위키문헌 kowikisource https://ko.wikisource.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%AC%B8%ED%97%8C:%EB%8C%80%EB%AC%B8 MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.3 first-letter 미디어 특수 토론 사용자 사용자토론 위키문헌 위키문헌토론 파일 파일토론 미디어위키 미디어위키토론 틀 틀토론 도움말 도움말토론 분류 분류토론 저자 저자토론 포털 포털토론 번역 번역토론 해석 해석토론 초안 초안토론 페이지 페이지토론 색인 색인토론 TimedText TimedText talk 모듈 모듈토론 행사 행사토론 0 2537 427491 179690 2026-05-19T12:51:58Z ~2026-30122-62 19377 /* 안장왕(安藏王)의 연애(戀愛) 전쟁과 백제의 패퇴(敗退) */ 427491 wikitext text/x-wiki {{머리말 |제목 = [[조선상고사]] |지은이 = [[저자:신채호|신채호]] |역자 = |부제 = 삼국 혈전(血戰)의 시작 |이전 = [[조선상고사/제8편|제8편]] |다음 = [[조선상고사/제10편|제10편]] |설명 = }} == 제 1 장 신라의 발흥(勃興) == === 진흥대왕(眞興大王)의 화랑(花郞) 설치 === 화랑은 한때 신라가 크게 일어난 원인이 되었을 뿐 아니라 후세에 한문화(漢文化) 가 발호 (跋扈)하여 사대주의파(事大主義派)의 사상과 언론이 사회의 인심 · 풍속 · 학술을 지배하여 온 조선을 들어 지나화(支那化) 하려는 판에 이에 반항 · 배척하여서 조선이 조선되게 하여 온 것이 이 화랑이었다. 송도 (松都) 중엽 이후로는 화랑의 여맥이 아직 없어지지 아니하여 비록 직접으로 그 감화를 받는 사람은 없지마는 그래도 간접으로 화랑의 유풍 여운을 받아 가까스로 조선이 조선되게 하여 온 것은 화랑이었다. 그러므로 화랑의 역사를 모르고 조선사를 말하려 함은 골을 빼고 그 사람의 정신을 찾음과 같이 어리석은 일이다. 그러나 화랑파(花郞派) 에 스스로 기록한 문헌인 선사 ( 仙史 ) · 화랑세기 ( 花郞世紀 ) · 선랑고사 ( 仙郞故事 ) 등은 다 없어져서 화랑의 사적을 알자면 오직 화랑의 문외한인 유교도(儒敎徒) 김부식(金富軾)의 삼국사기와 불교도 무극(無極 : 一然) 의 삼국유사 두 책 가운데 과화숙식(過火熟食 : 생각지 않고 한 일이 결과적으로 어떤 사람에게 유익하게 됨)으로 적은 수십 줄의 기록을 신뢰할 수밖에 없는데 그 수십 줄의 기록이나마 정확하냐 하면 그렇지 못하다. 이제 삼국사에 보인 화랑 설치의 실록(實錄)을 말하려 한다. 사기 진흥대왕 본기의 본문은 다음과 같다. “ 37 년 봄에 비로소 원화 (源花) 를 받들었다. 처음에 임금과 신하들이 사람을 알아볼 수 없음을 근심하여 무리가 모여서 떼지어 놀게 해서 그 행동을 살펴본 다음에 채용해서 쓰고자 하여 마침내 아름다운 여인 두 사람을 골랐는데, 한 사람은 남모(南毛), 또 한 사람은 준정(俊貞)이라 하였다. 그 무리가 3 백여 명이 모였는데 두 여인이 아름다움을 다투어 서로 시기하여 준정이 남모를 자기 집으로 데려다가 억지로 술을 권하여 몹시 취하게 한 다음 끌어다가 강물에 던져 죽였다. 일이 발각되어 준정이 처형되니 무리들이 불화해 져서 다 흩어져버렸다. 그 뒤에 다시 얼굴이 아름다운 남자를 골라 몸을 꾸며서 이름을 화랑(花郞)이라고 하여 받드니 무리가 구름처럼 모여들었다. 그들은 서로 도의(道義)를 연마하기도 하고 혹은 서로 노래와 음악을 즐기기도 하며, 산수 (山水)를 유람하여 아무리 멀어도 아니 가는 곳이 없었다. 이로 인하여 그 사람의 바르고 그름을 알아서 착한 사람을 골라 조정에 추천하였다. 그래서 김대문(金大門)의 화랑세기(花郞世記)에 '어진 재상과 충성된 신하가 여기서 나오고, 좋은 장수와 용감한 군사가 이로 말미암아 나왔다.'고 하였고, 최치원(崔致遠)의 난랑비서(鸞郞碑序)에는 '나라에 현묘한 교가 있어 풍류라고 한다. 교를 베푼 근원으로 신사(神史)에 자세히 갖추어져 있는데 실로 삼교( 三敎 : 유교 · 불교 · 선교 )를 포함하고 있어 인간을 접화(接化)하며 또한 들어와서는 집안에 효도하고 , 나가서는 나라에 충성한다고 한 것은 노사구 (魯司寇 : 孔子)의 취지요 , 무위(無爲) 의 일에 처하고 불언(不言)의 교를 행한다고 한 것은 주주사(周柱史 : 老子)의 종지(宗旨)요, 모든 악한 일을 하지 말고 모든 착한 일을 받들어 행하라고 한 것은 축건태자(竺乾太子 : 釋迦)의 교화(敎化)이다.'라고 하였다. 당 (唐) 나라 영호징(令狐澄)의 신라국기(新羅國記)에는 '귀인(貴人)의 자제로서 아름다운 사람을 골라 몸을 단장하게 하여 이름을 화랑이라 하고, 나라 사람들이 모두 존중하여 섬겼다.' 고 하였다. ( 三十七年春 始奉源花 初君臣病無以知人 欲使類聚群遊 以觀其行義 然後學而用之 遂簡美女二人 一曰南毛 一曰俊貞 聚徒三百餘人 二女爭娟相妬 俊貞引南毛於私第 强勸酒至醉 曳而投河水以殺之 俊貞伏誅 徒人失和罷散 其後更取美貌男子 粧飾之 名花郞以奉之 徒衆雲集 或相磨以道義 或相悅以歌樂 遊娛山水 無遠不至 因此知其人邪正 擇其善者薦之於朝 故金大問花郞世記曰 '賢佐忠臣 從此而秀 良將勇卒 由是而生 ' 崔致遠鸞郞碑序曰 ' 國有玄妙之道曰 風流說敎之源 備祥神史 實乃包含三敎 接化群生 且如入則孝於家 出則忠於國 魯司寇之旨也 處無爲之事 行不言之敎 周柱史之宗也 諸惡莫作 諸善奉行 竺乾太子之化也' 唐令狐澄新羅國記曰 '擇貴人子弟之美者 傳紛粧飾之 名曰花郞 國人皆尊事之也' ) ” <ref group="편집자 주"> [[삼국사기/권04/진흥왕]] </ref> 글의 끝에 김대문과 최치원의 말을 인용하여 화랑을 몹시 찬미한 듯 하나 자세히 상고해 보면 크게 잘못되고 황당하다. 사다함전(斯多含傳)에 의하면 사다함이 가라 (加羅) 정벌에 참여한 것이 진흥대왕(眞興大王) 23 년이니, 37 년 이전에 이미 화랑이 있었음이 분명한데 이제 37 년에 화랑이 비롯하였다고 함은 무슨 말인가? 삼국유사에 의하면 원화는 여자 교사이니 원화를 폐지한 뒤에 남자 교사를 두어 국선(國仙) 혹은 화랑이라 일컬었는데, 이제 원화를 화랑이라 함이 무슨 말인가? 대개 김부식의 때에는 화랑의 명칭도 아주 끊어지지 않고, 화랑의 문적 (文籍) 이 많이 남아 있을 때였는데도 불구하고 그가 지은 소위 사기에는 그 설치의 연대를 모호하게 하고, 그 원류(源流) 의 구별을 가리지 못하였음은 무슨 까닭인가? 김부식은 유교도의 영수(領袖) 로서 화랑파 윤언이(尹彦頤)를 내쫓고 화랑의 역사를 말살한 자이니 그의 마음대로 하자면 삼국사기 가운데 화랑이라는 명사(名詞)를 한 자도 남겨두지 아니하였겠지마는 다만 그는 지나를 숭배하는 사람이라 우리의 이야기가 무엇이고 지나의 서적에 나왔으면 이를 사기에서 빼지 못하였던 것이다. 그러므로 그가 아무리 화랑을 시샘하여도 다만 지나의 대중 유사 ( 大衆遺事 ) · 신라국기 ( 新羅國記 ) 같은 글 속에 화랑이라는 말이 실려 있는 것은 사기에서도 빼지 못하였다. 그가 이 장 끝에 인용한 신라국기가 겨우 '택귀인자제 ( 擇貴人子弟 )' 이하 모두 24 자에 지나지 아니하나 도종의(陶宗儀)의 설부(說郛)에 인용한 신라국기에 '신라의 임금과 신하들이 사람을 알아볼 수 없음을 근심하여 --- 채용하여 쓰고자---”라고 한 말이 있는데, 이로 미루어보면 그 이하의 사실과 김대문 · 최치원의 논평까지도 대개 신라국기의 것을 뽑아 기록한 것이 아닌가 한다. 그는 이와같이 신라국기에 있는 화랑 설치의 사적을 인용하고 , 본국에 전해지고 있는 것을 말살해버렸다 . 그 다음 삼국유사에 기록된 화랑의 실록 ( 實錄 ) 은 다음과 같다 . “진흥왕이 즉위하였다---크게 선선을 숭상하여 남의 집 아름다운 처녀를 골라서 원화로 만들었다. 그것은 무리를 모아 선비를 뽑고, 또 효·제 ·충·신 ( 孝悌忠信 ) 을 가르치고자 한 것이었으니, 또 한 나라를 다스리는 대요(大要)였다. 이에 남모랑(南毛娘)과 교정랑(姣貞娘 : 俊貞娘) 두 원화를 선출하니 무리가 3,4 백 명이나 모였다. 교정랑이 남모랑을 투기하여 술자리를 마련하고 남모랑을 취하도록 마시게 하여 몰래 끌어다가 죽이고 북천(경주 북쪽에 있는 내) 물 속에 돌로 눌러 매장시켰다. 무리들이 그녀가 간 곳을 알지 못하여 슬피 울며 흘어졌는데 어떤 사람이 그 음모를 알고, 노래를 지어 거리의 아이들을 꾀어 돌아다니며 부르게 하였다. 남모랑의 무리가 듣고 그 시체를 북천 속에서 찾아내고 교정랑을 죽였다. 이에 대왕 ( 진흥왕 ) 은 명령을 내려 원화를 폐지하였는데 몇 해 뒤에 왕이 다시 나라를 크게 일으키려면 먼저 풍월도(風月道 : 花郞道)를 일으켜야 하겠다고 생각하고, 다시 명령을 내려 양가(良家)의 남자로서 덕이있는 사람을 뽑아 이름을 화랑(花郞)이라 고치고, 처음 설원랑(薛原郞)을 받들어 국선(國仙)을 삼으니 이것이 화랑국선의 시초였다. ( 眞興王 - - -卽位 - - - 多尙神仙 擇人家娘子美艶者 捧爲原花 要聚徒選士 敎之以孝悌忠信 亦理國之大要也 乃取南毛娘 · 교貞娘兩花 聚徒三四百人 교貞娘질적毛娘多置酒 飮毛娘 至醉 潛여去北川中 擧石埋殺之 其徒罔知去處 悲泣而散 有人知其謀者 作歌 誘街巷小童 昌於街 其徒聞之 尋得其戶於北川中 乃殺교貞娘 於是 大王下令 發原花累年 王又念欲興邦國 須先風月道 更下令 選良家男子 有德行者 改爲花郞 始奉薛原郞 爲國仙 此花郞國仙之始 ) ” 위의 기록은 삼국사기에 비하여 좀 자세하나 상말에 이른바 아닌 밤중의 홍두깨같이 나온 소리가 적지 아니하니 이를테면 진흥대왕이 신 선을 숭상하여 원화 · 화랑을 받들었다 하였으니 원화나 화랑이 도사(道士 )나 황관(黃冠 : 野人)의 종류란 말인가? 삼국유사의 작자는 불교도였기 때문에 삼국사기의 작자인 유교도같이 남을 배척하는 섬술을 가지지 아니하였을 것이지마는 그 기록이 모호하기는 매일반이다. 국선 · 화랑 (國仙花郞)은 진흥대왕이 고구려의 '선배' 제도를 모방한 것으로 '선배'를 이두자(吏讀字)로 선인(先人) 혹은 선인(仙人)이라 썼음은 이미 제 3 편에서 말하였거니와 '선배'를 신수두 단(壇) 앞의 경기회에서 뽑아 학문을 힘쓰고 수박(手搏) · 격검(擊劍) · 사예(射藝) · 기마(騎馬) · 태껸 · 깨끔질 · 씨름 등 여러 가지 기예를 익히고 사방의 산수를 탐험하며 시와 노래와 음악을 익히고, 공동으로 한 곳에서 자고 먹고 하며, 평시에는 환난(患難)의 구제, 성 · 길 등의 수축 등을 스스로 담당하고, 난시에는 전장에 나아가 죽음을 영광으로 알아서 공익을 위해 한 몸을 희생하는 것이 선배와 같으니 국선(國仙)이라 함은 고구려의 선인(仙人)과 구별하기 위해 위에 국(國) 자를 더하여 지은 이름이고, 화랑이라 함은 고구려의 '선배'가 조백(조帛)을 입어 조의(조衣) 라 일컬은 것과 같이 신라의 '선배'는 화장을 시키므로 화랑이라 일컬은 것이니 또한 조의와 구별한 이름이다 . 원화는 마치 유럽 중고시대 예수교 무사단(武士團)의 여교사(女敎師) 처럼 남자의 정성(情性)을 조화하기 위하여 둔 여교사이니, 소재만필(昭齋만筆)에 “화랑의 설(說)에 사람이 전쟁 중에 죽으면 천당(天堂)의 첫 자리를 차지하고, 노인으로 죽으면 죽은 뒤의 영혼도 노인이 되며, 소년으로 죽으면 죽은 뒤의 영혼도 소년이 된다고 하여 화랑들이 소년으로 전쟁에서 죽는 것을 즐겼다.”고 하였으니, 다만 국선(國仙)의 선(仙) 자로 인해 장생불사(長生不死)를 구하는 지나의 선도(仙道)로 알면 큰 잘못이다. 최치원이 “무위(無爲)의 일에 처하고 불언(不言)의 교를 행한다고 한 것은 주주사(周柱史)의 종지이다. ”라고 한 것은 다만 국선의 교가 유·불·도삼교의 특징을 갖추어 가졌음을 찬탄한 말이니 국선은 투쟁에서 생활하여 무위나 불언과는 거리가 아주 천만 리나 떨어진 교이다. 앞에 말한 삼국사기의 “나라에 현묘(玄妙)한 교가 있어 풍류라고 한다. ”라고 한 것과 삼국유사의 “득오(得烏)는 이름이 풍류황권(風流黃卷)에 딸려 있었다. ”라고 한 것으로 보면 국선의 교를 '풍류(風流)' 라 이름하였음을 가히 알 수 있고, 앞에 말한 삼국유사의 “나라를 크게 일으키려면 먼저 풍월도를 일으켜야 한다.”고 한 것과 삼국사기 검군전(劍君傳)의 “나는 풍월(風月)의 뜰에서 수행하였다.”고 한 것으로 보면 국선의 도를 또한 풍월이라고 하였음을 가히 알 수 있다. 풍류는 지나 문자의 유희풍류(遊戱風流)의 뜻이 아니라 우리말의 풍류 곧 음악을 가리키는 것이고, 풍월도 지나 문자의 음풍영월(吟風영月)의 뜻이 아니라 우리말의 풍월 곧 시가(詩歌)를 가리키는 것이니, 대개 화랑의 도가 다른 학문과 달라 기술도 힘쓰지마는 음악과 시가에 가장 전념하여 인간 세상을 교화하였으니, 삼국사기 악지(樂志)에 보인 진흥왕이 지은 도령가(徒領歌)와 설원랑(薛原郞) 이 지은 사내기물악(思內奇物樂)은 물론 화랑이 지은 것이거니와, 삼국유사에 이른바 “신라 사람들이 향가(鄕歌) 를 매우 숭상했다. 그러므로 왕왕 능히 천지와 귀신을 감동시키는 일이 많았다.( 羅人尙響歌者 尙矣---故往往能感動天地鬼神者 非一 ) ”라고 한 향가 또한 거의 화랑의 무리가 지은 것이다. 최치원의 향악잡영(鄕樂雜영)을 보면 이 시가와 음악으로 많이 연극을 행했으니, 부여 사람이나 삼한 사람이나 노래를 좋아하여 밤낮으로 노래와 춤이 끊이지 아니했다 함은 삼국지에도 분명히 실려 있거니와, 신라가 습속(習俗)으로 교도(敎導)의 방법을 세워 시가 · 음악 · 연극 등을 행하여 인심을 고무하였기 때문에, 원래 조그만 나라로서 마침내 문화상 · 정치상으로 고구려와 백제를 대항할 수 있게 된 것이다. 화랑의 원류(源流)를 적은 선사(仙史) · 선랑고사(仙郞故事) · 화랑세기(花郞世記) 등이 다 전해지지 않았으나, 선사는 곧 신라 이전, 단군 이래 고구려 · 백제까지의 유명한 '선배'를 적은 것이니, 고구려 본기의 “평양은 선인(仙人) 왕검(王儉) 의 집. ( 平壞者 仙人 王儉之宅 ) ”이라 한 것이 곧 선사 본문의 한 구절일 것이고, 선랑고사 · 화랑세기 등은 곧 신라 이래의 선배를 적은 것이다. 삼국사기 열전(列傳)에 간혹 그것을 초록(抄錄) 한 것이 있으나 이는 모두 의로운 다툼에 공이 있는 화랑의 졸도(卒徒) 들뿐이고, 3백여 화랑, 낭도(郞徒) 의 스승들은 하나도 적지 아니하였으니 여기서도 김부식이 화랑을 말살하려는 심리가 나타나 있다. === 여섯 가라(加羅)의 멸망 === 김수로 ( 金首露 ) 여섯 형제가 신가라 ( 지금의 金海 ) · 밈라가라 ( 지금의 高靈 ) · 안라가라 ( 지금의 咸安 ) · 구지가라 ( 지금의 固城 ) · 별뫼가라 ( 지금의 星州 ) · 고링가라 ( 지금의 咸昌 ) 에 나뉘어 왕노릇을 하였음과 밈라 · 안라 두 가라가 네 나라 동맹에 참가하여 백제를 도와 고구려를 방어했음은 이미 제4편과 제8편에서 말하였거니와 , 신라의 지증 ( 智 證 ) · 법흥 ( 法興 ) · 진흥 ( 眞興 ) 세 왕이 연이어 여섯 가라를 잠식해 들어가서 진흥왕 때에 이르러는 여섯 나라가 다 신라의 차지가 되어 지금 경상도가 완전히 통일되었다 . 이제 여섯 가라흥망의 약사 ( 略史 ) 를 말하고자 한다 . 신가라는 삼국사기 신라 본기에 금관국 ( 金官國 ) 이라 한 것인데 , 시조 수로왕 ( 首露王 ) 때에는 신라보다 강성하여 신라의 파사이사금 ( 婆娑尼師今 ) 이 그 이웃의 조그만 나라인 음집벌 ( 音집伐 : 지금 경주 북쪽 ) 과 실직 ( 悉直 : 지금 三陟 ) 과의 국토 분쟁을 해결짓지 못하여 수로 왕의 중재를 청했는데 , 수로왕이 말 한 마디로 해결을 지으니 세 나라가 다 기꺼이 복종하였다 . 그 결과로 파사왕이 수로왕에게 잔치를 베풀어 사례하는데 , 신라 육부 ( 六部 ) 의 우두머리의 한 사람인 한기부장 (漢祇部長 ) 보제 ( 保齊 ) 가 지위가 낮은 사람으로 손을 접대하게 하였으므로 수로왕이 노하여 종 탐하리 ( 耽下里 ) 에게 명하여 보제를 죽였다 . 파사왕은 감히 수로왕과는 맞서지 못하고 다만 탐하리를 죄주려 하여 , 탐하리를 숨긴 음집벌국을 쳐 멸망시킬 뿐이었다 . 그러나 수로왕 이후에는 나라의 형세가 날로 미약해져서 밈라가라의 침노를 받다가 신라 법흥왕 19 년 , 기원후 532 년에 그 제 10 대 구해왕 (仇亥王 ) 이 국탕 ( 國帑 : 나라의 재물 ) 과 처자를 데리고 신라에 투항해버렸다 . 안라가라는 그 연대와 사실을 거의 모르게 되었으나 , 이미 앞에서 말한 바와 같이 고구려의 광개토대왕이 남정 ( 南狂 ) 할 때에 신라와 함께 고구려에 붙어 백제에 대항하고 , 백제 문주왕 ( 文周王 ) 이 구원을 빌었을 때에는 신라 네 나라 동맹에 참가하여 고구려를 방어했으니 , 비록 작은 나라였지마는 당시 정치문제에 빠지지 아니하는 나라였다 . 전사 ( 前史 ) 에 안라가라가 멸망한 연조를 기록하였으나 삼국사기 신라 본기 지증왕 ( 智證王 ) 15 년에 “소경 ( 小京 ) 을 아시촌 ( 阿尸村 ) 에 두었다 .”고 하였는데 , 안라의 이두자가 아시촌이니 , 지증왕 15 년 이전에 안라가라가 이미 멸망한 것이다 . 삼국사기 지리지 ( 地理志 ) 에는 “법흥왕이 대병으로 아시량국 ( 阿尸良國 ) 을 멸망시켰다 . ”고 했는데 , 먼저 임금이 돌아간 해를 새 임금의 원년으로 잘못 기록함은 삼국사기에 여러 군데 보이는 일이라 지증왕 15 년 지증왕이 돌아간 해는 곧 법흥왕의 원년일 것이니 , 안라가라가 법흥왕 원년에 망한 것이 아닌가 ? == 제 2 장 조령과 죽령 이북의 10개 군 쟁탈 문제 == ---고구려 · 신라 · 백제 세 나라 사이의 100 년 전쟁과 지나 隋 · 唐(수·당) 침입의 끄나풀이 된 문제 --- === 무령왕(武寧王)의 북진(北進)과 고구려의 쇠퇴 === 백제의 동성왕 ( 東城王 ) 이 비록 반신 ( 叛臣 ) 백가 ( 백加 ) 에게 암살당했으나 그 아들 무령왕이 또한 영특하고 용감하여 곧 백가의 난을 쳐 평정하고 , 같은 해 고구려의 방비없음을 틈타 달솔 ( 達率 ) 부여우영 ( 扶餘優永 ) 으로 하여금 정병 5 천으로 고구려의 수곡성 ( 水谷城 )---지금의 신계( 新溪 ) 를 습격하여 깨뜨리고서 그 뒤 수년 동안에 장령 ( 長嶺 )---지금 서흥 ( 瑞興 ) 의 철령 ( 鐵嶺 ) 을 차지하여 성책 ( 城柵 ) 을 쌓아서 예 (濊 ) 를 방비하니 이에 백제의 서북쪽이 지금의 대동강에까지 미쳐 근구수왕 ( 近仇首王 ) 때의 옛 모습을 회복하였다 . 기원후 505 년에 고구려 문자왕 ( 文咨王 ) 이 그 치욕을 씻으려고 대병으로 침입하여 가불성 ( 加弗城 : 지금 어디인지 미상 ) 에 이르니 , 무령왕이 정병 3 천으로 나가 싸웠다 . 고구려 사람들이 그 군사가 적음을 보고 방비를 베풀지 아니하는지라 왕이 기묘한 계교로 이를 갑자기 공격 , 크게 깨뜨려서 10 여 년 동안 고구려가 다시 남쪽으로 침범해오지 못하였다 . 왕이 그 틈을 타서 안팎의 놀고 먹는 자들을 모아 농토에서 일하게 하고 , 둑을 쌓아 논을 만들게 하여 나라의 창고가 더욱 충실해지고 , 서쪽으로 지나와 서남으로 인도 ( 印度 ) · 대식 ( 大食 ) 등의 나라와 통상 하여 문화도 상당히 발달하니 왕의 재위 24 년은 또한 백제의 황금 시대라 일컬을 만하였다 . === 안장왕(安藏王)의 연애(戀愛) 전쟁과 백제의 패퇴(敗退) === 고구려 안장왕은 문자왕 ( 文咨王 ) 의 태자이다 . 그가 태자로 있을 때 한 번은 상인 차림을 하고 개백 ( 皆伯 ) ---지금 고양 ( 高陽 ) 의 행주 ( 幸州 ) 에 가서 노는데 , 그곳 장자 ( 長者 ) 한씨 ( 韓氏 ) 의 딸 주 ( 珠 ) 가 절세 의 미인이었다 . 안장이 백제의 감시원의 눈에 띄어 한씨의 집으로 도망해 숨었다가 주를 보고 주의 아름다움에 반해 마침내 몰래 정을 통하고 , 부부의 약속을 맺고는 가만히 주에게 “난 고구려 대왕의 태자이니 , 귀국하면 많은 군사를 몰아 이곳을 차지하고 그대를 맞아 가리라 . ” 하고 달아나 돌아왔다 . 문자왕이 죽고 안장왕이 왕위를 이어 자주 장사를 보내 백제를 쳤으나 늘 패하고 , 왕이 친히 나서서 정벌하였으나 또한 성공하지 못하였다 . 그런데 그곳 태수가 주가 아름답다는 말을 듣고 주의 부모에게 청하여 결혼하려고 하였다 . 주는 하는 수 없이 “난 이미 정을 준 남자가 있는데 멀리 가서 돌아오지 못하였으니 그 남자의 생사나 안 뒤에 결혼 여부를 말하겠다 .”고 하였다 . 태수가 크게 노하여 “그 남자가 누구냐 ? 어찌하여 바로 말하지 못하느냐 ? 고구려의 첩자라 말을 못하는 것이 아니냐 ? 적국의 첩자와 정을 통하였으니 너는 죽어도 죄가 남겠다 .” 하고 옥에 가두어 사형에 처하리라 위협하고 일변 온갖 달콤한 말로 꾀었다 . 주가 옥중에서 노래를 지어 “죽어죽어 일백 번 다시 죽어 백골이 진토되고 넋이야 있건없건 임 향한 일편단심 가실 줄이 있으랴 .” 하고 노래부르니 듣는 이가 다 눈물을 흘렸다 . 태수는 그 노래를 듣고 더욱 주의 뜻을 돌이킬 수 없음을 알고 죽이기로 작정하였다 . 안장왕이 주가 갇혀 있음을 몰래 탐지하여 알고 짝없이 초조하나 구할 길이 없어 여러 장수를 불러 “만일 개백현 ( 皆伯縣 ) 을 회복하여 한주를 구원하는 사람이 있으면 천금과 만호후 ( 萬戶候 ) 의 상을 줄 것이다 .”라고 하였으나 아무도 응하는 자가 없었다 . 왕에게 친누이동생이 있어 이름을 안학 ( 安鶴 ) 이라고 했는데 또한 절세의 미인이었다 . 늘 장군 을밀 (乙密 ) 에게 시집가고자 하고 을밀도 또한 안학에게 장가들고자 하였으나 왕이 을밀의 문벌이 한미하다고 허락하지 아니하므로 , 을밀은 병을 일컬어 벼슬을 버리고 집에 들어앉아 있었는데 , 이에 이르러 왕이 한 말을 듣고는 왕에게 나아가 뵙고 “천금과 만호후의 상이 다 신의 소원이 아니라 , 신의 소원은 안학과 결혼하는 것뿐입니다 . 신이 안학을 사랑함이 대왕께서 한주를 사랑하심과 마찬가지입니다 . 대왕께서 만일 신의 소원대로 안학과 결혼케 하신다면 신이 대왕의 소원대로 한주를 구해오겠습니다 .”라고 하니 , 왕은 안학을 아끼는 마음이 마침내 한주를 사랑하는 생각을 대적하지 못하여 드디어 을밀의 청을 허락하고 하늘을 가리켜 맹세하였다 . 을밀이 수군 ( 水軍 ) 5 천을 거느리고 바닷길을 떠나면서 왕에게 아뢰기를 “신이 먼저 백제를 쳐서 개백현을 회복하고 한주를 살려낼 것이 니 대왕께서 대군을 거느리고 천천히 육로로 쫓아오시면 수십 일 안에 한주를 만나실 겁니다 .”하고 비밀히 결사대 20 명을 뽑아 평복에 무기를 감추어가지고 앞서서 개백현으로 들여보냈다 . 태수는 이를 깨닫지 못하고 그 생일에 관리와 친구들을 모아 크게 잔치를 열고 오히려 한주가 마음을 돌리기를 바라 사람을 보내 꾀었다 . “오늘은 내 생일 이다 . 오늘 너를 죽이기로 정하였으나 네가 마음을 돌리면 곧 너를 살 려줄 것이니 , 그러면 오늘이 너의 생일이라고 해도 좋을 것이다 .” 한주가 대답하였다 . “태수가 내 뜻을 빼앗지 않으면 오늘이 태수의 생일이 되려니와 그렇지 아니하면 태수의 생일이 곧 내가 죽는 날이 될 것이요 , 내가 사는 날이면 곧 태수의 죽는 날이 될 것입니다 .” 태수가 이 말을 듣고 크게 노하여 빨리 처형하기를 명하였다 . 이때 을밀의 장사들이 무객 ( 舞客 ) 으로 가장하고 잔치에 들어가 칼을 빼어 많은 손님을 살상하고 고구려의 군사10 만이 입성하였다고 외치니 성안이 크게 어지러워졌다 . 이에 을밀이 군사를 몰아 성을 넘어 들어가서 감옥을 부수어 한주를 구해내고 , 부고 ( 府庫 ) 를 봉하여 안장왕이 오기를 기다리고 , 한강 일대의 각 성읍을 쳐서 항복받으니 백제가 크게 동요하였다 . 이에 안장왕이 아무런 장애 없이 백제의 여러 고을을 지나 개백현에 이르러 한주를 만나고 , 안학을 을멸에게 시집보냈다 . 이상은 해상잡록 ( 海上雜錄 ) 에 보인 것인데 , 삼국사기 본기에는 비록 안장왕이 개백현을 점령했다는 기록이 없으나 그 지리지의 개백현 주 ( 註 ) 에는 “왕봉현 ( 王逢縣 ) 은 일명 개백현이니 한씨 미녀가 안장왕을 만난 곳이다 . ( 王逢縣 一云皆伯 漢氏美女 迎安藏王之地 ) ”라고 하였 고 , 달을성현 ( 達乙省縣 ) 주에는“한씨 미녀가높은산에서 봉화 ( 峰火 ) 를 들어 안장왕을 맞이한 곳이므로 뒤에 이름을 고봉 ( 高隆 ) 이라 하 였다 . ( 漢氏美女 於高山頭 點烽火 迎安藏王之處 故後名 高峰 ) ”고 했으니 , 한씨 ( 漢氏 ) 는 곧 해상잡록의 한씨 ( 韓氏 ) 일 것이고 한씨 미녀는 곧 한주일 것이며 달을성현은 지금의 고양 ( 高陽 ) 이니 , 곧 을밀이 개백현 을 점령하고 대왕으로 하여금 한주를 만나게 한 곳일 것이다 . 그리고 개백은 '가맛'으로 읽을 것이니 , '가'는 고구려에서 왕이나 귀족을 일컫는 명사요 , '맛'은 만나본다는 뜻이다 . 개 ( 皆 ) 는 음이 '개'이므로 그 음의 상 · 중성 ( 上中聲 ) 을 빌려 '가맛'의 '가'로 쓴 것이니 , 아래글의 '왕기현 ( 王岐縣 ) 일명 개차정 ( 皆次丁 ) '이라 한 것이 더욱 '개'가 왕의 뜻임을 증명하고 , 백 ( 伯 ) 은 뜻이 '맛'이므로 그 뜻의 소리 전부 를 빌려 '가맛'의 '맛'으로 쓴 것이다 . 그러니까 개백 ( 皆伯 ) 은 이두자 ( 更讀子 ) 로 쓴 '가맛'이요 , 왕봉 ( 王逢 ) 은 한자로 쓴 '가맛'이다 . 가맛 은 곧 한주가 안장왕을 만나본 뒤의 이름인데 , 역사가들이 그 본명을 잊고 또 이두문의 읽는 법을 몰라서 마침내 개백을 안장왕 이전의 이름으로 안 것이다 . 백제 본기 성왕 ( 聖主 ) 7 년 ( 안장왕 11 년 , 기원후 529 년 ) 에 고구려가 북쪽 변방 혈성 ( 穴城 ) 을 빼앗았다고 하였는데 , 혈성은 혈구 ( 穴口 ) ---지금의 강화 ( 江華 ) 니 이것이 곧 을밀이 행주를 함락하는 동시에 점령한 곳으로 생각된다 . 단심가 ( 丹心歌 ) 는 정포은 ( 鄭圃隱 ) 이 지은 것이라고 하지마는 위의 기록으로 보면 대개 옛 사람이 지은 것 , 곧 한주가 지은 것을 정포은이 불러서 이조 태종 ( 太宗 ) 의 노래에 대답한 것이며 포은의 자작이 아닌 것으로 생각된다 . === 이사부(異斯夫) · 거칠부(居柒夫) 등의 집권과 신라(新羅) · 백제(百濟) 두 나라의 동맹 === 고구려와 백제가 한창 혈전 ( 血戰 ) 을 하는 동안에 신라에 두 정략가가 나왔으니 , 하나는 김이사부 ( 金異斯失 ) 요 또 하나는 김거칠부 ( 金 居柒夫 ) 다 . 삼국사기 열전에 '이사부는 일명 태종 ( 苔宗 ) '이라고 하였 으나 훈몽자회 ( 訓蒙字會 ) 에 '태 ( 苔 ) '를 '잇'으로 풀이하였으니 , '이사(異斯)'는 음으로 , '태(苔)'는 뜻으로 '잇'을 쓴 것이고 , '황 ( 荒 ) '은 지금도 '거칠황'으로 읽으니 , '거칠 ( 居柒 ) '은 음으로 , '황 ( 荒 ) '은 뜻 으로 '거칠'을 쓴 것이다 . 부 ( 夫 ) 는 칠서언해 ( 七書諺解 ) 에 사대부 ( 士大夫 ) 를 '사태우'로 음해 ( 音解 ) 하였으니 , 그 음이 '우'이고 , '종 ( 宗 ) ' 은 뜻이 '마루'이다 . 그러니까 이두자 읽는 법으로 '이사부 ( 異斯夫 ) ' 나 태종 ( 苔宗 ) 은 '잇우'로 , 거칠부 ( 居柒夫 ) 와 황종 ( 荒宗 ) 은 '거칠우' 로 읽을 것이다 . 이사부는 기지 ( 機智 ) 가 대단하여 젊어서 가슬라 ( 迎瑟羅 ) 의 군주 ( 軍主 : 각 고을 군사의 장관 , 뒤의 都督 ) 가 되었는데 , 우산국 ( 于山國 ) 지금의 울릉도가 모반하니 모두 군사를 내어 토벌하자고 하였으나 이사부는 “우산국은 조그만 섬이지마는 습속 ( 習俗 ) 이 우둔하고 사나워서 힘으로 굴복시키려면 많은 군사를 가져야 할 것이니 계책을 쓰는 것이 좋습니다 .”라고 하고는 나무로 사자를 만들어 배에 싣고 가서 우산국 부근에 배를 멈추고 “너희들이 만일 항복하지 않으면 이 짐승을 놓아 죄다 밟아 죽일 것이다 . ”하니 , 우산국이 두려워 항복하였다 . 그 뒤에 '안라' '밈라' 등 가라를 정복하고 지증 ( 智證 ) · 법홍 ( 法興 ) 두 왕조를 섬겼다 . 진흥왕 ( 眞興王 ) 원년 ( 기원후 540 년 ) 에는 진흥왕이 7 살 된 어린아이로 즉위하여 모태후 ( 母太后 ) 가 섭정하고 , 이사부는 병부령 ( 兵部令 ) 이 되어 전국의 병마 ( 兵馬 ) 를 도맡고 , 모든 내정과 외교에 다 참여하였다 . 거칠부의 할아버지 내숙 ( 乃宿 ) 은 쇠뿔한 ( 신라 宰相의 일컬음 ) 이고 , 아버지 물력 ( 勿力 ) 은 아찬 ( 阿찬 ) 이었으니 , 왕족으로서 대대로 장상 ( 將相 ) 집안이었다 . 거칠부는 젊을 때 큰 뜻을 품고 고구려를 정찰하려고 머리를 깎고 중이 되어 고구려에 들어가서 각지를 정탐하고 법사 ( 法師 ) 혜량 ( 惠亮 ) 의 강당 ( 講堂 ) 에 참석하여 강의를 들었는데 , 혜량은 눈치 빠른 중이었으므로 거칠부를 달리 보고 사미 ( 沙彌 : 새로 중이 된사람 ) 는어디서 왔느냐고물었다 . 거칠부가“저는신라사람으로서 법사의 이름을 듣고 불법을 배우려고 왔습니다 .”라고 하니 , 혜량은 “노승이 불민하지마는 또한 그대를 알아보오 . 고구려 국내에 어찌 그 대를 알아보는 사람이 없겠소 . 빨리 돌아가오 . ”하고 후일에 거칠부의 소개로 신라에 투항하기를 희망하였다 . 거칠부는 돌아와 한아찬〔大阿찬 : 大官의 이름〕이 되어 이사부와 함께 국정에 참여하여 먼저 백제와 동맹해서 고구려를 깨뜨리고 또 시기를 보아 백제를 습격하여 국토를 늘리기를 꾀하였다 . 이때 백제의 성왕 ( 聖王 ) 이 한강 ( 漢江 ) 일대를 고구려에게 빼앗기고 신라와 동맹하려고 하였는데 , 신라가 동맹하였던 여섯 가라 ( 加羅 ) 를 합쳐버렸으므로 성왕은 동행하는 것이 달갑지 아니하였지마는 당시에 가라가 이미 망하여 동맹할 만한 제삼국이 없으므로 사신을 신라에 보내니 , 이사부가 흔연히 이를 승낙하여 신라 · 백제의 대 고구려 공수 동맹 ( 攻守同盟 ) 이 성립되었다 . === 신라의 10개 군 탈취와 신라·백제 공수동맹(攻守同盟)의 결렬 === 기원후 548년에 고구려의 양원왕 ( 陽原王 ) 이 예 ( 濊 ) 의 군사를 거느리고 백제 한북 ( 漢北 ) 독산성 ( 獨山城 ) 을 공격하니 진흥왕이 백제와의 동맹에 따라 장군 주진 ( 朱珍 ) 을 보내 정병 3 천으로 응원해서 고구려 군사 를 격퇴하였다 . 이때에 한강 이북은 안장왕의 연애전 ( 戀愛戰 ) 으로 인하여 모두 고구려의 차지가 되어 있었는데 , 이 한북이란 어느 곳인 가 ? 이는 대개 지금 양성 ( 陽城 ) 한래 ( 한자로 번역하면 역시 漢江 ) 의 북쪽을 가리킨 것이요 , 독산성은 지금 수원 ( 水原 ) 과 진위 ( 振威 : 平澤郡 ) 사이의 독산 ( 禿山 ) 고성 ( 古城 ) 으로 생각된다 . 양원왕이 이 보고를 받고 다시 대병을 내어 더욱 깊이 들어가서 이듬해에는 지금의 충청도 동북쪽 일대를 들어왔다 . 고구려는 도살성 ( 道薩城 )--- 지금의 청안 ( 淸安 ) 에 웅거하고 백제는 금현성 ( 金峴城 )--- 지금의 진천 ( 鎭川)에 웅거하여 한 해 남짓 혈전을 벌였으나 승부가 나지 않았는데 , 신라는 백제의 동맹국이었지마는 움직이지 않고 있었다 . 이듬해 기원후 551 년에 돌궐족 ( 突厥族 ) 이 지금의 몽고로부터 동침 ( 東侵 ) 해와서 고구려의 신성 ( 新城 ) 과 백암성 ( 白岩城 ) 을 공격하므로 , 양원왕이 군사를 나누어 장군 고흘 ( 高紇 ) 을 보내 돌궐을 격퇴하는 동안에 백제의 달솔 ( 達率 ) 부여달기 ( 扶餘達己 ) 가 정병 1 만으로 평양을 급습하여 점령 하니 , 양원왕은 달아나 장안성 ( 長安城 ) 을 신축하고 서울을옮겼다 . 장안성은 지금의 평양이라고도 하지마는 만일 평양이라고 한다면 이는 양원왕이 평양에서 평양으로 달아난 것이 되니 어떻게 말이 되는 가 ? 장안성은 대개 지금의 봉황성 ( 鳳凰城 ) 이요 , 당시의 신평양 ( 新平壞 ) 이니 안동도호부 ( 安東都護府 : 지금의 遼陽 ) 에서 남쪽으로 평양까지 8백 리 라고 한 것이 그것이다 . 고구려 본기 평원왕 ( 平原王 ) 28 년에 장안성으로 서울을 옮겼다고 하였으니 양원왕이 한때 이곳에 천도하였다가 곧 평양으로 환도하고 , 뒤에 평원왕에 이르러 다시 장안성 , 곧 신평양으로 서울을 옮긴 것이다 . 신라가 만일 그 동맹의 의를 다하여 백제와 협력해서 고구려를 쳤더라면 , 고구려를 멸망시켰을지도 모를 것이다 . 그러나 신라는 가까운 백제를 먼 고구려보다 더 미워하는 터였고 , 또한 백제를 위해 고구려를 토멸하면 그 결과로 백제가 강성해져서 신라로서 대적하기 어려울 것을 아는 터이므로 , 진흥왕이 가만히 백제의 뒤를 습격하여 새로 얻은 땅을 빼앗기로 작정하고 , 병부령 ( 兵部令 ) 이사부 ( 異斯夫 ) 로 하여금 지금의 충청도 동북으로 진군하게 하고 , 한아찬[大阿찬]· 거칠부 ( 居柒夫 ) 로 하여금 구진 ( 仇珍 ) · 비태 ( 比台 ) · 탐지 ( 耽知 ) · 비서 ( 非西 ) · 노부 ( 奴夫) · 서력부 ( 西力夫 ) · 비차부 ( 比次夫 ) · 미진부 ( 未珍夫 ) 등 팔로 ( 八路 ) 의 군사를 거느리고 죽령 ( 竹嶺 ) 이북으로 진군하게 하니 , 백제는 이를 동맹국의 출병 ( 出兵 ) 이라 하여 크게 환영하였다 . 그러나 나라끼리의 투쟁에 무슨 신의가 있으랴 ? 이사부가 백제와 협력 하여 도살성 ( 道薩城 ) 을 도로 빼앗고는 곧 백제의 군사를 갑자기 공격하여 금현성 ( 金峴城 ) 을 함락시키고 , 거칠부는 군시를 나누어 죽령 밖의 백제의 각 군영 ( 軍營 ) 을 쳐 깨뜨려서 백제가 점령하고 있는 죽령 밖 고현 ( 高峴 ) 이내의 10고을을 빼앗으니 , 이에 백제는 닭 쫓던 개 지 붕 쳐다보는 꼴이라 하기보다 독에 든 쥐요 , 함정에 빠진 범의 꼴이 되었다 . 그래서 10고을을빼앗겼을뿐만아니라 평양에 쳐들어갔던 수 만의 대병도 진퇴유곡 ( 進退維谷 ) 으로 패망하였다 . 위의 전황은 신라가 그 맹약을 배신한 행위를 숨기기 위해 백제의 평양 격파를 본기에서 빼버렸고 , 거칠부의 10고을 탈취를 누구와 싸운 결과임을 기록하지 않았다 . 그러나 “백제가 먼저 평양을 공격해 깨뜨렸다 .( 百濟先攻破平壞 ) ”고 한 일곱 자가 우연히 남아 있어서 이것이 거칠부전 ( 居柒夫傳 ) 에 게재되어 그 일을 후세에 분명히 밝히게 되 었다 . 청안 ( 淸安 ) 의 옛 이름은 도살 ( 道薩 ) 혹은 도서 ( 道西 ) 이니 다 '돌시울'로 읽을 것이고 , 진천 ( 鎭川 )의 옛 이름은 흑양 ( 黑壞 ) · 금양 ( 金壞 ) · 금현 ( 金峴 ) · 금물내 ( 金勿內 ) 혹은 만노 ( 萬弩 ) 이니 , 우리의 옛 말에 천 ( 千 ) 을 '지물' , 만 ( 萬 ) 을 '거물'이라 하였는데 , 진천은 '거물래 '이므로 흑양의 흑 ( 黑 ) 과 만노의 만 ( 萬 ) 은 '거물'의 뜻을 쓴 것이 고 , 금물 ( 今勿 ) · 금물 ( 金勿 ) 은 '거물'의 음을 쓴 것이며 , 양 ( 壞 ) · 내 ( 內 ) · 노 ( 弩 ) 는 다 '래'의 소리를 쓴 것이고 , 금양 ( 金壞 ) · 금현 ( 金峴 ) 의 '금 ( 金 ) '은 금물 ( 金勿 ) 을 줄인 것이고 , '현 ( 峴 ) '은 금물내 ( 金勿內 ) 의 산성 ( 山城 ) 을 가리킨 것이다 . 삼국사기 지리지에 지금의 경기도는 물론이요 , 충청도의 충주 ( 忠 州 ) · 괴산 ( 槐山 ) 까지도 고구려의 영토로 되어 있었으므로 근세에 정다산 (丁茶山 ) · 한진서 ( 韓鎭書 ) 등 여러 선생이 다 “고구려가 지금의 한강 이남의 땅을 한 발자욱도 밟아본 때가 없다 . ”고 하여 사기의 잘못을 공격하였으나 , 이 도살성의 점령으로 보건대 고구려가 한강을 건너지 못했다는 말이 어찌 잠꼬대가 아니냐 ? 그러나 이는 고구려의 한때의 점령이고 오랜 동안은 황해도까지도 늘 백제의 땅이었으니 , 충청북도 각지를 고구려의 고을로 만든 삼국사기가 잘못되지 않았다고는 할 수 없다 . 죽령 ( 竹領 ) 밖 고현 ( 高峴 ) 안쪽의10고을은 어디인가 ? 죽령은 지금의 죽령이요 , 고현은 지금의 지평 ( 砥平 : 楊平郡 ) 용문산 ( 龍門山 ) 의 명치 ( 鳴峙 ) 이고 , 10고을은 지금의 제천 ( 堤川 ) · 원주 ( 原州 ) · 횡성 ( 橫城 ) · 홍천 ( 洪川 ) · 지평 ( 砥平 : 楊平 ) · 가평 ( 加平 ) . 춘천 ( 春川 ) · 낭천 ( 狼川 : 지금의 華 川 ) 등지이니 , 뒤에 신라 9 주 ( 州 ) 의 하나인 우수주 ( 牛首州 ) 관내의 군현 ( 郡縣 ) 이 그것이다 . === 백제 성왕(聖王)의 전사(戰死)와 신라의 국토 확장 === 신라가 10고을을 빼앗고는 고구려와 강화하고 , 어제의 동맹국 백제를 적국으로 삼아서 그 동북쪽을 침략하여 지금의 이천 ( 利川 ) · 광주 ( 廣州 ) · 한양 ( 漢陽 ) 등지를 취하여 신주 ( 新州 ) 를 두니 백제는 패하여 고립되었다 . 그러나 그 분함을 억제하지 못하여 밈라가야의 유민 ( 遺民 ) 을 꾀어 국원성 ( 國原城 ) 지금의 충주 ( 忠州 ) 를 떼어 주어 다시 왕국을 건설하게 하고 , 기원후 554 년에 밈라와 군사를 합쳐 어 진성 ( 於珍城 ) ---지금의 진산 ( 珍山 : 錦山郡 ) 을 쳐 신라 군사를 격파하여 남녀 3만 9천 명과 말 8천 필을 노획하고 나아가서 고시산 ( 古尸 山 ) ---지금의 옥천 ( 沃川 ) 을 공격하니 신라의 신주 ( 新州 ) 군주 ( 軍主 ) 김무력 ( 金武力 ) 과 삼년산군 ( 三年山郡 : 지금의 報恩郡 ) 고우도 ( 高于都 ) 가 대병으로 원조하였다 . 성왕이 정병 5 천을 뽑아 신라의 대본영 ( 大本營 ) 을 야습하려고 구천 ( 狗川 : 음은 '글래'이니 、沃川의 이름이 여기서 생겼는데 , 지금의 백마강 상류 ) 에 이르러 신라의 복병을 만나 패전하여 죽었다 . 신라의 군사가 이긴 기세를 타서 백제의 좌평 ( 佑平 : 대신 ) 네 사람과 군사 2만 9천 명을 목베고 사로잡으니 백제 전국이 크게 동요 하였다 . 신라는 그 뒤 더욱 백제를 공격하여 남쪽으로 비사벌 (比斯伐) ---지금의 전주 ( 全州 ) 를 쳐 완산주 ( 完山州 ) 를 설치하고 북쪽으로 국원성( 國原城 ) 을 쳐서 제 2 의 밈라를 토멸하여 그 땅에 소경 ( 小京 ) 을 설치하였다 . 진흥왕이 이와같이 백제를 격파하여 지금의 양주 ( 楊州 ) · 충주 ( 忠州 ) · 전주 ( 全州 ) 등 곧 지금의 경기 · 충청 · 전라도 안의 요지를 얻고 , 곧 고구려를 쳐서 동북으로 지금의 함경도 등지와 지금의 만주 길림 ( 吉林 ) 동북쪽을 차지하니 이에 신라 국토의 넓기가 건국 이래 제일이었다 . 삼국사기의 진흥왕 본기는 연월 ( 年月 ) 의 뒤바뀜과 사실의 탈락이 한둘이 아니다 . 화랑을 설치한 연대가 틀림은 이미 제1장에서 말하였 거니와 , 14 년 가을 7 월에 백제의 동북쪽 변방을 빼앗아 신주 ( 新州 ) 를 설치하였다 ( 取百濟東北都 爲新州 ) 라 했고 , 겨울 10 월에는 “백제의 왕녀 에게 장가들어 소비 ( 小妃 ) 를 삼았다 . ( 娶百濟王女 爲小妃 ) ”고 하였으니 , 아무리 교전이 무상한 때이지만 어찌 넉 달 전에 전쟁을 하여 그 땅을 빼앗고 빼앗기고 하다가 넉 달 후에 결혼하여 장인 사위의 나라가 되었으랴 ? 하물며 이는 고을을 빼앗긴 뒤 3 년밖에 안 되었으니 , 3 년 전에 백제가 신라와 화호 ( 和好 ) 하다가 그렇게 속고 , 3 년 뒤에 또 딸을 주어 그 왕으로 사위를 삼았으랴 ? 진흥왕 12 년에 “왕이 순수 ( 巡狩 ) 하여 낭성 ( 娘城 : 지금 忠州의 彈琴臺 부근 ) 에 이르러 우록 ( 于勒 ) 과 그 제자 이문 ( 尼文 ) 이 음악을 잘 안다는 말을 듣고 특별히 불러보았다 . ( 王巡狩次娘城 聞于勒及其弟子尼文知音樂 特喚之 ) ”고 하였으니 , 악지 ( 樂志 ) 에 우륵은 성열현 ( 省熱縣 : 지금의 淸風 ) 사람으로 , 그 나라가 어지러워짐을 보고 악기를 가지고 신라에 귀순하니 , 진흥왕이 국원 ( 國原 ) 에 안치 ( 安置 ) 하였다고 하였는데 , 대개 우륵은 본래 제1밈라 , 지금의 고령 ( 高靈 ) 사람으로 , 제 2 밈라에 들어와 지금 청주 ( 淸州 ) 의 산수를 좋아하여 그곳에 머물러 살다가 제 2 밈라가 강성해지지 못 할 것을 알고 신라에 귀순하니 , 진흥왕이 제 2 밈라를 쳐 평정한 뒤에 국원 ( 國原 ) 에 안치한 것이다 . 그 뒤 순행하는 길에 우륵을 불러 거문고를 타게 하여 들어본 곳이 지금의 충주 탄금대 ( 彈琴臺 ) 요 , 국원성 지금의 충주가 신라 소유로 된 것이 진흥왕 16 년이므로 진흥왕이 우륵의 거문고를 들어본 것도 16 년 이후일 것인데 , 어찌 12 년에 낭성 ( 娘城 ) 에 순수하여 우륵의 거문고를 들었다고 하였는가 ? 한양 ( 漢陽 ) 삼각산 ( 三角山 ) 북쪽 봉우리에 진흥왕 순수비 ( 巡狩牌 ) 가 있으니 이것은 왕이 백제를 쳐서 성공한 유적이거니와 , 함흥 초방원 ( 草坊院 ) 에도 진흥왕의 순수비가 있으니 이것은 왕이 고구려를 쳐서 성공한 유적인 데 , 진흥왕 본기에 이같은 큰 사건이 다 탈락되지 아니하였는가 ? 만주원류고 ( 滿洲源流考 ) 와 길림유력기 ( 吉林遊歷記 ) 에 의하면 , 길림 ( 吉林 ) 은 본래 신라의 땅이요 , 신라의 계림 ( 鷄林 ) 으로 하여 그 이름을 얻은 것이라고 하였으니 , 이것은 또한 진흥왕이 고구려를 쳐서 땅을 개척하여 지금의 길림 동북까지도 차지하였던 한 증거다 . 박연암집 ( 朴燕巖集 ) 에는 복건성 ( 福建省 ) 의 천주 ( 泉州 ) · 장주 ( 장州 ) 가 일찍이 신라의 땅이 되었다고 하였으니 , 어느 책에 의거한 말인지 알 수 없어서 인용하지 못하거니와 진흥왕이 혹 해외도 경략 ( 經略 ) 하여 그 유적을 끼친 곳이 있지 않은가 한다 . === 고구려의 신라에 대한 침략과 바보 온달(溫達)의 전사(戰死) === 고구려는 평양이 백제에 함락될 때 신라의 요청에 응하여 통호 ( 通好 ) 했으나 , 진흥왕이 그 동쪽 변방을 습격하여 남가슬라 ( 南迎瑟羅 ) 로 부터 길림 ( 吉林 ) 동북쪽까지 공격하여 차지하므로 , 부득이 전투를 별여 비열흘 ( 比列忽 )--- 지금의 안변 ( 安邊 ) 이북을 회복했으나 그 나머지 땅---장수왕 ( 長壽王 ) 이 점령하고 안장왕 ( 安藏王 ) 이후에 다시 점령하였던 계립령 ( 鷄立領 ) ---지금의 조령 ( 鳥嶺 ) 서쪽과 죽령 ( 竹嶺 ) 서쪽의 여러 고을은 끝내 찾지 못하고 , 당시 작전상 가장 요긴한 북한산 ( 北漢山 ) 은 신라가 차지한 뒤로 길이 이 땅을 갖자는 생각으로 장한성가 ( 長漢城歌 ) 를 지어 노래하니 , 고구려 사람들이 가슴 아파하지 않을 수 없었다 . 그래서 거의 해마다 군사를 동원 신라를 침노했으 나 마침내 성공하지 못하고 평원왕 ( 平原王 ) 의 사위 온달 ( 溫達 ) 의 전사극 ( 戰死劇 ) 이 연출되어 , 당시의 시인 문사들이 이 일을 노래하고 이야기하고 이두문으로 기록하여 사회에 전해져서 , 일반 고구려인의 적개심을 더욱 굳세게 해서 고구려가 멸망할 때까지 신라와는 평화가 영영 끊어지고 말았다 . 이제 전사 ( 前史 ) 에 실려 있는 온달의 이야기를 다음에 말하고자 한다 . 온달 ( 溫達 : 옛 음은 '온대 '니 百山의 뜻 ) 은 얼굴이 울툭불툭하고 성도 없는 한 거지였다 . 그러나 마음은 시원하였다 . 집에 눈먼 노모가 있어 늘 밥을 빌어다가 대접하고 그 밖에는 일이 없어 거리를 오락가락하였다 . 가난하고 천한 자를 업신여기는 것은 사회의 상정 ( 常情 ) 이라 바보도 아닌 온달을 모두 바보 온달이라 불렀다 . 평원왕 ( 平原王 ) 에게 따님 하나가 있어 어릴 때 울기를 잘하므로 평원왕이 사랑 끝에 실없는 말로 달래기를 “오냐 오냐 , 울지 마라 . 울기를 좋아하면 너를 귀한 집 며느리로 주지 않고 바보 온달의 계집으로 만들 것이다 .” 하고 울 때마다 을렀는데 , 따님이 장성해 시집갈 나이가 되어 상부 (上部 ) 의 고씨 ( 高氏 ) 에게 시집보내려고 하였다 . 따님은 “아버님께서 늘 저더러 바보 온달에게 시집보낸다고 말씀하셨는데 이제 와서 다른 사람에게 시집보내시면 그 말씀이 거짓말이 되지 아니합니까 ? 저는 죽어도 바보 온달에게 가서 죽겠습니다 . ” 하고 반대하였다 . 평원왕이 크게 노하여 “너는 만승천자 ( 萬乘天子 ) 의 딸이 아니냐 ? 만승천자의 딸이 거지의 계집이 되겠단 말이냐 ? ” 그러나 따님은 듣지 않고 “필부 ( 匹夫 ) 도 거짓말이 없는데 만승천자로서 어찌 거짓말을 하실 수 있습니까 ? 저는 만승천자의 딸이기 때문에 만승천자의 말씀이 거짓말이 되지 않게 하기 위해서 온달에게 시집가렵니다 .”라고 하였다 . 평원왕은 어찌할 수가 없어서 “너는 내 딸이 아니니 내 눈 앞에 보이지 말아라 . ” 하고 대궐에서 내쫓았다 , 따님은 나올 때에 다른 것은 아무것도 가진 것이 없고 , 다만 금팔찌 〔金臂環〕 수십 개를 팔에 끼워가지고 나와서 벽도 다 무너지고 네 기 둥만 남은 온달의 집을 찾아들어 갔다 . 온달은 어디 가고 노모만 있는 지라 그의 앞에 절하고 온달이 간 곳을 물었다 . 노모가 눈은 멀었지만 코가 있어 그 귀한 따님에게서 나는 향내를 맡고 귀가 있어 그 아리따운 미인의 목소리는 들을 수 있었으므로 이상하게 여겨 그 명주같이 보드랍고 고운 손을 만지며 , “어디서 오신 귀하신 처녀인지 모르지만 어찌하여 빌어먹고 헐벗은 내 아들을 찾습니까 ? 내 아들은 굶다굶다 못하여 산으로 느릅나무 껍질이나 벗겨다가 먹으려고 나가서 아직 돌아오지 않았습니다 .”라고 하였다 . 따님이 온달을 찾아 산 아래로 가서 느릅나무 껍질을 벗겨 짊어지고 오는 사람을 만나 곧 온달인 줄 알고 그 이름을 물은 다음 자기가 찾아온 이유---혼인하고자 하는 생각을 말하였다 . 온달이 생각하기를 사람으로서야 어찌 부귀한 집의 아름다운 여자로서 빈천한 거지의 남편을 구할 리 있으랴 하고 소리 쳤다 . “너는 사람 흘리는 여우나 도깨비지 사람은 아닐 것이다 . 해가 졌으니 네가 나에게 덤비는구나 .” 하고 뒤도 돌아보지 아니하고 달려 돌아와서 사립문을 꼭 닫아 걸고 들어갔다 . 따님이 뒤쫓아와서 그 문밖에서 하룻밤을 자고 그 이튿날 또다시 들어가 간청하였다 . 온달이대답할 바를 몰라 머뭇거리기만 하자 노모가 말하였다 . “내 집같이 가난한 집이 없고 내 아들보다 더 천한사람이 없는데 그대가한나라의 귀인으로서 어찌 가난한 집에서 남편을 섬기려고 하오 ? ” 그러나 따님은 “종잇장도 마주 들면 가볍다고 하였으니 , 마음만 맞으면 가난하고 천한 것이 무슨 관계가 있겠습니까 ? ” 하고 , 드디어 금팔찌를 팔아 집과 밭과 논이며 종과 소며 그 밖의 모든 것을 다 사들여서 빌어먹던 온달이 하루 아침에 부자가 되 었다 . 그러나 따님은 온달을 한갓 부자로 만들려 함이 아니었으므로 온달 더러 말타고 활쏘기를 배우기 위해 말을 사오라 하였다 . 이때는 전국 시대 ( 戰國時代 ) 였으므로 고구려에서도 마정 ( 馬政 ) 을 매우 중히 여겨 대궐의 말을 국마 ( 國馬 ) 라 하여 잘 먹여 잘 기르고 화려한 굴레를 씌웠는데 , 다만 왕이 말을 타다가 다치면 말먹이와 말몰이를 죄주었으므로 , 말먹이와 말몰이들이 매양 날래고 굳센 준마가 있으면 이를 굶기고 때려서 병든 말을 만들어버리는 일이 많았다 . 따님은 비록 깊은 대궐 안의 처녀였지마는 이런 폐단을 잘 알고 있었으므로 , 말을 살 때에 온달에게 “시장의 말을 사지 마시고 버리는 국마를 사오십시오 .”해서 사다가 따님이 몸소 먹이고 다듬어 말이 날로 살찌고 웅장해졌다 . 온달의 말타고 활쏘는 재주도 날로 진보하여 이름난 사람이 온달에게 미치지 못하였다 . 3월 3일 신수두 대제 ( 大祭 ) 의 경기회에 온달이 참예하여 말타기에 우등을 하고 사냥해 잡은 사슴도 가장 많았다 . 평원왕이 그를 불러 이 름을 물어보고 크게 놀라며 감탄하였으나 따님에 대한 분노가 아주 풀리지를 아니하여 아직 사위로 인정하지 아니하였다 . 그 뒤에 주 ( 周 : 于文氏) 의 무제 ( 武帝 ) 가 지나 북쪽을 통일하여 위염을 떨치고 , 고구려의 강함을 시기하여 요동 ( 遼東 ) 에 침입해와서 배산 ( 拜山 ) 의 들에서 맞아 싸우는데 , 어떤 사람이 혼자서 용감하게 나가 싸웠다 . 칼 쓰는 솜씨가 능란하고 활 쏘는 재주도 신묘하여 수백 명 적의 군사를 순식 간에 목베었다 . 알아보니 그는 곧 온달이 었다 . 왕이 탄식하며 “이는 진정 내 사위로다 .”하고 이에 온달을 불러 대 형 ( 大兄 : 五品쯤 되는 벼슬 이름 ) 에 임명하고 총애가 극진하였다 . 평원왕이 돌아가고 영양왕 ( 영陽王 ) 이 즉위하자 온달이 아뢰었다 . “계립령 ( 鷄立嶺 ) 과 죽령 ( 竹嶺 ) 서쪽의 땅은 본래 우리 고구려의 땅이었는 데 신라에게 빼앗겨 그 땅의 인민들이 항상 원통하게 여기고 부모의 나라를 잊지 못하고 있습니다 . 대왕께서는 신을 불초하다 마시고 군사를주시면 한번에 그땅을 회복하겠습니다 .” 영양왕이 이를허락하 여 출발하게 되었는데 , 온달은 군중에서 맹세하기를 “신라가 한수 ( 漢 水 ) 이북의 우리 땅을 빼앗았으니 이번 싸움에 만일 그 땅을 회복하지 못하면 나는 돌아오지 않을 것이다 .” 하였다 . 온달은 아차성 ( 阿且城: 지금 서울 부근 廣律의 峨嵯山 ) 아래 이르러 신라 군사와 접전하다가 흐르는 화살에 맞아 죽었다 . 환장 ( 還葬 ) 하려고 하자 관 ( 棺 ) 이 땅에 붙어 떨어지지 아니하므로 따님이 친히 가서 울면서 “국토를 못 찾고야 임이 어찌 돌아가시랴 . 임이 아니 돌아가시니 이첩이 어찌 홀로 돌아가랴 .” 하고 역시 까무러쳐서 깨어나지 않았다 . 그래서 고구려 사람들은 따님과 온달을 그 땅에 나란히 장사지냈다 . 관이 땅에 붙어 떨어지지 않을 리가 있을까 ? 당시에 치상 ( 治喪 ) 하는 사람들이 온달의 관을 가지고 돌아가려 하다가 온달의 애국충렬에 감동하고 , 또 전날 온달이 계립령과 죽령 이서를 회복하지 않으면 나도 돌아오지 않겠다고 한 말을 생각하고 차마 관을 들 수가 없어 관이땅에서 떨어지지 않는다는 현상을 말한 것이다 . 삼국사기 온달전 ( 溫達傳 ) 끝에 “공주가 와서 관을 어루만지며 '사생은 이미 결정났습 니다 . 돌아가십시다 . ' 하니 마침내 관이 떨어져 장사를 지냈다 . ( 公主來 撫棺曰 死生決牟 嗚乎歸牟 遂擧而 ? ) '고 하였는데 , 그러나 만일 이 같이 공주가 그렇게 말하고 울었다면 공주는 국토에 대한 열정이 없을 뿐 아니라 남편에 대한 사랑도 담박 ( 淡薄 ) 하다고 할 것이고 , 온달의 관이 이 말에 떨어졌다면 온달은 국토의 회복을 위해 죽은 것이 아니고 상사병에 걸려 죽은 것이니 , 공주가 전날에 말을 사다가 온달을 가르친 본의가 무엇이며 온달이 편안한 부귀를 버리고 전쟁에 나선 진정 ( 眞情 ) 이 어디에 있는가 ? 조선사략 ( 朝解史略 ) 에 “국토가 회복되지 않았으니 공이 어찌 돌아가실 수 있으랴 ? 공이 돌아가지 못하시는데 내가 어찌 흔자 돌아갈 수 있으랴 하며 통곡하고 기절하니 , 마침내 고구려 사람들이 공주를 나란히 그곳에 장사지냈다 . ( 國土未還 公能還 公旣未還 妾安能獨還 一慟而絶 高句麗人 遂竝葬公主於其地 ) ”고 하였으니 , 조선사략은 물론 시대의 차이로 보아 그 믿음성이 삼국사기만 못하지마는 이 대문의 문구는 군국시대 ( 軍國時代 ) 의 사상을 그린 것이므로 본서에서는 이를 채택한다 . 정다산 · 한진서 등의 선생이 온달의 한수 이북 운운한 말에 의하여 고구려가 한수 이남을 차지해본 때가 없음을 증명하였지마는 그렇다면 온달의 계립령 이서가 우리 땅이라고 한 말은 어떻게 해석할 것인가 ? 고구려가 장수왕 몇 해와 안장왕 이후의 몇 해에 한수 이남을 점령하였던 것은 분명하니 온달이 말한 한수 ( 漢水 ) 는 지금의 한수〔漢江〕가 아니라 지금 양성 ( 陽城 ) 의 '한래'이다 . 연전에 일본인 금서룡 ( 今西龍 ) 이 북경대학에서 조선사를 강연할 때에 온달전은 역사로 볼 가치가 없다고 하였는데 , 이것은 참으로 문맹 ( 文盲 ) 의 말이다 . 온달의 죽음으로 인하여 고구려 · 신라 강화의 길이 끊어지고 백제가 고구려와 동맹하여 삼국 흥망의 판국을 이루었으니 , 온달전은 삼국시대의 두드러지게 중요한 문자이다 . 