೦೧೫ ರಲ್ಲಿ, ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಮತ್ತು ಶಿಕ್ಷಣಕ್ಕೆ ನೀಡಿದ ಕೊಡುಗೆಗಾಗಿ ದಾಶ್‌ಗುಪ್ತ ಅವರಿಗೆ [[ಪದ್ಮಭೂಷಣ]] ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ ನೀಡಲಾಯಿತು.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Information Bureau |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=114952 |access-date=20 July 2017 |website=pib.nic.in}}</ref> 3wwylitb40wls1sf4wqbwewstijapyt 0 179261 1374596 1374565 2026-06-02T15:30:19Z VASANTH S.N. 728 /* ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು */ 1374596 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | image = Crab-eating macaque, Singapore 2025.jpg | image_caption = In Singapore, 2025 | status = EN | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status2 = CITES_A2 | status2_system = CITES | status2_ref = <ref name=iucn/> | status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Macaca fascicularis'' |name-list-style=amp |author1=Hansen, M.F. |author2=Ang, A. |author3=Trinh, T. |author4=Sy, E. |author5=Paramasiwam, S. |author6=Ahmed, T. |author7=Dimalibot, J. |author8=Jones-Engel, L. |author9=Ruppert, N. |author10=Griffioen, C. |author11=Lwin, N. |author12=Phiapalath, P. |author13=Gray, R. |author14=Kite, S. |author15=Doak, N. |author16=Nijman, V. |author17=Fuentes, A. |author18=Gumert, M.D. |year=2022 |article-number=e.T12551A221666136 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T12551A221666136.en |amends=2022}}</ref> | genus = Macaca | species = fascicularis | authority = [[Stamford Raffles|Raffles]], 1821 | synonyms = {{specieslist |Simia cynomolgus |Schreber, 1775 |Simia aygula |Linnaeus, 1758 |Macacus carbonarius |Cuvier, 1825 |Macaca irus |Geoffroy,1826 |Semnpithecus kra |Lesson, 1830 }} | synonyms_ref = <ref name=Fooden1995>{{cite book |last1=Fooden |first1=J. |year=1995 |title=Systematic review of Southeast Asian Longtail Macaques ''Macaca fascicularis'' (Raffles [1821]) |series=Fieldiana New Series No. 81 |publisher=Field Museum of Natural History |location=Chicago |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/3456 |doi=10.5962/bhl.title.3456}}</ref> | range_map = Crab-eating Macaque area.png | range_map_caption = {{legend0|#7e2b1c|&nbsp;native range}} }} '''ಕ್ರಾಕೋತಿ''' ''ಮಕಾಕ ಇರಸ್'' ಅಥವಾ ''ಸೈನೊಮಾಲ್ಗಸ್ ಇರಸ್'' ಎಂಬ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರೀಯ ಹೆಸರಿನ ಪ್ರಭೇದದ ಹಲವಾರು ಉಪಪ್ರಭೇದಗಳ ಕೋತಿಗಳಿಗೆ ಇರುವ ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ಹೆಸರು. ==ಪ್ರಾಣಿಶಾಸ್ತ್ರೀಯ ವರ್ಗೀಕರಣ== [[ಪ್ರೈಮೇಟ್|ಪ್ರೈಮೇಟ್ ಗಣ]]ದ ಸೈನೊಪಿತಿಕಾಯ್ಡೀ ಕುಟುಂಬಕ್ಕೆ ಸೇರಿದೆ. ==ಆವಾಸ== ಮಲಯ [[ಪರ್ಯಾಯ ದ್ವೀಪ|ಪರ್ಯಾಯದ್ವೀಪ]]ದ ಕ್ರಾ ಭೂಕಂಠ, ನಿಕೋಬಾರ್, ಸುಮಾತ್ರ, [[ಜಾವಾ (ದ್ವೀಪ)|ಜಾವ]], [[ಬಾಲಿ]], ಬೋರ್ನಿಯೊ ಮುಂತಾದ ದೇಶಗಳ ಸಮುದ್ರತೀರಪ್ರದೇಶಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ವಾಸಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿ ಇದನ್ನು [[ಬಂಗಾಳ]]ದಲ್ಲಿ ಕಾಣಬಹುದು. ==ಲಕ್ಷಣಗಳು== ಕ್ರಾ ಕೋತಿ ನೋಡಲು ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಕಡಿಮೆ ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿ ಎಲ್ಲೆಡೆ ಕಾಣಬರುವ ರೀಸಸ್ [[ಕೋತಿ]]ಯಂತೆಯೇ ಇದೆ. ದೇಹದ ಬಣ್ಣ ಕಂದು, ಹಳದಿಮಿಶ್ರ ಇಲ್ಲವೆ ಬೂದು ಮಿಶ್ರ ಕಂದು ಮುಂತಾಗಿ ವ್ಯತ್ಯಾಸ ವಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಬಾಲ ಬಲು ಉದ್ದ, ಮುಖದ ಸುತ್ತ ಅಂಚು ಕಟ್ಟಿದಂತೆ ಕೂದಲಿವೆ. ಪೃಷ್ಠದ ಮೇಲೆ ನಸುಗೆಂಪು ಬಣ್ಣದ ಗುರುತುಗಳಿವೆ. ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಸಮುದ್ರ ತೀರಗಳಲ್ಲೆ ಇದರ ವಾಸ. ಬಹುಪಾಲು ಪ್ರಭೇದಗಳು ಕಡಲತೀರದಲ್ಲಿನ [[ಮ್ಯಾಂಗ್ರೋವ್]] ತೋಟಗಳಲ್ಲಿದ್ದು ಹಗಲೆಲ್ಲ [[ಏಡಿ]]ಗಳನ್ನು ಹಿಡಿಯುತ್ತ, ಈಜುತ್ತ ಕಾಲ ಕಳೆಯುತ್ತವೆ. ಏಡಿಗಳು, ಕಠಿಣಚರ್ಮಿಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಕೆಲವು ಬಗೆಯ [[ಮೃದ್ವಂಗಿಗಳು|ಮೃದ್ವಂಗಿ]]ಗಳೇ ಇದರ ಪ್ರಧಾನ ಆಹಾರ. ಏಡಿಗಳಂತೂ ಇದಕ್ಕೆ ಬಲು ಅಚ್ಚುಮೆಚ್ಚು. ಇದರಿಂದಾಗಿಯೇ ಈ ಕೋತಿಗೆ ಏಡಿಭಕ್ಷಕ ಕೋತಿ (ಕ್ರ್ಯಾಬ್ ಈಟಿಂಗ್ ಮಕಾಕ್) ಎಂಬ ಹೆಸರು ಬಂದಿದೆ. ಈ ಬಗೆಯ ಆಹಾರ ಸೇವನೆ ಕೋತಿಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಬಹಳ ಅಪೂರ್ವ. ಬಹುಶಃ ಈ ಕೋತಿಗಳು ತಾವು ಈಗ ವಾಸ ಮಾಡುವ ನೆಲೆಗಳಿಗೆ ಬೇರೆಲ್ಲಿಂದಲೋ ಬಂದುವೆಂದೂ ಇವು ಬರುವ ವೇಳೆಗೆ ಅಲ್ಲಿನ ಬಹುಪಾಲು ಪ್ರದೇಶವೆಲ್ಲ ಬೇರೆ ಬಗೆಯ ಕೋತಿಗಳಿಂದ ತುಂಬಿಕೊಂಡಿದ್ದು ಕ್ರಾ ಕೋತಿಗಳು ಸಮುದ್ರ ತೀರವಾಸಿಗಳಾಗಬೇಕಾಯಿತೆಂದೂ ಊಹೆಯಿದೆ. [[ಕಡಲತೀರ]]ಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಬೇರೆ ಬಗೆಯ ಆಹಾರ ವಿರಳವಾಗಿರುವುದರಿಂದ ಇವು ಏಡಿ ಮುಂತಾದ ಕಡಲ ಪ್ರಾಣಿಗಳನ್ನೆ ತಿನ್ನಬೇಕಾಯಿತು. ಏಡಿ ಮುಂತಾದವು ಮಾತ್ರ ಈ ಕೋತಿಗಳ ಆಹಾರವೆಂದು ಇದರ ಅರ್ಥವಲ್ಲ. [[ಹಣ್ಣು]], [[ಧಾನ್ಯ]] ಮುಂತಾದ [[ಸಸ್ಯಾಹಾರ]]ಗಳನ್ನು ಮೆಚ್ಚಿನಿಂದ ಇವು ಭಕ್ಷಿಸುತ್ತವೆ. ಬಾಲಿ ದ್ವೀಪಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಕ್ರಾ ಕೋತಿಯನ್ನು ಪೂಜ್ಯ ಭಾವನೆಯಿಂದ ನೋಡುತ್ತಾರೆ. ==ಪ್ರಭೇದಗಳು== ಹತ್ತು ಉಪಜಾತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಗುರುತಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ : <ref name=MSW3>{{MSW3|id=12100534 |heading=''Macaca fascicularis''}}</ref> * ''ಎಂ. ಫ್ಯಾಸಿಕ್ಯುಲಾರಿಸ್ ಫ್ಯಾಸಿಕ್ಯುಲಾರಿಸ್'' * ''ಎಂ. ಫ್ಯಾಸಿಕ್ಯುಲಾರಿಸ್ ಆರಿಯಾ'' * ''ಎಂ. ಫ್ಯಾಸಿಕ್ಯುಲಾರಿಸ್ ಅಂಬ್ರೋಸಾ'' * ''ಎಂ. ಫ್ಯಾಸಿಕ್ಯುಲಾರಿಸ್ ಅಟ್ರಿಸೆಪ್ಸ್'' * ''ಎಂ. ಫ್ಯಾಸಿಕ್ಯುಲಾರಿಸ್ ಕಾಂಡೋರೆನ್ಸಿಸ್'' * ''ಎಂ. ಫ್ಯಾಸಿಕ್ಯುಲಾರಿಸ್ ಟಸ್ಕಾ'' * ''ಎಂ. ಫ್ಯಾಸಿಕ್ಯುಲಾರಿಸ್ ಲೇಸಿಯೇ'' * ''ಎಂ. ಫ್ಯಾಸಿಕ್ಯುಲಾರಿಸ್ ತುವಾ'' * ''ಎಂ. ಫ್ಯಾಸಿಕ್ಯುಲಾರಿಸ್ ಕರಿಮೊಂಡ್ಜಾವೇ'' * ''M. ಫ್ಯಾಸಿಕ್ಯುಲಾರಿಸ್ ಫಿಲಿಪಿನೆನ್ಸಿಸ್'' ==ಬಾಹ್ಯ ಸಂಪರ್ಕಗಳು== * [https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Macaca_fascicularis/ Bonadio, C. 2000. "Macaca fascicularis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed March 10, 2006.] * [https://primate.wisc.edu/primate-info-net/pin-factsheets/pin-factsheet-long-tailed-macaque/ Primate Info Net ''Macaca fascicularis'' Factsheet] * [https://www.invasivespecies.net/database/species/ecology.asp?si=139&fr=1&sts=sss ISSG Database: Ecology of ''Macaca fascicularis''] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070218140812/http://www.buav.org/campaigns/primates/monkeybusiness/conditions.htm "Conditions at Nafovanny"], video produced by the [[British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection]] following an undercover investigation at a captive-breeding facility for long-tailed macaques in [[Vietnam]]. ==ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು== {{Includes Wikisource|ಮೈಸೂರು ವಿಶ್ವವಿದ್ಯಾನಿಲಯ ವಿಶ್ವಕೋಶ/ಕ್ರಾಕೋತಿ}} [[ವರ್ಗ:ಪ್ರಾಣಿಗಳು]] brs2yv3fay627ddo07f093ps2whzvca 0 179262 1374595 1374576 2026-06-02T15:27:59Z VASANTH S.N. 728 /* ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು */ 1374595 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Silvije Strahimir Kranjčević | image = Silvije S. Kranjčević.jpg | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1865|02|17|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Senj]], [[Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)|Kingdom of Croatia]], [[Austrian Empire]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|1908|10|29|1865|02|17|df=y}} | death_place = [[Sarajevo]], [[Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Austria-Hungary]] | occupation = {{Flat list| * writer * poet * [[literary translator|translator]] * [[literary editor]] }} | known_for = see ''[[#Publications|Publications]]'' | spouse = {{marriage|Gabrijela Kašalj|1897}} }} '''ಸಿಲ್ವಿಜೆ ಸ್ಟ್ರಾಹಿಮಿರ್ ಕ್ರಾಂಜೆವಿಕ್''' [[ಕ್ರೊಯೆಶಿಯ|ಕ್ರೊಯೇಷಿಯಾ]]ದ [[ಕವಿ]] . ಅವರು ಫೆಬ್ರವರಿ 17, 1865 ರಂದು ಸೆಂಜ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಜನಿಸಿದರು<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2025 |title=Na današnji dan rodio se Silvije Strahimir Kranjčević|trans-title=Silvije Strahimir Kranjčević was born on today's day |url=https://glashrvatske.hrt.hr/hr/hrvatska/na-danasnji-dan-rodio-se-silvije-strahimir-kranjcevic-12017420 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322230448/https://glashrvatske.hrt.hr/hr/hrvatska/na-danasnji-dan-rodio-se-silvije-strahimir-kranjcevic-12017420 |archive-date=22 March 2025 |access-date=22 March 2025 |website=[[Voice of Croatia]]|publisher=[[Croatian Radiotelevision]] (HRT) |language=hr}}</ref> ಮತ್ತು ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ 29, 1908 ರಂದು ಸರಜೆವೊದಲ್ಲಿ ನಿಧನರಾದರು. ಅವರ ಮರಣದ ನಂತರ, ಕ್ರೊಯೇಷಿಯಾದ ಸಾಂಸ್ಕೃತಿಕ ಸಂಘ ನಪ್ರೆಡಾಕ್ ಅವರ ನೆನಪಿಗಾಗಿ ಒಂದು ಸ್ಮಾರಕ ಕಲ್ಲನ್ನು ನಿರ್ಮಿಸಿದರು ಮತ್ತು ಈ ಕಲ್ಲಿನ ಮೇಲೆ ಶಿಲ್ಪಿ ರುಡಾಲ್ಫ್ ವಾಲ್ಡೆಕ್ ''ಗೆನಿಜ್ ಸ್ಪುತಾನಿಹ್ ಕ್ರಿಲಾ (ಸಂಯಮದ ರೆಕ್ಕೆಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರುವ ಪ್ರತಿಭೆ)'' ಎಂಬ ಉಬ್ಬು ಶಿಲ್ಪವನ್ನು ಮಾಡಿದರು . ==ಬಾಲ್ಯ ಮತ್ತು ವಿದ್ಯಾಭ್ಯಾಸ== [[File:Memorial Plaque to Silvije Strahimir Kranjčević (Sarajevo).jpg|thumb|Memorial Plaque dedicated to Kranjčević on the wall of the building where he resided in [[Sarajevo]]]] ಕ್ರಾಂಜೆವಿಕ್ ಬೋಸ್ನಿಯಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಾಥಮಿಕ ಶಾಲಾ ಶಿಕ್ಷಕರಾದರು, ಸರಜೆವೊದಲ್ಲಿನ ಶಿಕ್ಷಕರ ಸೆಮಿನರಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದರು ಮತ್ತು ಸ್ವಲ್ಪ ಸಮಯದವರೆಗೆ ಬೋಸ್ನಿಯನ್ ನಿಯತಕಾಲಿಕೆ " ''ನಾಡಾ'' " ವನ್ನು ಸಂಪಾದಿಸಿದರು. ==ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯಿಕ ಬದುಕು== ಅವರು ಅಪೇಕ್ಷಣೀಯ ಮಟ್ಟದ ಸ್ವಾತಂತ್ರ್ಯವನ್ನು ಅನುಭವಿಸಿದರು ಮತ್ತು ಇದರಿಂದಾಗಿ ಅತ್ಯಂತ ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಕ್ರೊಯೇಷಿಯಾದ ಬರಹಗಾರರು ''ನಾಡಾ'' ಸುತ್ತಲೂ ಒಟ್ಟುಗೂಡಿದರು ಮತ್ತು ಆಧುನಿಕ ಪ್ರಗತಿಯ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಅದು ಅತ್ಯಂತ ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ನಿಯತಕಾಲಿಕವಾಯಿತು. ಅವರು ಪ್ರೌಢಶಾಲೆಯಲ್ಲಿದ್ದಾಗ ಕವಿತೆಗಳನ್ನು ಬರೆಯಲು ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಿಸಿದರು. ಅವರು ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ 1883 ರಲ್ಲಿ ''ಹರ್ವಾಟ್ಸ್ಕಾ ವಿಲಾ'' (ಸಿಲ್ವ್. ಕ್ರಿ. ಎಂದು ಸಹಿ ಮಾಡಲಾಗಿದೆ) [[ನಿಯತಕಾಲಿಕ]]ದಲ್ಲಿ ತಮ್ಮ ಮೊದಲ ಕವಿತೆ ''ಜಾವ್ಜೆಟ್ ಅನ್ನು ಪ್ರಕಟಿಸಿದರು{{sfn|Jelčić|1984|p=12}}{{sfn|Nemec|2015}}. ಬರಹಗಾರರಾಗಿ ಅವರು 1885 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಬುಗಾರ್ಕಿಂಜೆ'' (ಮುಖ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಸ್ಲಾವಿಕ್-ದೇಶಭಕ್ತಿಯ ವಿಷಯಗಳು) ಕವನಗಳ ಸಂಗ್ರಹದೊಂದಿಗೆ ಪಾದಾರ್ಪಣೆ ಮಾಡಿದರು . ಅವರ 25 ವರ್ಷಗಳ ನಿರ್ಮಾಣವು ಮೂರು ಆಧಾರ ಬಿಂದುಗಳನ್ನು ಆಧರಿಸಿದೆ: ತಾಯ್ನಾಡು - ಮನುಷ್ಯ - ದೇವರು. ''ಬುಗಾರ್ಕಿಂಜೆ'' [[ಕವನ]]ಗಳ ಸಂಗ್ರಹವನ್ನು ಸಕಾರಾತ್ಮಕ ಪ್ರತಿಕ್ರಿಯೆಯೊಂದಿಗೆ ಸ್ವೀಕರಿಸಲಾಯಿತು{{sfn|Croatian Encyclopedia|2023}}. ಮಿಲಿವೋಜ್ ಶ್ರೆಪೆಲ್ ''ವಿಯೆನಾಕ್'' ನಿಯತಕಾಲಿಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಅದರ ಬಗ್ಗೆ [[ವಿಮರ್ಶೆ]]ಯನ್ನು ಬರೆದರು , ಬಹಳ ಸ್ಪಷ್ಟವಾದ ಪ್ರಶಂಸೆಯೊಂದಿಗೆ. ಕ್ರಾಂಜೆವಿಕ್ ಅವರ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯಿಕ ಹಾದಿಯಲ್ಲಿ "ಲಾರೆಲ್ ಬದಲಿಗೆ ಕಹಿ ವರ್ಮ್ವುಡ್ ಬೆಳೆಯುತ್ತದೆ, ಮತ್ತು ಅದಕ್ಕಾಗಿಯೇ ಅವರ ಕೃತಿಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ತೀಕ್ಷ್ಣವಾದ [[ವ್ಯಂಗ್ಯ]] ಮತ್ತು ತಣ್ಣನೆಯ ವ್ಯಂಗ್ಯ ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ಕಾಣಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತದೆ" ಎಂದು ಶ್ರೆಪೆಲ್ ಭವಿಷ್ಯ ನುಡಿದಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಇದರ ನಂತರ ''ಇಜಾಬ್ರೇನ್ ಪ್ಜೆಸ್ಮೆ'' (1898) ಮತ್ತು ''ಟ್ರಾಜಿ'' (1902) ಸಂಗ್ರಹಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಆಳವಾದ ಚಿಂತನಶೀಲ ಕವಿತೆಗಳು ಬಂದವು . ಅವರ ಕೊನೆಯ ಸಂಗ್ರಹ '', ಪಿಜೆಸ್ಮೆ,'' 1908 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಕಟವಾಯಿತು. 1888 ಮತ್ತು 1893 ರ ನಡುವೆ ಅವರು ತಮ್ಮ ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣ ಕಾವ್ಯಾತ್ಮಕ ಪ್ರಬುದ್ಧತೆಯನ್ನು ತಲುಪಿದರು ಮತ್ತು ಇದು ಅವರ ಜೀವನದ ಅತ್ಯಂತ ಉತ್ಪಾದಕ ಅವಧಿಯಾಗಿದೆ. ಆ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ, ಸುಪ್ರಸಿದ್ಧ ಕವನಗಳು ''ಡಿಟಿರಾಂಬ್'' , ''ಏಂಜೆಲಸ್'' , ''ಇಝಾ ಸ್ಪೂಟೆನಿಜೆ ಟ್ರೆಪಾವಿಕಾ'' (1892), ''ಮೊಜ್ಸಿಜೆ'' , ''ಲುಸಿಡಾ ಇಂಟರ್‌ವಾಲ್ಲಾ'' (1893), ಮತ್ತು ನಂತರ ''ಮ್ರಮೊರ್ನಾ ವೀನಸ್'' (1894), ''ಅನಿಯೋ ಬೋಲಾ, ಹೆರೋನೆಜ್ಸ್ಕಿ ಲಾವ್'' (1895), ''ಮಿಸಾವೊ'' 1895), ''Resurrectio, Moj dom'' (1897), ''Sveljudski hram'' (1901) ಮತ್ತು ಇತರವುಗಳನ್ನು ಬರೆಯಲಾಗಿದೆ. ==ಅಂತರಿಕ ತೊಳಲಾಟದ ಅಭಿವ್ಯಕ್ತಿ== ಕವಿಯಾಗಿ, ಅವರು ತಮ್ಮ ಜನರ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಚಿಂತೆಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ತೊಂದರೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಆಸಕ್ತಿ ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದರು. [[ಬೈಬಲ್]] ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ರಾಚೀನ ದೃಷ್ಟಾಂತಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಕ್ರಿಶ್ಚಿಯನ್ ಮತ್ತು ಯಹೂದಿ ಇತಿಹಾಸದ ಸಂಕೇತಗಳ ಸಹಾಯದಿಂದ ಅವರು ಅವುಗಳನ್ನು ವ್ಯಕ್ತಪಡಿಸಿದರು. [[ವಿಶ್ವ]], [[ಜೀವನ]], ನಮ್ಮ ಆದರ್ಶಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ನಮ್ಮ ವಾಸ್ತವದ ನಡುವಿನ ಅಸಂಗತತೆ, ಜನರು ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ರಕೃತಿಯ ಅರ್ಥ, [[ನಂಬಿಕೆ]], [[ಚರ್ಚ್]], [[ದೇವರು]], [[ಸಾವು]], [[ಪ್ರೀತಿ]] ಮತ್ತು [[ದುಃಖ]], [[ಪಾಪ]] ಮತ್ತು [[ಸಂತೋಷ]], [[ನ್ಯಾಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ|ನ್ಯಾಯ]], [[ಸ್ವಾತಂತ್ರ್ಯ]]ದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಜನರ ಮೂಲಭೂತ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಗಳನ್ನು ಪರಿಹರಿಸಲು ಅವರು ಅವುಗಳ ಸಾಂಕೇತಿಕ ಸ್ವರೂಪವನ್ನು ಬಳಸಿದರು. ದುರಂತ ಪ್ರಪಂಚದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಗಳಂತಹ ವಿಷಯಗಳೊಂದಿಗೆ ಅವರು ವ್ಯವಹರಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ, ಅದು ಅವರಿಗಾಗಲಿ ಅಥವಾ ಅವರ ಮಹಾನ್ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯಿಕ ಮಾದರಿ ಹೈನೆಗಾಗಲಿ ಅದು ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ಆಸ್ಪತ್ರೆಯೋ ಅಥವಾ ಮಾನಸಿಕ ಆಸ್ಪತ್ರೆಯೋ ಎಂದು ನಿಜವಾಗಿಯೂ ತಿಳಿದಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ. ಅವರ ಕಾವ್ಯವನ್ನು ವ್ಯಾಪಿಸಿರುವ ದರ್ಶನಗಳು ಕ್ರೊಯೇಷಿಯಾ ಕರೋಲಿ ಖುಯೆನ್-ಹೆಡರ್ವಾರಿಯ ಆಳ್ವಿಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಕಂಡುಕೊಂಡ ಕರಾಳ ವಾಸ್ತವದಿಂದ ಬಂದವು. ಅವರು ತಮ್ಮ ತುಳಿತಕ್ಕೊಳಗಾದ ತಾಯ್ನಾಡು ಮತ್ತು ಅವಮಾನಿತ ಜನರು ಅನುಭವಿಸಿದ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ದುಃಖಗಳನ್ನು ಹತಾಶೆಯಿಂದ ಮತ್ತು ಕಾವ್ಯಾತ್ಮಕ ಭಾವನೆಯಿಂದ ಅನುಭವಿಸಿದರು, ಅದರ ವ್ಯಾಪ್ತಿಯು ಐಹಿಕ ವಾಸ್ತವದ ಮಿತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಮೀರಿದೆ. ಅವರ ಕಾವ್ಯದ ವಿಶ್ವ ಆಯಾಮವು ವಾಸ್ತವವಾಗಿ, ಕ್ರೊಯೇಷಿಯಾದ ದುರದೃಷ್ಟದ ನೋವಿನ ಪ್ರತಿಧ್ವನಿ ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ರಕ್ಷೇಪಣಕ್ಕಿಂತ ಹೆಚ್ಚೇನೂ ಅಲ್ಲ. ಅದು ಪ್ರಪಂಚದ ಅಸಂಗತತೆಯಿಂದ ಹುಟ್ಟುತ್ತದೆ - ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ರಪಂಚದ ಅಸಂಗತತೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಕೊನೆಗೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತದೆ. ಅವರ ಕೊನೆಯ ವರ್ಷಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ದೈಹಿಕ ನೋವು ಕ್ರಾಂಜೆವಿಕ್ ಅವರನ್ನು ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ರಾಜೀನಾಮೆ, ಸಂದೇಹ ಮತ್ತು ನಿರಾಶಾವಾದಕ್ಕೆ ತಳ್ಳಿತು, ಇದು ಅವರ ಕಾವ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಸುಂದರವಾದ ಅಭಿವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಯನ್ನು ಕಂಡುಕೊಂಡಿತು. ಹೀಗಾಗಿ ಅವರು ವಿಶೇಷವಾಗಿ ಮೂಲ ಮತ್ತು ಆಧುನಿಕ ಕವಿಯಾಗಿ ಹೊರಹೊಮ್ಮಿದರು. ನಾಟಕೀಯ ರೂಪಕ ''ಪ್ರವಿ ಗ್ರಿಜೆ'' ( ''ದಿ ಫಸ್ಟ್ ಸಿನ್'' , 1893) ಮತ್ತು ಸಣ್ಣ ಕವಿತೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ''("ಎಲಿ! ಎಲಿ! ಲಾಮಾ ಅಜವ್ತಾನಿ?"'' ಮತ್ತು ''ದಿ ಲಾಸ್ಟ್ ಆಡಮ್'' ), ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಪ್ರಪಂಚದ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆ ಮತ್ತು ಐತಿಹಾಸಿಕ ಬೆಳವಣಿಗೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಕ್ರಿಶ್ಚಿಯನ್ ಧರ್ಮದ ಸ್ಥಾನವನ್ನು ಕಾವ್ಯಾತ್ಮಕ ರೂಪದಲ್ಲಿ ಪರಿಗಣಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ. ==ಅನುವಾದ== ಅವರು ಜರ್ಮನ್ ಮತ್ತು ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್ ಭಾಷೆಗಳಿಂದ ಅನುವಾದಿಸಿದರು, ಮತ್ತು ಅವರ ಕೃತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಬಲ್ಗೇರಿಯನ್, ಜೆಕ್, ಎಸ್ಪೆರಾಂಟೊ, ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್, ಹಂಗೇರಿಯನ್, ಮೆಸಿಡೋನಿಯನ್, ಜರ್ಮನ್, ಪೋಲಿಷ್, [[ರಷ್ಯಾದ ಭಾಷೆ|ರಷ್ಯನ್]], ಸ್ಲೋವಾಕ್, ಸ್ಲೋವೇನಿಯನ್ ಮತ್ತು [[ಇಟಾಲಿಯನ್ ಭಾಷೆ|ಇಟಾಲಿಯನ್]] ಭಾಷೆಗಳಿಗೆ ಅನುವಾದಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ. [[File:Grave of Silvije Strahimir Kranjčević (Sarajevo).jpg|thumb|Kranjević's grave in Sarajevo]] == ಸಂಗ್ರಹಿಸಿದ ಕೃತಿಗಳು == ಕ್ರ್ಯಾಂಜಿವಿಕ್ ಅವರ ಕವನ ಸಂಕಲನವು 421 ಪ್ರಕಟಿತ ಕವನಗಳನ್ನು ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿದೆ. ಬಹುಪಾಲು ನಾಲ್ಕು ಕವನ ಸಂಕಲನಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಕಟವಾದರೆ, ಕೆಲವು ಆಯ್ದ ಕವನಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಮರಣೋತ್ತರವಾಗಿ ಪ್ರಕಟವಾದವು. ಅವರ ಗದ್ಯ ಕೃತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಮರಣೋತ್ತರವಾಗಿ ''Pjesnička proza'' ​​(1912) ಸಂಗ್ರಹದಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಕಟಿಸಲಾಯಿತು . ಕ್ರಾಂಜಿವಿಕ್ ಅವರ ಗದ್ಯವು ಅವರ ಕಾವ್ಯದಷ್ಟು ಮಹತ್ವದ್ದಾಗಿಲ್ಲ, ಮತ್ತು ''Pjesnička proza ​​ಸಂಗ್ರಹವು Prvi Honourar, Žena, Tko će oslobodit narod...?, Priča iz pradavnih vremena'' ಮತ್ತು ವಿಶೇಷವಾಗಿ oratorio ''Prvi 19'' ರಲ್ಲಿ ಬರೆದ ಸಣ್ಣ ಕಥೆಗಳನ್ನು ಎತ್ತಿ ತೋರಿಸುತ್ತದೆ . ಈ ಒರೆಟೋರಿಯೊವನ್ನು 1907 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಇವಾನ್ ಜಾಜ್ಕ್ ಸಂಗೀತ ಸಂಯೋಜನೆ ಮಾಡಿದರು . ಕ್ರಾಂಜೆವಿಕ್ ಅವರು ಸಾಯುವ ಮೊದಲು ಹಸ್ತಪ್ರತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಒಂದು ಕರಡು ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ರಸ್ತುತ ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ನಾಟಕ " ''ಝ ಡ್ರಗ್ಗೊಗಾ"'' ದ ಮೊದಲ ದೃಶ್ಯಗಳನ್ನು ಬಿಟ್ಟರು . ಈ ಕರಡನ್ನು ಆಧರಿಸಿ ಮತ್ತು ಕ್ರಾಂಜೆವಿಕ್ ಅವರ ಪತ್ನಿಯ ಕೋರಿಕೆಯ ಮೇರೆಗೆ, ಮಿಲನ್ ಒಗ್ರಿಜೋವಿಕ್ ಒಂದು ನಾಟಕವನ್ನು ಬರೆದರು. ಒಗ್ರಿಜೋವಿಕ್ ಈ ನಾಟಕವನ್ನು 1910 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಜಾಗ್ರೆಬ್ ಥಿಯೇಟರ್‌ಗೆ ನೀಡಿದರು, ಆದರೆ ಸೆನ್ಸಾರ್‌ಶಿಪ್ ಅದನ್ನು ಅನುಮತಿಸದ ಕಾರಣ ಅದನ್ನು ಪ್ರದರ್ಶಿಸಲಾಗಿಲ್ಲ. ==ಬಾಹ್ಯ ಸಂಪರ್ಕಗಳು== {{wikisourcelang|hr|Silvije Strahimir Kranjčević}} * {{Librivox author |id=8453}} ==ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು== {{Includes Wikisource|ಮೈಸೂರು ವಿಶ್ವವಿದ್ಯಾನಿಲಯ ವಿಶ್ವಕೋಶ/ಕ್ರಾನ್ಯಸೆವಿಚ್,ಸಿಲ್ವಿಯೆ ಸ್ಟ್ರಾಹಿಮಿರ್}} [[ವರ್ಗ:ಬರಹಗಾರರು]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ಯುರೋಪ್]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ಕವಿಗಳು]] aiq7qn02qgkwgacctbqzp6dx3jxf1xu 828 179263 1374585 2026-06-02T12:08:25Z ChiK 40016 copied 1374585 Scribunto text/plain -- Generated by [[Module:Unicode data/build]] combining_classes_formatted (Unicode version 17.0) return { ["\204\128"] = 230, -- U+0300 ["\204\129"] = 230, -- U+0301 ["\204\130"] = 230, -- U+0302 ["\204\131"] = 230, -- U+0303 ["\204\132"] = 230, -- U+0304 ["\204\133"] = 230, -- U+0305 ["\204\134"] = 230, -- U+0306 ["\204\135"] = 230, -- U+0307 ["\204\136"] = 230, -- U+0308 ["\204\137"] = 230, -- U+0309 ["\204\138"] = 230, -- U+030A ["\204\139"] = 230, -- U+030B ["\204\140"] = 230, -- U+030C ["\204\141"] = 230, -- U+030D ["\204\142"] = 230, -- U+030E ["\204\143"] = 230, -- U+030F ["\204\144"] = 230, -- U+0310 ["\204\145"] = 230, -- U+0311 ["\204\146"] = 230, -- U+0312 ["\204\147"] = 230, -- U+0313 ["\204\148"] = 230, -- U+0314 ["\204\149"] = 232, -- U+0315 ["\204\150"] = 220, -- U+0316 ["\204\151"] = 220, -- U+0317 ["\204\152"] = 220, -- U+0318 ["\204\153"] = 220, -- U+0319 ["\204\154"] = 232, -- U+031A ["\204\155"] = 216, -- U+031B ["\204\156"] = 220, -- U+031C ["\204\157"] = 220, -- U+031D ["\204\158"] = 220, -- U+031E ["\204\159"] = 220, -- U+031F ["\204\160"] = 220, -- U+0320 ["\204\161"] = 202, -- U+0321 ["\204\162"] = 202, -- U+0322 ["\204\163"] = 220, -- U+0323 ["\204\164"] = 220, -- U+0324 ["\204\165"] = 220, -- U+0325 ["\204\166"] = 220, -- U+0326 ["\204\167"] = 202, -- U+0327 ["\204\168"] = 202, -- U+0328 ["\204\169"] = 220, -- U+0329 ["\204\170"] = 220, -- U+032A ["\204\171"] = 220, -- U+032B ["\204\172"] = 220, -- U+032C ["\204\173"] = 220, -- U+032D ["\204\174"] = 220, -- U+032E ["\204\175"] = 220, -- U+032F ["\204\176"] = 220, -- U+0330 ["\204\177"] = 220, -- U+0331 ["\204\178"] = 220, -- U+0332 ["\204\179"] = 220, -- U+0333 ["\204\180"] = 1, -- U+0334 ["\204\181"] = 1, -- U+0335 ["\204\182"] = 1, -- U+0336 ["\204\183"] = 1, -- U+0337 ["\204\184"] = 1, -- U+0338 ["\204\185"] = 220, -- U+0339 ["\204\186"] = 220, -- U+033A ["\204\187"] = 220, -- U+033B ["\204\188"] = 220, -- U+033C ["\204\189"] = 230, -- U+033D ["\204\190"] = 230, -- U+033E ["\204\191"] = 230, -- U+033F ["\205\128"] = 230, -- U+0340 ["\205\129"] = 230, -- U+0341 ["\205\130"] = 230, -- U+0342 ["\205\131"] = 230, -- U+0343 ["\205\132"] = 230, -- U+0344 ["\205\133"] = 240, -- U+0345 ["\205\134"] = 230, -- U+0346 ["\205\135"] = 220, -- U+0347 ["\205\136"] = 220, -- U+0348 ["\205\137"] = 220, -- U+0349 ["\205\138"] = 230, -- U+034A ["\205\139"] = 230, -- U+034B ["\205\140"] = 230, -- U+034C ["\205\141"] = 220, -- U+034D ["\205\142"] = 220, -- U+034E ["\205\144"] = 230, -- U+0350 ["\205\145"] = 230, -- U+0351 ["\205\146"] = 230, -- U+0352 ["\205\147"] = 220, -- U+0353 ["\205\148"] = 220, -- U+0354 ["\205\149"] = 220, -- U+0355 ["\205\150"] = 220, -- U+0356 ["\205\151"] = 230, -- U+0357 ["\205\152"] = 232, -- U+0358 ["\205\153"] = 220, -- U+0359 ["\205\154"] = 220, -- U+035A ["\205\155"] = 230, -- U+035B ["\205\156"] = 233, -- U+035C ["\205\157"] = 234, -- U+035D ["\205\158"] = 234, -- U+035E ["\205\159"] = 233, -- U+035F ["\205\160"] = 234, -- U+0360 ["\205\161"] = 234, -- U+0361 ["\205\162"] = 233, -- U+0362 ["\205\163"] = 230, -- U+0363 ["\205\164"] = 230, -- U+0364 ["\205\165"] = 230, -- U+0365 ["\205\166"] = 230, -- U+0366 ["\205\167"] = 230, -- U+0367 ["\205\168"] = 230, -- U+0368 ["\205\169"] = 230, -- U+0369 ["\205\170"] = 230, -- U+036A ["\205\171"] = 230, -- U+036B ["\205\172"] = 230, -- U+036C ["\205\173"] = 230, -- U+036D ["\205\174"] = 230, -- U+036E ["\205\175"] = 230, -- U+036F ["\210\131"] = 230, -- U+0483 ["\210\132"] = 230, -- U+0484 ["\210\133"] = 230, -- U+0485 ["\210\134"] = 230, -- U+0486 ["\210\135"] = 230, -- U+0487 ["\214\145"] = 220, -- U+0591 ["\214\146"] = 230, -- U+0592 ["\214\147"] = 230, -- U+0593 ["\214\148"] = 230, -- U+0594 ["\214\149"] = 230, -- U+0595 ["\214\150"] = 220, -- U+0596 ["\214\151"] = 230, -- U+0597 ["\214\152"] = 230, -- U+0598 ["\214\153"] = 230, -- U+0599 ["\214\154"] = 222, -- U+059A ["\214\155"] = 220, -- U+059B ["\214\156"] = 230, -- U+059C ["\214\157"] = 230, -- U+059D ["\214\158"] = 230, -- U+059E ["\214\159"] = 230, -- U+059F ["\214\160"] = 230, -- U+05A0 ["\214\161"] = 230, -- U+05A1 ["\214\162"] = 220, -- U+05A2 ["\214\163"] = 220, -- U+05A3 ["\214\164"] = 220, -- U+05A4 ["\214\165"] = 220, -- U+05A5 ["\214\166"] = 220, -- U+05A6 ["\214\167"] = 220, -- U+05A7 ["\214\168"] = 230, -- U+05A8 ["\214\169"] = 230, -- U+05A9 ["\214\170"] = 220, -- U+05AA ["\214\171"] = 230, -- U+05AB ["\214\172"] = 230, -- U+05AC ["\214\173"] = 222, -- U+05AD ["\214\174"] = 228, -- U+05AE ["\214\175"] = 230, -- U+05AF ["\214\176"] = 10, -- U+05B0 ["\214\177"] = 11, -- U+05B1 ["\214\178"] = 12, -- U+05B2 ["\214\179"] = 13, -- U+05B3 ["\214\180"] = 14, -- U+05B4 ["\214\181"] = 15, -- U+05B5 ["\214\182"] = 16, -- U+05B6 ["\214\183"] = 17, -- U+05B7 ["\214\184"] = 18, -- U+05B8 ["\214\185"] = 19, -- U+05B9 ["\214\186"] = 19, -- U+05BA ["\214\187"] = 20, -- U+05BB ["\214\188"] = 21, -- U+05BC ["\214\189"] = 22, -- U+05BD ["\214\191"] = 23, -- U+05BF ["\215\129"] = 24, -- U+05C1 ["\215\130"] = 25, -- U+05C2 ["\215\132"] = 230, -- U+05C4 ["\215\133"] = 220, -- U+05C5 ["\215\135"] = 18, -- U+05C7 ["\216\144"] = 230, -- U+0610 ["\216\145"] = 230, -- U+0611 ["\216\146"] = 230, -- U+0612 ["\216\147"] = 230, -- U+0613 ["\216\148"] = 230, -- U+0614 ["\216\149"] = 230, -- U+0615 ["\216\150"] = 230, -- U+0616 ["\216\151"] = 230, -- U+0617 ["\216\152"] = 30, -- U+0618 ["\216\153"] = 31, -- U+0619 ["\216\154"] = 32, -- U+061A ["\217\139"] = 27, -- U+064B ["\217\140"] = 28, -- U+064C ["\217\141"] = 29, -- U+064D ["\217\142"] = 30, -- U+064E ["\217\143"] = 31, -- U+064F ["\217\144"] = 32, -- U+0650 ["\217\145"] = 33, -- U+0651 ["\217\146"] = 34, -- U+0652 ["\217\147"] = 230, -- U+0653 ["\217\148"] = 230, -- U+0654 ["\217\149"] = 220, -- U+0655 ["\217\150"] = 220, -- U+0656 ["\217\151"] = 230, -- U+0657 ["\217\152"] = 230, -- U+0658 ["\217\153"] = 230, -- U+0659 ["\217\154"] = 230, -- U+065A ["\217\155"] = 230, -- U+065B ["\217\156"] = 220, -- U+065C ["\217\157"] = 230, -- U+065D ["\217\158"] = 230, -- U+065E ["\217\159"] = 220, -- U+065F ["\217\176"] = 35, -- U+0670 ["\219\150"] = 230, -- U+06D6 ["\219\151"] = 230, -- U+06D7 ["\219\152"] = 230, -- U+06D8 ["\219\153"] = 230, -- U+06D9 ["\219\154"] = 230, -- U+06DA ["\219\155"] = 230, -- U+06DB ["\219\156"] = 230, -- U+06DC ["\219\159"] = 230, -- U+06DF ["\219\160"] = 230, -- U+06E0 ["\219\161"] = 230, -- U+06E1 ["\219\162"] = 230, -- U+06E2 ["\219\163"] = 220, -- U+06E3 ["\219\164"] = 230, -- U+06E4 ["\219\167"] = 230, -- U+06E7 ["\219\168"] = 230, -- U+06E8 ["\219\170"] = 220, -- U+06EA ["\219\171"] = 230, -- U+06EB ["\219\172"] = 230, -- U+06EC ["\219\173"] = 220, -- U+06ED ["\220\145"] = 36, -- U+0711 ["\220\176"] = 230, -- U+0730 ["\220\177"] = 220, -- U+0731 ["\220\178"] = 230, -- U+0732 ["\220\179"] = 230, -- U+0733 ["\220\180"] = 220, -- U+0734 ["\220\181"] = 230, -- U+0735 ["\220\182"] = 230, -- U+0736 ["\220\183"] = 220, -- U+0737 ["\220\184"] = 220, -- U+0738 ["\220\185"] = 220, -- U+0739 ["\220\186"] = 230, -- U+073A ["\220\187"] = 220, -- U+073B ["\220\188"] = 220, -- U+073C ["\220\189"] = 230, -- U+073D ["\220\190"] = 220, -- U+073E ["\220\191"] = 230, -- U+073F ["\221\128"] = 230, -- U+0740 ["\221\129"] = 230, -- U+0741 ["\221\130"] = 220, -- U+0742 ["\221\131"] = 230, -- U+0743 ["\221\132"] = 220, -- U+0744 ["\221\133"] = 230, -- U+0745 ["\221\134"] = 220, -- U+0746 ["\221\135"] = 230, -- U+0747 ["\221\136"] = 220, -- U+0748 ["\221\137"] = 230, -- U+0749 ["\221\138"] = 230, -- U+074A ["\223\171"] = 230, -- U+07EB ["\223\172"] = 230, -- U+07EC ["\223\173"] = 230, -- U+07ED ["\223\174"] = 230, -- U+07EE ["\223\175"] = 230, -- U+07EF ["\223\176"] = 230, -- U+07F0 ["\223\177"] = 230, -- U+07F1 ["\223\178"] = 220, -- U+07F2 ["\223\179"] = 230, -- U+07F3 ["\223\189"] = 220, -- U+07FD ["\224\160\150"] = 230, -- U+0816 ["\224\160\151"] = 230, -- U+0817 ["\224\160\152"] = 230, -- U+0818 ["\224\160\153"] = 230, -- U+0819 ["\224\160\155"] = 230, -- U+081B ["\224\160\156"] = 230, -- U+081C ["\224\160\157"] = 230, -- U+081D ["\224\160\158"] = 230, -- U+081E ["\224\160\159"] = 230, -- U+081F ["\224\160\160"] = 230, -- U+0820 ["\224\160\161"] = 230, -- U+0821 ["\224\160\162"] = 230, -- U+0822 ["\224\160\163"] = 230, -- U+0823 ["\224\160\165"] = 230, -- U+0825 ["\224\160\166"] = 230, -- U+0826 ["\224\160\167"] = 230, -- U+0827 ["\224\160\169"] = 230, -- U+0829 ["\224\160\170"] = 230, -- U+082A ["\224\160\171"] = 230, -- U+082B ["\224\160\172"] = 230, -- U+082C ["\224\160\173"] = 230, -- U+082D ["\224\161\153"] = 220, -- U+0859 ["\224\161\154"] = 220, -- U+085A ["\224\161\155"] = 220, -- U+085B ["\224\162\151"] = 230, -- U+0897 ["\224\162\152"] = 230, -- U+0898 ["\224\162\153"] = 220, -- U+0899 ["\224\162\154"] = 220, -- U+089A ["\224\162\155"] = 220, -- U+089B ["\224\162\156"] = 230, -- U+089C ["\224\162\157"] = 230, -- U+089D ["\224\162\158"] = 230, -- U+089E ["\224\162\159"] = 230, -- U+089F ["\224\163\138"] = 230, -- U+08CA ["\224\163\139"] = 230, -- U+08CB ["\224\163\140"] = 230, -- U+08CC ["\224\163\141"] = 230, -- U+08CD ["\224\163\142"] = 230, -- U+08CE ["\224\163\143"] = 220, -- U+08CF ["\224\163\144"] = 220, -- U+08D0 ["\224\163\145"] = 220, -- U+08D1 ["\224\163\146"] = 220, -- U+08D2 ["\224\163\147"] = 220, -- U+08D3 ["\224\163\148"] = 230, -- U+08D4 ["\224\163\149"] = 230, -- U+08D5 ["\224\163\150"] = 230, -- U+08D6 ["\224\163\151"] = 230, -- U+08D7 ["\224\163\152"] = 230, -- U+08D8 ["\224\163\153"] = 230, -- U+08D9 ["\224\163\154"] = 230, -- U+08DA ["\224\163\155"] = 230, -- U+08DB ["\224\163\156"] = 230, -- U+08DC ["\224\163\157"] = 230, -- U+08DD ["\224\163\158"] = 230, -- U+08DE ["\224\163\159"] = 230, -- U+08DF ["\224\163\160"] = 230, -- U+08E0 ["\224\163\161"] = 230, -- U+08E1 ["\224\163\163"] = 220, -- U+08E3 ["\224\163\164"] = 230, -- U+08E4 ["\224\163\165"] = 230, -- U+08E5 ["\224\163\166"] = 220, -- U+08E6 ["\224\163\167"] = 230, -- U+08E7 ["\224\163\168"] = 230, -- U+08E8 ["\224\163\169"] = 220, -- U+08E9 ["\224\163\170"] = 230, -- U+08EA ["\224\163\171"] = 230, -- U+08EB ["\224\163\172"] = 230, -- U+08EC ["\224\163\173"] = 220, -- U+08ED ["\224\163\174"] = 220, -- U+08EE ["\224\163\175"] = 220, -- U+08EF ["\224\163\176"] = 27, -- U+08F0 ["\224\163\177"] = 28, -- U+08F1 ["\224\163\178"] = 29, -- U+08F2 ["\224\163\179"] = 230, -- U+08F3 ["\224\163\180"] = 230, -- U+08F4 ["\224\163\181"] = 230, -- U+08F5 ["\224\163\182"] = 220, -- U+08F6 ["\224\163\183"] = 230, -- U+08F7 ["\224\163\184"] = 230, -- U+08F8 ["\224\163\185"] = 220, -- U+08F9 ["\224\163\186"] = 220, -- U+08FA ["\224\163\187"] = 230, -- U+08FB ["\224\163\188"] = 230, -- U+08FC ["\224\163\189"] = 230, -- U+08FD ["\224\163\190"] = 230, -- U+08FE ["\224\163\191"] = 230, -- U+08FF ["\224\164\188"] = 7, -- U+093C ["\224\165\141"] = 9, -- U+094D ["\224\165\145"] = 230, -- U+0951 ["\224\165\146"] = 220, -- U+0952 ["\224\165\147"] = 230, -- U+0953 ["\224\165\148"] = 230, -- U+0954 ["\224\166\188"] = 7, -- U+09BC ["\224\167\141"] = 9, -- U+09CD ["\224\167\190"] = 230, -- U+09FE ["\224\168\188"] = 7, -- U+0A3C ["\224\169\141"] = 9, -- U+0A4D ["\224\170\188"] = 7, -- U+0ABC ["\224\171\141"] = 9, -- U+0ACD ["\224\172\188"] = 7, -- U+0B3C ["\224\173\141"] = 9, -- U+0B4D ["\224\175\141"] = 9, -- U+0BCD ["\224\176\188"] = 7, -- U+0C3C ["\224\177\141"] = 9, -- U+0C4D ["\224\177\149"] = 84, -- U+0C55 ["\224\177\150"] = 91, -- U+0C56 ["\224\178\188"] = 7, -- U+0CBC ["\224\179\141"] = 9, -- U+0CCD ["\224\180\187"] = 9, -- U+0D3B ["\224\180\188"] = 9, -- U+0D3C ["\224\181\141"] = 9, -- U+0D4D ["\224\183\138"] = 9, -- U+0DCA ["\224\184\184"] = 103, -- U+0E38 ["\224\184\185"] = 103, -- U+0E39 ["\224\184\186"] = 9, -- U+0E3A ["\224\185\136"] = 107, -- U+0E48 ["\224\185\137"] = 107, -- U+0E49 ["\224\185\138"] = 107, -- U+0E4A ["\224\185\139"] = 107, -- U+0E4B ["\224\186\184"] = 118, -- U+0EB8 ["\224\186\185"] = 118, -- U+0EB9 ["\224\186\186"] = 9, -- U+0EBA ["\224\187\136"] = 122, -- U+0EC8 ["\224\187\137"] = 122, -- U+0EC9 ["\224\187\138"] = 122, -- U+0ECA ["\224\187\139"] = 122, -- U+0ECB ["\224\188\152"] = 220, -- U+0F18 ["\224\188\153"] = 220, -- U+0F19 ["\224\188\181"] = 220, -- U+0F35 ["\224\188\183"] = 220, -- U+0F37 ["\224\188\185"] = 216, -- U+0F39 ["\224\189\177"] = 129, -- U+0F71 ["\224\189\178"] = 130, -- U+0F72 ["\224\189\180"] = 132, -- U+0F74 ["\224\189\186"] = 130, -- U+0F7A ["\224\189\187"] = 130, -- U+0F7B ["\224\189\188"] = 130, -- U+0F7C ["\224\189\189"] = 130, -- U+0F7D ["\224\190\128"] = 130, -- U+0F80 ["\224\190\130"] = 230, -- U+0F82 ["\224\190\131"] = 230, -- U+0F83 ["\224\190\132"] = 9, -- U+0F84 ["\224\190\134"] = 230, -- U+0F86 ["\224\190\135"] = 230, -- U+0F87 ["\224\191\134"] = 220, -- U+0FC6 ["\225\128\183"] = 7, -- U+1037 ["\225\128\185"] = 9, -- U+1039 ["\225\128\186"] = 9, -- U+103A ["\225\130\141"] = 220, -- U+108D ["\225\141\157"] = 230, -- U+135D ["\225\141\158"] = 230, -- U+135E ["\225\141\159"] = 230, -- U+135F ["\225\156\148"] = 9, -- U+1714 ["\225\156\149"] = 9, -- U+1715 ["\225\156\180"] = 9, -- U+1734 ["\225\159\146"] = 9, -- U+17D2 ["\225\159\157"] = 230, -- U+17DD ["\225\162\169"] = 228, -- U+18A9 ["\225\164\185"] = 222, -- U+1939 ["\225\164\186"] = 230, -- U+193A ["\225\164\187"] = 220, -- U+193B ["\225\168\151"] = 230, -- U+1A17 ["\225\168\152"] = 220, -- U+1A18 ["\225\169\160"] = 9, -- U+1A60 ["\225\169\181"] = 230, -- U+1A75 ["\225\169\182"] = 230, -- U+1A76 ["\225\169\183"] = 230, -- U+1A77 ["\225\169\184"] = 230, -- U+1A78 ["\225\169\185"] = 230, -- U+1A79 ["\225\169\186"] = 230, -- U+1A7A ["\225\169\187"] = 230, -- U+1A7B ["\225\169\188"] = 230, -- U+1A7C ["\225\169\191"] = 220, -- U+1A7F ["\225\170\176"] = 230, -- U+1AB0 ["\225\170\177"] = 230, -- U+1AB1 ["\225\170\178"] = 230, -- U+1AB2 ["\225\170\179"] = 230, -- U+1AB3 ["\225\170\180"] = 230, -- U+1AB4 ["\225\170\181"] = 220, -- U+1AB5 ["\225\170\182"] = 220, -- U+1AB6 ["\225\170\183"] = 220, -- U+1AB7 ["\225\170\184"] = 220, -- U+1AB8 ["\225\170\185"] = 220, -- U+1AB9 ["\225\170\186"] = 220, -- U+1ABA ["\225\170\187"] = 230, -- U+1ABB ["\225\170\188"] = 230, -- U+1ABC ["\225\170\189"] = 220, -- U+1ABD ["\225\170\191"] = 220, -- U+1ABF ["\225\171\128"] = 220, -- U+1AC0 ["\225\171\129"] = 230, -- U+1AC1 ["\225\171\130"] = 230, -- U+1AC2 ["\225\171\131"] = 220, -- U+1AC3 ["\225\171\132"] = 220, -- U+1AC4 ["\225\171\133"] = 230, -- U+1AC5 ["\225\171\134"] = 230, -- U+1AC6 ["\225\171\135"] = 230, -- U+1AC7 ["\225\171\136"] = 230, -- U+1AC8 ["\225\171\137"] = 230, -- U+1AC9 ["\225\171\138"] = 220, -- U+1ACA ["\225\171\139"] = 230, -- U+1ACB ["\225\171\140"] = 230, -- U+1ACC ["\225\171\141"] = 230, -- U+1ACD ["\225\171\142"] = 230, -- U+1ACE ["\225\172\180"] = 7, -- U+1B34 ["\225\173\132"] = 9, -- U+1B44 ["\225\173\171"] = 230, -- U+1B6B ["\225\173\172"] = 220, -- U+1B6C ["\225\173\173"] = 230, -- U+1B6D ["\225\173\174"] = 230, -- U+1B6E ["\225\173\175"] = 230, -- U+1B6F ["\225\173\176"] = 230, -- U+1B70 ["\225\173\177"] = 230, -- U+1B71 ["\225\173\178"] = 230, -- U+1B72 ["\225\173\179"] = 230, -- U+1B73 ["\225\174\170"] = 9, -- U+1BAA ["\225\174\171"] = 9, -- U+1BAB ["\225\175\166"] = 7, -- U+1BE6 ["\225\175\178"] = 9, -- U+1BF2 ["\225\175\179"] = 9, -- U+1BF3 ["\225\176\183"] = 7, -- U+1C37 ["\225\179\144"] = 230, -- U+1CD0 ["\225\179\145"] = 230, -- U+1CD1 ["\225\179\146"] = 230, -- U+1CD2 ["\225\179\148"] = 1, -- U+1CD4 ["\225\179\149"] = 220, -- U+1CD5 ["\225\179\150"] = 220, -- U+1CD6 ["\225\179\151"] = 220, -- U+1CD7 ["\225\179\152"] = 220, -- U+1CD8 ["\225\179\153"] = 220, -- U+1CD9 ["\225\179\154"] = 230, -- U+1CDA ["\225\179\155"] = 230, -- U+1CDB ["\225\179\156"] = 220, -- U+1CDC ["\225\179\157"] = 220, -- U+1CDD ["\225\179\158"] = 220, -- U+1CDE ["\225\179\159"] = 220, -- U+1CDF ["\225\179\160"] = 230, -- U+1CE0 ["\225\179\162"] = 1, -- U+1CE2 ["\225\179\163"] = 1, -- U+1CE3 ["\225\179\164"] = 1, -- U+1CE4 ["\225\179\165"] = 1, -- U+1CE5 ["\225\179\166"] = 1, -- U+1CE6 ["\225\179\167"] = 1, -- U+1CE7 ["\225\179\168"] = 1, -- U+1CE8 ["\225\179\173"] = 220, -- U+1CED ["\225\179\180"] = 230, -- U+1CF4 ["\225\179\184"] = 230, -- U+1CF8 ["\225\179\185"] = 230, -- U+1CF9 ["\225\183\128"] = 230, -- U+1DC0 ["\225\183\129"] = 230, -- U+1DC1 ["\225\183\130"] = 220, -- U+1DC2 ["\225\183\131"] = 230, -- U+1DC3 ["\225\183\132"] = 230, -- U+1DC4 ["\225\183\133"] = 230, -- U+1DC5 ["\225\183\134"] = 230, -- U+1DC6 ["\225\183\135"] = 230, -- U+1DC7 ["\225\183\136"] = 230, -- U+1DC8 ["\225\183\137"] = 230, -- U+1DC9 ["\225\183\138"] = 220, -- U+1DCA ["\225\183\139"] = 230, -- U+1DCB ["\225\183\140"] = 230, -- U+1DCC ["\225\183\141"] = 234, -- U+1DCD ["\225\183\142"] = 214, -- U+1DCE ["\225\183\143"] = 220, -- U+1DCF ["\225\183\144"] = 202, -- U+1DD0 ["\225\183\145"] = 230, -- U+1DD1 ["\225\183\146"] = 230, -- U+1DD2 ["\225\183\147"] = 230, -- U+1DD3 ["\225\183\148"] = 230, -- U+1DD4 ["\225\183\149"] = 230, -- U+1DD5 ["\225\183\150"] = 230, -- U+1DD6 ["\225\183\151"] = 230, -- U+1DD7 ["\225\183\152"] = 230, -- U+1DD8 ["\225\183\153"] = 230, -- U+1DD9 ["\225\183\154"] = 230, -- U+1DDA ["\225\183\155"] = 230, -- U+1DDB ["\225\183\156"] = 230, -- U+1DDC ["\225\183\157"] = 230, -- U+1DDD ["\225\183\158"] = 230, -- U+1DDE ["\225\183\159"] = 230, -- U+1DDF ["\225\183\160"] = 230, -- U+1DE0 ["\225\183\161"] = 230, -- U+1DE1 ["\225\183\162"] = 230, -- U+1DE2 ["\225\183\163"] = 230, -- U+1DE3 ["\225\183\164"] = 230, -- U+1DE4 ["\225\183\165"] = 230, -- U+1DE5 ["\225\183\166"] = 230, -- U+1DE6 ["\225\183\167"] = 230, -- U+1DE7 ["\225\183\168"] = 230, -- U+1DE8 ["\225\183\169"] = 230, -- U+1DE9 ["\225\183\170"] = 230, -- U+1DEA ["\225\183\171"] = 230, -- U+1DEB ["\225\183\172"] = 230, -- U+1DEC ["\225\183\173"] = 230, -- U+1DED ["\225\183\174"] = 230, -- U+1DEE ["\225\183\175"] = 230, -- U+1DEF ["\225\183\176"] = 230, -- U+1DF0 ["\225\183\177"] = 230, -- U+1DF1 ["\225\183\178"] = 230, -- U+1DF2 ["\225\183\179"] = 230, -- U+1DF3 ["\225\183\180"] = 230, -- U+1DF4 ["\225\183\181"] = 230, -- U+1DF5 ["\225\183\182"] = 232, -- U+1DF6 ["\225\183\183"] = 228, -- U+1DF7 ["\225\183\184"] = 228, -- U+1DF8 ["\225\183\185"] = 220, -- U+1DF9 ["\225\183\186"] = 218, -- U+1DFA ["\225\183\187"] = 230, -- U+1DFB ["\225\183\188"] = 233, -- U+1DFC ["\225\183\189"] = 220, -- U+1DFD ["\225\183\190"] = 230, -- U+1DFE ["\225\183\191"] = 220, -- U+1DFF ["\226\131\144"] = 230, -- U+20D0 ["\226\131\145"] = 230, -- U+20D1 ["\226\131\146"] = 1, -- U+20D2 ["\226\131\147"] = 1, -- U+20D3 ["\226\131\148"] = 230, -- U+20D4 ["\226\131\149"] = 230, -- U+20D5 ["\226\131\150"] = 230, -- U+20D6 ["\226\131\151"] = 230, -- U+20D7 ["\226\131\152"] = 1, -- U+20D8 ["\226\131\153"] = 1, -- U+20D9 ["\226\131\154"] = 1, -- U+20DA ["\226\131\155"] = 230, -- U+20DB ["\226\131\156"] = 230, -- U+20DC ["\226\131\161"] = 230, -- U+20E1 ["\226\131\165"] = 1, -- U+20E5 ["\226\131\166"] = 1, -- U+20E6 ["\226\131\167"] = 230, -- U+20E7 ["\226\131\168"] = 220, -- U+20E8 ["\226\131\169"] = 230, -- U+20E9 ["\226\131\170"] = 1, -- U+20EA ["\226\131\171"] = 1, -- U+20EB ["\226\131\172"] = 220, -- U+20EC ["\226\131\173"] = 220, -- U+20ED ["\226\131\174"] = 220, -- U+20EE ["\226\131\175"] = 220, -- U+20EF ["\226\131\176"] = 230, -- U+20F0 ["\226\179\175"] = 230, -- U+2CEF ["\226\179\176"] = 230, -- U+2CF0 ["\226\179\177"] = 230, -- U+2CF1 ["\226\181\191"] = 9, -- U+2D7F ["\226\183\160"] = 230, -- U+2DE0 ["\226\183\161"] = 230, -- U+2DE1 ["\226\183\162"] = 230, -- U+2DE2 ["\226\183\163"] = 230, -- U+2DE3 ["\226\183\164"] = 230, -- U+2DE4 ["\226\183\165"] = 230, -- U+2DE5 ["\226\183\166"] = 230, -- U+2DE6 ["\226\183\167"] = 230, -- U+2DE7 ["\226\183\168"] = 230, -- U+2DE8 ["\226\183\169"] = 230, -- U+2DE9 ["\226\183\170"] = 230, -- U+2DEA ["\226\183\171"] = 230, -- U+2DEB ["\226\183\172"] = 230, -- U+2DEC ["\226\183\173"] = 230, -- U+2DED ["\226\183\174"] = 230, -- U+2DEE ["\226\183\175"] = 230, -- U+2DEF ["\226\183\176"] = 230, -- U+2DF0 ["\226\183\177"] = 230, -- U+2DF1 ["\226\183\178"] = 230, -- U+2DF2 ["\226\183\179"] = 230, -- U+2DF3 ["\226\183\180"] = 230, -- U+2DF4 ["\226\183\181"] = 230, -- U+2DF5 ["\226\183\182"] = 230, -- U+2DF6 ["\226\183\183"] = 230, -- U+2DF7 ["\226\183\184"] = 230, -- U+2DF8 ["\226\183\185"] = 230, -- U+2DF9 ["\226\183\186"] = 230, -- U+2DFA ["\226\183\187"] = 230, -- U+2DFB ["\226\183\188"] = 230, -- U+2DFC ["\226\183\189"] = 230, -- U+2DFD ["\226\183\190"] = 230, -- U+2DFE ["\226\183\191"] = 230, -- U+2DFF ["\227\128\170"] = 218, -- U+302A ["\227\128\171"] = 228, -- U+302B ["\227\128\172"] = 232, -- U+302C ["\227\128\173"] = 222, -- U+302D ["\227\128\174"] = 224, -- U+302E ["\227\128\175"] = 224, -- U+302F ["\227\130\153"] = 8, -- U+3099 ["\227\130\154"] = 8, -- U+309A ["\234\153\175"] = 230, -- U+A66F ["\234\153\180"] = 230, -- U+A674 ["\234\153\181"] = 230, -- U+A675 ["\234\153\182"] = 230, -- U+A676 ["\234\153\183"] = 230, -- U+A677 ["\234\153\184"] = 230, -- U+A678 ["\234\153\185"] = 230, -- U+A679 ["\234\153\186"] = 230, -- U+A67A ["\234\153\187"] = 230, -- U+A67B ["\234\153\188"] = 230, -- U+A67C ["\234\153\189"] = 230, -- U+A67D ["\234\154\158"] = 230, -- U+A69E ["\234\154\159"] = 230, -- U+A69F ["\234\155\176"] = 230, -- U+A6F0 ["\234\155\177"] = 230, -- U+A6F1 ["\234\160\134"] = 9, -- U+A806 ["\234\160\172"] = 9, -- U+A82C ["\234\163\132"] = 9, -- U+A8C4 ["\234\163\160"] = 230, -- U+A8E0 ["\234\163\161"] = 230, -- U+A8E1 ["\234\163\162"] = 230, -- U+A8E2 ["\234\163\163"] = 230, -- U+A8E3 ["\234\163\164"] = 230, -- U+A8E4 ["\234\163\165"] = 230, -- U+A8E5 ["\234\163\166"] = 230, -- U+A8E6 ["\234\163\167"] = 230, -- U+A8E7 ["\234\163\168"] = 230, -- U+A8E8 ["\234\163\169"] = 230, -- U+A8E9 ["\234\163\170"] = 230, -- U+A8EA ["\234\163\171"] = 230, -- U+A8EB ["\234\163\172"] = 230, -- U+A8EC ["\234\163\173"] = 230, -- U+A8ED ["\234\163\174"] = 230, -- U+A8EE ["\234\163\175"] = 230, -- U+A8EF ["\234\163\176"] = 230, -- U+A8F0 ["\234\163\177"] = 230, -- U+A8F1 ["\234\164\171"] = 220, -- U+A92B ["\234\164\172"] = 220, -- U+A92C ["\234\164\173"] = 220, -- U+A92D ["\234\165\147"] = 9, -- U+A953 ["\234\166\179"] = 7, -- U+A9B3 ["\234\167\128"] = 9, -- U+A9C0 ["\234\170\176"] = 230, -- U+AAB0 ["\234\170\178"] = 230, -- U+AAB2 ["\234\170\179"] = 230, -- U+AAB3 ["\234\170\180"] = 220, -- U+AAB4 ["\234\170\183"] = 230, -- U+AAB7 ["\234\170\184"] = 230, -- U+AAB8 ["\234\170\190"] = 230, -- U+AABE ["\234\170\191"] = 230, -- U+AABF ["\234\171\129"] = 230, -- U+AAC1 ["\234\171\182"] = 9, -- U+AAF6 ["\234\175\173"] = 9, -- U+ABED ["\239\172\158"] = 26, -- U+FB1E ["\239\184\160"] = 230, -- U+FE20 ["\239\184\161"] = 230, -- U+FE21 ["\239\184\162"] = 230, -- U+FE22 ["\239\184\163"] = 230, -- U+FE23 ["\239\184\164"] = 230, -- U+FE24 ["\239\184\165"] = 230, -- U+FE25 ["\239\184\166"] = 230, -- U+FE26 ["\239\184\167"] = 220, -- U+FE27 ["\239\184\168"] = 220, -- U+FE28 ["\239\184\169"] = 220, -- U+FE29 ["\239\184\170"] = 220, -- U+FE2A ["\239\184\171"] = 220, -- U+FE2B ["\239\184\172"] = 220, -- U+FE2C ["\239\184\173"] = 220, -- U+FE2D ["\239\184\174"] = 230, -- U+FE2E ["\239\184\175"] = 230, -- U+FE2F ["\240\144\135\189"] = 220, -- U+101FD ["\240\144\139\160"] = 220, -- U+102E0 ["\240\144\141\182"] = 230, -- U+10376 ["\240\144\141\183"] = 230, -- U+10377 ["\240\144\141\184"] = 230, -- U+10378 ["\240\144\141\185"] = 230, -- U+10379 ["\240\144\141\186"] = 230, -- U+1037A ["\240\144\168\141"] = 220, -- U+10A0D ["\240\144\168\143"] = 230, -- U+10A0F ["\240\144\168\184"] = 230, -- U+10A38 ["\240\144\168\185"] = 1, -- U+10A39 ["\240\144\168\186"] = 220, -- U+10A3A ["\240\144\168\191"] = 9, -- U+10A3F ["\240\144\171\165"] = 230, -- U+10AE5 ["\240\144\171\166"] = 220, -- U+10AE6 ["\240\144\180\164"] = 230, -- U+10D24 ["\240\144\180\165"] = 230, -- U+10D25 ["\240\144\180\166"] = 230, -- U+10D26 ["\240\144\180\167"] = 230, -- U+10D27 ["\240\144\181\169"] = 230, -- U+10D69 ["\240\144\181\170"] = 230, -- U+10D6A ["\240\144\181\171"] = 230, -- U+10D6B ["\240\144\181\172"] = 230, -- U+10D6C ["\240\144\181\173"] = 230, -- U+10D6D ["\240\144\186\171"] = 230, -- U+10EAB ["\240\144\186\172"] = 230, -- U+10EAC ["\240\144\187\189"] = 220, -- U+10EFD ["\240\144\187\190"] = 220, -- U+10EFE ["\240\144\187\191"] = 220, -- U+10EFF ["\240\144\189\134"] = 220, -- U+10F46 ["\240\144\189\135"] = 220, -- U+10F47 ["\240\144\189\136"] = 230, -- U+10F48 ["\240\144\189\137"] = 230, -- U+10F49 ["\240\144\189\138"] = 230, -- U+10F4A ["\240\144\189\139"] = 220, -- U+10F4B ["\240\144\189\140"] = 230, -- U+10F4C ["\240\144\189\141"] = 220, -- U+10F4D ["\240\144\189\142"] = 220, -- U+10F4E ["\240\144\189\143"] = 220, -- U+10F4F ["\240\144\189\144"] = 220, -- U+10F50 ["\240\144\190\130"] = 230, -- U+10F82 ["\240\144\190\131"] = 220, -- U+10F83 ["\240\144\190\132"] = 230, -- U+10F84 ["\240\144\190\133"] = 220, -- U+10F85 ["\240\145\129\134"] = 9, -- U+11046 ["\240\145\129\176"] = 9, -- U+11070 ["\240\145\129\191"] = 9, -- U+1107F ["\240\145\130\185"] = 9, -- U+110B9 ["\240\145\130\186"] = 7, -- U+110BA ["\240\145\132\128"] = 230, -- U+11100 ["\240\145\132\129"] = 230, -- U+11101 ["\240\145\132\130"] = 230, -- U+11102 ["\240\145\132\179"] = 9, -- U+11133 ["\240\145\132\180"] = 9, -- U+11134 ["\240\145\133\179"] = 7, -- U+11173 ["\240\145\135\128"] = 9, -- U+111C0 ["\240\145\135\138"] = 7, -- U+111CA ["\240\145\136\181"] = 9, -- U+11235 ["\240\145\136\182"] = 7, -- U+11236 ["\240\145\139\169"] = 7, -- U+112E9 ["\240\145\139\170"] = 9, -- U+112EA ["\240\145\140\187"] = 7, -- U+1133B ["\240\145\140\188"] = 7, -- U+1133C ["\240\145\141\141"] = 9, -- U+1134D ["\240\145\141\166"] = 230, -- U+11366 ["\240\145\141\167"] = 230, -- U+11367 ["\240\145\141\168"] = 230, -- U+11368 ["\240\145\141\169"] = 230, -- U+11369 ["\240\145\141\170"] = 230, -- U+1136A ["\240\145\141\171"] = 230, -- U+1136B ["\240\145\141\172"] = 230, -- U+1136C ["\240\145\141\176"] = 230, -- U+11370 ["\240\145\141\177"] = 230, -- U+11371 ["\240\145\141\178"] = 230, -- U+11372 ["\240\145\141\179"] = 230, -- U+11373 ["\240\145\141\180"] = 230, -- U+11374 ["\240\145\143\142"] = 9, -- U+113CE ["\240\145\143\143"] = 9, -- U+113CF ["\240\145\143\144"] = 9, -- U+113D0 ["\240\145\145\130"] = 9, -- U+11442 ["\240\145\145\134"] = 7, -- U+11446 ["\240\145\145\158"] = 230, -- U+1145E ["\240\145\147\130"] = 9, -- U+114C2 ["\240\145\147\131"] = 7, -- U+114C3 ["\240\145\150\191"] = 9, -- U+115BF ["\240\145\151\128"] = 7, -- U+115C0 ["\240\145\152\191"] = 9, -- U+1163F ["\240\145\154\182"] = 9, -- U+116B6 ["\240\145\154\183"] = 7, -- U+116B7 ["\240\145\156\171"] = 9, -- U+1172B ["\240\145\160\185"] = 9, -- U+11839 ["\240\145\160\186"] = 7, -- U+1183A ["\240\145\164\189"] = 9, -- U+1193D ["\240\145\164\190"] = 9, -- U+1193E ["\240\145\165\131"] = 7, -- U+11943 ["\240\145\167\160"] = 9, -- U+119E0 ["\240\145\168\180"] = 9, -- U+11A34 ["\240\145\169\135"] = 9, -- U+11A47 ["\240\145\170\153"] = 9, -- U+11A99 ["\240\145\176\191"] = 9, -- U+11C3F ["\240\145\181\130"] = 7, -- U+11D42 ["\240\145\181\132"] = 9, -- U+11D44 ["\240\145\181\133"] = 9, -- U+11D45 ["\240\145\182\151"] = 9, -- U+11D97 ["\240\145\189\129"] = 9, -- U+11F41 ["\240\145\189\130"] = 9, -- U+11F42 ["\240\150\132\175"] = 9, -- U+1612F ["\240\150\171\176"] = 1, -- U+16AF0 ["\240\150\171\177"] = 1, -- U+16AF1 ["\240\150\171\178"] = 1, -- U+16AF2 ["\240\150\171\179"] = 1, -- U+16AF3 ["\240\150\171\180"] = 1, -- U+16AF4 ["\240\150\172\176"] = 230, -- U+16B30 ["\240\150\172\177"] = 230, -- U+16B31 ["\240\150\172\178"] = 230, -- U+16B32 ["\240\150\172\179"] = 230, -- U+16B33 ["\240\150\172\180"] = 230, -- U+16B34 ["\240\150\172\181"] = 230, -- U+16B35 ["\240\150\172\182"] = 230, -- U+16B36 ["\240\150\191\176"] = 6, -- U+16FF0 ["\240\150\191\177"] = 6, -- U+16FF1 ["\240\155\178\158"] = 1, -- U+1BC9E ["\240\157\133\165"] = 216, -- U+1D165 ["\240\157\133\166"] = 216, -- U+1D166 ["\240\157\133\167"] = 1, -- U+1D167 ["\240\157\133\168"] = 1, -- U+1D168 ["\240\157\133\169"] = 1, -- U+1D169 ["\240\157\133\173"] = 226, -- U+1D16D ["\240\157\133\174"] = 216, -- U+1D16E ["\240\157\133\175"] = 216, -- U+1D16F ["\240\157\133\176"] = 216, -- U+1D170 ["\240\157\133\177"] = 216, -- U+1D171 ["\240\157\133\178"] = 216, -- U+1D172 ["\240\157\133\187"] = 220, -- U+1D17B ["\240\157\133\188"] = 220, -- U+1D17C ["\240\157\133\189"] = 220, -- U+1D17D ["\240\157\133\190"] = 220, -- U+1D17E ["\240\157\133\191"] = 220, -- U+1D17F ["\240\157\134\128"] = 220, -- U+1D180 ["\240\157\134\129"] = 220, -- U+1D181 ["\240\157\134\130"] = 220, -- U+1D182 ["\240\157\134\133"] = 230, -- U+1D185 ["\240\157\134\134"] = 230, -- U+1D186 ["\240\157\134\135"] = 230, -- U+1D187 ["\240\157\134\136"] = 230, -- U+1D188 ["\240\157\134\137"] = 230, -- U+1D189 ["\240\157\134\138"] = 220, -- U+1D18A ["\240\157\134\139"] = 220, -- U+1D18B ["\240\157\134\170"] = 230, -- U+1D1AA ["\240\157\134\171"] = 230, -- U+1D1AB ["\240\157\134\172"] = 230, -- U+1D1AC ["\240\157\134\173"] = 230, -- U+1D1AD ["\240\157\137\130"] = 230, -- U+1D242 ["\240\157\137\131"] = 230, -- U+1D243 ["\240\157\137\132"] = 230, -- U+1D244 ["\240\158\128\128"] = 230, -- U+1E000 ["\240\158\128\129"] = 230, -- U+1E001 ["\240\158\128\130"] = 230, -- U+1E002 ["\240\158\128\131"] = 230, -- U+1E003 ["\240\158\128\132"] = 230, -- U+1E004 ["\240\158\128\133"] = 230, -- U+1E005 ["\240\158\128\134"] = 230, -- U+1E006 ["\240\158\128\136"] = 230, -- U+1E008 ["\240\158\128\137"] = 230, -- U+1E009 ["\240\158\128\138"] = 230, -- U+1E00A ["\240\158\128\139"] = 230, -- U+1E00B ["\240\158\128\140"] = 230, -- U+1E00C ["\240\158\128\141"] = 230, -- U+1E00D ["\240\158\128\142"] = 230, -- U+1E00E ["\240\158\128\143"] = 230, -- U+1E00F ["\240\158\128\144"] = 230, -- U+1E010 ["\240\158\128\145"] = 230, -- U+1E011 ["\240\158\128\146"] = 230, -- U+1E012 ["\240\158\128\147"] = 230, -- U+1E013 ["\240\158\128\148"] = 230, -- U+1E014 ["\240\158\128\149"] = 230, -- U+1E015 ["\240\158\128\150"] = 230, -- U+1E016 ["\240\158\128\151"] = 230, -- U+1E017 ["\240\158\128\152"] = 230, -- U+1E018 ["\240\158\128\155"] = 230, -- U+1E01B ["\240\158\128\156"] = 230, -- U+1E01C ["\240\158\128\157"] = 230, -- U+1E01D ["\240\158\128\158"] = 230, -- U+1E01E ["\240\158\128\159"] = 230, -- U+1E01F ["\240\158\128\160"] = 230, -- U+1E020 ["\240\158\128\161"] = 230, -- U+1E021 ["\240\158\128\163"] = 230, -- U+1E023 ["\240\158\128\164"] = 230, -- U+1E024 ["\240\158\128\166"] = 230, -- U+1E026 ["\240\158\128\167"] = 230, -- U+1E027 ["\240\158\128\168"] = 230, -- U+1E028 ["\240\158\128\169"] = 230, -- U+1E029 ["\240\158\128\170"] = 230, -- U+1E02A ["\240\158\130\143"] = 230, -- U+1E08F ["\240\158\132\176"] = 230, -- U+1E130 ["\240\158\132\177"] = 230, -- U+1E131 ["\240\158\132\178"] = 230, -- U+1E132 ["\240\158\132\179"] = 230, -- U+1E133 ["\240\158\132\180"] = 230, -- U+1E134 ["\240\158\132\181"] = 230, -- U+1E135 ["\240\158\132\182"] = 230, -- U+1E136 ["\240\158\138\174"] = 230, -- U+1E2AE ["\240\158\139\172"] = 230, -- U+1E2EC ["\240\158\139\173"] = 230, -- U+1E2ED ["\240\158\139\174"] = 230, -- U+1E2EE ["\240\158\139\175"] = 230, -- U+1E2EF ["\240\158\147\172"] = 232, -- U+1E4EC ["\240\158\147\173"] = 232, -- U+1E4ED ["\240\158\147\174"] = 220, -- U+1E4EE ["\240\158\147\175"] = 230, -- U+1E4EF ["\240\158\151\174"] = 230, -- U+1E5EE ["\240\158\151\175"] = 220, -- U+1E5EF ["\240\158\163\144"] = 220, -- U+1E8D0 ["\240\158\163\145"] = 220, -- U+1E8D1 ["\240\158\163\146"] = 220, -- U+1E8D2 ["\240\158\163\147"] = 220, -- U+1E8D3 ["\240\158\163\148"] = 220, -- U+1E8D4 ["\240\158\163\149"] = 220, -- U+1E8D5 ["\240\158\163\150"] = 220, -- U+1E8D6 ["\240\158\165\132"] = 230, -- U+1E944 ["\240\158\165\133"] = 230, -- U+1E945 ["\240\158\165\134"] = 230, -- U+1E946 ["\240\158\165\135"] = 230, -- U+1E947 ["\240\158\165\136"] = 230, -- U+1E948 ["\240\158\165\137"] = 230, -- U+1E949 ["\240\158\165\138"] = 7, -- U+1E94A } ium5zhpfi0yhd8u17lmimgbd73r48zt 1374637 2025-07-30T12:07:55Z en>Dušan Kreheľ 0 Data are direct from commons ([[:commons:Data:Unicode/data/combining/singles.tab]] & [[:commons:Data:Unicode/data/combining/ranges.tab]]) 1374637 Scribunto text/plain -- [[:commons:Data:Unicode/data/combining/singles.tab]] -- [[:commons:Data:Unicode/data/combining/ranges.tab]] local function get_result() local write_index local result={} -- singles result.singles={} local data=mw.ext.data.get("Unicode/data/combining/singles.tab") for index, cols in ipairs(data.data) do if cols[1] and cols[2] then result.singles[tonumber(cols[1], 16)]=cols[2] end end -- ranges data=mw.ext.data.get("Unicode/data/combining/ranges.tab") write_index=1 result.ranges={} for index, cols in ipairs(data.data) do if cols[1] and cols[2] and cols[3] then result.ranges[write_index]={tonumber(cols[1], 16), tonumber(cols[2], 16), cols[3]} write_index=write_index+1 end end result.ranges.length = #result.ranges return result end return get_result() dwy2izelqyn9uq7l9v1hjgyzrs066vx 1374638 1374585 2026-06-03T00:31:56Z A826 72368 ೧ revisions imported from [[:en:Module:Unicode_data/combining]] 1374585 Scribunto text/plain -- Generated by [[Module:Unicode data/build]] combining_classes_formatted (Unicode version 17.0) return { ["\204\128"] = 230, -- U+0300 ["\204\129"] = 230, -- U+0301 ["\204\130"] = 230, -- U+0302 ["\204\131"] = 230, -- U+0303 ["\204\132"] = 230, -- U+0304 ["\204\133"] = 230, -- U+0305 ["\204\134"] = 230, -- U+0306 ["\204\135"] = 230, -- U+0307 ["\204\136"] = 230, -- U+0308 ["\204\137"] = 230, -- U+0309 ["\204\138"] = 230, -- U+030A ["\204\139"] = 230, -- U+030B ["\204\140"] = 230, -- U+030C ["\204\141"] = 230, -- U+030D ["\204\142"] = 230, -- U+030E ["\204\143"] = 230, -- U+030F ["\204\144"] = 230, -- U+0310 ["\204\145"] = 230, -- U+0311 ["\204\146"] = 230, -- U+0312 ["\204\147"] = 230, -- U+0313 ["\204\148"] = 230, -- U+0314 ["\204\149"] = 232, -- U+0315 ["\204\150"] = 220, -- U+0316 ["\204\151"] = 220, -- U+0317 ["\204\152"] = 220, -- U+0318 ["\204\153"] = 220, -- U+0319 ["\204\154"] = 232, -- U+031A ["\204\155"] = 216, -- U+031B ["\204\156"] = 220, -- U+031C ["\204\157"] = 220, -- U+031D ["\204\158"] = 220, -- U+031E ["\204\159"] = 220, -- U+031F ["\204\160"] = 220, -- U+0320 ["\204\161"] = 202, -- U+0321 ["\204\162"] = 202, -- U+0322 ["\204\163"] = 220, -- U+0323 ["\204\164"] = 220, -- U+0324 ["\204\165"] = 220, -- U+0325 ["\204\166"] = 220, -- U+0326 ["\204\167"] = 202, -- U+0327 ["\204\168"] = 202, -- U+0328 ["\204\169"] = 220, -- U+0329 ["\204\170"] = 220, -- U+032A ["\204\171"] = 220, -- U+032B ["\204\172"] = 220, -- U+032C ["\204\173"] = 220, -- U+032D ["\204\174"] = 220, -- U+032E ["\204\175"] = 220, -- U+032F ["\204\176"] = 220, -- U+0330 ["\204\177"] = 220, -- U+0331 ["\204\178"] = 220, -- U+0332 ["\204\179"] = 220, -- U+0333 ["\204\180"] = 1, -- U+0334 ["\204\181"] = 1, -- U+0335 ["\204\182"] = 1, -- U+0336 ["\204\183"] = 1, -- U+0337 ["\204\184"] = 1, -- U+0338 ["\204\185"] = 220, -- U+0339 ["\204\186"] = 220, -- U+033A ["\204\187"] = 220, -- U+033B ["\204\188"] = 220, -- U+033C ["\204\189"] = 230, -- U+033D ["\204\190"] = 230, -- U+033E ["\204\191"] = 230, -- U+033F ["\205\128"] = 230, -- U+0340 ["\205\129"] = 230, -- U+0341 ["\205\130"] = 230, -- U+0342 ["\205\131"] = 230, -- U+0343 ["\205\132"] = 230, -- U+0344 ["\205\133"] = 240, -- U+0345 ["\205\134"] = 230, -- U+0346 ["\205\135"] = 220, -- U+0347 ["\205\136"] = 220, -- U+0348 ["\205\137"] = 220, -- U+0349 ["\205\138"] = 230, -- U+034A ["\205\139"] = 230, -- U+034B ["\205\140"] = 230, -- U+034C ["\205\141"] = 220, -- U+034D ["\205\142"] = 220, -- U+034E ["\205\144"] = 230, -- U+0350 ["\205\145"] = 230, -- U+0351 ["\205\146"] = 230, -- U+0352 ["\205\147"] = 220, -- U+0353 ["\205\148"] = 220, -- U+0354 ["\205\149"] = 220, -- U+0355 ["\205\150"] = 220, -- U+0356 ["\205\151"] = 230, -- U+0357 ["\205\152"] = 232, -- U+0358 ["\205\153"] = 220, -- U+0359 ["\205\154"] = 220, -- U+035A ["\205\155"] = 230, -- U+035B ["\205\156"] = 233, -- U+035C ["\205\157"] = 234, -- U+035D ["\205\158"] = 234, -- U+035E ["\205\159"] = 233, -- U+035F ["\205\160"] = 234, -- U+0360 ["\205\161"] = 234, -- U+0361 ["\205\162"] = 233, -- U+0362 ["\205\163"] = 230, -- U+0363 ["\205\164"] = 230, -- U+0364 ["\205\165"] = 230, -- U+0365 ["\205\166"] = 230, -- U+0366 ["\205\167"] = 230, -- U+0367 ["\205\168"] = 230, -- U+0368 ["\205\169"] = 230, -- U+0369 ["\205\170"] = 230, -- U+036A ["\205\171"] = 230, -- U+036B ["\205\172"] = 230, -- U+036C ["\205\173"] = 230, -- U+036D ["\205\174"] = 230, -- U+036E ["\205\175"] = 230, -- U+036F ["\210\131"] = 230, -- U+0483 ["\210\132"] = 230, -- U+0484 ["\210\133"] = 230, -- U+0485 ["\210\134"] = 230, -- U+0486 ["\210\135"] = 230, -- U+0487 ["\214\145"] = 220, -- U+0591 ["\214\146"] = 230, -- U+0592 ["\214\147"] = 230, -- U+0593 ["\214\148"] = 230, -- U+0594 ["\214\149"] = 230, -- U+0595 ["\214\150"] = 220, -- U+0596 ["\214\151"] = 230, -- U+0597 ["\214\152"] = 230, -- U+0598 ["\214\153"] = 230, -- U+0599 ["\214\154"] = 222, -- U+059A ["\214\155"] = 220, -- U+059B ["\214\156"] = 230, -- U+059C ["\214\157"] = 230, -- U+059D ["\214\158"] = 230, -- U+059E ["\214\159"] = 230, -- U+059F ["\214\160"] = 230, -- U+05A0 ["\214\161"] = 230, -- U+05A1 ["\214\162"] = 220, -- U+05A2 ["\214\163"] = 220, -- U+05A3 ["\214\164"] = 220, -- U+05A4 ["\214\165"] = 220, -- U+05A5 ["\214\166"] = 220, -- U+05A6 ["\214\167"] = 220, -- U+05A7 ["\214\168"] = 230, -- U+05A8 ["\214\169"] = 230, -- U+05A9 ["\214\170"] = 220, -- U+05AA ["\214\171"] = 230, -- U+05AB ["\214\172"] = 230, -- U+05AC ["\214\173"] = 222, -- U+05AD ["\214\174"] = 228, -- U+05AE ["\214\175"] = 230, -- U+05AF ["\214\176"] = 10, -- U+05B0 ["\214\177"] = 11, -- U+05B1 ["\214\178"] = 12, -- U+05B2 ["\214\179"] = 13, -- U+05B3 ["\214\180"] = 14, -- U+05B4 ["\214\181"] = 15, -- U+05B5 ["\214\182"] = 16, -- U+05B6 ["\214\183"] = 17, -- U+05B7 ["\214\184"] = 18, -- U+05B8 ["\214\185"] = 19, -- U+05B9 ["\214\186"] = 19, -- U+05BA ["\214\187"] = 20, -- U+05BB ["\214\188"] = 21, -- U+05BC ["\214\189"] = 22, -- U+05BD ["\214\191"] = 23, -- U+05BF ["\215\129"] = 24, -- U+05C1 ["\215\130"] = 25, -- U+05C2 ["\215\132"] = 230, -- U+05C4 ["\215\133"] = 220, -- U+05C5 ["\215\135"] = 18, -- U+05C7 ["\216\144"] = 230, -- U+0610 ["\216\145"] = 230, -- U+0611 ["\216\146"] = 230, -- U+0612 ["\216\147"] = 230, -- U+0613 ["\216\148"] = 230, -- U+0614 ["\216\149"] = 230, -- U+0615 ["\216\150"] = 230, -- U+0616 ["\216\151"] = 230, -- U+0617 ["\216\152"] = 30, -- U+0618 ["\216\153"] = 31, -- U+0619 ["\216\154"] = 32, -- U+061A ["\217\139"] = 27, -- U+064B ["\217\140"] = 28, -- U+064C ["\217\141"] = 29, -- U+064D ["\217\142"] = 30, -- U+064E ["\217\143"] = 31, -- U+064F ["\217\144"] = 32, -- U+0650 ["\217\145"] = 33, -- U+0651 ["\217\146"] = 34, -- U+0652 ["\217\147"] = 230, -- U+0653 ["\217\148"] = 230, -- U+0654 ["\217\149"] = 220, -- U+0655 ["\217\150"] = 220, -- U+0656 ["\217\151"] = 230, -- U+0657 ["\217\152"] = 230, -- U+0658 ["\217\153"] = 230, -- U+0659 ["\217\154"] = 230, -- U+065A ["\217\155"] = 230, -- U+065B ["\217\156"] = 220, -- U+065C ["\217\157"] = 230, -- U+065D ["\217\158"] = 230, -- U+065E ["\217\159"] = 220, -- U+065F ["\217\176"] = 35, -- U+0670 ["\219\150"] = 230, -- U+06D6 ["\219\151"] = 230, -- U+06D7 ["\219\152"] = 230, -- U+06D8 ["\219\153"] = 230, -- U+06D9 ["\219\154"] = 230, -- U+06DA ["\219\155"] = 230, -- U+06DB ["\219\156"] = 230, -- U+06DC ["\219\159"] = 230, -- U+06DF ["\219\160"] = 230, -- U+06E0 ["\219\161"] = 230, -- U+06E1 ["\219\162"] = 230, -- U+06E2 ["\219\163"] = 220, -- U+06E3 ["\219\164"] = 230, -- U+06E4 ["\219\167"] = 230, -- U+06E7 ["\219\168"] = 230, -- U+06E8 ["\219\170"] = 220, -- U+06EA ["\219\171"] = 230, -- U+06EB ["\219\172"] = 230, -- U+06EC ["\219\173"] = 220, -- U+06ED ["\220\145"] = 36, -- U+0711 ["\220\176"] = 230, -- U+0730 ["\220\177"] = 220, -- U+0731 ["\220\178"] = 230, -- U+0732 ["\220\179"] = 230, -- U+0733 ["\220\180"] = 220, -- U+0734 ["\220\181"] = 230, -- U+0735 ["\220\182"] = 230, -- U+0736 ["\220\183"] = 220, -- U+0737 ["\220\184"] = 220, -- U+0738 ["\220\185"] = 220, -- U+0739 ["\220\186"] = 230, -- U+073A ["\220\187"] = 220, -- U+073B ["\220\188"] = 220, -- U+073C ["\220\189"] = 230, -- U+073D ["\220\190"] = 220, -- U+073E ["\220\191"] = 230, -- U+073F ["\221\128"] = 230, -- U+0740 ["\221\129"] = 230, -- U+0741 ["\221\130"] = 220, -- U+0742 ["\221\131"] = 230, -- U+0743 ["\221\132"] = 220, -- U+0744 ["\221\133"] = 230, -- U+0745 ["\221\134"] = 220, -- U+0746 ["\221\135"] = 230, -- U+0747 ["\221\136"] = 220, -- U+0748 ["\221\137"] = 230, -- U+0749 ["\221\138"] = 230, -- U+074A ["\223\171"] = 230, -- U+07EB ["\223\172"] = 230, -- U+07EC ["\223\173"] = 230, -- U+07ED ["\223\174"] = 230, -- U+07EE ["\223\175"] = 230, -- U+07EF ["\223\176"] = 230, -- U+07F0 ["\223\177"] = 230, -- U+07F1 ["\223\178"] = 220, -- U+07F2 ["\223\179"] = 230, -- U+07F3 ["\223\189"] = 220, -- U+07FD ["\224\160\150"] = 230, -- U+0816 ["\224\160\151"] = 230, -- U+0817 ["\224\160\152"] = 230, -- U+0818 ["\224\160\153"] = 230, -- U+0819 ["\224\160\155"] = 230, -- U+081B ["\224\160\156"] = 230, -- U+081C ["\224\160\157"] = 230, -- U+081D ["\224\160\158"] = 230, -- U+081E ["\224\160\159"] = 230, -- U+081F ["\224\160\160"] = 230, -- U+0820 ["\224\160\161"] = 230, -- U+0821 ["\224\160\162"] = 230, -- U+0822 ["\224\160\163"] = 230, -- U+0823 ["\224\160\165"] = 230, -- U+0825 ["\224\160\166"] = 230, -- U+0826 ["\224\160\167"] = 230, -- U+0827 ["\224\160\169"] = 230, -- U+0829 ["\224\160\170"] = 230, -- U+082A ["\224\160\171"] = 230, -- U+082B ["\224\160\172"] = 230, -- U+082C ["\224\160\173"] = 230, -- U+082D ["\224\161\153"] = 220, -- U+0859 ["\224\161\154"] = 220, -- U+085A ["\224\161\155"] = 220, -- U+085B ["\224\162\151"] = 230, -- U+0897 ["\224\162\152"] = 230, -- U+0898 ["\224\162\153"] = 220, -- U+0899 ["\224\162\154"] = 220, -- U+089A ["\224\162\155"] = 220, -- U+089B ["\224\162\156"] = 230, -- U+089C ["\224\162\157"] = 230, -- U+089D ["\224\162\158"] = 230, -- U+089E ["\224\162\159"] = 230, -- U+089F ["\224\163\138"] = 230, -- U+08CA ["\224\163\139"] = 230, -- U+08CB ["\224\163\140"] = 230, -- U+08CC ["\224\163\141"] = 230, -- U+08CD ["\224\163\142"] = 230, -- U+08CE ["\224\163\143"] = 220, -- U+08CF ["\224\163\144"] = 220, -- U+08D0 ["\224\163\145"] = 220, -- U+08D1 ["\224\163\146"] = 220, -- U+08D2 ["\224\163\147"] = 220, -- U+08D3 ["\224\163\148"] = 230, -- U+08D4 ["\224\163\149"] = 230, -- U+08D5 ["\224\163\150"] = 230, -- U+08D6 ["\224\163\151"] = 230, -- U+08D7 ["\224\163\152"] = 230, -- U+08D8 ["\224\163\153"] = 230, -- U+08D9 ["\224\163\154"] = 230, -- U+08DA ["\224\163\155"] = 230, -- U+08DB ["\224\163\156"] = 230, -- U+08DC ["\224\163\157"] = 230, -- U+08DD ["\224\163\158"] = 230, -- U+08DE ["\224\163\159"] = 230, -- U+08DF ["\224\163\160"] = 230, -- U+08E0 ["\224\163\161"] = 230, -- U+08E1 ["\224\163\163"] = 220, -- U+08E3 ["\224\163\164"] = 230, -- U+08E4 ["\224\163\165"] = 230, -- U+08E5 ["\224\163\166"] = 220, -- U+08E6 ["\224\163\167"] = 230, -- U+08E7 ["\224\163\168"] = 230, -- U+08E8 ["\224\163\169"] = 220, -- U+08E9 ["\224\163\170"] = 230, -- U+08EA ["\224\163\171"] = 230, -- U+08EB ["\224\163\172"] = 230, -- U+08EC ["\224\163\173"] = 220, -- U+08ED ["\224\163\174"] = 220, -- U+08EE ["\224\163\175"] = 220, -- U+08EF ["\224\163\176"] = 27, -- U+08F0 ["\224\163\177"] = 28, -- U+08F1 ["\224\163\178"] = 29, -- U+08F2 ["\224\163\179"] = 230, -- U+08F3 ["\224\163\180"] = 230, -- U+08F4 ["\224\163\181"] = 230, -- U+08F5 ["\224\163\182"] = 220, -- U+08F6 ["\224\163\183"] = 230, -- U+08F7 ["\224\163\184"] = 230, -- U+08F8 ["\224\163\185"] = 220, -- U+08F9 ["\224\163\186"] = 220, -- U+08FA ["\224\163\187"] = 230, -- U+08FB ["\224\163\188"] = 230, -- U+08FC ["\224\163\189"] = 230, -- U+08FD ["\224\163\190"] = 230, -- U+08FE ["\224\163\191"] = 230, -- U+08FF ["\224\164\188"] = 7, -- U+093C ["\224\165\141"] = 9, -- U+094D ["\224\165\145"] = 230, -- U+0951 ["\224\165\146"] = 220, -- U+0952 ["\224\165\147"] = 230, -- U+0953 ["\224\165\148"] = 230, -- U+0954 ["\224\166\188"] = 7, -- U+09BC ["\224\167\141"] = 9, -- U+09CD ["\224\167\190"] = 230, -- U+09FE ["\224\168\188"] = 7, -- U+0A3C ["\224\169\141"] = 9, -- U+0A4D ["\224\170\188"] = 7, -- U+0ABC ["\224\171\141"] = 9, -- U+0ACD ["\224\172\188"] = 7, -- U+0B3C ["\224\173\141"] = 9, -- U+0B4D ["\224\175\141"] = 9, -- U+0BCD ["\224\176\188"] = 7, -- U+0C3C ["\224\177\141"] = 9, -- U+0C4D ["\224\177\149"] = 84, -- U+0C55 ["\224\177\150"] = 91, -- U+0C56 ["\224\178\188"] = 7, -- U+0CBC ["\224\179\141"] = 9, -- U+0CCD ["\224\180\187"] = 9, -- U+0D3B ["\224\180\188"] = 9, -- U+0D3C ["\224\181\141"] = 9, -- U+0D4D ["\224\183\138"] = 9, -- U+0DCA ["\224\184\184"] = 103, -- U+0E38 ["\224\184\185"] = 103, -- U+0E39 ["\224\184\186"] = 9, -- U+0E3A ["\224\185\136"] = 107, -- U+0E48 ["\224\185\137"] = 107, -- U+0E49 ["\224\185\138"] = 107, -- U+0E4A ["\224\185\139"] = 107, -- U+0E4B ["\224\186\184"] = 118, -- U+0EB8 ["\224\186\185"] = 118, -- U+0EB9 ["\224\186\186"] = 9, -- U+0EBA ["\224\187\136"] = 122, -- U+0EC8 ["\224\187\137"] = 122, -- U+0EC9 ["\224\187\138"] = 122, -- U+0ECA ["\224\187\139"] = 122, -- U+0ECB ["\224\188\152"] = 220, -- U+0F18 ["\224\188\153"] = 220, -- U+0F19 ["\224\188\181"] = 220, -- U+0F35 ["\224\188\183"] = 220, -- U+0F37 ["\224\188\185"] = 216, -- U+0F39 ["\224\189\177"] = 129, -- U+0F71 ["\224\189\178"] = 130, -- U+0F72 ["\224\189\180"] = 132, -- U+0F74 ["\224\189\186"] = 130, -- U+0F7A ["\224\189\187"] = 130, -- U+0F7B ["\224\189\188"] = 130, -- U+0F7C ["\224\189\189"] = 130, -- U+0F7D ["\224\190\128"] = 130, -- U+0F80 ["\224\190\130"] = 230, -- U+0F82 ["\224\190\131"] = 230, -- U+0F83 ["\224\190\132"] = 9, -- U+0F84 ["\224\190\134"] = 230, -- U+0F86 ["\224\190\135"] = 230, -- U+0F87 ["\224\191\134"] = 220, -- U+0FC6 ["\225\128\183"] = 7, -- U+1037 ["\225\128\185"] = 9, -- U+1039 ["\225\128\186"] = 9, -- U+103A ["\225\130\141"] = 220, -- U+108D ["\225\141\157"] = 230, -- U+135D ["\225\141\158"] = 230, -- U+135E ["\225\141\159"] = 230, -- U+135F ["\225\156\148"] = 9, -- U+1714 ["\225\156\149"] = 9, -- U+1715 ["\225\156\180"] = 9, -- U+1734 ["\225\159\146"] = 9, -- U+17D2 ["\225\159\157"] = 230, -- U+17DD ["\225\162\169"] = 228, -- U+18A9 ["\225\164\185"] = 222, -- U+1939 ["\225\164\186"] = 230, -- U+193A ["\225\164\187"] = 220, -- U+193B ["\225\168\151"] = 230, -- U+1A17 ["\225\168\152"] = 220, -- U+1A18 ["\225\169\160"] = 9, -- U+1A60 ["\225\169\181"] = 230, -- U+1A75 ["\225\169\182"] = 230, -- U+1A76 ["\225\169\183"] = 230, -- U+1A77 ["\225\169\184"] = 230, -- U+1A78 ["\225\169\185"] = 230, -- U+1A79 ["\225\169\186"] = 230, -- U+1A7A ["\225\169\187"] = 230, -- U+1A7B ["\225\169\188"] = 230, -- U+1A7C ["\225\169\191"] = 220, -- U+1A7F ["\225\170\176"] = 230, -- U+1AB0 ["\225\170\177"] = 230, -- U+1AB1 ["\225\170\178"] = 230, -- U+1AB2 ["\225\170\179"] = 230, -- U+1AB3 ["\225\170\180"] = 230, -- U+1AB4 ["\225\170\181"] = 220, -- U+1AB5 ["\225\170\182"] = 220, -- U+1AB6 ["\225\170\183"] = 220, -- U+1AB7 ["\225\170\184"] = 220, -- U+1AB8 ["\225\170\185"] = 220, -- U+1AB9 ["\225\170\186"] = 220, -- U+1ABA ["\225\170\187"] = 230, -- U+1ABB ["\225\170\188"] = 230, -- U+1ABC ["\225\170\189"] = 220, -- U+1ABD ["\225\170\191"] = 220, -- U+1ABF ["\225\171\128"] = 220, -- U+1AC0 ["\225\171\129"] = 230, -- U+1AC1 ["\225\171\130"] = 230, -- U+1AC2 ["\225\171\131"] = 220, -- U+1AC3 ["\225\171\132"] = 220, -- U+1AC4 ["\225\171\133"] = 230, -- U+1AC5 ["\225\171\134"] = 230, -- U+1AC6 ["\225\171\135"] = 230, -- U+1AC7 ["\225\171\136"] = 230, -- U+1AC8 ["\225\171\137"] = 230, -- U+1AC9 ["\225\171\138"] = 220, -- U+1ACA ["\225\171\139"] = 230, -- U+1ACB ["\225\171\140"] = 230, -- U+1ACC ["\225\171\141"] = 230, -- U+1ACD ["\225\171\142"] = 230, -- U+1ACE ["\225\172\180"] = 7, -- U+1B34 ["\225\173\132"] = 9, -- U+1B44 ["\225\173\171"] = 230, -- U+1B6B ["\225\173\172"] = 220, -- U+1B6C ["\225\173\173"] = 230, -- U+1B6D ["\225\173\174"] = 230, -- U+1B6E ["\225\173\175"] = 230, -- U+1B6F ["\225\173\176"] = 230, -- U+1B70 ["\225\173\177"] = 230, -- U+1B71 ["\225\173\178"] = 230, -- U+1B72 ["\225\173\179"] = 230, -- U+1B73 ["\225\174\170"] = 9, -- U+1BAA ["\225\174\171"] = 9, -- U+1BAB ["\225\175\166"] = 7, -- U+1BE6 ["\225\175\178"] = 9, -- U+1BF2 ["\225\175\179"] = 9, -- U+1BF3 ["\225\176\183"] = 7, -- U+1C37 ["\225\179\144"] = 230, -- U+1CD0 ["\225\179\145"] = 230, -- U+1CD1 ["\225\179\146"] = 230, -- U+1CD2 ["\225\179\148"] = 1, -- U+1CD4 ["\225\179\149"] = 220, -- U+1CD5 ["\225\179\150"] = 220, -- U+1CD6 ["\225\179\151"] = 220, -- U+1CD7 ["\225\179\152"] = 220, -- U+1CD8 ["\225\179\153"] = 220, -- U+1CD9 ["\225\179\154"] = 230, -- U+1CDA ["\225\179\155"] = 230, -- U+1CDB ["\225\179\156"] = 220, -- U+1CDC ["\225\179\157"] = 220, -- U+1CDD ["\225\179\158"] = 220, -- U+1CDE ["\225\179\159"] = 220, -- U+1CDF ["\225\179\160"] = 230, -- U+1CE0 ["\225\179\162"] = 1, -- U+1CE2 ["\225\179\163"] = 1, -- U+1CE3 ["\225\179\164"] = 1, -- U+1CE4 ["\225\179\165"] = 1, -- U+1CE5 ["\225\179\166"] = 1, -- U+1CE6 ["\225\179\167"] = 1, -- U+1CE7 ["\225\179\168"] = 1, -- U+1CE8 ["\225\179\173"] = 220, -- U+1CED ["\225\179\180"] = 230, -- U+1CF4 ["\225\179\184"] = 230, -- U+1CF8 ["\225\179\185"] = 230, -- U+1CF9 ["\225\183\128"] = 230, -- U+1DC0 ["\225\183\129"] = 230, -- U+1DC1 ["\225\183\130"] = 220, -- U+1DC2 ["\225\183\131"] = 230, -- U+1DC3 ["\225\183\132"] = 230, -- U+1DC4 ["\225\183\133"] = 230, -- U+1DC5 ["\225\183\134"] = 230, -- U+1DC6 ["\225\183\135"] = 230, -- U+1DC7 ["\225\183\136"] = 230, -- U+1DC8 ["\225\183\137"] = 230, -- U+1DC9 ["\225\183\138"] = 220, -- U+1DCA ["\225\183\139"] = 230, -- U+1DCB ["\225\183\140"] = 230, -- U+1DCC ["\225\183\141"] = 234, -- U+1DCD ["\225\183\142"] = 214, -- U+1DCE ["\225\183\143"] = 220, -- U+1DCF ["\225\183\144"] = 202, -- U+1DD0 ["\225\183\145"] = 230, -- U+1DD1 ["\225\183\146"] = 230, -- U+1DD2 ["\225\183\147"] = 230, -- U+1DD3 ["\225\183\148"] = 230, -- U+1DD4 ["\225\183\149"] = 230, -- U+1DD5 ["\225\183\150"] = 230, -- U+1DD6 ["\225\183\151"] = 230, -- U+1DD7 ["\225\183\152"] = 230, -- U+1DD8 ["\225\183\153"] = 230, -- U+1DD9 ["\225\183\154"] = 230, -- U+1DDA ["\225\183\155"] = 230, -- U+1DDB ["\225\183\156"] = 230, -- U+1DDC ["\225\183\157"] = 230, -- U+1DDD ["\225\183\158"] = 230, -- U+1DDE ["\225\183\159"] = 230, -- U+1DDF ["\225\183\160"] = 230, -- U+1DE0 ["\225\183\161"] = 230, -- U+1DE1 ["\225\183\162"] = 230, -- U+1DE2 ["\225\183\163"] = 230, -- U+1DE3 ["\225\183\164"] = 230, -- U+1DE4 ["\225\183\165"] = 230, -- U+1DE5 ["\225\183\166"] = 230, -- U+1DE6 ["\225\183\167"] = 230, -- U+1DE7 ["\225\183\168"] = 230, -- U+1DE8 ["\225\183\169"] = 230, -- U+1DE9 ["\225\183\170"] = 230, -- U+1DEA ["\225\183\171"] = 230, -- U+1DEB ["\225\183\172"] = 230, -- U+1DEC ["\225\183\173"] = 230, -- U+1DED ["\225\183\174"] = 230, -- U+1DEE ["\225\183\175"] = 230, -- U+1DEF ["\225\183\176"] = 230, -- U+1DF0 ["\225\183\177"] = 230, -- U+1DF1 ["\225\183\178"] = 230, -- U+1DF2 ["\225\183\179"] = 230, -- U+1DF3 ["\225\183\180"] = 230, -- U+1DF4 ["\225\183\181"] = 230, -- U+1DF5 ["\225\183\182"] = 232, -- U+1DF6 ["\225\183\183"] = 228, -- U+1DF7 ["\225\183\184"] = 228, -- U+1DF8 ["\225\183\185"] = 220, -- U+1DF9 ["\225\183\186"] = 218, -- U+1DFA ["\225\183\187"] = 230, -- U+1DFB ["\225\183\188"] = 233, -- U+1DFC ["\225\183\189"] = 220, -- U+1DFD ["\225\183\190"] = 230, -- U+1DFE ["\225\183\191"] = 220, -- U+1DFF ["\226\131\144"] = 230, -- U+20D0 ["\226\131\145"] = 230, -- U+20D1 ["\226\131\146"] = 1, -- U+20D2 ["\226\131\147"] = 1, -- U+20D3 ["\226\131\148"] = 230, -- U+20D4 ["\226\131\149"] = 230, -- U+20D5 ["\226\131\150"] = 230, -- U+20D6 ["\226\131\151"] = 230, -- U+20D7 ["\226\131\152"] = 1, -- U+20D8 ["\226\131\153"] = 1, -- U+20D9 ["\226\131\154"] = 1, -- U+20DA ["\226\131\155"] = 230, -- U+20DB ["\226\131\156"] = 230, -- U+20DC ["\226\131\161"] = 230, -- U+20E1 ["\226\131\165"] = 1, -- U+20E5 ["\226\131\166"] = 1, -- U+20E6 ["\226\131\167"] = 230, -- U+20E7 ["\226\131\168"] = 220, -- U+20E8 ["\226\131\169"] = 230, -- U+20E9 ["\226\131\170"] = 1, -- U+20EA ["\226\131\171"] = 1, -- U+20EB ["\226\131\172"] = 220, -- U+20EC ["\226\131\173"] = 220, -- U+20ED ["\226\131\174"] = 220, -- U+20EE ["\226\131\175"] = 220, -- U+20EF ["\226\131\176"] = 230, -- U+20F0 ["\226\179\175"] = 230, -- U+2CEF ["\226\179\176"] = 230, -- U+2CF0 ["\226\179\177"] = 230, -- U+2CF1 ["\226\181\191"] = 9, -- U+2D7F ["\226\183\160"] = 230, -- U+2DE0 ["\226\183\161"] = 230, -- U+2DE1 ["\226\183\162"] = 230, -- U+2DE2 ["\226\183\163"] = 230, -- U+2DE3 ["\226\183\164"] = 230, -- U+2DE4 ["\226\183\165"] = 230, -- U+2DE5 ["\226\183\166"] = 230, -- U+2DE6 ["\226\183\167"] = 230, -- U+2DE7 ["\226\183\168"] = 230, -- U+2DE8 ["\226\183\169"] = 230, -- U+2DE9 ["\226\183\170"] = 230, -- U+2DEA ["\226\183\171"] = 230, -- U+2DEB ["\226\183\172"] = 230, -- U+2DEC ["\226\183\173"] = 230, -- U+2DED ["\226\183\174"] = 230, -- U+2DEE ["\226\183\175"] = 230, -- U+2DEF ["\226\183\176"] = 230, -- U+2DF0 ["\226\183\177"] = 230, -- U+2DF1 ["\226\183\178"] = 230, -- U+2DF2 ["\226\183\179"] = 230, -- U+2DF3 ["\226\183\180"] = 230, -- U+2DF4 ["\226\183\181"] = 230, -- U+2DF5 ["\226\183\182"] = 230, -- U+2DF6 ["\226\183\183"] = 230, -- U+2DF7 ["\226\183\184"] = 230, -- U+2DF8 ["\226\183\185"] = 230, -- U+2DF9 ["\226\183\186"] = 230, -- U+2DFA ["\226\183\187"] = 230, -- U+2DFB ["\226\183\188"] = 230, -- U+2DFC ["\226\183\189"] = 230, -- U+2DFD ["\226\183\190"] = 230, -- U+2DFE ["\226\183\191"] = 230, -- U+2DFF ["\227\128\170"] = 218, -- U+302A ["\227\128\171"] = 228, -- U+302B ["\227\128\172"] = 232, -- U+302C ["\227\128\173"] = 222, -- U+302D ["\227\128\174"] = 224, -- U+302E ["\227\128\175"] = 224, -- U+302F ["\227\130\153"] = 8, -- U+3099 ["\227\130\154"] = 8, -- U+309A ["\234\153\175"] = 230, -- U+A66F ["\234\153\180"] = 230, -- U+A674 ["\234\153\181"] = 230, -- U+A675 ["\234\153\182"] = 230, -- U+A676 ["\234\153\183"] = 230, -- U+A677 ["\234\153\184"] = 230, -- U+A678 ["\234\153\185"] = 230, -- U+A679 ["\234\153\186"] = 230, -- U+A67A ["\234\153\187"] = 230, -- U+A67B ["\234\153\188"] = 230, -- U+A67C ["\234\153\189"] = 230, -- U+A67D ["\234\154\158"] = 230, -- U+A69E ["\234\154\159"] = 230, -- U+A69F ["\234\155\176"] = 230, -- U+A6F0 ["\234\155\177"] = 230, -- U+A6F1 ["\234\160\134"] = 9, -- U+A806 ["\234\160\172"] = 9, -- U+A82C ["\234\163\132"] = 9, -- U+A8C4 ["\234\163\160"] = 230, -- U+A8E0 ["\234\163\161"] = 230, -- U+A8E1 ["\234\163\162"] = 230, -- U+A8E2 ["\234\163\163"] = 230, -- U+A8E3 ["\234\163\164"] = 230, -- U+A8E4 ["\234\163\165"] = 230, -- U+A8E5 ["\234\163\166"] = 230, -- U+A8E6 ["\234\163\167"] = 230, -- U+A8E7 ["\234\163\168"] = 230, -- U+A8E8 ["\234\163\169"] = 230, -- U+A8E9 ["\234\163\170"] = 230, -- U+A8EA ["\234\163\171"] = 230, -- U+A8EB ["\234\163\172"] = 230, -- U+A8EC ["\234\163\173"] = 230, -- U+A8ED ["\234\163\174"] = 230, -- U+A8EE ["\234\163\175"] = 230, -- U+A8EF ["\234\163\176"] = 230, -- U+A8F0 ["\234\163\177"] = 230, -- U+A8F1 ["\234\164\171"] = 220, -- U+A92B ["\234\164\172"] = 220, -- U+A92C ["\234\164\173"] = 220, -- U+A92D ["\234\165\147"] = 9, -- U+A953 ["\234\166\179"] = 7, -- U+A9B3 ["\234\167\128"] = 9, -- U+A9C0 ["\234\170\176"] = 230, -- U+AAB0 ["\234\170\178"] = 230, -- U+AAB2 ["\234\170\179"] = 230, -- U+AAB3 ["\234\170\180"] = 220, -- U+AAB4 ["\234\170\183"] = 230, -- U+AAB7 ["\234\170\184"] = 230, -- U+AAB8 ["\234\170\190"] = 230, -- U+AABE ["\234\170\191"] = 230, -- U+AABF ["\234\171\129"] = 230, -- U+AAC1 ["\234\171\182"] = 9, -- U+AAF6 ["\234\175\173"] = 9, -- U+ABED ["\239\172\158"] = 26, -- U+FB1E ["\239\184\160"] = 230, -- U+FE20 ["\239\184\161"] = 230, -- U+FE21 ["\239\184\162"] = 230, -- U+FE22 ["\239\184\163"] = 230, -- U+FE23 ["\239\184\164"] = 230, -- U+FE24 ["\239\184\165"] = 230, -- U+FE25 ["\239\184\166"] = 230, -- U+FE26 ["\239\184\167"] = 220, -- U+FE27 ["\239\184\168"] = 220, -- U+FE28 ["\239\184\169"] = 220, -- U+FE29 ["\239\184\170"] = 220, -- U+FE2A ["\239\184\171"] = 220, -- U+FE2B ["\239\184\172"] = 220, -- U+FE2C ["\239\184\173"] = 220, -- U+FE2D ["\239\184\174"] = 230, -- U+FE2E ["\239\184\175"] = 230, -- U+FE2F ["\240\144\135\189"] = 220, -- U+101FD ["\240\144\139\160"] = 220, -- U+102E0 ["\240\144\141\182"] = 230, -- U+10376 ["\240\144\141\183"] = 230, -- U+10377 ["\240\144\141\184"] = 230, -- U+10378 ["\240\144\141\185"] = 230, -- U+10379 ["\240\144\141\186"] = 230, -- U+1037A ["\240\144\168\141"] = 220, -- U+10A0D ["\240\144\168\143"] = 230, -- U+10A0F ["\240\144\168\184"] = 230, -- U+10A38 ["\240\144\168\185"] = 1, -- U+10A39 ["\240\144\168\186"] = 220, -- U+10A3A ["\240\144\168\191"] = 9, -- U+10A3F ["\240\144\171\165"] = 230, -- U+10AE5 ["\240\144\171\166"] = 220, -- U+10AE6 ["\240\144\180\164"] = 230, -- U+10D24 ["\240\144\180\165"] = 230, -- U+10D25 ["\240\144\180\166"] = 230, -- U+10D26 ["\240\144\180\167"] = 230, -- U+10D27 ["\240\144\181\169"] = 230, -- U+10D69 ["\240\144\181\170"] = 230, -- U+10D6A ["\240\144\181\171"] = 230, -- U+10D6B ["\240\144\181\172"] = 230, -- U+10D6C ["\240\144\181\173"] = 230, -- U+10D6D ["\240\144\186\171"] = 230, -- U+10EAB ["\240\144\186\172"] = 230, -- U+10EAC ["\240\144\187\189"] = 220, -- U+10EFD ["\240\144\187\190"] = 220, -- U+10EFE ["\240\144\187\191"] = 220, -- U+10EFF ["\240\144\189\134"] = 220, -- U+10F46 ["\240\144\189\135"] = 220, -- U+10F47 ["\240\144\189\136"] = 230, -- U+10F48 ["\240\144\189\137"] = 230, -- U+10F49 ["\240\144\189\138"] = 230, -- U+10F4A ["\240\144\189\139"] = 220, -- U+10F4B ["\240\144\189\140"] = 230, -- U+10F4C ["\240\144\189\141"] = 220, -- U+10F4D ["\240\144\189\142"] = 220, -- U+10F4E ["\240\144\189\143"] = 220, -- U+10F4F ["\240\144\189\144"] = 220, -- U+10F50 ["\240\144\190\130"] = 230, -- U+10F82 ["\240\144\190\131"] = 220, -- U+10F83 ["\240\144\190\132"] = 230, -- U+10F84 ["\240\144\190\133"] = 220, -- U+10F85 ["\240\145\129\134"] = 9, -- U+11046 ["\240\145\129\176"] = 9, -- U+11070 ["\240\145\129\191"] = 9, -- U+1107F ["\240\145\130\185"] = 9, -- U+110B9 ["\240\145\130\186"] = 7, -- U+110BA ["\240\145\132\128"] = 230, -- U+11100 ["\240\145\132\129"] = 230, -- U+11101 ["\240\145\132\130"] = 230, -- U+11102 ["\240\145\132\179"] = 9, -- U+11133 ["\240\145\132\180"] = 9, -- U+11134 ["\240\145\133\179"] = 7, -- U+11173 ["\240\145\135\128"] = 9, -- U+111C0 ["\240\145\135\138"] = 7, -- U+111CA ["\240\145\136\181"] = 9, -- U+11235 ["\240\145\136\182"] = 7, -- U+11236 ["\240\145\139\169"] = 7, -- U+112E9 ["\240\145\139\170"] = 9, -- U+112EA ["\240\145\140\187"] = 7, -- U+1133B ["\240\145\140\188"] = 7, -- U+1133C ["\240\145\141\141"] = 9, -- U+1134D ["\240\145\141\166"] = 230, -- U+11366 ["\240\145\141\167"] = 230, -- U+11367 ["\240\145\141\168"] = 230, -- U+11368 ["\240\145\141\169"] = 230, -- U+11369 ["\240\145\141\170"] = 230, -- U+1136A ["\240\145\141\171"] = 230, -- U+1136B ["\240\145\141\172"] = 230, -- U+1136C ["\240\145\141\176"] = 230, -- U+11370 ["\240\145\141\177"] = 230, -- U+11371 ["\240\145\141\178"] = 230, -- U+11372 ["\240\145\141\179"] = 230, -- U+11373 ["\240\145\141\180"] = 230, -- U+11374 ["\240\145\143\142"] = 9, -- U+113CE ["\240\145\143\143"] = 9, -- U+113CF ["\240\145\143\144"] = 9, -- U+113D0 ["\240\145\145\130"] = 9, -- U+11442 ["\240\145\145\134"] = 7, -- U+11446 ["\240\145\145\158"] = 230, -- U+1145E ["\240\145\147\130"] = 9, -- U+114C2 ["\240\145\147\131"] = 7, -- U+114C3 ["\240\145\150\191"] = 9, -- U+115BF ["\240\145\151\128"] = 7, -- U+115C0 ["\240\145\152\191"] = 9, -- U+1163F ["\240\145\154\182"] = 9, -- U+116B6 ["\240\145\154\183"] = 7, -- U+116B7 ["\240\145\156\171"] = 9, -- U+1172B ["\240\145\160\185"] = 9, -- U+11839 ["\240\145\160\186"] = 7, -- U+1183A ["\240\145\164\189"] = 9, -- U+1193D ["\240\145\164\190"] = 9, -- U+1193E ["\240\145\165\131"] = 7, -- U+11943 ["\240\145\167\160"] = 9, -- U+119E0 ["\240\145\168\180"] = 9, -- U+11A34 ["\240\145\169\135"] = 9, -- U+11A47 ["\240\145\170\153"] = 9, -- U+11A99 ["\240\145\176\191"] = 9, -- U+11C3F ["\240\145\181\130"] = 7, -- U+11D42 ["\240\145\181\132"] = 9, -- U+11D44 ["\240\145\181\133"] = 9, -- U+11D45 ["\240\145\182\151"] = 9, -- U+11D97 ["\240\145\189\129"] = 9, -- U+11F41 ["\240\145\189\130"] = 9, -- U+11F42 ["\240\150\132\175"] = 9, -- U+1612F ["\240\150\171\176"] = 1, -- U+16AF0 ["\240\150\171\177"] = 1, -- U+16AF1 ["\240\150\171\178"] = 1, -- U+16AF2 ["\240\150\171\179"] = 1, -- U+16AF3 ["\240\150\171\180"] = 1, -- U+16AF4 ["\240\150\172\176"] = 230, -- U+16B30 ["\240\150\172\177"] = 230, -- U+16B31 ["\240\150\172\178"] = 230, -- U+16B32 ["\240\150\172\179"] = 230, -- U+16B33 ["\240\150\172\180"] = 230, -- U+16B34 ["\240\150\172\181"] = 230, -- U+16B35 ["\240\150\172\182"] = 230, -- U+16B36 ["\240\150\191\176"] = 6, -- U+16FF0 ["\240\150\191\177"] = 6, -- U+16FF1 ["\240\155\178\158"] = 1, -- U+1BC9E ["\240\157\133\165"] = 216, -- U+1D165 ["\240\157\133\166"] = 216, -- U+1D166 ["\240\157\133\167"] = 1, -- U+1D167 ["\240\157\133\168"] = 1, -- U+1D168 ["\240\157\133\169"] = 1, -- U+1D169 ["\240\157\133\173"] = 226, -- U+1D16D ["\240\157\133\174"] = 216, -- U+1D16E ["\240\157\133\175"] = 216, -- U+1D16F ["\240\157\133\176"] = 216, -- U+1D170 ["\240\157\133\177"] = 216, -- U+1D171 ["\240\157\133\178"] = 216, -- U+1D172 ["\240\157\133\187"] = 220, -- U+1D17B ["\240\157\133\188"] = 220, -- U+1D17C ["\240\157\133\189"] = 220, -- U+1D17D ["\240\157\133\190"] = 220, -- U+1D17E ["\240\157\133\191"] = 220, -- U+1D17F ["\240\157\134\128"] = 220, -- U+1D180 ["\240\157\134\129"] = 220, -- U+1D181 ["\240\157\134\130"] = 220, -- U+1D182 ["\240\157\134\133"] = 230, -- U+1D185 ["\240\157\134\134"] = 230, -- U+1D186 ["\240\157\134\135"] = 230, -- U+1D187 ["\240\157\134\136"] = 230, -- U+1D188 ["\240\157\134\137"] = 230, -- U+1D189 ["\240\157\134\138"] = 220, -- U+1D18A ["\240\157\134\139"] = 220, -- U+1D18B ["\240\157\134\170"] = 230, -- U+1D1AA ["\240\157\134\171"] = 230, -- U+1D1AB ["\240\157\134\172"] = 230, -- U+1D1AC ["\240\157\134\173"] = 230, -- U+1D1AD ["\240\157\137\130"] = 230, -- U+1D242 ["\240\157\137\131"] = 230, -- U+1D243 ["\240\157\137\132"] = 230, -- U+1D244 ["\240\158\128\128"] = 230, -- U+1E000 ["\240\158\128\129"] = 230, -- U+1E001 ["\240\158\128\130"] = 230, -- U+1E002 ["\240\158\128\131"] = 230, -- U+1E003 ["\240\158\128\132"] = 230, -- U+1E004 ["\240\158\128\133"] = 230, -- U+1E005 ["\240\158\128\134"] = 230, -- U+1E006 ["\240\158\128\136"] = 230, -- U+1E008 ["\240\158\128\137"] = 230, -- U+1E009 ["\240\158\128\138"] = 230, -- U+1E00A ["\240\158\128\139"] = 230, -- U+1E00B ["\240\158\128\140"] = 230, -- U+1E00C ["\240\158\128\141"] = 230, -- U+1E00D ["\240\158\128\142"] = 230, -- U+1E00E ["\240\158\128\143"] = 230, -- U+1E00F ["\240\158\128\144"] = 230, -- U+1E010 ["\240\158\128\145"] = 230, -- U+1E011 ["\240\158\128\146"] = 230, -- U+1E012 ["\240\158\128\147"] = 230, -- U+1E013 ["\240\158\128\148"] = 230, -- U+1E014 ["\240\158\128\149"] = 230, -- U+1E015 ["\240\158\128\150"] = 230, -- U+1E016 ["\240\158\128\151"] = 230, -- U+1E017 ["\240\158\128\152"] = 230, -- U+1E018 ["\240\158\128\155"] = 230, -- U+1E01B ["\240\158\128\156"] = 230, -- U+1E01C ["\240\158\128\157"] = 230, -- U+1E01D ["\240\158\128\158"] = 230, -- U+1E01E ["\240\158\128\159"] = 230, -- U+1E01F ["\240\158\128\160"] = 230, -- U+1E020 ["\240\158\128\161"] = 230, -- U+1E021 ["\240\158\128\163"] = 230, -- U+1E023 ["\240\158\128\164"] = 230, -- U+1E024 ["\240\158\128\166"] = 230, -- U+1E026 ["\240\158\128\167"] = 230, -- U+1E027 ["\240\158\128\168"] = 230, -- U+1E028 ["\240\158\128\169"] = 230, -- U+1E029 ["\240\158\128\170"] = 230, -- U+1E02A ["\240\158\130\143"] = 230, -- U+1E08F ["\240\158\132\176"] = 230, -- U+1E130 ["\240\158\132\177"] = 230, -- U+1E131 ["\240\158\132\178"] = 230, -- U+1E132 ["\240\158\132\179"] = 230, -- U+1E133 ["\240\158\132\180"] = 230, -- U+1E134 ["\240\158\132\181"] = 230, -- U+1E135 ["\240\158\132\182"] = 230, -- U+1E136 ["\240\158\138\174"] = 230, -- U+1E2AE ["\240\158\139\172"] = 230, -- U+1E2EC ["\240\158\139\173"] = 230, -- U+1E2ED ["\240\158\139\174"] = 230, -- U+1E2EE ["\240\158\139\175"] = 230, -- U+1E2EF ["\240\158\147\172"] = 232, -- U+1E4EC ["\240\158\147\173"] = 232, -- U+1E4ED ["\240\158\147\174"] = 220, -- U+1E4EE ["\240\158\147\175"] = 230, -- U+1E4EF ["\240\158\151\174"] = 230, -- U+1E5EE ["\240\158\151\175"] = 220, -- U+1E5EF ["\240\158\163\144"] = 220, -- U+1E8D0 ["\240\158\163\145"] = 220, -- U+1E8D1 ["\240\158\163\146"] = 220, -- U+1E8D2 ["\240\158\163\147"] = 220, -- U+1E8D3 ["\240\158\163\148"] = 220, -- U+1E8D4 ["\240\158\163\149"] = 220, -- U+1E8D5 ["\240\158\163\150"] = 220, -- U+1E8D6 ["\240\158\165\132"] = 230, -- U+1E944 ["\240\158\165\133"] = 230, -- U+1E945 ["\240\158\165\134"] = 230, -- U+1E946 ["\240\158\165\135"] = 230, -- U+1E947 ["\240\158\165\136"] = 230, -- U+1E948 ["\240\158\165\137"] = 230, -- U+1E949 ["\240\158\165\138"] = 7, -- U+1E94A } ium5zhpfi0yhd8u17lmimgbd73r48zt 0 179264 1374586 2026-06-02T12:20:07Z VASANTH S.N. 728 ಹೊಸ ಲೇಖನ 1374586 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ಇಗ್ನಾಟ್ಸ್‌ ಕೌಂಟ್ ಕ್ರಾಸಿಟ್ಸ್ಕಿ''' 1735-1801, 18ನೆಯ ಶತಮಾನದ ಪೋಲೆಂಡಿನ ಅತ್ಯಂತ ಹಿರಿಯ ಬರೆಹಗಾರನೆನಿಸಿಕೊಂಡ ಈತ ಹೆಸರಾಂತ [[ಕವಿ]], [[ನಾಟಕ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ|ನಾಟಕಕಾರ]] ಮತ್ತು [[ಕಾದಂಬರಿ|ಕಾದಂಬರಿಕಾರ]]. ಅರಸನ ಸ್ನೇಹ ಸಂಪಾದಿಸಿ ಬಿಷಪ್ ಮತ್ತು ಆರ್ಚ್‍ಬಿಷಪ್ ಆದ. ಈತನ ಅಣಕು ಮಹಾಕಾವ್ಯಗಳು ಉಲ್ಲಾಸ ಮನೋವೃತ್ತಿಯನ್ನೂ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಳು ಜೀವನದರ್ಶನವನ್ನೂ ವಿಡಂಬನೆಗಳು ಸಮಕಾಲೀನ ಜೀವನದ ಓರೆಕೋರೆಗಳನ್ನೂ ಚಿತ್ರಿಸುತ್ತವೆ. ಆದರೂ ಅವುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಎಲ್ಲಿಯೂ ಅಸಂಬದ್ಧತೆ ಕಾಣದು. ಈತನ ಬರೆಹ ಸೊಗಸಾದ ಪ್ರಾತಿನಿಧಿಕ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಗಳನ್ನೂ ಪ್ರಕಾರಗಳನ್ನೂ ಸೃಷ್ಟಿಸುವಂಥದು. [[ಪೋಲೆಂಡ್|ಪೋಲೆಂಡಿ]]ನ ಜನರ ಜೀವನವನ್ನು ಸುಂದರವಾಗಿ ಚಿತ್ರಿಸುವ ಎರಡು ಕಾದಂಬರಿಗಳನ್ನು ಈತ ಬರೆದ. [[ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ಭಾಷೆ]]ಯ ಆಧುನಿಕ ಕಾದಂಬರಿ ಸೃಷ್ಟಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಈತ ಮೊದಲಿಗ. ಈತನ ಕೃತಿಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಜ್ಞಾವಂತ ತರ್ಕಬದ್ಧ ಮನೋಭಾವ ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ರಾಚೀನ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಮನೋಧರ್ಮ ಎರಡನ್ನೂ ಗುರುತಿಸಬಹುದು. ಪ್ಲೂಟಾರ್ಕ್, ಲೂಸಿಅನ್ ಮೊದಲಾದ ಪ್ರಾಚೀನ ಕವಿಗಳ ಕೃತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಈತ ಅನುವಾದ ಮಾಡಿದ. ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ಭಾಷೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಪಂಚ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಚರಿತ್ರೆಯ ಮೊದಲ ಸಮೀಕ್ಷೆ ನಡೆಸಿದ ಸಾಹಸಿಗನೀತ. ಬಾಯ್ಲೊ ನಿರೂಪಿಸಿದ ನಿಯಮಗಳನ್ನು ಅನುಸರಿಸಿ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ರಚನೆಗೆ ತೊಡಗುವುದು ಮತ್ತು [[ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸ್|ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸಿ]]ನ ಮಹಾ ಕೃತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಅನುಕರಣೆ ಮಾಡುವುದು ಇವನ ಮತ್ತು ಇವನ ಸಂಗಡಿಗರ ಮುಖ್ಯ ಉದ್ದೇಶವಾಗಿತ್ತು. == ಜೀವನ ಚರಿತ್ರೆ == ಉದಾತ್ತ ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿ ಕುಟುಂಬದ ಸದಸ್ಯರಾದ ಇಗ್ನಸಿ ಪೋಲಿಷ್ -ಲಿಥುವೇನಿಯನ್ ಕಾಮನ್‌ವೆಲ್ತ್‌ನ ಮ್ಯಾಗ್ನೇಟ್ ಮತ್ತು ಪವಿತ್ರ ರೋಮನ್ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯದ ಕೌಂಟ್ ಎಂಬ ಬಿರುದನ್ನು ಪಡೆದರು . ಕ್ಯಾಥೊಲಿಕ್ ಪಾದ್ರಿಯಾಗಿ ಅವರ ಶಿಕ್ಷಣವು 1743 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಲ್ವೋವ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಜೆಸ್ಯೂಟ್ ಕಾಲೇಜಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಾರಂಭವಾಯಿತು , ನಂತರ 1751 ರಿಂದ 1754 ರವರೆಗೆ [[ವಾರ್ಸಾ]]ದ ಲಾಜರಿಸ್ಟ್ ಸೆಮಿನರಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಹಾಜರಾತಿಯನ್ನು ಪಡೆದರು. 1759 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರ ದೀಕ್ಷೆಯ ನಂತರ , ಅವರು 1761 ರವರೆಗೆ [[ರೋಮನ್ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ|ರೋಮ್‌]]ನಲ್ಲಿ ತಮ್ಮ ಅಧ್ಯಯನವನ್ನು ಮುಂದುವರೆಸಿದರು . ೧೭೬೫ ರಲ್ಲಿ , ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ರಾಜ ಸ್ಟಾನಿಸ್ಲಾವ್ II ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ ಅವರನ್ನು ಕೋರ್ಟ್ ಚಾಪ್ಲಿನ್ ಆಗಿ ನೇಮಿಸಿದರು; ಮುಂದಿನ ವರ್ಷ ಅವರು ವಾರ್ಮಿಯಾ ಬಿಷಪ್ರಿಕ್‌ನ ಸಹ -ಅಡ್ಜುಟರ್ ಆದರು. ರಾಜಕುಮಾರ-ಬಿಷಪ್ ಆಡಮ್ ಸ್ಟಾನಿಸ್ಲಾವ್ ಗ್ರಾಬೋವ್ಸ್ಕಿಯವರ ಮರಣದ ನಂತರ ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ 15, 1766 ಅವರನ್ನು ಉತ್ತರಾಧಿಕಾರಿಯಾಗಿ ಆಯ್ಕೆ ಮಾಡಲಾಯಿತು. ಅವರು ಬಿಷಪ್ ದೀಕ್ಷೆಯನ್ನು ಪಡೆದರು, ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ 28ವಾರ್ಸಾದ ಥಿಯೇಟೈನ್ ಚರ್ಚ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ . 1772 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಪೋಲೆಂಡ್‌ನ ಮೊದಲ ವಿಭಜನೆಯ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ , ವಾರ್ಮಿಯಾವನ್ನು ಪ್ರಶ್ಯ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯಕ್ಕೆ ಸೇರಿಸಲಾಯಿತು . ಸ್ವಲ್ಪ ಸಮಯದ ನಂತರ, ಅವರು [[ಬರ್ಲಿನ್|ಬರ್ಲಿನ್‌]]ನಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಸೇಂಟ್ ಹೆಡ್ವಿಗ್ ಕ್ಯಾಥೆಡ್ರಲ್ ಅನ್ನು ಪವಿತ್ರಗೊಳಿಸಿದ ರಾಜ ಫ್ರೆಡೆರಿಕ್ II ಅವರನ್ನು ಭೇಟಿಯಾದರು . ರಾಜನು ಬಿಷಪ್‌ನ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಕೃತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಮೆಚ್ಚಿಕೊಂಡನು ಮತ್ತು ಪಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಡ್ಯಾಮ್ ಕೋಟೆಯಲ್ಲಿನ ತನ್ನ ಕೂಟಗಳಿಗೆ ಅವರನ್ನು ಹಲವಾರು ಬಾರಿ ಆಹ್ವಾನಿಸಿದನು . ಅದೇ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ, ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿ ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ರಾಜ ಸ್ಟಾನಿಸ್ಲಾವ್ II ರ ಆಪ್ತ ಸ್ನೇಹಿತನಾಗಿದ್ದನು, ಅವರು 1774 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರಿಗೆ ಆರ್ಡರ್ ಆಫ್ ದಿ ವೈಟ್ ಈಗಲ್ ಅನ್ನು ನೀಡಿದರು . ೧೭೮೬ ರಲ್ಲಿ , ಫ್ರೆಡೆರಿಕ್ II ಅವರನ್ನು ಬರ್ಲಿನ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿರುವ ರಾಯಲ್ ಪ್ರಶ್ಯನ್ ಅಕಾಡೆಮಿ ಆಫ್ ಸೈನ್ಸಸ್‌ನ ಸದಸ್ಯರನ್ನಾಗಿ ನೇಮಿಸಿದರು . ಗ್ನೀಜ್ನೋ ಆರ್ಚ್‌ಡಯೋಸಿಸ್‌ನ ಮುಖ್ಯಸ್ಥರಾಗಿ ಆಯ್ಕೆಯಾಗುವುದನ್ನು ಬೆಂಬಲಿಸಿದ ಫ್ರೆಡೆರಿಕ್ ವಿಲಿಯಂ II ಮತ್ತು ೧೭೯೮ ರಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರಿಗೆ ಆರ್ಡರ್ ಆಫ್ ದಿ ರೆಡ್ ಈಗಲ್ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿಯನ್ನು ನೀಡಿದ ಫ್ರೆಡೆರಿಕ್ ವಿಲಿಯಂ III ರ ಅಡಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಶ್ಯದ ರಾಜರೊಂದಿಗೆ ಉತ್ತಮ ಸಂಬಂಧಗಳು ಮುಂದುವರೆದವು . ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ 22, 1795 ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿ ಅವರನ್ನು ಗ್ನಿಜ್ನೋದ ಆರ್ಚ್‌ಬಿಷಪ್ ಮತ್ತು ಪೋಲೆಂಡ್‌ನ ಪ್ರೈಮೇಟ್ ಆಗಿ ನೇಮಿಸಲಾಯಿತು . ಅವರು ಮಾರ್ಚ್ 14, 1801 ಬರ್ಲಿನ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ನಿಧನರಾದರು.1829 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಗ್ನಿಜ್ನೋ ಕ್ಯಾಥೆಡ್ರಲ್‌ಗೆ ಸ್ಥಳಾಂತರಿಸುವ ಮೊದಲು ಸೇಂಟ್ ಹೆಡ್ವಿಗ್ ಕ್ಯಾಥೆಡ್ರಲ್ ಅವರ ಮರಣದ ಅವಶೇಷಗಳನ್ನು ಸಂರಕ್ಷಿಸಿತ್ತು . == ಕಲಾಕೃತಿ == ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿಯ ಮೂಲ ಕೃತಿಯು ಮುಖ್ಯವಾಗಿ 1775-1780ರ ವರ್ಷಗಳಲ್ಲಿದೆ ಮತ್ತು ಇದು ಕಿಂಗ್ ಸ್ಟಾನಿಸ್ಲಾವ್ ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ ಸುತ್ತ ಗುಂಪು ಮಾಡಲಾದ ಬರಹಗಾರರ ವಿಚಾರಗಳ ಮತ್ತು ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಕಾರ್ಯಕ್ರಮಕ್ಕೆ ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸಿದೆ . ''ಅವರು ತಮ್ಮ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ದೃಷ್ಟಾಂತಗಳಿಗೆ'' ( ''ಬಾಜ್ಕಿ ಐ ಪ್ರಜಿಪೋವಿಯೆಸ್ಸಿ'' ) ಪ್ರಸಿದ್ಧರಾಗಿದ್ದಾರೆ , ಇದು ಅವರಿಗೆ "ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ಲಾ ಫಾಂಟೈನ್ " ಎಂಬ ಅಡ್ಡಹೆಸರನ್ನು ತಂದುಕೊಟ್ಟಿತು . 1779 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಕಟವಾದ ಮತ್ತು ನಂತರ ಹೊಸ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಳೊಂದಿಗೆ ವರ್ಧಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ ಈ ಸಣ್ಣ ಸಂಪುಟವು ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿಯನ್ನು ಶ್ರೇಷ್ಠ ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಾರ ಎಂದು ಸ್ಥಾಪಿಸಿತು. ಅವರು ಮೊದಲ ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ಕಾದಂಬರಿ "ದಿ ''ಅಡ್ವೆಂಚರ್ಸ್ ಆಫ್ ನಿಕೋಲಸ್ ಡೋಸ್ವಿಯಾಡ್ಜಿನ್ಸ್ಕಿ" ಯ ಲೇಖಕರೂ ಆಗಿದ್ದಾರೆ,'' ಇದರಲ್ಲಿ ವೋಲ್ಟೇರ್ ಪ್ರಭಾವವನ್ನು ಅನುಭವಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ , ಜೊತೆಗೆ [[ಜೊನಾಥನ್ ಸ್ವಿಫ್ಟ್]] , [[ಆಲಿವರ್ ಗೋಲ್ಡ್‌ಸ್ಮಿತ್|ಆಲಿವರ್ ಗೋಲ್ಡ್ ಸ್ಮಿತ್]] ಮತ್ತು [[ಹೆನ್ರಿ ಫೀಲ್ಡಿಂಗ್]] ಅವರ ಪ್ರಭಾವವನ್ನೂ ಸಹ ಕಾಣಬಹುದು . ಈ ಕಾದಂಬರಿಯು ನಿಕೋಲಸ್‌ನ ದೋಷಪೂರಿತ ಭಾವನಾತ್ಮಕ ಶಿಕ್ಷಣವನ್ನು ವಿವರಿಸುತ್ತದೆ, ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್ ಬರೊಕ್ ಕಾದಂಬರಿಗಳಿಂದ ಅಮಲೇರಿದ ಅವನ ಬೋಧಕ ಮಾನ್ಸಿಯರ್ ಡ್ಯಾಮನ್, ಅವನ ಗ್ರಾಮೀಣ, ಕುರುಬನಂತಹ ಹೆಸರಿನೊಂದಿಗೆ, ಅವನನ್ನು ಓದುವಂತೆ ಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ. ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿಯ ನಾಯಕ ತನ್ನ ಬರೊಕ್ ಪಾಲನೆ ಮತ್ತು ಅವನ ತಾಯಿಯ ನಿಷ್ಕಪಟ ಭಕ್ತಿಯೊಂದಿಗೆ ಬರುವ [[ಮೂಢನಂಬಿಕೆ]]ಗಳ ವಿರುದ್ಧ ಹೋರಾಡುತ್ತಾನೆ. ಏಕೆಂದರೆ ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ಜ್ಞಾನೋದಯ ಮತ್ತು ಪಶ್ಚಿಮದಿಂದ ಬಂದ ಅದರ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯಿಕ ನಾವೀನ್ಯತೆಗಳು ಸರ್ಮಾಟಿಯನ್ ಬರೊಕ್‌ನ ಶಕ್ತಿಯ ವಿರುದ್ಧ ತಮ್ಮನ್ನು ತಾವು ಪ್ರತಿಪಾದಿಸಬೇಕಾಗಿತ್ತು . ಈ ಬರೊಕ್ ಧರ್ಮನಿಷ್ಠೆಯನ್ನು ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯದ ಹೇರಳವಾದ ಹೂಬಿಡುವ ಮೂಲಕ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಪಡಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ: ಮಾನ್ಸಿಯರ್ ಡ್ಯಾಮನ್ ಆಗಮನದ ಮೊದಲು ನಿಕೋಲಸ್ ಓದುವ ಸಾಂಕೇತಿಕ ಕಾದಂಬರಿಗಳು, ಆದರೆ ಪ್ರಪಂಚದ ವ್ಯಾನಿಟಿಯ ಕುರಿತು ನೃತ್ಯ ಭಯಾನಕ ದೃಶ್ಯಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ರವಚನಗಳಿಂದ ತುಂಬಿದ ಭಕ್ತಿ ಕಾವ್ಯವೂ ಸಹ. ''ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿ *ದಿ ಮೊನಾಸ್ಟಿಕ್ ಆರ್ಡರ್*'' ( ''*ಮೊನಾಚೊಮಾಚಿಯಾ ಕ್ಜಿಲಿ ವೊಜ್ನಾ ಮ್ನಿಚೊವ್*'' , 1778) ನ ಲೇಖಕರೂ ಆಗಿದ್ದಾರೆ , ಇದು ಪ್ರಕಟಣೆಯ ಮೇಲೆ ಹಗರಣಕ್ಕೆ ಕಾರಣವಾಯಿತು. ಇದು ಒಂದು ಅಣಕು-ವೀರ ಕವಿತೆಯಾಗಿದ್ದು, ಪೋಲೆಂಡ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿನ ಭಿಕ್ಷುಕರ ಆದೇಶಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಅವರ ಕಡಿಮೆ ಬೌದ್ಧಿಕ ಮತ್ತು ನೈತಿಕ ಮಾನದಂಡಗಳ ತೀಕ್ಷ್ಣವಾದ ವಿಡಂಬನೆಯಾಗಿದೆ. ಇದರಲ್ಲಿ, ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿ ತನ್ನನ್ನು ವಿಡಂಬನೆ ಮತ್ತು [[ವ್ಯಂಗ್ಯ]]ದ ಕಲಾಕಾರ ಎಂದು ಬಹಿರಂಗಪಡಿಸುತ್ತಾನೆ. ನಿಕೋಲಸ್ ಬೊಯಿಲಿಯು ( ''*ಲೆ ಲುಟ್ರಿನ್'' *) ಮತ್ತು ಜೀನ್-ಬ್ಯಾಪ್ಟಿಸ್ಟ್ ಗ್ರೆಸೆಟ್ ( ''*ವರ್ಟ್-ವರ್ಟ್'' *) ಅವರಿಂದ ಸ್ಫೂರ್ತಿ ಪಡೆದ ಈ ಕೃತಿಯು ಮೂಲವಾಗಿದೆ ಮತ್ತು ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ಕಾನ್ವೆಂಟ್‌ಗಳ ನಿರ್ದಯ ಭಾವಚಿತ್ರವನ್ನು ಚಿತ್ರಿಸುತ್ತದೆ, ಪದ್ಧತಿಗಳ ಸೂಕ್ಷ್ಮ ಅವಲೋಕನದಿಂದ ತಿಳಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿದೆ ಮತ್ತು ಗಮನಾರ್ಹ ಕಲಾತ್ಮಕತೆಯಿಂದ ಕಾರ್ಯಗತಗೊಳಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿದೆ. ಒಬ್ಬ ಪೀಠಾಧಿಪತಿಯಿಂದ ಬಂದ ಇಂತಹ ದಾಳಿಯು ಪ್ರತಿಭಟನೆಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಕೋಪದ ಟೀಕೆಗಳನ್ನು ಕೆರಳಿಸಿತು. ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿ * ''ಆಂಟಿಮೊನಾಚೊಮಾಚಿಯಾ'' * (1780) ನೊಂದಿಗೆ ಪ್ರತಿಕ್ರಿಯಿಸಿದರು, ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಹಿಂತೆಗೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳುವಿಕೆಯ ವ್ಯಂಗ್ಯವು ವಿಡಂಬನಾತ್ಮಕ ಖಂಡನೆಯ ಅಂಶಗಳನ್ನು ಮತ್ತಷ್ಟು ತೀಕ್ಷ್ಣಗೊಳಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ''"ದಿ ಗೋಲ್ಡ್ ಫಿಂಚ್ ಮತ್ತು ಬ್ಲ್ಯಾಕ್ ಬರ್ಡ್"'' ಎಂಬ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಯಿಂದ " ''ಬಾರ್‌ಗಳ ಹಿಂದೆ ಒಪ್ಪಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವುದಕ್ಕಿಂತ ತೆರೆದ ಗಾಳಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ವಾದಿಸುವುದು ಉತ್ತಮ"'' ಎಂಬ ಪ್ರಸಿದ್ಧ ಸೂತ್ರವನ್ನು ಅವರು ವಿಶೇಷವಾಗಿ ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದಾರೆ .ಇದನ್ನು ಅವರು ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್ ಮತ್ತು ಗ್ರೀಕ್ ಭಾಷೆಯಿಂದ ಅನುವಾದಿಸಿದ್ದಾರೆ . == ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್ ಅನುವಾದಗಳು == * ''ದಿ ಅಡ್ವೆಂಚರ್ಸ್ ಆಫ್ ನಿಕೋಲಸ್ ಡೋಸ್ವಿಯಾಕ್ಜಿನ್ಸ್ಕಿ'' , ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ಭಾಷೆಯಿಂದ ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್‌ಗೆ ಜೆ.-ಬಿ. ಲಾವೋಸಿಯರ್ ಅನುವಾದಿಸಿದ್ದಾರೆ, ಮೊದಲು ಕೌಂಟ್ ಸ್ಟಾನಿಸ್ಲಾಸ್ ಪೊಟೋಕಿ, ಪ್ಯಾರಿಸ್, ಎಚ್. ನಿಕೋಲ್, 1818 ರ ಲೇಖಕರ ಸ್ತುತಿಗೀತೆ. * ''ದಿ ಬ್ಲೋಸ್ ಆಫ್ ಫೇಟ್, 5 ಅಂಕಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಗದ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಹಾಸ್ಯ'' , ಪ್ಯಾರಿಸ್, [Sn], 1823 * ''ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿಯವರ ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಳು'' , ಜೆ.-ಬಿ.-ಎಂ ಅನುವಾದಿಸಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಡಿ ವಿಯೆನ್ನೆ, ಪ್ಯಾರಿಸ್, ಎಫ್. ಡಿಡೋಟ್, 1828 * ''ಇತಿಹಾಸ, ಇಗ್ನೇಸ್ ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿಯವರ ಕೃತಿ'' , ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ಭಾಷೆಯಿಂದ ಜೆ.-ಬಿ. ಲಾವೋಸಿಯರ್ ಅವರಿಂದ ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್‌ಗೆ ಅನುವಾದಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ, ಪ್ಯಾರಿಸ್, ಹೆಚ್. ನಿಕೋಲ್, 1817 ==ಬಾಹ್ಯ ಸಂಪರ್ಕಗಳು== * [http://polandsite.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=polishliteratureinenglish&action=display&thread=742 Polish Forum] * [http://www.liturgical.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=6712 Catholic Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425083906/http://www.liturgical.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=6712 |date=25 April 2012 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051227013112/http://monika.univ.gda.pl/~literat/autors/krasic.htm Biography at monika.univ.gda.pl] * [http://www.poetrymagic.co.uk/poets/krasicki.html Biography at poetrymagic.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060501011626/http://www.poetrymagic.co.uk/poets/krasicki.html |date=1 May 2006 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090105213431/http://www.polishconstitution.org/Biokras.html Biography at polishconstitution.org] * [https://poezja.org/wz/Krasicki_Ignacy/ Collected works] {{in lang|pl}} * [http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/Aut1271.HTM Other works] {{in lang|pl}} * [http://www.archidiecezja.pl/panorama/katedra360/index.html Virtual tour Gniezno Cathedral ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717104400/http://www.archidiecezja.pl/panorama/katedra360/index.html |date=17 July 2020 }} *[http://prymaspolski.pl/prymasi/ List of Primates of Poland ] ==ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು== huv39ypd1179u0cxtp74fgjr7pk5vtg 1374587 1374586 2026-06-02T12:21:44Z VASANTH S.N. 728 1374587 wikitext text/x-wiki '{{Infobox person | type = Archbishop | name = Ignacy Krasicki | honorific-prefix = His Excellency | image = Ignacy Krasicki 111.PNG | title = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gniezno|Archbishop of Gniezno]]<br>[[Primate (bishop)|Primate of Poland]] | archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gniezno|Gniezno]] | predecessor = [[Michał Jerzy Poniatowski]] | successor = [[:pl:Ignacy Raczyński|Ignacy Raczyński]] | term = 1796–1801 | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1735|2|3}} | birth_place = [[Dubiecko]], [[Sanok Land]] | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1801|3|14|1735|2|3}}, | death_place = [[Berlin]] | occupation = Writer, [[Primate of Poland]] | nationality = [[Polish people|Polish]] | coat_of_arms = POL COA Rogala.svg | spouse = | parents = | children = | religion = [[Roman Catholicism]]}} ''ಇಗ್ನಾಟ್ಸ್‌ ಕೌಂಟ್ ಕ್ರಾಸಿಟ್ಸ್ಕಿ''' 1735-1801, 18ನೆಯ ಶತಮಾನದ ಪೋಲೆಂಡಿನ ಅತ್ಯಂತ ಹಿರಿಯ ಬರೆಹಗಾರನೆನಿಸಿಕೊಂಡ ಈತ ಹೆಸರಾಂತ [[ಕವಿ]], [[ನಾಟಕ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ|ನಾಟಕಕಾರ]] ಮತ್ತು [[ಕಾದಂಬರಿ|ಕಾದಂಬರಿಕಾರ]]. ಅರಸನ ಸ್ನೇಹ ಸಂಪಾದಿಸಿ ಬಿಷಪ್ ಮತ್ತು ಆರ್ಚ್‍ಬಿಷಪ್ ಆದ. ಈತನ ಅಣಕು ಮಹಾಕಾವ್ಯಗಳು ಉಲ್ಲಾಸ ಮನೋವೃತ್ತಿಯನ್ನೂ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಳು ಜೀವನದರ್ಶನವನ್ನೂ ವಿಡಂಬನೆಗಳು ಸಮಕಾಲೀನ ಜೀವನದ ಓರೆಕೋರೆಗಳನ್ನೂ ಚಿತ್ರಿಸುತ್ತವೆ. ಆದರೂ ಅವುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಎಲ್ಲಿಯೂ ಅಸಂಬದ್ಧತೆ ಕಾಣದು. ಈತನ ಬರೆಹ ಸೊಗಸಾದ ಪ್ರಾತಿನಿಧಿಕ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಗಳನ್ನೂ ಪ್ರಕಾರಗಳನ್ನೂ ಸೃಷ್ಟಿಸುವಂಥದು. [[ಪೋಲೆಂಡ್|ಪೋಲೆಂಡಿ]]ನ ಜನರ ಜೀವನವನ್ನು ಸುಂದರವಾಗಿ ಚಿತ್ರಿಸುವ ಎರಡು ಕಾದಂಬರಿಗಳನ್ನು ಈತ ಬರೆದ. [[ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ಭಾಷೆ]]ಯ ಆಧುನಿಕ ಕಾದಂಬರಿ ಸೃಷ್ಟಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಈತ ಮೊದಲಿಗ. ಈತನ ಕೃತಿಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಜ್ಞಾವಂತ ತರ್ಕಬದ್ಧ ಮನೋಭಾವ ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ರಾಚೀನ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಮನೋಧರ್ಮ ಎರಡನ್ನೂ ಗುರುತಿಸಬಹುದು. ಪ್ಲೂಟಾರ್ಕ್, ಲೂಸಿಅನ್ ಮೊದಲಾದ ಪ್ರಾಚೀನ ಕವಿಗಳ ಕೃತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಈತ ಅನುವಾದ ಮಾಡಿದ. ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ಭಾಷೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಪಂಚ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಚರಿತ್ರೆಯ ಮೊದಲ ಸಮೀಕ್ಷೆ ನಡೆಸಿದ ಸಾಹಸಿಗನೀತ. ಬಾಯ್ಲೊ ನಿರೂಪಿಸಿದ ನಿಯಮಗಳನ್ನು ಅನುಸರಿಸಿ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ರಚನೆಗೆ ತೊಡಗುವುದು ಮತ್ತು [[ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸ್|ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸಿ]]ನ ಮಹಾ ಕೃತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಅನುಕರಣೆ ಮಾಡುವುದು ಇವನ ಮತ್ತು ಇವನ ಸಂಗಡಿಗರ ಮುಖ್ಯ ಉದ್ದೇಶವಾಗಿತ್ತು. == ಜೀವನ ಚರಿತ್ರೆ == ಉದಾತ್ತ ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿ ಕುಟುಂಬದ ಸದಸ್ಯರಾದ ಇಗ್ನಸಿ ಪೋಲಿಷ್ -ಲಿಥುವೇನಿಯನ್ ಕಾಮನ್‌ವೆಲ್ತ್‌ನ ಮ್ಯಾಗ್ನೇಟ್ ಮತ್ತು ಪವಿತ್ರ ರೋಮನ್ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯದ ಕೌಂಟ್ ಎಂಬ ಬಿರುದನ್ನು ಪಡೆದರು . ಕ್ಯಾಥೊಲಿಕ್ ಪಾದ್ರಿಯಾಗಿ ಅವರ ಶಿಕ್ಷಣವು 1743 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಲ್ವೋವ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಜೆಸ್ಯೂಟ್ ಕಾಲೇಜಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಾರಂಭವಾಯಿತು , ನಂತರ 1751 ರಿಂದ 1754 ರವರೆಗೆ [[ವಾರ್ಸಾ]]ದ ಲಾಜರಿಸ್ಟ್ ಸೆಮಿನರಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಹಾಜರಾತಿಯನ್ನು ಪಡೆದರು. 1759 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರ ದೀಕ್ಷೆಯ ನಂತರ , ಅವರು 1761 ರವರೆಗೆ [[ರೋಮನ್ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ|ರೋಮ್‌]]ನಲ್ಲಿ ತಮ್ಮ ಅಧ್ಯಯನವನ್ನು ಮುಂದುವರೆಸಿದರು . ೧೭೬೫ ರಲ್ಲಿ , ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ರಾಜ ಸ್ಟಾನಿಸ್ಲಾವ್ II ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ ಅವರನ್ನು ಕೋರ್ಟ್ ಚಾಪ್ಲಿನ್ ಆಗಿ ನೇಮಿಸಿದರು; ಮುಂದಿನ ವರ್ಷ ಅವರು ವಾರ್ಮಿಯಾ ಬಿಷಪ್ರಿಕ್‌ನ ಸಹ -ಅಡ್ಜುಟರ್ ಆದರು. ರಾಜಕುಮಾರ-ಬಿಷಪ್ ಆಡಮ್ ಸ್ಟಾನಿಸ್ಲಾವ್ ಗ್ರಾಬೋವ್ಸ್ಕಿಯವರ ಮರಣದ ನಂತರ ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ 15, 1766 ಅವರನ್ನು ಉತ್ತರಾಧಿಕಾರಿಯಾಗಿ ಆಯ್ಕೆ ಮಾಡಲಾಯಿತು. ಅವರು ಬಿಷಪ್ ದೀಕ್ಷೆಯನ್ನು ಪಡೆದರು, ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ 28ವಾರ್ಸಾದ ಥಿಯೇಟೈನ್ ಚರ್ಚ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ . 1772 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಪೋಲೆಂಡ್‌ನ ಮೊದಲ ವಿಭಜನೆಯ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ , ವಾರ್ಮಿಯಾವನ್ನು ಪ್ರಶ್ಯ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯಕ್ಕೆ ಸೇರಿಸಲಾಯಿತು . ಸ್ವಲ್ಪ ಸಮಯದ ನಂತರ, ಅವರು [[ಬರ್ಲಿನ್|ಬರ್ಲಿನ್‌]]ನಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಸೇಂಟ್ ಹೆಡ್ವಿಗ್ ಕ್ಯಾಥೆಡ್ರಲ್ ಅನ್ನು ಪವಿತ್ರಗೊಳಿಸಿದ ರಾಜ ಫ್ರೆಡೆರಿಕ್ II ಅವರನ್ನು ಭೇಟಿಯಾದರು . ರಾಜನು ಬಿಷಪ್‌ನ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಕೃತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಮೆಚ್ಚಿಕೊಂಡನು ಮತ್ತು ಪಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಡ್ಯಾಮ್ ಕೋಟೆಯಲ್ಲಿನ ತನ್ನ ಕೂಟಗಳಿಗೆ ಅವರನ್ನು ಹಲವಾರು ಬಾರಿ ಆಹ್ವಾನಿಸಿದನು . ಅದೇ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ, ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿ ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ರಾಜ ಸ್ಟಾನಿಸ್ಲಾವ್ II ರ ಆಪ್ತ ಸ್ನೇಹಿತನಾಗಿದ್ದನು, ಅವರು 1774 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರಿಗೆ ಆರ್ಡರ್ ಆಫ್ ದಿ ವೈಟ್ ಈಗಲ್ ಅನ್ನು ನೀಡಿದರು . ೧೭೮೬ ರಲ್ಲಿ , ಫ್ರೆಡೆರಿಕ್ II ಅವರನ್ನು ಬರ್ಲಿನ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿರುವ ರಾಯಲ್ ಪ್ರಶ್ಯನ್ ಅಕಾಡೆಮಿ ಆಫ್ ಸೈನ್ಸಸ್‌ನ ಸದಸ್ಯರನ್ನಾಗಿ ನೇಮಿಸಿದರು . ಗ್ನೀಜ್ನೋ ಆರ್ಚ್‌ಡಯೋಸಿಸ್‌ನ ಮುಖ್ಯಸ್ಥರಾಗಿ ಆಯ್ಕೆಯಾಗುವುದನ್ನು ಬೆಂಬಲಿಸಿದ ಫ್ರೆಡೆರಿಕ್ ವಿಲಿಯಂ II ಮತ್ತು ೧೭೯೮ ರಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರಿಗೆ ಆರ್ಡರ್ ಆಫ್ ದಿ ರೆಡ್ ಈಗಲ್ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿಯನ್ನು ನೀಡಿದ ಫ್ರೆಡೆರಿಕ್ ವಿಲಿಯಂ III ರ ಅಡಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಶ್ಯದ ರಾಜರೊಂದಿಗೆ ಉತ್ತಮ ಸಂಬಂಧಗಳು ಮುಂದುವರೆದವು . ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ 22, 1795 ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿ ಅವರನ್ನು ಗ್ನಿಜ್ನೋದ ಆರ್ಚ್‌ಬಿಷಪ್ ಮತ್ತು ಪೋಲೆಂಡ್‌ನ ಪ್ರೈಮೇಟ್ ಆಗಿ ನೇಮಿಸಲಾಯಿತು . ಅವರು ಮಾರ್ಚ್ 14, 1801 ಬರ್ಲಿನ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ನಿಧನರಾದರು.1829 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಗ್ನಿಜ್ನೋ ಕ್ಯಾಥೆಡ್ರಲ್‌ಗೆ ಸ್ಥಳಾಂತರಿಸುವ ಮೊದಲು ಸೇಂಟ್ ಹೆಡ್ವಿಗ್ ಕ್ಯಾಥೆಡ್ರಲ್ ಅವರ ಮರಣದ ಅವಶೇಷಗಳನ್ನು ಸಂರಕ್ಷಿಸಿತ್ತು . == ಕಲಾಕೃತಿ == ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿಯ ಮೂಲ ಕೃತಿಯು ಮುಖ್ಯವಾಗಿ 1775-1780ರ ವರ್ಷಗಳಲ್ಲಿದೆ ಮತ್ತು ಇದು ಕಿಂಗ್ ಸ್ಟಾನಿಸ್ಲಾವ್ ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ ಸುತ್ತ ಗುಂಪು ಮಾಡಲಾದ ಬರಹಗಾರರ ವಿಚಾರಗಳ ಮತ್ತು ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಕಾರ್ಯಕ್ರಮಕ್ಕೆ ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸಿದೆ . ''ಅವರು ತಮ್ಮ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ದೃಷ್ಟಾಂತಗಳಿಗೆ'' ( ''ಬಾಜ್ಕಿ ಐ ಪ್ರಜಿಪೋವಿಯೆಸ್ಸಿ'' ) ಪ್ರಸಿದ್ಧರಾಗಿದ್ದಾರೆ , ಇದು ಅವರಿಗೆ "ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ಲಾ ಫಾಂಟೈನ್ " ಎಂಬ ಅಡ್ಡಹೆಸರನ್ನು ತಂದುಕೊಟ್ಟಿತು . 1779 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಕಟವಾದ ಮತ್ತು ನಂತರ ಹೊಸ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಳೊಂದಿಗೆ ವರ್ಧಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ ಈ ಸಣ್ಣ ಸಂಪುಟವು ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿಯನ್ನು ಶ್ರೇಷ್ಠ ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಾರ ಎಂದು ಸ್ಥಾಪಿಸಿತು. ಅವರು ಮೊದಲ ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ಕಾದಂಬರಿ "ದಿ ''ಅಡ್ವೆಂಚರ್ಸ್ ಆಫ್ ನಿಕೋಲಸ್ ಡೋಸ್ವಿಯಾಡ್ಜಿನ್ಸ್ಕಿ" ಯ ಲೇಖಕರೂ ಆಗಿದ್ದಾರೆ,'' ಇದರಲ್ಲಿ ವೋಲ್ಟೇರ್ ಪ್ರಭಾವವನ್ನು ಅನುಭವಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ , ಜೊತೆಗೆ [[ಜೊನಾಥನ್ ಸ್ವಿಫ್ಟ್]] , [[ಆಲಿವರ್ ಗೋಲ್ಡ್‌ಸ್ಮಿತ್|ಆಲಿವರ್ ಗೋಲ್ಡ್ ಸ್ಮಿತ್]] ಮತ್ತು [[ಹೆನ್ರಿ ಫೀಲ್ಡಿಂಗ್]] ಅವರ ಪ್ರಭಾವವನ್ನೂ ಸಹ ಕಾಣಬಹುದು . ಈ ಕಾದಂಬರಿಯು ನಿಕೋಲಸ್‌ನ ದೋಷಪೂರಿತ ಭಾವನಾತ್ಮಕ ಶಿಕ್ಷಣವನ್ನು ವಿವರಿಸುತ್ತದೆ, ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್ ಬರೊಕ್ ಕಾದಂಬರಿಗಳಿಂದ ಅಮಲೇರಿದ ಅವನ ಬೋಧಕ ಮಾನ್ಸಿಯರ್ ಡ್ಯಾಮನ್, ಅವನ ಗ್ರಾಮೀಣ, ಕುರುಬನಂತಹ ಹೆಸರಿನೊಂದಿಗೆ, ಅವನನ್ನು ಓದುವಂತೆ ಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ. ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿಯ ನಾಯಕ ತನ್ನ ಬರೊಕ್ ಪಾಲನೆ ಮತ್ತು ಅವನ ತಾಯಿಯ ನಿಷ್ಕಪಟ ಭಕ್ತಿಯೊಂದಿಗೆ ಬರುವ [[ಮೂಢನಂಬಿಕೆ]]ಗಳ ವಿರುದ್ಧ ಹೋರಾಡುತ್ತಾನೆ. ಏಕೆಂದರೆ ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ಜ್ಞಾನೋದಯ ಮತ್ತು ಪಶ್ಚಿಮದಿಂದ ಬಂದ ಅದರ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯಿಕ ನಾವೀನ್ಯತೆಗಳು ಸರ್ಮಾಟಿಯನ್ ಬರೊಕ್‌ನ ಶಕ್ತಿಯ ವಿರುದ್ಧ ತಮ್ಮನ್ನು ತಾವು ಪ್ರತಿಪಾದಿಸಬೇಕಾಗಿತ್ತು . ಈ ಬರೊಕ್ ಧರ್ಮನಿಷ್ಠೆಯನ್ನು ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯದ ಹೇರಳವಾದ ಹೂಬಿಡುವ ಮೂಲಕ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಪಡಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ: ಮಾನ್ಸಿಯರ್ ಡ್ಯಾಮನ್ ಆಗಮನದ ಮೊದಲು ನಿಕೋಲಸ್ ಓದುವ ಸಾಂಕೇತಿಕ ಕಾದಂಬರಿಗಳು, ಆದರೆ ಪ್ರಪಂಚದ ವ್ಯಾನಿಟಿಯ ಕುರಿತು ನೃತ್ಯ ಭಯಾನಕ ದೃಶ್ಯಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ರವಚನಗಳಿಂದ ತುಂಬಿದ ಭಕ್ತಿ ಕಾವ್ಯವೂ ಸಹ. ''ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿ *ದಿ ಮೊನಾಸ್ಟಿಕ್ ಆರ್ಡರ್*'' ( ''*ಮೊನಾಚೊಮಾಚಿಯಾ ಕ್ಜಿಲಿ ವೊಜ್ನಾ ಮ್ನಿಚೊವ್*'' , 1778) ನ ಲೇಖಕರೂ ಆಗಿದ್ದಾರೆ , ಇದು ಪ್ರಕಟಣೆಯ ಮೇಲೆ ಹಗರಣಕ್ಕೆ ಕಾರಣವಾಯಿತು. ಇದು ಒಂದು ಅಣಕು-ವೀರ ಕವಿತೆಯಾಗಿದ್ದು, ಪೋಲೆಂಡ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿನ ಭಿಕ್ಷುಕರ ಆದೇಶಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಅವರ ಕಡಿಮೆ ಬೌದ್ಧಿಕ ಮತ್ತು ನೈತಿಕ ಮಾನದಂಡಗಳ ತೀಕ್ಷ್ಣವಾದ ವಿಡಂಬನೆಯಾಗಿದೆ. ಇದರಲ್ಲಿ, ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿ ತನ್ನನ್ನು ವಿಡಂಬನೆ ಮತ್ತು [[ವ್ಯಂಗ್ಯ]]ದ ಕಲಾಕಾರ ಎಂದು ಬಹಿರಂಗಪಡಿಸುತ್ತಾನೆ. ನಿಕೋಲಸ್ ಬೊಯಿಲಿಯು ( ''*ಲೆ ಲುಟ್ರಿನ್'' *) ಮತ್ತು ಜೀನ್-ಬ್ಯಾಪ್ಟಿಸ್ಟ್ ಗ್ರೆಸೆಟ್ ( ''*ವರ್ಟ್-ವರ್ಟ್'' *) ಅವರಿಂದ ಸ್ಫೂರ್ತಿ ಪಡೆದ ಈ ಕೃತಿಯು ಮೂಲವಾಗಿದೆ ಮತ್ತು ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ಕಾನ್ವೆಂಟ್‌ಗಳ ನಿರ್ದಯ ಭಾವಚಿತ್ರವನ್ನು ಚಿತ್ರಿಸುತ್ತದೆ, ಪದ್ಧತಿಗಳ ಸೂಕ್ಷ್ಮ ಅವಲೋಕನದಿಂದ ತಿಳಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿದೆ ಮತ್ತು ಗಮನಾರ್ಹ ಕಲಾತ್ಮಕತೆಯಿಂದ ಕಾರ್ಯಗತಗೊಳಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿದೆ. ಒಬ್ಬ ಪೀಠಾಧಿಪತಿಯಿಂದ ಬಂದ ಇಂತಹ ದಾಳಿಯು ಪ್ರತಿಭಟನೆಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಕೋಪದ ಟೀಕೆಗಳನ್ನು ಕೆರಳಿಸಿತು. ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿ * ''ಆಂಟಿಮೊನಾಚೊಮಾಚಿಯಾ'' * (1780) ನೊಂದಿಗೆ ಪ್ರತಿಕ್ರಿಯಿಸಿದರು, ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಹಿಂತೆಗೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳುವಿಕೆಯ ವ್ಯಂಗ್ಯವು ವಿಡಂಬನಾತ್ಮಕ ಖಂಡನೆಯ ಅಂಶಗಳನ್ನು ಮತ್ತಷ್ಟು ತೀಕ್ಷ್ಣಗೊಳಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ''"ದಿ ಗೋಲ್ಡ್ ಫಿಂಚ್ ಮತ್ತು ಬ್ಲ್ಯಾಕ್ ಬರ್ಡ್"'' ಎಂಬ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಯಿಂದ " ''ಬಾರ್‌ಗಳ ಹಿಂದೆ ಒಪ್ಪಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವುದಕ್ಕಿಂತ ತೆರೆದ ಗಾಳಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ವಾದಿಸುವುದು ಉತ್ತಮ"'' ಎಂಬ ಪ್ರಸಿದ್ಧ ಸೂತ್ರವನ್ನು ಅವರು ವಿಶೇಷವಾಗಿ ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದಾರೆ .ಇದನ್ನು ಅವರು ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್ ಮತ್ತು ಗ್ರೀಕ್ ಭಾಷೆಯಿಂದ ಅನುವಾದಿಸಿದ್ದಾರೆ . == ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್ ಅನುವಾದಗಳು == * ''ದಿ ಅಡ್ವೆಂಚರ್ಸ್ ಆಫ್ ನಿಕೋಲಸ್ ಡೋಸ್ವಿಯಾಕ್ಜಿನ್ಸ್ಕಿ'' , ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ಭಾಷೆಯಿಂದ ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್‌ಗೆ ಜೆ.-ಬಿ. ಲಾವೋಸಿಯರ್ ಅನುವಾದಿಸಿದ್ದಾರೆ, ಮೊದಲು ಕೌಂಟ್ ಸ್ಟಾನಿಸ್ಲಾಸ್ ಪೊಟೋಕಿ, ಪ್ಯಾರಿಸ್, ಎಚ್. ನಿಕೋಲ್, 1818 ರ ಲೇಖಕರ ಸ್ತುತಿಗೀತೆ. * ''ದಿ ಬ್ಲೋಸ್ ಆಫ್ ಫೇಟ್, 5 ಅಂಕಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಗದ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಹಾಸ್ಯ'' , ಪ್ಯಾರಿಸ್, [Sn], 1823 * ''ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿಯವರ ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಳು'' , ಜೆ.-ಬಿ.-ಎಂ ಅನುವಾದಿಸಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಡಿ ವಿಯೆನ್ನೆ, ಪ್ಯಾರಿಸ್, ಎಫ್. ಡಿಡೋಟ್, 1828 * ''ಇತಿಹಾಸ, ಇಗ್ನೇಸ್ ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿಯವರ ಕೃತಿ'' , ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ಭಾಷೆಯಿಂದ ಜೆ.-ಬಿ. ಲಾವೋಸಿಯರ್ ಅವರಿಂದ ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್‌ಗೆ ಅನುವಾದಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ, ಪ್ಯಾರಿಸ್, ಹೆಚ್. ನಿಕೋಲ್, 1817 ==ಬಾಹ್ಯ ಸಂಪರ್ಕಗಳು== * [http://polandsite.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=polishliteratureinenglish&action=display&thread=742 Polish Forum] * [http://www.liturgical.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=6712 Catholic Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425083906/http://www.liturgical.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=6712 |date=25 April 2012 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051227013112/http://monika.univ.gda.pl/~literat/autors/krasic.htm Biography at monika.univ.gda.pl] * [http://www.poetrymagic.co.uk/poets/krasicki.html Biography at poetrymagic.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060501011626/http://www.poetrymagic.co.uk/poets/krasicki.html |date=1 May 2006 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090105213431/http://www.polishconstitution.org/Biokras.html Biography at polishconstitution.org] * [https://poezja.org/wz/Krasicki_Ignacy/ Collected works] {{in lang|pl}} * [http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/Aut1271.HTM Other works] {{in lang|pl}} * [http://www.archidiecezja.pl/panorama/katedra360/index.html Virtual tour Gniezno Cathedral ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717104400/http://www.archidiecezja.pl/panorama/katedra360/index.html |date=17 July 2020 }} *[http://prymaspolski.pl/prymasi/ List of Primates of Poland ] ==ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು== gkvcvd3lklzqpxlmibzpnyo7q9oylzz 1374588 1374587 2026-06-02T12:22:21Z VASANTH S.N. 728 added [[Category:ಕವಿಗಳು]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 1374588 wikitext text/x-wiki '{{Infobox person | type = Archbishop | name = Ignacy Krasicki | honorific-prefix = His Excellency | image = Ignacy Krasicki 111.PNG | title = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gniezno|Archbishop of Gniezno]]<br>[[Primate (bishop)|Primate of Poland]] | archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gniezno|Gniezno]] | predecessor = [[Michał Jerzy Poniatowski]] | successor = [[:pl:Ignacy Raczyński|Ignacy Raczyński]] | term = 1796–1801 | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1735|2|3}} | birth_place = [[Dubiecko]], [[Sanok Land]] | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1801|3|14|1735|2|3}}, | death_place = [[Berlin]] | occupation = Writer, [[Primate of Poland]] | nationality = [[Polish people|Polish]] | coat_of_arms = POL COA Rogala.svg | spouse = | parents = | children = | religion = [[Roman Catholicism]]}} ''ಇಗ್ನಾಟ್ಸ್‌ ಕೌಂಟ್ ಕ್ರಾಸಿಟ್ಸ್ಕಿ''' 1735-1801, 18ನೆಯ ಶತಮಾನದ ಪೋಲೆಂಡಿನ ಅತ್ಯಂತ ಹಿರಿಯ ಬರೆಹಗಾರನೆನಿಸಿಕೊಂಡ ಈತ ಹೆಸರಾಂತ [[ಕವಿ]], [[ನಾಟಕ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ|ನಾಟಕಕಾರ]] ಮತ್ತು [[ಕಾದಂಬರಿ|ಕಾದಂಬರಿಕಾರ]]. ಅರಸನ ಸ್ನೇಹ ಸಂಪಾದಿಸಿ ಬಿಷಪ್ ಮತ್ತು ಆರ್ಚ್‍ಬಿಷಪ್ ಆದ. ಈತನ ಅಣಕು ಮಹಾಕಾವ್ಯಗಳು ಉಲ್ಲಾಸ ಮನೋವೃತ್ತಿಯನ್ನೂ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಳು ಜೀವನದರ್ಶನವನ್ನೂ ವಿಡಂಬನೆಗಳು ಸಮಕಾಲೀನ ಜೀವನದ ಓರೆಕೋರೆಗಳನ್ನೂ ಚಿತ್ರಿಸುತ್ತವೆ. ಆದರೂ ಅವುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಎಲ್ಲಿಯೂ ಅಸಂಬದ್ಧತೆ ಕಾಣದು. ಈತನ ಬರೆಹ ಸೊಗಸಾದ ಪ್ರಾತಿನಿಧಿಕ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಗಳನ್ನೂ ಪ್ರಕಾರಗಳನ್ನೂ ಸೃಷ್ಟಿಸುವಂಥದು. [[ಪೋಲೆಂಡ್|ಪೋಲೆಂಡಿ]]ನ ಜನರ ಜೀವನವನ್ನು ಸುಂದರವಾಗಿ ಚಿತ್ರಿಸುವ ಎರಡು ಕಾದಂಬರಿಗಳನ್ನು ಈತ ಬರೆದ. [[ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ಭಾಷೆ]]ಯ ಆಧುನಿಕ ಕಾದಂಬರಿ ಸೃಷ್ಟಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಈತ ಮೊದಲಿಗ. ಈತನ ಕೃತಿಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಜ್ಞಾವಂತ ತರ್ಕಬದ್ಧ ಮನೋಭಾವ ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ರಾಚೀನ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಮನೋಧರ್ಮ ಎರಡನ್ನೂ ಗುರುತಿಸಬಹುದು. ಪ್ಲೂಟಾರ್ಕ್, ಲೂಸಿಅನ್ ಮೊದಲಾದ ಪ್ರಾಚೀನ ಕವಿಗಳ ಕೃತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಈತ ಅನುವಾದ ಮಾಡಿದ. ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ಭಾಷೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಪಂಚ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಚರಿತ್ರೆಯ ಮೊದಲ ಸಮೀಕ್ಷೆ ನಡೆಸಿದ ಸಾಹಸಿಗನೀತ. ಬಾಯ್ಲೊ ನಿರೂಪಿಸಿದ ನಿಯಮಗಳನ್ನು ಅನುಸರಿಸಿ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ರಚನೆಗೆ ತೊಡಗುವುದು ಮತ್ತು [[ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸ್|ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸಿ]]ನ ಮಹಾ ಕೃತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಅನುಕರಣೆ ಮಾಡುವುದು ಇವನ ಮತ್ತು ಇವನ ಸಂಗಡಿಗರ ಮುಖ್ಯ ಉದ್ದೇಶವಾಗಿತ್ತು. == ಜೀವನ ಚರಿತ್ರೆ == ಉದಾತ್ತ ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿ ಕುಟುಂಬದ ಸದಸ್ಯರಾದ ಇಗ್ನಸಿ ಪೋಲಿಷ್ -ಲಿಥುವೇನಿಯನ್ ಕಾಮನ್‌ವೆಲ್ತ್‌ನ ಮ್ಯಾಗ್ನೇಟ್ ಮತ್ತು ಪವಿತ್ರ ರೋಮನ್ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯದ ಕೌಂಟ್ ಎಂಬ ಬಿರುದನ್ನು ಪಡೆದರು . ಕ್ಯಾಥೊಲಿಕ್ ಪಾದ್ರಿಯಾಗಿ ಅವರ ಶಿಕ್ಷಣವು 1743 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಲ್ವೋವ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಜೆಸ್ಯೂಟ್ ಕಾಲೇಜಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಾರಂಭವಾಯಿತು , ನಂತರ 1751 ರಿಂದ 1754 ರವರೆಗೆ [[ವಾರ್ಸಾ]]ದ ಲಾಜರಿಸ್ಟ್ ಸೆಮಿನರಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಹಾಜರಾತಿಯನ್ನು ಪಡೆದರು. 1759 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರ ದೀಕ್ಷೆಯ ನಂತರ , ಅವರು 1761 ರವರೆಗೆ [[ರೋಮನ್ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ|ರೋಮ್‌]]ನಲ್ಲಿ ತಮ್ಮ ಅಧ್ಯಯನವನ್ನು ಮುಂದುವರೆಸಿದರು . ೧೭೬೫ ರಲ್ಲಿ , ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ರಾಜ ಸ್ಟಾನಿಸ್ಲಾವ್ II ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ ಅವರನ್ನು ಕೋರ್ಟ್ ಚಾಪ್ಲಿನ್ ಆಗಿ ನೇಮಿಸಿದರು; ಮುಂದಿನ ವರ್ಷ ಅವರು ವಾರ್ಮಿಯಾ ಬಿಷಪ್ರಿಕ್‌ನ ಸಹ -ಅಡ್ಜುಟರ್ ಆದರು. ರಾಜಕುಮಾರ-ಬಿಷಪ್ ಆಡಮ್ ಸ್ಟಾನಿಸ್ಲಾವ್ ಗ್ರಾಬೋವ್ಸ್ಕಿಯವರ ಮರಣದ ನಂತರ ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ 15, 1766 ಅವರನ್ನು ಉತ್ತರಾಧಿಕಾರಿಯಾಗಿ ಆಯ್ಕೆ ಮಾಡಲಾಯಿತು. ಅವರು ಬಿಷಪ್ ದೀಕ್ಷೆಯನ್ನು ಪಡೆದರು, ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ 28ವಾರ್ಸಾದ ಥಿಯೇಟೈನ್ ಚರ್ಚ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ . 1772 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಪೋಲೆಂಡ್‌ನ ಮೊದಲ ವಿಭಜನೆಯ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ , ವಾರ್ಮಿಯಾವನ್ನು ಪ್ರಶ್ಯ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯಕ್ಕೆ ಸೇರಿಸಲಾಯಿತು . ಸ್ವಲ್ಪ ಸಮಯದ ನಂತರ, ಅವರು [[ಬರ್ಲಿನ್|ಬರ್ಲಿನ್‌]]ನಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಸೇಂಟ್ ಹೆಡ್ವಿಗ್ ಕ್ಯಾಥೆಡ್ರಲ್ ಅನ್ನು ಪವಿತ್ರಗೊಳಿಸಿದ ರಾಜ ಫ್ರೆಡೆರಿಕ್ II ಅವರನ್ನು ಭೇಟಿಯಾದರು . ರಾಜನು ಬಿಷಪ್‌ನ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಕೃತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಮೆಚ್ಚಿಕೊಂಡನು ಮತ್ತು ಪಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಡ್ಯಾಮ್ ಕೋಟೆಯಲ್ಲಿನ ತನ್ನ ಕೂಟಗಳಿಗೆ ಅವರನ್ನು ಹಲವಾರು ಬಾರಿ ಆಹ್ವಾನಿಸಿದನು . ಅದೇ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ, ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿ ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ರಾಜ ಸ್ಟಾನಿಸ್ಲಾವ್ II ರ ಆಪ್ತ ಸ್ನೇಹಿತನಾಗಿದ್ದನು, ಅವರು 1774 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರಿಗೆ ಆರ್ಡರ್ ಆಫ್ ದಿ ವೈಟ್ ಈಗಲ್ ಅನ್ನು ನೀಡಿದರು . ೧೭೮೬ ರಲ್ಲಿ , ಫ್ರೆಡೆರಿಕ್ II ಅವರನ್ನು ಬರ್ಲಿನ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿರುವ ರಾಯಲ್ ಪ್ರಶ್ಯನ್ ಅಕಾಡೆಮಿ ಆಫ್ ಸೈನ್ಸಸ್‌ನ ಸದಸ್ಯರನ್ನಾಗಿ ನೇಮಿಸಿದರು . ಗ್ನೀಜ್ನೋ ಆರ್ಚ್‌ಡಯೋಸಿಸ್‌ನ ಮುಖ್ಯಸ್ಥರಾಗಿ ಆಯ್ಕೆಯಾಗುವುದನ್ನು ಬೆಂಬಲಿಸಿದ ಫ್ರೆಡೆರಿಕ್ ವಿಲಿಯಂ II ಮತ್ತು ೧೭೯೮ ರಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರಿಗೆ ಆರ್ಡರ್ ಆಫ್ ದಿ ರೆಡ್ ಈಗಲ್ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿಯನ್ನು ನೀಡಿದ ಫ್ರೆಡೆರಿಕ್ ವಿಲಿಯಂ III ರ ಅಡಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಶ್ಯದ ರಾಜರೊಂದಿಗೆ ಉತ್ತಮ ಸಂಬಂಧಗಳು ಮುಂದುವರೆದವು . ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ 22, 1795 ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿ ಅವರನ್ನು ಗ್ನಿಜ್ನೋದ ಆರ್ಚ್‌ಬಿಷಪ್ ಮತ್ತು ಪೋಲೆಂಡ್‌ನ ಪ್ರೈಮೇಟ್ ಆಗಿ ನೇಮಿಸಲಾಯಿತು . ಅವರು ಮಾರ್ಚ್ 14, 1801 ಬರ್ಲಿನ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ನಿಧನರಾದರು.1829 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಗ್ನಿಜ್ನೋ ಕ್ಯಾಥೆಡ್ರಲ್‌ಗೆ ಸ್ಥಳಾಂತರಿಸುವ ಮೊದಲು ಸೇಂಟ್ ಹೆಡ್ವಿಗ್ ಕ್ಯಾಥೆಡ್ರಲ್ ಅವರ ಮರಣದ ಅವಶೇಷಗಳನ್ನು ಸಂರಕ್ಷಿಸಿತ್ತು . == ಕಲಾಕೃತಿ == ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿಯ ಮೂಲ ಕೃತಿಯು ಮುಖ್ಯವಾಗಿ 1775-1780ರ ವರ್ಷಗಳಲ್ಲಿದೆ ಮತ್ತು ಇದು ಕಿಂಗ್ ಸ್ಟಾನಿಸ್ಲಾವ್ ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ ಸುತ್ತ ಗುಂಪು ಮಾಡಲಾದ ಬರಹಗಾರರ ವಿಚಾರಗಳ ಮತ್ತು ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಕಾರ್ಯಕ್ರಮಕ್ಕೆ ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸಿದೆ . ''ಅವರು ತಮ್ಮ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ದೃಷ್ಟಾಂತಗಳಿಗೆ'' ( ''ಬಾಜ್ಕಿ ಐ ಪ್ರಜಿಪೋವಿಯೆಸ್ಸಿ'' ) ಪ್ರಸಿದ್ಧರಾಗಿದ್ದಾರೆ , ಇದು ಅವರಿಗೆ "ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ಲಾ ಫಾಂಟೈನ್ " ಎಂಬ ಅಡ್ಡಹೆಸರನ್ನು ತಂದುಕೊಟ್ಟಿತು . 1779 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಕಟವಾದ ಮತ್ತು ನಂತರ ಹೊಸ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಳೊಂದಿಗೆ ವರ್ಧಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ ಈ ಸಣ್ಣ ಸಂಪುಟವು ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿಯನ್ನು ಶ್ರೇಷ್ಠ ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಾರ ಎಂದು ಸ್ಥಾಪಿಸಿತು. ಅವರು ಮೊದಲ ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ಕಾದಂಬರಿ "ದಿ ''ಅಡ್ವೆಂಚರ್ಸ್ ಆಫ್ ನಿಕೋಲಸ್ ಡೋಸ್ವಿಯಾಡ್ಜಿನ್ಸ್ಕಿ" ಯ ಲೇಖಕರೂ ಆಗಿದ್ದಾರೆ,'' ಇದರಲ್ಲಿ ವೋಲ್ಟೇರ್ ಪ್ರಭಾವವನ್ನು ಅನುಭವಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ , ಜೊತೆಗೆ [[ಜೊನಾಥನ್ ಸ್ವಿಫ್ಟ್]] , [[ಆಲಿವರ್ ಗೋಲ್ಡ್‌ಸ್ಮಿತ್|ಆಲಿವರ್ ಗೋಲ್ಡ್ ಸ್ಮಿತ್]] ಮತ್ತು [[ಹೆನ್ರಿ ಫೀಲ್ಡಿಂಗ್]] ಅವರ ಪ್ರಭಾವವನ್ನೂ ಸಹ ಕಾಣಬಹುದು . ಈ ಕಾದಂಬರಿಯು ನಿಕೋಲಸ್‌ನ ದೋಷಪೂರಿತ ಭಾವನಾತ್ಮಕ ಶಿಕ್ಷಣವನ್ನು ವಿವರಿಸುತ್ತದೆ, ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್ ಬರೊಕ್ ಕಾದಂಬರಿಗಳಿಂದ ಅಮಲೇರಿದ ಅವನ ಬೋಧಕ ಮಾನ್ಸಿಯರ್ ಡ್ಯಾಮನ್, ಅವನ ಗ್ರಾಮೀಣ, ಕುರುಬನಂತಹ ಹೆಸರಿನೊಂದಿಗೆ, ಅವನನ್ನು ಓದುವಂತೆ ಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ. ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿಯ ನಾಯಕ ತನ್ನ ಬರೊಕ್ ಪಾಲನೆ ಮತ್ತು ಅವನ ತಾಯಿಯ ನಿಷ್ಕಪಟ ಭಕ್ತಿಯೊಂದಿಗೆ ಬರುವ [[ಮೂಢನಂಬಿಕೆ]]ಗಳ ವಿರುದ್ಧ ಹೋರಾಡುತ್ತಾನೆ. ಏಕೆಂದರೆ ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ಜ್ಞಾನೋದಯ ಮತ್ತು ಪಶ್ಚಿಮದಿಂದ ಬಂದ ಅದರ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯಿಕ ನಾವೀನ್ಯತೆಗಳು ಸರ್ಮಾಟಿಯನ್ ಬರೊಕ್‌ನ ಶಕ್ತಿಯ ವಿರುದ್ಧ ತಮ್ಮನ್ನು ತಾವು ಪ್ರತಿಪಾದಿಸಬೇಕಾಗಿತ್ತು . ಈ ಬರೊಕ್ ಧರ್ಮನಿಷ್ಠೆಯನ್ನು ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯದ ಹೇರಳವಾದ ಹೂಬಿಡುವ ಮೂಲಕ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಪಡಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ: ಮಾನ್ಸಿಯರ್ ಡ್ಯಾಮನ್ ಆಗಮನದ ಮೊದಲು ನಿಕೋಲಸ್ ಓದುವ ಸಾಂಕೇತಿಕ ಕಾದಂಬರಿಗಳು, ಆದರೆ ಪ್ರಪಂಚದ ವ್ಯಾನಿಟಿಯ ಕುರಿತು ನೃತ್ಯ ಭಯಾನಕ ದೃಶ್ಯಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ರವಚನಗಳಿಂದ ತುಂಬಿದ ಭಕ್ತಿ ಕಾವ್ಯವೂ ಸಹ. ''ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿ *ದಿ ಮೊನಾಸ್ಟಿಕ್ ಆರ್ಡರ್*'' ( ''*ಮೊನಾಚೊಮಾಚಿಯಾ ಕ್ಜಿಲಿ ವೊಜ್ನಾ ಮ್ನಿಚೊವ್*'' , 1778) ನ ಲೇಖಕರೂ ಆಗಿದ್ದಾರೆ , ಇದು ಪ್ರಕಟಣೆಯ ಮೇಲೆ ಹಗರಣಕ್ಕೆ ಕಾರಣವಾಯಿತು. ಇದು ಒಂದು ಅಣಕು-ವೀರ ಕವಿತೆಯಾಗಿದ್ದು, ಪೋಲೆಂಡ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿನ ಭಿಕ್ಷುಕರ ಆದೇಶಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಅವರ ಕಡಿಮೆ ಬೌದ್ಧಿಕ ಮತ್ತು ನೈತಿಕ ಮಾನದಂಡಗಳ ತೀಕ್ಷ್ಣವಾದ ವಿಡಂಬನೆಯಾಗಿದೆ. ಇದರಲ್ಲಿ, ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿ ತನ್ನನ್ನು ವಿಡಂಬನೆ ಮತ್ತು [[ವ್ಯಂಗ್ಯ]]ದ ಕಲಾಕಾರ ಎಂದು ಬಹಿರಂಗಪಡಿಸುತ್ತಾನೆ. ನಿಕೋಲಸ್ ಬೊಯಿಲಿಯು ( ''*ಲೆ ಲುಟ್ರಿನ್'' *) ಮತ್ತು ಜೀನ್-ಬ್ಯಾಪ್ಟಿಸ್ಟ್ ಗ್ರೆಸೆಟ್ ( ''*ವರ್ಟ್-ವರ್ಟ್'' *) ಅವರಿಂದ ಸ್ಫೂರ್ತಿ ಪಡೆದ ಈ ಕೃತಿಯು ಮೂಲವಾಗಿದೆ ಮತ್ತು ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ಕಾನ್ವೆಂಟ್‌ಗಳ ನಿರ್ದಯ ಭಾವಚಿತ್ರವನ್ನು ಚಿತ್ರಿಸುತ್ತದೆ, ಪದ್ಧತಿಗಳ ಸೂಕ್ಷ್ಮ ಅವಲೋಕನದಿಂದ ತಿಳಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿದೆ ಮತ್ತು ಗಮನಾರ್ಹ ಕಲಾತ್ಮಕತೆಯಿಂದ ಕಾರ್ಯಗತಗೊಳಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿದೆ. ಒಬ್ಬ ಪೀಠಾಧಿಪತಿಯಿಂದ ಬಂದ ಇಂತಹ ದಾಳಿಯು ಪ್ರತಿಭಟನೆಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಕೋಪದ ಟೀಕೆಗಳನ್ನು ಕೆರಳಿಸಿತು. ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿ * ''ಆಂಟಿಮೊನಾಚೊಮಾಚಿಯಾ'' * (1780) ನೊಂದಿಗೆ ಪ್ರತಿಕ್ರಿಯಿಸಿದರು, ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಹಿಂತೆಗೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳುವಿಕೆಯ ವ್ಯಂಗ್ಯವು ವಿಡಂಬನಾತ್ಮಕ ಖಂಡನೆಯ ಅಂಶಗಳನ್ನು ಮತ್ತಷ್ಟು ತೀಕ್ಷ್ಣಗೊಳಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ''"ದಿ ಗೋಲ್ಡ್ ಫಿಂಚ್ ಮತ್ತು ಬ್ಲ್ಯಾಕ್ ಬರ್ಡ್"'' ಎಂಬ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಯಿಂದ " ''ಬಾರ್‌ಗಳ ಹಿಂದೆ ಒಪ್ಪಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವುದಕ್ಕಿಂತ ತೆರೆದ ಗಾಳಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ವಾದಿಸುವುದು ಉತ್ತಮ"'' ಎಂಬ ಪ್ರಸಿದ್ಧ ಸೂತ್ರವನ್ನು ಅವರು ವಿಶೇಷವಾಗಿ ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದಾರೆ .ಇದನ್ನು ಅವರು ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್ ಮತ್ತು ಗ್ರೀಕ್ ಭಾಷೆಯಿಂದ ಅನುವಾದಿಸಿದ್ದಾರೆ . == ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್ ಅನುವಾದಗಳು == * ''ದಿ ಅಡ್ವೆಂಚರ್ಸ್ ಆಫ್ ನಿಕೋಲಸ್ ಡೋಸ್ವಿಯಾಕ್ಜಿನ್ಸ್ಕಿ'' , ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ಭಾಷೆಯಿಂದ ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್‌ಗೆ ಜೆ.-ಬಿ. ಲಾವೋಸಿಯರ್ ಅನುವಾದಿಸಿದ್ದಾರೆ, ಮೊದಲು ಕೌಂಟ್ ಸ್ಟಾನಿಸ್ಲಾಸ್ ಪೊಟೋಕಿ, ಪ್ಯಾರಿಸ್, ಎಚ್. ನಿಕೋಲ್, 1818 ರ ಲೇಖಕರ ಸ್ತುತಿಗೀತೆ. * ''ದಿ ಬ್ಲೋಸ್ ಆಫ್ ಫೇಟ್, 5 ಅಂಕಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಗದ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಹಾಸ್ಯ'' , ಪ್ಯಾರಿಸ್, [Sn], 1823 * ''ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿಯವರ ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಳು'' , ಜೆ.-ಬಿ.-ಎಂ ಅನುವಾದಿಸಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಡಿ ವಿಯೆನ್ನೆ, ಪ್ಯಾರಿಸ್, ಎಫ್. ಡಿಡೋಟ್, 1828 * ''ಇತಿಹಾಸ, ಇಗ್ನೇಸ್ ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿಯವರ ಕೃತಿ'' , ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ಭಾಷೆಯಿಂದ ಜೆ.-ಬಿ. ಲಾವೋಸಿಯರ್ ಅವರಿಂದ ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್‌ಗೆ ಅನುವಾದಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ, ಪ್ಯಾರಿಸ್, ಹೆಚ್. ನಿಕೋಲ್, 1817 ==ಬಾಹ್ಯ ಸಂಪರ್ಕಗಳು== * [http://polandsite.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=polishliteratureinenglish&action=display&thread=742 Polish Forum] * [http://www.liturgical.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=6712 Catholic Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425083906/http://www.liturgical.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=6712 |date=25 April 2012 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051227013112/http://monika.univ.gda.pl/~literat/autors/krasic.htm Biography at monika.univ.gda.pl] * [http://www.poetrymagic.co.uk/poets/krasicki.html Biography at poetrymagic.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060501011626/http://www.poetrymagic.co.uk/poets/krasicki.html |date=1 May 2006 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090105213431/http://www.polishconstitution.org/Biokras.html Biography at polishconstitution.org] * [https://poezja.org/wz/Krasicki_Ignacy/ Collected works] {{in lang|pl}} * [http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/Aut1271.HTM Other works] {{in lang|pl}} * [http://www.archidiecezja.pl/panorama/katedra360/index.html Virtual tour Gniezno Cathedral ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717104400/http://www.archidiecezja.pl/panorama/katedra360/index.html |date=17 July 2020 }} *[http://prymaspolski.pl/prymasi/ List of Primates of Poland ] ==ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು== [[ವರ್ಗ:ಕವಿಗಳು]] djfotd25bqh11auuf5pkr4c0we8zsul 1374589 1374588 2026-06-02T12:22:37Z VASANTH S.N. 728 added [[Category:ನಾಟಕಕಾರರು]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 1374589 wikitext text/x-wiki '{{Infobox person | type = Archbishop | name = Ignacy Krasicki | honorific-prefix = His Excellency | image = Ignacy Krasicki 111.PNG | title = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gniezno|Archbishop of Gniezno]]<br>[[Primate (bishop)|Primate of Poland]] | archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gniezno|Gniezno]] | predecessor = [[Michał Jerzy Poniatowski]] | successor = [[:pl:Ignacy Raczyński|Ignacy Raczyński]] | term = 1796–1801 | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1735|2|3}} | birth_place = [[Dubiecko]], [[Sanok Land]] | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1801|3|14|1735|2|3}}, | death_place = [[Berlin]] | occupation = Writer, [[Primate of Poland]] | nationality = [[Polish people|Polish]] | coat_of_arms = POL COA Rogala.svg | spouse = | parents = | children = | religion = [[Roman Catholicism]]}} ''ಇಗ್ನಾಟ್ಸ್‌ ಕೌಂಟ್ ಕ್ರಾಸಿಟ್ಸ್ಕಿ''' 1735-1801, 18ನೆಯ ಶತಮಾನದ ಪೋಲೆಂಡಿನ ಅತ್ಯಂತ ಹಿರಿಯ ಬರೆಹಗಾರನೆನಿಸಿಕೊಂಡ ಈತ ಹೆಸರಾಂತ [[ಕವಿ]], [[ನಾಟಕ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ|ನಾಟಕಕಾರ]] ಮತ್ತು [[ಕಾದಂಬರಿ|ಕಾದಂಬರಿಕಾರ]]. ಅರಸನ ಸ್ನೇಹ ಸಂಪಾದಿಸಿ ಬಿಷಪ್ ಮತ್ತು ಆರ್ಚ್‍ಬಿಷಪ್ ಆದ. ಈತನ ಅಣಕು ಮಹಾಕಾವ್ಯಗಳು ಉಲ್ಲಾಸ ಮನೋವೃತ್ತಿಯನ್ನೂ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಳು ಜೀವನದರ್ಶನವನ್ನೂ ವಿಡಂಬನೆಗಳು ಸಮಕಾಲೀನ ಜೀವನದ ಓರೆಕೋರೆಗಳನ್ನೂ ಚಿತ್ರಿಸುತ್ತವೆ. ಆದರೂ ಅವುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಎಲ್ಲಿಯೂ ಅಸಂಬದ್ಧತೆ ಕಾಣದು. ಈತನ ಬರೆಹ ಸೊಗಸಾದ ಪ್ರಾತಿನಿಧಿಕ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಗಳನ್ನೂ ಪ್ರಕಾರಗಳನ್ನೂ ಸೃಷ್ಟಿಸುವಂಥದು. [[ಪೋಲೆಂಡ್|ಪೋಲೆಂಡಿ]]ನ ಜನರ ಜೀವನವನ್ನು ಸುಂದರವಾಗಿ ಚಿತ್ರಿಸುವ ಎರಡು ಕಾದಂಬರಿಗಳನ್ನು ಈತ ಬರೆದ. [[ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ಭಾಷೆ]]ಯ ಆಧುನಿಕ ಕಾದಂಬರಿ ಸೃಷ್ಟಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಈತ ಮೊದಲಿಗ. ಈತನ ಕೃತಿಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಜ್ಞಾವಂತ ತರ್ಕಬದ್ಧ ಮನೋಭಾವ ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ರಾಚೀನ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಮನೋಧರ್ಮ ಎರಡನ್ನೂ ಗುರುತಿಸಬಹುದು. ಪ್ಲೂಟಾರ್ಕ್, ಲೂಸಿಅನ್ ಮೊದಲಾದ ಪ್ರಾಚೀನ ಕವಿಗಳ ಕೃತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಈತ ಅನುವಾದ ಮಾಡಿದ. ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ಭಾಷೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಪಂಚ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಚರಿತ್ರೆಯ ಮೊದಲ ಸಮೀಕ್ಷೆ ನಡೆಸಿದ ಸಾಹಸಿಗನೀತ. ಬಾಯ್ಲೊ ನಿರೂಪಿಸಿದ ನಿಯಮಗಳನ್ನು ಅನುಸರಿಸಿ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ರಚನೆಗೆ ತೊಡಗುವುದು ಮತ್ತು [[ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸ್|ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸಿ]]ನ ಮಹಾ ಕೃತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಅನುಕರಣೆ ಮಾಡುವುದು ಇವನ ಮತ್ತು ಇವನ ಸಂಗಡಿಗರ ಮುಖ್ಯ ಉದ್ದೇಶವಾಗಿತ್ತು. == ಜೀವನ ಚರಿತ್ರೆ == ಉದಾತ್ತ ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿ ಕುಟುಂಬದ ಸದಸ್ಯರಾದ ಇಗ್ನಸಿ ಪೋಲಿಷ್ -ಲಿಥುವೇನಿಯನ್ ಕಾಮನ್‌ವೆಲ್ತ್‌ನ ಮ್ಯಾಗ್ನೇಟ್ ಮತ್ತು ಪವಿತ್ರ ರೋಮನ್ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯದ ಕೌಂಟ್ ಎಂಬ ಬಿರುದನ್ನು ಪಡೆದರು . ಕ್ಯಾಥೊಲಿಕ್ ಪಾದ್ರಿಯಾಗಿ ಅವರ ಶಿಕ್ಷಣವು 1743 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಲ್ವೋವ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಜೆಸ್ಯೂಟ್ ಕಾಲೇಜಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಾರಂಭವಾಯಿತು , ನಂತರ 1751 ರಿಂದ 1754 ರವರೆಗೆ [[ವಾರ್ಸಾ]]ದ ಲಾಜರಿಸ್ಟ್ ಸೆಮಿನರಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಹಾಜರಾತಿಯನ್ನು ಪಡೆದರು. 1759 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರ ದೀಕ್ಷೆಯ ನಂತರ , ಅವರು 1761 ರವರೆಗೆ [[ರೋಮನ್ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ|ರೋಮ್‌]]ನಲ್ಲಿ ತಮ್ಮ ಅಧ್ಯಯನವನ್ನು ಮುಂದುವರೆಸಿದರು . ೧೭೬೫ ರಲ್ಲಿ , ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ರಾಜ ಸ್ಟಾನಿಸ್ಲಾವ್ II ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ ಅವರನ್ನು ಕೋರ್ಟ್ ಚಾಪ್ಲಿನ್ ಆಗಿ ನೇಮಿಸಿದರು; ಮುಂದಿನ ವರ್ಷ ಅವರು ವಾರ್ಮಿಯಾ ಬಿಷಪ್ರಿಕ್‌ನ ಸಹ -ಅಡ್ಜುಟರ್ ಆದರು. ರಾಜಕುಮಾರ-ಬಿಷಪ್ ಆಡಮ್ ಸ್ಟಾನಿಸ್ಲಾವ್ ಗ್ರಾಬೋವ್ಸ್ಕಿಯವರ ಮರಣದ ನಂತರ ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ 15, 1766 ಅವರನ್ನು ಉತ್ತರಾಧಿಕಾರಿಯಾಗಿ ಆಯ್ಕೆ ಮಾಡಲಾಯಿತು. ಅವರು ಬಿಷಪ್ ದೀಕ್ಷೆಯನ್ನು ಪಡೆದರು, ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ 28ವಾರ್ಸಾದ ಥಿಯೇಟೈನ್ ಚರ್ಚ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ . 1772 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಪೋಲೆಂಡ್‌ನ ಮೊದಲ ವಿಭಜನೆಯ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ , ವಾರ್ಮಿಯಾವನ್ನು ಪ್ರಶ್ಯ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯಕ್ಕೆ ಸೇರಿಸಲಾಯಿತು . ಸ್ವಲ್ಪ ಸಮಯದ ನಂತರ, ಅವರು [[ಬರ್ಲಿನ್|ಬರ್ಲಿನ್‌]]ನಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಸೇಂಟ್ ಹೆಡ್ವಿಗ್ ಕ್ಯಾಥೆಡ್ರಲ್ ಅನ್ನು ಪವಿತ್ರಗೊಳಿಸಿದ ರಾಜ ಫ್ರೆಡೆರಿಕ್ II ಅವರನ್ನು ಭೇಟಿಯಾದರು . ರಾಜನು ಬಿಷಪ್‌ನ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಕೃತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಮೆಚ್ಚಿಕೊಂಡನು ಮತ್ತು ಪಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಡ್ಯಾಮ್ ಕೋಟೆಯಲ್ಲಿನ ತನ್ನ ಕೂಟಗಳಿಗೆ ಅವರನ್ನು ಹಲವಾರು ಬಾರಿ ಆಹ್ವಾನಿಸಿದನು . ಅದೇ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ, ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿ ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ರಾಜ ಸ್ಟಾನಿಸ್ಲಾವ್ II ರ ಆಪ್ತ ಸ್ನೇಹಿತನಾಗಿದ್ದನು, ಅವರು 1774 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರಿಗೆ ಆರ್ಡರ್ ಆಫ್ ದಿ ವೈಟ್ ಈಗಲ್ ಅನ್ನು ನೀಡಿದರು . ೧೭೮೬ ರಲ್ಲಿ , ಫ್ರೆಡೆರಿಕ್ II ಅವರನ್ನು ಬರ್ಲಿನ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿರುವ ರಾಯಲ್ ಪ್ರಶ್ಯನ್ ಅಕಾಡೆಮಿ ಆಫ್ ಸೈನ್ಸಸ್‌ನ ಸದಸ್ಯರನ್ನಾಗಿ ನೇಮಿಸಿದರು . ಗ್ನೀಜ್ನೋ ಆರ್ಚ್‌ಡಯೋಸಿಸ್‌ನ ಮುಖ್ಯಸ್ಥರಾಗಿ ಆಯ್ಕೆಯಾಗುವುದನ್ನು ಬೆಂಬಲಿಸಿದ ಫ್ರೆಡೆರಿಕ್ ವಿಲಿಯಂ II ಮತ್ತು ೧೭೯೮ ರಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರಿಗೆ ಆರ್ಡರ್ ಆಫ್ ದಿ ರೆಡ್ ಈಗಲ್ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿಯನ್ನು ನೀಡಿದ ಫ್ರೆಡೆರಿಕ್ ವಿಲಿಯಂ III ರ ಅಡಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಶ್ಯದ ರಾಜರೊಂದಿಗೆ ಉತ್ತಮ ಸಂಬಂಧಗಳು ಮುಂದುವರೆದವು . ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ 22, 1795 ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿ ಅವರನ್ನು ಗ್ನಿಜ್ನೋದ ಆರ್ಚ್‌ಬಿಷಪ್ ಮತ್ತು ಪೋಲೆಂಡ್‌ನ ಪ್ರೈಮೇಟ್ ಆಗಿ ನೇಮಿಸಲಾಯಿತು . ಅವರು ಮಾರ್ಚ್ 14, 1801 ಬರ್ಲಿನ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ನಿಧನರಾದರು.1829 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಗ್ನಿಜ್ನೋ ಕ್ಯಾಥೆಡ್ರಲ್‌ಗೆ ಸ್ಥಳಾಂತರಿಸುವ ಮೊದಲು ಸೇಂಟ್ ಹೆಡ್ವಿಗ್ ಕ್ಯಾಥೆಡ್ರಲ್ ಅವರ ಮರಣದ ಅವಶೇಷಗಳನ್ನು ಸಂರಕ್ಷಿಸಿತ್ತು . == ಕಲಾಕೃತಿ == ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿಯ ಮೂಲ ಕೃತಿಯು ಮುಖ್ಯವಾಗಿ 1775-1780ರ ವರ್ಷಗಳಲ್ಲಿದೆ ಮತ್ತು ಇದು ಕಿಂಗ್ ಸ್ಟಾನಿಸ್ಲಾವ್ ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ ಸುತ್ತ ಗುಂಪು ಮಾಡಲಾದ ಬರಹಗಾರರ ವಿಚಾರಗಳ ಮತ್ತು ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಕಾರ್ಯಕ್ರಮಕ್ಕೆ ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸಿದೆ . ''ಅವರು ತಮ್ಮ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ದೃಷ್ಟಾಂತಗಳಿಗೆ'' ( ''ಬಾಜ್ಕಿ ಐ ಪ್ರಜಿಪೋವಿಯೆಸ್ಸಿ'' ) ಪ್ರಸಿದ್ಧರಾಗಿದ್ದಾರೆ , ಇದು ಅವರಿಗೆ "ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ಲಾ ಫಾಂಟೈನ್ " ಎಂಬ ಅಡ್ಡಹೆಸರನ್ನು ತಂದುಕೊಟ್ಟಿತು . 1779 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಕಟವಾದ ಮತ್ತು ನಂತರ ಹೊಸ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಳೊಂದಿಗೆ ವರ್ಧಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ ಈ ಸಣ್ಣ ಸಂಪುಟವು ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿಯನ್ನು ಶ್ರೇಷ್ಠ ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಾರ ಎಂದು ಸ್ಥಾಪಿಸಿತು. ಅವರು ಮೊದಲ ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ಕಾದಂಬರಿ "ದಿ ''ಅಡ್ವೆಂಚರ್ಸ್ ಆಫ್ ನಿಕೋಲಸ್ ಡೋಸ್ವಿಯಾಡ್ಜಿನ್ಸ್ಕಿ" ಯ ಲೇಖಕರೂ ಆಗಿದ್ದಾರೆ,'' ಇದರಲ್ಲಿ ವೋಲ್ಟೇರ್ ಪ್ರಭಾವವನ್ನು ಅನುಭವಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ , ಜೊತೆಗೆ [[ಜೊನಾಥನ್ ಸ್ವಿಫ್ಟ್]] , [[ಆಲಿವರ್ ಗೋಲ್ಡ್‌ಸ್ಮಿತ್|ಆಲಿವರ್ ಗೋಲ್ಡ್ ಸ್ಮಿತ್]] ಮತ್ತು [[ಹೆನ್ರಿ ಫೀಲ್ಡಿಂಗ್]] ಅವರ ಪ್ರಭಾವವನ್ನೂ ಸಹ ಕಾಣಬಹುದು . ಈ ಕಾದಂಬರಿಯು ನಿಕೋಲಸ್‌ನ ದೋಷಪೂರಿತ ಭಾವನಾತ್ಮಕ ಶಿಕ್ಷಣವನ್ನು ವಿವರಿಸುತ್ತದೆ, ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್ ಬರೊಕ್ ಕಾದಂಬರಿಗಳಿಂದ ಅಮಲೇರಿದ ಅವನ ಬೋಧಕ ಮಾನ್ಸಿಯರ್ ಡ್ಯಾಮನ್, ಅವನ ಗ್ರಾಮೀಣ, ಕುರುಬನಂತಹ ಹೆಸರಿನೊಂದಿಗೆ, ಅವನನ್ನು ಓದುವಂತೆ ಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ. ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿಯ ನಾಯಕ ತನ್ನ ಬರೊಕ್ ಪಾಲನೆ ಮತ್ತು ಅವನ ತಾಯಿಯ ನಿಷ್ಕಪಟ ಭಕ್ತಿಯೊಂದಿಗೆ ಬರುವ [[ಮೂಢನಂಬಿಕೆ]]ಗಳ ವಿರುದ್ಧ ಹೋರಾಡುತ್ತಾನೆ. ಏಕೆಂದರೆ ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ಜ್ಞಾನೋದಯ ಮತ್ತು ಪಶ್ಚಿಮದಿಂದ ಬಂದ ಅದರ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯಿಕ ನಾವೀನ್ಯತೆಗಳು ಸರ್ಮಾಟಿಯನ್ ಬರೊಕ್‌ನ ಶಕ್ತಿಯ ವಿರುದ್ಧ ತಮ್ಮನ್ನು ತಾವು ಪ್ರತಿಪಾದಿಸಬೇಕಾಗಿತ್ತು . ಈ ಬರೊಕ್ ಧರ್ಮನಿಷ್ಠೆಯನ್ನು ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯದ ಹೇರಳವಾದ ಹೂಬಿಡುವ ಮೂಲಕ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಪಡಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ: ಮಾನ್ಸಿಯರ್ ಡ್ಯಾಮನ್ ಆಗಮನದ ಮೊದಲು ನಿಕೋಲಸ್ ಓದುವ ಸಾಂಕೇತಿಕ ಕಾದಂಬರಿಗಳು, ಆದರೆ ಪ್ರಪಂಚದ ವ್ಯಾನಿಟಿಯ ಕುರಿತು ನೃತ್ಯ ಭಯಾನಕ ದೃಶ್ಯಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ರವಚನಗಳಿಂದ ತುಂಬಿದ ಭಕ್ತಿ ಕಾವ್ಯವೂ ಸಹ. ''ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿ *ದಿ ಮೊನಾಸ್ಟಿಕ್ ಆರ್ಡರ್*'' ( ''*ಮೊನಾಚೊಮಾಚಿಯಾ ಕ್ಜಿಲಿ ವೊಜ್ನಾ ಮ್ನಿಚೊವ್*'' , 1778) ನ ಲೇಖಕರೂ ಆಗಿದ್ದಾರೆ , ಇದು ಪ್ರಕಟಣೆಯ ಮೇಲೆ ಹಗರಣಕ್ಕೆ ಕಾರಣವಾಯಿತು. ಇದು ಒಂದು ಅಣಕು-ವೀರ ಕವಿತೆಯಾಗಿದ್ದು, ಪೋಲೆಂಡ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿನ ಭಿಕ್ಷುಕರ ಆದೇಶಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಅವರ ಕಡಿಮೆ ಬೌದ್ಧಿಕ ಮತ್ತು ನೈತಿಕ ಮಾನದಂಡಗಳ ತೀಕ್ಷ್ಣವಾದ ವಿಡಂಬನೆಯಾಗಿದೆ. ಇದರಲ್ಲಿ, ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿ ತನ್ನನ್ನು ವಿಡಂಬನೆ ಮತ್ತು [[ವ್ಯಂಗ್ಯ]]ದ ಕಲಾಕಾರ ಎಂದು ಬಹಿರಂಗಪಡಿಸುತ್ತಾನೆ. ನಿಕೋಲಸ್ ಬೊಯಿಲಿಯು ( ''*ಲೆ ಲುಟ್ರಿನ್'' *) ಮತ್ತು ಜೀನ್-ಬ್ಯಾಪ್ಟಿಸ್ಟ್ ಗ್ರೆಸೆಟ್ ( ''*ವರ್ಟ್-ವರ್ಟ್'' *) ಅವರಿಂದ ಸ್ಫೂರ್ತಿ ಪಡೆದ ಈ ಕೃತಿಯು ಮೂಲವಾಗಿದೆ ಮತ್ತು ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ಕಾನ್ವೆಂಟ್‌ಗಳ ನಿರ್ದಯ ಭಾವಚಿತ್ರವನ್ನು ಚಿತ್ರಿಸುತ್ತದೆ, ಪದ್ಧತಿಗಳ ಸೂಕ್ಷ್ಮ ಅವಲೋಕನದಿಂದ ತಿಳಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿದೆ ಮತ್ತು ಗಮನಾರ್ಹ ಕಲಾತ್ಮಕತೆಯಿಂದ ಕಾರ್ಯಗತಗೊಳಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿದೆ. ಒಬ್ಬ ಪೀಠಾಧಿಪತಿಯಿಂದ ಬಂದ ಇಂತಹ ದಾಳಿಯು ಪ್ರತಿಭಟನೆಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಕೋಪದ ಟೀಕೆಗಳನ್ನು ಕೆರಳಿಸಿತು. ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿ * ''ಆಂಟಿಮೊನಾಚೊಮಾಚಿಯಾ'' * (1780) ನೊಂದಿಗೆ ಪ್ರತಿಕ್ರಿಯಿಸಿದರು, ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಹಿಂತೆಗೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳುವಿಕೆಯ ವ್ಯಂಗ್ಯವು ವಿಡಂಬನಾತ್ಮಕ ಖಂಡನೆಯ ಅಂಶಗಳನ್ನು ಮತ್ತಷ್ಟು ತೀಕ್ಷ್ಣಗೊಳಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ''"ದಿ ಗೋಲ್ಡ್ ಫಿಂಚ್ ಮತ್ತು ಬ್ಲ್ಯಾಕ್ ಬರ್ಡ್"'' ಎಂಬ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಯಿಂದ " ''ಬಾರ್‌ಗಳ ಹಿಂದೆ ಒಪ್ಪಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವುದಕ್ಕಿಂತ ತೆರೆದ ಗಾಳಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ವಾದಿಸುವುದು ಉತ್ತಮ"'' ಎಂಬ ಪ್ರಸಿದ್ಧ ಸೂತ್ರವನ್ನು ಅವರು ವಿಶೇಷವಾಗಿ ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದಾರೆ .ಇದನ್ನು ಅವರು ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್ ಮತ್ತು ಗ್ರೀಕ್ ಭಾಷೆಯಿಂದ ಅನುವಾದಿಸಿದ್ದಾರೆ . == ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್ ಅನುವಾದಗಳು == * ''ದಿ ಅಡ್ವೆಂಚರ್ಸ್ ಆಫ್ ನಿಕೋಲಸ್ ಡೋಸ್ವಿಯಾಕ್ಜಿನ್ಸ್ಕಿ'' , ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ಭಾಷೆಯಿಂದ ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್‌ಗೆ ಜೆ.-ಬಿ. ಲಾವೋಸಿಯರ್ ಅನುವಾದಿಸಿದ್ದಾರೆ, ಮೊದಲು ಕೌಂಟ್ ಸ್ಟಾನಿಸ್ಲಾಸ್ ಪೊಟೋಕಿ, ಪ್ಯಾರಿಸ್, ಎಚ್. ನಿಕೋಲ್, 1818 ರ ಲೇಖಕರ ಸ್ತುತಿಗೀತೆ. * ''ದಿ ಬ್ಲೋಸ್ ಆಫ್ ಫೇಟ್, 5 ಅಂಕಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಗದ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಹಾಸ್ಯ'' , ಪ್ಯಾರಿಸ್, [Sn], 1823 * ''ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿಯವರ ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಳು'' , ಜೆ.-ಬಿ.-ಎಂ ಅನುವಾದಿಸಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಡಿ ವಿಯೆನ್ನೆ, ಪ್ಯಾರಿಸ್, ಎಫ್. ಡಿಡೋಟ್, 1828 * ''ಇತಿಹಾಸ, ಇಗ್ನೇಸ್ ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿಯವರ ಕೃತಿ'' , ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ಭಾಷೆಯಿಂದ ಜೆ.-ಬಿ. ಲಾವೋಸಿಯರ್ ಅವರಿಂದ ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್‌ಗೆ ಅನುವಾದಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ, ಪ್ಯಾರಿಸ್, ಹೆಚ್. ನಿಕೋಲ್, 1817 ==ಬಾಹ್ಯ ಸಂಪರ್ಕಗಳು== * [http://polandsite.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=polishliteratureinenglish&action=display&thread=742 Polish Forum] * [http://www.liturgical.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=6712 Catholic Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425083906/http://www.liturgical.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=6712 |date=25 April 2012 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051227013112/http://monika.univ.gda.pl/~literat/autors/krasic.htm Biography at monika.univ.gda.pl] * [http://www.poetrymagic.co.uk/poets/krasicki.html Biography at poetrymagic.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060501011626/http://www.poetrymagic.co.uk/poets/krasicki.html |date=1 May 2006 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090105213431/http://www.polishconstitution.org/Biokras.html Biography at polishconstitution.org] * [https://poezja.org/wz/Krasicki_Ignacy/ Collected works] {{in lang|pl}} * [http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/Aut1271.HTM Other works] {{in lang|pl}} * [http://www.archidiecezja.pl/panorama/katedra360/index.html Virtual tour Gniezno Cathedral ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717104400/http://www.archidiecezja.pl/panorama/katedra360/index.html |date=17 July 2020 }} *[http://prymaspolski.pl/prymasi/ List of Primates of Poland ] ==ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು== [[ವರ್ಗ:ಕವಿಗಳು]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ನಾಟಕಕಾರರು]] 81zjjwd3qn4323e9qid05himti1juwh 1374590 1374589 2026-06-02T12:22:53Z VASANTH S.N. 728 added [[Category:ಕಾದಂಬರಿಕಾರರು]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 1374590 wikitext text/x-wiki '{{Infobox person | type = Archbishop | name = Ignacy Krasicki | honorific-prefix = His Excellency | image = Ignacy Krasicki 111.PNG | title = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gniezno|Archbishop of Gniezno]]<br>[[Primate (bishop)|Primate of Poland]] | archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gniezno|Gniezno]] | predecessor = [[Michał Jerzy Poniatowski]] | successor = [[:pl:Ignacy Raczyński|Ignacy Raczyński]] | term = 1796–1801 | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1735|2|3}} | birth_place = [[Dubiecko]], [[Sanok Land]] | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1801|3|14|1735|2|3}}, | death_place = [[Berlin]] | occupation = Writer, [[Primate of Poland]] | nationality = [[Polish people|Polish]] | coat_of_arms = POL COA Rogala.svg | spouse = | parents = | children = | religion = [[Roman Catholicism]]}} ''ಇಗ್ನಾಟ್ಸ್‌ ಕೌಂಟ್ ಕ್ರಾಸಿಟ್ಸ್ಕಿ''' 1735-1801, 18ನೆಯ ಶತಮಾನದ ಪೋಲೆಂಡಿನ ಅತ್ಯಂತ ಹಿರಿಯ ಬರೆಹಗಾರನೆನಿಸಿಕೊಂಡ ಈತ ಹೆಸರಾಂತ [[ಕವಿ]], [[ನಾಟಕ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ|ನಾಟಕಕಾರ]] ಮತ್ತು [[ಕಾದಂಬರಿ|ಕಾದಂಬರಿಕಾರ]]. ಅರಸನ ಸ್ನೇಹ ಸಂಪಾದಿಸಿ ಬಿಷಪ್ ಮತ್ತು ಆರ್ಚ್‍ಬಿಷಪ್ ಆದ. ಈತನ ಅಣಕು ಮಹಾಕಾವ್ಯಗಳು ಉಲ್ಲಾಸ ಮನೋವೃತ್ತಿಯನ್ನೂ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಳು ಜೀವನದರ್ಶನವನ್ನೂ ವಿಡಂಬನೆಗಳು ಸಮಕಾಲೀನ ಜೀವನದ ಓರೆಕೋರೆಗಳನ್ನೂ ಚಿತ್ರಿಸುತ್ತವೆ. ಆದರೂ ಅವುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಎಲ್ಲಿಯೂ ಅಸಂಬದ್ಧತೆ ಕಾಣದು. ಈತನ ಬರೆಹ ಸೊಗಸಾದ ಪ್ರಾತಿನಿಧಿಕ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಗಳನ್ನೂ ಪ್ರಕಾರಗಳನ್ನೂ ಸೃಷ್ಟಿಸುವಂಥದು. [[ಪೋಲೆಂಡ್|ಪೋಲೆಂಡಿ]]ನ ಜನರ ಜೀವನವನ್ನು ಸುಂದರವಾಗಿ ಚಿತ್ರಿಸುವ ಎರಡು ಕಾದಂಬರಿಗಳನ್ನು ಈತ ಬರೆದ. [[ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ಭಾಷೆ]]ಯ ಆಧುನಿಕ ಕಾದಂಬರಿ ಸೃಷ್ಟಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಈತ ಮೊದಲಿಗ. ಈತನ ಕೃತಿಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಜ್ಞಾವಂತ ತರ್ಕಬದ್ಧ ಮನೋಭಾವ ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ರಾಚೀನ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಮನೋಧರ್ಮ ಎರಡನ್ನೂ ಗುರುತಿಸಬಹುದು. ಪ್ಲೂಟಾರ್ಕ್, ಲೂಸಿಅನ್ ಮೊದಲಾದ ಪ್ರಾಚೀನ ಕವಿಗಳ ಕೃತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಈತ ಅನುವಾದ ಮಾಡಿದ. ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ಭಾಷೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಪಂಚ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಚರಿತ್ರೆಯ ಮೊದಲ ಸಮೀಕ್ಷೆ ನಡೆಸಿದ ಸಾಹಸಿಗನೀತ. ಬಾಯ್ಲೊ ನಿರೂಪಿಸಿದ ನಿಯಮಗಳನ್ನು ಅನುಸರಿಸಿ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ರಚನೆಗೆ ತೊಡಗುವುದು ಮತ್ತು [[ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸ್|ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸಿ]]ನ ಮಹಾ ಕೃತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಅನುಕರಣೆ ಮಾಡುವುದು ಇವನ ಮತ್ತು ಇವನ ಸಂಗಡಿಗರ ಮುಖ್ಯ ಉದ್ದೇಶವಾಗಿತ್ತು. == ಜೀವನ ಚರಿತ್ರೆ == ಉದಾತ್ತ ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿ ಕುಟುಂಬದ ಸದಸ್ಯರಾದ ಇಗ್ನಸಿ ಪೋಲಿಷ್ -ಲಿಥುವೇನಿಯನ್ ಕಾಮನ್‌ವೆಲ್ತ್‌ನ ಮ್ಯಾಗ್ನೇಟ್ ಮತ್ತು ಪವಿತ್ರ ರೋಮನ್ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯದ ಕೌಂಟ್ ಎಂಬ ಬಿರುದನ್ನು ಪಡೆದರು . ಕ್ಯಾಥೊಲಿಕ್ ಪಾದ್ರಿಯಾಗಿ ಅವರ ಶಿಕ್ಷಣವು 1743 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಲ್ವೋವ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಜೆಸ್ಯೂಟ್ ಕಾಲೇಜಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಾರಂಭವಾಯಿತು , ನಂತರ 1751 ರಿಂದ 1754 ರವರೆಗೆ [[ವಾರ್ಸಾ]]ದ ಲಾಜರಿಸ್ಟ್ ಸೆಮಿನರಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಹಾಜರಾತಿಯನ್ನು ಪಡೆದರು. 1759 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರ ದೀಕ್ಷೆಯ ನಂತರ , ಅವರು 1761 ರವರೆಗೆ [[ರೋಮನ್ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ|ರೋಮ್‌]]ನಲ್ಲಿ ತಮ್ಮ ಅಧ್ಯಯನವನ್ನು ಮುಂದುವರೆಸಿದರು . ೧೭೬೫ ರಲ್ಲಿ , ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ರಾಜ ಸ್ಟಾನಿಸ್ಲಾವ್ II ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ ಅವರನ್ನು ಕೋರ್ಟ್ ಚಾಪ್ಲಿನ್ ಆಗಿ ನೇಮಿಸಿದರು; ಮುಂದಿನ ವರ್ಷ ಅವರು ವಾರ್ಮಿಯಾ ಬಿಷಪ್ರಿಕ್‌ನ ಸಹ -ಅಡ್ಜುಟರ್ ಆದರು. ರಾಜಕುಮಾರ-ಬಿಷಪ್ ಆಡಮ್ ಸ್ಟಾನಿಸ್ಲಾವ್ ಗ್ರಾಬೋವ್ಸ್ಕಿಯವರ ಮರಣದ ನಂತರ ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ 15, 1766 ಅವರನ್ನು ಉತ್ತರಾಧಿಕಾರಿಯಾಗಿ ಆಯ್ಕೆ ಮಾಡಲಾಯಿತು. ಅವರು ಬಿಷಪ್ ದೀಕ್ಷೆಯನ್ನು ಪಡೆದರು, ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ 28ವಾರ್ಸಾದ ಥಿಯೇಟೈನ್ ಚರ್ಚ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ . 1772 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಪೋಲೆಂಡ್‌ನ ಮೊದಲ ವಿಭಜನೆಯ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ , ವಾರ್ಮಿಯಾವನ್ನು ಪ್ರಶ್ಯ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯಕ್ಕೆ ಸೇರಿಸಲಾಯಿತು . ಸ್ವಲ್ಪ ಸಮಯದ ನಂತರ, ಅವರು [[ಬರ್ಲಿನ್|ಬರ್ಲಿನ್‌]]ನಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಸೇಂಟ್ ಹೆಡ್ವಿಗ್ ಕ್ಯಾಥೆಡ್ರಲ್ ಅನ್ನು ಪವಿತ್ರಗೊಳಿಸಿದ ರಾಜ ಫ್ರೆಡೆರಿಕ್ II ಅವರನ್ನು ಭೇಟಿಯಾದರು . ರಾಜನು ಬಿಷಪ್‌ನ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಕೃತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಮೆಚ್ಚಿಕೊಂಡನು ಮತ್ತು ಪಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಡ್ಯಾಮ್ ಕೋಟೆಯಲ್ಲಿನ ತನ್ನ ಕೂಟಗಳಿಗೆ ಅವರನ್ನು ಹಲವಾರು ಬಾರಿ ಆಹ್ವಾನಿಸಿದನು . ಅದೇ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ, ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿ ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ರಾಜ ಸ್ಟಾನಿಸ್ಲಾವ್ II ರ ಆಪ್ತ ಸ್ನೇಹಿತನಾಗಿದ್ದನು, ಅವರು 1774 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರಿಗೆ ಆರ್ಡರ್ ಆಫ್ ದಿ ವೈಟ್ ಈಗಲ್ ಅನ್ನು ನೀಡಿದರು . ೧೭೮೬ ರಲ್ಲಿ , ಫ್ರೆಡೆರಿಕ್ II ಅವರನ್ನು ಬರ್ಲಿನ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿರುವ ರಾಯಲ್ ಪ್ರಶ್ಯನ್ ಅಕಾಡೆಮಿ ಆಫ್ ಸೈನ್ಸಸ್‌ನ ಸದಸ್ಯರನ್ನಾಗಿ ನೇಮಿಸಿದರು . ಗ್ನೀಜ್ನೋ ಆರ್ಚ್‌ಡಯೋಸಿಸ್‌ನ ಮುಖ್ಯಸ್ಥರಾಗಿ ಆಯ್ಕೆಯಾಗುವುದನ್ನು ಬೆಂಬಲಿಸಿದ ಫ್ರೆಡೆರಿಕ್ ವಿಲಿಯಂ II ಮತ್ತು ೧೭೯೮ ರಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರಿಗೆ ಆರ್ಡರ್ ಆಫ್ ದಿ ರೆಡ್ ಈಗಲ್ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿಯನ್ನು ನೀಡಿದ ಫ್ರೆಡೆರಿಕ್ ವಿಲಿಯಂ III ರ ಅಡಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಶ್ಯದ ರಾಜರೊಂದಿಗೆ ಉತ್ತಮ ಸಂಬಂಧಗಳು ಮುಂದುವರೆದವು . ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ 22, 1795 ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿ ಅವರನ್ನು ಗ್ನಿಜ್ನೋದ ಆರ್ಚ್‌ಬಿಷಪ್ ಮತ್ತು ಪೋಲೆಂಡ್‌ನ ಪ್ರೈಮೇಟ್ ಆಗಿ ನೇಮಿಸಲಾಯಿತು . ಅವರು ಮಾರ್ಚ್ 14, 1801 ಬರ್ಲಿನ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ನಿಧನರಾದರು.1829 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಗ್ನಿಜ್ನೋ ಕ್ಯಾಥೆಡ್ರಲ್‌ಗೆ ಸ್ಥಳಾಂತರಿಸುವ ಮೊದಲು ಸೇಂಟ್ ಹೆಡ್ವಿಗ್ ಕ್ಯಾಥೆಡ್ರಲ್ ಅವರ ಮರಣದ ಅವಶೇಷಗಳನ್ನು ಸಂರಕ್ಷಿಸಿತ್ತು . == ಕಲಾಕೃತಿ == ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿಯ ಮೂಲ ಕೃತಿಯು ಮುಖ್ಯವಾಗಿ 1775-1780ರ ವರ್ಷಗಳಲ್ಲಿದೆ ಮತ್ತು ಇದು ಕಿಂಗ್ ಸ್ಟಾನಿಸ್ಲಾವ್ ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ ಸುತ್ತ ಗುಂಪು ಮಾಡಲಾದ ಬರಹಗಾರರ ವಿಚಾರಗಳ ಮತ್ತು ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಕಾರ್ಯಕ್ರಮಕ್ಕೆ ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸಿದೆ . ''ಅವರು ತಮ್ಮ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ದೃಷ್ಟಾಂತಗಳಿಗೆ'' ( ''ಬಾಜ್ಕಿ ಐ ಪ್ರಜಿಪೋವಿಯೆಸ್ಸಿ'' ) ಪ್ರಸಿದ್ಧರಾಗಿದ್ದಾರೆ , ಇದು ಅವರಿಗೆ "ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ಲಾ ಫಾಂಟೈನ್ " ಎಂಬ ಅಡ್ಡಹೆಸರನ್ನು ತಂದುಕೊಟ್ಟಿತು . 1779 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಕಟವಾದ ಮತ್ತು ನಂತರ ಹೊಸ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಳೊಂದಿಗೆ ವರ್ಧಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ ಈ ಸಣ್ಣ ಸಂಪುಟವು ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿಯನ್ನು ಶ್ರೇಷ್ಠ ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಾರ ಎಂದು ಸ್ಥಾಪಿಸಿತು. ಅವರು ಮೊದಲ ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ಕಾದಂಬರಿ "ದಿ ''ಅಡ್ವೆಂಚರ್ಸ್ ಆಫ್ ನಿಕೋಲಸ್ ಡೋಸ್ವಿಯಾಡ್ಜಿನ್ಸ್ಕಿ" ಯ ಲೇಖಕರೂ ಆಗಿದ್ದಾರೆ,'' ಇದರಲ್ಲಿ ವೋಲ್ಟೇರ್ ಪ್ರಭಾವವನ್ನು ಅನುಭವಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ , ಜೊತೆಗೆ [[ಜೊನಾಥನ್ ಸ್ವಿಫ್ಟ್]] , [[ಆಲಿವರ್ ಗೋಲ್ಡ್‌ಸ್ಮಿತ್|ಆಲಿವರ್ ಗೋಲ್ಡ್ ಸ್ಮಿತ್]] ಮತ್ತು [[ಹೆನ್ರಿ ಫೀಲ್ಡಿಂಗ್]] ಅವರ ಪ್ರಭಾವವನ್ನೂ ಸಹ ಕಾಣಬಹುದು . ಈ ಕಾದಂಬರಿಯು ನಿಕೋಲಸ್‌ನ ದೋಷಪೂರಿತ ಭಾವನಾತ್ಮಕ ಶಿಕ್ಷಣವನ್ನು ವಿವರಿಸುತ್ತದೆ, ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್ ಬರೊಕ್ ಕಾದಂಬರಿಗಳಿಂದ ಅಮಲೇರಿದ ಅವನ ಬೋಧಕ ಮಾನ್ಸಿಯರ್ ಡ್ಯಾಮನ್, ಅವನ ಗ್ರಾಮೀಣ, ಕುರುಬನಂತಹ ಹೆಸರಿನೊಂದಿಗೆ, ಅವನನ್ನು ಓದುವಂತೆ ಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ. ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿಯ ನಾಯಕ ತನ್ನ ಬರೊಕ್ ಪಾಲನೆ ಮತ್ತು ಅವನ ತಾಯಿಯ ನಿಷ್ಕಪಟ ಭಕ್ತಿಯೊಂದಿಗೆ ಬರುವ [[ಮೂಢನಂಬಿಕೆ]]ಗಳ ವಿರುದ್ಧ ಹೋರಾಡುತ್ತಾನೆ. ಏಕೆಂದರೆ ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ಜ್ಞಾನೋದಯ ಮತ್ತು ಪಶ್ಚಿಮದಿಂದ ಬಂದ ಅದರ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯಿಕ ನಾವೀನ್ಯತೆಗಳು ಸರ್ಮಾಟಿಯನ್ ಬರೊಕ್‌ನ ಶಕ್ತಿಯ ವಿರುದ್ಧ ತಮ್ಮನ್ನು ತಾವು ಪ್ರತಿಪಾದಿಸಬೇಕಾಗಿತ್ತು . ಈ ಬರೊಕ್ ಧರ್ಮನಿಷ್ಠೆಯನ್ನು ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯದ ಹೇರಳವಾದ ಹೂಬಿಡುವ ಮೂಲಕ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಪಡಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ: ಮಾನ್ಸಿಯರ್ ಡ್ಯಾಮನ್ ಆಗಮನದ ಮೊದಲು ನಿಕೋಲಸ್ ಓದುವ ಸಾಂಕೇತಿಕ ಕಾದಂಬರಿಗಳು, ಆದರೆ ಪ್ರಪಂಚದ ವ್ಯಾನಿಟಿಯ ಕುರಿತು ನೃತ್ಯ ಭಯಾನಕ ದೃಶ್ಯಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ರವಚನಗಳಿಂದ ತುಂಬಿದ ಭಕ್ತಿ ಕಾವ್ಯವೂ ಸಹ. ''ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿ *ದಿ ಮೊನಾಸ್ಟಿಕ್ ಆರ್ಡರ್*'' ( ''*ಮೊನಾಚೊಮಾಚಿಯಾ ಕ್ಜಿಲಿ ವೊಜ್ನಾ ಮ್ನಿಚೊವ್*'' , 1778) ನ ಲೇಖಕರೂ ಆಗಿದ್ದಾರೆ , ಇದು ಪ್ರಕಟಣೆಯ ಮೇಲೆ ಹಗರಣಕ್ಕೆ ಕಾರಣವಾಯಿತು. ಇದು ಒಂದು ಅಣಕು-ವೀರ ಕವಿತೆಯಾಗಿದ್ದು, ಪೋಲೆಂಡ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿನ ಭಿಕ್ಷುಕರ ಆದೇಶಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಅವರ ಕಡಿಮೆ ಬೌದ್ಧಿಕ ಮತ್ತು ನೈತಿಕ ಮಾನದಂಡಗಳ ತೀಕ್ಷ್ಣವಾದ ವಿಡಂಬನೆಯಾಗಿದೆ. ಇದರಲ್ಲಿ, ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿ ತನ್ನನ್ನು ವಿಡಂಬನೆ ಮತ್ತು [[ವ್ಯಂಗ್ಯ]]ದ ಕಲಾಕಾರ ಎಂದು ಬಹಿರಂಗಪಡಿಸುತ್ತಾನೆ. ನಿಕೋಲಸ್ ಬೊಯಿಲಿಯು ( ''*ಲೆ ಲುಟ್ರಿನ್'' *) ಮತ್ತು ಜೀನ್-ಬ್ಯಾಪ್ಟಿಸ್ಟ್ ಗ್ರೆಸೆಟ್ ( ''*ವರ್ಟ್-ವರ್ಟ್'' *) ಅವರಿಂದ ಸ್ಫೂರ್ತಿ ಪಡೆದ ಈ ಕೃತಿಯು ಮೂಲವಾಗಿದೆ ಮತ್ತು ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ಕಾನ್ವೆಂಟ್‌ಗಳ ನಿರ್ದಯ ಭಾವಚಿತ್ರವನ್ನು ಚಿತ್ರಿಸುತ್ತದೆ, ಪದ್ಧತಿಗಳ ಸೂಕ್ಷ್ಮ ಅವಲೋಕನದಿಂದ ತಿಳಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿದೆ ಮತ್ತು ಗಮನಾರ್ಹ ಕಲಾತ್ಮಕತೆಯಿಂದ ಕಾರ್ಯಗತಗೊಳಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿದೆ. ಒಬ್ಬ ಪೀಠಾಧಿಪತಿಯಿಂದ ಬಂದ ಇಂತಹ ದಾಳಿಯು ಪ್ರತಿಭಟನೆಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಕೋಪದ ಟೀಕೆಗಳನ್ನು ಕೆರಳಿಸಿತು. ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿ * ''ಆಂಟಿಮೊನಾಚೊಮಾಚಿಯಾ'' * (1780) ನೊಂದಿಗೆ ಪ್ರತಿಕ್ರಿಯಿಸಿದರು, ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಹಿಂತೆಗೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳುವಿಕೆಯ ವ್ಯಂಗ್ಯವು ವಿಡಂಬನಾತ್ಮಕ ಖಂಡನೆಯ ಅಂಶಗಳನ್ನು ಮತ್ತಷ್ಟು ತೀಕ್ಷ್ಣಗೊಳಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ''"ದಿ ಗೋಲ್ಡ್ ಫಿಂಚ್ ಮತ್ತು ಬ್ಲ್ಯಾಕ್ ಬರ್ಡ್"'' ಎಂಬ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಯಿಂದ " ''ಬಾರ್‌ಗಳ ಹಿಂದೆ ಒಪ್ಪಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವುದಕ್ಕಿಂತ ತೆರೆದ ಗಾಳಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ವಾದಿಸುವುದು ಉತ್ತಮ"'' ಎಂಬ ಪ್ರಸಿದ್ಧ ಸೂತ್ರವನ್ನು ಅವರು ವಿಶೇಷವಾಗಿ ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದಾರೆ .ಇದನ್ನು ಅವರು ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್ ಮತ್ತು ಗ್ರೀಕ್ ಭಾಷೆಯಿಂದ ಅನುವಾದಿಸಿದ್ದಾರೆ . == ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್ ಅನುವಾದಗಳು == * ''ದಿ ಅಡ್ವೆಂಚರ್ಸ್ ಆಫ್ ನಿಕೋಲಸ್ ಡೋಸ್ವಿಯಾಕ್ಜಿನ್ಸ್ಕಿ'' , ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ಭಾಷೆಯಿಂದ ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್‌ಗೆ ಜೆ.-ಬಿ. ಲಾವೋಸಿಯರ್ ಅನುವಾದಿಸಿದ್ದಾರೆ, ಮೊದಲು ಕೌಂಟ್ ಸ್ಟಾನಿಸ್ಲಾಸ್ ಪೊಟೋಕಿ, ಪ್ಯಾರಿಸ್, ಎಚ್. ನಿಕೋಲ್, 1818 ರ ಲೇಖಕರ ಸ್ತುತಿಗೀತೆ. * ''ದಿ ಬ್ಲೋಸ್ ಆಫ್ ಫೇಟ್, 5 ಅಂಕಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಗದ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಹಾಸ್ಯ'' , ಪ್ಯಾರಿಸ್, [Sn], 1823 * ''ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿಯವರ ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಳು'' , ಜೆ.-ಬಿ.-ಎಂ ಅನುವಾದಿಸಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಡಿ ವಿಯೆನ್ನೆ, ಪ್ಯಾರಿಸ್, ಎಫ್. ಡಿಡೋಟ್, 1828 * ''ಇತಿಹಾಸ, ಇಗ್ನೇಸ್ ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿಯವರ ಕೃತಿ'' , ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ಭಾಷೆಯಿಂದ ಜೆ.-ಬಿ. ಲಾವೋಸಿಯರ್ ಅವರಿಂದ ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್‌ಗೆ ಅನುವಾದಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ, ಪ್ಯಾರಿಸ್, ಹೆಚ್. ನಿಕೋಲ್, 1817 ==ಬಾಹ್ಯ ಸಂಪರ್ಕಗಳು== * [http://polandsite.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=polishliteratureinenglish&action=display&thread=742 Polish Forum] * [http://www.liturgical.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=6712 Catholic Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425083906/http://www.liturgical.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=6712 |date=25 April 2012 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051227013112/http://monika.univ.gda.pl/~literat/autors/krasic.htm Biography at monika.univ.gda.pl] * [http://www.poetrymagic.co.uk/poets/krasicki.html Biography at poetrymagic.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060501011626/http://www.poetrymagic.co.uk/poets/krasicki.html |date=1 May 2006 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090105213431/http://www.polishconstitution.org/Biokras.html Biography at polishconstitution.org] * [https://poezja.org/wz/Krasicki_Ignacy/ Collected works] {{in lang|pl}} * [http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/Aut1271.HTM Other works] {{in lang|pl}} * [http://www.archidiecezja.pl/panorama/katedra360/index.html Virtual tour Gniezno Cathedral ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717104400/http://www.archidiecezja.pl/panorama/katedra360/index.html |date=17 July 2020 }} *[http://prymaspolski.pl/prymasi/ List of Primates of Poland ] ==ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು== [[ವರ್ಗ:ಕವಿಗಳು]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ನಾಟಕಕಾರರು]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ಕಾದಂಬರಿಕಾರರು]] f6qizzuodf0yp55az2dbs9ellkh305l 1374594 1374590 2026-06-02T15:25:22Z VASANTH S.N. 728 /* ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು */ 1374594 wikitext text/x-wiki '{{Infobox person | type = Archbishop | name = Ignacy Krasicki | honorific-prefix = His Excellency | image = Ignacy Krasicki 111.PNG | title = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gniezno|Archbishop of Gniezno]]<br>[[Primate (bishop)|Primate of Poland]] | archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gniezno|Gniezno]] | predecessor = [[Michał Jerzy Poniatowski]] | successor = [[:pl:Ignacy Raczyński|Ignacy Raczyński]] | term = 1796–1801 | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1735|2|3}} | birth_place = [[Dubiecko]], [[Sanok Land]] | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1801|3|14|1735|2|3}}, | death_place = [[Berlin]] | occupation = Writer, [[Primate of Poland]] | nationality = [[Polish people|Polish]] | coat_of_arms = POL COA Rogala.svg | spouse = | parents = | children = | religion = [[Roman Catholicism]]}} ''ಇಗ್ನಾಟ್ಸ್‌ ಕೌಂಟ್ ಕ್ರಾಸಿಟ್ಸ್ಕಿ''' 1735-1801, 18ನೆಯ ಶತಮಾನದ ಪೋಲೆಂಡಿನ ಅತ್ಯಂತ ಹಿರಿಯ ಬರೆಹಗಾರನೆನಿಸಿಕೊಂಡ ಈತ ಹೆಸರಾಂತ [[ಕವಿ]], [[ನಾಟಕ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ|ನಾಟಕಕಾರ]] ಮತ್ತು [[ಕಾದಂಬರಿ|ಕಾದಂಬರಿಕಾರ]]. ಅರಸನ ಸ್ನೇಹ ಸಂಪಾದಿಸಿ ಬಿಷಪ್ ಮತ್ತು ಆರ್ಚ್‍ಬಿಷಪ್ ಆದ. ಈತನ ಅಣಕು ಮಹಾಕಾವ್ಯಗಳು ಉಲ್ಲಾಸ ಮನೋವೃತ್ತಿಯನ್ನೂ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಳು ಜೀವನದರ್ಶನವನ್ನೂ ವಿಡಂಬನೆಗಳು ಸಮಕಾಲೀನ ಜೀವನದ ಓರೆಕೋರೆಗಳನ್ನೂ ಚಿತ್ರಿಸುತ್ತವೆ. ಆದರೂ ಅವುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಎಲ್ಲಿಯೂ ಅಸಂಬದ್ಧತೆ ಕಾಣದು. ಈತನ ಬರೆಹ ಸೊಗಸಾದ ಪ್ರಾತಿನಿಧಿಕ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಗಳನ್ನೂ ಪ್ರಕಾರಗಳನ್ನೂ ಸೃಷ್ಟಿಸುವಂಥದು. [[ಪೋಲೆಂಡ್|ಪೋಲೆಂಡಿ]]ನ ಜನರ ಜೀವನವನ್ನು ಸುಂದರವಾಗಿ ಚಿತ್ರಿಸುವ ಎರಡು ಕಾದಂಬರಿಗಳನ್ನು ಈತ ಬರೆದ. [[ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ಭಾಷೆ]]ಯ ಆಧುನಿಕ ಕಾದಂಬರಿ ಸೃಷ್ಟಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಈತ ಮೊದಲಿಗ. ಈತನ ಕೃತಿಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಜ್ಞಾವಂತ ತರ್ಕಬದ್ಧ ಮನೋಭಾವ ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ರಾಚೀನ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಮನೋಧರ್ಮ ಎರಡನ್ನೂ ಗುರುತಿಸಬಹುದು. ಪ್ಲೂಟಾರ್ಕ್, ಲೂಸಿಅನ್ ಮೊದಲಾದ ಪ್ರಾಚೀನ ಕವಿಗಳ ಕೃತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಈತ ಅನುವಾದ ಮಾಡಿದ. ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ಭಾಷೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಪಂಚ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಚರಿತ್ರೆಯ ಮೊದಲ ಸಮೀಕ್ಷೆ ನಡೆಸಿದ ಸಾಹಸಿಗನೀತ. ಬಾಯ್ಲೊ ನಿರೂಪಿಸಿದ ನಿಯಮಗಳನ್ನು ಅನುಸರಿಸಿ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ರಚನೆಗೆ ತೊಡಗುವುದು ಮತ್ತು [[ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸ್|ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸಿ]]ನ ಮಹಾ ಕೃತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಅನುಕರಣೆ ಮಾಡುವುದು ಇವನ ಮತ್ತು ಇವನ ಸಂಗಡಿಗರ ಮುಖ್ಯ ಉದ್ದೇಶವಾಗಿತ್ತು. == ಜೀವನ ಚರಿತ್ರೆ == ಉದಾತ್ತ ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿ ಕುಟುಂಬದ ಸದಸ್ಯರಾದ ಇಗ್ನಸಿ ಪೋಲಿಷ್ -ಲಿಥುವೇನಿಯನ್ ಕಾಮನ್‌ವೆಲ್ತ್‌ನ ಮ್ಯಾಗ್ನೇಟ್ ಮತ್ತು ಪವಿತ್ರ ರೋಮನ್ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯದ ಕೌಂಟ್ ಎಂಬ ಬಿರುದನ್ನು ಪಡೆದರು . ಕ್ಯಾಥೊಲಿಕ್ ಪಾದ್ರಿಯಾಗಿ ಅವರ ಶಿಕ್ಷಣವು 1743 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಲ್ವೋವ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಜೆಸ್ಯೂಟ್ ಕಾಲೇಜಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಾರಂಭವಾಯಿತು , ನಂತರ 1751 ರಿಂದ 1754 ರವರೆಗೆ [[ವಾರ್ಸಾ]]ದ ಲಾಜರಿಸ್ಟ್ ಸೆಮಿನರಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಹಾಜರಾತಿಯನ್ನು ಪಡೆದರು. 1759 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರ ದೀಕ್ಷೆಯ ನಂತರ , ಅವರು 1761 ರವರೆಗೆ [[ರೋಮನ್ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ|ರೋಮ್‌]]ನಲ್ಲಿ ತಮ್ಮ ಅಧ್ಯಯನವನ್ನು ಮುಂದುವರೆಸಿದರು . ೧೭೬೫ ರಲ್ಲಿ , ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ರಾಜ ಸ್ಟಾನಿಸ್ಲಾವ್ II ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ ಅವರನ್ನು ಕೋರ್ಟ್ ಚಾಪ್ಲಿನ್ ಆಗಿ ನೇಮಿಸಿದರು; ಮುಂದಿನ ವರ್ಷ ಅವರು ವಾರ್ಮಿಯಾ ಬಿಷಪ್ರಿಕ್‌ನ ಸಹ -ಅಡ್ಜುಟರ್ ಆದರು. ರಾಜಕುಮಾರ-ಬಿಷಪ್ ಆಡಮ್ ಸ್ಟಾನಿಸ್ಲಾವ್ ಗ್ರಾಬೋವ್ಸ್ಕಿಯವರ ಮರಣದ ನಂತರ ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ 15, 1766 ಅವರನ್ನು ಉತ್ತರಾಧಿಕಾರಿಯಾಗಿ ಆಯ್ಕೆ ಮಾಡಲಾಯಿತು. ಅವರು ಬಿಷಪ್ ದೀಕ್ಷೆಯನ್ನು ಪಡೆದರು, ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ 28ವಾರ್ಸಾದ ಥಿಯೇಟೈನ್ ಚರ್ಚ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ . 1772 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಪೋಲೆಂಡ್‌ನ ಮೊದಲ ವಿಭಜನೆಯ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ , ವಾರ್ಮಿಯಾವನ್ನು ಪ್ರಶ್ಯ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯಕ್ಕೆ ಸೇರಿಸಲಾಯಿತು . ಸ್ವಲ್ಪ ಸಮಯದ ನಂತರ, ಅವರು [[ಬರ್ಲಿನ್|ಬರ್ಲಿನ್‌]]ನಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಸೇಂಟ್ ಹೆಡ್ವಿಗ್ ಕ್ಯಾಥೆಡ್ರಲ್ ಅನ್ನು ಪವಿತ್ರಗೊಳಿಸಿದ ರಾಜ ಫ್ರೆಡೆರಿಕ್ II ಅವರನ್ನು ಭೇಟಿಯಾದರು . ರಾಜನು ಬಿಷಪ್‌ನ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಕೃತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಮೆಚ್ಚಿಕೊಂಡನು ಮತ್ತು ಪಾಟ್ಸ್‌ಡ್ಯಾಮ್ ಕೋಟೆಯಲ್ಲಿನ ತನ್ನ ಕೂಟಗಳಿಗೆ ಅವರನ್ನು ಹಲವಾರು ಬಾರಿ ಆಹ್ವಾನಿಸಿದನು . ಅದೇ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ, ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿ ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ರಾಜ ಸ್ಟಾನಿಸ್ಲಾವ್ II ರ ಆಪ್ತ ಸ್ನೇಹಿತನಾಗಿದ್ದನು, ಅವರು 1774 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರಿಗೆ ಆರ್ಡರ್ ಆಫ್ ದಿ ವೈಟ್ ಈಗಲ್ ಅನ್ನು ನೀಡಿದರು . ೧೭೮೬ ರಲ್ಲಿ , ಫ್ರೆಡೆರಿಕ್ II ಅವರನ್ನು ಬರ್ಲಿನ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿರುವ ರಾಯಲ್ ಪ್ರಶ್ಯನ್ ಅಕಾಡೆಮಿ ಆಫ್ ಸೈನ್ಸಸ್‌ನ ಸದಸ್ಯರನ್ನಾಗಿ ನೇಮಿಸಿದರು . ಗ್ನೀಜ್ನೋ ಆರ್ಚ್‌ಡಯೋಸಿಸ್‌ನ ಮುಖ್ಯಸ್ಥರಾಗಿ ಆಯ್ಕೆಯಾಗುವುದನ್ನು ಬೆಂಬಲಿಸಿದ ಫ್ರೆಡೆರಿಕ್ ವಿಲಿಯಂ II ಮತ್ತು ೧೭೯೮ ರಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರಿಗೆ ಆರ್ಡರ್ ಆಫ್ ದಿ ರೆಡ್ ಈಗಲ್ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿಯನ್ನು ನೀಡಿದ ಫ್ರೆಡೆರಿಕ್ ವಿಲಿಯಂ III ರ ಅಡಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಶ್ಯದ ರಾಜರೊಂದಿಗೆ ಉತ್ತಮ ಸಂಬಂಧಗಳು ಮುಂದುವರೆದವು . ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ 22, 1795 ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿ ಅವರನ್ನು ಗ್ನಿಜ್ನೋದ ಆರ್ಚ್‌ಬಿಷಪ್ ಮತ್ತು ಪೋಲೆಂಡ್‌ನ ಪ್ರೈಮೇಟ್ ಆಗಿ ನೇಮಿಸಲಾಯಿತು . ಅವರು ಮಾರ್ಚ್ 14, 1801 ಬರ್ಲಿನ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ನಿಧನರಾದರು.1829 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಗ್ನಿಜ್ನೋ ಕ್ಯಾಥೆಡ್ರಲ್‌ಗೆ ಸ್ಥಳಾಂತರಿಸುವ ಮೊದಲು ಸೇಂಟ್ ಹೆಡ್ವಿಗ್ ಕ್ಯಾಥೆಡ್ರಲ್ ಅವರ ಮರಣದ ಅವಶೇಷಗಳನ್ನು ಸಂರಕ್ಷಿಸಿತ್ತು . == ಕಲಾಕೃತಿ == ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿಯ ಮೂಲ ಕೃತಿಯು ಮುಖ್ಯವಾಗಿ 1775-1780ರ ವರ್ಷಗಳಲ್ಲಿದೆ ಮತ್ತು ಇದು ಕಿಂಗ್ ಸ್ಟಾನಿಸ್ಲಾವ್ ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ ಸುತ್ತ ಗುಂಪು ಮಾಡಲಾದ ಬರಹಗಾರರ ವಿಚಾರಗಳ ಮತ್ತು ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಕಾರ್ಯಕ್ರಮಕ್ಕೆ ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸಿದೆ . ''ಅವರು ತಮ್ಮ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ದೃಷ್ಟಾಂತಗಳಿಗೆ'' ( ''ಬಾಜ್ಕಿ ಐ ಪ್ರಜಿಪೋವಿಯೆಸ್ಸಿ'' ) ಪ್ರಸಿದ್ಧರಾಗಿದ್ದಾರೆ , ಇದು ಅವರಿಗೆ "ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ಲಾ ಫಾಂಟೈನ್ " ಎಂಬ ಅಡ್ಡಹೆಸರನ್ನು ತಂದುಕೊಟ್ಟಿತು . 1779 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಕಟವಾದ ಮತ್ತು ನಂತರ ಹೊಸ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಳೊಂದಿಗೆ ವರ್ಧಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ ಈ ಸಣ್ಣ ಸಂಪುಟವು ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿಯನ್ನು ಶ್ರೇಷ್ಠ ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಾರ ಎಂದು ಸ್ಥಾಪಿಸಿತು. ಅವರು ಮೊದಲ ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ಕಾದಂಬರಿ "ದಿ ''ಅಡ್ವೆಂಚರ್ಸ್ ಆಫ್ ನಿಕೋಲಸ್ ಡೋಸ್ವಿಯಾಡ್ಜಿನ್ಸ್ಕಿ" ಯ ಲೇಖಕರೂ ಆಗಿದ್ದಾರೆ,'' ಇದರಲ್ಲಿ ವೋಲ್ಟೇರ್ ಪ್ರಭಾವವನ್ನು ಅನುಭವಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ , ಜೊತೆಗೆ [[ಜೊನಾಥನ್ ಸ್ವಿಫ್ಟ್]] , [[ಆಲಿವರ್ ಗೋಲ್ಡ್‌ಸ್ಮಿತ್|ಆಲಿವರ್ ಗೋಲ್ಡ್ ಸ್ಮಿತ್]] ಮತ್ತು [[ಹೆನ್ರಿ ಫೀಲ್ಡಿಂಗ್]] ಅವರ ಪ್ರಭಾವವನ್ನೂ ಸಹ ಕಾಣಬಹುದು . ಈ ಕಾದಂಬರಿಯು ನಿಕೋಲಸ್‌ನ ದೋಷಪೂರಿತ ಭಾವನಾತ್ಮಕ ಶಿಕ್ಷಣವನ್ನು ವಿವರಿಸುತ್ತದೆ, ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್ ಬರೊಕ್ ಕಾದಂಬರಿಗಳಿಂದ ಅಮಲೇರಿದ ಅವನ ಬೋಧಕ ಮಾನ್ಸಿಯರ್ ಡ್ಯಾಮನ್, ಅವನ ಗ್ರಾಮೀಣ, ಕುರುಬನಂತಹ ಹೆಸರಿನೊಂದಿಗೆ, ಅವನನ್ನು ಓದುವಂತೆ ಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ. ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿಯ ನಾಯಕ ತನ್ನ ಬರೊಕ್ ಪಾಲನೆ ಮತ್ತು ಅವನ ತಾಯಿಯ ನಿಷ್ಕಪಟ ಭಕ್ತಿಯೊಂದಿಗೆ ಬರುವ [[ಮೂಢನಂಬಿಕೆ]]ಗಳ ವಿರುದ್ಧ ಹೋರಾಡುತ್ತಾನೆ. ಏಕೆಂದರೆ ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ಜ್ಞಾನೋದಯ ಮತ್ತು ಪಶ್ಚಿಮದಿಂದ ಬಂದ ಅದರ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯಿಕ ನಾವೀನ್ಯತೆಗಳು ಸರ್ಮಾಟಿಯನ್ ಬರೊಕ್‌ನ ಶಕ್ತಿಯ ವಿರುದ್ಧ ತಮ್ಮನ್ನು ತಾವು ಪ್ರತಿಪಾದಿಸಬೇಕಾಗಿತ್ತು . ಈ ಬರೊಕ್ ಧರ್ಮನಿಷ್ಠೆಯನ್ನು ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯದ ಹೇರಳವಾದ ಹೂಬಿಡುವ ಮೂಲಕ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಪಡಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ: ಮಾನ್ಸಿಯರ್ ಡ್ಯಾಮನ್ ಆಗಮನದ ಮೊದಲು ನಿಕೋಲಸ್ ಓದುವ ಸಾಂಕೇತಿಕ ಕಾದಂಬರಿಗಳು, ಆದರೆ ಪ್ರಪಂಚದ ವ್ಯಾನಿಟಿಯ ಕುರಿತು ನೃತ್ಯ ಭಯಾನಕ ದೃಶ್ಯಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ರವಚನಗಳಿಂದ ತುಂಬಿದ ಭಕ್ತಿ ಕಾವ್ಯವೂ ಸಹ. ''ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿ *ದಿ ಮೊನಾಸ್ಟಿಕ್ ಆರ್ಡರ್*'' ( ''*ಮೊನಾಚೊಮಾಚಿಯಾ ಕ್ಜಿಲಿ ವೊಜ್ನಾ ಮ್ನಿಚೊವ್*'' , 1778) ನ ಲೇಖಕರೂ ಆಗಿದ್ದಾರೆ , ಇದು ಪ್ರಕಟಣೆಯ ಮೇಲೆ ಹಗರಣಕ್ಕೆ ಕಾರಣವಾಯಿತು. ಇದು ಒಂದು ಅಣಕು-ವೀರ ಕವಿತೆಯಾಗಿದ್ದು, ಪೋಲೆಂಡ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿನ ಭಿಕ್ಷುಕರ ಆದೇಶಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಅವರ ಕಡಿಮೆ ಬೌದ್ಧಿಕ ಮತ್ತು ನೈತಿಕ ಮಾನದಂಡಗಳ ತೀಕ್ಷ್ಣವಾದ ವಿಡಂಬನೆಯಾಗಿದೆ. ಇದರಲ್ಲಿ, ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿ ತನ್ನನ್ನು ವಿಡಂಬನೆ ಮತ್ತು [[ವ್ಯಂಗ್ಯ]]ದ ಕಲಾಕಾರ ಎಂದು ಬಹಿರಂಗಪಡಿಸುತ್ತಾನೆ. ನಿಕೋಲಸ್ ಬೊಯಿಲಿಯು ( ''*ಲೆ ಲುಟ್ರಿನ್'' *) ಮತ್ತು ಜೀನ್-ಬ್ಯಾಪ್ಟಿಸ್ಟ್ ಗ್ರೆಸೆಟ್ ( ''*ವರ್ಟ್-ವರ್ಟ್'' *) ಅವರಿಂದ ಸ್ಫೂರ್ತಿ ಪಡೆದ ಈ ಕೃತಿಯು ಮೂಲವಾಗಿದೆ ಮತ್ತು ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ಕಾನ್ವೆಂಟ್‌ಗಳ ನಿರ್ದಯ ಭಾವಚಿತ್ರವನ್ನು ಚಿತ್ರಿಸುತ್ತದೆ, ಪದ್ಧತಿಗಳ ಸೂಕ್ಷ್ಮ ಅವಲೋಕನದಿಂದ ತಿಳಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿದೆ ಮತ್ತು ಗಮನಾರ್ಹ ಕಲಾತ್ಮಕತೆಯಿಂದ ಕಾರ್ಯಗತಗೊಳಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿದೆ. ಒಬ್ಬ ಪೀಠಾಧಿಪತಿಯಿಂದ ಬಂದ ಇಂತಹ ದಾಳಿಯು ಪ್ರತಿಭಟನೆಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಕೋಪದ ಟೀಕೆಗಳನ್ನು ಕೆರಳಿಸಿತು. ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿ * ''ಆಂಟಿಮೊನಾಚೊಮಾಚಿಯಾ'' * (1780) ನೊಂದಿಗೆ ಪ್ರತಿಕ್ರಿಯಿಸಿದರು, ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಹಿಂತೆಗೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳುವಿಕೆಯ ವ್ಯಂಗ್ಯವು ವಿಡಂಬನಾತ್ಮಕ ಖಂಡನೆಯ ಅಂಶಗಳನ್ನು ಮತ್ತಷ್ಟು ತೀಕ್ಷ್ಣಗೊಳಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ''"ದಿ ಗೋಲ್ಡ್ ಫಿಂಚ್ ಮತ್ತು ಬ್ಲ್ಯಾಕ್ ಬರ್ಡ್"'' ಎಂಬ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಯಿಂದ " ''ಬಾರ್‌ಗಳ ಹಿಂದೆ ಒಪ್ಪಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವುದಕ್ಕಿಂತ ತೆರೆದ ಗಾಳಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ವಾದಿಸುವುದು ಉತ್ತಮ"'' ಎಂಬ ಪ್ರಸಿದ್ಧ ಸೂತ್ರವನ್ನು ಅವರು ವಿಶೇಷವಾಗಿ ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದಾರೆ .ಇದನ್ನು ಅವರು ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್ ಮತ್ತು ಗ್ರೀಕ್ ಭಾಷೆಯಿಂದ ಅನುವಾದಿಸಿದ್ದಾರೆ . == ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್ ಅನುವಾದಗಳು == * ''ದಿ ಅಡ್ವೆಂಚರ್ಸ್ ಆಫ್ ನಿಕೋಲಸ್ ಡೋಸ್ವಿಯಾಕ್ಜಿನ್ಸ್ಕಿ'' , ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ಭಾಷೆಯಿಂದ ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್‌ಗೆ ಜೆ.-ಬಿ. ಲಾವೋಸಿಯರ್ ಅನುವಾದಿಸಿದ್ದಾರೆ, ಮೊದಲು ಕೌಂಟ್ ಸ್ಟಾನಿಸ್ಲಾಸ್ ಪೊಟೋಕಿ, ಪ್ಯಾರಿಸ್, ಎಚ್. ನಿಕೋಲ್, 1818 ರ ಲೇಖಕರ ಸ್ತುತಿಗೀತೆ. * ''ದಿ ಬ್ಲೋಸ್ ಆಫ್ ಫೇಟ್, 5 ಅಂಕಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಗದ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಹಾಸ್ಯ'' , ಪ್ಯಾರಿಸ್, [Sn], 1823 * ''ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿಯವರ ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಳು'' , ಜೆ.-ಬಿ.-ಎಂ ಅನುವಾದಿಸಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಡಿ ವಿಯೆನ್ನೆ, ಪ್ಯಾರಿಸ್, ಎಫ್. ಡಿಡೋಟ್, 1828 * ''ಇತಿಹಾಸ, ಇಗ್ನೇಸ್ ಕ್ರಾಸಿಕಿಯವರ ಕೃತಿ'' , ಪೋಲಿಷ್ ಭಾಷೆಯಿಂದ ಜೆ.-ಬಿ. ಲಾವೋಸಿಯರ್ ಅವರಿಂದ ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್‌ಗೆ ಅನುವಾದಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ, ಪ್ಯಾರಿಸ್, ಹೆಚ್. ನಿಕೋಲ್, 1817 ==ಬಾಹ್ಯ ಸಂಪರ್ಕಗಳು== * [http://polandsite.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=polishliteratureinenglish&action=display&thread=742 Polish Forum] * [http://www.liturgical.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=6712 Catholic Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425083906/http://www.liturgical.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=6712 |date=25 April 2012 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051227013112/http://monika.univ.gda.pl/~literat/autors/krasic.htm Biography at monika.univ.gda.pl] * [http://www.poetrymagic.co.uk/poets/krasicki.html Biography at poetrymagic.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060501011626/http://www.poetrymagic.co.uk/poets/krasicki.html |date=1 May 2006 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090105213431/http://www.polishconstitution.org/Biokras.html Biography at polishconstitution.org] * [https://poezja.org/wz/Krasicki_Ignacy/ Collected works] {{in lang|pl}} * [http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/Aut1271.HTM Other works] {{in lang|pl}} * [http://www.archidiecezja.pl/panorama/katedra360/index.html Virtual tour Gniezno Cathedral ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717104400/http://www.archidiecezja.pl/panorama/katedra360/index.html |date=17 July 2020 }} *[http://prymaspolski.pl/prymasi/ List of Primates of Poland ] ==ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು== {{Includes Wikisource|ಮೈಸೂರು ವಿಶ್ವವಿದ್ಯಾನಿಲಯ ವಿಶ್ವಕೋಶ/ಕ್ರಾಸಿಟ್ಸ್ಕಿ,ಇಗ್ನಾಟ್ಸ್‌ ಕೌಂಟ್ }} [[ವರ್ಗ:ಕವಿಗಳು]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ನಾಟಕಕಾರರು]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ಕಾದಂಬರಿಕಾರರು]] m8y2blsydp1npfdn7veq2lg710qa9u3 0 179265 1374592 2026-06-02T15:19:38Z Shiva Tej Patil 75545 "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1325956538|Mary Mallon]]" ಪುಟವನ್ನು ಅನುವಾದಿಸುವುದರಿಂದ ಸೃಷ್ಟಿಸಲಾಯಿತು 1374592 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ಮೇರಿ ಮ್ಯಾಲನ್ | image = Mary Mallon in hospital.jpg | alt = | caption = ೧೯೦೯ರಲ್ಲಿ ಆಸ್ಪತ್ರೆಯೊಂದರಲ್ಲಿ ಮೇರಿ(ಮುಂಭಾಗದಲ್ಲಿ) | other_names = {{flatlist| * ಮೇರಿ ಬ್ರೌನ್ * ಟೈಫಾಯ್ಡ್ ಮೇರಿ}} | birth_date = {{birth date|1869|09|23}} | birth_place = ಕುಕ್ಸ್‌ಟೌನ್‌, ಕೌಂಟಿ ಟೈರೋನ್‌, [[ಉತ್ತರ ಐರ್ಲೆಂಡ್|ಐರ್ಲೆಂಡ್]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1938|11|11|1869|09|23}} | death_place = ನಾರ್ತ್ ಬ್ರದರ್ ದ್ವೀಪ, [[ನ್ಯೂಯಾರ್ಕ್]], [[ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ|ಯು.ಎಸ್]] | resting_place = ಸೇಂಟ್ ರೇಮಂಡ್ಸ್ ಸಿಮೆಂಟರಿ, ದ ಬ್ರಾಂಕ್ಸ್, ನ್ಯೂ ಯಾರ್ಕ್, ಯು. ಎಸ್ | occupation = ಅಡುಗೆಯವಳು | known_for = [[ಟೈಫಾಯ್ಡ್]] ನ ಲಕ್ಷಣರಹಿತ ವಾಹಕಿ }} '''ಮೇರಿ ಮ್ಯಾಲನ್''' (ಸೆಪ್ಟೆಂಬರ್ 23, 1869 – ನವೆಂಬರ್ 11, 1938), ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ '''ಟೈಫಾಯಿಡ್ ಮೇರಿ''' ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡುವ ಈಕೆ, ಐರಿಶ್ ಮೂಲದ ಅಮೇರಿಕನ್ ಬಾಣಸಿಗಳಾಗಿ 51 ರಿಂದ 122 ಜನರಿಗೆ [[ವಿಷಮಶೀತ ಜ್ವರ|ಟೈಫಾಯಿಡ್]] ಸೋಂಕು ತಗುಲಿಸಿದಳೆಂದು ನಂಬಲಾಗಿದೆ. ಈ ಸೋಂಕುಗಳಿಂದ ಮೂರು ಜನರ ಸಾವು ದೃಢಪಟ್ಟಿದೆ(ದೃಢೀಕರಿಸದ ಅಂದಾಜಿನ ಪ್ರಕಾರ 50 ಜನರ ಸಾವು). ''ಸಾಲ್ಮೊನೆಲ್ಲಾ ಟೈಫಿ'' ಎಂಬ ರೋಗಕಾರಕ [[ಬ್ಯಾಕ್ಟೀರಿಯ|ಬ್ಯಾಕ್ಟೀರಿಯಾದ]] [[ರೋಗವಾಹಕ|ಲಕ್ಷಣರಹಿತ ವಾಹಕ]] ಎಂದು ಗುರುತಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ ಯುನೈಟೆಡ್ ಸ್ಟೇಟ್ಸ್‌ನ ಮೊದಲ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿ. {{Sfn|Marineli|Tsoucalas|Karamanou|Androutsos|2013}} <ref name="NYT">{{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಸುದ್ದಿ |date=November 12, 1938 |title='Typhoid Mary' Dies of a Stroke at 68. Carrier of Disease, Blamed for 51 Cases and 3 Deaths, but Immune |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1938/11/12/archives/typhoid-mary-dies-of-a-stroke-at-68-carrier-of-disease-blamed-for.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605105457/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10D15FE3859117389DDAB0994D9415B888FF1D3 |archive-date=June 5, 2011 |access-date=February 28, 2010 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> ಇವಳು ಅಡುಗೆಯವಳಾಗಿ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡುವುದನ್ನು ಮುಂದುವರೆಸಿದ್ದರಿಂದ ಮತ್ತು ಆ ಮೂಲಕ ಇತರರನ್ನು ರೋಗಕ್ಕೀಡು ಮಾಡಿದ ಕಾರಣ , ಅಧಿಕಾರಿಗಳು ಇವಳನ್ನು ಬಲವಂತವಾಗಿ ಎರಡು ಬಾರಿ ಕ್ವಾರಂಟೈನ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಇರಿಸಿದರು. ಸುಮಾರು 30 ವರ್ಷಗಳ ಕ್ವಾರಂಟೈನ್‌ನ ನಂತರ ಮೇರಿ ಮೃತಪಟ್ಟಳು. == ಜೀವನ ಚರಿತ್ರೆ == === ಆರಂಭಿಕ ಜೀವನ === ಮೇರಿ ಮ್ಯಾಲನ್ 1869 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಐರ್ಲೆಂಡ್‌ನ ಕೌಂಟಿ ಟೈರೋನ್‌ನ ಕುಕ್ಸ್‌ಟೌನ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಜನಿಸಿದಳು. ಗರ್ಭಾವಸ್ಥೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರ ತಾಯಿಗೆ ಸೋಂಕು ತಗುಲಿದ್ದರಿಂದ ಇವಳು ಟೈಫಾಯಿಡ್ ಜ್ವರದಿಂದ ಹುಟ್ಟಿರಬಹುದು. {{Sfn|Adler|Mara|2016|pp=137–145}} {{Sfn|Walzer Leavitt|1996|p=14}} {{Sfn|Elsevier|2013|p=189}} 1884 ರಲ್ಲಿ 15 ನೇ ವಯಸ್ಸಿನಲ್ಲಿ, ಇವಳು ಐರ್ಲೆಂಡ್‌ನಿಂದ ಅಮೆರಿಕಕ್ಕೆ ವಲಸೆ ಬಂದಳು.{{Sfn|Adler|Mara|2016|p=137}} === ವೃತ್ತಿಜೀವನ === ೧೯೦೦ ರಿಂದ ೧೯೦೭ ರವರೆಗೆ, ಮ್ಯಾಲನ್ ನ್ಯೂಯಾರ್ಕ್ ನಗರ ಪ್ರದೇಶದಲ್ಲಿ ಎಂಟು ಕುಟುಂಬಗಳಿಗೆ ಅಡುಗೆಯವಳಾಗಿ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡಿದಳು, ಅವರಲ್ಲಿ ಏಳು ಜನರಿಗೆ ಟೈಫಾಯಿಡ್ ಸೋಂಕು ತಗುಲಿತು. {{Sfn|Elsevier|2013|p=56}} {{Sfn|Walzer Leavitt|1996|p=16}} ೧೯೦೦ ರಲ್ಲಿ, ನ್ಯೂಯಾರ್ಕ್‌ನ ಮಾಮರೋನೆಕ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡಿದಳು, ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡಿದ ಎರಡು ವಾರಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ನಿವಾಸಿಗಳಿಗೆ ಟೈಫಾಯಿಡ್ ಜ್ವರ ಬಂದಿತು. ೧೯೦೧ ರಲ್ಲಿ, ಇವಳು [[ಮ್ಯಾನ್ಹ್ಯಾಟನ್|ಮ್ಯಾನ್‌ಹ್ಯಾಟನ್‌ಗೆ]] ವಲಸೆ ಬಂದಳು, ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಅವಳು ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡಿದ ಮನೆಯ ಸದಸ್ಯರಿಗೆ ಜ್ವರ ಮತ್ತು [[ಅತಿಸಾರ]] ಕಾಣಿಸಿಕೊಂಡಿತು. ನಂತರ ಮ್ಯಾಲನ್ ವಕೀಲರ ಬಳಿ ಕೆಲಸಕ್ಕೆ ಹೋದಳು ಮತ್ತು ಆ ಮನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಎಂಟು ಜನರಲ್ಲಿ ಏಳು ಜನರು ಅನಾರೋಗ್ಯಕ್ಕೆ ಒಳಗಾದ ನಂತರ ಹೊರಟುಹೋದಳು. <ref name="TheStraightDope">{{Cite web |last=Dex |last2=McCaff |date=August 14, 2000 |title=Who was Typhoid Mary? |url=https://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1816/who-was-typhoid-mary |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230172306/https://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1816/who-was-typhoid-mary/ |archive-date=December 30, 2017 |access-date=June 7, 2011 |website=The Straight Dope}}</ref> {{Sfn|Adler|Mara|2016|pp=140–141}} ಜೂನ್ 1904 ರಲ್ಲಿ, ಇವಳನ್ನು ಶ್ರೀಮಂತ ವಕೀಲ ಹೆನ್ರಿ ಗಿಲ್ಸಿ ನೇಮಿಸಿಕೊಂಡರು. ಶೀಘ್ರದಲ್ಲೇ ಏಳು ಸೇವಕರಲ್ಲಿ ನಾಲ್ವರು ಅಸ್ವಸ್ಥರಾದರು. ಗಿಲ್ಸಿ ಕುಟುಂಬದ ಎಲ್ಲ ಸದಸ್ಯರು ಪ್ರತ್ಯೇಕವಾಗಿ ವಾಸಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದ ಕಾರಣ ಯಾವುದೇ ಸೋಂಕಿಗೆ ಒಳಗಾಗಲಿಲ್ಲ, ಮತ್ತು ಸೇವಕರು ತಮ್ಮ ಸ್ವಂತ ಮನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ವಾಸಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದರು. ಏಕಾಏಕಿ ರೋಗ ಹರಡಿದ ನಂತರ, ಮ್ಯಾಲನ್ ಅಲ್ಲಿಂದ ಹೊರಟು ಟುಕ್ಸೆಡೊ ಪಾರ್ಕ್‌ಗೆ ಸ್ಥಳಾಂತರಗೊಂಡಳು. {{Sfn|Soper|1939|p=703}} ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಜಾರ್ಜ್ ಕೆಸ್ಲರ್ ಅವರು ನೇಮಿಸಿಕೊಂಡರು. ಎರಡು ವಾರಗಳ ನಂತರ, ಅವರ ಮನೆಯಲ್ಲಿದ್ದ ಲಾಂಡ್ರಿ ಕೆಲಸಗಾರನಿಗೆ ಟೈಫಾಯಿಡ್ ಸೋಂಕು ತಗುಲಿ ಸೇಂಟ್ ಜೋಸೆಫ್ ಪ್ರಾದೇಶಿಕ ವೈದ್ಯಕೀಯ ಕೇಂದ್ರಕ್ಕೆ ಕರೆದೊಯ್ಯಲಾಯಿತು. ತನಿಖಾಧಿಕಾರಿ ಡಾ. ಆರ್‌ಎಲ್ ವಿಲ್ಸನ್, ಲಾಂಡ್ರಿ ಕೆಲಸಗಾರನೇ ಏಕಾಏಕಿ ಕಾರಣ ಎಂದು ಹೇಳಿದರು. ಆದರೆ ಅದನ್ನು ಸಾಬೀತುಪಡಿಸಲು ವಿಫಲರಾದರು. ಲಾಂಡ್ರಿ ಕೆಲಸಗಾರ ಶೀಘ್ರದಲ್ಲೇ ಸಾವಿಗೀಡಾದನು. {{Sfn|Adler|Mara|2016|p=137}} ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ 1906 ರಲ್ಲಿ, ಮ್ಯಾಲನ್ ಲಾಂಗ್ ಐಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್‌ನ ಆಯ್ಸ್ಟರ್ ಕೊಲ್ಲಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಶ್ರೀಮಂತ ನ್ಯೂಯಾರ್ಕ್ ಬ್ಯಾಂಕರ್ ಚಾರ್ಲ್ಸ್ ಎಲಿಯಟ್ ವಾರೆನ್ ಅವರ ಕುಟುಂಬದೊಂದಿಗೆ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡಲು ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಿಸಿದಳು. {{Sfn|Campbell Bartoletti|2015|p=180}} 1906 ರ ಬೇಸಿಗೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಆಯ್ಸ್ಟರ್ ಕೊಲ್ಲಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಮನೆ ಬಾಡಿಗೆಗೆ ಬಿಟ್ಟು ಹೋದಾಗ, ವಾರೆನ್ಸ್ ಜೊತೆ ಮ್ಯಾಲನ್ ಕೂಡ ಹೋದಳು. ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ 27 ರಿಂದ ಸೆಪ್ಟೆಂಬರ್ 3 ರವರೆಗೆ, ಕುಟುಂಬದ 11 ಜನರಲ್ಲಿ ಆರು ಜನರಿಗೆ ಟೈಫಾಯಿಡ್ ಜ್ವರ ಬಂದಿತು. ಟೈಫಾಯಿಡ್ ಹೊಂದಿರುವ ಖ್ಯಾತಿಯನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರುವ ಮನೆಯನ್ನು ಬಾಡಿಗೆಗೆ ಪಡೆಯುವುದು ಕಷ್ಟಕರವೆಂದು ಅರ್ಥಮಾಡಿಕೊಂಡ ಮನೆ ಮಾಲೀಕರು, ಸೋಂಕಿನ ಮೂಲವನ್ನು ಕಂಡುಹಿಡಿಯಲು ಹಲವಾರು ಸ್ವತಂತ್ರ ತಜ್ಞರನ್ನು ನೇಮಿಸಿಕೊಂಡರು. ಅವರು ಪೈಪ್‌ಗಳು, ನಲ್ಲಿಗಳು, ಶೌಚಾಲಯಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಸೆಸ್‌ಪೂಲ್‌ನಿಂದ ನೀರಿನ ಮಾದರಿಗಳನ್ನು ತೆಗೆದುಕೊಂಡರು, ಯಾವುದರಲ್ಲಿಯೂ ಟೈಫಾಯಿಡ್‌ ಪತ್ತೆಯಾಗಲಿಲ್ಲ. {{Sfn|Marineli|Tsoucalas|Karamanou|Androutsos|2013}} {{Sfn|Soper|1939|p=699}} <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dinner With Typhoid Mary |url=https://orauportal.fda.gov/courseware/FD202W100/SCORM_FD202_Module_3_Microbiology/Module_3_Dinner_With_Typhoid_Mary.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221191421/https://orauportal.fda.gov/courseware/FD202W100/SCORM_FD202_Module_3_Microbiology/Module_3_Dinner_With_Typhoid_Mary.pdf |archive-date=December 21, 2019 |access-date=July 1, 2018 |website=FDA}}</ref> <ref name="TheStraightDope">{{Cite web |last=Dex |last2=McCaff |date=August 14, 2000 |title=Who was Typhoid Mary? |url=https://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1816/who-was-typhoid-mary |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230172306/https://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1816/who-was-typhoid-mary/ |archive-date=December 30, 2017 |access-date=June 7, 2011 |website=The Straight Dope}}</ref> === ತನಿಖೆ === ಆಯ್ಸ್ಟರ್ ಕೊಲ್ಲಿಯ ಮನೆ ಮಾಲೀಕರು ನೇಮಿಸಿದ್ದ ತನಿಖಾಧಿಕಾರಿ ಜಾರ್ಜ್ ಸೋಪರ್, ಟೈಫಾಯಿಡ್ ಜ್ವರ ಹರಡುವಿಕೆಯ ಕಾರಣವನ್ನು ನಿರ್ಧರಿಸಲು ಪ್ರಯತ್ನಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದಾಗ, ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಈ ರೋಗವು ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ನೈರ್ಮಲ್ಯವಿಲ್ಲದ ಪರಿಸ್ಥಿತಿಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಸಂಭವಿಸುತ್ತದೆ ಎಂದು ತಿಳಿದು ಬಂತು. ತಮಗೆ ನೀಡಲಾದ ದೈಹಿಕ ವಿವರಣೆಗೆ ಹೊಂದಿಕೆಯಾಗುವ ಒಬ್ಬ ಅಡುಗೆಯವಳು, ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಹರಡಿದ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಸೋಂಕುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಭಾಗಿಯಾಗಿದ್ದಾಳೆ ಎಂದು ಕಂಡುಹಿಡಿದರು. ರೋಗ ಹರಡುವಿಕೆ ಪ್ರಾರಂಭವಾದ ನಂತರ, ಅವಳು ಮುಂದಿನ ವಿಳಾಸವನ್ನು ನೀಡದೆ ಹೊರಟುಹೋದ ಕಾರಣ, ಅವರು ಅವಳನ್ನು ಪತ್ತೆಹಚ್ಚಲು ಸಾಧ್ಯವಾಗಲಿಲ್ಲ. ಪಾರ್ಕ್ ಅವೆನ್ಯೂನಲ್ಲಿ ಹರಡಿದ್ದ ಸೋಂಕು, ಮೇರಿಯನ್ನು ಮೂಲವೆಂದು ಗುರುತಿಸಲು ಸಹಾಯ ಮಾಡಿತು. ಪ್ರಕರಣವು ಇನ್ನೂ ಸಕ್ರಿಯವಾಗಿದ್ದಾಗ ಸೋಪರ್ ಈ ಪ್ರಕರಣದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ತಿಳಿದುಕೊಂಡರು ಮತ್ತು ಮೇರಿಯೇ ಆ ಅಡುಗೆಯವಳು ಎಂದು ಕಂಡುಹಿಡಿದರು. <ref name="TheStraightDope">{{Cite web |last=Dex |last2=McCaff |date=August 14, 2000 |title=Who was Typhoid Mary? |url=https://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1816/who-was-typhoid-mary |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230172306/https://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1816/who-was-typhoid-mary/ |archive-date=December 30, 2017 |access-date=June 7, 2011 |website=The Straight Dope}}</ref> ಸೋಪರ್ ಮೊದಲು ಬೌನ್ಸ್ ಪಾರ್ಕ್ ಅವೆನ್ಯೂ ಪೆಂಟ್‌ಹೌಸ್‌ನ ಅಡುಗೆಮನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಮೇರಿಯನ್ನು ಭೇಟಿಯಾದರು ಮತ್ತು ಅವಳು ರೋಗವನ್ನು ಹರಡುತ್ತಿರುವುದಾಗಿ ಆರೋಪಿಸಿದರು.<ref name="TheStraightDope">{{Cite web |last=Dex |last2=McCaff |date=August 14, 2000 |title=Who was Typhoid Mary? |url=https://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1816/who-was-typhoid-mary |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230172306/https://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1816/who-was-typhoid-mary/ |archive-date=December 30, 2017 |access-date=June 7, 2011 |website=The Straight Dope}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Soper|first=George A.|title=The Work of a Chronic Typhoid Germ Distributor|journal=[[J Am Med Assoc]]|volume=48|issue=24|pages=2019–2022|date=June 15, 1907|doi=10.1001/jama.1907.25220500025002d|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1423366|accessdate=July 5, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221191415/https://zenodo.org/record/1423366|archivedate=December 21, 2019}}</ref> ಮೇರಿಯು ಮಾದರಿಗಳನ್ನು ನೀಡಲು ನಿರಾಕರಿಸಿದಾಗ, ಅವಳ ಐದು ವರ್ಷಗಳ ಉದ್ಯೋಗದ ಇತಿಹಾಸವನ್ನು ಸಂಗ್ರಹಿಸಲು ಸೋಪರ್ ನಿರ್ಧರಿಸಿದರು. ಮೇರಿಯನ್ನು ಅಡುಗೆ ಕೆಲಸಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ನೇಮಿಸಿಕೊಂಡಿದ್ದ ಎಂಟು ಕುಟುಂಬಗಳಲ್ಲಿ, ಏಳು ಕುಟುಂಬಗಳ ಸದಸ್ಯರು ಟೈಫಾಯಿಡ್ ಜ್ವರದಿಂದ ಬಳಲುತ್ತಿದ್ದಾರೆ ಎಂದು ಅವರು ಕಂಡುಕೊಂಡರು. <ref>{{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಪುಸ್ತಕ |last=Satin |first=Morton |title=Death in the Pot |publisher=Prometheus Books |year=2007 |location=New York |page=169}}</ref> ವಿಶ್ಲೇಷಣೆಗಾಗಿ ಮೂತ್ರ ಮತ್ತು ಮಲ ಮಾದರಿಗಳನ್ನು ನೀಡುವಂತೆ ಮೇರಿಯನ್ನು ಮನವೊಲಿಸಲು ಅವರು ರೇಮಂಡ್ ಹೂಬ್ಲರ್ ಅವರನ್ನು ಕರೆದೊಯ್ದರು. "ಟೈಫಾಯಿಡ್ ಎಲ್ಲೆಡೆ ಇದೆ, ಕಲುಷಿತ ಆಹಾರ ಮತ್ತು ನೀರಿನಿಂದಲೇ ಸೋಂಕು ಹರಡಿದೆ" ಎಂದು ಹೇಳಿ ಮೇರಿಯು ಮತ್ತೆ ಸಹಕರಿಸಲು ನಿರಾಕರಿಸಿದಳು. ಆ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ, ಆರೋಗ್ಯ ಕಾರ್ಯಕರ್ತರಿಗೂ ಆರೋಗ್ಯವಂತ ವಾಹಕರ ಪರಿಕಲ್ಪನೆ ತಿಳಿದಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ. {{Sfn|Adler|Mara|2016|p=137}} {{Sfn|Soper|1939|pp=704–705}} {{Sfn|Rogers|2017|pp=72–74}} ಸೋಪರ್ ತಮ್ಮ ಸಂಶೋಧನೆಗಳನ್ನು ಜೂನ್ 15, 1907 ರಂದು ''ಜರ್ನಲ್ ಆಫ್ ದಿ ಅಮೇರಿಕನ್ ಮೆಡಿಕಲ್ ಅಸೋಸಿಯೇಷನ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ'' ಪ್ರಕಟಿಸಿದರು. <ref name="Newsday">{{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಸುದ್ದಿ |last=Ochs, Ridgely |date=2007 |title=Dinner with Typhoid Mary |work=[[Newsday]]}}</ref> ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರು ಹೀಗೆ ಬರೆದಿದ್ದಾರೆ: {{Blockquote|It was found that the family changed cooks on August 4. This was about three weeks before the typhoid epidemic broke out. The new cook, Mallon, remained in the family only a short time and left about three weeks after the outbreak occurred. Mallon was described as an Irish woman about 40 years of age, tall, heavy, single. She seemed to be in perfect health.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://orauportal.fda.gov/courseware/FD202W100/SCORM_FD202_Module_3_Microbiology/Module_3_Dinner_With_Typhoid_Mary.pdf|title=Dinner With Typhoid Mary|website=FDA|access-date=July 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221191421/https://orauportal.fda.gov/courseware/FD202W100/SCORM_FD202_Module_3_Microbiology/Module_3_Dinner_With_Typhoid_Mary.pdf|archive-date=December 21, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} === ಮೊದಲ ಕ್ವಾರಂಟೈನ್ (1907–1910) === ಸೋಪರ್ ನ್ಯೂಯಾರ್ಕ್ ನಗರ ಆರೋಗ್ಯ ಇಲಾಖೆಗೆ ಮಾಹಿತಿ ನೀಡಿದರು, ಅದರ ತನಿಖಾಧಿಕಾರಿಗಳು ಮ್ಯಾಲನ್ ಟೈಫಾಯ್ಡ್ ವಾಹಕಿ ಎಂದು ಅರಿತುಕೊಂಡರು. ಗ್ರೇಟರ್ ನ್ಯೂಯಾರ್ಕ್ ಚಾರ್ಟರ್‌ನ ಸೆಕ್ಷನ್ 1169 ಮತ್ತು 1170 ರ ಪ್ರಕಾರ, ಮೇರಿಯನ್ನು ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕ ಆರೋಗ್ಯಕ್ಕೆ ಅಪಾಯ ಎಂದು ಬಂಧಿಸಲಾಯಿತು. ಪೊಲೀಸರು ಮತ್ತು ಡಾ. ಸಾರಾ ಜೋಸೆಫೀನ್ ಬೇಕರ್ ಅವಳನ್ನು ಬಲವಂತವಾಗಿ ಆಂಬ್ಯುಲೆನ್ಸ್‌ಗೆ ಕರೆದೊಯ್ದರು. ಅವರು ಕೆಲವೊಮ್ಮೆ ಅವಳನ್ನು ತಡೆಯಲು ಅವಳ ಮೇಲೆಯೇ ಕುಳಿತುಕೊಳ್ಳಬೇಕಾಯಿತು. {{Sfn|Soper|1939|pp=704–705}} ಮೇರಿಯನ್ನು ವಿಲ್ಲಾರ್ಡ್ ಪಾರ್ಕರ್ ಆಸ್ಪತ್ರೆಗೆ ಸಾಗಿಸಲಾಯಿತು, ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಅವಳನ್ನು ತಡೆಹಿಡಿದು ಮಾದರಿಗಳನ್ನು ನೀಡುವಂತೆ ಒತ್ತಾಯಿಸಲಾಯಿತು. ನಾಲ್ಕು ದಿನಗಳವರೆಗೆ, ಆಕೆ ಎದ್ದು ಸ್ನಾನಗೃಹವನ್ನು ಸ್ವಂತವಾಗಿ ಬಳಸಲು ಅವಕಾಶವಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ. {{Sfn|Alexander|2004}} ಆಕೆಯ ಮಲ ಮಾದರಿಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಕಂಡುಬಂದ ಬೃಹತ್ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯ ಟೈಫಾಯ್ಡ್ ಬ್ಯಾಕ್ಟೀರಿಯಾಗಳು, ಸೋಂಕಿನ ಮೂಲವು ಆಕೆಯ [[ಪಿತ್ತಕೋಶ|ಪಿತ್ತಕೋಶದಲ್ಲಿದೆ]] ಎಂದು ಸೂಚಿಸಿದವು. ವಿಚಾರಣೆಯ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ, ಮ್ಯಾಲನ್ ತಾನು ಎಂದೂ ಕೈ ತೊಳೆದಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ ಎಂದು ಒಪ್ಪಿಕೊಂಡಳು. ಆ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಇದು ಅಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ; 1860 ರ ದಶಕದಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಸೂತಿ ತಜ್ಞ ಡಾ. ಇಗ್ನಾಜ್ ಸೆಮ್ಮೆಲ್ವೀಸ್ ಮತ್ತು 1880 ರ ದಶಕದಲ್ಲಿ ಶಸ್ತ್ರಚಿಕಿತ್ಸಕ ಡಾ. [[ಜೋಸೆಫ್ ಲಿಸ್ಟರ್]] ಮಂಡಿಸಿದ ಸೂಕ್ಷ್ಮಜೀವಿ ಸಿದ್ಧಾಂತವನ್ನು ಇನ್ನೂ ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕರು, ವಿಶೇಷವಾಗಿ ಕಡಿಮೆ ಶಿಕ್ಷಣ ಪಡೆದವರು ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣವಾಗಿ ಒಪ್ಪಿಕೊಂಡಿಲ್ಲ. <ref name="TheStraightDope">{{Cite web |last=Dex |last2=McCaff |date=August 14, 2000 |title=Who was Typhoid Mary? |url=https://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1816/who-was-typhoid-mary |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230172306/https://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1816/who-was-typhoid-mary/ |archive-date=December 30, 2017 |access-date=June 7, 2011 |website=The Straight Dope}}</ref> {{Sfn|Adler|Mara|2016|p=143}} ಮಾರ್ಚ್ 19, 1907 ರಂದು, ಮಲ್ಲನ್‌ಗೆ ನಾರ್ತ್ ಬ್ರದರ್ ದ್ವೀಪದಲ್ಲಿ ಕ್ವಾರಂಟೈನ್ ಶಿಕ್ಷೆ ವಿಧಿಸಲಾಯಿತು. ಕ್ವಾರಂಟೈನ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿದ್ದಾಗ ಅವಳು ವಾರಕ್ಕೆ ಮೂರು ಬಾರಿ ಮಲ ಮತ್ತು ಮೂತ್ರದ ಮಾದರಿಗಳನ್ನು ನೀಡಿದಳು. ಅಧಿಕಾರಿಗಳು ಅವಳ ಪಿತ್ತಕೋಶವನ್ನು ತೆಗೆದುಹಾಕಲು ಸೂಚಿಸಿದರು, ಆದರೆ ಅವಳು ನಿರಾಕರಿಸಿದಳು. ಆ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ, ಪಿತ್ತಕೋಶವನ್ನು ತೆಗೆಯುವುದು ಅಪಾಯಕಾರಿಯಾಗಿತ್ತು ಮತ್ತು ಜನರು ಈ ವಿಧಾನದಿಂದ ಸಾವನ್ನಪ್ಪಿದ್ದರು. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brooks|first=J|date=March 15, 1996|title=The Sad and Tragic Life of Typhoid Mary|journal=CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal|volume=154|issue=6|pages=915–916|issn=0820-3946|pmc=1487781|pmid=8634973}}</ref> ಮಲ್ಲನ್‌ ಅಡುಗೆಯವಳಾಗಿ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡುವುದನ್ನು ನಿಲ್ಲಿಸಲು ಸಹ ಇಷ್ಟವಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ, ಈ ಕೆಲಸವು ಅವಳಿಗೆ ಬೇರೆ ಯಾವುದೇ ಕೆಲಸಕ್ಕಿಂತ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಹಣವನ್ನು ಗಳಿಸಿತು. ಸ್ವಂತ ಮನೆ ಇಲ್ಲದ ಕಾರಣ, ಅವಳು ಯಾವಾಗಲೂ ಬಡತನದ ಅಂಚಿನಲ್ಲಿದ್ದಳು. ಸೋಪರ್ ಅವರ ಲೇಖನ ''ಜರ್ನಲ್ ಆಫ್ ದಿ ಅಮೇರಿಕನ್ ಮೆಡಿಕಲ್ ಅಸೋಸಿಯೇಷನ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ'' ಪ್ರಕಟವಾದ ನಂತರ, ಈ ವಿಷಯವು ವ್ಯಾಪಕವಾಗಿ ಮಾಧ್ಯಮಗಳ ಗಮನ ಸೆಳೆಯಿತು ಮತ್ತು ಇವಳು "ಟೈಫಾಯಿಡ್ ಮೇರಿ" ಎಂಬ ಅಡ್ಡಹೆಸರನ್ನು ಪಡೆದಳು. <ref name="letter">{{Cite web |title=In Her Own Words |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/typhoid/letter.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426042928/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/typhoid/letter.html |archive-date=April 26, 2010 |access-date=May 14, 2020 |publisher=NOVA PBS}}</ref> ಸೋಪರ್ ಕ್ವಾರಂಟೈನ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಮೇರಿಯನ್ನು ಭೇಟಿ ಮಾಡಿ, ಒಂದು ಪುಸ್ತಕ ಬರೆಯುವುದಾಗಿ ಮತ್ತು ರಾಯಧನದ ಒಂದು ಭಾಗವನ್ನು ಅವಳಿಗೆ ನೀಡುವುದಾಗಿ ಹೇಳಿದರು. {{Sfn|Soper|1939|p=709}} ಅವಳು ಕೋಪದಿಂದ ಅವರ ಪ್ರಸ್ತಾಪವನ್ನು ತಿರಸ್ಕರಿಸಿದಳು ಮತ್ತು ಅವರು ಹೊರಡುವವರೆಗೂ ಸ್ನಾನಗೃಹದಲ್ಲಿ ಬೀಗ ಹಾಕಿಕೊಂಡಳು. <ref>{{Cite episode|access-date=August 31, 2014|date=October 12, 2004|accessdate=July 21, 2014}}</ref> ಅವಳು ಆ ಅಡ್ಡಹೆಸರನ್ನು ದ್ವೇಷಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದಳು. ತಾನು ವಾಹಕಿ ಎಂದು ತಾನು ಎಂದಿಗೂ ನಂಬುವುದಿಲ್ಲ ಎಂದು ಮೇರಿ ಹೇಳಿಕೊಂಡಿದ್ದಾಳೆ. ಸ್ನೇಹಿತೆಯ ಸಹಾಯದಿಂದ, ಅವಳು ಹಲವಾರು ಮಾದರಿಗಳನ್ನು ಸ್ವತಂತ್ರ ನ್ಯೂಯಾರ್ಕ್ ಪ್ರಯೋಗಾಲಯಕ್ಕೆ ಕಳುಹಿಸಿದಳು. ಎಲ್ಲವೂ ಟೈಫಾಯಿಡ್‌ಗೆ ನೆಗೆಟಿವ್ ಎಂದು ಹೇಳಿದವು. {{Sfn|Walzer Leavitt|Numbers|1997|p=560}} ನಾರ್ತ್ ಬ್ರದರ್ ದ್ವೀಪದಲ್ಲಿ, ಮಾರ್ಚ್ 1907 ರಿಂದ ಜೂನ್ 1909 ರವರೆಗಿನ ವಿಶ್ಲೇಷಣೆಗಳು ಅದನ್ನೇ ಹೇಳಿದವು. {{Sfn|Alexander|2004}} ಮಲ್ಲನ್‌ಳ ಕ್ವಾರಂಟೈನ್‌ನ 2 ವರ್ಷ ಮತ್ತು 11 ತಿಂಗಳ ನಂತರ, ನ್ಯೂಯಾರ್ಕ್ ರಾಜ್ಯ ಆರೋಗ್ಯ ಆಯುಕ್ತ ಯುಜೀನ್ ಹೆಚ್. ಪೋರ್ಟರ್, ರೋಗ ವಾಹಕರನ್ನು ಇನ್ನು ಮುಂದೆ ಕ್ವಾರಂಟೈನ್ ಮಾಡಬಾರದು ಮತ್ತು ಅಡುಗೆಯವಳಾಗಿ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡುವುದನ್ನು ನಿಲ್ಲಿಸಲು ಮತ್ತು ಇತರರಿಗೆ ಟೈಫಾಯಿಡ್ ಹರಡುವುದನ್ನು ತಪ್ಪಿಸಲು ಸಮಂಜಸವಾದ ಪ್ರಯತ್ನಗಳನ್ನು ತೆಗೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತ ಮೇರಿಯನ್ನು ಬಿಡುಗಡೆ ಮಾಡಬಹುದು ಎಂದು ನಿರ್ಧರಿಸಿತು. ಫೆಬ್ರವರಿ 19, 1910 ರಂದು, ಮಲ್ಲನ್ ತನ್ನ ಉದ್ಯೋಗವನ್ನು ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಲು ಸಿದ್ಧಳಾಗಿದ್ದು, ಬಿಡುಗಡೆಯಾದ ನಂತರ ತಾನು ಸಂಪರ್ಕಕ್ಕೆ ಬಂದವರನ್ನು ಸೋಂಕಿನಿಂದ ರಕ್ಷಿಸುವಂತಹ ನೈರ್ಮಲ್ಯ ಮುನ್ನೆಚ್ಚರಿಕೆಗಳನ್ನು ತೆಗೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳುವುದಾಗಿ ಅಫಿಡವಿಟ್ ಮೂಲಕ ಭರವಸೆ ನೀಡುವುದಾಗಿ ಹೇಳಿದಳು. {{Sfn|Soper|1939|pp=708–710}} ಅವಳನ್ನು ಕ್ವಾರಂಟೈನ್‌ನಿಂದ ಬಿಡುಗಡೆ ಮಾಡಲಾಯಿತು. {{Sfn|Adler|Mara|2016|pp=143–145}} <ref name="isbe">{{Cite web |title=Food Science Curriculum |url=http://www.isbe.net/career/pdf/fcs_guide.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218233409/http://isbe.net/career/pdf/fcs_guide.pdf |archive-date=December 18, 2010 |access-date=February 9, 2011 |website=Illinois State Board of Education |page=118}}</ref> {{Sfn|Marion Daily Mirror|1910|p=2}} === ಬಿಡುಗಡೆ ಮತ್ತು ಎರಡನೇ ಕ್ವಾರಂಟೈನ್ (1915–1938) === [[ಚಿತ್ರ:Mallon-Mary_01.jpg|thumb|"ಟೈಫಾಯಿಡ್ ಮೇರಿ" (1909) ಪೋಸ್ಟರ್ ಚಿತ್ರಣ.]] ಬಿಡುಗಡೆಯಾದ ನಂತರ, ಮೇರಿಯನ್ನು ಲಾಂಡ್ರಿ ಕೆಲಸಕ್ಕೆ ಸೇರಿಸಲಾಯಿತು, ಅದು ಅಡುಗೆಗಿಂತ ಕಡಿಮೆ ವೇತನವನ್ನು ನೀಡಿತು - $50 ರ ಬದಲು ತಿಂಗಳಿಗೆ $20. ಸ್ವಲ್ಪ ಸಮಯದ ನಂತರ ಅವಳ ತೋಳಿಗೆ ಗಾಯವಾಯಿತು ಮತ್ತು ಗಾಯವು ಸೋಂಕಿಗೆ ಒಳಗಾಯಿತು, ಅಂದರೆ ಅವಳು ಆರು ತಿಂಗಳವರೆಗೆ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡಲು ಸಾಧ್ಯವಾಗಲಿಲ್ಲ. <ref name="pbs">{{Cite web |last=Leavitt, Judith |date=October 12, 2004 |title=Typhoid Mary: Villain or Victim? |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/typhoid-mary-villain-or-victim/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517174058/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/typhoid-mary-villain-or-victim/ |archive-date=May 17, 2020 |access-date=May 11, 2020 |publisher=PBS Online}}</ref> ಹಲವಾರು ವರ್ಷಗಳ ನಂತರ,ಆರೋಗ್ಯ ಅಧಿಕಾರಿಗಳ ಸ್ಪಷ್ಟ ಸೂಚನೆಗಳಿಗೆ ವಿರುದ್ಧವಾಗಿ ಅವಳು ಮತ್ತೆ ಅಡುಗೆಯವಳಾಗಿ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡಲು ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಿಸಿದಳು. ಅವಳು ಬ್ರೆಶೋಫ್ ಅಥವಾ ಬ್ರೌನ್‌ನಂತಹ ನಕಲಿ ಉಪನಾಮಗಳನ್ನು ಬಳಸಿದಳು. ಶ್ರೀಮಂತ ಕುಟುಂಬಗಳಿಗೆ ಸೇವಕರನ್ನು ನೇಮಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವ ಯಾವುದೇ ಏಜೆನ್ಸಿಗಳು ಅವಳಿಗೆ ಉದ್ಯೋಗವನ್ನು ನೀಡಲಿಲ್ಲ. ಆದ್ದರಿಂದ ಮುಂದಿನ ಐದು ವರ್ಷಗಳ ಕಾಲ, ಅವಳು ರೆಸ್ಟೋರೆಂಟ್‌ಗಳು, ಹೋಟೆಲ್‌ಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಸ್ಪಾ ಸೌಲಭ್ಯಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಹಲವಾರು ಅಡುಗೆಮನೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದಳು. ಅವಳು ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡಿದ ಎಲ್ಲೆಡೆ, ಟೈಫಾಯ್ಡ್‌ ಏಕಾಏಕಿ ಹರಡಿತು.{{Sfn|Soper|1939|pp=708–710}} ಆದಾಗ್ಯೂ, ಅವಳು ಆಗಾಗ್ಗೆ ಕೆಲಸಗಳನ್ನು ಬದಲಾಯಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದಳು ಮತ್ತು ಸೋಪರ್ ಅವಳನ್ನು ಹುಡುಕಲು ಸಾಧ್ಯವಾಗಲಿಲ್ಲ. <ref name="TheStraightDope">{{Cite web |last=Dex |last2=McCaff |date=August 14, 2000 |title=Who was Typhoid Mary? |url=https://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1816/who-was-typhoid-mary |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230172306/https://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1816/who-was-typhoid-mary/ |archive-date=December 30, 2017 |access-date=June 7, 2011 |website=The Straight Dope}}</ref> ೧೯೧೫ ರಲ್ಲಿ, ಮ್ಯಾಲನ್ ನ್ಯೂಯಾರ್ಕ್ ನಗರದ ಸ್ಲೋನ್ ಮಹಿಳೆಯರ ಆಸ್ಪತ್ರೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡಲು ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಿಸಿದರು. ಶೀಘ್ರದಲ್ಲೇ ೨೫ ಜನರು ಸೋಂಕಿಗೆ ಒಳಗಾದರು, ಮತ್ತು ಇಬ್ಬರು ಸಾವನ್ನಪ್ಪಿದರು. ಸೇವಕರ ಮೌಖಿಕ ವಿವರಣೆಗಳಿಂದ ಮತ್ತು ಅವರ ಕೈಬರಹದ ಮೂಲಕ ಸೋಪರ್ ಮೇರಿಯನ್ನು ಗುರುತಿಸಿದರು. {{Sfn|Soper|1939|pp=708–710}} <ref name="pbs">{{Cite web |last=Leavitt, Judith |date=October 12, 2004 |title=Typhoid Mary: Villain or Victim? |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/typhoid-mary-villain-or-victim/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517174058/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/typhoid-mary-villain-or-victim/ |archive-date=May 17, 2020 |access-date=May 11, 2020 |publisher=PBS Online}}</ref> ಮೇರಿ ಮತ್ತೆ ಓಡಿಹೋದಳು, ಆದರೆ ಲಾಂಗ್ ಐಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಸ್ನೇಹಿತೆಗೆ ಆಹಾರವನ್ನು ತೆಗೆದುಕೊಂಡು ಹೋದಾಗ ಪೊಲೀಸರು ಅವಳನ್ನು ಪತ್ತೆ ಮಾಡಿ ಬಂಧಿಸುವಲ್ಲಿ ಯಶಸ್ವಿಯಾದರು. <ref name="TheStraightDope">{{Cite web |last=Dex |last2=McCaff |date=August 14, 2000 |title=Who was Typhoid Mary? |url=https://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1816/who-was-typhoid-mary |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230172306/https://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1816/who-was-typhoid-mary/ |archive-date=December 30, 2017 |access-date=June 7, 2011 |website=The Straight Dope}}</ref> <ref name="isbe">{{Cite web |title=Food Science Curriculum |url=http://www.isbe.net/career/pdf/fcs_guide.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218233409/http://isbe.net/career/pdf/fcs_guide.pdf |archive-date=December 18, 2010 |access-date=February 9, 2011 |website=Illinois State Board of Education |page=118}}</ref> ಮಾರ್ಚ್ 27, 1915 ರಂದು ಮಲ್ಲನ್‌ಳನ್ನು ನಾರ್ತ್ ಬ್ರದರ್ ದ್ವೀಪದಲ್ಲಿ ಕ್ವಾರಂಟೈನ್‌ಗೆ ಇರಿಸಲಾಯಿತು <ref name="isbe" /> <ref name="pbs">{{Cite web |last=Leavitt, Judith |date=October 12, 2004 |title=Typhoid Mary: Villain or Victim? |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/typhoid-mary-villain-or-victim/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517174058/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/typhoid-mary-villain-or-victim/ |archive-date=May 17, 2020 |access-date=May 11, 2020 |publisher=PBS Online}}</ref> ಎರಡನೇ ಕ್ವಾರಂಟೈನ್ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಅವಳ ಜೀವನದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಸ್ವಲ್ಪವೇ ಮಾಹಿತಿ ಲಭವಿದ್ದು, ಅವಳು ನಾರ್ತ್ ಬ್ರದರ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ 23 ವರ್ಷಗಳಿಗೂ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಕಾಲ ಇದ್ದಳು ಮತ್ತು ಅಧಿಕಾರಿಗಳು ಅವಳಿಗೆ ಒಂದು ಅಂತಸ್ತಿನ ಖಾಸಗಿ ಕಾಟೇಜ್ ಅನ್ನು ನೀಡಿದರು. 1918 ರ ಹೊತ್ತಿಗೆ, ಅವಳು ಮುಖ್ಯ ಭೂಭಾಗಕ್ಕೆ ಹಗಲು ಪ್ರಯಾಣ ಮಾಡಲು ಅನುಮತಿಸಲಾಯಿತು. 1925 ರಲ್ಲಿ, ವೈದ್ಯ ಅಲೆಕ್ಸಾಂಡ್ರಾ ಪ್ಲಾವ್ಸ್ಕಾ ಇಂಟರ್ನ್‌ಶಿಪ್‌ಗಾಗಿ ದ್ವೀಪಕ್ಕೆ ಬಂದರು. ಅವರು ಚಾಪೆಲ್‌ನ ಎರಡನೇ ಮಹಡಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಯೋಗಾಲಯವನ್ನು ಆಯೋಜಿಸಿದರು ಮತ್ತು ಮೇರಿಗೆ ತಂತ್ರಜ್ಞಳ ಕೆಲಸ ನೀಡಿದರು. {{Sfn|Walzer Leavitt|1996|p=195}} {{Sfn|Campbell Bartoletti|2015|p=141}} == ಮರಣ == ಮೇರಿ ತನ್ನ ಜೀವನದ ಉಳಿದ ಭಾಗವನ್ನು ನಾರ್ತ್ ಬ್ರದರ್ ಐಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್‌ನ ರಿವರ್‌ಸೈಡ್ ಆಸ್ಪತ್ರೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಕ್ವಾರಂಟೈನ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಕಳೆದಳು. 1932 ರವರೆಗೆ ಸಾಕಷ್ಟು ಸಕ್ರಿಯಳಾಗಿದ್ದಳು. ನಂತರ ಪಾರ್ಶ್ವವಾಯು ಬಂತು. {{Sfn|Marineli|Tsoucalas|Karamanou|Androutsos|2013}} ಅವಳು ಎಂದಿಗೂ ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣವಾಗಿ ಚೇತರಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲಿಲ್ಲ. {{Sfn|Campbell Bartoletti|2015|p=143}} ನವೆಂಬರ್ 11, 1938 ರಂದು, 69 ನೇ ವಯಸ್ಸಿನಲ್ಲಿ [[ನ್ಯುಮೋನಿಯ|ನ್ಯುಮೋನಿಯಾದಿಂದ]] ನಿಧನಳಾದಳು <ref name="NYT">{{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಸುದ್ದಿ |date=November 12, 1938 |title='Typhoid Mary' Dies of a Stroke at 68. Carrier of Disease, Blamed for 51 Cases and 3 Deaths, but Immune |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1938/11/12/archives/typhoid-mary-dies-of-a-stroke-at-68-carrier-of-disease-blamed-for.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605105457/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10D15FE3859117389DDAB0994D9415B888FF1D3 |archive-date=June 5, 2011 |access-date=February 28, 2010 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> ಅವಳ ದೇಹವನ್ನು ದಹನ ಮಾಡಲಾಯಿತು ಮತ್ತು ಅವಳ ಚಿತಾಭಸ್ಮವನ್ನು ಬ್ರಾಂಕ್ಸ್‌ನ ಸೇಂಟ್ ರೇಮಂಡ್‌ನ ಸ್ಮಶಾನದಲ್ಲಿ ಹೂಳಲಾಯಿತು. <ref>{{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಪುಸ್ತಕ |last=Satin |first=Morton |title=Death in the Pot: The Impact of Food Poisoning on History |date=December 2, 2009 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-61592-224-6 |page=174}}</ref> ಅಂತ್ಯಕ್ರಿಯೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಒಂಬತ್ತು ಜನರು ಭಾಗವಹಿಸಿದ್ದರು. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 12, 1938 |title='Typhoid Mary' Dies of a Stroke at 68; Carrier of Disease, Blamed for 51 Cases and 3 Deaths, but She Was Held Immune Services This Morning Epidemic Is Traced |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1938/11/12/archives/typhoid-mary-dies-of-a-stroke-at-68-carrier-of-disease-blamed-for.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421173434/https://www.nytimes.com/1938/11/12/archives/typhoid-mary-dies-of-a-stroke-at-68-carrier-of-disease-blamed-for.html?searchResultPosition=12 |archive-date=April 21, 2020 |access-date=May 14, 2020 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 18, 2020 |title=Typhoid Mary's Tragic Tale Exposed the Health Impacts of 'Super-Spreaders' |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/history-and-civilisation/2020/03/typhoid-marys-tragic-tale-exposed-health-impacts-of-super |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501221757/https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/history-and-civilisation/2020/03/typhoid-marys-tragic-tale-exposed-health-impacts-of-super |archive-date=May 1, 2020 |access-date=May 14, 2020 |publisher=National Geographic}}</ref> ಕೆಲವು ಮೂಲಗಳು ಹೇಳುವಂತೆ ಶವಪರೀಕ್ಷೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಅವಳ ಪಿತ್ತಕೋಶದಲ್ಲಿ ಜೀವಂತ ಟೈಫಾಯಿಡ್ ಬ್ಯಾಕ್ಟೀರಿಯಾದ ಪುರಾವೆಗಳು ಕಂಡುಬಂದಿವೆ. {{Sfn|Marineli|Tsoucalas|Karamanou|Androutsos|2013}} <ref name="TheStraightDope">{{Cite web |last=Dex |last2=McCaff |date=August 14, 2000 |title=Who was Typhoid Mary? |url=https://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1816/who-was-typhoid-mary |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230172306/https://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1816/who-was-typhoid-mary/ |archive-date=December 30, 2017 |access-date=June 7, 2011 |website=The Straight Dope}}</ref> ಆದಾಗ್ಯೂ, ಯಾವುದೇ ಶವಪರೀಕ್ಷೆ ನಡೆದಿಲ್ಲ ಎಂದು ಸೋಪರ್ ಬರೆದಿದ್ದಾರೆ, ಆಕೆಯ ಮರಣದ ನಂತರ ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕ ಅಭಿಪ್ರಾಯವನ್ನು ಶಾಂತಗೊಳಿಸುವ ಪಿತೂರಿಯನ್ನು ಪ್ರತಿಪಾದಿಸಲು ಇತರ ಸಂಶೋಧಕರು ಈ ಹೇಳಿಕೆಯನ್ನು ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಿಸಿದ್ದಾರೆ. {{Sfn|Soper|1939|p=712}} {{Sfn|Marineli|Tsoucalas|Karamanou|Androutsos|2013}} == ಪ್ರಭಾವ ಮತ್ತು ಜನಪ್ರಿಯತೆ == === ನೈತಿಕತೆ === ಆಕೆಯ ಬಂಧನ ಮತ್ತು ಬಲವಂತದ ಕ್ವಾರಂಟೈನ್‌ನ ನೈತಿಕ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಯು ಇನ್ನೂ ಚರ್ಚೆಯಲ್ಲಿದೆ. ತನ್ನ ಕ್ಲೈಂಟ್‌ಗಳಿಗೆ ಟೈಫಾಯ್ಡ್ ಸೋಂಕು ತಗುಲುತ್ತಿದ್ದುದು ಮೇರಿಗೆ ತಿಳಿದಿತ್ತು ಎಂಬ ವಾದವನ್ನು ಇತಿಹಾಸಕಾರರು ಆಗಾಗ್ಗೆ ಚರ್ಚಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಅವಳು ನಿರ್ಗಮಿಸಿದ ನಂತರ ರೋಗವು ಎಷ್ಟು ಬಾರಿ ಕಾಣಿಸಿಕೊಂಡಿತ್ತು ಎಂಬುದರ ಆಧಾರದ ಮೇಲೆ ಈ ವಾದವನ್ನು ಮಾಡಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಈ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರತಿಜೀವಕಗಳು ಅಸ್ತಿತ್ವದಲ್ಲಿಲ್ಲ ಮತ್ತು ಮೇರಿಯಿಂದ ಸೋಂಕಿಗೆ ಒಳಗಾದವರಲ್ಲಿ ಹತ್ತು ಪ್ರತಿಶತ ಜನರು ಸಾವನ್ನಪ್ಪಿದರು ಎಂಬ ವಾದವನ್ನೂ ಅವರು ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. <ref>{{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಪುಸ್ತಕ |last=Hopppe |first=Trevor |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1wn0rqg |title=Punishing Disease: HIV and the Criminalization of Sickness |date=2018 |publisher=University of California Press |edition=1st |jstor=10.1525/j.ctt1wn0rqg}}</ref> ಇನ್ನು ಕೆಲವರು ವಾದಿಸುವ ಪ್ರಕಾರ, ಮೇರಿಯು ತನ್ನೊಳಗೆ ಬ್ಯಾಕ್ಟೀರಿಯಾ ಇದೆ ಎಂದು ತಿಳಿದಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ ಮತ್ತು ಬಂಧಿಸಲ್ಪಡಲು ಅರ್ಹಳಲ್ಲ. ಆ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ, ಲಕ್ಷಣರಹಿತ ವಾಹಕಗಳನ್ನು ಅರ್ಥಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲಾಗಿಲ್ಲ. ಮೇರಿಯು ಅನಾರೋಗ್ಯ ಅನುಭವಿಸಲಿಲ್ಲ(ಅಥವಾ "ಕಾಣಿಸಿಕೊಂಡಿಲ್ಲ")ವಾದರೂ, ಆ ರೋಗವು ಆಕೆಯ ಪಿತ್ತಕೋಶ ಎಂದು ಭಾವಿಸಲಾದ ಸ್ಥಳದಲ್ಲಿ ಸುಪ್ತವಾಗಿತ್ತು. <ref>{{Cite web |title=User Account |url=https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/user/login?destination=document-view |access-date=November 18, 2021 |website=infoweb.newsbank.com}}</ref> === ಕಲಿತ ಪಾಠಗಳು === [[ಚಿತ್ರ:Typhoid_Mary_poster_in_B&W.jpg|alt=A black and white poster featuring a woman in a kitchen with the text warning about disease transmission|thumb|ಟೈಫಾಯಿಡ್ ಮೇರಿಯಂತೆ ವರ್ತಿಸುವುದರ ವಿರುದ್ಧ ಎಚ್ಚರಿಕೆ ನೀಡುವ ಐತಿಹಾಸಿಕ ಪೋಸ್ಟರ್.]] ಟೈಫಾಯಿಡ್ ಬ್ಯಾಕ್ಟೀರಿಯಾದ ಲಕ್ಷಣರಹಿತ ವಾಹಕ ಎಂದು ಕಂಡುಬಂದ ಮೊದಲ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿ ಮೇರಿ. ಇದರಿಂದಾಗಿ ಆರೋಗ್ಯ ಅಧಿಕಾರಿಗಳಿಗೆ ಅವಳನ್ನು ಹೇಗೆ ಎದುರಿಸಬೇಕೆಂದು ತಿಳಿದಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ. ಆದಾಗ್ಯೂ, ಮೇರಿಯ ಪ್ರಕರಣದಿಂದ ಕಲಿತ ಮಾಹಿತಿಯ ಆಧಾರದ ಮೇಲೆ ತಮ್ಮ ದೇಹದಲ್ಲಿ ಸುಪ್ತವಾಗಿರುವ ರೋಗಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊತ್ತ ಇತರ ಜನರನ್ನು ಗುರುತಿಸಲು ಈ ಅಧಿಕಾರಿಗಳಿಗೆ ಸಹಾಯ ಮಾಡಿತು. ಮೇರಿಯ ಪ್ರಕರಣವು ವೈಯಕ್ತಿಕ ಸ್ವಾಯತ್ತತೆ ಮತ್ತು ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ಜವಾಬ್ದಾರಿಯ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ವಿವಾದವನ್ನು ಸೃಷ್ಟಿಸಿತು. ಲಕ್ಷಣರಹಿತ ವಾಹಕಗಳ ಅಸ್ತಿತ್ವದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಉತ್ತಮ ಪುರಾವೆಗಳನ್ನು ಒದಗಿಸಿದ ಮೊದಲ ಪ್ರಕರಣವೂ ಇದಾಗಿದೆ. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Wald|first=Priscilla|date=1997|title=Cultures and Carriers: "Typhoid Mary" and the Science of Social Control|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/466739|journal=Social Text|issue=52/53|pages=181–214|doi=10.2307/466739|jstor=466739|issn=0164-2472}}</ref> " ಟೈಫಾಯ್ಡ್ ಮೇರಿ " ಎಂಬ ಪದಗುಚ್ಛವು ಈಗ ರೋಗ ಅಥವಾ ಅನಪೇಕ್ಷಿತವಾದದ್ದನ್ನು ಹರಡುವ ಯಾರಿಗಾದರೂ ಸಂಬೋಧಿಸುವ ಪದವಾಗಿದೆ. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dictionary Reference Website: Typhoid Mary |url=https://dictionary.reference.com/browse/typhoid%20mary?s=t |access-date=March 23, 2020 |publisher=Dictionary.reference.com}}</ref> == ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು == {{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು}} == ಮೂಲಗಳು == * {{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಪುಸ್ತಕ |title=Sickness and Health in America: Readings in the History of Medicine and Public Health |publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-299-15320-5 |editor-last=Walzer Leavitt |editor-first=Judith |volume=3 |location=Wisconsin |chapter=Typhoid Mary Strikes Back |editor-last2=Numbers |editor-first2=Ronald L. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6eOlhNkjXaAC&q=typhoid+mary+mallon+urotropin&pg=PA571-IA2}} * {{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಪುಸ್ತಕ |last=Adler |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SSe6CwAAQBAJ&q=epidemiology++typhoid+mary |title=Typhoid Fever: A History |last2=Mara |first2=Elise |publisher=McFarland |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4766-2209-5 |pages=137–146}} * {{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಪುಸ್ತಕ |last=Campbell Bartoletti |first=Susan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uKA_CgAAQBAJ&q=typhoid+mary+sherman+plavska&pg=PA143 |title=Terrible Typhoid Mary: A True Story of the Deadliest Cook in America |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-544-31367-5 |location=Boston |pages=142}} *   * {{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಪುಸ್ತಕ |last=Walzer Leavitt |first=Judith |url=https://archive.org/details/typhoidmarycapti00leav |title=Typhoid Mary: Captive to the Public's Health |publisher=Putnam Publishing Group |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-8070-2102-6 |url-access=registration}} * {{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಪುಸ್ತಕ |last=Walzer Leavitt |first=Judith |title=U.S. History as Women's History: New Feminist Essays |publisher=Chapel Hill |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-8078-4495-3 |editor-last=Linda K. Kerber |location=London |pages=156 |chapter=Women and Early Public Health |ref={{harvid|Women and Early Public Health|1995}} |editor-last2=Alice Kessler-Harris |editor-last3=Kathryn Kish Sklar |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RxnwJxtwZCUC&pg=PA155}} * {{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಪುಸ್ತಕ |last=Cliff |first=Andrew |title=Oxford Textbook of Infectious Disease Control: A Geographical Analysis from Medieval Quarantine to Global Eradication |last2=Smallman-Raynor |first2=Matthew |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-19-959661-4 |page=86}} * {{Cite journal|last=Soper|first=George A.|date=October 1939|title=The Curious Career of Typhoid Mary|journal=Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine|volume=15|issue=10|pages=698–712|pmc=1911442|pmid=19312127}} * {{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಪುಸ್ತಕ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2h_mCgAAQBAJ&q=mallon+mary+pregnancy+typhoid&pg=PA189 |title=Job Readiness for Health Professionals: Soft Skills Strategies for Success |publisher=Elsevier |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-323-43026-5 |location=Missouri |pages=189 |ref={{harvid|Elsevier|2013}}}} * {{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಪುಸ್ತಕ |last=Kenny |first=Kevin |title=The American Irish: A History |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-317-88916-8 |page=187}} * {{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಪುಸ್ತಕ |last=Alexander |first=Caitlind L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CRkQAQAAQBAJ&q=typhoid+mary+tests+experiments&pg=PT22 |title=Typhoid Mary: The Story of Mary Mallon: Educational Version |publisher=LearningIsland.com |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-301-35764-2}} * {{Cite journal|first=Filio|last=Marineli|first2=Gregory|last2=Tsoucalas|first3=Marianna|last3=Karamanou|first4=George|last4=Androutsos|title=Mary Mallon (1869–1938) and the history of typhoid fever|journal=Annals of Gastroenterology|volume=26|issue=2|pmid=24714738|pmc=3959940|year=2013|pages=132–134}} * {{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಸುದ್ದಿ |date=February 21, 1910 |title=Typhoid Mary Is Released |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn88077573/1910-02-21/ed-1/seq-2/?date1=1899&index=11&date2=1922&searchType=advanced&proxdistance=5&sort=relevance&sort=relevance&rows=20&ortext=&proxtext=typhoid+mary&phrasetext=&andtext=&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=2&page=3#words=TYPHOID%2BTyphoid%2Btyphoid%2BMARY%2BMary |work=The Marion Daily Mirror |location=Marion |pages=2 |ref={{harvid|Marion Daily Mirror|1910}}}} *   == ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಓದಿಗೆ == * {{Cite journal|last=Aronson|first=SM|title=The civil rights of Mary Mallon.|journal=Rhode Island Medicine|date=November 1995|volume=78|issue=11|pages=311–312|pmid=8547719|ref=none}} * {{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಪುಸ್ತಕ |last=Baker, Josephine Sarah |author-link= |title=Fighting for Life |date=1974 |publisher=Macmillan Press |isbn=978-0-405-05945-2 |location=New York |ref=none}} * {{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಪುಸ್ತಕ |last=Bourdain, Anthony |author-link= |title=Typhoid Mary: An Urban Historical |date=2001 |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-1-58234-133-0 |edition=Hardcover |location=New York |ref=none}} * {{Cite journal|last=Brooks|first=J|title=The sad and tragic life of Typhoid Mary|journal=CMAJ|date=March 15, 1996|volume=154|issue=6|pages=915–916|pmid=8634973|pmc=1487781|ref=none}} * Federspiel, Jürg. ''The Ballad of Typhoid Mary'' ([[ಐತಿಹಾಸಿಕ ಕಾದಂಬರಿ|historical novel]] translated by Joel Agee). New York: Ballantine Books, 1985. * {{Cite journal|last=Finkbeiner|first=Ann K|year=1996|title=Quite contrary: was 'Typhoid Mary' Mallon a symbol of the threats to individual liberty or a necessary sacrifice to public health?|journal=The Sciences|volume=36|issue=5|pages=38–43|pmid=11657398|doi=10.1002/j.2326-1951.1996.tb03271.x|ref=none|date=}} * {{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಪುಸ್ತಕ |last=Keane, Mary Beth |author-link= |title=Fever |date=2013 |publisher=Scribner |isbn=978-1-4516-9341-6 |edition=Hardcover |location=New York |ref=none}} * {{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಪುಸ್ತಕ |last=Leavitt, Judith Walzer |author-link= |url=https://archive.org/details/typhoidmarycapti00leav |title=Typhoid Mary, Captive to the Public's Health |date=1996 |publisher=Beacon Press |isbn=978-0-8070-2102-6 |edition=Hardcover |location=Boston |ref=none |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite journal|title=Mary Mallon (Typhoid Mary)|journal=American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health|date=January 1939|volume=29|issue=1|pages=66–68|doi=10.2105/ajph.29.1.66|pmid=18014976|pmc=1529062|ref=none}} * {{Cite web |last=Mikkelson, Barbara |date=July 23, 2006 |title=Typhoid Mary |url=http://www.snopes.com/medical/disease/typhoid.asp |website=Snopes.com |ref=none}} == ಬಾಹ್ಯ ಕೊಂಡಿಗಳು == * {{Cite web |date=September 26, 2002 |title=ಟೈಫಾಯ್ಡ್ ಮೇರಿ |url=http://www.snopes.com/medical/disease/typhoid.asp |website=Snopes.com}} [[ವರ್ಗ:ಮರಣ]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ಸೋಂಕು]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ರೋಗಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ಜ್ವರ]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ಸ್ವಚ್ಛಗೊಳಿಸುವಿಕೆ]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ನ್ಯೂಯಾರ್ಕ್ ನಗರದ ಜನರು]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ನ್ಯೂಯಾರ್ಕ್ ನ ಕಾಯಿಲೆ-ಸಂಬಂಧಿ ಮರಣಗಳು]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ನ್ಯೂಯಾರ್ಕ್ ನಗರದ ಇತಿಹಾಸ]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ಆಹಾರ ತಯಾರಿಕೆ]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ಅಡಿಗೆಯ ವಿಧಾನ]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ಆರೋಗ್ಯ ವಿಪತ್ತುಗಳು]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ಆರೋಗ್ಯ ಕಾಳಜಿ ವಿಷಯ-ವಿಚಾರಗಳು]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ವೈದ್ಯಕೀಯ]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ವೈದ್ಯಕೀಯ ಚಿಕಿತ್ಸೆಗಳು]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ಸುರಕ್ಷತೆ]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ರೋಗರಕ್ಷಾ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ]] jsxt6bmh9r6mf0n87myhu8j32hqjlwn 1374593 1374592 2026-06-02T15:22:09Z Shiva Tej Patil 75545 /* ತನಿಖೆ */ 1374593 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ಮೇರಿ ಮ್ಯಾಲನ್ | image = Mary Mallon in hospital.jpg | alt = | caption = ೧೯೦೯ರಲ್ಲಿ ಆಸ್ಪತ್ರೆಯೊಂದರಲ್ಲಿ ಮೇರಿ(ಮುಂಭಾಗದಲ್ಲಿ) | other_names = {{flatlist| * ಮೇರಿ ಬ್ರೌನ್ * ಟೈಫಾಯ್ಡ್ ಮೇರಿ}} | birth_date = {{birth date|1869|09|23}} | birth_place = ಕುಕ್ಸ್‌ಟೌನ್‌, ಕೌಂಟಿ ಟೈರೋನ್‌, [[ಉತ್ತರ ಐರ್ಲೆಂಡ್|ಐರ್ಲೆಂಡ್]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1938|11|11|1869|09|23}} | death_place = ನಾರ್ತ್ ಬ್ರದರ್ ದ್ವೀಪ, [[ನ್ಯೂಯಾರ್ಕ್]], [[ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ|ಯು.ಎಸ್]] | resting_place = ಸೇಂಟ್ ರೇಮಂಡ್ಸ್ ಸಿಮೆಂಟರಿ, ದ ಬ್ರಾಂಕ್ಸ್, ನ್ಯೂ ಯಾರ್ಕ್, ಯು. ಎಸ್ | occupation = ಅಡುಗೆಯವಳು | known_for = [[ಟೈಫಾಯ್ಡ್]] ನ ಲಕ್ಷಣರಹಿತ ವಾಹಕಿ }} '''ಮೇರಿ ಮ್ಯಾಲನ್''' (ಸೆಪ್ಟೆಂಬರ್ 23, 1869 – ನವೆಂಬರ್ 11, 1938), ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ '''ಟೈಫಾಯಿಡ್ ಮೇರಿ''' ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡುವ ಈಕೆ, ಐರಿಶ್ ಮೂಲದ ಅಮೇರಿಕನ್ ಬಾಣಸಿಗಳಾಗಿ 51 ರಿಂದ 122 ಜನರಿಗೆ [[ವಿಷಮಶೀತ ಜ್ವರ|ಟೈಫಾಯಿಡ್]] ಸೋಂಕು ತಗುಲಿಸಿದಳೆಂದು ನಂಬಲಾಗಿದೆ. ಈ ಸೋಂಕುಗಳಿಂದ ಮೂರು ಜನರ ಸಾವು ದೃಢಪಟ್ಟಿದೆ(ದೃಢೀಕರಿಸದ ಅಂದಾಜಿನ ಪ್ರಕಾರ 50 ಜನರ ಸಾವು). ''ಸಾಲ್ಮೊನೆಲ್ಲಾ ಟೈಫಿ'' ಎಂಬ ರೋಗಕಾರಕ [[ಬ್ಯಾಕ್ಟೀರಿಯ|ಬ್ಯಾಕ್ಟೀರಿಯಾದ]] [[ರೋಗವಾಹಕ|ಲಕ್ಷಣರಹಿತ ವಾಹಕ]] ಎಂದು ಗುರುತಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ ಯುನೈಟೆಡ್ ಸ್ಟೇಟ್ಸ್‌ನ ಮೊದಲ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿ. {{Sfn|Marineli|Tsoucalas|Karamanou|Androutsos|2013}} <ref name="NYT">{{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಸುದ್ದಿ |date=November 12, 1938 |title='Typhoid Mary' Dies of a Stroke at 68. Carrier of Disease, Blamed for 51 Cases and 3 Deaths, but Immune |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1938/11/12/archives/typhoid-mary-dies-of-a-stroke-at-68-carrier-of-disease-blamed-for.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605105457/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10D15FE3859117389DDAB0994D9415B888FF1D3 |archive-date=June 5, 2011 |access-date=February 28, 2010 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> ಇವಳು ಅಡುಗೆಯವಳಾಗಿ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡುವುದನ್ನು ಮುಂದುವರೆಸಿದ್ದರಿಂದ ಮತ್ತು ಆ ಮೂಲಕ ಇತರರನ್ನು ರೋಗಕ್ಕೀಡು ಮಾಡಿದ ಕಾರಣ , ಅಧಿಕಾರಿಗಳು ಇವಳನ್ನು ಬಲವಂತವಾಗಿ ಎರಡು ಬಾರಿ ಕ್ವಾರಂಟೈನ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಇರಿಸಿದರು. ಸುಮಾರು 30 ವರ್ಷಗಳ ಕ್ವಾರಂಟೈನ್‌ನ ನಂತರ ಮೇರಿ ಮೃತಪಟ್ಟಳು. == ಜೀವನ ಚರಿತ್ರೆ == === ಆರಂಭಿಕ ಜೀವನ === ಮೇರಿ ಮ್ಯಾಲನ್ 1869 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಐರ್ಲೆಂಡ್‌ನ ಕೌಂಟಿ ಟೈರೋನ್‌ನ ಕುಕ್ಸ್‌ಟೌನ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಜನಿಸಿದಳು. ಗರ್ಭಾವಸ್ಥೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರ ತಾಯಿಗೆ ಸೋಂಕು ತಗುಲಿದ್ದರಿಂದ ಇವಳು ಟೈಫಾಯಿಡ್ ಜ್ವರದಿಂದ ಹುಟ್ಟಿರಬಹುದು. {{Sfn|Adler|Mara|2016|pp=137–145}} {{Sfn|Walzer Leavitt|1996|p=14}} {{Sfn|Elsevier|2013|p=189}} 1884 ರಲ್ಲಿ 15 ನೇ ವಯಸ್ಸಿನಲ್ಲಿ, ಇವಳು ಐರ್ಲೆಂಡ್‌ನಿಂದ ಅಮೆರಿಕಕ್ಕೆ ವಲಸೆ ಬಂದಳು.{{Sfn|Adler|Mara|2016|p=137}} === ವೃತ್ತಿಜೀವನ === ೧೯೦೦ ರಿಂದ ೧೯೦೭ ರವರೆಗೆ, ಮ್ಯಾಲನ್ ನ್ಯೂಯಾರ್ಕ್ ನಗರ ಪ್ರದೇಶದಲ್ಲಿ ಎಂಟು ಕುಟುಂಬಗಳಿಗೆ ಅಡುಗೆಯವಳಾಗಿ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡಿದಳು, ಅವರಲ್ಲಿ ಏಳು ಜನರಿಗೆ ಟೈಫಾಯಿಡ್ ಸೋಂಕು ತಗುಲಿತು. {{Sfn|Elsevier|2013|p=56}} {{Sfn|Walzer Leavitt|1996|p=16}} ೧೯೦೦ ರಲ್ಲಿ, ನ್ಯೂಯಾರ್ಕ್‌ನ ಮಾಮರೋನೆಕ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡಿದಳು, ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡಿದ ಎರಡು ವಾರಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ನಿವಾಸಿಗಳಿಗೆ ಟೈಫಾಯಿಡ್ ಜ್ವರ ಬಂದಿತು. ೧೯೦೧ ರಲ್ಲಿ, ಇವಳು [[ಮ್ಯಾನ್ಹ್ಯಾಟನ್|ಮ್ಯಾನ್‌ಹ್ಯಾಟನ್‌ಗೆ]] ವಲಸೆ ಬಂದಳು, ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಅವಳು ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡಿದ ಮನೆಯ ಸದಸ್ಯರಿಗೆ ಜ್ವರ ಮತ್ತು [[ಅತಿಸಾರ]] ಕಾಣಿಸಿಕೊಂಡಿತು. ನಂತರ ಮ್ಯಾಲನ್ ವಕೀಲರ ಬಳಿ ಕೆಲಸಕ್ಕೆ ಹೋದಳು ಮತ್ತು ಆ ಮನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಎಂಟು ಜನರಲ್ಲಿ ಏಳು ಜನರು ಅನಾರೋಗ್ಯಕ್ಕೆ ಒಳಗಾದ ನಂತರ ಹೊರಟುಹೋದಳು. <ref name="TheStraightDope">{{Cite web |last=Dex |last2=McCaff |date=August 14, 2000 |title=Who was Typhoid Mary? |url=https://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1816/who-was-typhoid-mary |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230172306/https://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1816/who-was-typhoid-mary/ |archive-date=December 30, 2017 |access-date=June 7, 2011 |website=The Straight Dope}}</ref> {{Sfn|Adler|Mara|2016|pp=140–141}} ಜೂನ್ 1904 ರಲ್ಲಿ, ಇವಳನ್ನು ಶ್ರೀಮಂತ ವಕೀಲ ಹೆನ್ರಿ ಗಿಲ್ಸಿ ನೇಮಿಸಿಕೊಂಡರು. ಶೀಘ್ರದಲ್ಲೇ ಏಳು ಸೇವಕರಲ್ಲಿ ನಾಲ್ವರು ಅಸ್ವಸ್ಥರಾದರು. ಗಿಲ್ಸಿ ಕುಟುಂಬದ ಎಲ್ಲ ಸದಸ್ಯರು ಪ್ರತ್ಯೇಕವಾಗಿ ವಾಸಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದ ಕಾರಣ ಯಾವುದೇ ಸೋಂಕಿಗೆ ಒಳಗಾಗಲಿಲ್ಲ, ಮತ್ತು ಸೇವಕರು ತಮ್ಮ ಸ್ವಂತ ಮನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ವಾಸಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದರು. ಏಕಾಏಕಿ ರೋಗ ಹರಡಿದ ನಂತರ, ಮ್ಯಾಲನ್ ಅಲ್ಲಿಂದ ಹೊರಟು ಟುಕ್ಸೆಡೊ ಪಾರ್ಕ್‌ಗೆ ಸ್ಥಳಾಂತರಗೊಂಡಳು. {{Sfn|Soper|1939|p=703}} ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಜಾರ್ಜ್ ಕೆಸ್ಲರ್ ಅವರು ನೇಮಿಸಿಕೊಂಡರು. ಎರಡು ವಾರಗಳ ನಂತರ, ಅವರ ಮನೆಯಲ್ಲಿದ್ದ ಲಾಂಡ್ರಿ ಕೆಲಸಗಾರನಿಗೆ ಟೈಫಾಯಿಡ್ ಸೋಂಕು ತಗುಲಿ ಸೇಂಟ್ ಜೋಸೆಫ್ ಪ್ರಾದೇಶಿಕ ವೈದ್ಯಕೀಯ ಕೇಂದ್ರಕ್ಕೆ ಕರೆದೊಯ್ಯಲಾಯಿತು. ತನಿಖಾಧಿಕಾರಿ ಡಾ. ಆರ್‌ಎಲ್ ವಿಲ್ಸನ್, ಲಾಂಡ್ರಿ ಕೆಲಸಗಾರನೇ ಏಕಾಏಕಿ ಕಾರಣ ಎಂದು ಹೇಳಿದರು. ಆದರೆ ಅದನ್ನು ಸಾಬೀತುಪಡಿಸಲು ವಿಫಲರಾದರು. ಲಾಂಡ್ರಿ ಕೆಲಸಗಾರ ಶೀಘ್ರದಲ್ಲೇ ಸಾವಿಗೀಡಾದನು. {{Sfn|Adler|Mara|2016|p=137}} ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ 1906 ರಲ್ಲಿ, ಮ್ಯಾಲನ್ ಲಾಂಗ್ ಐಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್‌ನ ಆಯ್ಸ್ಟರ್ ಕೊಲ್ಲಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಶ್ರೀಮಂತ ನ್ಯೂಯಾರ್ಕ್ ಬ್ಯಾಂಕರ್ ಚಾರ್ಲ್ಸ್ ಎಲಿಯಟ್ ವಾರೆನ್ ಅವರ ಕುಟುಂಬದೊಂದಿಗೆ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡಲು ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಿಸಿದಳು. {{Sfn|Campbell Bartoletti|2015|p=180}} 1906 ರ ಬೇಸಿಗೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಆಯ್ಸ್ಟರ್ ಕೊಲ್ಲಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಮನೆ ಬಾಡಿಗೆಗೆ ಬಿಟ್ಟು ಹೋದಾಗ, ವಾರೆನ್ಸ್ ಜೊತೆ ಮ್ಯಾಲನ್ ಕೂಡ ಹೋದಳು. ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ 27 ರಿಂದ ಸೆಪ್ಟೆಂಬರ್ 3 ರವರೆಗೆ, ಕುಟುಂಬದ 11 ಜನರಲ್ಲಿ ಆರು ಜನರಿಗೆ ಟೈಫಾಯಿಡ್ ಜ್ವರ ಬಂದಿತು. ಟೈಫಾಯಿಡ್ ಹೊಂದಿರುವ ಖ್ಯಾತಿಯನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರುವ ಮನೆಯನ್ನು ಬಾಡಿಗೆಗೆ ಪಡೆಯುವುದು ಕಷ್ಟಕರವೆಂದು ಅರ್ಥಮಾಡಿಕೊಂಡ ಮನೆ ಮಾಲೀಕರು, ಸೋಂಕಿನ ಮೂಲವನ್ನು ಕಂಡುಹಿಡಿಯಲು ಹಲವಾರು ಸ್ವತಂತ್ರ ತಜ್ಞರನ್ನು ನೇಮಿಸಿಕೊಂಡರು. ಅವರು ಪೈಪ್‌ಗಳು, ನಲ್ಲಿಗಳು, ಶೌಚಾಲಯಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಸೆಸ್‌ಪೂಲ್‌ನಿಂದ ನೀರಿನ ಮಾದರಿಗಳನ್ನು ತೆಗೆದುಕೊಂಡರು, ಯಾವುದರಲ್ಲಿಯೂ ಟೈಫಾಯಿಡ್‌ ಪತ್ತೆಯಾಗಲಿಲ್ಲ. {{Sfn|Marineli|Tsoucalas|Karamanou|Androutsos|2013}} {{Sfn|Soper|1939|p=699}} <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dinner With Typhoid Mary |url=https://orauportal.fda.gov/courseware/FD202W100/SCORM_FD202_Module_3_Microbiology/Module_3_Dinner_With_Typhoid_Mary.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221191421/https://orauportal.fda.gov/courseware/FD202W100/SCORM_FD202_Module_3_Microbiology/Module_3_Dinner_With_Typhoid_Mary.pdf |archive-date=December 21, 2019 |access-date=July 1, 2018 |website=FDA}}</ref> <ref name="TheStraightDope">{{Cite web |last=Dex |last2=McCaff |date=August 14, 2000 |title=Who was Typhoid Mary? |url=https://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1816/who-was-typhoid-mary |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230172306/https://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1816/who-was-typhoid-mary/ |archive-date=December 30, 2017 |access-date=June 7, 2011 |website=The Straight Dope}}</ref> === ತನಿಖೆ === ಆಯ್ಸ್ಟರ್ ಕೊಲ್ಲಿಯ ಮನೆ ಮಾಲೀಕರು ನೇಮಿಸಿದ್ದ ತನಿಖಾಧಿಕಾರಿ ಜಾರ್ಜ್ ಸೋಪರ್, ಟೈಫಾಯಿಡ್ ಜ್ವರ ಹರಡುವಿಕೆಯ ಕಾರಣವನ್ನು ನಿರ್ಧರಿಸಲು ಪ್ರಯತ್ನಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದಾಗ, ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಈ ರೋಗವು ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ನೈರ್ಮಲ್ಯವಿಲ್ಲದ ಪರಿಸ್ಥಿತಿಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಸಂಭವಿಸುತ್ತದೆ ಎಂದು ತಿಳಿದು ಬಂತು. ತಮಗೆ ನೀಡಲಾದ ದೈಹಿಕ ವಿವರಣೆಗೆ ಹೊಂದಿಕೆಯಾಗುವ ಒಬ್ಬ ಅಡುಗೆಯವಳು, ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಹರಡಿದ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಸೋಂಕುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಭಾಗಿಯಾಗಿದ್ದಾಳೆ ಎಂದು ಕಂಡುಹಿಡಿದರು. ರೋಗ ಹರಡುವಿಕೆ ಪ್ರಾರಂಭವಾದ ನಂತರ, ಅವಳು ಮುಂದಿನ ವಿಳಾಸವನ್ನು ನೀಡದೆ ಹೊರಟುಹೋದ ಕಾರಣ, ಅವರು ಅವಳನ್ನು ಪತ್ತೆಹಚ್ಚಲು ಸಾಧ್ಯವಾಗಲಿಲ್ಲ. ಪಾರ್ಕ್ ಅವೆನ್ಯೂನಲ್ಲಿ ಹರಡಿದ್ದ ಸೋಂಕು, ಮೇರಿಯನ್ನು ಮೂಲವೆಂದು ಗುರುತಿಸಲು ಸಹಾಯ ಮಾಡಿತು. ಪ್ರಕರಣವು ಇನ್ನೂ ಸಕ್ರಿಯವಾಗಿದ್ದಾಗ ಸೋಪರ್ ಈ ಪ್ರಕರಣದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ತಿಳಿದುಕೊಂಡರು ಮತ್ತು ಮೇರಿಯೇ ಆ ಅಡುಗೆಯವಳು ಎಂದು ಕಂಡುಹಿಡಿದರು. <ref name="TheStraightDope">{{Cite web |last=Dex |last2=McCaff |date=August 14, 2000 |title=Who was Typhoid Mary? |url=https://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1816/who-was-typhoid-mary |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230172306/https://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1816/who-was-typhoid-mary/ |archive-date=December 30, 2017 |access-date=June 7, 2011 |website=The Straight Dope}}</ref> ಸೋಪರ್ ಮೊದಲು ಬೌನ್ಸ್ ಪಾರ್ಕ್ ಅವೆನ್ಯೂ ಪೆಂಟ್‌ಹೌಸ್‌ನ ಅಡುಗೆಮನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಮೇರಿಯನ್ನು ಭೇಟಿಯಾದರು ಮತ್ತು ಅವಳು ರೋಗವನ್ನು ಹರಡುತ್ತಿರುವುದಾಗಿ ಆರೋಪಿಸಿದರು.<ref name="TheStraightDope">{{Cite web |last=Dex |last2=McCaff |date=August 14, 2000 |title=Who was Typhoid Mary? |url=https://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1816/who-was-typhoid-mary |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230172306/https://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1816/who-was-typhoid-mary/ |archive-date=December 30, 2017 |access-date=June 7, 2011 |website=The Straight Dope}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Soper|first=George A.|title=The Work of a Chronic Typhoid Germ Distributor|journal=[[J Am Med Assoc]]|volume=48|issue=24|pages=2019–2022|date=June 15, 1907|doi=10.1001/jama.1907.25220500025002d|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1423366|accessdate=July 5, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221191415/https://zenodo.org/record/1423366|archivedate=December 21, 2019}}</ref> ಮೇರಿಯು ಮಾದರಿಗಳನ್ನು ನೀಡಲು ನಿರಾಕರಿಸಿದಾಗ, ಅವಳ ಐದು ವರ್ಷಗಳ ಉದ್ಯೋಗದ ಇತಿಹಾಸವನ್ನು ಸಂಗ್ರಹಿಸಲು ಸೋಪರ್ ನಿರ್ಧರಿಸಿದರು. ಮೇರಿಯನ್ನು ಅಡುಗೆ ಕೆಲಸಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ನೇಮಿಸಿಕೊಂಡಿದ್ದ ಎಂಟು ಕುಟುಂಬಗಳಲ್ಲಿ, ಏಳು ಕುಟುಂಬಗಳ ಸದಸ್ಯರು ಟೈಫಾಯಿಡ್ ಜ್ವರದಿಂದ ಬಳಲುತ್ತಿದ್ದಾರೆ ಎಂದು ಅವರು ಕಂಡುಕೊಂಡರು. <ref>{{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಪುಸ್ತಕ |last=Satin |first=Morton |title=Death in the Pot |publisher=Prometheus Books |year=2007 |location=New York |page=169}}</ref> ವಿಶ್ಲೇಷಣೆಗಾಗಿ ಮೂತ್ರ ಮತ್ತು ಮಲ ಮಾದರಿಗಳನ್ನು ನೀಡುವಂತೆ ಮೇರಿಯನ್ನು ಮನವೊಲಿಸಲು ಅವರು ರೇಮಂಡ್ ಹೂಬ್ಲರ್ ಅವರನ್ನು ಕರೆದೊಯ್ದರು. "ಟೈಫಾಯಿಡ್ ಎಲ್ಲೆಡೆ ಇದೆ, ಕಲುಷಿತ ಆಹಾರ ಮತ್ತು ನೀರಿನಿಂದಲೇ ಸೋಂಕು ಹರಡಿದೆ" ಎಂದು ಹೇಳಿ ಮೇರಿಯು ಮತ್ತೆ ಸಹಕರಿಸಲು ನಿರಾಕರಿಸಿದಳು. ಆ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ, ಆರೋಗ್ಯ ಕಾರ್ಯಕರ್ತರಿಗೂ ಆರೋಗ್ಯವಂತ ವಾಹಕರ ಪರಿಕಲ್ಪನೆ ತಿಳಿದಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ. {{Sfn|Adler|Mara|2016|p=137}} {{Sfn|Soper|1939|pp=704–705}} {{Sfn|Rogers|2017|pp=72–74}} ಸೋಪರ್ ತಮ್ಮ ಸಂಶೋಧನೆಗಳನ್ನು ಜೂನ್ 15, 1907 ರಂದು ''ಜರ್ನಲ್ ಆಫ್ ದಿ ಅಮೇರಿಕನ್ ಮೆಡಿಕಲ್ ಅಸೋಸಿಯೇಷನ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ'' ಪ್ರಕಟಿಸಿದರು. <ref name="Newsday">{{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಸುದ್ದಿ |last=Ochs, Ridgely |date=2007 |title=Dinner with Typhoid Mary |work=[[Newsday]]}}</ref> === ಮೊದಲ ಕ್ವಾರಂಟೈನ್ (1907–1910) === ಸೋಪರ್ ನ್ಯೂಯಾರ್ಕ್ ನಗರ ಆರೋಗ್ಯ ಇಲಾಖೆಗೆ ಮಾಹಿತಿ ನೀಡಿದರು, ಅದರ ತನಿಖಾಧಿಕಾರಿಗಳು ಮ್ಯಾಲನ್ ಟೈಫಾಯ್ಡ್ ವಾಹಕಿ ಎಂದು ಅರಿತುಕೊಂಡರು. ಗ್ರೇಟರ್ ನ್ಯೂಯಾರ್ಕ್ ಚಾರ್ಟರ್‌ನ ಸೆಕ್ಷನ್ 1169 ಮತ್ತು 1170 ರ ಪ್ರಕಾರ, ಮೇರಿಯನ್ನು ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕ ಆರೋಗ್ಯಕ್ಕೆ ಅಪಾಯ ಎಂದು ಬಂಧಿಸಲಾಯಿತು. ಪೊಲೀಸರು ಮತ್ತು ಡಾ. ಸಾರಾ ಜೋಸೆಫೀನ್ ಬೇಕರ್ ಅವಳನ್ನು ಬಲವಂತವಾಗಿ ಆಂಬ್ಯುಲೆನ್ಸ್‌ಗೆ ಕರೆದೊಯ್ದರು. ಅವರು ಕೆಲವೊಮ್ಮೆ ಅವಳನ್ನು ತಡೆಯಲು ಅವಳ ಮೇಲೆಯೇ ಕುಳಿತುಕೊಳ್ಳಬೇಕಾಯಿತು. {{Sfn|Soper|1939|pp=704–705}} ಮೇರಿಯನ್ನು ವಿಲ್ಲಾರ್ಡ್ ಪಾರ್ಕರ್ ಆಸ್ಪತ್ರೆಗೆ ಸಾಗಿಸಲಾಯಿತು, ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಅವಳನ್ನು ತಡೆಹಿಡಿದು ಮಾದರಿಗಳನ್ನು ನೀಡುವಂತೆ ಒತ್ತಾಯಿಸಲಾಯಿತು. ನಾಲ್ಕು ದಿನಗಳವರೆಗೆ, ಆಕೆ ಎದ್ದು ಸ್ನಾನಗೃಹವನ್ನು ಸ್ವಂತವಾಗಿ ಬಳಸಲು ಅವಕಾಶವಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ. {{Sfn|Alexander|2004}} ಆಕೆಯ ಮಲ ಮಾದರಿಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಕಂಡುಬಂದ ಬೃಹತ್ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯ ಟೈಫಾಯ್ಡ್ ಬ್ಯಾಕ್ಟೀರಿಯಾಗಳು, ಸೋಂಕಿನ ಮೂಲವು ಆಕೆಯ [[ಪಿತ್ತಕೋಶ|ಪಿತ್ತಕೋಶದಲ್ಲಿದೆ]] ಎಂದು ಸೂಚಿಸಿದವು. ವಿಚಾರಣೆಯ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ, ಮ್ಯಾಲನ್ ತಾನು ಎಂದೂ ಕೈ ತೊಳೆದಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ ಎಂದು ಒಪ್ಪಿಕೊಂಡಳು. ಆ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಇದು ಅಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ; 1860 ರ ದಶಕದಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಸೂತಿ ತಜ್ಞ ಡಾ. ಇಗ್ನಾಜ್ ಸೆಮ್ಮೆಲ್ವೀಸ್ ಮತ್ತು 1880 ರ ದಶಕದಲ್ಲಿ ಶಸ್ತ್ರಚಿಕಿತ್ಸಕ ಡಾ. [[ಜೋಸೆಫ್ ಲಿಸ್ಟರ್]] ಮಂಡಿಸಿದ ಸೂಕ್ಷ್ಮಜೀವಿ ಸಿದ್ಧಾಂತವನ್ನು ಇನ್ನೂ ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕರು, ವಿಶೇಷವಾಗಿ ಕಡಿಮೆ ಶಿಕ್ಷಣ ಪಡೆದವರು ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣವಾಗಿ ಒಪ್ಪಿಕೊಂಡಿಲ್ಲ. <ref name="TheStraightDope">{{Cite web |last=Dex |last2=McCaff |date=August 14, 2000 |title=Who was Typhoid Mary? |url=https://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1816/who-was-typhoid-mary |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230172306/https://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1816/who-was-typhoid-mary/ |archive-date=December 30, 2017 |access-date=June 7, 2011 |website=The Straight Dope}}</ref> {{Sfn|Adler|Mara|2016|p=143}} ಮಾರ್ಚ್ 19, 1907 ರಂದು, ಮಲ್ಲನ್‌ಗೆ ನಾರ್ತ್ ಬ್ರದರ್ ದ್ವೀಪದಲ್ಲಿ ಕ್ವಾರಂಟೈನ್ ಶಿಕ್ಷೆ ವಿಧಿಸಲಾಯಿತು. ಕ್ವಾರಂಟೈನ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿದ್ದಾಗ ಅವಳು ವಾರಕ್ಕೆ ಮೂರು ಬಾರಿ ಮಲ ಮತ್ತು ಮೂತ್ರದ ಮಾದರಿಗಳನ್ನು ನೀಡಿದಳು. ಅಧಿಕಾರಿಗಳು ಅವಳ ಪಿತ್ತಕೋಶವನ್ನು ತೆಗೆದುಹಾಕಲು ಸೂಚಿಸಿದರು, ಆದರೆ ಅವಳು ನಿರಾಕರಿಸಿದಳು. ಆ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ, ಪಿತ್ತಕೋಶವನ್ನು ತೆಗೆಯುವುದು ಅಪಾಯಕಾರಿಯಾಗಿತ್ತು ಮತ್ತು ಜನರು ಈ ವಿಧಾನದಿಂದ ಸಾವನ್ನಪ್ಪಿದ್ದರು. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brooks|first=J|date=March 15, 1996|title=The Sad and Tragic Life of Typhoid Mary|journal=CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal|volume=154|issue=6|pages=915–916|issn=0820-3946|pmc=1487781|pmid=8634973}}</ref> ಮಲ್ಲನ್‌ ಅಡುಗೆಯವಳಾಗಿ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡುವುದನ್ನು ನಿಲ್ಲಿಸಲು ಸಹ ಇಷ್ಟವಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ, ಈ ಕೆಲಸವು ಅವಳಿಗೆ ಬೇರೆ ಯಾವುದೇ ಕೆಲಸಕ್ಕಿಂತ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಹಣವನ್ನು ಗಳಿಸಿತು. ಸ್ವಂತ ಮನೆ ಇಲ್ಲದ ಕಾರಣ, ಅವಳು ಯಾವಾಗಲೂ ಬಡತನದ ಅಂಚಿನಲ್ಲಿದ್ದಳು. ಸೋಪರ್ ಅವರ ಲೇಖನ ''ಜರ್ನಲ್ ಆಫ್ ದಿ ಅಮೇರಿಕನ್ ಮೆಡಿಕಲ್ ಅಸೋಸಿಯೇಷನ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ'' ಪ್ರಕಟವಾದ ನಂತರ, ಈ ವಿಷಯವು ವ್ಯಾಪಕವಾಗಿ ಮಾಧ್ಯಮಗಳ ಗಮನ ಸೆಳೆಯಿತು ಮತ್ತು ಇವಳು "ಟೈಫಾಯಿಡ್ ಮೇರಿ" ಎಂಬ ಅಡ್ಡಹೆಸರನ್ನು ಪಡೆದಳು. <ref name="letter">{{Cite web |title=In Her Own Words |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/typhoid/letter.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426042928/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/typhoid/letter.html |archive-date=April 26, 2010 |access-date=May 14, 2020 |publisher=NOVA PBS}}</ref> ಸೋಪರ್ ಕ್ವಾರಂಟೈನ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಮೇರಿಯನ್ನು ಭೇಟಿ ಮಾಡಿ, ಒಂದು ಪುಸ್ತಕ ಬರೆಯುವುದಾಗಿ ಮತ್ತು ರಾಯಧನದ ಒಂದು ಭಾಗವನ್ನು ಅವಳಿಗೆ ನೀಡುವುದಾಗಿ ಹೇಳಿದರು. {{Sfn|Soper|1939|p=709}} ಅವಳು ಕೋಪದಿಂದ ಅವರ ಪ್ರಸ್ತಾಪವನ್ನು ತಿರಸ್ಕರಿಸಿದಳು ಮತ್ತು ಅವರು ಹೊರಡುವವರೆಗೂ ಸ್ನಾನಗೃಹದಲ್ಲಿ ಬೀಗ ಹಾಕಿಕೊಂಡಳು. <ref>{{Cite episode|access-date=August 31, 2014|date=October 12, 2004|accessdate=July 21, 2014}}</ref> ಅವಳು ಆ ಅಡ್ಡಹೆಸರನ್ನು ದ್ವೇಷಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದಳು. ತಾನು ವಾಹಕಿ ಎಂದು ತಾನು ಎಂದಿಗೂ ನಂಬುವುದಿಲ್ಲ ಎಂದು ಮೇರಿ ಹೇಳಿಕೊಂಡಿದ್ದಾಳೆ. ಸ್ನೇಹಿತೆಯ ಸಹಾಯದಿಂದ, ಅವಳು ಹಲವಾರು ಮಾದರಿಗಳನ್ನು ಸ್ವತಂತ್ರ ನ್ಯೂಯಾರ್ಕ್ ಪ್ರಯೋಗಾಲಯಕ್ಕೆ ಕಳುಹಿಸಿದಳು. ಎಲ್ಲವೂ ಟೈಫಾಯಿಡ್‌ಗೆ ನೆಗೆಟಿವ್ ಎಂದು ಹೇಳಿದವು. {{Sfn|Walzer Leavitt|Numbers|1997|p=560}} ನಾರ್ತ್ ಬ್ರದರ್ ದ್ವೀಪದಲ್ಲಿ, ಮಾರ್ಚ್ 1907 ರಿಂದ ಜೂನ್ 1909 ರವರೆಗಿನ ವಿಶ್ಲೇಷಣೆಗಳು ಅದನ್ನೇ ಹೇಳಿದವು. {{Sfn|Alexander|2004}} ಮಲ್ಲನ್‌ಳ ಕ್ವಾರಂಟೈನ್‌ನ 2 ವರ್ಷ ಮತ್ತು 11 ತಿಂಗಳ ನಂತರ, ನ್ಯೂಯಾರ್ಕ್ ರಾಜ್ಯ ಆರೋಗ್ಯ ಆಯುಕ್ತ ಯುಜೀನ್ ಹೆಚ್. ಪೋರ್ಟರ್, ರೋಗ ವಾಹಕರನ್ನು ಇನ್ನು ಮುಂದೆ ಕ್ವಾರಂಟೈನ್ ಮಾಡಬಾರದು ಮತ್ತು ಅಡುಗೆಯವಳಾಗಿ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡುವುದನ್ನು ನಿಲ್ಲಿಸಲು ಮತ್ತು ಇತರರಿಗೆ ಟೈಫಾಯಿಡ್ ಹರಡುವುದನ್ನು ತಪ್ಪಿಸಲು ಸಮಂಜಸವಾದ ಪ್ರಯತ್ನಗಳನ್ನು ತೆಗೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತ ಮೇರಿಯನ್ನು ಬಿಡುಗಡೆ ಮಾಡಬಹುದು ಎಂದು ನಿರ್ಧರಿಸಿತು. ಫೆಬ್ರವರಿ 19, 1910 ರಂದು, ಮಲ್ಲನ್ ತನ್ನ ಉದ್ಯೋಗವನ್ನು ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಲು ಸಿದ್ಧಳಾಗಿದ್ದು, ಬಿಡುಗಡೆಯಾದ ನಂತರ ತಾನು ಸಂಪರ್ಕಕ್ಕೆ ಬಂದವರನ್ನು ಸೋಂಕಿನಿಂದ ರಕ್ಷಿಸುವಂತಹ ನೈರ್ಮಲ್ಯ ಮುನ್ನೆಚ್ಚರಿಕೆಗಳನ್ನು ತೆಗೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳುವುದಾಗಿ ಅಫಿಡವಿಟ್ ಮೂಲಕ ಭರವಸೆ ನೀಡುವುದಾಗಿ ಹೇಳಿದಳು. {{Sfn|Soper|1939|pp=708–710}} ಅವಳನ್ನು ಕ್ವಾರಂಟೈನ್‌ನಿಂದ ಬಿಡುಗಡೆ ಮಾಡಲಾಯಿತು. {{Sfn|Adler|Mara|2016|pp=143–145}} <ref name="isbe">{{Cite web |title=Food Science Curriculum |url=http://www.isbe.net/career/pdf/fcs_guide.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218233409/http://isbe.net/career/pdf/fcs_guide.pdf |archive-date=December 18, 2010 |access-date=February 9, 2011 |website=Illinois State Board of Education |page=118}}</ref> {{Sfn|Marion Daily Mirror|1910|p=2}} === ಬಿಡುಗಡೆ ಮತ್ತು ಎರಡನೇ ಕ್ವಾರಂಟೈನ್ (1915–1938) === [[ಚಿತ್ರ:Mallon-Mary_01.jpg|thumb|"ಟೈಫಾಯಿಡ್ ಮೇರಿ" (1909) ಪೋಸ್ಟರ್ ಚಿತ್ರಣ.]] ಬಿಡುಗಡೆಯಾದ ನಂತರ, ಮೇರಿಯನ್ನು ಲಾಂಡ್ರಿ ಕೆಲಸಕ್ಕೆ ಸೇರಿಸಲಾಯಿತು, ಅದು ಅಡುಗೆಗಿಂತ ಕಡಿಮೆ ವೇತನವನ್ನು ನೀಡಿತು - $50 ರ ಬದಲು ತಿಂಗಳಿಗೆ $20. ಸ್ವಲ್ಪ ಸಮಯದ ನಂತರ ಅವಳ ತೋಳಿಗೆ ಗಾಯವಾಯಿತು ಮತ್ತು ಗಾಯವು ಸೋಂಕಿಗೆ ಒಳಗಾಯಿತು, ಅಂದರೆ ಅವಳು ಆರು ತಿಂಗಳವರೆಗೆ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡಲು ಸಾಧ್ಯವಾಗಲಿಲ್ಲ. <ref name="pbs">{{Cite web |last=Leavitt, Judith |date=October 12, 2004 |title=Typhoid Mary: Villain or Victim? |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/typhoid-mary-villain-or-victim/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517174058/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/typhoid-mary-villain-or-victim/ |archive-date=May 17, 2020 |access-date=May 11, 2020 |publisher=PBS Online}}</ref> ಹಲವಾರು ವರ್ಷಗಳ ನಂತರ,ಆರೋಗ್ಯ ಅಧಿಕಾರಿಗಳ ಸ್ಪಷ್ಟ ಸೂಚನೆಗಳಿಗೆ ವಿರುದ್ಧವಾಗಿ ಅವಳು ಮತ್ತೆ ಅಡುಗೆಯವಳಾಗಿ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡಲು ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಿಸಿದಳು. ಅವಳು ಬ್ರೆಶೋಫ್ ಅಥವಾ ಬ್ರೌನ್‌ನಂತಹ ನಕಲಿ ಉಪನಾಮಗಳನ್ನು ಬಳಸಿದಳು. ಶ್ರೀಮಂತ ಕುಟುಂಬಗಳಿಗೆ ಸೇವಕರನ್ನು ನೇಮಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವ ಯಾವುದೇ ಏಜೆನ್ಸಿಗಳು ಅವಳಿಗೆ ಉದ್ಯೋಗವನ್ನು ನೀಡಲಿಲ್ಲ. ಆದ್ದರಿಂದ ಮುಂದಿನ ಐದು ವರ್ಷಗಳ ಕಾಲ, ಅವಳು ರೆಸ್ಟೋರೆಂಟ್‌ಗಳು, ಹೋಟೆಲ್‌ಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಸ್ಪಾ ಸೌಲಭ್ಯಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಹಲವಾರು ಅಡುಗೆಮನೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದಳು. ಅವಳು ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡಿದ ಎಲ್ಲೆಡೆ, ಟೈಫಾಯ್ಡ್‌ ಏಕಾಏಕಿ ಹರಡಿತು.{{Sfn|Soper|1939|pp=708–710}} ಆದಾಗ್ಯೂ, ಅವಳು ಆಗಾಗ್ಗೆ ಕೆಲಸಗಳನ್ನು ಬದಲಾಯಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದಳು ಮತ್ತು ಸೋಪರ್ ಅವಳನ್ನು ಹುಡುಕಲು ಸಾಧ್ಯವಾಗಲಿಲ್ಲ. <ref name="TheStraightDope">{{Cite web |last=Dex |last2=McCaff |date=August 14, 2000 |title=Who was Typhoid Mary? |url=https://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1816/who-was-typhoid-mary |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230172306/https://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1816/who-was-typhoid-mary/ |archive-date=December 30, 2017 |access-date=June 7, 2011 |website=The Straight Dope}}</ref> ೧೯೧೫ ರಲ್ಲಿ, ಮ್ಯಾಲನ್ ನ್ಯೂಯಾರ್ಕ್ ನಗರದ ಸ್ಲೋನ್ ಮಹಿಳೆಯರ ಆಸ್ಪತ್ರೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡಲು ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಿಸಿದರು. ಶೀಘ್ರದಲ್ಲೇ ೨೫ ಜನರು ಸೋಂಕಿಗೆ ಒಳಗಾದರು, ಮತ್ತು ಇಬ್ಬರು ಸಾವನ್ನಪ್ಪಿದರು. ಸೇವಕರ ಮೌಖಿಕ ವಿವರಣೆಗಳಿಂದ ಮತ್ತು ಅವರ ಕೈಬರಹದ ಮೂಲಕ ಸೋಪರ್ ಮೇರಿಯನ್ನು ಗುರುತಿಸಿದರು. {{Sfn|Soper|1939|pp=708–710}} <ref name="pbs">{{Cite web |last=Leavitt, Judith |date=October 12, 2004 |title=Typhoid Mary: Villain or Victim? |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/typhoid-mary-villain-or-victim/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517174058/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/typhoid-mary-villain-or-victim/ |archive-date=May 17, 2020 |access-date=May 11, 2020 |publisher=PBS Online}}</ref> ಮೇರಿ ಮತ್ತೆ ಓಡಿಹೋದಳು, ಆದರೆ ಲಾಂಗ್ ಐಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಸ್ನೇಹಿತೆಗೆ ಆಹಾರವನ್ನು ತೆಗೆದುಕೊಂಡು ಹೋದಾಗ ಪೊಲೀಸರು ಅವಳನ್ನು ಪತ್ತೆ ಮಾಡಿ ಬಂಧಿಸುವಲ್ಲಿ ಯಶಸ್ವಿಯಾದರು. <ref name="TheStraightDope">{{Cite web |last=Dex |last2=McCaff |date=August 14, 2000 |title=Who was Typhoid Mary? |url=https://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1816/who-was-typhoid-mary |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230172306/https://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1816/who-was-typhoid-mary/ |archive-date=December 30, 2017 |access-date=June 7, 2011 |website=The Straight Dope}}</ref> <ref name="isbe">{{Cite web |title=Food Science Curriculum |url=http://www.isbe.net/career/pdf/fcs_guide.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218233409/http://isbe.net/career/pdf/fcs_guide.pdf |archive-date=December 18, 2010 |access-date=February 9, 2011 |website=Illinois State Board of Education |page=118}}</ref> ಮಾರ್ಚ್ 27, 1915 ರಂದು ಮಲ್ಲನ್‌ಳನ್ನು ನಾರ್ತ್ ಬ್ರದರ್ ದ್ವೀಪದಲ್ಲಿ ಕ್ವಾರಂಟೈನ್‌ಗೆ ಇರಿಸಲಾಯಿತು <ref name="isbe" /> <ref name="pbs">{{Cite web |last=Leavitt, Judith |date=October 12, 2004 |title=Typhoid Mary: Villain or Victim? |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/typhoid-mary-villain-or-victim/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517174058/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/typhoid-mary-villain-or-victim/ |archive-date=May 17, 2020 |access-date=May 11, 2020 |publisher=PBS Online}}</ref> ಎರಡನೇ ಕ್ವಾರಂಟೈನ್ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಅವಳ ಜೀವನದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಸ್ವಲ್ಪವೇ ಮಾಹಿತಿ ಲಭವಿದ್ದು, ಅವಳು ನಾರ್ತ್ ಬ್ರದರ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ 23 ವರ್ಷಗಳಿಗೂ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಕಾಲ ಇದ್ದಳು ಮತ್ತು ಅಧಿಕಾರಿಗಳು ಅವಳಿಗೆ ಒಂದು ಅಂತಸ್ತಿನ ಖಾಸಗಿ ಕಾಟೇಜ್ ಅನ್ನು ನೀಡಿದರು. 1918 ರ ಹೊತ್ತಿಗೆ, ಅವಳು ಮುಖ್ಯ ಭೂಭಾಗಕ್ಕೆ ಹಗಲು ಪ್ರಯಾಣ ಮಾಡಲು ಅನುಮತಿಸಲಾಯಿತು. 1925 ರಲ್ಲಿ, ವೈದ್ಯ ಅಲೆಕ್ಸಾಂಡ್ರಾ ಪ್ಲಾವ್ಸ್ಕಾ ಇಂಟರ್ನ್‌ಶಿಪ್‌ಗಾಗಿ ದ್ವೀಪಕ್ಕೆ ಬಂದರು. ಅವರು ಚಾಪೆಲ್‌ನ ಎರಡನೇ ಮಹಡಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಯೋಗಾಲಯವನ್ನು ಆಯೋಜಿಸಿದರು ಮತ್ತು ಮೇರಿಗೆ ತಂತ್ರಜ್ಞಳ ಕೆಲಸ ನೀಡಿದರು. {{Sfn|Walzer Leavitt|1996|p=195}} {{Sfn|Campbell Bartoletti|2015|p=141}} == ಮರಣ == ಮೇರಿ ತನ್ನ ಜೀವನದ ಉಳಿದ ಭಾಗವನ್ನು ನಾರ್ತ್ ಬ್ರದರ್ ಐಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್‌ನ ರಿವರ್‌ಸೈಡ್ ಆಸ್ಪತ್ರೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಕ್ವಾರಂಟೈನ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಕಳೆದಳು. 1932 ರವರೆಗೆ ಸಾಕಷ್ಟು ಸಕ್ರಿಯಳಾಗಿದ್ದಳು. ನಂತರ ಪಾರ್ಶ್ವವಾಯು ಬಂತು. {{Sfn|Marineli|Tsoucalas|Karamanou|Androutsos|2013}} ಅವಳು ಎಂದಿಗೂ ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣವಾಗಿ ಚೇತರಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲಿಲ್ಲ. {{Sfn|Campbell Bartoletti|2015|p=143}} ನವೆಂಬರ್ 11, 1938 ರಂದು, 69 ನೇ ವಯಸ್ಸಿನಲ್ಲಿ [[ನ್ಯುಮೋನಿಯ|ನ್ಯುಮೋನಿಯಾದಿಂದ]] ನಿಧನಳಾದಳು <ref name="NYT">{{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಸುದ್ದಿ |date=November 12, 1938 |title='Typhoid Mary' Dies of a Stroke at 68. Carrier of Disease, Blamed for 51 Cases and 3 Deaths, but Immune |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1938/11/12/archives/typhoid-mary-dies-of-a-stroke-at-68-carrier-of-disease-blamed-for.