그러나 김부식의 첨삭 ( 添削) 을 지나 그 가치가 얼마만큼 줄어졌음은 올바른 독사자 ( 讀史者 ) 만이 이해할 뿐이다 . == 제 3 장 동서전쟁(同壻戰爭) == === 백제 왕손(王孫) 서동(薯童)과 신라 공주 선화(善花)의 결혼 === 기원후 6 세기 하반에 백제 위덕왕 ( 威德王 ) 의 증손 서동 ( 薯童 ) 은 준수한 도련님으로 삼국 중에 크게 이름이 났었고 , 신라 진평왕 ( 眞平王 ) 의 둘째 따님은 삼국 중에 가장 이름난 어여쁜 아가씨였다 . 그런데 진평왕은 아들이 없고 딸만 몇을 낳은 가운데 선화가 꽃같이 어여 쁘므로 가장 사랑하여 “신라의 왕 된 것이 나의 자랑이 아니라 , 선화의 아버지된 것이 나의 자랑이다 .”라고 하며 늘 선화를 위해 사윗감을 구했는데 , 서동의 이름을 듣고는 선화의 남편으로 희망하였고 , 위덕왕은 그 증손 서동을 위해 증손부 ( 曾孫歸 ) 감을 구하였는데 , 또한 선화의 이름을 듣고 서동의 아내로 희망하였다 . 가족 제도의 시대라 한 가정의 어른 , 양편의 주혼자 ( 主婚者 ) 로서 하물며 각기 한 나라의 대왕으로서 이렇게 생각했다면 그 결혼이 물론 쉬웠을 것이지마는 그 결혼은 쉽지 않을 뿐만 아니라 절대로 되지 않을 사정이 있었다 . 설혹 누가 그 결혼을 제의한다고 하더라도 진평왕이나 위덕왕이 반드시 크게 노하여 역적놈이라고 처벌할 만한 사정이 있었다 . 그것은 무슨 사정인가 하면 신라는 여러 대 이래로 박 ( 朴 ) · 석 ( 昔 ) · 김 ( 金 ) 세 성이 서로 결혼 하여 그 아들이나 사위 중에서 나이가 많은 사람으로 왕위를 잇게 하여 왔으므로 , 타성의 딸은 혹 세 성의 집으로데려올수 있으나 , 세 성 집안의 딸은 타성에게로 시집가지 못하는 터이었다 . 그렇기 때문에 소지왕 ( 炤知王 ) 이 백제의 동성왕 ( 東城王 ) 에게 딸을 주었다고 하고 , 법흥왕 ( 法興王 ) 이 밈라가라의 가실왕 ( 嘉實王 ) 에게 누이동생을 주었다고 한 것은 실은 친딸 친누이동생이 아니라 , 육부 ( 六部 ) 귀골 ( 貴骨 ) 의 딸이나 누이동생을 준 것이었다 . 그러므로 김씨인 진평의 딸 선화의 장래 남편은 박씨가 아니면 석씨 , 석씨가 아니면 그 동성 김씨라야 하였으니 어찌 신라 사람도 아닌 백제의 부여씨 ( 扶餘氏 ) 서동의 아내가 될 수 있으랴 ? 이는 선화 편의 사정이거니와 , 백제는 신라처럼 결혼에 관하여 성자 ( 姓字 ) 에 엄격한 제한은 없으나 위덕왕의 아버지 성왕 ( 聖王 ) 을 죽인자가 누구인가 하면 , 곧 진평왕의 아버지인 진흥왕 ( 眞興王 ) 이요 , 진흥왕은 누구인가 하면 성왕의 사위였다 . 증손부 며느리 를 어디서 데려오지 못하여 아버지 죽인 원수의 5 녀를 데려오랴 ? 장인을 죽인 괴악한 사위의 손녀를 데려오랴 ? 엄중한 심리상 ( 心理上 ) 의 꾸중이 있으니 , 서동의 장래 아내가 백제의 목씨 ( 木氏 ) · 국씨 ( 國氏 ) 등 8 대성 (八大姓 ) 의 여자이거나 , 그렇지 않으면 민가의 여자는 될지언정 어찌 전대의 원수인 진흥왕의 자손이 될 수 있으랴 . 이것은 서동 편의 사정이었다 . 백제나 신라의 여러 신하들이 거의가 전쟁에서 서로 죽이던 이의 자손이라 모두 그 결혼을 반대할 것이었다 . 이것도 양편이 결혼할 수 없는 부속된 사정이었다 . 사정이 이러함에도 불구하고 서동은 커갈수록 백제 왕가에 태어나지 않고 신라의 민가 자제로나 태어났더라면 선화의 얼굴이라도 한 번 바라볼 수 있을 것을 , 선화의 눈에 내 모습이라도 한 번 보여줄 수 있을 것을 하는 생각이 머리에서 떠나지 아니하여 마침내 백제 왕궁에서 탈출하여 신라 동경 ( 東京 ), 지금의 경주 ( 慶州) 를 찾아갔다 . 가서는 머리를 깎고 어느 대사 ( 大師 ) 의 제자가 되었다 . 이때 신라에서는 불교를 존중하여 왕이나 왕의 가족들이 궁중에 중을 청하여 재도 올리고 백고좌 ( 百高座 ) 도 베풀고 이름난 중의 설법도 듣고 하는 때였으므로 , 서동은 법연 ( 法筵 ) 을 기회하여 오래 그리던 선화와 만날 길을 얻었다 . 만나서 두사람의 눈이 마주치자 선화는 백제의 서동이 사랑스러운 사나이라지만 아마 저 중만은 못할 것이다 하고 그날부터는 서동에 대한 생각을 버리고 중을 그리게 되었으며 , 서동 또한 “내가 네 남편이 되지 못할진대 죽어버리리라 . 너도 내 아내가 되지 않으려거든 죽어버리라 .” 하여 두 사람의 마음이 서로 맺어졌다 . 그래서 서동이 선화의 시녀에게 뇌물을 주어 밤을 타 선화의 궁에 들어가 사통하였다 . 선화는 서동이 아니고는 다른 여자의 남편이 되지 않으리라고 굳게 맹세를 하였지만 , 주위의 사정이 허락하지 않는 데야 어찌하랴 ? 서동과 선화는 의논한 끝에 차라리 이 일을 드러내서 세상에 널리 알려 세상에서 허락하면 결혼하고 그렇게 되지 않으면 함께 죽기로 작정하고 , 서동이 가끔 엿이며 밤이며 그 밖의 여러 가지 과일을 많이 사가지고 거리로 돌아다니며 아이들을 꾀어 “선화 아가씨는 염통이 반쪽이라네 . 본래는 온통이었지만 반쪽은 떼어 서동에게 주고 반쪽은 남겨 가지고 있으나 상사병에 병들어 있다네 . 서동이여 , 어서 오소서 . 어서 와서 염통을 도로 주시어 선화 아가씨를 살리소서 ” 하고 노래부르게 하여 그 노래가 하루 아침에 신라 서울 동경 ( 東京 ) 에 쫙 퍼져서 모르는 이가 없게 되었다 . 그리고 선화는 아버지 진평왕에게 고백하고 , 서동은 귀국하여 증조부 위덕왕에게 바른대로 고하며 , 다른 사람과 결혼하라 하면 죽기로 반대하였다 . 진평왕과 위덕왕은 처음에는 부모나 조부모 몰래 남녀가 사통한 것은 가정의 큰 변이라 하여 당장 사형에 처할 듯 했지마는 그러나 사랑하는 딸 사랑하는 손자를 어찌하랴 ? 진평왕은 박·석·김 세 성의 결혼 습관을 깨뜨리고 , 위덕왕은 아버지의 원수를 잊고 서동과 선화의 결혼을 허락하여 두 나라 왕실이 다시 새 사돈 사이가 되었다 . === 결혼 후 10년 동안의 두 나라 동맹 === 두 사람이 결혼한 뒤에는 두 나라는 매우 친밀하게 지냈다 . 삼국사기에는 그러한 말이 없으니 , 그것은 신라가 나중에 고타소랑 ( 古陀炤 娘 ) 의 참혹한 죽음 ( 다음 절 참조 ) 으로 인하여 백제를 몹시 원망하여 백제를 토벌한 다음에 그러한 기록을 모두 태워버려서 신라 왕가의 여자로서 백제에 시집간 자취를 숨겨버린 때문이다 . 그러나 삼국유사에 의하면 서동이 선화공주의 아름다움을 듣고 머리를 깎고 신라 서울에 가서 노래를 지어 아이들을 꾀어서 부르게 했다고 하였다 , 여지승람 ( 輿地勝覽 ) 에는 무강왕 ( 武康王 ) 이 진평왕의 딸 선화 공주에 장가들어 용화산 ( 龍華山 ) 에 미륵사 ( 彌勒寺 ) 를 짓는데 진평왕이 여러 공인 ( 工人 ) 을 보내 도왔다고 하였으며 , 고려사 지리지에는 후조선 ( 後朝鮮 ) 무강왕 기준 ( 箕準 ) 의 능을 세상 사람들이 말통대왕 ( 末通大王 ) 의 능이라 한다고 하고 , 그 주 ( 註 ) 에 백제 무왕 ( 武王 ) 은 소명 ( 小名 ) 을 서동 ( 薯童 ) 이라 한다고 하였다 . 서동이 백제의 왕위를 물려받아 42 년 만에 돌아가서 시호를 무왕이라 하였으니 , 무강왕은 후조선의 기준이 아니 ' 라 무왕의 잘못이요 , 서동과 말통 ( 末通 ) 은 이두로 읽으면 서동의 서 ( 薯 ) 는 뜻을 취하고 동 ( 童 ) 은 음을 취하여 '마동'으로 읽을 것이요 말통 ( 末通 ) 두 글자가 다음으로 '마동'으로 읽을 것이므로 , 말통대왕 릉은 곧 무왕 서동과 선화공주를 합장 ( 合葬 ) 한 능이다 . 그런데 말통대왕이 왕이 된 뒤에 곧 신라와 혈전을 벌이게 되었으니 신라가 그 적국에 대해 백공을 보내서 절 짓는 것을 도왔을 리가 만무하다 . 미륙사의 건축은 대개 서동이 왕손 ( 王孫 ) 으로 있어 원당 ( 願堂 ) 으로 지은 것이 고 , 그 원당을 지을 때에는 신라 · 백제 두 사돈의 나라가 서로 환호하여 고구려에 대한 동맹국이 되었으므로 진평왕 원년 내지 24 년까지 , 곧 백제의 위덕왕 26 년 내지 45 년을 지나 혜왕 ( 惠王 ) 2 년과 법왕 ( 法王 ) 2 년을 거쳐 무왕 2 년까지는 신라와 백제 사이에 한 번도 전쟁이 없었고 , 또 두 나라가 앞서거니 뒤서거니 하여 수 ( 隨 ) 에 사선을 보내서 고구려를 치기를 청하여 수의 문제 ( 文帝 ) · 양제 ( 煬帝 ) 두 대의 침입 ( 제10 편 참고 ) 을 일으키게 하였다 . ===동서전쟁(同婚戰爭)---김용춘의 총애 다툼과 무왕(武王)의 항전 === 백제가 위덕왕 ( 威德王 ) 말년이거나 혜왕 ( 惠王 ) 법왕 ( 法王 ) 연간 , 곧 서동 ( 薯童 ) 이 왕증손 ( 王曾孫 ) 이었던 때이거나 왕손 ( 王孫 ) 또는 태자 ( 太子 ) 였을 때에는 늘 신라와 좋게 지내다가 무왕 ( 武王 ) 3 년 곧 서동이 왕이 된 뒤 3 년 ( 기원후 602 년 ) 에 신라와 전쟁이 벌어져서 백제는 신라의 아모산성 ( 阿母山城 : 지금의 雲峰 ) 을 치고 , 신라는 소타이(小陀 ) · 외석 ( 畏石 ) · 천산 ( 泉山 ) · 옹잠 ( 甕岑 : 지금의 德給山 ) 에 성책을 쌓아 백제를 막았다 . 백제는 좌평 ( 佐平 ) 해수 ( 解수 ) 로 하여금 네 성을 공격 하여 신라의 장군 건품 ( 乾品 ) · 무은 ( 武殷 ) 과 격전을 벌여 이 뒤부터는 지금의 충청북도 충주 ( 忠州 ) · 괴산 ( 槐山 ) · 연풍 ( 延豊 ) · 보은 ( 報恩 ) 등지와 지금의 지 리산 좌우의 무주 ( 茂朱 ) · 용담 ( 龍澹 ) · 금산 ( 金山 ) · 지레 ( 知禮 ) 등지와 지금의 덕유산 동쪽 함양 ( 咸陽 ) · 운봉 ( 雲峰 ) · 안의 ( 安義 ) 등지에서 수없이 많은 생명과 재산을 버려 쇠가 쇠를 먹고 살이 살을 먹는 차극을 연출함에 이르렀다 . 진평왕은 무왕이 사랑하는 아내의 아버지니 속담에 아내에게 엎어지면 처가의 밭 말뚝에도 절을 한다고 하였는데 , 무왕이 어찌하여 자기가 왕이 되어 정치의 세력을 잡자 도리어 그 유일한 애처의 아버지의 나라를 말뚝만큼도 여기지 아니하여 날마다 군사로써 유린하려 하였는가 ? 신라에서 왕위를 박 · 석 · 김 세 성 이 서로 전하는 것은 그 시조 박혁거세 ( 朴赫居世 ) 때부터 확정된 명문 ( 明文 ) 의 헌법이 아니라 , 처음 에는박·석 두성이 서로 혼인하여 두성의 아들이나 사위만 왕이 될 권리를 가지다가 건국 3백 년쯤 후에 미추이사금 ( 味鄒尼師今 ) 이 김씨 로서 점해왕 ( 점解王 ) 의 사위가 돼서 두 성에 끼어들어 세 성이 서로 전하는 판국이 되었으니 , 6백 년 후에 부여씨 ( 扶餘氏) 가 세 성에 끼어 네 성이 서로 전하는 판국이 되는 것이 무엇이 안 될 것인가 ? 백제의 무왕이 신라의 왕위를 물려받을 권리가 있다고 할 수 있는 것이고 , 신라는 원래 아들이나 사위 중에서 나이가 많은 사람이 전왕의 뒤를 이었는데 , 하물며 진평왕은 딸만 있고 아들이 없었으며 , 비록 맏딸 선덕 ( 善德 ) 이 있었지마는 그는 출가해서 여승 ( 女增 ) 이 되어 정치에 관여 하지 아니하니 , 선화가 둘째딸이지만 선화의 남편 무왕이 맏사위이므로 무왕이 신라의 왕위를 이어받을 권리가 있다고 할 수 있는 것이다 . 이 두 가지 조건으로 무왕은 신라의 왕이 될 희망을 가졌었을 것이고 , 진평도 또한 왕위를 무왕에게 전해줄 생각을 가졌었을 것이다 . 만일 그렇게 되었더라면 박·석 · 김 ·부여 네 성이 서로 전해주는 판국이 되어 신라와 백제가 합쳐져서 한 나라가 되어 두 나라 인민의 뜻없는 혈전을 면했을 것이다 . 백제에는 부여씨 아래 진 ( 眞 ) · 국 ( 國 ) · 해 ( 海 ) · 연 ( 燕 ) · 목 ( 木 ) · 백 ( 백 ) · 협 (협) 의 여덟 대가 ( 大家 ) 가 있었으나 , 실상은 부여씨가 정권을 독차지하여 고구려의 벌족공화 ( 關族共和 ) 와 다르고 , 신라는 원래 박 · 석 · 김 세 성의 공화 ( 共和 ) 의 나라였으나 , 이때는 김씨 한 집안이 거의 그 왕위 상속을 독점하다시피 하고 있는 때였으므로 두 나라의 왕만 마음이 맞으면 양국의 결혼적 연합이 용이하였을 것이다 . 그러나 천하의 일이 어찌 그렇게 평순하게 진행되랴 ? 두 나라 여러 신하들은 거의 다 이를 반대했겠지마는 그 중에 가장 반대의 의견을 품은 이는 김용춘 ( 金龍春 ) 이었을 것이다 . 김용춘은 누구인가 ? 곧 진평왕의 셋째딸 문명 ( 文明 ) 의 남편이다 . 선화가 멀리 백제로 시집가서 떨어져 있으니 진평왕의 애정이 자연 이 문명에게 쏠리고 , 따라서 첫 째사위 선화의 남편 서동보다 둘째사위 용춘을 더 사랑하게 되었을 것이다 . 용춘은 만일 신라의 왕위가 서동에게 가지 않으면 곧 자기에게 돌아올 필연성을 가졌으니 , 왕위가 서동에게 돌아가는 것을 반대하는 의견을 가지고 이를 저지하였을 것이다 . 그 반대가 성공하여 진평왕은 드디어 서동에게 왕위를 물려줄 생각을 끊고 , 그리고 출가해서 중이 된 맏딸 덕만 ( 德曼 ), 곧 선덕여대왕 ( 善德女大王 ) 을 불러다가 왕태녀 ( 王太女 ) 를 삼았다 . 그리고 왕은 용춘을 중히 써서 장래 명색은 선덕여왕이라도 실권은 용춘에게 있게 하였을 것이다 . 용춘에게 왕위 계승권을 주지 않고 덕만에게 준 것은 물론 서동의 감정을 융화시키려 는 생각이었던 것이다 . 그러나 서동도 총명한 인물이라 어찌 그런 수단에 속으랴 ? 그러므로 그는 즉위 후에 용춘을 죽이려고 군사를 일으켜 신라를 공격하였다 . 용춘이 처음에는 뒤에 숨어 진평왕의 참모가 되어 있다가 나중에는 내성사신 ( 內省私臣 ) 으로 대장군을 겸하여 직접 전선에 나타나서 악전고투가 해마다 계속되었으니 , 이것이 이른바 동서전쟁 ( 同壻戰爭 ) 이다 . === 동서전쟁(同壻戰爭)의 희생자 === 이 전쟁은 앞에서 말한 바와 같이 두 동서 사이의 신라 왕위의 쟁탈전이었으니 , 두 사람의 비열한 이기주의의 충돌에 지나지 않는 것이 지마는 명의는 국가와 민족의 흥망을 내걸어 피차 그 나라 안의 인심 을 고동 ( 鼓動 ) 하고 명예 와 벼슬로 결사의 군사를 동원하니 , 한편에 비애에 우는 인민이 있음에 불구하고 한편에는 공명에 춤추는 장수와 군사가 적지 아니하였다 . 그러므로 여지승람 ( 與地勝覽 ) 합천 ( 陜川 ) 부자연 ( 父子淵 ) 의 고적에 의하면 신라가 전쟁이 지루하게 오래 가서 민가의 장정들이 전쟁에 가면 몇 번을 돌아올 기간이 지나도 돌아오지 아니했는데 , 어떤 늙은 아버지가 여러 해 만에야 아들이 전장에서 돌아온다는 기별을 듣고 마중나가 이 소 ( 沼 ) 위의 바위 위에서 부자가 서로 껴안고 울며불며 오래 그리던 자애의 정희와 생활의 곤란을 하소연하다 바위 아래로 떨어져서 이 소에 장사지냈으므로 부자연 ( 父子淵 ) 이라 이름하였다고 했고 , 삼국사기 설씨녀전 ( 薛氏女傳 ) 에도 이러한 이야기가 있다 . 설씨녀는 집이 가난하고 일가도 없었으나 얼굴이 아름답고 행실이 정숙하여 보는 사람이 모두 칭찬하고 부러워했지만 감히 범하지 못하였다 . 진평왕 때의 그의 늙은 아버지가 먼 곳에 수자리를 가게 되어 그녀는 크게 걱정하고 이웃집 소년 가실 ( 嘉實 ) 에게 이 일을 이야기하였다 . 가실은 자기가 대신 가기를 자청하였다 . 그녀의 아버지가이 말을 듣고크게 기뻐하며 가설과 딸을 결혼시키려고하니 그녀는 가실에게 전장에 가서 3 년이면 돌아올 것이니 돌아와서 결혼하자고 하므로 가실이 허락하고 자기의 말을 그녀에게 주고 , 훗날의 신표 ( 信表 ) 로 거울을 둘로 나누어 두 사람이 한쪽씩 가졌다 . 가실이 수자리를 나가서는 3 년을 곱하여 6 년이 넘어도 돌아오지 않으므로 그녀의 아버지가 딸의 일을 민망하게 여겨 다른 사람에게 시집보내려고 하였다 . 그녀는 듣지 않았으나 아버지는 억지로 보내려고 하였다 . 그녀가 도망하려고 가실이 준 말을 타고서 막 떠나려고 하는데 이때 가실이 달려왔다 . 의복이 남루하고 형용이 여위어 알아볼 수 없게 되었다 . 가실이 깨어진 거울을 꺼내서 맞추어보고 서로 얼싸안고 울었다 . 이리하여 두 사람은 마침내 결혼하였다 . 위의 두 가지 기록이 비록 당시 전국시대의 정황 ( 情況 ) 의 만분의 일에 지나지 아니하나 또한 그때 인민들의 근심과 괴로움을 잘 나타낸 것이라고 하겠다 . 그러나 무사 ( 武士 ) 의 사회는 이와 전혀 다르니 아래 에 그 몇 가지를 기록하려고 한다 . 1) 귀산 ( 貴山 ) 은 파진간 ( 波珍干 ) 무은 ( 武殷 ) 의 아들이요 , 사량부 ( 沙梁部 ) 사람이었다 . 어릴 때 추항 ( 추項 ) 과 친하게 지내 함께 원광법사 ( 圓光法師 ) 에게 나아가서 가르침을 청하니 , 법사가 말하기를 “불교에 열 가지 계행 ( 戒行 ) 이 있는데 , 너희들은 남은 신하로서 그것을 받들어 행하지 못하려니와 화랑 ( 花郞 ) 의 다섯 가지 계행에 있어 임금을 충성으로 섬기며 아버지를 효도로 섬기며 벗을 믿음으로 사귀며 싸움에는 용감하게 나아가며 생물을 살상함에는 가려서 해야 한다고 하였으니 , 너희는 이것을 받들어 행하여라 .” 하였다·진평대왕 ( 眞平大王 ) 건복 ( 建福 ) 19 년 ( 기원 602 년 ) 에 백제가 침노하여 아모산성 ( 阿母山城 : 지 금의 雲峰 ) 을 포위하고 공격 하므로 왕이 파진간 ( 波珍干 ) 건품 ( 乾品 ) · 무은 ( 武殷 ) 등을 보내서 방어하게 하였는데 귀산과 추항도 따라갔다 . 그런데 백제가 거짓 패하여 천산 ( 泉山 : 지금의 咸陽 ) 으로 퇴각하여 복병으로 신라의 추격하는 군사를 격파하고 쇠갈구리로 무은 ( 武殷 ) 을 얽어매어 사로잡으려 하였다 . 귀산이 “우리 스승이 나에게 가르치시기를 싸움에 용감하게 나아가라고 하셨으니 어찌 감히 물러나랴 .” 하고 추장과 함께 창을 들어 죽기로 싸워서 적 수십 명을 죽이고 , 아버지 무은을 구원하였는데금창 ( 金瘡 : 갈이나 창에 찔려서 난 상처 ) 이 온몸에 가득하여 중도에서 죽었다 . 2) 찬덕 ( 讚德 ) 은 모량부 ( 牟梁部 ) 사람이었는데 용기 와 절개가 있 었다 . 진평왕 건복 ( 建福 ) 27 년에 가잠성주 ( 가岑城主 ) 가 되었는데 , 이듬해 10 월에 백제가 공격해와서 포위당한 지 백여 일이 되었다 . 왕이 상주 ( 上州 ) · 하주 ( 下州 ) · 신주 ( 新州 ) 의 군사 5 만 명을 내어 가서 구원하게 하였으나 패하고 돌아갔다 . 찬덕이 분개하여 군사들에게 “세 주(州)의 군사가 적이 강함을 보고 진격하지 못하고 , 성이 위태로움을 보고도 구원하지 못하니 그것은 의 ( 義 ) 가 없는 것이다 . 의가 없이 사는 것은 의가 있게 죽는 것만 못하다 .” 하고 양식이 떨어지고 물이 없어 시체를 먹고 오줌을 마시면서 힘을 다해 싸우다가 이듬해 정월에 다시 더 버틸 수 없게 되자 드디어 머리로 괴목 ( 塊木 ) 을 들이받아 골이 깨져서 죽었다 . 가잠성은 지금의 괴산 ( 槐山 ) 이니 , 괴산은 찬덕이 머리로 괴목을 받은 까닭으로 하여 생긴 이름이다 . 3) 해론 ( 奚論 ) 은 찬덕 ( 讚德 ) 의 아들이다 . 진평왕 건복 35 년에 금산당주 ( 金山幢主 ) 로서 한산주 ( 漢山州 ) 도독 ( 都督 ) 변품 ( 邊品 ) 과 함께 가잠성 ( 가岑城 ) 을 회복하려고 하였고 , 싸움이 시작되자 해론은 “여기는 우리 아버지가 전사하신 곳이다 .” 하고 단병 ( 短兵 ) 으로 달려나가서 적 몇 사람을 죽이고 죽었다---시인들이 장가 ( 長歌 ) 를 지어 그를 조상하였다 . 4) 눌최 ( 訥催 ) 는 사량부 ( 沙梁部 ) 사람이다.---진평왕 건복 41 년( 기원후 614 년 ) 에 백제의 대군이 침입하여 속함 ( 速含 ) · 앵잠 ( 櫻岑 ) · 기잠 ( 岐岑 ) · 봉잠 ( 峰岑 ) · 기현 ( 旗縣 ) · 용책 ( 冗柵 ) 등 여섯 성을 공격하므로 왕이 상주 · 하주 · 귀당 ( 貴幢 ) · 법당 ( 法幢 ) · 서당 ( 誓幢 ) 의 다섯 군사에 명하여 가서 구원하게 하였다 . 다섯 장군은 백제의 진영이 당당함을 보고 감히 나아가지 못하였는데 그 중의 한 장군이 말했다 . “대왕께서 오군 ( 五軍 ) 을 우리 여러 장군에게 맡기시어 나라의 존망 ( 存亡 ) 이 이 싸움에 달려 있지마는 가하면 나아가고 어려우면 물러나라는 것이 병가 ( 兵家 ) 에서 이르는 말입니다 . 이제 적의 형세가 저렇듯 강성하니 만일 나아갔다가 패하면 후회한들 무슨 소용이 있겠습니 까 ? ”모두들 그 말이 옳다하여 돌아가기로하였는데 너무 면목이 없어서 노진성 ( 奴珍城 ) 을 쌓고 돌아갔다 . 이에 백제는 더욱 급히 공격하여 속함·기잠·용책 세 성을 함락시켰다 . 눌최는 앵잠·봉잠·기현 세 성을 굳게 지키다가 다섯 장군이 다 돌아갔다는 말을 듣고는 분개 하여 군사들을 돌아보고 “봄이 되면 초목이 다 무성해지지마는 겨울이 되면 소나무 잣나무만이 홀로 푸르다 . 이제 구원병은 없고 세 성이 심히 위태로우니 , 이는 지사 ( 志士 ) 와 의부 ( 義夫 ) 가 절개를 세울 때이다 . 너희들은 어찌하려느냐 ? ” 사졸들이 다 눈물을 뿌리며 함께 죽기를 맹세하였다 . 성이 함락되고 살아남은 사람이 몇 못 되었지만 끝까지 힘써 싸우다가 죽었다 . 이상 네 전쟁은 곧 신라의 파진간이며 도독이며 다섯 장군들이 출동한 동서전쟁에 관한 충신 의사의 약사 ( 略史 ) 이다 . 백제에 있어서는 큰 전쟁이었으므로 역사에 특기한 것이고 , 이 밖에도 자질구레한 싸움은 거의 없는 날이 없었다 . 백제사 ( 百濟史 ) 는 거의 다 없어져서 알 수 없게 되었으나 백제가 신라보다 강하고 사나운 호전국 ( 好戰國 ) 이었으니 그 희생된 충신 의사도 신라보다 많았을 것이다 . 그러나 두 동서 , 곧 두 개인의 이기주의를 성취하기 위하여 수많은 인민을 죽이는 전쟁에 희생된 사람들이니 이 시대의 충신 의사도 또한 가치없는 충신 의사들이라 할 것이다 . ==편집자 주== <references group="편집자 주" /> {{기본정렬:제9편}} sdyy7jj9g665dtnj2t2xjbd12e5h76l 250 54327 427501 349443 2026-05-20T03:33:40Z ZornsLemon 15531 427501 proofread-page text/x-wiki <noinclude><pagequality level="1" user="RLiir" /></noinclude>{{옛한글쪽 시작}} :산곤륜 젼 상 각셜 ᄃᆡ명국 ᄐᆡ조 고황졔 직위시예 왕화가 쳔하의 ᄒᆡᆼ하야 국ᄐᆡ민안하고 시화셰풍의 가급인족하나 이러하무로 현신충잉이 만한지라 잇ᄃᆡ 남경 ᄯᅡ의 한 사람이 〻스되 성은 산이요 명은 만학이요 자난 쳔봉이라 젼조공신 산고의 팔ᄃᆡ손으로 명망이 거록하고 가산이 요부하야 영화 찰난하더니 흥진비ᄅᆡ 난쳔지간의 상사라 산씨 가문이 우연이 영쳬하야 만학이 모친 어씨를 모시고 궁향의 무처 근〻이 가문을 보존하고 ᄯᅩ한 학업을 심쓸 ᄉᆡ 아침이면 강구연월 요순야의 나아가 밧칠 갈고 저물계예 도라오면 고벽의 등화를 의지하야 공ᄆᆡᆼ서를 공부하니 장차 이 사람의 지ᄒᆡᆼ은 셕일한시예 〻관이 와 당나라 동작으로 다르미 업더라 만학의 모친 어씨 춘추가 칠십이요 가셰난 점〻 빈한〻지라 선영 향화와 모친 봉향이 엇지 가련치 아니하리요 만학은 본ᄃᆡ 충신의 후옐 ᄲᅮᆫ더러 효심이 가득한 사람이 ■■■■■■■■■ 덥게 하고 {{옛한글쪽 끝}}<noinclude><references/></noinclude> 5n7ufihrbtmh6gvkbc3lk99a2hs9ury 118 111418 427492 427436 2026-05-19T14:16:01Z Blahhmosh 13019 /* 鼻衂고해 피 나ᄂᆞᆫ 벼ᇰ */ 427492 wikitext text/x-wiki {{머리말 |제목= 구급간이방 |다른 표기= 救急簡易方 |저자=허준 |부제=권지이 | 이전 = [[../권지일|권지일]] | 다음 = [[../권지삼|권지삼]] |연도=1489년 }} ==頭痛_{머리 알호미라}== 宜服和劑方川芎茶調散消風散管{{문자 주석|見大全|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}良方芎芷香蘇散 화졔〮바ᇰ 애〮 쳔구ᇰ다됴〯산〮 과쇼푸ᇰ산〯과 {{문자 주석|관견〯|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}대〯젼랴ᇰ바ᇰ 애〮 구ᇰ지〮햐ᇰ소산〯과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 머{{문자 주석|고〮미 맛|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}다ᇰᄒᆞ니라 頭痛不忍童子{{문자 주석|小便|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}{{*|{{문자 주석|ᄉᆞᆫ아|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}ᄒᆡ 오{{문자 주석|좀 一升|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}}}{{문자 주석|豉|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}{{*|{{문자 주석|젼국|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}} 半合}}同煎至五分去滓溫溫頻服 머리 ᄎᆞᆷ디 몯게 알ᄑᆞ거든 ᄉᆞᆫ아ᄒᆡ〮 오{{문자 주석|좀 ᄒᆞᆫ |원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}되〮와 젼국 반〯홉과〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ〮 달혀〮 반〯만 {{문자 주석|ᄃᆞ외|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}어든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 ᄃᆞ시 ᄒᆞ〮야ᄌᆞ조 머그〮라 川烏頭{{*|一枚炮裂去皮臍擣令碎}}生薑{{*|一分切}}水一中盞煎至五分去滓入蜜{{*|ᄢᅮᆯ〮}}半合相和服之 쳔오두 ᄒᆞᆫ 나〯ᄎᆞᆯ〮 죠ᄒᆡ예 ᄡᅡ〮 믈〮저져 구워 거플와 머흣머흣ᄒᆞᆫ 것앗고〮 디허〮 ᄇᆞᇫ〮오〮니와〮 ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ 두〯 돈〯 반〯사ᄒᆞ〮로니〮와〮ᄅᆞᆯ 믈〮 닷 홉애 달혀〮 반〯만〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮ᄢᅮᆯ〮 반〮 홉녀허 섯거〮 머그〮라 蒜{{*|마ᄂᆞᆯ〮}}一顆去皮硏取自然汁令病人{{문자 주석|仰臥|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}垂頭以銅筯點少許瀝入鼻中急令□□□眼中淚出差 마ᄂᆞᆯ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 나〯ᄎᆞᆯ〮 거플 밧기고 ᄀᆞ라 ᄧᅩᆫ 즙{{문자 주석|을벼ᇰ〯|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}ᄒᆞᆫ 사〯ᄅᆞᄆᆞᆯ 졋바{{문자 주석|누어|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}} 머{{문자 주석|리|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}ᄅᆞᆯ 드리디{{문자 주석|게 ᄒᆞ|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}고〮구리〮 져〮로 져〯고{{문자 주석|매|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}} 디{{문자 주석|거|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}} 곳〮굼긔〮 처〮디〯오 ᄲᆞᆯ리〮 부러〮 머릿〮 골〮슈〮에 들〮에 ᄒᆞ라 누네 누ᇇ므〮리 나면〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 梔子{{*|지〯지ᄡᅵ〮}}末和蜜{{*|ᄢᅮᆯ〮}}傅舌上吐卽止 지〯지 ᄡᅵ〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄢᅮ〮레〮 ᄆᆞ라〮 혀〮우희〮 ᄇᆞᆯ라〮 토〮ᄒᆞ면〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 頭痛以生蘿蔔汁{{*|ᄂᆞᆯ 댓무ᅀᅮ 즙〮}}用筆管{{*|붇〮ᄌᆞᄅᆞᆺ대〮}}吹入鼻卽愈 머리〮 알ᄑᆞ〮거든 ᄂᆞᆯ 댓〮무ᅀᅮ 즛두드〮려 ᄧᅩᆫ〮 즙을〮 붇〮 ᄌᆞᄅᆞᆺ〯대〮로 고해〮 드〮리불〯면〯 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 自殭蠶{{*|절로〮 주근〮 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 누에}}碾爲末去絲以熟水下二錢匕立差 절로〮 주근〮 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 누에〯ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 실〯 앗〯고 니근〮 므〮레 두〯 돈〯을〮 프〮러 머그면 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리라 甘草 梔子{{*|지〯지ᄡᅵ〮}}等分切濃煮服一椀日二三度 감초〮와 지〯지 ᄡᅵ〮와〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞᆮ〮게 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 사ᄒᆞ〮라 디투〮 글힌〮 믈〮ᄒᆞ 사발〮 을〮머고〮ᄃᆡ ᄒᆞᄅᆞ 두〯ᅀᅥ〮 번곰 머그〮라 頭風頭痛 荊瀝{{*|가ᄉᆡ〮나못 진〯}}不限多少服 머리〮예 ᄇᆞᄅᆞᆷ 드〮러 알ᄑᆞ거든〮 가ᄉᆡ〮나못 진〯 을하나〮 져〯그나〮 머그〮라 苦葫蘆子{{*|ᄡᅳᆫ〮 죠로ᇰ박〮 ᄡᅵ〮}}擣細羅吹半字於鼻中其痛立止遂左右用之 ᄡᅳᆫ〮 죠로ᇰ박〮 ᄡᅵ〮ᄅᆞᆯ 디허 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 처〮 져〯고매 곳굼긔〮 불〯면〮 그 알포〮미 즉〮재 그츠〮리니〮 왼〯녀기 알ᄑᆞ거든〮 왼〯녁고해〮 불〯오〮 올〮ᄒᆞᆫ녀기〮 알ᄑᆞ거든〮 올〮ᄒᆞᆫ녁 고해〮불〯라 頭痛鼻塞頭目不利 丁香{{*|一分}}白芷{{*|구리〮댓〮 불휘}}半兩 瓜蔕{{*|ᄎᆞ〮ᄆᆡᆺ 고고리〮 一兩}}擣細羅爲散每用半字已來吹入鼻內卽差 머리〮 알ᄑᆞ고〮 고〮히 막고〮 머리〮와눈〮괘〮 환티〮 아니〮커든〮 뎌ᇰ햐ᇰ 두〯 돈〯 반〯과〮구리댓〮 불휘 반〯랴ᇰ 과〮ᄎᆞ〮ᄆᆡᆺ 고고리〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 디허〮 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 처〮 져〯고매〮 고〮 안해〮 드〮리불〯면〯 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〯라 頭痛欲裂 當歸{{*|스ᇰ암촛〮 불휘〮}}二兩酒一升煮取六合飮之至再服 머리〮 ᄣᆞ리〮ᄂᆞᆫ ᄃᆞᆺ〮 알ᄑᆞ거든〮 스ᇰ암촛〮 불휘〮 두〯 랴ᇰ을〮 술 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮예〯 글혀〮 엿 홉이〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 머고〮ᄃᆡ 거듧〮 머그〮라 氣攻頭痛如破者 葫蘆巴{{*|炒}}三稜{{*|ᄆᆡ자〮깃 불휘〮 剉醋浸一宿各一兩}}乾薑{{*|ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 炮一分}}爲末每服二錢生薑湯{{*|ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 글힌〮 믈〮}}或酒調下 긔〮운이〮 우흐〮로 올아〮 머리〮 알포〮미 ᄣᆞ리ᄂᆞᆫ ᄃᆞᆺ〮거든〮 호로파 봇고〮니와〮 ᄆᆡ자깃 불휘〮 사 ᄒᆞ〮라 초 애〮ᄃᆞ〮마 ᄒᆞᄅᆞᆺ밤〮 재〯니〮 각〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ과〮ᄆᆞ〮ᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 구〮으〮니 두〯 돈〯반〯과〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ〮라 두〯 돈〯곰〮 ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 글힌〮 므〮리어나〮 수리〯어{{문자 주석|나〮|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}} 프〮러 머그라 芋蒡{{*|우ᅌᅯᇰ〯}}根莖取汁酒和塩{{*|소곰}}少許煎成膏塗痛處用力摩之令大熱 우ᅌᅯᇱ 불휘〮와 줄기〮와〮ᄅᆞᆯ 즛두드〮려 즙〮 ᄧᅡ〮 수레 프〮러 소곰 져〯기〮 녀허〮 달혀〮 얼의어든〮 알 ᄑᆞᆫ ᄃᆡ〮 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ고〮 ᄆᆡ〮이〮 ᄡᅮ처〮 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮 덥〮게〮 ᄒᆞ라〮 馬遺飮水服之 ᄆᆞᆯ 먹다가〮 기튼〮 므를 머그〮라 一切頭疼服藥不效者 甘草一兩半水一椀煎七分去滓溫服未效加二兩 대〯도〮ᄒᆞᆫ 머리〮 알핏〮 벼ᇰ〯에〮 약〮머거〮 됴〯티〮 아니〮커든〮 감초〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ 반〯을〮믈〮 ᄒᆞᆫ사발〮애〮 달혀〮 반〯남ᄌᆞᆨ거든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〮고〮 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ닐〮 머그〮라 됴〯티〮 몯〯거든〮 두〯 랴ᇰ을〮더ᄒᆞ라〮 偏正頭痛 穀精草一兩爲末用白麪{{*|밄ᄀᆞᄅᆞ}}調攤紙花子上貼痛處乾又換 ᄧᅡᆨ 머리〮 알ᄑᆞ며〮 대〯도〮히 알ᄑᆞ거든〮 곡〮져ᇰ초〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ을〮ᄀᆞ〮라 밄〮ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆡ〮 ᄆᆞ라〮 죠ᄒᆡ〮 우희 ᄇᆞᆯ라〮 알ᄑᆞᆫ ᄃᆡ〮 브툐〮ᄃᆡ ᄆᆞᄅᆞ거든〮 ᄀᆞ라 브티〮라 猪牙皁角{{*|去皮筋}}香白芷{{*|구리댓〮 불휘}}白附子{{*|ᄒᆡᆫ〮 바곳〮 불휘〮}}各等分爲末每服二錢食後臘茶淸{{*|섯〯ᄃᆞ〮래 ᄠᆞᆫ〮 쟉〮셜〮찻 믈〮}}調下右痛右側臥左痛左側臥兩邊皆疼仰臥 도ᄐᆡ〮 엄〯 ᄀᆞ〮ᄐᆞᆫ 조〯각〮을 거플와〮 실〯와〮 앗〮고〮 구리〮댓〮 불휘〮와 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 바곳〮 불휘와〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞᆮ〮게 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 두〯돈〯곰〮 밥머근〮 후〯에〮섯〯ᄃᆞ〮래 ᄠᆞᆫ〮 쟉〮셜〮찻 므레 먹고〮 올〮ᄒᆞᆫ녀기〮 알ᄑᆞ거든〮 올〮ᄒᆞᆫ녁으〮로 히즈〮 눕고〮 왼녀기〮 알ᄑᆞ거든〮왼〯녁으로 히즈〮 눕고〮두〯 녀기〮 다〯 알ᄑᆞ거든〮 졋바〮 누 으라〮 頭偏痛不可忍 篦麻子{{*|半兩去皮}}棗{{*|대〯초〮 十五枚去核}}都擣令熟塗在紙上用筯一隻卷之去筯內在鼻中良久取下淸涕 ᄧᅡᆨ〮 머리〮 알포〮미 ᄎᆞᆷ〮디 몯〯거든〮 비마ᄌᆞ〮 ᄡᅵ〮 반〯 랴ᇰ거플 밧기〮니와〮 대〯초〮 열〯 다ᄉᆞᆺ〮 낫〯 ᄡᅵ〮 아ᅀᆞ〮니와〮ᄅᆞᆯ 뫼화〮 디허〮 닉게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야죠ᄒᆡ〮 우희〮 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ고〮 져〮ᄒᆞᆫ ᄧᅡᆨ〮애〮 ᄆᆞ라〮 져〮란 앗〯고〮 고〮 안해〮 녀 흐면〮 이ᅀᅳᆨ고〮 ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ〮 고〮히 흐르리〮라 蓖麻子一兩去皮爛硏絞取汁於頭偏痛處塗之 비마ᄌᆞ〮 ᄡᅵ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ랴ᇰ을〮 거플 밧기〯고〮 므르 ᄀᆞ〮라 즙〮ᄧᅡ〮 ᄧᅡᆨ〮 머리〮 알ᄑᆞᆫ ᄃᆡ〮 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ라〮 細辛 雄黃{{*|셕〮우화ᇰ}}等分硏勻每用一字許左邊疼吹入右鼻右邊疼吹入左鼻甚效 셰〮시ᇇ 불휘〮와 셕〮우화ᇰ과〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞᆮ〮게 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 {{문자 주석|ᄀᆞ〮라|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}} 고ᄅᆞ게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 져〯고매〮 왼〯겨티〮 알ᄑᆞ거든〮 올〮ᄒᆞᆫ녁 고해〮 불〯오〮 올〮ᄒᆞᆫ 겨티〮 {{문자 주석|알ᄑᆞ거|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}든〮왼〯녁 고해〮불〯면〮 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 京芎{{*|구ᇰ구ᇰ잇〮 불휘〮}}細剉酒浸服之{{문자 주석|佳|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}} 구ᇰ구ᇰ잇〮 불휘〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 사{{문자 주석|ᄒᆞ라|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}} 수레〮 ᄃᆞᆷ가〮 머그〮면 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 ==卒咳嗽_{과ᄀᆞᄅᆞᆫ 기춤 깃ᄂᆞᆫ 벼ᇰ〯이〮라}== 熱嗽痰濃鼻熱腥氣飮冷水而暫止者宜以小柴胡湯治之 ᅀᅧᆯ〮ᄒᆞ〮야 깃ᄂᆞᆫ 기춤〮은〮추〮미 걸〯오〮 고〮히 덥〯고〮 비린〮 긔〮운도 이셔〮 ᄎᆞᆫ〮 믈〮 머거〮든〮 자ᇝ〯간〮 머즉ᄒᆞ니〮란 쇼〯싀호타ᇰ으〮로 고툐〮미 맛〮다ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라 冷嗽痰薄呷熱湯暫止者宜理中湯加五味子 ᄎᆞᆫ〮 긔〮운으〮로 깃ᄂᆞᆫ 기춤〮은〮 추〮미 ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞ니 더 운〮 믈〮 머거〮든 자ᇝ〯간〮 머즉ᄒᆞ〮ᄂᆞ니〮란 리〯튜ᇰ타ᇰ애〮 오〯미〮ᄌᆞ〮ᄅᆞᆯ 더드〮려 머〮고〮미 맛〮다ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라 卒咳嗽肺壅痰滯上焦不利 松木屑{{*|소〮나〮못 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ 一兩}}皁莢{{*|二兩去黑皮塗酥炙微黃妙去子}}搗羅爲末煉蜜和丸如梧桐子大每服以粥飮下十丸日三四服 과ᄀᆞ리〮 기츰〮기치〮고 가ᄉᆞ〮미 막고〮 추〮미 다와텨〮 우히〮 훤티〮 몯〯ᄒᆞ〮거든〮 소〮나못 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ ᄒᆞᆫ랴ᇰ과〮조〯협〮 두〯 랴ᇰ거믄〮 거〮플 앗〯고〮 수〮유 ᄇᆞᆯ라〮 구어〮 져〯기〮 누르〮고 ᄆᆞᄅᆞ게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야ᄡᅵ〮 아ᅀᆞ〮니와〮ᄅᆞᆯ 디허〮 처〮 ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 달힌〮 ᄢᅮ〮레 환을〮머귀〮 여름〮 마〮곰 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮라 쥭〮 므〮레 열〮환곰〮 ᄒᆞᄅᆞ 서〯너〮 번 머그〮라 卒咳嗽胸膈不利 豉{{*|젼국 半兩}}乾薑{{*|ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ 半兩炮裂剉}}杏仁{{*|ᄉᆞᆯ〮고〮ᄡᅵ〮 솝〯 一兩湯浸去皮尖雙仁麩炒微黃}}都搗篩爲散以水三大盞煎至一盞半去滓內飴糖{{*|엿〮}}一兩更煎令化分爲三服一日服盡 과ᄀᆞ리〮 기춤〮 기치〮고 가ᄉᆞ〮미 훤티〮 몯〯ᄒᆞ〮거든〮 젼국 반〯 랴ᇰ과〮ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 반〯 랴ᇰ죠ᄒᆡ〮예 ᄡᅡ〮 믈〮저져〮 구어〮 ᄢᅢ혀〮 사ᄒᆞ〮로니〮와 ᄉᆞᆯ고〮ᄡᅵ〮 솝〯 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ더은〮 므〮레 ᄌᆞ〮마 거플와〮 ᄲᅩ로〮ᄃᆞᆫ 귿〮과 어우러ᇰ이〮 앗〯고〮 기우〮레 져〯기〮 누르〮게 봇고〮니와〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ〮 디허〮 처〮 ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 믈〮서〯 되〮예 글혀〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮 반〯이〮어든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮엿〮 ᄒᆞᆫ랴ᇰ녀허〮 다시 글혀〮여〮시〮 프〮러디〮거든〮 세〯헤〮 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 ᄒᆞᄅᆞ 다〯머그〮라 卒咳嗽肺壅面腫心胸不利甜葶藶{{*|ᄃᆞᆫ 두〮루ᄆᆡ〮나ᅀᅵ〮 ᄡᅵ〮 一兩隔紙炒令紫色搗}}大棗{{*|一十枚擘破}}以水二大盞煎至一盞去滓分爲三服不計時候溫服 과ᄀᆞ리〮 기춤〮 깃고〮 가ᄉᆞ〮미 마가〮 ᄂᆞ치〮 븟고〮 가ᄉᆞ〮미훤티〮 아니〮커든〮 ᄃᆞᆫ 두루ᄆᆡ〮나ᅀᅵ〮 ᄡᅵ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ 죠ᄒᆡ〮로〮 ᄉᆞᅀᅵ〮 두〮어 봇가〮 비〮치 븕거든〮 디흐니〮와 대〯초〮 열〮낫〯 ᄢᅢ혀니〮와〮ᄅᆞᆯ 믈〮 두〯되〮예〮 글혀〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되어든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 세〯헤〮 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 ᄢᅵ〮니 혜〯디〮 말〯오〮 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ닐〮 머그〮라 肺寒卒咳嗽 細辛{{*|半兩 搗爲末}}杏仁{{*|ᄉᆞᆯ고〮ᄡᅵ〮 솝〯 半兩湯浸去皮尖雙仁麩炒微黃硏如膏}}於鐺中鎔蠟{{*|밀〯}}半兩次下酥{{*|수유}}一分入細辛杏仁丸如半棗大不計時候以緜裹一丸含化嚥津 폣〮 긔〮운이〮 차〮 믄득 기〯춤〮 기〮치〮거든〮 셰〯시ᇇ 불휘〮 반〯 랴ᇰ디혼〮 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ와〮 ᄉᆞᆯ고〮ᄡᅵ〮 솝〯 반〯 랴ᇰ 더운〮므〮레 ᄃᆞ〯마 거플와〮 ᄲᅩ〮로〮ᄃᆞᆫ 귿〮과 어우러ᇰ이〮 앗〯고〮 기우〮레 져〯기〮 누르〮게 봇가〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄂᆞ른ᄒᆞ니〮와〮ᄅᆞᆯ 소ᄐᆡ〮 밀〯 반〯 랴ᇰ노기〮고 버거〮 수〮유 두〯 돈〯 반〯 녀코〮 셰〯신과 ᄉᆞᆯ고〮ᄡᅵ〮솝〯과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 녀허〮 대초〮 반〯낫〮마〮곰 환ᄆᆡᇰ〮ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄢᅵ〮니 혜〯디〮 말〯오〮 소오매〮 ᄒᆞᆫ환곰〮 ᄡᅡ〮 머구〮머 녹거든〮 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ라 暴熱嗽 杏仁{{*|ᄉᆞᆯ고〮ᄡᅵ〮 솝〯 四十枚}}紫蘇子{{*|ᄎᆞ쇠 ᄡᅵ〮 一升}}橘皮{{*|귨거플 一兩}}柴胡{{*|四兩}}㕮咀以水一斗煮取三升分三服常作飮服 과ᄀᆞ리〮 ᅀᅧᆯ〮ᄒᆞᆫ 기춤〮에 ᄉᆞᆯ고〮ᄡᅵ 솝〯 마ᅀᆞᆫ〮 낫〯과〮 ᄎᆞ〮쇠 ᄡᅵ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮와 귨〮 거플 ᄒᆞᆫ량과〮 싀홋 불휘〮 넉〯 랴ᇰ과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 사ᄒᆞ〮라 믈〮 ᄒᆞᆫ마래〮 글혀〮 서〮 되〮어든〮 세헤〮 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 머고〮ᄃᆡ 샤ᇰ녜〮도〮 이〮리 ᄒᆞ〮야머그〮라 卒嗽以百部根 生薑二物各絞汁合煎服二合 과ᄀᆞᄅᆞᆫ 기춤〮에 ᄇᆡᆨ〮부〮근 과〮ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 과〮두〯 가짓〮 거슬〮 제여곰〮 ᄧᅩᆫ〮 즙〯을 ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ〮 글혀〮 두〯홉을 머그〮라 卒咳嗽以梨{{*|ᄇᆡ}}一顆刺作五十孔每孔內椒{{*|고쵸}}一粒以麪裹於熱火灰中煨令熟出停冷去椒食之 과ᄀᆞ리〮 기춤〮 기치〮거든〮 ᄇᆡ ᄒᆞᆫ 나〯ᄎᆞᆯ〮 쉰〯 굼〮글〮 ᄠᅳᆲ〯고〮 구무마〯다〮 고쵸 ᄒᆞᆫ낫〮곰〮 녀코〮 밄〮ᄀᆞᆯ으〮로 ᄆᆞ라〮 ᄡᅡ〮노올〮압〮ᄌᆡ예 구어〮 닉거든〮 내〯야〮 시겨〮 고쵸〮 앗〯고〮 머그〮라 暴嗽一服便安 阿膠{{*|갓플〮 二片炙}}生薑{{*|十片}}大烏梅{{*|ᄂᆡ〮예 그ᅀᅳ린 ᄆᆡ홧 여름〮 二介槌}}甘草{{*|半寸}}紫蘇{{*|ᄎᆞ〮쇠 一兩}}杏仁{{*|ᄉᆞᆯ고〮ᄡᅵ〮 솝〯 七介去皮尖}}鶯粟穀{{*|야ᇰ고밋〮 {{SIC|디ᇰ|다ᇰ}}아리〮 一介去穰幷蔕}}大半夏{{*|ᄭᅴ〯모롭 불휘〮 三介湯泡}}水一大梡煎六分去滓任意服之不拘時候臨睡服尤佳 과ᄀᆞᄅᆞᆫ 기춤〮에 ᄒᆞᆫ 복〮 을머그〮면 즉〮재 편안ᄒᆞ〮ᄂᆞ니〮 갓플〮 두〯 편〮브〮레 ᄧᅬ〯요니〮 와ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 열〮 편과〮ᄂᆡ예 그ᅀᅳ린〮 ᄆᆡ홧 여〮름〮 크〮니 두〯 낫〯 두드〮리니〮 와 감초〮 반〯촌〯 과〮ᄎᆞ〮쇠 ᄒᆞᆫ랴ᇰ과〮 ᄉᆞᆯ고〮ᄡᅵ〮 솝〯닐굽〮 낫〯 거플와〮 ᄲᅩ〮로〮ᄃᆞᆫ 귿〮 아ᅀᆞ〮니와〮 야ᇰ고〮밋 다ᇰ아리〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 낫〯솝〯과〮 고고리〮 아ᅀᆞ〮니와〮 굴〯근〮 ᄭᅴ〯모롭〮불휘〮 세〯 낫〯 더운〮므〮레 시스니와〮ᄅᆞᆯ 믈 ᄒᆞᆫ 사바〮래 달혀〮 반〯남ᄌᆞᆨ거든〮 즈 ᅀᅴ 앗〮고〮 ᄆᆞᅀᆞᆷ 조초 ᄢᅵ〮니 혜〯디〮 말〯오〮 머그〮라 잘 제〮 머고〮미 더욱〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 寒燠不常人多暴嗽咽痛聲嗄鼻塞痰稠喘急 麻黃{{*|不去節}}杏仁{{*|ᄉᆞᆯ고〮ᄡᅵ〮 솝〯 不去皮尖}}甘草{{*|不炙各二兩}}㕮咀每三大錢薑五片煎七分去滓無時服 치우락〮 더우〮락 호〮미일〮뎌ᇰ티〮 아니〮호〮ᄆᆞ로 사〯ᄅᆞ미〮 해〯 과ᄀᆞ리〮 기춤〮ᄒᆞ야 모기〮 알ᄑᆞ고 소리〮 쉬〯며〮 고〮히 막고〮 추〮미 걸〯며〮 수〮미〮 ᄌᆞᆺ거 든〮 마화ᇰ ᄆᆞᄃᆡ 아니〮 아ᅀᆞ〮니와〮 ᄉᆞᆯ고〮ᄡᅵ〮 솝〯거플와〮 ᄲᅩ〮로〮ᄃᆞᆫ 귿〮 아니〮 아ᅀᆞ〮니와〮 감초브〮레 아니〮ᄧᅬ〯니〮 각〮 두〯랴ᇰ과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 사ᄒᆞ〮라 ᄒᆞᆫᄢᅴ〮 서〯 돈〮곰〮 ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 다ᄉᆞᆺ〮 편 조쳐〮 녀허〮글히니 반〯남ᄌᆞᆨ거든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 ᄢᅵ〮니혜〯디〮 말〯오〮 머그〮라 痰喘 人參{{*|심〮 一寸許}}胡桃肉{{*|다ᇰ츄ᄌᆞᆺ〮 ᄉᆞᆯ〮 一介去殼不剝皮}}煎湯服 추ᇝ〮 긔〮운으〮로 쳔〯만〮 커든〮 심 ᄒᆞᆫ촌〯만〮 ᄒᆞ니〮와 다ᇰ츄ᄌᆞ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ낫〯 다ᇰ아리〮 앗〯고〮 보ᄆᆡ〮 밧기〮디〮 아니〮ᄒᆞ니〮와〮ᄅᆞᆯ 달혀〮 머그〮라 卒咳嗽以白蜆殼不計多少淨洗擣硏令細每服以粥飮調下一錢日三四服 과ᄀᆞᄅᆞᆫ 기춤〮에 ᄇᆡᆨ〮현〮각〮 을하나〮 져〯그〮나 조〮히 시서〮 디허〮 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄒᆞᆫ돈〯곰〮 쥭〮므〮레 프〮러 ᄒᆞᄅᆞ 서〯너〮 번곰〮 머그〮라 痰嗽以生薑自然汁調理中蘇合各爲圓用湯解而飮 추ᇝ〮 긔〮운으〮로기춤〮ᄒᆞ〮거든〮 ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ즙〮에 리〯튜ᇰ과〮 소합〮원과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 저여곰 환 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ라 더은〮 므〮레 프〮러 머그〮라 暴患痰厥不省人事 生淸油{{*|ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ〯 기름〮}}一盞灌入喉中須臾逐出風痰立愈 과ᄀᆞ리〮 추〮미 걸〯오〮 긔〮운이〮 차〮 ᅀᅵᆫᄭᅴ〮 몯〯 ᄎᆞ〮리거든〮 ᄂᆞᆯ ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ〮 기름〮 ᄒᆞᆫ잔〮을 목의〮 브ᅀᅳ면〮 아 니〮한ᄉᆞᅀᅵ〮예〮 ᄇᆞᄅᆞᇝ 긔〮운엣〮 춤〮을 내〯조차〮 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 卒上氣鳴息便欲絶搗韮{{*|염〯교}}絞汁飮一升許立愈 과ᄀᆞ리〮 긔〮운이〮 티〮와텨〮 수〯미〮 되〯오〮 주글〮가 식브닐〮 염〮교 디허〮 ᄧᅩᆫ〮 즙〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 되〮만〮 머그〮면 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 細切桑根白皮{{*|ᄲᅩᇰ나못 불휫〮 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 거플 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 사ᄒᆞ〮로니〮 三升}}生薑{{*|三兩}}吳茱萸{{*|半升}}水七升酒五升煮三沸去滓盡服之一升入口則氣下 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 사ᄒᆞ〮론 ᄲᅩᇰ나못 불휫〮 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 거플 서 되〮와 ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 석〯 랴ᇰ과〮 오슈유 반〯되〮와〮ᄅᆞᆯ 믈〮닐굽〮 되〮와 술 닷되〮예 세〯 소솜〮 글혀〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 다〯 머그〮라 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮 이베〮 들〮면 긔〮운이〮 ᄂᆞ리〮리라〮 末人參{{*|심}}服方寸匕日五六 심 ᄀᆞ〮로니〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 술〮옴〮 ᄒᆞ〮ᄅᆞ 대〯엿〮 번머그〮라 卒得寒冷上氣 乾蘇葉{{*|ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄎᆞ〮쇳 닙〮 三兩}}陳橘皮{{*|무근〮 귨〮 거플 四兩}}酒四升煮取一升半分爲再服 과ᄀᆞ리〮 ᄎᆞᆫ〮 긔〮운이〮 티〮와텨〮든〮 ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄎᆞ〮쇳 닙〮 석 랴ᇰ과〮무근〮 귨〮 거플 넉〯 랴ᇰ과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 술 넉〯되〮예 달혀〯 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮 반〯이〮어든〮 두〮번에〮 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 머그〮라 卒得咳嗽 釜月下土{{*|가마〮 믿〮 마촘 아랫 ᄒᆞᆰ 一分}}豉{{*|젼국 七分}}擣爲丸梧子大服十四丸 과ᄀᆞᄅᆞᆫ 기춤〮 어〯더〮든 가마〮 믿 마촘〮 아랫〮 ᄒᆞᆰ 두〮 돈〯반〯과〮 젼국 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ 닐굽〮 돈〯반〯과ᄅᆞᆯ 디허 머귀〮 여름〮마〮곰 환ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮라 열〮 네〯환을〮 머그라 烏雞一頭治如食法以好酒漬之半日出雞服酒一云苦酒{{*|초}}一斗煮白雞{{*|ᄒᆡᆫ〮 ᄃᆞᆰ}}取三升分三服食雞肉莫與塩食則良 오계 ᄒᆞᆫ나ᄒᆞᆯ〮 샤ᇰ녜〮 먹ᄂᆞᆫ 야ᇰ〯으〮로 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮라 됴〯ᄒᆞᆫ 수레〮 나잘〮만〮 ᄃᆞ〮마 둣다가〮 ᄃᆞᆰ으〮란 앗〯고〮 수ᄅᆞᆯ〮 머그〮라 ᄒᆞᆫ고댄〮 닐오〮ᄃᆡ 초 ᄒᆞᆫ 마래〮 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 ᄃᆞᆰ을〮 글혀〮 서〯 되〮어든〮 세〯헤〮 ᄂᆞᆫ화 먹고〮ᄃᆞᆰ의〮 고길〮 머고〮ᄃᆡ 소곰 업〯시〮 머{{문자 주석|고미|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}} 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 桃仁{{*|복셔ᇰ화ᄡᅵ〮 솝 三升去皮搗}}著器中密封頭蒸之一炊頃出曝乾絹帒貯以內二斗酒中六七日可飮四五合稍增至一升喫之 복셔ᇰ화 ᄡᅵ〮 솝〯 서〯 되〮ᄅᆞᆯ 거플 앗고 디허〮 그르〮세 담〯고〮 부〯리〮ᄅᆞᆯ 두터이〮 ᄡᅡ〮 ᄆᆡ야〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 솓 밥〮지 ᅀᅳᆯ〮 ᄉᆞᅀᅵ〮만 ᄠᅧ〮 내〯야〮 벼틔〮 ᄆᆞᆯ외〮야 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞᆫ 쟐의〮 녀허 술 두〯 마래〮 ᄃᆞ〮마 닐웨〮만〮 커든〮 너〯덧〯 홉곰〮 머고〮ᄃᆡ 졈〯졈〯 더 ᄒᆞᆫ 되〮예 다ᄃᆞᆮ게〮 머그〮라 飴糖{{*|엿 六兩}}乾薑{{*|ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 六兩末}}豉{{*|젼국 二兩}}先以水一升煮豉三沸去滓內飴糖消內乾薑分爲三服 엿〮 엿 랴ᇰ과〮 ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 엿 랴ᇰᄀᆞ〮로니〮와〮 젼국 두〮 랴ᇰ과〮몬져 믈〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮예 젼국을〮 세〯 소솜〮 글 혀〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 엿〮녀허〮 녹거든〮 ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇱ ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 녀허〮 세〯헤〮 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 머그〮라 椒{{*|고쵸 二百粒搗末}}杏仁{{*|ᄉᆞᆯ고〮ᄡᅵ〮 솝 二百枚熬}}棗{{*|대〯초 百枚去核}}合擣令極熟稍稍合如棗許大則服之 고쵸 ᅀᅵ〯ᄇᆡᆨ〮 낫〯 디흔 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ와〮 ᄉᆞᆯ고ᄡᅵ〮 솝〮 ᅀᅵ〮ᄇᆡᆨ〮낫〯 봇〮그〮니와〮 대〯초〮 일〮ᄇᆡᆨ〮 낫 ᄡᅵ〮아ᅀᆞ〮니와〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ 디허〮ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮 닉거든〮 졈〯졈〯 대〯초〮ᄡᅵ〮마〮곰 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ라 머그라 生薑{{*|三兩}}擣取汁乾薑{{*|ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 屑三兩}}杏仁{{*|ᄉᆞᆯ고〮ᄡᅵ〮 솝 一升去皮熬}}合擣爲丸服三丸日五六服 ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 석〯 랴ᇰ디허〮 ᄧᅩᆫ〮 즙에ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇱ ᄀᆞᄅᆞ 석〯 랴ᇰ과〮ᄉᆞᆯ고〮ᄡᅵ〮 솝〯 ᄒᆞᆫ 되〮 거플앗〯고 봇그〮니와〯ᄅᆞᆯ ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ〮 디허〮 환 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮라 세〯 환곰〮 머고〮ᄃᆡ ᄒᆞᄅᆞ 다〯엿〮 번 머그〮라 梨{{*|ᄇᆡ}}一顆去核內酥{{*|수〮유}}蜜{{*|ᄢᅮᆯ〮}}麫裹燒令熟食之 ᄇᆡ ᄒᆞᆫ나〯ᄎᆞᆯ〮 솝〯 앗〯고〮수〮유와〮 ᄢᅮᆯ〮와〮ᄅᆞᆯ〮 녀허〮 밄〮ᄀᆞᆯ으〮로 ᄆᆞ라〮 ᄡᅡ〮 닉게〮 구어〮 머그〮라 咳嗽去痰涎利胸膈 天南星{{*|두야머〮주저깃〮 불휘〮 炮}}半夏{{*|ᄭᅴ〯모롭〮 불휘〮 湯七徧去滑 各一兩}}麁搗篩每服二錢匕水一盞生薑五片同煎至七分去滓放溫食後夜臥細細呷之 기춤〮에 춤〮 업〯게〮 ᄒᆞ며〮 가ᄉᆞᆷ〮 훤케〮 호〮ᄃᆡ 두야머〮주저깃〮 불휘〮ᄅᆞᆯ 죠ᄒᆡ〮예 ᄡᅡ〮 믈〮저져〮 구으〮 니와〮 ᄭᅴ〯모롭〮 불휘〮 더운〮므〮레 닐굽〮 번 시서〮 믯믯ᄒᆞᆫ 것아ᅀᆞ〮니와〮 각〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ을〮굵〯게〮 디허〮 두〯 돈〯곰〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 믈〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮예 ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 다ᄉᆞᆺ〮 편을〮녀허〮 ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ〮 글혀〮 반〯남ᄌᆞᆨ거든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ닐〮 밥〮머근〮 후〯와바ᄆᆡ〮 누을 적과〮젹젹 마시〮라 大人小兒暴嗽 石灰{{*|一兩}}蛤粉{{*|바ᄅᆞᆺ〮 죠개 ᄉᆞ로니〮 四錢}}爲細末湯浸蒸餠和丸如豌豆大焙乾每服三十丸溫虀{{*|부〯ᄎᆡ〮}}汁下小兒七丸至十丸早晩食後臨臥服 얼〯운과〮 아ᄒᆡ〮와 과ᄀᆞ리〮 기춤〮ᄒᆞ거든〮 셕회 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ과〮바ᄅᆞᆺ〮 죠개 ᄉᆞ〮로니〮 네〯 돈〯과〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 더운〮 므〮레 즈ᇰ편〮을 프〮러 ᄆᆞ라〮 코ᇰ마〮곰〮 환ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮라 브〮레 ᄆᆞᆯ외〮야 셜흔〮 환곰〮 머고〮ᄃᆡ 부〯ᄎᆡᆺ〮 즙〮을 ᄃᆞ시 ᄒᆞ〮야 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ〮라 아ᄒᆡ〮란 닐굽〮 환으〮로 열〮 환지〯히 머교〮ᄃᆡ 이른 밥〮느즌〮 밥〮 머근〮 후〯와〮 잘적과〮 머기〮라 伏龍肝{{*|가마〮 믿 마촘〮 아랫〮 ᄒᆞᆰ 半兩}}豉{{*|젼국 一兩半}}同炒擣羅爲末煉蜜{{*|달힌 ᄢᅮᆯ}}丸如梧桐子每服二十丸米飮下 가마〮 믿 마촘〮 아랫〮 ᄒᆞᆰ 반〯랴ᇰ과〮 젼국 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ반〯과〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ〮 봇가〮 디허〮 ᄀᆞᆯ을〮 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮라 달힌〮 ᄢᅮ〮레 ᄆᆞ라〮 머귀 여름〮마〮곰 환ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮라 스〮믈〮 환곰〮 ᄡᆞᆯ 글힌〮 므〮레 머그〮라 訶梨勒{{*|아ᄌᆞ 生去一核枚}}拍破含之嚥津㳄煎檳榔湯{{*|비ᇰ라ᇰ 글힌 믈〮}}一盞投之 아ᄌᆞ〮 ᄂᆞᄅᆞᆯ〮 ᄡᅵ〮 앗〯고〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 나〯ᄎᆞᆯ〮 즛텨〮 머구〮머 추〮메 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ〮고 버거〮 비ᇰ라ᇰ 글힌〮 믈〮 ᄒᆞᆫ잔〮을〮 머그라 百部根{{*|四兩}}以酒一斗漬之經宿每服半盞慢火溫飮日三服 ᄇᆡᆨ〮부〮근 넉〯 랴ᇰ을〮 술 ᄒᆞᆫ마래〮 ᄃᆞ〮마 ᄒᆞᄅᆞᆺ밤〮 재〯 야〮 반〯잔〮곰 머고〮ᄃᆡ ᄯᅳᆫ〮 브〮레 ᄃᆞ〮시 ᄒᆞ〮야 ᄒᆞᄅᆞ 세〮번곰〮 머그〮라 冷嗽 乾薑{{*|ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 炮裂三兩爲細末}}膠飴{{*|엿〮 一斤}}一拌勻以瓷器盛置飯上蒸令極熟每服一棗大含化嚥津日三夜二 ᄅᆡᇰ〯긔〮로 기춤〮ᄒᆞ〮거든〮 ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ을〮 죠ᄒᆡ예 ᄡᅡ〮 믈〮저져〮 구어〮 ᄢᅢ혀〮 사ᄒᆞ〮라 석〯 랴ᇰᄀᆞ〯ᄂᆞ리〯 ᄀᆞ〮로〮니〮와 엿〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 근과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 섯거〮 사그〯르〮세〮 다 마〮 밥〯 우희〮 ᄠᅧ〮 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮 닉게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 ᄒᆞᆫ대〯초〮마〮곰 머구〮머 녹거든〮 추〮메 ᄉᆞᇝ〮교〮ᄃᆡ 나ᄌᆡ〮 세〮 번바ᄆᆡ〮 두〯번곰〮 ᄒᆞ라〮 暴患熱嗽 甘草{{*|半兩半炙半生}}黑豆{{*|거믄〮 콩 一百粒半炒半生}}生薑{{*|半兩半煨半生}}烏梅肉{{*|ᄂᆡ〮예 그ᅀᅳ린 ᄆᆡ실〮 一枚半炒半生}}以酒水各一盞同入銀石器內煎至一盞去滓更入蜜{{*|ᄢᅮᆯ〮}}一匙重煎至一盞食後臨臥放溫細呷 과ᄀᆞ리 ᅀᅧᆯᄒᆞ야 기춤 깃거든 감초 반 랴ᇰ반만 브레 ᄧᅬ오 반만 ᄂᆞᆯ와거믄 코ᇰ일ᄇᆡᆨ 낫 반만봇고 반만 ᄂᆞᆯ와ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ 반 랴ᇰ 반만 브레굽고 반만 ᄂᆞᆯ와ᄂᆡ예 그ᅀᅳ린 ᄆᆡ실 ᄒᆞᆫ낫 반만 봇고 반만ᄂᆞᆯ와ᄅᆞᆯ 믈와 술와 각 ᄒᆞᆫ되ᄅᆞᆯ 은그르시어나 돌그르시어나 다마 달혀 ᄒᆞᆫ 되만커든 즈ᅀᅴ 앗고ᄯᅩ ᄢᅮᆯ ᄒᆞᆫ술 녀허 다시 달혀 ᄒᆞᆫ 되만 커든 밥머근 후와누을 저긔 ᄃᆞ시 ᄒᆞ야 젹젹 마시라 咳嗽有失聲音 晉塩{{*|소곰}}葛根{{*|츩불휘}}山梔于{{*|묏지지 ᄡᅵ 等分}}㕮咀水二盞加烏梅{{*|ᄂᆡ예 그ᅀᅳ린 ᄆᆡ실}}甘草少許煎至一盞去渣通口食後 기춤 기처 소리 몯ᄒᆞ거든 소곰과 츩 불휘와묏 지지 ᄡᅵ와ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞᆮ게 ᄂᆞᆫ화 사ᄒᆞ라 믈 두되예 ᄂᆡ예 그ᅀᅳ린 ᄆᆡ실와 감초와져기 녀허 달혀 ᄒᆞᆫ 되만커든 즈ᅀᅴ 앗고 밥 머근 후에머그라 暴發咳嗽多日不愈 貝母 桑白皮{{*|ᄲᅩᇰ나못 불휫〮 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 거플}}五味子 甘草{{*|各五錢}}知母{{*|一錢}}款冬花{{*|二兩}}杏仁{{*|ᄉᆞᆯ고ᄡᅵ〮 솝 三兩}}㕮咀每服一兩水一盞半生薑三片煎至八分去渣溫服食後 과ᄀᆞ리 기춤 기처 여러 날됴티 아니커든 패모와 ᄲᅩᇰ나못 불휫 ᄒᆡᆫ 거플와 오미ᄌᆞ와 감초 각닷 돈과 디못 불휘 ᄒᆞᆫ 돈과관도ᇰ화 두 랴ᇰ과ᄉᆞᆯ고ᄡᅵ 솝 석 랴ᇰ과ᄅᆞᆯ 사ᄒᆞ라 ᄒᆞᆫ랴ᇰ곰 믈 ᄒᆞᆫ 되 닷홉애 ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 세 편조쳐 달혀 반남ᄌᆞᆨ거든 즈ᅀᅴ 앗고 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ닐 밥머근 후에머그라 ==心腹痛_{가ᄉᆞᆷ〮 ᄇᆡ〮 알호미라}== 宜服和劑方溫白圓蘇合香圓九痛圓 화〮졔방애〮 온ᄇᆡᆨ〮원과〮 소합햐ᇰ원과 구토ᇰ원과〮ᄅᆞᆯ머고〮미 맛〮다ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라 卒心痛腹脇氣滯 桂心{{*|계〯핏 솝}}乾薑{{*|ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 一兩炮裂剉}}擣細羅爲散不計時候以酒調下一錢 과ᄀᆞᆯ이 가ᄉᆞᆷ 알파 ᄇᆡ 와녑괘 긔운이 토ᇰ티 아니커든 계핏 솝 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ과ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ브레 구어 ᄢᅢ혀 사ᄒᆞ로니와ᄅᆞᆯ 디허 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 처 ᄢᅵ니 혜디 말오 ᄒᆞᆫ돈을 수레 프러 머그라 卒心痛氣悶欲絶面色靑四肢逆冷 釅醋{{*|됴〯ᄒᆞᆫ 초 一合}}雞子{{*|ᄃᆞᆯᄀᆡ〮알 一枚打破}}相和攪令勻煖過頓飮之 과ᄀᆞᆯ이 가ᄉᆞᆷ 알파 긔운이 답답ᄒᆞ고 주글 ᄃᆞᆺᄒᆞ야 ᄂᆞᆺ비치 프르고 손과 발왜 ᄎᆞ거든 됴ᄒᆞᆫ 초 ᄒᆞᆫ 홉애 ᄃᆞᆯᄀᆡ알 ᄒᆞᆫ나ᄎᆞᆯ ᄣᆞ려 녀허 섯거 고ᄅᆞ게 저ᅀᅥ 덥게 ᄒᆞ야믄득 머그라 白艾{{*|ᄒᆡᆫ〮 ᄡᅮᆨ}}二兩熟者以水二大盞煎至一盞去滓分爲三服稍熱服之 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 ᄡᅮᆨ〮 두〯 랴ᇰ니기〮 부븨〮요니〮ᄅᆞᆯ 믈〮 큰〮 두〯되〮예 달혀〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 세〯 번에〮ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 자ᇝ〯간 덥〯게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야머그〮라 靑布{{*|쳐ᇰ믈〮 든〮 뵈〮}}裹塩如彈子大燒令赤都硏爲末以熱酒調頓服之 쳐ᇰ믈〮 든〮 뵈〮예 소고ᄆᆞᆯ〮 탄ᄌᆞ〮만〮 케〮 ᄡᅡ〮 ᄉᆞ〮라 븕거든〮 다〯 ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〯 ᄆᆡᇰ〮ᄀᆞ〮라 더운〮 수레〮 프러 믄득〮 머그〮라 鐺底墨{{*|솓 미틧〮 거〮믜여ᇰ}}以熱小便{{*|오좀〮}}調下二錢 솓 미틧〮 거믜여ᇰ 두〯 돈〯을〮 더운 오좀〮애 프〮러 머그〮라 蒸大豆{{*|코ᇰ}}或煮豆以囊盛更番熨痛處冷復易之 코ᇰ을〮 ᄠᅵ〮거나〮 글히〮거나〮 ᄒᆞ〮야쟐의〮 녀허〮 ᄀᆞ라〮곰 알ᄑᆞᆫ ᄃᆡ〮 울〮호〮ᄃᆡ ᄎᆞ〮거든〮 다시〮 ᄀᆞ람〯 ᄒᆞ라 暴心痛不可忍 石菖蒲{{*|돌〯 서〮리옛〮 쇼ᇰ의맛〮불휘〮 一兩}}良薑{{*|半兩}}細末醋糊爲圓如菉豆大每服二十圓菖蒲湯{{*|쇼ᇰ의마〮 날ᄒᆡᆫ〮 믈}}下或作散米飮調下亦得 과ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 가ᄉᆞᆷ〮 알파〮 ᄎᆞᆷ〮디 몯〯거든〮 돌〯 서〮리옛〮 쇼ᇰ의맛〮불휘〮 ᄒᆞᆫ랴ᇰ과〮 랴ᇰ가ᇰ 반〯 랴ᇰ과〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 초애〮 ᄆᆞ라〮 녹〮둣 낫〯만 케 비븨〮여 스믈 낫〯곰 쇼ᇰ의마〮 글〮힌〯 므〮레 머그〮며 ᄯᅩ〮 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 ᄆᆡᇰ ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄡᆞᆯ〮 글힌〮 므레프〮러 머거〮도〮됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 卒心痛 東引桃枝{{*|도ᇰ녁으로 버든〮 복셔ᇰ홧 가〮지}}一把切以酒一升煎取半升頓服大效 과ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 가ᄉᆞᆷ〮 알ᄑᆞ거든〮 도ᇰ녁으〮로 버든〮 복셔ᇰ홧 가〮지ᄒᆞᆫ 줌〯을〮 사ᄒᆞ〮라 술 ᄒᆞᆫ〮되〮예〮 달혀〮 반〯되〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 믄득〮 머그〮면 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 生油{{*|ᄂᆞᆯ 기름〮}}半合溫服差 ᄂᆞᆯ 기름〮 반〯홉을〮 ᄃᆞ시 ᄒᆞ〮야 머그〮면 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 令病人當戶以坐若男子病者令婦人以一杯水以飮之若婦人病者令男子以一杯水以飮之得新汲水{{*|ᄀᆞᆺ 기론〮 믈〮}}尤佳又以蜜{{*|ᄢᅮᆯ〮}}一分水二分飮之益良也 병〮ᄒᆞᆫ 사〯ᄅᆞᄆᆞᆯ〮 문〮 바ᄅᆞ 안쵸〮ᄃᆡ〮 남진 벼ᇰ〯ᄒᆞ니〮란〮 겨〯지비〮 믈〮 ᄒᆞᆫ잔〮을 머기〮고 겨〯집 벼ᇰ〯ᄒᆞ니〮란남진이〮 믈 ᄒᆞᆫ 잔〮을머기〮라 ᄀᆞᆺ 기론〮 므〮를 머기〮면〮 더욱〯 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 ᄯᅩ〮 ᄢᅮᆯ〯 ᄒᆞᆫ분과〮 믈〮 두〯분과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 프〮러머거〮도〮 더욱〮 됴〮ᄒᆞ니〮라 竈下熱灰{{*|브ᅀᅥᆨ 아래〮 더운〮 ᄌᆡ〮}}篩去炭分以布囊貯令灼灼更番以熨痛上冷更熬熱 브ᅀᅥᆨ 아래〮더운 ᄌᆡ〮ᄅᆞᆯ 체〯로 처〮 숫글 업〯게〮 코〮 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 뵈〮 쟐〮의〮 녀허〮 듯듯게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 서르 ᄀᆞ라〯곰 알ᄑᆞᆫ ᄃᆡ〮 울〮호〮ᄃᆡ ᄎᆞ〮거든〮 다시〮 봇가〮 덥〮게〮 ᄒᆞ라 桃仁{{*|복셩화 ᄡᅵ}}七枚去皮尖熟硏水合頓服良亦可治三十年患 복셔ᇰ화 ᄡᅵ 닐굽 나ᄎᆞᆯ 거플와 부리 앗고 니기 ᄀᆞ라 므레 프러 믄득 머그면 됴ᄒᆞ니라 ᄯᅩ 셜흔 ᄒᆡᆺ 벼ᇰ도 고티리라 郁李人{{*|산ᄆᆡ〯ᄌᆞ ᄡᅵ}}三七枚爛嚼以新汲水{{*|ᄀᆞᆺ 기론 믈}}下□飮溫湯尤妙須臾痛止却煎薄塩湯熱呷 산ᄆᆡᄌᆞ ᄡᅵ 세 닐굽 나ᄎᆞᆯ ᄂᆞ론케 십고 ᄀᆞᆺ 기론 므레 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ라 더운 므레 머고미 더 됴ᄒᆞ니 이ᅀᅳᆨ고 알포미 긋거든 ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ 소곰 므를 글혀 더우니 머그라 多年石灰{{*|오란〮 셕회}}每服輕者半錢重者一錢熱酒調服 오란 셕회ᄅᆞᆯ 봇가 우연히 알ᄂᆞ니란 반 돈ᄀᆞ장〮 알ᄂᆞ니〮란〮ᄒᆞᆫ 돈〯곰 더운〮 수레〮 프〮러 머그〮라 麋角{{*|큰〮 사ᄉᆞ〮ᄆᆡ ᄲᅳᆯ〮}}截破炙黃爲末酒調三錢匕服 큰〮사ᄉᆞ〮ᄆᆡ ᄲᅳᆯ 사ᄒᆞ〮라 누르게〮 봇가〮 ᄀᆞ로니 세 돈〯을〮수레〮 프〮러 머그〮라 陳倉米硏汁服之 대〯차ᇰ애〮 무근〮 ᄡᆞᆯ〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 즙〮ᄧᅩᆫ〮 므〮를 머그〮라 卒中惡心痛 苦參{{*|ᄡᅳᆫ〮너〮ᅀᅡᇝ 불휘〮 三兩}}㕮咀以好酢{{*|초}}一升半煮取八合强者頓服老小分二服 과ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 모〯딘〮 긔〮운 마자〮 가ᄉᆞᆷ 알ᄑᆞ거든〮 ᄡᅳᆫ〮너〮ᅀᅡᇝ〮 불〮휘〮석〯 랴ᇰ을〮 사ᄒᆞ〮라 ?됴?ᄒᆞᆫ 초 ᄒᆞᆫ 되〮반애 글혀 여듧〮 홉이〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 얼〯운〮은 ᄒᆞᆫ 번에〮믄득〯 먹고〮 늘그〮니와〯 아ᄒᆡ〮와ᄂᆞᆫ〮 두〯번에〮 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 머〮그〯라〮 中惡心痛氣急脹滿猒猒欲死 雄黃{{*|셕〮우화ᇰ 半兩細硏}}赤小豆{{*|블근〮 ᄑᆞᆺ 半兩}}瓜蔕{{*|ᄎᆞ밋 고고리 半兩}}擣細羅爲散每服以溫水調下一錢當吐立差良久不吐再服 모딘 긔운 마자 가ᄉᆞᆷ 알ᄑᆞ고 긔운이 티와텨 탸ᇰ만ᄒᆞ야 ᄒᆞ마 주글 ᄃᆞᆺᄒᆞ거든 셕우화ᇰ 반 랴ᇰᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 ᄀᆞ로니와 블근 ᄑᆞᆺ 반랴ᇰ과 ᄎᆞᄆᆡᆺ 고고리 반랴ᇰ과ᄅᆞᆯ 디허 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 처 ᄃᆞᄉᆞᆫ 므레 ᄒᆞᆫ 돈곰 프러 머그라 토ᄒᆞ면 즉재 됴ᄒᆞ리니 오래 토티 아니커든 다시 머그라 一切心痛 胡椒{{*|고쵸 四十九粒}}乳香{{*|一錢}}爲末男用生薑湯{{*|ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ 글힌 믈}}調下女用當歸酒{{*|스ᇰ암촛 블휘 글힌 술}}調下 대도ᄒᆞᆫ 가ᄉᆞᆷ 알ᄑᆞᆫ 벼ᇰ에 고쵸 마ᅀᆞᆫ 아홉 낫과 ᅀᅲ햐ᇰ ᄒᆞᆫ 돈과ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ라 남진은 ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ 글힌 므레 프러 먹고 겨집은 스ᇰ암촛 불휘 글힌수레 프러머그라 葀蔞{{*|하ᄂᆞᆳᄃᆞ래}}一介切碎以新瓦焙乾存性爲末酒調方寸匕 하ᄂᆞᆳᄃᆞ〮래 ᄒᆞᆫ나ᄎᆞᆯ 사ᄒᆞ라 ᄇᆞᅀᅡ 새 디새 우희 노하 브레 ᄆᆞᆯ외요ᄃᆡ 눋디 아니케 ᄒᆞ야 ᄀᆞ라 수레 ᄒᆞᆫ술만 프러 머그라 烏骨雞糞{{*|오계 ᄯᅩᇰ}}瓦上焙乾爲末每服三五錢酒調服 오계 ᄯᅩᇰ을 디새 우희 노하 블로 ᄆᆞᆯ외야 ᄀᆞ라 세 돈이어나 다ᄉᆞᆺ 돈이어나수레 프러 머그라 毡襪後跟{{*|시욱쳐ᇰ 뒤측}}一對男用女者女用男子燒灰酒調服 시욱 쳐ᇰ 뒤측 둘흘 남진은 겨집의 하 겨집은 남진의 하ᄅᆞᆯ ᄉᆞ라 ᄌᆡᄅᆞᆯ 수레 프러 머그라 川椒{{*|죠핏 여름}}四兩炒以酒一椀淬之去椒飮酒妙 죠핏 여름 넉〯 랴ᇰ을 봇가〮 술 ᄒᆞᆫ 사발애 더운 제 ᄃᆞᆷ가 죠핏 여름 앗고 그수ᄅᆞᆯ 마쇼미 됴ᄒᆞ니라 九種心痛當太歲上新生槐枝{{*|새〮로 도ᄃᆞᆫ〮 회홧 가지}}一握去兩頭㕮咀以水三升煮取一升頓服 아홉 가짓 가ᄉᆞᆷ 알ᄑᆞ거든 그 ᄒᆡᆺ 바ᇰ소앳 새로도ᄃᆞᆫ〮 회화나못 가〮지 ᄒᆞᆫ줌〯을〮 두〮귿〮 버혀 ᄇᆞ리〮고 사ᄒᆞ〮라 믈〮서〯 되〮예 달혀〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 믄득〮 머그〮라 九種心痛妨悶 桂心{{*|계〯핏 솝〯}}半兩末以酒一大盞煎至半盞去滓稍熱服立效 아홉〮 가짓〮 가ᄉᆞᆷ〮 알파〮 답답ᄒᆞ〮거든〮 계〯핏 솝 반〯 랴ᇰ을〮ᄀᆞ라〮 술 큰 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮예 달혀〮 반〯되〯 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 자ᇝ〯간 덥〯게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 머그〮면 즉〯재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 九種心痛及蛔虫心痛久不差 苦酒{{*|초}}五合燒靑錢{{*|프른〮 돈〯}}二文令赤淬酒中飮 아홉 가짓 가ᄉᆞᆷ 알ᄑᆞ며 벌에로 가ᄉᆞᆷ알파 오래 됴티 아니커든 초 닷 홉애 프른 돈 두나ᄎᆞᆯ 븕게 달와 녀허 그 초ᄅᆞᆯ마시라 心痛 桃白皮{{*|복셔ᇰ화나모 ᄉᆞᅀᅵᆺ ᄒᆡᆫ 거플}}煮汁空腹以意食之 가ᄉᆞᆷ 알ᄑᆞ거든 복셔ᇰ화나못 ᄉᆞᅀᅵᆺ ᄒᆡᆫ 거플 글힌 므ᄅᆞᆯ 고ᇰ심에 ᄆᆞᅀᆞᆷ 조초 머그라 行路卒心痛無藥取橘皮{{*|귨〮 거플}}去白炙少許煎飮之甚良 길 녀다가 과ᄀᆞᆯ이 가ᄉᆞᆷ 알ᄑᆞ고 약 업거든 귨 거플 안 ᄒᆡᆫ ᄃᆡᄀᆞᆯ가 ᄇᆞ리고 구어 져고매 므레 달혀 마쇼미 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ 됴ᄒᆞ니라 四十年心痛不差 黍米淘汁{{*|기자ᇰᄡᆞᆯ 시슨 믈}}溫服隨多少 마ᅀᆞᆫ ᄒᆡ 가ᄉᆞᆷ알히 됴티 몯거든 기자ᇰᄡᆞᆯ 시슨 므를 ᄃᆞ시 ᄒᆞ야 하나 져그나 머그라 心痛不可忍十年五年者隨手效 小蒜{{*|마ᄂᆞᆯ〮}}釅醋{{*|됴〮ᄒᆞᆫ 초}}煮頓服之取飽不用著塩 가ᄉᆞ〮미 ᄎᆞᆷ〮디 몯〯게〮 알호〮ᄆᆞᆯ 열〮 ᄒᆡ〮어나〮 다ᄉᆞᆺ〮 ᄒᆡ〮어나〮ᄒᆞᆫ 사〯ᄅᆞ미〮 머그〮면 됻〯ᄂᆞ니〮 마ᄂᆞ〮ᄅᆞᆯ 됴〯ᄒᆞᆫ 초애〮 글혀〮 ᄇᆡ〮브르게 머고〮ᄃᆡ 소곰 노티〮 말〯라 心氣疼急心疼 胡桃{{*|다ᇰ츄ᄌᆞ〮}}一箇去皮殼 棗子{{*|대〯초〮}}一枚去心以胡桃肉放入棗內以紙裹之用火煨過生薑湯{{*|ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 글힌〮 믈〮}}一鍾細嚼嚥下立效 과ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 가ᄉᆞᆷ〮 알ᄑᆞ거든〮 다ᇰ츄ᄌᆞ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 나〯ᄎᆞᆯ〮 거플와〮 다ᇰ아리〮 앗〯고 대〯초〮 ᄒᆞᆫ나〯ᄎᆞᆯ〮 ᄡᅵ〮 앗〯고〮 다ᇰ츄ᄌᆞᆺ〮 ᄉᆞᆯᄒᆞᆯ 대〮촛〮 안해〮 녀허〮 죠ᄒᆡ〮로 ᄡᅡ〮 브〮레 무더〮 구어 ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ {{문자 주석|글|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}힌〮 믈〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 죠ᇰ애 ᄂᆞ로니 시버〮 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ〮면 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 枯白礬{{*|브〮레 노긴〮 ᄇᆡᆨ번〮}}不拘多少爲末煉蜜{{*|달힌〮 ᄢᅮᆯ〮}}爲丸如芡實{{*|거싀〮련 여름〮}}大每服一丸細嚼空心用淡薑湯下如食後用白湯送下 브〮레 노긴〮 ᄇᆡᆨ번〮을 하나〮 져〮그나〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 달힌〮 ᄢᅮ〮레 ᄆᆞ라〮 거싀〮련 여름〮만〮 케〮 비븨〮여 ᄒᆞᆫ 낫〮곰〮 ᄂᆞ로니 시버〮 고ᇰ심애〮 ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 글힌〮ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ〮 므〮레머고〮ᄃᆡ 밥〮머근〮 휘〯어든〮 ᄡᆞᆯ〮 글힌〮 ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ〮므〮레 머그〮라 䆴心土{{*|솓 믿 마촘 아랫〮 ᄒᆞᆰ}}爲末滾湯調服方寸匕或以酒調亦妙 솓 믿 마촘〮 아랫〮 ᄒᆞᆯᄀᆞᆯ〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄀᆞ장〮 달힌〮 므〮레 ᄒᆞᆫ 술〮만〮 프〮러 머그〮라 ᄯᅩ〮 수레〮 프〮러머거〮도 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 驢屎{{*|나귀〮 ᄯᅩᇰ}}絞汁三五鍾熱服 나귀〮 ᄯᅩᇰ을〮 즙〮 ᄧᅡ〮 세〯 죠ᇰ이〮어나〮 다ᄉᆞᆺ〮 죠ᇰ이〮어나〮덥〯게〮 ᄒᆞ야 머그라 蟲心痛 鶴蝨{{*|여ᇫ의〮오좀〮플〮}}一兩爲末以溫酢{{*|초}}一盞和空腹服之蟲當吐出 벌엣 긔운으로가ᄉᆞᆷ 알ᄑᆞ거든 여ᇫ의오좀플 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ을 ᄀᆞ라 다ᄉᆞᆫ 초 ᄒᆞᆫ되예 프러 고ᇰ심에 머그면 벌에 토ᄒᆞ야 나리라 諸蟲心痛多吐四肢不和冷氣上攻心腹滿悶 熊膽{{*|고〯ᄆᆡ 열}}如大豆許細硏以溫水和服之立差 벌엣 긔운으로 가ᄉᆞᆷ 알파 만히 토ᄒᆞ며 손과 발왜 ᄌᆞᅀᅧᆫ티 아니ᄒᆞ고 ᄅᆡᇰ긔 티와텨 가ᄉᆞᆷᄇᆡ 답답ᄒᆞ거든 고ᄆᆡ 열 코ᇰ 낫만 ᄒᆞ니ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 ᄀᆞ라 ᄃᆞᄉᆞᆫ 므레 프러 머그면 즉재 됴ᄒᆞ리라 凡心腹冷痛熬塩{{*|소곰}}一斗熨熬蠶沙{{*|누에〮 ᄯᅩᇰ}}燒磗石{{*|벽〮돌〯}}蒸熨取其裏溫暖止蒸土{{*|ᄠᅵᆫ〮 ᄒᆞᆰ}}亦大佳 믈읫 가ᄉᆞᆷ ᄇᆡ ᄅᆡᇰ긔로 알ᄑᆞ거든 소곰 ᄒᆞᆫ 말 봇가 울ᄒᆞ며 누에 ᄯᅩᇰ도 봇그며 벽돌도 더이며 울호ᄃᆡ ᄇᆡᆺ 안히 덥거든 말라 ᄒᆞᆰ을 ᄠᅧ 울ᄒᆞ야도ᄀᆞ자ᇰ 됴ᄒᆞ니라 心腹俱脹疼痛氣短欲死或已絶者取梔子{{*|지지 ᄡᅵ 十四枚}}豉{{*|젼국 五合}}以水二盞先煮豉取一盞半去滓入梔子再煎取一盞去渣服半盞不愈盡服之 가ᄉᆞᆷ〮 ᄇᆡ〮 다〯 탸ᇰ〯만〮ᄒᆞ〮야 알ᄑᆞ고〮 긔〮운이〮 뎔어 주글 ᄃᆞᆺ거나 주것거나 ᄒᆞ거든 지지 ᄡᅵ 열네 낫과 젼국 닷 홉과ᄅᆞᆯ 믈 두 되예 몬져 젼국글혀 ᄒᆞᆫ 되 반이어든 즈ᅀᅴ 앗고 지지ᄡᅵᄅᆞᆯ 녀허 다시 달혀 ᄒᆞᆫ되 ᄃᆞ외어든 즈ᅀᅴ 앗고 반되ᄅᆞᆯ 머고ᄃᆡ 됴티 아니커든 다 머그라 卒心腹煩滿疼痛欲死者以熱湯浸手足妙冷再換 과ᄀᆞᆯ이 가ᄉᆞᆷ ᄇᆡ 답답ᄒᆞ야 알파 주글 ᄃᆞᆺ거든 더운 므레 손바ᄅᆞᆯ ᄃᆞᆷ가 이쇼미 됴ᄒᆞ니 ᄎᆞ거든 다시 ᄀᆞ라곰 ᄒᆞ라 腹痛細嚼石菖蒲{{*|돌 서리예 난 쇼ᇰ의맛불휘}}飮凉水送下妙 ᄇᆡ 알ᄑᆞ거든 돌 서리예 난 쇼ᇰ의맛불휘ᄅᆞᆯ ᄂᆞ로니 십고 ᄎᆞᆫ므를 마셔 ᄂᆞ리오미 됴ᄒᆞ니라 掘地上作一小坑以水滿坑中熟絞取汁飮之 ᄯᅡ해 ᄒᆞᆫ 져고맛 구들 ᄑᆞ고 므를 구데 ᄀᆞᄃᆞ기 브ᅀᅥ 니기 프러 마시라 令人騎其腹溺{{*|오좀〮}}臍中 사ᄅᆞ미 그ᄇᆡᄅᆞᆯ 타 안자 ᄇᆡᆺ보개 오좀 누라 針手足十指頭出血炙臍中七七壯 손발 열 가락 그틀 침으로 ᄣᅵᆯ어 피 내오 ᄇᆡᆺ 보ᄀᆞᆯ 닐굽 닐굽붓글 ᄯᅳ라 卒煩滿嘔逆炙乳下一寸七壯卽愈 과ᄀᆞᆯ이 답답ᄒᆞ야 뷘ᄇᆡᄌᆞᆷᄒᆞ거든 졋 아래ᄒᆞᆫ 치만 ᄒᆞᆫ ᄃᆡ 닐굽 붓글 ᄯᅳ면 즉재 됴ᄒᆞ리라 灸兩手大母指內邊爪後第一紋頭各一壯又灸兩手中指爪下一壯卽愈 두 손 엄지가락 안녁 소ᇇ톱 뒤 첫 그ᇝ 그틀 각ᄒᆞᆫ붓글 ᄯᅳ며 ᄯᅩ 두 손가온ᄃᆡᆺ가락 소ᇇ톱 아래 ᄒᆞᆫ 붓글 ᄯᅳ면즉재 됴ᄒᆞ리라 ==卒腰痛_{과ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 허리 알포미라}== 卒腰痛不可忍 附子{{*|一枚炮裂去皮臍}}木香{{*|半兩}}檳榔{{*|半兩}}擣細羅爲散每於食前以溫酒調下二錢 과ᄀᆞᆯ이 허리 알포ᄆᆞᆯ ᄎᆞᆷ디 몯ᄒᆞ거든 부ᄌᆞ ᄒᆞᆫ 나ᄎᆞᆯ 죠ᄒᆡ예 ᄡᅡ 믈 저져 브레 무더 ᄩᅥ디 게 구어 거플와 브르도ᄃᆞᆫ 것업게 ᄒᆞ니와 목햐ᇰ 반 랴ᇰ과비ᇰ라ᇰ 반랴ᇰ과ᄅᆞᆯ 디허 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 처 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ라 ᄆᆡ야ᇰ 밥 아니머거셔 ᄃᆞᄉᆞᆫ 수레 두 돈곰 프러 머그라 卒腰痛連脚膝疼 胡麻{{*|ᄎᆞᆷᄢᅢ 三合新者}}附子{{*|一兩炮裂去皮臍}}熬胡麻令香同擣細羅爲散每於食前以溫酒調下二錢 과ᄀᆞᆯ이 허리 알ᄑᆞ고 허튀와 무룹괘 조차 알ᄑᆞ거든 새 ᄎᆞᆷᄢᅢ 서 홉과 부ᄌᆞ ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ 죠ᄒᆡ예 ᄡᅡ 믈 저져 브레 무더 ᄩᅥ디게 구어 거플와 브르도ᄃᆞᆫ 것 업게 코ᄎᆞᆷᄢᅢᄅᆞᆯ 고ᄉᆞ게 봇가 ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ 디허 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 처 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ라 ᄆᆡ야ᇰ 밥 아니머거셔 ᄃᆞᄉᆞᆫ 수레 두돈곰 프러 머그라 卒腰痛至甚起坐不得 附子{{*|一兩生用}}吳茱萸一兩蛇床子{{*|ᄇᆡ얌도랏〮 ᄡᅵ 一兩}}擣羅爲末每用半兩以生薑自然汁調如膏攤故帛上於痛處貼熁用衣服繫定覺通熱卽差未退再貼 과ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 허리〮 알파〮 ᄀᆞ장〯 셜〯워〮 니러〮 안ᄯᅵ〮 몯〯ᄒᆞ〮거든〯 ᄂᆞᆯ 부ᄌᆞ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ과〮오슈유 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ〮과〮ᄇᆡ얌도랏〮 ᄡᅵ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 디허〮 처〮 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮라 ᄡᅳᆯ〮 제 반〮랴ᇰ곰〮 ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 즛두드〮려 ᄧᅩᆫ〮 므〮레 ᄆᆞ라걸〯에〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 ᄂᆞᆯ{{문자 주석|ᄀᆞᆫ|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}} 헌〮것 우희 퍼〮 알ᄑᆞᆫ ᄃᆡ〮 브〮티〮고 오〮ᄉᆞ〮로 ᄆᆡ{{문자 주석|야|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}} ᄉᆞᄆᆞᆺ 더운〮 주〮ᄅᆞᆯ 알〯면〮 즉〮재됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮니 됴〯{{문자 주석|티|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}} 아니〮커든〮 다시〮브티〮라 卒腰痛不得俛{{문자 주석|仰|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}} 鹿角{{*|사ᄉᆞ〮ᄆᆡ ᄲᅳᆯ}}長六寸燒擣末酒服之鹿茸{{*|사ᄉᆞ〮ᄆᆡ ᄀᆞᆺ 도다〮 난 털 조ᄎᆞᆫ〮 ᄲᅳᆯ〮}}尤佳 과ᄀᆞᆯ이〯 허리〮 알파〮 굽도〮 졋도〮 몯〯ᄒᆞ〮거든〮 사ᄉᆞ〮ᄆᆡ ᄲᅳᆯ〮 기리〮 여슷 치〮만 ᄒᆞ니〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄉᆞ〮라 디혼〮 ᄀᆞᆯ〮ᄋᆞᆯ 수레〮 프〮러 머그〮라 사ᄉᆞ〮ᄆᆡ ᄀᆞᆺ 도다〮난 털조ᄎᆞᆫ〮 ᄲᅳ〮리 더 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 鼈甲{{*|쟈래 다ᇰ아리〮}}一枚炙搗篩酒服方寸匕食{{문자 주석|後|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}日三服 쟈래 다ᇰ아리〮 ᄒᆞᆫ나〯ᄎᆞᆯ〮 브〮레 ᄧᅬ〯여〮 디허 처〯 수레〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 술〮옴 프〮러 밥〮머근〮 후〯에〮ᄒᆞᄅᆞ 세〮번곰〮 머그〮라 桂{{*|계〯피 八分}}牡丹{{*|四分}}附子{{*|二分}}搗末酒服一刀圭日再服 계〯피 두〯랴ᇰ과〮 {{문자 주석|모|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}라ᇇ 불휘〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ과〮부ᄌᆞ〮 다ᄉᆞᆺ〮돈〯과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 디허〮 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 수레〮 죠〯고〮매 프〮러 머고〮ᄃᆡ ᄒᆞᄅᆞ 두〮번곰 머그〮라 卒腰痛 芫花{{*|半斤}}羊躑躅花{{*|늣거ᅀᅡ〮 픈 굴근 진ᄃᆞᆯ욋곳 半斤}}以醋拌令濕炒令熱用帛裹分作兩包更番熨痛處冷卽復炒熨之 과ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 허리〮 알ᄑᆞ거든〮 와화 반〯 근과〮늣거ᅀᅡ〮 픈〮 굴〯근〮 진〯ᄃᆞᆯ욋〮곳 반〯 근과〮ᄅᆞᆯ초애〮 섯거〮 젓게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야봇가〮 덥〯게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야헌〯거스〮로 ᄡᅩ〮ᄃᆡ 둘〯헤〮 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 알ᄑᆞᆫ ᄃᆡᆯ〮 서르 ᄀᆞ라〮 울〮호ᄃᆡ ᄎᆞ〮거 든〮 다사〮 봇가〮울〮ᄒᆞ라〮 蕓薹子{{*|一兩}}擣羅爲末醋調塗於蠟 {{*|밀}}紙 上貼痛處覺熱極卽去之痛止 운ᄃᆡ ᄡᅵ ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ을〮 디허〮 처〮 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮라 초애〮 ᄆᆞ라〮 밀〯 드〮린 죠ᄒᆡ〮 우희〮 ᄇᆞᆯ라〮 알ᄑᆞᆫ ᄃᆡ〮 브텨〮 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮 덥〯거든〮 ᄠᅦ〮혀〮 더디〮면 알포〮미 그츠〮리라 ==絞膓沙_{과ᄀᆞᄅᆞᆫ 모〮딘〮 독〮 마자〮 ᄇᆡ〮 ᄌᆞᄅᆞᄂᆞᆫ ᄃᆞᆺ〮 알파〮 견ᄃᆡ〮디 몯〯호〮미라〮}== 宜服和劑方六和湯香薷散 화졔〮바ᇰ애〮 {{문자 주석|륙〮|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}화타ᇰ과〮 햐ᇰ유산〯과〮ᄅᆞᆯ머고〮미 맛〮다ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라 絞膓沙痛不可忍或展轉在地或起或仆其膓絞縮在腹此是中毒之深須臾能令人死急用塩{{*|소곰}}一兩熱湯調灌入病人口中塩氣一到腹其腹卽定 과ᄀᆞᄅᆞᆫ 모〯딘〮 독〮 마자〮 ᄇᆡ〮 ᄌᆞᄅᆞᄂᆞᆫ ᄃᆞᆺ〮알포〮ᄆᆞᆯ〮 ᄎᆞᆷ〮디 몯〯ᄒᆞ〮야 구으러 ᄯᅡ해〮셔 닐〯락〮 업더〮디락〮 ᄒᆞ야차ᇰ〮ᄌᆡ〮 뷔〯트〮리{{SIC|허〮|혀〮}} 거두〮쥐〯ᄂᆞᆫ ᄃᆞᆺ〮ᄒᆞ〮야 ᄇᆡ〮안해〮 이쇼〮ᄆᆞᆫ 이〮모〮딘〮 긔〮운 마조〮미 기퍼〮 져근더데〮 사〯ᄅᆞᄆᆞᆯ〮 죽게〮 ᄒᆞ〮ᄂᆞ니〮 ᄲᆞᆯ리〮소곰 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ을〮더운〮 므〮레 프〮러벼ᇰ〯ᄒᆞᆫ 사〯ᄅᆞᄆᆡ〮 이〮베〮 브ᅀᅳ라〮 소고ᇝ 긔〮운이〮ᄇᆡ예〮 드〮러가면 즉〮재편안ᄒᆞ리라 絞膓沙腹痛嘔吐泄瀉及霍亂中署煩渴不省人事 馬糞{{*|ᄆᆞᆯᄯᅩᇰ}}硏同蜜{{*|ᄢᅮᆯ〮}}擂濾過新汲水{{*|ᄀᆞᆺ 기론〮 믈}}化下卽愈 과ᄀᆞᄅᆞᆫ 모〯딘〮 독〮 마자〮 ᄇᆡ〮 ᄌᆞᄅᆞ〮ᄂᆞᆫ ᄃᆞᆺ〮 알파〮견ᄃᆡ〮디 몯〯ᄒᆞ〮야 토〮ᄒᆞ며〮즈츼〮며 어〮즐ᄒᆞ며〮 더위〮며여〮 답답ᄒᆞ고〮갈〮ᄒᆞ〮야 ᅀᅵᆫᄭᅴ〮ᄅᆞᆯ 몯〯ᄎᆞ〮리거든〮 ᄆᆞᆯᄯᅩᇰ을〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄢᅮᆯ〮와 ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ〮 저ᅀᅥ〮 바타〮 ᄀᆞᆺ 기론〮 므〮레 프〮러 머그〮면 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 馬藺{{*|붇곳}}根葉細嚼嚥之立差嚥汁去柤亦可 붇〮곳 불휘〮와 닙〮과〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄂᆞ로니 시버〮 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ〮면〮 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라시버〮 즙〮만 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ〮고 즈ᅀᅴ란〮 ᄇᆞ려〮도〮 ᄯᅩ〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 絞膓沙 苧麻扎十指尖針銚出惡血數點 과ᄀᆞᄅᆞᆫ 모〯딘〮 독〮 마자〮 ᄇᆡ〮 ᄌᆞᄅᆞᄂᆞᆫ ᄃᆞᆺ〮 알파〮견ᄃᆡ〮디 몯〯거든 모시뢰〮나 삼〮으〮뢰나〮 열〮소ᇇ가락 그〮틀 ᄆᆡ오〮 침으〮로 ᄣᅵᆯ어〮 모〯딘〮 피〮ᄅᆞᆯ 두〯ᅀᅥ〮 번을〮 처〮디〯라〮 久乾猪糞{{*|도ᄐᆡ〮 ᄯᅩᇰ ᄆᆞᄅᆞ니〮}}一塊如指頭大用砂仁二箇碾爲末白湯{{*|글힌〮 믈〮}}調服妙 오래〮 ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ 도ᄐᆡ〮 ᄯᅩᇰ 소ᇇ가락 귿〮만〮 ᄒᆞ니〮 ᄒᆞᆫ무젹과〮 츅〮사ᅀᅵᆫ 두〯낫〯과〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 글힌〮 므〮레 프〮러 머고미 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 收蠶子的舊紙{{*|누에〮 ᄡᅵ〮 낸〯 죠ᄒᆡ}}一幅務要去蠶子潔淨燒灰爲末用熱酒調服立效 누에〮 ᄡᅵ〮낸〯 죠ᄒᆡ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ댜ᇰ을〮 누에ᄡᅵ〮ᄅᆞᆯ 조〮히〮 업〯게〮 ᄒᆞ고ᄉᆞ〮론 ᄌᆡ〯ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ〮라 더운〮 수레〮 프러 머그〮면 즉재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 ==霍亂_{도〮와리라}== 宜服和劑方理中湯治中湯藿香正氣散 화졔〮바ᇰ애〮리〯튜ᇰ타ᇰ과〮 티듀ᇰ타ᇰ과〮 곽〮햐ᇰ져ᇰ〯긔〮산〯과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 머고〮미 맛〮다ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라 霍亂洞下不止 艾{{*|ᄡᅮᆨ〮}}一把水三升煮取一升頓服之良 도〮와리〮ᄒᆞ〮야 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮 즈츼〮요미〮 긋디〮 아니〮커든〮 ᄡᅮᆨ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 줌〯을〮 믈〮서〯 되〮예 글혀〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 믄득〮 머고〮미 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 附子一枚重七錢炮去皮臍爲末每服四錢水兩盞 塩{{*|소곰}}半錢煎取一盞溫服立止 부ᄌᆞ ᄒᆞᆫ 낫〯 므〮긔 닐굽〮 돈〯만〮 ᄒᆞ닐〮 죠ᄒᆡ〮예 ᄡᅡ〮 믈〮저져〮 브〮레 구어〮 거플와〮 머흣머흣ᄒᆞᆫ 것앗〯고〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 너〯 돈〯곰〮 믈〮 두〯 되〮예 소곰 반〯돈〯 조쳐〮 달혀〮 ᄒᆞᆫ〮되〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ닐〮 머그〮면 즉〯재 그츠〮리라〮 霍亂吐下腹痛 桃葉{{*|복셔ᇰ홧 닙〮}}煎汁服一升立止冬用皮 도〮와리〮ᄒᆞ〮야 토〮ᄒᆞ며〮 즈츼〮여 ᄇᆡ〮 알ᄑᆞ거든〮 복셔ᇰ홧 닙〮 달힌〮 즙〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 되〮ᄅᆞᆯ 머그면 즉〮재 그츠〮리니〮 겨ᅀᅳ〮리어든〮 거〮프ᄅᆞᆯ〮 ᄡᅳ〮라 小蒜{{*|마ᄂᆞᆯ〮}}半兩水一中盞煎至六分去滓不計時候溫服 마ᄂᆞᆯ〮 반〯 랴ᇰ을믈〮 닷 홉애〮 달혀〮 반〯남ᄌᆞᆨ거든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 ᄢᅵ〮니 혜〯디〮 말〯오〮 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ닐〮 머그〮라 蘆葉{{*|ᄀᆞᆳ〮 닙〮}}一握剉水一大盞煎至五分去滓頓服 ᄀᆞᆳ〮 닙〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 줌〯을〮 믈〯 큰〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되예 달혀〮 반〯만〮 커든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 믄득〮 머그〮라 濃煎塩湯{{*|소곰 글힌〮 믈}}通手浸手足洗胷脇閒 디투〮 글힌〮 소곰 므〮를 손〮 녀ᄒᆞᆯ 만〮 더웟〮거든 손〮과 발〮와 ᄃᆞᆷ가〮시며 가ᄉᆞᆷ〮과 녑과〮 시스〮라 霍亂轉筋不止 釜底墨{{*|가마〮 미틧〮 거믜여ᇰ}}末煖酒調下二錢頻服之 도〮와리〮ᄒᆞ〮야 모매〮 히〮미 뷔〯트〮러 가거든〮 가마〮 미틧 거믜여ᇰ을〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 더운〮 수레〮 두〯 돈〯곰〮프러 ᄌᆞ조〮 머그〮라 舊木梳{{*|오란〮 얼에빗〮}}一枚小者燒灰爲末酒服永瘥 오란〮 얼에빗〮 져〯그〮니 ᄒᆞᆫ 나〯ᄎᆞᆯ〮 ᄉᆞ〮라 ᄌᆡ〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 ᄀᆞ〮라수레〮 프〮러 머그〮면 여ᇰ〯히〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 車轂中脂{{*|술윗〮 토ᇰ〮앳〮 기름}}塗足心下瘥 술윗〮 토ᇰ앳 기름을 밧바다ᇰ〮애〮 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ면〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ리라 <ref>51ㄱ ~51ㄴ 낙장</ref> 病人足塗胡麻油{{*|ᄎᆞᆷ기름}}向火灸之旣死乃活 병ᄒᆞᆫ 사ᄅᆞᄆᆡ 바래 ᄎᆞᆷ기름을 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ고 브레 ᄧᅬ면 주것더니도 살리라 以湯水漬足膝 더운 므레 발와 무룹과 ᄃᆞᆷ가시라 塩{{*|소곰}}一大匙熬熱童子小便{{*|ᄉᆞᆫ아ᄒᆡ〮 오좀}}一升溫和服少頃當吐下則差氣絶者復通 소곰 큰 ᄒᆞᆫ수를 봇가 덥게 ᄒᆞ야 ᄉᆞᆫ아ᄒᆡ 오 좀 ᄒᆞᆫ 되예 프러 ᄃᆞ시 ᄒᆞ야 머그라 이ᅀᅳᆨ고 토커나 즈츼어나 ᄒᆞ면즉재 됴ᄒᆞ리니주것더니도 다시 살리라 紫檀香濃煮服 ᄌᆞ단햐ᇰ을 디투 글혀 므를 머그라 乾霍亂不吐不瀉腹賬如鼓心胷痰壅 塩{{*|소곰 二兩}}生薑{{*|一兩切}}炒令轉色以童子小便{{*|ᄉᆞᆫ아ᄒᆡ 오좀}}一大盞煎至六分去滓分爲二服溫溫服之 도〯와〮리〯ᄒᆞ〮야 토〮티〮 아〮니〮ᄒᆞ〮며 즈츼도 아니〮코〮 ᄇᆡ〮 부러〮 붑〮 ᄀᆞᆮ〮고 가ᄉᆞ〮매 추〮미 막딜여〯 잇거든〯 소곰 두〯 랴ᇰ과〮ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ사ᄒᆞ〮로니〮와〮ᄅᆞᆯ 봇가〮 비〮치 고〮텨 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 ᄉᆞᆫ아〮ᄒᆡ 오좀〮 큰〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮예 달혀〯 반〯남ᄌᆞᆨ〮거든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〮고 두〯 번에〮ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ〮닐 머그〮라 丁香十四枚爲末熱酒一大盞調之頓服不差再服之 뎌ᇰ햐ᇰ 열〮네〯나〮ᄎᆞᆯ〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 더〮운〮 술 큰〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮예 프러 믄득〮 머고〮ᄃᆡ 됴〯티〮 아니〮커든〮 ᄯᅩ〮 머그〮라 黍米{{*|기자ᇰᄡᆞᆯ〮}}二合水淘淨水硏澄取白汁呷盡卽差 기자ᇰᄡᆞᆯ〮 두〯 홉을〮 므〮레〮 조〮히 시서〮 므〮레〮ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄆᆞᆰ안초〮아〯 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 즙〮을 다〯 머그〮면 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ〮리〮라 霍亂引飮飮輒乾嘔 生薑五兩㕮咀以水五升煮取二升半分二服高良薑大佳 도〮와리ᄒᆞ〮야 므〮를 닛위〮여 머고〮ᄃᆡ 머근다〮마〮다〮 믄〮득 뷘〯ᄇᆡᄌᆞᆷ〮ᄒᆞ〮거든〮 ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ 닷 랴ᇰ을 사ᄒᆞ〮라 믈〮 닷되〯예 글혀〮 두〯되〮 반〯이〮어든〮 두〮번에〮 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 머그〮라 고랴ᇰ강을〮 글혀〮 머고미 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 霍亂醫所不治 童女月經衣{{*|남진 아니〮 어른〮 갓나ᄒᆡ〮 월겨ᇰ슈〮 무든〮 것}}合血燒末酒服方寸匕百方不瘥者用之 도〮와리〮ᄒᆞ〮야 몯〮 고티〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᄅᆞᆯ 남진 아니〮어른〮 갓나ᄒᆡ〮 월〮겨ᇰ슈〮 무든〮 거슬〮 피〮 무든자히〮 ᄉᆞ〮라 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 술만〮 수레〮 프〮러 머그〮라일〯ᄇᆡᆨ〮 가짓〮 약〮으〮로 됴〯티〮 몯〮ᄒᆞ〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᄅᆞᆯ 이〮 약〮을머기라 霍亂轉筋入腹無奈何者作極醎塩湯{{*|소곰 글힌〮 믈〮}}於槽中暖漬之 도〮와리〮ᄒᆞ〮야 모매〮 히〯미 두워트〮러 ᄇᆡ〮예 드〮러아〯ᄆᆞ〮리 홀〮 주〮를 몯〮거든〮 소곰 글힌〮 므〮를 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮 ᄧᆞ〮게 ᄒᆞ〮야 귀이〮예 븟고〮 덥〯게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 ᄃᆞᆷ가〮시라〮 酢{{*|초}}煮靑布{{*|쳐ᇰ 믈〮든 뵈}}搨之冷卽易 초애〮 {{SIC|청|쳐ᇰ}} 믈 든 뵈ᄅᆞᆯ 글혀〮 여러ᄇᆞᆯ〮 가혀〮 우희〮 노호〮ᄃᆡ〮 ᄎᆞ〮거든〮 즉〮재 ᄀᆞ람〮 ᄒᆞ라〮 霍亂吐不止欲死 生薑{{*|三兩切}}牛糞{{*|ᄉᆈ〯ᄯᅩᇰ 三合}}以水三大盞煎至一盞半去滓分溫三服 도〮와리〯ᄒᆞ〮야 토〮호〮미〮 긋디 아니〮코 주글〮 ᄃᆞᆺ〮ᄒᆞ〮거든 ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ 석〯 랴ᇰ사ᄒᆞ〯르니〮와 ᄉᆈ〯ᄯᅩᇰ 서〯홉과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 믈〮 큰〮서〯 되〮예 달혀〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮 {{SIC|빈〯|반〯}}이〮어든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ닐〮 세〯 {{SIC|빈|번}}에〮ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 머그〮라 梨葉{{*|{{SIC|비|ᄇᆡ}}나못 닙}}煮汁服 ᄇᆡ나못 닙〮 글힌〮 즙을〮 머그〮라 霍亂困䔍不識人 雞蘇{{*|믓바ᇰ하 三兩剉}}以水三大盞煎至一盞半去滓分溫三服 도와리ᄒᆞ야 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ 셜워 사ᄅᆞᄆᆞᆯ 아디 몯ᄒᆞ거든 믓바ᇰ하 석 랴ᇰ을사ᄒᆞ라 믈 큰 서 되예 달혀 ᄒᆞᆫ 되 반이어든 즈ᅀᅴ 앗고 ᄂᆞᆫ화 