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605105457/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10D15FE3859117389DDAB0994D9415B888FF1D3 |archive-date=June 5, 2011 |access-date=February 28, 2010 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> ಅವಳ ದೇಹವನ್ನು ದಹನ ಮಾಡಲಾಯಿತು ಮತ್ತು ಅವಳ ಚಿತಾಭಸ್ಮವನ್ನು ಬ್ರಾಂಕ್ಸ್‌ನ ಸೇಂಟ್ ರೇಮಂಡ್‌ನ ಸ್ಮಶಾನದಲ್ಲಿ ಹೂಳಲಾಯಿತು. <ref>{{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಪುಸ್ತಕ |last=Satin |first=Morton |title=Death in the Pot: The Impact of Food Poisoning on History |date=December 2, 2009 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-61592-224-6 |page=174}}</ref> ಅಂತ್ಯಕ್ರಿಯೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಒಂಬತ್ತು ಜನರು ಭಾಗವಹಿಸಿದ್ದರು. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 12, 1938 |title='Typhoid Mary' Dies of a Stroke at 68; Carrier of Disease, Blamed for 51 Cases and 3 Deaths, but She Was Held Immune Services This Morning Epidemic Is Traced |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1938/11/12/archives/typhoid-mary-dies-of-a-stroke-at-68-carrier-of-disease-blamed-for.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421173434/https://www.nytimes.com/1938/11/12/archives/typhoid-mary-dies-of-a-stroke-at-68-carrier-of-disease-blamed-for.html?searchResultPosition=12 |archive-date=April 21, 2020 |access-date=May 14, 2020 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 18, 2020 |title=Typhoid Mary's Tragic Tale Exposed the Health Impacts of 'Super-Spreaders' |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/history-and-civilisation/2020/03/typhoid-marys-tragic-tale-exposed-health-impacts-of-super |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501221757/https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/history-and-civilisation/2020/03/typhoid-marys-tragic-tale-exposed-health-impacts-of-super |archive-date=May 1, 2020 |access-date=May 14, 2020 |publisher=National Geographic}}</ref> ಕೆಲವು ಮೂಲಗಳು ಹೇಳುವಂತೆ ಶವಪರೀಕ್ಷೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಅವಳ ಪಿತ್ತಕೋಶದಲ್ಲಿ ಜೀವಂತ ಟೈಫಾಯಿಡ್ ಬ್ಯಾಕ್ಟೀರಿಯಾದ ಪುರಾವೆಗಳು ಕಂಡುಬಂದಿವೆ. {{Sfn|Marineli|Tsoucalas|Karamanou|Androutsos|2013}} <ref name="TheStraightDope">{{Cite web |last=Dex |last2=McCaff |date=August 14, 2000 |title=Who was Typhoid Mary? |url=https://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1816/who-was-typhoid-mary |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230172306/https://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1816/who-was-typhoid-mary/ |archive-date=December 30, 2017 |access-date=June 7, 2011 |website=The Straight Dope}}</ref> ಆದಾಗ್ಯೂ, ಯಾವುದೇ ಶವಪರೀಕ್ಷೆ ನಡೆದಿಲ್ಲ ಎಂದು ಸೋಪರ್ ಬರೆದಿದ್ದಾರೆ, ಆಕೆಯ ಮರಣದ ನಂತರ ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕ ಅಭಿಪ್ರಾಯವನ್ನು ಶಾಂತಗೊಳಿಸುವ ಪಿತೂರಿಯನ್ನು ಪ್ರತಿಪಾದಿಸಲು ಇತರ ಸಂಶೋಧಕರು ಈ ಹೇಳಿಕೆಯನ್ನು ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಿಸಿದ್ದಾರೆ. {{Sfn|Soper|1939|p=712}} {{Sfn|Marineli|Tsoucalas|Karamanou|Androutsos|2013}} == ಪ್ರಭಾವ ಮತ್ತು ಜನಪ್ರಿಯತೆ == === ನೈತಿಕತೆ === ಆಕೆಯ ಬಂಧನ ಮತ್ತು ಬಲವಂತದ ಕ್ವಾರಂಟೈನ್‌ನ ನೈತಿಕ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಯು ಇನ್ನೂ ಚರ್ಚೆಯಲ್ಲಿದೆ. ತನ್ನ ಕ್ಲೈಂಟ್‌ಗಳಿಗೆ ಟೈಫಾಯ್ಡ್ ಸೋಂಕು ತಗುಲುತ್ತಿದ್ದುದು ಮೇರಿಗೆ ತಿಳಿದಿತ್ತು ಎಂಬ ವಾದವನ್ನು ಇತಿಹಾಸಕಾರರು ಆಗಾಗ್ಗೆ ಚರ್ಚಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಅವಳು ನಿರ್ಗಮಿಸಿದ ನಂತರ ರೋಗವು ಎಷ್ಟು ಬಾರಿ ಕಾಣಿಸಿಕೊಂಡಿತ್ತು ಎಂಬುದರ ಆಧಾರದ ಮೇಲೆ ಈ ವಾದವನ್ನು ಮಾಡಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಈ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರತಿಜೀವಕಗಳು ಅಸ್ತಿತ್ವದಲ್ಲಿಲ್ಲ ಮತ್ತು ಮೇರಿಯಿಂದ ಸೋಂಕಿಗೆ ಒಳಗಾದವರಲ್ಲಿ ಹತ್ತು ಪ್ರತಿಶತ ಜನರು ಸಾವನ್ನಪ್ಪಿದರು ಎಂಬ ವಾದವನ್ನೂ ಅವರು ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. <ref>{{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಪುಸ್ತಕ |last=Hopppe |first=Trevor |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1wn0rqg |title=Punishing Disease: HIV and the Criminalization of Sickness |date=2018 |publisher=University of California Press |edition=1st |jstor=10.1525/j.ctt1wn0rqg}}</ref> ಇನ್ನು ಕೆಲವರು ವಾದಿಸುವ ಪ್ರಕಾರ, ಮೇರಿಯು ತನ್ನೊಳಗೆ ಬ್ಯಾಕ್ಟೀರಿಯಾ ಇದೆ ಎಂದು ತಿಳಿದಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ ಮತ್ತು ಬಂಧಿಸಲ್ಪಡಲು ಅರ್ಹಳಲ್ಲ. ಆ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ, ಲಕ್ಷಣರಹಿತ ವಾಹಕಗಳನ್ನು ಅರ್ಥಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲಾಗಿಲ್ಲ. ಮೇರಿಯು ಅನಾರೋಗ್ಯ ಅನುಭವಿಸಲಿಲ್ಲ(ಅಥವಾ "ಕಾಣಿಸಿಕೊಂಡಿಲ್ಲ")ವಾದರೂ, ಆ ರೋಗವು ಆಕೆಯ ಪಿತ್ತಕೋಶ ಎಂದು ಭಾವಿಸಲಾದ ಸ್ಥಳದಲ್ಲಿ ಸುಪ್ತವಾಗಿತ್ತು. <ref>{{Cite web |title=User Account |url=https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/user/login?destination=document-view |access-date=November 18, 2021 |website=infoweb.newsbank.com}}</ref> === ಕಲಿತ ಪಾಠಗಳು === [[ಚಿತ್ರ:Typhoid_Mary_poster_in_B&W.jpg|alt=A black and white poster featuring a woman in a kitchen with the text warning about disease transmission|thumb|ಟೈಫಾಯಿಡ್ ಮೇರಿಯಂತೆ ವರ್ತಿಸುವುದರ ವಿರುದ್ಧ ಎಚ್ಚರಿಕೆ ನೀಡುವ ಐತಿಹಾಸಿಕ ಪೋಸ್ಟರ್.]] ಟೈಫಾಯಿಡ್ ಬ್ಯಾಕ್ಟೀರಿಯಾದ ಲಕ್ಷಣರಹಿತ ವಾಹಕ ಎಂದು ಕಂಡುಬಂದ ಮೊದಲ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿ ಮೇರಿ. ಇದರಿಂದಾಗಿ ಆರೋಗ್ಯ ಅಧಿಕಾರಿಗಳಿಗೆ ಅವಳನ್ನು ಹೇಗೆ ಎದುರಿಸಬೇಕೆಂದು ತಿಳಿದಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ. ಆದಾಗ್ಯೂ, ಮೇರಿಯ ಪ್ರಕರಣದಿಂದ ಕಲಿತ ಮಾಹಿತಿಯ ಆಧಾರದ ಮೇಲೆ ತಮ್ಮ ದೇಹದಲ್ಲಿ ಸುಪ್ತವಾಗಿರುವ ರೋಗಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊತ್ತ ಇತರ ಜನರನ್ನು ಗುರುತಿಸಲು ಈ ಅಧಿಕಾರಿಗಳಿಗೆ ಸಹಾಯ ಮಾಡಿತು. ಮೇರಿಯ ಪ್ರಕರಣವು ವೈಯಕ್ತಿಕ ಸ್ವಾಯತ್ತತೆ ಮತ್ತು ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ಜವಾಬ್ದಾರಿಯ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ವಿವಾದವನ್ನು ಸೃಷ್ಟಿಸಿತು. ಲಕ್ಷಣರಹಿತ ವಾಹಕಗಳ ಅಸ್ತಿತ್ವದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಉತ್ತಮ ಪುರಾವೆಗಳನ್ನು ಒದಗಿಸಿದ ಮೊದಲ ಪ್ರಕರಣವೂ ಇದಾಗಿದೆ. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Wald|first=Priscilla|date=1997|title=Cultures and Carriers: "Typhoid Mary" and the Science of Social Control|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/466739|journal=Social Text|issue=52/53|pages=181–214|doi=10.2307/466739|jstor=466739|issn=0164-2472}}</ref> " ಟೈಫಾಯ್ಡ್ ಮೇರಿ " ಎಂಬ ಪದಗುಚ್ಛವು ಈಗ ರೋಗ ಅಥವಾ ಅನಪೇಕ್ಷಿತವಾದದ್ದನ್ನು ಹರಡುವ ಯಾರಿಗಾದರೂ ಸಂಬೋಧಿಸುವ ಪದವಾಗಿದೆ. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dictionary Reference Website: Typhoid Mary |url=https://dictionary.reference.com/browse/typhoid%20mary?s=t |access-date=March 23, 2020 |publisher=Dictionary.reference.com}}</ref> == ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು == {{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು}} == ಮೂಲಗಳು == * {{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಪುಸ್ತಕ |title=Sickness and Health in America: Readings in the History of Medicine and Public Health |publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-299-15320-5 |editor-last=Walzer Leavitt |editor-first=Judith |volume=3 |location=Wisconsin |chapter=Typhoid Mary Strikes Back |editor-last2=Numbers |editor-first2=Ronald L. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6eOlhNkjXaAC&q=typhoid+mary+mallon+urotropin&pg=PA571-IA2}} * {{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಪುಸ್ತಕ |last=Adler |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SSe6CwAAQBAJ&q=epidemiology++typhoid+mary |title=Typhoid Fever: A History |last2=Mara |first2=Elise |publisher=McFarland |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4766-2209-5 |pages=137–146}} * {{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಪುಸ್ತಕ |last=Campbell Bartoletti |first=Susan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uKA_CgAAQBAJ&q=typhoid+mary+sherman+plavska&pg=PA143 |title=Terrible Typhoid Mary: A True Story of the Deadliest Cook in America |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-544-31367-5 |location=Boston |pages=142}} *   * {{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಪುಸ್ತಕ |last=Walzer Leavitt |first=Judith |url=https://archive.org/details/typhoidmarycapti00leav |title=Typhoid Mary: Captive to the Public's Health |publisher=Putnam Publishing Group |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-8070-2102-6 |url-access=registration}} * {{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಪುಸ್ತಕ |last=Walzer Leavitt |first=Judith |title=U.S. History as Women's History: New Feminist Essays |publisher=Chapel Hill |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-8078-4495-3 |editor-last=Linda K. Kerber |location=London |pages=156 |chapter=Women and Early Public Health |ref={{harvid|Women and Early Public Health|1995}} |editor-last2=Alice Kessler-Harris |editor-last3=Kathryn Kish Sklar |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RxnwJxtwZCUC&pg=PA155}} * {{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಪುಸ್ತಕ |last=Cliff |first=Andrew |title=Oxford Textbook of Infectious Disease Control: A Geographical Analysis from Medieval Quarantine to Global Eradication |last2=Smallman-Raynor |first2=Matthew |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-19-959661-4 |page=86}} * {{Cite journal|last=Soper|first=George A.|date=October 1939|title=The Curious Career of Typhoid Mary|journal=Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine|volume=15|issue=10|pages=698–712|pmc=1911442|pmid=19312127}} * {{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಪುಸ್ತಕ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2h_mCgAAQBAJ&q=mallon+mary+pregnancy+typhoid&pg=PA189 |title=Job Readiness for Health Professionals: Soft Skills Strategies for Success |publisher=Elsevier |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-323-43026-5 |location=Missouri |pages=189 |ref={{harvid|Elsevier|2013}}}} * {{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಪುಸ್ತಕ |last=Kenny |first=Kevin |title=The American Irish: A History |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-317-88916-8 |page=187}} * {{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಪುಸ್ತಕ |last=Alexander |first=Caitlind L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CRkQAQAAQBAJ&q=typhoid+mary+tests+experiments&pg=PT22 |title=Typhoid Mary: The Story of Mary Mallon: Educational Version |publisher=LearningIsland.com |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-301-35764-2}} * {{Cite journal|first=Filio|last=Marineli|first2=Gregory|last2=Tsoucalas|first3=Marianna|last3=Karamanou|first4=George|last4=Androutsos|title=Mary Mallon (1869–1938) and the history of typhoid fever|journal=Annals of Gastroenterology|volume=26|issue=2|pmid=24714738|pmc=3959940|year=2013|pages=132–134}} * {{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಸುದ್ದಿ |date=February 21, 1910 |title=Typhoid Mary Is Released |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn88077573/1910-02-21/ed-1/seq-2/?date1=1899&index=11&date2=1922&searchType=advanced&proxdistance=5&sort=relevance&sort=relevance&rows=20&ortext=&proxtext=typhoid+mary&phrasetext=&andtext=&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=2&page=3#words=TYPHOID%2BTyphoid%2Btyphoid%2BMARY%2BMary |work=The Marion Daily Mirror |location=Marion |pages=2 |ref={{harvid|Marion Daily Mirror|1910}}}} *   == ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಓದಿಗೆ == * {{Cite journal|last=Aronson|first=SM|title=The civil rights of Mary Mallon.|journal=Rhode Island Medicine|date=November 1995|volume=78|issue=11|pages=311–312|pmid=8547719|ref=none}} * {{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಪುಸ್ತಕ |last=Baker, Josephine Sarah |author-link= |title=Fighting for Life |date=1974 |publisher=Macmillan Press |isbn=978-0-405-05945-2 |location=New York |ref=none}} * {{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಪುಸ್ತಕ |last=Bourdain, Anthony |author-link= |title=Typhoid Mary: An Urban Historical |date=2001 |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-1-58234-133-0 |edition=Hardcover |location=New York |ref=none}} * {{Cite journal|last=Brooks|first=J|title=The sad and tragic life of Typhoid Mary|journal=CMAJ|date=March 15, 1996|volume=154|issue=6|pages=915–916|pmid=8634973|pmc=1487781|ref=none}} * Federspiel, Jürg. ''The Ballad of Typhoid Mary'' ([[ಐತಿಹಾಸಿಕ ಕಾದಂಬರಿ|historical novel]] translated by Joel Agee). New York: Ballantine Books, 1985. * {{Cite journal|last=Finkbeiner|first=Ann K|year=1996|title=Quite contrary: was 'Typhoid Mary' Mallon a symbol of the threats to individual liberty or a necessary sacrifice to public health?|journal=The Sciences|volume=36|issue=5|pages=38–43|pmid=11657398|doi=10.1002/j.2326-1951.1996.tb03271.x|ref=none|date=}} * {{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಪುಸ್ತಕ |last=Keane, Mary Beth |author-link= |title=Fever |date=2013 |publisher=Scribner |isbn=978-1-4516-9341-6 |edition=Hardcover |location=New York |ref=none}} * {{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಪುಸ್ತಕ |last=Leavitt, Judith Walzer |author-link= |url=https://archive.org/details/typhoidmarycapti00leav |title=Typhoid Mary, Captive to the Public's Health |date=1996 |publisher=Beacon Press |isbn=978-0-8070-2102-6 |edition=Hardcover |location=Boston |ref=none |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite journal|title=Mary Mallon (Typhoid Mary)|journal=American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health|date=January 1939|volume=29|issue=1|pages=66–68|doi=10.2105/ajph.29.1.66|pmid=18014976|pmc=1529062|ref=none}} * {{Cite web |last=Mikkelson, Barbara |date=July 23, 2006 |title=Typhoid Mary |url=http://www.snopes.com/medical/disease/typhoid.asp |website=Snopes.com |ref=none}} == ಬಾಹ್ಯ ಕೊಂಡಿಗಳು == * {{Cite web |date=September 26, 2002 |title=ಟೈಫಾಯ್ಡ್ ಮೇರಿ |url=http://www.snopes.com/medical/disease/typhoid.asp |website=Snopes.com}} [[ವರ್ಗ:ಮರಣ]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ಸೋಂಕು]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ರೋಗಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ಜ್ವರ]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ಸ್ವಚ್ಛಗೊಳಿಸುವಿಕೆ]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ನ್ಯೂಯಾರ್ಕ್ ನಗರದ ಜನರು]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ನ್ಯೂಯಾರ್ಕ್ ನ ಕಾಯಿಲೆ-ಸಂಬಂಧಿ ಮರಣಗಳು]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ನ್ಯೂಯಾರ್ಕ್ ನಗರದ ಇತಿಹಾಸ]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ಆಹಾರ ತಯಾರಿಕೆ]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ಅಡಿಗೆಯ ವಿಧಾನ]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ಆರೋಗ್ಯ ವಿಪತ್ತುಗಳು]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ಆರೋಗ್ಯ ಕಾಳಜಿ ವಿಷಯ-ವಿಚಾರಗಳು]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ವೈದ್ಯಕೀಯ]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ವೈದ್ಯಕೀಯ ಚಿಕಿತ್ಸೆಗಳು]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ಸುರಕ್ಷತೆ]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ರೋಗರಕ್ಷಾ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ]] ls539pjuvrk2ou6qk8wjxvapxxp1bd2 0 179266 1374597 2026-06-02T16:44:11Z VASANTH S.N. 728 ಹೊಸ ಲೇಖನ 1374597 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | name = Crossbill | image = Fi Kreuzschnabel m.jpg | image_caption = [[Red crossbill|Red crossbill or common crossbill]] (''Loxia curvirostra'') | taxon = Loxia | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = ''Loxia curvirostra''<br> ''Loxia leucoptera''<br> ''Loxia megaplaga'' <br> ''Loxia pytyopsittacus''<br> ''Loxia scotia''<br> ''Loxia sinesciuris''<br> †''Loxia patevi'' |type_spec '''ಕ್ರಾಸ್‍ಬಿಲ್''' ಲಾಕ್ಸಿಯ ಜಾತಿಗೆ ಸೇರಿದ ಮೂರು ಪಕ್ಷಿ ಪ್ರಭೇದಗಳಿಗೆ ಬಳಸುವ ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ಹೆಸರು. ==ವೈಜ್ಞಾನಿಕ ವರ್ಗೀಕರಣ== ಪ್ಯಾಸೆರಿಫಾರ್ಮೀಸ್ ಗಣ, ಪ್ಲಾಸಿಯಿಡೀ ಕುಟುಂಬ. [[ಗಿಳಿ]]ಗಳನ್ನು ಹೋಲುವ ಈ [[ಹಕ್ಕಿ]]ಗಳ [[ಕೊಕ್ಕು|ಕೊಕ್ಕಿ]]ನ ಎರಡು ಭಾಗಗಳು ಅಡ್ಡ ಹಾಯ್ದಿರುವುದರಿಂದ ಇವಕ್ಕೆ ಈ ಹೆಸರು ಬಂದಿದೆ. ಕೊಕ್ಕಿನ ಈ ಮಾರ್ಪಾಡು ಇವು ಶಂಕುಧಾರಿ ಸಸ್ಯಗಳ (ಕೋನಿಫರ್ಸ್) ಫಲಗಳನ್ನು ಸೀಳಿ ಅವುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಅಡಗಿರುವ [[ಬೀಜ]]ಗಳನ್ನು ನಾಲಗೆಯಿಂದ ಆರಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ಅನುಕೂಲವಾಗಿದೆ. ==ಪ್ರಭೇದಗಳು== ಲಾಕ್ಸಿಯ ಕರ್ವಿರಾಸ್ಟ್ರ ಎಂಬ ಕೆಂಪು ಕ್ರಾಸ್‍ಬಿಲ್ [[ಉತ್ತರ ಅಮೇರಿಕ|ಉತ್ತರ ಅಮೆರಿಕ]]ದ ಉತ್ತರದ [[ನಿತ್ಯಹರಿದ್ವರ್ಣ]]ದ [[ಅರಣ್ಯ]]ಗಳಿಂದ ಹಿಡಿದು ದಕ್ಷಿಣದಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಉತ್ತರ ಕೆರೋಲಿನ ಮತ್ತು ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ [[ಮೆಕ್ಸಿಕೋ]]ವರೆಗೂ ಕಂಡುಬರುತ್ತದೆ. ವಯಸ್ಸಾದಾಗ ಗಂಡುಹಕ್ಕಿ ಇಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ಕೆಂಪಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ; ಇದರ ರೆಕ್ಕೆ ಮತ್ತು ಪುಕ್ಕಗಳು ಮಾತ್ರ ಮಾಸಲು ಬಣ್ಣವಾಗಿರುತ್ತವೆ. ಹೆಣ್ಣು ಹಕ್ಕಿ ಮತ್ತು ಮರಿಗಳು ಮಾಸಲು ಹಳದಿ ಮಿಶ್ರಿತ ಹಸಿರಾಗಿರುತ್ತವೆ. ಸ್ನೇಹಭಾವದಿಂದ ಜೀವಿಸುವ ಸಂಘಜೀವಿ ಹಕ್ಕಿಗಳಿವು. ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಶಂಕುಧಾರಿ ಮರಗಳನ್ನು ಹುಡುಕಿಕೊಂಡು ಒಂದು ಪ್ರದೇಶದಿಂದ ಇನ್ನೊಂದಕ್ಕೆ ತಿರುಗಾಡುವ ಇವು ಆಹಾರ ಯಥೇಚ್ಛವಾಗಿರುವೆಡೆ ಚಳಿಗಾಲವಾದರೂ ನೆಲೆಯೂರಿ ಗೂಡು ಕಟ್ಟುತ್ತವೆ. ಒರಟೊರಟಾಗಿ ಕಟ್ಟುವ ಗೂಡಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಎಳೆ ಹಸಿರು ಬಣ್ಣದ 3-4 ಮೊಟ್ಟೆಯಿಡುತ್ತವೆ. [[ಮೊಟ್ಟೆ]]ಗಳ ಮೇಲೆ ಹೆಣ್ಣುಪಕ್ಷಿ ಕಾವು ಕುಳಿತಿರುವಾಗ ಗಂಡು ಪಕ್ಷಿ ಅದಕ್ಕೆ ಆಹಾರ ಒದಗಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಕೆಲವು ವೇಳೆ ಕ್ರಾಸ್‍ಬಿಲ್ ಪಕ್ಷಿಗಳು ಮನಮೋಹಕವಾಗಿ ಹಾಡುತ್ತವೆ. ಆದರೆ ಇವು ಒಟ್ಟುಗೂಡುವಾಗ ಮಾಡುವ ಧ್ವನಿ ಒಂದು ವಿಶೇಷ ರೀತಿಯದಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ. ಲಾಕ್ಸಿಯ ಲ್ಯೂಕಾಪ್ಟರ ಎಂಬ ಬಿಳಿರೆಕ್ಕೆಯ ಅಥವಾ ಇಗ್ಗೆರೆಯ ಕ್ರಾಸ್‍ಬಿಲ್ ಉಷ್ಣ ಮತ್ತು ಸಮಶೀತೋಷ್ಣವಲಯಗಳೆರಡಲ್ಲೂ ವಾಸಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ವೆಸ್ಟ್‍ಇಂಡೀಸ್ ಹಿಸ್ಸೇನಿಯೋಲ ಬೆಟ್ಟಗಾಡುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಇದರ ಒಂದು ತಳಿ ಜೀವಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. [[ಸ್ಕ್ಯಾಂಡಿನೇವಿಯ|ಸ್ಕಾಂಡಿನೇವಿಯ]] ದೇಶಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಲಾಕ್ಸಿಯ ಪಿಟೋಸಿಟ್ಟಾಕಸ್ ಎಂಬ ಒಂದು ಪ್ರಭೇದ ವಾಸಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ==ಬಾಹ್ಯ ಸಂಪರ್ಕಗಳು== *[http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/finches-crossbills-allies-fringillidae Crossbill videos, photos and sounds] on the Internet Bird Collection *{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Crossbill |volume=7 |page=509 |short=1}} ==ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು== {{Includes Wikisource|ಮೈಸೂರು ವಿಶ್ವವಿದ್ಯಾನಿಲಯ ವಿಶ್ವಕೋಶ/ಕ್ರಾಸ್ಬಿಲ್} 1zi6aa3a9zy1pqnmh0by9dkmi3jb5qo 1374598 1374597 2026-06-02T16:46:34Z VASANTH S.N. 728 1374598 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | name = Crossbill | image = Fi Kreuzschnabel m.jpg | image_caption = [[Red crossbill|Red crossbill or common crossbill]] (''Loxia curvirostra'') | taxon = Loxia | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = ''Loxia curvirostra''<br> ''Loxia leucoptera''<br> ''Loxia megaplaga'' <br> ''Loxia pytyopsittacus''<br> ''Loxia scotia''<br> ''Loxia sinesciuris''<br> †''Loxia patevi'' |type_species = ''[[Loxia curvirostra]]'' }} '''ಕ್ರಾಸ್‍ಬಿಲ್''' ಲಾಕ್ಸಿಯ ಜಾತಿಗೆ ಸೇರಿದ ಮೂರು ಪಕ್ಷಿ ಪ್ರಭೇದಗಳಿಗೆ ಬಳಸುವ ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ಹೆಸರು. ==ವೈಜ್ಞಾನಿಕ ವರ್ಗೀಕರಣ== ಪ್ಯಾಸೆರಿಫಾರ್ಮೀಸ್ ಗಣ, ಪ್ಲಾಸಿಯಿಡೀ ಕುಟುಂಬ. [[ಗಿಳಿ]]ಗಳನ್ನು ಹೋಲುವ ಈ [[ಹಕ್ಕಿ]]ಗಳ [[ಕೊಕ್ಕು|ಕೊಕ್ಕಿ]]ನ ಎರಡು ಭಾಗಗಳು ಅಡ್ಡ ಹಾಯ್ದಿರುವುದರಿಂದ ಇವಕ್ಕೆ ಈ ಹೆಸರು ಬಂದಿದೆ. ಕೊಕ್ಕಿನ ಈ ಮಾರ್ಪಾಡು ಇವು ಶಂಕುಧಾರಿ ಸಸ್ಯಗಳ (ಕೋನಿಫರ್ಸ್) ಫಲಗಳನ್ನು ಸೀಳಿ ಅವುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಅಡಗಿರುವ [[ಬೀಜ]]ಗಳನ್ನು ನಾಲಗೆಯಿಂದ ಆರಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ಅನುಕೂಲವಾಗಿದೆ. ==ಪ್ರಭೇದಗಳು== ಲಾಕ್ಸಿಯ ಕರ್ವಿರಾಸ್ಟ್ರ ಎಂಬ ಕೆಂಪು ಕ್ರಾಸ್‍ಬಿಲ್ [[ಉತ್ತರ ಅಮೇರಿಕ|ಉತ್ತರ ಅಮೆರಿಕ]]ದ ಉತ್ತರದ [[ನಿತ್ಯಹರಿದ್ವರ್ಣ]]ದ [[ಅರಣ್ಯ]]ಗಳಿಂದ ಹಿಡಿದು ದಕ್ಷಿಣದಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಉತ್ತರ ಕೆರೋಲಿನ ಮತ್ತು ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ [[ಮೆಕ್ಸಿಕೋ]]ವರೆಗೂ ಕಂಡುಬರುತ್ತದೆ. ವಯಸ್ಸಾದಾಗ ಗಂಡುಹಕ್ಕಿ ಇಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ಕೆಂಪಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ; ಇದರ ರೆಕ್ಕೆ ಮತ್ತು ಪುಕ್ಕಗಳು ಮಾತ್ರ ಮಾಸಲು ಬಣ್ಣವಾಗಿರುತ್ತವೆ. ಹೆಣ್ಣು ಹಕ್ಕಿ ಮತ್ತು ಮರಿಗಳು ಮಾಸಲು ಹಳದಿ ಮಿಶ್ರಿತ ಹಸಿರಾಗಿರುತ್ತವೆ. ಸ್ನೇಹಭಾವದಿಂದ ಜೀವಿಸುವ ಸಂಘಜೀವಿ ಹಕ್ಕಿಗಳಿವು. ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಶಂಕುಧಾರಿ ಮರಗಳನ್ನು ಹುಡುಕಿಕೊಂಡು ಒಂದು ಪ್ರದೇಶದಿಂದ ಇನ್ನೊಂದಕ್ಕೆ ತಿರುಗಾಡುವ ಇವು ಆಹಾರ ಯಥೇಚ್ಛವಾಗಿರುವೆಡೆ ಚಳಿಗಾಲವಾದರೂ ನೆಲೆಯೂರಿ ಗೂಡು ಕಟ್ಟುತ್ತವೆ. ಒರಟೊರಟಾಗಿ ಕಟ್ಟುವ ಗೂಡಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಎಳೆ ಹಸಿರು ಬಣ್ಣದ 3-4 ಮೊಟ್ಟೆಯಿಡುತ್ತವೆ. [[ಮೊಟ್ಟೆ]]ಗಳ ಮೇಲೆ ಹೆಣ್ಣುಪಕ್ಷಿ ಕಾವು ಕುಳಿತಿರುವಾಗ ಗಂಡು ಪಕ್ಷಿ ಅದಕ್ಕೆ ಆಹಾರ ಒದಗಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಕೆಲವು ವೇಳೆ ಕ್ರಾಸ್‍ಬಿಲ್ ಪಕ್ಷಿಗಳು ಮನಮೋಹಕವಾಗಿ ಹಾಡುತ್ತವೆ. ಆದರೆ ಇವು ಒಟ್ಟುಗೂಡುವಾಗ ಮಾಡುವ ಧ್ವನಿ ಒಂದು ವಿಶೇಷ ರೀತಿಯದಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ. ಲಾಕ್ಸಿಯ ಲ್ಯೂಕಾಪ್ಟರ ಎಂಬ ಬಿಳಿರೆಕ್ಕೆಯ ಅಥವಾ ಇಗ್ಗೆರೆಯ ಕ್ರಾಸ್‍ಬಿಲ್ ಉಷ್ಣ ಮತ್ತು ಸಮಶೀತೋಷ್ಣವಲಯಗಳೆರಡಲ್ಲೂ ವಾಸಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ವೆಸ್ಟ್‍ಇಂಡೀಸ್ ಹಿಸ್ಸೇನಿಯೋಲ ಬೆಟ್ಟಗಾಡುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಇದರ ಒಂದು ತಳಿ ಜೀವಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. [[ಸ್ಕ್ಯಾಂಡಿನೇವಿಯ|ಸ್ಕಾಂಡಿನೇವಿಯ]] ದೇಶಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಲಾಕ್ಸಿಯ ಪಿಟೋಸಿಟ್ಟಾಕಸ್ ಎಂಬ ಒಂದು ಪ್ರಭೇದ ವಾಸಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ==ಬಾಹ್ಯ ಸಂಪರ್ಕಗಳು== *[http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/finches-crossbills-allies-fringillidae Crossbill videos, photos and sounds] on the Internet Bird Collection *{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Crossbill |volume=7 |page=509 |short=1}} ==ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು== {{Includes Wikisource|ಮೈಸೂರು ವಿಶ್ವವಿದ್ಯಾನಿಲಯ ವಿಶ್ವಕೋಶ/ಕ್ರಾಸ್ಬಿಲ್} i6suy5m6uwr5ugiuosmw1w00xup50tc 1374599 1374598 2026-06-02T16:47:02Z VASANTH S.N. 728 /* ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು */ 1374599 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | name = Crossbill | image = Fi Kreuzschnabel m.jpg | image_caption = [[Red crossbill|Red crossbill or common crossbill]] (''Loxia curvirostra'') | taxon = Loxia | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = ''Loxia curvirostra''<br> ''Loxia leucoptera''<br> ''Loxia megaplaga'' <br> ''Loxia pytyopsittacus''<br> ''Loxia scotia''<br> ''Loxia sinesciuris''<br> †''Loxia patevi'' |type_species = ''[[Loxia curvirostra]]'' }} '''ಕ್ರಾಸ್‍ಬಿಲ್''' ಲಾಕ್ಸಿಯ ಜಾತಿಗೆ ಸೇರಿದ ಮೂರು ಪಕ್ಷಿ ಪ್ರಭೇದಗಳಿಗೆ ಬಳಸುವ ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ಹೆಸರು. ==ವೈಜ್ಞಾನಿಕ ವರ್ಗೀಕರಣ== ಪ್ಯಾಸೆರಿಫಾರ್ಮೀಸ್ ಗಣ, ಪ್ಲಾಸಿಯಿಡೀ ಕುಟುಂಬ. [[ಗಿಳಿ]]ಗಳನ್ನು ಹೋಲುವ ಈ [[ಹಕ್ಕಿ]]ಗಳ [[ಕೊಕ್ಕು|ಕೊಕ್ಕಿ]]ನ ಎರಡು ಭಾಗಗಳು ಅಡ್ಡ ಹಾಯ್ದಿರುವುದರಿಂದ ಇವಕ್ಕೆ ಈ ಹೆಸರು ಬಂದಿದೆ. ಕೊಕ್ಕಿನ ಈ ಮಾರ್ಪಾಡು ಇವು ಶಂಕುಧಾರಿ ಸಸ್ಯಗಳ (ಕೋನಿಫರ್ಸ್) ಫಲಗಳನ್ನು ಸೀಳಿ ಅವುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಅಡಗಿರುವ [[ಬೀಜ]]ಗಳನ್ನು ನಾಲಗೆಯಿಂದ ಆರಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ಅನುಕೂಲವಾಗಿದೆ. ==ಪ್ರಭೇದಗಳು== ಲಾಕ್ಸಿಯ ಕರ್ವಿರಾಸ್ಟ್ರ ಎಂಬ ಕೆಂಪು ಕ್ರಾಸ್‍ಬಿಲ್ [[ಉತ್ತರ ಅಮೇರಿಕ|ಉತ್ತರ ಅಮೆರಿಕ]]ದ ಉತ್ತರದ [[ನಿತ್ಯಹರಿದ್ವರ್ಣ]]ದ [[ಅರಣ್ಯ]]ಗಳಿಂದ ಹಿಡಿದು ದಕ್ಷಿಣದಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಉತ್ತರ ಕೆರೋಲಿನ ಮತ್ತು ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ [[ಮೆಕ್ಸಿಕೋ]]ವರೆಗೂ ಕಂಡುಬರುತ್ತದೆ. ವಯಸ್ಸಾದಾಗ ಗಂಡುಹಕ್ಕಿ ಇಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ಕೆಂಪಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ; ಇದರ ರೆಕ್ಕೆ ಮತ್ತು ಪುಕ್ಕಗಳು ಮಾತ್ರ ಮಾಸಲು ಬಣ್ಣವಾಗಿರುತ್ತವೆ. ಹೆಣ್ಣು ಹಕ್ಕಿ ಮತ್ತು ಮರಿಗಳು ಮಾಸಲು ಹಳದಿ ಮಿಶ್ರಿತ ಹಸಿರಾಗಿರುತ್ತವೆ. ಸ್ನೇಹಭಾವದಿಂದ ಜೀವಿಸುವ ಸಂಘಜೀವಿ ಹಕ್ಕಿಗಳಿವು. ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಶಂಕುಧಾರಿ ಮರಗಳನ್ನು ಹುಡುಕಿಕೊಂಡು ಒಂದು ಪ್ರದೇಶದಿಂದ ಇನ್ನೊಂದಕ್ಕೆ ತಿರುಗಾಡುವ ಇವು ಆಹಾರ ಯಥೇಚ್ಛವಾಗಿರುವೆಡೆ ಚಳಿಗಾಲವಾದರೂ ನೆಲೆಯೂರಿ ಗೂಡು ಕಟ್ಟುತ್ತವೆ. ಒರಟೊರಟಾಗಿ ಕಟ್ಟುವ ಗೂಡಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಎಳೆ ಹಸಿರು ಬಣ್ಣದ 3-4 ಮೊಟ್ಟೆಯಿಡುತ್ತವೆ. [[ಮೊಟ್ಟೆ]]ಗಳ ಮೇಲೆ ಹೆಣ್ಣುಪಕ್ಷಿ ಕಾವು ಕುಳಿತಿರುವಾಗ ಗಂಡು ಪಕ್ಷಿ ಅದಕ್ಕೆ ಆಹಾರ ಒದಗಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಕೆಲವು ವೇಳೆ ಕ್ರಾಸ್‍ಬಿಲ್ ಪಕ್ಷಿಗಳು ಮನಮೋಹಕವಾಗಿ ಹಾಡುತ್ತವೆ. ಆದರೆ ಇವು ಒಟ್ಟುಗೂಡುವಾಗ ಮಾಡುವ ಧ್ವನಿ ಒಂದು ವಿಶೇಷ ರೀತಿಯದಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ. ಲಾಕ್ಸಿಯ ಲ್ಯೂಕಾಪ್ಟರ ಎಂಬ ಬಿಳಿರೆಕ್ಕೆಯ ಅಥವಾ ಇಗ್ಗೆರೆಯ ಕ್ರಾಸ್‍ಬಿಲ್ ಉಷ್ಣ ಮತ್ತು ಸಮಶೀತೋಷ್ಣವಲಯಗಳೆರಡಲ್ಲೂ ವಾಸಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ವೆಸ್ಟ್‍ಇಂಡೀಸ್ ಹಿಸ್ಸೇನಿಯೋಲ ಬೆಟ್ಟಗಾಡುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಇದರ ಒಂದು ತಳಿ ಜೀವಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. [[ಸ್ಕ್ಯಾಂಡಿನೇವಿಯ|ಸ್ಕಾಂಡಿನೇವಿಯ]] ದೇಶಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಲಾಕ್ಸಿಯ ಪಿಟೋಸಿಟ್ಟಾಕಸ್ ಎಂಬ ಒಂದು ಪ್ರಭೇದ ವಾಸಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ==ಬಾಹ್ಯ ಸಂಪರ್ಕಗಳು== *[http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/finches-crossbills-allies-fringillidae Crossbill videos, photos and sounds] on the Internet Bird Collection *{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Crossbill |volume=7 |page=509 |short=1}} ==ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು== {{Includes Wikisource|ಮೈಸೂರು ವಿಶ್ವವಿದ್ಯಾನಿಲಯ ವಿಶ್ವಕೋಶ/ಕ್ರಾಸ್ಬಿಲ್}} fp00xoex9ijp2a1p8znvwosk16qsexb 1374600 1374599 2026-06-02T16:47:40Z VASANTH S.N. 728 added [[Category:ಪಕ್ಷಿಗಳು]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 1374600 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | name = Crossbill | image = Fi Kreuzschnabel m.jpg | image_caption = [[Red crossbill|Red crossbill or common crossbill]] (''Loxia curvirostra'') | taxon = Loxia | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = ''Loxia curvirostra''<br> ''Loxia leucoptera''<br> ''Loxia megaplaga'' <br> ''Loxia pytyopsittacus''<br> ''Loxia scotia''<br> ''Loxia sinesciuris''<br> †''Loxia patevi'' |type_species = ''[[Loxia curvirostra]]'' }} '''ಕ್ರಾಸ್‍ಬಿಲ್''' ಲಾಕ್ಸಿಯ ಜಾತಿಗೆ ಸೇರಿದ ಮೂರು ಪಕ್ಷಿ ಪ್ರಭೇದಗಳಿಗೆ ಬಳಸುವ ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ಹೆಸರು. ==ವೈಜ್ಞಾನಿಕ ವರ್ಗೀಕರಣ== ಪ್ಯಾಸೆರಿಫಾರ್ಮೀಸ್ ಗಣ, ಪ್ಲಾಸಿಯಿಡೀ ಕುಟುಂಬ. [[ಗಿಳಿ]]ಗಳನ್ನು ಹೋಲುವ ಈ [[ಹಕ್ಕಿ]]ಗಳ [[ಕೊಕ್ಕು|ಕೊಕ್ಕಿ]]ನ ಎರಡು ಭಾಗಗಳು ಅಡ್ಡ ಹಾಯ್ದಿರುವುದರಿಂದ ಇವಕ್ಕೆ ಈ ಹೆಸರು ಬಂದಿದೆ. ಕೊಕ್ಕಿನ ಈ ಮಾರ್ಪಾಡು ಇವು ಶಂಕುಧಾರಿ ಸಸ್ಯಗಳ (ಕೋನಿಫರ್ಸ್) ಫಲಗಳನ್ನು ಸೀಳಿ ಅವುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಅಡಗಿರುವ [[ಬೀಜ]]ಗಳನ್ನು ನಾಲಗೆಯಿಂದ ಆರಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ಅನುಕೂಲವಾಗಿದೆ. ==ಪ್ರಭೇದಗಳು== ಲಾಕ್ಸಿಯ ಕರ್ವಿರಾಸ್ಟ್ರ ಎಂಬ ಕೆಂಪು ಕ್ರಾಸ್‍ಬಿಲ್ [[ಉತ್ತರ ಅಮೇರಿಕ|ಉತ್ತರ ಅಮೆರಿಕ]]ದ ಉತ್ತರದ [[ನಿತ್ಯಹರಿದ್ವರ್ಣ]]ದ [[ಅರಣ್ಯ]]ಗಳಿಂದ ಹಿಡಿದು ದಕ್ಷಿಣದಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಉತ್ತರ ಕೆರೋಲಿನ ಮತ್ತು ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ [[ಮೆಕ್ಸಿಕೋ]]ವರೆಗೂ ಕಂಡುಬರುತ್ತದೆ. ವಯಸ್ಸಾದಾಗ ಗಂಡುಹಕ್ಕಿ ಇಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ಕೆಂಪಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ; ಇದರ ರೆಕ್ಕೆ ಮತ್ತು ಪುಕ್ಕಗಳು ಮಾತ್ರ ಮಾಸಲು ಬಣ್ಣವಾಗಿರುತ್ತವೆ. ಹೆಣ್ಣು ಹಕ್ಕಿ ಮತ್ತು ಮರಿಗಳು ಮಾಸಲು ಹಳದಿ ಮಿಶ್ರಿತ ಹಸಿರಾಗಿರುತ್ತವೆ. ಸ್ನೇಹಭಾವದಿಂದ ಜೀವಿಸುವ ಸಂಘಜೀವಿ ಹಕ್ಕಿಗಳಿವು. ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಶಂಕುಧಾರಿ ಮರಗಳನ್ನು ಹುಡುಕಿಕೊಂಡು ಒಂದು ಪ್ರದೇಶದಿಂದ ಇನ್ನೊಂದಕ್ಕೆ ತಿರುಗಾಡುವ ಇವು ಆಹಾರ ಯಥೇಚ್ಛವಾಗಿರುವೆಡೆ ಚಳಿಗಾಲವಾದರೂ ನೆಲೆಯೂರಿ ಗೂಡು ಕಟ್ಟುತ್ತವೆ. ಒರಟೊರಟಾಗಿ ಕಟ್ಟುವ ಗೂಡಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಎಳೆ ಹಸಿರು ಬಣ್ಣದ 3-4 ಮೊಟ್ಟೆಯಿಡುತ್ತವೆ. [[ಮೊಟ್ಟೆ]]ಗಳ ಮೇಲೆ ಹೆಣ್ಣುಪಕ್ಷಿ ಕಾವು ಕುಳಿತಿರುವಾಗ ಗಂಡು ಪಕ್ಷಿ ಅದಕ್ಕೆ ಆಹಾರ ಒದಗಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಕೆಲವು ವೇಳೆ ಕ್ರಾಸ್‍ಬಿಲ್ ಪಕ್ಷಿಗಳು ಮನಮೋಹಕವಾಗಿ ಹಾಡುತ್ತವೆ. ಆದರೆ ಇವು ಒಟ್ಟುಗೂಡುವಾಗ ಮಾಡುವ ಧ್ವನಿ ಒಂದು ವಿಶೇಷ ರೀತಿಯದಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ. ಲಾಕ್ಸಿಯ ಲ್ಯೂಕಾಪ್ಟರ ಎಂಬ ಬಿಳಿರೆಕ್ಕೆಯ ಅಥವಾ ಇಗ್ಗೆರೆಯ ಕ್ರಾಸ್‍ಬಿಲ್ ಉಷ್ಣ ಮತ್ತು ಸಮಶೀತೋಷ್ಣವಲಯಗಳೆರಡಲ್ಲೂ ವಾಸಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ವೆಸ್ಟ್‍ಇಂಡೀಸ್ ಹಿಸ್ಸೇನಿಯೋಲ ಬೆಟ್ಟಗಾಡುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಇದರ ಒಂದು ತಳಿ ಜೀವಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. [[ಸ್ಕ್ಯಾಂಡಿನೇವಿಯ|ಸ್ಕಾಂಡಿನೇವಿಯ]] ದೇಶಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಲಾಕ್ಸಿಯ ಪಿಟೋಸಿಟ್ಟಾಕಸ್ ಎಂಬ ಒಂದು ಪ್ರಭೇದ ವಾಸಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ==ಬಾಹ್ಯ ಸಂಪರ್ಕಗಳು== *[http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/finches-crossbills-allies-fringillidae Crossbill videos, photos and sounds] on the Internet Bird Collection *{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Crossbill |volume=7 |page=509 |short=1}} ==ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು== {{Includes Wikisource|ಮೈಸೂರು ವಿಶ್ವವಿದ್ಯಾನಿಲಯ ವಿಶ್ವಕೋಶ/ಕ್ರಾಸ್ಬಿಲ್}} [[ವರ್ಗ:ಪಕ್ಷಿಗಳು]] ixotcud9pbpa2mrdoo6dc1hwazcjfpj 1374601 1374600 2026-06-02T16:50:18Z VASANTH S.N. 728 added [[Category:ಹಕ್ಕಿಗಳು]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 1374601 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | name = Crossbill | image = Fi Kreuzschnabel m.jpg | image_caption = [[Red crossbill|Red crossbill or common crossbill]] (''Loxia curvirostra'') | taxon = Loxia | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = ''Loxia curvirostra''<br> ''Loxia leucoptera''<br> ''Loxia megaplaga'' <br> ''Loxia pytyopsittacus''<br> ''Loxia scotia''<br> ''Loxia sinesciuris''<br> †''Loxia patevi'' |type_species = ''[[Loxia curvirostra]]'' }} '''ಕ್ರಾಸ್‍ಬಿಲ್''' ಲಾಕ್ಸಿಯ ಜಾತಿಗೆ ಸೇರಿದ ಮೂರು ಪಕ್ಷಿ ಪ್ರಭೇದಗಳಿಗೆ ಬಳಸುವ ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ಹೆಸರು. ==ವೈಜ್ಞಾನಿಕ ವರ್ಗೀಕರಣ== ಪ್ಯಾಸೆರಿಫಾರ್ಮೀಸ್ ಗಣ, ಪ್ಲಾಸಿಯಿಡೀ ಕುಟುಂಬ. [[ಗಿಳಿ]]ಗಳನ್ನು ಹೋಲುವ ಈ [[ಹಕ್ಕಿ]]ಗಳ [[ಕೊಕ್ಕು|ಕೊಕ್ಕಿ]]ನ ಎರಡು ಭಾಗಗಳು ಅಡ್ಡ ಹಾಯ್ದಿರುವುದರಿಂದ ಇವಕ್ಕೆ ಈ ಹೆಸರು ಬಂದಿದೆ. ಕೊಕ್ಕಿನ ಈ ಮಾರ್ಪಾಡು ಇವು ಶಂಕುಧಾರಿ ಸಸ್ಯಗಳ (ಕೋನಿಫರ್ಸ್) ಫಲಗಳನ್ನು ಸೀಳಿ ಅವುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಅಡಗಿರುವ [[ಬೀಜ]]ಗಳನ್ನು ನಾಲಗೆಯಿಂದ ಆರಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ಅನುಕೂಲವಾಗಿದೆ. ==ಪ್ರಭೇದಗಳು== ಲಾಕ್ಸಿಯ ಕರ್ವಿರಾಸ್ಟ್ರ ಎಂಬ ಕೆಂಪು ಕ್ರಾಸ್‍ಬಿಲ್ [[ಉತ್ತರ ಅಮೇರಿಕ|ಉತ್ತರ ಅಮೆರಿಕ]]ದ ಉತ್ತರದ [[ನಿತ್ಯಹರಿದ್ವರ್ಣ]]ದ [[ಅರಣ್ಯ]]ಗಳಿಂದ ಹಿಡಿದು ದಕ್ಷಿಣದಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಉತ್ತರ ಕೆರೋಲಿನ ಮತ್ತು ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ [[ಮೆಕ್ಸಿಕೋ]]ವರೆಗೂ ಕಂಡುಬರುತ್ತದೆ. ವಯಸ್ಸಾದಾಗ ಗಂಡುಹಕ್ಕಿ ಇಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ಕೆಂಪಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ; ಇದರ ರೆಕ್ಕೆ ಮತ್ತು ಪುಕ್ಕಗಳು ಮಾತ್ರ ಮಾಸಲು ಬಣ್ಣವಾಗಿರುತ್ತವೆ. ಹೆಣ್ಣು ಹಕ್ಕಿ ಮತ್ತು ಮರಿಗಳು ಮಾಸಲು ಹಳದಿ ಮಿಶ್ರಿತ ಹಸಿರಾಗಿರುತ್ತವೆ. ಸ್ನೇಹಭಾವದಿಂದ ಜೀವಿಸುವ ಸಂಘಜೀವಿ ಹಕ್ಕಿಗಳಿವು. ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಶಂಕುಧಾರಿ ಮರಗಳನ್ನು ಹುಡುಕಿಕೊಂಡು ಒಂದು ಪ್ರದೇಶದಿಂದ ಇನ್ನೊಂದಕ್ಕೆ ತಿರುಗಾಡುವ ಇವು ಆಹಾರ ಯಥೇಚ್ಛವಾಗಿರುವೆಡೆ ಚಳಿಗಾಲವಾದರೂ ನೆಲೆಯೂರಿ ಗೂಡು ಕಟ್ಟುತ್ತವೆ. ಒರಟೊರಟಾಗಿ ಕಟ್ಟುವ ಗೂಡಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಎಳೆ ಹಸಿರು ಬಣ್ಣದ 3-4 ಮೊಟ್ಟೆಯಿಡುತ್ತವೆ. [[ಮೊಟ್ಟೆ]]ಗಳ ಮೇಲೆ ಹೆಣ್ಣುಪಕ್ಷಿ ಕಾವು ಕುಳಿತಿರುವಾಗ ಗಂಡು ಪಕ್ಷಿ ಅದಕ್ಕೆ ಆಹಾರ ಒದಗಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಕೆಲವು ವೇಳೆ ಕ್ರಾಸ್‍ಬಿಲ್ ಪಕ್ಷಿಗಳು ಮನಮೋಹಕವಾಗಿ ಹಾಡುತ್ತವೆ. ಆದರೆ ಇವು ಒಟ್ಟುಗೂಡುವಾಗ ಮಾಡುವ ಧ್ವನಿ ಒಂದು ವಿಶೇಷ ರೀತಿಯದಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ. ಲಾಕ್ಸಿಯ ಲ್ಯೂಕಾಪ್ಟರ ಎಂಬ ಬಿಳಿರೆಕ್ಕೆಯ ಅಥವಾ ಇಗ್ಗೆರೆಯ ಕ್ರಾಸ್‍ಬಿಲ್ ಉಷ್ಣ ಮತ್ತು ಸಮಶೀತೋಷ್ಣವಲಯಗಳೆರಡಲ್ಲೂ ವಾಸಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ವೆಸ್ಟ್‍ಇಂಡೀಸ್ ಹಿಸ್ಸೇನಿಯೋಲ ಬೆಟ್ಟಗಾಡುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಇದರ ಒಂದು ತಳಿ ಜೀವಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. [[ಸ್ಕ್ಯಾಂಡಿನೇವಿಯ|ಸ್ಕಾಂಡಿನೇವಿಯ]] ದೇಶಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಲಾಕ್ಸಿಯ ಪಿಟೋಸಿಟ್ಟಾಕಸ್ ಎಂಬ ಒಂದು ಪ್ರಭೇದ ವಾಸಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ==ಬಾಹ್ಯ ಸಂಪರ್ಕಗಳು== *[http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/finches-crossbills-allies-fringillidae Crossbill videos, photos and sounds] on the Internet Bird Collection *{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Crossbill |volume=7 |page=509 |short=1}} ==ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು== {{Includes Wikisource|ಮೈಸೂರು ವಿಶ್ವವಿದ್ಯಾನಿಲಯ ವಿಶ್ವಕೋಶ/ಕ್ರಾಸ್ಬಿಲ್}} [[ವರ್ಗ:ಪಕ್ಷಿಗಳು]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ಹಕ್ಕಿಗಳು]] 1n9twxxrps8ls6z3til130hg07110x6 10 179267 1374621 2026-04-18T04:10:49Z en>Pppery 0 Changed protection settings for "[[Template:Ubli]]" ([Edit=Require template editor access] (indefinite) [Move=Require template editor access] (indefinite)) 1374621 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Template:Unbulleted indent list]] {{rcat shell|{{r from template shortcut}}}} h4afikxjf5w5pmmnytsfgsyyf1kn57c 1374622 1374621 2026-06-03T00:31:55Z A826 72368 ೧ revisions imported from [[:en:Template:Ubli]] 1374621 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Template:Unbulleted indent list]] {{rcat shell|{{r from template shortcut}}}} h4afikxjf5w5pmmnytsfgsyyf1kn57c 10 179268 1374623 2026-04-18T03:48:54Z en>Pppery 0 Changed protection settings for "[[Template:Unbulleted indent list]]" ([Edit=Require template editor access] (indefinite) [Move=Require template editor access] (indefinite)) 1374623 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:list|unbulleted|list_style=margin-left:{{{in|{{{indent|1em}}}}}};text-indent:-{{{in|{{{indent|1em}}};{{{list_style|}}}}}}}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Categories go on the /doc subpage, and interwikis go on Wikidata. --> </noinclude> e7g6r2fcww4yjx4nb1dqwr0bhklddpj 1374624 1374623 2026-06-03T00:31:55Z A826 72368 ೧ revisions imported from [[:en:Template:Unbulleted_indent_list]] 1374623 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:list|unbulleted|list_style=margin-left:{{{in|{{{indent|1em}}}}}};text-indent:-{{{in|{{{indent|1em}}};{{{list_style|}}}}}}}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Categories go on the /doc subpage, and interwikis go on Wikidata. --> </noinclude> e7g6r2fcww4yjx4nb1dqwr0bhklddpj 828 179269 1374633 2025-07-28T15:37:57Z en>Dušan Kreheľ 0 + link in comment to commons 1374633 Scribunto text/plain -- [[:commons:Data:Unicode/data/category/singles.tab]] -- [[:commons:Data:Unicode/data/category/ranges.tab]] local function get_result() local categories = { ["Cc"] = "control", ["Cf"] = "format", ["Cs"] = "surrogate", ["Co"] = "private-use", ["Cn"] = "unassigned", ["Zs"] = "space-separator", ["Zl"] = "line-separator", ["Zp"] = "paragraph-separator" } local result={} local write_index local category local first_char -- singles result.singles={} local data=mw.ext.data.get("Unicode/data/category/singles.tab") for index, cols in ipairs(data.data) do if cols[1] and cols[2] then first_char=string.sub(cols[2], 1, 1) if first_char == "C" or first_char == "Z" then category=categories[cols[2]] if category then result.singles[tonumber(cols[1], 16)]=category end end end end -- ranges data=mw.ext.data.get("Unicode/data/category/ranges.tab") write_index=1 result.ranges={} for index, cols in ipairs(data.data) do if cols[1] and cols[2] and cols[3] then first_char=string.sub(cols[3], 1, 1) if first_char == "C" or first_char == "Z" then category=categories[cols[3]] if category then result.ranges[write_index]={tonumber(cols[1], 16), tonumber(cols[2], 16), category} write_index=write_index+1 end end end end result.ranges.length = #result.ranges return result end return get_result() mxs13vw0ys62j800aufab5nrz79vhcb 1374634 1374633 2026-06-03T00:31:56Z A826 72368 ೧ revisions imported from [[:en:Module:Unicode_data/control]] 1374633 Scribunto text/plain -- [[:commons:Data:Unicode/data/category/singles.tab]] -- [[:commons:Data:Unicode/data/category/ranges.tab]] local function get_result() local categories = { ["Cc"] = "control", ["Cf"] = "format", ["Cs"] = "surrogate", ["Co"] = "private-use", ["Cn"] = "unassigned", ["Zs"] = "space-separator", ["Zl"] = "line-separator", ["Zp"] = "paragraph-separator" } local result={} local write_index local category local first_char -- singles result.singles={} local data=mw.ext.data.get("Unicode/data/category/singles.tab") for index, cols in ipairs(data.data) do if cols[1] and cols[2] then first_char=string.sub(cols[2], 1, 1) if first_char == "C" or first_char == "Z" then category=categories[cols[2]] if category then result.singles[tonumber(cols[1], 16)]=category end end end end -- ranges data=mw.ext.data.get("Unicode/data/category/ranges.tab") write_index=1 result.ranges={} for index, cols in ipairs(data.data) do if cols[1] and cols[2] and cols[3] then first_char=string.sub(cols[3], 1, 1) if first_char == "C" or first_char == "Z" then category=categories[cols[3]] if category then result.ranges[write_index]={tonumber(cols[1], 16), tonumber(cols[2], 16), category} write_index=write_index+1 end end end end result.ranges.length = #result.ranges return result end return get_result() mxs13vw0ys62j800aufab5nrz79vhcb 828 179270 1374635 2025-07-28T16:00:40Z en>Dušan Kreheľ 0 Data are direct from commons ([[:commons:Data:Unicode/data/category/singles.tab]], [[:commons:Data:Unicode/data/category/ranges.tab]] & [[:commons:Data:Unicode/data/category/names.tab]]). 1374635 Scribunto text/plain -- [[:commons:Data:Unicode/data/category/singles.tab]] -- [[:commons:Data:Unicode/data/category/ranges.tab]] -- [[:commons:Data:Unicode/data/category/names.tab]] local function get_result() local write_index local result={} -- singles result.singles={} local data=mw.ext.data.get("Unicode/data/category/singles.tab") for index, cols in ipairs(data.data) do if cols[1] and cols[2] then if cols[2] ~= "Cn" then result.singles[tonumber(cols[1], 16)]=cols[2] end end end -- ranges data=mw.ext.data.get("Unicode/data/category/ranges.tab") write_index=1 result.ranges={} for index, cols in ipairs(data.data) do if cols[1] and cols[2] and cols[3] then if cols[3] ~= "Cn" then result.ranges[write_index]={tonumber(cols[1], 16), tonumber(cols[2], 16), cols[3]} write_index=write_index+1 end end end -- long_names data=mw.ext.data.get("Unicode/data/category/names.tab") result.long_names={} for index, cols in ipairs(data.data) do if cols[1] and cols[2] then result.long_names[cols[1]]=cols[2] end end return result end return get_result() hhrrp66ttrx0sqd8fmiid82djqcx40h 1374636 1374635 2026-06-03T00:31:56Z A826 72368 ೧ revisions imported from [[:en:Module:Unicode_data/category]] 1374635 Scribunto text/plain -- [[:commons:Data:Unicode/data/category/singles.tab]] -- [[:commons:Data:Unicode/data/category/ranges.tab]] -- [[:commons:Data:Unicode/data/category/names.tab]] local function get_result() local write_index local result={} -- singles result.singles={} local data=mw.ext.data.get("Unicode/data/category/singles.tab") for index, cols in ipairs(data.data) do if cols[1] and cols[2] then if cols[2] ~= "Cn" then result.singles[tonumber(cols[1], 16)]=cols[2] end end end -- ranges data=mw.ext.data.get("Unicode/data/category/ranges.tab") write_index=1 result.ranges={} for index, cols in ipairs(data.data) do if cols[1] and cols[2] and cols[3] then if cols[3] ~= "Cn" then result.ranges[write_index]={tonumber(cols[1], 16), tonumber(cols[2], 16), cols[3]} write_index=write_index+1 end end end -- long_names data=mw.ext.data.get("Unicode/data/category/names.tab") result.long_names={} for index, cols in ipairs(data.data) do if cols[1] and cols[2] then result.long_names[cols[1]]=cols[2] end end return result end return get_result() hhrrp66ttrx0sqd8fmiid82djqcx40h 828 179271 1374639 2025-07-28T18:17:01Z en>Dušan Kreheľ 0 Fix and function call 1374639 Scribunto text/plain -- [[:commons:Data:Unicode/data/blocks.tab]] local function get_result() local data=mw.ext.data.get("Unicode/data/blocks.tab") local result={} local write_index=1 for index, cols in ipairs(data.data) do if cols[1] and cols[2] and cols[3] then result[write_index]={tonumber(cols[1], 16), tonumber(cols[2], 16), cols[3]} write_index=write_index+1 end end result.length = #result return result end return get_result() crf7ewem79wr8e1l246hbpj0pfjj1r0 1374640 1374639 2026-06-03T00:31:56Z A826 72368 ೧ revisions imported from [[:en:Module:Unicode_data/blocks]] 1374639 Scribunto text/plain -- [[:commons:Data:Unicode/data/blocks.tab]] local function get_result() local data=mw.ext.data.get("Unicode/data/blocks.tab") local result={} local write_index=1 for index, cols in ipairs(data.data) do if cols[1] and cols[2] and cols[3] then result[write_index]={tonumber(cols[1], 16), tonumber(cols[2], 16), cols[3]} write_index=write_index+1 end end result.length = #result return result end return get_result() crf7ewem79wr8e1l246hbpj0pfjj1r0 828 179272 1374641 2025-06-19T23:08:23Z en>Warudo 0 The page is [[WP:TPROT]] not [[WP:TURQUOISELOCK]]ed 1374641 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Please place categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata (see [[Wikipedia:Wikidata]]) --> {{#ifeq: {{SUBPAGENAME}} | sandbox | {{#invoke: Unicode_data/testcases | run_tests}} | {{high risk}} }} {{Lua|Module:TableTools}} == Usage == This module provides functions that access information on Unicode code points. The information is retrieved from data modules generated from the [https://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/ Unicode Character Database], or derived by rules given in the [https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode11.0.0/UnicodeStandard-11.0.pdf Unicode Specification]. It and its submodules were copied from English Wiktionary and then modified; see [[wikt:Module:Unicode data|there]] for more information. ==Parameters and functions== ===code point=== The code point is to be entered as '''hexadecimal value'''. For example, {{unichar|A9|COPYRIGHT SIGN}}: :{{mono|1={{!}}A9_hex}} :{{mono|1={{!}}0xA9_hex}} :{{mono|1={{!}}0x00A9_hex}} :{{mono|1={{!}}0x00a9_hex}} :<code><nowiki>{{#invoke:Unicode data|lookup|name|0x00A9}}</nowiki></code> &rarr; {{#invoke:Unicode data|lookup|name|0x00A9}} Incorrect or unintended results: :{{mono|1=169_dec}}: <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:Unicode data|lookup|name|169}}</nowiki></code> &rarr; {{#invoke:Unicode data|lookup|name|169}} {{nay}} &mdash;"U+00A9" {{code|1=&copy;}} expected; but is read as {{mono|1=00A9_hex}}&nbsp;(that is,&nbsp;{{mono|1={{hex2dec|169}}_dec}} :{{mono|1=U+00A9}} <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:Unicode data|lookup|name|U+00A9}}</nowiki></code> {{nay}} &mdash;do not use "U+" prefix :{{mono|1=غ}} <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:Unicode data|lookup|name|غ}}</nowiki></code> {{nay}} &mdash;cannot enter a character as codepoint ==="{{mono|lookup}}" and "{{mono|1=is}}" functions=== ; {{code|lang=lua|lookup, is}}: Template-invokable functions that allow access to the functions starting with <code>lookup</code> and <code>is</code>.For most of the functions, add the code point in hexadecimal base as the next parameter. For <code>is{{!}}Latin</code>, <code>is{{!}}rtl</code>, and <code>is{{!}}valid_pagename</code>, add character string. [[HTML character references]] in the text are decoded by the module into code points. :For example, {{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data|is|Latin|àzàhàr̃iyyā̀}} &rarr; {{#invoke:Unicode data|is|Latin|àzàhàr̃iyyā̀}}. :Internally, in modules, these functions are named using underscore: {{code|lang=lua|lookup_name{{!}}code point}} &larr; {{code|lang=lua|lookup_name}} :For <code>&amp;A9;</code> <big>&#xA9;</big>: {{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data|lookup|name|A9}}&nbsp;&rarr; {{#invoke:Unicode data|lookup|name|A9}} ==Functions overview== * Code points: enter hexadecimal value, for example {{mxt|1={{!}}0x0061}} or {{mxt|1={{!}}61}}; not {{!mxt|1={{!}}U+0061}}. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:top;" |- ! Topic ! Function ! style="border-right:2px solid grey" | Parameter type<br/><small>(string=by character(s); c.p. by {{mono|0xHex}} value)</small> ! Example ! Returns ! Character <!-- LOOKUP - lookup{{!}} functions ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- --> |- | Unicode character name | {{code|1={{!}}lookup{{!}}name}} | code point | {{ubl |1={{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |lookup|name|0xA9}} |2={{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |lookup|name|0x0007}} }} | {{ubl |1={{#invoke:Unicode data |lookup|name|0xA9}} |2={{#invoke:Unicode data |lookup|name|0x0007}} }} | {{ubl |1=&#xA9; |2=&#x0007;}} |- | [[Script (Unicode)|Scripts]] | {{code|1={{!}}lookup{{!}}script}} | code point | {{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |lookup|script|A061}} | {{#invoke:Unicode data |lookup|script|A061}} | {{ubl |1=&#xA061; |2=}} |- | [[Block (Unicode)|Blocks]] | {{code|1={{!}}lookup{{!}}block}} | code point | {{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |lookup|block|A061}} | {{#invoke:Unicode data |lookup|block|A061}} | {{ubl |1=&#xA061; |2=}} |- | [[Plane (Unicode)|Planes]] | {{code|1={{!}}lookup{{!}}plane}} | code point | {{ubl |1={{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |lookup|plane|0xA9}} |2={{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |lookup|plane|0x1F608}} }} | {{ubl |1={{#invoke:Unicode data |lookup|plane|0xA9}} |2={{#invoke:Unicode data |lookup|plane|0x1F608}} }} | {{ubl |1=&#xA9; |2=&#x1F608;}} |- | [[Unicode_character_property#General_Category|General Category]] | {{code|1={{!}}lookup{{!}}category}} | code point | {{ubl |1={{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |lookup|category|0xA9}} |2={{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |lookup|category|0x002B}} }} | {{ubl |1={{#invoke:Unicode data |lookup|category|0xA9}} |2={{#invoke:Unicode data |lookup|category|0x002B}} }} | {{ubl |1=&#xA9; |2=&#x002B;}} |- | Controls | {{code|1={{!}}is{{!}}control}} | code point | {{ubl |1={{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |lookup|control|A9}} |2={{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |lookup|control|FFFF}} }} | {{ubl |1={{#invoke:Unicode data |lookup|control|A9}} |2={{#invoke:Unicode data |lookup|control|FFFF}} }} | {{ubl |1=&#xA9; |2=&#xFFFF;}} |- style="border-bottom: 1.5px solid grey;" | [[Unihan]] properties | {{code|1={{!}}lookup{{!}}kCantonese}} | code point | {{ubl |1={{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |lookup|kCantonese|6e2f}} }} | {{ubl |1={{#invoke:Unicode data |lookup|kCantonese|6e2f}} }} | {{ubl |1={{lang|zh-HK|港}} }} <!-- ID - is{{!}} functions ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- --> |- | [[Latin script]] |{{code|1={{!}}is{{!}}Latin}} | string | {{ubl |1={{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |is|Latin|abcŁíā̀}} |2={{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |is|Latin|abc文xyz}} }} | {{ubl |1={{#invoke:Unicode data |is|Latin|abc}} |2={{#invoke:Unicode data |is|Latin|abc文xyz}} }} | |- | [[Wikipedia:Article titles|WP:Article title]] <small>([[WP:NCTR]])</small> | {{code|1={{!}}is{{!}}valid_pagename}} | string | {{ubli |1={{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |is|valid_pagename|Main_page}} |2={{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |is|valid_pagename|#&nbsp;(disambiguation)}} }} | {{ubl |1={{#invoke:Unicode data |is|valid_pagename|Main_page}} |2={{#invoke:Unicode data |is|valid_pagename|# (disambiguation)}} }} | |- | [[Bidirectional text|Bidirectionality]], right-to-left&nbsp;scripts | {{code|1={{!}}is{{!}}rtl}} | string | {{ubl |1={{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |is|rtl|ش}} |2={{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |is|rtl|34}} }} | {{ubli |1={{#invoke:Unicode data |is|rtl|ش}} |2={{#invoke:Unicode data |is|rtl|&#x34;}} }} | {{ubl |1=&#x0634; |2=&#x34;}} |- | [[Combining character]] | {{code|1={{!}}is{{!}}combining}} | code point | {{ubl |1={{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |is|combining|0300}} |2={{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |is|combining|64}} }} | {{ubl |1={{#invoke:Unicode data |is|combining|0300}} |2={{#invoke:Unicode data |is|combining|64}} }} | {{ubl |1=&#x0300; |2=&#x64;}} |- | Character assignation | {{code|1={{!}}is{{!}}assigned}} | code point | {{ubl |1={{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |is|assigned|A061}} |2={{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |is|assigned|FFEF}} }} | {{ubl |1={{#invoke:Unicode data |is|assigned|A061}} |2={{#invoke:Unicode data |is|assigned|FFEF}} }} | {{ubl |1=&#xA061; |2=;}} |- | Printable<!-- control: assigned or space-separator --> | {{code|1={{!}}is{{!}}printable}} | code point | {{ubl |1={{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |is|printable|0061}} |2={{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |is|printable|0007}} |3={{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |is|printable|FFFF}} }} | {{ubl |1=>{{#invoke:Unicode data |is|printable|0061}}< |2=>{{#invoke:Unicode data |is|printable|0007}}< |3=>{{#invoke:Unicode data |is|printable|FFFF}}< }} | {{ubl |1=>&#x0061;< |2=>&#x0007;< |3=>&#xFFFF;< }} |- | {{slink|Whitespace_character|Unicode}} | {{code|1={{!}}is{{!}}whitespace}} | code point | {{ubl |1={{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |is|whitespace|0x20}} |2={{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |is|whitespace|0xA0}} |3={{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |is|whitespace|0x64}} }} | {{ubl |1=&gt;{{#invoke:Unicode data |is|whitespace|0x20}}< |2=&gt;{{#invoke:Unicode data |is|whitespace|0xA0}}< NBSP |3=&gt;{{#invoke:Unicode data |is|whitespace|0x64}}< }} | {{ubl |1=&gt;&#x20;< |2=&gt;&#xA0;< |3=&gt;&#x64;<}}<!-- UNKNOWN -- function application as yet unknown --> <!-- Hangul submodule used by <code>|lookup|name</code> to generate names of characters in the [[Hangul Syllables]] block --> |- | [[Unicode alias names and abbreviations|Alias names]] | {{code|1={{!}}aliases}} | | [application unknown] | | {{ubl |1=&#x; |2=&#x;}} |- | Combining class | {{code|1={{!}}}} | | [application unknown] | | {{ubl |1=&#x; |2=&#x;}} |- | Age | {{code|1={{!}}}} | | [application unknown] | | {{ubl |1= |2=}} |- | get_best_script | {{code|1={{!}}get_best_script}} | | [application unknown] | | {{ubl |1= |2=}} |} ==Data modules== The data used by functions in this module is found in [[Special:PrefixIndex/Module:Unicode data/|submodules]]. Some are generated by [[AWK]] scripts shown at [[wikt:User:Kephir/Unicode|User:Kephir/Unicode]] on English Wiktionary, others by Lua scripts on the <code>/make</code> subpages of the submodules. * [[Module:Unicode data/age]]: 'Age' of a character, that is: version introduction number. * [[Module:Unicode data/aliases]]: the formal name aliases for characters (from [https://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/NameAliases.txt NameAliases.txt]) * [[Module:Unicode data/blocks]]: the list of Unicode blocks (from [https://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/Blocks.txt Blocks.txt]) * [[Module:Unicode data/category]]: data mapping characters to their General Category (from [https://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/extracted/DerivedGeneralCategory.txt DerivedGeneralCategory.txt]) * [[Module:Unicode data/combining]]: data mapping characters to their Combining Classes (from [https://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/extracted/DerivedCombiningClass.txt DerivedCombiningClass.txt]) * [[Module:Unicode data/control]]: data for identifying characters that belong to the General Categories of Separator and Other (from [https://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/extracted/DerivedGeneralCategory.txt DerivedGeneralCategory.txt]) * [[Module:Unicode data/derived core properties]]: * [[Module:Unicode data/Hangul]]: data used to generate the names of [[Hangul]] syllables (from [https://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/Jamo.txt Jamo.txt]) * [[Special:PrefixIndex/Module:Unicode data/Unihan/kCantonese|Module:Unicode data/Unihan/kCantonese/<nowiki>*</nowiki>]]: kCantonese pronunciation property * [[Special:PrefixIndex/Module:Unicode data/names|Module:Unicode data/names/<nowiki>*</nowiki>]] ({{mono|000hh, .., 0E0hh}}; e.g. [[:Module:Unicode data/names/000|../names/000]]): names * [[Module:Unicode data/scripts]]: data mapping characters to their Unicode script properties (from [https://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/Scripts.txt Scripts.txt]). The name data modules ([[Special:PrefixIndex/Module:Unicode data/names/|Module:Unicode data/names/<var>xxx</var>]]) were compiled from [https://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/UnicodeData.txt UnicodeData.txt]. Each one contains, at maximum, code points U+xxx000 to U+xxxFFF. {{#invoke:Unicode data/documentation functions|show_modules}} ==Copyright== The Unicode database is released by Unicode Inc. under the following terms: <blockquote> Copyright © 1991-2018 Unicode, Inc. All rights reserved. Distributed under the Terms of Use in https://www.unicode.org/copyright.html. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of the Unicode data files and any associated documentation (the "Data Files") or Unicode software and any associated documentation (the "Software") to deal in the Data Files or Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, and/or sell copies of the Data Files or Software, and to permit persons to whom the Data Files or Software are furnished to do so, provided that either (a) this copyright and permission notice appear with all copies of the Data Files or Software, or (b) this copyright and permission notice appear in associated Documentation. THE DATA FILES AND SOFTWARE ARE PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT OF THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR HOLDERS INCLUDED IN THIS NOTICE BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, OR ANY SPECIAL INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THE DATA FILES OR SOFTWARE. Except as contained in this notice, the name of a copyright holder shall not be used in advertising or otherwise to promote the sale, use or other dealings in these Data Files or Software without prior written authorization of the copyright holder. </blockquote> ==Known issues== * Reading data like <code>[[:Module:Unicode data/aliases]]</code> not provided nor documented * Test fail: <code>lookup_category</code> {{mono|U+FFFF}} (&lt;noncharacter-FFFF>) expected: Cn. ::<code><nowiki>{{#invoke:Unicode data|lookup|category|0xFFFF}}</nowiki></code> &rarr; {{#invoke:Unicode data|lookup|category|0xFFFF}} [Nil] ==See also== * '''Named entities''': for example, {{unichar|22C1|N-ARY LOGICAL OR}}: <code><nowiki>{{#</nowiki>invoke:[[:Module:LoadData|LoadData]]|[[:Module:Numcr2namecr|Numcr2namecr]]|0x22C1}}</code> &rarr; {{#invoke:LoadData|Numcr2namecr|0x22C1}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other| | <!-- Categories below this line, please; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Unicode character modules|Data]] [[Category:Lua metamodules]] }}</includeonly> dzp2pzlqri7iiondq91ro6bo1yxlvpf 1374642 1374641 2026-06-03T00:31:56Z A826 72368 ೧ revisions imported from [[:en:Module:Unicode_data/doc]] 1374641 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Please place categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata (see [[Wikipedia:Wikidata]]) --> {{#ifeq: {{SUBPAGENAME}} | sandbox | {{#invoke: Unicode_data/testcases | run_tests}} | {{high risk}} }} {{Lua|Module:TableTools}} == Usage == This module provides functions that access information on Unicode code points. The information is retrieved from data modules generated from the [https://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/ Unicode Character Database], or derived by rules given in the [https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode11.0.0/UnicodeStandard-11.0.pdf Unicode Specification]. It and its submodules were copied from English Wiktionary and then modified; see [[wikt:Module:Unicode data|there]] for more information. ==Parameters and functions== ===code point=== The code point is to be entered as '''hexadecimal value'''. For example, {{unichar|A9|COPYRIGHT SIGN}}: :{{mono|1={{!}}A9_hex}} :{{mono|1={{!}}0xA9_hex}} :{{mono|1={{!}}0x00A9_hex}} :{{mono|1={{!}}0x00a9_hex}} :<code><nowiki>{{#invoke:Unicode data|lookup|name|0x00A9}}</nowiki></code> &rarr; {{#invoke:Unicode data|lookup|name|0x00A9}} Incorrect or unintended results: :{{mono|1=169_dec}}: <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:Unicode data|lookup|name|169}}</nowiki></code> &rarr; {{#invoke:Unicode data|lookup|name|169}} {{nay}} &mdash;"U+00A9" {{code|1=&copy;}} expected; but is read as {{mono|1=00A9_hex}}&nbsp;(that is,&nbsp;{{mono|1={{hex2dec|169}}_dec}} :{{mono|1=U+00A9}} <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:Unicode data|lookup|name|U+00A9}}</nowiki></code> {{nay}} &mdash;do not use "U+" prefix :{{mono|1=غ}} <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:Unicode data|lookup|name|غ}}</nowiki></code> {{nay}} &mdash;cannot enter a character as codepoint ==="{{mono|lookup}}" and "{{mono|1=is}}" functions=== ; {{code|lang=lua|lookup, is}}: Template-invokable functions that allow access to the functions starting with <code>lookup</code> and <code>is</code>.For most of the functions, add the code point in hexadecimal base as the next parameter. For <code>is{{!}}Latin</code>, <code>is{{!}}rtl</code>, and <code>is{{!}}valid_pagename</code>, add character string. [[HTML character references]] in the text are decoded by the module into code points. :For example, {{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data|is|Latin|àzàhàr̃iyyā̀}} &rarr; {{#invoke:Unicode data|is|Latin|àzàhàr̃iyyā̀}}. :Internally, in modules, these functions are named using underscore: {{code|lang=lua|lookup_name{{!}}code point}} &larr; {{code|lang=lua|lookup_name}} :For <code>&amp;A9;</code> <big>&#xA9;</big>: {{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data|lookup|name|A9}}&nbsp;&rarr; {{#invoke:Unicode data|lookup|name|A9}} ==Functions overview== * Code points: enter hexadecimal value, for example {{mxt|1={{!}}0x0061}} or {{mxt|1={{!}}61}}; not {{!mxt|1={{!}}U+0061}}. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%; vertical-align:top;" |- ! Topic ! Function ! style="border-right:2px solid grey" | Parameter type<br/><small>(string=by character(s); c.p. by {{mono|0xHex}} value)</small> ! Example ! Returns ! Character <!-- LOOKUP - lookup{{!}} functions ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- --> |- | Unicode character name | {{code|1={{!}}lookup{{!}}name}} | code point | {{ubl |1={{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |lookup|name|0xA9}} |2={{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |lookup|name|0x0007}} }} | {{ubl |1={{#invoke:Unicode data |lookup|name|0xA9}} |2={{#invoke:Unicode data |lookup|name|0x0007}} }} | {{ubl |1=&#xA9; |2=&#x0007;}} |- | [[Script (Unicode)|Scripts]] | {{code|1={{!}}lookup{{!}}script}} | code point | {{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |lookup|script|A061}} | {{#invoke:Unicode data |lookup|script|A061}} | {{ubl |1=&#xA061; |2=}} |- | [[Block (Unicode)|Blocks]] | {{code|1={{!}}lookup{{!}}block}} | code point | {{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |lookup|block|A061}} | {{#invoke:Unicode data |lookup|block|A061}} | {{ubl |1=&#xA061; |2=}} |- | [[Plane (Unicode)|Planes]] | {{code|1={{!}}lookup{{!}}plane}} | code point | {{ubl |1={{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |lookup|plane|0xA9}} |2={{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |lookup|plane|0x1F608}} }} | {{ubl |1={{#invoke:Unicode data |lookup|plane|0xA9}} |2={{#invoke:Unicode data |lookup|plane|0x1F608}} }} | {{ubl |1=&#xA9; |2=&#x1F608;}} |- | [[Unicode_character_property#General_Category|General Category]] | {{code|1={{!}}lookup{{!}}category}} | code point | {{ubl |1={{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |lookup|category|0xA9}} |2={{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |lookup|category|0x002B}} }} | {{ubl |1={{#invoke:Unicode data |lookup|category|0xA9}} |2={{#invoke:Unicode data |lookup|category|0x002B}} }} | {{ubl |1=&#xA9; |2=&#x002B;}} |- | Controls | {{code|1={{!}}is{{!}}control}} | code point | {{ubl |1={{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |lookup|control|A9}} |2={{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |lookup|control|FFFF}} }} | {{ubl |1={{#invoke:Unicode data |lookup|control|A9}} |2={{#invoke:Unicode data |lookup|control|FFFF}} }} | {{ubl |1=&#xA9; |2=&#xFFFF;}} |- style="border-bottom: 1.5px solid grey;" | [[Unihan]] properties | {{code|1={{!}}lookup{{!}}kCantonese}} | code point | {{ubl |1={{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |lookup|kCantonese|6e2f}} }} | {{ubl |1={{#invoke:Unicode data |lookup|kCantonese|6e2f}} }} | {{ubl |1={{lang|zh-HK|港}} }} <!-- ID - is{{!}} functions ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- --> |- | [[Latin script]] |{{code|1={{!}}is{{!}}Latin}} | string | {{ubl |1={{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |is|Latin|abcŁíā̀}} |2={{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |is|Latin|abc文xyz}} }} | {{ubl |1={{#invoke:Unicode data |is|Latin|abc}} |2={{#invoke:Unicode data |is|Latin|abc文xyz}} }} | |- | [[Wikipedia:Article titles|WP:Article title]] <small>([[WP:NCTR]])</small> | {{code|1={{!}}is{{!}}valid_pagename}} | string | {{ubli |1={{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |is|valid_pagename|Main_page}} |2={{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |is|valid_pagename|#&nbsp;(disambiguation)}} }} | {{ubl |1={{#invoke:Unicode data |is|valid_pagename|Main_page}} |2={{#invoke:Unicode data |is|valid_pagename|# (disambiguation)}} }} | |- | [[Bidirectional text|Bidirectionality]], right-to-left&nbsp;scripts | {{code|1={{!}}is{{!}}rtl}} | string | {{ubl |1={{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |is|rtl|ش}} |2={{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |is|rtl|34}} }} | {{ubli |1={{#invoke:Unicode data |is|rtl|ش}} |2={{#invoke:Unicode data |is|rtl|&#x34;}} }} | {{ubl |1=&#x0634; |2=&#x34;}} |- | [[Combining character]] | {{code|1={{!}}is{{!}}combining}} | code point | {{ubl |1={{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |is|combining|0300}} |2={{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |is|combining|64}} }} | {{ubl |1={{#invoke:Unicode data |is|combining|0300}} |2={{#invoke:Unicode data |is|combining|64}} }} | {{ubl |1=&#x0300; |2=&#x64;}} |- | Character assignation | {{code|1={{!}}is{{!}}assigned}} | code point | {{ubl |1={{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |is|assigned|A061}} |2={{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |is|assigned|FFEF}} }} | {{ubl |1={{#invoke:Unicode data |is|assigned|A061}} |2={{#invoke:Unicode data |is|assigned|FFEF}} }} | {{ubl |1=&#xA061; |2=;}} |- | Printable<!-- control: assigned or space-separator --> | {{code|1={{!}}is{{!}}printable}} | code point | {{ubl |1={{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |is|printable|0061}} |2={{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |is|printable|0007}} |3={{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |is|printable|FFFF}} }} | {{ubl |1=>{{#invoke:Unicode data |is|printable|0061}}< |2=>{{#invoke:Unicode data |is|printable|0007}}< |3=>{{#invoke:Unicode data |is|printable|FFFF}}< }} | {{ubl |1=>&#x0061;< |2=>&#x0007;< |3=>&#xFFFF;< }} |- | {{slink|Whitespace_character|Unicode}} | {{code|1={{!}}is{{!}}whitespace}} | code point | {{ubl |1={{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |is|whitespace|0x20}} |2={{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |is|whitespace|0xA0}} |3={{tnull|&#35;invoke:Unicode data |is|whitespace|0x64}} }} | {{ubl |1=&gt;{{#invoke:Unicode data |is|whitespace|0x20}}< |2=&gt;{{#invoke:Unicode data |is|whitespace|0xA0}}< NBSP |3=&gt;{{#invoke:Unicode data |is|whitespace|0x64}}< }} | {{ubl |1=&gt;&#x20;< |2=&gt;&#xA0;< |3=&gt;&#x64;<}}<!-- UNKNOWN -- function application as yet unknown --> <!-- Hangul submodule used by <code>|lookup|name</code> to generate names of characters in the [[Hangul Syllables]] block --> |- | [[Unicode alias names and abbreviations|Alias names]] | {{code|1={{!}}aliases}} | | [application unknown] | | {{ubl |1=&#x; |2=&#x;}} |- | Combining class | {{code|1={{!}}}} | | [application unknown] | | {{ubl |1=&#x; |2=&#x;}} |- | Age | {{code|1={{!}}}} | | [application unknown] | | {{ubl |1= |2=}} |- | get_best_script | {{code|1={{!}}get_best_script}} | | [application unknown] | | {{ubl |1= |2=}} |} ==Data modules== The data used by functions in this module is found in [[Special:PrefixIndex/Module:Unicode data/|submodules]]. Some are generated by [[AWK]] scripts shown at [[wikt:User:Kephir/Unicode|User:Kephir/Unicode]] on English Wiktionary, others by Lua scripts on the <code>/make</code> subpages of the submodules. * [[Module:Unicode data/age]]: 'Age' of a character, that is: version introduction number. * [[Module:Unicode data/aliases]]: the formal name aliases for characters (from [https://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/NameAliases.txt NameAliases.txt]) * [[Module:Unicode data/blocks]]: the list of Unicode blocks (from [https://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/Blocks.txt Blocks.txt]) * [[Module:Unicode data/category]]: data mapping characters to their General Category (from [https://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/extracted/DerivedGeneralCategory.txt DerivedGeneralCategory.txt]) * [[Module:Unicode data/combining]]: data mapping characters to their Combining Classes (from [https://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/extracted/DerivedCombiningClass.txt DerivedCombiningClass.txt]) * [[Module:Unicode data/control]]: data for identifying characters that belong to the General Categories of Separator and Other (from [https://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/extracted/DerivedGeneralCategory.txt DerivedGeneralCategory.txt]) * [[Module:Unicode data/derived core properties]]: * [[Module:Unicode data/Hangul]]: data used to generate the names of [[Hangul]] syllables (from [https://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/Jamo.txt Jamo.txt]) * [[Special:PrefixIndex/Module:Unicode data/Unihan/kCantonese|Module:Unicode data/Unihan/kCantonese/<nowiki>*</nowiki>]]: kCantonese pronunciation property * [[Special:PrefixIndex/Module:Unicode data/names|Module:Unicode data/names/<nowiki>*</nowiki>]] ({{mono|000hh, .., 0E0hh}}; e.g. [[:Module:Unicode data/names/000|../names/000]]): names * [[Module:Unicode data/scripts]]: data mapping characters to their Unicode script properties (from [https://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/Scripts.txt Scripts.txt]). The name data modules ([[Special:PrefixIndex/Module:Unicode data/names/|Module:Unicode data/names/<var>xxx</var>]]) were compiled from [https://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/UnicodeData.txt UnicodeData.txt]. Each one contains, at maximum, code points U+xxx000 to U+xxxFFF. {{#invoke:Unicode data/documentation functions|show_modules}} ==Copyright== The Unicode database is released by Unicode Inc. under the following terms: <blockquote> Copyright © 1991-2018 Unicode, Inc. All rights reserved. Distributed under the Terms of Use in https://www.unicode.org/copyright.html. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of the Unicode data files and any associated documentation (the "Data Files") or Unicode software and any associated documentation (the "Software") to deal in the Data Files or Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, and/or sell copies of the Data Files or Software, and to permit persons to whom the Data Files or Software are furnished to do so, provided that either (a) this copyright and permission notice appear with all copies of the Data Files or Software, or (b) this copyright and permission notice appear in associated Documentation. THE DATA FILES AND SOFTWARE ARE PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT OF THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR HOLDERS INCLUDED IN THIS NOTICE BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, OR ANY SPECIAL INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THE DATA FILES OR SOFTWARE. Except as contained in this notice, the name of a copyright holder shall not be used in advertising or otherwise to promote the sale, use or other dealings in these Data Files or Software without prior written authorization of the copyright holder. </blockquote> ==Known issues== * Reading data like <code>[[:Module:Unicode data/aliases]]</code> not provided nor documented * Test fail: <code>lookup_category</code> {{mono|U+FFFF}} (&lt;noncharacter-FFFF>) expected: Cn. ::<code><nowiki>{{#invoke:Unicode data|lookup|category|0xFFFF}}</nowiki></code> &rarr; {{#invoke:Unicode data|lookup|category|0xFFFF}} [Nil] ==See also== * '''Named entities''': for example, {{unichar|22C1|N-ARY LOGICAL OR}}: <code><nowiki>{{#</nowiki>invoke:[[:Module:LoadData|LoadData]]|[[:Module:Numcr2namecr|Numcr2namecr]]|0x22C1}}</code> &rarr; {{#invoke:LoadData|Numcr2namecr|0x22C1}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other| | <!-- Categories below this line, please; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Unicode character modules|Data]] [[Category:Lua metamodules]] }}</includeonly> dzp2pzlqri7iiondq91ro6bo1yxlvpf 828 179273 1374643 2018-06-23T03:21:42Z en>Erutuon 0 alternative: show codepoint ranges? 1374643 Scribunto text/plain local p = {} local output_mt = {} function output_mt:insert(str) self.n = self.n + 1 self[self.n] = str end function output_mt:insert_format(...) self:insert(string.format(...)) end output_mt.join = table.concat output_mt.__index = output_mt local function Output() return setmetatable({ n = 0 }, output_mt) end function p.show_modules() local output = Output() output:insert [[ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"' |+ Character name data modules,<br>organized by first three digits of codepoint in hexadecimal base]] for i = -1, 0xF do if i >= 0 then output:insert_format('\n! %X', i) else output:insert '\n!' end end output:insert '\n|-' local prev = -1 local row local found_module = false for i = 0, 0x10F do local first_two_digits = math.floor(i / 0x10) if first_two_digits ~= prev then if found_module then output:insert(row:join()) end found_module = false row = Output{} row:insert_format("\n|-\n! %02Xx", first_two_digits) prev = first_two_digits end row:insert '\n| ' local name_module = ('Module:Unicode data/names/%03X'):format(i) if mw.title.new(name_module).exists then local first_cp = i * 0x1000 row:insert_format("[[%s|U+%04X&ndash;<br>U+%04X]]", name_module, first_cp, first_cp + 0xFFF) found_module = true end end output:insert "\n|}" return output:join() end return p 9wef9cpe85shkwcxeymd3kw1mezv22y 1374644 1374643 2026-06-03T00:31:57Z A826 72368 ೧ revisions imported from [[:en:Module:Unicode_data/documentation_functions]] 1374643 Scribunto text/plain local p = {} local output_mt = {} function output_mt:insert(str) self.n = self.n + 1 self[self.n] = str end function output_mt:insert_format(...) self:insert(string.format(...)) end output_mt.join = table.concat output_mt.