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ닐 세 번에머그라 霍亂吐利 胡椒{{*|고쵸 七粒}}菉豆{{*|三七粒}}{{밑줄|爲末煎木瓜湯}}{{*|모과〮 달힌 믈}}調下 도와리ᄒᆞ야 토ᄒᆞ며 즈츼어든 고쵸 닐굽 낫과 록두 세 닐굽낫과ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ라 모과 달인므레 프러 머그라 塩{{*|소곰}}一撮醋一盃同煎八分溫服 소곰 ᄒᆞᆫ져봄과 초 ᄒᆞᆫ잔과 ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ 달혀 여듧 분만 커든 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ닐 머그라 霍亂心腹脹痛煩滿短氣未得吐下 生薑若乾薑一二升㕮咀以水六升煮三沸頓服若不卽愈更加作無新藥煮滓亦得 도와리ᄒᆞ야 가ᄉᆞᆷ ᄇᆡ 타ᇰ만ᄒᆞ야 알파 답답ᄒᆞ고 긔운이 져거 토티 몯ᄒᆞ며 즈츼디도 몯ᄒᆞ거든 ᄂᆞᆯ ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ이어나 ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ이어나ᄒᆞᆫ두 되만 사ᄒᆞ라 믈 엿 되예 세 소솜 글혀 다 머고ᄃᆡ 즉재 됴티 아니커든 다시 ᄒᆞ야머그라 새약곳 업거든 달힌 즈ᅀᅴ도 됴ᄒᆞ니라 飮好苦酒{{*|됴ᄒᆞᆫ 초}}三升小老羸者可飮一二升 됴ᄒᆞᆫ 초 서 되ᄅᆞᆯ 마쇼ᄃᆡ 아ᄒᆡ와 늘그니와 긔운약ᄒᆞᆫ 사ᄅᆞᄆᆞᆫ ᄒᆞᆫ두 되만 머그라 溫酒一二升以蠟{{*|밀}}如彈丸一枚置酒中消乃飮無蠟以塩{{*|소곰}}二方寸匕代亦得 술 ᄒᆞᆫ 되어나 두 되어나덥게 ᄒᆞ고 밀 탄ᄌᆞ만치 ᄒᆞᆫ나ᄎᆞᆯ 수레 녀허 녹거든 머그라 밀옷 업거든 소곰 두 술만 녀허도 됴ᄒᆞ니라 桂屑{{*|계〯핏 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ}}半升以煖飮二升和之盡服之 계〯핏 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ 반〯되〮ᄅᆞᆯ 더운〮 믈〮 두〮되〮예 프〮러 다〮 머그〮라 飮竹瀝{{*|댓〮진〯}}少許亦差 댓〮진〯을〮 져〯고매〮 머거〮도 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 嘔吐煩悶及霍亂 人蔘{{*|심}}一兩麁擣篩用水三盞煎至一盞半去滓重煎令沸投入雞子白{{*|ᄃᆞᆯᄀᆡ〮알〮 소〯뱃〮 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 믈〮}}一枚打轉掠去沫頓服 욕욕ᄒᆞ며〮 토〮ᄒᆞ〮야 답답ᄒᆞ고〮 어〮즐ᄒᆞ〮거든〮 심 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ을〮디허〮 굵〯게〮 처〮 믈〮서〮 되〮예 달혀〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 되〮반〯이〮어든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 다시〮 달혀〮솟글커든〮 ᄃᆞᆯᄀᆡ〮 알〮 ᄒᆞᆫ나〯ᄎᆞᆯ〮 ᄣᆞ려〮 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 므〮ᄅᆞᆯ 녀허 거품〮 앗〯고〮믄득〮 머그〮라 霍亂渴甚硏糯米{{*|ᄎᆞ〮ᄡᆞᆯ〮}}取白汁恣意飮之 도〮와리〮ᄒᆞ〮야 모기〮 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮 ᄆᆞᄅᆞ거〮든〮 ᄎᆞ〮ᄡᆞ〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ〮라 힌〮 즙〮을 ᄆᆞ〮ᅀᆞᇝᄀᆞ〮자ᇰ〮 머그〮라 霍亂吐下太渴 黃梁米{{*|누른〮 조ᄡᆞᆯ〮}}淘五升以水一㪷煮取五升澄淸稍溫飮之 도〮와리〮ᄒᆞ〮야 토ᄒᆞ며〮 즈츼〮오 모기〮 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮ᄆᆞᄅᆞ거든〮 누른〮조ᄡᆞᆯ〮 닷 되〮ᄅᆞᆯ 시서〮 믈〮 ᄒᆞᆫ마래〮 글혀〮 닷되〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 ᄀᆞᆯ〮안초〮아〯 자ᇝ〯간 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 머그〮라 霍亂吐止而瀉未除者 竃心土{{*|가마〮 믿 마촘〮 아랫〮 ᄒᆞᆰ}}不拘多少硏爲末令極細如粉每服二錢沸湯半盞新汲水{{*|ᄀᆞᆺ 기론〯 믈〮}}半盞和勻空心服不過二服神效 도〮와리〮ᄒᆞ〮야 토〮호〮ᄆᆞᆫ 긋고〮 즈츼〮요ᄆᆞᆫ〮 긋디〮 아니〮커든〮 가마〮 믿 마촘 아랫〮 ᄒᆞᆰ을〮 하나〮 져〯그나〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 분〮 ᄀᆞᆮ〮게 ᄒᆞ〮야 두〯 돈〯곰〮 글힌〮 믈〮 반〮되〮와 ᄀᆞᆺ 기론〮 믈〮 반〯되〮예 고ᄅᆞ게〮 프〮러 고ᇰ심에〮 머그〮라 두〯번 너무 먹디〮 아니〮ᄒᆞ〮야셔〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 霍亂後胃氣煩逆用苦苣根{{*|싀홧 불휘〮}}生擣汁飮 도〮와리〮ᄒᆞᆫ 후〯에〮 가ᄉᆞᆷ〮앳〮 긔〮운이〮 답답ᄒᆞ〮야 거스〮리거든〮 싀홧 불휘〮 ᄂᆞᄅᆞᆯ〮 디허〮 ᄧᅡ〮 즙〮을〮 마시〮라 霍亂 萹豆 香薷{{*|노야기 各一升}}以水六升煮取二升分服單用亦得 도〮와리〮예 ᄇᆡᆨ〮변두와〮 노야기〮와 각〮ᄒᆞᆫ 되〮ᄅᆞᆯ 믈〮 엿 되〮예 글혀〮 두〯 되〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 머 그라 ᄒᆞᆫ것곰〮 머거〮도〮 ᄯᅩ〮됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 生胡椒{{*|고쵸}}三十四粒呑之 고쵸 셜흔〮 네〯나〯ᄎᆞᆯ〮 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ〮라 霍亂已死上屋喚魂又以諸治皆至而猶不差者捧病人腹臥之伸臂對以繩度兩頭肘尖頭依繩下來背脊大骨空中去脊各一寸灸之百壯不治者可灸肘椎已試數百人皆灸畢卽起坐 도〮와리〮ᄒᆞ〮야 죽거든〮 집우희〮 올아〮 주그〮늬 일후〮믈〮 브르며〮 여러〮 가지〮로고툐〮ᄃᆡ 됴〯티〮 아니〮커든〮 벼ᇰ〯ᄒᆞᆫ 사〯ᄅᆞᄆᆡ〮 ᄇᆡ〮ᄅᆞᆯ 자바〮 뉘이〮고 두〯ᄇᆞᆯᄒᆞᆯ〮 길〯 조치〮로 펴〮 노코〮 노ᄒᆞ〮로 두〯ᄇᆞᆯ독〮 ᄆᆞᄃᆡᆺ 그〮틀〮 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ 견조〮고 그노 다ᄒᆞᆫ ᄃᆡᆺ〮 두ᇰᄆᆞᄅᆞ 큰〮 ᄲᅧᆺ〮 가온〮ᄃᆡ〮로셔〮 두〯 녁겨토〮로 ᄒᆞᆫ촌〯곰〮 ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡᆯ〮 일〮ᄇᆡᆨ〮 붓곰〮 ᄯᅮ〮ᄃᆡ 고티〮디 몯〯거든〮 ᄇᆞᆯ독〮 ᄆᆞᄃᆡᆺ 그〮틀〮 ᄯᅳ〮라 수〯ᄇᆡᆨ〮 ᅀᅵᆫ을〮 시〯험〮ᄒᆞ니〮 다〯 ᄯᅩᆷ〮 ᄆᆞᄎᆞ〮며 즉〮재 니러〮 아ᇇ더〮라 霍亂 枯白礬{{*|브레 노긴〮 ᄇᆡᆨ번〮}}爲末每服一大錢百沸湯點服 도〮와리〮ᄒᆞ〮거든〮 브〮레 노긴〮 ᄇᆡᆨ번〮을 ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄒᆞᆫ 돈〯곰〮 일〮ᄇᆡᆨ〮 소솜〮 글힌〮 므레 프〮러 머그〮라 塩{{*|소곰}}納臍中灸二七壯 소고ᄆᆞᆯ〮 ᄇᆡᆺ복 가온〮ᄃᆡ 녀코〮 두〯 닐굽〮 붓글〮 ᄯᅳ〮라 服乾薑屑{{*|ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇱ ᄀᆞᄅᆞ}}三方寸匕 ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇱ ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 세〯 수〮를 머그〮라 生薑一斤切以水七升煮取二升分爲三服 ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ ᄒᆞᆫ 근을〮 사ᄒᆞ〮라 믈〮 닐굽〮 되〮예 글혀〮 두〯 되〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 세〯번에〮 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 머그〮라 生大豆{{*|ᄂᆞᆯ 코ᇰ}}屑酒和服方寸匕 ᄂᆞᆯ 코ᇱ ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 수레〮 ᄒᆞᆫ수〮를 프〮러 머그〮라 炒塩{{*|봇ᄀᆞᆫ 소곰}}二椀紙包紗護頓其胷前幷腹肚上以熨斗火熨氣透卽蘇續又以炒塩熨其背 봇ᄀᆞᆫ〮 소곰 두〯 사바〮ᄅᆞᆯ 죠ᄒᆡ〮예 ᄡᆞ〮고 사로〮 ᄢᅳ려 가ᄉᆞᆷ〮과 ᄇᆡ예〮 여ᇇ고〮 다리〮우〮리예〮 블〮다마〮 울〮ᄒᆞ〮야 긔〮운이〮 ᄉᆞᄆᆞᄎᆞ〮면 즉〮재 살〯리라 ᄯᅩ〮 봇ᄀᆞᆫ〮 소고ᄆᆞ〮로 드ᇰ을〮 울〮ᄒᆞ라〮 大蒜{{*|마ᄂᆞᆯ〮}}磨脚心令遍熱卽差 마ᄂᆞ〮ᄅᆞᆯ 밧바다ᇰ〮애〮 ᄲᅵ븨〮여 두루 덥〯게〮 ᄒᆞ면〮 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 ==咽喉腫_{목 브ᅀᅳᆫ 벼ᇰ〯이〮라}== 宜服{{밑줄|和劑方}}牛黃 凉膈圓御藥院方加減薄荷煎圓 화졔〮바ᇰ애〮 우화ᇰ랴ᇰ격〮원{{문자 주석|과〮|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}} 어〯약〮원〯바ᇰ애〮 가감〯박〮하젼〯원과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 머고〮미 맛〮다ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라 咽喉頸外腫及咽乾痛 牛蒡子{{*|우ᅌᅯᇰ ᄡᅵ 三兩搗碎}}塩{{*|소곰二兩}}炒令熱熨腫上立效 목과〮 목 밧기〮 브ᅀᅳ며〮 모기〮 ᄆᆞᆯ라〮 알ᄑᆞ거든〮 우ᅌᅯᇰ ᄡᅵ〮 석〯 랴ᇰ디호〮니와〮 소곰 두〯랴ᇰ과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 덥〯게〮 봇가〮 브ᅀᅳᆫ ᄃᆡ〮 울ᄒᆞ면〮 즉〮재됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 懸癰垂長咽中妨悶 白礬{{*|一兩燒灰}}塩花{{*|ᄀᆞᇇ〮곳 一兩}}同細硏爲散以筯頭點在懸癰上差 목져〮지 드리〮디〮여 목 안〮히 막고〮 답답ᄒᆞ〮거든〮 ᄇᆡᆨ번〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰᄉᆞ〮론 ᄌᆡ〮와 ᄀᆞᇇ〮곳 ᄒᆞᆫ랴ᇰ과〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ〮 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 져〮 웃그〮트로〮 디거〮 목졋〮 우 희〮 디그〮면 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 懸癰卒腫 䃃砂{{*|로〮새}}半錢以緜裹細細含嚥津卽差 목져〮지 과ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 븟거든〮 로〮새 반〯 돈〮을〮 소오매〮 ᄡᅡ〮 젹젹 머구〮머 추〮믈〮 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ〮면 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리라 咽喉卒生癰腫飮食不通燒枰錘{{*|저욼〮 ᄃᆞ림〮쇠}}令赤內一盞醋中令沸沸止飮之 모ᄀᆡ〮 과ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 져〮지 나〮 브ᅀᅥ 음〯식〮을 몯〯 먹거든〮 저욼〮 ᄃᆞ림〮쇠ᄅᆞᆯ 븕게〮 ᄉᆞ〮라 초 ᄒᆞᆫ 되〮예 녀허〮 글혀〮 글호〮미 긋거든〮 마시라 赤小豆{{*|블근 ᄑᆞᆺ}}一合擣羅爲末以醋調塗之差 블근〮 ᄑᆞᆺ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 홉을〮 디허〮 처〮 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 초애〮 ᄆᆞ라〮 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ면〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 薤{{*|부〯ᄎᆡ〮}}一握爛搗醋和傅腫上冷復易佳 부〯ᄎᆡ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ줌〯을〮 므르 디허〮 초애〮 ᄆᆞ라〮 브ᅀᅳᆫ 우 희〮 브툐〮ᄃᆡ ᄎᆞ〮거든〮 다시 ᄀᆞ〮라〮 호〮미 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 薏苡人{{*|율믜 ᄡᅵ〮}}七枚以水呑之卽差 율믜 ᄡᅵ〮 닐굽〮 나〯ᄎᆞᆯ〮 므〮레 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ면 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 風熱肺壅咽喉腫痛語聲不出或如有物硬荊芥穗 {{*|뎌ᇰ〯갓〮 이삭 半兩}}桔梗{{*|도랏〮 二兩}}甘草{{*|炙一兩}}麤末每服四錢水一盞薑三片煎六分去査食後溫服 ᄇᆞᄅᆞᆷ으〮로 덥〯다라〮 폐〯예〮 긔〮운이〮 마가〮 모기〮 브ᅀᅥ〮 알ᄑᆞ고〮 말〮ᄉᆞᆷ을〮 몯〯ᄒᆞ며〮 ᄯᅩ〮 아〯모〮 거시〮나〮 모ᄀᆡ〮 걸옛ᄂᆞᆫ ᄃᆞᆺ〮ᄒᆞ〮거든〮 뎌ᇰ〯갓〮 이삭 반〯 랴ᇰ과〮도랏〮 ᄆᆞᄅᆞ니〮 두〯 랴ᇰ과〮감초 브〮레 ᄧᅬ〯니〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ과〮ᄅᆞᆯ사ᄒᆞ〮라 너〯 돈〯곰〮 믈〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮예 ᄉᆡᇰ〮아ᇰ세〯 편〯조쳐〮 달혀〮 반〯남ᄌᆞᆨ거든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 밥〮머근〮 후〯에〮ᄃᆞᄉᆞ니〮 머그〮라 生薑汁五合蜜{{*|ᄢᅮᆯ〮}}三合相和慢火煎成煎每服取半匙尖含化服 ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 즙〮닷 홉과〮ᄢᅮᆯ〮 서〯 홉과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 섯거 ᄯᅳᆫ〮 브〮레 달혀〮 반〯숤〮 귿〮곰 ᄯᅥ〮 머구〮머 노겨〮 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ〮라 喉痹危急者 巴豆一枚和皮以紙裹當中腰截斷以線繫分塞左右鼻竅中熏之湏臾喉通卽取出 목 브ᅀᅥ〮 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮 바ᄃᆞ〮랍〮거든〮 파두 ᄒᆞᆫ나〯ᄎᆞᆯ 거 플 조ᄎᆞᆫ〮 재 죠ᄒᆡ〮예 ᄡᅡ〮 가온〮ᄃᆡ 둘〯헤〮 나게〮버히〮고 그버흔 거슬〮실〯로〮 ᄆᆡ야〮 두〯녁 곳〮굼긔〮 녀허〮 그〮긔〮운을〮 ᄧᅬ〮면〮 이ᅀᅳᆨ고〮 모기〮 투ᇰ커든〮 즉〮재아ᅀᆞ〮라 急喉痹逡巡 不救 皂莢{{*|去皮子生半兩}}搗爲末每服少許筯頭點在腫處更以醋調藥末厚塗項下湏臾便破少血出卽愈 과ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 모기〮 브ᅀᅥ〮 져근더데〮 사ᄅᆞ디〮 몯〯게〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 조〯협〮 거플와〮 ᄡᅵ〮와 앗〯고〮 ᄂᆞᆯ 반〯 랴ᇰ을〮디허〮 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 미ᇰᄀᆞ〮라 져〯고매〮 졋〮 웃그테〮 무텨〮 브ᅀᅳᆫ ᄃᆡ〮 딕고〮 ᄯᅩ〮 이〮 약〮 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮초애〮 ᄆᆞ라〮 목 아래〮두터이〮 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ라〮 이ᅀᅳᆨ고〮 ᄩᅥ〮디〮여 져〯기〮 피〮 나면〮 즉〮재됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 脾肺壅熱咽膈腫疼不利 惡實{{*|ᄡᅳᆫ〮 우ᅌᅯᇰ ᄡᅵ〮 隔紙炒香一兩}}甘草{{*|炙剉一分}}荊芥穗{{*|뎌ᇰ〯갓〮 이삭 半兩}}麤擣篩每服三錢匕水一盞煎至七分去滓溫服 비와〮 폐〯와〮 긔〮운이〮마가〮 ᅀᅧᆯ〮ᄒᆞ〮야 모기〮 브ᅀᅥ〮 알파〮 훤티〮 아니〮커든〮 ᄡᅳᆫ〮 우ᅌᅯᇰ ᄡᅵ〮죠ᄒᆡ〮 ᄭᆞᆯ〮오 봇가〮 고ᄉᆞ니〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ과〮감초〮 브〮레 ᄧᅬ〯여 사ᄒᆞ〮로니〮 두〯 돈〯반〯과〮 뎌ᇰ〯갓〮 이삭 반〯랴ᇰ과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 굵〯게〮 디허〮 처〮 서〯 돈〯곰〮 믈〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮예 달혀〮 반〯남ᄌᆞᆨ거든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〯 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ니〮 머그〮라 咽喉卒腫痛不下食 雞子{{*|ᄃᆞᆯᄀᆡ〮알〮}}一枚去殼攪令黃白勻服之 모기 과ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 브ᅀᅥ〮 알파〮 음〯시〮기 ᄂᆞ리〮디 몯〯거든〮 ᄃᆞᆯᄀᆡ〮알〮 ᄒᆞᆫ나〯ᄎᆞᆯ 거플 앗〯고〮 누른〮ᄌᆞᅀᆞ〮 ᄒᆡᆫ〮ᄌᆞᅀᆡ〮 고ᄅᆞ게〮 저ᅀᅥ〮 머그〮라 白麫{{*|밄ᄀᆞᄅᆞ}}不計多少以苦酒{{*|초}}和塗喉外腫處 밄〮ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 하나〮 져〯그〮나 초애〮 ᄆᆞ라 목밧 브ᅀᅳᆫᄃᆡ〮 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ라〮 大豆{{*|코ᇰ}}一合以水一大盞煮取七分去滓含嚥 코ᇰ ᄒᆞᆫ 홉을〮믈〮 큰〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮예 달혀〮 반〯남ᄌᆞᆨ거든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮머구〮머 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ〮라 白礬少許硏碎以緜裹含嚥津卽差 ᄇᆡᆨ번〮을 져〯고매 ᄀᆞ라 소오매〮 ᄡᅡ〮 머구〮머셔 춤〮을 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ〮면 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 黃蘗末{{*|화ᇰ벽〮핏 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ}}醋調傳腫上乾卽易 화ᇰ벽〮핏 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 초애〮 ᄆᆞ라〮 브ᅀᅳᆫ 우희〮 브툐〮ᄃᆡ ᄆᆞᄅᆞ거든〮 ᄀᆞ람〮 ᄒᆞ라〮 筆頭{{*|붇〮 귿〮}}燒灰漿{{*|ᄡᆞᆯ〮 글힌〮 믈〮}}飮調方寸匕服 붇〮 그〮틀 ᄉᆞ〮라 ᄌᆡ〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄡᆞᆯ〮 글힌〮 므〮레 프〮러 ᄒᆞᆫ 술만〮 머그〮라 咽喉忽覺氣塞喘息不通須臾欲絶獨顆蒜{{*|되야〮마ᄂᆞᆯ〮}}一枚削去兩頭可塞鼻竅患左塞右鼻患右塞左鼻喉中膿血出立效 모긔〮 믄득〮 긔〮운이〮 마〮가〮 숨〯 쉬〯디〮 몯〯ᄒᆞ〮야 져 근 더데〮 주글〮 ᄃᆞᆺ〮거든〮 되야〮마ᄂᆞᆯ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 나〯ᄎᆞᆯ〮 두〯녁 그〮틀 갓가〮 ᄇᆞ료〮ᄃᆡ〮 곳〮구무 마ᄀᆞᆯ〮 만〮ᄒᆞ야 왼〯녀기〮 알ᄑᆞ거든〮 올〮ᄒᆞᆫ 곳〮굼글〮 막고〮 !올!을!ᄒᆞᆫ녀기〮 알ᄑᆞ거든〮왼 곳〮굼글〮마가〮 모긔〮셔 고〮롬 피〮 나면〮즉〮재 됴ᄒᆞ리〮라 喉痹卒不語 羊蹄獨根者{{*|ᄉᆞᆯ〮옷〮외〮 불휘〮}}勿見風日婦人雞犬以陳醋硏和生布拭喉令赤傅 모기〮 브ᅀᅥ〮 과ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 말〯몯〯ᄒᆞ〮거든〮 ᄉᆞᆯ〮옷〮외〮 불휘〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄇᆞᄅᆞᆷ과〮 ᄒᆡ〮와겨〯집과〮 ᄃᆞᆰ과〮 가히〮와 뵈〯디〮 마〯오〮 무근〮 초애〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 프〮러 ᄉᆡᇰ뵈〮 로모ᄀᆞᆯ〮 ᄡᅮ처〮 븕게〮 ᄒᆞ고〮브티〮라 喉痹 白殭蠶{{*|절로〮 주근〮 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 누에〮 直者炒}}天南星{{*|두야〮머〮주〮저깃〮 불휘〮 炮各半兩}}擣羅爲散每服一字以生薑自然汁調下如咽喉大叚不通卽以小竹筒{{*|져〯근 대〮로ᇰ}}灌之涎出後用生薑一片略炙含化嚥津 모기〮븟거든〮 절로〮 주근〮 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 누에〮 고ᄃᆞ〮니 봇그〮니와〮 두야〮머〮주〮저깃〮 불휘〯죠ᄒᆡ〮예 ᄡᅡ〮 믈〮저져〮 브〮레구으〮니와〮 각〮 반〯 랴ᇰ을〮디허〮 처〮 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮라 머글〮 제 져〯고매〮 ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 즛두드려 ᄧᅩᆫ〮 므〮레 프러 머그〮라모기〮 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮 막거든 즉〮재 져〯고맛〮 대〮로ᇰ애〮 녀허〮 브ᅀᅳ라〮 춤〮 난 후〯에〮 ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 편〮을자ᇝ〯간〮 브〮레 ᄧᅬ〯야〮 머구〮머셔〮 노겨〮 춤〮을ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ〮라 {{문자 주석|蛇|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}蛻皮{{*|ᄇᆡ〮야ᄆᆡ〮 허ᇰ울}}不以多少揉碎以香爈一介燒烟令患人用竹筒子{{*|대〮로ᇰ}}吸入喉咽內熏破 ᄇᆡ〮야ᄆᆡ〮 허ᇰ울을〮 하나〮 져〯그〮나 비븨〮여 ᄇᆞᅀᅡ〮 햐ᇰ노애 ᄉᆞ〮라 ᄂᆡ〮나〮거든〮 벼ᇰ〯ᄒᆞᆫ 사〯ᄅᆞᄆᆞ〮로 대〮로ᇰ을〮다혀〮 그ᄂᆡ〮ᄅᆞᆯ 드〮리ᄲᆞ〮라 목안〮ᄒᆞᆯ ᄡᅬ〯야〮 헐〯에 ᄒᆞ라〮 生油{{*|ᄂᆞᆯ기름〮}}一合急灌之立愈若未差急解髮令散當頂心取方寸許急捉痛拔之少頃當通如更急則喉下當咽管口灸一壯如麥粒大火至卽差氣雖似絶但心下暖者亦可救此數法皆神驗 ᄂᆞᆯ 기름〮 ᄒᆞᆫ홉을〮 ᄲᆞᆯ리〮 모ᄀᆡ〮 브ᅀᅳ면〮 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 됴〯티〮 아니〮커든〮 ᄲᆞᆯ리〮머리〮ᄅᆞᆯ 퍼〮 펴〮 ᄇᆞ리〮고 머릿〮 뎌ᇰ〮바기〮옛〮 터럭을〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 지봄〮만〮 ᄲᆞᆯ리〮자바〮 ᄆᆡ이〮 ᄲᅢ〮티〮라 이ᅀᅳᆨ고〮 모기〮 토ᇰᄒᆞ 리〮라 ᄒᆞ〮다가〮 다시〮 시급〮히〮ᄃᆞ외어든〮 목 아래〮목구무 마ᄌᆞᆫ〮 ᄃᆡ ᄒᆞᆫ붓글〮 ᄡᅮᆨ〮을 밀〮낫〯만 ᄒᆞ〮야ᄯᅳ〮라 븘〮긔〮운곳〮 들〮면 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮{{문자 주석|니|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}} 긔〮운이〮 비록〮 주근〮ᄃᆞᆺ〮ᄒᆞ〮야도〮 가ᄉᆞᆷ〮아래〮옷〮 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ면〮 ᄯᅩ〮 사ᄅᆞᆯ 거시〮라 이〮두〯ᅀᅥ〮 법〮이〮 다〯신험〮ᄒᆞ니〮라 桔梗{{*|도랏〮 微炒}}甘草{{*|微炙剉各二兩}}麁擣篩每服五錢匕水一盞半煎至八分去滓溫服 도랏〮 ᄆᆞᄅᆞ니〮 자ᇝ〯간〮 봇그〮니와〮 감초〮 자ᇝ〯간〮 브〮레 ᄧᅬ〯야〮 사ᄒᆞ〮로니〮와 각〮 두〮 랴ᇰ을〮 굵〯게〮디허〮 처〮 닷 돈〯곰〮 믈〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 되〮반〯애〮 달혀〮 반〯남ᄌᆞᆨ거든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ닐〮 머그〮라 生惡實{{*|ᄡᅳᆫ〮 우ᅌᅯᇰ ᄡᅵ〮}}莖葉硏塗喉上兼椎一莖令頭破內喉中差 ᄂᆞᆯ ᄡᅳᆫ〮 우ᅌᅯᇰ ᄡᅵ〮와 줄기〮와 닙〮과〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ〮라 목우희 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ며〮 ᄒᆞᆫ줄깃〮 그〮틀 두드〮려 목 안해〮 녀 흐면〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 生硏糯米{{*|ᄎᆞ〮ᄡᆞᆯ〮}}入蜜{{*|ᄢᅮᆯ〮}}飮之 ᄂᆞᆯ ᄎᆞᆯ〮ᄡᆞ〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄢᅮ〮레 ᄩᅡ〮 마시〮라 糯米{{*|ᄎᆞ〮ᄡᆞᆯ〮}}半升炒焦碾末水調成膏貼喉上再換腫卽消 ᄎᆞ〮ᄡᆞᆯ〮 반〯 되〮ᄅᆞᆯ 눋〯게〮 봇가〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 므〮레 ᄆᆞ라〮 골 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮라 목 우희〮 브툐〮ᄃᆡ 다시〮ᄀᆞ람〮 ᄒᆞ면〮 브ᅀᅳᆫᄃᆡ〮 즉〮재ᄂᆞᄌᆞ〮리라〮 喉閉 益母草{{*|눈비엿〮}}不拘多少擣爛以新汲水{{*|ᄀᆞᆺ 기론〮 믈〮}}一椀絞汁飮隨吐愈冬用根 모기〮 ᄀᆞ리〮븟거든〮 눈비여〮즐 하나〮 져〯그〮나므르 디허〮 ᄀᆞᆺ 기론〮 믈〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 사발애 즙〮ᄧᅡ〮 머그면 토〮ᄒᆞ〮다감〮 ᄭᅧᆯ〮로 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮니 겨ᅀᅳ〮리〮어든〮 불휘〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄡᅳ〮라 喉腫胷脇支滿灸尺澤百壯 모기〮 븟고〮 가ᄉᆞᆷ〮과 녑괘〮 탸ᇰ〯만〮커든〮 쳑〮ᄐᆡᆨ〮혈〮 을 일〮ᄇᆡᆨ〮 붓글〮 ᄯᅳ〮라 朴硝{{*|四兩別硏}}甘草{{*|一兩生末}}硏勻每用半錢乾擦喉如腫甚用竹管子{{*|대롱}}吹入喉中爲佳 박〮쇼 넉〯 랴ᇰ닫〮 ᄀᆞ〮로〮니〮와 감초〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰᄂᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ〮로니〮와〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ〮라 고ᄅᆞ게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 반〯돈〯곰〮 ᄆᆞᄅᆞ닐〮 모ᄀᆡ〮 ᄇᆞᆯ로〮ᄃᆡ 브ᅀᅮ〮미 심〯커든〮 대〮로ᇰ으〮로 {{SIC|부|브}}러〮 목안해〮 들〮에 호〮미 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 乾薑{{*|ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ}}半夏{{*|ᄭᅴ〯모롭〯 불휘〮}}等分爲末以少許著舌下 ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ과〮 ᄭᅴ〯모롭〮 불휘〮와〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞᆮ〮게 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 져〯고매〮 혀〮아래〯 녀흐〮라 馬㗸鐵{{*|마〯함쇠〮}}一具用水三盞煮一盞溫服又蒜{{*|마ᄂᆞᆯ〮}}塞耳鼻中 마〯함쇠〮 ᄒᆞᆫ나〯ᄎᆞᆯ〮 믈〮 서〯 되예 글혀〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ닐〮 먹고ᄯᅩ〮 마ᄂᆞ〮ᄅᆞᆯ 귀〮와 고해〮 고ᄌᆞ〮라 白藥 朴硝等分爲末以小管子{{*|대〮로ᇰ}}吹入喉 ᄇᆡᆨ〮약〮과 박〮쇼와〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞᆮ〮게 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 ᄀᆞ〮라져〯근〮 대〮로ᇰ으〮로 부러〮 모ᄀᆡ〮 들〮에 ᄒᆞ라〮 甘草 白礬等分爲細末每以半錢許入口中津液嚥下 감초〮와 ᄇᆡᆨ번〮과〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞᆮ〮게 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 반〯 돈〮곰이베〮 녀허〮셔 추〮메 시버〮 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ〮라 䃃砂{{*|로〮새}}馬牙硝等分細硏令勻用銅筯頭於水中蘸令濕搵藥末點於咽喉中 로〮새와〮 마〯아쇼와〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞᆮ〮게 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 ᄀᆞ〮라고ᄅᆞ게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 구리〮졋〮 그〮틀 므〮레 저져〯 약〮ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 무텨〮 목안해〮 디그〮라 雄雀糞{{*|수〮새〯 ᄯᅩᇰ}}細硏每服半錢以溫水調灌 수〮새〯 ᄯᅩᇰ을〮 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 반〯돈〯곰〮 ᄃᆞ〮ᄉᆞᆫ 므〮레 프〮러 브ᅀᅳ라〮 咽喉生穀賊{{*|곡〮식〮에 몯〯내〯 염근〮 거시〮라}}若不急治亦能殺人用針刺破令黑血出後含馬牙硝一小塊子嚥津卽差 곡〮식〮에 몯〯내〯 염근〮 거〮슬〮 머거〯모기〮 부르〮터 나〮거든〮 ᄲᆞᆯ리〮 고티〮디〮 아니〮ᄒᆞ면〮 ᄯᅩ〮사〯ᄅᆞᄆᆞᆯ〮 수〯이〮 죽게〮 ᄒᆞ〮ᄂᆞ니〮 침으〮로 ᄣᅵᆯ어〮 헐워〮 거믄〮 피〮 나게〮 ᄒᆞ고〮마〯아쇼 ᄒᆞᆫ져〯근〮 무저글〮 머구〮머 추〮믈 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ〮면 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리라 馬牙硝細硏緜裹半錢含化嚥津以差爲度 마〯아쇼ᄅᆞᆯ〯 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 반〯 돈〯을〮소오매〮 ᄡᅡ 머구〮머 노겨 추〮믈 ᄉᆞᇝ교〮ᄃᆡ 됴〯ᄐᆞ록〮 ᄒᆞ라〮 豉{{*|젼국}}半升以水二大盞煎至一大盞去滓分爲二服相繼稍熱服之令有汗出卽差 젼국 반〯 되〮ᄅᆞᆯ 믈〮 두〯 되〮예 달혀〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 되〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 두〯 번에〮ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 서르 니ᇫ워 자ᇝ〯간〮 덥〯게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 머거〮 ᄯᆞᆷ〮 나게〮 ᄒᆞ면〮 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〯라 ==纏喉風_{모기 과ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 브ᅀᅳ니〮라}== 冝服和劑方牛黃 凉膈圓御藥院方加減薄荷煎圓 화졔〮바ᇰ애〮 우화ᇰ 랴ᇰ격〮원과〮 어〯약〮원〯바ᇰ애〮 가감〯박〮하젼〯원과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 머고〮미 맛〮다ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라 纏喉風 蒼耳根{{*|됫〮고〮마릿〮 불휘〮}}老薑{{*|무근〮 ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ}}一塊同硏爛濾汁以溫無灰白酒浸汁服 모기〮 과ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 븟거든〮 됫고〮마릿〮 불휘〮와 무근〮 ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ ᄒᆞᆫ 무적과〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ〮 므르 ᄀᆞ〮라 걸운〮 즙〮을〮 ᄃᆞᄉᆞᆫ 됴〯ᄒᆞᆫ 수레〮 ᄃᆞᆷ가〮 머그〮라 醋磨膽礬少許口噙片時涎出立愈 초애〮 담〯번〮을〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 져〯고매〮 이베〮 머구〮머시면 져근덛〮 춤〮 나〮면〮 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 生白礬爲細末冷水調下二錢立愈 ᄂᆞᆯ ᄇᆡᆨ번〮을〮 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄎᆞᆫ〮 므〮레 두〯돈〯만〮 프〮 러 머그〮면 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 纏喉風閉腫痛手足厥冷卽時氣閉不通 皂角{{*|一皮}}百草霜{{*|솓 미틧〮 거믜여ᇰ 一錢}}同硏爲末冷水調加淸油{{*|ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ〮 기름〮}}數點灌之 모기〮 막고〮 브ᅀᅥ〮 알파〮 손〮바〮리 ᄎᆞ〮고 즉〮재 수〮미〮 마가〮 토ᇰ티〮 몯〯거든〮 조〯각〮 ᄒᆞᆫ거플와〮 솓 미틧〮 거믜여ᇰ ᄒᆞᆫ 돈〯과〮ᄅᆞᆯᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄎᆞᆫ〮므〮레 프〮러 ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ〮 기름〮두〯ᅀᅥ〮 번처〮디여〮 모ᄀᆡ〮 브ᅀᅳ라〮 纏喉風喉閉飮食不通欲死 紫苑根{{*|ᄐᆡ〮알〮 불휘〮}}一莖淨洗內入喉中待取惡涎出卽差神驗更以馬牙硝津嚥之 모기〮 과ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 마고〮 브ᅀᅥ〮 음〯식〮을 먹디〮 몯〯ᄒᆞ〮야 주글〮 ᄃᆞᆺ〮거든〮 ᄐᆡ〯앐〮 불휘〮 ᄒᆞᆫ줄기〮ᄅᆞᆯ 조〮ᄒᆡ 시서〮 모ᄀᆡ〮 녀〮허〮 모〯딘〮 추〮미 나면〮즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮니 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 ᄯᅩ〮 마〯아쇼ᄅᆞᆯ〮 춤〮에 노겨〮 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ〮라 川升麻四兩剉碎水四椀煎一椀灌服 스ᇰ맛 불휘〮 넉〯 랴ᇰ을〮사ᄒᆞ〮라 ᄇᆞᅀᅡ〮 믈〮 네〯사발〮애〮 달혀〮 ᄒᆞᆫ사바〮리〮어든〮 이베〮 브ᅀᅳ라〮 皂角三莖搥碎挼一盞灌服或吐或不吐卽安 조〮각〮 세〯 줄기〮 두드〮려 ᄇᆞᅀᅡ〮 ᄧᅩ〮니 ᄒᆞᆫ잔〮을 브ᅀᅳ라〮 토〮커나〮 토〮티〮 아니〮커나〮 즉〮재 편안ᄒᆞ리〮라 蠶退紙 {{*|누에〮 ᄡᅵ〮 낸〯 죠ᄒᆡ〮}}燒存性煉蜜丸如雞頭大含化嚥津 누에〮 ᄡᅵ〮 낸〯 죠ᄒᆡ〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄉᆞᄒᆡ디 아니〮케 ᄉᆞ〮라 달힌〮 ᄢᅮ〮레 환지ᅀᅩ〮ᄃᆡ 계두실〮만〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 머구〮머 노겨〮 추〮믈 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ〮라 雄黃{{*|셕〮우화ᇰ}}一塊新汲水{{*|ᄀᆞᆺ 기론〮 믈〮}}磨急灌吐卽差 셕〮우화ᇰ ᄒᆞᆫ 무저글〮 ᄀᆞᆺ 기론〮 므〮레 ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄲᆞᆯ리 브ᅀᅥ〮 토〮ᄒᆞ면〮 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 ==噎塞_{목며유〮미라〮}== 宜服和劑方五膈 寬中散快氣湯沉香 降氣湯 화졔바ᇰ애 오격관듀ᇰ산과 쾌긔타ᇰ과 팀햐ᇰ가ᇰ긔타ᇰ과ᄅᆞᆯ 머고미 맛다ᇰᄒᆞ니라 胷中氣噎不下食喉中如有肉塊 昆布{{*|다ᄉᆞ마〮머육〮 二兩洗去鹹味}}小麥{{*|밀〮 二合}}水三大盞煎候小麥爛熟去滓每服不計時候喫一小盞仍揀取昆布不住含三兩片子嚥津極妙 가ᄉᆞᆷ〮애 긔〮운이〮 막딜여〮 바〮비 ᄂᆞ리〮디 아니〮ᄒᆞ〮야 목가온〮ᄃᆡ 고깃〮 무저기〮 잇ᄂᆞᆫ ᄃᆞᆺ〮ᄒᆞ〮거든〮 다ᄉᆞ마〮머육〮 두〯 랴ᇰ을〮시서〮 ᄧᆞᆫ〮 맛〮업〯게〮 ᄒᆞ고〮 밀〮 두〯 홉과ᄅᆞᆯ 믈〮 서〯되〮예 달혀〮 밀〮히 므르 니글〮 만〮ᄒᆞ〮야 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 ᄢᅵ〮니 혜〯디〮 마〯오〮 서〯홉곰〮 머고〮ᄃᆡ 그다ᄉᆞ마〮머육〮을 ᄀᆞᆯᄒᆡ〮야 세〯조각이어나〮 두〯 조각이〮어나〯그치〮디 마〯오〮머구〮머 시버〮 므〮를 ᄉᆞᇝ교〮미 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 氣噎胷膈不利煩滿不下食 蜜{{*|ᄢᅮᆯ〮 半升}}酥{{*|수유 半升}}生薑汁{{*|半升}}相和以慢火煎成膏收於甕合中每取半棗大含化嚥津或內熱酒中調服之亦得 긔〮운이〮 막딜여〮 가ᄉᆞ〮미 훤티〮 아니〮ᄒᆞ고〮 답답ᄒᆞ〮야 바〮비 ᄂᆞ리〮디 아니〮커든〮 ᄢᅮᆯ〮 반〯되〮와 수〮유 반〯 되〮와ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 즛두드〮려 ᄧᅩᆫ〮 믈〮 반〯 되〮와〮ᄅᆞᆯ섯거〮 ᄯᅳᆫ〮 브〮레 달혀〮 얼의〮어든〮 사그르〮세 다마〮 두고〮대〯초〮 허리〮버흐니〮마〮곰 머구〮머 노겨〮 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ〮라 ᄯᅩ〮더운〮 수레〮 녀허〮 프〮러 머거〮도 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 五噎胷膈咽喉不利痰逆食少 半夏{{*|ᄭᅴ〯모롭〮 불휘 七枚小者湯浸洗去滑}}擣羅爲末作一服以濃生薑湯{{*|ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 글힌〮 믈〮}}調服之患年多者不過三服差 다ᄉᆞᆺ〮 가지〮로 목며여〮 가ᄉᆞᆷ〮과 목괘〮 훤티〮 아니〮ᄒᆞ며〮추〯미 티〮와텨〮 바〮ᄇᆞᆯ 져〯기〮 먹거든〮ᄭᅴ〯모롭〮 불휘〮 혀그〮니 닐굽〮 나〯ᄎᆞᆯ〮 더운〮 므〮레 ᄃᆞᆷ가〮 믯믯ᄒᆞᆫ 것업〮게 코〮 디허〮 ᄀᆞᆯ〮ᄋᆞᆯ ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮라 ᄒᆞᆫ 번에〮 ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ디투〮 글힌〮 므〮레프〮러 머그〮라 여러〯 ᄒᆡ〮그러〮턴 사〯ᄅᆞᆷ도〮 세〯 번 너무먹디〮 아니〮ᄒᆞ〮야셔〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 卒食噎 陳橘皮{{*|귨〯 거플 一兩湯浸去白穰焙}}搗爲末以水一大盞煎取半盞稍熱頓服 과ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 밥〮먹다가〮 목몌〯여든〮 귨〯 거플 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ을〮 더운〮므〮레 ᄃᆞᆷ가〮 솝〯애〮 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 것앗〯고〮 브〮레 ᄆᆞᆯ외〮야 디허〮 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 믈〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮예 달혀〮 반〯 되〮ᄃᆞ〮외어든〮 자ᇝ〯간〮 더운〮 제 믄득〮 머그〮라 蘿蔔{{*|댓무ᅀᅮ 믿}}濃煎湯飮之 댓무〮ᅀᅮ 믿 디투〮 달힌〮 므〮를 머그〮라 噎塞不通 羚羊角{{*|산야ᇰ의〮 ᄲᅳᆯ〮}}燒灰爲末水調方寸匕服 목며여〮 훤티〮 아니〮커든〮 산야ᇰ의〮 ᄲᅳᆯ〮 ᄉᆞ〮라 ᄌᆡ〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 므〮레 ᄒᆞᆫ 술〮만〮 프〮러 머그〮라 頭垢{{*|머릿〮 ᄠᆡ〮}}一豆大漿水{{*|ᄡᆞᆯ〮 글힌〮 믈〮}}煎服立愈 머릿〮 ᄠᆡ〮 코ᇰ 낫〯만〮 ᄒᆞ니〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄡᆞᆯ〮 글힌〮 므〮레 달혀〮 머그〮면 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 使兩人各提耳吹兩耳卽下 두〯 사〯ᄅᆞᆷ으〮로 두〯 녁귀〮ᄅᆞᆯ 각〮각〮자바〮셔 두〯 귀〮ᄅᆞᆯ 불〯면〮 즉〮재ᄂᆞ리〮리라〮 嚼下榛子{{*|개옴}} 개옴을〮 시버〮 머그〮라 削大蒜{{*|마ᄂᆞᆯ〯}}內鼻 마ᄂᆞ〮ᄅᆞᆯ 갓가〮 고해〮 녀흐라〮 海藻{{*|바ᄅᆞᆺ〯 ᄆᆞᆯ〮}}周於頸下又食之 바ᄅᆞᆺ〮 ᄆᆞ〮ᄅᆞᆯ 모ᄀᆡ〮 가ᄆᆞ〮며 ᄯᅩ〮 머그〮라 鵝毛{{*|거유 짓〮}}燒灰酒服 거유〮의 지〮츨 ᄉᆞ〮라 ᄌᆡ〮ᄅᆞᆯ 수레〮 프〮러 머그〮라 通草{{*|이흐〮름너출〮}}煎湯服之 이흐〮름너출〮을 달혀 머그〮라 蘆根汁{{*|ᄀᆞᆳ〮 불휫〮 즙〮}}服之 ᄀᆞᆳ〮 불휘〮ᄅᆞᆯ〮 즙〮 ᄧᅡ〮 머그〮라 藍汁{{*|쳐ᇰᄃᆡᆺ 즙〮}}服之 쳐ᇰᄃᆡᄅᆞᆯ 즙〮ᄧᅡ〮 머그〮라 喉中如有物不出入腹賬羸瘐蘘荷根汁{{*|야ᇰ핫 ᄀᆞᆫ 즙〮}}服之蟲自出如有物者蟲之所作也 목 가온〮ᄃᆡ 아〯모〮 거시〮나 잇ᄂᆞᆫ ᄃᆞᆺ〮ᄒᆞ〮야 나도〮 드〮도 아니〮ᄒᆞ〮야 ᄇᆡ〮 붇〯고 여위〮어든〮 야ᇰ핫 ᄀᆞᆫ을〮 즙〮 ᄧᅡ〮 머그〮면 벌에〮 절로〮 나리〮니 아〯모〮 거시〮나 잇ᄂᆞᆫᄃᆞᆺ〮호〮ᄆᆞᆫ 벌에〮의〮 다시〮라 五噎不下食 崖蜜{{*|돌〯 ᄢᅵᆷ에〮 지ᅀᅮᆫ〮 ᄢᅮᆯ〮}}含微微嚥之卽差 다ᄉᆞᆺ〮 가지〮로목며여〮 바〮비 ᄂᆞ리〮디 아니〮커든〯 돌〯ᄢᅵᆷ〮에 지ᅀᅮᆫ〮 ᄢᅮ〮ᄅᆞᆯ 머구〮머셔〮 젹젹 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ〮 면 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 老牛噍沫{{*|늘근〮 쇼〯 시븐〮 춤〮}}如棗許大置稀粥中飮之終身不噎矣勿令患人知 늘근〮 쇼〮 시븐〮 춤〮을 대〯초〮 낫〯만〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 후루루ᄒᆞᆫ 쥭〮에〮 두〮어 마시〮면〮죽ᄃᆞ〮록 목몌〯디〮 아니〮ᄒᆞ리〮니 벼ᇰ〯ᄒᆞᆫ 사〯ᄅᆞᆷ으〮로 모ᄅᆞ〮게〮 ᄒᆞ라〮 老人噎病心痛悶膈氣結飮食不下 桂心末{{*|계〯핏 솝〯 ᄀᆞ〮론 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ 一兩}}粳米{{*|ᄒᆡᆫ〮ᄡᆞᆯ〮 四合淘硏}}煮作粥半熟次下桂末調和空心日一服亦破冷氣殊效 늘근〮 사〯ᄅᆞᆷ 목몐〯 벼ᇰ〯이〮가ᄉᆞ〮미 답답ᄒᆞ고〮 긔〮운이〮 ᄆᆡ쳐〮 머군〮 거시〮 ᄂᆞ리〮디 아니〮커든〮 계〯핏 솝〯 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ을〮ᄀᆞ〮라 두고〮ᄒᆡᆫ〮ᄡᆞᆯ〮 너〯 홉을〮 시서〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 글혀〮 쥭〮 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮로ᄃᆡ〮 반〯만〮 닉거든〮 계〯핏 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 녀허〮 프〮러 고ᇰ심에〮 ᄒᆞᄅᆞ ᄒᆞᆫ 번머그〮라 ᄯᅩ〮ᄎᆞᆫ〮 긔〮운 업〯게〮 호〮매도 ᄌᆞ모 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 白蜜{{*|ᄒᆡᆫ ᄢᅮᆯ〮 一兩}}熟湯{{*|一升}}湯令熱卽下蜜調之分二服皆愈 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 ᄢᅮᆯ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ을〮니기〮 글힌〮 믈〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮예 프〮러 두〯 번에〮ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 머그〮면 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 ==失音_{목소리 몯 나ᄂᆞᆫ 벼ᇰ}== 宜服和劑方荊芥 湯直指方甘桔湯 화졔〮바ᇰ애〮 혀ᇰ개〮타ᇰ과〮 딕〮지〮바ᇰ애〮 감길〮타ᇰ과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 머고〮미 맛〮다ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라 無故喉咽聲音不出者名爲失音用橘皮{{*|귨〮 거 플 五兩}}水三盞煮取一盞去滓頓服其聲自出妙 무연히〮 모ᄀᆡ〮 소리〮 아니〮 나〯ᄆᆞᆯ〮 실〮음이〮라ᄒᆞ〮ᄂᆞ니〮 귨〮 거플 닷 랴ᇰ을〮 믈〮서 되예 글혀〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 믄득〮 머그〮면 그소리〮 ᄌᆞ〮ᅀᅧᆫ히〮 나리〮니 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 桂心{{*|계〯핏 솝〯}}爲末頻放舌下漸漸嚥汁妙 계〯핏 솝〯을〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄌᆞ조〮 혀〮 아래〮 노하〮 졈〯졈〯 그즙〮을 ᄉᆞᇝ교〮미 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 桂{{*|계〯피}}每服三錢水一盞煎七分溫服不拘時聲便出 계〯피ᄅᆞᆯ〮 서〯 돈〯곰〮 믈〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 되〮예 달혀〮 반〯 남ᄌᆞᆨ거든〮 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ닐〮 ᄢᅵ〮니 혜〯디〮 마〯오〮 머그〮면 소리〮 즉〮재 나리〮라 杏仁{{*|ᄉᆞᆯ고〮ᄡᅵ〮 솝〯 一升熬去皮尖}}酥{{*|수〮유 一兩}}蜜{{*|ᄢᅮᆯ〮 少許}}和爲丸如梧子大每日空腹熟米飮下十五丸 ᄉᆞᆯ고〮ᄡᅵ〮 솝〯 ᄒᆞᆫ 되〮ᄅᆞᆯ 봇가〮 거플와〮 부〯리와〮 앗〯고〮 수유 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ과〮ᄢᅮᆯ〮 져〯고매〮 섯거〮 머귀〮 여름〮만 케〮 비븨〯여 날마다 밥〮 아니머거〮셔 ᄡᆞᆯ〮 글힌〮 므〮레 열〮다ᄉᆞᆺ〮 환곰〮 머그〮라 生大豆{{*|ᄂᆞᆯ 코ᇰ 一升}}靑竹筭子{{*|대〮로 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮론 산〯 四十九枚長四寸闊一分}}和水煮熟日夜二服差 ᄂᆞᆯ 코ᇰ ᄒᆞᆫ 되〮와 프른〮 대〮로 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮론 산〯 마ᅀᆞᆫ〮 아홉〮낫〯 기리〮 네〯 치〮너븨〮 ᄒᆞᆫ분〯과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 므〮레 닉게〮 글혀〮 나ᄌᆡ〮와 바ᄆᆡ〮와 두〯 번머그〮면 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 槐花{{*|회홧 곳}}瓦上炒令香夜到三更仰上床拈取花來隨意食明朝聲響漸琅琅 회홧 고ᄌᆞᆯ〮 디새 우희〮 고ᄉᆞ게〮 봇가〮 바ᇝ〮듀ᇰ만〮 커든〮 펴ᇰ〮?사ᇰ우?희〮 졋바〮누워〮셔 그고ᄌᆞᆯ〮 가져〮다가〮 먹고〮져 식븐 야ᇰ〯ᄋᆞ〮로머그〮면 이틋〮날〮 아ᄎᆞ〮ᄆᆡ 소리〮 졈〯졈〯 ᄀᆞᆺᄀᆞ지 나리〮라 皂角{{*|一挺刮去黑皮幷子}}蘿蔔{{*|댓무ᅀᅮ 믿 三箇切作片}}水二椀同煎至半椀以下服之不過三服便語喫却蘿蔔更妙 조〯각〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 낫〯 거믄〮 거플와〮 ᄡᅵ〮 아ᅀᆞ〮니와〮 댓무ᅀᅮ 믿 세〯 낫〯 사ᄒᆞ〮로니〮와〮ᄅᆞᆯ 믈〮 두〯사발〮애〮 달혀〮 반〯사발〮이〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 머그〮라 세〯 번너무 먹디〮 아니〮ᄒᆞ〮야셔〮 말〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 댓무ᅀᅮ 미틀〮 머구〮미 ᄯᅩ〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 風冷失聲咽喉不開用蘘荷根{{*|야ᇰ핫 ᄀᆞᆫ}}二兩硏絞汁酒一盞和勻不拘時溫服半盞 ᄇᆞᄅᆞᆷ ᄅᆡᇰ〯긔〮로 목 쉬여〮 여〯디〮 아니〮커든〮 야ᇰ핫 ᄀᆞᆫ 두〯 랴ᇰ을〮ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄧᅩᆫ〮 즙〮과 술 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮와 섯거〮 ᄢᅵ〮니 혜〯디〮 말〯오〮 ᄃᆞ시 ᄒᆞ〮야 반〯 되〮ᄅᆞᆯ 머그〮라 ==舌腫_{혀브〮ᅀᅳ니〮}== 舌忽然硬腫逡巡塞悶殺人 釜底上炲煤{{*|가마〮 미틧〮 거믜여ᇰ}}和塩{{*|소곰}}等分細硏爲末表裏塗舌良久消差 혜〮 과ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 세〯며〮 브ᅀᅥ〮 져근덛〮 ᄉᆞᅀᅵ〮예 몌여〮 답답ᄒᆞ〮야 사〯ᄅᆞ미〮 죽ᄂᆞ니〮 가마〮 미틧〮 거믜여ᇰ과〮 소곰과〮ᄅᆞᆯ〮 ᄀᆞᆮ〮게 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 혀〮안〮팟 겨틔〮 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ면〮 이ᅀᅳᆨ고〮 ᄂᆞ자〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 烏賊魚骨{{*|미〯긔치〮}}蒲黃{{*|부들〮마치〮 우흿〮 누른〮 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ}}等分搗羅爲末每用少許塗舌上差 미〯긔치〮 와부들〮마치〮 우흿〮 누른〮 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ와〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞᆮ게 ᄂᆞᆫ화 디허 처 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ 져고매 혀우희 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ면 됴ᄒᆞ리라 舌卒腫起滿口塞喉須臾不療卽殺人以指衝決舌下兩邊皮亦可以鈹刀破之出血復刺舌下兩邊脙血出數升及燒鐵筯烙之數過絶其血又以芥底墨和酒調塗舌上下卽差 혜 과ᄀᆞᆯ이 브ᅀᅥ 부프러 이베 ᄀᆞᄃᆞᆨᄒᆞ야 모 기 마가 져근덛 아니고티면 즉재 사ᄅᆞ미 죽ᄂᆞ니 소ᇇ가락으로 혀 아래 두녁 ᄀᆞᆺ 가ᄎᆞᆯ 딜어 믜티거나 ᄯᅩ 큰치미어나 져고맛 갈히어나 헐워 피 나게 ᄒᆞ며 ᄯᅩ 혀 아래 두 녁겯 핏주를 딜어 피 두어되만 나게 ᄒᆞ고화듀ᄅᆞᆯ 달와 두ᅀᅥ 번을지져 그 피ᄅᆞᆯ긋게 ᄒᆞ고 ᄯᅩ 가마미틧 거믜여ᇰ을 수레 ᄆᆞ라 혀 아라 우희 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ면 즉제 됴ᄒᆞ리라 舌暴腫乾薑{{*|ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ 一分}}半夏{{*|ᄭᅴ모롭 불휘 一分湯洗七徧去滑}}搗細羅爲散每用少許摻在血上以差爲度 혜 과ᄀᆞᆯ이 븟거든 ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ 두 돈반과 ᄭᅴ모롭 불휘 두 돈 반더운 므레 닐굽 번 시서 믯믯ᄒᆞᆫ 것업게 호니와ᄅᆞᆯ 디허 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 처 져고매 혀우희 ᄲᅵ호ᄃᆡ 됴토록 ᄒᆞ라 亂髮{{*|허튼 머리터리}}燒灰水調下 허튼 머리터리 ᄉᆞ론 ᄌᆡᄅᆞᆯ 므레 프러 머그라 舌忽賬出口外 雞冠上刺血磁器盛浸舌就嚥下卽縮 혜 과ᄀᆞᆯ이 부러 입밧긔 나거든 ᄃᆞᆯᄀᆡ 벼슬 ᄣᅵᆯ어 피내야 사그르세 담고 혀ᄅᆞᆯᄃᆞᆷ가셔 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ면 즉재움처들리라 ==鼻衂_{고해 피 나ᄂᆞᆫ 벼ᇰ}== 宜服和劑方四物湯加側栢煎服蘇合香圓冷水嚼下 화졔〮바ᇰ ᄉᆞ〯믈〮타ᇰ애〮 즉〮ᄇᆡᆨ〮 닙〮 더드〮려 달〮혀〮 머그〮며 소합〮햐ᇰ원을〮 ᄎᆞᆫ〮므〮레 시버〮 머고〮미 맛〮당ᄒᆞ니〮라 鼻衂終日不止心神煩悶 故屛風紙燒灰細硏以溫酒調下一錢立止 고해〮 피〮 나〮 졈그〮ᄃᆞ〮록 긋디〮 아니〮ᄒᆞ〮야 ᄆᆞᅀᆞ 미〮 답답ᄒᆞ〮거든〮 ᄂᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ〮 편푸ᇰ앳〮 죠ᄒᆡ〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄉᆞ〮라 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄃᆞᄉᆞᆫ 수레〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 돈〯만〮프〮러 머그〮면 즉〮재 그츠〮리라〮 貝母二兩炮黃擣羅爲末以漿水{{*|ᄡᆞᆯ〮 글힌〮 믈}}調二錢服良久再服差 패〯모 두〯 랴ᇰ을〮 죠ᄒᆡ〮예 ᄡᅡ〮 믈〮저져〮 브〮레 무더〮 {{SIC|구|두}}워〮 누르〮거든〮 디허〮 처〮 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 ᄡᆞᆯ〮 글힌〮 므〮레 두〯 돈〯을〮프〮러〮 먹고〮이ᅀᅳᆨᄒᆞ야 다시〮머그〮라 生乾地黃一兩細剉於銀器中以酒一中盞煎三五沸去滓頓服其血立止 ᄉᆡᇰ디〮화ᇱ 불{{SIC|희〮|휘〮}} ᄆᆞᆯ외〮요니〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ을〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 사ᄒᆞ〮라 은그르〮세 술 닷 홉애〮 세〯 소솜이〮어나〮 다ᄉᆞᆺ〮 소솜〮이〮어나〮달혀〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 믄득〮 {{SIC|더|머}}그〮면 그 피〮즉〮재 그츠〮리라〮 穀精草擣羅爲末以熱麫湯調下二錢 곡〮져ᇰ초〮ᄅᆞᆯ 디허〮 처 ᄀᆞᆯ〮ᄋᆞᆯ〮 밄〮ᄀᆞᄅᆞ 글힌〮 므〮레 두〯돈〯만〮 프〮러 머그〮라 生葛根{{*|ᄂᆞᆯ 츩〮불휘〮}}搗取汁每服一小盞三服卽止 ᄂᆞᆯ 츩〮불휘〮 즛디허〮 ᄧᅩᆫ〮 즙〮을 서〮 홉곰 세〯 번머그〮면 즉〮재 그츠〮리라〮 黃明膠{{*|누르〮고 ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ〮 갓플〮}}洋如稠餳塗帛上貼額上立止 누르〮고 ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ〮 갓플〮을〮 노겨〮 특특한 엿〮 ᄀᆞᆮ〮거든 헌〯것 우희〮 ᄇᆞᆯ라〮 니마〮 우희〮 브티〮면 즉〮재 그츠〮리라〮 桑木耳{{*|ᄲᅩᇰ남긧〮 버슷〮}}熬令燋搗羅爲末撮如杏仁大緜裹塞鼻中數過卽止 ᄲᅩᇰ남긧〮 버스〮슬 봇가〮 ᄆᆞᄅᆞ게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 디허〮 처〮 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮ᄉᆞᆯ고〮ᄡᅵ〮만〯 지버〮 소옴애〮 ᄡᅡ〮 곳〮굼긔〮 마고〮ᄃᆡ 두〯ᅀᅥ〮 번만〮 ᄒᆞ면〮즉〮재 그츠〮리라 石榴花{{*|셕륫 곳}}搗末吹鼻內效 셕〮륫 고ᄌᆞᆯ 디{{SIC|허〮|히〮}} ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 고〮 안해〮 불〯면〮됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮 라 蒼耳{{*|됫〮고〮마리〮}}莖葉擣絞取汁每服一小盞頻服效 됫〮고〮마리〮 줄기〮와 닙〮과 디허〮 ᄧᅩᆫ〮 즙〮을 서 홉곰〮 머고〮ᄃᆡ ᄌᆞ조〯 머그〮면 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 鼻衂日夜不止面無顔色昏悶 亂髮灰{{*|머리〮터리〮 ᄉᆞ〮론 ᄌᆡ〮 半兩}}伏龍肝{{*|가마〮 믿 마촘〮 아랫〮 ᄒᆞᆰ 一兩}}相和細硏令勻以新汲水{{*|ᄀᆞᆺ 기론〮 믈〮}}調三錢服之 고해〮 피〮 나〮 밤〮나〮지 긋디〮 아니〮ᄒᆞ〮야 ᄂᆞᆺ비〮치 업〯고〮 답답ᄒᆞ〮거든〮 머리〮터리〮 ᄉᆞ〮론 ᄌᆡ〮 반〯 랴ᇰ과〮 가마〮 믿마촘〮 아랫〮 ᄒᆞᆰ ᄒᆞᆫ랴ᇰ〮과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 섯거〮 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 고ᄅᆞ게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 ᄀᆞᆺ 기론〮 므〮레 서〯 돈〯을〮프〮러 머그〮라 生地黃汁{{*|一升}}白蜜{{*|ᄒᆡᆫ〮 ᄢᅮᆯ〮 半兩}}蒲黃{{*|부플〮마치〮 우희〮 누른〮 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ 一兩}}相和微暖過每服一小盞頻服之差 ᄉᆡᇰ디〮화ᇱ 불휘〮 ᄧᅩᆫ〮 즙〮ᄒᆞᆫ 되〮와 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 ᄢᅮᆯ〮 반〯 랴ᇰ과〮 부 들〮마치〮 우희〮 누른〮 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ과〮ᄅᆞᆯ섯거〮 져〯기〮 덥〯게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 서〮홉곰〮 머고〮ᄃᆡ ᄌᆞ조〮 머그〮면 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 鼻衂日夜過不止眩冒欲死 靑箱草{{*|ᄒᆡᆫ〮 만ᄃᆞ라미〮}}不限多少細剉擣硏絞取汁一兩合少少灌入鼻中差 고해〮 피〮 나〮 밤〮나〮지 긋디〮 아니〮ᄒᆞ야 어〮즐〮ᄒᆞ고〮 주글〮 ᄃᆞᆺ〮거든〮 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 만ᄃᆞ라미〮ᄅᆞᆯ 하나〮 져〯그나 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 사ᄒᆞ〮라 디허〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄧᅩᆫ〮 즙〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 홉이〮나 두〯 홉이〮나젹젹 고해〮 브ᅀᅥ〮 들〮에〮 ᄒᆞ면〮 됴〮ᄒᆞ리〮라 乾薑{{*|ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ!아ᇰ!이ᇰ!}}削如蓮子大塞鼻中卽止 ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ을〮 갓가〮 년ᄌᆞ〮만〮 케〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 곳〮굼글〮 마그〮면 즉〮재 그츠〮리라〮 鼻衂累醫不止 栗穀{{*|밤소ᇰ이〮}}五兩燒灰硏爲末每服二錢以粥飮調服之差 고해〮 피〮나〮 여러〮가지〮로 고툐〮ᄃᆡ 긋디〮 아니〮커든〮 밤소ᇰ이〮 닷 랴ᇰ을〮ᄉᆞ〮라 ᄌᆡ〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ〮라 두〯돈〯곰〮 쥭〮므〮레 프〮러 머그〮면 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 大衂口耳皆出血不止蒲黃 {{*|부들〮마치〮 우희〮 누른〮 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ}}一兩細硏爲散每服以冷水調下一錢卽差 고해〮 피〮 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮 나〮 입〮과 귀예 다〯나〮 긋디〮 아니〮커든〮 부들〮마치〮 우희〮 누른〮 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ을〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄎᆞᆫ〮므〮레 ᄒᆞᆫ돈〯곰〮 프러〮 머그〮면〮 즉〮 재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 斷弓絃{{*|그츤 활시울〮 一分燒灰}}白礬{{*|一分燒灰細}}硏爲散以二豆大許吹入鼻中差 그츤〮 활시울〮 두〯 돈〯 반〯ᄉᆞ〮론 ᄌᆡ〮와 ᄇᆡᆨ번〮 두〯 돈〯 반〯 ᄉᆞ〮론ᄌᆡ〮와〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 두〯 코ᇰ낫〯만〮 케〮 ᄒᆞ〮야고해〮 불〯면〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 鼻衂不止欲死 車前子末{{*|뵈〮ᄧᅡᇰ이〮 ᄡᅵ〮 ᄀᆞ〮론 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ}}牛耳中垢{{*|ᄉᆈ 귀 안해〮 ᄠᆡ〮}}等分和成挺子塞鼻中立止 고해 피 나 긋디 아니ᄒᆞ야 주글 ᄃᆞᆺ거든뵈ᄧᅡᇰ이 ᄡᅵ ᄀᆞ론 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ와 ᄉᆈ 귀 안해 ᄠᆡ와ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞᆮ게 ᄂᆞᆫ화 섯거 뎌ᇰ 지ᅀᅥ 고해 마그면 즉재 그츠리라 鼻出血不止擣楮葉汁{{*|닥 닙 디허 ᄧᅩᆫ 즙}}飮三升大良 고해 피 나 긋디 아니커든 닥나모 니플 디허 즙ᄧᅡ 서되ᄅᆞᆯ 머고미 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ 됴ᄒᆞ니라 張弓令弦向上病兒仰臥枕弦放四體如常臥法 화ᄅᆞᆯ 지허 시우를 우흐로 오ᄅᆞ게 ᄒᆞ고벼ᇰᄒᆞᆫ 사ᄅᆞ미 졋바누어 시우를 볘오 네활기 펴ᄇᆞ리고 샤ᇰ녜 눕ᄃᆞ시 ᄒᆞ라 鼻卒衂 釜底墨{{*|가마 미틧 거믜여ᇰ}}細硏以少許吹鼻中卽止 고해 과ᄀᆞᆯ이 피 나거든 가마 미틧 거믜여ᇰ을 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 ᄀᆞ라 져고매 고해 불면 즉재 그 츠리라 蝟皮{{*|고솜도ᄐᆡ 갓}}一枚燒爲灰細硏每用半錢緜裹內鼻中數易之差 고솜도ᄐᆡ 갓 ᄒᆞᆫ나ᄎᆞᆯ ᄉᆞ라 ᄌᆡ ᄃᆞ외어든 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 ᄀᆞ라 반돈곰 소옴애 ᄡᅡ 곳굼긔 녀호ᄃᆡ ᄌᆞ조 ᄀᆞᆯ면 됴ᄒᆞ리라 赤馬通{{*|졀다ᄆᆞᆯ ᄯᅩᇰ}}以緜裹如棗大塞鼻中新舊者悉可用若大衂者以水絞取汁飮一二升無新者以水漬乾者用之 졀다ᄆᆞᆯ ᄯᅩᇰ을 소옴애 ᄡᅡ 대초만 케 ᄒᆞ야 곳굼글 마그라 새 ᄯᅩᇰ이나 오란 ᄯᅩᇰ이나다 ᄡᅳ라 ᄯᅩ 피만히 나ᄂᆞ니란 믈조쳐 ᄧᅡ 즙을 ᄒᆞᆫ되나 두 되나머고ᄃᆡ 새옷 업거든 ᄆᆞᄅᆞ니ᄅᆞᆯ 므레 저져 ᄡᅳ라 熟艾{{*|디흔 ᄡᅮᆨ 二彈子大}}牛皮膠{{*|ᄉᆈ 갓플 一兩炙黃燥}}以煎了豉汁一大盞同煎至七分去滓不計時候分溫二服 디흔 ᄡᅮᆨ 두 탄ᄌᆞ만치와 ᄉᆈ 갓플 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ 누르게봇그니와ᄅᆞᆯ 달힌 젼국 즙 ᄒᆞᆫ되예 달혀 반남ᄌᆞᆨ거든 즈ᅀᅴ 앗고 ᄢᅵ니 혜디 마오 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ닐 ᄂᆞᆫ화 두 번에머그라 白芨 {{*|대왐픐 불휘}}不拘多少爲末冷水調用紙花貼鼻窊中 대왐픐 불휘ᄅᆞᆯ 하나 져그나 ᄀᆞ라 ᄎᆞᆫ 므레 (프러) 죠ᄒᆡ예 ᄇᆞᆯ라 곳 오목ᄒᆞᆫ ᄃᆡ 브티라 蘿蔔汁{{*|댓무ᅀᅮ 즙}}或藕汁{{*|려ᇇᄀᆞᆫ 즙}}滴鼻中 댓무ᅀᅮ 즛두드려 ᄧᅩᆫ 즙이나려ᇇᄀᆞᆫ 즛두드려 ᄧᅩᆫ 즙이나곳굼긔 처디라 (舊)麻油燈盞合在頂心用物繫定少時卽住 오란 ᄎᆞᆷ기름으로 혀던 두ᇰ잔을 머릿 뎌ᇰ바기예 업고 아못 거스뢰나 ᄆᆡ야 둣다가 이ᅀᅳᆨ고 말라 硏大蒜{{*|마ᄂᆞᆯ}}脚心塗卽止 굴근 마ᄂᆞᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ라 밧바다ᇰ애 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ면 즉재 그츠리라 舊竈門上黃泥{{*|브ᅀᅥᆨ 니마 우흿 누른 ᄒᆞᆰ}}爲末米飮調服立效 오란 브ᅀᅥᆨ 니마 우흿 누른 ᄒᆞᆯᄀᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ라 ᄡᆞᆯ 글힌 므레 프러 머그면 즉재 됴ᄒᆞ리라 葱白{{*|팟 믿 ᄒᆡᆫ ᄃᆡ}}一握擣取汁入酒少許調滴鼻中 팟 믿 ᄒᆡᆫ ᄃᆡ ᄒᆞᆫ 줌 디허 ᄧᅩᆫ 즙에술 져고매 녀허 프러 곳굼긔 처디라 苔蘇{{*|잇}}納鼻中 잇글 고해 녀흐라 自刮指爪屑搐之 제 손톱 ᄀᆞᆯ곤 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ 불라 用紙蘸水貼項上 죠ᄒᆡᄅᆞᆯ 믈 저져 목 우희 브티라 椶櫚燒灰隨左右鼻搐之 조ᇰ녀 ᄉᆞ론 ᄌᆡᄅᆞᆯ 피 나ᄂᆞᆫ 녁 곳굼긔 불라 隨衂左右以新汲水{{*|ᄀᆞᆺ 기론 믈}}洗足 고해 피 나ᄂᆞᆫ 녁 바ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞᆺ 기론 믈로 시스라 山梔子{{*|햐ᄀᆞᆫ 지지 ᄡᅵ}}一介用竹刀破作兩邊一邊用濕紙裹煨令熟却用一邊生者同硏爛如泥以酒調服 햐ᄀᆞᆫ 지지 ᄡᅵ ᄒᆞᆫ 나ᄎᆞᆯ 대 갈로 두 ᄧᅡᆨ애ᄢᅢ혀 ᄒᆞᆫ ᄧᅡᆨ으란 저즌 죠ᄒᆡ예 ᄡᅡ 구어 닉게 ᄒᆞ고 ᄒᆞᄧᅡᆨ으란 ᄂᆞᄅᆞᆯ ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ 므르 ᄀᆞ라 수레 프러 머그라 赤馬糞{{*|졀다ᄆᆞᆯ ᄯᅩᇰ}}燒灰細末溫酒調下一錢 졀다ᄆᆞᆯ ᄯᅩᇰ ᄉᆞ론 ᄌᆡᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 ᄀᆞ라 ᄃᆞᄉᆞᆫ 수레 ᄒᆞᆫ 돈을 프러 머그라 龍骨{{*|료ᇰ의 ᄲᅧ}}爲末以筆管吹半錢鼻中 료ᇰ의 ᄲᅧᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ라 붇ᄌᆞᆯ으로 반 돈을 곳굼긔 불라 濃硏好墨{{*|먹}}點鼻中立止 됴ᄒᆞᆫ 먹을 므르 ᄀᆞ라 곳굼긔 디그면 즉재 그츠리라 灸項後髮際兩筋閒宛宛中 목 뒷 발졧 두 힘 ᄉᆞᅀᅵᆺ 오목ᄒᆞᆫ ᄃᆡᆯ ᄯᅳ라 ==吐血_{목의 피 나ᄂᆞᆫ 벼ᇰ}== 宜服和劑方必勝散四物湯加側栢煎服 화졔바ᇰ애 필스ᇰ산과 ᄉᆞ믈타ᇰ즉ᄇᆡᆨ 닙 더드려 달히니와ᄅᆞᆯ 머고미 맛다ᇰᄒᆞ니라 吐血不止 栢葉{{*|즉ᄇᆡᆨ 닙}}乾薑{{*|ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ 各三兩}}艾{{*|ᄡᅮᆨ 一把}}以水五升取馬通汁{{*|ᄆᆞᆯ ᄯᅩᇰ ᄧᅩᆫ 믈}}一升合煮取一升分溫再服 피토호미 긋디 아니커든 즉ᄇᆡᆨ 닙과 ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ 각 석랴ᇰ과 ᄡᅮᆨ 석줌과 믈 닷 되와 ᄆᆞᆯ ᄯᅩᇰ ᄧᅩᆫ 즙 ᄒᆞᆫ되와ᄅᆞᆯ 뫼화 글혀 ᄒᆞᆫ되 ᄃᆞ외어든 ᄂᆞᆫ화 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ닐 두번에 머그라 熟艾{{*|니기 디흔 ᄡᅮᆨ}}三雞子許水五升煮取二升頓服 니기 디흔 ᄡᅮᆨ ᄃᆞᆯᄀᆡ 알 세 낫만 ᄒᆞ니ᄅᆞᆯ 믈 닷 되예 글혀 두 되 ᄃᆞ외어든 믄득 머그라 燒亂髮{{*|허튼 머리터럭}}灰水服方寸匕日三服 허튼 머리터리 ᄉᆞ론 ᄌᆡᄅᆞᆯ ᄒᆞᆫ술만 므레 머고ᄃᆡ ᄒᆞᄅᆞ 세 번 머그라 生地黃肥者五升擣以酒一升煮沸三上三下去滓頓服 ᄂᆞᆯ 디화ᇰ 불휘 굴그니 닷 되ᄅᆞᆯ 디허 술 ᄒᆞᆫ되예 글효ᄃᆡ 글허 오ᄅᆞ거든 드러 내야 머초오ᄆᆞᆯ 세 번만 ᄒᆞ야즈ᅀᅴ 앗고 믄득 머그라 桂末{{*|계핏 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ}}二錢水湯各半濃調約半盞許猛喫甚者二服 계피 ᄀᆞ론 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ 두 돈을ᄎᆞᆫ믈와 더운믈와 ᄀᆞᆮ게 ᄒᆞ야 디투 프로니 반 잔만ᄒᆞ닐 ᄲᆞᆯ리 머고ᄃᆡ ᄀᆞ자ᇰ 듀ᇰᄒᆞ니ᄂᆞᆫ 두 번머그라 東向蘘荷根{{*|야ᇰ핫 ᄀᆞᆫ}}一把擣絞取汁服之 도ᇰ녁으로 햐ᇰᄒᆞᆫ 야ᇰ핫 ᄀᆞᆫ ᄒᆞᆫ 줌 디허 ᄧᅩᆫ 즙을 머그라 水服蒲黃{{*|부들마치 우희 누른 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ}}一斤 부들마치 우희 누른 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ ᄒᆞᆫ 근을므레 프러 머그라 伏龍肝{{*|가마 믿 마촘 아랫 ᄒᆞᆰ}}二兩用新汲水{{*|ᄀᆞᆺ 기론 믈}}一大盞淘取汁入蜜{{*|ᄢᅮᆯ}}一匙攪勻頓服之 가마 믿 마촘 아랫 ᄒᆞᆰ 두 랴ᇰ을 ᄀᆞᆺ 기론 믈 큰 ᄒᆞᆫ되예 안초아 바타 ᄢᅮᆯ ᄒᆞᆫ술 녀허 고ᄅᆞ게 저ᅀᅥ 믄득 머그라 生葛根{{*|ᄂᆞᆯ츩 불휘}}擣絞取汁每服一小盞宜頻服以止爲度 ᄂᆞᆯ츩 불휘 디허 ᄧᅡ 즙을 서홉곰 머고ᄃᆡ ᄌᆞ 조 머거 긋도록 ᄒᆞ라 生地黃汁{{*|一大盞}}黃明膠{{*|ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ 갓플一兩炙令黃燥}}擣膠細羅爲散內地黃汁中以瓷器盛於一㪷米飯甑上蒸之候飯熟分爲二服甚者不過再劑 ᄂᆞᆯ 디화ᇱ 불휘 ᄧᅩᆫ 즙 큰 ᄒᆞᆫ되예 ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ 갓플 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ을브레 ᄧᅬ야 누르게 ᄆᆞᆯ외야 디허 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 처 그디화ᇰ 즙에 녀허 사그르세 다마 밥 ᄒᆞᆫ 말ᄠᅵᄂᆞᆫ 시르 우희 ᄠᅧ 밥니글 만커든 ᄂᆞᆫ 화 두 번에 머그라 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ듀ᇰᄒᆞ니도 두 번ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ라 머고매 넘디 아니ᄒᆞ리라 濃煮雞蘇 汁{{*|믓바ᇰ하 즙}}飮之以多爲妙 믓바ᇰ하디투 글힌 즙을머고ᄃᆡ 만히 먹ᄃᆞ록 됴ᄒᆞ니라 銚兒內先鎔黃蠟{{*|밀}}一兩內黃連末一兩攪調稍凝分爲三丸以糯米{{*|ᄎᆞᄡᆞᆯ}}粥化一丸服之日盡三丸差 쇠 그르세 몬져 밀 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ을노기고 화ᇰ련 ᄀᆞ로니 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ녀허 고ᄅᆞ게 저ᅀᅥ 자ᇝ간 얼의어든 세 환애 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ라 ᄎᆞᄡᆞᆯ 쥭에 ᄒᆞᆫ 환을노겨 머고ᄃᆡ ᄒᆞᄅᆞ 세 환을 다머그면 됴ᄒᆞ리라 茜根{{*|곱도쇼ᇱ 불휘}}一兩淡漿水{{*|ᄡᆞᆯ 글힌 ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ 믈}}一大盞煎取半盞去滓溫服之 곱도쇼ᇱ 불휘 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ을 ᄡᆞᆯ 글힌 ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ 믈 큰 ᄒᆞᆫ되예 달혀 반되 ᄃᆞ외어든 즈ᅀᅴ 앗고 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ 니 머그라 栢葉{{*|즉ᄇᆡᆨ닙}}擣羅爲散不計時候以粥飮調下二錢 즉ᄇᆡᆨ 니플 디허 처 ᄢᅵ니 혜디 마오 두 돈만 쥭 므레 프러 머그라 黃苓{{*|솝서근픐 불휘}}一兩去心中黑腐擣細羅爲散每服三錢以水一中盞煎至六分不計時候和滓溫服 솝서근픐 불휘 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ을 소개 검서근 것앗고 디허 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 처 서 돈곰 믈 닷홉애 달혀 반남ᄌᆞᆨ거든 ᄢᅵ니 혜디 마오 즈ᅀᅴ 조쳐 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ닐 머그라 貝母一兩炮令黃擣細羅爲散不計時候以溫漿{{*|ᄃᆞᄉᆞᆫ 슉ᄅᆡᇰ}}調下二錢 패모 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ을 죠ᄒᆡ예 ᄡᅡ 믈 저져 누르게 구어 디허 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 처 ᄢᅵ니 혜디 마오 ᄃᆞᄉᆞᆫ 슉 ᄅᆡᇰ애 두 돈만 프러 머그라 石榴樹根下地龍糞{{*|거ᇫ위 ᄯᅩᇰ}}不限多少細硏新汲水{{*|새로 기론 믈}}一中盞調三錢飮之卽差 셕류나못 불휘 아랫 거ᇫ위 ᄯᅩᇰ을 하나 져그나 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 ᄀᆞ라 새로기론 믈 닷 홉애 서 돈을프러 머그면 즉재 됴ᄒᆞ리라 楮葉{{*|닥 닙}}擣絞取汁不計時候服一小盞 닥나못 닙 디허 ᄧᅡ 즙을 ᄢᅵ니 혜디 마오 서홉만 머그라 松烟墨汁{{*|쇼ᇰ연먹 ᄀᆞ론 믈}}服之卽愈 쇼ᇰ연먹 ᄀᆞ론 므ᄅᆞᆯ 머그면 즉재 됴ᄒᆞ리라 香附子去毛爲細末以米飮{{*|ᄡᆞᆯ 글힌 믈}}調下 햐ᇰ부ᄌᆞᄅᆞᆯ 터리 앗고 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 ᄀᆞ라 ᄡᆞᆯ 글힌 므레 프러 머그라 欝金末{{*|심화ᇱ ᄀᆞᄅᆞ}}井花水{{*|새배 ᄂᆞᆷ 아니 기러셔 몬져 기론 우믌 믈}}調一錢甚者再服 심화ᇰ ᄀᆞ로니ᄅᆞᆯ 새배 ᄂᆞᆷ 아니기러셔 몬져 기론 우믌므레 ᄒᆞᆫ 돈만프러 머고ᄃᆡ ᄀᆞ자ᇰ 듀ᇰᄒᆞ니ᄂᆞᆫ 다시 머그라 白芨{{*|대왐픐 불휘}}硏爲末粥飮調服 대왐픐 불휘 ᄀᆞ라 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ 쥭므레 프러 머그라 烏梅{{*|ᄆᆡ홧 여름 ᄂᆡ예 그ᅀᅳ려 ᄆᆞᆯ외요니}}不以多少煎湯調百草霜{{*|솓 미틧 거믜여ᇰ}}一服愈 ᄆᆡ홧 여름 ᄂᆡ예 그ᅀᅳ려 ᄆᆞᆯ외니ᄅᆞᆯ 하나 져그나 달힌 므레 솓 미틧 거믜여ᇰ을 프러 ᄒᆞᆫ 번만 머그면 됴ᄒᆞ리라 黃蘗{{*|화ᇰ벽피}}好者以蜜{{*|ᄢᅮᆯ}}塗之乾杵爲末用麥門冬熟水調下二錢匕立差 화ᇰ벽피 됴ᄒᆞ니ᄅᆞᆯ ᄢᅮᆯ ᄇᆞᆯ라 ᄆᆞᆯ외야 디허 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ ᄆᆡᆨ문도ᇱ 불휘 글힌 므레 두 돈을 프러 머그면 즉재 됴ᄒᆞ리라 雞冠花子{{*|만드라미 ᄡᅵ}}爲末熱酒調下一錢 만ᄃᆞ라미 ᄡᅵᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ라 더운 수레 ᄒᆞᆫ 돈을 프러 머그라 燈心{{*|골속}}燈上燒灰爲末溫水調下一錢食後服 골속을 드ᇰ자ᇇ브레 ᄉᆞ라 ᄀᆞ라 ᄒᆞᆫ돈만 ᄃᆞᄉᆞᆫ 므레 프러 밥머근 후에머그라 服自己小便 제 오좀을 머그라 黃丹不以多少細硏發時用新汲水{{*|ᄀᆞᆺ 기론 믈}}調下二錢 화ᇰ단을 하나 져그나 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 ᄀᆞ라 피 날 졔 ᄀᆞᆺ 기론 므레 두 돈만 프러 머그라 雞子淸{{*|ᄃᆞᆯᄀᆡ알 ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ 믈}}投新汲水{{*|ᄀᆞᆺ 기론 믈}}人參{{*|심}}爲末調一錢服 ᄃᆞᆯᄀᆡ알 소뱃 ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ 므ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞᆺ 기론 므레 녀코 심 ᄀᆞ로니 ᄒᆞᆫ 돈을프러 머그라 百合{{*|개나릿 불휘}}擣絞汁和水飮之及煮熟食 개나릿 불휘ᄅᆞᆯ 디허 ᄧᅡ 즙을므레 프러 머그며 ᄯᅩ 닉게 글혀 머그라 因內損或酒色勞損或心肺脉破血氣妄行血如湧泉口鼻俱出湏㬰不救 側栢葉{{*|즉ᄇᆡᆨ 닙 蒸乾}}人參{{*|심 焙乾一兩}}細末每服二錢入飛羅麪{{*|밄ᄀᆞᄅᆞ}}二錢新汲井花水{{*|새배 ᄂᆞᆷ 아니 기러셔 몬져 기론 우믌믈}}調如稀糊啜服血如湧泉不過二服卽止 안히 샤ᇰ커나 술와 ᄉᆡᆨ과ᄅᆞᆯ 너무 ᄒᆞ야 샤ᇰ커나심폐ᄆᆡᆨ이 샤ᇰ커나 혈긔 간대로 ᄒᆡᇰᄒᆞ야 피나미 믈ᄉᆡᆷᄃᆞᆺ ᄒᆞ야입과 고해 다 나 져근더데 고티디 몯ᄒᆞᄂᆞ니 즉ᄇᆡᆨ 닙 ᄠᅧ ᄆᆞᆯ외요니와 심 브레 ᄆᆞᆯ외요니와 각 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ을 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 ᄀᆞ라 두 돈곰 ᄀᆞᄂᆞᆫ 밄ᄀᆞᄅᆞ 두 돈드려 새배 ᄂᆞᆷ 아니기러셔 몬져 기론 우믌므레 프 러 누근 플 ᄀᆞᆮ거든 머그라 피 믈솟ᄃᆞᆺ ᄒᆞ야도 두 번너무 먹디 아니ᄒᆞ야셔 즉재 그츠리라 荊芥{{*|뎌ᇰ가}}一握燒過盖於地上要出火毒細硏如粉以陳米飮{{*|무근 ᄡᆞᆯ 글힌 믈}}調下三錢許與服不過二服效 뎌ᇰ가 ᄒᆞᆫ줌을 ᄉᆞ라 ᄯᅡ해 두퍼 븘 긔운 내오 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 분 ᄀᆞ티 ᄀᆞ라 무근 ᄡᆞᆯ 글힌 므레 서돈을 프러 머그라 두 번너무 먹디 아니ᄒᆞ야셔 됴ᄒᆞ리라 釜底墨{{*|가마 미틧 거믜여ᇰ}}刮下細硏如粉每服三錢濃米飮{{*|디투 글힌 ᄡᆞᆯ 믈}}調下連進二三服 가마 미틧 거믜여ᇰ을 ᄀᆞᆯ가 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 ᄀᆞ라 분ᄀᆞ티 ᄒᆞ야 서돈곰 디투 글힌 ᄡᆞᆳ 므레 프러 닛워 두ᅀᅥ 번을머그라 烏賊魚骨{{*|미긔치}}搗細羅爲散不計時以淸粥飮調下二錢 미긔치ᄅᆞᆯ 디허 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 처 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ ᄢᅵ니 혜디 마오 ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ 쥭므레 두 돈곰프러 머그라 ==九竅出血_{附齒閒出血아홉굼긔 피나미라 피 나미 〇아홉 두 귀와 두 눈과 두 입과}== 宜服和劑方必勝散四物湯加側栢煎服 화졔바ᇰ애 필스ᇰ산과 ᄉᆞ믈타ᇰ 즉ᄇᆡᆨ 닙 더드려 달히니와ᄅᆞᆯ 머고미 맛다ᇰᄒᆞ니라 九孔出血擣荊葉汁{{*|뎌ᇰ갓 닙 디허 ᄧᅩᆫ 즙}}酒服二合 아홉 굼긔 피 나거든 뎌ᇰ갓 닙 디허 ᄧᅡ 즙 두 홉을수레 프러 머그라 新生犢子{{*|ᄀᆞᆺ 난 쇼ᇰ아지}}未食草墮地臍屎曝乾爲末水調服一錢日四五服愈 ᄀᆞᆺ 난 쇼ᇰ아지 플 먹디 아니ᄒᆞ야셔 ᄯᅡ해 딘 ᄇᆡᆺ복애 브텃던 ᄯᅩᇰ을 벼틔 ᄆᆞᆯ외야 ᄀᆞ라 ᄒᆞᆫ돈곰 므레 프러 머고ᄃᆡ ᄒᆞᄅᆞ 너덧 번머그 면 됴ᄒᆞ리라 井花水{{*|새배 ᄂᆞᆷ 아니 기러셔 몬져 기론 우믌믈}}卒然噀其所患人面勿使病者先知其血卽止 새배 ᄂᆞᆷ 아니기러셔 몬져 기론 우믌므를 피 나ᄂᆞᆫ사ᄅᆞᄆᆡ ᄂᆞᄎᆡ 믄득 ᄲᅮ모ᄃᆡ 벼ᇰᄒᆞᆫ 사ᄅᆞᄆᆞᆯ 몬져 알외디 말면 그 피즉재 그츠리라 生地黃汁一升生薑汁一合相和溫服一小盞日四五服 ᄂᆞᆯ 디화ᇰ 불휘 ᄧᅩᆫ 즙 ᄒᆞᆫ되와 ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ즙 ᄒᆞᆫ홉과ᄅᆞᆯ 섯거 ᄃᆞ시 ᄒᆞ야 서 홉을머고ᄃᆡ ᄒᆞᄅᆞ 너덧 번머그라 九竅四肢指歧閒出血 靑竹茹{{*|프른 대 ᄀᆞᆯ고니 半兩}}生地黃{{*|一兩細切}}蒲黃{{*|부들마치 우희 누른 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ 半兩}}以水一大盞煎至六分去滓每於食後溫服 아홉구무와 소ᇇ가락 밧가락 ᄢᅵ메 피나거 든 프른 대 ᄀᆞᆯ고니 반 랴ᇰ과 ᄂᆞᆯ디화ᇱ 불휘 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 사ᄒᆞ로니 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ과부들마치 우희 누른ᄀᆞᄅᆞ 반 랴ᇰ과ᄅᆞᆯ 믈 큰 ᄒᆞᆫ되예 달혀 반남ᄌᆞᆨ거든 즈ᅀᅴ 앗고 밥머근 후마다 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ니 머그라 蒲黃{{*|부들마치 우희 누른 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ 一兩微炒}}龍骨{{*|료ᇰ의 ᄲᅧ 一兩燒赤}}都細硏爲散每服以糯米{{*|ᄎᆞᄡᆞᆯ}}粥飮調二錢服之 부들마치 우희 누른 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ자ᇝ간 봇그 니와 료ᇰ의 ᄲᅧ ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ븕게 ᄉᆞ로니와ᄅᆞᆯ 뫼화 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 ᄀᆞ라 ᄎᆞᄡᆞᆯ 쥭므레 두 돈곰 프러 머그라 小薊{{*|조바ᇰ이}}一握搗汁酒半盞和頓服如無靑者以乾薊末冷水調三錢匕服 조바ᇰ이 ᄒᆞᆫ주믈 디허 즙ᄧᅡ 술 반되예 섯거 믄득 머그라프르니 업거든 ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ 조바ᇰ이ᄅᆞᆯᄀᆞ라 ᄎᆞᆫ므레 서 돈곰 프러 머그라 蒜{{*|마ᄂᆞᆯ}}五六枚去皮入豆豉{{*|젼국}}硏爲膏如桐子大米飮下五六十丸無不愈者 마ᄂᆞᆯ 다엿 나ᄎᆞᆯ 거플 밧기고 젼국 드려 ᄀᆞ라 골 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ라 머귀 여름만 케 비븨여 ᄡᆞᆯ 글힌 므레 쉰 환이어나 여슌 환이어나머그면 아니 됴ᄒᆞ리 업스리라 赤小豆{{*|블근 ᄑᆞᆺ}}一升搗碎水三升絞汁飮之 블근 ᄑᆞᆺ ᄒᆞᆫ 되ᄅᆞᆯ 디허 ᄇᆞᅀᅡ 믈 서되예 뷔트 러 ᄧᅡ 즙을 마시라 齒縫出血不止他藥不能治之者塩{{*|소곰}}主之 닛 사채 피 나긋디 아니커든 녀느 약으로 수이 고티디 몯ᄒᆞᄂᆞ닐 소고미 됴ᄒᆞ니라 乾地龍末{{*|ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ 거ᇫ위 ᄀᆞ론 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ}}一錢白礬灰一錢射香末半錢同硏令勻濕布上塗藥貼於患處 ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ 거ᇫ위 ᄀᆞ론 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ ᄒᆞᆫ 돈과ᄇᆡᆨ버ᇇ ᄌᆡ ᄒᆞᆫ 돈과샤햐ᇰ ᄀᆞ론 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ 반돈과ᄅᆞᆯ ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ ᄀᆞ라 고ᄅᆞ게 ᄒᆞ야저즌 뵈 우희 약ᄇᆞᆯ라 피나ᄂᆞᆫ ᄃᆡ브티라 淡竹葉 {{*|소옴댓 닙}}濃煎湯熱含冷吐 소옴댓 니플 디투 달혀 더운므를 머구머 ᄎᆞ거든비와ᄐᆞ라 欝金{{*|심화ᇰ}}白芷{{*|구리댓 불휘}}細辛{{*|各等分}}爲末擦牙仍以竹葉竹皮濃煎入塩{{*|소곰}}少許含嚥或炒塩傅 심화ᇰ과 구리댓 불휘와 셰시ᇇ 불휘와 각각ᄀᆞᆮ게 ᄂᆞᆫ화 ᄀᆞ라 니예 ᄡᅮᆺ고 댓 닙과 거프를 디투 달혀 소곰져기 녀허 머구머 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ며 ᄯᅩ 소곰을 봇가 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ라 童子小便{{*|ᄉᆞᆫ아ᄒᆡ 오좀}}半升煮取三合含之其血卽止 ᄉᆞᆫ아ᄒᆡ 오좀 반되ᄅᆞᆯ 글혀 서홉이어든 머 구머시면 그 피즉재 그츠리라 生竹皮{{*|댓 거플}}二兩苦酒{{*|초}}浸之令其人解衣坐使人含噀其背上三過仍取竹茹{{*|댓 거플 ᄀᆞᆯ고니}}濃煮汁勿與塩適寒溫含漱之竟日爲度 ᄂᆞᆯ 댓 거플 ᄀᆞᆯ가 두 랴ᇰ을초애 ᄃᆞᆷ고 그사ᄅᆞᄆᆞ로 옷바사 아ᇇ게 ᄒᆞ고다ᄅᆞᆫ 사ᄅᆞ미 머구머 그드ᇰ의 세 번을ᄲᅮᆷ고 대ᄀᆞᆯ고니 디투 글힌 즙에 소곰 두디 머모 ᄎᆞ며 더우믈 맛게 ᄒᆞ야머구머 야ᇰ지호ᄃᆡ 졈그ᄃᆞ록 ᄒᆞ라 牙齒縫忽出血 當歸{{*|스ᇰ암촛 불휘}}桂心{{*|계핏 솝 各半兩}}白礬{{*|ᄇᆡᆨ번 一兩燒令汁盡}}甘草{{*|半兩}}搗麁羅分爲三度用每度以漿水{{*|ᄡᆞᆯ 글힌 믈}}一大盞煎至一盞去滓熱含冷吐 닛 사채 믄득 피 나거든 스ᇰ암촛 불휘와 계핏 솝 각 반 랴ᇰ과ᄇᆡᆨ번 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰᄉᆞ라 즙업게 ᄒᆞ니와 감초 반랴ᇰ과ᄅᆞᆯ 디허 굵게 처 세 번에 ᄂᆞᆫ화 ᄡᅮᄃᆡ ᄒᆞᆫ 번에ᄡᆞᆯ 글힌 믈 두되예 달혀 ᄒᆞᆫ되 ᄃᆞ외어든 즈ᅀᅴ 앗고 더우닐 머구머 ᄎᆞ거든 비와ᄐᆞ라 酒醉牙齒涌出血 當歸{{*|스ᇰ암촛 불휘 二兩}}礬石{{*|ᄇᆡᆨ번 六錢}}桂心{{*|계핏 솝}}細辛 甘草{{*|各一兩}}㕮咀以漿水{{*|ᄡᆞᆯ 글힌 믈}}五升煮取三升含之日五六夜三 술 ᄎᆔᄒᆞ야 니예 피솟나거든 스ᇰ암촛 불휘 두 랴ᇰ과ᄇᆡᆨ번 반 돈남ᄌᆞᆨᄒᆞ니와 계핏 솝과 셰시ᇇ 불휘와 감초 각 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ과ᄅᆞᆯ사ᄒᆞ라 ᄡᆞᆯ 글힌 믈 닷되예 글혀 서 되ᄃᆞ외어든 머구모ᄃᆡ 나ᄌᆡ 다엿 번바ᄆᆡ 세 번ᄒᆞ라 燒釘{{*|몯}}令赤注孔血中止 모ᄃᆞᆯ ᄉᆞ라 븕거든 피 나ᄂᆞᆫ 굼긔 고ᄌᆞ면 긋ᄂᆞ니라 舌上黑有數孔大如簪出血如湧泉 戎塩{{*|소곰}}黃苓{{*|솝서근픐 불휘}}黃蘗{{*|화ᇰ벽피}}大黃{{*|各五兩}}人參{{*|심}}桂心{{*|계핏 솝}}甘草{{*|各二兩}}爲末蜜丸梧子大米飮服十丸日三服亦燒鐵烙之 혀우히 검고두ᅀᅥ 굼기 빈혓 구무만 코 피나ᄃᆡ 믈ᄉᆡᆷᄃᆞᆺ 거든소곰과 솝서근픐 불휘와화ᇰ벽피와 대화ᇱ 불휘 각 닷 랴ᇰ과심과 계핏솝과 감초 각 두랴ᇰ과ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ라 ᄢᅮ레 ᄆᆞ라 머귀 여름만 케 비븨여 ᄡᆞᆯ글힌 므레 열환곰 머고ᄃᆡ ᄒᆞᄅᆞ 세 번곰 머그라 ᄯᅩ 쇠ᄅᆞᆯ달 와 지지라 熱塞舌上出血如泉 五倍子{{*|우ᄇᆡᄌᆞ洗}}白膠香牡蠣粉{{*|굸죠개 분 各等分}}爲末每以少許摻患處或燒鐵箆熟烙孔上 샤ᇰᅀᅧᆯᄒᆞ야 혀애 피나ᄃᆡ 믈ᄉᆡᆷᄃᆞᆺ ᄒᆞ거든우ᄇᆡᄌᆞ 시스니와 ᄇᆡᆨ교햐ᇰ과 굸죠개 분과 각각ᄀᆞᆮ게 ᄂᆞᆫ화 ᄀᆞ라 젹젹 피 나ᄂᆞᆫᄃᆡ ᄇᆞᄅᆞ고 ᄯᅩ 쇠빈혀ᄅᆞᆯ 달와 굼글 니기 지지라 舌無故出血炒槐花{{*|회홧 곳}}爲末摻之而愈救急簡易方 卷之二 혀예 피 나거든 회홧 고ᄌᆞᆯ 봇가 ᄀᆞ라 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ면 됴ᄒᆞ리라 b2ed5vgkzrk8uod1icz561q73o1dyxq 427493 427492 2026-05-19T14:18:16Z Blahhmosh 13019 /* 鼻衂고해 피 나ᄂᆞᆫ 벼ᇰ */ 427493 wikitext text/x-wiki {{머리말 |제목= 구급간이방 |다른 표기= 救急簡易方 |저자=허준 |부제=권지이 | 이전 = [[../권지일|권지일]] | 다음 = [[../권지삼|권지삼]] |연도=1489년 }} ==頭痛_{머리 알호미라}== 宜服和劑方川芎茶調散消風散管{{문자 주석|見大全|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}良方芎芷香蘇散 화졔〮바ᇰ 애〮 쳔구ᇰ다됴〯산〮 과쇼푸ᇰ산〯과 {{문자 주석|관견〯|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}대〯젼랴ᇰ바ᇰ 애〮 구ᇰ지〮햐ᇰ소산〯과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 머{{문자 주석|고〮미 맛|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}다ᇰᄒᆞ니라 頭痛不忍童子{{문자 주석|小便|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}{{*|{{문자 주석|ᄉᆞᆫ아|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}ᄒᆡ 오{{문자 주석|좀 一升|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}}}{{문자 주석|豉|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}{{*|{{문자 주석|젼국|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}} 半合}}同煎至五分去滓溫溫頻服 머리 ᄎᆞᆷ디 몯게 알ᄑᆞ거든 ᄉᆞᆫ아ᄒᆡ〮 오{{문자 주석|좀 ᄒᆞᆫ |원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}되〮와 젼국 반〯홉과〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ〮 달혀〮 반〯만 {{문자 주석|ᄃᆞ외|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}어든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 ᄃᆞ시 ᄒᆞ〮야ᄌᆞ조 머그〮라 川烏頭{{*|一枚炮裂去皮臍擣令碎}}生薑{{*|一分切}}水一中盞煎至五分去滓入蜜{{*|ᄢᅮᆯ〮}}半合相和服之 쳔오두 ᄒᆞᆫ 나〯ᄎᆞᆯ〮 죠ᄒᆡ예 ᄡᅡ〮 믈〮저져 구워 거플와 머흣머흣ᄒᆞᆫ 것앗고〮 디허〮 ᄇᆞᇫ〮오〮니와〮 ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ 두〯 돈〯 반〯사ᄒᆞ〮로니〮와〮ᄅᆞᆯ 믈〮 닷 홉애 달혀〮 반〯만〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮ᄢᅮᆯ〮 반〮 홉녀허 섯거〮 머그〮라 蒜{{*|마ᄂᆞᆯ〮}}一顆去皮硏取自然汁令病人{{문자 주석|仰臥|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}垂頭以銅筯點少許瀝入鼻中急令□□□眼中淚出差 마ᄂᆞᆯ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 나〯ᄎᆞᆯ〮 거플 밧기고 ᄀᆞ라 ᄧᅩᆫ 즙{{문자 주석|을벼ᇰ〯|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}ᄒᆞᆫ 사〯ᄅᆞᄆᆞᆯ 졋바{{문자 주석|누어|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}} 머{{문자 주석|리|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}ᄅᆞᆯ 드리디{{문자 주석|게 ᄒᆞ|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}고〮구리〮 져〮로 져〯고{{문자 주석|매|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}} 디{{문자 주석|거|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}} 곳〮굼긔〮 처〮디〯오 ᄲᆞᆯ리〮 부러〮 머릿〮 골〮슈〮에 들〮에 ᄒᆞ라 누네 누ᇇ므〮리 나면〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 梔子{{*|지〯지ᄡᅵ〮}}末和蜜{{*|ᄢᅮᆯ〮}}傅舌上吐卽止 지〯지 ᄡᅵ〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄢᅮ〮레〮 ᄆᆞ라〮 혀〮우희〮 ᄇᆞᆯ라〮 토〮ᄒᆞ면〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 頭痛以生蘿蔔汁{{*|ᄂᆞᆯ 댓무ᅀᅮ 즙〮}}用筆管{{*|붇〮ᄌᆞᄅᆞᆺ대〮}}吹入鼻卽愈 머리〮 알ᄑᆞ〮거든 ᄂᆞᆯ 댓〮무ᅀᅮ 즛두드〮려 ᄧᅩᆫ〮 즙을〮 붇〮 ᄌᆞᄅᆞᆺ〯대〮로 고해〮 드〮리불〯면〯 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 自殭蠶{{*|절로〮 주근〮 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 누에}}碾爲末去絲以熟水下二錢匕立差 절로〮 주근〮 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 누에〯ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 실〯 앗〯고 니근〮 므〮레 두〯 돈〯을〮 프〮러 머그면 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리라 甘草 梔子{{*|지〯지ᄡᅵ〮}}等分切濃煮服一椀日二三度 감초〮와 지〯지 ᄡᅵ〮와〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞᆮ〮게 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 사ᄒᆞ〮라 디투〮 글힌〮 믈〮ᄒᆞ 사발〮 을〮머고〮ᄃᆡ ᄒᆞᄅᆞ 두〯ᅀᅥ〮 번곰 머그〮라 頭風頭痛 荊瀝{{*|가ᄉᆡ〮나못 진〯}}不限多少服 머리〮예 ᄇᆞᄅᆞᆷ 드〮러 알ᄑᆞ거든〮 가ᄉᆡ〮나못 진〯 을하나〮 져〯그나〮 머그〮라 苦葫蘆子{{*|ᄡᅳᆫ〮 죠로ᇰ박〮 ᄡᅵ〮}}擣細羅吹半字於鼻中其痛立止遂左右用之 ᄡᅳᆫ〮 죠로ᇰ박〮 ᄡᅵ〮ᄅᆞᆯ 디허 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 처〮 져〯고매 곳굼긔〮 불〯면〮 그 알포〮미 즉〮재 그츠〮리니〮 왼〯녀기 알ᄑᆞ거든〮 왼〯녁고해〮 불〯오〮 올〮ᄒᆞᆫ녀기〮 알ᄑᆞ거든〮 올〮ᄒᆞᆫ녁 고해〮불〯라 頭痛鼻塞頭目不利 丁香{{*|一分}}白芷{{*|구리〮댓〮 불휘}}半兩 瓜蔕{{*|ᄎᆞ〮ᄆᆡᆺ 고고리〮 一兩}}擣細羅爲散每用半字已來吹入鼻內卽差 머리〮 알ᄑᆞ고〮 고〮히 막고〮 머리〮와눈〮괘〮 환티〮 아니〮커든〮 뎌ᇰ햐ᇰ 두〯 돈〯 반〯과〮구리댓〮 불휘 반〯랴ᇰ 과〮ᄎᆞ〮ᄆᆡᆺ 고고리〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 디허〮 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 처〮 져〯고매〮 고〮 안해〮 드〮리불〯면〯 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〯라 頭痛欲裂 當歸{{*|스ᇰ암촛〮 불휘〮}}二兩酒一升煮取六合飮之至再服 머리〮 ᄣᆞ리〮ᄂᆞᆫ ᄃᆞᆺ〮 알ᄑᆞ거든〮 스ᇰ암촛〮 불휘〮 두〯 랴ᇰ을〮 술 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮예〯 글혀〮 엿 홉이〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 머고〮ᄃᆡ 거듧〮 머그〮라 氣攻頭痛如破者 葫蘆巴{{*|炒}}三稜{{*|ᄆᆡ자〮깃 불휘〮 剉醋浸一宿各一兩}}乾薑{{*|ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 炮一分}}爲末每服二錢生薑湯{{*|ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 글힌〮 믈〮}}或酒調下 긔〮운이〮 우흐〮로 올아〮 머리〮 알포〮미 ᄣᆞ리ᄂᆞᆫ ᄃᆞᆺ〮거든〮 호로파 봇고〮니와〮 ᄆᆡ자깃 불휘〮 사 ᄒᆞ〮라 초 애〮ᄃᆞ〮마 ᄒᆞᄅᆞᆺ밤〮 재〯니〮 각〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ과〮ᄆᆞ〮ᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 구〮으〮니 두〯 돈〯반〯과〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ〮라 두〯 돈〯곰〮 ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 글힌〮 므〮리어나〮 수리〯어{{문자 주석|나〮|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}} 프〮러 머그라 芋蒡{{*|우ᅌᅯᇰ〯}}根莖取汁酒和塩{{*|소곰}}少許煎成膏塗痛處用力摩之令大熱 우ᅌᅯᇱ 불휘〮와 줄기〮와〮ᄅᆞᆯ 즛두드〮려 즙〮 ᄧᅡ〮 수레 프〮러 소곰 져〯기〮 녀허〮 달혀〮 얼의어든〮 알 ᄑᆞᆫ ᄃᆡ〮 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ고〮 ᄆᆡ〮이〮 ᄡᅮ처〮 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮 덥〮게〮 ᄒᆞ라〮 馬遺飮水服之 ᄆᆞᆯ 먹다가〮 기튼〮 므를 머그〮라 一切頭疼服藥不效者 甘草一兩半水一椀煎七分去滓溫服未效加二兩 대〯도〮ᄒᆞᆫ 머리〮 알핏〮 벼ᇰ〯에〮 약〮머거〮 됴〯티〮 아니〮커든〮 감초〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ 반〯을〮믈〮 ᄒᆞᆫ사발〮애〮 달혀〮 반〯남ᄌᆞᆨ거든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〮고〮 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ닐〮 머그〮라 됴〯티〮 몯〯거든〮 두〯 랴ᇰ을〮더ᄒᆞ라〮 偏正頭痛 穀精草一兩爲末用白麪{{*|밄ᄀᆞᄅᆞ}}調攤紙花子上貼痛處乾又換 ᄧᅡᆨ 머리〮 알ᄑᆞ며〮 대〯도〮히 알ᄑᆞ거든〮 곡〮져ᇰ초〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ을〮ᄀᆞ〮라 밄〮ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆡ〮 ᄆᆞ라〮 죠ᄒᆡ〮 우희 ᄇᆞᆯ라〮 알ᄑᆞᆫ ᄃᆡ〮 브툐〮ᄃᆡ ᄆᆞᄅᆞ거든〮 ᄀᆞ라 브티〮라 猪牙皁角{{*|去皮筋}}香白芷{{*|구리댓〮 불휘}}白附子{{*|ᄒᆡᆫ〮 바곳〮 불휘〮}}各等分爲末每服二錢食後臘茶淸{{*|섯〯ᄃᆞ〮래 ᄠᆞᆫ〮 쟉〮셜〮찻 믈〮}}調下右痛右側臥左痛左側臥兩邊皆疼仰臥 도ᄐᆡ〮 엄〯 ᄀᆞ〮ᄐᆞᆫ 조〯각〮을 거플와〮 실〯와〮 앗〮고〮 구리〮댓〮 불휘〮와 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 바곳〮 불휘와〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞᆮ〮게 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 두〯돈〯곰〮 밥머근〮 후〯에〮섯〯ᄃᆞ〮래 ᄠᆞᆫ〮 쟉〮셜〮찻 므레 먹고〮 올〮ᄒᆞᆫ녀기〮 알ᄑᆞ거든〮 올〮ᄒᆞᆫ녁으〮로 히즈〮 눕고〮 왼녀기〮 알ᄑᆞ거든〮왼〯녁으로 히즈〮 눕고〮두〯 녀기〮 다〯 알ᄑᆞ거든〮 졋바〮 누 으라〮 頭偏痛不可忍 篦麻子{{*|半兩去皮}}棗{{*|대〯초〮 十五枚去核}}都擣令熟塗在紙上用筯一隻卷之去筯內在鼻中良久取下淸涕 ᄧᅡᆨ〮 머리〮 알포〮미 ᄎᆞᆷ〮디 몯〯거든〮 비마ᄌᆞ〮 ᄡᅵ〮 반〯 랴ᇰ거플 밧기〮니와〮 대〯초〮 열〯 다ᄉᆞᆺ〮 낫〯 ᄡᅵ〮 아ᅀᆞ〮니와〮ᄅᆞᆯ 뫼화〮 디허〮 닉게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야죠ᄒᆡ〮 우희〮 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ고〮 져〮ᄒᆞᆫ ᄧᅡᆨ〮애〮 ᄆᆞ라〮 져〮란 앗〯고〮 고〮 안해〮 녀 흐면〮 이ᅀᅳᆨ고〮 ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ〮 고〮히 흐르리〮라 蓖麻子一兩去皮爛硏絞取汁於頭偏痛處塗之 비마ᄌᆞ〮 ᄡᅵ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ랴ᇰ을〮 거플 밧기〯고〮 므르 ᄀᆞ〮라 즙〮ᄧᅡ〮 ᄧᅡᆨ〮 머리〮 알ᄑᆞᆫ ᄃᆡ〮 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ라〮 細辛 雄黃{{*|셕〮우화ᇰ}}等分硏勻每用一字許左邊疼吹入右鼻右邊疼吹入左鼻甚效 셰〮시ᇇ 불휘〮와 셕〮우화ᇰ과〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞᆮ〮게 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 {{문자 주석|ᄀᆞ〮라|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}} 고ᄅᆞ게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 져〯고매〮 왼〯겨티〮 알ᄑᆞ거든〮 올〮ᄒᆞᆫ녁 고해〮 불〯오〮 올〮ᄒᆞᆫ 겨티〮 {{문자 주석|알ᄑᆞ거|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}든〮왼〯녁 고해〮불〯면〮 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 京芎{{*|구ᇰ구ᇰ잇〮 불휘〮}}細剉酒浸服之{{문자 주석|佳|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}} 구ᇰ구ᇰ잇〮 불휘〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 사{{문자 주석|ᄒᆞ라|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}} 수레〮 ᄃᆞᆷ가〮 머그〮면 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 ==卒咳嗽_{과ᄀᆞᄅᆞᆫ 기춤 깃ᄂᆞᆫ 벼ᇰ〯이〮라}== 熱嗽痰濃鼻熱腥氣飮冷水而暫止者宜以小柴胡湯治之 ᅀᅧᆯ〮ᄒᆞ〮야 깃ᄂᆞᆫ 기춤〮은〮추〮미 걸〯오〮 고〮히 덥〯고〮 비린〮 긔〮운도 이셔〮 ᄎᆞᆫ〮 믈〮 머거〮든〮 자ᇝ〯간〮 머즉ᄒᆞ니〮란 쇼〯싀호타ᇰ으〮로 고툐〮미 맛〮다ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라 冷嗽痰薄呷熱湯暫止者宜理中湯加五味子 ᄎᆞᆫ〮 긔〮운으〮로 깃ᄂᆞᆫ 기춤〮은〮 추〮미 ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞ니 더 운〮 믈〮 머거〮든 자ᇝ〯간〮 머즉ᄒᆞ〮ᄂᆞ니〮란 리〯튜ᇰ타ᇰ애〮 오〯미〮ᄌᆞ〮ᄅᆞᆯ 더드〮려 머〮고〮미 맛〮다ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라 卒咳嗽肺壅痰滯上焦不利 松木屑{{*|소〮나〮못 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ 一兩}}皁莢{{*|二兩去黑皮塗酥炙微黃妙去子}}搗羅爲末煉蜜和丸如梧桐子大每服以粥飮下十丸日三四服 과ᄀᆞ리〮 기츰〮기치〮고 가ᄉᆞ〮미 막고〮 추〮미 다와텨〮 우히〮 훤티〮 몯〯ᄒᆞ〮거든〮 소〮나못 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ ᄒᆞᆫ랴ᇰ과〮조〯협〮 두〯 랴ᇰ거믄〮 거〮플 앗〯고〮 수〮유 ᄇᆞᆯ라〮 구어〮 져〯기〮 누르〮고 ᄆᆞᄅᆞ게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야ᄡᅵ〮 아ᅀᆞ〮니와〮ᄅᆞᆯ 디허〮 처〮 ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 달힌〮 ᄢᅮ〮레 환을〮머귀〮 여름〮 