__index = output_mt local function Output() return setmetatable({ n = 0 }, output_mt) end function p.show_modules() local output = Output() output:insert [[ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"' |+ Character name data modules,<br>organized by first three digits of codepoint in hexadecimal base]] for i = -1, 0xF do if i >= 0 then output:insert_format('\n! %X', i) else output:insert '\n!' end end output:insert '\n|-' local prev = -1 local row local found_module = false for i = 0, 0x10F do local first_two_digits = math.floor(i / 0x10) if first_two_digits ~= prev then if found_module then output:insert(row:join()) end found_module = false row = Output{} row:insert_format("\n|-\n! %02Xx", first_two_digits) prev = first_two_digits end row:insert '\n| ' local name_module = ('Module:Unicode data/names/%03X'):format(i) if mw.title.new(name_module).exists then local first_cp = i * 0x1000 row:insert_format("[[%s|U+%04X&ndash;<br>U+%04X]]", name_module, first_cp, first_cp + 0xFFF) found_module = true end end output:insert "\n|}" return output:join() end return p 9wef9cpe85shkwcxeymd3kw1mezv22y 828 179274 1374655 2025-09-14T03:44:38Z en>Drmccreedy 0 bump Unicode version 1374655 Scribunto text/plain -- Unihan_Readings.txt -- Date: 2025-07-24 00:00:00 GMT [KL] -- Unicode Version 17.0.0 return { [0x06000] = "waai4", [0x06001] = "taai3", [0x06002] = "sung2", [0x06003] = "mou5", [0x06004] = "au3", [0x06005] = "coeng3", [0x06006] = "cong3", [0x06007] = "geoi6", [0x06008] = "jai6", [0x06009] = "baau2", [0x0600A] = "ciu1", [0x0600B] = "man4", [0x0600C] = "pei1", [0x0600D] = "zok6", [0x0600E] = "zam2", [0x0600F] = "joeng2", [0x06010] = "kau3", [0x06011] = "bun6", [0x06012] = "nou6", [0x06013] = "naau4", [0x06014] = "zing1", [0x06015] = "paa3", [0x06016] = "bou3", [0x06017] = "tip3", [0x06018] = "gu3", [0x06019] = "wu6", [0x0601A] = "zeoi6", [0x0601B] = "daat3", [0x0601C] = "lin4", [0x0601D] = "si1", [0x0601F] = "dai3", [0x06020] = "toi5", [0x06021] = "ji4", [0x06022] = "dat6", [0x06023] = "jau4", [0x06024] = "fu1", [0x06025] = "gap1", [0x06026] = "ping1", [0x06027] = "sing3", [0x06028] = "jyun3", [0x06029] = "nei4", [0x0602A] = "gwaai3", [0x0602B] = "fat6", [0x0602C] = "hei3", [0x0602D] = "bit1", [0x0602E] = "jau1", [0x0602F] = "hip3", [0x06030] = "jyun6", [0x06031] = "cung1", [0x06032] = "bing2", [0x06033] = "fong2", [0x06034] = "wat1", [0x06035] = "zeot1", [0x06036] = "bei3", [0x06037] = "sik1", [0x06038] = "sik1", [0x06039] = "taa1", [0x0603A] = "wing5", [0x0603B] = "zung2", [0x0603C] = "deoi6", [0x0603D] = "mei6", [0x0603E] = "sik1", [0x0603F] = "jik6", [0x06040] = "ci2", [0x06041] = "jam6", [0x06042] = "seon1", [0x06043] = "ci5", [0x06044] = "hat1", [0x06045] = "lou5", [0x06046] = "hang4", [0x06047] = "hong1", [0x06048] = "mau4", [0x06049] = "zi2", [0x0604A] = "hip3", [0x0604B] = "lyun2", [0x0604C] = "tiu1", [0x0604D] = "fong2", [0x0604E] = "dit6", [0x0604F] = "hou2", [0x06050] = "hung2", [0x06051] = "gwai2", [0x06052] = "hang4", [0x06053] = "sai1", [0x06054] = "haau6", [0x06055] = "syu3", [0x06056] = "si1", [0x06057] = "fu1", [0x06058] = "jau1", [0x06059] = "joeng6", [0x0605A] = "wai6", [0x0605B] = "wui4", [0x0605C] = "cik1", [0x0605D] = "gaat3", [0x0605E] = "ji4", [0x0605F] = "hung1", [0x06060] = "gwaai3", [0x06061] = "leon6", [0x06062] = "fui1", [0x06063] = "zi3", [0x06064] = "seot1", [0x06065] = "ci2", [0x06066] = "soeng3", [0x06067] = "nuk6", [0x06068] = "han6", [0x06069] = "jan1", [0x0606A] = "kok3", [0x0606B] = "dung6", [0x0606C] = "tim4", [0x0606D] = "gung1", [0x0606E] = "cyun4", [0x0606F] = "sik1", [0x06070] = "hap1", [0x06071] = "jyut6", [0x06072] = "paang1", [0x06073] = "han2", [0x06074] = "dak1", [0x06075] = "wai6", [0x06076] = "ok3", [0x06077] = "jau1", [0x06078] = "dung6", [0x06079] = "jim1", [0x0607A] = "hoi2", [0x0607B] = "cak1", [0x0607C] = "nou5", [0x0607D] = "wan6", [0x0607E] = "mong4", [0x0607F] = "jung2", [0x06080] = "jung5", [0x06081] = "gyun3", [0x06082] = "pei1", [0x06083] = "kwan2", [0x06084] = "ciu2", [0x06085] = "jyut6", [0x06086] = "jyu6", [0x06087] = "tou4", [0x06088] = "gaai3", [0x06089] = "sik1", [0x0608A] = "zit3", [0x0608B] = "leon6", [0x0608C] = "dai6", [0x0608D] = "hon6", [0x0608E] = "hou6", [0x0608F] = "hip3", [0x06090] = "tik1", [0x06091] = "bou3", [0x06092] = "jap1", [0x06093] = "jin5", [0x06094] = "fui3", [0x06095] = "hei1", [0x06096] = "bui6", [0x06097] = "mun5", [0x06098] = "ji1", [0x06099] = "hang1", [0x0609A] = "sung2", [0x0609B] = "syun1", [0x0609C] = "cing2", [0x0609D] = "fui1", [0x0609E] = "ng6", [0x0609F] = "ng6", [0x060A0] = "jau4", [0x060A1] = "lei4", [0x060A2] = "loeng6", [0x060A3] = "waan6", [0x060A4] = "cung1", [0x060A5] = "ji3", [0x060A6] = "jyut6", [0x060A7] = "lei4", [0x060A8] = "nei5", [0x060A9] = "nou5", [0x060AA] = "ok3", [0x060AB] = "kok3", [0x060AC] = "jyun4", [0x060AD] = "haan1", [0x060AE] = "ng6", [0x060AF] = "man5", [0x060B0] = "cung4", [0x060B1] = "fei2", [0x060B2] = "bei1", [0x060B3] = "dak1", [0x060B4] = "seoi6", [0x060B5] = "coeng3", [0x060B6] = "mun6", [0x060B7] = "lai6", [0x060B8] = "gwai3", [0x060B9] = "gun3", [0x060BA] = "gun3", [0x060BB] = "hang6", [0x060BC] = "dou6", [0x060BD] = "cai1", [0x060BE] = "hung1", [0x060BF] = "tim2", [0x060C0] = "leon4", [0x060C1] = "sik1", [0x060C2] = "ham2", [0x060C3] = "gwan2", [0x060C4] = "nik6", [0x060C5] = "cing4", [0x060C6] = "cau4", [0x060C7] = "deon1", [0x060C8] = "gwo2", [0x060C9] = "zim1", [0x060CA] = "ging1", [0x060CB] = "wun2", [0x060CC] = "jyun1", [0x060CD] = "gam1", [0x060CE] = "gei6", [0x060CF] = "lam4", [0x060D0] = "wik6", [0x060D1] = "waak6", [0x060D2] = "wo4", [0x060D3] = "kyun4", [0x060D4] = "taam4", [0x060D5] = "tik1", [0x060D6] = "tik1", [0x060D7] = "nam2", [0x060D8] = "mong5", [0x060D9] = "zyut3", [0x060DA] = "fat1", [0x060DB] = "fan1", [0x060DC] = "sik1", [0x060DD] = "cong2", [0x060DE] = "jan1", [0x060DF] = "wai4", [0x060E0] = "wai6", [0x060E1] = "ok3", [0x060E2] = "so2", [0x060E3] = "zung2", [0x060E4] = "gin1", [0x060E5] = "jung2", [0x060E6] = "dim3", [0x060E7] = "geoi6", [0x060E8] = "caam2", [0x060E9] = "cing4", [0x060EA] = "dak1", [0x060EB] = "bei6", [0x060EC] = "hip3", [0x060ED] = "caam4", [0x060EE] = "daan6", [0x060EF] = "gwaan3", [0x060F0] = "do6", [0x060F1] = "nou5", [0x060F2] = "wan6", [0x060F3] = "soeng2", [0x060F4] = "zeoi3", [0x060F5] = "dip6", [0x060F6] = "wong4", [0x060F7] = "ceon2", [0x060F8] = "king4", [0x060F9] = "je5", [0x060FA] = "sing1", [0x060FB] = "cak1", [0x060FC] = "bin2", [0x060FD] = "fan1", [0x060FE] = "zung1", [0x060FF] = "tai4", [0x06100] = "ciu2", [0x06101] = "sau4", [0x06102] = "bui6", [0x06103] = "syun1", [0x06104] = "wui1", [0x06105] = "gaak3", [0x06106] = "hin1", [0x06107] = "wai5", [0x06108] = "jyu6", [0x06109] = "jyu4", [0x0610A] = "bik1", [0x0610B] = "hyun1", [0x0610C] = "wun6", [0x0610D] = "man5", [0x0610E] = "bik1", [0x0610F] = "ji3", [0x06110] = "min5", [0x06111] = "jung5", [0x06112] = "koi3", [0x06113] = "dong6", [0x06114] = "jam1", [0x06115] = "ngok6", [0x06116] = "sam4", [0x06117] = "mau6", [0x06118] = "kok3", [0x06119] = "kok3", [0x0611A] = "jyu4", [0x0611B] = "oi3", [0x0611C] = "hip3", [0x0611D] = "jin2", [0x0611E] = "no6", [0x0611F] = "gam2", [0x06120] = "wan3", [0x06121] = "zung2", [0x06122] = "soi1", [0x06123] = "ling6", [0x06124] = "fan5", [0x06125] = "jing1", [0x06126] = "kui2", [0x06127] = "kwai5", [0x06128] = "kok3", [0x06129] = "gung1", [0x0612A] = "wan4", [0x0612B] = "sou3", [0x0612C] = "saak3", [0x0612D] = "kei4", [0x0612E] = "jiu4", [0x0612F] = "sung2", [0x06130] = "fong2", [0x06131] = "zat6", [0x06132] = "gwat1", [0x06133] = "geoi6", [0x06134] = "cong3", [0x06135] = "nik6", [0x06136] = "hip3", [0x06137] = "hoi2", [0x06138] = "zing2", [0x06139] = "jung5", [0x0613A] = "cou2", [0x0613B] = "seon3", [0x0613C] = "san6", [0x0613D] = "bok3", [0x0613E] = "koi3", [0x0613F] = "jyun6", [0x06140] = "hai6", [0x06141] = "wan6", [0x06142] = "jung2", [0x06143] = "ong2", [0x06144] = "leot6", [0x06145] = "cou2", [0x06146] = "tou1", [0x06147] = "jan1", [0x06148] = "ci4", [0x06149] = "cuk1", [0x0614A] = "him3", [0x0614B] = "taai3", [0x0614C] = "fong1", [0x0614D] = "wan3", [0x0614E] = "san6", [0x0614F] = "ming5", [0x06150] = "gung1", [0x06151] = "sip3", [0x06152] = "cung4", [0x06153] = "piu5", [0x06154] = "mou6", [0x06155] = "mou6", [0x06156] = "gwok3", [0x06157] = "cik1", [0x06158] = "caam2", [0x06159] = "caam4", [0x0615A] = "caam4", [0x0615B] = "ceoi4", [0x0615C] = "man5", [0x0615D] = "tik1", [0x0615E] = "zoeng1", [0x0615F] = "dung6", [0x06160] = "ngou6", [0x06161] = "song2", [0x06162] = "maan6", [0x06163] = "gwaan3", [0x06164] = "kok3", [0x06165] = "zou6", [0x06166] = "gau3", [0x06167] = "wai6", [0x06168] = "koi3", [0x06169] = "lin4", [0x0616A] = "au3", [0x0616B] = "sung2", [0x0616C] = "kan4", [0x0616D] = "jan6", [0x0616E] = "leoi6", [0x0616F] = "soeng1", [0x06170] = "wai3", [0x06171] = "tyun4", [0x06172] = "mun4", [0x06173] = "haan1", [0x06174] = "sip3", [0x06175] = "jung4", [0x06176] = "hing3", [0x06177] = "kong2", [0x06178] = "dai3", [0x06179] = "zap1", [0x0617A] = "lau4", [0x0617B] = "gyun3", [0x0617C] = "cik1", [0x0617D] = "cik1", [0x0617E] = "juk6", [0x0617F] = "pang4", [0x06180] = "liu4", [0x06181] = "zung2", [0x06182] = "jau1", [0x06183] = "cung1", [0x06184] = "zi3", [0x06185] = "dung6", [0x06186] = "caang1", [0x06187] = "hei3", [0x06188] = "keoi1", [0x06189] = "paang4", [0x0618A] = "bei6", [0x0618B] = "bit3", [0x0618C] = "king4", [0x0618D] = "giu1", [0x0618E] = "zang1", [0x0618F] = "cai3", [0x06190] = "lin4", [0x06191] = "pang4", [0x06192] = "kui2", [0x06193] = "wai6", [0x06194] = "ciu4", [0x06195] = "cing4", [0x06196] = "jan6", [0x06197] = "jan6", [0x06198] = "hei2", [0x06199] = "hei2", [0x0619A] = "daan6", [0x0619B] = "taam4", [0x0619C] = "do6", [0x0619D] = "deoi6", [0x0619E] = "deoi6", [0x0619F] = "suk1", [0x061A0] = "kyut3", [0x061A1] = "caak3", [0x061A2] = "hiu1", [0x061A3] = "faan1", [0x061A4] = "fan5", [0x061A5] = "lou4", [0x061A6] = "lou6", [0x061A7] = "cung1", [0x061A8] = "ham1", [0x061A9] = "hei3", [0x061AA] = "haan4", [0x061AB] = "man5", [0x061AC] = "ging2", [0x061AD] = "liu5", [0x061AE] = "mou5", [0x061AF] = "caam2", [0x061B0] = "kyut3", [0x061B1] = "cuk1", [0x061B2] = "hin3", [0x061B3] = "taam2", [0x061B4] = "sing4", [0x061B5] = "pik1", [0x061B6] = "jik1", [0x061B7] = "co2", [0x061B8] = "cim1", [0x061B9] = "nou4", [0x061BA] = "daam6", [0x061BB] = "taan2", [0x061BC] = "ging2", [0x061BD] = "sung1", [0x061BE] = "ham6", [0x061BF] = "giu1", [0x061C0] = "wai3", [0x061C1] = "hyun1", [0x061C2] = "dung2", [0x061C3] = "kan4", [0x061C4] = "kan4", [0x061C5] = "keoi4", [0x061C6] = "cou2", [0x061C7] = "han2", [0x061C8] = "haai6", [0x061C9] = "jing3", [0x061CA] = "ou3", [0x061CB] = "mau6", [0x061CC] = "jik6", [0x061CD] = "lam5", [0x061CE] = "sik1", [0x061CF] = "zeon3", [0x061D0] = "waai4", [0x061D1] = "mun6", [0x061D2] = "laan5", [0x061D3] = "oi3", [0x061D4] = "lam5", [0x061D5] = "jim1", [0x061D6] = "kut3", [0x061D7] = "haa3", [0x061D8] = "cit3", [0x061D9] = "jyu5", [0x061DA] = "jan3", [0x061DB] = "daai1", [0x061DC] = "mung1", [0x061DD] = "ngoi6", [0x061DE] = "mung4", [0x061DF] = "deoi6", [0x061E0] = "cai4", [0x061E1] = "mo5", [0x061E2] = "laam4", [0x061E3] = "mun6", [0x061E4] = "cau4", [0x061E5] = "zi3", [0x061E6] = "no6", [0x061E7] = "no6", [0x061E8] = "jim1", [0x061E9] = "joeng5", [0x061EA] = "bok6", [0x061EB] = "zi3", [0x061EC] = "kwong3", [0x061ED] = "kong3", [0x061EE] = "jau1", [0x061EF] = "fu1", [0x061F0] = "lau4", [0x061F1] = "mit6", [0x061F2] = "cing4", [0x061F3] = "wai6", [0x061F4] = "caam3", [0x061F5] = "mung2", [0x061F6] = "laan5", [0x061F7] = "waai4", [0x061F8] = "jyun4", [0x061F9] = "joeng6", [0x061FA] = "caam3", [0x061FB] = "gei3", [0x061FC] = "geoi6", [0x061FD] = "fun1", [0x061FE] = "sip3", [0x061FF] = "ji3", [0x06200] = "lyun2", [0x06201] = "naan5", [0x06202] = "mei4", [0x06203] = "tong2", [0x06204] = "fok3", [0x06205] = "ngong6", [0x06206] = "zong3", [0x06207] = "zong3", [0x06208] = "gwo1", [0x06209] = "jyut6", [0x0620A] = "mou6", [0x0620B] = "zin1", [0x0620C] = "seot1", [0x0620D] = "syu3", [0x0620E] = "jung4", [0x0620F] = "hei3", [0x06210] = "sing4", [0x06211] = "ngo5", [0x06212] = "gaai3", [0x06213] = "gap3", [0x06214] = "zin1", [0x06215] = "coeng4", [0x06216] = "waak6", [0x06217] = "coeng1", [0x06218] = "zin3", [0x06219] = "dung6", [0x0621A] = "cik1", [0x0621B] = "gaat3", [0x0621C] = "dit6", [0x0621E] = "gaat3", [0x0621F] = "gik1", [0x06220] = "zik1", [0x06221] = "ham1", [0x06222] = "cap1", [0x06223] = "kwai4", [0x06224] = "koi3", [0x06225] = "dang2", [0x06226] = "zin3", [0x06227] = "coeng1", [0x06228] = "go1", [0x06229] = "zin2", [0x0622A] = "zit6", [0x0622B] = "juk1", [0x0622C] = "zin2", [0x0622D] = "jan5", [0x0622E] = "luk6", [0x0622F] = "hei3", [0x06230] = "zin3", [0x06231] = "hei3", [0x06232] = "hei3", [0x06233] = "coek3", [0x06234] = "daai3", [0x06235] = "keoi4", [0x06236] = "wu6", [0x06237] = "wu6", [0x06238] = "wu6", [0x06239] = "ak1", [0x0623A] = "si6", [0x0623B] = "dai6", [0x0623C] = "maau5", [0x0623D] = "fu3", [0x0623E] = "leoi6", [0x0623F] = "fong4", [0x06240] = "so2", [0x06241] = "bin2", [0x06242] = "dim3", [0x06243] = "gwing1", [0x06244] = "soeng2", [0x06245] = "ji4", [0x06246] = "ji2", [0x06247] = "sin3", [0x06248] = "wu6", [0x06249] = "fei1", [0x0624A] = "jim5", [0x0624B] = "sau2", [0x0624C] = "sau2", [0x0624D] = "coi4", [0x0624E] = "zaat3", [0x0624F] = "kau4", [0x06250] = "lak6", [0x06251] = "pok3", [0x06252] = "paa4", [0x06253] = "daa2", [0x06254] = "wing1", [0x06255] = "faan2", [0x06256] = "jap6", [0x06257] = "zoi6", [0x06258] = "tok3", [0x06259] = "zoeng6", [0x0625A] = "tiu2", [0x0625B] = "gong1", [0x0625C] = "jyu1", [0x0625D] = "fu1", [0x0625E] = "hon6", [0x0625F] = "san1", [0x06260] = "caa1", [0x06261] = "ci2", [0x06262] = "gwat1", [0x06263] = "kau3", [0x06264] = "ngaat6", [0x06265] = "dan3", [0x06266] = "cin1", [0x06267] = "zap1", [0x06268] = "jan6", [0x06269] = "kwong3", [0x0626A] = "mun4", [0x0626B] = "sou3", [0x0626C] = "joeng4", [0x0626D] = "nau2", [0x0626E] = "baan6", [0x0626F] = "ce2", [0x06270] = "jiu2", [0x06271] = "kap1", [0x06272] = "ngam4", [0x06273] = "paan1", [0x06274] = "git3", [0x06275] = "jyu1", [0x06276] = "fu4", [0x06277] = "ou3", [0x06278] = "sik1", [0x06279] = "pai1", [0x0627A] = "zi2", [0x0627B] = "ham2", [0x0627C] = "ak1", [0x0627D] = "dan3", [0x0627E] = "zaau2", [0x0627F] = "sing4", [0x06280] = "gei6", [0x06281] = "jin5", [0x06282] = "kwong4", [0x06283] = "bin6", [0x06284] = "caau1", [0x06285] = "keoi1", [0x06286] = "man5", [0x06287] = "wat6", [0x06288] = "jyut6", [0x06289] = "kyut3", [0x0628A] = "baa2", [0x0628B] = "cam3", [0x0628C] = "dam2", [0x0628D] = "sing1", [0x0628E] = "wan5", [0x06290] = "neot6", [0x06291] = "jik1", [0x06292] = "syu1", [0x06293] = "zaau2", [0x06294] = "pau4", [0x06295] = "tau4", [0x06296] = "dau2", [0x06297] = "kong3", [0x06298] = "zit3", [0x06299] = "pau4", [0x0629A] = "fu2", [0x0629B] = "paau1", [0x0629C] = "bat6", [0x0629D] = "aau2", [0x0629E] = "zaak6", [0x0629F] = "tyun4", [0x062A0] = "kau1", [0x062A1] = "leon4", [0x062A2] = "coeng2", [0x062A3] = "gwan1", [0x062A4] = "wu6", [0x062A5] = "bou3", [0x062A6] = "bing2", [0x062A7] = "zi2", [0x062A8] = "ping1", [0x062A9] = "naam4", [0x062AA] = "bo3", [0x062AB] = "pei1", [0x062AC] = "toi4", [0x062AD] = "jiu5", [0x062AE] = "zan2", [0x062AF] = "zaa1", [0x062B0] = "joeng2", [0x062B1] = "pou5", [0x062B2] = "ho1", [0x062B3] = "nei5", [0x062B4] = "jit6", [0x062B5] = "dai2", [0x062B6] = "cik1", [0x062B7] = "pei1", [0x062B8] = "hip3", [0x062B9] = "mut3", [0x062BA] = "mui6", [0x062BB] = "can2", [0x062BC] = "aat3", [0x062BD] = "cau1", [0x062BF] = "man5", [0x062C0] = "zuk1", [0x062C1] = "ke2", [0x062C2] = "fat1", [0x062C3] = "zaa3", [0x062C4] = "zyu2", [0x062C5] = "daam1", [0x062C6] = "caak3", [0x062C7] = "mou5", [0x062C8] = "nim1", [0x062C9] = "laai1", [0x062CA] = "fu2", [0x062CB] = "paau1", [0x062CC] = "bun6", [0x062CD] = "paak3", [0x062CE] = "ling1", [0x062CF] = "naa4", [0x062D0] = "gwaai2", [0x062D1] = "kim4", [0x062D2] = "keoi5", [0x062D3] = "tok3", [0x062D4] = "bat6", [0x062D5] = "to1", [0x062D6] = "to1", [0x062D7] = "aau2", [0x062D8] = "keoi1", [0x062D9] = "zyut3", [0x062DA] = "pun3", [0x062DB] = "ziu1", [0x062DC] = "baai3", [0x062DD] = "baai3", [0x062DE] = "dai2", [0x062DF] = "ji5", [0x062E0] = "geoi3", [0x062E1] = "kwok3", [0x062E2] = "lung5", [0x062E3] = "gaan2", [0x062E4] = "kaa1", [0x062E5] = "jung2", [0x062E6] = "laan4", [0x062E7] = "ning6", [0x062E8] = "but6", [0x062E9] = "zaak6", [0x062EA] = "cin1", [0x062EB] = "hang4", [0x062EC] = "kut3", [0x062ED] = "sik1", [0x062EE] = "git3", [0x062EF] = "cing2", [0x062F0] = "nam5", [0x062F1] = "gung2", [0x062F2] = "gung2", [0x062F3] = "kyun4", [0x062F4] = "saan1", [0x062F5] = "cyun4", [0x062F6] = "zaat3", [0x062F7] = "haau2", [0x062F8] = "ji4", [0x062F9] = "hip3", [0x062FA] = "caak3", [0x062FB] = "fui1", [0x062FC] = "ping1", [0x062FD] = "jai6", [0x062FE] = "sap6", [0x062FF] = "naa4", [0x06300] = "baak3", [0x06301] = "ci4", [0x06302] = "gwaa3", [0x06303] = "zat6", [0x06304] = "kwok3", [0x06305] = "do2", [0x06306] = "do2", [0x06307] = "zi2", [0x06308] = "kit3", [0x06309] = "on3", [0x0630A] = "lung6", [0x0630B] = "zan3", [0x0630C] = "gaak3", [0x0630D] = "haau6", [0x0630E] = "kwaa3", [0x0630F] = "dung6", [0x06311] = "tiu1", [0x06312] = "lit6", [0x06313] = "zaa1", [0x06314] = "leoi5", [0x06315] = "dip3", [0x06316] = "waat3", [0x06317] = "kyut3", [0x06318] = "lyut3", [0x06319] = "geoi2", [0x0631A] = "zi3", [0x0631B] = "lyun4", [0x0631C] = "aa3", [0x0631D] = "zaa1", [0x0631E] = "taat3", [0x0631F] = "hip3", [0x06320] = "naau5", [0x06321] = "dong2", [0x06322] = "giu2", [0x06323] = "zang1", [0x06324] = "zai1", [0x06325] = "fai1", [0x06326] = "cam4", [0x06327] = "jyu5", [0x06328] = "aai1", [0x06329] = "tyut3", [0x0632A] = "no4", [0x0632B] = "co3", [0x0632C] = "but6", [0x0632D] = "gaang3", [0x0632E] = "tai2", [0x0632F] = "zan3", [0x06330] = "caang4", [0x06331] = "so1", [0x06332] = "so1", [0x06333] = "hang1", [0x06334] = "mui5", [0x06335] = "lung6", [0x06336] = "guk6", [0x06337] = "pong3", [0x06338] = "gin2", [0x06339] = "jap1", [0x0633A] = "ting5", [0x0633B] = "saan1", [0x0633C] = "no4", [0x0633D] = "waan5", [0x0633E] = "hip3", [0x0633F] = "caap3", [0x06340] = "fung4", [0x06341] = "gaau2", [0x06342] = "wu2", [0x06343] = "kwan2", [0x06344] = "kau4", [0x06345] = "tung2", [0x06346] = "kwan2", [0x06347] = "waak6", [0x06348] = "tou4", [0x06349] = "zuk1", [0x0634A] = "pau4", [0x0634B] = "lyut3", [0x0634C] = "baat3", [0x0634D] = "hon6", [0x0634E] = "saau1", [0x0634F] = "nip6", [0x06350] = "gyun1", [0x06351] = "zik6", [0x06352] = "cuk1", [0x06353] = "je4", [0x06354] = "gok3", [0x06355] = "bou6", [0x06356] = "gwaat3", [0x06357] = "bou6", [0x06358] = "zyun3", [0x06359] = "jai6", [0x0635A] = "zaai1", [0x0635B] = "leoi5", [0x0635C] = "sau1", [0x0635D] = "tyut3", [0x0635E] = "laau4", [0x0635F] = "syun2", [0x06360] = "bang1", [0x06361] = "gim2", [0x06362] = "wun6", [0x06363] = "dou2", [0x06364] = "mei5", [0x06365] = "wun2", [0x06366] = "kam4", [0x06367] = "pung2", [0x06368] = "se2", [0x06369] = "lit6", [0x0636A] = "man4", [0x0636B] = "mun4", [0x0636C] = "fu2", [0x0636D] = "baai2", [0x0636E] = "geoi3", [0x0636F] = "dou3", [0x06370] = "wo2", [0x06371] = "ngaai4", [0x06372] = "gyun2", [0x06373] = "ngok6", [0x06374] = "zung2", [0x06375] = "tin2", [0x06376] = "ceoi4", [0x06377] = "zit6", [0x06378] = "teot1", [0x06379] = "ban3", [0x0637A] = "naat6", [0x0637B] = "nip6", [0x0637C] = "no4", [0x0637D] = "zeot1", [0x0637E] = "wut6", [0x0637F] = "cai1", [0x06380] = "hin1", [0x06381] = "caang4", [0x06382] = "dim1", [0x06383] = "sou3", [0x06384] = "leon4", [0x06385] = "cing3", [0x06386] = "gong1", [0x06387] = "zyut3", [0x06388] = "sau6", [0x06389] = "diu6", [0x0638A] = "pau2", [0x0638B] = "dai2", [0x0638C] = "zoeng2", [0x0638D] = "wan6", [0x0638E] = "gei2", [0x0638F] = "tou4", [0x06390] = "haap3", [0x06391] = "kei4", [0x06392] = "paai4", [0x06393] = "suk1", [0x06394] = "haan1", [0x06395] = "ling4", [0x06396] = "jik6", [0x06397] = "aa3", [0x06398] = "gwat6", [0x06399] = "zang1", [0x0639A] = "loeng5", [0x0639B] = "gwaa3", [0x0639C] = "ngai5", [0x0639D] = "waak6", [0x0639E] = "sim3", [0x0639F] = "deng3", [0x063A0] = "loek6", [0x063A1] = "coi2", [0x063A2] = "taam3", [0x063A3] = "zai3", [0x063A4] = "bing1", [0x063A5] = "zip3", [0x063A6] = "tik1", [0x063A7] = "hung3", [0x063A8] = "teoi1", [0x063A9] = "jim2", [0x063AA] = "cou3", [0x063AB] = "zau1", [0x063AC] = "guk1", [0x063AD] = "tim5", [0x063AE] = "kin4", [0x063AF] = "kang3", [0x063B0] = "maak3", [0x063B1] = "paa4", [0x063B2] = "kit3", [0x063B3] = "lou5", [0x063B4] = "gwaak3", [0x063B5] = "ming6", [0x063B6] = "zit6", [0x063B7] = "zaak6", [0x063B8] = "daan6", [0x063B9] = "mang1", [0x063BA] = "caam1", [0x063BB] = "sou1", [0x063BC] = "gwaan3", [0x063BD] = "pung3", [0x063BE] = "jyun6", [0x063BF] = "nok6", [0x063C0] = "gaan2", [0x063C1] = "zing1", [0x063C2] = "zau1", [0x063C3] = "zin2", [0x063C4] = "jyu4", [0x063C5] = "jin4", [0x063C6] = "kwai4", [0x063C7] = "naam4", [0x063C8] = "fang4", [0x063C9] = "jau4", [0x063CA] = "bik1", [0x063CB] = "wui1", [0x063CC] = "sak1", [0x063CD] = "zau3", [0x063CE] = "syun1", [0x063CF] = "miu4", [0x063D0] = "tai4", [0x063D1] = "nip6", [0x063D2] = "caap3", [0x063D3] = "ci3", [0x063D4] = "zung2", [0x063D5] = "zam3", [0x063D6] = "jap1", [0x063D7] = "tan4", [0x063D8] = "wing4", [0x063D9] = "bin1", [0x063DA] = "joeng4", [0x063DB] = "wun6", [0x063DC] = "jim2", [0x063DD] = "zaan2", [0x063DE] = "am2", [0x063DF] = "seoi1", [0x063E0] = "aat3", [0x063E1] = "ak1", [0x063E2] = "kak1", [0x063E3] = "ceoi2", [0x063E4] = "zat1", [0x063E5] = "dai3", [0x063E6] = "laa2", [0x063E7] = "laat6", [0x063E8] = "caang4", [0x063E9] = "haai1", [0x063EA] = "zau1", [0x063EB] = "zau1", [0x063EC] = "dat6", [0x063ED] = "kit3", [0x063EE] = "fai1", [0x063EF] = "gang1", [0x063F0] = "cung3", [0x063F1] = "siu1", [0x063F2] = "sit3", [0x063F3] = "sit3", [0x063F4] = "wun4", [0x063F5] = "kin4", [0x063F6] = "je4", [0x063F7] = "caap3", [0x063F8] = "zaa1", [0x063F9] = "bui3", [0x063FA] = "jiu4", [0x063FB] = "wai1", [0x063FC] = "dam2", [0x063FD] = "laam5", [0x063FE] = "wan2", [0x063FF] = "gam6", [0x06400] = "caam1", [0x06401] = "gok3", [0x06402] = "lau1", [0x06403] = "zung2", [0x06404] = "gang1", [0x06405] = "gaau2", [0x06406] = "kau3", [0x06407] = "kam2", [0x06408] = "jung4", [0x06409] = "kok3", [0x0640A] = "cau1", [0x0640B] = "caai1", [0x0640C] = "zin2", [0x0640D] = "syun2", [0x0640E] = "syun1", [0x0640F] = "bok3", [0x06410] = "cuk1", [0x06411] = "jung4", [0x06412] = "pong3", [0x06413] = "co1", [0x06414] = "sou1", [0x06415] = "hap6", [0x06416] = "jiu4", [0x06417] = "dou2", [0x06418] = "zi1", [0x06419] = "nuk6", [0x0641A] = "lap6", [0x0641B] = "gim1", [0x0641C] = "sau1", [0x0641D] = "hau2", [0x0641E] = "gaau2", [0x0641F] = "hin2", [0x06420] = "sok3", [0x06421] = "song2", [0x06422] = "zeon3", [0x06423] = "mit1", [0x06424] = "ak1", [0x06425] = "ceoi4", [0x06426] = "nik1", [0x06427] = "sin3", [0x06428] = "taap3", [0x06429] = "git6", [0x0642A] = "tong4", [0x0642B] = "pun4", [0x0642C] = "bun1", [0x0642D] = "daap3", [0x0642E] = "leot6", [0x0642F] = "tou1", [0x06430] = "wat6", [0x06431] = "zi6", [0x06432] = "waa2", [0x06433] = "waak6", [0x06434] = "hin1", [0x06435] = "wan2", [0x06436] = "coeng2", [0x06437] = "tin4", [0x06438] = "zeon1", [0x06439] = "ngak1", [0x0643A] = "kwai4", [0x0643C] = "kyun4", [0x0643D] = "caa4", [0x0643E] = "zaa3", [0x0643F] = "gaap3", [0x06440] = "wu2", [0x06441] = "on3", [0x06442] = "sip3", [0x06444] = "sip3", [0x06445] = "syu1", [0x06446] = "baai2", [0x06447] = "jiu4", [0x06448] = "ban3", [0x06449] = "sau1", [0x0644A] = "taan1", [0x0644B] = "saat3", [0x0644C] = "caan2", [0x0644D] = "suk1", [0x0644E] = "gau1", [0x0644F] = "zung1", [0x06450] = "cung1", [0x06451] = "gwaak3", [0x06452] = "bing3", [0x06453] = "fung4", [0x06454] = "seot1", [0x06455] = "dai3", [0x06456] = "cai3", [0x06457] = "cuk1", [0x06458] = "zaak6", [0x06459] = "lin5", [0x0645A] = "tong3", [0x0645B] = "ci1", [0x0645C] = "gwaan3", [0x0645D] = "luk6", [0x0645E] = "lo6", [0x0645F] = "lau1", [0x06460] = "zung2", [0x06461] = "goi3", [0x06462] = "wu6", [0x06463] = "zaa1", [0x06464] = "coeng2", [0x06465] = "tong3", [0x06466] = "waa6", [0x06467] = "ceoi1", [0x06468] = "naai4", [0x06469] = "mo1", [0x0646A] = "zoeng1", [0x0646B] = "kwai1", [0x0646C] = "jing2", [0x0646D] = "zek3", [0x0646E] = "ngou4", [0x0646F] = "zi3", [0x06470] = "jit6", [0x06471] = "maan1", [0x06472] = "saam3", [0x06473] = "kau1", [0x06474] = "syu1", [0x06475] = "saak3", [0x06476] = "tyun4", [0x06477] = "ziu6", [0x06478] = "mo2", [0x06479] = "mou4", [0x0647A] = "zip3", [0x0647B] = "caam1", [0x0647C] = "hang1", [0x0647D] = "biu1", [0x0647E] = "koeng5", [0x0647F] = "jiu4", [0x06480] = "gau3", [0x06481] = "hin1", [0x06482] = "liu1", [0x06483] = "gik1", [0x06484] = "jing1", [0x06485] = "kyut3", [0x06486] = "pit3", [0x06487] = "pit3", [0x06488] = "laau4", [0x06489] = "dan3", [0x0648A] = "haan6", [0x0648C] = "gwai6", [0x0648D] = "zaan2", [0x0648E] = "ji3", [0x0648F] = "cam4", [0x06490] = "caang1", [0x06491] = "caang1", [0x06492] = "saat3", [0x06493] = "naau5", [0x06494] = "wang6", [0x06495] = "si1", [0x06496] = "hon6", [0x06497] = "gwong3", [0x06498] = "daap3", [0x06499] = "zyun2", [0x0649A] = "nan2", [0x0649B] = "leon5", [0x0649C] = "cing2", [0x0649D] = "fai1", [0x0649E] = "zong6", [0x0649F] = "giu2", [0x064A0] = "gik1", [0x064A1] = "cou1", [0x064A2] = "taam3", [0x064A3] = "daan2", [0x064A4] = "cit3", [0x064A5] = "but6", [0x064A6] = "ce2", [0x064A7] = "zyut6", [0x064A8] = "siu1", [0x064A9] = "liu4", [0x064AA] = "ban6", [0x064AB] = "fu2", [0x064AC] = "giu6", [0x064AD] = "bo3", [0x064AE] = "cyut3", [0x064AF] = "zoek3", [0x064B0] = "zaan6", [0x064B1] = "wai5", [0x064B2] = "pok3", [0x064B3] = "gam6", [0x064B4] = "deon1", [0x064B5] = "lin5", [0x064B6] = "waa1", [0x064B7] = "kit3", [0x064B8] = "lou5", [0x064B9] = "gaau2", [0x064BA] = "cyun3", [0x064BB] = "taat3", [0x064BC] = "ham6", [0x064BD] = "gik1", [0x064BE] = "zaa1", [0x064BF] = "gim2", [0x064C0] = "gon2", [0x064C1] = "jung2", [0x064C2] = "leoi4", [0x064C3] = "nong5", [0x064C4] = "lou5", [0x064C5] = "sin6", [0x064C6] = "zoek3", [0x064C7] = "zaak6", [0x064C8] = "pok3", [0x064C9] = "cok3", [0x064CA] = "gik1", [0x064CB] = "dong2", [0x064CC] = "saak3", [0x064CD] = "cou1", [0x064CE] = "king4", [0x064CF] = "king4", [0x064D0] = "gwaan3", [0x064D1] = "zip3", [0x064D2] = "kam4", [0x064D3] = "kwaai5", [0x064D4] = "daam1", [0x064D5] = "kwai4", [0x064D6] = "kaa1", [0x064D7] = "pik1", [0x064D8] = "maak3", [0x064D9] = "ngou1", [0x064DA] = "geoi3", [0x064DB] = "jip6", [0x064DC] = "ngaat6", [0x064DD] = "mang1", [0x064DE] = "sau2", [0x064DF] = "mei4", [0x064E0] = "zai1", [0x064E1] = "toi4", [0x064E2] = "zok6", [0x064E3] = "dou2", [0x064E4] = "sang3", [0x064E5] = "laam5", [0x064E6] = "caat3", [0x064E7] = "geoi2", [0x064E8] = "je4", [0x064E9] = "jyu5", [0x064EA] = "jip3", [0x064EB] = "jip3", [0x064EC] = "ji5", [0x064ED] = "wok6", [0x064EE] = "zit6", [0x064EF] = "ban3", [0x064F0] = "ning6", [0x064F1] = "gok3", [0x064F2] = "zaak6", [0x064F3] = "zit1", [0x064F4] = "kwok3", [0x064F5] = "mo1", [0x064F6] = "zin3", [0x064F7] = "kit3", [0x064F8] = "laap3", [0x064F9] = "taan1", [0x064FA] = "baai2", [0x064FB] = "sau2", [0x064FC] = "lou5", [0x064FD] = "lik6", [0x064FE] = "jiu2", [0x064FF] = "tik1", [0x06500] = "paan1", [0x06501] = "joeng5", [0x06502] = "leoi4", [0x06503] = "caat3", [0x06504] = "syu1", [0x06505] = "cyun4", [0x06506] = "lin5", [0x06507] = "hin2", [0x06508] = "kwan2", [0x06509] = "fok3", [0x0650A] = "lik6", [0x0650B] = "laai6", [0x0650C] = "waan6", [0x0650D] = "jing4", [0x0650E] = "lou4", [0x0650F] = "lung5", [0x06510] = "hin1", [0x06511] = "hin1", [0x06512] = "cyun4", [0x06513] = "hin1", [0x06514] = "laan4", [0x06515] = "cim1", [0x06516] = "jing1", [0x06517] = "mei4", [0x06518] = "joeng4", [0x06519] = "caam1", [0x0651A] = "jing4", [0x0651B] = "cyun3", [0x0651C] = "kwai4", [0x0651D] = "sip3", [0x0651E] = "lyut3", [0x0651F] = "kwan2", [0x06520] = "mei4", [0x06521] = "ci1", [0x06522] = "cyun4", [0x06523] = "lyun4", [0x06524] = "taan1", [0x06525] = "zaan6", [0x06526] = "lai6", [0x06527] = "din1", [0x06528] = "waa2", [0x06529] = "dong2", [0x0652A] = "gaau2", [0x0652B] = "fok3", [0x0652C] = "laam5", [0x0652D] = "lai5", [0x0652E] = "nong5", [0x0652F] = "zi1", [0x06530] = "gui6", [0x06531] = "gwai2", [0x06532] = "kei1", [0x06533] = "cam4", [0x06534] = "pok3", [0x06535] = "pok3", [0x06536] = "sau1", [0x06537] = "haau2", [0x06538] = "jau4", [0x06539] = "goi2", [0x0653A] = "ji5", [0x0653B] = "gung1", [0x0653C] = "gon1", [0x0653D] = "baan1", [0x0653E] = "fong3", [0x0653F] = "zing3", [0x06540] = "baak3", [0x06541] = "dim1", [0x06542] = "kau3", [0x06543] = "man5", [0x06544] = "mou6", [0x06545] = "gu3", [0x06546] = "hap6", [0x06547] = "caak3", [0x06548] = "haau6", [0x06549] = "mei5", [0x0654A] = "cuk1", [0x0654B] = "gok3", [0x0654C] = "dik6", [0x0654D] = "zeoi6", [0x0654E] = "gaau3", [0x0654F] = "man5", [0x06550] = "san4", [0x06551] = "gau3", [0x06552] = "san1", [0x06553] = "dyut6", [0x06554] = "jyu5", [0x06555] = "cik1", [0x06556] = "ngou4", [0x06557] = "baai6", [0x06558] = "zeoi6", [0x06559] = "gaau3", [0x0655A] = "dyut6", [0x0655B] = "lim5", [0x0655C] = "nip6", [0x0655D] = "bai6", [0x0655E] = "cong2", [0x0655F] = "din2", [0x06560] = "zyut3", [0x06561] = "ji6", [0x06562] = "gam2", [0x06563] = "saan3", [0x06564] = "fo2", [0x06565] = "jim6", [0x06566] = "deon1", [0x06567] = "gei1", [0x06568] = "tau2", [0x06569] = "haau6", [0x0656A] = "zyut3", [0x0656B] = "giu3", [0x0656C] = "ging3", [0x0656D] = "joeng4", [0x0656E] = "hap1", [0x0656F] = "man5", [0x06570] = "sou3", [0x06571] = "ngoi4", [0x06572] = "haau1", [0x06573] = "ngoi4", [0x06574] = "zing2", [0x06575] = "dik6", [0x06576] = "can4", [0x06577] = "fu1", [0x06578] = "sou3", [0x06579] = "liu4", [0x0657A] = "keoi1", [0x0657B] = "hing3", [0x0657C] = "ji2", [0x0657D] = "giu2", [0x0657E] = "sin6", [0x0657F] = "giu2", [0x06580] = "zoek3", [0x06581] = "jik6", [0x06582] = "lim5", [0x06583] = "bai6", [0x06584] = "lei4", [0x06585] = "haau6", [0x06586] = "haau6", [0x06587] = "man4", [0x06588] = "hok6", [0x06589] = "cai4", [0x0658A] = "cai4", [0x0658B] = "zaai1", [0x0658C] = "ban1", [0x0658D] = "gok3", [0x0658E] = "zaai1", [0x0658F] = "loeng4", [0x06590] = "fei2", [0x06591] = "baan1", [0x06592] = "baan1", [0x06593] = "laan4", [0x06594] = "jyu4", [0x06595] = "laan4", [0x06596] = "mei5", [0x06597] = "dau3", [0x06598] = "sing1", [0x06599] = "liu6", [0x0659A] = "gaa2", [0x0659B] = "huk6", [0x0659C] = "ce4", [0x0659D] = "gaa2", [0x0659E] = "jyu4", [0x0659F] = "zam1", [0x065A0] = "gaau3", [0x065A1] = "waat3", [0x065A2] = "tau3", [0x065A3] = "dau3", [0x065A4] = "gan1", [0x065A5] = "cik1", [0x065A6] = "ngan4", [0x065A7] = "fu2", [0x065A8] = "coeng1", [0x065A9] = "zaam2", [0x065AA] = "keoi4", [0x065AB] = "zoek3", [0x065AC] = "zaam2", [0x065AD] = "dyun6", [0x065AE] = "zoek3", [0x065AF] = "si1", [0x065B0] = "san1", [0x065B1] = "zoek3", [0x065B2] = "doek3", [0x065B3] = "kan4", [0x065B4] = "leon4", [0x065B5] = "zoek3", [0x065B6] = "cuk1", [0x065B7] = "dyun6", [0x065B8] = "zuk1", [0x065B9] = "fong1", [0x065BA] = "cin2", [0x065BB] = "hong4", [0x065BC] = "jyu1", [0x065BD] = "si1", [0x065BE] = "pui3", [0x065BF] = "jau4", [0x065C0] = "ji5", [0x065C1] = "pong4", [0x065C2] = "kei4", [0x065C3] = "zin1", [0x065C4] = "mou4", [0x065C5] = "leoi5", [0x065C6] = "pui3", [0x065C7] = "pei1", [0x065C8] = "lau4", [0x065C9] = "fu1", [0x065CA] = "fong2", [0x065CB] = "syun4", [0x065CC] = "zing1", [0x065CD] = "zing1", [0x065CE] = "nei5", [0x065CF] = "zuk6", [0x065D0] = "siu6", [0x065D1] = "ji2", [0x065D2] = "lau4", [0x065D3] = "saau1", [0x065D4] = "gin3", [0x065D5] = "jyu1", [0x065D6] = "ji2", [0x065D7] = "kei4", [0x065D8] = "ci3", [0x065D9] = "faan1", [0x065DA] = "piu1", [0x065DB] = "faan1", [0x065DC] = "zin1", [0x065DD] = "kui2", [0x065DE] = "seoi6", [0x065DF] = "jyu4", [0x065E0] = "mou4", [0x065E1] = "gei3", [0x065E2] = "gei3", [0x065E3] = "gei3", [0x065E4] = "wo6", [0x065E5] = "jat6", [0x065E6] = "daan3", [0x065E7] = "gau6", [0x065E8] = "zi2", [0x065E9] = "zou2", [0x065EA] = "hip3", [0x065EB] = "tiu1", [0x065EC] = "ceon4", [0x065ED] = "juk1", [0x065EE] = "go1", [0x065EF] = "lo1", [0x065F0] = "gon3", [0x065F1] = "hon5", [0x065F2] = "toi4", [0x065F3] = "dik1", [0x065F4] = "heoi1", [0x065F5] = "caam2", [0x065F6] = "si4", [0x065F7] = "kwong3", [0x065F8] = "joeng4", [0x065F9] = "si4", [0x065FA] = "wong6", [0x065FB] = "man4", [0x065FC] = "man4", [0x065FD] = "tan1", [0x065FE] = "ceon1", [0x065FF] = "ng5", [0x06600] = "wan4", [0x06601] = "bui3", [0x06602] = "ngong4", [0x06603] = "zak1", [0x06604] = "baan2", [0x06605] = "gip6", [0x06606] = "kwan1", [0x06607] = "sing1", [0x06608] = "wu6", [0x06609] = "fong2", [0x0660A] = "hou6", [0x0660B] = "gwai3", [0x0660C] = "coeng1", [0x0660D] = "hyun1", [0x0660E] = "ming4", [0x0660F] = "fan1", [0x06610] = "fan1", [0x06611] = "jam2", [0x06612] = "fat1", [0x06613] = "ji6", [0x06614] = "sik1", [0x06615] = "jan1", [0x06616] = "jyun4", [0x06617] = "zak1", [0x06618] = "fong2", [0x06619] = "taam4", [0x0661A] = "san6", [0x0661B] = "geoi6", [0x0661C] = "joeng4", [0x0661D] = "zaan2", [0x0661E] = "bing2", [0x0661F] = "sing1", [0x06620] = "jing2", [0x06621] = "jyun6", [0x06622] = "pui3", [0x06623] = "can2", [0x06624] = "ling4", [0x06625] = "ceon1", [0x06626] = "hou6", [0x06627] = "mui6", [0x06628] = "zok6", [0x06629] = "mut6", [0x0662A] = "bin6", [0x0662B] = "heoi2", [0x0662C] = "fan1", [0x0662D] = "ciu1", [0x0662E] = "zung6", [0x0662F] = "si6", [0x06630] = "haa6", [0x06631] = "juk1", [0x06632] = "fai3", [0x06633] = "dit6", [0x06634] = "maau5", [0x06635] = "nik1", [0x06636] = "cong2", [0x06637] = "wan1", [0x06638] = "dung1", [0x06639] = "oi2", [0x0663A] = "bing2", [0x0663B] = "ngong4", [0x0663C] = "zau3", [0x0663D] = "lung4", [0x0663E] = "hin2", [0x0663F] = "kwong3", [0x06640] = "tiu2", [0x06641] = "ciu4", [0x06642] = "si4", [0x06643] = "fong2", [0x06644] = "fong2", [0x06645] = "hyun1", [0x06646] = "kwai1", [0x06647] = "heoi1", [0x06648] = "gaau2", [0x06649] = "zeon3", [0x0664A] = "zat1", [0x0664B] = "zeon3", [0x0664C] = "hoeng2", [0x0664D] = "tung4", [0x0664E] = "hung2", [0x0664F] = "aan3", [0x06650] = "goi1", [0x06651] = "hoeng2", [0x06652] = "saai3", [0x06653] = "hiu2", [0x06654] = "jip6", [0x06655] = "wan4", [0x06656] = "fai1", [0x06657] = "ham4", [0x06658] = "waan5", [0x06659] = "zeon3", [0x0665A] = "maan5", [0x0665B] = "jin5", [0x0665C] = "kwan1", [0x0665D] = "zau3", [0x0665E] = "hei1", [0x0665F] = "sing4", [0x06660] = "cou4", [0x06661] = "bou1", [0x06662] = "zit3", [0x06663] = "zit3", [0x06664] = "ng6", [0x06665] = "wun5", [0x06666] = "fui3", [0x06667] = "hou6", [0x06668] = "san4", [0x06669] = "maan5", [0x0666A] = "long4", [0x0666B] = "zoek3", [0x0666C] = "zeoi3", [0x0666D] = "zau2", [0x0666E] = "pou2", [0x0666F] = "ging2", [0x06670] = "sik1", [0x06671] = "sim2", [0x06672] = "ngai5", [0x06673] = "sik1", [0x06674] = "cing4", [0x06675] = "kai2", [0x06676] = "zing1", [0x06677] = "gwai2", [0x06678] = "zing2", [0x06679] = "sik1", [0x0667A] = "zi3", [0x0667B] = "am2", [0x0667C] = "jyun2", [0x0667D] = "lam4", [0x0667E] = "long6", [0x0667F] = "coeng1", [0x06680] = "wong2", [0x06681] = "hiu2", [0x06682] = "zaam6", [0x06683] = "fei1", [0x06684] = "hyun1", [0x06685] = "hyun1", [0x06686] = "ji4", [0x06687] = "haa6", [0x06688] = "wan4", [0x06689] = "fai1", [0x0668A] = "seoi2", [0x0668B] = "man5", [0x0668C] = "kwai4", [0x0668D] = "hot3", [0x0668E] = "jing2", [0x0668F] = "syu6", [0x06690] = "wai5", [0x06691] = "syu2", [0x06692] = "cing4", [0x06693] = "mau6", [0x06694] = "naam4", [0x06695] = "gaan2", [0x06696] = "nyun5", [0x06697] = "am3", [0x06698] = "joeng4", [0x06699] = "ceon1", [0x0669A] = "jiu4", [0x0669B] = "so2", [0x0669C] = "pou2", [0x0669D] = "ming4", [0x0669E] = "giu2", [0x0669F] = "hoi2", [0x066A0] = "gou2", [0x066A1] = "jung2", [0x066A2] = "coeng3", [0x066A3] = "hei3", [0x066A4] = "hou6", [0x066A5] = "aan3", [0x066A6] = "lik6", [0x066A7] = "oi3", [0x066A8] = "kei3", [0x066A9] = "zai3", [0x066AA] = "mun5", [0x066AB] = "zaam6", [0x066AC] = "sit3", [0x066AD] = "hou6", [0x066AE] = "mou6", [0x066AF] = "mok6", [0x066B0] = "cung1", [0x066B1] = "nik1", [0x066B2] = "zoeng1", [0x066B3] = "wai3", [0x066B4] = "bou6", [0x066B5] = "hon3", [0x066B6] = "syun4", [0x066B7] = "cyun4", [0x066B8] = "liu4", [0x066B9] = "cim3", [0x066BA] = "taan2", [0x066BB] = "ging2", [0x066BC] = "pit3", [0x066BD] = "leon4", [0x066BE] = "tan1", [0x066BF] = "hei2", [0x066C0] = "ai3", [0x066C1] = "kei3", [0x066C2] = "wong6", [0x066C3] = "doi6", [0x066C4] = "jip6", [0x066C5] = "jip6", [0x066C6] = "lik6", [0x066C7] = "taam4", [0x066C8] = "tung4", [0x066C9] = "hiu2", [0x066CA] = "fai3", [0x066CB] = "sam2", [0x066CC] = "ziu3", [0x066CD] = "hou6", [0x066CE] = "jik6", [0x066CF] = "hoeng2", [0x066D0] = "sing1", [0x066D1] = "sam1", [0x066D2] = "giu2", [0x066D3] = "bou6", [0x066D4] = "ging6", [0x066D5] = "jim6", [0x066D6] = "oi3", [0x066D7] = "jip6", [0x066D8] = "jyu4", [0x066D9] = "cyu5", [0x066DA] = "mung4", [0x066DB] = "fan1", [0x066DC] = "jiu6", [0x066DD] = "buk6", [0x066DE] = "lai6", [0x066DF] = "san4", [0x066E0] = "kwong3", [0x066E1] = "dip6", [0x066E2] = "liu4", [0x066E3] = "jin3", [0x066E4] = "fok3", [0x066E5] = "lou4", [0x066E6] = "hei1", [0x066E7] = "jung4", [0x066E8] = "lung4", [0x066E9] = "nong5", [0x066EA] = "lo2", [0x066EB] = "lyun4", [0x066EC] = "saai3", [0x066ED] = "tong2", [0x066EE] = "jim5", [0x066EF] = "zuk1", [0x066F0] = "joek6", [0x066F1] = "gaat6", [0x066F2] = "kuk1", [0x066F3] = "jai6", [0x066F4] = "gang1", [0x066F5] = "jai6", [0x066F6] = "fat1", [0x066F7] = "hot3", [0x066F8] = "syu1", [0x066F9] = "cou4", [0x066FA] = "cou4", [0x066FB] = "cyun2", [0x066FC] = "maan6", [0x066FD] = "zang1", [0x066FE] = "zang1", [0x066FF] = "tai3", [0x06700] = "zeoi3", [0x06701] = "caam2", [0x06702] = "juk1", [0x06703] = "wui6", [0x06704] = "jan5", [0x06705] = "kit3", [0x06706] = "fan1", [0x06707] = "pei4", [0x06708] = "jyut6", [0x06709] = "jau5", [0x0670B] = "pang4", [0x0670C] = "fan4", [0x0670D] = "fuk6", [0x0670E] = "ling4", [0x0670F] = "fei2", [0x06710] = "keoi4", [0x06711] = "sai3", [0x06712] = "nuk6", [0x06713] = "tiu3", [0x06714] = "sok3", [0x06715] = "zam6", [0x06716] = "long5", [0x06717] = "long5", [0x06719] = "ming4", [0x0671A] = "fong1", [0x0671B] = "mong6", [0x0671C] = "tan1", [0x0671D] = "ciu4", [0x0671E] = "gei1", [0x0671F] = "kei4", [0x06720] = "jing1", [0x06721] = "zung1", [0x06722] = "mong6", [0x06723] = "tung4", [0x06724] = "long5", [0x06725] = "lou4", [0x06726] = "mung4", [0x06727] = "lung4", [0x06728] = "muk6", [0x06729] = "muk6", [0x0672A] = "mei6", [0x0672B] = "mut6", [0x0672C] = "bun2", [0x0672D] = "zaat3", [0x0672E] = "seot6", [0x0672F] = "seot6", [0x06730] = "zaat3", [0x06731] = "zyu1", [0x06732] = "jan4", [0x06733] = "baat3", [0x06734] = "pok3", [0x06735] = "do2", [0x06736] = "do2", [0x06737] = "dou1", [0x06738] = "lak6", [0x06739] = "kau4", [0x0673A] = "gei1", [0x0673B] = "gau1", [0x0673C] = "pei4", [0x0673D] = "nau2", [0x0673E] = "caang4", [0x0673F] = "ci3", [0x06740] = "saat3", [0x06741] = "jan4", [0x06742] = "zaap6", [0x06743] = "kyun4", [0x06744] = "cin1", [0x06745] = "jyu1", [0x06746] = "gon1", [0x06747] = "wu1", [0x06748] = "caa1", [0x06749] = "caam3", [0x0674A] = "ceon4", [0x0674B] = "faan4", [0x0674C] = "ngat6", [0x0674D] = "zi2", [0x0674E] = "lei5", [0x0674F] = "hang6", [0x06750] = "coi4", [0x06751] = "cyun1", [0x06752] = "jan6", [0x06753] = "biu1", [0x06754] = "tok3", [0x06755] = "dai6", [0x06756] = "zoeng6", [0x06757] = "mong4", [0x06758] = "ci3", [0x06759] = "jik6", [0x0675A] = "koi3", [0x0675B] = "gung1", [0x0675C] = "dou6", [0x0675D] = "ji4", [0x0675E] = "gei2", [0x0675F] = "cuk1", [0x06760] = "gong1", [0x06761] = "tiu4", [0x06762] = "gong3", [0x06763] = "min4", [0x06764] = "maan6", [0x06765] = "loi4", [0x06766] = "gau2", [0x06767] = "mong1", [0x06768] = "joeng4", [0x06769] = "maa5", [0x0676A] = "miu5", [0x0676B] = "ci3", [0x0676C] = "jyun4", [0x0676D] = "hong4", [0x0676E] = "fai3", [0x0676F] = "bui1", [0x06770] = "git6", [0x06771] = "dung1", [0x06772] = "gou2", [0x06773] = "miu5", [0x06774] = "him1", [0x06775] = "cyu5", [0x06776] = "ceon1", [0x06777] = "paa4", [0x06778] = "syu4", [0x06779] = "faa3", [0x0677A] = "sam1", [0x0677B] = "cau2", [0x0677C] = "cyu5", [0x0677D] = "cau2", [0x0677E] = "cung4", [0x0677F] = "baan2", [0x06780] = "cung4", [0x06781] = "gik6", [0x06782] = "wut6", [0x06783] = "zeon3", [0x06784] = "kau3", [0x06785] = "gai1", [0x06786] = "mou4", [0x06787] = "pei4", [0x06788] = "bei3", [0x06789] = "wong2", [0x0678A] = "ngong6", [0x0678B] = "fong1", [0x0678C] = "fan4", [0x0678D] = "jai6", [0x0678E] = "fu4", [0x0678F] = "naam4", [0x06790] = "sik1", [0x06791] = "wu6", [0x06792] = "aa1", [0x06793] = "dau2", [0x06794] = "cam4", [0x06795] = "zam2", [0x06796] = "jiu1", [0x06797] = "lam4", [0x06798] = "jeoi6", [0x06799] = "ngo4", [0x0679A] = "mui4", [0x0679B] = "zaau3", [0x0679C] = "gwo2", [0x0679D] = "zi1", [0x0679E] = "cung1", [0x0679F] = "taan4", [0x067A0] = "zyut6", [0x067A1] = "sing1", [0x067A2] = "syu1", [0x067A3] = "zou2", [0x067A4] = "dai6", [0x067A5] = "lik1", [0x067A6] = "lou4", [0x067A7] = "gaan2", [0x067A8] = "caang4", [0x067A9] = "cung4", [0x067AA] = "coeng1", [0x067AB] = "fung1", [0x067AC] = "zin1", [0x067AD] = "hiu1", [0x067AE] = "cim1", [0x067AF] = "fu1", [0x067B0] = "ping4", [0x067B1] = "toi2", [0x067B2] = "saai2", [0x067B3] = "zi2", [0x067B4] = "gwaai2", [0x067B5] = "hiu1", [0x067B6] = "gaa3", [0x067B7] = "gaa1", [0x067B8] = "gau2", [0x067B9] = "baau1", [0x067BA] = "mut6", [0x067BB] = "jai6", [0x067BC] = "jip6", [0x067BD] = "jip6", [0x067BE] = "si6", [0x067BF] = "jit6", [0x067C0] = "bei2", [0x067C1] = "to4", [0x067C2] = "ji4", [0x067C3] = "ling4", [0x067C4] = "beng3", [0x067C5] = "nei5", [0x067C6] = "laap6", [0x067C7] = "wo4", [0x067C8] = "bun6", [0x067C9] = "faan4", [0x067CA] = "dung1", [0x067CB] = "doi6", [0x067CC] = "ci4", [0x067CD] = "joeng1", [0x067CE] = "fu1", [0x067CF] = "paak3", [0x067D0] = "mau5", [0x067D1] = "gam1", [0x067D2] = "cat1", [0x067D3] = "jim5", [0x067D4] = "jau4", [0x067D5] = "mau6", [0x067D6] = "siu4", [0x067D7] = "cung4", [0x067D8] = "ze3", [0x067D9] = "haap6", [0x067DA] = "jau2", [0x067DB] = "san1", [0x067DC] = "gwai6", [0x067DD] = "tok3", [0x067DE] = "zok6", [0x067DF] = "naam4", [0x067E0] = "ning4", [0x067E1] = "wing5", [0x067E2] = "dai2", [0x067E3] = "dit6", [0x067E4] = "zaa1", [0x067E5] = "caa4", [0x067E6] = "daan6", [0x067E7] = "gu1", [0x067E8] = "bou3", [0x067E9] = "gau6", [0x067EA] = "au1", [0x067EB] = "fat1", [0x067EC] = "gaan2", [0x067ED] = "baat3", [0x067EE] = "deot1", [0x067EF] = "o1", [0x067F0] = "noi6", [0x067F1] = "cyu5", [0x067F2] = "bei3", [0x067F3] = "lau5", [0x067F4] = "caai4", [0x067F5] = "caak3", [0x067F6] = "si3", [0x067F7] = "zuk1", [0x067F8] = "pui1", [0x067F9] = "ci2", [0x067FA] = "gwaai2", [0x067FB] = "caa4", [0x067FC] = "jiu2", [0x067FD] = "cing1", [0x067FE] = "gau6", [0x067FF] = "ci2", [0x06800] = "zi1", [0x06801] = "lau5", [0x06802] = "mui4", [0x06803] = "lai6", [0x06804] = "wing4", [0x06805] = "caak3", [0x06806] = "zou2", [0x06807] = "biu1", [0x06808] = "zaan6", [0x06809] = "zit3", [0x0680A] = "lung4", [0x0680B] = "dung6", [0x0680C] = "lou4", [0x0680D] = "sang1", [0x0680E] = "lik1", [0x0680F] = "laan4", [0x06810] = "wing5", [0x06811] = "syu6", [0x06812] = "ceon4", [0x06813] = "saan1", [0x06814] = "kai3", [0x06815] = "san4", [0x06816] = "cai1", [0x06817] = "leot6", [0x06818] = "ji4", [0x06819] = "hong4", [0x0681A] = "zam6", [0x0681B] = "lai6", [0x0681C] = "saak3", [0x0681D] = "kut3", [0x0681E] = "hon1", [0x0681F] = "bing1", [0x06820] = "jam6", [0x06821] = "haau6", [0x06822] = "paak3", [0x06823] = "jam6", [0x06824] = "bing6", [0x06825] = "zi1", [0x06826] = "cau4", [0x06827] = "jai6", [0x06828] = "ci3", [0x06829] = "heoi2", [0x0682A] = "zyu1", [0x0682B] = "zin3", [0x0682C] = "zeoi3", [0x0682D] = "ji4", [0x0682E] = "ji5", [0x0682F] = "jau5", [0x06830] = "fat6", [0x06831] = "gung2", [0x06832] = "haau2", [0x06833] = "lou5", [0x06834] = "zin1", [0x06835] = "lai6", [0x06836] = "jan1", [0x06837] = "joeng6", [0x06838] = "hat6", [0x06839] = "gan1", [0x0683A] = "ngai6", [0x0683B] = "sik1", [0x0683C] = "gaak3", [0x0683D] = "zoi1", [0x0683E] = "lyun4", [0x0683F] = "fuk6", [0x06840] = "git6", [0x06841] = "haang4", [0x06842] = "gwai3", [0x06843] = "tou4", [0x06844] = "gwong3", [0x06845] = "wai4", [0x06846] = "kwaang1", [0x06847] = "jyu4", [0x06848] = "on3", [0x06849] = "on1", [0x0684A] = "gyun3", [0x0684B] = "ji4", [0x0684C] = "coek3", [0x0684D] = "fu1", [0x0684E] = "zat6", [0x0684F] = "kung4", [0x06850] = "tung4", [0x06851] = "song1", [0x06852] = "song1", [0x06853] = "wun4", [0x06854] = "gat1", [0x06855] = "kau5", [0x06856] = "hyut3", [0x06857] = "do3", [0x06858] = "ceoi4", [0x06859] = "jyu4", [0x0685A] = "zaat3", [0x0685B] = "lung6", [0x0685C] = "jing1", [0x0685D] = "git6", [0x0685E] = "lau5", [0x0685F] = "zaan6", [0x06860] = "aa1", [0x06861] = "naau4", [0x06862] = "zing1", [0x06863] = "dong2", [0x06864] = "kei1", [0x06865] = "kiu4", [0x06866] = "waa4", [0x06867] = "kui2", [0x06868] = "zoeng2", [0x06869] = "zong1", [0x0686A] = "cam4", [0x0686B] = "so1", [0x0686C] = "saa1", [0x0686D] = "san4", [0x0686E] = "bui1", [0x0686F] = "ting1", [0x06870] = "kut3", [0x06871] = "ging3", [0x06872] = "but6", [0x06873] = "ban6", [0x06874] = "fu1", [0x06875] = "jeoi4", [0x06876] = "tung2", [0x06877] = "gok3", [0x06878] = "hei1", [0x06879] = "long4", [0x0687A] = "lau5", [0x0687B] = "fung1", [0x0687C] = "cat1", [0x0687D] = "wan2", [0x0687E] = "gwan1", [0x0687F] = "gon2", [0x06880] = "saak3", [0x06881] = "loeng4", [0x06882] = "kau4", [0x06883] = "ting5", [0x06884] = "jau5", [0x06885] = "mui4", [0x06886] = "bong1", [0x06887] = "lung6", [0x06888] = "paang1", [0x06889] = "zong1", [0x0688A] = "dai3", [0x0688B] = "hyun1", [0x0688C] = "tou4", [0x0688D] = "zou6", [0x0688E] = "au1", [0x0688F] = "guk1", [0x06890] = "bai6", [0x06891] = "dik6", [0x06892] = "ham4", [0x06893] = "zi2", [0x06894] = "zi1", [0x06895] = "jan6", [0x06896] = "bui3", [0x06897] = "gang2", [0x06898] = "gaan2", [0x06899] = "waan6", [0x0689A] = "maan5", [0x0689B] = "naa4", [0x0689C] = "gaap3", [0x0689D] = "tiu4", [0x0689E] = "gei6", [0x0689F] = "hiu1", [0x068A0] = "leoi5", [0x068A1] = "fun2", [0x068A2] = "saau1", [0x068A3] = "sam4", [0x068A4] = "fan4", [0x068A5] = "cung4", [0x068A6] = "mung6", [0x068A7] = "ng4", [0x068A8] = "lei4", [0x068A9] = "lei4", [0x068AA] = "dau6", [0x068AB] = "cam2", [0x068AC] = "jing5", [0x068AD] = "so1", [0x068AE] = "guk6", [0x068AF] = "tai1", [0x068B0] = "haai6", [0x068B1] = "kwan2", [0x068B2] = "zyut3", [0x068B3] = "so1", [0x068B4] = "cin1", [0x068B5] = "faan6", [0x068B6] = "mei5", [0x068B7] = "zing6", [0x068B8] = "lei4", [0x068B9] = "ban1", [0x068BA] = "haa6", [0x068BB] = "fat6", [0x068BC] = "tou4", [0x068BD] = "zi3", [0x068BE] = "loi4", [0x068BF] = "lin4", [0x068C0] = "gim2", [0x068C1] = "zyut3", [0x068C2] = "ling4", [0x068C3] = "lei4", [0x068C4] = "hei3", [0x068C5] = "bing3", [0x068C6] = "leon4", [0x068C7] = "sung2", [0x068C8] = "sin3", [0x068C9] = "min4", [0x068CA] = "kei4", [0x068CB] = "kei4", [0x068CC] = "coi3", [0x068CD] = "gwan3", [0x068CE] = "sim4", [0x068CF] = "dak6", [0x068D0] = "fei2", [0x068D1] = "paai4", [0x068D2] = "paang5", [0x068D3] = "paang5", [0x068D4] = "fan1", [0x068D5] = "zung1", [0x068D6] = "caang4", [0x068D7] = "zou2", [0x068D8] = "gik1", [0x068D9] = "lai6", [0x068DA] = "paang4", [0x068DB] = "juk6", [0x068DC] = "jyu3", [0x068DD] = "gu3", [0x068DE] = "gwan6", [0x068DF] = "dung6", [0x068E0] = "tong4", [0x068E1] = "gong1", [0x068E2] = "mong5", [0x068E3] = "dai6", [0x068E4] = "co3", [0x068E5] = "faan4", [0x068E6] = "caang1", [0x068E7] = "zaan6", [0x068E8] = "kai2", [0x068E9] = "jyun1", [0x068EA] = "jim5", [0x068EB] = "wik6", [0x068EC] = "hyun1", [0x068ED] = "jik6", [0x068EE] = "sam1", [0x068EF] = "nim1", [0x068F0] = "ceoi4", [0x068F1] = "ling4", [0x068F2] = "cai1", [0x068F3] = "zyut3", [0x068F4] = "fuk6", [0x068F5] = "po1", [0x068F6] = "loi4", [0x068F7] = "zau1", [0x068F8] = "zau1", [0x068F9] = "zaau6", [0x068FA] = "gun1", [0x068FB] = "fan1", [0x068FC] = "fan4", [0x068FD] = "cam1", [0x068FE] = "king4", [0x068FF] = "ngai4", [0x06900] = "wun2", [0x06901] = "gwok3", [0x06902] = "luk6", [0x06903] = "hou4", [0x06904] = "zip3", [0x06905] = "ji2", [0x06906] = "cau4", [0x06907] = "geoi2", [0x06908] = "guk1", [0x06909] = "sing4", [0x0690A] = "zyut6", [0x0690B] = "loeng4", [0x0690C] = "hong1", [0x0690D] = "zik6", [0x0690E] = "ceoi4", [0x0690F] = "aa1", [0x06910] = "geoi1", [0x06911] = "pei4", [0x06912] = "ziu1", [0x06913] = "doek3", [0x06914] = "zi1", [0x06915] = "ban1", [0x06916] = "paang4", [0x06917] = "ding3", [0x06918] = "co2", [0x06919] = "coeng1", [0x0691A] = "haan4", [0x0691B] = "waa4", [0x0691C] = "gim2", [0x0691D] = "kwai1", [0x0691E] = "sap1", [0x0691F] = "duk6", [0x06920] = "cim3", [0x06921] = "dou3", [0x06922] = "gui3", [0x06923] = "din2", [0x06924] = "lo4", [0x06925] = "zi1", [0x06926] = "hyun1", [0x06927] = "ming6", [0x06928] = "fu2", [0x06929] = "gang1", [0x0692A] = "pung3", [0x0692B] = "sin6", [0x0692C] = "ji4", [0x0692D] = "to5", [0x0692E] = "sam1", [0x0692F] = "do2", [0x06930] = "je4", [0x06931] = "fuk6", [0x06932] = "wai5", [0x06933] = "wui1", [0x06934] = "dyun6", [0x06935] = "gaa2", [0x06936] = "zung1", [0x06937] = "gaam1", [0x06938] = "ji4", [0x06939] = "zam1", [0x0693A] = "hat6", [0x0693B] = "jin3", [0x0693C] = "jin5", [0x0693D] = "cyun4", [0x0693E] = "zin1", [0x0693F] = "ceon1", [0x06940] = "jyu5", [0x06941] = "haak6", [0x06942] = "zaa1", [0x06943] = "ak1", [0x06944] = "pin4", [0x06945] = "bik1", [0x06946] = "jiu1", [0x06947] = "gwo2", [0x06948] = "seoi1", [0x06949] = "joek6", [0x0694A] = "joeng4", [0x0694B] = "lip6", [0x0694C] = "ngaan4", [0x0694D] = "bun2", [0x0694E] = "wan4", [0x0694F] = "fui1", [0x06950] = "gaai3", [0x06951] = "kwai5", [0x06952] = "si1", [0x06953] = "fung1", [0x06954] = "sit3", [0x06955] = "to5", [0x06956] = "zit3", [0x06957] = "gin6", [0x06958] = "mou6", [0x06959] = "mau6", [0x0695A] = "co2", [0x0695B] = "fu2", [0x0695C] = "wu4", [0x0695D] = "lin6", [0x0695E] = "ling4", [0x0695F] = "ting4", [0x06960] = "naam4", [0x06961] = "jyu4", [0x06962] = "jau4", [0x06963] = "mei4", [0x06964] = "sung2", [0x06965] = "jyun4", [0x06966] = "hyun3", [0x06967] = "joeng1", [0x06968] = "zing1", [0x06969] = "pin4", [0x0696A] = "dip6", [0x0696B] = "zip3", [0x0696C] = "git6", [0x0696D] = "jip6", [0x0696E] = "cyu5", [0x0696F] = "seon5", [0x06970] = "jyu4", [0x06971] = "cau3", [0x06972] = "wai1", [0x06973] = "mui4", [0x06974] = "tai3", [0x06975] = "gik6", [0x06976] = "zit3", [0x06977] = "kaai2", [0x06978] = "cau1", [0x06979] = "jing4", [0x0697A] = "jau2", [0x0697B] = "hang4", [0x0697C] = "lau4", [0x0697D] = "lok6", [0x0697E] = "cyun4", [0x0697F] = "hoeng1", [0x06980] = "ban2", [0x06981] = "sat1", [0x06982] = "koi3", [0x06983] = "tam4", [0x06984] = "laam5", [0x06985] = "wat1", [0x06986] = "jyu4", [0x06987] = "can3", [0x06988] = "leoi4", [0x06989] = "geoi2", [0x0698A] = "san4", [0x0698B] = "song1", [0x0698C] = "fei1", [0x0698D] = "sit3", [0x0698E] = "gaa2", [0x0698F] = "jik6", [0x06990] = "zin2", [0x06991] = "fu4", [0x06992] = "nik1", [0x06993] = "mat6", [0x06994] = "long4", [0x06995] = "jung4", [0x06996] = "guk1", [0x06997] = "zin3", [0x06998] = "geoi2", [0x06999] = "daap6", [0x0699A] = "jiu5", [0x0699B] = "zeon1", [0x0699C] = "bong2", [0x0699D] = "saat3", [0x0699E] = "jyun4", [0x0699F] = "zi2", [0x069A0] = "ming4", [0x069A1] = "sou3", [0x069A2] = "gaa3", [0x069A3] = "jiu4", [0x069A4] = "git6", [0x069A5] = "fong2", [0x069A6] = "gon3", [0x069A7] = "fei2", [0x069A8] = "zaa3", [0x069A9] = "kin4", [0x069AA] = "maa5", [0x069AB] = "seon2", [0x069AC] = "jyun4", [0x069AD] = "ze6", [0x069AE] = "wing4", [0x069AF] = "si4", [0x069B0] = "zi1", [0x069B1] = "ceoi1", [0x069B2] = "wat1", [0x069B3] = "ting4", [0x069B4] = "lau4", [0x069B5] = "jung4", [0x069B6] = "tong4", [0x069B7] = "kok3", [0x069B8] = "zaai1", [0x069B9] = "si1", [0x069BA] = "sing3", [0x069BB] = "taap3", [0x069BC] = "hap6", [0x069BD] = "hai4", [0x069BE] = "gwat1", [0x069BF] = "kei1", [0x069C0] = "gou2", [0x069C1] = "gou2", [0x069C2] = "syun1", [0x069C3] = "pun4", [0x069C4] = "tou1", [0x069C5] = "gaak3", [0x069C6] = "ceon1", [0x069C7] = "din1", [0x069C8] = "nau6", [0x069C9] = "zat6", [0x069CA] = "sok3", [0x069CB] = "kau3", [0x069CC] = "ceoi4", [0x069CD] = "coeng1", [0x069CE] = "caa4", [0x069CF] = "haam2", [0x069D0] = "waai4", [0x069D1] = "mui4", [0x069D2] = "cuk1", [0x069D3] = "lung5", [0x069D4] = "gou1", [0x069D5] = "coek3", [0x069D6] = "tok3", [0x069D7] = "kiu4", [0x069D8] = "joeng4", [0x069D9] = "din1", [0x069DA] = "gaa2", [0x069DB] = "laam6", [0x069DC] = "zeoi3", [0x069DD] = "dou2", [0x069DE] = "lung4", [0x069DF] = "ban1", [0x069E0] = "zyu1", [0x069E1] = "song1", [0x069E2] = "zaap6", [0x069E3] = "gei1", [0x069E4] = "lin4", [0x069E5] = "wai6", [0x069E6] = "jung4", [0x069E7] = "cim3", [0x069E8] = "gwok3", [0x069E9] = "koi3", [0x069EA] = "koi3", [0x069EB] = "tyun4", [0x069EC] = "waa6", [0x069ED] = "cik1", [0x069EE] = "sam1", [0x069EF] = "ceoi4", [0x069F0] = "bung6", [0x069F1] = "jau5", [0x069F2] = "huk6", [0x069F3] = "zoeng2", [0x069F4] = "wu6", [0x069F5] = "waan6", [0x069F6] = "gui3", [0x069F7] = "jit6", [0x069F8] = "ngai6", [0x069F9] = "gou1", [0x069FA] = "hong1", [0x069FB] = "kwai1", [0x069FC] = "kwai1", [0x069FD] = "cou4", [0x069FE] = "maan6", [0x069FF] = "gan2", [0x06A00] = "dik1", [0x06A01] = "zong1", [0x06A02] = "lok6", [0x06A03] = "long5", [0x06A04] = "can4", [0x06A05] = "cung1", [0x06A06] = "lei4", [0x06A07] = "sau1", [0x06A08] = "king4", [0x06A09] = "song2", [0x06A0A] = "faan4", [0x06A0B] = "tung1", [0x06A0C] = "gun3", [0x06A0D] = "zik1", [0x06A0E] = "suk1", [0x06A0F] = "leoi4", [0x06A10] = "lou5", [0x06A11] = "loeng4", [0x06A12] = "mat6", [0x06A13] = "lau4", [0x06A14] = "caau4", [0x06A15] = "cuk1", [0x06A16] = "po1", [0x06A17] = "syu1", [0x06A18] = "tong4", [0x06A19] = "biu1", [0x06A1A] = "luk6", [0x06A1B] = "gau1", [0x06A1C] = "ze3", [0x06A1D] = "zaa1", [0x06A1E] = "syu1", [0x06A1F] = "zoeng1", [0x06A20] = "mun4", [0x06A21] = "mou4", [0x06A22] = "niu5", [0x06A23] = "joeng6", [0x06A24] = "tiu4", [0x06A25] = "pung4", [0x06A26] = "cyu5", [0x06A27] = "saat3", [0x06A28] = "sai1", [0x06A29] = "kyun4", [0x06A2A] = "waang4", [0x06A2B] = "gin1", [0x06A2C] = "sung2", [0x06A2D] = "kei4", [0x06A2E] = "jim5", [0x06A2F] = "coeng4", [0x06A30] = "syut3", [0x06A31] = "jing1", [0x06A32] = "ji6", [0x06A33] = "cam4", [0x06A34] = "zik1", [0x06A35] = "ciu4", [0x06A36] = "zeoi1", [0x06A37] = "cung4", [0x06A38] = "pok3", [0x06A39] = "syu6", [0x06A3A] = "waa4", [0x06A3B] = "gwai6", [0x06A3C] = "zeon1", [0x06A3D] = "zeon1", [0x06A3E] = "jyut6", [0x06A3F] = "sin6", [0x06A40] = "hei1", [0x06A41] = "ceon1", [0x06A42] = "din6", [0x06A43] = "fat6", [0x06A44] = "gam2", [0x06A45] = "mou4", [0x06A46] = "mou4", [0x06A47] = "hiu1", [0x06A48] = "naau4", [0x06A49] = "leon6", [0x06A4A] = "lau4", [0x06A4B] = "kiu4", [0x06A4C] = "haan5", [0x06A4D] = "jeon6", [0x06A4E] = "faan2", [0x06A4F] = "zin2", [0x06A50] = "tok3", [0x06A51] = "lou5", [0x06A52] = "wan4", [0x06A53] = "seon3", [0x06A54] = "deon1", [0x06A55] = "caang1", [0x06A56] = "tong4", [0x06A57] = "mang4", [0x06A58] = "gwat1", [0x06A59] = "caang2", [0x06A5A] = "suk1", [0x06A5B] = "kyut3", [0x06A5C] = "kyut3", [0x06A5D] = "taam4", [0x06A5E] = "wai6", [0x06A5F] = "gei1", [0x06A60] = "no5", [0x06A61] = "zoeng6", [0x06A62] = "to5", [0x06A63] = "ning5", [0x06A64] = "jeoi5", [0x06A65] = "zyu1", [0x06A66] = "tung4", [0x06A67] = "zang1", [0x06A68] = "fan4", [0x06A69] = "king4", [0x06A6A] = "jim5", [0x06A6B] = "waang4", [0x06A6C] = "cim4", [0x06A6D] = "gu1", [0x06A6E] = "lau5", [0x06A6F] = "lou6", [0x06A70] = "gou1", [0x06A71] = "ceoi4", [0x06A72] = "hei2", [0x06A73] = "sing3", [0x06A74] = "zi2", [0x06A75] = "saan3", [0x06A76] = "gik1", [0x06A77] = "dau1", [0x06A78] = "zing1", [0x06A79] = "lou5", [0x06A7A] = "gaan3", [0x06A7B] = "cau2", [0x06A7C] = "jyun4", [0x06A7D] = "taat3", [0x06A7E] = "syu1", [0x06A7F] = "goeng1", [0x06A80] = "taan4", [0x06A81] = "lam5", [0x06A82] = "nung4", [0x06A83] = "jan2", [0x06A84] = "hat6", [0x06A85] = "seoi6", [0x06A86] = "caam3", [0x06A87] = "zeoi3", [0x06A88] = "syun4", [0x06A89] = "cing1", [0x06A8A] = "gon1", [0x06A8B] = "guk6", [0x06A8C] = "seoi4", [0x06A8D] = "jik1", [0x06A8E] = "kam4", [0x06A8F] = "pok3", [0x06A90] = "jim4", [0x06A91] = "leoi4", [0x06A92] = "fung1", [0x06A93] = "wai2", [0x06A94] = "dong3", [0x06A95] = "hai6", [0x06A96] = "seoi6", [0x06A97] = "paak3", [0x06A98] = "ping4", [0x06A99] = "caang4", [0x06A9A] = "co2", [0x06A9B] = "zaa1", [0x06A9C] = "kui2", [0x06A9D] = "zip3", [0x06A9E] = "gaai2", [0x06A9F] = "gaa2", [0x06AA0] = "king4", [0x06AA1] = "sik1", [0x06AA2] = "gim2", [0x06AA3] = "coeng4", [0x06AA4] = "dou6", [0x06AA5] = "ngai5", [0x06AA6] = "biu2", [0x06AA7] = "sung1", [0x06AA8] = "ce1", [0x06AA9] = "lam5", [0x06AAA] = "lik1", [0x06AAB] = "caat3", [0x06AAC] = "mung1", [0x06AAD] = "ngan4", [0x06AAE] = "tou4", [0x06AAF] = "toi2", [0x06AB0] = "min4", [0x06AB1] = "kei4", [0x06AB2] = "tyun4", [0x06AB3] = "ban1", [0x06AB4] = "wok6", [0x06AB5] = "gai3", [0x06AB6] = "him1", [0x06AB7] = "nai5", [0x06AB8] = "ning4", [0x06AB9] = "ji1", [0x06ABA] = "gou2", [0x06ABB] = "laam6", [0x06ABC] = "jan2", [0x06ABD] = "nau6", [0x06ABE] = "king2", [0x06ABF] = "jim2", [0x06AC0] = "kei4", [0x06AC1] = "mat6", [0x06AC2] = "zaau6", [0x06AC3] = "gwai6", [0x06AC4] = "ceon1", [0x06AC5] = "zai1", [0x06AC6] = "fui1", [0x06AC7] = "po4", [0x06AC8] = "dang3", [0x06AC9] = "ceoi4", [0x06ACA] = "gok3", [0x06ACB] = "min4", [0x06ACC] = "jau1", [0x06ACD] = "zat1", [0x06ACE] = "fong2", [0x06ACF] = "cin1", [0x06AD0] = "leoi5", [0x06AD1] = "leoi4", [0x06AD2] = "saat3", [0x06AD3] = "lou5", [0x06AD4] = "lai6", [0x06AD5] = "cyun4", [0x06AD6] = "leoi6", [0x06AD7] = "mit6", [0x06AD8] = "seoi6", [0x06AD9] = "au1", [0x06ADA] = "leoi4", [0x06ADB] = "zit3", [0x06ADC] = "gou1", [0x06ADD] = "duk6", [0x06ADE] = "jyun4", [0x06ADF] = "lik1", [0x06AE0] = "fai3", [0x06AE1] = "zoek3", [0x06AE2] = "sau2", [0x06AE3] = "lin4", [0x06AE4] = "zin3", [0x06AE5] = "cyu4", [0x06AE6] = "hing3", [0x06AE7] = "zyu1", [0x06AE8] = "lou4", [0x06AE9] = "jim4", [0x06AEA] = "lik1", [0x06AEB] = "zyu1", [0x06AEC] = "can3", [0x06AED] = "git6", [0x06AEE] = "ngok6", [0x06AEF] = "sou1", [0x06AF0] = "waai4", [0x06AF1] = "jit6", [0x06AF2] = "jyu6", [0x06AF3] = "lung4", [0x06AF4] = "laai6", [0x06AF5] = "ciu4", [0x06AF6] = "hin2", [0x06AF7] = "gwai1", [0x06AF8] = "geoi2", [0x06AFA] = "ling4", [0x06AFB] = "jing1", [0x06AFC] = "zim1", [0x06AFD] = "jan2", [0x06AFE] = "jau2", [0x06AFF] = "jing4", [0x06B00] = "soeng1", [0x06B01] = "nung4", [0x06B02] = "bok3", [0x06B03] = "caam4", [0x06B04] = "laan4", [0x06B05] = "geoi2", [0x06B06] = "soeng1", [0x06B07] = "sip3", [0x06B08] = "wai4", [0x06B09] = "cung4", [0x06B0A] = "kyun4", [0x06B0B] = "keoi4", [0x06B0C] = "cong4", [0x06B0D] = "kau5", [0x06B0E] = "wat1", [0x06B0F] = "lo4", [0x06B10] = "lai6", [0x06B11] = "cyun4", [0x06B12] = "lyun4", [0x06B13] = "dong2", [0x06B14] = "fok3", [0x06B15] = "jim4", [0x06B16] = "laam5", [0x06B17] = "laan4", [0x06B18] = "zuk1", [0x06B19] = "leoi4", [0x06B1A] = "lai5", [0x06B1B] = "baa3", [0x06B1C] = "nong4", [0x06B1D] = "wat1", [0x06B1E] = "ling4", [0x06B1F] = "gun1", [0x06B20] = "him3", [0x06B21] = "ci3", [0x06B22] = "fun1", [0x06B23] = "jan1", [0x06B24] = "jyu4", [0x06B25] = "him3", [0x06B26] = "him1", [0x06B27] = "au1", [0x06B28] = "heoi2", [0x06B29] = "ciu1", [0x06B2A] = "ceot1", [0x06B2B] = "kik1", [0x06B2C] = "kat1", [0x06B2D] = "ji3", [0x06B2E] = "kyut3", [0x06B2F] = "hat1", [0x06B30] = "seot1", [0x06B31] = "hap6", [0x06B32] = "juk6", [0x06B33] = "wai2", [0x06B34] = "long4", [0x06B35] = "fun2", [0x06B36] = "sok3", [0x06B37] = "hei1", [0x06B38] = "oi1", [0x06B39] = "ji1", [0x06B3A] = "hei1", [0x06B3B] = "fat1", [0x06B3C] = "zyut3", [0x06B3D] = "jam1", [0x06B3E] = "fun2", [0x06B3F] = "ham2", [0x06B40] = "fun2", [0x06B41] = "ham2", [0x06B42] = "cyun4", [0x06B43] = "saap3", [0x06B44] = "gwaa1", [0x06B45] = "jan1", [0x06B46] = "jam1", [0x06B47] = "hit3", [0x06B48] = "jyu4", [0x06B49] = "hip3", [0x06B4A] = "hiu1", [0x06B4B] = "ji4", [0x06B4C] = "go1", [0x06B4D] = "wu1", [0x06B4E] = "taan3", [0x06B4F] = "gan6", [0x06B50] = "au1", [0x06B51] = "fu1", [0x06B52] = "tik1", [0x06B53] = "fun1", [0x06B54] = "heoi1", [0x06B55] = "pan3", [0x06B56] = "hei2", [0x06B57] = "siu3", [0x06B58] = "fat1", [0x06B59] = "kap1", [0x06B5A] = "sin6", [0x06B5B] = "lim5", [0x06B5C] = "cuk1", [0x06B5D] = "jik6", [0x06B5E] = "ngap6", [0x06B5F] = "jyu4", [0x06B60] = "zyut3", [0x06B61] = "fun1", [0x06B62] = "zi2", [0x06B63] = "zing3", [0x06B64] = "ci2", [0x06B65] = "bou6", [0x06B66] = "mou5", [0x06B67] = "kei4", [0x06B68] = "bou6", [0x06B69] = "bou6", [0x06B6A] = "waai1", [0x06B6B] = "keoi5", [0x06B6C] = "cin4", [0x06B6D] = "ci4", [0x06B6E] = "gip3", [0x06B6F] = "ci2", [0x06B70] = "sap1", [0x06B71] = "zung2", [0x06B72] = "seoi3", [0x06B73] = "seoi3", [0x06B74] = "lik6", [0x06B75] = "zaak6", [0x06B76] = "jyu4", [0x06B77] = "lik6", [0x06B78] = "gwai1", [0x06B79] = "daai2", [0x06B7A] = "aat3", [0x06B7B] = "sei2", [0x06B7C] = "cim1", [0x06B7D] = "zit3", [0x06B7E] = "mut6", [0x06B7F] = "mut6", [0x06B80] = "jiu2", [0x06B81] = "mut6", [0x06B82] = "cou4", [0x06B83] = "joeng1", [0x06B84] = "tin5", [0x06B85] = "sang1", [0x06B86] = "toi5", [0x06B87] = "soeng1", [0x06B88] = "gwik1", [0x06B89] = "seon1", [0x06B8A] = "syu4", [0x06B8B] = "caan4", [0x06B8C] = "kyut3", [0x06B8D] = "piu5", [0x06B8E] = "haap3", [0x06B8F] = "kau4", [0x06B90] = "suk1", [0x06B91] = "king4", [0x06B92] = "wan5", [0x06B93] = "lim5", [0x06B94] = "ji6", [0x06B95] = "fau2", [0x06B96] = "zik6", [0x06B97] = "jip3", [0x06B98] = "caan4", [0x06B99] = "fan1", [0x06B9A] = "daan1", [0x06B9B] = "gik1", [0x06B9C] = "jip6", [0x06B9D] = "zeon1", [0x06B9E] = "wan5", [0x06B9F] = "wan1", [0x06BA0] = "cau3", [0x06BA1] = "ban3", [0x06BA2] = "tai3", [0x06BA3] = "gan2", [0x06BA4] = "soeng1", [0x06BA5] = "jan4", [0x06BA6] = "diu1", [0x06BA7] = "zau6", [0x06BA8] = "kui2", [0x06BA9] = "cyun3", [0x06BAA] = "ji3", [0x06BAB] = "daan1", [0x06BAC] = "dou3", [0x06BAD] = "goeng1", [0x06BAE] = "lim5", [0x06BAF] = "ban3", [0x06BB0] = "duk6", [0x06BB1] = "cim1", [0x06BB2] = "cim1", [0x06BB3] = "syu4", [0x06BB4] = "au2", [0x06BB5] = "dyun6", [0x06BB6] = "zyu3", [0x06BB7] = "jan1", [0x06BB8] = "hing3", [0x06BB9] = "ai3", [0x06BBA] = "saat3", [0x06BBB] = "hok3", [0x06BBC] = "hok3", [0x06BBD] = "ngaau4", [0x06BBE] = "seon3", [0x06BBF] = "din6", [0x06BC0] = "wai2", [0x06BC1] = "wai2", [0x06BC2] = "guk1", [0x06BC3] = "kok3", [0x06BC4] = "gik1", [0x06BC5] = "ngai6", [0x06BC6] = "au2", [0x06BC7] = "wai2", [0x06BC8] = "dyun6", [0x06BC9] = "ji1", [0x06BCA] = "hiu1", [0x06BCB] = "mou4", [0x06BCC] = "gun3", [0x06BCD] = "mou5", [0x06BCE] = "mui5", [0x06BCF] = "mui5", [0x06BD0] = "oi2", [0x06BD1] = "ze2", [0x06BD2] = "duk6", [0x06BD3] = "juk1", [0x06BD4] = "bei2", [0x06BD5] = "bat1", [0x06BD6] = "bei3", [0x06BD7] = "pei4", [0x06BD8] = "pei4", [0x06BD9] = "bai6", [0x06BDA] = "caam4", [0x06BDB] = "mou4", [0x06BDC] = "hou4", [0x06BDD] = "coi2", [0x06BDE] = "pei4", [0x06BDF] = "siu2", [0x06BE0] = "gaa1", [0x06BE1] = "zin1", [0x06BE2] = "soi1", [0x06BE3] = "muk6", [0x06BE4] = "teoi3", [0x06BE5] = "seon1", [0x06BE6] = "nei6", [0x06BE7] = "jung2", [0x06BE8] = "sin2", [0x06BE9] = "guk1", [0x06BEA] = "mou4", [0x06BEB] = "hou4", [0x06BEC] = "kau4", [0x06BED] = "dau6", [0x06BEE] = "caau1", [0x06BEF] = "taan2", [0x06BF0] = "pui4", [0x06BF1] = "guk1", [0x06BF2] = "zyut3", [0x06BF3] = "ceoi3", [0x06BF4] = "bei1", [0x06BF5] = "saam1", [0x06BF6] = "saam1", [0x06BF7] = "mou6", [0x06BF8] = "soi1", [0x06BF9] = "syu1", [0x06BFA] = "syu1", [0x06BFB] = "teoi3", [0x06BFC] = "hot3", [0x06BFD] = "gin3", [0x06BFE] = "taap3", [0x06BFF] = "saam1", [0x06C00] = "leoi4", [0x06C01] = "mou4", [0x06C02] = "mou4", [0x06C03] = "tung4", [0x06C04] = "jung2", [0x06C05] = "cong2", [0x06C06] = "pou2", [0x06C07] = "lou5", [0x06C08] = "zin1", [0x06C09] = "cou3", [0x06C0A] = "zin1", [0x06C0B] = "mung4", [0x06C0C] = "lou5", [0x06C0D] = "keoi4", [0x06C0E] = "dip6", [0x06C0F] = "si6", [0x06C10] = "dai1", [0x06C11] = "man4", [0x06C12] = "kyut3", [0x06C13] = "maang4", [0x06C14] = "hei3", [0x06C15] = "pit3", [0x06C16] = "naai5", [0x06C17] = "hei3", [0x06C18] = "dou1", [0x06C19] = "sin1", [0x06C1A] = "cyun1", [0x06C1B] = "fan1", [0x06C1C] = "joeng4", [0x06C1D] = "noi6", [0x06C1E] = "bing2", [0x06C1F] = "fat1", [0x06C20] = "san1", [0x06C21] = "dung1", [0x06C22] = "hing1", [0x06C23] = "hei3", [0x06C24] = "jan1", [0x06C25] = "sai1", [0x06C26] = "hoi6", [0x06C27] = "joeng5", [0x06C28] = "on1", [0x06C29] = "aa3", [0x06C2A] = "hak1", [0x06C2B] = "hing1", [0x06C2C] = "aa3", [0x06C2D] = "dung1", [0x06C2E] = "daam6", [0x06C2F] = "luk6", [0x06C30] = "cing1", [0x06C31] = "joeng4", [0x06C32] = "wan1", [0x06C33] = "wan1", [0x06C34] = "seoi2", [0x06C35] = "seoi2", [0x06C36] = "cing2", [0x06C37] = "bing1", [0x06C38] = "wing5", [0x06C39] = "tam5", [0x06C3A] = "seoi2", [0x06C3B] = "lak6", [0x06C3C] = "nik6", [0x06C3D] = "tan2", [0x06C3E] = "faan3", [0x06C3F] = "gwai2", [0x06C40] = "ting1", [0x06C41] = "zap1", [0x06C42] = "kau4", [0x06C44] = "zak1", [0x06C45] = "min5", [0x06C46] = "cyun1", [0x06C47] = "wui6", [0x06C48] = "diu1", [0x06C49] = "hon3", [0x06C4A] = "caa3", [0x06C4B] = "joek6", [0x06C4C] = "cyun3", [0x06C4D] = "jyun4", [0x06C4E] = "faan4", [0x06C4F] = "daai6", [0x06C50] = "zik6", [0x06C51] = "tok3", [0x06C52] = "mong4", [0x06C53] = "cau4", [0x06C54] = "ngat6", [0x06C55] = "saan3", [0x06C56] = "pan3", [0x06C57] = "hon6", [0x06C58] = "cim4", [0x06C59] = "waa1", [0x06C5A] = "wu1", [0x06C5B] = "seon3", [0x06C5C] = "ci5", [0x06C5D] = "jyu5", [0x06C5E] = "hung3", [0x06C5F] = "gong1", [0x06C60] = "ci4", [0x06C61] = "wu1", [0x06C62] = "tou2", [0x06C63] = "gwai2", [0x06C64] = "tong1", [0x06C65] = "zi1", [0x06C66] = "zi2", [0x06C67] = "hin1", [0x06C68] = "mik6", [0x06C69] = "gwat1", [0x06C6A] = "wong1", [0x06C6B] = "zeng2", [0x06C6C] = "zing6", [0x06C6D] = "jeoi6", [0x06C6E] = "gwan1", [0x06C6F] = "wang4", [0x06C70] = "taai3", [0x06C71] = "gyun2", [0x06C72] = "kap1", [0x06C73] = "bin6", [0x06C74] = "bin6", [0x06C75] = "gam3", [0x06C76] = "man6", [0x06C77] = "zung1", [0x06C78] = "fong1", [0x06C79] = "hung1", [0x06C7A] = "kyut3", [0x06C7B] = "wu2", [0x06C7C] = "ngau4", [0x06C7D] = "hei3", [0x06C7E] = "fan4", [0x06C7F] = "zeoi6", [0x06C80] = "zeoi6", [0x06C81] = "sam3", [0x06C82] = "ji4", [0x06C83] = "juk1", [0x06C84] = "wan4", [0x06C85] = "jyun4", [0x06C86] = "hong4", [0x06C87] = "jin5", [0x06C88] = "sam2", [0x06C89] = "cam4", [0x06C8A] = "dam2", [0x06C8B] = "jau4", [0x06C8C] = "deon6", [0x06C8D] = "wu6", [0x06C8E] = "fo3", [0x06C8F] = "cai3", [0x06C90] = "muk6", [0x06C91] = "nuk6", [0x06C92] = "mut6", [0x06C93] = "daap6", [0x06C94] = "min5", [0x06C95] = "mat6", [0x06C96] = "cung1", [0x06C97] = "tim1", [0x06C98] = "bei2", [0x06C99] = "saa1", [0x06C9A] = "zi2", [0x06C9B] = "pui3", [0x06C9C] = "pun3", [0x06C9D] = "zeoi2", [0x06C9E] = "zaap3", [0x06C9F] = "kau1", [0x06CA0] = "paai3", [0x06CA1] = "mut6", [0x06CA2] = "zaak6", [0x06CA3] = "fung1", [0x06CA4] = "au3", [0x06CA5] = "lik6", [0x06CA6] = "leon4", [0x06CA7] = "cong1", [0x06CA8] = "fung1", [0x06CA9] = "gwai1", [0x06CAA] = "wu6", [0x06CAB] = "mut6", [0x06CAC] = "mui6", [0x06CAD] = "seot6", [0x06CAE] = "zeoi1", [0x06CAF] = "zaat3", [0x06CB0] = "tok3", [0x06CB1] = "to4", [0x06CB2] = "to4", [0x06CB3] = "ho4", [0x06CB4] = "leoi6", [0x06CB5] = "mei5", [0x06CB6] = "ji4", [0x06CB7] = "faat3", [0x06CB8] = "fai3", [0x06CB9] = "jau4", [0x06CBA] = "tin4", [0x06CBB] = "zi6", [0x06CBC] = "ziu2", [0x06CBD] = "gu1", [0x06CBE] = "zim1", [0x06CBF] = "jyun4", [0x06CC0] = "si1", [0x06CC1] = "fong3", [0x06CC2] = "gwing2", [0x06CC3] = "keoi1", [0x06CC4] = "sit3", [0x06CC5] = "cau4", [0x06CC6] = "jat6", [0x06CC7] = "gaa1", [0x06CC8] = "zung1", [0x06CC9] = "cyun4", [0x06CCA] = "bok6", [0x06CCB] = "wai3", [0x06CCC] = "bei3", [0x06CCD] = "ban1", [0x06CCE] = "zaak6", [0x06CCF] = "zeot1", [0x06CD0] = "lak6", [0x06CD1] = "jau2", [0x06CD2] = "gu1", [0x06CD3] = "wang4", [0x06CD4] = "gam1", [0x06CD5] = "faat3", [0x06CD6] = "maau5", [0x06CD7] = "si3", [0x06CD8] = "fu1", [0x06CD9] = "paang1", [0x06CDA] = "ci2", [0x06CDB] = "faan3", [0x06CDD] = "sou3", [0x06CDE] = "ning6", [0x06CDF] = "zaa1", [0x06CE0] = "ling4", [0x06CE1] = "pou5", [0x06CE2] = "bo1", [0x06CE3] = "jap1", [0x06CE4] = "ci5", [0x06CE5] = "nai4", [0x06CE6] = "guk1", [0x06CE7] = "kut3", [0x06CE8] = "zyu3", [0x06CE9] = "sang1", [0x06CEA] = "leoi6", [0x06CEB] = "jyun5", [0x06CEC] = "kyut3", [0x06CED] = "fu1", [0x06CEE] = "pun3", [0x06CEF] = "man5", [0x06CF0] = "taai3", [0x06CF1] = "joeng1", [0x06CF2] = "zai3", [0x06CF3] = "wing6", [0x06CF4] = "gun3", [0x06CF5] = "bam1", [0x06CF6] = "hok6", [0x06CF7] = "lung4", [0x06CF8] = "lou4", [0x06CF9] = "daan3", [0x06CFA] = "lok6", [0x06CFB] = "se3", [0x06CFC] = "put3", [0x06CFD] = "zaak6", [0x06CFE] = "ging1", [0x06CFF] = "ngan4", [0x06D00] = "zau1", [0x06D01] = "git3", [0x06D02] = "jik6", [0x06D03] = "fui1", [0x06D04] = "wui4", [0x06D05] = "zoi3", [0x06D06] = "sing4", [0x06D07] = "jan1", [0x06D08] = "ngai4", [0x06D09] = "hau6", [0x06D0A] = "zin3", [0x06D0B] = "joeng4", [0x06D0C] = "lit6", [0x06D0D] = "ci5", [0x06D0E] = "gei3", [0x06D0F] = "ji4", [0x06D10] = "hang4", [0x06D11] = "fuk6", [0x06D12] = "saa2", [0x06D13] = "saak3", [0x06D14] = "zi2", [0x06D15] = "jan5", [0x06D16] = "ng4", [0x06D17] = "sai2", [0x06D18] = "haau2", [0x06D19] = "zyu1", [0x06D1A] = "gong3", [0x06D1B] = "lok3", [0x06D1C] = "lok3", [0x06D1D] = "on3", [0x06D1E] = "dung6", [0x06D1F] = "ji4", [0x06D20] = "mau4", [0x06D21] = "leoi6", [0x06D22] = "ji1", [0x06D23] = "mai5", [0x06D24] = "cyun4", [0x06D25] = "zeon1", [0x06D26] = "paak3", [0x06D27] = "fui2", [0x06D28] = "ngaau4", [0x06D29] = "jai6", [0x06D2A] = "hung4", [0x06D2B] = "gwik1", [0x06D2C] = "suk1", [0x06D2D] = "hong1", [0x06D2E] = "tou4", [0x06D2F] = "kit3", [0x06D30] = "keoi4", [0x06D31] = "ji5", [0x06D32] = "zau1", [0x06D33] = "jyu6", [0x06D34] = "ping4", [0x06D35] = "seon1", [0x06D36] = "hung1", [0x06D37] = "zat6", [0x06D38] = "gwong1", [0x06D39] = "wun4", [0x06D3A] = "ming4", [0x06D3B] = "wut6", [0x06D3C] = "waa1", [0x06D3D] = "hap1", [0x06D3E] = "paai3", [0x06D3F] = "wu1", [0x06D40] = "kuk1", [0x06D41] = "lau4", [0x06D42] = "gun3", [0x06D43] = "zip3", [0x06D44] = "zing6", [0x06D45] = "cin2", [0x06D46] = "zoeng1", [0x06D47] = "hiu1", [0x06D48] = "zing1", [0x06D49] = "si1", [0x06D4A] = "zuk6", [0x06D4B] = "cak1", [0x06D4C] = "fat6", [0x06D4D] = "kui2", [0x06D4E] = "zai3", [0x06D4F] = "lau4", [0x06D50] = "caan2", [0x06D51] = "wan4", [0x06D52] = "wu2", [0x06D53] = "nung4", [0x06D54] = "cam4", [0x06D55] = "zeon6", [0x06D56] = "lyut6", [0x06D57] = "kau4", [0x06D58] = "mei5", [0x06D59] = "zit3", [0x06D5A] = "zeon3", [0x06D5B] = "ham4", [0x06D5C] = "bong1", [0x06D5D] = "mong4", [0x06D5E] = "zuk1", [0x06D5F] = "jau4", [0x06D60] = "hei1", [0x06D61] = "but6", [0x06D62] = "dau6", [0x06D63] = "wun5", [0x06D64] = "wang4", [0x06D65] = "jap1", [0x06D66] = "pou2", [0x06D67] = "jing5", [0x06D68] = "lam5", [0x06D69] = "hou6", [0x06D6A] = "long6", [0x06D6B] = "hon2", [0x06D6C] = "lei5", [0x06D6D] = "gang1", [0x06D6E] = "fau4", [0x06D6F] = "ng4", [0x06D70] = "lin6", [0x06D71] = "seon4", [0x06D72] = "fung4", [0x06D73] = "jik6", [0x06D74] = "juk6", [0x06D75] = "tung4", [0x06D76] = "lou4", [0x06D77] = "hoi2", [0x06D78] = "zam3", [0x06D79] = "zip3", [0x06D7A] = "cung1", [0x06D7B] = "gwing2", [0x06D7C] = "mui5", [0x06D7D] = "seoi1", [0x06D7E] = "zaa1", [0x06D7F] = "bui3", [0x06D80] = "jin6", [0x06D81] = "sam3", [0x06D82] = "tou4", [0x06D83] = "kwan3", [0x06D84] = "ping1", [0x06D85] = "nip6", [0x06D86] = "hon6", [0x06D87] = "ging1", [0x06D88] = "siu1", [0x06D89] = "sip3", [0x06D8A] = "nin5", [0x06D8B] = "teot1", [0x06D8C] = "cung1", [0x06D8D] = "haau3", [0x06D8E] = "jin4", [0x06D8F] = "ting5", [0x06D90] = "ngo4", [0x06D91] = "cuk1", [0x06D92] = "tan1", [0x06D93] = "gyun1", [0x06D94] = "sam4", [0x06D95] = "tai3", [0x06D96] = "lei6", [0x06D97] = "seoi3", [0x06D98] = "zi6", [0x06D99] = "leoi6", [0x06D9A] = "seoi3", [0x06D9B] = "tou4", [0x06D9C] = "duk6", [0x06D9D] = "lou6", [0x06D9E] = "loi4", [0x06D9F] = "lin4", [0x06DA0] = "wai4", [0x06DA1] = "wo1", [0x06DA2] = "wan4", [0x06DA3] = "wun6", [0x06DA4] = "dik6", [0x06DA5] = "hang1", [0x06DA6] = "jeon6", [0x06DA7] = "gaan3", [0x06DA8] = "zoeng2", [0x06DA9] = "gip3", [0x06DAA] = "fau4", [0x06DAB] = "gun3", [0x06DAC] = "hang6", [0x06DAD] = "sau6", [0x06DAE] = "saan3", [0x06DAF] = "ngaai4", [0x06DB0] = "zyut3", [0x06DB1] = "zoeng2", [0x06DB2] = "jik6", [0x06DB3] = "hung1", [0x06DB4] = "wo3", [0x06DB5] = "haam4", [0x06DB6] = "to1", [0x06DB7] = "dung1", [0x06DB8] = "kok3", [0x06DB9] = "wo1", [0x06DBA] = "geoi1", [0x06DBB] = "se3", [0x06DBC] = "loeng4", [0x06DBD] = "fan1", [0x06DBE] = "taap3", [0x06DBF] = "doek3", [0x06DC0] = "din6", [0x06DC1] = "cip3", [0x06DC2] = "dak1", [0x06DC3] = "gyun6", [0x06DC4] = "zi1", [0x06DC5] = "sik1", [0x06DC6] = "ngaau4", [0x06DC7] = "kei4", [0x06DC8] = "gwat1", [0x06DC9] = "gwo2", [0x06DCA] = "jim1", [0x06DCB] = "lam4", [0x06DCC] = "tong2", [0x06DCD] = "zau1", [0x06DCE] = "fung2", [0x06DCF] = "hou6", [0x06DD0] = "coeng1", [0x06DD1] = "suk6", [0x06DD2] = "cai1", [0x06DD3] = "fong1", [0x06DD4] = "zik6", [0x06DD5] = "luk6", [0x06DD6] = "naau6", [0x06DD7] = "guk1", [0x06DD8] = "tou4", [0x06DD9] = "cung4", [0x06DDA] = "leoi6", [0x06DDB] = "zit3", [0x06DDC] = "pang4", [0x06DDD] = "fei4", [0x06DDE] = "sung1", [0x06DDF] = "tin2", [0x06DE0] = "pei3", [0x06DE1] = "daam6", [0x06DE2] = "wik6", [0x06DE3] = "ngai4", [0x06DE4] = "jyu1", [0x06DE5] = "luk6", [0x06DE6] = "gam3", [0x06DE7] = "mat6", [0x06DE8] = "zing6", [0x06DE9] = "ling4", [0x06DEA] = "leon4", [0x06DEB] = "jam4", [0x06DEC] = "ceoi3", [0x06DED] = "keoi4", [0x06DEE] = "waai4", [0x06DEF] = "juk6", [0x06DF0] = "naam5", [0x06DF1] = "sam1", [0x06DF2] = "piu4", [0x06DF3] = "seon4", [0x06DF4] = "fat1", [0x06DF5] = "jyun1", [0x06DF6] = "loi4", [0x06DF7] = "wan6", [0x06DF8] = "cing1", [0x06DF9] = "jim1", [0x06DFA] = "cin2", [0x06DFB] = "tim1", [0x06DFC] = "miu5", [0x06DFD] = "zi2", [0x06DFE] = "jam2", [0x06DFF] = "bok6", [0x06E00] = "ban6", [0x06E01] = "jyun1", [0x06E02] = "man6", [0x06E03] = "joek6", [0x06E04] = "fei1", [0x06E05] = "cing1", [0x06E06] = "jyun1", [0x06E07] = "hot3", [0x06E08] = "zai3", [0x06E09] = "sip3", [0x06E0A] = "jyun1", [0x06E0B] = "gip3", [0x06E0C] = "luk6", [0x06E0D] = "zi3", [0x06E0E] = "duk6", [0x06E0F] = "ji1", [0x06E10] = "zim6", [0x06E11] = "man5", [0x06E12] = "bei1", [0x06E13] = "kai1", [0x06E14] = "jyu4", [0x06E15] = "jyun1", [0x06E16] = "sam2", [0x06E17] = "sam3", [0x06E18] = "jau4", [0x06E19] = "wun6", [0x06E1A] = "zyu2", [0x06E1B] = "gaam2", [0x06E1C] = "nyun5", [0x06E1D] = "jyu4", [0x06E1E] = "cau4", [0x06E1F] = "ting4", [0x06E20] = "keoi4", [0x06E21] = "dou6", [0x06E22] = "fung1", [0x06E23] = "zaa1", [0x06E24] = "but6", [0x06E25] = "ak1", [0x06E26] = "wo1", [0x06E27] = "dai3", [0x06E28] = "wui1", [0x06E29] = "wan1", [0x06E2A] = "jyu4", [0x06E2B] = "sit3", [0x06E2C] = "cak1", [0x06E2D] = "wai6", [0x06E2E] = "go1", [0x06E2F] = "gong2", [0x06E30] = "jim2", [0x06E31] = "hung4", [0x06E32] = "hyun1", [0x06E33] = "mai5", [0x06E34] = "hot3", [0x06E35] = "maau4", [0x06E36] = "jing1", [0x06E37] = "jin5", [0x06E38] = "jau4", [0x06E39] = "gwang1", [0x06E3A] = "miu5", [0x06E3B] = "saang2", [0x06E3C] = "mei5", [0x06E3D] = "zoi1", [0x06E3E] = "wan4", [0x06E3F] = "noi6", [0x06E40] = "gwai2", [0x06E41] = "cap1", [0x06E42] = "ngok6", [0x06E43] = "baai3", [0x06E44] = "mei4", [0x06E45] = "lin6", [0x06E46] = "jap1", [0x06E47] = "jap1", [0x06E48] = "mui4", [0x06E49] = "tim4", [0x06E4A] = "cau3", [0x06E4B] = "wai4", [0x06E4C] = "caan1", [0x06E4D] = "teon1", [0x06E4E] = "min5", [0x06E4F] = "mui6", [0x06E50] = "paak3", [0x06E51] = "seoi2", [0x06E52] = "cap1", [0x06E53] = "pun4", [0x06E54] = "zin1", [0x06E55] = "gin2", [0x06E56] = "wu4", [0x06E57] = "fung6", [0x06E58] = "soeng1", [0x06E59] = "jik6", [0x06E5A] = "jan6", [0x06E5B] = "zaam3", [0x06E5C] = "zik6", [0x06E5D] = "gaai1", [0x06E5E] = "zing1", [0x06E5F] = "wong4", [0x06E60] = "taan3", [0x06E61] = "jyu4", [0x06E62] = "bik1", [0x06E63] = "man5", [0x06E64] = "si1", [0x06E65] = "teot1", [0x06E66] = "sang1", [0x06E67] = "jung2", [0x06E68] = "gwik1", [0x06E69] = "dung6", [0x06E6A] = "teon3", [0x06E6B] = "zau1", [0x06E6C] = "zau1", [0x06E6D] = "cau4", [0x06E6E] = "jin1", [0x06E6F] = "tong1", [0x06E70] = "lung4", [0x06E71] = "waak6", [0x06E72] = "jyun4", [0x06E73] = "naam5", [0x06E74] = "baan6", [0x06E75] = "jau5", [0x06E76] = "cyun4", [0x06E77] = "zong1", [0x06E78] = "loeng6", [0x06E79] = "cin4", [0x06E7A] = "jin4", [0x06E7B] = "seon4", [0x06E7C] = "nip6", [0x06E7D] = "zi1", [0x06E7E] = "waan1", [0x06E7F] = "sap1", [0x06E80] = "mun5", [0x06E81] = "jing4", [0x06E82] = "laat6", [0x06E83] = "kui2", [0x06E84] = "fung4", [0x06E85] = "zin3", [0x06E86] = "zeoi6", [0x06E87] = "lau4", [0x06E88] = "gwai1", [0x06E89] = "koi3", [0x06E8A] = "bo1", [0x06E8B] = "jing4", [0x06E8C] = "put3", [0x06E8D] = "zeon3", [0x06E8E] = "gwai3", [0x06E8F] = "tong4", [0x06E90] = "jyun4", [0x06E91] = "so2", [0x06E92] = "jyun4", [0x06E93] = "lim5", [0x06E94] = "jiu5", [0x06E95] = "mung4", [0x06E96] = "zeon2", [0x06E97] = "sing4", [0x06E98] = "hap6", [0x06E99] = "taai3", [0x06E9A] = "taap3", [0x06E9B] = "waa1", [0x06E9C] = "lau6", [0x06E9D] = "kau1", [0x06E9E] = "sou1", [0x06E9F] = "ming4", [0x06EA0] = "zaa3", [0x06EA1] = "si4", [0x06EA2] = "jat6", [0x06EA3] = "leon6", [0x06EA4] = "maa5", [0x06EA5] = "pou2", [0x06EA6] = "mei4", [0x06EA7] = "leot6", [0x06EA8] = "zoi1", [0x06EA9] = "wu2", [0x06EAA] = "kai1", [0x06EAB] = "wan1", [0x06EAC] = "goeng1", [0x06EAD] = "zik1", [0x06EAE] = "si1", [0x06EAF] = "sou3", [0x06EB0] = "ji4", [0x06EB1] = "zeon1", [0x06EB2] = "sau1", [0x06EB3] = "wan4", [0x06EB4] = "cau3", [0x06EB5] = "jan1", [0x06EB6] = "jung4", [0x06EB7] = "wan6", [0x06EB8] = "sou3", [0x06EB9] = "sok3", [0x06EBA] = "nik6", [0x06EBB] = "taap3", [0x06EBC] = "sap1", [0x06EBD] = "juk6", [0x06EBE] = "aai1", [0x06EBF] = "pun3", [0x06EC0] = "cuk1", [0x06EC1] = "ceoi4", [0x06EC2] = "pong4", [0x06EC3] = "jung2", [0x06EC4] = "cong1", [0x06EC5] = "mit6", [0x06EC6] = "gaak3", [0x06EC7] = "tin4", [0x06EC8] = "hou6", [0x06EC9] = "fong2", [0x06ECA] = "hei3", [0x06ECB] = "zi1", [0x06ECC] = "dik6", [0x06ECD] = "zi6", [0x06ECE] = "jing4", [0x06ECF] = "fu2", [0x06ED0] = "git6", [0x06ED1] = "waat6", [0x06ED2] = "go1", [0x06ED3] = "zi2", [0x06ED4] = "tou1", [0x06ED5] = "tang4", [0x06ED6] = "seoi1", [0x06ED7] = "bei3", [0x06ED8] = "gaau3", [0x06ED9] = "wui6", [0x06EDA] = "gwan2", [0x06EDB] = "jam4", [0x06EDC] = "gou1", [0x06EDD] = "lung4", [0x06EDE] = "zai6", [0x06EDF] = "jim6", [0x06EE0] = "sip3", [0x06EE1] = "mun5", [0x06EE2] = "jing4", [0x06EE3] = "seon4", [0x06EE4] = "leoi6", [0x06EE5] = "laam6", [0x06EE6] = "lyun4", [0x06EE7] = "haau6", [0x06EE8] = "ban1", [0x06EE9] = "taan1", [0x06EEA] = "jyu6", [0x06EEB] = "sau2", [0x06EEC] = "wu6", [0x06EED] = "bat1", [0x06EEE] = "biu1", [0x06EEF] = "zai6", [0x06EF0] = "koeng5", [0x06EF1] = "kau3", [0x06EF2] = "sam3", [0x06EF3] = "soeng1", [0x06EF4] = "dik6", [0x06EF5] = "mat6", [0x06EF6] = "ngou4", [0x06EF7] = "lou5", [0x06EF8] = "wu2", [0x06EF9] = "fu1", [0x06EFA] = "jau4", [0x06EFB] = "caan2", [0x06EFC] = "paan3", [0x06EFD] = "jung4", [0x06EFE] = "gwan2", [0x06EFF] = "mun5", [0x06F00] = "hing2", [0x06F01] = "jyu4", [0x06F02] = "piu1", [0x06F03] = "zik6", [0x06F04] = "ngaai4", [0x06F05] = "ziu2", [0x06F06] = "cat1", [0x06F07] = "saai2", [0x06F08] = "zai3", [0x06F09] = "luk6", [0x06F0A] = "lau4", [0x06F0B] = "lung4", [0x06F0C] = "gan2", [0x06F0D] = "gwok3", [0x06F0E] = "cung4", [0x06F0F] = "lau6", [0x06F10] = "zap6", [0x06F11] = "koi3", [0x06F12] = "koeng4", [0x06F13] = "lei4", [0x06F14] = "jin2", [0x06F15] = "cou4", [0x06F16] = "gaau3", [0x06F17] = "cung1", [0x06F18] = "seon4", [0x06F19] = "tyun4", [0x06F1A] = "au3", [0x06F1B] = "tang4", [0x06F1C] = "je5", [0x06F1D] = "zaap6", [0x06F1E] = "mik6", [0x06F1F] = "tong4", [0x06F20] = "mok6", [0x06F21] = "tong1", [0x06F22] = "hon3", [0x06F23] = "lin4", [0x06F24] = "laam5", [0x06F25] = "waa1", [0x06F26] = "lei4", [0x06F27] = "gon1", [0x06F28] = "fung4", [0x06F29] = "syun4", [0x06F2A] = "ji1", [0x06F2B] = "maan6", [0x06F2C] = "zi3", [0x06F2D] = "mong5", [0x06F2E] = "hong1", [0x06F2F] = "taap3", [0x06F30] = "paang1", [0x06F31] = "sau3", [0x06F32] = "zoeng2", [0x06F33] = "zoeng1", [0x06F34] = "zong6", [0x06F35] = "zeoi6", [0x06F36] = "waan6", [0x06F37] = "kwok3", [0x06F38] = "zim6", [0x06F39] = "jin4", [0x06F3A] = "song2", [0x06F3B] = "liu4", [0x06F3C] = "ceoi2", [0x06F3D] = "tai4", [0x06F3E] = "joeng6", [0x06F3F] = "zoeng1", [0x06F40] = "cung4", [0x06F41] = "wing6", [0x06F42] = "hung4", [0x06F43] = "sau1", [0x06F44] = "sau3", [0x06F45] = "gun3", [0x06F46] = "jing4", [0x06F47] = "siu1", [0x06F48] = "zung1", [0x06F49] = "wan6", [0x06F4A] = "zeoi6", [0x06F4B] = "lim6", [0x06F4C] = "zat6", [0x06F4D] = "wai4", [0x06F4E] = "pit3", [0x06F4F] = "kyut3", [0x06F50] = "ziu3", [0x06F51] = "put3", [0x06F52] = "dong6", [0x06F53] = "wai6", [0x06F54] = "git3", [0x06F55] = "mou5", [0x06F56] = "paa4", [0x06F57] = "cap1", [0x06F58] = "pun1", [0x06F59] = "gwai1", [0x06F5A] = "suk1", [0x06F5B] = "cim4", [0x06F5C] = "cim4", [0x06F5D] = "jap1", [0x06F5E] = "lou6", [0x06F5F] = "sik1", [0x06F60] = "seon3", [0x06F61] = "dan6", [0x06F62] = "wong4", [0x06F63] = "man5", [0x06F64] = "jeon6", [0x06F65] = "suk1", [0x06F66] = "lou5", [0x06F67] = "zeon1", [0x06F68] = "zung1", [0x06F69] = "ji6", [0x06F6A] = "zik6", [0x06F6B] = "waan1", [0x06F6C] = "taan1", [0x06F6D] = "taam4", [0x06F6E] = "ciu4", [0x06F6F] = "cam4", [0x06F70] = "kui2", [0x06F71] = "jan1", [0x06F72] = "saau3", [0x06F73] = "tou4", [0x06F74] = "zyu1", [0x06F75] = "saat3", [0x06F76] = "hak1", [0x06F77] = "bei3", [0x06F78] = "saan1", [0x06F79] = "saan4", [0x06F7A] = "saan4", [0x06F7B] = "syu2", [0x06F7C] = "tung4", [0x06F7D] = "pou1", [0x06F7E] = "leon4", [0x06F7F] = "wai4", [0x06F80] = "sap1", [0x06F81] = "sap1", [0x06F82] = "cing4", [0x06F83] = "gwing3", [0x06F84] = "cing4", [0x06F85] = "waa6", [0x06F86] = "hiu1", [0x06F87] = "lou6", [0x06F88] = "cit3", [0x06F89] = "gam2", [0x06F8A] = "cyun1", [0x06F8B] = "wang6", [0x06F8C] = "si1", [0x06F8D] = "syu6", [0x06F8E] = "paang4", [0x06F8F] = "ham4", [0x06F90] = "wan4", [0x06F91] = "lau6", [0x06F92] = "hung6", [0x06F93] = "fuk6", [0x06F94] = "hou6", [0x06F95] = "wo4", [0x06F96] = "haan4", [0x06F97] = "gaan3", [0x06F98] = "saan1", [0x06F99] = "sik1", [0x06F9A] = "jyut6", [0x06F9B] = "lou5", [0x06F9C] = "laan4", [0x06F9D] = "ning6", [0x06F9E] = "jyu4", [0x06F9F] = "lam5", [0x06FA0] = "man5", [0x06FA1] = "cou3", [0x06FA2] = "dong1", [0x06FA3] = "wun5", [0x06FA4] = "zaak6", [0x06FA5] = "haai5", [0x06FA6] = "jyu6", [0x06FA7] = "lai5", [0x06FA8] = "sai6", [0x06FA9] = "hok6", [0x06FAA] = "ling4", [0x06FAB] = "maan6", [0x06FAC] = "zi1", [0x06FAD] = "jung1", [0x06FAE] = "kui2", [0x06FAF] = "caan3", [0x06FB0] = "lim6", [0x06FB1] = "din6", [0x06FB2] = "jip6", [0x06FB3] = "ou3", [0x06FB4] = "waan4", [0x06FB5] = "zeon1", [0x06FB6] = "sin4", [0x06FB7] = "maan6", [0x06FB8] = "dam2", [0x06FB9] = "daam6", [0x06FBA] = "jik1", [0x06FBB] = "seoi6", [0x06FBC] = "pik1", [0x06FBD] = "geoi6", [0x06FBE] = "taat3", [0x06FBF] = "kam4", [0x06FC0] = "gik1", [0x06FC1] = "zuk6", [0x06FC2] = "lim4", [0x06FC3] = "nung4", [0x06FC4] = "wo1", [0x06FC5] = "zam3", [0x06FC6] = "fan4", [0x06FC7] = "gip3", [0x06FC8] = "cap1", [0x06FC9] = "seoi1", [0x06FCA] = "wai3", [0x06FCB] = "co2", [0x06FCC] = "taap3", [0x06FCD] = "sung1", [0x06FCE] = "ding2", [0x06FCF] = "sat1", [0x06FD0] = "zyu2", [0x06FD1] = "laai6", [0x06FD2] = "ban1", [0x06FD3] = "lim4", [0x06FD4] = "mei4", [0x06FD5] = "sap1", [0x06FD6] = "syu6", [0x06FD7] = "mik6", [0x06FD8] = "ning6", [0x06FD9] = "jing4", [0x06FDA] = "jing4", [0x06FDB] = "mung4", [0x06FDC] = "zeon6", [0x06FDD] = "kei4", [0x06FDE] = "pai3", [0x06FDF] = "zai3", [0x06FE0] = "hou4", [0x06FE1] = "jyu4", [0x06FE2] = "ceoi3", [0x06FE3] = "waat3", [0x06FE4] = "tou4", [0x06FE5] = "jan5", [0x06FE7] = "deoi6", [0x06FE8] = "ci4", [0x06FE9] = "wok6", [0x06FEA] = "cing3", [0x06FEB] = "laam6", [0x06FEC] = "zeon3", [0x06FED] = "oi3", [0x06FEE] = "buk6", [0x06FEF] = "zok6", [0x06FF0] = "wai4", [0x06FF1] = "ban1", [0x06FF2] = "guk1", [0x06FF3] = "cim4", [0x06FF4] = "jing4", [0x06FF5] = "ban1", [0x06FF6] = "fut3", [0x06FF7] = "fai3", [0x06FF8] = "cong1", [0x06FF9] = "mak6", [0x06FFA] = "zin3", [0x06FFB] = "wai5", [0x06FFC] = "lok6", [0x06FFD] = "zaan3", [0x06FFE] = "leoi6", [0x06FFF] = "lai6" } 