마〮곰 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮라 쥭〮 므〮레 열〮환곰〮 ᄒᆞᄅᆞ 서〯너〮 번 머그〮라 卒咳嗽胸膈不利 豉{{*|젼국 半兩}}乾薑{{*|ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ 半兩炮裂剉}}杏仁{{*|ᄉᆞᆯ〮고〮ᄡᅵ〮 솝〯 一兩湯浸去皮尖雙仁麩炒微黃}}都搗篩爲散以水三大盞煎至一盞半去滓內飴糖{{*|엿〮}}一兩更煎令化分爲三服一日服盡 과ᄀᆞ리〮 기춤〮 기치〮고 가ᄉᆞ〮미 훤티〮 몯〯ᄒᆞ〮거든〮 젼국 반〯 랴ᇰ과〮ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 반〯 랴ᇰ죠ᄒᆡ〮예 ᄡᅡ〮 믈〮저져〮 구어〮 ᄢᅢ혀〮 사ᄒᆞ〮로니〮와 ᄉᆞᆯ고〮ᄡᅵ〮 솝〯 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ더은〮 므〮레 ᄌᆞ〮마 거플와〮 ᄲᅩ로〮ᄃᆞᆫ 귿〮과 어우러ᇰ이〮 앗〯고〮 기우〮레 져〯기〮 누르〮게 봇고〮니와〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ〮 디허〮 처〮 ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 믈〮서〯 되〮예 글혀〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮 반〯이〮어든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮엿〮 ᄒᆞᆫ랴ᇰ녀허〮 다시 글혀〮여〮시〮 프〮러디〮거든〮 세〯헤〮 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 ᄒᆞᄅᆞ 다〯머그〮라 卒咳嗽肺壅面腫心胸不利甜葶藶{{*|ᄃᆞᆫ 두〮루ᄆᆡ〮나ᅀᅵ〮 ᄡᅵ〮 一兩隔紙炒令紫色搗}}大棗{{*|一十枚擘破}}以水二大盞煎至一盞去滓分爲三服不計時候溫服 과ᄀᆞ리〮 기춤〮 깃고〮 가ᄉᆞ〮미 마가〮 ᄂᆞ치〮 븟고〮 가ᄉᆞ〮미훤티〮 아니〮커든〮 ᄃᆞᆫ 두루ᄆᆡ〮나ᅀᅵ〮 ᄡᅵ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ 죠ᄒᆡ〮로〮 ᄉᆞᅀᅵ〮 두〮어 봇가〮 비〮치 븕거든〮 디흐니〮와 대〯초〮 열〮낫〯 ᄢᅢ혀니〮와〮ᄅᆞᆯ 믈〮 두〯되〮예〮 글혀〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되어든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 세〯헤〮 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 ᄢᅵ〮니 혜〯디〮 말〯오〮 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ닐〮 머그〮라 肺寒卒咳嗽 細辛{{*|半兩 搗爲末}}杏仁{{*|ᄉᆞᆯ고〮ᄡᅵ〮 솝〯 半兩湯浸去皮尖雙仁麩炒微黃硏如膏}}於鐺中鎔蠟{{*|밀〯}}半兩次下酥{{*|수유}}一分入細辛杏仁丸如半棗大不計時候以緜裹一丸含化嚥津 폣〮 긔〮운이〮 차〮 믄득 기〯춤〮 기〮치〮거든〮 셰〯시ᇇ 불휘〮 반〯 랴ᇰ디혼〮 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ와〮 ᄉᆞᆯ고〮ᄡᅵ〮 솝〯 반〯 랴ᇰ 더운〮므〮레 ᄃᆞ〯마 거플와〮 ᄲᅩ〮로〮ᄃᆞᆫ 귿〮과 어우러ᇰ이〮 앗〯고〮 기우〮레 져〯기〮 누르〮게 봇가〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄂᆞ른ᄒᆞ니〮와〮ᄅᆞᆯ 소ᄐᆡ〮 밀〯 반〯 랴ᇰ노기〮고 버거〮 수〮유 두〯 돈〯 반〯 녀코〮 셰〯신과 ᄉᆞᆯ고〮ᄡᅵ〮솝〯과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 녀허〮 대초〮 반〯낫〮마〮곰 환ᄆᆡᇰ〮ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄢᅵ〮니 혜〯디〮 말〯오〮 소오매〮 ᄒᆞᆫ환곰〮 ᄡᅡ〮 머구〮머 녹거든〮 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ라 暴熱嗽 杏仁{{*|ᄉᆞᆯ고〮ᄡᅵ〮 솝〯 四十枚}}紫蘇子{{*|ᄎᆞ쇠 ᄡᅵ〮 一升}}橘皮{{*|귨거플 一兩}}柴胡{{*|四兩}}㕮咀以水一斗煮取三升分三服常作飮服 과ᄀᆞ리〮 ᅀᅧᆯ〮ᄒᆞᆫ 기춤〮에 ᄉᆞᆯ고〮ᄡᅵ 솝〯 마ᅀᆞᆫ〮 낫〯과〮 ᄎᆞ〮쇠 ᄡᅵ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮와 귨〮 거플 ᄒᆞᆫ량과〮 싀홋 불휘〮 넉〯 랴ᇰ과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 사ᄒᆞ〮라 믈〮 ᄒᆞᆫ마래〮 글혀〮 서〮 되〮어든〮 세헤〮 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 머고〮ᄃᆡ 샤ᇰ녜〮도〮 이〮리 ᄒᆞ〮야머그〮라 卒嗽以百部根 生薑二物各絞汁合煎服二合 과ᄀᆞᄅᆞᆫ 기춤〮에 ᄇᆡᆨ〮부〮근 과〮ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 과〮두〯 가짓〮 거슬〮 제여곰〮 ᄧᅩᆫ〮 즙〯을 ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ〮 글혀〮 두〯홉을 머그〮라 卒咳嗽以梨{{*|ᄇᆡ}}一顆刺作五十孔每孔內椒{{*|고쵸}}一粒以麪裹於熱火灰中煨令熟出停冷去椒食之 과ᄀᆞ리〮 기춤〮 기치〮거든〮 ᄇᆡ ᄒᆞᆫ 나〯ᄎᆞᆯ〮 쉰〯 굼〮글〮 ᄠᅳᆲ〯고〮 구무마〯다〮 고쵸 ᄒᆞᆫ낫〮곰〮 녀코〮 밄〮ᄀᆞᆯ으〮로 ᄆᆞ라〮 ᄡᅡ〮노올〮압〮ᄌᆡ예 구어〮 닉거든〮 내〯야〮 시겨〮 고쵸〮 앗〯고〮 머그〮라 暴嗽一服便安 阿膠{{*|갓플〮 二片炙}}生薑{{*|十片}}大烏梅{{*|ᄂᆡ〮예 그ᅀᅳ린 ᄆᆡ홧 여름〮 二介槌}}甘草{{*|半寸}}紫蘇{{*|ᄎᆞ〮쇠 一兩}}杏仁{{*|ᄉᆞᆯ고〮ᄡᅵ〮 솝〯 七介去皮尖}}鶯粟穀{{*|야ᇰ고밋〮 {{SIC|디ᇰ|다ᇰ}}아리〮 一介去穰幷蔕}}大半夏{{*|ᄭᅴ〯모롭 불휘〮 三介湯泡}}水一大梡煎六分去滓任意服之不拘時候臨睡服尤佳 과ᄀᆞᄅᆞᆫ 기춤〮에 ᄒᆞᆫ 복〮 을머그〮면 즉〮재 편안ᄒᆞ〮ᄂᆞ니〮 갓플〮 두〯 편〮브〮레 ᄧᅬ〯요니〮 와ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 열〮 편과〮ᄂᆡ예 그ᅀᅳ린〮 ᄆᆡ홧 여〮름〮 크〮니 두〯 낫〯 두드〮리니〮 와 감초〮 반〯촌〯 과〮ᄎᆞ〮쇠 ᄒᆞᆫ랴ᇰ과〮 ᄉᆞᆯ고〮ᄡᅵ〮 솝〯닐굽〮 낫〯 거플와〮 ᄲᅩ〮로〮ᄃᆞᆫ 귿〮 아ᅀᆞ〮니와〮 야ᇰ고〮밋 다ᇰ아리〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 낫〯솝〯과〮 고고리〮 아ᅀᆞ〮니와〮 굴〯근〮 ᄭᅴ〯모롭〮불휘〮 세〯 낫〯 더운〮므〮레 시스니와〮ᄅᆞᆯ 믈 ᄒᆞᆫ 사바〮래 달혀〮 반〯남ᄌᆞᆨ거든〮 즈 ᅀᅴ 앗〮고〮 ᄆᆞᅀᆞᆷ 조초 ᄢᅵ〮니 혜〯디〮 말〯오〮 머그〮라 잘 제〮 머고〮미 더욱〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 寒燠不常人多暴嗽咽痛聲嗄鼻塞痰稠喘急 麻黃{{*|不去節}}杏仁{{*|ᄉᆞᆯ고〮ᄡᅵ〮 솝〯 不去皮尖}}甘草{{*|不炙各二兩}}㕮咀每三大錢薑五片煎七分去滓無時服 치우락〮 더우〮락 호〮미일〮뎌ᇰ티〮 아니〮호〮ᄆᆞ로 사〯ᄅᆞ미〮 해〯 과ᄀᆞ리〮 기춤〮ᄒᆞ야 모기〮 알ᄑᆞ고 소리〮 쉬〯며〮 고〮히 막고〮 추〮미 걸〯며〮 수〮미〮 ᄌᆞᆺ거 든〮 마화ᇰ ᄆᆞᄃᆡ 아니〮 아ᅀᆞ〮니와〮 ᄉᆞᆯ고〮ᄡᅵ〮 솝〯거플와〮 ᄲᅩ〮로〮ᄃᆞᆫ 귿〮 아니〮 아ᅀᆞ〮니와〮 감초브〮레 아니〮ᄧᅬ〯니〮 각〮 두〯랴ᇰ과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 사ᄒᆞ〮라 ᄒᆞᆫᄢᅴ〮 서〯 돈〮곰〮 ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 다ᄉᆞᆺ〮 편 조쳐〮 녀허〮글히니 반〯남ᄌᆞᆨ거든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 ᄢᅵ〮니혜〯디〮 말〯오〮 머그〮라 痰喘 人參{{*|심〮 一寸許}}胡桃肉{{*|다ᇰ츄ᄌᆞᆺ〮 ᄉᆞᆯ〮 一介去殼不剝皮}}煎湯服 추ᇝ〮 긔〮운으〮로 쳔〯만〮 커든〮 심 ᄒᆞᆫ촌〯만〮 ᄒᆞ니〮와 다ᇰ츄ᄌᆞ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ낫〯 다ᇰ아리〮 앗〯고〮 보ᄆᆡ〮 밧기〮디〮 아니〮ᄒᆞ니〮와〮ᄅᆞᆯ 달혀〮 머그〮라 卒咳嗽以白蜆殼不計多少淨洗擣硏令細每服以粥飮調下一錢日三四服 과ᄀᆞᄅᆞᆫ 기춤〮에 ᄇᆡᆨ〮현〮각〮 을하나〮 져〯그〮나 조〮히 시서〮 디허〮 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄒᆞᆫ돈〯곰〮 쥭〮므〮레 프〮러 ᄒᆞᄅᆞ 서〯너〮 번곰〮 머그〮라 痰嗽以生薑自然汁調理中蘇合各爲圓用湯解而飮 추ᇝ〮 긔〮운으〮로기춤〮ᄒᆞ〮거든〮 ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ즙〮에 리〯튜ᇰ과〮 소합〮원과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 저여곰 환 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ라 더은〮 므〮레 프〮러 머그〮라 暴患痰厥不省人事 生淸油{{*|ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ〯 기름〮}}一盞灌入喉中須臾逐出風痰立愈 과ᄀᆞ리〮 추〮미 걸〯오〮 긔〮운이〮 차〮 ᅀᅵᆫᄭᅴ〮 몯〯 ᄎᆞ〮리거든〮 ᄂᆞᆯ ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ〮 기름〮 ᄒᆞᆫ잔〮을 목의〮 브ᅀᅳ면〮 아 니〮한ᄉᆞᅀᅵ〮예〮 ᄇᆞᄅᆞᇝ 긔〮운엣〮 춤〮을 내〯조차〮 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 卒上氣鳴息便欲絶搗韮{{*|염〯교}}絞汁飮一升許立愈 과ᄀᆞ리〮 긔〮운이〮 티〮와텨〮 수〯미〮 되〯오〮 주글〮가 식브닐〮 염〮교 디허〮 ᄧᅩᆫ〮 즙〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 되〮만〮 머그〮면 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 細切桑根白皮{{*|ᄲᅩᇰ나못 불휫〮 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 거플 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 사ᄒᆞ〮로니〮 三升}}生薑{{*|三兩}}吳茱萸{{*|半升}}水七升酒五升煮三沸去滓盡服之一升入口則氣下 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 사ᄒᆞ〮론 ᄲᅩᇰ나못 불휫〮 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 거플 서 되〮와 ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 석〯 랴ᇰ과〮 오슈유 반〯되〮와〮ᄅᆞᆯ 믈〮닐굽〮 되〮와 술 닷되〮예 세〯 소솜〮 글혀〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 다〯 머그〮라 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮 이베〮 들〮면 긔〮운이〮 ᄂᆞ리〮리라〮 末人參{{*|심}}服方寸匕日五六 심 ᄀᆞ〮로니〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 술〮옴〮 ᄒᆞ〮ᄅᆞ 대〯엿〮 번머그〮라 卒得寒冷上氣 乾蘇葉{{*|ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄎᆞ〮쇳 닙〮 三兩}}陳橘皮{{*|무근〮 귨〮 거플 四兩}}酒四升煮取一升半分爲再服 과ᄀᆞ리〮 ᄎᆞᆫ〮 긔〮운이〮 티〮와텨〮든〮 ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄎᆞ〮쇳 닙〮 석 랴ᇰ과〮무근〮 귨〮 거플 넉〯 랴ᇰ과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 술 넉〯되〮예 달혀〯 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮 반〯이〮어든〮 두〮번에〮 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 머그〮라 卒得咳嗽 釜月下土{{*|가마〮 믿〮 마촘 아랫 ᄒᆞᆰ 一分}}豉{{*|젼국 七分}}擣爲丸梧子大服十四丸 과ᄀᆞᄅᆞᆫ 기춤〮 어〯더〮든 가마〮 믿 마촘〮 아랫〮 ᄒᆞᆰ 두〮 돈〯반〯과〮 젼국 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ 닐굽〮 돈〯반〯과ᄅᆞᆯ 디허 머귀〮 여름〮마〮곰 환ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮라 열〮 네〯환을〮 머그라 烏雞一頭治如食法以好酒漬之半日出雞服酒一云苦酒{{*|초}}一斗煮白雞{{*|ᄒᆡᆫ〮 ᄃᆞᆰ}}取三升分三服食雞肉莫與塩食則良 오계 ᄒᆞᆫ나ᄒᆞᆯ〮 샤ᇰ녜〮 먹ᄂᆞᆫ 야ᇰ〯으〮로 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮라 됴〯ᄒᆞᆫ 수레〮 나잘〮만〮 ᄃᆞ〮마 둣다가〮 ᄃᆞᆰ으〮란 앗〯고〮 수ᄅᆞᆯ〮 머그〮라 ᄒᆞᆫ고댄〮 닐오〮ᄃᆡ 초 ᄒᆞᆫ 마래〮 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 ᄃᆞᆰ을〮 글혀〮 서〯 되〮어든〮 세〯헤〮 ᄂᆞᆫ화 먹고〮ᄃᆞᆰ의〮 고길〮 머고〮ᄃᆡ 소곰 업〯시〮 머{{문자 주석|고미|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}} 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 桃仁{{*|복셔ᇰ화ᄡᅵ〮 솝 三升去皮搗}}著器中密封頭蒸之一炊頃出曝乾絹帒貯以內二斗酒中六七日可飮四五合稍增至一升喫之 복셔ᇰ화 ᄡᅵ〮 솝〯 서〯 되〮ᄅᆞᆯ 거플 앗고 디허〮 그르〮세 담〯고〮 부〯리〮ᄅᆞᆯ 두터이〮 ᄡᅡ〮 ᄆᆡ야〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 솓 밥〮지 ᅀᅳᆯ〮 ᄉᆞᅀᅵ〮만 ᄠᅧ〮 내〯야〮 벼틔〮 ᄆᆞᆯ외〮야 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞᆫ 쟐의〮 녀허 술 두〯 마래〮 ᄃᆞ〮마 닐웨〮만〮 커든〮 너〯덧〯 홉곰〮 머고〮ᄃᆡ 졈〯졈〯 더 ᄒᆞᆫ 되〮예 다ᄃᆞᆮ게〮 머그〮라 飴糖{{*|엿 六兩}}乾薑{{*|ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 六兩末}}豉{{*|젼국 二兩}}先以水一升煮豉三沸去滓內飴糖消內乾薑分爲三服 엿〮 엿 랴ᇰ과〮 ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 엿 랴ᇰᄀᆞ〮로니〮와〮 젼국 두〮 랴ᇰ과〮몬져 믈〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮예 젼국을〮 세〯 소솜〮 글 혀〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 엿〮녀허〮 녹거든〮 ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇱ ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 녀허〮 세〯헤〮 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 머그〮라 椒{{*|고쵸 二百粒搗末}}杏仁{{*|ᄉᆞᆯ고〮ᄡᅵ〮 솝 二百枚熬}}棗{{*|대〯초 百枚去核}}合擣令極熟稍稍合如棗許大則服之 고쵸 ᅀᅵ〯ᄇᆡᆨ〮 낫〯 디흔 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ와〮 ᄉᆞᆯ고ᄡᅵ〮 솝〮 ᅀᅵ〮ᄇᆡᆨ〮낫〯 봇〮그〮니와〮 대〯초〮 일〮ᄇᆡᆨ〮 낫 ᄡᅵ〮아ᅀᆞ〮니와〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ 디허〮ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮 닉거든〮 졈〯졈〯 대〯초〮ᄡᅵ〮마〮곰 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ라 머그라 生薑{{*|三兩}}擣取汁乾薑{{*|ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 屑三兩}}杏仁{{*|ᄉᆞᆯ고〮ᄡᅵ〮 솝 一升去皮熬}}合擣爲丸服三丸日五六服 ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 석〯 랴ᇰ디허〮 ᄧᅩᆫ〮 즙에ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇱ ᄀᆞᄅᆞ 석〯 랴ᇰ과〮ᄉᆞᆯ고〮ᄡᅵ〮 솝〯 ᄒᆞᆫ 되〮 거플앗〯고 봇그〮니와〯ᄅᆞᆯ ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ〮 디허〮 환 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮라 세〯 환곰〮 머고〮ᄃᆡ ᄒᆞᄅᆞ 다〯엿〮 번 머그〮라 梨{{*|ᄇᆡ}}一顆去核內酥{{*|수〮유}}蜜{{*|ᄢᅮᆯ〮}}麫裹燒令熟食之 ᄇᆡ ᄒᆞᆫ나〯ᄎᆞᆯ〮 솝〯 앗〯고〮수〮유와〮 ᄢᅮᆯ〮와〮ᄅᆞᆯ〮 녀허〮 밄〮ᄀᆞᆯ으〮로 ᄆᆞ라〮 ᄡᅡ〮 닉게〮 구어〮 머그〮라 咳嗽去痰涎利胸膈 天南星{{*|두야머〮주저깃〮 불휘〮 炮}}半夏{{*|ᄭᅴ〯모롭〮 불휘〮 湯七徧去滑 各一兩}}麁搗篩每服二錢匕水一盞生薑五片同煎至七分去滓放溫食後夜臥細細呷之 기춤〮에 춤〮 업〯게〮 ᄒᆞ며〮 가ᄉᆞᆷ〮 훤케〮 호〮ᄃᆡ 두야머〮주저깃〮 불휘〮ᄅᆞᆯ 죠ᄒᆡ〮예 ᄡᅡ〮 믈〮저져〮 구으〮 니와〮 ᄭᅴ〯모롭〮 불휘〮 더운〮므〮레 닐굽〮 번 시서〮 믯믯ᄒᆞᆫ 것아ᅀᆞ〮니와〮 각〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ을〮굵〯게〮 디허〮 두〯 돈〯곰〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 믈〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮예 ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 다ᄉᆞᆺ〮 편을〮녀허〮 ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ〮 글혀〮 반〯남ᄌᆞᆨ거든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ닐〮 밥〮머근〮 후〯와바ᄆᆡ〮 누을 적과〮젹젹 마시〮라 大人小兒暴嗽 石灰{{*|一兩}}蛤粉{{*|바ᄅᆞᆺ〮 죠개 ᄉᆞ로니〮 四錢}}爲細末湯浸蒸餠和丸如豌豆大焙乾每服三十丸溫虀{{*|부〯ᄎᆡ〮}}汁下小兒七丸至十丸早晩食後臨臥服 얼〯운과〮 아ᄒᆡ〮와 과ᄀᆞ리〮 기춤〮ᄒᆞ거든〮 셕회 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ과〮바ᄅᆞᆺ〮 죠개 ᄉᆞ〮로니〮 네〯 돈〯과〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 더운〮 므〮레 즈ᇰ편〮을 프〮러 ᄆᆞ라〮 코ᇰ마〮곰〮 환ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮라 브〮레 ᄆᆞᆯ외〮야 셜흔〮 환곰〮 머고〮ᄃᆡ 부〯ᄎᆡᆺ〮 즙〮을 ᄃᆞ시 ᄒᆞ〮야 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ〮라 아ᄒᆡ〮란 닐굽〮 환으〮로 열〮 환지〯히 머교〮ᄃᆡ 이른 밥〮느즌〮 밥〮 머근〮 후〯와〮 잘적과〮 머기〮라 伏龍肝{{*|가마〮 믿 마촘〮 아랫〮 ᄒᆞᆰ 半兩}}豉{{*|젼국 一兩半}}同炒擣羅爲末煉蜜{{*|달힌 ᄢᅮᆯ}}丸如梧桐子每服二十丸米飮下 가마〮 믿 마촘〮 아랫〮 ᄒᆞᆰ 반〯랴ᇰ과〮 젼국 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ반〯과〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ〮 봇가〮 디허〮 ᄀᆞᆯ을〮 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮라 달힌〮 ᄢᅮ〮레 ᄆᆞ라〮 머귀 여름〮마〮곰 환ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮라 스〮믈〮 환곰〮 ᄡᆞᆯ 글힌〮 므〮레 머그〮라 訶梨勒{{*|아ᄌᆞ 生去一核枚}}拍破含之嚥津㳄煎檳榔湯{{*|비ᇰ라ᇰ 글힌 믈〮}}一盞投之 아ᄌᆞ〮 ᄂᆞᄅᆞᆯ〮 ᄡᅵ〮 앗〯고〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 나〯ᄎᆞᆯ〮 즛텨〮 머구〮머 추〮메 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ〮고 버거〮 비ᇰ라ᇰ 글힌〮 믈〮 ᄒᆞᆫ잔〮을〮 머그라 百部根{{*|四兩}}以酒一斗漬之經宿每服半盞慢火溫飮日三服 ᄇᆡᆨ〮부〮근 넉〯 랴ᇰ을〮 술 ᄒᆞᆫ마래〮 ᄃᆞ〮마 ᄒᆞᄅᆞᆺ밤〮 재〯 야〮 반〯잔〮곰 머고〮ᄃᆡ ᄯᅳᆫ〮 브〮레 ᄃᆞ〮시 ᄒᆞ〮야 ᄒᆞᄅᆞ 세〮번곰〮 머그〮라 冷嗽 乾薑{{*|ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 炮裂三兩爲細末}}膠飴{{*|엿〮 一斤}}一拌勻以瓷器盛置飯上蒸令極熟每服一棗大含化嚥津日三夜二 ᄅᆡᇰ〯긔〮로 기춤〮ᄒᆞ〮거든〮 ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ을〮 죠ᄒᆡ예 ᄡᅡ〮 믈〮저져〮 구어〮 ᄢᅢ혀〮 사ᄒᆞ〮라 석〯 랴ᇰᄀᆞ〯ᄂᆞ리〯 ᄀᆞ〮로〮니〮와 엿〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 근과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 섯거〮 사그〯르〮세〮 다 마〮 밥〯 우희〮 ᄠᅧ〮 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮 닉게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 ᄒᆞᆫ대〯초〮마〮곰 머구〮머 녹거든〮 추〮메 ᄉᆞᇝ〮교〮ᄃᆡ 나ᄌᆡ〮 세〮 번바ᄆᆡ〮 두〯번곰〮 ᄒᆞ라〮 暴患熱嗽 甘草{{*|半兩半炙半生}}黑豆{{*|거믄〮 콩 一百粒半炒半生}}生薑{{*|半兩半煨半生}}烏梅肉{{*|ᄂᆡ〮예 그ᅀᅳ린 ᄆᆡ실〮 一枚半炒半生}}以酒水各一盞同入銀石器內煎至一盞去滓更入蜜{{*|ᄢᅮᆯ〮}}一匙重煎至一盞食後臨臥放溫細呷 과ᄀᆞ리 ᅀᅧᆯᄒᆞ야 기춤 깃거든 감초 반 랴ᇰ반만 브레 ᄧᅬ오 반만 ᄂᆞᆯ와거믄 코ᇰ일ᄇᆡᆨ 낫 반만봇고 반만 ᄂᆞᆯ와ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ 반 랴ᇰ 반만 브레굽고 반만 ᄂᆞᆯ와ᄂᆡ예 그ᅀᅳ린 ᄆᆡ실 ᄒᆞᆫ낫 반만 봇고 반만ᄂᆞᆯ와ᄅᆞᆯ 믈와 술와 각 ᄒᆞᆫ되ᄅᆞᆯ 은그르시어나 돌그르시어나 다마 달혀 ᄒᆞᆫ 되만커든 즈ᅀᅴ 앗고ᄯᅩ ᄢᅮᆯ ᄒᆞᆫ술 녀허 다시 달혀 ᄒᆞᆫ 되만 커든 밥머근 후와누을 저긔 ᄃᆞ시 ᄒᆞ야 젹젹 마시라 咳嗽有失聲音 晉塩{{*|소곰}}葛根{{*|츩불휘}}山梔于{{*|묏지지 ᄡᅵ 等分}}㕮咀水二盞加烏梅{{*|ᄂᆡ예 그ᅀᅳ린 ᄆᆡ실}}甘草少許煎至一盞去渣通口食後 기춤 기처 소리 몯ᄒᆞ거든 소곰과 츩 불휘와묏 지지 ᄡᅵ와ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞᆮ게 ᄂᆞᆫ화 사ᄒᆞ라 믈 두되예 ᄂᆡ예 그ᅀᅳ린 ᄆᆡ실와 감초와져기 녀허 달혀 ᄒᆞᆫ 되만커든 즈ᅀᅴ 앗고 밥 머근 후에머그라 暴發咳嗽多日不愈 貝母 桑白皮{{*|ᄲᅩᇰ나못 불휫〮 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 거플}}五味子 甘草{{*|各五錢}}知母{{*|一錢}}款冬花{{*|二兩}}杏仁{{*|ᄉᆞᆯ고ᄡᅵ〮 솝 三兩}}㕮咀每服一兩水一盞半生薑三片煎至八分去渣溫服食後 과ᄀᆞ리 기춤 기처 여러 날됴티 아니커든 패모와 ᄲᅩᇰ나못 불휫 ᄒᆡᆫ 거플와 오미ᄌᆞ와 감초 각닷 돈과 디못 불휘 ᄒᆞᆫ 돈과관도ᇰ화 두 랴ᇰ과ᄉᆞᆯ고ᄡᅵ 솝 석 랴ᇰ과ᄅᆞᆯ 사ᄒᆞ라 ᄒᆞᆫ랴ᇰ곰 믈 ᄒᆞᆫ 되 닷홉애 ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 세 편조쳐 달혀 반남ᄌᆞᆨ거든 즈ᅀᅴ 앗고 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ닐 밥머근 후에머그라 ==心腹痛_{가ᄉᆞᆷ〮 ᄇᆡ〮 알호미라}== 宜服和劑方溫白圓蘇合香圓九痛圓 화〮졔방애〮 온ᄇᆡᆨ〮원과〮 소합햐ᇰ원과 구토ᇰ원과〮ᄅᆞᆯ머고〮미 맛〮다ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라 卒心痛腹脇氣滯 桂心{{*|계〯핏 솝}}乾薑{{*|ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 一兩炮裂剉}}擣細羅爲散不計時候以酒調下一錢 과ᄀᆞᆯ이 가ᄉᆞᆷ 알파 ᄇᆡ 와녑괘 긔운이 토ᇰ티 아니커든 계핏 솝 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ과ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ브레 구어 ᄢᅢ혀 사ᄒᆞ로니와ᄅᆞᆯ 디허 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 처 ᄢᅵ니 혜디 말오 ᄒᆞᆫ돈을 수레 프러 머그라 卒心痛氣悶欲絶面色靑四肢逆冷 釅醋{{*|됴〯ᄒᆞᆫ 초 一合}}雞子{{*|ᄃᆞᆯᄀᆡ〮알 一枚打破}}相和攪令勻煖過頓飮之 과ᄀᆞᆯ이 가ᄉᆞᆷ 알파 긔운이 답답ᄒᆞ고 주글 ᄃᆞᆺᄒᆞ야 ᄂᆞᆺ비치 프르고 손과 발왜 ᄎᆞ거든 됴ᄒᆞᆫ 초 ᄒᆞᆫ 홉애 ᄃᆞᆯᄀᆡ알 ᄒᆞᆫ나ᄎᆞᆯ ᄣᆞ려 녀허 섯거 고ᄅᆞ게 저ᅀᅥ 덥게 ᄒᆞ야믄득 머그라 白艾{{*|ᄒᆡᆫ〮 ᄡᅮᆨ}}二兩熟者以水二大盞煎至一盞去滓分爲三服稍熱服之 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 ᄡᅮᆨ〮 두〯 랴ᇰ니기〮 부븨〮요니〮ᄅᆞᆯ 믈〮 큰〮 두〯되〮예 달혀〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 세〯 번에〮ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 자ᇝ〯간 덥〯게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야머그〮라 靑布{{*|쳐ᇰ믈〮 든〮 뵈〮}}裹塩如彈子大燒令赤都硏爲末以熱酒調頓服之 쳐ᇰ믈〮 든〮 뵈〮예 소고ᄆᆞᆯ〮 탄ᄌᆞ〮만〮 케〮 ᄡᅡ〮 ᄉᆞ〮라 븕거든〮 다〯 ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〯 ᄆᆡᇰ〮ᄀᆞ〮라 더운〮 수레〮 프러 믄득〮 머그〮라 鐺底墨{{*|솓 미틧〮 거〮믜여ᇰ}}以熱小便{{*|오좀〮}}調下二錢 솓 미틧〮 거믜여ᇰ 두〯 돈〯을〮 더운 오좀〮애 프〮러 머그〮라 蒸大豆{{*|코ᇰ}}或煮豆以囊盛更番熨痛處冷復易之 코ᇰ을〮 ᄠᅵ〮거나〮 글히〮거나〮 ᄒᆞ〮야쟐의〮 녀허〮 ᄀᆞ라〮곰 알ᄑᆞᆫ ᄃᆡ〮 울〮호〮ᄃᆡ ᄎᆞ〮거든〮 다시〮 ᄀᆞ람〯 ᄒᆞ라 暴心痛不可忍 石菖蒲{{*|돌〯 서〮리옛〮 쇼ᇰ의맛〮불휘〮 一兩}}良薑{{*|半兩}}細末醋糊爲圓如菉豆大每服二十圓菖蒲湯{{*|쇼ᇰ의마〮 날ᄒᆡᆫ〮 믈}}下或作散米飮調下亦得 과ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 가ᄉᆞᆷ〮 알파〮 ᄎᆞᆷ〮디 몯〯거든〮 돌〯 서〮리옛〮 쇼ᇰ의맛〮불휘〮 ᄒᆞᆫ랴ᇰ과〮 랴ᇰ가ᇰ 반〯 랴ᇰ과〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 초애〮 ᄆᆞ라〮 녹〮둣 낫〯만 케 비븨〮여 스믈 낫〯곰 쇼ᇰ의마〮 글〮힌〯 므〮레 머그〮며 ᄯᅩ〮 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 ᄆᆡᇰ ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄡᆞᆯ〮 글힌〮 므레프〮러 머거〮도〮됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 卒心痛 東引桃枝{{*|도ᇰ녁으로 버든〮 복셔ᇰ홧 가〮지}}一把切以酒一升煎取半升頓服大效 과ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 가ᄉᆞᆷ〮 알ᄑᆞ거든〮 도ᇰ녁으〮로 버든〮 복셔ᇰ홧 가〮지ᄒᆞᆫ 줌〯을〮 사ᄒᆞ〮라 술 ᄒᆞᆫ〮되〮예〮 달혀〮 반〯되〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 믄득〮 머그〮면 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 生油{{*|ᄂᆞᆯ 기름〮}}半合溫服差 ᄂᆞᆯ 기름〮 반〯홉을〮 ᄃᆞ시 ᄒᆞ〮야 머그〮면 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 令病人當戶以坐若男子病者令婦人以一杯水以飮之若婦人病者令男子以一杯水以飮之得新汲水{{*|ᄀᆞᆺ 기론〮 믈〮}}尤佳又以蜜{{*|ᄢᅮᆯ〮}}一分水二分飮之益良也 병〮ᄒᆞᆫ 사〯ᄅᆞᄆᆞᆯ〮 문〮 바ᄅᆞ 안쵸〮ᄃᆡ〮 남진 벼ᇰ〯ᄒᆞ니〮란〮 겨〯지비〮 믈〮 ᄒᆞᆫ잔〮을 머기〮고 겨〯집 벼ᇰ〯ᄒᆞ니〮란남진이〮 믈 ᄒᆞᆫ 잔〮을머기〮라 ᄀᆞᆺ 기론〮 므〮를 머기〮면〮 더욱〯 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 ᄯᅩ〮 ᄢᅮᆯ〯 ᄒᆞᆫ분과〮 믈〮 두〯분과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 프〮러머거〮도〮 더욱〮 됴〮ᄒᆞ니〮라 竈下熱灰{{*|브ᅀᅥᆨ 아래〮 더운〮 ᄌᆡ〮}}篩去炭分以布囊貯令灼灼更番以熨痛上冷更熬熱 브ᅀᅥᆨ 아래〮더운 ᄌᆡ〮ᄅᆞᆯ 체〯로 처〮 숫글 업〯게〮 코〮 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 뵈〮 쟐〮의〮 녀허〮 듯듯게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 서르 ᄀᆞ라〯곰 알ᄑᆞᆫ ᄃᆡ〮 울〮호〮ᄃᆡ ᄎᆞ〮거든〮 다시〮 봇가〮 덥〮게〮 ᄒᆞ라 桃仁{{*|복셩화 ᄡᅵ}}七枚去皮尖熟硏水合頓服良亦可治三十年患 복셔ᇰ화 ᄡᅵ 닐굽 나ᄎᆞᆯ 거플와 부리 앗고 니기 ᄀᆞ라 므레 프러 믄득 머그면 됴ᄒᆞ니라 ᄯᅩ 셜흔 ᄒᆡᆺ 벼ᇰ도 고티리라 郁李人{{*|산ᄆᆡ〯ᄌᆞ ᄡᅵ}}三七枚爛嚼以新汲水{{*|ᄀᆞᆺ 기론 믈}}下□飮溫湯尤妙須臾痛止却煎薄塩湯熱呷 산ᄆᆡᄌᆞ ᄡᅵ 세 닐굽 나ᄎᆞᆯ ᄂᆞ론케 십고 ᄀᆞᆺ 기론 므레 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ라 더운 므레 머고미 더 됴ᄒᆞ니 이ᅀᅳᆨ고 알포미 긋거든 ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ 소곰 므를 글혀 더우니 머그라 多年石灰{{*|오란〮 셕회}}每服輕者半錢重者一錢熱酒調服 오란 셕회ᄅᆞᆯ 봇가 우연히 알ᄂᆞ니란 반 돈ᄀᆞ장〮 알ᄂᆞ니〮란〮ᄒᆞᆫ 돈〯곰 더운〮 수레〮 프〮러 머그〮라 麋角{{*|큰〮 사ᄉᆞ〮ᄆᆡ ᄲᅳᆯ〮}}截破炙黃爲末酒調三錢匕服 큰〮사ᄉᆞ〮ᄆᆡ ᄲᅳᆯ 사ᄒᆞ〮라 누르게〮 봇가〮 ᄀᆞ로니 세 돈〯을〮수레〮 프〮러 머그〮라 陳倉米硏汁服之 대〯차ᇰ애〮 무근〮 ᄡᆞᆯ〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 즙〮ᄧᅩᆫ〮 므〮를 머그〮라 卒中惡心痛 苦參{{*|ᄡᅳᆫ〮너〮ᅀᅡᇝ 불휘〮 三兩}}㕮咀以好酢{{*|초}}一升半煮取八合强者頓服老小分二服 과ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 모〯딘〮 긔〮운 마자〮 가ᄉᆞᆷ 알ᄑᆞ거든〮 ᄡᅳᆫ〮너〮ᅀᅡᇝ〮 불〮휘〮석〯 랴ᇰ을〮 사ᄒᆞ〮라 ?됴?ᄒᆞᆫ 초 ᄒᆞᆫ 되〮반애 글혀 여듧〮 홉이〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 얼〯운〮은 ᄒᆞᆫ 번에〮믄득〯 먹고〮 늘그〮니와〯 아ᄒᆡ〮와ᄂᆞᆫ〮 두〯번에〮 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 머〮그〯라〮 中惡心痛氣急脹滿猒猒欲死 雄黃{{*|셕〮우화ᇰ 半兩細硏}}赤小豆{{*|블근〮 ᄑᆞᆺ 半兩}}瓜蔕{{*|ᄎᆞ밋 고고리 半兩}}擣細羅爲散每服以溫水調下一錢當吐立差良久不吐再服 모딘 긔운 마자 가ᄉᆞᆷ 알ᄑᆞ고 긔운이 티와텨 탸ᇰ만ᄒᆞ야 ᄒᆞ마 주글 ᄃᆞᆺᄒᆞ거든 셕우화ᇰ 반 랴ᇰᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 ᄀᆞ로니와 블근 ᄑᆞᆺ 반랴ᇰ과 ᄎᆞᄆᆡᆺ 고고리 반랴ᇰ과ᄅᆞᆯ 디허 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 처 ᄃᆞᄉᆞᆫ 므레 ᄒᆞᆫ 돈곰 프러 머그라 토ᄒᆞ면 즉재 됴ᄒᆞ리니 오래 토티 아니커든 다시 머그라 一切心痛 胡椒{{*|고쵸 四十九粒}}乳香{{*|一錢}}爲末男用生薑湯{{*|ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ 글힌 믈}}調下女用當歸酒{{*|스ᇰ암촛 블휘 글힌 술}}調下 대도ᄒᆞᆫ 가ᄉᆞᆷ 알ᄑᆞᆫ 벼ᇰ에 고쵸 마ᅀᆞᆫ 아홉 낫과 ᅀᅲ햐ᇰ ᄒᆞᆫ 돈과ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ라 남진은 ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ 글힌 므레 프러 먹고 겨집은 스ᇰ암촛 불휘 글힌수레 프러머그라 葀蔞{{*|하ᄂᆞᆳᄃᆞ래}}一介切碎以新瓦焙乾存性爲末酒調方寸匕 하ᄂᆞᆳᄃᆞ〮래 ᄒᆞᆫ나ᄎᆞᆯ 사ᄒᆞ라 ᄇᆞᅀᅡ 새 디새 우희 노하 브레 ᄆᆞᆯ외요ᄃᆡ 눋디 아니케 ᄒᆞ야 ᄀᆞ라 수레 ᄒᆞᆫ술만 프러 머그라 烏骨雞糞{{*|오계 ᄯᅩᇰ}}瓦上焙乾爲末每服三五錢酒調服 오계 ᄯᅩᇰ을 디새 우희 노하 블로 ᄆᆞᆯ외야 ᄀᆞ라 세 돈이어나 다ᄉᆞᆺ 돈이어나수레 프러 머그라 毡襪後跟{{*|시욱쳐ᇰ 뒤측}}一對男用女者女用男子燒灰酒調服 시욱 쳐ᇰ 뒤측 둘흘 남진은 겨집의 하 겨집은 남진의 하ᄅᆞᆯ ᄉᆞ라 ᄌᆡᄅᆞᆯ 수레 프러 머그라 川椒{{*|죠핏 여름}}四兩炒以酒一椀淬之去椒飮酒妙 죠핏 여름 넉〯 랴ᇰ을 봇가〮 술 ᄒᆞᆫ 사발애 더운 제 ᄃᆞᆷ가 죠핏 여름 앗고 그수ᄅᆞᆯ 마쇼미 됴ᄒᆞ니라 九種心痛當太歲上新生槐枝{{*|새〮로 도ᄃᆞᆫ〮 회홧 가지}}一握去兩頭㕮咀以水三升煮取一升頓服 아홉 가짓 가ᄉᆞᆷ 알ᄑᆞ거든 그 ᄒᆡᆺ 바ᇰ소앳 새로도ᄃᆞᆫ〮 회화나못 가〮지 ᄒᆞᆫ줌〯을〮 두〮귿〮 버혀 ᄇᆞ리〮고 사ᄒᆞ〮라 믈〮서〯 되〮예 달혀〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 믄득〮 머그〮라 九種心痛妨悶 桂心{{*|계〯핏 솝〯}}半兩末以酒一大盞煎至半盞去滓稍熱服立效 아홉〮 가짓〮 가ᄉᆞᆷ〮 알파〮 답답ᄒᆞ〮거든〮 계〯핏 솝 반〯 랴ᇰ을〮ᄀᆞ라〮 술 큰 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮예 달혀〮 반〯되〯 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 자ᇝ〯간 덥〯게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 머그〮면 즉〯재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 九種心痛及蛔虫心痛久不差 苦酒{{*|초}}五合燒靑錢{{*|프른〮 돈〯}}二文令赤淬酒中飮 아홉 가짓 가ᄉᆞᆷ 알ᄑᆞ며 벌에로 가ᄉᆞᆷ알파 오래 됴티 아니커든 초 닷 홉애 프른 돈 두나ᄎᆞᆯ 븕게 달와 녀허 그 초ᄅᆞᆯ마시라 心痛 桃白皮{{*|복셔ᇰ화나모 ᄉᆞᅀᅵᆺ ᄒᆡᆫ 거플}}煮汁空腹以意食之 가ᄉᆞᆷ 알ᄑᆞ거든 복셔ᇰ화나못 ᄉᆞᅀᅵᆺ ᄒᆡᆫ 거플 글힌 므ᄅᆞᆯ 고ᇰ심에 ᄆᆞᅀᆞᆷ 조초 머그라 行路卒心痛無藥取橘皮{{*|귨〮 거플}}去白炙少許煎飮之甚良 길 녀다가 과ᄀᆞᆯ이 가ᄉᆞᆷ 알ᄑᆞ고 약 업거든 귨 거플 안 ᄒᆡᆫ ᄃᆡᄀᆞᆯ가 ᄇᆞ리고 구어 져고매 므레 달혀 마쇼미 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ 됴ᄒᆞ니라 四十年心痛不差 黍米淘汁{{*|기자ᇰᄡᆞᆯ 시슨 믈}}溫服隨多少 마ᅀᆞᆫ ᄒᆡ 가ᄉᆞᆷ알히 됴티 몯거든 기자ᇰᄡᆞᆯ 시슨 므를 ᄃᆞ시 ᄒᆞ야 하나 져그나 머그라 心痛不可忍十年五年者隨手效 小蒜{{*|마ᄂᆞᆯ〮}}釅醋{{*|됴〮ᄒᆞᆫ 초}}煮頓服之取飽不用著塩 가ᄉᆞ〮미 ᄎᆞᆷ〮디 몯〯게〮 알호〮ᄆᆞᆯ 열〮 ᄒᆡ〮어나〮 다ᄉᆞᆺ〮 ᄒᆡ〮어나〮ᄒᆞᆫ 사〯ᄅᆞ미〮 머그〮면 됻〯ᄂᆞ니〮 마ᄂᆞ〮ᄅᆞᆯ 됴〯ᄒᆞᆫ 초애〮 글혀〮 ᄇᆡ〮브르게 머고〮ᄃᆡ 소곰 노티〮 말〯라 心氣疼急心疼 胡桃{{*|다ᇰ츄ᄌᆞ〮}}一箇去皮殼 棗子{{*|대〯초〮}}一枚去心以胡桃肉放入棗內以紙裹之用火煨過生薑湯{{*|ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 글힌〮 믈〮}}一鍾細嚼嚥下立效 과ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 가ᄉᆞᆷ〮 알ᄑᆞ거든〮 다ᇰ츄ᄌᆞ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 나〯ᄎᆞᆯ〮 거플와〮 다ᇰ아리〮 앗〯고 대〯초〮 ᄒᆞᆫ나〯ᄎᆞᆯ〮 ᄡᅵ〮 앗〯고〮 다ᇰ츄ᄌᆞᆺ〮 ᄉᆞᆯᄒᆞᆯ 대〮촛〮 안해〮 녀허〮 죠ᄒᆡ〮로 ᄡᅡ〮 브〮레 무더〮 구어 ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ {{문자 주석|글|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}힌〮 믈〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 죠ᇰ애 ᄂᆞ로니 시버〮 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ〮면 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 枯白礬{{*|브〮레 노긴〮 ᄇᆡᆨ번〮}}不拘多少爲末煉蜜{{*|달힌〮 ᄢᅮᆯ〮}}爲丸如芡實{{*|거싀〮련 여름〮}}大每服一丸細嚼空心用淡薑湯下如食後用白湯送下 브〮레 노긴〮 ᄇᆡᆨ번〮을 하나〮 져〮그나〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 달힌〮 ᄢᅮ〮레 ᄆᆞ라〮 거싀〮련 여름〮만〮 케〮 비븨〮여 ᄒᆞᆫ 낫〮곰〮 ᄂᆞ로니 시버〮 고ᇰ심애〮 ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 글힌〮ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ〮 므〮레머고〮ᄃᆡ 밥〮머근〮 휘〯어든〮 ᄡᆞᆯ〮 글힌〮 ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ〮므〮레 머그〮라 䆴心土{{*|솓 믿 마촘 아랫〮 ᄒᆞᆰ}}爲末滾湯調服方寸匕或以酒調亦妙 솓 믿 마촘〮 아랫〮 ᄒᆞᆯᄀᆞᆯ〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄀᆞ장〮 달힌〮 므〮레 ᄒᆞᆫ 술〮만〮 프〮러 머그〮라 ᄯᅩ〮 수레〮 프〮러머거〮도 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 驢屎{{*|나귀〮 ᄯᅩᇰ}}絞汁三五鍾熱服 나귀〮 ᄯᅩᇰ을〮 즙〮 ᄧᅡ〮 세〯 죠ᇰ이〮어나〮 다ᄉᆞᆺ〮 죠ᇰ이〮어나〮덥〯게〮 ᄒᆞ야 머그라 蟲心痛 鶴蝨{{*|여ᇫ의〮오좀〮플〮}}一兩爲末以溫酢{{*|초}}一盞和空腹服之蟲當吐出 벌엣 긔운으로가ᄉᆞᆷ 알ᄑᆞ거든 여ᇫ의오좀플 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ을 ᄀᆞ라 다ᄉᆞᆫ 초 ᄒᆞᆫ되예 프러 고ᇰ심에 머그면 벌에 토ᄒᆞ야 나리라 諸蟲心痛多吐四肢不和冷氣上攻心腹滿悶 熊膽{{*|고〯ᄆᆡ 열}}如大豆許細硏以溫水和服之立差 벌엣 긔운으로 가ᄉᆞᆷ 알파 만히 토ᄒᆞ며 손과 발왜 ᄌᆞᅀᅧᆫ티 아니ᄒᆞ고 ᄅᆡᇰ긔 티와텨 가ᄉᆞᆷᄇᆡ 답답ᄒᆞ거든 고ᄆᆡ 열 코ᇰ 낫만 ᄒᆞ니ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 ᄀᆞ라 ᄃᆞᄉᆞᆫ 므레 프러 머그면 즉재 됴ᄒᆞ리라 凡心腹冷痛熬塩{{*|소곰}}一斗熨熬蠶沙{{*|누에〮 ᄯᅩᇰ}}燒磗石{{*|벽〮돌〯}}蒸熨取其裏溫暖止蒸土{{*|ᄠᅵᆫ〮 ᄒᆞᆰ}}亦大佳 믈읫 가ᄉᆞᆷ ᄇᆡ ᄅᆡᇰ긔로 알ᄑᆞ거든 소곰 ᄒᆞᆫ 말 봇가 울ᄒᆞ며 누에 ᄯᅩᇰ도 봇그며 벽돌도 더이며 울호ᄃᆡ ᄇᆡᆺ 안히 덥거든 말라 ᄒᆞᆰ을 ᄠᅧ 울ᄒᆞ야도ᄀᆞ자ᇰ 됴ᄒᆞ니라 心腹俱脹疼痛氣短欲死或已絶者取梔子{{*|지지 ᄡᅵ 十四枚}}豉{{*|젼국 五合}}以水二盞先煮豉取一盞半去滓入梔子再煎取一盞去渣服半盞不愈盡服之 가ᄉᆞᆷ〮 ᄇᆡ〮 다〯 탸ᇰ〯만〮ᄒᆞ〮야 알ᄑᆞ고〮 긔〮운이〮 뎔어 주글 ᄃᆞᆺ거나 주것거나 ᄒᆞ거든 지지 ᄡᅵ 열네 낫과 젼국 닷 홉과ᄅᆞᆯ 믈 두 되예 몬져 젼국글혀 ᄒᆞᆫ 되 반이어든 즈ᅀᅴ 앗고 지지ᄡᅵᄅᆞᆯ 녀허 다시 달혀 ᄒᆞᆫ되 ᄃᆞ외어든 즈ᅀᅴ 앗고 반되ᄅᆞᆯ 머고ᄃᆡ 됴티 아니커든 다 머그라 卒心腹煩滿疼痛欲死者以熱湯浸手足妙冷再換 과ᄀᆞᆯ이 가ᄉᆞᆷ ᄇᆡ 답답ᄒᆞ야 알파 주글 ᄃᆞᆺ거든 더운 므레 손바ᄅᆞᆯ ᄃᆞᆷ가 이쇼미 됴ᄒᆞ니 ᄎᆞ거든 다시 ᄀᆞ라곰 ᄒᆞ라 腹痛細嚼石菖蒲{{*|돌 서리예 난 쇼ᇰ의맛불휘}}飮凉水送下妙 ᄇᆡ 알ᄑᆞ거든 돌 서리예 난 쇼ᇰ의맛불휘ᄅᆞᆯ ᄂᆞ로니 십고 ᄎᆞᆫ므를 마셔 ᄂᆞ리오미 됴ᄒᆞ니라 掘地上作一小坑以水滿坑中熟絞取汁飮之 ᄯᅡ해 ᄒᆞᆫ 져고맛 구들 ᄑᆞ고 므를 구데 ᄀᆞᄃᆞ기 브ᅀᅥ 니기 프러 마시라 令人騎其腹溺{{*|오좀〮}}臍中 사ᄅᆞ미 그ᄇᆡᄅᆞᆯ 타 안자 ᄇᆡᆺ보개 오좀 누라 針手足十指頭出血炙臍中七七壯 손발 열 가락 그틀 침으로 ᄣᅵᆯ어 피 내오 ᄇᆡᆺ 보ᄀᆞᆯ 닐굽 닐굽붓글 ᄯᅳ라 卒煩滿嘔逆炙乳下一寸七壯卽愈 과ᄀᆞᆯ이 답답ᄒᆞ야 뷘ᄇᆡᄌᆞᆷᄒᆞ거든 졋 아래ᄒᆞᆫ 치만 ᄒᆞᆫ ᄃᆡ 닐굽 붓글 ᄯᅳ면 즉재 됴ᄒᆞ리라 灸兩手大母指內邊爪後第一紋頭各一壯又灸兩手中指爪下一壯卽愈 두 손 엄지가락 안녁 소ᇇ톱 뒤 첫 그ᇝ 그틀 각ᄒᆞᆫ붓글 ᄯᅳ며 ᄯᅩ 두 손가온ᄃᆡᆺ가락 소ᇇ톱 아래 ᄒᆞᆫ 붓글 ᄯᅳ면즉재 됴ᄒᆞ리라 ==卒腰痛_{과ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 허리 알포미라}== 卒腰痛不可忍 附子{{*|一枚炮裂去皮臍}}木香{{*|半兩}}檳榔{{*|半兩}}擣細羅爲散每於食前以溫酒調下二錢 과ᄀᆞᆯ이 허리 알포ᄆᆞᆯ ᄎᆞᆷ디 몯ᄒᆞ거든 부ᄌᆞ ᄒᆞᆫ 나ᄎᆞᆯ 죠ᄒᆡ예 ᄡᅡ 믈 저져 브레 무더 ᄩᅥ디 게 구어 거플와 브르도ᄃᆞᆫ 것업게 ᄒᆞ니와 목햐ᇰ 반 랴ᇰ과비ᇰ라ᇰ 반랴ᇰ과ᄅᆞᆯ 디허 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 처 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ라 ᄆᆡ야ᇰ 밥 아니머거셔 ᄃᆞᄉᆞᆫ 수레 두 돈곰 프러 머그라 卒腰痛連脚膝疼 胡麻{{*|ᄎᆞᆷᄢᅢ 三合新者}}附子{{*|一兩炮裂去皮臍}}熬胡麻令香同擣細羅爲散每於食前以溫酒調下二錢 과ᄀᆞᆯ이 허리 알ᄑᆞ고 허튀와 무룹괘 조차 알ᄑᆞ거든 새 ᄎᆞᆷᄢᅢ 서 홉과 부ᄌᆞ ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ 죠ᄒᆡ예 ᄡᅡ 믈 저져 브레 무더 ᄩᅥ디게 구어 거플와 브르도ᄃᆞᆫ 것 업게 코ᄎᆞᆷᄢᅢᄅᆞᆯ 고ᄉᆞ게 봇가 ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ 디허 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 처 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ라 ᄆᆡ야ᇰ 밥 아니머거셔 ᄃᆞᄉᆞᆫ 수레 두돈곰 프러 머그라 卒腰痛至甚起坐不得 附子{{*|一兩生用}}吳茱萸一兩蛇床子{{*|ᄇᆡ얌도랏〮 ᄡᅵ 一兩}}擣羅爲末每用半兩以生薑自然汁調如膏攤故帛上於痛處貼熁用衣服繫定覺通熱卽差未退再貼 과ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 허리〮 알파〮 ᄀᆞ장〯 셜〯워〮 니러〮 안ᄯᅵ〮 몯〯ᄒᆞ〮거든〯 ᄂᆞᆯ 부ᄌᆞ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ과〮오슈유 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ〮과〮ᄇᆡ얌도랏〮 ᄡᅵ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 디허〮 처〮 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮라 ᄡᅳᆯ〮 제 반〮랴ᇰ곰〮 ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 즛두드〮려 ᄧᅩᆫ〮 므〮레 ᄆᆞ라걸〯에〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 ᄂᆞᆯ{{문자 주석|ᄀᆞᆫ|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}} 헌〮것 우희 퍼〮 알ᄑᆞᆫ ᄃᆡ〮 브〮티〮고 오〮ᄉᆞ〮로 ᄆᆡ{{문자 주석|야|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}} ᄉᆞᄆᆞᆺ 더운〮 주〮ᄅᆞᆯ 알〯면〮 즉〮재됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮니 됴〯{{문자 주석|티|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}} 아니〮커든〮 다시〮브티〮라 卒腰痛不得俛{{문자 주석|仰|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}} 鹿角{{*|사ᄉᆞ〮ᄆᆡ ᄲᅳᆯ}}長六寸燒擣末酒服之鹿茸{{*|사ᄉᆞ〮ᄆᆡ ᄀᆞᆺ 도다〮 난 털 조ᄎᆞᆫ〮 ᄲᅳᆯ〮}}尤佳 과ᄀᆞᆯ이〯 허리〮 알파〮 굽도〮 졋도〮 몯〯ᄒᆞ〮거든〮 사ᄉᆞ〮ᄆᆡ ᄲᅳᆯ〮 기리〮 여슷 치〮만 ᄒᆞ니〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄉᆞ〮라 디혼〮 ᄀᆞᆯ〮ᄋᆞᆯ 수레〮 프〮러 머그〮라 사ᄉᆞ〮ᄆᆡ ᄀᆞᆺ 도다〮난 털조ᄎᆞᆫ〮 ᄲᅳ〮리 더 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 鼈甲{{*|쟈래 다ᇰ아리〮}}一枚炙搗篩酒服方寸匕食{{문자 주석|後|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}日三服 쟈래 다ᇰ아리〮 ᄒᆞᆫ나〯ᄎᆞᆯ〮 브〮레 ᄧᅬ〯여〮 디허 처〯 수레〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 술〮옴 프〮러 밥〮머근〮 후〯에〮ᄒᆞᄅᆞ 세〮번곰〮 머그〮라 桂{{*|계〯피 八分}}牡丹{{*|四分}}附子{{*|二分}}搗末酒服一刀圭日再服 계〯피 두〯랴ᇰ과〮 {{문자 주석|모|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}라ᇇ 불휘〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ과〮부ᄌᆞ〮 다ᄉᆞᆺ〮돈〯과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 디허〮 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 수레〮 죠〯고〮매 프〮러 머고〮ᄃᆡ ᄒᆞᄅᆞ 두〮번곰 머그〮라 卒腰痛 芫花{{*|半斤}}羊躑躅花{{*|늣거ᅀᅡ〮 픈 굴근 진ᄃᆞᆯ욋곳 半斤}}以醋拌令濕炒令熱用帛裹分作兩包更番熨痛處冷卽復炒熨之 과ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 허리〮 알ᄑᆞ거든〮 와화 반〯 근과〮늣거ᅀᅡ〮 픈〮 굴〯근〮 진〯ᄃᆞᆯ욋〮곳 반〯 근과〮ᄅᆞᆯ초애〮 섯거〮 젓게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야봇가〮 덥〯게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야헌〯거스〮로 ᄡᅩ〮ᄃᆡ 둘〯헤〮 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 알ᄑᆞᆫ ᄃᆡᆯ〮 서르 ᄀᆞ라〮 울〮호ᄃᆡ ᄎᆞ〮거 든〮 다사〮 봇가〮울〮ᄒᆞ라〮 蕓薹子{{*|一兩}}擣羅爲末醋調塗於蠟 {{*|밀}}紙 上貼痛處覺熱極卽去之痛止 운ᄃᆡ ᄡᅵ ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ을〮 디허〮 처〮 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮라 초애〮 ᄆᆞ라〮 밀〯 드〮린 죠ᄒᆡ〮 우희〮 ᄇᆞᆯ라〮 알ᄑᆞᆫ ᄃᆡ〮 브텨〮 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮 덥〯거든〮 ᄠᅦ〮혀〮 더디〮면 알포〮미 그츠〮리라 ==絞膓沙_{과ᄀᆞᄅᆞᆫ 모〮딘〮 독〮 마자〮 ᄇᆡ〮 ᄌᆞᄅᆞᄂᆞᆫ ᄃᆞᆺ〮 알파〮 견ᄃᆡ〮디 몯〯호〮미라〮}== 宜服和劑方六和湯香薷散 화졔〮바ᇰ애〮 {{문자 주석|륙〮|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}화타ᇰ과〮 햐ᇰ유산〯과〮ᄅᆞᆯ머고〮미 맛〮다ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라 絞膓沙痛不可忍或展轉在地或起或仆其膓絞縮在腹此是中毒之深須臾能令人死急用塩{{*|소곰}}一兩熱湯調灌入病人口中塩氣一到腹其腹卽定 과ᄀᆞᄅᆞᆫ 모〯딘〮 독〮 마자〮 ᄇᆡ〮 ᄌᆞᄅᆞᄂᆞᆫ ᄃᆞᆺ〮알포〮ᄆᆞᆯ〮 ᄎᆞᆷ〮디 몯〯ᄒᆞ〮야 구으러 ᄯᅡ해〮셔 닐〯락〮 업더〮디락〮 ᄒᆞ야차ᇰ〮ᄌᆡ〮 뷔〯트〮리{{SIC|허〮|혀〮}} 거두〮쥐〯ᄂᆞᆫ ᄃᆞᆺ〮ᄒᆞ〮야 ᄇᆡ〮안해〮 이쇼〮ᄆᆞᆫ 이〮모〮딘〮 긔〮운 마조〮미 기퍼〮 져근더데〮 사〯ᄅᆞᄆᆞᆯ〮 죽게〮 ᄒᆞ〮ᄂᆞ니〮 ᄲᆞᆯ리〮소곰 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ을〮더운〮 므〮레 프〮러벼ᇰ〯ᄒᆞᆫ 사〯ᄅᆞᄆᆡ〮 이〮베〮 브ᅀᅳ라〮 소고ᇝ 긔〮운이〮ᄇᆡ예〮 드〮러가면 즉〮재편안ᄒᆞ리라 絞膓沙腹痛嘔吐泄瀉及霍亂中署煩渴不省人事 馬糞{{*|ᄆᆞᆯᄯᅩᇰ}}硏同蜜{{*|ᄢᅮᆯ〮}}擂濾過新汲水{{*|ᄀᆞᆺ 기론〮 믈}}化下卽愈 과ᄀᆞᄅᆞᆫ 모〯딘〮 독〮 마자〮 ᄇᆡ〮 ᄌᆞᄅᆞ〮ᄂᆞᆫ ᄃᆞᆺ〮 알파〮견ᄃᆡ〮디 몯〯ᄒᆞ〮야 토〮ᄒᆞ며〮즈츼〮며 어〮즐ᄒᆞ며〮 더위〮며여〮 답답ᄒᆞ고〮갈〮ᄒᆞ〮야 ᅀᅵᆫᄭᅴ〮ᄅᆞᆯ 몯〯ᄎᆞ〮리거든〮 ᄆᆞᆯᄯᅩᇰ을〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄢᅮᆯ〮와 ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ〮 저ᅀᅥ〮 바타〮 ᄀᆞᆺ 기론〮 므〮레 프〮러 머그〮면 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 馬藺{{*|붇곳}}根葉細嚼嚥之立差嚥汁去柤亦可 