39xsh5hxzxgqo49wykfpj79bueeaza2 1374656 1374655 2026-06-03T00:31:57Z A826 72368 ೧ revisions imported from [[:en:Module:Unicode_data/Unihan/kCantonese/06]] 1374655 Scribunto text/plain -- Unihan_Readings.txt -- Date: 2025-07-24 00:00:00 GMT [KL] -- Unicode Version 17.0.0 return { [0x06000] = "waai4", [0x06001] = "taai3", [0x06002] = "sung2", [0x06003] = "mou5", [0x06004] = "au3", [0x06005] = "coeng3", [0x06006] = "cong3", [0x06007] = "geoi6", [0x06008] = "jai6", [0x06009] = "baau2", [0x0600A] = "ciu1", [0x0600B] = "man4", [0x0600C] = "pei1", [0x0600D] = "zok6", [0x0600E] = "zam2", [0x0600F] = "joeng2", [0x06010] = "kau3", [0x06011] = "bun6", [0x06012] = "nou6", [0x06013] = "naau4", [0x06014] = "zing1", [0x06015] = "paa3", [0x06016] = "bou3", [0x06017] = "tip3", [0x06018] = "gu3", [0x06019] = "wu6", [0x0601A] = "zeoi6", [0x0601B] = "daat3", [0x0601C] = "lin4", [0x0601D] = "si1", [0x0601F] = "dai3", [0x06020] = "toi5", [0x06021] = "ji4", [0x06022] = "dat6", [0x06023] = "jau4", [0x06024] = "fu1", [0x06025] = "gap1", [0x06026] = "ping1", [0x06027] = "sing3", [0x06028] = "jyun3", [0x06029] = "nei4", [0x0602A] = "gwaai3", [0x0602B] = "fat6", [0x0602C] = "hei3", [0x0602D] = "bit1", [0x0602E] = "jau1", [0x0602F] = "hip3", [0x06030] = "jyun6", [0x06031] = "cung1", [0x06032] = "bing2", [0x06033] = "fong2", [0x06034] = "wat1", [0x06035] = "zeot1", [0x06036] = "bei3", [0x06037] = "sik1", [0x06038] = "sik1", [0x06039] = "taa1", [0x0603A] = "wing5", [0x0603B] = "zung2", [0x0603C] = "deoi6", [0x0603D] = "mei6", [0x0603E] = "sik1", [0x0603F] = "jik6", [0x06040] = "ci2", [0x06041] = "jam6", [0x06042] = "seon1", [0x06043] = "ci5", [0x06044] = "hat1", [0x06045] = "lou5", [0x06046] = "hang4", [0x06047] = "hong1", [0x06048] = "mau4", [0x06049] = "zi2", [0x0604A] = "hip3", [0x0604B] = "lyun2", [0x0604C] = "tiu1", [0x0604D] = "fong2", [0x0604E] = "dit6", [0x0604F] = "hou2", [0x06050] = "hung2", [0x06051] = "gwai2", [0x06052] = "hang4", [0x06053] = "sai1", [0x06054] = "haau6", [0x06055] = "syu3", [0x06056] = "si1", [0x06057] = "fu1", [0x06058] = "jau1", [0x06059] = "joeng6", [0x0605A] = "wai6", [0x0605B] = "wui4", [0x0605C] = "cik1", [0x0605D] = "gaat3", [0x0605E] = "ji4", [0x0605F] = "hung1", [0x06060] = "gwaai3", [0x06061] = "leon6", [0x06062] = "fui1", [0x06063] = "zi3", [0x06064] = "seot1", [0x06065] = "ci2", [0x06066] = "soeng3", [0x06067] = "nuk6", [0x06068] = "han6", [0x06069] = "jan1", [0x0606A] = "kok3", [0x0606B] = "dung6", [0x0606C] = "tim4", [0x0606D] = "gung1", [0x0606E] = "cyun4", [0x0606F] = "sik1", [0x06070] = "hap1", [0x06071] = "jyut6", [0x06072] = "paang1", [0x06073] = "han2", [0x06074] = "dak1", [0x06075] = "wai6", [0x06076] = "ok3", [0x06077] = "jau1", [0x06078] = "dung6", [0x06079] = "jim1", [0x0607A] = "hoi2", [0x0607B] = "cak1", [0x0607C] = "nou5", [0x0607D] = "wan6", [0x0607E] = "mong4", [0x0607F] = "jung2", [0x06080] = "jung5", [0x06081] = "gyun3", [0x06082] = "pei1", [0x06083] = "kwan2", [0x06084] = "ciu2", [0x06085] = "jyut6", [0x06086] = "jyu6", [0x06087] = "tou4", [0x06088] = "gaai3", [0x06089] = "sik1", [0x0608A] = "zit3", [0x0608B] = "leon6", [0x0608C] = "dai6", [0x0608D] = "hon6", [0x0608E] = "hou6", [0x0608F] = "hip3", [0x06090] = "tik1", [0x06091] = "bou3", [0x06092] = "jap1", [0x06093] = "jin5", [0x06094] = "fui3", [0x06095] = "hei1", [0x06096] = "bui6", [0x06097] = "mun5", [0x06098] = "ji1", [0x06099] = "hang1", [0x0609A] = "sung2", [0x0609B] = "syun1", [0x0609C] = "cing2", [0x0609D] = "fui1", [0x0609E] = "ng6", [0x0609F] = "ng6", [0x060A0] = "jau4", [0x060A1] = "lei4", [0x060A2] = "loeng6", [0x060A3] = "waan6", [0x060A4] = "cung1", [0x060A5] = "ji3", [0x060A6] = "jyut6", [0x060A7] = "lei4", [0x060A8] = "nei5", [0x060A9] = "nou5", [0x060AA] = "ok3", [0x060AB] = "kok3", [0x060AC] = "jyun4", [0x060AD] = "haan1", [0x060AE] = "ng6", [0x060AF] = "man5", [0x060B0] = "cung4", [0x060B1] = "fei2", [0x060B2] = "bei1", [0x060B3] = "dak1", [0x060B4] = "seoi6", [0x060B5] = "coeng3", [0x060B6] = "mun6", [0x060B7] = "lai6", [0x060B8] = "gwai3", [0x060B9] = "gun3", [0x060BA] = "gun3", [0x060BB] = "hang6", [0x060BC] = "dou6", [0x060BD] = "cai1", [0x060BE] = "hung1", [0x060BF] = "tim2", [0x060C0] = "leon4", [0x060C1] = "sik1", [0x060C2] = "ham2", [0x060C3] = "gwan2", [0x060C4] = "nik6", [0x060C5] = "cing4", [0x060C6] = "cau4", [0x060C7] = "deon1", [0x060C8] = "gwo2", [0x060C9] = "zim1", [0x060CA] = "ging1", [0x060CB] = "wun2", [0x060CC] = "jyun1", [0x060CD] = "gam1", [0x060CE] = "gei6", [0x060CF] = "lam4", [0x060D0] = "wik6", [0x060D1] = "waak6", [0x060D2] = "wo4", [0x060D3] = "kyun4", [0x060D4] = "taam4", [0x060D5] = "tik1", [0x060D6] = "tik1", [0x060D7] = "nam2", [0x060D8] = "mong5", [0x060D9] = "zyut3", [0x060DA] = "fat1", [0x060DB] = "fan1", [0x060DC] = "sik1", [0x060DD] = "cong2", [0x060DE] = "jan1", [0x060DF] = "wai4", [0x060E0] = "wai6", [0x060E1] = "ok3", [0x060E2] = "so2", [0x060E3] = "zung2", [0x060E4] = "gin1", [0x060E5] = "jung2", [0x060E6] = "dim3", [0x060E7] = "geoi6", [0x060E8] = "caam2", [0x060E9] = "cing4", [0x060EA] = "dak1", [0x060EB] = "bei6", [0x060EC] = "hip3", [0x060ED] = "caam4", [0x060EE] = "daan6", [0x060EF] = "gwaan3", [0x060F0] = "do6", [0x060F1] = "nou5", [0x060F2] = "wan6", [0x060F3] = "soeng2", [0x060F4] = "zeoi3", [0x060F5] = "dip6", [0x060F6] = "wong4", [0x060F7] = "ceon2", [0x060F8] = "king4", [0x060F9] = "je5", [0x060FA] = "sing1", [0x060FB] = "cak1", [0x060FC] = "bin2", [0x060FD] = "fan1", [0x060FE] = "zung1", [0x060FF] = "tai4", [0x06100] = "ciu2", [0x06101] = "sau4", [0x06102] = "bui6", [0x06103] = "syun1", [0x06104] = "wui1", [0x06105] = "gaak3", [0x06106] = "hin1", [0x06107] = "wai5", [0x06108] = "jyu6", [0x06109] = "jyu4", [0x0610A] = "bik1", [0x0610B] = "hyun1", [0x0610C] = "wun6", [0x0610D] = "man5", [0x0610E] = "bik1", [0x0610F] = "ji3", [0x06110] = "min5", [0x06111] = "jung5", [0x06112] = "koi3", [0x06113] = "dong6", [0x06114] = "jam1", [0x06115] = "ngok6", [0x06116] = "sam4", [0x06117] = "mau6", [0x06118] = "kok3", [0x06119] = "kok3", [0x0611A] = "jyu4", [0x0611B] = "oi3", [0x0611C] = "hip3", [0x0611D] = "jin2", [0x0611E] = "no6", [0x0611F] = "gam2", [0x06120] = "wan3", [0x06121] = "zung2", [0x06122] = "soi1", [0x06123] = "ling6", [0x06124] = "fan5", [0x06125] = "jing1", [0x06126] = "kui2", [0x06127] = "kwai5", [0x06128] = "kok3", [0x06129] = "gung1", [0x0612A] = "wan4", [0x0612B] = "sou3", [0x0612C] = "saak3", [0x0612D] = "kei4", [0x0612E] = "jiu4", [0x0612F] = "sung2", [0x06130] = "fong2", [0x06131] = "zat6", [0x06132] = "gwat1", [0x06133] = "geoi6", [0x06134] = "cong3", [0x06135] = "nik6", [0x06136] = "hip3", [0x06137] = "hoi2", [0x06138] = "zing2", [0x06139] = "jung5", [0x0613A] = "cou2", [0x0613B] = "seon3", [0x0613C] = "san6", [0x0613D] = "bok3", [0x0613E] = "koi3", [0x0613F] = "jyun6", [0x06140] = "hai6", [0x06141] = "wan6", [0x06142] = "jung2", [0x06143] = "ong2", [0x06144] = "leot6", [0x06145] = "cou2", [0x06146] = "tou1", [0x06147] = "jan1", [0x06148] = "ci4", [0x06149] = "cuk1", [0x0614A] = "him3", [0x0614B] = "taai3", [0x0614C] = "fong1", [0x0614D] = "wan3", [0x0614E] = "san6", [0x0614F] = "ming5", [0x06150] = "gung1", [0x06151] = "sip3", [0x06152] = "cung4", [0x06153] = "piu5", [0x06154] = "mou6", [0x06155] = "mou6", [0x06156] = "gwok3", [0x06157] = "cik1", [0x06158] = "caam2", [0x06159] = "caam4", [0x0615A] = "caam4", [0x0615B] = "ceoi4", [0x0615C] = "man5", [0x0615D] = "tik1", [0x0615E] = "zoeng1", [0x0615F] = "dung6", [0x06160] = "ngou6", [0x06161] = "song2", [0x06162] = "maan6", [0x06163] = "gwaan3", [0x06164] = "kok3", [0x06165] = "zou6", [0x06166] = "gau3", [0x06167] = "wai6", [0x06168] = "koi3", [0x06169] = "lin4", [0x0616A] = "au3", [0x0616B] = "sung2", [0x0616C] = "kan4", [0x0616D] = "jan6", [0x0616E] = "leoi6", [0x0616F] = "soeng1", [0x06170] = "wai3", [0x06171] = "tyun4", [0x06172] = "mun4", [0x06173] = "haan1", [0x06174] = "sip3", [0x06175] = "jung4", [0x06176] = "hing3", [0x06177] = "kong2", [0x06178] = "dai3", [0x06179] = "zap1", [0x0617A] = "lau4", [0x0617B] = "gyun3", [0x0617C] = "cik1", [0x0617D] = "cik1", [0x0617E] = "juk6", [0x0617F] = "pang4", [0x06180] = "liu4", [0x06181] = "zung2", [0x06182] = "jau1", [0x06183] = "cung1", [0x06184] = "zi3", [0x06185] = "dung6", [0x06186] = "caang1", [0x06187] = "hei3", [0x06188] = "keoi1", [0x06189] = "paang4", [0x0618A] = "bei6", [0x0618B] = "bit3", [0x0618C] = "king4", [0x0618D] = "giu1", [0x0618E] = "zang1", [0x0618F] = "cai3", [0x06190] = "lin4", [0x06191] = "pang4", [0x06192] = "kui2", [0x06193] = "wai6", [0x06194] = "ciu4", [0x06195] = "cing4", [0x06196] = "jan6", [0x06197] = "jan6", [0x06198] = "hei2", [0x06199] = "hei2", [0x0619A] = "daan6", [0x0619B] = "taam4", [0x0619C] = "do6", [0x0619D] = "deoi6", [0x0619E] = "deoi6", [0x0619F] = "suk1", [0x061A0] = "kyut3", [0x061A1] = "caak3", [0x061A2] = "hiu1", [0x061A3] = "faan1", [0x061A4] = "fan5", [0x061A5] = "lou4", [0x061A6] = "lou6", [0x061A7] = "cung1", [0x061A8] = "ham1", [0x061A9] = "hei3", [0x061AA] = "haan4", [0x061AB] = "man5", [0x061AC] = "ging2", [0x061AD] = "liu5", [0x061AE] = "mou5", [0x061AF] = "caam2", [0x061B0] = "kyut3", [0x061B1] = "cuk1", [0x061B2] = "hin3", [0x061B3] = "taam2", [0x061B4] = "sing4", [0x061B5] = "pik1", [0x061B6] = "jik1", [0x061B7] = "co2", [0x061B8] = "cim1", [0x061B9] = "nou4", [0x061BA] = "daam6", [0x061BB] = "taan2", [0x061BC] = "ging2", [0x061BD] = "sung1", [0x061BE] = "ham6", [0x061BF] = "giu1", [0x061C0] = "wai3", [0x061C1] = "hyun1", [0x061C2] = "dung2", [0x061C3] = "kan4", [0x061C4] = "kan4", [0x061C5] = "keoi4", [0x061C6] = "cou2", [0x061C7] = "han2", [0x061C8] = "haai6", [0x061C9] = "jing3", [0x061CA] = "ou3", [0x061CB] = "mau6", [0x061CC] = "jik6", [0x061CD] = "lam5", [0x061CE] = "sik1", [0x061CF] = "zeon3", [0x061D0] = "waai4", [0x061D1] = "mun6", [0x061D2] = "laan5", [0x061D3] = "oi3", [0x061D4] = "lam5", [0x061D5] = "jim1", [0x061D6] = "kut3", [0x061D7] = "haa3", [0x061D8] = "cit3", [0x061D9] = "jyu5", [0x061DA] = "jan3", [0x061DB] = "daai1", [0x061DC] = "mung1", [0x061DD] = "ngoi6", [0x061DE] = "mung4", [0x061DF] = "deoi6", [0x061E0] = "cai4", [0x061E1] = "mo5", [0x061E2] = "laam4", [0x061E3] = "mun6", [0x061E4] = "cau4", [0x061E5] = "zi3", [0x061E6] = "no6", [0x061E7] = "no6", [0x061E8] = "jim1", [0x061E9] = "joeng5", [0x061EA] = "bok6", [0x061EB] = "zi3", [0x061EC] = "kwong3", [0x061ED] = "kong3", [0x061EE] = "jau1", [0x061EF] = "fu1", [0x061F0] = "lau4", [0x061F1] = "mit6", [0x061F2] = "cing4", [0x061F3] = "wai6", [0x061F4] = "caam3", [0x061F5] = "mung2", [0x061F6] = "laan5", [0x061F7] = "waai4", [0x061F8] = "jyun4", [0x061F9] = "joeng6", [0x061FA] = "caam3", [0x061FB] = "gei3", [0x061FC] = "geoi6", [0x061FD] = "fun1", [0x061FE] = "sip3", [0x061FF] = "ji3", [0x06200] = "lyun2", [0x06201] = "naan5", [0x06202] = "mei4", [0x06203] = "tong2", [0x06204] = "fok3", [0x06205] = "ngong6", [0x06206] = "zong3", [0x06207] = "zong3", [0x06208] = "gwo1", [0x06209] = "jyut6", [0x0620A] = "mou6", [0x0620B] = "zin1", [0x0620C] = "seot1", [0x0620D] = "syu3", [0x0620E] = "jung4", [0x0620F] = "hei3", [0x06210] = "sing4", [0x06211] = "ngo5", [0x06212] = "gaai3", [0x06213] = "gap3", [0x06214] = "zin1", [0x06215] = "coeng4", [0x06216] = "waak6", [0x06217] = "coeng1", [0x06218] = "zin3", [0x06219] = "dung6", [0x0621A] = "cik1", [0x0621B] = "gaat3", [0x0621C] = "dit6", [0x0621E] = "gaat3", [0x0621F] = "gik1", [0x06220] = "zik1", [0x06221] = "ham1", [0x06222] = "cap1", [0x06223] = "kwai4", [0x06224] = "koi3", [0x06225] = "dang2", [0x06226] = "zin3", [0x06227] = "coeng1", [0x06228] = "go1", [0x06229] = "zin2", [0x0622A] = "zit6", [0x0622B] = "juk1", [0x0622C] = "zin2", [0x0622D] = "jan5", [0x0622E] = "luk6", [0x0622F] = "hei3", [0x06230] = "zin3", [0x06231] = "hei3", [0x06232] = "hei3", [0x06233] = "coek3", [0x06234] = "daai3", [0x06235] = "keoi4", [0x06236] = "wu6", [0x06237] = "wu6", [0x06238] = "wu6", [0x06239] = "ak1", [0x0623A] = "si6", [0x0623B] = "dai6", [0x0623C] = "maau5", [0x0623D] = "fu3", [0x0623E] = "leoi6", [0x0623F] = "fong4", [0x06240] = "so2", [0x06241] = "bin2", [0x06242] = "dim3", [0x06243] = "gwing1", [0x06244] = "soeng2", [0x06245] = "ji4", [0x06246] = "ji2", [0x06247] = "sin3", [0x06248] = "wu6", [0x06249] = "fei1", [0x0624A] = "jim5", [0x0624B] = "sau2", [0x0624C] = "sau2", [0x0624D] = "coi4", [0x0624E] = "zaat3", [0x0624F] = "kau4", [0x06250] = "lak6", [0x06251] = "pok3", [0x06252] = "paa4", [0x06253] = "daa2", [0x06254] = "wing1", [0x06255] = "faan2", [0x06256] = "jap6", [0x06257] = "zoi6", [0x06258] = "tok3", [0x06259] = "zoeng6", [0x0625A] = "tiu2", [0x0625B] = "gong1", [0x0625C] = "jyu1", [0x0625D] = "fu1", [0x0625E] = "hon6", [0x0625F] = "san1", [0x06260] = "caa1", [0x06261] = "ci2", [0x06262] = "gwat1", [0x06263] = "kau3", [0x06264] = "ngaat6", [0x06265] = "dan3", [0x06266] = "cin1", [0x06267] = "zap1", [0x06268] = "jan6", [0x06269] = "kwong3", [0x0626A] = "mun4", [0x0626B] = "sou3", [0x0626C] = "joeng4", [0x0626D] = "nau2", [0x0626E] = "baan6", [0x0626F] = "ce2", [0x06270] = "jiu2", [0x06271] = "kap1", [0x06272] = "ngam4", [0x06273] = "paan1", [0x06274] = "git3", [0x06275] = "jyu1", [0x06276] = "fu4", [0x06277] = "ou3", [0x06278] = "sik1", [0x06279] = "pai1", [0x0627A] = "zi2", [0x0627B] = "ham2", [0x0627C] = "ak1", [0x0627D] = "dan3", [0x0627E] = "zaau2", [0x0627F] = "sing4", [0x06280] = "gei6", [0x06281] = "jin5", [0x06282] = "kwong4", [0x06283] = "bin6", [0x06284] = "caau1", [0x06285] = "keoi1", [0x06286] = "man5", [0x06287] = "wat6", [0x06288] = "jyut6", [0x06289] = "kyut3", [0x0628A] = "baa2", [0x0628B] = "cam3", [0x0628C] = "dam2", [0x0628D] = "sing1", [0x0628E] = "wan5", [0x06290] = "neot6", [0x06291] = "jik1", [0x06292] = "syu1", [0x06293] = "zaau2", [0x06294] = "pau4", [0x06295] = "tau4", [0x06296] = "dau2", [0x06297] = "kong3", [0x06298] = "zit3", [0x06299] = "pau4", [0x0629A] = "fu2", [0x0629B] = "paau1", [0x0629C] = "bat6", [0x0629D] = "aau2", [0x0629E] = "zaak6", [0x0629F] = "tyun4", [0x062A0] = "kau1", [0x062A1] = "leon4", [0x062A2] = "coeng2", [0x062A3] = "gwan1", [0x062A4] = "wu6", [0x062A5] = "bou3", [0x062A6] = "bing2", [0x062A7] = "zi2", [0x062A8] = "ping1", [0x062A9] = "naam4", [0x062AA] = "bo3", [0x062AB] = "pei1", [0x062AC] = "toi4", [0x062AD] = "jiu5", [0x062AE] = "zan2", [0x062AF] = "zaa1", [0x062B0] = "joeng2", [0x062B1] = "pou5", [0x062B2] = "ho1", [0x062B3] = "nei5", [0x062B4] = "jit6", [0x062B5] = "dai2", [0x062B6] = "cik1", [0x062B7] = "pei1", [0x062B8] = "hip3", [0x062B9] = "mut3", [0x062BA] = "mui6", [0x062BB] = "can2", [0x062BC] = "aat3", [0x062BD] = "cau1", [0x062BF] = "man5", [0x062C0] = "zuk1", [0x062C1] = "ke2", [0x062C2] = "fat1", [0x062C3] = "zaa3", [0x062C4] = "zyu2", [0x062C5] = "daam1", [0x062C6] = "caak3", [0x062C7] = "mou5", [0x062C8] = "nim1", [0x062C9] = "laai1", [0x062CA] = "fu2", [0x062CB] = "paau1", [0x062CC] = "bun6", [0x062CD] = "paak3", [0x062CE] = "ling1", [0x062CF] = "naa4", [0x062D0] = "gwaai2", [0x062D1] = "kim4", [0x062D2] = "keoi5", [0x062D3] = "tok3", [0x062D4] = "bat6", [0x062D5] = "to1", [0x062D6] = "to1", [0x062D7] = "aau2", [0x062D8] = "keoi1", [0x062D9] = "zyut3", [0x062DA] = "pun3", [0x062DB] = "ziu1", [0x062DC] = "baai3", [0x062DD] = "baai3", [0x062DE] = "dai2", [0x062DF] = "ji5", [0x062E0] = "geoi3", [0x062E1] = "kwok3", [0x062E2] = "lung5", [0x062E3] = "gaan2", [0x062E4] = "kaa1", [0x062E5] = "jung2", [0x062E6] = "laan4", [0x062E7] = "ning6", [0x062E8] = "but6", [0x062E9] = "zaak6", [0x062EA] = "cin1", [0x062EB] = "hang4", [0x062EC] = "kut3", [0x062ED] = "sik1", [0x062EE] = "git3", [0x062EF] = "cing2", [0x062F0] = "nam5", [0x062F1] = "gung2", [0x062F2] = "gung2", [0x062F3] = "kyun4", [0x062F4] = "saan1", [0x062F5] = "cyun4", [0x062F6] = "zaat3", [0x062F7] = "haau2", [0x062F8] = "ji4", [0x062F9] = "hip3", [0x062FA] = "caak3", [0x062FB] = "fui1", [0x062FC] = "ping1", [0x062FD] = "jai6", [0x062FE] = "sap6", [0x062FF] = "naa4", [0x06300] = "baak3", [0x06301] = "ci4", [0x06302] = "gwaa3", [0x06303] = "zat6", [0x06304] = "kwok3", [0x06305] = "do2", [0x06306] = "do2", [0x06307] = "zi2", [0x06308] = "kit3", [0x06309] = "on3", [0x0630A] = "lung6", [0x0630B] = "zan3", [0x0630C] = "gaak3", [0x0630D] = "haau6", [0x0630E] = "kwaa3", [0x0630F] = "dung6", [0x06311] = "tiu1", [0x06312] = "lit6", [0x06313] = "zaa1", [0x06314] = "leoi5", [0x06315] = "dip3", [0x06316] = "waat3", [0x06317] = "kyut3", [0x06318] = "lyut3", [0x06319] = "geoi2", [0x0631A] = "zi3", [0x0631B] = "lyun4", [0x0631C] = "aa3", [0x0631D] = "zaa1", [0x0631E] = "taat3", [0x0631F] = "hip3", [0x06320] = "naau5", [0x06321] = "dong2", [0x06322] = "giu2", [0x06323] = "zang1", [0x06324] = "zai1", [0x06325] = "fai1", [0x06326] = "cam4", [0x06327] = "jyu5", [0x06328] = "aai1", [0x06329] = "tyut3", [0x0632A] = "no4", [0x0632B] = "co3", [0x0632C] = "but6", [0x0632D] = "gaang3", [0x0632E] = "tai2", [0x0632F] = "zan3", [0x06330] = "caang4", [0x06331] = "so1", [0x06332] = "so1", [0x06333] = "hang1", [0x06334] = "mui5", [0x06335] = "lung6", [0x06336] = "guk6", [0x06337] = "pong3", [0x06338] = "gin2", [0x06339] = "jap1", [0x0633A] = "ting5", [0x0633B] = "saan1", [0x0633C] = "no4", [0x0633D] = "waan5", [0x0633E] = "hip3", [0x0633F] = "caap3", [0x06340] = "fung4", [0x06341] = "gaau2", [0x06342] = "wu2", [0x06343] = "kwan2", [0x06344] = "kau4", [0x06345] = "tung2", [0x06346] = "kwan2", [0x06347] = "waak6", [0x06348] = "tou4", [0x06349] = "zuk1", [0x0634A] = "pau4", [0x0634B] = "lyut3", [0x0634C] = "baat3", [0x0634D] = "hon6", [0x0634E] = "saau1", [0x0634F] = "nip6", [0x06350] = "gyun1", [0x06351] = "zik6", [0x06352] = "cuk1", [0x06353] = "je4", [0x06354] = "gok3", [0x06355] = "bou6", [0x06356] = "gwaat3", [0x06357] = "bou6", [0x06358] = "zyun3", [0x06359] = "jai6", [0x0635A] = "zaai1", [0x0635B] = "leoi5", [0x0635C] = "sau1", [0x0635D] = "tyut3", [0x0635E] = "laau4", [0x0635F] = "syun2", [0x06360] = "bang1", [0x06361] = "gim2", [0x06362] = "wun6", [0x06363] = "dou2", [0x06364] = "mei5", [0x06365] = "wun2", [0x06366] = "kam4", [0x06367] = "pung2", [0x06368] = "se2", [0x06369] = "lit6", [0x0636A] = "man4", [0x0636B] = "mun4", [0x0636C] = "fu2", [0x0636D] = "baai2", [0x0636E] = "geoi3", [0x0636F] = "dou3", [0x06370] = "wo2", [0x06371] = "ngaai4", [0x06372] = "gyun2", [0x06373] = "ngok6", [0x06374] = "zung2", [0x06375] = "tin2", [0x06376] = "ceoi4", [0x06377] = "zit6", [0x06378] = "teot1", [0x06379] = "ban3", [0x0637A] = "naat6", [0x0637B] = "nip6", [0x0637C] = "no4", [0x0637D] = "zeot1", [0x0637E] = "wut6", [0x0637F] = "cai1", [0x06380] = "hin1", [0x06381] = "caang4", [0x06382] = "dim1", [0x06383] = "sou3", [0x06384] = "leon4", [0x06385] = "cing3", [0x06386] = "gong1", [0x06387] = "zyut3", [0x06388] = "sau6", [0x06389] = "diu6", [0x0638A] = "pau2", [0x0638B] = "dai2", [0x0638C] = "zoeng2", [0x0638D] = "wan6", [0x0638E] = "gei2", [0x0638F] = "tou4", [0x06390] = "haap3", [0x06391] = "kei4", [0x06392] = "paai4", [0x06393] = "suk1", [0x06394] = "haan1", [0x06395] = "ling4", [0x06396] = "jik6", [0x06397] = "aa3", [0x06398] = "gwat6", [0x06399] = "zang1", [0x0639A] = "loeng5", [0x0639B] = "gwaa3", [0x0639C] = "ngai5", [0x0639D] = "waak6", [0x0639E] = "sim3", [0x0639F] = "deng3", [0x063A0] = "loek6", [0x063A1] = "coi2", [0x063A2] = "taam3", [0x063A3] = "zai3", [0x063A4] = "bing1", [0x063A5] = "zip3", [0x063A6] = "tik1", [0x063A7] = "hung3", [0x063A8] = "teoi1", [0x063A9] = "jim2", [0x063AA] = "cou3", [0x063AB] = "zau1", [0x063AC] = "guk1", [0x063AD] = "tim5", [0x063AE] = "kin4", [0x063AF] = "kang3", [0x063B0] = "maak3", [0x063B1] = "paa4", [0x063B2] = "kit3", [0x063B3] = "lou5", [0x063B4] = "gwaak3", [0x063B5] = "ming6", [0x063B6] = "zit6", [0x063B7] = "zaak6", [0x063B8] = "daan6", [0x063B9] = "mang1", [0x063BA] = "caam1", [0x063BB] = "sou1", [0x063BC] = "gwaan3", [0x063BD] = "pung3", [0x063BE] = "jyun6", [0x063BF] = "nok6", [0x063C0] = "gaan2", [0x063C1] = "zing1", [0x063C2] = "zau1", [0x063C3] = "zin2", [0x063C4] = "jyu4", [0x063C5] = "jin4", [0x063C6] = "kwai4", [0x063C7] = "naam4", [0x063C8] = "fang4", [0x063C9] = "jau4", [0x063CA] = "bik1", [0x063CB] = "wui1", [0x063CC] = "sak1", [0x063CD] = "zau3", [0x063CE] = "syun1", [0x063CF] = "miu4", [0x063D0] = "tai4", [0x063D1] = "nip6", [0x063D2] = "caap3", [0x063D3] = "ci3", [0x063D4] = "zung2", [0x063D5] = "zam3", [0x063D6] = "jap1", [0x063D7] = "tan4", [0x063D8] = "wing4", [0x063D9] = "bin1", [0x063DA] = "joeng4", [0x063DB] = "wun6", [0x063DC] = "jim2", [0x063DD] = "zaan2", [0x063DE] = "am2", [0x063DF] = "seoi1", [0x063E0] = "aat3", [0x063E1] = "ak1", [0x063E2] = "kak1", [0x063E3] = "ceoi2", [0x063E4] = "zat1", [0x063E5] = "dai3", [0x063E6] = "laa2", [0x063E7] = "laat6", [0x063E8] = "caang4", [0x063E9] = "haai1", [0x063EA] = "zau1", [0x063EB] = "zau1", [0x063EC] = "dat6", [0x063ED] = "kit3", [0x063EE] = "fai1", [0x063EF] = "gang1", [0x063F0] = "cung3", [0x063F1] = "siu1", [0x063F2] = "sit3", [0x063F3] = "sit3", [0x063F4] = "wun4", [0x063F5] = "kin4", [0x063F6] = "je4", [0x063F7] = "caap3", [0x063F8] = "zaa1", [0x063F9] = "bui3", [0x063FA] = "jiu4", [0x063FB] = "wai1", [0x063FC] = "dam2", [0x063FD] = "laam5", [0x063FE] = "wan2", [0x063FF] = "gam6", [0x06400] = "caam1", [0x06401] = "gok3", [0x06402] = "lau1", [0x06403] = "zung2", [0x06404] = "gang1", [0x06405] = "gaau2", [0x06406] = "kau3", [0x06407] = "kam2", [0x06408] = "jung4", [0x06409] = "kok3", [0x0640A] = "cau1", [0x0640B] = "caai1", [0x0640C] = "zin2", [0x0640D] = "syun2", [0x0640E] = "syun1", [0x0640F] = "bok3", [0x06410] = "cuk1", [0x06411] = "jung4", [0x06412] = "pong3", [0x06413] = "co1", [0x06414] = "sou1", [0x06415] = "hap6", [0x06416] = "jiu4", [0x06417] = "dou2", [0x06418] = "zi1", [0x06419] = "nuk6", [0x0641A] = "lap6", [0x0641B] = "gim1", [0x0641C] = "sau1", [0x0641D] = "hau2", [0x0641E] = "gaau2", [0x0641F] = "hin2", [0x06420] = "sok3", [0x06421] = "song2", [0x06422] = "zeon3", [0x06423] = "mit1", [0x06424] = "ak1", [0x06425] = "ceoi4", [0x06426] = "nik1", [0x06427] = "sin3", [0x06428] = "taap3", [0x06429] = "git6", [0x0642A] = "tong4", [0x0642B] = "pun4", [0x0642C] = "bun1", [0x0642D] = "daap3", [0x0642E] = "leot6", [0x0642F] = "tou1", [0x06430] = "wat6", [0x06431] = "zi6", [0x06432] = "waa2", [0x06433] = "waak6", [0x06434] = "hin1", [0x06435] = "wan2", [0x06436] = "coeng2", [0x06437] = "tin4", [0x06438] = "zeon1", [0x06439] = "ngak1", [0x0643A] = "kwai4", [0x0643C] = "kyun4", [0x0643D] = "caa4", [0x0643E] = "zaa3", [0x0643F] = "gaap3", [0x06440] = "wu2", [0x06441] = "on3", [0x06442] = "sip3", [0x06444] = "sip3", [0x06445] = "syu1", [0x06446] = "baai2", [0x06447] = "jiu4", [0x06448] = "ban3", [0x06449] = "sau1", [0x0644A] = "taan1", [0x0644B] = "saat3", [0x0644C] = "caan2", [0x0644D] = "suk1", [0x0644E] = "gau1", [0x0644F] = "zung1", [0x06450] = "cung1", [0x06451] = "gwaak3", [0x06452] = "bing3", [0x06453] = "fung4", [0x06454] = "seot1", [0x06455] = "dai3", [0x06456] = "cai3", [0x06457] = "cuk1", [0x06458] = "zaak6", [0x06459] = "lin5", [0x0645A] = "tong3", [0x0645B] = "ci1", [0x0645C] = "gwaan3", [0x0645D] = "luk6", [0x0645E] = "lo6", [0x0645F] = "lau1", [0x06460] = "zung2", [0x06461] = "goi3", [0x06462] = "wu6", [0x06463] = "zaa1", [0x06464] = "coeng2", [0x06465] = "tong3", [0x06466] = "waa6", [0x06467] = "ceoi1", [0x06468] = "naai4", [0x06469] = "mo1", [0x0646A] = "zoeng1", [0x0646B] = "kwai1", [0x0646C] = "jing2", [0x0646D] = "zek3", [0x0646E] = "ngou4", [0x0646F] = "zi3", [0x06470] = "jit6", [0x06471] = "maan1", [0x06472] = "saam3", [0x06473] = "kau1", [0x06474] = "syu1", [0x06475] = "saak3", [0x06476] = "tyun4", [0x06477] = "ziu6", [0x06478] = "mo2", [0x06479] = "mou4", [0x0647A] = "zip3", [0x0647B] = "caam1", [0x0647C] = "hang1", [0x0647D] = "biu1", [0x0647E] = "koeng5", [0x0647F] = "jiu4", [0x06480] = "gau3", [0x06481] = "hin1", [0x06482] = "liu1", [0x06483] = "gik1", [0x06484] = "jing1", [0x06485] = "kyut3", [0x06486] = "pit3", [0x06487] = "pit3", [0x06488] = "laau4", [0x06489] = "dan3", [0x0648A] = "haan6", [0x0648C] = "gwai6", [0x0648D] = "zaan2", [0x0648E] = "ji3", [0x0648F] = "cam4", [0x06490] = "caang1", [0x06491] = "caang1", [0x06492] = "saat3", [0x06493] = "naau5", [0x06494] = "wang6", [0x06495] = "si1", [0x06496] = "hon6", [0x06497] = "gwong3", [0x06498] = "daap3", [0x06499] = "zyun2", [0x0649A] = "nan2", [0x0649B] = "leon5", [0x0649C] = "cing2", [0x0649D] = "fai1", [0x0649E] = "zong6", [0x0649F] = "giu2", [0x064A0] = "gik1", [0x064A1] = "cou1", [0x064A2] = "taam3", [0x064A3] = "daan2", [0x064A4] = "cit3", [0x064A5] = "but6", [0x064A6] = "ce2", [0x064A7] = "zyut6", [0x064A8] = "siu1", [0x064A9] = "liu4", [0x064AA] = "ban6", [0x064AB] = "fu2", [0x064AC] = "giu6", [0x064AD] = "bo3", [0x064AE] = "cyut3", [0x064AF] = "zoek3", [0x064B0] = "zaan6", [0x064B1] = "wai5", [0x064B2] = "pok3", [0x064B3] = "gam6", [0x064B4] = "deon1", [0x064B5] = "lin5", [0x064B6] = "waa1", [0x064B7] = "kit3", [0x064B8] = "lou5", [0x064B9] = "gaau2", [0x064BA] = "cyun3", [0x064BB] = "taat3", [0x064BC] = "ham6", [0x064BD] = "gik1", [0x064BE] = "zaa1", [0x064BF] = "gim2", [0x064C0] = "gon2", [0x064C1] = "jung2", [0x064C2] = "leoi4", [0x064C3] = "nong5", [0x064C4] = "lou5", [0x064C5] = "sin6", [0x064C6] = "zoek3", [0x064C7] = "zaak6", [0x064C8] = "pok3", [0x064C9] = "cok3", [0x064CA] = "gik1", [0x064CB] = "dong2", [0x064CC] = "saak3", [0x064CD] = "cou1", [0x064CE] = "king4", [0x064CF] = "king4", [0x064D0] = "gwaan3", [0x064D1] = "zip3", [0x064D2] = "kam4", [0x064D3] = "kwaai5", [0x064D4] = "daam1", [0x064D5] = "kwai4", [0x064D6] = "kaa1", [0x064D7] = "pik1", [0x064D8] = "maak3", [0x064D9] = "ngou1", [0x064DA] = "geoi3", [0x064DB] = "jip6", [0x064DC] = "ngaat6", [0x064DD] = "mang1", [0x064DE] = "sau2", [0x064DF] = "mei4", [0x064E0] = "zai1", [0x064E1] = "toi4", [0x064E2] = "zok6", [0x064E3] = "dou2", [0x064E4] = "sang3", [0x064E5] = "laam5", [0x064E6] = "caat3", [0x064E7] = "geoi2", [0x064E8] = "je4", [0x064E9] = "jyu5", [0x064EA] = "jip3", [0x064EB] = "jip3", [0x064EC] = "ji5", [0x064ED] = "wok6", [0x064EE] = "zit6", [0x064EF] = "ban3", [0x064F0] = "ning6", [0x064F1] = "gok3", [0x064F2] = "zaak6", [0x064F3] = "zit1", [0x064F4] = "kwok3", [0x064F5] = "mo1", [0x064F6] = "zin3", [0x064F7] = "kit3", [0x064F8] = "laap3", [0x064F9] = "taan1", [0x064FA] = "baai2", [0x064FB] = "sau2", [0x064FC] = "lou5", [0x064FD] = "lik6", [0x064FE] = "jiu2", [0x064FF] = "tik1", [0x06500] = "paan1", [0x06501] = "joeng5", [0x06502] = "leoi4", [0x06503] = "caat3", [0x06504] = "syu1", [0x06505] = "cyun4", [0x06506] = "lin5", [0x06507] = "hin2", [0x06508] = "kwan2", [0x06509] = "fok3", [0x0650A] = "lik6", [0x0650B] = "laai6", [0x0650C] = "waan6", [0x0650D] = "jing4", [0x0650E] = "lou4", [0x0650F] = "lung5", [0x06510] = "hin1", [0x06511] = "hin1", [0x06512] = "cyun4", [0x06513] = "hin1", [0x06514] = "laan4", [0x06515] = "cim1", [0x06516] = "jing1", [0x06517] = "mei4", [0x06518] = "joeng4", [0x06519] = "caam1", [0x0651A] = "jing4", [0x0651B] = "cyun3", [0x0651C] = "kwai4", [0x0651D] = "sip3", [0x0651E] = "lyut3", [0x0651F] = "kwan2", [0x06520] = "mei4", [0x06521] = "ci1", [0x06522] = "cyun4", [0x06523] = "lyun4", [0x06524] = "taan1", [0x06525] = "zaan6", [0x06526] = "lai6", [0x06527] = "din1", [0x06528] = "waa2", [0x06529] = "dong2", [0x0652A] = "gaau2", [0x0652B] = "fok3", [0x0652C] = "laam5", [0x0652D] = "lai5", [0x0652E] = "nong5", [0x0652F] = "zi1", [0x06530] = "gui6", [0x06531] = "gwai2", [0x06532] = "kei1", [0x06533] = "cam4", [0x06534] = "pok3", [0x06535] = "pok3", [0x06536] = "sau1", [0x06537] = "haau2", [0x06538] = "jau4", [0x06539] = "goi2", [0x0653A] = "ji5", [0x0653B] = "gung1", [0x0653C] = "gon1", [0x0653D] = "baan1", [0x0653E] = "fong3", [0x0653F] = "zing3", [0x06540] = "baak3", [0x06541] = "dim1", [0x06542] = "kau3", [0x06543] = "man5", [0x06544] = "mou6", [0x06545] = "gu3", [0x06546] = "hap6", [0x06547] = "caak3", [0x06548] = "haau6", [0x06549] = "mei5", [0x0654A] = "cuk1", [0x0654B] = "gok3", [0x0654C] = "dik6", [0x0654D] = "zeoi6", [0x0654E] = "gaau3", [0x0654F] = "man5", [0x06550] = "san4", [0x06551] = "gau3", [0x06552] = "san1", [0x06553] = "dyut6", [0x06554] = "jyu5", [0x06555] = "cik1", [0x06556] = "ngou4", [0x06557] = "baai6", [0x06558] = "zeoi6", [0x06559] = "gaau3", [0x0655A] = "dyut6", [0x0655B] = "lim5", [0x0655C] = "nip6", [0x0655D] = "bai6", [0x0655E] = "cong2", [0x0655F] = "din2", [0x06560] = "zyut3", [0x06561] = "ji6", [0x06562] = "gam2", [0x06563] = "saan3", [0x06564] = "fo2", [0x06565] = "jim6", [0x06566] = "deon1", [0x06567] = "gei1", [0x06568] = "tau2", [0x06569] = "haau6", [0x0656A] = "zyut3", [0x0656B] = "giu3", [0x0656C] = "ging3", [0x0656D] = "joeng4", [0x0656E] = "hap1", [0x0656F] = "man5", [0x06570] = "sou3", [0x06571] = "ngoi4", [0x06572] = "haau1", [0x06573] = "ngoi4", [0x06574] = "zing2", [0x06575] = "dik6", [0x06576] = "can4", [0x06577] = "fu1", [0x06578] = "sou3", [0x06579] = "liu4", [0x0657A] = "keoi1", [0x0657B] = "hing3", [0x0657C] = "ji2", [0x0657D] = "giu2", [0x0657E] = "sin6", [0x0657F] = "giu2", [0x06580] = "zoek3", [0x06581] = "jik6", [0x06582] = "lim5", [0x06583] = "bai6", [0x06584] = "lei4", [0x06585] = "haau6", [0x06586] = "haau6", [0x06587] = "man4", [0x06588] = "hok6", [0x06589] = "cai4", [0x0658A] = "cai4", [0x0658B] = "zaai1", [0x0658C] = "ban1", [0x0658D] = "gok3", [0x0658E] = "zaai1", [0x0658F] = "loeng4", [0x06590] = "fei2", [0x06591] = "baan1", [0x06592] = "baan1", [0x06593] = "laan4", [0x06594] = "jyu4", [0x06595] = "laan4", [0x06596] = "mei5", [0x06597] = "dau3", [0x06598] = "sing1", [0x06599] = "liu6", [0x0659A] = "gaa2", [0x0659B] = "huk6", [0x0659C] = "ce4", [0x0659D] = "gaa2", [0x0659E] = "jyu4", [0x0659F] = "zam1", [0x065A0] = "gaau3", [0x065A1] = "waat3", [0x065A2] = "tau3", [0x065A3] = "dau3", [0x065A4] = "gan1", [0x065A5] = "cik1", [0x065A6] = "ngan4", [0x065A7] = "fu2", [0x065A8] = "coeng1", [0x065A9] = "zaam2", [0x065AA] = "keoi4", [0x065AB] = "zoek3", [0x065AC] = "zaam2", [0x065AD] = "dyun6", [0x065AE] = "zoek3", [0x065AF] = "si1", [0x065B0] = "san1", [0x065B1] = "zoek3", [0x065B2] = "doek3", [0x065B3] = "kan4", [0x065B4] = "leon4", [0x065B5] = "zoek3", [0x065B6] = "cuk1", [0x065B7] = "dyun6", [0x065B8] = "zuk1", [0x065B9] = "fong1", [0x065BA] = "cin2", [0x065BB] = "hong4", [0x065BC] = "jyu1", [0x065BD] = "si1", [0x065BE] = "pui3", [0x065BF] = "jau4", [0x065C0] = "ji5", [0x065C1] = "pong4", [0x065C2] = "kei4", [0x065C3] = "zin1", [0x065C4] = "mou4", [0x065C5] = "leoi5", [0x065C6] = "pui3", [0x065C7] = "pei1", [0x065C8] = "lau4", [0x065C9] = "fu1", [0x065CA] = "fong2", [0x065CB] = "syun4", [0x065CC] = "zing1", [0x065CD] = "zing1", [0x065CE] = "nei5", [0x065CF] = "zuk6", [0x065D0] = "siu6", [0x065D1] = "ji2", [0x065D2] = "lau4", [0x065D3] = "saau1", [0x065D4] = "gin3", [0x065D5] = "jyu1", [0x065D6] = "ji2", [0x065D7] = "kei4", [0x065D8] = "ci3", [0x065D9] = "faan1", [0x065DA] = "piu1", [0x065DB] = "faan1", [0x065DC] = "zin1", [0x065DD] = "kui2", [0x065DE] = "seoi6", [0x065DF] = "jyu4", [0x065E0] = "mou4", [0x065E1] = "gei3", [0x065E2] = "gei3", [0x065E3] = "gei3", [0x065E4] = "wo6", [0x065E5] = "jat6", [0x065E6] = "daan3", [0x065E7] = "gau6", [0x065E8] = "zi2", [0x065E9] = "zou2", [0x065EA] = "hip3", [0x065EB] = "tiu1", [0x065EC] = "ceon4", [0x065ED] = "juk1", [0x065EE] = "go1", [0x065EF] = "lo1", [0x065F0] = "gon3", [0x065F1] = "hon5", [0x065F2] = "toi4", [0x065F3] = "dik1", [0x065F4] = "heoi1", [0x065F5] = "caam2", [0x065F6] = "si4", [0x065F7] = "kwong3", [0x065F8] = "joeng4", [0x065F9] = "si4", [0x065FA] = "wong6", [0x065FB] = "man4", [0x065FC] = "man4", [0x065FD] = "tan1", [0x065FE] = "ceon1", [0x065FF] = "ng5", [0x06600] = "wan4", [0x06601] = "bui3", [0x06602] = "ngong4", [0x06603] = "zak1", [0x06604] = "baan2", [0x06605] = "gip6", [0x06606] = "kwan1", [0x06607] = "sing1", [0x06608] = "wu6", [0x06609] = "fong2", [0x0660A] = "hou6", [0x0660B] = "gwai3", [0x0660C] = "coeng1", [0x0660D] = "hyun1", [0x0660E] = "ming4", [0x0660F] = "fan1", [0x06610] = "fan1", [0x06611] = "jam2", [0x06612] = "fat1", [0x06613] = "ji6", [0x06614] = "sik1", [0x06615] = "jan1", [0x06616] = "jyun4", [0x06617] = "zak1", [0x06618] = "fong2", [0x06619] = "taam4", [0x0661A] = "san6", [0x0661B] = "geoi6", [0x0661C] = "joeng4", [0x0661D] = "zaan2", [0x0661E] = "bing2", [0x0661F] = "sing1", [0x06620] = "jing2", [0x06621] = "jyun6", [0x06622] = "pui3", [0x06623] = "can2", [0x06624] = "ling4", [0x06625] = "ceon1", [0x06626] = "hou6", [0x06627] = "mui6", [0x06628] = "zok6", [0x06629] = "mut6", [0x0662A] = "bin6", [0x0662B] = "heoi2", [0x0662C] = "fan1", [0x0662D] = "ciu1", [0x0662E] = "zung6", [0x0662F] = "si6", [0x06630] = "haa6", [0x06631] = "juk1", [0x06632] = "fai3", [0x06633] = "dit6", [0x06634] = "maau5", [0x06635] = "nik1", [0x06636] = "cong2", [0x06637] = "wan1", [0x06638] = "dung1", [0x06639] = "oi2", [0x0663A] = "bing2", [0x0663B] = "ngong4", [0x0663C] = "zau3", [0x0663D] = "lung4", [0x0663E] = "hin2", [0x0663F] = "kwong3", [0x06640] = "tiu2", [0x06641] = "ciu4", [0x06642] = "si4", [0x06643] = "fong2", [0x06644] = "fong2", [0x06645] = "hyun1", [0x06646] = "kwai1", [0x06647] = "heoi1", [0x06648] = "gaau2", [0x06649] = "zeon3", [0x0664A] = "zat1", [0x0664B] = "zeon3", [0x0664C] = "hoeng2", [0x0664D] = "tung4", [0x0664E] = "hung2", [0x0664F] = "aan3", [0x06650] = "goi1", [0x06651] = "hoeng2", [0x06652] = "saai3", [0x06653] = "hiu2", [0x06654] = "jip6", [0x06655] = "wan4", [0x06656] = "fai1", [0x06657] = "ham4", [0x06658] = "waan5", [0x06659] = "zeon3", [0x0665A] = "maan5", [0x0665B] = "jin5", [0x0665C] = "kwan1", [0x0665D] = "zau3", [0x0665E] = "hei1", [0x0665F] = "sing4", [0x06660] = "cou4", [0x06661] = "bou1", [0x06662] = "zit3", [0x06663] = "zit3", [0x06664] = "ng6", [0x06665] = "wun5", [0x06666] = "fui3", [0x06667] = "hou6", [0x06668] = "san4", [0x06669] = "maan5", [0x0666A] = "long4", [0x0666B] = "zoek3", [0x0666C] = "zeoi3", [0x0666D] = "zau2", [0x0666E] = "pou2", [0x0666F] = "ging2", [0x06670] = "sik1", [0x06671] = "sim2", [0x06672] = "ngai5", [0x06673] = "sik1", [0x06674] = "cing4", [0x06675] = "kai2", [0x06676] = "zing1", [0x06677] = "gwai2", [0x06678] = "zing2", [0x06679] = "sik1", [0x0667A] = "zi3", [0x0667B] = "am2", [0x0667C] = "jyun2", [0x0667D] = "lam4", [0x0667E] = "long6", [0x0667F] = "coeng1", [0x06680] = "wong2", [0x06681] = "hiu2", [0x06682] = "zaam6", [0x06683] = "fei1", [0x06684] = "hyun1", [0x06685] = "hyun1", [0x06686] = "ji4", [0x06687] = "haa6", [0x06688] = "wan4", [0x06689] = "fai1", [0x0668A] = "seoi2", [0x0668B] = "man5", [0x0668C] = "kwai4", [0x0668D] = "hot3", [0x0668E] = "jing2", [0x0668F] = "syu6", [0x06690] = "wai5", [0x06691] = "syu2", [0x06692] = "cing4", [0x06693] = "mau6", [0x06694] = "naam4", [0x06695] = "gaan2", [0x06696] = "nyun5", [0x06697] = "am3", [0x06698] = "joeng4", [0x06699] = "ceon1", [0x0669A] = "jiu4", [0x0669B] = "so2", [0x0669C] = "pou2", [0x0669D] = "ming4", [0x0669E] = "giu2", [0x0669F] = "hoi2", [0x066A0] = "gou2", [0x066A1] = "jung2", [0x066A2] = "coeng3", [0x066A3] = "hei3", [0x066A4] = "hou6", [0x066A5] = "aan3", [0x066A6] = "lik6", [0x066A7] = "oi3", [0x066A8] = "kei3", [0x066A9] = "zai3", [0x066AA] = "mun5", [0x066AB] = "zaam6", [0x066AC] = "sit3", [0x066AD] = "hou6", [0x066AE] = "mou6", [0x066AF] = "mok6", [0x066B0] = "cung1", [0x066B1] = "nik1", [0x066B2] = "zoeng1", [0x066B3] = "wai3", [0x066B4] = "bou6", [0x066B5] = "hon3", [0x066B6] = "syun4", [0x066B7] = "cyun4", [0x066B8] = "liu4", [0x066B9] = "cim3", [0x066BA] = "taan2", [0x066BB] = "ging2", [0x066BC] = "pit3", [0x066BD] = "leon4", [0x066BE] = "tan1", [0x066BF] = "hei2", [0x066C0] = "ai3", [0x066C1] = "kei3", [0x066C2] = "wong6", [0x066C3] = "doi6", [0x066C4] = "jip6", [0x066C5] = "jip6", [0x066C6] = "lik6", [0x066C7] = "taam4", [0x066C8] = "tung4", [0x066C9] = "hiu2", [0x066CA] = "fai3", [0x066CB] = "sam2", [0x066CC] = "ziu3", [0x066CD] = "hou6", [0x066CE] = "jik6", [0x066CF] = "hoeng2", [0x066D0] = "sing1", [0x066D1] = "sam1", [0x066D2] = "giu2", [0x066D3] = "bou6", [0x066D4] = "ging6", [0x066D5] = "jim6", [0x066D6] = "oi3", [0x066D7] = "jip6", [0x066D8] = "jyu4", [0x066D9] = "cyu5", [0x066DA] = "mung4", [0x066DB] = "fan1", [0x066DC] = "jiu6", [0x066DD] = "buk6", [0x066DE] = "lai6", [0x066DF] = "san4", [0x066E0] = "kwong3", [0x066E1] = "dip6", [0x066E2] = "liu4", [0x066E3] = "jin3", [0x066E4] = "fok3", [0x066E5] = "lou4", [0x066E6] = "hei1", [0x066E7] = "jung4", [0x066E8] = "lung4", [0x066E9] = "nong5", [0x066EA] = "lo2", [0x066EB] = "lyun4", [0x066EC] = "saai3", [0x066ED] = "tong2", [0x066EE] = "jim5", [0x066EF] = "zuk1", [0x066F0] = "joek6", [0x066F1] = "gaat6", [0x066F2] = "kuk1", [0x066F3] = "jai6", [0x066F4] = "gang1", [0x066F5] = "jai6", [0x066F6] = "fat1", [0x066F7] = "hot3", [0x066F8] = "syu1", [0x066F9] = "cou4", [0x066FA] = "cou4", [0x066FB] = "cyun2", [0x066FC] = "maan6", [0x066FD] = "zang1", [0x066FE] = "zang1", [0x066FF] = "tai3", [0x06700] = "zeoi3", [0x06701] = "caam2", [0x06702] = "juk1", [0x06703] = "wui6", [0x06704] = "jan5", [0x06705] = "kit3", [0x06706] = "fan1", [0x06707] = "pei4", [0x06708] = "jyut6", [0x06709] = "jau5", [0x0670B] = "pang4", [0x0670C] = "fan4", [0x0670D] = "fuk6", [0x0670E] = "ling4", [0x0670F] = "fei2", [0x06710] = "keoi4", [0x06711] = "sai3", [0x06712] = "nuk6", [0x06713] = "tiu3", [0x06714] = "sok3", [0x06715] = "zam6", [0x06716] = "long5", [0x06717] = "long5", [0x06719] = "ming4", [0x0671A] = "fong1", [0x0671B] = "mong6", [0x0671C] = "tan1", [0x0671D] = "ciu4", [0x0671E] = "gei1", [0x0671F] = "kei4", [0x06720] = "jing1", [0x06721] = "zung1", [0x06722] = "mong6", [0x06723] = "tung4", [0x06724] = "long5", [0x06725] = "lou4", [0x06726] = "mung4", [0x06727] = "lung4", [0x06728] = "muk6", [0x06729] = "muk6", [0x0672A] = "mei6", [0x0672B] = "mut6", [0x0672C] = "bun2", [0x0672D] = "zaat3", [0x0672E] = "seot6", [0x0672F] = "seot6", [0x06730] = "zaat3", [0x06731] = "zyu1", [0x06732] = "jan4", [0x06733] = "baat3", [0x06734] = "pok3", [0x06735] = "do2", [0x06736] = "do2", [0x06737] = "dou1", [0x06738] = "lak6", [0x06739] = "kau4", [0x0673A] = "gei1", [0x0673B] = "gau1", [0x0673C] = "pei4", [0x0673D] = "nau2", [0x0673E] = "caang4", [0x0673F] = "ci3", [0x06740] = "saat3", [0x06741] = "jan4", [0x06742] = "zaap6", [0x06743] = "kyun4", [0x06744] = "cin1", [0x06745] = "jyu1", [0x06746] = "gon1", [0x06747] = "wu1", [0x06748] = "caa1", [0x06749] = "caam3", [0x0674A] = "ceon4", [0x0674B] = "faan4", [0x0674C] = "ngat6", [0x0674D] = "zi2", [0x0674E] = "lei5", [0x0674F] = "hang6", [0x06750] = "coi4", [0x06751] = "cyun1", [0x06752] = "jan6", [0x06753] = "biu1", [0x06754] = "tok3", [0x06755] = "dai6", [0x06756] = "zoeng6", [0x06757] = "mong4", [0x06758] = "ci3", [0x06759] = "jik6", [0x0675A] = "koi3", [0x0675B] = "gung1", [0x0675C] = "dou6", [0x0675D] = "ji4", [0x0675E] = "gei2", [0x0675F] = "cuk1", [0x06760] = "gong1", [0x06761] = "tiu4", [0x06762] = "gong3", [0x06763] = "min4", [0x06764] = "maan6", [0x06765] = "loi4", [0x06766] = "gau2", [0x06767] = "mong1", [0x06768] = "joeng4", [0x06769] = "maa5", [0x0676A] = "miu5", [0x0676B] = "ci3", [0x0676C] = "jyun4", [0x0676D] = "hong4", [0x0676E] = "fai3", [0x0676F] = "bui1", [0x06770] = "git6", [0x06771] = "dung1", [0x06772] = "gou2", [0x06773] = "miu5", [0x06774] = "him1", [0x06775] = "cyu5", [0x06776] = "ceon1", [0x06777] = "paa4", [0x06778] = "syu4", [0x06779] = "faa3", [0x0677A] = "sam1", [0x0677B] = "cau2", [0x0677C] = "cyu5", [0x0677D] = "cau2", [0x0677E] = "cung4", [0x0677F] = "baan2", [0x06780] = "cung4", [0x06781] = "gik6", [0x06782] = "wut6", [0x06783] = "zeon3", [0x06784] = "kau3", [0x06785] = "gai1", [0x06786] = "mou4", [0x06787] = "pei4", [0x06788] = "bei3", [0x06789] = "wong2", [0x0678A] = "ngong6", [0x0678B] = "fong1", [0x0678C] = "fan4", [0x0678D] = "jai6", [0x0678E] = "fu4", [0x0678F] = "naam4", [0x06790] = "sik1", [0x06791] = "wu6", [0x06792] = "aa1", [0x06793] = "dau2", [0x06794] = "cam4", [0x06795] = "zam2", [0x06796] = "jiu1", [0x06797] = "lam4", [0x06798] = "jeoi6", [0x06799] = "ngo4", [0x0679A] = "mui4", [0x0679B] = "zaau3", [0x0679C] = "gwo2", [0x0679D] = "zi1", [0x0679E] = "cung1", [0x0679F] = "taan4", [0x067A0] = "zyut6", [0x067A1] = "sing1", [0x067A2] = "syu1", [0x067A3] = "zou2", [0x067A4] = "dai6", [0x067A5] = "lik1", [0x067A6] = "lou4", [0x067A7] = "gaan2", [0x067A8] = "caang4", [0x067A9] = "cung4", [0x067AA] = "coeng1", [0x067AB] = "fung1", [0x067AC] = "zin1", [0x067AD] = "hiu1", [0x067AE] = "cim1", [0x067AF] = "fu1", [0x067B0] = "ping4", [0x067B1] = "toi2", [0x067B2] = "saai2", [0x067B3] = "zi2", [0x067B4] = "gwaai2", [0x067B5] = "hiu1", [0x067B6] = "gaa3", [0x067B7] = "gaa1", [0x067B8] = "gau2", [0x067B9] = "baau1", [0x067BA] = "mut6", [0x067BB] = "jai6", [0x067BC] = "jip6", [0x067BD] = "jip6", [0x067BE] = "si6", [0x067BF] = "jit6", [0x067C0] = "bei2", [0x067C1] = "to4", [0x067C2] = "ji4", [0x067C3] = "ling4", [0x067C4] = "beng3", [0x067C5] = "nei5", [0x067C6] = "laap6", [0x067C7] = "wo4", [0x067C8] = "bun6", [0x067C9] = "faan4", [0x067CA] = "dung1", [0x067CB] = "doi6", [0x067CC] = "ci4", [0x067CD] = "joeng1", [0x067CE] = "fu1", [0x067CF] = "paak3", [0x067D0] = "mau5", [0x067D1] = "gam1", [0x067D2] = "cat1", [0x067D3] = "jim5", [0x067D4] = "jau4", [0x067D5] = "mau6", [0x067D6] = "siu4", [0x067D7] = "cung4", [0x067D8] = "ze3", [0x067D9] = "haap6", [0x067DA] = "jau2", [0x067DB] = "san1", [0x067DC] = "gwai6", [0x067DD] = "tok3", [0x067DE] = "zok6", [0x067DF] = "naam4", [0x067E0] = "ning4", [0x067E1] = "wing5", [0x067E2] = "dai2", [0x067E3] = "dit6", [0x067E4] = "zaa1", [0x067E5] = "caa4", [0x067E6] = "daan6", [0x067E7] = "gu1", [0x067E8] = "bou3", [0x067E9] = "gau6", [0x067EA] = "au1", [0x067EB] = "fat1", [0x067EC] = "gaan2", [0x067ED] = "baat3", [0x067EE] = "deot1", [0x067EF] = "o1", [0x067F0] = "noi6", [0x067F1] = "cyu5", [0x067F2] = "bei3", [0x067F3] = "lau5", [0x067F4] = "caai4", [0x067F5] = "caak3", [0x067F6] = "si3", [0x067F7] = "zuk1", [0x067F8] = "pui1", [0x067F9] = "ci2", [0x067FA] = "gwaai2", [0x067FB] = "caa4", [0x067FC] = "jiu2", [0x067FD] = "cing1", [0x067FE] = "gau6", [0x067FF] = "ci2", [0x06800] = "zi1", [0x06801] = "lau5", [0x06802] = "mui4", [0x06803] = "lai6", [0x06804] = "wing4", [0x06805] = "caak3", [0x06806] = "zou2", [0x06807] = "biu1", [0x06808] = "zaan6", [0x06809] = "zit3", [0x0680A] = "lung4", [0x0680B] = "dung6", [0x0680C] = "lou4", [0x0680D] = "sang1", [0x0680E] = "lik1", [0x0680F] = "laan4", [0x06810] = "wing5", [0x06811] = "syu6", [0x06812] = "ceon4", [0x06813] = "saan1", [0x06814] = "kai3", [0x06815] = "san4", [0x06816] = "cai1", [0x06817] = "leot6", [0x06818] = "ji4", [0x06819] = "hong4", [0x0681A] = "zam6", [0x0681B] = "lai6", [0x0681C] = "saak3", [0x0681D] = "kut3", [0x0681E] = "hon1", [0x0681F] = "bing1", [0x06820] = "jam6", [0x06821] = "haau6", [0x06822] = "paak3", [0x06823] = "jam6", [0x06824] = "bing6", [0x06825] = "zi1", [0x06826] = "cau4", [0x06827] = "jai6", [0x06828] = "ci3", [0x06829] = "heoi2", [0x0682A] = "zyu1", [0x0682B] = "zin3", [0x0682C] = "zeoi3", [0x0682D] = "ji4", [0x0682E] = "ji5", [0x0682F] = "jau5", [0x06830] = "fat6", [0x06831] = "gung2", [0x06832] = "haau2", [0x06833] = "lou5", [0x06834] = "zin1", [0x06835] = "lai6", [0x06836] = "jan1", [0x06837] = "joeng6", [0x06838] = "hat6", [0x06839] = "gan1", [0x0683A] = "ngai6", [0x0683B] = "sik1", [0x0683C] = "gaak3", [0x0683D] = "zoi1", [0x0683E] = "lyun4", [0x0683F] = "fuk6", [0x06840] = "git6", [0x06841] = "haang4", [0x06842] = "gwai3", [0x06843] = "tou4", [0x06844] = "gwong3", [0x06845] = "wai4", [0x06846] = "kwaang1", [0x06847] = "jyu4", [0x06848] = "on3", [0x06849] = "on1", [0x0684A] = "gyun3", [0x0684B] = "ji4", [0x0684C] = "coek3", [0x0684D] = "fu1", [0x0684E] = "zat6", [0x0684F] = "kung4", [0x06850] = "tung4", [0x06851] = "song1", [0x06852] = "song1", [0x06853] = "wun4", [0x06854] = "gat1", [0x06855] = "kau5", [0x06856] = "hyut3", [0x06857] = "do3", [0x06858] = "ceoi4", [0x06859] = "jyu4", [0x0685A] = "zaat3", [0x0685B] = "lung6", [0x0685C] = "jing1", [0x0685D] = "git6", [0x0685E] = "lau5", [0x0685F] = "zaan6", [0x06860] = "aa1", [0x06861] = "naau4", [0x06862] = "zing1", [0x06863] = "dong2", [0x06864] = "kei1", [0x06865] = "kiu4", [0x06866] = "waa4", [0x06867] = "kui2", [0x06868] = "zoeng2", [0x06869] = "zong1", [0x0686A] = "cam4", [0x0686B] = "so1", [0x0686C] = "saa1", [0x0686D] = "san4", [0x0686E] = "bui1", [0x0686F] = "ting1", [0x06870] = "kut3", [0x06871] = "ging3", [0x06872] = "but6", [0x06873] = "ban6", [0x06874] = "fu1", [0x06875] = "jeoi4", [0x06876] = "tung2", [0x06877] = "gok3", [0x06878] = "hei1", [0x06879] = "long4", [0x0687A] = "lau5", [0x0687B] = "fung1", [0x0687C] = "cat1", [0x0687D] = "wan2", [0x0687E] = "gwan1", [0x0687F] = "gon2", [0x06880] = "saak3", [0x06881] = "loeng4", [0x06882] = "kau4", [0x06883] = "ting5", [0x06884] = "jau5", [0x06885] = "mui4", [0x06886] = "bong1", [0x06887] = "lung6", [0x06888] = "paang1", [0x06889] = "zong1", [0x0688A] = "dai3", [0x0688B] = "hyun1", [0x0688C] = "tou4", [0x0688D] = "zou6", [0x0688E] = "au1", [0x0688F] = "guk1", [0x06890] = "bai6", [0x06891] = "dik6", [0x06892] = "ham4", [0x06893] = "zi2", [0x06894] = "zi1", [0x06895] = "jan6", [0x06896] = "bui3", [0x06897] = "gang2", [0x06898] = "gaan2", [0x06899] = "waan6", [0x0689A] = "maan5", [0x0689B] = "naa4", [0x0689C] = "gaap3", [0x0689D] = "tiu4", [0x0689E] = "gei6", [0x0689F] = "hiu1", [0x068A0] = "leoi5", [0x068A1] = "fun2", [0x068A2] = "saau1", [0x068A3] = "sam4", [0x068A4] = "fan4", [0x068A5] = "cung4", [0x068A6] = "mung6", [0x068A7] = "ng4", [0x068A8] = "lei4", [0x068A9] = "lei4", [0x068AA] = "dau6", [0x068AB] = "cam2", [0x068AC] = "jing5", [0x068AD] = "so1", [0x068AE] = "guk6", [0x068AF] = "tai1", [0x068B0] = "haai6", [0x068B1] = "kwan2", [0x068B2] = "zyut3", [0x068B3] = "so1", [0x068B4] = "cin1", [0x068B5] = "faan6", [0x068B6] = "mei5", [0x068B7] = "zing6", [0x068B8] = "lei4", [0x068B9] = "ban1", [0x068BA] = "haa6", [0x068BB] = "fat6", [0x068BC] = "tou4", [0x068BD] = "zi3", [0x068BE] = "loi4", [0x068BF] = "lin4", [0x068C0] = "gim2", [0x068C1] = "zyut3", [0x068C2] = "ling4", [0x068C3] = "lei4", [0x068C4] = "hei3", [0x068C5] = "bing3", [0x068C6] = "leon4", [0x068C7] = "sung2", [0x068C8] = "sin3", [0x068C9] = "min4", [0x068CA] = "kei4", [0x068CB] = "kei4", [0x068CC] = "coi3", [0x068CD] = "gwan3", [0x068CE] = "sim4", [0x068CF] = "dak6", [0x068D0] = "fei2", [0x068D1] = "paai4", [0x068D2] = "paang5", [0x068D3] = "paang5", [0x068D4] = "fan1", [0x068D5] = "zung1", [0x068D6] = "caang4", [0x068D7] = "zou2", [0x068D8] = "gik1", [0x068D9] = "lai6", [0x068DA] = "paang4", [0x068DB] = "juk6", [0x068DC] = "jyu3", [0x068DD] = "gu3", [0x068DE] = "gwan6", [0x068DF] = "dung6", [0x068E0] = "tong4", [0x068E1] = "gong1", [0x068E2] = "mong5", [0x068E3] = "dai6", [0x068E4] = "co3", [0x068E5] = "faan4", [0x068E6] = "caang1", [0x068E7] = "zaan6", [0x068E8] = "kai2", [0x068E9] = "jyun1", [0x068EA] = "jim5", [0x068EB] = "wik6", [0x068EC] = "hyun1", [0x068ED] = "jik6", [0x068EE] = "sam1", [0x068EF] = "nim1", [0x068F0] = "ceoi4", [0x068F1] = "ling4", [0x068F2] = "cai1", [0x068F3] = "zyut3", [0x068F4] = "fuk6", [0x068F5] = "po1", [0x068F6] = "loi4", [0x068F7] = "zau1", [0x068F8] = "zau1", [0x068F9] = "zaau6", [0x068FA] = "gun1", [0x068FB] = "fan1", [0x068FC] = "fan4", [0x068FD] = "cam1", [0x068FE] = "king4", [0x068FF] = "ngai4", [0x06900] = "wun2", [0x06901] = "gwok3", [0x06902] = "luk6", [0x06903] = "hou4", [0x06904] = "zip3", [0x06905] = "ji2", [0x06906] = "cau4", [0x06907] = "geoi2", [0x06908] = "guk1", [0x06909] = "sing4", [0x0690A] = "zyut6", [0x0690B] = "loeng4", [0x0690C] = "hong1", [0x0690D] = "zik6", [0x0690E] = "ceoi4", [0x0690F] = "aa1", [0x06910] = "geoi1", [0x06911] = "pei4", [0x06912] = "ziu1", [0x06913] = "doek3", [0x06914] = "zi1", [0x06915] = "ban1", [0x06916] = "paang4", [0x06917] = "ding3", [0x06918] = "co2", [0x06919] = "coeng1", [0x0691A] = "haan4", [0x0691B] = "waa4", [0x0691C] = "gim2", [0x0691D] = "kwai1", [0x0691E] = "sap1", [0x0691F] = "duk6", [0x06920] = "cim3", [0x06921] = "dou3", [0x06922] = "gui3", [0x06923] = "din2", [0x06924] = "lo4", [0x06925] = "zi1", [0x06926] = "hyun1", [0x06927] = "ming6", [0x06928] = "fu2", [0x06929] = "gang1", [0x0692A] = "pung3", [0x0692B] = "sin6", [0x0692C] = "ji4", [0x0692D] = "to5", [0x0692E] = "sam1", [0x0692F] = "do2", [0x06930] = "je4", [0x06931] = "fuk6", [0x06932] = "wai5", [0x06933] = "wui1", [0x06934] = "dyun6", [0x06935] = "gaa2", [0x06936] = "zung1", [0x06937] = "gaam1", [0x06938] = "ji4", [0x06939] = "zam1", [0x0693A] = "hat6", [0x0693B] = "jin3", [0x0693C] = "jin5", [0x0693D] = "cyun4", [0x0693E] = "zin1", [0x0693F] = "ceon1", [0x06940] = "jyu5", [0x06941] = "haak6", [0x06942] = "zaa1", [0x06943] = "ak1", [0x06944] = "pin4", [0x06945] = "bik1", [0x06946] = "jiu1", [0x06947] = "gwo2", [0x06948] = "seoi1", [0x06949] = "joek6", [0x0694A] = "joeng4", [0x0694B] = "lip6", [0x0694C] = "ngaan4", [0x0694D] = "bun2", [0x0694E] = "wan4", [0x0694F] = "fui1", [0x06950] = "gaai3", [0x06951] = "kwai5", [0x06952] = "si1", [0x06953] = "fung1", [0x06954] = "sit3", [0x06955] = "to5", [0x06956] = "zit3", [0x06957] = "gin6", [0x06958] = "mou6", [0x06959] = "mau6", [0x0695A] = "co2", [0x0695B] = "fu2", [0x0695C] = "wu4", [0x0695D] = "lin6", [0x0695E] = "ling4", [0x0695F] = "ting4", [0x06960] = "naam4", [0x06961] = "jyu4", [0x06962] = "jau4", [0x06963] = "mei4", [0x06964] = "sung2", [0x06965] = "jyun4", [0x06966] = "hyun3", [0x06967] = "joeng1", [0x06968] = "zing1", [0x06969] = "pin4", [0x0696A] = "dip6", [0x0696B] = "zip3", [0x0696C] = "git6", [0x0696D] = "jip6", [0x0696E] = "cyu5", [0x0696F] = "seon5", [0x06970] = "jyu4", [0x06971] = "cau3", [0x06972] = "wai1", [0x06973] = "mui4", [0x06974] = "tai3", [0x06975] = "gik6", [0x06976] = "zit3", [0x06977] = "kaai2", [0x06978] = "cau1", [0x06979] = "jing4", [0x0697A] = "jau2", [0x0697B] = "hang4", [0x0697C] = "lau4", [0x0697D] = "lok6", [0x0697E] = "cyun4", [0x0697F] = "hoeng1", [0x06980] = "ban2", [0x06981] = "sat1", [0x06982] = "koi3", [0x06983] = "tam4", [0x06984] = "laam5", [0x06985] = "wat1", [0x06986] = "jyu4", [0x06987] = "can3", [0x06988] = "leoi4", [0x06989] = "geoi2", [0x0698A] = "san4", [0x0698B] = "song1", [0x0698C] = "fei1", [0x0698D] = "sit3", [0x0698E] = "gaa2", [0x0698F] = "jik6", [0x06990] = "zin2", [0x06991] = "fu4", [0x06992] = "nik1", [0x06993] = "mat6", [0x06994] = "long4", [0x06995] = "jung4", [0x06996] = "guk1", [0x06997] = "zin3", [0x06998] = "geoi2", [0x06999] = "daap6", [0x0699A] = "jiu5", [0x0699B] = "zeon1", [0x0699C] = "bong2", [0x0699D] = "saat3", [0x0699E] = "jyun4", [0x0699F] = "zi2", [0x069A0] = "ming4", [0x069A1] = "sou3", [0x069A2] = "gaa3", [0x069A3] = "jiu4", [0x069A4] = "git6", [0x069A5] = "fong2", [0x069A6] = "gon3", [0x069A7] = "fei2", [0x069A8] = "zaa3", [0x069A9] = "kin4", [0x069AA] = "maa5", [0x069AB] = "seon2", [0x069AC] = "jyun4", [0x069AD] = "ze6", [0x069AE] = "wing4", [0x069AF] = "si4", [0x069B0] = "zi1", [0x069B1] = "ceoi1", [0x069B2] = "wat1", [0x069B3] = "ting4", [0x069B4] = "lau4", [0x069B5] = "jung4", [0x069B6] = "tong4", [0x069B7] = "kok3", [0x069B8] = "zaai1", [0x069B9] = "si1", [0x069BA] = "sing3", [0x069BB] = "taap3", [0x069BC] = "hap6", [0x069BD] = "hai4", [0x069BE] = "gwat1", [0x069BF] = "kei1", [0x069C0] = "gou2", [0x069C1] = "gou2", [0x069C2] = "syun1", [0x069C3] = "pun4", [0x069C4] = "tou1", [0x069C5] = "gaak3", [0x069C6] = "ceon1", [0x069C7] = "din1", [0x069C8] = "nau6", [0x069C9] = "zat6", [0x069CA] = "sok3", [0x069CB] = "kau3", [0x069CC] = "ceoi4", [0x069CD] = "coeng1", [0x069CE] = "caa4", [0x069CF] = "haam2", [0x069D0] = "waai4", [0x069D1] = "mui4", [0x069D2] = "cuk1", [0x069D3] = "lung5", [0x069D4] = "gou1", [0x069D5] = "coek3", [0x069D6] = "tok3", [0x069D7] = "kiu4", [0x069D8] = "joeng4", [0x069D9] = "din1", [0x069DA] = "gaa2", [0x069DB] = "laam6", [0x069DC] = "zeoi3", [0x069DD] = "dou2", [0x069DE] = "lung4", [0x069DF] = "ban1", [0x069E0] = "zyu1", [0x069E1] = "song1", [0x069E2] = "zaap6", [0x069E3] = "gei1", [0x069E4] = "lin4", [0x069E5] = "wai6", [0x069E6] = "jung4", [0x069E7] = "cim3", [0x069E8] = "gwok3", [0x069E9] = "koi3", [0x069EA] = "koi3", [0x069EB] = "tyun4", [0x069EC] = "waa6", [0x069ED] = "cik1", [0x069EE] = "sam1", [0x069EF] = "ceoi4", [0x069F0] = "bung6", [0x069F1] = "jau5", [0x069F2] = "huk6", [0x069F3] = "zoeng2", [0x069F4] = "wu6", [0x069F5] = "waan6", [0x069F6] = "gui3", [0x069F7] = "jit6", [0x069F8] = "ngai6", [0x069F9] = "gou1", [0x069FA] = "hong1", [0x069FB] = "kwai1", [0x069FC] = "kwai1", [0x069FD] = "cou4", [0x069FE] = "maan6", [0x069FF] = "gan2", [0x06A00] = "dik1", [0x06A01] = "zong1", [0x06A02] = "lok6", [0x06A03] = "long5", [0x06A04] = "can4", [0x06A05] = "cung1", [0x06A06] = "lei4", [0x06A07] = "sau1", [0x06A08] = "king4", [0x06A09] = "song2", [0x06A0A] = "faan4", [0x06A0B] = "tung1", [0x06A0C] = "gun3", [0x06A0D] = "zik1", [0x06A0E] = "suk1", [0x06A0F] = "leoi4", [0x06A10] = "lou5", [0x06A11] = "loeng4", [0x06A12] = "mat6", [0x06A13] = "lau4", [0x06A14] = "caau4", [0x06A15] = "cuk1", [0x06A16] = "po1", [0x06A17] = "syu1", [0x06A18] = "tong4", [0x06A19] = "biu1", [0x06A1A] = "luk6", [0x06A1B] = "gau1", [0x06A1C] = "ze3", [0x06A1D] = "zaa1", [0x06A1E] = "syu1", [0x06A1F] = "zoeng1", [0x06A20] = "mun4", [0x06A21] = "mou4", [0x06A22] = "niu5", [0x06A23] = "joeng6", [0x06A24] = "tiu4", [0x06A25] = "pung4", [0x06A26] = "cyu5", [0x06A27] = "saat3", [0x06A28] = "sai1", [0x06A29] = "kyun4", [0x06A2A] = "waang4", [0x06A2B] = "gin1", [0x06A2C] = "sung2", [0x06A2D] = "kei4", [0x06A2E] = "jim5", [0x06A2F] = "coeng4", [0x06A30] = "syut3", [0x06A31] = "jing1", [0x06A32] = "ji6", [0x06A33] = "cam4", [0x06A34] = "zik1", [0x06A35] = "ciu4", [0x06A36] = "zeoi1", [0x06A37] = "cung4", [0x06A38] = "pok3", [0x06A39] = "syu6", [0x06A3A] = "waa4", [0x06A3B] = "gwai6", [0x06A3C] = "zeon1", [0x06A3D] = "zeon1", [0x06A3E] = "jyut6", [0x06A3F] = "sin6", [0x06A40] = "hei1", [0x06A41] = "ceon1", [0x06A42] = "din6", [0x06A43] = "fat6", [0x06A44] = "gam2", [0x06A45] = "mou4", [0x06A46] = "mou4", [0x06A47] = "hiu1", [0x06A48] = "naau4", [0x06A49] = "leon6", [0x06A4A] = "lau4", [0x06A4B] = "kiu4", [0x06A4C] = "haan5", [0x06A4D] = "jeon6", [0x06A4E] = "faan2", [0x06A4F] = "zin2", [0x06A50] = "tok3", [0x06A51] = "lou5", [0x06A52] = "wan4", [0x06A53] = "seon3", [0x06A54] = "deon1", [0x06A55] = "caang1", [0x06A56] = "tong4", [0x06A57] = "mang4", [0x06A58] = "gwat1", [0x06A59] = "caang2", [0x06A5A] = "suk1", [0x06A5B] = "kyut3", [0x06A5C] = "kyut3", [0x06A5D] = "taam4", [0x06A5E] = "wai6", [0x06A5F] = "gei1", [0x06A60] = "no5", [0x06A61] = "zoeng6", [0x06A62] = "to5", [0x06A63] = "ning5", [0x06A64] = "jeoi5", [0x06A65] = "zyu1", [0x06A66] = "tung4", [0x06A67] = "zang1", [0x06A68] = "fan4", [0x06A69] = "king4", [0x06A6A] = "jim5", [0x06A6B] = "waang4", [0x06A6C] = "cim4", [0x06A6D] = "gu1", [0x06A6E] = "lau5", [0x06A6F] = "lou6", [0x06A70] = "gou1", [0x06A71] = "ceoi4", [0x06A72] = "hei2", [0x06A73] = "sing3", [0x06A74] = "zi2", [0x06A75] = "saan3", [0x06A76] = "gik1", [0x06A77] = "dau1", [0x06A78] = "zing1", [0x06A79] = "lou5", [0x06A7A] = "gaan3", [0x06A7B] = "cau2", [0x06A7C] = "jyun4", [0x06A7D] = "taat3", [0x06A7E] = "syu1", [0x06A7F] = "goeng1", [0x06A80] = "taan4", [0x06A81] = "lam5", [0x06A82] = "nung4", [0x06A83] = "jan2", [0x06A84] = "hat6", [0x06A85] = "seoi6", [0x06A86] = "caam3", [0x06A87] = "zeoi3", [0x06A88] = "syun4", [0x06A89] = "cing1", [0x06A8A] = "gon1", [0x06A8B] = "guk6", [0x06A8C] = "seoi4", [0x06A8D] = "jik1", [0x06A8E] = "kam4", [0x06A8F] = "pok3", [0x06A90] = "jim4", [0x06A91] = "leoi4", [0x06A92] = "fung1", [0x06A93] = "wai2", [0x06A94] = "dong3", [0x06A95] = "hai6", [0x06A96] = "seoi6", [0x06A97] = "paak3", [0x06A98] = "ping4", [0x06A99] = "caang4", [0x06A9A] = "co2", [0x06A9B] = "zaa1", [0x06A9C] = "kui2", [0x06A9D] = "zip3", [0x06A9E] = "gaai2", [0x06A9F] = "gaa2", [0x06AA0] = "king4", [0x06AA1] = "sik1", [0x06AA2] = "gim2", [0x06AA3] = "coeng4", [0x06AA4] = "dou6", [0x06AA5] = "ngai5", [0x06AA6] = "biu2", [0x06AA7] = "sung1", [0x06AA8] = "ce1", [0x06AA9] = "lam5", [0x06AAA] = "lik1", [0x06AAB] = "caat3", [0x06AAC] = "mung1", [0x06AAD] = "ngan4", [0x06AAE] = "tou4", [0x06AAF] = "toi2", [0x06AB0] = "min4", [0x06AB1] = "kei4", [0x06AB2] = "tyun4", [0x06AB3] = "ban1", [0x06AB4] = "wok6", [0x06AB5] = "gai3", [0x06AB6] = "him1", [0x06AB7] = "nai5", [0x06AB8] = "ning4", [0x06AB9] = "ji1", [0x06ABA] = "gou2", [0x06ABB] = "laam6", [0x06ABC] = "jan2", [0x06ABD] = "nau6", [0x06ABE] = "king2", [0x06ABF] = "jim2", [0x06AC0] = "kei4", [0x06AC1] = "mat6", [0x06AC2] = "zaau6", [0x06AC3] = "gwai6", [0x06AC4] = "ceon1", [0x06AC5] = "zai1", [0x06AC6] = "fui1", [0x06AC7] = "po4", [0x06AC8] = "dang3", [0x06AC9] = "ceoi4", [0x06ACA] = "gok3", [0x06ACB] = "min4", [0x06ACC] = "jau1", [0x06ACD] = "zat1", [0x06ACE] = "fong2", [0x06ACF] = "cin1", [0x06AD0] = "leoi5", [0x06AD1] = "leoi4", [0x06AD2] = "saat3", [0x06AD3] = "lou5", [0x06AD4] = "lai6", [0x06AD5] = "cyun4", [0x06AD6] = "leoi6", [0x06AD7] = "mit6", [0x06AD8] = "seoi6", [0x06AD9] = "au1", [0x06ADA] = "leoi4", [0x06ADB] = "zit3", [0x06ADC] = "gou1", [0x06ADD] = "duk6", [0x06ADE] = "jyun4", [0x06ADF] = "lik1", [0x06AE0] = "fai3", [0x06AE1] = "zoek3", [0x06AE2] = "sau2", [0x06AE3] = "lin4", [0x06AE4] = "zin3", [0x06AE5] = "cyu4", [0x06AE6] = "hing3", [0x06AE7] = "zyu1", [0x06AE8] = "lou4", [0x06AE9] = "jim4", [0x06AEA] = "lik1", [0x06AEB] = "zyu1", [0x06AEC] = "can3", [0x06AED] = "git6", [0x06AEE] = "ngok6", [0x06AEF] = "sou1", [0x06AF0] = "waai4", [0x06AF1] = "jit6", [0x06AF2] = "jyu6", [0x06AF3] = "lung4", [0x06AF4] = "laai6", [0x06AF5] = "ciu4", [0x06AF6] = "hin2", [0x06AF7] = "gwai1", [0x06AF8] = "geoi2", [0x06AFA] = "ling4", [0x06AFB] = "jing1", [0x06AFC] = "zim1", [0x06AFD] = "jan2", [0x06AFE] = "jau2", [0x06AFF] = "jing4", [0x06B00] = "soeng1", [0x06B01] = "nung4", [0x06B02] = "bok3", [0x06B03] = "caam4", [0x06B04] = "laan4", [0x06B05] = "geoi2", [0x06B06] = "soeng1", [0x06B07] = "sip3", [0x06B08] = "wai4", [0x06B09] = "cung4", [0x06B0A] = "kyun4", [0x06B0B] = "keoi4", [0x06B0C] = "cong4", [0x06B0D] = "kau5", [0x06B0E] = "wat1", [0x06B0F] = "lo4", [0x06B10] = "lai6", [0x06B11] = "cyun4", [0x06B12] = "lyun4", [0x06B13] = "dong2", [0x06B14] = "fok3", [0x06B15] = "jim4", [0x06B16] = "laam5", [0x06B17] = "laan4", [0x06B18] = "zuk1", [0x06B19] = "leoi4", [0x06B1A] = "lai5", [0x06B1B] = "baa3", [0x06B1C] = "nong4", [0x06B1D] = "wat1", [0x06B1E] = "ling4", [0x06B1F] = "gun1", [0x06B20] = "him3", [0x06B21] = "ci3", [0x06B22] = "fun1", [0x06B23] = "jan1", [0x06B24] = "jyu4", [0x06B25] = "him3", [0x06B26] = "him1", [0x06B27] = "au1", [0x06B28] = "heoi2", [0x06B29] = "ciu1", [0x06B2A] = "ceot1", [0x06B2B] = "kik1", [0x06B2C] = "kat1", [0x06B2D] = "ji3", [0x06B2E] = "kyut3", [0x06B2F] = "hat1", [0x06B30] = "seot1", [0x06B31] = "hap6", [0x06B32] = "juk6", [0x06B33] = "wai2", [0x06B34] = "long4", [0x06B35] = "fun2", [0x06B36] = "sok3", [0x06B37] = "hei1", [0x06B38] = "oi1", [0x06B39] = "ji1", [0x06B3A] = "hei1", [0x06B3B] = "fat1", [0x06B3C] = "zyut3", [0x06B3D] = "jam1", [0x06B3E] = "fun2", [0x06B3F] = "ham2", [0x06B40] = "fun2", [0x06B41] = "ham2", [0x06B42] = "cyun4", [0x06B43] = "saap3", [0x06B44] = "gwaa1", [0x06B45] = "jan1", [0x06B46] = "jam1", [0x06B47] = "hit3", [0x06B48] = "jyu4", [0x06B49] = "hip3", [0x06B4A] = "hiu1", [0x06B4B] = "ji4", [0x06B4C] = "go1", [0x06B4D] = "wu1", [0x06B4E] = "taan3", [0x06B4F] = "gan6", [0x06B50] = "au1", [0x06B51] = "fu1", [0x06B52] = "tik1", [0x06B53] = "fun1", [0x06B54] = "heoi1", [0x06B55] = "pan3", [0x06B56] = "hei2", [0x06B57] = "siu3", [0x06B58] = "fat1", [0x06B59] = "kap1", [0x06B5A] = "sin6", [0x06B5B] = "lim5", [0x06B5C] = "cuk1", [0x06B5D] = "jik6", [0x06B5E] = "ngap6", [0x06B5F] = "jyu4", [0x06B60] = "zyut3", [0x06B61] = "fun1", [0x06B62] = "zi2", [0x06B63] = "zing3", [0x06B64] = "ci2", [0x06B65] = "bou6", [0x06B66] = "mou5", [0x06B67] = "kei4", [0x06B68] = "bou6", [0x06B69] = "bou6", [0x06B6A] = "waai1", [0x06B6B] = "keoi5", [0x06B6C] = "cin4", [0x06B6D] = "ci4", [0x06B6E] = "gip3", [0x06B6F] = "ci2", [0x06B70] = "sap1", [0x06B71] = "zung2", [0x06B72] = "seoi3", [0x06B73] = "seoi3", [0x06B74] = "lik6", [0x06B75] = "zaak6", [0x06B76] = "jyu4", [0x06B77] = "lik6", [0x06B78] = "gwai1", [0x06B79] = "daai2", [0x06B7A] = "aat3", [0x06B7B] = "sei2", [0x06B7C] = "cim1", [0x06B7D] = "zit3", [0x06B7E] = "mut6", [0x06B7F] = "mut6", [0x06B80] = "jiu2", [0x06B81] = "mut6", [0x06B82] = "cou4", [0x06B83] = "joeng1", [0x06B84] = "tin5", [0x06B85] = "sang1", [0x06B86] = "toi5", [0x06B87] = "soeng1", [0x06B88] = "gwik1", [0x06B89] = "seon1", [0x06B8A] = "syu4", [0x06B8B] = "caan4", [0x06B8C] = "kyut3", [0x06B8D] = "piu5", [0x06B8E] = "haap3", [0x06B8F] = "kau4", [0x06B90] = "suk1", [0x06B91] = "king4", [0x06B92] = "wan5", [0x06B93] = "lim5", [0x06B94] = "ji6", [0x06B95] = "fau2", [0x06B96] = "zik6", [0x06B97] = "jip3", [0x06B98] = "caan4", [0x06B99] = "fan1", [0x06B9A] = "daan1", [0x06B9B] = "gik1", [0x06B9C] = "jip6", [0x06B9D] = "zeon1", [0x06B9E] = "wan5", [0x06B9F] = "wan1", [0x06BA0] = "cau3", [0x06BA1] = "ban3", [0x06BA2] = "tai3", [0x06BA3] = "gan2", [0x06BA4] = "soeng1", [0x06BA5] = "jan4", [0x06BA6] = "diu1", [0x06BA7] = "zau6", [0x06BA8] = "kui2", [0x06BA9] = "cyun3", [0x06BAA] = "ji3", [0x06BAB] = "daan1", [0x06BAC] = "dou3", [0x06BAD] = "goeng1", [0x06BAE] = "lim5", [0x06BAF] = "ban3", [0x06BB0] = "duk6", [0x06BB1] = "cim1", [0x06BB2] = "cim1", [0x06BB3] = "syu4", [0x06BB4] = "au2", [0x06BB5] = "dyun6", [0x06BB6] = "zyu3", [0x06BB7] = "jan1", [0x06BB8] = "hing3", [0x06BB9] = "ai3", [0x06BBA] = "saat3", [0x06BBB] = "hok3", [0x06BBC] = "hok3", [0x06BBD] = "ngaau4", [0x06BBE] = "seon3", [0x06BBF] = "din6", [0x06BC0] = "wai2", [0x06BC1] = "wai2", [0x06BC2] = "guk1", [0x06BC3] = "kok3", [0x06BC4] = "gik1", [0x06BC5] = "ngai6", [0x06BC6] = "au2", [0x06BC7] = "wai2", [0x06BC8] = "dyun6", [0x06BC9] = "ji1", [0x06BCA] = "hiu1", [0x06BCB] = "mou4", [0x06BCC] = "gun3", [0x06BCD] = "mou5", [0x06BCE] = "mui5", [0x06BCF] = "mui5", [0x06BD0] = "oi2", [0x06BD1] = "ze2", [0x06BD2] = "duk6", [0x06BD3] = "juk1", [0x06BD4] = "bei2", [0x06BD5] = "bat1", [0x06BD6] = "bei3", [0x06BD7] = "pei4", [0x06BD8] = "pei4", [0x06BD9] = "bai6", [0x06BDA] = "caam4", [0x06BDB] = "mou4", [0x06BDC] = "hou4", [0x06BDD] = "coi2", [0x06BDE] = "pei4", [0x06BDF] = "siu2", [0x06BE0] = "gaa1", [0x06BE1] = "zin1", [0x06BE2] = "soi1", [0x06BE3] = "muk6", [0x06BE4] = "teoi3", [0x06BE5] = "seon1", [0x06BE6] = "nei6", [0x06BE7] = "jung2", [0x06BE8] = "sin2", [0x06BE9] = "guk1", [0x06BEA] = "mou4", [0x06BEB] = "hou4", [0x06BEC] = "kau4", [0x06BED] = "dau6", [0x06BEE] = "caau1", [0x06BEF] = "taan2", [0x06BF0] = "pui4", [0x06BF1] = "guk1", [0x06BF2] = "zyut3", [0x06BF3] = "ceoi3", [0x06BF4] = "bei1", [0x06BF5] = "saam1", [0x06BF6] = "saam1", [0x06BF7] = "mou6", [0x06BF8] = "soi1", [0x06BF9] = "syu1", [0x06BFA] = "syu1", [0x06BFB] = "teoi3", [0x06BFC] = "hot3", [0x06BFD] = "gin3", [0x06BFE] = "taap3", [0x06BFF] = "saam1", [0x06C00] = "leoi4", [0x06C01] = "mou4", [0x06C02] = "mou4", [0x06C03] = "tung4", [0x06C04] = "jung2", [0x06C05] = "cong2", [0x06C06] = "pou2", [0x06C07] = "lou5", [0x06C08] = "zin1", [0x06C09] = "cou3", [0x06C0A] = "zin1", [0x06C0B] = "mung4", [0x06C0C] = "lou5", [0x06C0D] = "keoi4", [0x06C0E] = "dip6", [0x06C0F] = "si6", [0x06C10] = "dai1", [0x06C11] = "man4", [0x06C12] = "kyut3", [0x06C13] = "maang4", [0x06C14] = "hei3", [0x06C15] = "pit3", [0x06C16] = "naai5", [0x06C17] = "hei3", [0x06C18] = "dou1", [0x06C19] = "sin1", [0x06C1A] = "cyun1", [0x06C1B] = "fan1", [0x06C1C] = "joeng4", [0x06C1D] = "noi6", [0x06C1E] = "bing2", [0x06C1F] = "fat1", [0x06C20] = "san1", [0x06C21] = "dung1", [0x06C22] = "hing1", [0x06C23] = "hei3", [0x06C24] = "jan1", [0x06C25] = "sai1", [0x06C26] = "hoi6", [0x06C27] = "joeng5", [0x06C28] = "on1", [0x06C29] = "aa3", [0x06C2A] = "hak1", [0x06C2B] = "hing1", [0x06C2C] = "aa3", [0x06C2D] = "dung1", [0x06C2E] = "daam6", [0x06C2F] = "luk6", [0x06C30] = "cing1", [0x06C31] = "joeng4", [0x06C32] = "wan1", [0x06C33] = "wan1", [0x06C34] = "seoi2", [0x06C35] = "seoi2", [0x06C36] = "cing2", [0x06C37] = "bing1", [0x06C38] = "wing5", [0x06C39] = "tam5", [0x06C3A] = "seoi2", [0x06C3B] = "lak6", [0x06C3C] = "nik6", [0x06C3D] = "tan2", [0x06C3E] = "faan3", [0x06C3F] = "gwai2", [0x06C40] = "ting1", [0x06C41] = "zap1", [0x06C42] = "kau4", [0x06C44] = "zak1", [0x06C45] = "min5", [0x06C46] = "cyun1", [0x06C47] = "wui6", [0x06C48] = "diu1", [0x06C49] = "hon3", [0x06C4A] = "caa3", [0x06C4B] = "joek6", [0x06C4C] = "cyun3", [0x06C4D] = "jyun4", [0x06C4E] = "faan4", [0x06C4F] = "daai6", [0x06C50] = "zik6", [0x06C51] = "tok3", [0x06C52] = "mong4", [0x06C53] = "cau4", [0x06C54] = "ngat6", [0x06C55] = "saan3", [0x06C56] = "pan3", [0x06C57] = "hon6", [0x06C58] = "cim4", [0x06C59] = "waa1", [0x06C5A] = "wu1", [0x06C5B] = "seon3", [0x06C5C] = "ci5", [0x06C5D] = "jyu5", [0x06C5E] = "hung3", [0x06C5F] = "gong1", [0x06C60] = "ci4", [0x06C61] = "wu1", [0x06C62] = "tou2", [0x06C63] = "gwai2", [0x06C64] = "tong1", [0x06C65] = "zi1", [0x06C66] = "zi2", [0x06C67] = "hin1", [0x06C68] = "mik6", [0x06C69] = "gwat1", [0x06C6A] = "wong1", [0x06C6B] = "zeng2", [0x06C6C] = "zing6", [0x06C6D] = "jeoi6", [0x06C6E] = "gwan1", [0x06C6F] = "wang4", [0x06C70] = "taai3", [0x06C71] = "gyun2", [0x06C72] = "kap1", [0x06C73] = "bin6", [0x06C74] = "bin6", [0x06C75] = "gam3", [0x06C76] = "man6", [0x06C77] = "zung1", [0x06C78] = "fong1", [0x06C79] = "hung1", [0x06C7A] = "kyut3", [0x06C7B] = "wu2", [0x06C7C] = "ngau4", [0x06C7D] = "hei3", [0x06C7E] = "fan4", [0x06C7F] = "zeoi6", [0x06C80] = "zeoi6", [0x06C81] = "sam3", [0x06C82] = "ji4", [0x06C83] = "juk1", [0x06C84] = "wan4", [0x06C85] = "jyun4", [0x06C86] = "hong4", [0x06C87] = "jin5", [0x06C88] = "sam2", [0x06C89] = "cam4", [0x06C8A] = "dam2", [0x06C8B] = "jau4", [0x06C8C] = "deon6", [0x06C8D] = "wu6", [0x06C8E] = "fo3", [0x06C8F] = "cai3", [0x06C90] = "muk6", [0x06C91] = "nuk6", [0x06C92] = "mut6", [0x06C93] = "daap6", [0x06C94] = "min5", [0x06C95] = "mat6", [0x06C96] = "cung1", [0x06C97] = "tim1", [0x06C98] = "bei2", [0x06C99] = "saa1", [0x06C9A] = "zi2", [0x06C9B] = "pui3", [0x06C9C] = "pun3", [0x06C9D] = "zeoi2", [0x06C9E] = "zaap3", [0x06C9F] = "kau1", [0x06CA0] = "paai3", [0x06CA1] = "mut6", [0x06CA2] = "zaak6", [0x06CA3] = "fung1", [0x06CA4] = "au3", [0x06CA5] = "lik6", [0x06CA6] = "leon4", [0x06CA7] = "cong1", [0x06CA8] = "fung1", [0x06CA9] = "gwai1", [0x06CAA] = "wu6", [0x06CAB] = "mut6", [0x06CAC] = "mui6", [0x06CAD] = "seot6", [0x06CAE] = "zeoi1", [0x06CAF] = "zaat3", [0x06CB0] = "tok3", [0x06CB1] = "to4", [0x06CB2] = "to4", [0x06CB3] = "ho4", [0x06CB4] = "leoi6", [0x06CB5] = "mei5", [0x06CB6] = "ji4", [0x06CB7] = "faat3", [0x06CB8] = "fai3", [0x06CB9] = "jau4", [0x06CBA] = "tin4", [0x06CBB] = "zi6", [0x06CBC] = "ziu2", [0x06CBD] = "gu1", [0x06CBE] = "zim1", [0x06CBF] = "jyun4", [0x06CC0] = "si1", [0x06CC1] = "fong3", [0x06CC2] = "gwing2", [0x06CC3] = "keoi1", [0x06CC4] = "sit3", [0x06CC5] = "cau4", [0x06CC6] = "jat6", [0x06CC7] = "gaa1", [0x06CC8] = "zung1", [0x06CC9] = "cyun4", [0x06CCA] = "bok6", [0x06CCB] = "wai3", [0x06CCC] = "bei3", [0x06CCD] = "ban1", [0x06CCE] = "zaak6", [0x06CCF] = "zeot1", [0x06CD0] = "lak6", [0x06CD1] = "jau2", [0x06CD2] = "gu1", [0x06CD3] = "wang4", [0x06CD4] = "gam1", [0x06CD5] = "faat3", [0x06CD6] = "maau5", [0x06CD7] = "si3", [0x06CD8] = "fu1", [0x06CD9] = "paang1", [0x06CDA] = "ci2", [0x06CDB] = "faan3", [0x06CDD] = "sou3", [0x06CDE] = "ning6", [0x06CDF] = "zaa1", [0x06CE0] = "ling4", [0x06CE1] = "pou5", [0x06CE2] = "bo1", [0x06CE3] = "jap1", [0x06CE4] = "ci5", [0x06CE5] = "nai4", [0x06CE6] = "guk1", [0x06CE7] = "kut3", [0x06CE8] = "zyu3", [0x06CE9] = "sang1", [0x06CEA] = "leoi6", [0x06CEB] = "jyun5", [0x06CEC] = "kyut3", [0x06CED] = "fu1", [0x06CEE] = "pun3", [0x06CEF] = "man5", [0x06CF0] = "taai3", [0x06CF1] = "joeng1", [0x06CF2] = "zai3", [0x06CF3] = "wing6", [0x06CF4] = "gun3", [0x06CF5] = "bam1", [0x06CF6] = "hok6", [0x06CF7] = "lung4", [0x06CF8] = "lou4", [0x06CF9] = "daan3", [0x06CFA] = "lok6", [0x06CFB] = "se3", [0x06CFC] = "put3", [0x06CFD] = "zaak6", [0x06CFE] = "ging1", [0x06CFF] = "ngan4", [0x06D00] = "zau1", [0x06D01] = "git3", [0x06D02] = "jik6", [0x06D03] = "fui1", [0x06D04] = "wui4", [0x06D05] = "zoi3", [0x06D06] = "sing4", [0x06D07] = "jan1", [0x06D08] = "ngai4", [0x06D09] = "hau6", [0x06D0A] = "zin3", [0x06D0B] = "joeng4", [0x06D0C] = "lit6", [0x06D0D] = "ci5", [0x06D0E] = "gei3", [0x06D0F] = "ji4", [0x06D10] = "hang4", [0x06D11] = "fuk6", [0x06D12] = "saa2", [0x06D13] = "saak3", [0x06D14] = "zi2", [0x06D15] = "jan5", [0x06D16] = "ng4", [0x06D17] = "sai2", [0x06D18] = "haau2", [0x06D19] = "zyu1", [0x06D1A] = "gong3", [0x06D1B] = "lok3", [0x06D1C] = "lok3", [0x06D1D] = "on3", [0x06D1E] = "dung6", [0x06D1F] = "ji4", [0x06D20] = "mau4", [0x06D21] = "leoi6", [0x06D22] = "ji1", [0x06D23] = "mai5", [0x06D24] = "cyun4", [0x06D25] = "zeon1", [0x06D26] = "paak3", [0x06D27] = "fui2", [0x06D28] = "ngaau4", [0x06D29] = "jai6", [0x06D2A] = "hung4", [0x06D2B] = "gwik1", [0x06D2C] = "suk1", [0x06D2D] = "hong1", [0x06D2E] = "tou4", [0x06D2F] = "kit3", [0x06D30] = "keoi4", [0x06D31] = "ji5", [0x06D32] = "zau1", [0x06D33] = "jyu6", [0x06D34] = "ping4", [0x06D35] = "seon1", [0x06D36] = "hung1", [0x06D37] = "zat6", [0x06D38] = "gwong1", [0x06D39] = "wun4", [0x06D3A] = "ming4", [0x06D3B] = "wut6", [0x06D3C] = "waa1", [0x06D3D] = "hap1", [0x06D3E] = "paai3", [0x06D3F] = "wu1", [0x06D40] = "kuk1", [0x06D41] = "lau4", [0x06D42] = "gun3", [0x06D43] = "zip3", [0x06D44] = "zing6", [0x06D45] = "cin2", [0x06D46] = "zoeng1", [0x06D47] = "hiu1", [0x06D48] = "zing1", [0x06D49] = "si1", [0x06D4A] = "zuk6", [0x06D4B] = "cak1", [0x06D4C] = "fat6", [0x06D4D] = "kui2", [0x06D4E] = "zai3", [0x06D4F] = "lau4", [0x06D50] = "caan2", [0x06D51] = "wan4", [0x06D52] = "wu2", [0x06D53] = "nung4", [0x06D54] = "cam4", [0x06D55] = "zeon6", [0x06D56] = "lyut6", [0x06D57] = "kau4", [0x06D58] = "mei5", [0x06D59] = "zit3", [0x06D5A] = "zeon3", [0x06D5B] = "ham4", [0x06D5C] = "bong1", [0x06D5D] = "mong4", [0x06D5E] = "zuk1", [0x06D5F] = "jau4", [0x06D60] = "hei1", [0x06D61] = "but6", [0x06D62] = "dau6", [0x06D63] = "wun5", [0x06D64] = "wang4", [0x06D65] = "jap1", [0x06D66] = "pou2", [0x06D67] = "jing5", [0x06D68] = "lam5", [0x06D69] = "hou6", [0x06D6A] = "long6", [0x06D6B] = "hon2", [0x06D6C] = "lei5", [0x06D6D] = "gang1", [0x06D6E] = "fau4", [0x06D6F] = "ng4", [0x06D70] = "lin6", [0x06D71] = "seon4", [0x06D72] = "fung4", [0x06D73] = "jik6", [0x06D74] = "juk6", [0x06D75] = "tung4", [0x06D76] = "lou4", [0x06D77] = "hoi2", [0x06D78] = "zam3", [0x06D79] = "zip3", [0x06D7A] = "cung1", [0x06D7B] = "gwing2", [0x06D7C] = "mui5", [0x06D7D] = "seoi1", [0x06D7E] = "zaa1", [0x06D7F] = "bui3", [0x06D80] = "jin6", [0x06D81] = "sam3", [0x06D82] = "tou4", [0x06D83] = "kwan3", [0x06D84] = "ping1", [0x06D85] = "nip6", [0x06D86] = "hon6", [0x06D87] = "ging1", [0x06D88] = "siu1", [0x06D89] = "sip3", [0x06D8A] = "nin5", [0x06D8B] = "teot1", [0x06D8C] = "cung1", [0x06D8D] = "haau3", [0x06D8E] = "jin4", [0x06D8F] = "ting5", [0x06D90] = "ngo4", [0x06D91] = "cuk1", [0x06D92] = "tan1", [0x06D93] = "gyun1", [0x06D94] = "sam4", [0x06D95] = "tai3", [0x06D96] = "lei6", [0x06D97] = "seoi3", [0x06D98] = "zi6", [0x06D99] = "leoi6", [0x06D9A] = "seoi3", [0x06D9B] = "tou4", [0x06D9C] = "duk6", [0x06D9D] = "lou6", [0x06D9E] = "loi4", [0x06D9F] = "lin4", [0x06DA0] = "wai4", [0x06DA1] = "wo1", [0x06DA2] = "wan4", [0x06DA3] = "wun6", [0x06DA4] = "dik6", [0x06DA5] = "hang1", [0x06DA6] = "jeon6", [0x06DA7] = "gaan3", [0x06DA8] = "zoeng2", [0x06DA9] = "gip3", [0x06DAA] = "fau4", [0x06DAB] = "gun3", [0x06DAC] = "hang6", [0x06DAD] = "sau6", [0x06DAE] = "saan3", [0x06DAF] = "ngaai4", [0x06DB0] = "zyut3", [0x06DB1] = "zoeng2", [0x06DB2] = "jik6", [0x06DB3] = "hung1", [0x06DB4] = "wo3", [0x06DB5] = "haam4", [0x06DB6] = "to1", [0x06DB7] = "dung1", [0x06DB8] = "kok3", [0x06DB9] = "wo1", [0x06DBA] = "geoi1", [0x06DBB] = "se3", [0x06DBC] = "loeng4", [0x06DBD] = "fan1", [0x06DBE] = "taap3", [0x06DBF] = "doek3", [0x06DC0] = "din6", [0x06DC1] = "cip3", [0x06DC2] = "dak1", [0x06DC3] = "gyun6", [0x06DC4] = "zi1", [0x06DC5] = "sik1", [0x06DC6] = "ngaau4", [0x06DC7] = "kei4", [0x06DC8] = "gwat1", [0x06DC9] = "gwo2", [0x06DCA] = "jim1", [0x06DCB] = "lam4", [0x06DCC] = "tong2", [0x06DCD] = "zau1", [0x06DCE] = "fung2", [0x06DCF] = "hou6", [0x06DD0] = "coeng1", [0x06DD1] = "suk6", [0x06DD2] = "cai1", [0x06DD3] = "fong1", [0x06DD4] = "zik6", [0x06DD5] = "luk6", [0x06DD6] = "naau6", [0x06DD7] = "guk1", [0x06DD8] = "tou4", [0x06DD9] = "cung4", [0x06DDA] = "leoi6", [0x06DDB] = "zit3", [0x06DDC] = "pang4", [0x06DDD] = "fei4", [0x06DDE] = "sung1", [0x06DDF] = "tin2", [0x06DE0] = "pei3", [0x06DE1] = "daam6", [0x06DE2] = "wik6", [0x06DE3] = "ngai4", [0x06DE4] = "jyu1", [0x06DE5] = "luk6", [0x06DE6] = "gam3", [0x06DE7] = "mat6", [0x06DE8] = "zing6", [0x06DE9] = "ling4", [0x06DEA] = "leon4", [0x06DEB] = "jam4", [0x06DEC] = "ceoi3", [0x06DED] = "keoi4", [0x06DEE] = "waai4", [0x06DEF] = "juk6", [0x06DF0] = "naam5", [0x06DF1] = "sam1", [0x06DF2] = "piu4", [0x06DF3] = "seon4", [0x06DF4] = "fat1", [0x06DF5] = "jyun1", [0x06DF6] = "loi4", [0x06DF7] = "wan6", [0x06DF8] = "cing1", [0x06DF9] = "jim1", [0x06DFA] = "cin2", [0x06DFB] = "tim1", [0x06DFC] = "miu5", [0x06DFD] = "zi2", [0x06DFE] = "jam2", [0x06DFF] = "bok6", [0x06E00] = "ban6", [0x06E01] = "jyun1", [0x06E02] = "man6", [0x06E03] = "joek6", [0x06E04] = "fei1", [0x06E05] = "cing1", [0x06E06] = "jyun1", [0x06E07] = "hot3", [0x06E08] = "zai3", [0x06E09] = "sip3", [0x06E0A] = "jyun1", [0x06E0B] = "gip3", [0x06E0C] = "luk6", [0x06E0D] = "zi3", [0x06E0E] = "duk6", [0x06E0F] = "ji1", [0x06E10] = "zim6", [0x06E11] = "man5", [0x06E12] = "bei1", [0x06E13] = "kai1", [0x06E14] = "jyu4", [0x06E15] = "jyun1", [0x06E16] = "sam2", [0x06E17] = "sam3", [0x06E18] = "jau4", [0x06E19] = "wun6", [0x06E1A] = "zyu2", [0x06E1B] = "gaam2", [0x06E1C] = "nyun5", [0x06E1D] = "jyu4", [0x06E1E] = "cau4", [0x06E1F] = "ting4", [0x06E20] = "keoi4", [0x06E21] = "dou6", [0x06E22] = "fung1", [0x06E23] = "zaa1", [0x06E24] = "but6", [0x06E25] = "ak1", [0x06E26] = "wo1", [0x06E27] = "dai3", [0x06E28] = "wui1", [0x06E29] = "wan1", [0x06E2A] = "jyu4", [0x06E2B] = "sit3", [0x06E2C] = "cak1", [0x06E2D] = "wai6", [0x06E2E] = "go1", [0x06E2F] = "gong2", [0x06E30] = "jim2", [0x06E31] = "hung4", [0x06E32] = "hyun1", [0x06E33] = "mai5", [0x06E34] = "hot3", [0x06E35] = "maau4", [0x06E36] = "jing1", [0x06E37] = "jin5", [0x06E38] = "jau4", [0x06E39] = "gwang1", [0x06E3A] = "miu5", [0x06E3B] = "saang2", [0x06E3C] = "mei5", [0x06E3D] = "zoi1", [0x06E3E] = "wan4", [0x06E3F] = "noi6", [0x06E40] = "gwai2", [0x06E41] = "cap1", [0x06E42] = "ngok6", [0x06E43] = "baai3", [0x06E44] = "mei4", [0x06E45] = "lin6", [0x06E46] = "jap1", [0x06E47] = "jap1", [0x06E48] = "mui4", [0x06E49] = "tim4", [0x06E4A] = "cau3", [0x06E4B] = "wai4", [0x06E4C] = "caan1", [0x06E4D] = "teon1", [0x06E4E] = "min5", [0x06E4F] = "mui6", [0x06E50] = "paak3", [0x06E51] = "seoi2", [0x06E52] = "cap1", [0x06E53] = "pun4", [0x06E54] = "zin1", [0x06E55] = "gin2", [0x06E56] = "wu4", [0x06E57] = "fung6", [0x06E58] = "soeng1", [0x06E59] = "jik6", [0x06E5A] = "jan6", [0x06E5B] = "zaam3", [0x06E5C] = "zik6", [0x06E5D] = "gaai1", [0x06E5E] = "zing1", [0x06E5F] = "wong4", [0x06E60] = "taan3", [0x06E61] = "jyu4", [0x06E62] = "bik1", [0x06E63] = "man5", [0x06E64] = "si1", [0x06E65] = "teot1", [0x06E66] = "sang1", [0x06E67] = "jung2", [0x06E68] = "gwik1", [0x06E69] = "dung6", [0x06E6A] = "teon3", [0x06E6B] = "zau1", [0x06E6C] = "zau1", [0x06E6D] = "cau4", [0x06E6E] = "jin1", [0x06E6F] = "tong1", [0x06E70] = "lung4", [0x06E71] = "waak6", [0x06E72] = "jyun4", [0x06E73] = "naam5", [0x06E74] = "baan6", [0x06E75] = "jau5", [0x06E76] = "cyun4", [0x06E77] = "zong1", [0x06E78] = "loeng6", [0x06E79] = "cin4", [0x06E7A] = "jin4", [0x06E7B] = "seon4", [0x06E7C] = "nip6", [0x06E7D] = "zi1", [0x06E7E] = "waan1", [0x06E7F] = "sap1", [0x06E80] = "mun5", [0x06E81] = "jing4", [0x06E82] = "laat6", [0x06E83] = "kui2", [0x06E84] = "fung4", [0x06E85] = "zin3", [0x06E86] = "zeoi6", [0x06E87] = "lau4", [0x06E88] = "gwai1", [0x06E89] = "koi3", [0x06E8A] = "bo1", [0x06E8B] = "jing4", [0x06E8C] = "put3", [0x06E8D] = "zeon3", [0x06E8E] = "gwai3", [0x06E8F] = "tong4", [0x06E90] = "jyun4", [0x06E91] = "so2", [0x06E92] = "jyun4", [0x06E93] = "lim5", [0x06E94] = "jiu5", [0x06E95] = "mung4", [0x06E96] = "zeon2", [0x06E97] = "sing4", [0x06E98] = "hap6", [0x06E99] = "taai3", [0x06E9A] = "taap3", [0x06E9B] = "waa1", [0x06E9C] = "lau6", [0x06E9D] = "kau1", [0x06E9E] = "sou1", [0x06E9F] = "ming4", [0x06EA0] = "zaa3", [0x06EA1] = "si4", [0x06EA2] = "jat6", [0x06EA3] = "leon6", [0x06EA4] = "maa5", [0x06EA5] = "pou2", [0x06EA6] = "mei4", [0x06EA7] = "leot6", [0x06EA8] = "zoi1", [0x06EA9] = "wu2", [0x06EAA] = "kai1", [0x06EAB] = "wan1", [0x06EAC] = "goeng1", [0x06EAD] = "zik1", [0x06EAE] = "si1", [0x06EAF] = "sou3", [0x06EB0] = "ji4", [0x06EB1] = "zeon1", [0x06EB2] = "sau1", [0x06EB3] = "wan4", [0x06EB4] = "cau3", [0x06EB5] = "jan1", [0x06EB6] = "jung4", [0x06EB7] = "wan6", [0x06EB8] = "sou3", [0x06EB9] = "sok3", [0x06EBA] = "nik6", [0x06EBB] = "taap3", [0x06EBC] = "sap1", [0x06EBD] = "juk6", [0x06EBE] = "aai1", [0x06EBF] = "pun3", [0x06EC0] = "cuk1", [0x06EC1] = "ceoi4", [0x06EC2] = "pong4", [0x06EC3] = "jung2", [0x06EC4] = "cong1", [0x06EC5] = "mit6", [0x06EC6] = "gaak3", [0x06EC7] = "tin4", [0x06EC8] = "hou6", [0x06EC9] = "fong2", [0x06ECA] = "hei3", [0x06ECB] = "zi1", [0x06ECC] = "dik6", [0x06ECD] = "zi6", [0x06ECE] = "jing4", [0x06ECF] = "fu2", [0x06ED0] = "git6", [0x06ED1] = "waat6", [0x06ED2] = "go1", [0x06ED3] = "zi2", [0x06ED4] = "tou1", [0x06ED5] = "tang4", [0x06ED6] = "seoi1", [0x06ED7] = "bei3", [0x06ED8] = "gaau3", [0x06ED9] = "wui6", [0x06EDA] = "gwan2", [0x06EDB] = "jam4", [0x06EDC] = "gou1", [0x06EDD] = "lung4", [0x06EDE] = "zai6", [0x06EDF] = "jim6", [0x06EE0] = "sip3", [0x06EE1] = "mun5", [0x06EE2] = "jing4", [0x06EE3] = "seon4", [0x06EE4] = "leoi6", [0x06EE5] = "laam6", [0x06EE6] = "lyun4", [0x06EE7] = "haau6", [0x06EE8] = "ban1", [0x06EE9] = "taan1", [0x06EEA] = "jyu6", [0x06EEB] = "sau2", [0x06EEC] = "wu6", [0x06EED] = "bat1", [0x06EEE] = "biu1", [0x06EEF] = "zai6", [0x06EF0] = "koeng5", [0x06EF1] = "kau3", [0x06EF2] = "sam3", [0x06EF3] = "soeng1", [0x06EF4] = "dik6", [0x06EF5] = "mat6", [0x06EF6] = "ngou4", [0x06EF7] = "lou5", [0x06EF8] = "wu2", [0x06EF9] = "fu1", [0x06EFA] = "jau4", [0x06EFB] = "caan2", [0x06EFC] = "paan3", [0x06EFD] = "jung4", [0x06EFE] = "gwan2", [0x06EFF] = "mun5", [0x06F00] = "hing2", [0x06F01] = "jyu4", [0x06F02] = "piu1", [0x06F03] = "zik6", [0x06F04] = "ngaai4", [0x06F05] = "ziu2", [0x06F06] = "cat1", [0x06F07] = "saai2", [0x06F08] = "zai3", [0x06F09] = "luk6", [0x06F0A] = "lau4", [0x06F0B] = "lung4", [0x06F0C] = "gan2", [0x06F0D] = "gwok3", [0x06F0E] = "cung4", [0x06F0F] = "lau6", [0x06F10] = "zap6", [0x06F11] = "koi3", [0x06F12] = "koeng4", [0x06F13] = "lei4", [0x06F14] = "jin2", [0x06F15] = "cou4", [0x06F16] = "gaau3", [0x06F17] = "cung1", [0x06F18] = "seon4", [0x06F19] = "tyun4", [0x06F1A] = "au3", [0x06F1B] = "tang4", [0x06F1C] = "je5", [0x06F1D] = "zaap6", [0x06F1E] = "mik6", [0x06F1F] = "tong4", [0x06F20] = "mok6", [0x06F21] = "tong1", [0x06F22] = "hon3", [0x06F23] = "lin4", [0x06F24] = "laam5", [0x06F25] = "waa1", [0x06F26] = "lei4", [0x06F27] = "gon1", [0x06F28] = "fung4", [0x06F29] = "syun4", [0x06F2A] = "ji1", [0x06F2B] = "maan6", [0x06F2C] = "zi3", [0x06F2D] = "mong5", [0x06F2E] = "hong1", [0x06F2F] = "taap3", [0x06F30] = "paang1", [0x06F31] = "sau3", [0x06F32] = "zoeng2", [0x06F33] = "zoeng1", [0x06F34] = "zong6", [0x06F35] = "zeoi6", [0x06F36] = "waan6", [0x06F37] = "kwok3", [0x06F38] = "zim6", [0x06F39] = "jin4", [0x06F3A] = "song2", [0x06F3B] = "liu4", [0x06F3C] = "ceoi2", [0x06F3D] = "tai4", [0x06F3E] = "joeng6", [0x06F3F] = "zoeng1", [0x06F40] = "cung4", [0x06F41] = "wing6", [0x06F42] = "hung4", [0x06F43] = "sau1", [0x06F44] = "sau3", [0x06F45] = "gun3", [0x06F46] = "jing4", [0x06F47] = "siu1", [0x06F48] = "zung1", [0x06F49] = "wan6", [0x06F4A] = "zeoi6", [0x06F4B] = "lim6", [0x06F4C] = "zat6", [0x06F4D] = "wai4", [0x06F4E] = "pit3", [0x06F4F] = "kyut3", [0x06F50] = "ziu3", [0x06F51] = "put3", [0x06F52] = "dong6", [0x06F53] = "wai6", [0x06F54] = "git3", [0x06F55] = "mou5", [0x06F56] = "paa4", [0x06F57] = "cap1", [0x06F58] = "pun1", [0x06F59] = "gwai1", [0x06F5A] = "suk1", [0x06F5B] = "cim4", [0x06F5C] = "cim4", [0x06F5D] = "jap1", [0x06F5E] = "lou6", [0x06F5F] = "sik1", [0x06F60] = "seon3", [0x06F61] = "dan6", [0x06F62] = "wong4", [0x06F63] = "man5", [0x06F64] = "jeon6", [0x06F65] = "suk1", [0x06F66] = "lou5", [0x06F67] = "zeon1", [0x06F68] = "zung1", [0x06F69] = "ji6", [0x06F6A] = "zik6", [0x06F6B] = "waan1", [0x06F6C] = "taan1", [0x06F6D] = "taam4", [0x06F6E] = "ciu4", [0x06F6F] = "cam4", [0x06F70] = "kui2", [0x06F71] = "jan1", [0x06F72] = "saau3", [0x06F73] = "tou4", [0x06F74] = "zyu1", [0x06F75] = "saat3", [0x06F76] = "hak1", [0x06F77] = "bei3", [0x06F78] = "saan1", [0x06F79] = "saan4", [0x06F7A] = "saan4", [0x06F7B] = "syu2", [0x06F7C] = "tung4", [0x06F7D] = "pou1", [0x06F7E] = "leon4", [0x06F7F] = "wai4", [0x06F80] = "sap1", [0x06F81] = "sap1", [0x06F82] = "cing4", [0x06F83] = "gwing3", [0x06F84] = "cing4", [0x06F85] = "waa6", [0x06F86] = "hiu1", [0x06F87] = "lou6", [0x06F88] = "cit3", [0x06F89] = "gam2", [0x06F8A] = "cyun1", [0x06F8B] = "wang6", [0x06F8C] = "si1", [0x06F8D] = "syu6", [0x06F8E] = "paang4", [0x06F8F] = "ham4", [0x06F90] = "wan4", [0x06F91] = "lau6", [0x06F92] = "hung6", [0x06F93] = "fuk6", [0x06F94] = "hou6", [0x06F95] = "wo4", [0x06F96] = "haan4", [0x06F97] = "gaan3", [0x06F98] = "saan1", [0x06F99] = "sik1", [0x06F9A] = "jyut6", [0x06F9B] = "lou5", [0x06F9C] = "laan4", [0x06F9D] = "ning6", [0x06F9E] = "jyu4", [0x06F9F] = "lam5", [0x06FA0] = "man5", [0x06FA1] = "cou3", [0x06FA2] = "dong1", [0x06FA3] = "wun5", [0x06FA4] = "zaak6", [0x06FA5] = "haai5", [0x06FA6] = "jyu6", [0x06FA7] = "lai5", [0x06FA8] = "sai6", [0x06FA9] = "hok6", [0x06FAA] = "ling4", [0x06FAB] = "maan6", [0x06FAC] = "zi1", [0x06FAD] = "jung1", [0x06FAE] = "kui2", [0x06FAF] = "caan3", [0x06FB0] = "lim6", [0x06FB1] = "din6", [0x06FB2] = "jip6", [0x06FB3] = "ou3", [0x06FB4] = "waan4", [0x06FB5] = "zeon1", [0x06FB6] = "sin4", [0x06FB7] = "maan6", [0x06FB8] = "dam2", [0x06FB9] = "daam6", [0x06FBA] = "jik1", [0x06FBB] = "seoi6", [0x06FBC] = "pik1", [0x06FBD] = "geoi6", [0x06FBE] = "taat3", [0x06FBF] = "kam4", [0x06FC0] = "gik1", [0x06FC1] = "zuk6", [0x06FC2] = "lim4", [0x06FC3] = "nung4", [0x06FC4] = "wo1", [0x06FC5] = "zam3", [0x06FC6] = "fan4", [0x06FC7] = "gip3", [0x06FC8] = "cap1", [0x06FC9] = "seoi1", [0x06FCA] = "wai3", [0x06FCB] = "co2", [0x06FCC] = "taap3", [0x06FCD] = "sung1", [0x06FCE] = "ding2", [0x06FCF] = "sat1", [0x06FD0] = "zyu2", [0x06FD1] = "laai6", [0x06FD2] = "ban1", [0x06FD3] = "lim4", [0x06FD4] = "mei4", [0x06FD5] = "sap1", [0x06FD6] = "syu6", [0x06FD7] = "mik6", [0x06FD8] = "ning6", [0x06FD9] = "jing4", [0x06FDA] = "jing4", [0x06FDB] = "mung4", [0x06FDC] = "zeon6", [0x06FDD] = "kei4", [0x06FDE] = "pai3", [0x06FDF] = "zai3", [0x06FE0] = "hou4", [0x06FE1] = "jyu4", [0x06FE2] = "ceoi3", [0x06FE3] = "waat3", [0x06FE4] = "tou4", [0x06FE5] = "jan5", [0x06FE7] = "deoi6", [0x06FE8] = "ci4", [0x06FE9] = "wok6", [0x06FEA] = "cing3", [0x06FEB] = "laam6", [0x06FEC] = "zeon3", [0x06FED] = "oi3", [0x06FEE] = "buk6", [0x06FEF] = "zok6", [0x06FF0] = "wai4", [0x06FF1] = "ban1", [0x06FF2] = "guk1", [0x06FF3] = "cim4", [0x06FF4] = "jing4", [0x06FF5] = "ban1", [0x06FF6] = "fut3", [0x06FF7] = "fai3", [0x06FF8] = "cong1", [0x06FF9] = "mak6", [0x06FFA] = "zin3", [0x06FFB] = "wai5", [0x06FFC] = "lok6", [0x06FFD] = "zaan3", [0x06FFE] = "leoi6", [0x06FFF] = "lai6" } 39xsh5hxzxgqo49wykfpj79bueeaza2 10 179275 1374657 2026-04-03T01:41:04Z en>Primefac 0 Primefac moved page [[Template:Mxt]] to [[Template:Example text monospaced]]: expand name for clarity 1374657 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:0}}|{{FormattingError|[[:{{safesubst:<noinclude/>#invoke:TEMPLATENAME|main}}]] is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.}}|<span class="example monospaced example-mono" style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);" {{#if:{{{title|}}}|title="{{{title}}}"}}>{{{1|Example text}}}</span>}}<!--"monospace, monospace" needed per Wikipedia:Typography#The_monospace_'bug'--><noinclude> {{Documentation|Template:Xt/doc}} <!--This category has to be done on a per-template basis, not in the shared docs, since it only apply to four templates in the family.--> [[Category:Programming typing-aid templates]] </noinclude> q0kpie8o6hae5vvli2tndi9cg7q0d5a 1374658 1374657 2026-06-03T00:31:58Z A826 72368 ೧ revisions imported from [[:en:Template:Example_text_monospaced]] 1374657 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:0}}|{{FormattingError|[[:{{safesubst:<noinclude/>#invoke:TEMPLATENAME|main}}]] is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.}}|<span class="example monospaced example-mono" style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);" {{#if:{{{title|}}}|title="{{{title}}}"}}>{{{1|Example text}}}</span>}}<!--"monospace, monospace" needed per Wikipedia:Typography#The_monospace_'bug'--><noinclude> {{Documentation|Template:Xt/doc}} <!--This category has to be done on a per-template basis, not in the shared docs, since it only apply to four templates in the family.--> [[Category:Programming typing-aid templates]] </noinclude> q0kpie8o6hae5vvli2tndi9cg7q0d5a 10 179276 1374659 2026-04-03T01:44:40Z en>Primefac 0 Primefac moved page [[Template:!mxt]] to [[Template:Example text monospaced bad]]: expand name for clarity 1374659 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:0}}|{{FormattingError|[[:{{safesubst:<noinclude/>#invoke:TEMPLATENAME|main}}]] is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.}}|<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad monospaced example-mono" style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);" {{#if:{{{title|}}}|title="{{{title}}}"}}>{{{1|Example text}}}</span>}}<!--"monospace, monospace" needed per Wikipedia:Typography#The_monospace_'bug'--><noinclude> {{Documentation|Template:Xt/doc}} <!--This category has to be done on a per-template basis, not in the shared docs, since it only apply to four templates in the family.--> [[Category:Programming typing-aid templates]] </noinclude> nj7gqt8gxp1hwt549605z0qaqxpdkqo 1374660 1374659 2026-06-03T00:31:58Z A826 72368 ೧ revisions imported from [[:en:Template:Example_text_monospaced_bad]] 1374659 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:0}}|{{FormattingError|[[:{{safesubst:<noinclude/>#invoke:TEMPLATENAME|main}}]] is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.}}|<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad monospaced example-mono" style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);" {{#if:{{{title|}}}|title="{{{title}}}"}}>{{{1|Example text}}}</span>}}<!--"monospace, monospace" needed per Wikipedia:Typography#The_monospace_'bug'--><noinclude> {{Documentation|Template:Xt/doc}} <!--This category has to be done on a per-template basis, not in the shared docs, since it only apply to four templates in the family.--> [[Category:Programming typing-aid templates]] </noinclude> nj7gqt8gxp1hwt549605z0qaqxpdkqo 0 179278 1374670 2026-06-03T07:40:22Z VASANTH S.N. 728 ಹೊಸ ಲೇಖನ 1374670 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Princess Dagmar of Denmark with her dog.jpg|200px|right|ಡೆನ್ಮಾರ್ಕ್‍ನ ರಾಣಿ ಕ್ರಿನೊಲೀನ್ ಉಡುಪಿನಲ್ಲಿ]] [[File:Crinoline, 1860-1870. MoMu - Fashion Museum Province of Antwerp, www.momu.be. Photo by Hugo Maertens, Bruges.jpg|200px|right|ಪಂಜರದಂತ ಬಟ್ಟೆನೇಯ್ಗೆ]] '''ಕ್ರಿನೊಲೀನ್ '''ಸಾದಾ ನೇಯ್ಗೆಯ ಗಡಸು [[ಬಟ್ಟೆ]]. ಇದಕ್ಕೆ ವಜ್ರ ಸರಿಯಿಂದ (ಗ್ಲೂ) ತುಂಬ ಗಂಜಿ ಹಾಕಿರುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಜಿಗಿತದ (ಸ್ಟಿಫ್‍ನೆಸ್) ಲಕ್ಷಣವನ್ನು ಕೊಡಲು ಇದನ್ನು ವಿಶಿಷ್ಟ ಕ್ರಮದಲ್ಲಿ ಹಿಗ್ಗಲಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ (ಸ್ಟ್ರೆಚ್). ಮೊದಲಲ್ಲಿ ಇದನ್ನು ಕುದುರೆ ಕೂದಲಿನಿಂದ ಅಥವಾ ಹತ್ತಿ ನೂಲಿನಿಂದ ವಿಶಿಷ್ಟ ರೀತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ತಯಾರಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದರು. ಇದನ್ನು ಮುಖ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಲಘು ಅಂಗಿಗಳಿಗೂ ಒಳ್ಪದರದ ಬಟ್ಟೆಗಳಿಗೂ ಪುಸ್ತಕ ಬೈಂಡು ಮಾಡುವುದಕ್ಕೂ ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್ '''ಅನ್ನು ಹೂಪ್ ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್''' ಎಂದೂ ಕರೆಯುತ್ತಾರೆ , ಇದು 19 ನೇ ಶ್ರೀಮಂತ [[ಸ್ತ್ರೀ|ಮಹಿಳೆ]]ಯರು ತಮ್ಮ ಬಟ್ಟೆಯ ಅಡಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಧರಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದ ಒಂದು ರೀತಿಯ ಪೂರ್ಣ ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್ ಆಗಿತ್ತು.<ref>{{Cite web |editor-last=Elridge |editor-first=Alison |title=crinoline |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/crinoline |access-date=June 12, 2025 |website=Britannica |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref>. ಮೂಲಭೂತವಾಗಿ, ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್ ಲೋಹದ ಹೂಪ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರುವ ಹಗುರವಾದ ಚೌಕಟ್ಟನ್ನು ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿತ್ತು, ಅದು ಮಹಿಳೆಯರ ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್‌ಗಳಿಗೆ ಪೂರ್ಣತೆಯನ್ನು ನೀಡಿತು, ಅಲ್ಲಿಯವರೆಗೆ ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತಿದ್ದ [[ಪಿಷ್ಟ]]ದ ಪೆಟಿಕೋಟ್‌ಗಳ ಬಹು ಪದರಗಳ ಅಗತ್ಯವನ್ನು ನಿವಾರಿಸಿತು. ==ವೈಶಿಷ್ಟ್ಯಗಳು== [[File:Horsehair braid-crinoline tape.jpg|thumb|upright|Crin tape]] ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್ ಮೂಲತಃ ಕುದುರೆ ಕೂದಲಿನ ನೇಯ್ಗೆ ಮತ್ತು ಹತ್ತಿ ಅಥವಾ ಲಿನಿನ್ ವಾರ್ಪ್ ಹೊಂದಿರುವ ಗಟ್ಟಿಮುಟ್ಟಾದ ಬಟ್ಟೆಯಾಗಿತ್ತು . ಇದು 1830 ರ ಸುಮಾರಿಗೆ ಕಾಣಿಸಿಕೊಂಡಿತು, ಆದರೆ 1856 ರ ಹೊತ್ತಿಗೆ ಇದು ಉಕ್ಕಿನ ಹೂಪ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರುವ ಅತ್ಯಂತ ಅಗಲವಾದ, ಗಟ್ಟಿಯಾದ, [[ಪಂಜರ]]ದಂತಹ ಪೆಟಿಕೋಟ್ ಆಗಿ ವಿಕಸನಗೊಂಡಿತು , ಇದನ್ನು ಮಹಿಳೆಯ ಒಳ ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಹಿಡಿದಿಡಲು ಮತ್ತು ಅಗತ್ಯವಿರುವ ಆಕಾರದಲ್ಲಿ [[ಉಡುಗೆ|ಉಡುಪ]]ನ್ನು ಧರಿಸಲು ವಿನ್ಯಾಸಗೊಳಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ . ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್ ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣವಾಗಿ ಗಟ್ಟಿಯಾದ ಮತ್ತು ಸ್ಥಿರವಾದ ರಚನೆಯಾಗಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ; ಮಹಿಳೆಯ ಚಲನೆಗಳೊಂದಿಗೆ ಅದು ಎರಡೂ ಬದಿಗಳಿಗೆ ತೂಗಾಡುತ್ತಿತ್ತು ಮತ್ತು ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್‌ನ ಒಂದು ಭಾಗದ ಮೇಲೆ ಯಾವುದೇ ಒತ್ತಡವು ಇಡೀ ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್ ಅನ್ನು ಚಲಿಸುವಂತೆ ಮಾಡಿತು. {{multiple image |ಬಲ |width1 = 150 |image1 = Horsehair petticoat MET CI43.126.26 F.jpg |caption1 = Horsehair crinoline, 1840s ([[Anna Wintour Costume Center|MET]]) |width2 = 173 |image2 = Petticoat MET 1986.106.8 F.jpg |caption2 = Down-quilted petticoat, British, 1860s (MET)}} ೧೮೫೦ ಮತ್ತು ೧೮೭೦ ರ ನಡುವೆ ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಅವುಗಳ ಅತಿರಂಜಿತ ರೂಪದಲ್ಲಿ ವ್ಯಾಪಕವಾಗಿ ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತಿತ್ತು, ೧೮೬೫ ರ ಸುಮಾರಿಗೆ ಅವುಗಳ ಗರಿಷ್ಠ ಗಾತ್ರವನ್ನು ತಲುಪಿತು. ಅಂದಿನಿಂದ, ಸಡಿಲವಾದ ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ವಿವಿಧ ದಿಕ್ಕುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಹಿಡಿದಿಡಲು ಬಳಸುವ ವಿವಿಧ ಆವಿಷ್ಕಾರಗಳನ್ನು ಸೂಚಿಸಲು ಈ ಪದವನ್ನು ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತಿದೆ; ಆದಾಗ್ಯೂ, ಈ ಇತ್ತೀಚಿನ ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್‌ಗಳು ಕ್ಲಾಸಿಕ್‌ಗಳಿಗೆ ಯಾವುದೇ ಸಂಬಂಧವನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿಲ್ಲ. == ಇತಿಹಾಸ == ೧೮೫೦ ರ ಸುಮಾರಿಗೆ, ಯುರೋಪ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಆರ್ಥಿಕ ಸಮೃದ್ಧಿಯ ಅವಧಿಯು ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಸಂಕೀರ್ಣವಾದ ಮಹಿಳೆಯರ ಉಡುಪುಗಳಿಗೆ ಕಾರಣವಾಯಿತು; ಆರಂಭದಲ್ಲಿ ಕೆಳಗೆ ಧರಿಸುವ ಪೆಟಿಕೋಟ್‌ಗಳ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚಾದ ಕಾರಣ ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್‌ಗಳು ಪೂರ್ಣವಾದವು . ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್ ಈ ಪೆಟಿಕೋಟ್‌ಗಳ ತೂಕವನ್ನು ನಿವಾರಿಸಿತು ಮತ್ತು ಉಕ್ಕಿನ ಚೌಕಟ್ಟಿನೊಳಗೆ ಕಾಲಿನ ಚಲನೆಗೆ ಅವಕಾಶ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಟ್ಟಿತು. ೧೬ ನೇ ಶತಮಾನದಲ್ಲಿ ಫಾರ್ಥಿಂಗೇಲ್ , ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ಯಾನಿಯರ್ ಮತ್ತು ೧೮ ನೇ ಶತಮಾನದಲ್ಲಿ ಲುನೆಟ್‌ನಂತಹ ಹಿಂದಿನ ಉಡುಪುಗಳು ಅಸ್ತಿತ್ವದಲ್ಲಿದ್ದರೂ, ೧೯ ನೇ {{siglo|XVIII||s}} ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್ ತಂತ್ರಜ್ಞಾನದ ವಿಷಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಗಮನಾರ್ಹ ಪ್ರಗತಿಯನ್ನು ಪ್ರತಿನಿಧಿಸಿತು, ಪೆಟಿಕೋಟ್‌ಗೆ ಹೊಲಿಯಬಹುದಾದ ಅಥವಾ ಪ್ರತ್ಯೇಕ ತುಂಡಾಗಿ ಬಳಸಬಹುದಾದ ಉಕ್ಕಿನ ಹೂಪ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿತ್ತು. ಯುರೋಪಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್‌ನ ಮಹಾನ್ ಪ್ರವರ್ತಕ ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ರಸರಣಕಾರರು ಎರಡನೇ [[ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್]] ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯದ ಅವಧಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಞಿ ಯುಜೀನಿ ಡಿ ಮಾಂಟಿಜೊ . ಅಲ್ಲಿಂದ ಇದನ್ನು [[ಸ್ಪೇನ್|ಸ್ಪೇನ್‌]]ಗೆ ಪರಿಚಯಿಸಲಾಯಿತು, [[ಇಸಾಬೆಲ್ಲಾ ಮೇರಿ ಬೀಟನ್|ಇಸಾಬೆಲ್ಲಾ II]] ರ ಆಳ್ವಿಕೆಯೊಂದಿಗೆ ಇದನ್ನು ಮಿರಿನಾಕ್ ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತಿತ್ತು: ಸ್ಪ್ಯಾನಿಷ್ ನ್ಯಾಯಾಲಯದಲ್ಲಿ 18 ನೇ ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತಿದ್ದ ಹೂಪ್ ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್ ಟೊಂಟಿಲ್ಲೊವನ್ನು ಈ ಹಿಂದೆ ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತಿತ್ತು . ಗಾಳಿ ಅಪಘಾತಗಳಿಂದಾಗಿ ತಮ್ಮ ಕಾಲುಗಳನ್ನು ತೋರಿಸುವುದನ್ನು ತಪ್ಪಿಸಲು, ಮಹಿಳೆಯರು ಕಣಕಾಲುಗಳವರೆಗೆ ತಲುಪುವ ಪ್ಯಾಂಟ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಧರಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದರು,ಇವುಗಳನ್ನು ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಲೇಸ್ ಮತ್ತು ಫ್ರಿಲ್ಸ್‌ಗಳಿಂದ ಅಲಂಕರಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತಿತ್ತು , ಕುಳಿತುಕೊಳ್ಳುವಾಗ ಅವು ಕೆಲವೊಮ್ಮೆ ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್‌ನ ಕೆಳಗಿನಿಂದ ಇಣುಕುತ್ತಿದ್ದವು, ಇದು ಸೊಬಗಿನ ಸಂಕೇತವಾಗಿತ್ತು. 1850 ರ ದಶಕದ ಉತ್ತರಾರ್ಧದಲ್ಲಿ, ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್ ಬಳಕೆಯಿಂದಾಗಿ ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್‌ಗಳು ತುಂಬಾ ದೊಡ್ಡದಾಗಿ ಬೆಳೆದವು, ಇಬ್ಬರು ಮಹಿಳೆಯರು ಒಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ಕೋಣೆಗೆ ಪ್ರವೇಶಿಸಲು ಅಥವಾ ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್‌ಗಳ ಅತಿಯಾದ ಅಗಲದಿಂದಾಗಿ ಒಂದೇ ಸೋಫಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಕುಳಿತುಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ಸಾಧ್ಯವಾಗಲಿಲ್ಲ. 1860 ರಲ್ಲಿ, ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್ ವಿಕಸನಗೊಂಡಿತು, ಮುಂಭಾಗದಲ್ಲಿ ಸ್ವಲ್ಪ ಚಪ್ಪಟೆಯಾಗಿ ಮತ್ತು ವೃತ್ತಾಕಾರದಿಂದ ಅಂಡಾಕಾರದ ಆಕಾರಕ್ಕೆ ಬದಲಾಯಿತು. ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್ ಹಿಂಭಾಗದಲ್ಲಿ ಒಟ್ಟುಗೂಡಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿತು, "ಅರ್ಧ-ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್" ಆಗಿ ಮಾರ್ಪಟ್ಟಿತು, ಹೂಪ್‌ಗಳು ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಹೊಂದಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವಂತಿದ್ದರಿಂದ, ಮಹಿಳೆಯರು ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಆರಾಮವಾಗಿ ಕುಳಿತುಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ಅವಕಾಶ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಟ್ಟ ಕಾರಣ ಈ ರೂಪಾಂತರವು ಮೂಲ ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್‌ಗಿಂತ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಕ್ರಿಯಾತ್ಮಕವಾಗಿತ್ತು. ಮಹಿಳೆ ಕುಳಿತಾಗ, ಹೊಸ ಗದ್ದಲದ ಹೂಪ್‌ಗಳು ಒಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ಬಂದವು (ಫ್ಯಾನ್ ಅನ್ನು ಮುಚ್ಚುವಂತೆ). 1865 ರ ಸುಮಾರಿಗೆ ಅದರ ಗರಿಷ್ಠ ಅಗಲವನ್ನು ತಲುಪಿದ ನಂತರ, ವ್ಯಾಸವು ಕ್ರಮೇಣ ಕಡಿಮೆಯಾಯಿತು ಮತ್ತು ಚೌಕಟ್ಟನ್ನು ಹಿಂಭಾಗಕ್ಕೆ ಮಾತ್ರ ಇಳಿಸುವವರೆಗೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಅಂಡಾಕಾರವಾಯಿತು, 1870 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್‌ನ ಮುಂಭಾಗವು ನೇರವಾಗಿ ಬೀಳುವಂತೆ ಮಾಡಿತು, ಹೀಗಾಗಿ ನಿಜವಾದ ಗದ್ದಲವಾಯಿತು ಮತ್ತು ಸ್ತ್ರೀ ಆಕೃತಿಗೆ ಹೊಸ, ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಲಂಬವಾದ ಸಿಲೂಯೆಟ್ ನೀಡಿತು. == ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್ ಪದದ ಇತರ ಉಪಯೋಗಗಳು == ಯುಕಾಟಾನ್ , ಕ್ಯಾಂಪೆಚೆ ಮತ್ತು ಮೆಕ್ಸಿಕೊದ ಟಬಾಸ್ಕೊದಲ್ಲಿ , 'ಮಿರಿನಾಕ್' ಎಂಬ ಪದವು ಒಳಭಾಗವನ್ನು ಕೀಟಗಳಿಂದ ರಕ್ಷಿಸಲು ಕಿಟಕಿಗಳು ಅಥವಾ ಬಾಗಿಲುಗಳ ಮೇಲೆ ಇರಿಸಲಾದ ಸೊಳ್ಳೆ ಪರದೆಗಳನ್ನು ಸೂಚಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. [[ಅರ್ಜೆಂಟೀನ|ಅರ್ಜೆಂಟೀನಾ]]ದಲ್ಲಿ , 19 ನೇ ಮೊದಲ ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ಸ್ಟ್ರೀಟ್‌ಕಾರ್‌ಗಳ ಮುಂಭಾಗದಲ್ಲಿರುವ ರಚನೆಯನ್ನು ವಿವರಿಸಲು ಸಹ ಇದನ್ನು ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತಿತ್ತು ; ಇದನ್ನು "ಲೈಫ್‌ಸೇವರ್" ಎಂದೂ ಕರೆಯುತ್ತಾರೆ, ಇದು ಚಲಿಸುವ ವಾಹನದ ಮುಂದೆ ಬೀಳುವ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿ ಅಥವಾ ವಸ್ತುವು ಅದರ ಕೆಳಗೆ ಇಳಿಯುವುದನ್ನು ತಡೆಯುತ್ತದೆ. 45gr4wq4knkkmx0nfsbq0u6gr934mav 1374671 1374670 2026-06-03T07:40:54Z VASANTH S.N. 728 /* ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್ ಪದದ ಇತರ ಉಪಯೋಗಗಳು */ 1374671 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Princess Dagmar of Denmark with her dog.jpg|200px|right|ಡೆನ್ಮಾರ್ಕ್‍ನ ರಾಣಿ ಕ್ರಿನೊಲೀನ್ ಉಡುಪಿನಲ್ಲಿ]] [[File:Crinoline, 1860-1870. MoMu - Fashion Museum Province of Antwerp, www.momu.be. Photo by Hugo Maertens, Bruges.jpg|200px|right|ಪಂಜರದಂತ ಬಟ್ಟೆನೇಯ್ಗೆ]] '''ಕ್ರಿನೊಲೀನ್ '''ಸಾದಾ ನೇಯ್ಗೆಯ ಗಡಸು [[ಬಟ್ಟೆ]]. ಇದಕ್ಕೆ ವಜ್ರ ಸರಿಯಿಂದ (ಗ್ಲೂ) ತುಂಬ ಗಂಜಿ ಹಾಕಿರುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಜಿಗಿತದ (ಸ್ಟಿಫ್‍ನೆಸ್) ಲಕ್ಷಣವನ್ನು ಕೊಡಲು ಇದನ್ನು ವಿಶಿಷ್ಟ ಕ್ರಮದಲ್ಲಿ ಹಿಗ್ಗಲಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ (ಸ್ಟ್ರೆಚ್). ಮೊದಲಲ್ಲಿ ಇದನ್ನು ಕುದುರೆ ಕೂದಲಿನಿಂದ ಅಥವಾ ಹತ್ತಿ ನೂಲಿನಿಂದ ವಿಶಿಷ್ಟ ರೀತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ತಯಾರಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದರು. ಇದನ್ನು ಮುಖ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಲಘು ಅಂಗಿಗಳಿಗೂ ಒಳ್ಪದರದ ಬಟ್ಟೆಗಳಿಗೂ ಪುಸ್ತಕ ಬೈಂಡು ಮಾಡುವುದಕ್ಕೂ ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್ '''ಅನ್ನು ಹೂಪ್ ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್''' ಎಂದೂ ಕರೆಯುತ್ತಾರೆ , ಇದು 19 ನೇ ಶ್ರೀಮಂತ [[ಸ್ತ್ರೀ|ಮಹಿಳೆ]]ಯರು ತಮ್ಮ ಬಟ್ಟೆಯ ಅಡಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಧರಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದ ಒಂದು ರೀತಿಯ ಪೂರ್ಣ ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್ ಆಗಿತ್ತು.<ref>{{Cite web |editor-last=Elridge |editor-first=Alison |title=crinoline |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/crinoline |access-date=June 12, 2025 |website=Britannica |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref>. ಮೂಲಭೂತವಾಗಿ, ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್ ಲೋಹದ ಹೂಪ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರುವ ಹಗುರವಾದ ಚೌಕಟ್ಟನ್ನು ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿತ್ತು, ಅದು ಮಹಿಳೆಯರ ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್‌ಗಳಿಗೆ ಪೂರ್ಣತೆಯನ್ನು ನೀಡಿತು, ಅಲ್ಲಿಯವರೆಗೆ ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತಿದ್ದ [[ಪಿಷ್ಟ]]ದ ಪೆಟಿಕೋಟ್‌ಗಳ ಬಹು ಪದರಗಳ ಅಗತ್ಯವನ್ನು ನಿವಾರಿಸಿತು. ==ವೈಶಿಷ್ಟ್ಯಗಳು== [[File:Horsehair braid-crinoline tape.jpg|thumb|upright|Crin tape]] ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್ ಮೂಲತಃ ಕುದುರೆ ಕೂದಲಿನ ನೇಯ್ಗೆ ಮತ್ತು ಹತ್ತಿ ಅಥವಾ ಲಿನಿನ್ ವಾರ್ಪ್ ಹೊಂದಿರುವ ಗಟ್ಟಿಮುಟ್ಟಾದ ಬಟ್ಟೆಯಾಗಿತ್ತು . ಇದು 1830 ರ ಸುಮಾರಿಗೆ ಕಾಣಿಸಿಕೊಂಡಿತು, ಆದರೆ 1856 ರ ಹೊತ್ತಿಗೆ ಇದು ಉಕ್ಕಿನ ಹೂಪ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರುವ ಅತ್ಯಂತ ಅಗಲವಾದ, ಗಟ್ಟಿಯಾದ, [[ಪಂಜರ]]ದಂತಹ ಪೆಟಿಕೋಟ್ ಆಗಿ ವಿಕಸನಗೊಂಡಿತು , ಇದನ್ನು ಮಹಿಳೆಯ ಒಳ ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಹಿಡಿದಿಡಲು ಮತ್ತು ಅಗತ್ಯವಿರುವ ಆಕಾರದಲ್ಲಿ [[ಉಡುಗೆ|ಉಡುಪ]]ನ್ನು ಧರಿಸಲು ವಿನ್ಯಾಸಗೊಳಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ . ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್ ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣವಾಗಿ ಗಟ್ಟಿಯಾದ ಮತ್ತು ಸ್ಥಿರವಾದ ರಚನೆಯಾಗಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ; ಮಹಿಳೆಯ ಚಲನೆಗಳೊಂದಿಗೆ ಅದು ಎರಡೂ ಬದಿಗಳಿಗೆ ತೂಗಾಡುತ್ತಿತ್ತು ಮತ್ತು ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್‌ನ ಒಂದು ಭಾಗದ ಮೇಲೆ ಯಾವುದೇ ಒತ್ತಡವು ಇಡೀ ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್ ಅನ್ನು ಚಲಿಸುವಂತೆ ಮಾಡಿತು. {{multiple image |ಬಲ |width1 = 150 |image1 = Horsehair petticoat MET CI43.126.26 F.jpg |caption1 = Horsehair crinoline, 1840s ([[Anna Wintour Costume Center|MET]]) |width2 = 173 |image2 = Petticoat MET 1986.106.8 F.jpg |caption2 = Down-quilted petticoat, British, 1860s (MET)}} ೧೮೫೦ ಮತ್ತು ೧೮೭೦ ರ ನಡುವೆ ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಅವುಗಳ ಅತಿರಂಜಿತ ರೂಪದಲ್ಲಿ ವ್ಯಾಪಕವಾಗಿ ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತಿತ್ತು, ೧೮೬೫ ರ ಸುಮಾರಿಗೆ ಅವುಗಳ ಗರಿಷ್ಠ ಗಾತ್ರವನ್ನು ತಲುಪಿತು. ಅಂದಿನಿಂದ, ಸಡಿಲವಾದ ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ವಿವಿಧ ದಿಕ್ಕುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಹಿಡಿದಿಡಲು ಬಳಸುವ ವಿವಿಧ ಆವಿಷ್ಕಾರಗಳನ್ನು ಸೂಚಿಸಲು ಈ ಪದವನ್ನು ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತಿದೆ; ಆದಾಗ್ಯೂ, ಈ ಇತ್ತೀಚಿನ ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್‌ಗಳು ಕ್ಲಾಸಿಕ್‌ಗಳಿಗೆ ಯಾವುದೇ ಸಂಬಂಧವನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿಲ್ಲ. == ಇತಿಹಾಸ == ೧೮೫೦ ರ ಸುಮಾರಿಗೆ, ಯುರೋಪ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಆರ್ಥಿಕ ಸಮೃದ್ಧಿಯ ಅವಧಿಯು ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಸಂಕೀರ್ಣವಾದ ಮಹಿಳೆಯರ ಉಡುಪುಗಳಿಗೆ ಕಾರಣವಾಯಿತು; ಆರಂಭದಲ್ಲಿ ಕೆಳಗೆ ಧರಿಸುವ ಪೆಟಿಕೋಟ್‌ಗಳ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚಾದ ಕಾರಣ ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್‌ಗಳು ಪೂರ್ಣವಾದವು . ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್ ಈ ಪೆಟಿಕೋಟ್‌ಗಳ ತೂಕವನ್ನು ನಿವಾರಿಸಿತು ಮತ್ತು ಉಕ್ಕಿನ ಚೌಕಟ್ಟಿನೊಳಗೆ ಕಾಲಿನ ಚಲನೆಗೆ ಅವಕಾಶ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಟ್ಟಿತು. ೧೬ ನೇ ಶತಮಾನದಲ್ಲಿ ಫಾರ್ಥಿಂಗೇಲ್ , ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ಯಾನಿಯರ್ ಮತ್ತು ೧೮ ನೇ ಶತಮಾನದಲ್ಲಿ ಲುನೆಟ್‌ನಂತಹ ಹಿಂದಿನ ಉಡುಪುಗಳು ಅಸ್ತಿತ್ವದಲ್ಲಿದ್ದರೂ, ೧೯ ನೇ {{siglo|XVIII||s}} ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್ ತಂತ್ರಜ್ಞಾನದ ವಿಷಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಗಮನಾರ್ಹ ಪ್ರಗತಿಯನ್ನು ಪ್ರತಿನಿಧಿಸಿತು, ಪೆಟಿಕೋಟ್‌ಗೆ ಹೊಲಿಯಬಹುದಾದ ಅಥವಾ ಪ್ರತ್ಯೇಕ ತುಂಡಾಗಿ ಬಳಸಬಹುದಾದ ಉಕ್ಕಿನ ಹೂಪ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿತ್ತು. ಯುರೋಪಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್‌ನ ಮಹಾನ್ ಪ್ರವರ್ತಕ ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ರಸರಣಕಾರರು ಎರಡನೇ [[ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್]] ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯದ ಅವಧಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಞಿ ಯುಜೀನಿ ಡಿ ಮಾಂಟಿಜೊ . ಅಲ್ಲಿಂದ ಇದನ್ನು [[ಸ್ಪೇನ್|ಸ್ಪೇನ್‌]]ಗೆ ಪರಿಚಯಿಸಲಾಯಿತು, [[ಇಸಾಬೆಲ್ಲಾ ಮೇರಿ ಬೀಟನ್|ಇಸಾಬೆಲ್ಲಾ II]] ರ ಆಳ್ವಿಕೆಯೊಂದಿಗೆ ಇದನ್ನು ಮಿರಿನಾಕ್ ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತಿತ್ತು: ಸ್ಪ್ಯಾನಿಷ್ ನ್ಯಾಯಾಲಯದಲ್ಲಿ 18 ನೇ ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತಿದ್ದ ಹೂಪ್ ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್ ಟೊಂಟಿಲ್ಲೊವನ್ನು ಈ ಹಿಂದೆ ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತಿತ್ತು . ಗಾಳಿ ಅಪಘಾತಗಳಿಂದಾಗಿ ತಮ್ಮ ಕಾಲುಗಳನ್ನು ತೋರಿಸುವುದನ್ನು ತಪ್ಪಿಸಲು, ಮಹಿಳೆಯರು ಕಣಕಾಲುಗಳವರೆಗೆ ತಲುಪುವ ಪ್ಯಾಂಟ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಧರಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದರು,ಇವುಗಳನ್ನು ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಲೇಸ್ ಮತ್ತು ಫ್ರಿಲ್ಸ್‌ಗಳಿಂದ ಅಲಂಕರಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತಿತ್ತು , ಕುಳಿತುಕೊಳ್ಳುವಾಗ ಅವು ಕೆಲವೊಮ್ಮೆ ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್‌ನ ಕೆಳಗಿನಿಂದ ಇಣುಕುತ್ತಿದ್ದವು, ಇದು ಸೊಬಗಿನ ಸಂಕೇತವಾಗಿತ್ತು. 1850 ರ ದಶಕದ ಉತ್ತರಾರ್ಧದಲ್ಲಿ, ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್ ಬಳಕೆಯಿಂದಾಗಿ ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್‌ಗಳು ತುಂಬಾ ದೊಡ್ಡದಾಗಿ ಬೆಳೆದವು, ಇಬ್ಬರು ಮಹಿಳೆಯರು ಒಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ಕೋಣೆಗೆ ಪ್ರವೇಶಿಸಲು ಅಥವಾ ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್‌ಗಳ ಅತಿಯಾದ ಅಗಲದಿಂದಾಗಿ ಒಂದೇ ಸೋಫಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಕುಳಿತುಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ಸಾಧ್ಯವಾಗಲಿಲ್ಲ. 1860 ರಲ್ಲಿ, ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್ ವಿಕಸನಗೊಂಡಿತು, ಮುಂಭಾಗದಲ್ಲಿ ಸ್ವಲ್ಪ ಚಪ್ಪಟೆಯಾಗಿ ಮತ್ತು ವೃತ್ತಾಕಾರದಿಂದ ಅಂಡಾಕಾರದ ಆಕಾರಕ್ಕೆ ಬದಲಾಯಿತು. ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್ ಹಿಂಭಾಗದಲ್ಲಿ ಒಟ್ಟುಗೂಡಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿತು, "ಅರ್ಧ-ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್" ಆಗಿ ಮಾರ್ಪಟ್ಟಿತು, ಹೂಪ್‌ಗಳು ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಹೊಂದಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವಂತಿದ್ದರಿಂದ, ಮಹಿಳೆಯರು ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಆರಾಮವಾಗಿ ಕುಳಿತುಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ಅವಕಾಶ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಟ್ಟ ಕಾರಣ ಈ ರೂಪಾಂತರವು ಮೂಲ ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್‌ಗಿಂತ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಕ್ರಿಯಾತ್ಮಕವಾಗಿತ್ತು. ಮಹಿಳೆ ಕುಳಿತಾಗ, ಹೊಸ ಗದ್ದಲದ ಹೂಪ್‌ಗಳು ಒಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ಬಂದವು (ಫ್ಯಾನ್ ಅನ್ನು ಮುಚ್ಚುವಂತೆ). 1865 ರ ಸುಮಾರಿಗೆ ಅದರ ಗರಿಷ್ಠ ಅಗಲವನ್ನು ತಲುಪಿದ ನಂತರ, ವ್ಯಾಸವು ಕ್ರಮೇಣ ಕಡಿಮೆಯಾಯಿತು ಮತ್ತು ಚೌಕಟ್ಟನ್ನು ಹಿಂಭಾಗಕ್ಕೆ ಮಾತ್ರ ಇಳಿಸುವವರೆಗೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಅಂಡಾಕಾರವಾಯಿತು, 1870 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್‌ನ ಮುಂಭಾಗವು ನೇರವಾಗಿ ಬೀಳುವಂತೆ ಮಾಡಿತು, ಹೀಗಾಗಿ ನಿಜವಾದ ಗದ್ದಲವಾಯಿತು ಮತ್ತು ಸ್ತ್ರೀ ಆಕೃತಿಗೆ ಹೊಸ, ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಲಂಬವಾದ ಸಿಲೂಯೆಟ್ ನೀಡಿತು. == ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್ ಪದದ ಇತರ ಉಪಯೋಗಗಳು == ಯುಕಾಟಾನ್ , ಕ್ಯಾಂಪೆಚೆ ಮತ್ತು ಮೆಕ್ಸಿಕೊದ ಟಬಾಸ್ಕೊದಲ್ಲಿ , 'ಮಿರಿನಾಕ್' ಎಂಬ ಪದವು ಒಳಭಾಗವನ್ನು ಕೀಟಗಳಿಂದ ರಕ್ಷಿಸಲು ಕಿಟಕಿಗಳು ಅಥವಾ ಬಾಗಿಲುಗಳ ಮೇಲೆ ಇರಿಸಲಾದ ಸೊಳ್ಳೆ ಪರದೆಗಳನ್ನು ಸೂಚಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. [[ಅರ್ಜೆಂಟೀನ|ಅರ್ಜೆಂಟೀನಾ]]ದಲ್ಲಿ , 19 ನೇ ಮೊದಲ ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ಸ್ಟ್ರೀಟ್‌ಕಾರ್‌ಗಳ ಮುಂಭಾಗದಲ್ಲಿರುವ ರಚನೆಯನ್ನು ವಿವರಿಸಲು ಸಹ ಇದನ್ನು ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತಿತ್ತು ; ಇದನ್ನು "ಲೈಫ್‌ಸೇವರ್" ಎಂದೂ ಕರೆಯುತ್ತಾರೆ, ಇದು ಚಲಿಸುವ ವಾಹನದ ಮುಂದೆ ಬೀಳುವ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿ ಅಥವಾ ವಸ್ತುವು ಅದರ ಕೆಳಗೆ ಇಳಿಯುವುದನ್ನು ತಡೆಯುತ್ತದೆ. ==ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು== 9hgcc7ia4g6ynz2thmziy8xei3buzd4 1374672 1374671 2026-06-03T07:41:07Z VASANTH S.N. 728 added [[Category:ಬಟ್ಟೆಗಳು]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 1374672 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Princess Dagmar of Denmark with her dog.jpg|200px|right|ಡೆನ್ಮಾರ್ಕ್‍ನ ರಾಣಿ ಕ್ರಿನೊಲೀನ್ ಉಡುಪಿನಲ್ಲಿ]] [[File:Crinoline, 1860-1870. MoMu - Fashion Museum Province of Antwerp, www.momu.be. Photo by Hugo Maertens, Bruges.jpg|200px|right|ಪಂಜರದಂತ ಬಟ್ಟೆನೇಯ್ಗೆ]] '''ಕ್ರಿನೊಲೀನ್ '''ಸಾದಾ ನೇಯ್ಗೆಯ ಗಡಸು [[ಬಟ್ಟೆ]]. ಇದಕ್ಕೆ ವಜ್ರ ಸರಿಯಿಂದ (ಗ್ಲೂ) ತುಂಬ ಗಂಜಿ ಹಾಕಿರುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಜಿಗಿತದ (ಸ್ಟಿಫ್‍ನೆಸ್) ಲಕ್ಷಣವನ್ನು ಕೊಡಲು ಇದನ್ನು ವಿಶಿಷ್ಟ ಕ್ರಮದಲ್ಲಿ ಹಿಗ್ಗಲಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ (ಸ್ಟ್ರೆಚ್). ಮೊದಲಲ್ಲಿ ಇದನ್ನು ಕುದುರೆ ಕೂದಲಿನಿಂದ ಅಥವಾ ಹತ್ತಿ ನೂಲಿನಿಂದ ವಿಶಿಷ್ಟ ರೀತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ತಯಾರಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದರು. ಇದನ್ನು ಮುಖ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಲಘು ಅಂಗಿಗಳಿಗೂ ಒಳ್ಪದರದ ಬಟ್ಟೆಗಳಿಗೂ ಪುಸ್ತಕ ಬೈಂಡು ಮಾಡುವುದಕ್ಕೂ ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್ '''ಅನ್ನು ಹೂಪ್ ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್''' ಎಂದೂ ಕರೆಯುತ್ತಾರೆ , ಇದು 19 ನೇ ಶ್ರೀಮಂತ [[ಸ್ತ್ರೀ|ಮಹಿಳೆ]]ಯರು ತಮ್ಮ ಬಟ್ಟೆಯ ಅಡಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಧರಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದ ಒಂದು ರೀತಿಯ ಪೂರ್ಣ ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್ ಆಗಿತ್ತು.<ref>{{Cite web |editor-last=Elridge |editor-first=Alison |title=crinoline |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/crinoline |access-date=June 12, 2025 |website=Britannica |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref>. ಮೂಲಭೂತವಾಗಿ, ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್ ಲೋಹದ ಹೂಪ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರುವ ಹಗುರವಾದ ಚೌಕಟ್ಟನ್ನು ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿತ್ತು, ಅದು ಮಹಿಳೆಯರ ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್‌ಗಳಿಗೆ ಪೂರ್ಣತೆಯನ್ನು ನೀಡಿತು, ಅಲ್ಲಿಯವರೆಗೆ ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತಿದ್ದ [[ಪಿಷ್ಟ]]ದ ಪೆಟಿಕೋಟ್‌ಗಳ ಬಹು ಪದರಗಳ ಅಗತ್ಯವನ್ನು ನಿವಾರಿಸಿತು. ==ವೈಶಿಷ್ಟ್ಯಗಳು== [[File:Horsehair braid-crinoline tape.jpg|thumb|upright|Crin tape]] ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್ ಮೂಲತಃ ಕುದುರೆ ಕೂದಲಿನ ನೇಯ್ಗೆ ಮತ್ತು ಹತ್ತಿ ಅಥವಾ ಲಿನಿನ್ ವಾರ್ಪ್ ಹೊಂದಿರುವ ಗಟ್ಟಿಮುಟ್ಟಾದ ಬಟ್ಟೆಯಾಗಿತ್ತು . ಇದು 1830 ರ ಸುಮಾರಿಗೆ ಕಾಣಿಸಿಕೊಂಡಿತು, ಆದರೆ 1856 ರ ಹೊತ್ತಿಗೆ ಇದು ಉಕ್ಕಿನ ಹೂಪ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರುವ ಅತ್ಯಂತ ಅಗಲವಾದ, ಗಟ್ಟಿಯಾದ, [[ಪಂಜರ]]ದಂತಹ ಪೆಟಿಕೋಟ್ ಆಗಿ ವಿಕಸನಗೊಂಡಿತು , ಇದನ್ನು ಮಹಿಳೆಯ ಒಳ ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಹಿಡಿದಿಡಲು ಮತ್ತು ಅಗತ್ಯವಿರುವ ಆಕಾರದಲ್ಲಿ [[ಉಡುಗೆ|ಉಡುಪ]]ನ್ನು ಧರಿಸಲು ವಿನ್ಯಾಸಗೊಳಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ . ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್ ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣವಾಗಿ ಗಟ್ಟಿಯಾದ ಮತ್ತು ಸ್ಥಿರವಾದ ರಚನೆಯಾಗಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ; ಮಹಿಳೆಯ ಚಲನೆಗಳೊಂದಿಗೆ ಅದು ಎರಡೂ ಬದಿಗಳಿಗೆ ತೂಗಾಡುತ್ತಿತ್ತು ಮತ್ತು ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್‌ನ ಒಂದು ಭಾಗದ ಮೇಲೆ ಯಾವುದೇ ಒತ್ತಡವು ಇಡೀ ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್ ಅನ್ನು ಚಲಿಸುವಂತೆ ಮಾಡಿತು. {{multiple image |ಬಲ |width1 = 150 |image1 = Horsehair petticoat MET CI43.126.26 F.jpg |caption1 = Horsehair crinoline, 1840s ([[Anna Wintour Costume Center|MET]]) |width2 = 173 |image2 = Petticoat MET 1986.106.8 F.jpg |caption2 = Down-quilted petticoat, British, 1860s (MET)}} ೧೮೫೦ ಮತ್ತು ೧೮೭೦ ರ ನಡುವೆ ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಅವುಗಳ ಅತಿರಂಜಿತ ರೂಪದಲ್ಲಿ ವ್ಯಾಪಕವಾಗಿ ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತಿತ್ತು, ೧೮೬೫ ರ ಸುಮಾರಿಗೆ ಅವುಗಳ ಗರಿಷ್ಠ ಗಾತ್ರವನ್ನು ತಲುಪಿತು. ಅಂದಿನಿಂದ, ಸಡಿಲವಾದ ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ವಿವಿಧ ದಿಕ್ಕುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಹಿಡಿದಿಡಲು ಬಳಸುವ ವಿವಿಧ ಆವಿಷ್ಕಾರಗಳನ್ನು ಸೂಚಿಸಲು ಈ ಪದವನ್ನು ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತಿದೆ; ಆದಾಗ್ಯೂ, ಈ ಇತ್ತೀಚಿನ ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್‌ಗಳು ಕ್ಲಾಸಿಕ್‌ಗಳಿಗೆ ಯಾವುದೇ ಸಂಬಂಧವನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿಲ್ಲ. == ಇತಿಹಾಸ == ೧೮೫೦ ರ ಸುಮಾರಿಗೆ, ಯುರೋಪ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಆರ್ಥಿಕ ಸಮೃದ್ಧಿಯ ಅವಧಿಯು ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಸಂಕೀರ್ಣವಾದ ಮಹಿಳೆಯರ ಉಡುಪುಗಳಿಗೆ ಕಾರಣವಾಯಿತು; ಆರಂಭದಲ್ಲಿ ಕೆಳಗೆ ಧರಿಸುವ ಪೆಟಿಕೋಟ್‌ಗಳ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚಾದ ಕಾರಣ ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್‌ಗಳು ಪೂರ್ಣವಾದವು . ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್ ಈ ಪೆಟಿಕೋಟ್‌ಗಳ ತೂಕವನ್ನು ನಿವಾರಿಸಿತು ಮತ್ತು ಉಕ್ಕಿನ ಚೌಕಟ್ಟಿನೊಳಗೆ ಕಾಲಿನ ಚಲನೆಗೆ ಅವಕಾಶ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಟ್ಟಿತು. ೧೬ ನೇ ಶತಮಾನದಲ್ಲಿ ಫಾರ್ಥಿಂಗೇಲ್ , ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ಯಾನಿಯರ್ ಮತ್ತು ೧೮ ನೇ ಶತಮಾನದಲ್ಲಿ ಲುನೆಟ್‌ನಂತಹ ಹಿಂದಿನ ಉಡುಪುಗಳು ಅಸ್ತಿತ್ವದಲ್ಲಿದ್ದರೂ, ೧೯ ನೇ {{siglo|XVIII||s}} ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್ ತಂತ್ರಜ್ಞಾನದ ವಿಷಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಗಮನಾರ್ಹ ಪ್ರಗತಿಯನ್ನು ಪ್ರತಿನಿಧಿಸಿತು, ಪೆಟಿಕೋಟ್‌ಗೆ ಹೊಲಿಯಬಹುದಾದ ಅಥವಾ ಪ್ರತ್ಯೇಕ ತುಂಡಾಗಿ ಬಳಸಬಹುದಾದ ಉಕ್ಕಿನ ಹೂಪ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿತ್ತು. ಯುರೋಪಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್‌ನ ಮಹಾನ್ ಪ್ರವರ್ತಕ ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ರಸರಣಕಾರರು ಎರಡನೇ [[ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್]] ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯದ ಅವಧಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಞಿ ಯುಜೀನಿ ಡಿ ಮಾಂಟಿಜೊ . ಅಲ್ಲಿಂದ ಇದನ್ನು [[ಸ್ಪೇನ್|ಸ್ಪೇನ್‌]]ಗೆ ಪರಿಚಯಿಸಲಾಯಿತು, [[ಇಸಾಬೆಲ್ಲಾ ಮೇರಿ ಬೀಟನ್|ಇಸಾಬೆಲ್ಲಾ II]] ರ ಆಳ್ವಿಕೆಯೊಂದಿಗೆ ಇದನ್ನು ಮಿರಿನಾಕ್ ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತಿತ್ತು: ಸ್ಪ್ಯಾನಿಷ್ ನ್ಯಾಯಾಲಯದಲ್ಲಿ 18 ನೇ ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತಿದ್ದ ಹೂಪ್ ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್ ಟೊಂಟಿಲ್ಲೊವನ್ನು ಈ ಹಿಂದೆ ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತಿತ್ತು . ಗಾಳಿ ಅಪಘಾತಗಳಿಂದಾಗಿ ತಮ್ಮ ಕಾಲುಗಳನ್ನು ತೋರಿಸುವುದನ್ನು ತಪ್ಪಿಸಲು, ಮಹಿಳೆಯರು ಕಣಕಾಲುಗಳವರೆಗೆ ತಲುಪುವ ಪ್ಯಾಂಟ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಧರಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದರು,ಇವುಗಳನ್ನು ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಲೇಸ್ ಮತ್ತು ಫ್ರಿಲ್ಸ್‌ಗಳಿಂದ ಅಲಂಕರಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತಿತ್ತು , ಕುಳಿತುಕೊಳ್ಳುವಾಗ ಅವು ಕೆಲವೊಮ್ಮೆ ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್‌ನ ಕೆಳಗಿನಿಂದ ಇಣುಕುತ್ತಿದ್ದವು, ಇದು ಸೊಬಗಿನ ಸಂಕೇತವಾಗಿತ್ತು. 1850 ರ ದಶಕದ ಉತ್ತರಾರ್ಧದಲ್ಲಿ, ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್ ಬಳಕೆಯಿಂದಾಗಿ ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್‌ಗಳು ತುಂಬಾ ದೊಡ್ಡದಾಗಿ ಬೆಳೆದವು, ಇಬ್ಬರು ಮಹಿಳೆಯರು ಒಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ಕೋಣೆಗೆ ಪ್ರವೇಶಿಸಲು ಅಥವಾ ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್‌ಗಳ ಅತಿಯಾದ ಅಗಲದಿಂದಾಗಿ ಒಂದೇ ಸೋಫಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಕುಳಿತುಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ಸಾಧ್ಯವಾಗಲಿಲ್ಲ. 1860 ರಲ್ಲಿ, ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್ ವಿಕಸನಗೊಂಡಿತು, ಮುಂಭಾಗದಲ್ಲಿ ಸ್ವಲ್ಪ ಚಪ್ಪಟೆಯಾಗಿ ಮತ್ತು ವೃತ್ತಾಕಾರದಿಂದ ಅಂಡಾಕಾರದ ಆಕಾರಕ್ಕೆ ಬದಲಾಯಿತು. ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್ ಹಿಂಭಾಗದಲ್ಲಿ ಒಟ್ಟುಗೂಡಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿತು, "ಅರ್ಧ-ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್" ಆಗಿ ಮಾರ್ಪಟ್ಟಿತು, ಹೂಪ್‌ಗಳು ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಹೊಂದಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವಂತಿದ್ದರಿಂದ, ಮಹಿಳೆಯರು ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಆರಾಮವಾಗಿ ಕುಳಿತುಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ಅವಕಾಶ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಟ್ಟ ಕಾರಣ ಈ ರೂಪಾಂತರವು ಮೂಲ ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್‌ಗಿಂತ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಕ್ರಿಯಾತ್ಮಕವಾಗಿತ್ತು. ಮಹಿಳೆ ಕುಳಿತಾಗ, ಹೊಸ ಗದ್ದಲದ ಹೂಪ್‌ಗಳು ಒಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ಬಂದವು (ಫ್ಯಾನ್ ಅನ್ನು ಮುಚ್ಚುವಂತೆ). 1865 ರ ಸುಮಾರಿಗೆ ಅದರ ಗರಿಷ್ಠ ಅಗಲವನ್ನು ತಲುಪಿದ ನಂತರ, ವ್ಯಾಸವು ಕ್ರಮೇಣ ಕಡಿಮೆಯಾಯಿತು ಮತ್ತು ಚೌಕಟ್ಟನ್ನು ಹಿಂಭಾಗಕ್ಕೆ ಮಾತ್ರ ಇಳಿಸುವವರೆಗೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಅಂಡಾಕಾರವಾಯಿತು, 1870 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್‌ನ ಮುಂಭಾಗವು ನೇರವಾಗಿ ಬೀಳುವಂತೆ ಮಾಡಿತು, ಹೀಗಾಗಿ ನಿಜವಾದ ಗದ್ದಲವಾಯಿತು ಮತ್ತು ಸ್ತ್ರೀ ಆಕೃತಿಗೆ ಹೊಸ, ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಲಂಬವಾದ ಸಿಲೂಯೆಟ್ ನೀಡಿತು. == ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್ ಪದದ ಇತರ ಉಪಯೋಗಗಳು == ಯುಕಾಟಾನ್ , ಕ್ಯಾಂಪೆಚೆ ಮತ್ತು ಮೆಕ್ಸಿಕೊದ ಟಬಾಸ್ಕೊದಲ್ಲಿ , 'ಮಿರಿನಾಕ್' ಎಂಬ ಪದವು ಒಳಭಾಗವನ್ನು ಕೀಟಗಳಿಂದ ರಕ್ಷಿಸಲು ಕಿಟಕಿಗಳು ಅಥವಾ ಬಾಗಿಲುಗಳ ಮೇಲೆ ಇರಿಸಲಾದ ಸೊಳ್ಳೆ ಪರದೆಗಳನ್ನು ಸೂಚಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. [[ಅರ್ಜೆಂಟೀನ|ಅರ್ಜೆಂಟೀನಾ]]ದಲ್ಲಿ , 19 ನೇ ಮೊದಲ ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ಸ್ಟ್ರೀಟ್‌ಕಾರ್‌ಗಳ ಮುಂಭಾಗದಲ್ಲಿರುವ ರಚನೆಯನ್ನು ವಿವರಿಸಲು ಸಹ ಇದನ್ನು ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತಿತ್ತು ; ಇದನ್ನು "ಲೈಫ್‌ಸೇವರ್" ಎಂದೂ ಕರೆಯುತ್ತಾರೆ, ಇದು ಚಲಿಸುವ ವಾಹನದ ಮುಂದೆ ಬೀಳುವ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿ ಅಥವಾ ವಸ್ತುವು ಅದರ ಕೆಳಗೆ ಇಳಿಯುವುದನ್ನು ತಡೆಯುತ್ತದೆ. ==ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು== [[ವರ್ಗ:ಬಟ್ಟೆಗಳು]] mld8j4uxcwems4d677yiwr2y9hmjhdv 1374673 1374672 2026-06-03T07:41:22Z VASANTH S.N. 728 added [[Category:ಫ್ಯಾಶನ್‌]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 1374673 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Princess Dagmar of Denmark with her dog.jpg|200px|right|ಡೆನ್ಮಾರ್ಕ್‍ನ ರಾಣಿ ಕ್ರಿನೊಲೀನ್ ಉಡುಪಿನಲ್ಲಿ]] [[File:Crinoline, 1860-1870. MoMu - Fashion Museum Province of Antwerp, www.momu.be. Photo by Hugo Maertens, Bruges.jpg|200px|right|ಪಂಜರದಂತ ಬಟ್ಟೆನೇಯ್ಗೆ]] '''ಕ್ರಿನೊಲೀನ್ '''ಸಾದಾ ನೇಯ್ಗೆಯ ಗಡಸು [[ಬಟ್ಟೆ]]. ಇದಕ್ಕೆ ವಜ್ರ ಸರಿಯಿಂದ (ಗ್ಲೂ) ತುಂಬ ಗಂಜಿ ಹಾಕಿರುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಜಿಗಿತದ (ಸ್ಟಿಫ್‍ನೆಸ್) ಲಕ್ಷಣವನ್ನು ಕೊಡಲು ಇದನ್ನು ವಿಶಿಷ್ಟ ಕ್ರಮದಲ್ಲಿ ಹಿಗ್ಗಲಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ (ಸ್ಟ್ರೆಚ್). ಮೊದಲಲ್ಲಿ ಇದನ್ನು ಕುದುರೆ ಕೂದಲಿನಿಂದ ಅಥವಾ ಹತ್ತಿ ನೂಲಿನಿಂದ ವಿಶಿಷ್ಟ ರೀತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ತಯಾರಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದರು. ಇದನ್ನು ಮುಖ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಲಘು ಅಂಗಿಗಳಿಗೂ ಒಳ್ಪದರದ ಬಟ್ಟೆಗಳಿಗೂ ಪುಸ್ತಕ ಬೈಂಡು ಮಾಡುವುದಕ್ಕೂ ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್ '''ಅನ್ನು ಹೂಪ್ ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್''' ಎಂದೂ ಕರೆಯುತ್ತಾರೆ , ಇದು 19 ನೇ ಶ್ರೀಮಂತ [[ಸ್ತ್ರೀ|ಮಹಿಳೆ]]ಯರು ತಮ್ಮ ಬಟ್ಟೆಯ ಅಡಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಧರಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದ ಒಂದು ರೀತಿಯ ಪೂರ್ಣ ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್ ಆಗಿತ್ತು.<ref>{{Cite web |editor-last=Elridge |editor-first=Alison |title=crinoline |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/crinoline |access-date=June 12, 2025 |website=Britannica |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref>. ಮೂಲಭೂತವಾಗಿ, ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್ ಲೋಹದ ಹೂಪ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರುವ ಹಗುರವಾದ ಚೌಕಟ್ಟನ್ನು ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿತ್ತು, ಅದು ಮಹಿಳೆಯರ ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್‌ಗಳಿಗೆ ಪೂರ್ಣತೆಯನ್ನು ನೀಡಿತು, ಅಲ್ಲಿಯವರೆಗೆ ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತಿದ್ದ [[ಪಿಷ್ಟ]]ದ ಪೆಟಿಕೋಟ್‌ಗಳ ಬಹು ಪದರಗಳ ಅಗತ್ಯವನ್ನು ನಿವಾರಿಸಿತು. ==ವೈಶಿಷ್ಟ್ಯಗಳು== [[File:Horsehair braid-crinoline tape.jpg|thumb|upright|Crin tape]] ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್ ಮೂಲತಃ ಕುದುರೆ ಕೂದಲಿನ ನೇಯ್ಗೆ ಮತ್ತು ಹತ್ತಿ ಅಥವಾ ಲಿನಿನ್ ವಾರ್ಪ್ ಹೊಂದಿರುವ ಗಟ್ಟಿಮುಟ್ಟಾದ ಬಟ್ಟೆಯಾಗಿತ್ತು . ಇದು 1830 ರ ಸುಮಾರಿಗೆ ಕಾಣಿಸಿಕೊಂಡಿತು, ಆದರೆ 1856 ರ ಹೊತ್ತಿಗೆ ಇದು ಉಕ್ಕಿನ ಹೂಪ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರುವ ಅತ್ಯಂತ ಅಗಲವಾದ, ಗಟ್ಟಿಯಾದ, [[ಪಂಜರ]]ದಂತಹ ಪೆಟಿಕೋಟ್ ಆಗಿ ವಿಕಸನಗೊಂಡಿತು , ಇದನ್ನು ಮಹಿಳೆಯ ಒಳ ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಹಿಡಿದಿಡಲು ಮತ್ತು ಅಗತ್ಯವಿರುವ ಆಕಾರದಲ್ಲಿ [[ಉಡುಗೆ|ಉಡುಪ]]ನ್ನು ಧರಿಸಲು ವಿನ್ಯಾಸಗೊಳಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ . ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್ ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣವಾಗಿ ಗಟ್ಟಿಯಾದ ಮತ್ತು ಸ್ಥಿರವಾದ ರಚನೆಯಾಗಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ; ಮಹಿಳೆಯ ಚಲನೆಗಳೊಂದಿಗೆ ಅದು ಎರಡೂ ಬದಿಗಳಿಗೆ ತೂಗಾಡುತ್ತಿತ್ತು ಮತ್ತು ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್‌ನ ಒಂದು ಭಾಗದ ಮೇಲೆ ಯಾವುದೇ ಒತ್ತಡವು ಇಡೀ ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್ ಅನ್ನು ಚಲಿಸುವಂತೆ ಮಾಡಿತು. {{multiple image |ಬಲ |width1 = 150 |image1 = Horsehair petticoat MET CI43.126.26 F.jpg |caption1 = Horsehair crinoline, 1840s ([[Anna Wintour Costume Center|MET]]) |width2 = 173 |image2 = Petticoat MET 1986.106.8 F.jpg |caption2 = Down-quilted petticoat, British, 1860s (MET)}} ೧೮೫೦ ಮತ್ತು ೧೮೭೦ ರ ನಡುವೆ ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಅವುಗಳ ಅತಿರಂಜಿತ ರೂಪದಲ್ಲಿ ವ್ಯಾಪಕವಾಗಿ ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತಿತ್ತು, ೧೮೬೫ ರ ಸುಮಾರಿಗೆ ಅವುಗಳ ಗರಿಷ್ಠ ಗಾತ್ರವನ್ನು ತಲುಪಿತು. ಅಂದಿನಿಂದ, ಸಡಿಲವಾದ ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ವಿವಿಧ ದಿಕ್ಕುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಹಿಡಿದಿಡಲು ಬಳಸುವ ವಿವಿಧ ಆವಿಷ್ಕಾರಗಳನ್ನು ಸೂಚಿಸಲು ಈ ಪದವನ್ನು ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತಿದೆ; ಆದಾಗ್ಯೂ, ಈ ಇತ್ತೀಚಿನ ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್‌ಗಳು ಕ್ಲಾಸಿಕ್‌ಗಳಿಗೆ ಯಾವುದೇ ಸಂಬಂಧವನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿಲ್ಲ. == ಇತಿಹಾಸ == ೧೮೫೦ ರ ಸುಮಾರಿಗೆ, ಯುರೋಪ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಆರ್ಥಿಕ ಸಮೃದ್ಧಿಯ ಅವಧಿಯು ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಸಂಕೀರ್ಣವಾದ ಮಹಿಳೆಯರ ಉಡುಪುಗಳಿಗೆ ಕಾರಣವಾಯಿತು; ಆರಂಭದಲ್ಲಿ ಕೆಳಗೆ ಧರಿಸುವ ಪೆಟಿಕೋಟ್‌ಗಳ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚಾದ ಕಾರಣ ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್‌ಗಳು ಪೂರ್ಣವಾದವು . ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್ ಈ ಪೆಟಿಕೋಟ್‌ಗಳ ತೂಕವನ್ನು ನಿವಾರಿಸಿತು ಮತ್ತು ಉಕ್ಕಿನ ಚೌಕಟ್ಟಿನೊಳಗೆ ಕಾಲಿನ ಚಲನೆಗೆ ಅವಕಾಶ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಟ್ಟಿತು. ೧೬ ನೇ ಶತಮಾನದಲ್ಲಿ ಫಾರ್ಥಿಂಗೇಲ್ , ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ಯಾನಿಯರ್ ಮತ್ತು ೧೮ ನೇ ಶತಮಾನದಲ್ಲಿ ಲುನೆಟ್‌ನಂತಹ ಹಿಂದಿನ ಉಡುಪುಗಳು ಅಸ್ತಿತ್ವದಲ್ಲಿದ್ದರೂ, ೧೯ ನೇ {{siglo|XVIII||s}} ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್ ತಂತ್ರಜ್ಞಾನದ ವಿಷಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಗಮನಾರ್ಹ ಪ್ರಗತಿಯನ್ನು ಪ್ರತಿನಿಧಿಸಿತು, ಪೆಟಿಕೋಟ್‌ಗೆ ಹೊಲಿಯಬಹುದಾದ ಅಥವಾ ಪ್ರತ್ಯೇಕ ತುಂಡಾಗಿ ಬಳಸಬಹುದಾದ ಉಕ್ಕಿನ ಹೂಪ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿತ್ತು. ಯುರೋಪಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್‌ನ ಮಹಾನ್ ಪ್ರವರ್ತಕ ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ರಸರಣಕಾರರು ಎರಡನೇ [[ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್]] ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯದ ಅವಧಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಞಿ ಯುಜೀನಿ ಡಿ ಮಾಂಟಿಜೊ . ಅಲ್ಲಿಂದ ಇದನ್ನು [[ಸ್ಪೇನ್|ಸ್ಪೇನ್‌]]ಗೆ ಪರಿಚಯಿಸಲಾಯಿತು, [[ಇಸಾಬೆಲ್ಲಾ ಮೇರಿ ಬೀಟನ್|ಇಸಾಬೆಲ್ಲಾ II]] ರ ಆಳ್ವಿಕೆಯೊಂದಿಗೆ ಇದನ್ನು ಮಿರಿನಾಕ್ ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತಿತ್ತು: ಸ್ಪ್ಯಾನಿಷ್ ನ್ಯಾಯಾಲಯದಲ್ಲಿ 18 ನೇ ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತಿದ್ದ ಹೂಪ್ ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್ ಟೊಂಟಿಲ್ಲೊವನ್ನು ಈ ಹಿಂದೆ ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತಿತ್ತು . ಗಾಳಿ ಅಪಘಾತಗಳಿಂದಾಗಿ ತಮ್ಮ ಕಾಲುಗಳನ್ನು ತೋರಿಸುವುದನ್ನು ತಪ್ಪಿಸಲು, ಮಹಿಳೆಯರು ಕಣಕಾಲುಗಳವರೆಗೆ ತಲುಪುವ ಪ್ಯಾಂಟ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಧರಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದರು,ಇವುಗಳನ್ನು ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಲೇಸ್ ಮತ್ತು ಫ್ರಿಲ್ಸ್‌ಗಳಿಂದ ಅಲಂಕರಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತಿತ್ತು , ಕುಳಿತುಕೊಳ್ಳುವಾಗ ಅವು ಕೆಲವೊಮ್ಮೆ ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್‌ನ ಕೆಳಗಿನಿಂದ ಇಣುಕುತ್ತಿದ್ದವು, ಇದು ಸೊಬಗಿನ ಸಂಕೇತವಾಗಿತ್ತು. 1850 ರ ದಶಕದ ಉತ್ತರಾರ್ಧದಲ್ಲಿ, ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್ ಬಳಕೆಯಿಂದಾಗಿ ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್‌ಗಳು ತುಂಬಾ ದೊಡ್ಡದಾಗಿ ಬೆಳೆದವು, ಇಬ್ಬರು ಮಹಿಳೆಯರು ಒಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ಕೋಣೆಗೆ ಪ್ರವೇಶಿಸಲು ಅಥವಾ ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್‌ಗಳ ಅತಿಯಾದ ಅಗಲದಿಂದಾಗಿ ಒಂದೇ ಸೋಫಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಕುಳಿತುಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ಸಾಧ್ಯವಾಗಲಿಲ್ಲ. 1860 ರಲ್ಲಿ, ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್ ವಿಕಸನಗೊಂಡಿತು, ಮುಂಭಾಗದಲ್ಲಿ ಸ್ವಲ್ಪ ಚಪ್ಪಟೆಯಾಗಿ ಮತ್ತು ವೃತ್ತಾಕಾರದಿಂದ ಅಂಡಾಕಾರದ ಆಕಾರಕ್ಕೆ ಬದಲಾಯಿತು. ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್ ಹಿಂಭಾಗದಲ್ಲಿ ಒಟ್ಟುಗೂಡಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿತು, "ಅರ್ಧ-ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್" ಆಗಿ ಮಾರ್ಪಟ್ಟಿತು, ಹೂಪ್‌ಗಳು ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಹೊಂದಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವಂತಿದ್ದರಿಂದ, ಮಹಿಳೆಯರು ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಆರಾಮವಾಗಿ ಕುಳಿತುಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ಅವಕಾಶ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಟ್ಟ ಕಾರಣ ಈ ರೂಪಾಂತರವು ಮೂಲ ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್‌ಗಿಂತ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಕ್ರಿಯಾತ್ಮಕವಾಗಿತ್ತು. ಮಹಿಳೆ ಕುಳಿತಾಗ, ಹೊಸ ಗದ್ದಲದ ಹೂಪ್‌ಗಳು ಒಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ಬಂದವು (ಫ್ಯಾನ್ ಅನ್ನು ಮುಚ್ಚುವಂತೆ). 1865 ರ ಸುಮಾರಿಗೆ ಅದರ ಗರಿಷ್ಠ ಅಗಲವನ್ನು ತಲುಪಿದ ನಂತರ, ವ್ಯಾಸವು ಕ್ರಮೇಣ ಕಡಿಮೆಯಾಯಿತು ಮತ್ತು ಚೌಕಟ್ಟನ್ನು ಹಿಂಭಾಗಕ್ಕೆ ಮಾತ್ರ ಇಳಿಸುವವರೆಗೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಅಂಡಾಕಾರವಾಯಿತು, 1870 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಸ್ಕರ್ಟ್‌ನ ಮುಂಭಾಗವು ನೇರವಾಗಿ ಬೀಳುವಂತೆ ಮಾಡಿತು, ಹೀಗಾಗಿ ನಿಜವಾದ ಗದ್ದಲವಾಯಿತು ಮತ್ತು ಸ್ತ್ರೀ ಆಕೃತಿಗೆ ಹೊಸ, ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಲಂಬವಾದ ಸಿಲೂಯೆಟ್ ನೀಡಿತು. == ಕ್ರಿನೋಲಿನ್ ಪದದ ಇತರ ಉಪಯೋಗಗಳು == ಯುಕಾಟಾನ್ , ಕ್ಯಾಂಪೆಚೆ ಮತ್ತು ಮೆಕ್ಸಿಕೊದ ಟಬಾಸ್ಕೊದಲ್ಲಿ , 'ಮಿರಿನಾಕ್' ಎಂಬ ಪದವು ಒಳಭಾಗವನ್ನು ಕೀಟಗಳಿಂದ ರಕ್ಷಿಸಲು ಕಿಟಕಿಗಳು ಅಥವಾ ಬಾಗಿಲುಗಳ ಮೇಲೆ ಇರಿಸಲಾದ ಸೊಳ್ಳೆ ಪರದೆಗಳನ್ನು ಸೂಚಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. [[ಅರ್ಜೆಂಟೀನ|ಅರ್ಜೆಂಟೀನಾ]]ದಲ್ಲಿ , 19 ನೇ ಮೊದಲ ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ಸ್ಟ್ರೀಟ್‌ಕಾರ್‌ಗಳ ಮುಂಭಾಗದಲ್ಲಿರುವ ರಚನೆಯನ್ನು ವಿವರಿಸಲು ಸಹ ಇದನ್ನು ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತಿತ್ತು ; ಇದನ್ನು "ಲೈಫ್‌ಸೇವರ್" ಎಂದೂ ಕರೆಯುತ್ತಾರೆ, ಇದು ಚಲಿಸುವ ವಾಹನದ ಮುಂದೆ ಬೀಳುವ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿ ಅಥವಾ ವಸ್ತುವು ಅದರ ಕೆಳಗೆ ಇಳಿಯುವುದನ್ನು ತಡೆಯುತ್ತದೆ. ==ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು== [[ವರ್ಗ:ಬಟ್ಟೆಗಳು]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ಫ್ಯಾಶನ್‌]] 448cs4yeyx3ulh5etn3k0iimve9xqb1 0 179279 1374681 2026-06-03T09:49:45Z Shiva Tej Patil 75545 "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341555988|Kanasemba Kudureyaneri]]" ಪುಟವನ್ನು ಅನುವಾದಿಸುವುದರಿಂದ ಸೃಷ್ಟಿಸಲಾಯಿತು 1374681 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = ಕನಸೆಂಬೋ ಕುದುರೆಯನೇರಿ | image = | alt = | caption = | native_name = ಕನಸೆಂಬೋ ಕುದುರೆಯನೇರಿ | director = [[ಗಿರೀಶ್ ಕಾಸರವಳ್ಳಿ]] | writer = [[ಅಮರೇಶ ನುಗಡೋಣಿ]] | screenplay = ಗಿರೀಶ್ ಕಾಸರವಳ್ಳಿ<br/>[[ಪೆರ್ಲ ಗೋಪಾಲಕೃಷ್ಣ ಪೈ]] | story = ಅಮರೇಶ ನುಗಡೋಣಿ | based_on = {{based on|''ಸವಾರಿ''|ಅಮರೇಶ ನುಗಡೋಣಿ}} | producer = ಅಮೃತಾ ಪಾಟೀಲ್<br/>ಬಸಂತ್ ಕುಮಾರ್ ಪಾಟೀಲ್ | starring = [[ವೈಜನಾಥ್ ಬಿರಾದಾರ್]]<br>[[ಉಮಾಶ್ರೀ]]<br>ಸದಾಶಿವ ಬ್ರಹ್ಮಾವರ್ | narrator = | cinematography = ಎಚ್. ಎಂ. ರಾಮಚಂದ್ರ | editing = ಎಂ. ಎನ್. ಸ್ವಾಮಿ | music = [[ವಿ. ಮನೋಹರ್]] | studio = | distributor = ಬಸಂತ್ ಪ್ರೊಡಕ್ಷನ್ಸ್ | released = ೧೦ ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ ೨೦೧೦ | runtime = ೧೦೪ ನಿಮಿಷಗಳು | country = ಭಾರತ | language = ಕನ್ನಡ | budget = | gross = }} '''''ಕನಸೆಂಬೋ ಕುದುರೆಯನೇರಿ''''' ೨೦೧೦ ರಲ್ಲಿ ಬಿಡುಗಡೆಯಾದ [[ಕನ್ನಡ|ಕನ್ನಡ ಭಾಷೆಯ]] ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರವಾಗಿದ್ದು, ಇದನ್ನು ಪ್ರಸಿದ್ಧ ಕನ್ನಡ ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರ ನಿರ್ದೇಶಕ [[ಗಿರೀಶ್ ಕಾಸರವಳ್ಳಿ]] ನಿರ್ದೇಶಿಸಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಇದು [[ಅಮರೇಶ ನುಗಡೋಣಿ]] ಅವರು ಬರೆದ ಕಥಾ ಸಂಕಲನವಾದ ''ಸವಾರಿ'' <ref name="TH">{{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಸುದ್ದಿ |date=2 September 2009 |title=Kasaravalli's next film to be shot in North Karnataka |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/09/02/stories/2009090250490200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907040712/http://www.hindu.com/2009/09/02/stories/2009090250490200.htm |archive-date=7 September 2009 |access-date=27 March 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> ಅನ್ನು ಆಧರಿಸಿದೆ. ಈ ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ [[ವೈಜನಾಥ್ ಬಿರಾದಾರ್]], [[ಉಮಾಶ್ರೀ]] ಮತ್ತು ಸದಾಶಿವ್ ಬ್ರಹ್ಮಾವರ್ ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಪಾತ್ರಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ನಟಿಸಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಬಿಡುಗಡೆಯಾದ ನಂತರ ಈ ಚಿತ್ರವು ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರ ವಿಮರ್ಶಕರಿಂದ ಸಕಾರಾತ್ಮಕ ವಿಮರ್ಶೆಗಳನ್ನು ಪಡೆಯಿತು. <ref>{{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಸುದ್ದಿ |date=15 December 2010 |title=Top Kannada Actors of 2010 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-kannadas-best-actors-of-2010/20101215.htm |access-date=18 December 2010 |work=rediff movies}}</ref> <ref name="IBN">{{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಸುದ್ದಿ |last=Shetty-Saha |first=Shubha |date=28 October 2010 |title=MAMI Review: Kanasemba Kudureyaneri (Riding the stallion of a dream) |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mami-review-kanasemba-kudureyaneri-riding-the-stallion-of-a-dream/133940-8-66.html?from=rhs |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029201928/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mami-review-kanasemba-kudureyaneri-riding-the-stallion-of-a-dream/133940-8-66.html?from=rhs |archive-date=29 October 2010 |access-date=18 December 2010 |work=IBNLive}}</ref> ಇದು ಹಲವಾರು ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಮತ್ತು ಅಂತರರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಗೆದ್ದುಕೊಂಡಿತು. ಇದು ೨೦೧೦ರ ಅತ್ಯುತ್ತಮ ಚಿತ್ರಕಥೆಗಾಗಿ [[ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿಗಳು|ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ]] ಮತ್ತು [[ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಕನ್ನಡದ ಪಾಲು|ಅತ್ಯುತ್ತಮ ಕನ್ನಡ ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿಯನ್ನು]] ಗೆದ್ದುಕೊಂಡಿತು. == ಕಥಾವಸ್ತು == ಈ ಚಿತ್ರವು ಸಮಾಧಿ ತೋಡುವವನಾದ ಈರ್ಯಾನ ಕಥೆಯನ್ನು ಮತ್ತು ಸಿದ್ಧರಲ್ಲಿ ಅವನ ನಂಬಿಕೆಯನ್ನು ಹೇಳುತ್ತದೆ, ಅಲೆಮಾರಿಗಳ ಆಗಮನವು ಶುಭವೆಂದು ಪರಿಗಣಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ. ಒಬ್ಬ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಯ ಮರಣವು ಸಿದ್ಧನ ಆಗಮನದೊಂದಿಗೆ ಹೊಂದಿಕೆಯಾದರೆ, ಅವನ ಆತ್ಮವು ಸ್ವರ್ಗಕ್ಕೆ ಹೋಗುವುದು ಖಚಿತ ಎಂದು ನಂಬಲಾಗಿದೆ. ಈರ್ಯಾ ಮತ್ತು ಅವನ ಹೆಂಡತಿಗೆ ಸಿದ್ಧರ ಆಗಮನದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಕನಸುಗಳ ಮೂಲಕ ತಿಳಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ವಾಸ್ತವವಾಗಿ ಈರ್ಯಾಗೆ, ಒಬ್ಬ ಸಿದ್ಧನು ಕನಸಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಕಾಣಿಸಿಕೊಂಡರೆ, ಅದು ಹಳ್ಳಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಸಾವು ಎಂದರ್ಥ. ಆದಾಗ್ಯೂ, ಒಮ್ಮೆ ಸಿದ್ಧನ ಕನಸು ಕಂಡರೂ, ಗ್ರಾಮದಲ್ಲಿ ಯಾವುದೇ ಸಾವು ಸಂಭವಿಸಿಲ್ಲ ಎಂದು ಜನರು ಈರ್ಯಾನಿಗೆ ಹೇಳುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಅನಾರೋಗ್ಯ ಪೀಡಿತ ಗ್ರಾಮದ ಹಿರಿಯನೊಬ್ಬನ ಮನೆಗೆ ಈರ್ಯಾ ಹೋಗುತ್ತಾನೆ, ಅವನ ಸಾವನ್ನು ನಿರೀಕ್ಷಿಸುತ್ತಾನೆ. ಆದರೆ ಆರೈಕೆದಾರನು ಎಲ್ಲವೂ ಚೆನ್ನಾಗಿದೆ ಎಂದು ಹೇಳಿ ವಾಪಸ್ ಕಳುಹಿಸುತ್ತಾನೆ. ತನ್ನ ಹೆಂಡತಿಯೂ ಸಿದ್ಧನ ಆಗಮನದ ಕನಸು ಕಂಡಿದ್ದರೂ ಸಹ, ಸಿದ್ಧನು ಹಳ್ಳಿಗೆ ಬರದಿರುವುದು, ಸಿದ್ಧರ ಮೇಲಿನ ನಂಬಿಕೆಯನ್ನು ಕಳೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳುವಂತೆ ಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ. ಚಿತ್ರದ ಮೊದಲಾರ್ಧವು ಈರ್ಯಾ ಮತ್ತು ರುದ್ರಿಯವರ ಕನಸುಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ನಂಬಿಕೆಯ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಹುಬ್ಬೇರಿಸುವಂತಿದ್ದರೂ, ದ್ವಿತೀಯಾರ್ಧವು ಒಬ್ಬರಿಗೆ ಮೂಢನಂಬಿಕೆಯಾಗಿ ಕಾಣುವುದು ಇನ್ನೊಬ್ಬರಿಗೆ ಜೀವನ ವಿಧಾನವಾಗಿರಬಹುದು ಎಂದು ಸೂಚಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಕೆಲವೊಮ್ಮೆ ನಿಜವಾಗಿ ಕಾಣುವುದು ಹೇಗೆ ಅವಾಸ್ತವವಾಗಿರಬಹುದು ಮತ್ತು ನಮ್ಮ ನಂಬಿಕೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ನಂಬಿಕೆಯಿದ್ದರೆ, ನಾವು ಏನನ್ನಾದರೂ ಸಾಧಿಸಬಹುದು ಎಂಬುದನ್ನು ಇದು ತೋರಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. == ಪಾತ್ರವರ್ಗ == * ಈರ್ಯಾ ಪಾತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ [[ವೈಜನಾಥ್ ಬಿರಾದಾರ್]] * ರುದ್ರಿ ಪಾತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ [[ಉಮಾಶ್ರೀ]] * ಮಠದಯ್ಯನಾಗಿ ಸದಾಶಿವ ಬ್ರಹ್ಮಾವರ್ * ಗೌಡ ಪಾತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ಅಕ್ಕಿ ಚೆನ್ನಬಸಪ್ಪ * ಶಿವಣ್ಣನಾಗಿ ಶಿವರಂಜನ್ * [[ಪವಿತ್ರ ಲೋಕೇಶ್|ಪವಿತ್ರಾ ಲೋಕೇಶ್]] * ಬೇಬಿ ಸೌಂದರ್ಯ * ಪುರುಷೋತ್ತಮ * ಬಸವಲಿಂಗಯ್ಯ ಹಿರೇಮಠ == ನಿರ್ಮಾಣ == ಈ ಚಿತ್ರವು [[ಅಮರೇಶ ನುಗಡೋಣಿ]] ಬರೆದ "ಸವಾರಿ" ಎಂಬ ಸಣ್ಣ ಕಥೆಯನ್ನು ಆಧರಿಸಿದೆ. ಬಸಂತ್‌ಕುಮಾರ್ ಪಾಟೀಲ್ ನಿರ್ಮಿಸಿದ ಈ ಚಿತ್ರವನ್ನು [[ಉತ್ತರ ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ|ಉತ್ತರ ಕರ್ನಾಟಕದ]] ಕೆಲವು ಸ್ಥಳಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಚಿತ್ರೀಕರಿಸಲಾಯಿತು ಮತ್ತು ಆ ಪ್ರದೇಶದ ಸ್ಥಳೀಯ ನಟರನ್ನು ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿತ್ತು. <ref name="TH">{{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಸುದ್ದಿ |date=2 September 2009 |title=Kasaravalli's next film to be shot in North Karnataka |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/09/02/stories/2009090250490200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907040712/http://www.hindu.com/2009/09/02/stories/2009090250490200.htm |archive-date=7 September 2009 |access-date=27 March 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> == ಸ್ವೀಕೃತಿ == === ವಿಮರ್ಶಾತ್ಮಕ ಪ್ರತಿಕ್ರಿಯೆ === ''ರೆಡಿಫ್''ನ ಶ್ರುತಿ ಇಂದಿರಾ ಲಕ್ಷ್ಮಿನಾರಾಯಣ ಈ ಚಿತ್ರಕ್ಕೆ 5 ರಲ್ಲಿ 3.5 ನಕ್ಷತ್ರಗಳನ್ನು ನೀಡಿದ್ದಾರೆ ಮತ್ತು "ಅಭಿನಯವು ಚಿತ್ರದ ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಅಂಶವಾಗಿದೆ. ಹಾಸ್ಯನಟ ಬಿರಾದಾರ್ ಅವರಿಂದ ಗಂಭೀರ ನಟನೆಯನ್ನು ಹೊರತಂದ ಕೀರ್ತಿ ಕಾಸರವಳ್ಳಿಗೆ ಸಲ್ಲುತ್ತದೆ, ಅವರು ಈರ್ಯಾ ಪಾತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ಮಿಂಚುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಉಮಾಶ್ರೀ ರುದ್ರಿ ಪಾತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ಮುಳುಗಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಪಾಲಕನ ಪಾತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ಸದಾಶಿವ ಬ್ರಹ್ಮವರ್ ಕೂಡ ಅದ್ಭುತ ಅಭಿನಯದೊಂದಿಗೆ ಹೊರಬರುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಉತ್ತಮ ಅಭಿನಯ, ಚಿಂತನೆಗೆ ಹಚ್ಚುವ ಕಥಾಹಂದರ ಮತ್ತು ವಿಭಿನ್ನ ನಿರೂಪಣೆಯು ''ಕನಸೆಂಬೋ ಕುದುರೆಯನೇರಿ''ಯನ್ನು ನೋಡಲೇಬೇಕಾದ ಚಿತ್ರವನ್ನಾಗಿ ಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ" ಎಂದು ಬರೆದಿದ್ದಾರೆ. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2010 |title=Kanasemba Kudureyaneri, a must-watch |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-kanasemba-kudureyaneri-a-must-watch/20101213.htm |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> [[ದಿ ಟೈಮ್ಸ್ ಆಫ್ ಇಂಡಿಯಾ|ಟೈಮ್ಸ್ ಆಫ್ ಇಂಡಿಯಾದ]] ವಿಮರ್ಶಕರೊಬ್ಬರು ಈ ಚಿತ್ರವನ್ನು 5 ರಲ್ಲಿ 4.5 ನಕ್ಷತ್ರಗಳನ್ನು ನೀಡಿದ್ದಾರೆ ಮತ್ತು "ಬಿರಾದಾರ್ ಅವರ ಅಭಿನಯವು, ಹಾಸ್ಯನಟ ಗಂಭೀರ ಪಾತ್ರಕ್ಕೆ ಹೇಗೆ ಜೀವ ತುಂಬಬಹುದು ಎಂಬುದಕ್ಕೆ ಒಂದು ಶ್ರೇಷ್ಠ ಉದಾಹರಣೆಯಾಗಿದೆ. ಉಮಾಶ್ರೀ ತಮ್ಮ ಅತ್ಯುತ್ತಮ ಪ್ರದರ್ಶನ ನೀಡಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಎಚ್‌ಎಂ ರಾಮಚಂದ್ರ ಅವರ ಛಾಯಾಗ್ರಹಣ ಅದ್ಭುತವಾಗಿದೆ. ವಿ ಮನೋಹರ್ ಅವರ ಸಂಗೀತ ಕಿವಿಗಳಿಗೆ ಇಂಪು ನೀಡುತ್ತದೆ". <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2016 |title=KANASEMBO KUDUREYANERI MOVIE REVIEW |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/kanasembo-kudureyaneri/movie-review/7078975.cms?from=mdr |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[ಡೆಕ್ಕನ್ ಹೆರಾಲ್ಡ್]] ನ ಬಿ.ಎಸ್. ಶ್ರೀವಾಣಿ "ಎಲ್ಲಕ್ಕಿಂತ ಉತ್ತಮವಾದದ್ದು. ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರ ನಿರ್ಮಾಣದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಮತ್ತೊಂದು ಉತ್ತಮ ತರಗತಿ ಪಾಠ, ನಟರಿಂದ ಅತ್ಯುತ್ತಮವಾದದ್ದನ್ನು ಹೊರತೆಗೆದಿದ್ದಾರೆ" ಎಂದು ಬರೆದಿದ್ದಾರೆ. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2010 |title=Kanasemba Kudureyaneri |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/119825/kanasemba-kudureyaneri.html |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> == ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿಗಳು == * '''57ನೇ [[ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿಗಳು]] 2010''' ** ಅತ್ಯುತ್ತಮ ಅಳವಡಿತ ಚಿತ್ರಕಥೆ - [[ಗಿರೀಶ್ ಕಾಸರವಳ್ಳಿ]], [[ಪೆರ್ಲ ಗೋಪಾಲಕೃಷ್ಣ ಪೈ|ಗೋಪಾಲಕೃಷ್ಣ ಪೈ]] <ref name="IBN">{{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಸುದ್ದಿ |last=Shetty-Saha |first=Shubha |date=28 October 2010 |title=MAMI Review: Kanasemba Kudureyaneri (Riding the stallion of a dream) |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mami-review-kanasemba-kudureyaneri-riding-the-stallion-of-a-dream/133940-8-66.html?from=rhs |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029201928/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mami-review-kanasemba-kudureyaneri-riding-the-stallion-of-a-dream/133940-8-66.html?from=rhs |archive-date=29 October 2010 |access-date=18 December 2010 |work=IBNLive}}</ref> ** [[ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಕನ್ನಡದ ಪಾಲು|ಕನ್ನಡದ ಅತ್ಯುತ್ತಮ ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರ]] <ref name="IBN" /> * '''ಏಷ್ಯಾಟಿಕಾ ಫಿಲ್ಮ್ ಮೀಡಿಯಾಲ್ (ಇಟಲಿ) 2010''' ** ನೆಟ್ಪ್ಯಾಕ್ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ <ref>{{Cite web |title=Riding the Stallion of Dream |url=http://netpacasia.org/item248 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207203836/https://netpacasia.org/item248 |archive-date=7 December 2021 |access-date=11 September 2019 |website=NETPAC}}</ref> == ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು == {{ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು}} [[ವರ್ಗ:ವರ್ಷ-೨೦೧೦ ಕನ್ನಡಚಿತ್ರಗಳು]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ ವಿಜೇತ ಚಿತ್ರಗಳು]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ ವಿಜೇತರು]] [[ವರ್ಗ:೨೦೧೦]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ಉತ್ತರ ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ]] gai0nfw9fr0m456hxcgbt22wuukbfnk 0 179280 1374682 2026-06-03T11:06:36Z VASANTH S.N. 728 ಹೊಸ ಲೇಖನ-ಅನುವಾದ 1374682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = Ivan Krylov | native_name = {{nobold|Ива́н Крыло́в}} | embed = | honorific_prefix = | honorific_suffix = | image = Ivan Krylov.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = Portrait of Krylov by [[Karl Briullov]], 1839 | birth_name = Ivan Andreyevich Krylov | pseudonym = Navi Volyrk | birth_date = 13 February 1769 | birth_place = [[Moscow]] | death_date = {{death-date and age|21 November 1844|13 February 1769}} | death_place = [[St. Petersburg]], [[Russian Empire]] | resting_place = [[Tikhvin Cemetery]], [[Alexander Nevsky Lavra]] | occupation = [[Poet]], [[fabulist]], [[playwright]], [[novelist]], [[journalist]], [[publisher]], [[translator]] | language = [[Russian language|Russian]] | nationality = | ethnicity = | citizenship = {{flag|Russian Empire}} | education = | alma_mater = | period = | genre = The fable, play, poetry, prose | subject = <!-- or: | subjects = --> | movement = | notableworks = <!-- or: | notablework = --> | spouse = <!-- or: | spouses = --> | partner = <!-- or: | partners = --> | children = | relatives = | awards = [[Order of Saint Stanislaus (Imperial House of Romanov)]], [[Order of Saint Anna]] | signature = | signature_alt = | years_active = 1786-1843 | module = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.org}} --> | portaldisp = <!-- "on", "yes", "true", etc; or omit --> }} '''ಇವಾನ್ ಆಂಡ್ರೆವಿಚ್ ಕ್ರಿಲೋವ್''' ( ರಷ್ಯನ್  : Иван ANDREEVICH ಕ್ರಿಲೋವ್ ), ಫೆಬ್ರವರಿ 2, 1769 ರಂದು ಜನಿಸಿದರು (ಫೆಬ್ರವರಿ 13 (ಗ್ರೆಗೋರಿಯನ್ ಕ್ಯಾಲೆಂಡರ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ) ಮಾಸ್ಕೋದಲ್ಲಿ ಮತ್ತು ನವೆಂಬರ್ 9, 1844 ರಂದು ನಿಧನರಾದರು (ನವೆಂಬರ್ 21 (ಗ್ರೆಗೋರಿಯನ್ ಕ್ಯಾಲೆಂಡರ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ) [[ಸೇಂಟ್ ಪೀಟರ್ಸ್‌ಬರ್ಗ್|ಸೇಂಟ್ ಪೀಟರ್ಸ್‌ಬರ್ಗ್‌]]ನಲ್ಲಿದ್ದ , ಒಬ್ಬ ರಷ್ಯಾದ ಬರಹಗಾರ ಮತ್ತು ಫ್ಯಾಬುಲಿಸ್ಟ್ . ವಿಡಂಬನಾತ್ಮಕ ನಾಟಕಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಹಾಸ್ಯಗಳೊಂದಿಗೆ ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಿಸಿದ ನಂತರ, ಅವರು 1809 ರಲ್ಲಿ ತಮ್ಮ ಮೊದಲ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಳ ಸಂಗ್ರಹವನ್ನು ಪ್ರಕಟಿಸಿದರು . ಇದರ ನಂತರ ಹಲವಾರು ಇತರ ಸಂಗ್ರಹಗಳು ಬಂದವು, ಇದು ಅವುಗಳ ಲೇಖಕರಿಗೆ ಅಪಾರ ಜನಪ್ರಿಯತೆಯನ್ನು ತಂದುಕೊಟ್ಟಿತು. ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ಅವರ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಳು ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ತಮ್ಮ ವಿಷಯವನ್ನು [[ಈಸೋಪ]] ಮತ್ತು ಜೀನ್ ಡಿ ಲಾ ಫಾಂಟೈನ್ ಅವರ ಕಥೆಗಳಿಂದ ಎರವಲು ಪಡೆದಿವೆ . == ಜೀವನ ಚರಿತ್ರೆ == [[File:Krylov summer garden.jpg|thumb|Monument to Ivan Krylov in the [[Summer Garden]] (1854–55), by [[Peter Klodt von Urgensburg]]]] === ಆರಂಭಿಕ ವರ್ಷಗಳು === ಇವಾನ್ ಕ್ರಿಲೋವ್ ಅವರ ತಂದೆ, ಆಂಡ್ರೇ ಪ್ರೊಖೋರೊವಿಚ್ ಕ್ರಿಲೋವ್ (1736-1778), ಒಬ್ಬ [[ಸೈನಿಕ]] ಮತ್ತು ನಂತರ ಡ್ರಾಗೂನ್ ರೆಜಿಮೆಂಟ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ನಾನ್-ಕಮಿಷನ್ಡ್ ಅಧಿಕಾರಿಯಾಗಿದ್ದರು, ಇದು 1772 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಪುಗಚೇವ್ ಅವರ ದಂಗೆಕೋರರ ವಿರುದ್ಧ ಯೈಟ್ಸ್ಕ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ತನ್ನನ್ನು ತಾನು ಗುರುತಿಸಿಕೊಂಡಿತು. ತರುವಾಯ ಅವರು ಪೆರ್ಮ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಡೆಪ್ಯೂಟಿ ಮ್ಯಾಜಿಸ್ಟ್ರೇಟ್ ಆದರು , ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರು ಇಬ್ಬರು ಚಿಕ್ಕ ಮಕ್ಕಳೊಂದಿಗೆ ವಿಧವೆಯನ್ನು ಬಿಟ್ಟ ನಿಧನರಾದರು. ಯುವ ಕ್ರಿಲೋವ್ ಚಿಕ್ಕ ವಯಸ್ಸಿನಿಂದಲೂ ತನ್ನ ತಂದೆಯ [[ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯಗಳು|ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯ]]ದತ್ತ ಆಕರ್ಷಿತರಾದರು ಮತ್ತು [[ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್ ಭಾಷೆ|ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್]] ಕಲಿತರು. ಅವರು ಆರಂಭದಲ್ಲಿ ಮನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಶಿಕ್ಷಣ ಪಡೆದರು ಮತ್ತು ಅಪ್ರಾಪ್ತ ವಯಸ್ಕ ನ್ಯಾಯಾಲಯದ ಅಧಿಕಾರಿಯಾಗಿ ನೋಂದಾಯಿಸಿಕೊಂಡರು, ಆದರೆ ಅವರು ಅಪ್ರಾಪ್ತ ವಯಸ್ಕರಾಗಿದ್ದರಿಂದ ಈ ಹುದ್ದೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ನಾಮಮಾತ್ರವಾಗಿತ್ತು. ಅವರ ತಾಯಿ 1782 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಸೇಂಟ್ ಪೀಟರ್ಸ್‌ಬರ್ಗ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರೊಂದಿಗೆ ಅನಾಥ ಪಿಂಚಣಿ ಪಡೆಯಲು ಪ್ರಯತ್ನಿಸಿದರು, ಆದರೆ ಅಂತಿಮವಾಗಿಕ್ರಿಲೋವ್ ಕೋರ್ಟ್ ಆಫ್ ಅಕೌಂಟ್ಸ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಅಧಿಕಾರಿಯಾಗಿ ಹುದ್ದೆಯನ್ನು ಪಡೆದರು, 1788 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರ ತಾಯಿಯ ಮರಣದ ನಂತರ ಅವರು ಆ ಹುದ್ದೆಗೆ ರಾಜೀನಾಮೆ ನೀಡಿದರು..<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Kriloff, Ivan Andreevich|volume=15|pages=926–927}}</ref> ಅವರು ಈಗಾಗಲೇ ಬರೆಯಲು ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಿಸಿದ್ದರು ಮತ್ತು ಸೇಂಟ್ ಪೀಟರ್ಸ್‌ಬರ್ಗ್‌ಗೆ ಬಂದ ನಂತರ, ನಿಕೊಲಾಯ್ ನೋವಿಕೋವ್ ಅವರ ಥೀಮ್ ಆಧಾರಿತ " ''ದಿ ಕಾಫಿ ಸೆಲ್ಲರ್"'' ಎಂಬ ಪದ್ಯರೂಪದ ಹಾಸ್ಯ [[ನಾಟಕ]]ಕ್ಕೆ ಬದಲಾಗಿ ರೇಸಿನ್ , ಬಾಯ್ಲಿಯು ಮತ್ತು ಮೋಲಿಯೆರ್ ಅವರ ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳನ್ನು (ಅರವತ್ತು ರೂಬಲ್ಸ್‌ಗಳಿಗೆ) ಪಡೆಯುವಲ್ಲಿ ಯಶಸ್ವಿಯಾದರು , ಇದನ್ನು ಜರ್ಮನ್ ಮೂಲದ ಬ್ರೀಟ್‌ಕಾಫ್ ಎಂಬ ಪುಸ್ತಕ ಮಾರಾಟಗಾರ-ಮುದ್ರಕರಿಂದ ಪಡೆಯಲಾಯಿತು. ಈ ವಿಚಿತ್ರ ಹಾಸ್ಯ ನಾಟಕವು 1868 ರವರೆಗೆ ಪ್ರಕಟವಾಗಲಿಲ್ಲ. ನಂತರ, 1785 ರಲ್ಲಿ, ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ''ಕ್ಲಿಯೋಪಾತ್ರ'' ಎಂಬ [[ದುರಂತ ನಾಟಕ]]ವನ್ನು ರಚಿಸಿದರು , ಇದು ಈಗ ಕಳೆದುಹೋಗಿದೆ, ಇದು ಆ ಕಾಲದ ಮಹಾನ್ ದುರಂತಕಾರ ಇವಾನ್ ಡಿಮಿಟ್ರೆವ್ಸ್ಕಿಯ ಗಮನವನ್ನು ಸೆಳೆಯಿತು. ಮುಂದಿನ ವರ್ಷ, ಅವರು ಫ್ಯಾಶನ್ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರೀಯ ಶೈಲಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ''ಫಿಲೋಮಿನಾ ಎಂಬ'' ಮತ್ತೊಂದು ದುರಂತ ನಾಟಕವನ್ನು ರಚಿಸಿದರು , ಆದರೆ ಇದರಲ್ಲಿ ಸ್ವಂತಿಕೆಯಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ. ತರುವಾಯ, ಅವರು ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್ ಲೇಖಕರಿಂದ ಸ್ಫೂರ್ತಿ ಪಡೆದ ಕಾಮಿಕ್ ಒಪೆರಾಗಳಿಗಾಗಿ ಲಿಬ್ರೆಟ್ಟಿಯನ್ನು ಬರೆಯಲು ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಿಸಿದರು, ಅವರ ತಾಯಿಯ ಮರಣದ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ, ಇದು ಅವರಿಗೆ ಕಿರಿಯ ಸಹೋದರ ಲಿಯಾನ್ ಅವರನ್ನು ಬಿಟ್ಟುಕೊಟ್ಟಿತು, ಅವರನ್ನು ಅವರು ತಮ್ಮ ಜೀವನದುದ್ದಕ್ಕೂ ತಂದೆಯೆಂದು ಪರಿಗಣಿಸಿದರು. ನಂತರ ಅವರು ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ವಲಯಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಮೆಚ್ಚುಗೆ ಪಡೆದ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರೀಯ ನಾಟಕಕಾರ ಯಾಕೋವ್ ಕ್ನ್ಯಾಜ್ನಿನ್ ಅವರಿಂದ ಸ್ಫೂರ್ತಿ ಪಡೆದ ಕೃತಿಯನ್ನು ಬರೆದರು ''',''' ಇದು  ನಾಟಕೀಯ ಪ್ರಪಂಚದೊಂದಿಗಿನ ಅವರ ಸಂಬಂಧಗಳನ್ನು ನಿರ್ಣಾಯಕವಾಗಿ ಕಡಿದುಕೊಂಡಿತು. === ಸಂಪಾದಕೀಯಕಾರ === ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ಇಪ್ಪತ್ತನೇ ವಯಸ್ಸಿನಲ್ಲಿ, ತಾನು ಸ್ಥಾಪಿಸಿದ ಮತ್ತು ಅಲೆಕ್ಸಾಂಡರ್ ರಾಡಿಶ್ಚೇವ್ ಕೂಡ ಕೊಡುಗೆ ನೀಡಿದ " ದಿ ಕೊರಿಯರ್ ಆಫ್ ದಿ ಸ್ಪಿರಿಟ್ ''"'' ಎಂಬ ಮಾಸಿಕ ನಿಯತಕಾಲಿಕೆಗೆ [[ವಿಡಂಬನೆ]] ಮತ್ತು ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ವಿಮರ್ಶೆಯನ್ನು ಬರೆದಾಗ ತನ್ನ ವೃತ್ತಿಜೀವನವನ್ನು ಕಂಡುಕೊಂಡನು . ಈ [[ಪತ್ರಿಕೋದ್ಯಮ|ಪತ್ರಿಕೆ]]ಯು ಜನವರಿಯಿಂದ ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ 1789 ಕೇವಲ ಎಂಬತ್ತು ಚಂದಾದಾರರನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದ ಅವರು 1790 ರಲ್ಲಿ [[ಸ್ವಿಟ್ಜರ್ಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್|ಸ್ವಿಟ್ಜರ್ಲೆಂಡ್]] ಜೊತೆಗಿನ ಶಾಂತಿಗಾಗಿ ಒಂದು ಪ್ರಣಯಗೀತೆಯನ್ನು ಬರೆದು ಮುದ್ರಿಸಿದರು . [[ಮುದ್ರಣ ಯಂತ್ರ|ಮುದ್ರಣಾಲಯ]]ದ ಮಾಲೀಕರಾದ ನಂತರ, ಅವರು 1792 ರಲ್ಲಿ * ''ಲೆ ಸ್ಪೆಕ್ಟೇಚರ್'' * ಎಂಬ ಹೊಸ ಗೆಜೆಟ್ ಅನ್ನು ಪ್ರಕಟಿಸಿದರು, ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರು ತಮ್ಮ ವಿಡಂಬನಾತ್ಮಕ ಬರಹಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ತಾತ್ವಿಕ ಕಥೆಗಳನ್ನು ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿದ್ದರು. ಅವರು 170 ಚಂದಾದಾರರನ್ನು ಆಕರ್ಷಿಸುವಲ್ಲಿ ಯಶಸ್ವಿಯಾದರು, ಜೊತೆಗೆ ಕರಮ್ಜಿನ್ ಅವರ ಗಮನವನ್ನೂ ಸೆಳೆದರು, ಅವರೊಂದಿಗೆ ಅವರು ವಿವಾದಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ತೊಡಗಿದ್ದರು. ಒಂದು ವರ್ಷದ ನಂತರ, ''* ಲೆ ಸ್ಪೆಕ್ಟೇಚರ್ *'' ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ಮತ್ತು ಅವರ ಪಾಲುದಾರ ಕ್ಲೌಚಿನ್, * ''ಲೆ ಮರ್ಕ್ಯೂರ್ ಡಿ ಸೇಂಟ್-ಪೀಟರ್ಸ್‌ಬರ್ಗ್'' * ಮುದ್ರಿಸಿದ ಮತ್ತೊಂದು ಗೆಜೆಟ್‌ನೊಂದಿಗೆ ವಿಲೀನಗೊಂಡಿತು. ನಂತರ ಅವರು ಅದಕ್ಕೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯಿಕ ಮತ್ತು ಕಲಾತ್ಮಕ ಗಮನವನ್ನು ನೀಡಿದರು, ಅವರು ಬರೆದ ಹೊಸ ಕೃತಿಗಳೊಂದಿಗೆ ರಾಜಧಾನಿಯ ಕೃಷಿ ವಲಯಗಳಿಗೆ ಪ್ರವೇಶವನ್ನು ಪಡೆಯಲು ಪ್ರಯತ್ನಿಸಿದರು. ಆದಾಗ್ಯೂ, * ''ಲೆ ಮರ್ಕ್ಯೂರ್ *'' ಯಶಸ್ವಿಯಾಗಲಿಲ್ಲ ಮತ್ತು ಒಂದು ವರ್ಷದ ನಂತರ ಪ್ರಕಟಣೆಯನ್ನು ನಿಲ್ಲಿಸಿದರು. ನಂತರ ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ [[ಮಾಸ್ಕೋ]]ಗೆ ಹೋದರು ಮತ್ತು 1797 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಿನ್ಸ್ ಸೆರ್ಗೆಯ್ ಗೋಲಿಟ್ಸಿನ್ ಅವರನ್ನು ಭೇಟಿಯಾದರು  ''',''' ಅವರು ಅವರನ್ನು ತಮ್ಮ ಖಾಸಗಿ ಕಾರ್ಯದರ್ಶಿಯಾಗಿ<ref name="EB1911"/> ಮತ್ತು ತಮ್ಮ ಮಕ್ಕಳಿಗೆ ಬೋಧಕರಾಗಿ ನೇಮಿಸಿಕೊಂಡರು. ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ಸ್ವಯಂ-ಕಲಿತರಾಗಿದ್ದರು; ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್ ಜೊತೆಗೆ, ಅವರು [[ಇಟಲಿಯ ಭಾಷೆ|ಇಟಾಲಿಯನ್]] ಮಾತನಾಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದರು ಮತ್ತು [[ಪಿಟೀಲು]] ನುಡಿಸಬಲ್ಲರು. ಅವರು ರಾಜಕುಮಾರನಿಗಾಗಿ ದುರಂತ ನಾಟಕವಾದ * ''ದಿ ಟ್ರಯಂಫ್*'' ಅನ್ನು ಬರೆದರು , ಇದು ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರೀಯ ದುರಂತದ ಹಾಸ್ಯಮಯ ವಿಡಂಬನೆಯಾಗಿದೆ. 1801 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಗೋಲಿಟ್ಸಿನ್ ಅವರನ್ನು ಲಿವೋನಿಯಾದ ಗವರ್ನರ್-ಜನರಲ್ ಆಗಿ ನೇಮಿಸಲಾಯಿತು , ಮತ್ತು ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ತನ್ನನ್ನು ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣವಾಗಿ ಅವರಿಗೆ ಅರ್ಪಿಸಿಕೊಂಡರು. ಅವರು ಇತರ ಹಾಸ್ಯ ನಾಟಕಗಳನ್ನು ಬರೆದರು ಮತ್ತು 1803 ರಲ್ಲಿ ರಾಜೀನಾಮೆ ನೀಡಿದರು. ಮುಂದಿನ ಎರಡು ವರ್ಷಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರ ಚಟುವಟಿಕೆಗಳು ತಿಳಿದಿಲ್ಲ. ಕೆಲವು ಮೂಲಗಳ ಪ್ರಕಾರ, ಅವರು ವಿರಾಮ ಮತ್ತು ಜೂಜಾಟದ ಜೀವನದಲ್ಲಿ ತೊಡಗಿಸಿಕೊಂಡಿರಬಹುದು<ref name="EB1911"/>. === ಫ್ಯಾಬುಲಿಸ್ಟ್ === ಈಸೋಪ ಮತ್ತು [[ಲಾ ಫಾಂಟೈನ್]] ಅವರಿಂದ ಪ್ರೇರಿತವಾದ ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ಅವರ ಮೊದಲ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಳು 1809 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಕಟವಾದವು, ಅವುಗಳ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆ 23. ಅವರು ಅಂತಿಮವಾಗಿ ಒಂದು ಹಂತದ ಮನ್ನಣೆಯನ್ನು ಗಳಿಸಿದರು. 1811 ರಲ್ಲಿ, ಅವರು ಶಿಕ್ಷಣ ತಜ್ಞರಾದರು ಮತ್ತು ಅವರ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಳಿಗೆ ಚಿನ್ನದ ಪದಕವನ್ನು ಪಡೆದರು. 1838 ರಲ್ಲಿ, ಅವರ ಗೌರವಾರ್ಥವಾಗಿ ಒಂದು ಭವ್ಯವಾದ ಜಯಂತಿ ಸ್ವಾಗತ ಸಮಾರಂಭವನ್ನು ನಡೆಸಲಾಯಿತು, ಮತ್ತು ಚಕ್ರವರ್ತಿ <abbr>^{ನಿಕೋಲಸ್}</abbr> I ಅವರಿಗೆ ಜೀವಮಾನದ ಪಿಂಚಣಿಯನ್ನು <abbr>ನೀಡಿದರು</abbr>.<ref name="EB1911"/> .ಆ ಸಮಯ ಅವರು ತಮ್ಮ ಖ್ಯಾತಿಯ ಉತ್ತುಂಗದಲ್ಲಿದ್ದರು. ೧೮೪೪ ರಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರು ನಿಧನರಾದಾಗ, ಅವರು ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯದಾದ್ಯಂತ ಬಹಳ ಜನಪ್ರಿಯರಾಗಿದ್ದರು: ಅವರ ಕೊನೆಯ ೧೯೭ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಳು ಆಗಷ್ಟೇ ಪ್ರಕಟವಾಗಿದ್ದವು. ಕುಟುಂಬಗಳು ಅವರ ಹಾಸ್ಯ ಮತ್ತು ಬುದ್ಧಿವಂತಿಕೆಯ ಮಿಶ್ರಣವನ್ನು ಮೆಚ್ಚಿಕೊಂಡವು . ಅವರ ಭಾಷೆ ಭಾಷಾವೈಶಿಷ್ಟ್ಯ, ಸರಳ, ನೇರ ಮತ್ತು ಉತ್ತಮ ಗುಣಮಟ್ಟದ್ದಾಗಿತ್ತು. ಅವರ ನೀತಿಕಥೆ ''ದಿ ಪಿಗ್ ಅಂಡರ್ ದಿ ಓಕ್'' ( ''Свинья под дубом'' ) ರಷ್ಯಾ ಮೂಲದ ಕಾದಂಬರಿಕಾರ ಮತ್ತು ತತ್ವಜ್ಞಾನಿ ಐನ್ ರಾಂಡ್ ಮೇಲೆ ಬಲವಾದ ಪ್ರಭಾವ ಬೀರಿತು, ಅವರು 1974 ರಲ್ಲಿ ತಮ್ಮ ಪ್ರಬಂಧ ''ಫಿಲಾಸಫಿಕಲ್ ಡಿಟೆಕ್ಷನ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ'' ಇದನ್ನು ಸೂಚಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ . ಇಂದಿಗೂ ಅವರು [[ರಷ್ಯಾದ ಭಾಷೆ|ರಷ್ಯನ್]] ಮಾತನಾಡುವ ಯುವಕರಿಗೆ ಅತ್ಯಗತ್ಯ ಲೇಖಕರಾಗಿ ಉಳಿದಿದ್ದಾರೆ . === ಗ್ರಂಥಪಾಲಕ === ಇವಾನ್ ಕ್ರಿಲೋವ್ ಸುಮಾರು ಮೂವತ್ತು ವರ್ಷಗಳ ಕಾಲ ರಷ್ಯನ್ ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕ ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯದಲ್ಲಿ (ಈಗ ರಷ್ಯನ್ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯ ) ಗ್ರಂಥಪಾಲಕರಾಗಿ ಸೇವೆ ಸಲ್ಲಿಸಿದರು . ಅವರ ವೃತ್ತಿಪರ ಚಟುವಟಿಕೆಯು ರಷ್ಯಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನದ ಬೆಳವಣಿಗೆಯ ಮೇಲೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಪ್ರಭಾವ ಬೀರಿತು. ಇವಾನ್ ಆಂಡ್ರೇವಿಚ್ 1813 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯ ಸಹಾಯಕರಾಗಿ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡಲು ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಿಸಿದರು, "ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕ ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯದ ನಿರ್ದೇಶಕ ಎ.ಎನ್. ಒಲೆನಿನ್ ಅವರ ಪ್ರಸ್ತಾವನೆಯ ಮೇರೆಗೆ, '...ನಾಮಮಾತ್ರ ಕೌನ್ಸಿಲರ್ ಕ್ರಿಲೋವ್ ಅವರನ್ನು ಸಹಾಯಕ ಗ್ರಂಥಪಾಲಕರಾಗಿ   ' ನೇಮಕ ಮಾಡುವ ಬಗ್ಗೆ " ರಾಜ್ಯ ಚಾನ್ಸೆಲರಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಅಧಿಕೃತ ಕಡತ ಕಾಣಿಸಿಕೊಂಡಾಗ. ಕ್ರಿಲೋವ್ ಅವರ ಕೆಲವು ಜ್ಞಾಪಕ ಪತ್ರಗಳು ಉಳಿದುಕೊಂಡಿವೆ, ಇದನ್ನು "ಇಂಪೀರಿಯಲ್ ಲೈಬ್ರರಿಯ ನಿರ್ದೇಶಕರಿಗೆ, ರಾಜ್ಯ ಮಂಡಳಿಯ ಸದಸ್ಯರಿಗೆ, ಪ್ರಸ್ತುತ ಖಾಸಗಿ ಕೌನ್ಸಿಲರ್ ಮತ್ತು ನೈಟ್ ಎ.ಎನ್. ಒಲೆನಿನ್ ಅವರಿಗೆ, ಕಾಲೇಜು ಕೌನ್ಸಿಲರ್ ಗ್ರಂಥಪಾಲಕ ಕ್ರಿಲೋವ್ ಅವರಿಂದ " ಎಂದು ಬರೆಯಲಾಗಿದೆ. 1816 ರಲ್ಲಿ, ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕ ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯದ ರಷ್ಯಾದ ವಿಭಾಗದ ಮುಖ್ಯಸ್ಥ ಹುದ್ದೆಯನ್ನು ವಹಿಸಿಕೊಂಡರು, ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರು 1841 ರಲ್ಲಿ ನಿವೃತ್ತರಾಗುವವರೆಗೂ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡಿದರು. 1814 ರಲ್ಲಿ, ರಷ್ಯಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಮೊದಲ ಬಾರಿಗೆ, ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ಸಾಮೂಹಿಕ ಲೇಖಕರ ಅಡಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳ ವಿವರಣೆಯನ್ನು ಪರಿಚಯಿಸಿದರು . ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಯ ಹೆಸರಿನಲ್ಲಿರುವ ವಿವರಣೆಯು ಓದುಗರು ಮತ್ತು ಗ್ರಂಥಪಾಲಕರ ಕೆಲಸಕ್ಕೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಅನುಕೂಲ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಟ್ಟಿತು. 1815 ರಲ್ಲಿ, ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕ ಓದುವ ಕೋಣೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳ ಬಳಕೆಗಾಗಿ ವಿಶೇಷ ನಿಯಮಗಳನ್ನು ಸ್ಥಾಪಿಸಿದರು, ಅವುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಕೆಲವು ನಿಬಂಧನೆಗಳು ಇಂದಿಗೂ ಉಳಿದುಕೊಂಡಿವೆ. ಈ ನಿಯಮಗಳನ್ನು 1921 ರಲ್ಲಿ "ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ಸ್ ನೋಟ್" ಎಂದು ಪ್ರಕಟಿಸಲಾಯಿತು. ಗ್ರಂಥಪಾಲಕರು ಕ್ಯಾಟಲಾಗ್‌ಗಳ ಉತ್ತಮ ಸಂಘಟನೆಯ ಅಗತ್ಯವನ್ನು ಒತ್ತಿ ಹೇಳಿದರು ಮತ್ತು ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕರಿಗೆ ಅವುಗಳ ಪಾರದರ್ಶಕತೆ ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ರವೇಶಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ಪ್ರತಿಪಾದಿಸಿದರು. ಈ ನಿಟ್ಟಿನಲ್ಲಿ, ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ 20 ವರ್ಷಗಳ ನಂತರ ರಷ್ಯಾದ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಪರಿಚಯಿಸಲಾದ ಎನ್‌ಕ್ರಿಪ್ಶನ್ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆಯನ್ನು ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿಪಡಿಸಿದರು . ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ವೈಯಕ್ತಿಕವಾಗಿ ಕ್ಯಾಟಲಾಗ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು (ಸೋಪಿಕೋವ್ ಜೊತೆಗೆ) ಸಂಗ್ರಹಿಸಿದರು. ನಂತರ, ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ತಮ್ಮ ವಿಭಾಗದಲ್ಲಿ ಸರಳೀಕೃತ ಸ್ಥಳಾಕೃತಿಯ ಗ್ರಂಥಸೂಚಿಯನ್ನು ಪರಿಚಯಿಸಿದರು. ಅವರ ಪ್ರಕಾರ, ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಕ್ಯಾಟಲಾಗ್ ಕಾರ್ಡ್‌ಗಳು ತಮ್ಮದೇ ಆದ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದವು, ಅದನ್ನು ವಿಶೇಷ "ಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯ ಪುಸ್ತಕ"ದಲ್ಲಿ ದಾಖಲಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ. ಈ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯನ್ನು ಆಧರಿಸಿ, ಮತ್ತೊಂದು ಕಾಲಂನಲ್ಲಿ, ಗ್ರಂಥಪಾಲಕನು ಶೆಲ್ಫ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಕೊಠಡಿ, ಕ್ಯಾಬಿನೆಟ್, ಶೆಲ್ಫ್ ಮತ್ತು ಪುಸ್ತಕ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯ ಸೂಚನೆಯನ್ನು ಕಾಣಬಹುದು (ಹಿಂದೆ, ಈ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯನ್ನು ಓದುಗರಿಂದ ರಹಸ್ಯವಾಗಿಡಬೇಕು ಎಂದು ನಂಬಲಾಗಿತ್ತು). ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ವೈಯಕ್ತಿಕವಾಗಿ ಅಗತ್ಯವಿರುವ ಪ್ರತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಕಾರ್ಡ್‌ಗಳ ಮೇಲೆ ಚಿತ್ರಿಸಿದರು. ನಂತರ ಈ ಮಾಹಿತಿಯನ್ನು ಲೇಖಕರು ಕ್ಯಾಟಲಾಗ್ ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳಿಗೆ ವರ್ಗಾಯಿಸಿದರು. ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ವ್ಯಾಪಕವಾದ ಗ್ರಂಥಸೂಚಿ ಕೆಲಸವನ್ನು ಸಹ ನಡೆಸಿದರು, ಎಲ್ಲಾ ರೀತಿಯ ಓದುಗರ ಪಟ್ಟಿಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಸೂಚ್ಯಂಕಗಳನ್ನು ಸಂಗ್ರಹಿಸಿದರು ಮತ್ತು ಗ್ರಂಥಸೂಚಿ ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳನ್ನು ರಚಿಸಿದರು. ಅಂತಿಮವಾಗಿ, ಸಂಗ್ರಹವನ್ನು ಸಂಘಟಿಸುವ ಮತ್ತು ಓದುಗರಿಗೆ ಸೇವೆ ಸಲ್ಲಿಸುವ ತತ್ವಗಳನ್ನು ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿದವರು ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್. ಸಣ್ಣ-ಸ್ವರೂಪದ [[ಪ್ರಕಟಣೆ]]ಗಳನ್ನು ಸಂಗ್ರಹಿಸಲು, ಅವರು ದಪ್ಪ ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳ ಆಕಾರದ ಕಾರ್ಡ್ಬೋರ್ಡ್ ಉಪಕರಣಗಳನ್ನು ಕಂಡುಹಿಡಿದರು, ಅದರಲ್ಲಿ ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳನ್ನು ವರ್ಣಮಾಲೆಯಂತೆ ಜೋಡಿಸಲಾಗಿತ್ತು. ಸಂಗ್ರಹದಿಂದ ಓದುವ ಕೋಣೆಗೆ ಕಳುಹಿಸಲಾದ ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ಅವರ "ಬುಕ್‍ಮಾರ್ಕ್‍ಗಳು" ಇನ್ನೂ ಅಸ್ತಿತ್ವದಲ್ಲಿವೆ. ರಷ್ಯಾದ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯದ ಹಸ್ತಪ್ರತಿ ವಿಭಾಗವು ಇವಾನ್ ಆಂಡ್ರೇವಿಚ್ ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ಬರೆದ ವರ್ಣಮಾಲೆಯ ಸೂಚ್ಯಂಕಗಳನ್ನು ಸಂಗ್ರಹಿಸಿದೆ . === ರಷ್ಯಾದ ನಿಧಿಗಳ ರಚನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಪಾತ್ರ === <abbr>19 ನೇ ^{ಶತಮಾನದ}</abbr> ಮೊದಲ ತ್ರೈಮಾಸಿಕದಲ್ಲಿ ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕ ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯದ ಮುಖ್ಯ ಕಾರ್ಯವೆಂದರೆ  ರಷ್ಯಾದ ಸಂಗ್ರಹವನ್ನು ರಚಿಸುವುದು.ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ 10, 1811ಅಲೆಕ್ಸಾಂಡರ್ I (ರಷ್ಯಾದ ಚಕ್ರವರ್ತಿ) ಎ.ಎನ್. ಒಲೆನಿನ್ ರಚಿಸಿದ "ಇಂಪೀರಿಯಲ್ ಪಬ್ಲಿಕ್ ಲೈಬ್ರರಿಯ ನಿರ್ವಹಣೆಯ ಮೇಲಿನ ನಿಯಮಗಳು" ಅನ್ನು ಅನುಮೋದಿಸಿದರು, ಇದು ಪ್ರತಿ ಮುದ್ರಕದ ಮುದ್ರಿತ ಪ್ರಕಟಣೆಗಳ ಎರಡು ಪ್ರತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯಕ್ಕೆ ಕಡ್ಡಾಯವಾಗಿ ಕಳುಹಿಸಲು ಅವಕಾಶ ಒದಗಿಸಿತು . ಆದಾಗ್ಯೂ, ಪುಸ್ತಕ ಪ್ರಕಾಶಕರು ಯಾವಾಗಲೂ ಈ ನಿಬಂಧನೆಯನ್ನು ಪಾಲಿಸುತ್ತಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ. ಇವಾನ್ ಕ್ರಿಲೋವ್ ಈ ವಿಷಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಮಧ್ಯಪ್ರವೇಶಿಸಿದರು. ರಷ್ಯನ್ ಪುಸ್ತಕ ಪ್ರತಿಷ್ಠಾನವನ್ನು ರಚಿಸಿದ್ದು ಅವರ ಕಾರಣದಿಂದಾಗಿ. 1812 ರಲ್ಲಿ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಸಂಗ್ರಹವು ಕೇವಲ 4 ರಷ್ಯನ್ ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳನ್ನು ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿತ್ತು, 1814 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಅದು 2,300 ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿತ್ತು, ಮತ್ತು 1836 ರಲ್ಲಿ, ಕ್ರಿಲೋವ್ಸ್ ಚಟುವಟಿಕೆಗಳ ಕಾರಣ, ಅದು ಈಗಾಗಲೇ 20,000  ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿತ್ತು ಮತ್ತು ಅವರ ಸೇವೆಯ ಅಂತ್ಯದ ವೇಳೆಗೆ, ಸರಿಸುಮಾರು 30,000 ಪ್ರತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿತ್ತು . === ಶ್ರದ್ಧಾಂಜಲಿಗಳು === ಮಾಸ್ಕೋದ ಅವರ ಮನೆಗೆ ಚೌಕದಲ್ಲಿರುವ , ಪ್ರತಿಮೆಗಳು ಅವರ ಕಥೆಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಳನ್ನು ವಿವರಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. === ವ್ಯತ್ಯಾಸಗಳು === ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕ ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರ ಕೆಲಸ ಮತ್ತು ಕ್ಯಾಟಲಾಗ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಸಂಕಲಿಸಿದ್ದಕ್ಕಾಗಿ, ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ಅವರನ್ನು 1820 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಆರ್ಡರ್ ಆಫ್ ಸೇಂಟ್ ವ್ಲಾಡಿಮಿರ್‌ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿಯಿಂದ ಅಲಂಕರಿಸಲಾಯಿತು . ಇದರ ಜೊತೆಗೆ, ಅವರು 1829 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಆರ್ಡರ್ ಆಫ್ ಸೇಂಟ್ ಆನ್ ಮತ್ತು 1838 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಆರ್ಡರ್ ಆಫ್ ಸೇಂಟ್ ಸ್ಟಾನಿಸ್ಲಾಸ್ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿಗಳನ್ನೂ ಪಡೆದರು . ಇದರ ಜೊತೆಗೆ, ಅವರು ತಮ್ಮ ಪಿಂಚಣಿಯ ಜೊತೆಗೆ ವರ್ಷಕ್ಕೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚುವರಿಯಾಗಿ 8,700 ರೂಬಲ್ಸ್‌ಗಳ ನಿವೃತ್ತಿ ಪಿಂಚಣಿಯನ್ನು ಪಡೆದರು (ಗ್ರಂಥಪಾಲಕರಾಗಿ ಅವರ ವಾರ್ಷಿಕ ಸಂಬಳಕ್ಕೆ ಸಮಾನ). ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ಅವರ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯಿಕ ಮತ್ತು ಗ್ರಂಥಪಾಲಕ ಚಟುವಟಿಕೆಗಳು ಪರಸ್ಪರ ವಿರುದ್ಧವಾಗಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ, ಆದರೆ ಒಂದಕ್ಕೊಂದು ಪೂರಕವಾಗಿದ್ದವು. ಇವಾನ್ ಆಂಡ್ರೆವಿಚ್ ಸ್ವತಃ ಅವರ ವೃತ್ತಿಯನ್ನು ಬಹಳವಾಗಿ ಮೆಚ್ಚಿಕೊಂಡರು: "ನಾನು ನನ್ನ ಕೆಲಸವನ್ನು ಬೇರೆ ಯಾವುದಕ್ಕೂ ವಿನಿಮಯ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯದಲ್ಲಿ, ನೀವು ಪ್ರೀತಿಯಿಂದ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡುವವರಾಗಿರಬೇಕು." ==ಛಾಯಾಂಕಣ== <gallery> File:Roman Maximovich Volkov - Ivan Krylov.jpg|Portrait of Ivan Krylov by Roman Maximovich Volkov (1812) File:Parade-5-Oct-1831---Gregory.png|{{ill|Parade at Tsaritsyn Meadow|ru|Парад 6 октября 1831 года в Петербурге (картина)}} by [[Gregory Chernetsov]] (detail) File:Krylov_by_Olenin.jpg|Ivan Krylov by {{ill|Peter A. Olenin |ru|Оленин, Пётр Алексеевич (1794)}} (1824) File:Ivan Krylov by Eggink.jpg| by {{ill|Johann Lebrecht Eggink|de}} (1834) File:The Soviet Union 1959 CPA 2289 stamp (Ivan Krylov (after Karl Bryullov) and Scene from his Works).jpg|Stamp by {{ill|Vasili Vasilievich Zavyalov|ru|Завьялов, Василий Васильевич (художник)}} (1959) </gallery> ==ಬಾಹ್ಯ ಸಂಪರ್ಕಗಳು== *A limited preview with the introduction and five fables, [https://www.scribd.com/doc/45652513/The-Frogs-Who-Begged-for-a-Tsar-and-61-other-Russian-Fables ''The frogs who begged for a tsar and 61 other Russian fables''], a verse translation by Lydia Rasran Stone, Monpelier VT 2010 * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Ivan Andreyevich Krylov}} * {{Librivox author |id=8624}} ==ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು== o2z92aa61rf9qdo6f710j0avynho7cc 1374683 1374682 2026-06-03T11:07:15Z VASANTH S.N. 728 added [[Category:ಬರಹಗಾರರು]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 1374683 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = Ivan Krylov | native_name = {{nobold|Ива́н Крыло́в}} | embed = | honorific_prefix = | honorific_suffix = | image = Ivan Krylov.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = Portrait of Krylov by [[Karl Briullov]], 1839 | birth_name = Ivan Andreyevich Krylov | pseudonym = Navi Volyrk | birth_date = 13 February 1769 | birth_place = [[Moscow]] | death_date = {{death-date and age|21 November 1844|13 February 1769}} | death_place = [[St. Petersburg]], [[Russian Empire]] | resting_place = [[Tikhvin Cemetery]], [[Alexander Nevsky Lavra]] | occupation = [[Poet]], [[fabulist]], [[playwright]], [[novelist]], [[journalist]], [[publisher]], [[translator]] | language = [[Russian language|Russian]] | nationality = | ethnicity = | citizenship = {{flag|Russian Empire}} | education = | alma_mater = | period = | genre = The fable, play, poetry, prose | subject = <!-- or: | subjects = --> | movement = | notableworks = <!-- or: | notablework = --> | spouse = <!-- or: | spouses = --> | partner = <!-- or: | partners = --> | children = | relatives = | awards = [[Order of Saint Stanislaus (Imperial House of Romanov)]], [[Order of Saint Anna]] | signature = | signature_alt = | years_active = 1786-1843 | module = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.org}} --> | portaldisp = <!-- "on", "yes", "true", etc; or omit --> }} '''ಇವಾನ್ ಆಂಡ್ರೆವಿಚ್ ಕ್ರಿಲೋವ್''' ( ರಷ್ಯನ್  : Иван ANDREEVICH ಕ್ರಿಲೋವ್ ), ಫೆಬ್ರವರಿ 2, 1769 ರಂದು ಜನಿಸಿದರು (ಫೆಬ್ರವರಿ 13 (ಗ್ರೆಗೋರಿಯನ್ ಕ್ಯಾಲೆಂಡರ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ) ಮಾಸ್ಕೋದಲ್ಲಿ ಮತ್ತು ನವೆಂಬರ್ 9, 1844 ರಂದು ನಿಧನರಾದರು (ನವೆಂಬರ್ 21 (ಗ್ರೆಗೋರಿಯನ್ ಕ್ಯಾಲೆಂಡರ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ) [[ಸೇಂಟ್ ಪೀಟರ್ಸ್‌ಬರ್ಗ್|ಸೇಂಟ್ ಪೀಟರ್ಸ್‌ಬರ್ಗ್‌]]ನಲ್ಲಿದ್ದ , ಒಬ್ಬ ರಷ್ಯಾದ ಬರಹಗಾರ ಮತ್ತು ಫ್ಯಾಬುಲಿಸ್ಟ್ . ವಿಡಂಬನಾತ್ಮಕ ನಾಟಕಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಹಾಸ್ಯಗಳೊಂದಿಗೆ ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಿಸಿದ ನಂತರ, ಅವರು 1809 ರಲ್ಲಿ ತಮ್ಮ ಮೊದಲ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಳ ಸಂಗ್ರಹವನ್ನು ಪ್ರಕಟಿಸಿದರು . ಇದರ ನಂತರ ಹಲವಾರು ಇತರ ಸಂಗ್ರಹಗಳು ಬಂದವು, ಇದು ಅವುಗಳ ಲೇಖಕರಿಗೆ ಅಪಾರ ಜನಪ್ರಿಯತೆಯನ್ನು ತಂದುಕೊಟ್ಟಿತು. ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ಅವರ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಳು ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ತಮ್ಮ ವಿಷಯವನ್ನು [[ಈಸೋಪ]] ಮತ್ತು ಜೀನ್ ಡಿ ಲಾ ಫಾಂಟೈನ್ ಅವರ ಕಥೆಗಳಿಂದ ಎರವಲು ಪಡೆದಿವೆ . == ಜೀವನ ಚರಿತ್ರೆ == [[File:Krylov summer garden.jpg|thumb|Monument to Ivan Krylov in the [[Summer Garden]] (1854–55), by [[Peter Klodt von Urgensburg]]]] === ಆರಂಭಿಕ ವರ್ಷಗಳು === ಇವಾನ್ ಕ್ರಿಲೋವ್ ಅವರ ತಂದೆ, ಆಂಡ್ರೇ ಪ್ರೊಖೋರೊವಿಚ್ ಕ್ರಿಲೋವ್ (1736-1778), ಒಬ್ಬ [[ಸೈನಿಕ]] ಮತ್ತು ನಂತರ ಡ್ರಾಗೂನ್ ರೆಜಿಮೆಂಟ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ನಾನ್-ಕಮಿಷನ್ಡ್ ಅಧಿಕಾರಿಯಾಗಿದ್ದರು, ಇದು 1772 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಪುಗಚೇವ್ ಅವರ ದಂಗೆಕೋರರ ವಿರುದ್ಧ ಯೈಟ್ಸ್ಕ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ತನ್ನನ್ನು ತಾನು ಗುರುತಿಸಿಕೊಂಡಿತು. ತರುವಾಯ ಅವರು ಪೆರ್ಮ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಡೆಪ್ಯೂಟಿ ಮ್ಯಾಜಿಸ್ಟ್ರೇಟ್ ಆದರು , ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರು ಇಬ್ಬರು ಚಿಕ್ಕ ಮಕ್ಕಳೊಂದಿಗೆ ವಿಧವೆಯನ್ನು ಬಿಟ್ಟ ನಿಧನರಾದರು. ಯುವ ಕ್ರಿಲೋವ್ ಚಿಕ್ಕ ವಯಸ್ಸಿನಿಂದಲೂ ತನ್ನ ತಂದೆಯ [[ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯಗಳು|ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯ]]ದತ್ತ ಆಕರ್ಷಿತರಾದರು ಮತ್ತು [[ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್ ಭಾಷೆ|ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್]] ಕಲಿತರು. ಅವರು ಆರಂಭದಲ್ಲಿ ಮನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಶಿಕ್ಷಣ ಪಡೆದರು ಮತ್ತು ಅಪ್ರಾಪ್ತ ವಯಸ್ಕ ನ್ಯಾಯಾಲಯದ ಅಧಿಕಾರಿಯಾಗಿ ನೋಂದಾಯಿಸಿಕೊಂಡರು, ಆದರೆ ಅವರು ಅಪ್ರಾಪ್ತ ವಯಸ್ಕರಾಗಿದ್ದರಿಂದ ಈ ಹುದ್ದೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ನಾಮಮಾತ್ರವಾಗಿತ್ತು. ಅವರ ತಾಯಿ 1782 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಸೇಂಟ್ ಪೀಟರ್ಸ್‌ಬರ್ಗ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರೊಂದಿಗೆ ಅನಾಥ ಪಿಂಚಣಿ ಪಡೆಯಲು ಪ್ರಯತ್ನಿಸಿದರು, ಆದರೆ ಅಂತಿಮವಾಗಿಕ್ರಿಲೋವ್ ಕೋರ್ಟ್ ಆಫ್ ಅಕೌಂಟ್ಸ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಅಧಿಕಾರಿಯಾಗಿ ಹುದ್ದೆಯನ್ನು ಪಡೆದರು, 1788 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರ ತಾಯಿಯ ಮರಣದ ನಂತರ ಅವರು ಆ ಹುದ್ದೆಗೆ ರಾಜೀನಾಮೆ ನೀಡಿದರು..<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Kriloff, Ivan Andreevich|volume=15|pages=926–927}}</ref> ಅವರು ಈಗಾಗಲೇ ಬರೆಯಲು ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಿಸಿದ್ದರು ಮತ್ತು ಸೇಂಟ್ ಪೀಟರ್ಸ್‌ಬರ್ಗ್‌ಗೆ ಬಂದ ನಂತರ, ನಿಕೊಲಾಯ್ ನೋವಿಕೋವ್ ಅವರ ಥೀಮ್ ಆಧಾರಿತ " ''ದಿ ಕಾಫಿ ಸೆಲ್ಲರ್"'' ಎಂಬ ಪದ್ಯರೂಪದ ಹಾಸ್ಯ [[ನಾಟಕ]]ಕ್ಕೆ ಬದಲಾಗಿ ರೇಸಿನ್ , ಬಾಯ್ಲಿಯು ಮತ್ತು ಮೋಲಿಯೆರ್ ಅವರ ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳನ್ನು (ಅರವತ್ತು ರೂಬಲ್ಸ್‌ಗಳಿಗೆ) ಪಡೆಯುವಲ್ಲಿ ಯಶಸ್ವಿಯಾದರು , ಇದನ್ನು ಜರ್ಮನ್ ಮೂಲದ ಬ್ರೀಟ್‌ಕಾಫ್ ಎಂಬ ಪುಸ್ತಕ ಮಾರಾಟಗಾರ-ಮುದ್ರಕರಿಂದ ಪಡೆಯಲಾಯಿತು. ಈ ವಿಚಿತ್ರ ಹಾಸ್ಯ ನಾಟಕವು 1868 ರವರೆಗೆ ಪ್ರಕಟವಾಗಲಿಲ್ಲ. ನಂತರ, 1785 ರಲ್ಲಿ, ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ''ಕ್ಲಿಯೋಪಾತ್ರ'' ಎಂಬ [[ದುರಂತ ನಾಟಕ]]ವನ್ನು ರಚಿಸಿದರು , ಇದು ಈಗ ಕಳೆದುಹೋಗಿದೆ, ಇದು ಆ ಕಾಲದ ಮಹಾನ್ ದುರಂತಕಾರ ಇವಾನ್ ಡಿಮಿಟ್ರೆವ್ಸ್ಕಿಯ ಗಮನವನ್ನು ಸೆಳೆಯಿತು. ಮುಂದಿನ ವರ್ಷ, ಅವರು ಫ್ಯಾಶನ್ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರೀಯ ಶೈಲಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ''ಫಿಲೋಮಿನಾ ಎಂಬ'' ಮತ್ತೊಂದು ದುರಂತ ನಾಟಕವನ್ನು ರಚಿಸಿದರು , ಆದರೆ ಇದರಲ್ಲಿ ಸ್ವಂತಿಕೆಯಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ. ತರುವಾಯ, ಅವರು ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್ ಲೇಖಕರಿಂದ ಸ್ಫೂರ್ತಿ ಪಡೆದ ಕಾಮಿಕ್ ಒಪೆರಾಗಳಿಗಾಗಿ ಲಿಬ್ರೆಟ್ಟಿಯನ್ನು ಬರೆಯಲು ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಿಸಿದರು, ಅವರ ತಾಯಿಯ ಮರಣದ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ, ಇದು ಅವರಿಗೆ ಕಿರಿಯ ಸಹೋದರ ಲಿಯಾನ್ ಅವರನ್ನು ಬಿಟ್ಟುಕೊಟ್ಟಿತು, ಅವರನ್ನು ಅವರು ತಮ್ಮ ಜೀವನದುದ್ದಕ್ಕೂ ತಂದೆಯೆಂದು ಪರಿಗಣಿಸಿದರು. ನಂತರ ಅವರು ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ವಲಯಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಮೆಚ್ಚುಗೆ ಪಡೆದ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರೀಯ ನಾಟಕಕಾರ ಯಾಕೋವ್ ಕ್ನ್ಯಾಜ್ನಿನ್ ಅವರಿಂದ ಸ್ಫೂರ್ತಿ ಪಡೆದ ಕೃತಿಯನ್ನು ಬರೆದರು ''',''' ಇದು  ನಾಟಕೀಯ ಪ್ರಪಂಚದೊಂದಿಗಿನ ಅವರ ಸಂಬಂಧಗಳನ್ನು ನಿರ್ಣಾಯಕವಾಗಿ ಕಡಿದುಕೊಂಡಿತು. === ಸಂಪಾದಕೀಯಕಾರ === ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ಇಪ್ಪತ್ತನೇ ವಯಸ್ಸಿನಲ್ಲಿ, ತಾನು ಸ್ಥಾಪಿಸಿದ ಮತ್ತು ಅಲೆಕ್ಸಾಂಡರ್ ರಾಡಿಶ್ಚೇವ್ ಕೂಡ ಕೊಡುಗೆ ನೀಡಿದ " ದಿ ಕೊರಿಯರ್ ಆಫ್ ದಿ ಸ್ಪಿರಿಟ್ ''"'' ಎಂಬ ಮಾಸಿಕ ನಿಯತಕಾಲಿಕೆಗೆ [[ವಿಡಂಬನೆ]] ಮತ್ತು ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ವಿಮರ್ಶೆಯನ್ನು ಬರೆದಾಗ ತನ್ನ ವೃತ್ತಿಜೀವನವನ್ನು ಕಂಡುಕೊಂಡನು . ಈ [[ಪತ್ರಿಕೋದ್ಯಮ|ಪತ್ರಿಕೆ]]ಯು ಜನವರಿಯಿಂದ ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ 1789 ಕೇವಲ ಎಂಬತ್ತು ಚಂದಾದಾರರನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದ ಅವರು 1790 ರಲ್ಲಿ [[ಸ್ವಿಟ್ಜರ್ಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್|ಸ್ವಿಟ್ಜರ್ಲೆಂಡ್]] ಜೊತೆಗಿನ ಶಾಂತಿಗಾಗಿ ಒಂದು ಪ್ರಣಯಗೀತೆಯನ್ನು ಬರೆದು ಮುದ್ರಿಸಿದರು . [[ಮುದ್ರಣ ಯಂತ್ರ|ಮುದ್ರಣಾಲಯ]]ದ ಮಾಲೀಕರಾದ ನಂತರ, ಅವರು 1792 ರಲ್ಲಿ * ''ಲೆ ಸ್ಪೆಕ್ಟೇಚರ್'' * ಎಂಬ ಹೊಸ ಗೆಜೆಟ್ ಅನ್ನು ಪ್ರಕಟಿಸಿದರು, ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರು ತಮ್ಮ ವಿಡಂಬನಾತ್ಮಕ ಬರಹಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ತಾತ್ವಿಕ ಕಥೆಗಳನ್ನು ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿದ್ದರು. ಅವರು 170 ಚಂದಾದಾರರನ್ನು ಆಕರ್ಷಿಸುವಲ್ಲಿ ಯಶಸ್ವಿಯಾದರು, ಜೊತೆಗೆ ಕರಮ್ಜಿನ್ ಅವರ ಗಮನವನ್ನೂ ಸೆಳೆದರು, ಅವರೊಂದಿಗೆ ಅವರು ವಿವಾದಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ತೊಡಗಿದ್ದರು. ಒಂದು ವರ್ಷದ ನಂತರ, ''* ಲೆ ಸ್ಪೆಕ್ಟೇಚರ್ *'' ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ಮತ್ತು ಅವರ ಪಾಲುದಾರ ಕ್ಲೌಚಿನ್, * ''ಲೆ ಮರ್ಕ್ಯೂರ್ ಡಿ ಸೇಂಟ್-ಪೀಟರ್ಸ್‌ಬರ್ಗ್'' * ಮುದ್ರಿಸಿದ ಮತ್ತೊಂದು ಗೆಜೆಟ್‌ನೊಂದಿಗೆ ವಿಲೀನಗೊಂಡಿತು. ನಂತರ ಅವರು ಅದಕ್ಕೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯಿಕ ಮತ್ತು ಕಲಾತ್ಮಕ ಗಮನವನ್ನು ನೀಡಿದರು, ಅವರು ಬರೆದ ಹೊಸ ಕೃತಿಗಳೊಂದಿಗೆ ರಾಜಧಾನಿಯ ಕೃಷಿ ವಲಯಗಳಿಗೆ ಪ್ರವೇಶವನ್ನು ಪಡೆಯಲು ಪ್ರಯತ್ನಿಸಿದರು. ಆದಾಗ್ಯೂ, * ''ಲೆ ಮರ್ಕ್ಯೂರ್ *'' ಯಶಸ್ವಿಯಾಗಲಿಲ್ಲ ಮತ್ತು ಒಂದು ವರ್ಷದ ನಂತರ ಪ್ರಕಟಣೆಯನ್ನು ನಿಲ್ಲಿಸಿದರು. ನಂತರ ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ [[ಮಾಸ್ಕೋ]]ಗೆ ಹೋದರು ಮತ್ತು 1797 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಿನ್ಸ್ ಸೆರ್ಗೆಯ್ ಗೋಲಿಟ್ಸಿನ್ ಅವರನ್ನು ಭೇಟಿಯಾದರು  ''',''' ಅವರು ಅವರನ್ನು ತಮ್ಮ ಖಾಸಗಿ ಕಾರ್ಯದರ್ಶಿಯಾಗಿ<ref name="EB1911"/> ಮತ್ತು ತಮ್ಮ ಮಕ್ಕಳಿಗೆ ಬೋಧಕರಾಗಿ ನೇಮಿಸಿಕೊಂಡರು. ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ಸ್ವಯಂ-ಕಲಿತರಾಗಿದ್ದರು; ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್ ಜೊತೆಗೆ, ಅವರು [[ಇಟಲಿಯ ಭಾಷೆ|ಇಟಾಲಿಯನ್]] ಮಾತನಾಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದರು ಮತ್ತು [[ಪಿಟೀಲು]] ನುಡಿಸಬಲ್ಲರು. ಅವರು ರಾಜಕುಮಾರನಿಗಾಗಿ ದುರಂತ ನಾಟಕವಾದ * ''ದಿ ಟ್ರಯಂಫ್*'' ಅನ್ನು ಬರೆದರು , ಇದು ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರೀಯ ದುರಂತದ ಹಾಸ್ಯಮಯ ವಿಡಂಬನೆಯಾಗಿದೆ. 1801 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಗೋಲಿಟ್ಸಿನ್ ಅವರನ್ನು ಲಿವೋನಿಯಾದ ಗವರ್ನರ್-ಜನರಲ್ ಆಗಿ ನೇಮಿಸಲಾಯಿತು , ಮತ್ತು ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ತನ್ನನ್ನು ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣವಾಗಿ ಅವರಿಗೆ ಅರ್ಪಿಸಿಕೊಂಡರು. ಅವರು ಇತರ ಹಾಸ್ಯ ನಾಟಕಗಳನ್ನು ಬರೆದರು ಮತ್ತು 1803 ರಲ್ಲಿ ರಾಜೀನಾಮೆ ನೀಡಿದರು. ಮುಂದಿನ ಎರಡು ವರ್ಷಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರ ಚಟುವಟಿಕೆಗಳು ತಿಳಿದಿಲ್ಲ. ಕೆಲವು ಮೂಲಗಳ ಪ್ರಕಾರ, ಅವರು ವಿರಾಮ ಮತ್ತು ಜೂಜಾಟದ ಜೀವನದಲ್ಲಿ ತೊಡಗಿಸಿಕೊಂಡಿರಬಹುದು<ref name="EB1911"/>. === ಫ್ಯಾಬುಲಿಸ್ಟ್ === ಈಸೋಪ ಮತ್ತು [[ಲಾ ಫಾಂಟೈನ್]] ಅವರಿಂದ ಪ್ರೇರಿತವಾದ ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ಅವರ ಮೊದಲ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಳು 1809 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಕಟವಾದವು, ಅವುಗಳ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆ 23. ಅವರು ಅಂತಿಮವಾಗಿ ಒಂದು ಹಂತದ ಮನ್ನಣೆಯನ್ನು ಗಳಿಸಿದರು. 1811 ರಲ್ಲಿ, ಅವರು ಶಿಕ್ಷಣ ತಜ್ಞರಾದರು ಮತ್ತು ಅವರ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಳಿಗೆ ಚಿನ್ನದ ಪದಕವನ್ನು ಪಡೆದರು. 1838 ರಲ್ಲಿ, ಅವರ ಗೌರವಾರ್ಥವಾಗಿ ಒಂದು ಭವ್ಯವಾದ ಜಯಂತಿ ಸ್ವಾಗತ ಸಮಾರಂಭವನ್ನು ನಡೆಸಲಾಯಿತು, ಮತ್ತು ಚಕ್ರವರ್ತಿ <abbr>^{ನಿಕೋಲಸ್}</abbr> I ಅವರಿಗೆ ಜೀವಮಾನದ ಪಿಂಚಣಿಯನ್ನು <abbr>ನೀಡಿದರು</abbr>.<ref name="EB1911"/> .ಆ ಸಮಯ ಅವರು ತಮ್ಮ ಖ್ಯಾತಿಯ ಉತ್ತುಂಗದಲ್ಲಿದ್ದರು. ೧೮೪೪ ರಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರು ನಿಧನರಾದಾಗ, ಅವರು ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯದಾದ್ಯಂತ ಬಹಳ ಜನಪ್ರಿಯರಾಗಿದ್ದರು: ಅವರ ಕೊನೆಯ ೧೯೭ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಳು ಆಗಷ್ಟೇ ಪ್ರಕಟವಾಗಿದ್ದವು. ಕುಟುಂಬಗಳು ಅವರ ಹಾಸ್ಯ ಮತ್ತು ಬುದ್ಧಿವಂತಿಕೆಯ ಮಿಶ್ರಣವನ್ನು ಮೆಚ್ಚಿಕೊಂಡವು . ಅವರ ಭಾಷೆ ಭಾಷಾವೈಶಿಷ್ಟ್ಯ, ಸರಳ, ನೇರ ಮತ್ತು ಉತ್ತಮ ಗುಣಮಟ್ಟದ್ದಾಗಿತ್ತು. ಅವರ ನೀತಿಕಥೆ ''ದಿ ಪಿಗ್ ಅಂಡರ್ ದಿ ಓಕ್'' ( ''Свинья под дубом'' ) ರಷ್ಯಾ ಮೂಲದ ಕಾದಂಬರಿಕಾರ ಮತ್ತು ತತ್ವಜ್ಞಾನಿ ಐನ್ ರಾಂಡ್ ಮೇಲೆ ಬಲವಾದ ಪ್ರಭಾವ ಬೀರಿತು, ಅವರು 1974 ರಲ್ಲಿ ತಮ್ಮ ಪ್ರಬಂಧ ''ಫಿಲಾಸಫಿಕಲ್ ಡಿಟೆಕ್ಷನ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ'' ಇದನ್ನು ಸೂಚಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ . ಇಂದಿಗೂ ಅವರು [[ರಷ್ಯಾದ ಭಾಷೆ|ರಷ್ಯನ್]] ಮಾತನಾಡುವ ಯುವಕರಿಗೆ ಅತ್ಯಗತ್ಯ ಲೇಖಕರಾಗಿ ಉಳಿದಿದ್ದಾರೆ . === ಗ್ರಂಥಪಾಲಕ === ಇವಾನ್ ಕ್ರಿಲೋವ್ ಸುಮಾರು ಮೂವತ್ತು ವರ್ಷಗಳ ಕಾಲ ರಷ್ಯನ್ ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕ ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯದಲ್ಲಿ (ಈಗ ರಷ್ಯನ್ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯ ) ಗ್ರಂಥಪಾಲಕರಾಗಿ ಸೇವೆ ಸಲ್ಲಿಸಿದರು . ಅವರ ವೃತ್ತಿಪರ ಚಟುವಟಿಕೆಯು ರಷ್ಯಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನದ ಬೆಳವಣಿಗೆಯ ಮೇಲೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಪ್ರಭಾವ ಬೀರಿತು. ಇವಾನ್ ಆಂಡ್ರೇವಿಚ್ 1813 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯ ಸಹಾಯಕರಾಗಿ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡಲು ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಿಸಿದರು, "ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕ ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯದ ನಿರ್ದೇಶಕ ಎ.ಎನ್. ಒಲೆನಿನ್ ಅವರ ಪ್ರಸ್ತಾವನೆಯ ಮೇರೆಗೆ, '...ನಾಮಮಾತ್ರ ಕೌನ್ಸಿಲರ್ ಕ್ರಿಲೋವ್ ಅವರನ್ನು ಸಹಾಯಕ ಗ್ರಂಥಪಾಲಕರಾಗಿ   ' ನೇಮಕ ಮಾಡುವ ಬಗ್ಗೆ " ರಾಜ್ಯ ಚಾನ್ಸೆಲರಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಅಧಿಕೃತ ಕಡತ ಕಾಣಿಸಿಕೊಂಡಾಗ. ಕ್ರಿಲೋವ್ ಅವರ ಕೆಲವು ಜ್ಞಾಪಕ ಪತ್ರಗಳು ಉಳಿದುಕೊಂಡಿವೆ, ಇದನ್ನು "ಇಂಪೀರಿಯಲ್ ಲೈಬ್ರರಿಯ ನಿರ್ದೇಶಕರಿಗೆ, ರಾಜ್ಯ ಮಂಡಳಿಯ ಸದಸ್ಯರಿಗೆ, ಪ್ರಸ್ತುತ ಖಾಸಗಿ ಕೌನ್ಸಿಲರ್ ಮತ್ತು ನೈಟ್ ಎ.ಎನ್. ಒಲೆನಿನ್ ಅವರಿಗೆ, ಕಾಲೇಜು ಕೌನ್ಸಿಲರ್ ಗ್ರಂಥಪಾಲಕ ಕ್ರಿಲೋವ್ ಅವರಿಂದ " ಎಂದು ಬರೆಯಲಾಗಿದೆ. 1816 ರಲ್ಲಿ, ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕ ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯದ ರಷ್ಯಾದ ವಿಭಾಗದ ಮುಖ್ಯಸ್ಥ ಹುದ್ದೆಯನ್ನು ವಹಿಸಿಕೊಂಡರು, ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರು 1841 ರಲ್ಲಿ ನಿವೃತ್ತರಾಗುವವರೆಗೂ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡಿದರು. 1814 ರಲ್ಲಿ, ರಷ್ಯಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಮೊದಲ ಬಾರಿಗೆ, ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ಸಾಮೂಹಿಕ ಲೇಖಕರ ಅಡಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳ ವಿವರಣೆಯನ್ನು ಪರಿಚಯಿಸಿದರು . ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಯ ಹೆಸರಿನಲ್ಲಿರುವ ವಿವರಣೆಯು ಓದುಗರು ಮತ್ತು ಗ್ರಂಥಪಾಲಕರ ಕೆಲಸಕ್ಕೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಅನುಕೂಲ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಟ್ಟಿತು. 1815 ರಲ್ಲಿ, ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕ ಓದುವ ಕೋಣೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳ ಬಳಕೆಗಾಗಿ ವಿಶೇಷ ನಿಯಮಗಳನ್ನು ಸ್ಥಾಪಿಸಿದರು, ಅವುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಕೆಲವು ನಿಬಂಧನೆಗಳು ಇಂದಿಗೂ ಉಳಿದುಕೊಂಡಿವೆ. ಈ ನಿಯಮಗಳನ್ನು 1921 ರಲ್ಲಿ "ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ಸ್ ನೋಟ್" ಎಂದು ಪ್ರಕಟಿಸಲಾಯಿತು. ಗ್ರಂಥಪಾಲಕರು ಕ್ಯಾಟಲಾಗ್‌ಗಳ ಉತ್ತಮ ಸಂಘಟನೆಯ ಅಗತ್ಯವನ್ನು ಒತ್ತಿ ಹೇಳಿದರು ಮತ್ತು ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕರಿಗೆ ಅವುಗಳ ಪಾರದರ್ಶಕತೆ ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ರವೇಶಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ಪ್ರತಿಪಾದಿಸಿದರು. ಈ ನಿಟ್ಟಿನಲ್ಲಿ, ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ 20 ವರ್ಷಗಳ ನಂತರ ರಷ್ಯಾದ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಪರಿಚಯಿಸಲಾದ ಎನ್‌ಕ್ರಿಪ್ಶನ್ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆಯನ್ನು ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿಪಡಿಸಿದರು . ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ವೈಯಕ್ತಿಕವಾಗಿ ಕ್ಯಾಟಲಾಗ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು (ಸೋಪಿಕೋವ್ ಜೊತೆಗೆ) ಸಂಗ್ರಹಿಸಿದರು. ನಂತರ, ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ತಮ್ಮ ವಿಭಾಗದಲ್ಲಿ ಸರಳೀಕೃತ ಸ್ಥಳಾಕೃತಿಯ ಗ್ರಂಥಸೂಚಿಯನ್ನು ಪರಿಚಯಿಸಿದರು. ಅವರ ಪ್ರಕಾರ, ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಕ್ಯಾಟಲಾಗ್ ಕಾರ್ಡ್‌ಗಳು ತಮ್ಮದೇ ಆದ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದವು, ಅದನ್ನು ವಿಶೇಷ "ಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯ ಪುಸ್ತಕ"ದಲ್ಲಿ ದಾಖಲಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ. ಈ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯನ್ನು ಆಧರಿಸಿ, ಮತ್ತೊಂದು ಕಾಲಂನಲ್ಲಿ, ಗ್ರಂಥಪಾಲಕನು ಶೆಲ್ಫ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಕೊಠಡಿ, ಕ್ಯಾಬಿನೆಟ್, ಶೆಲ್ಫ್ ಮತ್ತು ಪುಸ್ತಕ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯ ಸೂಚನೆಯನ್ನು ಕಾಣಬಹುದು (ಹಿಂದೆ, ಈ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯನ್ನು ಓದುಗರಿಂದ ರಹಸ್ಯವಾಗಿಡಬೇಕು ಎಂದು ನಂಬಲಾಗಿತ್ತು). ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ವೈಯಕ್ತಿಕವಾಗಿ ಅಗತ್ಯವಿರುವ ಪ್ರತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಕಾರ್ಡ್‌ಗಳ ಮೇಲೆ ಚಿತ್ರಿಸಿದರು. ನಂತರ ಈ ಮಾಹಿತಿಯನ್ನು ಲೇಖಕರು ಕ್ಯಾಟಲಾಗ್ ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳಿಗೆ ವರ್ಗಾಯಿಸಿದರು. ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ವ್ಯಾಪಕವಾದ ಗ್ರಂಥಸೂಚಿ ಕೆಲಸವನ್ನು ಸಹ ನಡೆಸಿದರು, ಎಲ್ಲಾ ರೀತಿಯ ಓದುಗರ ಪಟ್ಟಿಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಸೂಚ್ಯಂಕಗಳನ್ನು ಸಂಗ್ರಹಿಸಿದರು ಮತ್ತು ಗ್ರಂಥಸೂಚಿ ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳನ್ನು ರಚಿಸಿದರು. ಅಂತಿಮವಾಗಿ, ಸಂಗ್ರಹವನ್ನು ಸಂಘಟಿಸುವ ಮತ್ತು ಓದುಗರಿಗೆ ಸೇವೆ ಸಲ್ಲಿಸುವ ತತ್ವಗಳನ್ನು ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿದವರು ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್. ಸಣ್ಣ-ಸ್ವರೂಪದ [[ಪ್ರಕಟಣೆ]]ಗಳನ್ನು ಸಂಗ್ರಹಿಸಲು, ಅವರು ದಪ್ಪ ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳ ಆಕಾರದ ಕಾರ್ಡ್ಬೋರ್ಡ್ ಉಪಕರಣಗಳನ್ನು ಕಂಡುಹಿಡಿದರು, ಅದರಲ್ಲಿ ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳನ್ನು ವರ್ಣಮಾಲೆಯಂತೆ ಜೋಡಿಸಲಾಗಿತ್ತು. ಸಂಗ್ರಹದಿಂದ ಓದುವ ಕೋಣೆಗೆ ಕಳುಹಿಸಲಾದ ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ಅವರ "ಬುಕ್‍ಮಾರ್ಕ್‍ಗಳು" ಇನ್ನೂ ಅಸ್ತಿತ್ವದಲ್ಲಿವೆ. ರಷ್ಯಾದ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯದ ಹಸ್ತಪ್ರತಿ ವಿಭಾಗವು ಇವಾನ್ ಆಂಡ್ರೇವಿಚ್ ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ಬರೆದ ವರ್ಣಮಾಲೆಯ ಸೂಚ್ಯಂಕಗಳನ್ನು ಸಂಗ್ರಹಿಸಿದೆ . === ರಷ್ಯಾದ ನಿಧಿಗಳ ರಚನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಪಾತ್ರ === <abbr>19 ನೇ ^{ಶತಮಾನದ}</abbr> ಮೊದಲ ತ್ರೈಮಾಸಿಕದಲ್ಲಿ ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕ ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯದ ಮುಖ್ಯ ಕಾರ್ಯವೆಂದರೆ  ರಷ್ಯಾದ ಸಂಗ್ರಹವನ್ನು ರಚಿಸುವುದು.ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ 10, 1811ಅಲೆಕ್ಸಾಂಡರ್ I (ರಷ್ಯಾದ ಚಕ್ರವರ್ತಿ) ಎ.ಎನ್. ಒಲೆನಿನ್ ರಚಿಸಿದ "ಇಂಪೀರಿಯಲ್ ಪಬ್ಲಿಕ್ ಲೈಬ್ರರಿಯ ನಿರ್ವಹಣೆಯ ಮೇಲಿನ ನಿಯಮಗಳು" ಅನ್ನು ಅನುಮೋದಿಸಿದರು, ಇದು ಪ್ರತಿ ಮುದ್ರಕದ ಮುದ್ರಿತ ಪ್ರಕಟಣೆಗಳ ಎರಡು ಪ್ರತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯಕ್ಕೆ ಕಡ್ಡಾಯವಾಗಿ ಕಳುಹಿಸಲು ಅವಕಾಶ ಒದಗಿಸಿತು . ಆದಾಗ್ಯೂ, ಪುಸ್ತಕ ಪ್ರಕಾಶಕರು ಯಾವಾಗಲೂ ಈ ನಿಬಂಧನೆಯನ್ನು ಪಾಲಿಸುತ್ತಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ. ಇವಾನ್ ಕ್ರಿಲೋವ್ ಈ ವಿಷಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಮಧ್ಯಪ್ರವೇಶಿಸಿದರು. ರಷ್ಯನ್ ಪುಸ್ತಕ ಪ್ರತಿಷ್ಠಾನವನ್ನು ರಚಿಸಿದ್ದು ಅವರ ಕಾರಣದಿಂದಾಗಿ. 1812 ರಲ್ಲಿ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಸಂಗ್ರಹವು ಕೇವಲ 4 ರಷ್ಯನ್ ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳನ್ನು ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿತ್ತು, 1814 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಅದು 2,300 ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿತ್ತು, ಮತ್ತು 1836 ರಲ್ಲಿ, ಕ್ರಿಲೋವ್ಸ್ ಚಟುವಟಿಕೆಗಳ ಕಾರಣ, ಅದು ಈಗಾಗಲೇ 20,000  ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿತ್ತು ಮತ್ತು ಅವರ ಸೇವೆಯ ಅಂತ್ಯದ ವೇಳೆಗೆ, ಸರಿಸುಮಾರು 30,000 ಪ್ರತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿತ್ತು . === ಶ್ರದ್ಧಾಂಜಲಿಗಳು === ಮಾಸ್ಕೋದ ಅವರ ಮನೆಗೆ ಚೌಕದಲ್ಲಿರುವ , ಪ್ರತಿಮೆಗಳು ಅವರ ಕಥೆಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಳನ್ನು ವಿವರಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. === ವ್ಯತ್ಯಾಸಗಳು === ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕ ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರ ಕೆಲಸ ಮತ್ತು ಕ್ಯಾಟಲಾಗ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಸಂಕಲಿಸಿದ್ದಕ್ಕಾಗಿ, ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ಅವರನ್ನು 1820 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಆರ್ಡರ್ ಆಫ್ ಸೇಂಟ್ ವ್ಲಾಡಿಮಿರ್‌ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿಯಿಂದ ಅಲಂಕರಿಸಲಾಯಿತು . ಇದರ ಜೊತೆಗೆ, ಅವರು 1829 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಆರ್ಡರ್ ಆಫ್ ಸೇಂಟ್ ಆನ್ ಮತ್ತು 1838 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಆರ್ಡರ್ ಆಫ್ ಸೇಂಟ್ ಸ್ಟಾನಿಸ್ಲಾಸ್ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿಗಳನ್ನೂ ಪಡೆದರು . ಇದರ ಜೊತೆಗೆ, ಅವರು ತಮ್ಮ ಪಿಂಚಣಿಯ ಜೊತೆಗೆ ವರ್ಷಕ್ಕೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚುವರಿಯಾಗಿ 8,700 ರೂಬಲ್ಸ್‌ಗಳ ನಿವೃತ್ತಿ ಪಿಂಚಣಿಯನ್ನು ಪಡೆದರು (ಗ್ರಂಥಪಾಲಕರಾಗಿ ಅವರ ವಾರ್ಷಿಕ ಸಂಬಳಕ್ಕೆ ಸಮಾನ). ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ಅವರ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯಿಕ ಮತ್ತು ಗ್ರಂಥಪಾಲಕ ಚಟುವಟಿಕೆಗಳು ಪರಸ್ಪರ ವಿರುದ್ಧವಾಗಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ, ಆದರೆ ಒಂದಕ್ಕೊಂದು ಪೂರಕವಾಗಿದ್ದವು. ಇವಾನ್ ಆಂಡ್ರೆವಿಚ್ ಸ್ವತಃ ಅವರ ವೃತ್ತಿಯನ್ನು ಬಹಳವಾಗಿ ಮೆಚ್ಚಿಕೊಂಡರು: "ನಾನು ನನ್ನ ಕೆಲಸವನ್ನು ಬೇರೆ ಯಾವುದಕ್ಕೂ ವಿನಿಮಯ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯದಲ್ಲಿ, ನೀವು ಪ್ರೀತಿಯಿಂದ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡುವವರಾಗಿರಬೇಕು." ==ಛಾಯಾಂಕಣ== <gallery> File:Roman Maximovich Volkov - Ivan Krylov.jpg|Portrait of Ivan Krylov by Roman Maximovich Volkov (1812) File:Parade-5-Oct-1831---Gregory.png|{{ill|Parade at Tsaritsyn Meadow|ru|Парад 6 октября 1831 года в Петербурге (картина)}} by [[Gregory Chernetsov]] (detail) File:Krylov_by_Olenin.jpg|Ivan Krylov by {{ill|Peter A. Olenin |ru|Оленин, Пётр Алексеевич (1794)}} (1824) File:Ivan Krylov by Eggink.jpg| by {{ill|Johann Lebrecht Eggink|de}} (1834) File:The Soviet Union 1959 CPA 2289 stamp (Ivan Krylov (after Karl Bryullov) and Scene from his Works).jpg|Stamp by {{ill|Vasili Vasilievich Zavyalov|ru|Завьялов, Василий Васильевич (художник)}} (1959) </gallery> ==ಬಾಹ್ಯ ಸಂಪರ್ಕಗಳು== *A limited preview with the introduction and five fables, [https://www.scribd.com/doc/45652513/The-Frogs-Who-Begged-for-a-Tsar-and-61-other-Russian-Fables ''The frogs who begged for a tsar and 61 other Russian fables''], a verse translation by Lydia Rasran Stone, Monpelier VT 2010 * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Ivan Andreyevich Krylov}} * {{Librivox author |id=8624}} ==ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು== [[ವರ್ಗ:ಬರಹಗಾರರು]] 64zjo3yaejdb3t1uve5nfj8uvs0mr7b 1374684 1374683 2026-06-03T11:07:41Z VASANTH S.N. 728 added [[Category:ಲೇಖಕರು]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 1374684 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = Ivan Krylov | native_name = {{nobold|Ива́н Крыло́в}} | embed = | honorific_prefix = | honorific_suffix = | image = Ivan Krylov.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = Portrait of Krylov by [[Karl Briullov]], 1839 | birth_name = Ivan Andreyevich Krylov | pseudonym = Navi Volyrk | birth_date = 13 February 1769 | birth_place = [[Moscow]] | death_date = {{death-date and age|21 November 1844|13 February 1769}} | death_place = [[St. Petersburg]], [[Russian Empire]] | resting_place = [[Tikhvin Cemetery]], [[Alexander Nevsky Lavra]] | occupation = [[Poet]], [[fabulist]], [[playwright]], [[novelist]], [[journalist]], [[publisher]], [[translator]] | language = [[Russian language|Russian]] | nationality = | ethnicity = | citizenship = {{flag|Russian Empire}} | education = | alma_mater = | period = | genre = The fable, play, poetry, prose | subject = <!-- or: | subjects = --> | movement = | notableworks = <!-- or: | notablework = --> | spouse = <!-- or: | spouses = --> | partner = <!-- or: | partners = --> | children = | relatives = | awards = [[Order of Saint Stanislaus (Imperial House of Romanov)]], [[Order of Saint Anna]] | signature = | signature_alt = | years_active = 1786-1843 | module = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.org}} --> | portaldisp = <!-- "on", "yes", "true", etc; or omit --> }} '''ಇವಾನ್ ಆಂಡ್ರೆವಿಚ್ ಕ್ರಿಲೋವ್''' ( ರಷ್ಯನ್  : Иван ANDREEVICH ಕ್ರಿಲೋವ್ ), ಫೆಬ್ರವರಿ 2, 1769 ರಂದು ಜನಿಸಿದರು (ಫೆಬ್ರವರಿ 13 (ಗ್ರೆಗೋರಿಯನ್ ಕ್ಯಾಲೆಂಡರ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ) ಮಾಸ್ಕೋದಲ್ಲಿ ಮತ್ತು ನವೆಂಬರ್ 9, 1844 ರಂದು ನಿಧನರಾದರು (ನವೆಂಬರ್ 21 (ಗ್ರೆಗೋರಿಯನ್ ಕ್ಯಾಲೆಂಡರ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ) [[ಸೇಂಟ್ ಪೀಟರ್ಸ್‌ಬರ್ಗ್|ಸೇಂಟ್ ಪೀಟರ್ಸ್‌ಬರ್ಗ್‌]]ನಲ್ಲಿದ್ದ , ಒಬ್ಬ ರಷ್ಯಾದ ಬರಹಗಾರ ಮತ್ತು ಫ್ಯಾಬುಲಿಸ್ಟ್ . ವಿಡಂಬನಾತ್ಮಕ ನಾಟಕಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಹಾಸ್ಯಗಳೊಂದಿಗೆ ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಿಸಿದ ನಂತರ, ಅವರು 1809 ರಲ್ಲಿ ತಮ್ಮ ಮೊದಲ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಳ ಸಂಗ್ರಹವನ್ನು ಪ್ರಕಟಿಸಿದರು . ಇದರ ನಂತರ ಹಲವಾರು ಇತರ ಸಂಗ್ರಹಗಳು ಬಂದವು, ಇದು ಅವುಗಳ ಲೇಖಕರಿಗೆ ಅಪಾರ ಜನಪ್ರಿಯತೆಯನ್ನು ತಂದುಕೊಟ್ಟಿತು. ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ಅವರ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಳು ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ತಮ್ಮ ವಿಷಯವನ್ನು [[ಈಸೋಪ]] ಮತ್ತು ಜೀನ್ ಡಿ ಲಾ ಫಾಂಟೈನ್ ಅವರ ಕಥೆಗಳಿಂದ ಎರವಲು ಪಡೆದಿವೆ . == ಜೀವನ ಚರಿತ್ರೆ == [[File:Krylov summer garden.jpg|thumb|Monument to Ivan Krylov in the [[Summer Garden]] (1854–55), by [[Peter Klodt von Urgensburg]]]] === ಆರಂಭಿಕ ವರ್ಷಗಳು === ಇವಾನ್ ಕ್ರಿಲೋವ್ ಅವರ ತಂದೆ, ಆಂಡ್ರೇ ಪ್ರೊಖೋರೊವಿಚ್ ಕ್ರಿಲೋವ್ (1736-1778), ಒಬ್ಬ [[ಸೈನಿಕ]] ಮತ್ತು ನಂತರ ಡ್ರಾಗೂನ್ ರೆಜಿಮೆಂಟ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ನಾನ್-ಕಮಿಷನ್ಡ್ ಅಧಿಕಾರಿಯಾಗಿದ್ದರು, ಇದು 1772 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಪುಗಚೇವ್ ಅವರ ದಂಗೆಕೋರರ ವಿರುದ್ಧ ಯೈಟ್ಸ್ಕ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ತನ್ನನ್ನು ತಾನು ಗುರುತಿಸಿಕೊಂಡಿತು. ತರುವಾಯ ಅವರು ಪೆರ್ಮ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಡೆಪ್ಯೂಟಿ ಮ್ಯಾಜಿಸ್ಟ್ರೇಟ್ ಆದರು , ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರು ಇಬ್ಬರು ಚಿಕ್ಕ ಮಕ್ಕಳೊಂದಿಗೆ ವಿಧವೆಯನ್ನು ಬಿಟ್ಟ ನಿಧನರಾದರು. ಯುವ ಕ್ರಿಲೋವ್ ಚಿಕ್ಕ ವಯಸ್ಸಿನಿಂದಲೂ ತನ್ನ ತಂದೆಯ [[ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯಗಳು|ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯ]]ದತ್ತ ಆಕರ್ಷಿತರಾದರು ಮತ್ತು [[ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್ ಭಾಷೆ|ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್]] ಕಲಿತರು. ಅವರು ಆರಂಭದಲ್ಲಿ ಮನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಶಿಕ್ಷಣ ಪಡೆದರು ಮತ್ತು ಅಪ್ರಾಪ್ತ ವಯಸ್ಕ ನ್ಯಾಯಾಲಯದ ಅಧಿಕಾರಿಯಾಗಿ ನೋಂದಾಯಿಸಿಕೊಂಡರು, ಆದರೆ ಅವರು ಅಪ್ರಾಪ್ತ ವಯಸ್ಕರಾಗಿದ್ದರಿಂದ ಈ ಹುದ್ದೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ನಾಮಮಾತ್ರವಾಗಿತ್ತು. ಅವರ ತಾಯಿ 1782 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಸೇಂಟ್ ಪೀಟರ್ಸ್‌ಬರ್ಗ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರೊಂದಿಗೆ ಅನಾಥ ಪಿಂಚಣಿ ಪಡೆಯಲು ಪ್ರಯತ್ನಿಸಿದರು, ಆದರೆ ಅಂತಿಮವಾಗಿಕ್ರಿಲೋವ್ ಕೋರ್ಟ್ ಆಫ್ ಅಕೌಂಟ್ಸ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಅಧಿಕಾರಿಯಾಗಿ ಹುದ್ದೆಯನ್ನು ಪಡೆದರು, 1788 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರ ತಾಯಿಯ ಮರಣದ ನಂತರ ಅವರು ಆ ಹುದ್ದೆಗೆ ರಾಜೀನಾಮೆ ನೀಡಿದರು..<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Kriloff, Ivan Andreevich|volume=15|pages=926–927}}</ref> ಅವರು ಈಗಾಗಲೇ ಬರೆಯಲು ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಿಸಿದ್ದರು ಮತ್ತು ಸೇಂಟ್ ಪೀಟರ್ಸ್‌ಬರ್ಗ್‌ಗೆ ಬಂದ ನಂತರ, ನಿಕೊಲಾಯ್ ನೋವಿಕೋವ್ ಅವರ ಥೀಮ್ ಆಧಾರಿತ " ''ದಿ ಕಾಫಿ ಸೆಲ್ಲರ್"'' ಎಂಬ ಪದ್ಯರೂಪದ ಹಾಸ್ಯ [[ನಾಟಕ]]ಕ್ಕೆ ಬದಲಾಗಿ ರೇಸಿನ್ , ಬಾಯ್ಲಿಯು ಮತ್ತು ಮೋಲಿಯೆರ್ ಅವರ ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳನ್ನು (ಅರವತ್ತು ರೂಬಲ್ಸ್‌ಗಳಿಗೆ) ಪಡೆಯುವಲ್ಲಿ ಯಶಸ್ವಿಯಾದರು , ಇದನ್ನು ಜರ್ಮನ್ ಮೂಲದ ಬ್ರೀಟ್‌ಕಾಫ್ ಎಂಬ ಪುಸ್ತಕ ಮಾರಾಟಗಾರ-ಮುದ್ರಕರಿಂದ ಪಡೆಯಲಾಯಿತು. ಈ ವಿಚಿತ್ರ ಹಾಸ್ಯ ನಾಟಕವು 1868 ರವರೆಗೆ ಪ್ರಕಟವಾಗಲಿಲ್ಲ. ನಂತರ, 1785 ರಲ್ಲಿ, ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ''ಕ್ಲಿಯೋಪಾತ್ರ'' ಎಂಬ [[ದುರಂತ ನಾಟಕ]]ವನ್ನು ರಚಿಸಿದರು , ಇದು ಈಗ ಕಳೆದುಹೋಗಿದೆ, ಇದು ಆ ಕಾಲದ ಮಹಾನ್ ದುರಂತಕಾರ ಇವಾನ್ ಡಿಮಿಟ್ರೆವ್ಸ್ಕಿಯ ಗಮನವನ್ನು ಸೆಳೆಯಿತು. ಮುಂದಿನ ವರ್ಷ, ಅವರು ಫ್ಯಾಶನ್ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರೀಯ ಶೈಲಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ''ಫಿಲೋಮಿನಾ ಎಂಬ'' ಮತ್ತೊಂದು ದುರಂತ ನಾಟಕವನ್ನು ರಚಿಸಿದರು , ಆದರೆ ಇದರಲ್ಲಿ ಸ್ವಂತಿಕೆಯಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ. ತರುವಾಯ, ಅವರು ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್ ಲೇಖಕರಿಂದ ಸ್ಫೂರ್ತಿ ಪಡೆದ ಕಾಮಿಕ್ ಒಪೆರಾಗಳಿಗಾಗಿ ಲಿಬ್ರೆಟ್ಟಿಯನ್ನು ಬರೆಯಲು ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಿಸಿದರು, ಅವರ ತಾಯಿಯ ಮರಣದ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ, ಇದು ಅವರಿಗೆ ಕಿರಿಯ ಸಹೋದರ ಲಿಯಾನ್ ಅವರನ್ನು ಬಿಟ್ಟುಕೊಟ್ಟಿತು, ಅವರನ್ನು ಅವರು ತಮ್ಮ ಜೀವನದುದ್ದಕ್ಕೂ ತಂದೆಯೆಂದು ಪರಿಗಣಿಸಿದರು. ನಂತರ ಅವರು ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ವಲಯಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಮೆಚ್ಚುಗೆ ಪಡೆದ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರೀಯ ನಾಟಕಕಾರ ಯಾಕೋವ್ ಕ್ನ್ಯಾಜ್ನಿನ್ ಅವರಿಂದ ಸ್ಫೂರ್ತಿ ಪಡೆದ ಕೃತಿಯನ್ನು ಬರೆದರು ''',''' ಇದು  ನಾಟಕೀಯ ಪ್ರಪಂಚದೊಂದಿಗಿನ ಅವರ ಸಂಬಂಧಗಳನ್ನು ನಿರ್ಣಾಯಕವಾಗಿ ಕಡಿದುಕೊಂಡಿತು. === ಸಂಪಾದಕೀಯಕಾರ === ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ಇಪ್ಪತ್ತನೇ ವಯಸ್ಸಿನಲ್ಲಿ, ತಾನು ಸ್ಥಾಪಿಸಿದ ಮತ್ತು ಅಲೆಕ್ಸಾಂಡರ್ ರಾಡಿಶ್ಚೇವ್ ಕೂಡ ಕೊಡುಗೆ ನೀಡಿದ " ದಿ ಕೊರಿಯರ್ ಆಫ್ ದಿ ಸ್ಪಿರಿಟ್ ''"'' ಎಂಬ ಮಾಸಿಕ ನಿಯತಕಾಲಿಕೆಗೆ [[ವಿಡಂಬನೆ]] ಮತ್ತು ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ವಿಮರ್ಶೆಯನ್ನು ಬರೆದಾಗ ತನ್ನ ವೃತ್ತಿಜೀವನವನ್ನು ಕಂಡುಕೊಂಡನು . ಈ [[ಪತ್ರಿಕೋದ್ಯಮ|ಪತ್ರಿಕೆ]]ಯು ಜನವರಿಯಿಂದ ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ 1789 ಕೇವಲ ಎಂಬತ್ತು ಚಂದಾದಾರರನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದ ಅವರು 1790 ರಲ್ಲಿ [[ಸ್ವಿಟ್ಜರ್ಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್|ಸ್ವಿಟ್ಜರ್ಲೆಂಡ್]] ಜೊತೆಗಿನ ಶಾಂತಿಗಾಗಿ ಒಂದು ಪ್ರಣಯಗೀತೆಯನ್ನು ಬರೆದು ಮುದ್ರಿಸಿದರು . [[ಮುದ್ರಣ ಯಂತ್ರ|ಮುದ್ರಣಾಲಯ]]ದ ಮಾಲೀಕರಾದ ನಂತರ, ಅವರು 1792 ರಲ್ಲಿ * ''ಲೆ ಸ್ಪೆಕ್ಟೇಚರ್'' * ಎಂಬ ಹೊಸ ಗೆಜೆಟ್ ಅನ್ನು ಪ್ರಕಟಿಸಿದರು, ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರು ತಮ್ಮ ವಿಡಂಬನಾತ್ಮಕ ಬರಹಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ತಾತ್ವಿಕ ಕಥೆಗಳನ್ನು ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿದ್ದರು. ಅವರು 170 ಚಂದಾದಾರರನ್ನು ಆಕರ್ಷಿಸುವಲ್ಲಿ ಯಶಸ್ವಿಯಾದರು, ಜೊತೆಗೆ ಕರಮ್ಜಿನ್ ಅವರ ಗಮನವನ್ನೂ ಸೆಳೆದರು, ಅವರೊಂದಿಗೆ ಅವರು ವಿವಾದಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ತೊಡಗಿದ್ದರು. ಒಂದು ವರ್ಷದ ನಂತರ, ''* ಲೆ ಸ್ಪೆಕ್ಟೇಚರ್ *'' ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ಮತ್ತು ಅವರ ಪಾಲುದಾರ ಕ್ಲೌಚಿನ್, * ''ಲೆ ಮರ್ಕ್ಯೂರ್ ಡಿ ಸೇಂಟ್-ಪೀಟರ್ಸ್‌ಬರ್ಗ್'' * ಮುದ್ರಿಸಿದ ಮತ್ತೊಂದು ಗೆಜೆಟ್‌ನೊಂದಿಗೆ ವಿಲೀನಗೊಂಡಿತು. ನಂತರ ಅವರು ಅದಕ್ಕೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯಿಕ ಮತ್ತು ಕಲಾತ್ಮಕ ಗಮನವನ್ನು ನೀಡಿದರು, ಅವರು ಬರೆದ ಹೊಸ ಕೃತಿಗಳೊಂದಿಗೆ ರಾಜಧಾನಿಯ ಕೃಷಿ ವಲಯಗಳಿಗೆ ಪ್ರವೇಶವನ್ನು ಪಡೆಯಲು ಪ್ರಯತ್ನಿಸಿದರು. ಆದಾಗ್ಯೂ, * ''ಲೆ ಮರ್ಕ್ಯೂರ್ *'' ಯಶಸ್ವಿಯಾಗಲಿಲ್ಲ ಮತ್ತು ಒಂದು ವರ್ಷದ ನಂತರ ಪ್ರಕಟಣೆಯನ್ನು ನಿಲ್ಲಿಸಿದರು. ನಂತರ ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ [[ಮಾಸ್ಕೋ]]ಗೆ ಹೋದರು ಮತ್ತು 1797 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಿನ್ಸ್ ಸೆರ್ಗೆಯ್ ಗೋಲಿಟ್ಸಿನ್ ಅವರನ್ನು ಭೇಟಿಯಾದರು  ''',''' ಅವರು ಅವರನ್ನು ತಮ್ಮ ಖಾಸಗಿ ಕಾರ್ಯದರ್ಶಿಯಾಗಿ<ref name="EB1911"/> ಮತ್ತು ತಮ್ಮ ಮಕ್ಕಳಿಗೆ ಬೋಧಕರಾಗಿ ನೇಮಿಸಿಕೊಂಡರು. ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ಸ್ವಯಂ-ಕಲಿತರಾಗಿದ್ದರು; ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್ ಜೊತೆಗೆ, ಅವರು [[ಇಟಲಿಯ ಭಾಷೆ|ಇಟಾಲಿಯನ್]] ಮಾತನಾಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದರು ಮತ್ತು [[ಪಿಟೀಲು]] ನುಡಿಸಬಲ್ಲರು. ಅವರು ರಾಜಕುಮಾರನಿಗಾಗಿ ದುರಂತ ನಾಟಕವಾದ * ''ದಿ ಟ್ರಯಂಫ್*'' ಅನ್ನು ಬರೆದರು , ಇದು ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರೀಯ ದುರಂತದ ಹಾಸ್ಯಮಯ ವಿಡಂಬನೆಯಾಗಿದೆ. 1801 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಗೋಲಿಟ್ಸಿನ್ ಅವರನ್ನು ಲಿವೋನಿಯಾದ ಗವರ್ನರ್-ಜನರಲ್ ಆಗಿ ನೇಮಿಸಲಾಯಿತು , ಮತ್ತು ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ತನ್ನನ್ನು ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣವಾಗಿ ಅವರಿಗೆ ಅರ್ಪಿಸಿಕೊಂಡರು. ಅವರು ಇತರ ಹಾಸ್ಯ ನಾಟಕಗಳನ್ನು ಬರೆದರು ಮತ್ತು 1803 ರಲ್ಲಿ ರಾಜೀನಾಮೆ ನೀಡಿದರು. ಮುಂದಿನ ಎರಡು ವರ್ಷಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರ ಚಟುವಟಿಕೆಗಳು ತಿಳಿದಿಲ್ಲ. ಕೆಲವು ಮೂಲಗಳ ಪ್ರಕಾರ, ಅವರು ವಿರಾಮ ಮತ್ತು ಜೂಜಾಟದ ಜೀವನದಲ್ಲಿ ತೊಡಗಿಸಿಕೊಂಡಿರಬಹುದು<ref name="EB1911"/>. === ಫ್ಯಾಬುಲಿಸ್ಟ್ === ಈಸೋಪ ಮತ್ತು [[ಲಾ ಫಾಂಟೈನ್]] ಅವರಿಂದ ಪ್ರೇರಿತವಾದ ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ಅವರ ಮೊದಲ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಳು 1809 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಕಟವಾದವು, ಅವುಗಳ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆ 23. ಅವರು ಅಂತಿಮವಾಗಿ ಒಂದು ಹಂತದ ಮನ್ನಣೆಯನ್ನು ಗಳಿಸಿದರು. 1811 ರಲ್ಲಿ, ಅವರು ಶಿಕ್ಷಣ ತಜ್ಞರಾದರು ಮತ್ತು ಅವರ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಳಿಗೆ ಚಿನ್ನದ ಪದಕವನ್ನು ಪಡೆದರು. 1838 ರಲ್ಲಿ, ಅವರ ಗೌರವಾರ್ಥವಾಗಿ ಒಂದು ಭವ್ಯವಾದ ಜಯಂತಿ ಸ್ವಾಗತ ಸಮಾರಂಭವನ್ನು ನಡೆಸಲಾಯಿತು, ಮತ್ತು ಚಕ್ರವರ್ತಿ <abbr>^{ನಿಕೋಲಸ್}</abbr> I ಅವರಿಗೆ ಜೀವಮಾನದ ಪಿಂಚಣಿಯನ್ನು <abbr>ನೀಡಿದರು</abbr>.<ref name="EB1911"/> .ಆ ಸಮಯ ಅವರು ತಮ್ಮ ಖ್ಯಾತಿಯ ಉತ್ತುಂಗದಲ್ಲಿದ್ದರು. ೧೮೪೪ ರಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರು ನಿಧನರಾದಾಗ, ಅವರು ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯದಾದ್ಯಂತ ಬಹಳ ಜನಪ್ರಿಯರಾಗಿದ್ದರು: ಅವರ ಕೊನೆಯ ೧೯೭ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಳು ಆಗಷ್ಟೇ ಪ್ರಕಟವಾಗಿದ್ದವು. ಕುಟುಂಬಗಳು ಅವರ ಹಾಸ್ಯ ಮತ್ತು ಬುದ್ಧಿವಂತಿಕೆಯ ಮಿಶ್ರಣವನ್ನು ಮೆಚ್ಚಿಕೊಂಡವು . ಅವರ ಭಾಷೆ ಭಾಷಾವೈಶಿಷ್ಟ್ಯ, ಸರಳ, ನೇರ ಮತ್ತು ಉತ್ತಮ ಗುಣಮಟ್ಟದ್ದಾಗಿತ್ತು. ಅವರ ನೀತಿಕಥೆ ''ದಿ ಪಿಗ್ ಅಂಡರ್ ದಿ ಓಕ್'' ( ''Свинья под дубом'' ) ರಷ್ಯಾ ಮೂಲದ ಕಾದಂಬರಿಕಾರ ಮತ್ತು ತತ್ವಜ್ಞಾನಿ ಐನ್ ರಾಂಡ್ ಮೇಲೆ ಬಲವಾದ ಪ್ರಭಾವ ಬೀರಿತು, ಅವರು 1974 ರಲ್ಲಿ ತಮ್ಮ ಪ್ರಬಂಧ ''ಫಿಲಾಸಫಿಕಲ್ ಡಿಟೆಕ್ಷನ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ'' ಇದನ್ನು ಸೂಚಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ . ಇಂದಿಗೂ ಅವರು [[ರಷ್ಯಾದ ಭಾಷೆ|ರಷ್ಯನ್]] ಮಾತನಾಡುವ ಯುವಕರಿಗೆ ಅತ್ಯಗತ್ಯ ಲೇಖಕರಾಗಿ ಉಳಿದಿದ್ದಾರೆ . === ಗ್ರಂಥಪಾಲಕ === ಇವಾನ್ ಕ್ರಿಲೋವ್ ಸುಮಾರು ಮೂವತ್ತು ವರ್ಷಗಳ ಕಾಲ ರಷ್ಯನ್ ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕ ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯದಲ್ಲಿ (ಈಗ ರಷ್ಯನ್ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯ ) ಗ್ರಂಥಪಾಲಕರಾಗಿ ಸೇವೆ ಸಲ್ಲಿಸಿದರು . ಅವರ ವೃತ್ತಿಪರ ಚಟುವಟಿಕೆಯು ರಷ್ಯಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನದ ಬೆಳವಣಿಗೆಯ ಮೇಲೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಪ್ರಭಾವ ಬೀರಿತು. ಇವಾನ್ ಆಂಡ್ರೇವಿಚ್ 1813 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯ ಸಹಾಯಕರಾಗಿ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡಲು ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಿಸಿದರು, "ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕ ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯದ ನಿರ್ದೇಶಕ ಎ.ಎನ್. ಒಲೆನಿನ್ ಅವರ ಪ್ರಸ್ತಾವನೆಯ ಮೇರೆಗೆ, '...ನಾಮಮಾತ್ರ ಕೌನ್ಸಿಲರ್ ಕ್ರಿಲೋವ್ ಅವರನ್ನು ಸಹಾಯಕ ಗ್ರಂಥಪಾಲಕರಾಗಿ   ' ನೇಮಕ ಮಾಡುವ ಬಗ್ಗೆ " ರಾಜ್ಯ ಚಾನ್ಸೆಲರಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಅಧಿಕೃತ ಕಡತ ಕಾಣಿಸಿಕೊಂಡಾಗ. ಕ್ರಿಲೋವ್ ಅವರ ಕೆಲವು ಜ್ಞಾಪಕ ಪತ್ರಗಳು ಉಳಿದುಕೊಂಡಿವೆ, ಇದನ್ನು "ಇಂಪೀರಿಯಲ್ ಲೈಬ್ರರಿಯ ನಿರ್ದೇಶಕರಿಗೆ, ರಾಜ್ಯ ಮಂಡಳಿಯ ಸದಸ್ಯರಿಗೆ, ಪ್ರಸ್ತುತ ಖಾಸಗಿ ಕೌನ್ಸಿಲರ್ ಮತ್ತು ನೈಟ್ ಎ.ಎನ್. ಒಲೆನಿನ್ ಅವರಿಗೆ, ಕಾಲೇಜು ಕೌನ್ಸಿಲರ್ ಗ್ರಂಥಪಾಲಕ ಕ್ರಿಲೋವ್ ಅವರಿಂದ " ಎಂದು ಬರೆಯಲಾಗಿದೆ. 1816 ರಲ್ಲಿ, ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕ ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯದ ರಷ್ಯಾದ ವಿಭಾಗದ ಮುಖ್ಯಸ್ಥ ಹುದ್ದೆಯನ್ನು ವಹಿಸಿಕೊಂಡರು, ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರು 1841 ರಲ್ಲಿ ನಿವೃತ್ತರಾಗುವವರೆಗೂ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡಿದರು. 1814 ರಲ್ಲಿ, ರಷ್ಯಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಮೊದಲ ಬಾರಿಗೆ, ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ಸಾಮೂಹಿಕ ಲೇಖಕರ ಅಡಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳ ವಿವರಣೆಯನ್ನು ಪರಿಚಯಿಸಿದರು . ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಯ ಹೆಸರಿನಲ್ಲಿರುವ ವಿವರಣೆಯು ಓದುಗರು ಮತ್ತು ಗ್ರಂಥಪಾಲಕರ ಕೆಲಸಕ್ಕೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಅನುಕೂಲ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಟ್ಟಿತು. 1815 ರಲ್ಲಿ, ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕ ಓದುವ ಕೋಣೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳ ಬಳಕೆಗಾಗಿ ವಿಶೇಷ ನಿಯಮಗಳನ್ನು ಸ್ಥಾಪಿಸಿದರು, ಅವುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಕೆಲವು ನಿಬಂಧನೆಗಳು ಇಂದಿಗೂ ಉಳಿದುಕೊಂಡಿವೆ. ಈ ನಿಯಮಗಳನ್ನು 1921 ರಲ್ಲಿ "ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ಸ್ ನೋಟ್" ಎಂದು ಪ್ರಕಟಿಸಲಾಯಿತು. ಗ್ರಂಥಪಾಲಕರು ಕ್ಯಾಟಲಾಗ್‌ಗಳ ಉತ್ತಮ ಸಂಘಟನೆಯ ಅಗತ್ಯವನ್ನು ಒತ್ತಿ ಹೇಳಿದರು ಮತ್ತು ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕರಿಗೆ ಅವುಗಳ ಪಾರದರ್ಶಕತೆ ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ರವೇಶಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ಪ್ರತಿಪಾದಿಸಿದರು. ಈ ನಿಟ್ಟಿನಲ್ಲಿ, ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ 20 ವರ್ಷಗಳ ನಂತರ ರಷ್ಯಾದ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಪರಿಚಯಿಸಲಾದ ಎನ್‌ಕ್ರಿಪ್ಶನ್ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆಯನ್ನು ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿಪಡಿಸಿದರು . ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ವೈಯಕ್ತಿಕವಾಗಿ ಕ್ಯಾಟಲಾಗ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು (ಸೋಪಿಕೋವ್ ಜೊತೆಗೆ) ಸಂಗ್ರಹಿಸಿದರು. ನಂತರ, ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ತಮ್ಮ ವಿಭಾಗದಲ್ಲಿ ಸರಳೀಕೃತ ಸ್ಥಳಾಕೃತಿಯ ಗ್ರಂಥಸೂಚಿಯನ್ನು ಪರಿಚಯಿಸಿದರು. ಅವರ ಪ್ರಕಾರ, ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಕ್ಯಾಟಲಾಗ್ ಕಾರ್ಡ್‌ಗಳು ತಮ್ಮದೇ ಆದ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದವು, ಅದನ್ನು ವಿಶೇಷ "ಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯ ಪುಸ್ತಕ"ದಲ್ಲಿ ದಾಖಲಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ. ಈ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯನ್ನು ಆಧರಿಸಿ, ಮತ್ತೊಂದು ಕಾಲಂನಲ್ಲಿ, ಗ್ರಂಥಪಾಲಕನು ಶೆಲ್ಫ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಕೊಠಡಿ, ಕ್ಯಾಬಿನೆಟ್, ಶೆಲ್ಫ್ ಮತ್ತು ಪುಸ್ತಕ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯ ಸೂಚನೆಯನ್ನು ಕಾಣಬಹುದು (ಹಿಂದೆ, ಈ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯನ್ನು ಓದುಗರಿಂದ ರಹಸ್ಯವಾಗಿಡಬೇಕು ಎಂದು ನಂಬಲಾಗಿತ್ತು). ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ವೈಯಕ್ತಿಕವಾಗಿ ಅಗತ್ಯವಿರುವ ಪ್ರತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಕಾರ್ಡ್‌ಗಳ ಮೇಲೆ ಚಿತ್ರಿಸಿದರು. ನಂತರ ಈ ಮಾಹಿತಿಯನ್ನು ಲೇಖಕರು ಕ್ಯಾಟಲಾಗ್ ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳಿಗೆ ವರ್ಗಾಯಿಸಿದರು. ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ವ್ಯಾಪಕವಾದ ಗ್ರಂಥಸೂಚಿ ಕೆಲಸವನ್ನು ಸಹ ನಡೆಸಿದರು, ಎಲ್ಲಾ ರೀತಿಯ ಓದುಗರ ಪಟ್ಟಿಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಸೂಚ್ಯಂಕಗಳನ್ನು ಸಂಗ್ರಹಿಸಿದರು ಮತ್ತು ಗ್ರಂಥಸೂಚಿ ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳನ್ನು ರಚಿಸಿದರು. ಅಂತಿಮವಾಗಿ, ಸಂಗ್ರಹವನ್ನು ಸಂಘಟಿಸುವ ಮತ್ತು ಓದುಗರಿಗೆ ಸೇವೆ ಸಲ್ಲಿಸುವ ತತ್ವಗಳನ್ನು ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿದವರು ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್. ಸಣ್ಣ-ಸ್ವರೂಪದ [[ಪ್ರಕಟಣೆ]]ಗಳನ್ನು ಸಂಗ್ರಹಿಸಲು, ಅವರು ದಪ್ಪ ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳ ಆಕಾರದ ಕಾರ್ಡ್ಬೋರ್ಡ್ ಉಪಕರಣಗಳನ್ನು ಕಂಡುಹಿಡಿದರು, ಅದರಲ್ಲಿ ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳನ್ನು ವರ್ಣಮಾಲೆಯಂತೆ ಜೋಡಿಸಲಾಗಿತ್ತು. ಸಂಗ್ರಹದಿಂದ ಓದುವ ಕೋಣೆಗೆ ಕಳುಹಿಸಲಾದ ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ಅವರ "ಬುಕ್‍ಮಾರ್ಕ್‍ಗಳು" ಇನ್ನೂ ಅಸ್ತಿತ್ವದಲ್ಲಿವೆ. ರಷ್ಯಾದ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯದ ಹಸ್ತಪ್ರತಿ ವಿಭಾಗವು ಇವಾನ್ ಆಂಡ್ರೇವಿಚ್ ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ಬರೆದ ವರ್ಣಮಾಲೆಯ ಸೂಚ್ಯಂಕಗಳನ್ನು ಸಂಗ್ರಹಿಸಿದೆ . === ರಷ್ಯಾದ ನಿಧಿಗಳ ರಚನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಪಾತ್ರ === <abbr>19 ನೇ ^{ಶತಮಾನದ}</abbr> ಮೊದಲ ತ್ರೈಮಾಸಿಕದಲ್ಲಿ ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕ ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯದ ಮುಖ್ಯ ಕಾರ್ಯವೆಂದರೆ  ರಷ್ಯಾದ ಸಂಗ್ರಹವನ್ನು ರಚಿಸುವುದು.ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ 10, 1811ಅಲೆಕ್ಸಾಂಡರ್ I (ರಷ್ಯಾದ ಚಕ್ರವರ್ತಿ) ಎ.ಎನ್. ಒಲೆನಿನ್ ರಚಿಸಿದ "ಇಂಪೀರಿಯಲ್ ಪಬ್ಲಿಕ್ ಲೈಬ್ರರಿಯ ನಿರ್ವಹಣೆಯ ಮೇಲಿನ ನಿಯಮಗಳು" ಅನ್ನು ಅನುಮೋದಿಸಿದರು, ಇದು ಪ್ರತಿ ಮುದ್ರಕದ ಮುದ್ರಿತ ಪ್ರಕಟಣೆಗಳ ಎರಡು ಪ್ರತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯಕ್ಕೆ ಕಡ್ಡಾಯವಾಗಿ ಕಳುಹಿಸಲು ಅವಕಾಶ ಒದಗಿಸಿತು . ಆದಾಗ್ಯೂ, ಪುಸ್ತಕ ಪ್ರಕಾಶಕರು ಯಾವಾಗಲೂ ಈ ನಿಬಂಧನೆಯನ್ನು ಪಾಲಿಸುತ್ತಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ. ಇವಾನ್ ಕ್ರಿಲೋವ್ ಈ ವಿಷಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಮಧ್ಯಪ್ರವೇಶಿಸಿದರು. ರಷ್ಯನ್ ಪುಸ್ತಕ ಪ್ರತಿಷ್ಠಾನವನ್ನು ರಚಿಸಿದ್ದು ಅವರ ಕಾರಣದಿಂದಾಗಿ. 1812 ರಲ್ಲಿ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಸಂಗ್ರಹವು ಕೇವಲ 4 ರಷ್ಯನ್ ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳನ್ನು ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿತ್ತು, 1814 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಅದು 2,300 ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿತ್ತು, ಮತ್ತು 1836 ರಲ್ಲಿ, ಕ್ರಿಲೋವ್ಸ್ ಚಟುವಟಿಕೆಗಳ ಕಾರಣ, ಅದು ಈಗಾಗಲೇ 20,000  ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿತ್ತು ಮತ್ತು ಅವರ ಸೇವೆಯ ಅಂತ್ಯದ ವೇಳೆಗೆ, ಸರಿಸುಮಾರು 30,000 ಪ್ರತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿತ್ತು . === ಶ್ರದ್ಧಾಂಜಲಿಗಳು === ಮಾಸ್ಕೋದ ಅವರ ಮನೆಗೆ ಚೌಕದಲ್ಲಿರುವ , ಪ್ರತಿಮೆಗಳು ಅವರ ಕಥೆಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಳನ್ನು ವಿವರಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. === ವ್ಯತ್ಯಾಸಗಳು === ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕ ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರ ಕೆಲಸ ಮತ್ತು ಕ್ಯಾಟಲಾಗ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಸಂಕಲಿಸಿದ್ದಕ್ಕಾಗಿ, ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ಅವರನ್ನು 1820 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಆರ್ಡರ್ ಆಫ್ ಸೇಂಟ್ ವ್ಲಾಡಿಮಿರ್‌ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿಯಿಂದ ಅಲಂಕರಿಸಲಾಯಿತು . ಇದರ ಜೊತೆಗೆ, ಅವರು 1829 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಆರ್ಡರ್ ಆಫ್ ಸೇಂಟ್ ಆನ್ ಮತ್ತು 1838 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಆರ್ಡರ್ ಆಫ್ ಸೇಂಟ್ ಸ್ಟಾನಿಸ್ಲಾಸ್ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿಗಳನ್ನೂ ಪಡೆದರು . ಇದರ ಜೊತೆಗೆ, ಅವರು ತಮ್ಮ ಪಿಂಚಣಿಯ ಜೊತೆಗೆ ವರ್ಷಕ್ಕೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚುವರಿಯಾಗಿ 8,700 ರೂಬಲ್ಸ್‌ಗಳ ನಿವೃತ್ತಿ ಪಿಂಚಣಿಯನ್ನು ಪಡೆದರು (ಗ್ರಂಥಪಾಲಕರಾಗಿ ಅವರ ವಾರ್ಷಿಕ ಸಂಬಳಕ್ಕೆ ಸಮಾನ). ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ಅವರ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯಿಕ ಮತ್ತು ಗ್ರಂಥಪಾಲಕ ಚಟುವಟಿಕೆಗಳು ಪರಸ್ಪರ ವಿರುದ್ಧವಾಗಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ, ಆದರೆ ಒಂದಕ್ಕೊಂದು ಪೂರಕವಾಗಿದ್ದವು. ಇವಾನ್ ಆಂಡ್ರೆವಿಚ್ ಸ್ವತಃ ಅವರ ವೃತ್ತಿಯನ್ನು ಬಹಳವಾಗಿ ಮೆಚ್ಚಿಕೊಂಡರು: "ನಾನು ನನ್ನ ಕೆಲಸವನ್ನು ಬೇರೆ ಯಾವುದಕ್ಕೂ ವಿನಿಮಯ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯದಲ್ಲಿ, ನೀವು ಪ್ರೀತಿಯಿಂದ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡುವವರಾಗಿರಬೇಕು." ==ಛಾಯಾಂಕಣ== <gallery> File:Roman Maximovich Volkov - Ivan Krylov.jpg|Portrait of Ivan Krylov by Roman Maximovich Volkov (1812) File:Parade-5-Oct-1831---Gregory.png|{{ill|Parade at Tsaritsyn Meadow|ru|Парад 6 октября 1831 года в Петербурге (картина)}} by [[Gregory Chernetsov]] (detail) File:Krylov_by_Olenin.jpg|Ivan Krylov by {{ill|Peter A. Olenin |ru|Оленин, Пётр Алексеевич (1794)}} (1824) File:Ivan Krylov by Eggink.jpg| by {{ill|Johann Lebrecht Eggink|de}} (1834) File:The Soviet Union 1959 CPA 2289 stamp (Ivan Krylov (after Karl Bryullov) and Scene from his Works).jpg|Stamp by {{ill|Vasili Vasilievich Zavyalov|ru|Завьялов, Василий Васильевич (художник)}} (1959) </gallery> ==ಬಾಹ್ಯ ಸಂಪರ್ಕಗಳು== *A limited preview with the introduction and five fables, [https://www.scribd.com/doc/45652513/The-Frogs-Who-Begged-for-a-Tsar-and-61-other-Russian-Fables ''The frogs who begged for a tsar and 61 other Russian fables''], a verse translation by Lydia Rasran Stone, Monpelier VT 2010 * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Ivan Andreyevich Krylov}} * {{Librivox author |id=8624}} ==ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು== [[ವರ್ಗ:ಬರಹಗಾರರು]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ಲೇಖಕರು]] fe6vtlw0pvzidgu4rkgyi44wajlbqxr 1374685 1374684 2026-06-03T11:07:59Z VASANTH S.N. 728 added [[Category:ರಷ್ಯನ್ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 1374685 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = Ivan Krylov | native_name = {{nobold|Ива́н Крыло́в}} | embed = | honorific_prefix = | honorific_suffix = | image = Ivan Krylov.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = Portrait of Krylov by [[Karl Briullov]], 1839 | birth_name = Ivan Andreyevich Krylov | pseudonym = Navi Volyrk | birth_date = 13 February 1769 | birth_place = [[Moscow]] | death_date = {{death-date and age|21 November 1844|13 February 1769}} | death_place = [[St. Petersburg]], [[Russian Empire]] | resting_place = [[Tikhvin Cemetery]], [[Alexander Nevsky Lavra]] | occupation = [[Poet]], [[fabulist]], [[playwright]], [[novelist]], [[journalist]], [[publisher]], [[translator]] | language = [[Russian language|Russian]] | nationality = | ethnicity = | citizenship = {{flag|Russian Empire}} | education = | alma_mater = | period = | genre = The fable, play, poetry, prose | subject = <!-- or: | subjects = --> | movement = | notableworks = <!-- or: | notablework = --> | spouse = <!-- or: | spouses = --> | partner = <!-- or: | partners = --> | children = | relatives = | awards = [[Order of Saint Stanislaus (Imperial House of Romanov)]], [[Order of Saint Anna]] | signature = | signature_alt = | years_active = 1786-1843 | module = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.org}} --> | portaldisp = <!-- "on", "yes", "true", etc; or omit --> }} '''ಇವಾನ್ ಆಂಡ್ರೆವಿಚ್ ಕ್ರಿಲೋವ್''' ( ರಷ್ಯನ್  : Иван ANDREEVICH ಕ್ರಿಲೋವ್ ), ಫೆಬ್ರವರಿ 2, 1769 ರಂದು ಜನಿಸಿದರು (ಫೆಬ್ರವರಿ 13 (ಗ್ರೆಗೋರಿಯನ್ ಕ್ಯಾಲೆಂಡರ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ) ಮಾಸ್ಕೋದಲ್ಲಿ ಮತ್ತು ನವೆಂಬರ್ 9, 1844 ರಂದು ನಿಧನರಾದರು (ನವೆಂಬರ್ 21 (ಗ್ರೆಗೋರಿಯನ್ ಕ್ಯಾಲೆಂಡರ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ) [[ಸೇಂಟ್ ಪೀಟರ್ಸ್‌ಬರ್ಗ್|ಸೇಂಟ್ ಪೀಟರ್ಸ್‌ಬರ್ಗ್‌]]ನಲ್ಲಿದ್ದ , ಒಬ್ಬ ರಷ್ಯಾದ ಬರಹಗಾರ ಮತ್ತು ಫ್ಯಾಬುಲಿಸ್ಟ್ . ವಿಡಂಬನಾತ್ಮಕ ನಾಟಕಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಹಾಸ್ಯಗಳೊಂದಿಗೆ ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಿಸಿದ ನಂತರ, ಅವರು 1809 ರಲ್ಲಿ ತಮ್ಮ ಮೊದಲ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಳ ಸಂಗ್ರಹವನ್ನು ಪ್ರಕಟಿಸಿದರು . ಇದರ ನಂತರ ಹಲವಾರು ಇತರ ಸಂಗ್ರಹಗಳು ಬಂದವು, ಇದು ಅವುಗಳ ಲೇಖಕರಿಗೆ ಅಪಾರ ಜನಪ್ರಿಯತೆಯನ್ನು ತಂದುಕೊಟ್ಟಿತು. ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ಅವರ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಳು ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ತಮ್ಮ ವಿಷಯವನ್ನು [[ಈಸೋಪ]] ಮತ್ತು ಜೀನ್ ಡಿ ಲಾ ಫಾಂಟೈನ್ ಅವರ ಕಥೆಗಳಿಂದ ಎರವಲು ಪಡೆದಿವೆ . == ಜೀವನ ಚರಿತ್ರೆ == [[File:Krylov summer garden.jpg|thumb|Monument to Ivan Krylov in the [[Summer Garden]] (1854–55), by [[Peter Klodt von Urgensburg]]]] === ಆರಂಭಿಕ ವರ್ಷಗಳು === ಇವಾನ್ ಕ್ರಿಲೋವ್ ಅವರ ತಂದೆ, ಆಂಡ್ರೇ ಪ್ರೊಖೋರೊವಿಚ್ ಕ್ರಿಲೋವ್ (1736-1778), ಒಬ್ಬ [[ಸೈನಿಕ]] ಮತ್ತು ನಂತರ ಡ್ರಾಗೂನ್ ರೆಜಿಮೆಂಟ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ನಾನ್-ಕಮಿಷನ್ಡ್ ಅಧಿಕಾರಿಯಾಗಿದ್ದರು, ಇದು 1772 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಪುಗಚೇವ್ ಅವರ ದಂಗೆಕೋರರ ವಿರುದ್ಧ ಯೈಟ್ಸ್ಕ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ತನ್ನನ್ನು ತಾನು ಗುರುತಿಸಿಕೊಂಡಿತು. ತರುವಾಯ ಅವರು ಪೆರ್ಮ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಡೆಪ್ಯೂಟಿ ಮ್ಯಾಜಿಸ್ಟ್ರೇಟ್ ಆದರು , ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರು ಇಬ್ಬರು ಚಿಕ್ಕ ಮಕ್ಕಳೊಂದಿಗೆ ವಿಧವೆಯನ್ನು ಬಿಟ್ಟ ನಿಧನರಾದರು. ಯುವ ಕ್ರಿಲೋವ್ ಚಿಕ್ಕ ವಯಸ್ಸಿನಿಂದಲೂ ತನ್ನ ತಂದೆಯ [[ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯಗಳು|ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯ]]ದತ್ತ ಆಕರ್ಷಿತರಾದರು ಮತ್ತು [[ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್ ಭಾಷೆ|ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್]] ಕಲಿತರು. ಅವರು ಆರಂಭದಲ್ಲಿ ಮನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಶಿಕ್ಷಣ ಪಡೆದರು ಮತ್ತು ಅಪ್ರಾಪ್ತ ವಯಸ್ಕ ನ್ಯಾಯಾಲಯದ ಅಧಿಕಾರಿಯಾಗಿ ನೋಂದಾಯಿಸಿಕೊಂಡರು, ಆದರೆ ಅವರು ಅಪ್ರಾಪ್ತ ವಯಸ್ಕರಾಗಿದ್ದರಿಂದ ಈ ಹುದ್ದೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ನಾಮಮಾತ್ರವಾಗಿತ್ತು. ಅವರ ತಾಯಿ 1782 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಸೇಂಟ್ ಪೀಟರ್ಸ್‌ಬರ್ಗ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರೊಂದಿಗೆ ಅನಾಥ ಪಿಂಚಣಿ ಪಡೆಯಲು ಪ್ರಯತ್ನಿಸಿದರು, ಆದರೆ ಅಂತಿಮವಾಗಿಕ್ರಿಲೋವ್ ಕೋರ್ಟ್ ಆಫ್ ಅಕೌಂಟ್ಸ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಅಧಿಕಾರಿಯಾಗಿ ಹುದ್ದೆಯನ್ನು ಪಡೆದರು, 1788 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರ ತಾಯಿಯ ಮರಣದ ನಂತರ ಅವರು ಆ ಹುದ್ದೆಗೆ ರಾಜೀನಾಮೆ ನೀಡಿದರು..<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Kriloff, Ivan Andreevich|volume=15|pages=926–927}}</ref> ಅವರು ಈಗಾಗಲೇ ಬರೆಯಲು ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಿಸಿದ್ದರು ಮತ್ತು ಸೇಂಟ್ ಪೀಟರ್ಸ್‌ಬರ್ಗ್‌ಗೆ ಬಂದ ನಂತರ, ನಿಕೊಲಾಯ್ ನೋವಿಕೋವ್ ಅವರ ಥೀಮ್ ಆಧಾರಿತ " ''ದಿ ಕಾಫಿ ಸೆಲ್ಲರ್"'' ಎಂಬ ಪದ್ಯರೂಪದ ಹಾಸ್ಯ [[ನಾಟಕ]]ಕ್ಕೆ ಬದಲಾಗಿ ರೇಸಿನ್ , ಬಾಯ್ಲಿಯು ಮತ್ತು ಮೋಲಿಯೆರ್ ಅವರ ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳನ್ನು (ಅರವತ್ತು ರೂಬಲ್ಸ್‌ಗಳಿಗೆ) ಪಡೆಯುವಲ್ಲಿ ಯಶಸ್ವಿಯಾದರು , ಇದನ್ನು ಜರ್ಮನ್ ಮೂಲದ ಬ್ರೀಟ್‌ಕಾಫ್ ಎಂಬ ಪುಸ್ತಕ ಮಾರಾಟಗಾರ-ಮುದ್ರಕರಿಂದ ಪಡೆಯಲಾಯಿತು. ಈ ವಿಚಿತ್ರ ಹಾಸ್ಯ ನಾಟಕವು 1868 ರವರೆಗೆ ಪ್ರಕಟವಾಗಲಿಲ್ಲ. ನಂತರ, 1785 ರಲ್ಲಿ, ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ''ಕ್ಲಿಯೋಪಾತ್ರ'' ಎಂಬ [[ದುರಂತ ನಾಟಕ]]ವನ್ನು ರಚಿಸಿದರು , ಇದು ಈಗ ಕಳೆದುಹೋಗಿದೆ, ಇದು ಆ ಕಾಲದ ಮಹಾನ್ ದುರಂತಕಾರ ಇವಾನ್ ಡಿಮಿಟ್ರೆವ್ಸ್ಕಿಯ ಗಮನವನ್ನು ಸೆಳೆಯಿತು. ಮುಂದಿನ ವರ್ಷ, ಅವರು ಫ್ಯಾಶನ್ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರೀಯ ಶೈಲಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ''ಫಿಲೋಮಿನಾ ಎಂಬ'' ಮತ್ತೊಂದು ದುರಂತ ನಾಟಕವನ್ನು ರಚಿಸಿದರು , ಆದರೆ ಇದರಲ್ಲಿ ಸ್ವಂತಿಕೆಯಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ. ತರುವಾಯ, ಅವರು ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್ ಲೇಖಕರಿಂದ ಸ್ಫೂರ್ತಿ ಪಡೆದ ಕಾಮಿಕ್ ಒಪೆರಾಗಳಿಗಾಗಿ ಲಿಬ್ರೆಟ್ಟಿಯನ್ನು ಬರೆಯಲು ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಿಸಿದರು, ಅವರ ತಾಯಿಯ ಮರಣದ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ, ಇದು ಅವರಿಗೆ ಕಿರಿಯ ಸಹೋದರ ಲಿಯಾನ್ ಅವರನ್ನು ಬಿಟ್ಟುಕೊಟ್ಟಿತು, ಅವರನ್ನು ಅವರು ತಮ್ಮ ಜೀವನದುದ್ದಕ್ಕೂ ತಂದೆಯೆಂದು ಪರಿಗಣಿಸಿದರು. ನಂತರ ಅವರು ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ವಲಯಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಮೆಚ್ಚುಗೆ ಪಡೆದ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರೀಯ ನಾಟಕಕಾರ ಯಾಕೋವ್ ಕ್ನ್ಯಾಜ್ನಿನ್ ಅವರಿಂದ ಸ್ಫೂರ್ತಿ ಪಡೆದ ಕೃತಿಯನ್ನು ಬರೆದರು ''',''' ಇದು  ನಾಟಕೀಯ ಪ್ರಪಂಚದೊಂದಿಗಿನ ಅವರ ಸಂಬಂಧಗಳನ್ನು ನಿರ್ಣಾಯಕವಾಗಿ ಕಡಿದುಕೊಂಡಿತು. === ಸಂಪಾದಕೀಯಕಾರ === ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ಇಪ್ಪತ್ತನೇ ವಯಸ್ಸಿನಲ್ಲಿ, ತಾನು ಸ್ಥಾಪಿಸಿದ ಮತ್ತು ಅಲೆಕ್ಸಾಂಡರ್ ರಾಡಿಶ್ಚೇವ್ ಕೂಡ ಕೊಡುಗೆ ನೀಡಿದ " ದಿ ಕೊರಿಯರ್ ಆಫ್ ದಿ ಸ್ಪಿರಿಟ್ ''"'' ಎಂಬ ಮಾಸಿಕ ನಿಯತಕಾಲಿಕೆಗೆ [[ವಿಡಂಬನೆ]] ಮತ್ತು ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ವಿಮರ್ಶೆಯನ್ನು ಬರೆದಾಗ ತನ್ನ ವೃತ್ತಿಜೀವನವನ್ನು ಕಂಡುಕೊಂಡನು . ಈ [[ಪತ್ರಿಕೋದ್ಯಮ|ಪತ್ರಿಕೆ]]ಯು ಜನವರಿಯಿಂದ ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ 1789 ಕೇವಲ ಎಂಬತ್ತು ಚಂದಾದಾರರನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದ ಅವರು 1790 ರಲ್ಲಿ [[ಸ್ವಿಟ್ಜರ್ಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್|ಸ್ವಿಟ್ಜರ್ಲೆಂಡ್]] ಜೊತೆಗಿನ ಶಾಂತಿಗಾಗಿ ಒಂದು ಪ್ರಣಯಗೀತೆಯನ್ನು ಬರೆದು ಮುದ್ರಿಸಿದರು . [[ಮುದ್ರಣ ಯಂತ್ರ|ಮುದ್ರಣಾಲಯ]]ದ ಮಾಲೀಕರಾದ ನಂತರ, ಅವರು 1792 ರಲ್ಲಿ * ''ಲೆ ಸ್ಪೆಕ್ಟೇಚರ್'' * ಎಂಬ ಹೊಸ ಗೆಜೆಟ್ ಅನ್ನು ಪ್ರಕಟಿಸಿದರು, ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರು ತಮ್ಮ ವಿಡಂಬನಾತ್ಮಕ ಬರಹಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ತಾತ್ವಿಕ ಕಥೆಗಳನ್ನು ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿದ್ದರು. ಅವರು 170 ಚಂದಾದಾರರನ್ನು ಆಕರ್ಷಿಸುವಲ್ಲಿ ಯಶಸ್ವಿಯಾದರು, ಜೊತೆಗೆ ಕರಮ್ಜಿನ್ ಅವರ ಗಮನವನ್ನೂ ಸೆಳೆದರು, ಅವರೊಂದಿಗೆ ಅವರು ವಿವಾದಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ತೊಡಗಿದ್ದರು. ಒಂದು ವರ್ಷದ ನಂತರ, ''* ಲೆ ಸ್ಪೆಕ್ಟೇಚರ್ *'' ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ಮತ್ತು ಅವರ ಪಾಲುದಾರ ಕ್ಲೌಚಿನ್, * ''ಲೆ ಮರ್ಕ್ಯೂರ್ ಡಿ ಸೇಂಟ್-ಪೀಟರ್ಸ್‌ಬರ್ಗ್'' * ಮುದ್ರಿಸಿದ ಮತ್ತೊಂದು ಗೆಜೆಟ್‌ನೊಂದಿಗೆ ವಿಲೀನಗೊಂಡಿತು. ನಂತರ ಅವರು ಅದಕ್ಕೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯಿಕ ಮತ್ತು ಕಲಾತ್ಮಕ ಗಮನವನ್ನು ನೀಡಿದರು, ಅವರು ಬರೆದ ಹೊಸ ಕೃತಿಗಳೊಂದಿಗೆ ರಾಜಧಾನಿಯ ಕೃಷಿ ವಲಯಗಳಿಗೆ ಪ್ರವೇಶವನ್ನು ಪಡೆಯಲು ಪ್ರಯತ್ನಿಸಿದರು. ಆದಾಗ್ಯೂ, * ''ಲೆ ಮರ್ಕ್ಯೂರ್ *'' ಯಶಸ್ವಿಯಾಗಲಿಲ್ಲ ಮತ್ತು ಒಂದು ವರ್ಷದ ನಂತರ ಪ್ರಕಟಣೆಯನ್ನು ನಿಲ್ಲಿಸಿದರು. ನಂತರ ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ [[ಮಾಸ್ಕೋ]]ಗೆ ಹೋದರು ಮತ್ತು 1797 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಿನ್ಸ್ ಸೆರ್ಗೆಯ್ ಗೋಲಿಟ್ಸಿನ್ ಅವರನ್ನು ಭೇಟಿಯಾದರು  ''',''' ಅವರು ಅವರನ್ನು ತಮ್ಮ ಖಾಸಗಿ ಕಾರ್ಯದರ್ಶಿಯಾಗಿ<ref name="EB1911"/> ಮತ್ತು ತಮ್ಮ ಮಕ್ಕಳಿಗೆ ಬೋಧಕರಾಗಿ ನೇಮಿಸಿಕೊಂಡರು. ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ಸ್ವಯಂ-ಕಲಿತರಾಗಿದ್ದರು; ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್ ಜೊತೆಗೆ, ಅವರು [[ಇಟಲಿಯ ಭಾಷೆ|ಇಟಾಲಿಯನ್]] ಮಾತನಾಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದರು ಮತ್ತು [[ಪಿಟೀಲು]] ನುಡಿಸಬಲ್ಲರು. ಅವರು ರಾಜಕುಮಾರನಿಗಾಗಿ ದುರಂತ ನಾಟಕವಾದ * ''ದಿ ಟ್ರಯಂಫ್*'' ಅನ್ನು ಬರೆದರು , ಇದು ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರೀಯ ದುರಂತದ ಹಾಸ್ಯಮಯ ವಿಡಂಬನೆಯಾಗಿದೆ. 1801 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಗೋಲಿಟ್ಸಿನ್ ಅವರನ್ನು ಲಿವೋನಿಯಾದ ಗವರ್ನರ್-ಜನರಲ್ ಆಗಿ ನೇಮಿಸಲಾಯಿತು , ಮತ್ತು ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ತನ್ನನ್ನು ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣವಾಗಿ ಅವರಿಗೆ ಅರ್ಪಿಸಿಕೊಂಡರು. ಅವರು ಇತರ ಹಾಸ್ಯ ನಾಟಕಗಳನ್ನು ಬರೆದರು ಮತ್ತು 1803 ರಲ್ಲಿ ರಾಜೀನಾಮೆ ನೀಡಿದರು. ಮುಂದಿನ ಎರಡು ವರ್ಷಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರ ಚಟುವಟಿಕೆಗಳು ತಿಳಿದಿಲ್ಲ. ಕೆಲವು ಮೂಲಗಳ ಪ್ರಕಾರ, ಅವರು ವಿರಾಮ ಮತ್ತು ಜೂಜಾಟದ ಜೀವನದಲ್ಲಿ ತೊಡಗಿಸಿಕೊಂಡಿರಬಹುದು<ref name="EB1911"/>. === ಫ್ಯಾಬುಲಿಸ್ಟ್ === ಈಸೋಪ ಮತ್ತು [[ಲಾ ಫಾಂಟೈನ್]] ಅವರಿಂದ ಪ್ರೇರಿತವಾದ ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ಅವರ ಮೊದಲ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಳು 1809 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಕಟವಾದವು, ಅವುಗಳ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆ 23. ಅವರು ಅಂತಿಮವಾಗಿ ಒಂದು ಹಂತದ ಮನ್ನಣೆಯನ್ನು ಗಳಿಸಿದರು. 1811 ರಲ್ಲಿ, ಅವರು ಶಿಕ್ಷಣ ತಜ್ಞರಾದರು ಮತ್ತು ಅವರ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಳಿಗೆ ಚಿನ್ನದ ಪದಕವನ್ನು ಪಡೆದರು. 1838 ರಲ್ಲಿ, ಅವರ ಗೌರವಾರ್ಥವಾಗಿ ಒಂದು ಭವ್ಯವಾದ ಜಯಂತಿ ಸ್ವಾಗತ ಸಮಾರಂಭವನ್ನು ನಡೆಸಲಾಯಿತು, ಮತ್ತು ಚಕ್ರವರ್ತಿ <abbr>^{ನಿಕೋಲಸ್}</abbr> I ಅವರಿಗೆ ಜೀವಮಾನದ ಪಿಂಚಣಿಯನ್ನು <abbr>ನೀಡಿದರು</abbr>.<ref name="EB1911"/> .ಆ ಸಮಯ ಅವರು ತಮ್ಮ ಖ್ಯಾತಿಯ ಉತ್ತುಂಗದಲ್ಲಿದ್ದರು. ೧೮೪೪ ರಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರು ನಿಧನರಾದಾಗ, ಅವರು ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯದಾದ್ಯಂತ ಬಹಳ ಜನಪ್ರಿಯರಾಗಿದ್ದರು: ಅವರ ಕೊನೆಯ ೧೯೭ ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಳು ಆಗಷ್ಟೇ ಪ್ರಕಟವಾಗಿದ್ದವು. ಕುಟುಂಬಗಳು ಅವರ ಹಾಸ್ಯ ಮತ್ತು ಬುದ್ಧಿವಂತಿಕೆಯ ಮಿಶ್ರಣವನ್ನು ಮೆಚ್ಚಿಕೊಂಡವು . ಅವರ ಭಾಷೆ ಭಾಷಾವೈಶಿಷ್ಟ್ಯ, ಸರಳ, ನೇರ ಮತ್ತು ಉತ್ತಮ ಗುಣಮಟ್ಟದ್ದಾಗಿತ್ತು. ಅವರ ನೀತಿಕಥೆ ''ದಿ ಪಿಗ್ ಅಂಡರ್ ದಿ ಓಕ್'' ( ''Свинья под дубом'' ) ರಷ್ಯಾ ಮೂಲದ ಕಾದಂಬರಿಕಾರ ಮತ್ತು ತತ್ವಜ್ಞಾನಿ ಐನ್ ರಾಂಡ್ ಮೇಲೆ ಬಲವಾದ ಪ್ರಭಾವ ಬೀರಿತು, ಅವರು 1974 ರಲ್ಲಿ ತಮ್ಮ ಪ್ರಬಂಧ ''ಫಿಲಾಸಫಿಕಲ್ ಡಿಟೆಕ್ಷನ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ'' ಇದನ್ನು ಸೂಚಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ . ಇಂದಿಗೂ ಅವರು [[ರಷ್ಯಾದ ಭಾಷೆ|ರಷ್ಯನ್]] ಮಾತನಾಡುವ ಯುವಕರಿಗೆ ಅತ್ಯಗತ್ಯ ಲೇಖಕರಾಗಿ ಉಳಿದಿದ್ದಾರೆ . === ಗ್ರಂಥಪಾಲಕ === ಇವಾನ್ ಕ್ರಿಲೋವ್ ಸುಮಾರು ಮೂವತ್ತು ವರ್ಷಗಳ ಕಾಲ ರಷ್ಯನ್ ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕ ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯದಲ್ಲಿ (ಈಗ ರಷ್ಯನ್ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯ ) ಗ್ರಂಥಪಾಲಕರಾಗಿ ಸೇವೆ ಸಲ್ಲಿಸಿದರು . ಅವರ ವೃತ್ತಿಪರ ಚಟುವಟಿಕೆಯು ರಷ್ಯಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನದ ಬೆಳವಣಿಗೆಯ ಮೇಲೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಪ್ರಭಾವ ಬೀರಿತು. ಇವಾನ್ ಆಂಡ್ರೇವಿಚ್ 1813 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯ ಸಹಾಯಕರಾಗಿ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡಲು ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಿಸಿದರು, "ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕ ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯದ ನಿರ್ದೇಶಕ ಎ.ಎನ್. ಒಲೆನಿನ್ ಅವರ ಪ್ರಸ್ತಾವನೆಯ ಮೇರೆಗೆ, '...ನಾಮಮಾತ್ರ ಕೌನ್ಸಿಲರ್ ಕ್ರಿಲೋವ್ ಅವರನ್ನು ಸಹಾಯಕ ಗ್ರಂಥಪಾಲಕರಾಗಿ   ' ನೇಮಕ ಮಾಡುವ ಬಗ್ಗೆ " ರಾಜ್ಯ ಚಾನ್ಸೆಲರಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಅಧಿಕೃತ ಕಡತ ಕಾಣಿಸಿಕೊಂಡಾಗ. ಕ್ರಿಲೋವ್ ಅವರ ಕೆಲವು ಜ್ಞಾಪಕ ಪತ್ರಗಳು ಉಳಿದುಕೊಂಡಿವೆ, ಇದನ್ನು "ಇಂಪೀರಿಯಲ್ ಲೈಬ್ರರಿಯ ನಿರ್ದೇಶಕರಿಗೆ, ರಾಜ್ಯ ಮಂಡಳಿಯ ಸದಸ್ಯರಿಗೆ, ಪ್ರಸ್ತುತ ಖಾಸಗಿ ಕೌನ್ಸಿಲರ್ ಮತ್ತು ನೈಟ್ ಎ.ಎನ್. ಒಲೆನಿನ್ ಅವರಿಗೆ, ಕಾಲೇಜು ಕೌನ್ಸಿಲರ್ ಗ್ರಂಥಪಾಲಕ ಕ್ರಿಲೋವ್ ಅವರಿಂದ " ಎಂದು ಬರೆಯಲಾಗಿದೆ. 1816 ರಲ್ಲಿ, ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕ ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯದ ರಷ್ಯಾದ ವಿಭಾಗದ ಮುಖ್ಯಸ್ಥ ಹುದ್ದೆಯನ್ನು ವಹಿಸಿಕೊಂಡರು, ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರು 1841 ರಲ್ಲಿ ನಿವೃತ್ತರಾಗುವವರೆಗೂ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡಿದರು. 1814 ರಲ್ಲಿ, ರಷ್ಯಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಮೊದಲ ಬಾರಿಗೆ, ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ಸಾಮೂಹಿಕ ಲೇಖಕರ ಅಡಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳ ವಿವರಣೆಯನ್ನು ಪರಿಚಯಿಸಿದರು . ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಯ ಹೆಸರಿನಲ್ಲಿರುವ ವಿವರಣೆಯು ಓದುಗರು ಮತ್ತು ಗ್ರಂಥಪಾಲಕರ ಕೆಲಸಕ್ಕೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಅನುಕೂಲ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಟ್ಟಿತು. 1815 ರಲ್ಲಿ, ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕ ಓದುವ ಕೋಣೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳ ಬಳಕೆಗಾಗಿ ವಿಶೇಷ ನಿಯಮಗಳನ್ನು ಸ್ಥಾಪಿಸಿದರು, ಅವುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಕೆಲವು ನಿಬಂಧನೆಗಳು ಇಂದಿಗೂ ಉಳಿದುಕೊಂಡಿವೆ. ಈ ನಿಯಮಗಳನ್ನು 1921 ರಲ್ಲಿ "ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ಸ್ ನೋಟ್" ಎಂದು ಪ್ರಕಟಿಸಲಾಯಿತು. ಗ್ರಂಥಪಾಲಕರು ಕ್ಯಾಟಲಾಗ್‌ಗಳ ಉತ್ತಮ ಸಂಘಟನೆಯ ಅಗತ್ಯವನ್ನು ಒತ್ತಿ ಹೇಳಿದರು ಮತ್ತು ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕರಿಗೆ ಅವುಗಳ ಪಾರದರ್ಶಕತೆ ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ರವೇಶಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ಪ್ರತಿಪಾದಿಸಿದರು. ಈ ನಿಟ್ಟಿನಲ್ಲಿ, ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ 20 ವರ್ಷಗಳ ನಂತರ ರಷ್ಯಾದ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಪರಿಚಯಿಸಲಾದ ಎನ್‌ಕ್ರಿಪ್ಶನ್ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆಯನ್ನು ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿಪಡಿಸಿದರು . ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ವೈಯಕ್ತಿಕವಾಗಿ ಕ್ಯಾಟಲಾಗ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು (ಸೋಪಿಕೋವ್ ಜೊತೆಗೆ) ಸಂಗ್ರಹಿಸಿದರು. ನಂತರ, ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ತಮ್ಮ ವಿಭಾಗದಲ್ಲಿ ಸರಳೀಕೃತ ಸ್ಥಳಾಕೃತಿಯ ಗ್ರಂಥಸೂಚಿಯನ್ನು ಪರಿಚಯಿಸಿದರು. ಅವರ ಪ್ರಕಾರ, ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಕ್ಯಾಟಲಾಗ್ ಕಾರ್ಡ್‌ಗಳು ತಮ್ಮದೇ ಆದ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದವು, ಅದನ್ನು ವಿಶೇಷ "ಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯ ಪುಸ್ತಕ"ದಲ್ಲಿ ದಾಖಲಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ. ಈ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯನ್ನು ಆಧರಿಸಿ, ಮತ್ತೊಂದು ಕಾಲಂನಲ್ಲಿ, ಗ್ರಂಥಪಾಲಕನು ಶೆಲ್ಫ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಕೊಠಡಿ, ಕ್ಯಾಬಿನೆಟ್, ಶೆಲ್ಫ್ ಮತ್ತು ಪುಸ್ತಕ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯ ಸೂಚನೆಯನ್ನು ಕಾಣಬಹುದು (ಹಿಂದೆ, ಈ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯನ್ನು ಓದುಗರಿಂದ ರಹಸ್ಯವಾಗಿಡಬೇಕು ಎಂದು ನಂಬಲಾಗಿತ್ತು). ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ವೈಯಕ್ತಿಕವಾಗಿ ಅಗತ್ಯವಿರುವ ಪ್ರತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಕಾರ್ಡ್‌ಗಳ ಮೇಲೆ ಚಿತ್ರಿಸಿದರು. ನಂತರ ಈ ಮಾಹಿತಿಯನ್ನು ಲೇಖಕರು ಕ್ಯಾಟಲಾಗ್ ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳಿಗೆ ವರ್ಗಾಯಿಸಿದರು. ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ವ್ಯಾಪಕವಾದ ಗ್ರಂಥಸೂಚಿ ಕೆಲಸವನ್ನು ಸಹ ನಡೆಸಿದರು, ಎಲ್ಲಾ ರೀತಿಯ ಓದುಗರ ಪಟ್ಟಿಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಸೂಚ್ಯಂಕಗಳನ್ನು ಸಂಗ್ರಹಿಸಿದರು ಮತ್ತು ಗ್ರಂಥಸೂಚಿ ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳನ್ನು ರಚಿಸಿದರು. ಅಂತಿಮವಾಗಿ, ಸಂಗ್ರಹವನ್ನು ಸಂಘಟಿಸುವ ಮತ್ತು ಓದುಗರಿಗೆ ಸೇವೆ ಸಲ್ಲಿಸುವ ತತ್ವಗಳನ್ನು ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿದವರು ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್. ಸಣ್ಣ-ಸ್ವರೂಪದ [[ಪ್ರಕಟಣೆ]]ಗಳನ್ನು ಸಂಗ್ರಹಿಸಲು, ಅವರು ದಪ್ಪ ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳ ಆಕಾರದ ಕಾರ್ಡ್ಬೋರ್ಡ್ ಉಪಕರಣಗಳನ್ನು ಕಂಡುಹಿಡಿದರು, ಅದರಲ್ಲಿ ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳನ್ನು ವರ್ಣಮಾಲೆಯಂತೆ ಜೋಡಿಸಲಾಗಿತ್ತು. ಸಂಗ್ರಹದಿಂದ ಓದುವ ಕೋಣೆಗೆ ಕಳುಹಿಸಲಾದ ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ಅವರ "ಬುಕ್‍ಮಾರ್ಕ್‍ಗಳು" ಇನ್ನೂ ಅಸ್ತಿತ್ವದಲ್ಲಿವೆ. ರಷ್ಯಾದ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯದ ಹಸ್ತಪ್ರತಿ ವಿಭಾಗವು ಇವಾನ್ ಆಂಡ್ರೇವಿಚ್ ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ಬರೆದ ವರ್ಣಮಾಲೆಯ ಸೂಚ್ಯಂಕಗಳನ್ನು ಸಂಗ್ರಹಿಸಿದೆ . === ರಷ್ಯಾದ ನಿಧಿಗಳ ರಚನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಪಾತ್ರ === <abbr>19 ನೇ ^{ಶತಮಾನದ}</abbr> ಮೊದಲ ತ್ರೈಮಾಸಿಕದಲ್ಲಿ ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕ ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯದ ಮುಖ್ಯ ಕಾರ್ಯವೆಂದರೆ  ರಷ್ಯಾದ ಸಂಗ್ರಹವನ್ನು ರಚಿಸುವುದು.ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ 10, 1811ಅಲೆಕ್ಸಾಂಡರ್ I (ರಷ್ಯಾದ ಚಕ್ರವರ್ತಿ) ಎ.ಎನ್. ಒಲೆನಿನ್ ರಚಿಸಿದ "ಇಂಪೀರಿಯಲ್ ಪಬ್ಲಿಕ್ ಲೈಬ್ರರಿಯ ನಿರ್ವಹಣೆಯ ಮೇಲಿನ ನಿಯಮಗಳು" ಅನ್ನು ಅನುಮೋದಿಸಿದರು, ಇದು ಪ್ರತಿ ಮುದ್ರಕದ ಮುದ್ರಿತ ಪ್ರಕಟಣೆಗಳ ಎರಡು ಪ್ರತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯಕ್ಕೆ ಕಡ್ಡಾಯವಾಗಿ ಕಳುಹಿಸಲು ಅವಕಾಶ ಒದಗಿಸಿತು . ಆದಾಗ್ಯೂ, ಪುಸ್ತಕ ಪ್ರಕಾಶಕರು ಯಾವಾಗಲೂ ಈ ನಿಬಂಧನೆಯನ್ನು ಪಾಲಿಸುತ್ತಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ. ಇವಾನ್ ಕ್ರಿಲೋವ್ ಈ ವಿಷಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಮಧ್ಯಪ್ರವೇಶಿಸಿದರು. ರಷ್ಯನ್ ಪುಸ್ತಕ ಪ್ರತಿಷ್ಠಾನವನ್ನು ರಚಿಸಿದ್ದು ಅವರ ಕಾರಣದಿಂದಾಗಿ. 1812 ರಲ್ಲಿ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಸಂಗ್ರಹವು ಕೇವಲ 4 ರಷ್ಯನ್ ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳನ್ನು ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿತ್ತು, 1814 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಅದು 2,300 ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿತ್ತು, ಮತ್ತು 1836 ರಲ್ಲಿ, ಕ್ರಿಲೋವ್ಸ್ ಚಟುವಟಿಕೆಗಳ ಕಾರಣ, ಅದು ಈಗಾಗಲೇ 20,000  ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿತ್ತು ಮತ್ತು ಅವರ ಸೇವೆಯ ಅಂತ್ಯದ ವೇಳೆಗೆ, ಸರಿಸುಮಾರು 30,000 ಪ್ರತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿತ್ತು . === ಶ್ರದ್ಧಾಂಜಲಿಗಳು === ಮಾಸ್ಕೋದ ಅವರ ಮನೆಗೆ ಚೌಕದಲ್ಲಿರುವ , ಪ್ರತಿಮೆಗಳು ಅವರ ಕಥೆಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ನೀತಿಕಥೆಗಳನ್ನು ವಿವರಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. === ವ್ಯತ್ಯಾಸಗಳು === ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕ ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರ ಕೆಲಸ ಮತ್ತು ಕ್ಯಾಟಲಾಗ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಸಂಕಲಿಸಿದ್ದಕ್ಕಾಗಿ, ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ಅವರನ್ನು 1820 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಆರ್ಡರ್ ಆಫ್ ಸೇಂಟ್ ವ್ಲಾಡಿಮಿರ್‌ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿಯಿಂದ ಅಲಂಕರಿಸಲಾಯಿತು . ಇದರ ಜೊತೆಗೆ, ಅವರು 1829 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಆರ್ಡರ್ ಆಫ್ ಸೇಂಟ್ ಆನ್ ಮತ್ತು 1838 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಆರ್ಡರ್ ಆಫ್ ಸೇಂಟ್ ಸ್ಟಾನಿಸ್ಲಾಸ್ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿಗಳನ್ನೂ ಪಡೆದರು . ಇದರ ಜೊತೆಗೆ, ಅವರು ತಮ್ಮ ಪಿಂಚಣಿಯ ಜೊತೆಗೆ ವರ್ಷಕ್ಕೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚುವರಿಯಾಗಿ 8,700 ರೂಬಲ್ಸ್‌ಗಳ ನಿವೃತ್ತಿ ಪಿಂಚಣಿಯನ್ನು ಪಡೆದರು (ಗ್ರಂಥಪಾಲಕರಾಗಿ ಅವರ ವಾರ್ಷಿಕ ಸಂಬಳಕ್ಕೆ ಸಮಾನ). ಕ್ರೈಲೋವ್ ಅವರ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯಿಕ ಮತ್ತು ಗ್ರಂಥಪಾಲಕ ಚಟುವಟಿಕೆಗಳು ಪರಸ್ಪರ ವಿರುದ್ಧವಾಗಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ, ಆದರೆ ಒಂದಕ್ಕೊಂದು ಪೂರಕವಾಗಿದ್ದವು. ಇವಾನ್ ಆಂಡ್ರೆವಿಚ್ ಸ್ವತಃ ಅವರ ವೃತ್ತಿಯನ್ನು ಬಹಳವಾಗಿ ಮೆಚ್ಚಿಕೊಂಡರು: "ನಾನು ನನ್ನ ಕೆಲಸವನ್ನು ಬೇರೆ ಯಾವುದಕ್ಕೂ ವಿನಿಮಯ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯದಲ್ಲಿ, ನೀವು ಪ್ರೀತಿಯಿಂದ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡುವವರಾಗಿರಬೇಕು." ==ಛಾಯಾಂಕಣ== <gallery> File:Roman Maximovich Volkov - Ivan Krylov.jpg|Portrait of Ivan Krylov by Roman Maximovich Volkov (1812) File:Parade-5-Oct-1831---Gregory.png|{{ill|Parade at Tsaritsyn Meadow|ru|Парад 6 октября 1831 года в Петербурге (картина)}} by [[Gregory Chernetsov]] (detail) File:Krylov_by_Olenin.jpg|Ivan Krylov by {{ill|Peter A. Olenin |ru|Оленин, Пётр Алексеевич (1794)}} (1824) File:Ivan Krylov by Eggink.jpg| by {{ill|Johann Lebrecht Eggink|de}} (1834) File:The Soviet Union 1959 CPA 2289 stamp (Ivan Krylov (after Karl Bryullov) and Scene from his Works).jpg|Stamp by {{ill|Vasili Vasilievich Zavyalov|ru|Завьялов, Василий Васильевич (художник)}} (1959) </gallery> ==ಬಾಹ್ಯ ಸಂಪರ್ಕಗಳು== *A limited preview with the introduction and five fables, [https://www.scribd.com/doc/45652513/The-Frogs-Who-Begged-for-a-Tsar-and-61-other-Russian-Fables ''The frogs who begged for a tsar and 61 other Russian fables''], a verse translation by Lydia Rasran Stone, Monpelier VT 2010 * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Ivan Andreyevich Krylov}} * {{Librivox author |id=8624}} ==ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು== [[ವರ್ಗ:ಬರಹಗಾರರು]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ಲೇಖಕರು]] [[ವರ್ಗ:ರಷ್ಯನ್ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ]] ngu1asl930mis7udiqppi2lf9unrnot