붇〮곳 불휘〮와 닙〮과〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄂᆞ로니 시버〮 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ〮면〮 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라시버〮 즙〮만 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ〮고 즈ᅀᅴ란〮 ᄇᆞ려〮도〮 ᄯᅩ〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 絞膓沙 苧麻扎十指尖針銚出惡血數點 과ᄀᆞᄅᆞᆫ 모〯딘〮 독〮 마자〮 ᄇᆡ〮 ᄌᆞᄅᆞᄂᆞᆫ ᄃᆞᆺ〮 알파〮견ᄃᆡ〮디 몯〯거든 모시뢰〮나 삼〮으〮뢰나〮 열〮소ᇇ가락 그〮틀 ᄆᆡ오〮 침으〮로 ᄣᅵᆯ어〮 모〯딘〮 피〮ᄅᆞᆯ 두〯ᅀᅥ〮 번을〮 처〮디〯라〮 久乾猪糞{{*|도ᄐᆡ〮 ᄯᅩᇰ ᄆᆞᄅᆞ니〮}}一塊如指頭大用砂仁二箇碾爲末白湯{{*|글힌〮 믈〮}}調服妙 오래〮 ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ 도ᄐᆡ〮 ᄯᅩᇰ 소ᇇ가락 귿〮만〮 ᄒᆞ니〮 ᄒᆞᆫ무젹과〮 츅〮사ᅀᅵᆫ 두〯낫〯과〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 글힌〮 므〮레 프〮러 머고미 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 收蠶子的舊紙{{*|누에〮 ᄡᅵ〮 낸〯 죠ᄒᆡ}}一幅務要去蠶子潔淨燒灰爲末用熱酒調服立效 누에〮 ᄡᅵ〮낸〯 죠ᄒᆡ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ댜ᇰ을〮 누에ᄡᅵ〮ᄅᆞᆯ 조〮히〮 업〯게〮 ᄒᆞ고ᄉᆞ〮론 ᄌᆡ〯ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ〮라 더운〮 수레〮 프러 머그〮면 즉재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 ==霍亂_{도〮와리라}== 宜服和劑方理中湯治中湯藿香正氣散 화졔〮바ᇰ애〮리〯튜ᇰ타ᇰ과〮 티듀ᇰ타ᇰ과〮 곽〮햐ᇰ져ᇰ〯긔〮산〯과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 머고〮미 맛〮다ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라 霍亂洞下不止 艾{{*|ᄡᅮᆨ〮}}一把水三升煮取一升頓服之良 도〮와리〮ᄒᆞ〮야 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮 즈츼〮요미〮 긋디〮 아니〮커든〮 ᄡᅮᆨ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 줌〯을〮 믈〮서〯 되〮예 글혀〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 믄득〮 머고〮미 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 附子一枚重七錢炮去皮臍爲末每服四錢水兩盞 塩{{*|소곰}}半錢煎取一盞溫服立止 부ᄌᆞ ᄒᆞᆫ 낫〯 므〮긔 닐굽〮 돈〯만〮 ᄒᆞ닐〮 죠ᄒᆡ〮예 ᄡᅡ〮 믈〮저져〮 브〮레 구어〮 거플와〮 머흣머흣ᄒᆞᆫ 것앗〯고〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 너〯 돈〯곰〮 믈〮 두〯 되〮예 소곰 반〯돈〯 조쳐〮 달혀〮 ᄒᆞᆫ〮되〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ닐〮 머그〮면 즉〯재 그츠〮리라〮 霍亂吐下腹痛 桃葉{{*|복셔ᇰ홧 닙〮}}煎汁服一升立止冬用皮 도〮와리〮ᄒᆞ〮야 토〮ᄒᆞ며〮 즈츼〮여 ᄇᆡ〮 알ᄑᆞ거든〮 복셔ᇰ홧 닙〮 달힌〮 즙〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 되〮ᄅᆞᆯ 머그면 즉〮재 그츠〮리니〮 겨ᅀᅳ〮리어든〮 거〮프ᄅᆞᆯ〮 ᄡᅳ〮라 小蒜{{*|마ᄂᆞᆯ〮}}半兩水一中盞煎至六分去滓不計時候溫服 마ᄂᆞᆯ〮 반〯 랴ᇰ을믈〮 닷 홉애〮 달혀〮 반〯남ᄌᆞᆨ거든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 ᄢᅵ〮니 혜〯디〮 말〯오〮 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ닐〮 머그〮라 蘆葉{{*|ᄀᆞᆳ〮 닙〮}}一握剉水一大盞煎至五分去滓頓服 ᄀᆞᆳ〮 닙〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 줌〯을〮 믈〯 큰〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되예 달혀〮 반〯만〮 커든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 믄득〮 머그〮라 濃煎塩湯{{*|소곰 글힌〮 믈}}通手浸手足洗胷脇閒 디투〮 글힌〮 소곰 므〮를 손〮 녀ᄒᆞᆯ 만〮 더웟〮거든 손〮과 발〮와 ᄃᆞᆷ가〮시며 가ᄉᆞᆷ〮과 녑과〮 시스〮라 霍亂轉筋不止 釜底墨{{*|가마〮 미틧〮 거믜여ᇰ}}末煖酒調下二錢頻服之 도〮와리〮ᄒᆞ〮야 모매〮 히〮미 뷔〯트〮러 가거든〮 가마〮 미틧 거믜여ᇰ을〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 더운〮 수레〮 두〯 돈〯곰〮프러 ᄌᆞ조〮 머그〮라 舊木梳{{*|오란〮 얼에빗〮}}一枚小者燒灰爲末酒服永瘥 오란〮 얼에빗〮 져〯그〮니 ᄒᆞᆫ 나〯ᄎᆞᆯ〮 ᄉᆞ〮라 ᄌᆡ〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 ᄀᆞ〮라수레〮 프〮러 머그〮면 여ᇰ〯히〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 車轂中脂{{*|술윗〮 토ᇰ〮앳〮 기름}}塗足心下瘥 술윗〮 토ᇰ앳 기름을 밧바다ᇰ〮애〮 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ면〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ리라 <ref>51ㄱ ~51ㄴ 낙장</ref> 病人足塗胡麻油{{*|ᄎᆞᆷ기름}}向火灸之旣死乃活 병ᄒᆞᆫ 사ᄅᆞᄆᆡ 바래 ᄎᆞᆷ기름을 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ고 브레 ᄧᅬ면 주것더니도 살리라 以湯水漬足膝 더운 므레 발와 무룹과 ᄃᆞᆷ가시라 塩{{*|소곰}}一大匙熬熱童子小便{{*|ᄉᆞᆫ아ᄒᆡ〮 오좀}}一升溫和服少頃當吐下則差氣絶者復通 소곰 큰 ᄒᆞᆫ수를 봇가 덥게 ᄒᆞ야 ᄉᆞᆫ아ᄒᆡ 오 좀 ᄒᆞᆫ 되예 프러 ᄃᆞ시 ᄒᆞ야 머그라 이ᅀᅳᆨ고 토커나 즈츼어나 ᄒᆞ면즉재 됴ᄒᆞ리니주것더니도 다시 살리라 紫檀香濃煮服 ᄌᆞ단햐ᇰ을 디투 글혀 므를 머그라 乾霍亂不吐不瀉腹賬如鼓心胷痰壅 塩{{*|소곰 二兩}}生薑{{*|一兩切}}炒令轉色以童子小便{{*|ᄉᆞᆫ아ᄒᆡ 오좀}}一大盞煎至六分去滓分爲二服溫溫服之 도〯와〮리〯ᄒᆞ〮야 토〮티〮 아〮니〮ᄒᆞ〮며 즈츼도 아니〮코〮 ᄇᆡ〮 부러〮 붑〮 ᄀᆞᆮ〮고 가ᄉᆞ〮매 추〮미 막딜여〯 잇거든〯 소곰 두〯 랴ᇰ과〮ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ사ᄒᆞ〮로니〮와〮ᄅᆞᆯ 봇가〮 비〮치 고〮텨 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 ᄉᆞᆫ아〮ᄒᆡ 오좀〮 큰〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮예 달혀〯 반〯남ᄌᆞᆨ〮거든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〮고 두〯 번에〮ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ〮닐 머그〮라 丁香十四枚爲末熱酒一大盞調之頓服不差再服之 뎌ᇰ햐ᇰ 열〮네〯나〮ᄎᆞᆯ〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 더〮운〮 술 큰〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮예 프러 믄득〮 머고〮ᄃᆡ 됴〯티〮 아니〮커든〮 ᄯᅩ〮 머그〮라 黍米{{*|기자ᇰᄡᆞᆯ〮}}二合水淘淨水硏澄取白汁呷盡卽差 기자ᇰᄡᆞᆯ〮 두〯 홉을〮 므〮레〮 조〮히 시서〮 므〮레〮ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄆᆞᆰ안초〮아〯 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 즙〮을 다〯 머그〮면 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ〮리〮라 霍亂引飮飮輒乾嘔 生薑五兩㕮咀以水五升煮取二升半分二服高良薑大佳 도〮와리ᄒᆞ〮야 므〮를 닛위〮여 머고〮ᄃᆡ 머근다〮마〮다〮 믄〮득 뷘〯ᄇᆡᄌᆞᆷ〮ᄒᆞ〮거든〮 ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ 닷 랴ᇰ을 사ᄒᆞ〮라 믈〮 닷되〯예 글혀〮 두〯되〮 반〯이〮어든〮 두〮번에〮 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 머그〮라 고랴ᇰ강을〮 글혀〮 머고미 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 霍亂醫所不治 童女月經衣{{*|남진 아니〮 어른〮 갓나ᄒᆡ〮 월겨ᇰ슈〮 무든〮 것}}合血燒末酒服方寸匕百方不瘥者用之 도〮와리〮ᄒᆞ〮야 몯〮 고티〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᄅᆞᆯ 남진 아니〮어른〮 갓나ᄒᆡ〮 월〮겨ᇰ슈〮 무든〮 거슬〮 피〮 무든자히〮 ᄉᆞ〮라 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 술만〮 수레〮 프〮러 머그〮라일〯ᄇᆡᆨ〮 가짓〮 약〮으〮로 됴〯티〮 몯〮ᄒᆞ〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᄅᆞᆯ 이〮 약〮을머기라 霍亂轉筋入腹無奈何者作極醎塩湯{{*|소곰 글힌〮 믈〮}}於槽中暖漬之 도〮와리〮ᄒᆞ〮야 모매〮 히〯미 두워트〮러 ᄇᆡ〮예 드〮러아〯ᄆᆞ〮리 홀〮 주〮를 몯〮거든〮 소곰 글힌〮 므〮를 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮 ᄧᆞ〮게 ᄒᆞ〮야 귀이〮예 븟고〮 덥〯게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 ᄃᆞᆷ가〮시라〮 酢{{*|초}}煮靑布{{*|쳐ᇰ 믈〮든 뵈}}搨之冷卽易 초애〮 {{SIC|청|쳐ᇰ}} 믈 든 뵈ᄅᆞᆯ 글혀〮 여러ᄇᆞᆯ〮 가혀〮 우희〮 노호〮ᄃᆡ〮 ᄎᆞ〮거든〮 즉〮재 ᄀᆞ람〮 ᄒᆞ라〮 霍亂吐不止欲死 生薑{{*|三兩切}}牛糞{{*|ᄉᆈ〯ᄯᅩᇰ 三合}}以水三大盞煎至一盞半去滓分溫三服 도〮와리〯ᄒᆞ〮야 토〮호〮미〮 긋디 아니〮코 주글〮 ᄃᆞᆺ〮ᄒᆞ〮거든 ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ 석〯 랴ᇰ사ᄒᆞ〯르니〮와 ᄉᆈ〯ᄯᅩᇰ 서〯홉과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 믈〮 큰〮서〯 되〮예 달혀〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮 {{SIC|빈〯|반〯}}이〮어든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ닐〮 세〯 {{SIC|빈|번}}에〮ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 머그〮라 梨葉{{*|{{SIC|비|ᄇᆡ}}나못 닙}}煮汁服 ᄇᆡ나못 닙〮 글힌〮 즙을〮 머그〮라 霍亂困䔍不識人 雞蘇{{*|믓바ᇰ하 三兩剉}}以水三大盞煎至一盞半去滓分溫三服 도와리ᄒᆞ야 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ 셜워 사ᄅᆞᄆᆞᆯ 아디 몯ᄒᆞ거든 믓바ᇰ하 석 랴ᇰ을사ᄒᆞ라 믈 큰 서 되예 달혀 ᄒᆞᆫ 되 반이어든 즈ᅀᅴ 앗고 ᄂᆞᆫ화 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ닐 세 번에머그라 霍亂吐利 胡椒{{*|고쵸 七粒}}菉豆{{*|三七粒}}{{밑줄|爲末煎木瓜湯}}{{*|모과〮 달힌 믈}}調下 도와리ᄒᆞ야 토ᄒᆞ며 즈츼어든 고쵸 닐굽 낫과 록두 세 닐굽낫과ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ라 모과 달인므레 프러 머그라 塩{{*|소곰}}一撮醋一盃同煎八分溫服 소곰 ᄒᆞᆫ져봄과 초 ᄒᆞᆫ잔과 ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ 달혀 여듧 분만 커든 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ닐 머그라 霍亂心腹脹痛煩滿短氣未得吐下 生薑若乾薑一二升㕮咀以水六升煮三沸頓服若不卽愈更加作無新藥煮滓亦得 도와리ᄒᆞ야 가ᄉᆞᆷ ᄇᆡ 타ᇰ만ᄒᆞ야 알파 답답ᄒᆞ고 긔운이 져거 토티 몯ᄒᆞ며 즈츼디도 몯ᄒᆞ거든 ᄂᆞᆯ ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ이어나 ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ이어나ᄒᆞᆫ두 되만 사ᄒᆞ라 믈 엿 되예 세 소솜 글혀 다 머고ᄃᆡ 즉재 됴티 아니커든 다시 ᄒᆞ야머그라 새약곳 업거든 달힌 즈ᅀᅴ도 됴ᄒᆞ니라 飮好苦酒{{*|됴ᄒᆞᆫ 초}}三升小老羸者可飮一二升 됴ᄒᆞᆫ 초 서 되ᄅᆞᆯ 마쇼ᄃᆡ 아ᄒᆡ와 늘그니와 긔운약ᄒᆞᆫ 사ᄅᆞᄆᆞᆫ ᄒᆞᆫ두 되만 머그라 溫酒一二升以蠟{{*|밀}}如彈丸一枚置酒中消乃飮無蠟以塩{{*|소곰}}二方寸匕代亦得 술 ᄒᆞᆫ 되어나 두 되어나덥게 ᄒᆞ고 밀 탄ᄌᆞ만치 ᄒᆞᆫ나ᄎᆞᆯ 수레 녀허 녹거든 머그라 밀옷 업거든 소곰 두 술만 녀허도 됴ᄒᆞ니라 桂屑{{*|계〯핏 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ}}半升以煖飮二升和之盡服之 계〯핏 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ 반〯되〮ᄅᆞᆯ 더운〮 믈〮 두〮되〮예 프〮러 다〮 머그〮라 飮竹瀝{{*|댓〮진〯}}少許亦差 댓〮진〯을〮 져〯고매〮 머거〮도 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 嘔吐煩悶及霍亂 人蔘{{*|심}}一兩麁擣篩用水三盞煎至一盞半去滓重煎令沸投入雞子白{{*|ᄃᆞᆯᄀᆡ〮알〮 소〯뱃〮 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 믈〮}}一枚打轉掠去沫頓服 욕욕ᄒᆞ며〮 토〮ᄒᆞ〮야 답답ᄒᆞ고〮 어〮즐ᄒᆞ〮거든〮 심 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ을〮디허〮 굵〯게〮 처〮 믈〮서〮 되〮예 달혀〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 되〮반〯이〮어든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 다시〮 달혀〮솟글커든〮 ᄃᆞᆯᄀᆡ〮 알〮 ᄒᆞᆫ나〯ᄎᆞᆯ〮 ᄣᆞ려〮 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 므〮ᄅᆞᆯ 녀허 거품〮 앗〯고〮믄득〮 머그〮라 霍亂渴甚硏糯米{{*|ᄎᆞ〮ᄡᆞᆯ〮}}取白汁恣意飮之 도〮와리〮ᄒᆞ〮야 모기〮 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮 ᄆᆞᄅᆞ거〮든〮 ᄎᆞ〮ᄡᆞ〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ〮라 힌〮 즙〮을 ᄆᆞ〮ᅀᆞᇝᄀᆞ〮자ᇰ〮 머그〮라 霍亂吐下太渴 黃梁米{{*|누른〮 조ᄡᆞᆯ〮}}淘五升以水一㪷煮取五升澄淸稍溫飮之 도〮와리〮ᄒᆞ〮야 토ᄒᆞ며〮 즈츼〮오 모기〮 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮ᄆᆞᄅᆞ거든〮 누른〮조ᄡᆞᆯ〮 닷 되〮ᄅᆞᆯ 시서〮 믈〮 ᄒᆞᆫ마래〮 글혀〮 닷되〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 ᄀᆞᆯ〮안초〮아〯 자ᇝ〯간 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 머그〮라 霍亂吐止而瀉未除者 竃心土{{*|가마〮 믿 마촘〮 아랫〮 ᄒᆞᆰ}}不拘多少硏爲末令極細如粉每服二錢沸湯半盞新汲水{{*|ᄀᆞᆺ 기론〯 믈〮}}半盞和勻空心服不過二服神效 도〮와리〮ᄒᆞ〮야 토〮호〮ᄆᆞᆫ 긋고〮 즈츼〮요ᄆᆞᆫ〮 긋디〮 아니〮커든〮 가마〮 믿 마촘 아랫〮 ᄒᆞᆰ을〮 하나〮 져〯그나〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 분〮 ᄀᆞᆮ〮게 ᄒᆞ〮야 두〯 돈〯곰〮 글힌〮 믈〮 반〮되〮와 ᄀᆞᆺ 기론〮 믈〮 반〯되〮예 고ᄅᆞ게〮 프〮러 고ᇰ심에〮 머그〮라 두〯번 너무 먹디〮 아니〮ᄒᆞ〮야셔〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 霍亂後胃氣煩逆用苦苣根{{*|싀홧 불휘〮}}生擣汁飮 도〮와리〮ᄒᆞᆫ 후〯에〮 가ᄉᆞᆷ〮앳〮 긔〮운이〮 답답ᄒᆞ〮야 거스〮리거든〮 싀홧 불휘〮 ᄂᆞᄅᆞᆯ〮 디허〮 ᄧᅡ〮 즙〮을〮 마시〮라 霍亂 萹豆 香薷{{*|노야기 各一升}}以水六升煮取二升分服單用亦得 도〮와리〮예 ᄇᆡᆨ〮변두와〮 노야기〮와 각〮ᄒᆞᆫ 되〮ᄅᆞᆯ 믈〮 엿 되〮예 글혀〮 두〯 되〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 머 그라 ᄒᆞᆫ것곰〮 머거〮도〮 ᄯᅩ〮됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 生胡椒{{*|고쵸}}三十四粒呑之 고쵸 셜흔〮 네〯나〯ᄎᆞᆯ〮 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ〮라 霍亂已死上屋喚魂又以諸治皆至而猶不差者捧病人腹臥之伸臂對以繩度兩頭肘尖頭依繩下來背脊大骨空中去脊各一寸灸之百壯不治者可灸肘椎已試數百人皆灸畢卽起坐 도〮와리〮ᄒᆞ〮야 죽거든〮 집우희〮 올아〮 주그〮늬 일후〮믈〮 브르며〮 여러〮 가지〮로고툐〮ᄃᆡ 됴〯티〮 아니〮커든〮 벼ᇰ〯ᄒᆞᆫ 사〯ᄅᆞᄆᆡ〮 ᄇᆡ〮ᄅᆞᆯ 자바〮 뉘이〮고 두〯ᄇᆞᆯᄒᆞᆯ〮 길〯 조치〮로 펴〮 노코〮 노ᄒᆞ〮로 두〯ᄇᆞᆯ독〮 ᄆᆞᄃᆡᆺ 그〮틀〮 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ 견조〮고 그노 다ᄒᆞᆫ ᄃᆡᆺ〮 두ᇰᄆᆞᄅᆞ 큰〮 ᄲᅧᆺ〮 가온〮ᄃᆡ〮로셔〮 두〯 녁겨토〮로 ᄒᆞᆫ촌〯곰〮 ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡᆯ〮 일〮ᄇᆡᆨ〮 붓곰〮 ᄯᅮ〮ᄃᆡ 고티〮디 몯〯거든〮 ᄇᆞᆯ독〮 ᄆᆞᄃᆡᆺ 그〮틀〮 ᄯᅳ〮라 수〯ᄇᆡᆨ〮 ᅀᅵᆫ을〮 시〯험〮ᄒᆞ니〮 다〯 ᄯᅩᆷ〮 ᄆᆞᄎᆞ〮며 즉〮재 니러〮 아ᇇ더〮라 霍亂 枯白礬{{*|브레 노긴〮 ᄇᆡᆨ번〮}}爲末每服一大錢百沸湯點服 도〮와리〮ᄒᆞ〮거든〮 브〮레 노긴〮 ᄇᆡᆨ번〮을 ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄒᆞᆫ 돈〯곰〮 일〮ᄇᆡᆨ〮 소솜〮 글힌〮 므레 프〮러 머그〮라 塩{{*|소곰}}納臍中灸二七壯 소고ᄆᆞᆯ〮 ᄇᆡᆺ복 가온〮ᄃᆡ 녀코〮 두〯 닐굽〮 붓글〮 ᄯᅳ〮라 服乾薑屑{{*|ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇱ ᄀᆞᄅᆞ}}三方寸匕 ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇱ ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 세〯 수〮를 머그〮라 生薑一斤切以水七升煮取二升分爲三服 ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ ᄒᆞᆫ 근을〮 사ᄒᆞ〮라 믈〮 닐굽〮 되〮예 글혀〮 두〯 되〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 세〯번에〮 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 머그〮라 生大豆{{*|ᄂᆞᆯ 코ᇰ}}屑酒和服方寸匕 ᄂᆞᆯ 코ᇱ ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 수레〮 ᄒᆞᆫ수〮를 프〮러 머그〮라 炒塩{{*|봇ᄀᆞᆫ 소곰}}二椀紙包紗護頓其胷前幷腹肚上以熨斗火熨氣透卽蘇續又以炒塩熨其背 봇ᄀᆞᆫ〮 소곰 두〯 사바〮ᄅᆞᆯ 죠ᄒᆡ〮예 ᄡᆞ〮고 사로〮 ᄢᅳ려 가ᄉᆞᆷ〮과 ᄇᆡ예〮 여ᇇ고〮 다리〮우〮리예〮 블〮다마〮 울〮ᄒᆞ〮야 긔〮운이〮 ᄉᆞᄆᆞᄎᆞ〮면 즉〮재 살〯리라 ᄯᅩ〮 봇ᄀᆞᆫ〮 소고ᄆᆞ〮로 드ᇰ을〮 울〮ᄒᆞ라〮 大蒜{{*|마ᄂᆞᆯ〮}}磨脚心令遍熱卽差 마ᄂᆞ〮ᄅᆞᆯ 밧바다ᇰ〮애〮 ᄲᅵ븨〮여 두루 덥〯게〮 ᄒᆞ면〮 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 ==咽喉腫_{목 브ᅀᅳᆫ 벼ᇰ〯이〮라}== 宜服{{밑줄|和劑方}}牛黃 凉膈圓御藥院方加減薄荷煎圓 화졔〮바ᇰ애〮 우화ᇰ랴ᇰ격〮원{{문자 주석|과〮|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}} 어〯약〮원〯바ᇰ애〮 가감〯박〮하젼〯원과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 머고〮미 맛〮다ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라 咽喉頸外腫及咽乾痛 牛蒡子{{*|우ᅌᅯᇰ ᄡᅵ 三兩搗碎}}塩{{*|소곰二兩}}炒令熱熨腫上立效 목과〮 목 밧기〮 브ᅀᅳ며〮 모기〮 ᄆᆞᆯ라〮 알ᄑᆞ거든〮 우ᅌᅯᇰ ᄡᅵ〮 석〯 랴ᇰ디호〮니와〮 소곰 두〯랴ᇰ과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 덥〯게〮 봇가〮 브ᅀᅳᆫ ᄃᆡ〮 울ᄒᆞ면〮 즉〮재됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 懸癰垂長咽中妨悶 白礬{{*|一兩燒灰}}塩花{{*|ᄀᆞᇇ〮곳 一兩}}同細硏爲散以筯頭點在懸癰上差 목져〮지 드리〮디〮여 목 안〮히 막고〮 답답ᄒᆞ〮거든〮 ᄇᆡᆨ번〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰᄉᆞ〮론 ᄌᆡ〮와 ᄀᆞᇇ〮곳 ᄒᆞᆫ랴ᇰ과〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ〮 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 져〮 웃그〮트로〮 디거〮 목졋〮 우 희〮 디그〮면 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 懸癰卒腫 䃃砂{{*|로〮새}}半錢以緜裹細細含嚥津卽差 목져〮지 과ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 븟거든〮 로〮새 반〯 돈〮을〮 소오매〮 ᄡᅡ〮 젹젹 머구〮머 추〮믈〮 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ〮면 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리라 咽喉卒生癰腫飮食不通燒枰錘{{*|저욼〮 ᄃᆞ림〮쇠}}令赤內一盞醋中令沸沸止飮之 모ᄀᆡ〮 과ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 져〮지 나〮 브ᅀᅥ 음〯식〮을 몯〯 먹거든〮 저욼〮 ᄃᆞ림〮쇠ᄅᆞᆯ 븕게〮 ᄉᆞ〮라 초 ᄒᆞᆫ 되〮예 녀허〮 글혀〮 글호〮미 긋거든〮 마시라 赤小豆{{*|블근 ᄑᆞᆺ}}一合擣羅爲末以醋調塗之差 블근〮 ᄑᆞᆺ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 홉을〮 디허〮 처〮 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 초애〮 ᄆᆞ라〮 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ면〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 薤{{*|부〯ᄎᆡ〮}}一握爛搗醋和傅腫上冷復易佳 부〯ᄎᆡ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ줌〯을〮 므르 디허〮 초애〮 ᄆᆞ라〮 브ᅀᅳᆫ 우 희〮 브툐〮ᄃᆡ ᄎᆞ〮거든〮 다시 ᄀᆞ〮라〮 호〮미 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 薏苡人{{*|율믜 ᄡᅵ〮}}七枚以水呑之卽差 율믜 ᄡᅵ〮 닐굽〮 나〯ᄎᆞᆯ〮 므〮레 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ면 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 風熱肺壅咽喉腫痛語聲不出或如有物硬荊芥穗 {{*|뎌ᇰ〯갓〮 이삭 半兩}}桔梗{{*|도랏〮 二兩}}甘草{{*|炙一兩}}麤末每服四錢水一盞薑三片煎六分去査食後溫服 ᄇᆞᄅᆞᆷ으〮로 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뎌ᇰ〯갓〮 이삭 반〯랴ᇰ과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 굵〯게〮 디허〮 처〮 서〯 돈〯곰〮 믈〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮예 달혀〮 반〯남ᄌᆞᆨ거든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〯 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ니〮 머그〮라 咽喉卒腫痛不下食 雞子{{*|ᄃᆞᆯᄀᆡ〮알〮}}一枚去殼攪令黃白勻服之 모기 과ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 브ᅀᅥ〮 알파〮 음〯시〮기 ᄂᆞ리〮디 몯〯거든〮 ᄃᆞᆯᄀᆡ〮알〮 ᄒᆞᆫ나〯ᄎᆞᆯ 거플 앗〯고〮 누른〮ᄌᆞᅀᆞ〮 ᄒᆡᆫ〮ᄌᆞᅀᆡ〮 고ᄅᆞ게〮 저ᅀᅥ〮 머그〮라 白麫{{*|밄ᄀᆞᄅᆞ}}不計多少以苦酒{{*|초}}和塗喉外腫處 밄〮ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 하나〮 져〯그〮나 초애〮 ᄆᆞ라 목밧 브ᅀᅳᆫᄃᆡ〮 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ라〮 大豆{{*|코ᇰ}}一合以水一大盞煮取七分去滓含嚥 코ᇰ ᄒᆞᆫ 홉을〮믈〮 큰〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮예 달혀〮 반〯남ᄌᆞᆨ거든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮머구〮머 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ〮라 白礬少許硏碎以緜裹含嚥津卽差 ᄇᆡᆨ번〮을 져〯고매 ᄀᆞ라 소오매〮 ᄡᅡ〮 머구〮머셔 춤〮을 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ〮면 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 黃蘗末{{*|화ᇰ벽〮핏 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ}}醋調傳腫上乾卽易 화ᇰ벽〮핏 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 초애〮 ᄆᆞ라〮 브ᅀᅳᆫ 우희〮 브툐〮ᄃᆡ ᄆᆞᄅᆞ거든〮 ᄀᆞ람〮 ᄒᆞ라〮 筆頭{{*|붇〮 귿〮}}燒灰漿{{*|ᄡᆞᆯ〮 글힌〮 믈〮}}飮調方寸匕服 붇〮 그〮틀 ᄉᆞ〮라 ᄌᆡ〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄡᆞᆯ〮 글힌〮 므〮레 프〮러 ᄒᆞᆫ 술만〮 머그〮라 咽喉忽覺氣塞喘息不通須臾欲絶獨顆蒜{{*|되야〮마ᄂᆞᆯ〮}}一枚削去兩頭可塞鼻竅患左塞右鼻患右塞左鼻喉中膿血出立效 모긔〮 믄득〮 긔〮운이〮 마〮가〮 숨〯 쉬〯디〮 몯〯ᄒᆞ〮야 져 근 더데〮 주글〮 ᄃᆞᆺ〮거든〮 되야〮마ᄂᆞᆯ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 나〯ᄎᆞᆯ〮 두〯녁 그〮틀 갓가〮 ᄇᆞ료〮ᄃᆡ〮 곳〮구무 마ᄀᆞᆯ〮 만〮ᄒᆞ야 왼〯녀기〮 알ᄑᆞ거든〮 올〮ᄒᆞᆫ 곳〮굼글〮 막고〮 !올!을!ᄒᆞᆫ녀기〮 알ᄑᆞ거든〮왼 곳〮굼글〮마가〮 모긔〮셔 고〮롬 피〮 나면〮즉〮재 됴ᄒᆞ리〮라 喉痹卒不語 羊蹄獨根者{{*|ᄉᆞᆯ〮옷〮외〮 불휘〮}}勿見風日婦人雞犬以陳醋硏和生布拭喉令赤傅 모기〮 브ᅀᅥ〮 과ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 말〯몯〯ᄒᆞ〮거든〮 ᄉᆞᆯ〮옷〮외〮 불휘〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄇᆞᄅᆞᆷ과〮 ᄒᆡ〮와겨〯집과〮 ᄃᆞᆰ과〮 가히〮와 뵈〯디〮 마〯오〮 무근〮 초애〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 프〮러 ᄉᆡᇰ뵈〮 로모ᄀᆞᆯ〮 ᄡᅮ처〮 븕게〮 ᄒᆞ고〮브티〮라 喉痹 白殭蠶{{*|절로〮 주근〮 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 누에〮 直者炒}}天南星{{*|두야〮머〮주〮저깃〮 불휘〮 炮各半兩}}擣羅爲散每服一字以生薑自然汁調下如咽喉大叚不通卽以小竹筒{{*|져〯근 대〮로ᇰ}}灌之涎出後用生薑一片略炙含化嚥津 모기〮븟거든〮 절로〮 주근〮 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 누에〮 고ᄃᆞ〮니 봇그〮니와〮 두야〮머〮주〮저깃〮 불휘〯죠ᄒᆡ〮예 ᄡᅡ〮 믈〮저져〮 브〮레구으〮니와〮 각〮 반〯 랴ᇰ을〮디허〮 처〮 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮라 머글〮 제 져〯고매〮 ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 즛두드려 ᄧᅩᆫ〮 므〮레 프러 머그〮라모기〮 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮 막거든 즉〮재 져〯고맛〮 대〮로ᇰ애〮 녀허〮 브ᅀᅳ라〮 춤〮 난 후〯에〮 ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 편〮을자ᇝ〯간〮 브〮레 ᄧᅬ〯야〮 머구〮머셔〮 노겨〮 춤〮을ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ〮라 {{문자 주석|蛇|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}蛻皮{{*|ᄇᆡ〮야ᄆᆡ〮 허ᇰ울}}不以多少揉碎以香爈一介燒烟令患人用竹筒子{{*|대〮로ᇰ}}吸入喉咽內熏破 ᄇᆡ〮야ᄆᆡ〮 허ᇰ울을〮 하나〮 져〯그〮나 비븨〮여 ᄇᆞᅀᅡ〮 햐ᇰ노애 ᄉᆞ〮라 ᄂᆡ〮나〮거든〮 벼ᇰ〯ᄒᆞᆫ 사〯ᄅᆞᄆᆞ〮로 대〮로ᇰ을〮다혀〮 그ᄂᆡ〮ᄅᆞᆯ 드〮리ᄲᆞ〮라 목안〮ᄒᆞᆯ ᄡᅬ〯야〮 헐〯에 ᄒᆞ라〮 生油{{*|ᄂᆞᆯ기름〮}}一合急灌之立愈若未差急解髮令散當頂心取方寸許急捉痛拔之少頃當通如更急則喉下當咽管口灸一壯如麥粒大火至卽差氣雖似絶但心下暖者亦可救此數法皆神驗 ᄂᆞᆯ 기름〮 ᄒᆞᆫ홉을〮 ᄲᆞᆯ리〮 모ᄀᆡ〮 브ᅀᅳ면〮 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 됴〯티〮 아니〮커든〮 ᄲᆞᆯ리〮머리〮ᄅᆞᆯ 퍼〮 펴〮 ᄇᆞ리〮고 머릿〮 뎌ᇰ〮바기〮옛〮 터럭을〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 지봄〮만〮 ᄲᆞᆯ리〮자바〮 ᄆᆡ이〮 ᄲᅢ〮티〮라 이ᅀᅳᆨ고〮 모기〮 토ᇰᄒᆞ 리〮라 ᄒᆞ〮다가〮 다시〮 시급〮히〮ᄃᆞ외어든〮 목 아래〮목구무 마ᄌᆞᆫ〮 ᄃᆡ ᄒᆞᆫ붓글〮 ᄡᅮᆨ〮을 밀〮낫〯만 ᄒᆞ〮야ᄯᅳ〮라 븘〮긔〮운곳〮 들〮면 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮{{문자 주석|니|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}} 긔〮운이〮 비록〮 주근〮ᄃᆞᆺ〮ᄒᆞ〮야도〮 가ᄉᆞᆷ〮아래〮옷〮 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ면〮 ᄯᅩ〮 사ᄅᆞᆯ 거시〮라 이〮두〯ᅀᅥ〮 법〮이〮 다〯신험〮ᄒᆞ니〮라 桔梗{{*|도랏〮 微炒}}甘草{{*|微炙剉各二兩}}麁擣篩每服五錢匕水一盞半煎至八分去滓溫服 도랏〮 ᄆᆞᄅᆞ니〮 자ᇝ〯간〮 봇그〮니와〮 감초〮 자ᇝ〯간〮 브〮레 ᄧᅬ〯야〮 사ᄒᆞ〮로니〮와 각〮 두〮 랴ᇰ을〮 굵〯게〮디허〮 처〮 닷 돈〯곰〮 믈〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 되〮반〯애〮 달혀〮 반〯남ᄌᆞᆨ거든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ닐〮 머그〮라 生惡實{{*|ᄡᅳᆫ〮 우ᅌᅯᇰ ᄡᅵ〮}}莖葉硏塗喉上兼椎一莖令頭破內喉中差 ᄂᆞᆯ ᄡᅳᆫ〮 우ᅌᅯᇰ ᄡᅵ〮와 줄기〮와 닙〮과〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ〮라 목우희 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ며〮 ᄒᆞᆫ줄깃〮 그〮틀 두드〮려 목 안해〮 녀 흐면〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 生硏糯米{{*|ᄎᆞ〮ᄡᆞᆯ〮}}入蜜{{*|ᄢᅮᆯ〮}}飮之 ᄂᆞᆯ ᄎᆞᆯ〮ᄡᆞ〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄢᅮ〮레 ᄩᅡ〮 마시〮라 糯米{{*|ᄎᆞ〮ᄡᆞᆯ〮}}半升炒焦碾末水調成膏貼喉上再換腫卽消 ᄎᆞ〮ᄡᆞᆯ〮 반〯 되〮ᄅᆞᆯ 눋〯게〮 봇가〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 므〮레 ᄆᆞ라〮 골 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮라 목 우희〮 브툐〮ᄃᆡ 다시〮ᄀᆞ람〮 ᄒᆞ면〮 브ᅀᅳᆫᄃᆡ〮 즉〮재ᄂᆞᄌᆞ〮리라〮 喉閉 益母草{{*|눈비엿〮}}不拘多少擣爛以新汲水{{*|ᄀᆞᆺ 기론〮 믈〮}}一椀絞汁飮隨吐愈冬用根 모기〮 ᄀᆞ리〮븟거든〮 눈비여〮즐 하나〮 져〯그〮나므르 디허〮 ᄀᆞᆺ 기론〮 믈〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 사발애 즙〮ᄧᅡ〮 머그면 토〮ᄒᆞ〮다감〮 ᄭᅧᆯ〮로 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮니 겨ᅀᅳ〮리〮어든〮 불휘〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄡᅳ〮라 喉腫胷脇支滿灸尺澤百壯 모기〮 븟고〮 가ᄉᆞᆷ〮과 녑괘〮 탸ᇰ〯만〮커든〮 쳑〮ᄐᆡᆨ〮혈〮 을 일〮ᄇᆡᆨ〮 붓글〮 ᄯᅳ〮라 朴硝{{*|四兩別硏}}甘草{{*|一兩生末}}硏勻每用半錢乾擦喉如腫甚用竹管子{{*|대롱}}吹入喉中爲佳 박〮쇼 넉〯 랴ᇰ닫〮 ᄀᆞ〮로〮니〮와 감초〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰᄂᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ〮로니〮와〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ〮라 고ᄅᆞ게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 반〯돈〯곰〮 ᄆᆞᄅᆞ닐〮 모ᄀᆡ〮 ᄇᆞᆯ로〮ᄃᆡ 브ᅀᅮ〮미 심〯커든〮 대〮로ᇰ으〮로 {{SIC|부|브}}러〮 목안해〮 들〮에 호〮미 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 乾薑{{*|ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ}}半夏{{*|ᄭᅴ〯모롭〯 불휘〮}}等分爲末以少許著舌下 ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ과〮 ᄭᅴ〯모롭〮 불휘〮와〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞᆮ〮게 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 져〯고매〮 혀〮아래〯 녀흐〮라 馬㗸鐵{{*|마〯함쇠〮}}一具用水三盞煮一盞溫服又蒜{{*|마ᄂᆞᆯ〮}}塞耳鼻中 마〯함쇠〮 ᄒᆞᆫ나〯ᄎᆞᆯ〮 믈〮 서〯 되예 글혀〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ닐〮 먹고ᄯᅩ〮 마ᄂᆞ〮ᄅᆞᆯ 귀〮와 고해〮 고ᄌᆞ〮라 白藥 朴硝等分爲末以小管子{{*|대〮로ᇰ}}吹入喉 ᄇᆡᆨ〮약〮과 박〮쇼와〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞᆮ〮게 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 ᄀᆞ〮라져〯근〮 대〮로ᇰ으〮로 부러〮 모ᄀᆡ〮 들〮에 ᄒᆞ라〮 甘草 白礬等分爲細末每以半錢許入口中津液嚥下 감초〮와 ᄇᆡᆨ번〮과〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞᆮ〮게 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 반〯 돈〮곰이베〮 녀허〮셔 추〮메 시버〮 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ〮라 䃃砂{{*|로〮새}}馬牙硝等分細硏令勻用銅筯頭於水中蘸令濕搵藥末點於咽喉中 로〮새와〮 마〯아쇼와〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞᆮ〮게 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 ᄀᆞ〮라고ᄅᆞ게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 구리〮졋〮 그〮틀 므〮레 저져〯 약〮ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 무텨〮 목안해〮 디그〮라 雄雀糞{{*|수〮새〯 ᄯᅩᇰ}}細硏每服半錢以溫水調灌 수〮새〯 ᄯᅩᇰ을〮 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 반〯돈〯곰〮 ᄃᆞ〮ᄉᆞᆫ 므〮레 프〮러 브ᅀᅳ라〮 咽喉生穀賊{{*|곡〮식〮에 몯〯내〯 염근〮 거시〮라}}若不急治亦能殺人用針刺破令黑血出後含馬牙硝一小塊子嚥津卽差 곡〮식〮에 몯〯내〯 염근〮 거〮슬〮 머거〯모기〮 부르〮터 나〮거든〮 ᄲᆞᆯ리〮 고티〮디〮 아니〮ᄒᆞ면〮 ᄯᅩ〮사〯ᄅᆞᄆᆞᆯ〮 수〯이〮 죽게〮 ᄒᆞ〮ᄂᆞ니〮 침으〮로 ᄣᅵᆯ어〮 헐워〮 거믄〮 피〮 나게〮 ᄒᆞ고〮마〯아쇼 ᄒᆞᆫ져〯근〮 무저글〮 머구〮머 추〮믈 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ〮면 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리라 馬牙硝細硏緜裹半錢含化嚥津以差爲度 마〯아쇼ᄅᆞᆯ〯 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 반〯 돈〯을〮소오매〮 ᄡᅡ 머구〮머 노겨 추〮믈 ᄉᆞᇝ교〮ᄃᆡ 됴〯ᄐᆞ록〮 ᄒᆞ라〮 豉{{*|젼국}}半升以水二大盞煎至一大盞去滓分爲二服相繼稍熱服之令有汗出卽差 젼국 반〯 되〮ᄅᆞᆯ 믈〮 두〯 되〮예 달혀〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 되〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 두〯 번에〮ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 서르 니ᇫ워 자ᇝ〯간〮 덥〯게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 머거〮 ᄯᆞᆷ〮 나게〮 ᄒᆞ면〮 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〯라 ==纏喉風_{모기 과ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 브ᅀᅳ니〮라}== 冝服和劑方牛黃 凉膈圓御藥院方加減薄荷煎圓 화졔〮바ᇰ애〮 우화ᇰ 랴ᇰ격〮원과〮 어〯약〮원〯바ᇰ애〮 가감〯박〮하젼〯원과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 머고〮미 맛〮다ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라 纏喉風 蒼耳根{{*|됫〮고〮마릿〮 불휘〮}}老薑{{*|무근〮 ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ}}一塊同硏爛濾汁以溫無灰白酒浸汁服 모기〮 과ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 븟거든〮 됫고〮마릿〮 불휘〮와 무근〮 ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ ᄒᆞᆫ 무적과〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ〮 므르 ᄀᆞ〮라 걸운〮 즙〮을〮 ᄃᆞᄉᆞᆫ 됴〯ᄒᆞᆫ 수레〮 ᄃᆞᆷ가〮 머그〮라 醋磨膽礬少許口噙片時涎出立愈 초애〮 담〯번〮을〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 져〯고매〮 이베〮 머구〮머시면 져근덛〮 춤〮 나〮면〮 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 生白礬爲細末冷水調下二錢立愈 ᄂᆞᆯ ᄇᆡᆨ번〮을〮 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄎᆞᆫ〮 므〮레 두〯돈〯만〮 프〮 러 머그〮면 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 纏喉風閉腫痛手足厥冷卽時氣閉不通 皂角{{*|一皮}}百草霜{{*|솓 미틧〮 거믜여ᇰ 一錢}}同硏爲末冷水調加淸油{{*|ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ〮 기름〮}}數點灌之 모기〮 막고〮 브ᅀᅥ〮 알파〮 손〮바〮리 ᄎᆞ〮고 즉〮재 수〮미〮 마가〮 토ᇰ티〮 몯〯거든〮 조〯각〮 ᄒᆞᆫ거플와〮 솓 미틧〮 거믜여ᇰ ᄒᆞᆫ 돈〯과〮ᄅᆞᆯᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄎᆞᆫ〮므〮레 프〮러 ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ〮 기름〮두〯ᅀᅥ〮 번처〮디여〮 모ᄀᆡ〮 브ᅀᅳ라〮 纏喉風喉閉飮食不通欲死 紫苑根{{*|ᄐᆡ〮알〮 불휘〮}}一莖淨洗內入喉中待取惡涎出卽差神驗更以馬牙硝津嚥之 모기〮 과ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 마고〮 브ᅀᅥ〮 음〯식〮을 먹디〮 몯〯ᄒᆞ〮야 주글〮 ᄃᆞᆺ〮거든〮 ᄐᆡ〯앐〮 불휘〮 ᄒᆞᆫ줄기〮ᄅᆞᆯ 조〮ᄒᆡ 시서〮 모ᄀᆡ〮 녀〮허〮 모〯딘〮 추〮미 나면〮즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮니 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 ᄯᅩ〮 마〯아쇼ᄅᆞᆯ〮 춤〮에 노겨〮 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ〮라 川升麻四兩剉碎水四椀煎一椀灌服 스ᇰ맛 불휘〮 넉〯 랴ᇰ을〮사ᄒᆞ〮라 ᄇᆞᅀᅡ〮 믈〮 네〯사발〮애〮 달혀〮 ᄒᆞᆫ사바〮리〮어든〮 이베〮 브ᅀᅳ라〮 皂角三莖搥碎挼一盞灌服或吐或不吐卽安 조〮각〮 세〯 줄기〮 두드〮려 ᄇᆞᅀᅡ〮 ᄧᅩ〮니 ᄒᆞᆫ잔〮을 브ᅀᅳ라〮 토〮커나〮 토〮티〮 아니〮커나〮 즉〮재 편안ᄒᆞ리〮라 蠶退紙 {{*|누에〮 ᄡᅵ〮 낸〯 죠ᄒᆡ〮}}燒存性煉蜜丸如雞頭大含化嚥津 누에〮 ᄡᅵ〮 낸〯 죠ᄒᆡ〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄉᆞᄒᆡ디 아니〮케 ᄉᆞ〮라 달힌〮 ᄢᅮ〮레 환지ᅀᅩ〮ᄃᆡ 계두실〮만〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 머구〮머 노겨〮 추〮믈 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ〮라 雄黃{{*|셕〮우화ᇰ}}一塊新汲水{{*|ᄀᆞᆺ 기론〮 믈〮}}磨急灌吐卽差 셕〮우화ᇰ ᄒᆞᆫ 무저글〮 ᄀᆞᆺ 기론〮 므〮레 ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄲᆞᆯ리 브ᅀᅥ〮 토〮ᄒᆞ면〮 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 ==噎塞_{목며유〮미라〮}== 宜服和劑方五膈 寬中散快氣湯沉香 降氣湯 화졔바ᇰ애 오격관듀ᇰ산과 쾌긔타ᇰ과 팀햐ᇰ가ᇰ긔타ᇰ과ᄅᆞᆯ 머고미 맛다ᇰᄒᆞ니라 胷中氣噎不下食喉中如有肉塊 昆布{{*|다ᄉᆞ마〮머육〮 二兩洗去鹹味}}小麥{{*|밀〮 二合}}水三大盞煎候小麥爛熟去滓每服不計時候喫一小盞仍揀取昆布不住含三兩片子嚥津極妙 가ᄉᆞᆷ〮애 긔〮운이〮 막딜여〮 바〮비 ᄂᆞ리〮디 아니〮ᄒᆞ〮야 목가온〮ᄃᆡ 고깃〮 무저기〮 잇ᄂᆞᆫ ᄃᆞᆺ〮ᄒᆞ〮거든〮 다ᄉᆞ마〮머육〮 두〯 랴ᇰ을〮시서〮 ᄧᆞᆫ〮 맛〮업〯게〮 ᄒᆞ고〮 밀〮 두〯 홉과ᄅᆞᆯ 믈〮 서〯되〮예 달혀〮 밀〮히 므르 니글〮 만〮ᄒᆞ〮야 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 ᄢᅵ〮니 혜〯디〮 마〯오〮 서〯홉곰〮 머고〮ᄃᆡ 그다ᄉᆞ마〮머육〮을 ᄀᆞᆯᄒᆡ〮야 세〯조각이어나〮 두〯 조각이〮어나〯그치〮디 마〯오〮머구〮머 시버〮 므〮를 ᄉᆞᇝ교〮미 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 氣噎胷膈不利煩滿不下食 蜜{{*|ᄢᅮᆯ〮 半升}}酥{{*|수유 半升}}生薑汁{{*|半升}}相和以慢火煎成膏收於甕合中每取半棗大含化嚥津或內熱酒中調服之亦得 긔〮운이〮 막딜여〮 가ᄉᆞ〮미 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嚼下榛子{{*|개옴}} 개옴을〮 시버〮 머그〮라 削大蒜{{*|마ᄂᆞᆯ〯}}內鼻 마ᄂᆞ〮ᄅᆞᆯ 갓가〮 고해〮 녀흐라〮 海藻{{*|바ᄅᆞᆺ〯 ᄆᆞᆯ〮}}周於頸下又食之 바ᄅᆞᆺ〮 ᄆᆞ〮ᄅᆞᆯ 모ᄀᆡ〮 가ᄆᆞ〮며 ᄯᅩ〮 머그〮라 鵝毛{{*|거유 짓〮}}燒灰酒服 거유〮의 지〮츨 ᄉᆞ〮라 ᄌᆡ〮ᄅᆞᆯ 수레〮 프〮러 머그〮라 通草{{*|이흐〮름너출〮}}煎湯服之 이흐〮름너출〮을 달혀 머그〮라 蘆根汁{{*|ᄀᆞᆳ〮 불휫〮 즙〮}}服之 ᄀᆞᆳ〮 불휘〮ᄅᆞᆯ〮 즙〮 ᄧᅡ〮 머그〮라 藍汁{{*|쳐ᇰᄃᆡᆺ 즙〮}}服之 쳐ᇰᄃᆡᄅᆞᆯ 즙〮ᄧᅡ〮 머그〮라 喉中如有物不出入腹賬羸瘐蘘荷根汁{{*|야ᇰ핫 ᄀᆞᆫ 즙〮}}服之蟲自出如有物者蟲之所作也 목 가온〮ᄃᆡ 아〯모〮 거시〮나 잇ᄂᆞᆫ ᄃᆞᆺ〮ᄒᆞ〮야 나도〮 드〮도 아니〮ᄒᆞ〮야 ᄇᆡ〮 붇〯고 여위〮어든〮 야ᇰ핫 ᄀᆞᆫ을〮 즙〮 ᄧᅡ〮 머그〮면 벌에〮 절로〮 나리〮니 아〯모〮 거시〮나 잇ᄂᆞᆫᄃᆞᆺ〮호〮ᄆᆞᆫ 벌에〮의〮 다시〮라 五噎不下食 崖蜜{{*|돌〯 ᄢᅵᆷ에〮 지ᅀᅮᆫ〮 ᄢᅮᆯ〮}}含微微嚥之卽差 다ᄉᆞᆺ〮 가지〮로목며여〮 바〮비 ᄂᆞ리〮디 아니〮커든〯 돌〯ᄢᅵᆷ〮에 지ᅀᅮᆫ〮 ᄢᅮ〮ᄅᆞᆯ 머구〮머셔〮 젹젹 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ〮 면 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 老牛噍沫{{*|늘근〮 쇼〯 시븐〮 춤〮}}如棗許大置稀粥中飮之終身不噎矣勿令患人知 늘근〮 쇼〮 시븐〮 춤〮을 대〯초〮 낫〯만〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 후루루ᄒᆞᆫ 쥭〮에〮 두〮어 마시〮면〮죽ᄃᆞ〮록 목몌〯디〮 아니〮ᄒᆞ리〮니 벼ᇰ〯ᄒᆞᆫ 사〯ᄅᆞᆷ으〮로 모ᄅᆞ〮게〮 ᄒᆞ라〮 老人噎病心痛悶膈氣結飮食不下 桂心末{{*|계〯핏 솝〯 ᄀᆞ〮론 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ 一兩}}粳米{{*|ᄒᆡᆫ〮ᄡᆞᆯ〮 四合淘硏}}煮作粥半熟次下桂末調和空心日一服亦破冷氣殊效 늘근〮 사〯ᄅᆞᆷ 목몐〯 벼ᇰ〯이〮가ᄉᆞ〮미 답답ᄒᆞ고〮 긔〮운이〮 ᄆᆡ쳐〮 머군〮 거시〮 ᄂᆞ리〮디 아니〮커든〮 계〯핏 솝〯 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ을〮ᄀᆞ〮라 두고〮ᄒᆡᆫ〮ᄡᆞᆯ〮 너〯 홉을〮 시서〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 글혀〮 쥭〮 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮로ᄃᆡ〮 반〯만〮 닉거든〮 계〯핏 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 녀허〮 프〮러 고ᇰ심에〮 ᄒᆞᄅᆞ ᄒᆞᆫ 번머그〮라 ᄯᅩ〮ᄎᆞᆫ〮 긔〮운 업〯게〮 호〮매도 ᄌᆞ모 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 白蜜{{*|ᄒᆡᆫ ᄢᅮᆯ〮 一兩}}熟湯{{*|一升}}湯令熱卽下蜜調之分二服皆愈 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 ᄢᅮᆯ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ을〮니기〮 글힌〮 믈〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮예 프〮러 두〯 번에〮ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 머그〮면 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 ==失音_{목소리 몯 나ᄂᆞᆫ 벼ᇰ}== 宜服和劑方荊芥 湯直指方甘桔湯 화졔〮바ᇰ애〮 혀ᇰ개〮타ᇰ과〮 딕〮지〮바ᇰ애〮 감길〮타ᇰ과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 머고〮미 맛〮다ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라 無故喉咽聲音不出者名爲失音用橘皮{{*|귨〮 거 플 五兩}}水三盞煮取一盞去滓頓服其聲自出妙 무연히〮 모ᄀᆡ〮 소리〮 아니〮 나〯ᄆᆞᆯ〮 실〮음이〮라ᄒᆞ〮ᄂᆞ니〮 귨〮 거플 닷 랴ᇰ을〮 믈〮서 되예 글혀〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 믄득〮 머그〮면 그소리〮 ᄌᆞ〮ᅀᅧᆫ히〮 나리〮니 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 桂心{{*|계〯핏 솝〯}}爲末頻放舌下漸漸嚥汁妙 계〯핏 솝〯을〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄌᆞ조〮 혀〮 아래〮 노하〮 졈〯졈〯 그즙〮을 ᄉᆞᇝ교〮미 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 桂{{*|계〯피}}每服三錢水一盞煎七分溫服不拘時聲便出 계〯피ᄅᆞᆯ〮 서〯 돈〯곰〮 믈〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 되〮예 달혀〮 반〯 남ᄌᆞᆨ거든〮 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ닐〮 ᄢᅵ〮니 혜〯디〮 마〯오〮 머그〮면 소리〮 즉〮재 나리〮라 杏仁{{*|ᄉᆞᆯ고〮ᄡᅵ〮 솝〯 一升熬去皮尖}}酥{{*|수〮유 一兩}}蜜{{*|ᄢᅮᆯ〮 少許}}和爲丸如梧子大每日空腹熟米飮下十五丸 ᄉᆞᆯ고〮ᄡᅵ〮 솝〯 ᄒᆞᆫ 되〮ᄅᆞᆯ 봇가〮 거플와〮 부〯리와〮 앗〯고〮 수유 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ과〮ᄢᅮᆯ〮 져〯고매〮 섯거〮 머귀〮 여름〮만 케〮 비븨〯여 날마다 밥〮 아니머거〮셔 ᄡᆞᆯ〮 글힌〮 므〮레 열〮다ᄉᆞᆺ〮 환곰〮 머그〮라 生大豆{{*|ᄂᆞᆯ 코ᇰ 一升}}靑竹筭子{{*|대〮로 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮론 산〯 四十九枚長四寸闊一分}}和水煮熟日夜二服差 ᄂᆞᆯ 코ᇰ ᄒᆞᆫ 되〮와 프른〮 대〮로 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮론 산〯 마ᅀᆞᆫ〮 아홉〮낫〯 기리〮 네〯 치〮너븨〮 ᄒᆞᆫ분〯과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 므〮레 닉게〮 글혀〮 나ᄌᆡ〮와 바ᄆᆡ〮와 두〯 번머그〮면 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 槐花{{*|회홧 곳}}瓦上炒令香夜到三更仰上床拈取花來隨意食明朝聲響漸琅琅 회홧 고ᄌᆞᆯ〮 디새 우희〮 고ᄉᆞ게〮 봇가〮 바ᇝ〮듀ᇰ만〮 커든〮 펴ᇰ〮?사ᇰ우?희〮 졋바〮누워〮셔 그고ᄌᆞᆯ〮 가져〮다가〮 먹고〮져 식븐 야ᇰ〯ᄋᆞ〮로머그〮면 이틋〮날〮 아ᄎᆞ〮ᄆᆡ 소리〮 졈〯졈〯 ᄀᆞᆺᄀᆞ지 나리〮라 皂角{{*|一挺刮去黑皮幷子}}蘿蔔{{*|댓무ᅀᅮ 믿 三箇切作片}}水二椀同煎至半椀以下服之不過三服便語喫却蘿蔔更妙 조〯각〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 낫〯 거믄〮 거플와〮 ᄡᅵ〮 아ᅀᆞ〮니와〮 댓무ᅀᅮ 믿 세〯 낫〯 사ᄒᆞ〮로니〮와〮ᄅᆞᆯ 믈〮 두〯사발〮애〮 달혀〮 반〯사발〮이〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 머그〮라 세〯 번너무 먹디〮 아니〮ᄒᆞ〮야셔〮 말〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 댓무ᅀᅮ 미틀〮 머구〮미 ᄯᅩ〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 風冷失聲咽喉不開用蘘荷根{{*|야ᇰ핫 ᄀᆞᆫ}}二兩硏絞汁酒一盞和勻不拘時溫服半盞 ᄇᆞᄅᆞᆷ ᄅᆡᇰ〯긔〮로 목 쉬여〮 여〯디〮 아니〮커든〮 야ᇰ핫 ᄀᆞᆫ 두〯 랴ᇰ을〮ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄧᅩᆫ〮 즙〮과 술 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮와 섯거〮 ᄢᅵ〮니 혜〯디〮 말〯오〮 ᄃᆞ시 ᄒᆞ〮야 반〯 되〮ᄅᆞᆯ 머그〮라 ==舌腫_{혀브〮ᅀᅳ니〮}== 舌忽然硬腫逡巡塞悶殺人 釜底上炲煤{{*|가마〮 미틧〮 거믜여ᇰ}}和塩{{*|소곰}}等分細硏爲末表裏塗舌良久消差 혜〮 과ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 세〯며〮 브ᅀᅥ〮 져근덛〮 ᄉᆞᅀᅵ〮예 몌여〮 답답ᄒᆞ〮야 사〯ᄅᆞ미〮 죽ᄂᆞ니〮 가마〮 미틧〮 거믜여ᇰ과〮 소곰과〮ᄅᆞᆯ〮 ᄀᆞᆮ〮게 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 혀〮안〮팟 겨틔〮 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ면〮 이ᅀᅳᆨ고〮 ᄂᆞ자〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 烏賊魚骨{{*|미〯긔치〮}}蒲黃{{*|부들〮마치〮 우흿〮 누른〮 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ}}等分搗羅爲末每用少許塗舌上差 미〯긔치〮 와부들〮마치〮 우흿〮 누른〮 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ와〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞᆮ게 ᄂᆞᆫ화 디허 처 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ 져고매 혀우희 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ면 됴ᄒᆞ리라 舌卒腫起滿口塞喉須臾不療卽殺人以指衝決舌下兩邊皮亦可以鈹刀破之出血復刺舌下兩邊脙血出數升及燒鐵筯烙之數過絶其血又以芥底墨和酒調塗舌上下卽差 혜 과ᄀᆞᆯ이 브ᅀᅥ 부프러 이베 ᄀᆞᄃᆞᆨᄒᆞ야 모 기 마가 져근덛 아니고티면 즉재 사ᄅᆞ미 죽ᄂᆞ니 소ᇇ가락으로 혀 아래 두녁 ᄀᆞᆺ 가ᄎᆞᆯ 딜어 믜티거나 ᄯᅩ 큰치미어나 져고맛 갈히어나 헐워 피 나게 ᄒᆞ며 ᄯᅩ 혀 아래 두 녁겯 핏주를 딜어 피 두어되만 나게 ᄒᆞ고화듀ᄅᆞᆯ 달와 두ᅀᅥ 번을지져 그 피ᄅᆞᆯ긋게 ᄒᆞ고 ᄯᅩ 가마미틧 거믜여ᇰ을 수레 ᄆᆞ라 혀 아라 우희 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ면 즉제 됴ᄒᆞ리라 舌暴腫乾薑{{*|ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ 一分}}半夏{{*|ᄭᅴ모롭 불휘 一分湯洗七徧去滑}}搗細羅爲散每用少許摻在血上以差爲度 혜 과ᄀᆞᆯ이 븟거든 ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ 두 돈반과 ᄭᅴ모롭 불휘 두 돈 반더운 므레 닐굽 번 시서 믯믯ᄒᆞᆫ 것업게 호니와ᄅᆞᆯ 디허 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 처 져고매 혀우희 ᄲᅵ호ᄃᆡ 됴토록 ᄒᆞ라 亂髮{{*|허튼 머리터리}}燒灰水調下 허튼 머리터리 ᄉᆞ론 ᄌᆡᄅᆞᆯ 므레 프러 머그라 舌忽賬出口外 雞冠上刺血磁器盛浸舌就嚥下卽縮 혜 과ᄀᆞᆯ이 부러 입밧긔 나거든 ᄃᆞᆯᄀᆡ 벼슬 ᄣᅵᆯ어 피내야 사그르세 담고 혀ᄅᆞᆯᄃᆞᆷ가셔 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ면 즉재움처들리라 ==鼻衂_{고해 피 나ᄂᆞᆫ 벼ᇰ}== 宜服和劑方四物湯加側栢煎服蘇合香圓冷水嚼下 화졔〮바ᇰ ᄉᆞ〯믈〮타ᇰ애〮 즉〮ᄇᆡᆨ〮 닙〮 더드〮려 달〮혀〮 머그〮며 소합〮햐ᇰ원을〮 ᄎᆞᆫ〮므〮레 시버〮 머고〮미 맛〮당ᄒᆞ니〮라 鼻衂終日不止心神煩悶 故屛風紙燒灰細硏以溫酒調下一錢立止 고해〮 피〮 나〮 졈그〮ᄃᆞ〮록 긋디〮 아니〮ᄒᆞ〮야 ᄆᆞᅀᆞ 미〮 답답ᄒᆞ〮거든〮 ᄂᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ〮 편푸ᇰ앳〮 죠ᄒᆡ〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄉᆞ〮라 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄃᆞᄉᆞᆫ 수레〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 돈〯만〮프〮러 머그〮면 즉〮재 그츠〮리라〮 貝母二兩炮黃擣羅爲末以漿水{{*|ᄡᆞᆯ〮 글힌〮 믈}}調二錢服良久再服差 패〯모 두〯 랴ᇰ을〮 죠ᄒᆡ〮예 ᄡᅡ〮 믈〮저져〮 브〮레 무더〮 {{SIC|구|두}}워〮 누르〮거든〮 디허〮 처〮 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 ᄡᆞᆯ〮 글힌〮 므〮레 두〯 돈〯을〮프〮러〮 먹고〮이ᅀᅳᆨᄒᆞ야 다시〮머그〮라 生乾地黃一兩細剉於銀器中以酒一中盞煎三五沸去滓頓服其血立止 ᄉᆡᇰ디〮화ᇱ 불{{SIC|휘〮|희〮}} ᄆᆞᆯ외〮요니〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ을〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 사ᄒᆞ〮라 은그르〮세 술 닷 홉애〮 세〯 소솜이〮어나〮 다ᄉᆞᆺ〮 소솜〮이〮어나〮달혀〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 믄득〮 {{SIC|머|더}}그〮면 그 피〮즉〮재 그츠〮리라〮 穀精草擣羅爲末以熱麫湯調下二錢 곡〮져ᇰ초〮ᄅᆞᆯ 디허〮 처 ᄀᆞᆯ〮ᄋᆞᆯ〮 밄〮ᄀᆞᄅᆞ 글힌〮 므〮레 두〯돈〯만〮 프〮러 머그〮라 生葛根{{*|ᄂᆞᆯ 츩〮불휘〮}}搗取汁每服一小盞三服卽止 ᄂᆞᆯ 츩〮불휘〮 즛디허〮 ᄧᅩᆫ〮 즙〮을 서〮 홉곰 세〯 번머그〮면 즉〮재 그츠〮리라〮 黃明膠{{*|누르〮고 ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ〮 갓플〮}}洋如稠餳塗帛上貼額上立止 누르〮고 ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ〮 갓플〮을〮 노겨〮 특특한 엿〮 ᄀᆞᆮ〮거든 헌〯것 우희〮 ᄇᆞᆯ라〮 니마〮 우희〮 브티〮면 즉〮재 그츠〮리라〮 桑木耳{{*|ᄲᅩᇰ남긧〮 버슷〮}}熬令燋搗羅爲末撮如杏仁大緜裹塞鼻中數過卽止 ᄲᅩᇰ남긧〮 버스〮슬 봇가〮 ᄆᆞᄅᆞ게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 디허〮 처〮 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮ᄉᆞᆯ고〮ᄡᅵ〮만〯 지버〮 소옴애〮 ᄡᅡ〮 곳〮굼긔〮 마고〮ᄃᆡ 두〯ᅀᅥ〮 번만〮 ᄒᆞ면〮즉〮재 그츠〮리라 石榴花{{*|셕륫 곳}}搗末吹鼻內效 셕〮륫 고ᄌᆞᆯ 디{{SIC|허〮|히〮}} ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 고〮 안해〮 불〯면〮됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮 라 蒼耳{{*|됫〮고〮마리〮}}莖葉擣絞取汁每服一小盞頻服效 됫〮고〮마리〮 줄기〮와 닙〮과 디허〮 ᄧᅩᆫ〮 즙〮을 서 홉곰〮 머고〮ᄃᆡ ᄌᆞ조〯 머그〮면 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 鼻衂日夜不止面無顔色昏悶 亂髮灰{{*|머리〮터리〮 ᄉᆞ〮론 ᄌᆡ〮 半兩}}伏龍肝{{*|가마〮 믿 마촘〮 아랫〮 ᄒᆞᆰ 一兩}}相和細硏令勻以新汲水{{*|ᄀᆞᆺ 기론〮 믈〮}}調三錢服之 고해〮 피〮 나〮 밤〮나〮지 긋디〮 아니〮ᄒᆞ〮야 ᄂᆞᆺ비〮치 업〯고〮 답답ᄒᆞ〮거든〮 머리〮터리〮 ᄉᆞ〮론 ᄌᆡ〮 반〯 랴ᇰ과〮 가마〮 믿마촘〮 아랫〮 ᄒᆞᆰ ᄒᆞᆫ랴ᇰ〮과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 섯거〮 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 고ᄅᆞ게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 ᄀᆞᆺ 기론〮 므〮레 서〯 돈〯을〮프〮러 머그〮라 生地黃汁{{*|一升}}白蜜{{*|ᄒᆡᆫ〮 ᄢᅮᆯ〮 半兩}}蒲黃{{*|부플〮마치〮 우희〮 누른〮 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ 一兩}}相和微暖過每服一小盞頻服之差 ᄉᆡᇰ디〮화ᇱ 불휘〮 ᄧᅩᆫ〮 즙〮ᄒᆞᆫ 되〮와 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 ᄢᅮᆯ〮 반〯 랴ᇰ과〮 부 들〮마치〮 우희〮 누른〮 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ과〮ᄅᆞᆯ섯거〮 져〯기〮 덥〯게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 서〮홉곰〮 머고〮ᄃᆡ ᄌᆞ조〮 머그〮면 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 鼻衂日夜過不止眩冒欲死 靑箱草{{*|ᄒᆡᆫ〮 만ᄃᆞ라미〮}}不限多少細剉擣硏絞取汁一兩合少少灌入鼻中差 고해〮 피〮 나〮 밤〮나〮지 긋디〮 아니〮ᄒᆞ야 어〮즐〮ᄒᆞ고〮 주글〮 ᄃᆞᆺ〮거든〮 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 만ᄃᆞ라미〮ᄅᆞᆯ 하나〮 져〯그나 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 사ᄒᆞ〮라 디허〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄧᅩᆫ〮 즙〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 홉이〮나 두〯 홉이〮나젹젹 고해〮 브ᅀᅥ〮 들〮에〮 ᄒᆞ면〮 됴〮ᄒᆞ리〮라 乾薑{{*|ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ!아ᇰ!이ᇰ!}}削如蓮子大塞鼻中卽止 ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ을〮 갓가〮 년ᄌᆞ〮만〮 케〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 곳〮굼글〮 마그〮면 즉〮재 그츠〮리라〮 鼻衂累醫不止 栗穀{{*|밤소ᇰ이〮}}五兩燒灰硏爲末每服二錢以粥飮調服之差 고해〮 피〮나〮 여러〮가지〮로 고툐〮ᄃᆡ 긋디〮 아니〮커든〮 밤소ᇰ이〮 닷 랴ᇰ을〮ᄉᆞ〮라 ᄌᆡ〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ〮라 두〯돈〯곰〮 쥭〮므〮레 프〮러 머그〮면 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 大衂口耳皆出血不止蒲黃 {{*|부들〮마치〮 우희〮 누른〮 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ}}一兩細硏爲散每服以冷水調下一錢卽差 고해〮 피〮 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮 나〮 입〮과 귀예 다〯나〮 긋디〮 아니〮커든〮 부들〮마치〮 우희〮 누른〮 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ을〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄎᆞᆫ〮므〮레 ᄒᆞᆫ돈〯곰〮 프러〮 머그〮면〮 즉〮 재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 斷弓絃{{*|그츤 활시울〮 一分燒灰}}白礬{{*|一分燒灰細}}硏爲散以二豆大許吹入鼻中差 그츤〮 활시울〮 두〯 돈〯 반〯ᄉᆞ〮론 ᄌᆡ〮와 ᄇᆡᆨ번〮 두〯 돈〯 반〯 ᄉᆞ〮론ᄌᆡ〮와〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 두〯 코ᇰ낫〯만〮 케〮 ᄒᆞ〮야고해〮 불〯면〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 鼻衂不止欲死 車前子末{{*|뵈〮ᄧᅡᇰ이〮 ᄡᅵ〮 ᄀᆞ〮론 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ}}牛耳中垢{{*|ᄉᆈ 귀 안해〮 ᄠᆡ〮}}等分和成挺子塞鼻中立止 고해 피 나 긋디 아니ᄒᆞ야 주글 ᄃᆞᆺ거든뵈ᄧᅡᇰ이 ᄡᅵ ᄀᆞ론 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ와 ᄉᆈ 귀 안해 ᄠᆡ와ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞᆮ게 ᄂᆞᆫ화 섯거 뎌ᇰ 지ᅀᅥ 고해 마그면 즉재 그츠리라 鼻出血不止擣楮葉汁{{*|닥 닙 디허 ᄧᅩᆫ 즙}}飮三升大良 고해 피 나 긋디 아니커든 닥나모 니플 디허 즙ᄧᅡ 서되ᄅᆞᆯ 머고미 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ 됴ᄒᆞ니라 張弓令弦向上病兒仰臥枕弦放四體如常臥法 화ᄅᆞᆯ 지허 시우를 우흐로 오ᄅᆞ게 ᄒᆞ고벼ᇰᄒᆞᆫ 사ᄅᆞ미 졋바누어 시우를 볘오 네활기 펴ᄇᆞ리고 샤ᇰ녜 눕ᄃᆞ시 ᄒᆞ라 鼻卒衂 釜底墨{{*|가마 미틧 거믜여ᇰ}}細硏以少許吹鼻中卽止 고해 과ᄀᆞᆯ이 피 나거든 가마 미틧 거믜여ᇰ을 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 ᄀᆞ라 져고매 고해 불면 즉재 그 츠리라 蝟皮{{*|고솜도ᄐᆡ 갓}}一枚燒爲灰細硏每用半錢緜裹內鼻中數易之差 고솜도ᄐᆡ 갓 ᄒᆞᆫ나ᄎᆞᆯ ᄉᆞ라 ᄌᆡ ᄃᆞ외어든 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 ᄀᆞ라 반돈곰 소옴애 ᄡᅡ 곳굼긔 녀호ᄃᆡ ᄌᆞ조 ᄀᆞᆯ면 됴ᄒᆞ리라 赤馬通{{*|졀다ᄆᆞᆯ ᄯᅩᇰ}}以緜裹如棗大塞鼻中新舊者悉可用若大衂者以水絞取汁飮一二升無新者以水漬乾者用之 졀다ᄆᆞᆯ ᄯᅩᇰ을 소옴애 ᄡᅡ 대초만 케 ᄒᆞ야 곳굼글 마그라 새 ᄯᅩᇰ이나 오란 ᄯᅩᇰ이나다 ᄡᅳ라 ᄯᅩ 피만히 나ᄂᆞ니란 믈조쳐 ᄧᅡ 즙을 ᄒᆞᆫ되나 두 되나머고ᄃᆡ 새옷 업거든 ᄆᆞᄅᆞ니ᄅᆞᆯ 므레 저져 ᄡᅳ라 熟艾{{*|디흔 ᄡᅮᆨ 二彈子大}}牛皮膠{{*|ᄉᆈ 갓플 一兩炙黃燥}}以煎了豉汁一大盞同煎至七分去滓不計時候分溫二服 디흔 ᄡᅮᆨ 두 탄ᄌᆞ만치와 ᄉᆈ 갓플 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ 누르게봇그니와ᄅᆞᆯ 달힌 젼국 즙 ᄒᆞᆫ되예 달혀 반남ᄌᆞᆨ거든 즈ᅀᅴ 앗고 ᄢᅵ니 혜디 마오 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ닐 ᄂᆞᆫ화 두 번에머그라 白芨 {{*|대왐픐 불휘}}不拘多少爲末冷水調用紙花貼鼻窊中 대왐픐 불휘ᄅᆞᆯ 하나 져그나 ᄀᆞ라 ᄎᆞᆫ 므레 (프러) 죠ᄒᆡ예 ᄇᆞᆯ라 곳 오목ᄒᆞᆫ ᄃᆡ 브티라 蘿蔔汁{{*|댓무ᅀᅮ 즙}}或藕汁{{*|려ᇇᄀᆞᆫ 즙}}滴鼻中 댓무ᅀᅮ 즛두드려 ᄧᅩᆫ 즙이나려ᇇᄀᆞᆫ 즛두드려 ᄧᅩᆫ 즙이나곳굼긔 처디라 (舊)麻油燈盞合在頂心用物繫定少時卽住 오란 ᄎᆞᆷ기름으로 혀던 두ᇰ잔을 머릿 뎌ᇰ바기예 업고 아못 거스뢰나 ᄆᆡ야 둣다가 이ᅀᅳᆨ고 말라 硏大蒜{{*|마ᄂᆞᆯ}}脚心塗卽止 굴근 마ᄂᆞᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ라 밧바다ᇰ애 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ면 즉재 그츠리라 舊竈門上黃泥{{*|브ᅀᅥᆨ 니마 우흿 누른 ᄒᆞᆰ}}爲末米飮調服立效 오란 브ᅀᅥᆨ 니마 우흿 누른 ᄒᆞᆯᄀᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ라 ᄡᆞᆯ 글힌 므레 프러 머그면 즉재 됴ᄒᆞ리라 葱白{{*|팟 믿 ᄒᆡᆫ ᄃᆡ}}一握擣取汁入酒少許調滴鼻中 팟 믿 ᄒᆡᆫ ᄃᆡ ᄒᆞᆫ 줌 디허 ᄧᅩᆫ 즙에술 져고매 녀허 프러 곳굼긔 처디라 苔蘇{{*|잇}}納鼻中 잇글 고해 녀흐라 自刮指爪屑搐之 제 손톱 ᄀᆞᆯ곤 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ 불라 用紙蘸水貼項上 죠ᄒᆡᄅᆞᆯ 믈 저져 목 우희 브티라 椶櫚燒灰隨左右鼻搐之 조ᇰ녀 ᄉᆞ론 ᄌᆡᄅᆞᆯ 피 나ᄂᆞᆫ 녁 곳굼긔 불라 隨衂左右以新汲水{{*|ᄀᆞᆺ 기론 믈}}洗足 고해 피 나ᄂᆞᆫ 녁 바ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞᆺ 기론 믈로 시스라 山梔子{{*|햐ᄀᆞᆫ 지지 ᄡᅵ}}一介用竹刀破作兩邊一邊用濕紙裹煨令熟却用一邊生者同硏爛如泥以酒調服 햐ᄀᆞᆫ 지지 ᄡᅵ ᄒᆞᆫ 나ᄎᆞᆯ 대 갈로 두 ᄧᅡᆨ애ᄢᅢ혀 ᄒᆞᆫ ᄧᅡᆨ으란 저즌 죠ᄒᆡ예 ᄡᅡ 구어 닉게 ᄒᆞ고 ᄒᆞᄧᅡᆨ으란 ᄂᆞᄅᆞᆯ ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ 므르 ᄀᆞ라 수레 프러 머그라 赤馬糞{{*|졀다ᄆᆞᆯ ᄯᅩᇰ}}燒灰細末溫酒調下一錢 졀다ᄆᆞᆯ ᄯᅩᇰ ᄉᆞ론 ᄌᆡᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 ᄀᆞ라 ᄃᆞᄉᆞᆫ 수레 ᄒᆞᆫ 돈을 프러 머그라 龍骨{{*|료ᇰ의 ᄲᅧ}}爲末以筆管吹半錢鼻中 료ᇰ의 ᄲᅧᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ라 붇ᄌᆞᆯ으로 반 돈을 곳굼긔 불라 濃硏好墨{{*|먹}}點鼻中立止 됴ᄒᆞᆫ 먹을 므르 ᄀᆞ라 곳굼긔 디그면 즉재 그츠리라 灸項後髮際兩筋閒宛宛中 목 뒷 발졧 두 힘 ᄉᆞᅀᅵᆺ 오목ᄒᆞᆫ ᄃᆡᆯ ᄯᅳ라 ==吐血_{목의 피 나ᄂᆞᆫ 벼ᇰ}== 宜服和劑方必勝散四物湯加側栢煎服 화졔바ᇰ애 필스ᇰ산과 ᄉᆞ믈타ᇰ즉ᄇᆡᆨ 닙 더드려 달히니와ᄅᆞᆯ 머고미 맛다ᇰᄒᆞ니라 吐血不止 栢葉{{*|즉ᄇᆡᆨ 닙}}乾薑{{*|ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ 各三兩}}艾{{*|ᄡᅮᆨ 一把}}以水五升取馬通汁{{*|ᄆᆞᆯ ᄯᅩᇰ ᄧᅩᆫ 믈}}一升合煮取一升分溫再服 피토호미 긋디 아니커든 즉ᄇᆡᆨ 닙과 ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ 각 석랴ᇰ과 ᄡᅮᆨ 석줌과 믈 닷 되와 ᄆᆞᆯ ᄯᅩᇰ ᄧᅩᆫ 즙 ᄒᆞᆫ되와ᄅᆞᆯ 뫼화 글혀 ᄒᆞᆫ되 ᄃᆞ외어든 ᄂᆞᆫ화 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ닐 두번에 머그라 熟艾{{*|니기 디흔 ᄡᅮᆨ}}三雞子許水五升煮取二升頓服 니기 디흔 ᄡᅮᆨ ᄃᆞᆯᄀᆡ 알 세 낫만 ᄒᆞ니ᄅᆞᆯ 믈 닷 되예 글혀 두 되 ᄃᆞ외어든 믄득 머그라 燒亂髮{{*|허튼 머리터럭}}灰水服方寸匕日三服 허튼 머리터리 ᄉᆞ론 ᄌᆡᄅᆞᆯ ᄒᆞᆫ술만 므레 머고ᄃᆡ ᄒᆞᄅᆞ 세 번 머그라 生地黃肥者五升擣以酒一升煮沸三上三下去滓頓服 ᄂᆞᆯ 디화ᇰ 불휘 굴그니 닷 되ᄅᆞᆯ 디허 술 ᄒᆞᆫ되예 글효ᄃᆡ 글허 오ᄅᆞ거든 드러 내야 머초오ᄆᆞᆯ 세 번만 ᄒᆞ야즈ᅀᅴ 앗고 믄득 머그라 桂末{{*|계핏 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ}}二錢水湯各半濃調約半盞許猛喫甚者二服 계피 ᄀᆞ론 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ 두 돈을ᄎᆞᆫ믈와 더운믈와 ᄀᆞᆮ게 ᄒᆞ야 디투 프로니 반 잔만ᄒᆞ닐 ᄲᆞᆯ리 머고ᄃᆡ ᄀᆞ자ᇰ 듀ᇰᄒᆞ니ᄂᆞᆫ 두 번머그라 東向蘘荷根{{*|야ᇰ핫 ᄀᆞᆫ}}一把擣絞取汁服之 도ᇰ녁으로 햐ᇰᄒᆞᆫ 야ᇰ핫 ᄀᆞᆫ ᄒᆞᆫ 줌 디허 ᄧᅩᆫ 즙을 머그라 水服蒲黃{{*|부들마치 우희 누른 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ}}一斤 부들마치 우희 누른 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ ᄒᆞᆫ 근을므레 프러 머그라 伏龍肝{{*|가마 믿 마촘 아랫 ᄒᆞᆰ}}二兩用新汲水{{*|ᄀᆞᆺ 기론 믈}}一大盞淘取汁入蜜{{*|ᄢᅮᆯ}}一匙攪勻頓服之 가마 믿 마촘 아랫 ᄒᆞᆰ 두 랴ᇰ을 ᄀᆞᆺ 기론 믈 큰 ᄒᆞᆫ되예 안초아 바타 ᄢᅮᆯ ᄒᆞᆫ술 녀허 고ᄅᆞ게 저ᅀᅥ 믄득 머그라 生葛根{{*|ᄂᆞᆯ츩 불휘}}擣絞取汁每服一小盞宜頻服以止爲度 ᄂᆞᆯ츩 불휘 디허 ᄧᅡ 즙을 서홉곰 머고ᄃᆡ ᄌᆞ 조 머거 긋도록 ᄒᆞ라 生地黃汁{{*|一大盞}}黃明膠{{*|ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ 갓플一兩炙令黃燥}}擣膠細羅爲散內地黃汁中以瓷器盛於一㪷米飯甑上蒸之候飯熟分爲二服甚者不過再劑 ᄂᆞᆯ 디화ᇱ 불휘 ᄧᅩᆫ 즙 큰 ᄒᆞᆫ되예 ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ 갓플 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ을브레 ᄧᅬ야 누르게 ᄆᆞᆯ외야 디허 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 처 그디화ᇰ 즙에 녀허 사그르세 다마 밥 ᄒᆞᆫ 말ᄠᅵᄂᆞᆫ 시르 우희 ᄠᅧ 밥니글 만커든 ᄂᆞᆫ 화 두 번에 머그라 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ듀ᇰᄒᆞ니도 두 번ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ라 머고매 넘디 아니ᄒᆞ리라 濃煮雞蘇 汁{{*|믓바ᇰ하 즙}}飮之以多爲妙 믓바ᇰ하디투 글힌 즙을머고ᄃᆡ 만히 먹ᄃᆞ록 됴ᄒᆞ니라 銚兒內先鎔黃蠟{{*|밀}}一兩內黃連末一兩攪調稍凝分爲三丸以糯米{{*|ᄎᆞᄡᆞᆯ}}粥化一丸服之日盡三丸差 쇠 그르세 몬져 밀 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ을노기고 화ᇰ련 ᄀᆞ로니 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ녀허 고ᄅᆞ게 저ᅀᅥ 자ᇝ간 얼의어든 세 환애 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ라 ᄎᆞᄡᆞᆯ 쥭에 ᄒᆞᆫ 환을노겨 머고ᄃᆡ ᄒᆞᄅᆞ 세 환을 다머그면 됴ᄒᆞ리라 茜根{{*|곱도쇼ᇱ 불휘}}一兩淡漿水{{*|ᄡᆞᆯ 글힌 ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ 믈}}一大盞煎取半盞去滓溫服之 곱도쇼ᇱ 불휘 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ을 ᄡᆞᆯ 글힌 ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ 믈 큰 ᄒᆞᆫ되예 달혀 반되 ᄃᆞ외어든 즈ᅀᅴ 앗고 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ 니 머그라 栢葉{{*|즉ᄇᆡᆨ닙}}擣羅爲散不計時候以粥飮調下二錢 즉ᄇᆡᆨ 니플 디허 처 ᄢᅵ니 혜디 마오 두 돈만 쥭 므레 프러 머그라 黃苓{{*|솝서근픐 불휘}}一兩去心中黑腐擣細羅爲散每服三錢以水一中盞煎至六分不計時候和滓溫服 솝서근픐 불휘 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ을 소개 검서근 것앗고 디허 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 처 서 돈곰 믈 닷홉애 달혀 반남ᄌᆞᆨ거든 ᄢᅵ니 혜디 마오 즈ᅀᅴ 조쳐 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ닐 머그라 貝母一兩炮令黃擣細羅爲散不計時候以溫漿{{*|ᄃᆞᄉᆞᆫ 슉ᄅᆡᇰ}}調下二錢 패모 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ을 죠ᄒᆡ예 ᄡᅡ 믈 저져 누르게 구어 디허 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 처 ᄢᅵ니 혜디 마오 ᄃᆞᄉᆞᆫ 슉 ᄅᆡᇰ애 두 돈만 프러 머그라 石榴樹根下地龍糞{{*|거ᇫ위 ᄯᅩᇰ}}不限多少細硏新汲水{{*|새로 기론 믈}}一中盞調三錢飮之卽差 셕류나못 불휘 아랫 거ᇫ위 ᄯᅩᇰ을 하나 져그나 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 ᄀᆞ라 새로기론 믈 닷 홉애 서 돈을프러 머그면 즉재 됴ᄒᆞ리라 楮葉{{*|닥 닙}}擣絞取汁不計時候服一小盞 닥나못 닙 디허 ᄧᅡ 즙을 ᄢᅵ니 혜디 마오 서홉만 머그라 松烟墨汁{{*|쇼ᇰ연먹 ᄀᆞ론 믈}}服之卽愈 쇼ᇰ연먹 ᄀᆞ론 므ᄅᆞᆯ 머그면 즉재 됴ᄒᆞ리라 香附子去毛爲細末以米飮{{*|ᄡᆞᆯ 글힌 믈}}調下 햐ᇰ부ᄌᆞᄅᆞᆯ 터리 앗고 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 ᄀᆞ라 ᄡᆞᆯ 글힌 므레 프러 머그라 欝金末{{*|심화ᇱ ᄀᆞᄅᆞ}}井花水{{*|새배 ᄂᆞᆷ 아니 기러셔 몬져 기론 우믌 믈}}調一錢甚者再服 심화ᇰ ᄀᆞ로니ᄅᆞᆯ 새배 ᄂᆞᆷ 아니기러셔 몬져 기론 우믌므레 ᄒᆞᆫ 돈만프러 머고ᄃᆡ ᄀᆞ자ᇰ 듀ᇰᄒᆞ니ᄂᆞᆫ 다시 머그라 白芨{{*|대왐픐 불휘}}硏爲末粥飮調服 대왐픐 불휘 ᄀᆞ라 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ 쥭므레 프러 머그라 烏梅{{*|ᄆᆡ홧 여름 ᄂᆡ예 그ᅀᅳ려 ᄆᆞᆯ외요니}}不以多少煎湯調百草霜{{*|솓 미틧 거믜여ᇰ}}一服愈 ᄆᆡ홧 여름 ᄂᆡ예 그ᅀᅳ려 ᄆᆞᆯ외니ᄅᆞᆯ 하나 져그나 달힌 므레 솓 미틧 거믜여ᇰ을 프러 ᄒᆞᆫ 번만 머그면 됴ᄒᆞ리라 黃蘗{{*|화ᇰ벽피}}好者以蜜{{*|ᄢᅮᆯ}}塗之乾杵爲末用麥門冬熟水調下二錢匕立差 화ᇰ벽피 됴ᄒᆞ니ᄅᆞᆯ ᄢᅮᆯ ᄇᆞᆯ라 ᄆᆞᆯ외야 디허 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ ᄆᆡᆨ문도ᇱ 불휘 글힌 므레 두 돈을 프러 머그면 즉재 됴ᄒᆞ리라 雞冠花子{{*|만드라미 ᄡᅵ}}爲末熱酒調下一錢 만ᄃᆞ라미 ᄡᅵᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ라 더운 수레 ᄒᆞᆫ 돈을 프러 머그라 燈心{{*|골속}}燈上燒灰爲末溫水調下一錢食後服 골속을 드ᇰ자ᇇ브레 ᄉᆞ라 ᄀᆞ라 ᄒᆞᆫ돈만 ᄃᆞᄉᆞᆫ 므레 프러 밥머근 후에머그라 服自己小便 제 오좀을 머그라 黃丹不以多少細硏發時用新汲水{{*|ᄀᆞᆺ 기론 믈}}調下二錢 화ᇰ단을 하나 져그나 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 ᄀᆞ라 피 날 졔 ᄀᆞᆺ 기론 므레 두 돈만 프러 머그라 雞子淸{{*|ᄃᆞᆯᄀᆡ알 ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ 믈}}投新汲水{{*|ᄀᆞᆺ 기론 믈}}人參{{*|심}}爲末調一錢服 ᄃᆞᆯᄀᆡ알 소뱃 ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ 므ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞᆺ 기론 므레 녀코 심 ᄀᆞ로니 ᄒᆞᆫ 돈을프러 머그라 百合{{*|개나릿 불휘}}擣絞汁和水飮之及煮熟食 개나릿 불휘ᄅᆞᆯ 디허 ᄧᅡ 즙을므레 프러 머그며 ᄯᅩ 닉게 글혀 머그라 因內損或酒色勞損或心肺脉破血氣妄行血如湧泉口鼻俱出湏㬰不救 側栢葉{{*|즉ᄇᆡᆨ 닙 蒸乾}}人參{{*|심 焙乾一兩}}細末每服二錢入飛羅麪{{*|밄ᄀᆞᄅᆞ}}二錢新汲井花水{{*|새배 ᄂᆞᆷ 아니 기러셔 몬져 기론 우믌믈}}調如稀糊啜服血如湧泉不過二服卽止 안히 샤ᇰ커나 술와 ᄉᆡᆨ과ᄅᆞᆯ 너무 ᄒᆞ야 샤ᇰ커나심폐ᄆᆡᆨ이 샤ᇰ커나 혈긔 간대로 ᄒᆡᇰᄒᆞ야 피나미 믈ᄉᆡᆷᄃᆞᆺ ᄒᆞ야입과 고해 다 나 져근더데 고티디 몯ᄒᆞᄂᆞ니 즉ᄇᆡᆨ 닙 ᄠᅧ ᄆᆞᆯ외요니와 심 브레 ᄆᆞᆯ외요니와 각 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ을 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 ᄀᆞ라 두 돈곰 ᄀᆞᄂᆞᆫ 밄ᄀᆞᄅᆞ 두 돈드려 새배 ᄂᆞᆷ 아니기러셔 몬져 기론 우믌므레 프 러 누근 플 ᄀᆞᆮ거든 머그라 피 믈솟ᄃᆞᆺ ᄒᆞ야도 두 번너무 먹디 아니ᄒᆞ야셔 즉재 그츠리라 荊芥{{*|뎌ᇰ가}}一握燒過盖於地上要出火毒細硏如粉以陳米飮{{*|무근 ᄡᆞᆯ 글힌 믈}}調下三錢許與服不過二服效 뎌ᇰ가 ᄒᆞᆫ줌을 ᄉᆞ라 ᄯᅡ해 두퍼 븘 긔운 내오 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 분 ᄀᆞ티 ᄀᆞ라 무근 ᄡᆞᆯ 글힌 므레 서돈을 프러 머그라 두 번너무 먹디 아니ᄒᆞ야셔 됴ᄒᆞ리라 釜底墨{{*|가마 미틧 거믜여ᇰ}}刮下細硏如粉每服三錢濃米飮{{*|디투 글힌 ᄡᆞᆯ 믈}}調下連進二三服 가마 미틧 거믜여ᇰ을 ᄀᆞᆯ가 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 ᄀᆞ라 분ᄀᆞ티 ᄒᆞ야 서돈곰 디투 글힌 ᄡᆞᆳ 므레 프러 닛워 두ᅀᅥ 번을머그라 烏賊魚骨{{*|미긔치}}搗細羅爲散不計時以淸粥飮調下二錢 미긔치ᄅᆞᆯ 디허 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 처 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ ᄢᅵ니 혜디 마오 ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ 쥭므레 두 돈곰프러 머그라 ==九竅出血_{附齒閒出血아홉굼긔 피나미라 피 나미 〇아홉 두 귀와 두 눈과 두 입과}== 宜服和劑方必勝散四物湯加側栢煎服 화졔바ᇰ애 필스ᇰ산과 ᄉᆞ믈타ᇰ 즉ᄇᆡᆨ 닙 더드려 달히니와ᄅᆞᆯ 머고미 맛다ᇰᄒᆞ니라 九孔出血擣荊葉汁{{*|뎌ᇰ갓 닙 디허 ᄧᅩᆫ 즙}}酒服二合 아홉 굼긔 피 나거든 뎌ᇰ갓 닙 디허 ᄧᅡ 즙 두 홉을수레 프러 머그라 新生犢子{{*|ᄀᆞᆺ 난 쇼ᇰ아지}}未食草墮地臍屎曝乾爲末水調服一錢日四五服愈 ᄀᆞᆺ 난 쇼ᇰ아지 플 먹디 아니ᄒᆞ야셔 ᄯᅡ해 딘 ᄇᆡᆺ복애 브텃던 ᄯᅩᇰ을 벼틔 ᄆᆞᆯ외야 ᄀᆞ라 ᄒᆞᆫ돈곰 므레 프러 머고ᄃᆡ ᄒᆞᄅᆞ 너덧 번머그 면 됴ᄒᆞ리라 井花水{{*|새배 ᄂᆞᆷ 아니 기러셔 몬져 기론 우믌믈}}卒然噀其所患人面勿使病者先知其血卽止 새배 ᄂᆞᆷ 아니기러셔 몬져 기론 우믌므를 피 나ᄂᆞᆫ사ᄅᆞᄆᆡ ᄂᆞᄎᆡ 믄득 ᄲᅮ모ᄃᆡ 벼ᇰᄒᆞᆫ 사ᄅᆞᄆᆞᆯ 몬져 알외디 말면 그 피즉재 그츠리라 生地黃汁一升生薑汁一合相和溫服一小盞日四五服 ᄂᆞᆯ 디화ᇰ 불휘 ᄧᅩᆫ 즙 ᄒᆞᆫ되와 ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ즙 ᄒᆞᆫ홉과ᄅᆞᆯ 섯거 ᄃᆞ시 ᄒᆞ야 서 홉을머고ᄃᆡ ᄒᆞᄅᆞ 너덧 번머그라 九竅四肢指歧閒出血 靑竹茹{{*|프른 대 ᄀᆞᆯ고니 半兩}}生地黃{{*|一兩細切}}蒲黃{{*|부들마치 우희 누른 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ 半兩}}以水一大盞煎至六分去滓每於食後溫服 아홉구무와 소ᇇ가락 밧가락 ᄢᅵ메 피나거 든 프른 대 ᄀᆞᆯ고니 반 랴ᇰ과 ᄂᆞᆯ디화ᇱ 불휘 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 사ᄒᆞ로니 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ과부들마치 우희 누른ᄀᆞᄅᆞ 반 랴ᇰ과ᄅᆞᆯ 믈 큰 ᄒᆞᆫ되예 달혀 반남ᄌᆞᆨ거든 즈ᅀᅴ 앗고 밥머근 후마다 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ니 머그라 蒲黃{{*|부들마치 우희 누른 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ 一兩微炒}}龍骨{{*|료ᇰ의 ᄲᅧ 一兩燒赤}}都細硏爲散每服以糯米{{*|ᄎᆞᄡᆞᆯ}}粥飮調二錢服之 부들마치 우희 누른 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ자ᇝ간 봇그 니와 료ᇰ의 ᄲᅧ ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ븕게 ᄉᆞ로니와ᄅᆞᆯ 뫼화 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 ᄀᆞ라 ᄎᆞᄡᆞᆯ 쥭므레 두 돈곰 프러 머그라 小薊{{*|조바ᇰ이}}一握搗汁酒半盞和頓服如無靑者以乾薊末冷水調三錢匕服 조바ᇰ이 ᄒᆞᆫ주믈 디허 즙ᄧᅡ 술 반되예 섯거 믄득 머그라프르니 업거든 ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ 조바ᇰ이ᄅᆞᆯᄀᆞ라 ᄎᆞᆫ므레 서 돈곰 프러 머그라 蒜{{*|마ᄂᆞᆯ}}五六枚去皮入豆豉{{*|젼국}}硏爲膏如桐子大米飮下五六十丸無不愈者 마ᄂᆞᆯ 다엿 나ᄎᆞᆯ 거플 밧기고 젼국 드려 ᄀᆞ라 골 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ라 머귀 여름만 케 비븨여 ᄡᆞᆯ 글힌 므레 쉰 환이어나 여슌 환이어나머그면 아니 됴ᄒᆞ리 업스리라 赤小豆{{*|블근 ᄑᆞᆺ}}一升搗碎水三升絞汁飮之 블근 ᄑᆞᆺ ᄒᆞᆫ 되ᄅᆞᆯ 디허 ᄇᆞᅀᅡ 믈 서되예 뷔트 러 ᄧᅡ 즙을 마시라 齒縫出血不止他藥不能治之者塩{{*|소곰}}主之 닛 사채 피 나긋디 아니커든 녀느 약으로 수이 고티디 몯ᄒᆞᄂᆞ닐 소고미 됴ᄒᆞ니라 乾地龍末{{*|ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ 거ᇫ위 ᄀᆞ론 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ}}一錢白礬灰一錢射香末半錢同硏令勻濕布上塗藥貼於患處 ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ 거ᇫ위 ᄀᆞ론 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ ᄒᆞᆫ 돈과ᄇᆡᆨ버ᇇ ᄌᆡ ᄒᆞᆫ 돈과샤햐ᇰ ᄀᆞ론 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ 반돈과ᄅᆞᆯ ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ ᄀᆞ라 고ᄅᆞ게 ᄒᆞ야저즌 뵈 우희 약ᄇᆞᆯ라 피나ᄂᆞᆫ ᄃᆡ브티라 淡竹葉 {{*|소옴댓 닙}}濃煎湯熱含冷吐 소옴댓 니플 디투 달혀 더운므를 머구머 ᄎᆞ거든비와ᄐᆞ라 欝金{{*|심화ᇰ}}白芷{{*|구리댓 불휘}}細辛{{*|各等分}}爲末擦牙仍以竹葉竹皮濃煎入塩{{*|소곰}}少許含嚥或炒塩傅 심화ᇰ과 구리댓 불휘와 셰시ᇇ 불휘와 각각ᄀᆞᆮ게 ᄂᆞᆫ화 ᄀᆞ라 니예 ᄡᅮᆺ고 댓 닙과 거프를 디투 달혀 소곰져기 녀허 머구머 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ며 ᄯᅩ 소곰을 봇가 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ라 童子小便{{*|ᄉᆞᆫ아ᄒᆡ 오좀}}半升煮取三合含之其血卽止 ᄉᆞᆫ아ᄒᆡ 오좀 반되ᄅᆞᆯ 글혀 서홉이어든 머 구머시면 그 피즉재 그츠리라 生竹皮{{*|댓 거플}}二兩苦酒{{*|초}}浸之令其人解衣坐使人含噀其背上三過仍取竹茹{{*|댓 거플 ᄀᆞᆯ고니}}濃煮汁勿與塩適寒溫含漱之竟日爲度 ᄂᆞᆯ 댓 거플 ᄀᆞᆯ가 두 랴ᇰ을초애 ᄃᆞᆷ고 그사ᄅᆞᄆᆞ로 옷바사 아ᇇ게 ᄒᆞ고다ᄅᆞᆫ 사ᄅᆞ미 머구머 그드ᇰ의 세 번을ᄲᅮᆷ고 대ᄀᆞᆯ고니 디투 글힌 즙에 소곰 두디 머모 ᄎᆞ며 더우믈 맛게 ᄒᆞ야머구머 야ᇰ지호ᄃᆡ 졈그ᄃᆞ록 ᄒᆞ라 牙齒縫忽出血 當歸{{*|스ᇰ암촛 불휘}}桂心{{*|계핏 솝 各半兩}}白礬{{*|ᄇᆡᆨ번 一兩燒令汁盡}}甘草{{*|半兩}}搗麁羅分爲三度用每度以漿水{{*|ᄡᆞᆯ 글힌 믈}}一大盞煎至一盞去滓熱含冷吐 닛 사채 믄득 피 나거든 스ᇰ암촛 불휘와 계핏 솝 각 반 랴ᇰ과ᄇᆡᆨ번 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰᄉᆞ라 즙업게 ᄒᆞ니와 감초 반랴ᇰ과ᄅᆞᆯ 디허 굵게 처 세 번에 ᄂᆞᆫ화 ᄡᅮᄃᆡ ᄒᆞᆫ 번에ᄡᆞᆯ 글힌 믈 두되예 달혀 ᄒᆞᆫ되 ᄃᆞ외어든 즈ᅀᅴ 앗고 더우닐 머구머 ᄎᆞ거든 비와ᄐᆞ라 酒醉牙齒涌出血 當歸{{*|스ᇰ암촛 불휘 二兩}}礬石{{*|ᄇᆡᆨ번 六錢}}桂心{{*|계핏 솝}}細辛 甘草{{*|各一兩}}㕮咀以漿水{{*|ᄡᆞᆯ 글힌 믈}}五升煮取三升含之日五六夜三 술 ᄎᆔᄒᆞ야 니예 피솟나거든 스ᇰ암촛 불휘 두 랴ᇰ과ᄇᆡᆨ번 반 돈남ᄌᆞᆨᄒᆞ니와 계핏 솝과 셰시ᇇ 불휘와 감초 각 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ과ᄅᆞᆯ사ᄒᆞ라 ᄡᆞᆯ 글힌 믈 닷되예 글혀 서 되ᄃᆞ외어든 머구모ᄃᆡ 나ᄌᆡ 다엿 번바ᄆᆡ 세 번ᄒᆞ라 燒釘{{*|몯}}令赤注孔血中止 모ᄃᆞᆯ ᄉᆞ라 븕거든 피 나ᄂᆞᆫ 굼긔 고ᄌᆞ면 긋ᄂᆞ니라 舌上黑有數孔大如簪出血如湧泉 戎塩{{*|소곰}}黃苓{{*|솝서근픐 불휘}}黃蘗{{*|화ᇰ벽피}}大黃{{*|各五兩}}人參{{*|심}}桂心{{*|계핏 솝}}甘草{{*|各二兩}}爲末蜜丸梧子大米飮服十丸日三服亦燒鐵烙之 혀우히 검고두ᅀᅥ 굼기 빈혓 구무만 코 피나ᄃᆡ 믈ᄉᆡᆷᄃᆞᆺ 거든소곰과 솝서근픐 불휘와화ᇰ벽피와 대화ᇱ 불휘 각 닷 랴ᇰ과심과 계핏솝과 감초 각 두랴ᇰ과ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ라 ᄢᅮ레 ᄆᆞ라 머귀 여름만 케 비븨여 ᄡᆞᆯ글힌 므레 열환곰 머고ᄃᆡ ᄒᆞᄅᆞ 세 번곰 머그라 ᄯᅩ 쇠ᄅᆞᆯ달 와 지지라 熱塞舌上出血如泉 五倍子{{*|우ᄇᆡᄌᆞ洗}}白膠香牡蠣粉{{*|굸죠개 분 各等分}}爲末每以少許摻患處或燒鐵箆熟烙孔上 샤ᇰᅀᅧᆯᄒᆞ야 혀애 피나ᄃᆡ 믈ᄉᆡᆷᄃᆞᆺ ᄒᆞ거든우ᄇᆡᄌᆞ 시스니와 ᄇᆡᆨ교햐ᇰ과 굸죠개 분과 각각ᄀᆞᆮ게 ᄂᆞᆫ화 ᄀᆞ라 젹젹 피 나ᄂᆞᆫᄃᆡ ᄇᆞᄅᆞ고 ᄯᅩ 쇠빈혀ᄅᆞᆯ 달와 굼글 니기 지지라 舌無故出血炒槐花{{*|회홧 곳}}爲末摻之而愈救急簡易方 卷之二 혀예 피 나거든 회홧 고ᄌᆞᆯ 봇가 ᄀᆞ라 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ면 됴ᄒᆞ리라 js4neer0p85849pyt0jlglcw0tsckj5 427494 427493 2026-05-19T14:19:14Z Blahhmosh 13019 427494 wikitext text/x-wiki {{머리말 |제목= 구급간이방 |다른 표기= 救急簡易方 |저자=허준 |부제=권지이 | 이전 = [[../권지일|권지일]] | 다음 = [[../권지삼|권지삼]] |연도=1489년 }} ==頭痛_{머리 알호미라}== 宜服和劑方川芎茶調散消風散管{{문자 주석|見大全|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}良方芎芷香蘇散 화졔〮바ᇰ 애〮 쳔구ᇰ다됴〯산〮 과쇼푸ᇰ산〯과 {{문자 주석|관견〯|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}대〯젼랴ᇰ바ᇰ 애〮 구ᇰ지〮햐ᇰ소산〯과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 머{{문자 주석|고〮미 맛|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}다ᇰᄒᆞ니라 頭痛不忍童子{{문자 주석|小便|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}{{*|{{문자 주석|ᄉᆞᆫ아|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}ᄒᆡ 오{{문자 주석|좀 一升|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}}}{{문자 주석|豉|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}{{*|{{문자 주석|젼국|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}} 半合}}同煎至五分去滓溫溫頻服 머리 ᄎᆞᆷ디 몯게 알ᄑᆞ거든 ᄉᆞᆫ아ᄒᆡ〮 오{{문자 주석|좀 ᄒᆞᆫ |원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}되〮와 젼국 반〯홉과〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ〮 달혀〮 반〯만 {{문자 주석|ᄃᆞ외|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}어든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 ᄃᆞ시 ᄒᆞ〮야ᄌᆞ조 머그〮라 川烏頭{{*|一枚炮裂去皮臍擣令碎}}生薑{{*|一分切}}水一中盞煎至五分去滓入蜜{{*|ᄢᅮᆯ〮}}半合相和服之 쳔오두 ᄒᆞᆫ 나〯ᄎᆞᆯ〮 죠ᄒᆡ예 ᄡᅡ〮 믈〮저져 구워 거플와 머흣머흣ᄒᆞᆫ 것앗고〮 디허〮 ᄇᆞᇫ〮오〮니와〮 ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ 두〯 돈〯 반〯사ᄒᆞ〮로니〮와〮ᄅᆞᆯ 믈〮 닷 홉애 달혀〮 반〯만〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮ᄢᅮᆯ〮 반〮 홉녀허 섯거〮 머그〮라 蒜{{*|마ᄂᆞᆯ〮}}一顆去皮硏取自然汁令病人{{문자 주석|仰臥|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}垂頭以銅筯點少許瀝入鼻中急令□□□眼中淚出差 마ᄂᆞᆯ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 나〯ᄎᆞᆯ〮 거플 밧기고 ᄀᆞ라 ᄧᅩᆫ 즙{{문자 주석|을벼ᇰ〯|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}ᄒᆞᆫ 사〯ᄅᆞᄆᆞᆯ 졋바{{문자 주석|누어|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}} 머{{문자 주석|리|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}ᄅᆞᆯ 드리디{{문자 주석|게 ᄒᆞ|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}고〮구리〮 져〮로 져〯고{{문자 주석|매|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}} 디{{문자 주석|거|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}} 곳〮굼긔〮 처〮디〯오 ᄲᆞᆯ리〮 부러〮 머릿〮 골〮슈〮에 들〮에 ᄒᆞ라 누네 누ᇇ므〮리 나면〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 梔子{{*|지〯지ᄡᅵ〮}}末和蜜{{*|ᄢᅮᆯ〮}}傅舌上吐卽止 지〯지 ᄡᅵ〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄢᅮ〮레〮 ᄆᆞ라〮 혀〮우희〮 ᄇᆞᆯ라〮 토〮ᄒᆞ면〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 頭痛以生蘿蔔汁{{*|ᄂᆞᆯ 댓무ᅀᅮ 즙〮}}用筆管{{*|붇〮ᄌᆞᄅᆞᆺ대〮}}吹入鼻卽愈 머리〮 알ᄑᆞ〮거든 ᄂᆞᆯ 댓〮무ᅀᅮ 즛두드〮려 ᄧᅩᆫ〮 즙을〮 붇〮 ᄌᆞᄅᆞᆺ〯대〮로 고해〮 드〮리불〯면〯 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 自殭蠶{{*|절로〮 주근〮 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 누에}}碾爲末去絲以熟水下二錢匕立差 절로〮 주근〮 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 누에〯ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 실〯 앗〯고 니근〮 므〮레 두〯 돈〯을〮 프〮러 머그면 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리라 甘草 梔子{{*|지〯지ᄡᅵ〮}}等分切濃煮服一椀日二三度 감초〮와 지〯지 ᄡᅵ〮와〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞᆮ〮게 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 사ᄒᆞ〮라 디투〮 글힌〮 믈〮ᄒᆞ 사발〮 을〮머고〮ᄃᆡ ᄒᆞᄅᆞ 두〯ᅀᅥ〮 번곰 머그〮라 頭風頭痛 荊瀝{{*|가ᄉᆡ〮나못 진〯}}不限多少服 머리〮예 ᄇᆞᄅᆞᆷ 드〮러 알ᄑᆞ거든〮 가ᄉᆡ〮나못 진〯 을하나〮 져〯그나〮 머그〮라 苦葫蘆子{{*|ᄡᅳᆫ〮 죠로ᇰ박〮 ᄡᅵ〮}}擣細羅吹半字於鼻中其痛立止遂左右用之 ᄡᅳᆫ〮 죠로ᇰ박〮 ᄡᅵ〮ᄅᆞᆯ 디허 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 처〮 져〯고매 곳굼긔〮 불〯면〮 그 알포〮미 즉〮재 그츠〮리니〮 왼〯녀기 알ᄑᆞ거든〮 왼〯녁고해〮 불〯오〮 올〮ᄒᆞᆫ녀기〮 알ᄑᆞ거든〮 올〮ᄒᆞᆫ녁 고해〮불〯라 頭痛鼻塞頭目不利 丁香{{*|一分}}白芷{{*|구리〮댓〮 불휘}}半兩 瓜蔕{{*|ᄎᆞ〮ᄆᆡᆺ 고고리〮 一兩}}擣細羅爲散每用半字已來吹入鼻內卽差 머리〮 알ᄑᆞ고〮 고〮히 막고〮 머리〮와눈〮괘〮 환티〮 아니〮커든〮 뎌ᇰ햐ᇰ 두〯 돈〯 반〯과〮구리댓〮 불휘 반〯랴ᇰ 과〮ᄎᆞ〮ᄆᆡᆺ 고고리〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 디허〮 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 처〮 져〯고매〮 고〮 안해〮 드〮리불〯면〯 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〯라 頭痛欲裂 當歸{{*|스ᇰ암촛〮 불휘〮}}二兩酒一升煮取六合飮之至再服 머리〮 ᄣᆞ리〮ᄂᆞᆫ ᄃᆞᆺ〮 알ᄑᆞ거든〮 스ᇰ암촛〮 불휘〮 두〯 랴ᇰ을〮 술 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮예〯 글혀〮 엿 홉이〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 머고〮ᄃᆡ 거듧〮 머그〮라 氣攻頭痛如破者 葫蘆巴{{*|炒}}三稜{{*|ᄆᆡ자〮깃 불휘〮 剉醋浸一宿各一兩}}乾薑{{*|ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 炮一分}}爲末每服二錢生薑湯{{*|ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 글힌〮 믈〮}}或酒調下 긔〮운이〮 우흐〮로 올아〮 머리〮 알포〮미 ᄣᆞ리ᄂᆞᆫ ᄃᆞᆺ〮거든〮 호로파 봇고〮니와〮 ᄆᆡ자깃 불휘〮 사 ᄒᆞ〮라 초 애〮ᄃᆞ〮마 ᄒᆞᄅᆞᆺ밤〮 재〯니〮 각〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ과〮ᄆᆞ〮ᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 구〮으〮니 두〯 돈〯반〯과〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ〮라 두〯 돈〯곰〮 ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 글힌〮 므〮리어나〮 수리〯어{{문자 주석|나〮|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}} 프〮러 머그라 芋蒡{{*|우ᅌᅯᇰ〯}}根莖取汁酒和塩{{*|소곰}}少許煎成膏塗痛處用力摩之令大熱 우ᅌᅯᇱ 불휘〮와 줄기〮와〮ᄅᆞᆯ 즛두드〮려 즙〮 ᄧᅡ〮 수레 프〮러 소곰 져〯기〮 녀허〮 달혀〮 얼의어든〮 알 ᄑᆞᆫ ᄃᆡ〮 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ고〮 ᄆᆡ〮이〮 ᄡᅮ처〮 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮 덥〮게〮 ᄒᆞ라〮 馬遺飮水服之 ᄆᆞᆯ 먹다가〮 기튼〮 므를 머그〮라 一切頭疼服藥不效者 甘草一兩半水一椀煎七分去滓溫服未效加二兩 대〯도〮ᄒᆞᆫ 머리〮 알핏〮 벼ᇰ〯에〮 약〮머거〮 됴〯티〮 아니〮커든〮 감초〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ 반〯을〮믈〮 ᄒᆞᆫ사발〮애〮 달혀〮 반〯남ᄌᆞᆨ거든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〮고〮 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ닐〮 머그〮라 됴〯티〮 몯〯거든〮 두〯 랴ᇰ을〮더ᄒᆞ라〮 偏正頭痛 穀精草一兩爲末用白麪{{*|밄ᄀᆞᄅᆞ}}調攤紙花子上貼痛處乾又換 ᄧᅡᆨ 머리〮 알ᄑᆞ며〮 대〯도〮히 알ᄑᆞ거든〮 곡〮져ᇰ초〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ을〮ᄀᆞ〮라 밄〮ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆡ〮 ᄆᆞ라〮 죠ᄒᆡ〮 우희 ᄇᆞᆯ라〮 알ᄑᆞᆫ ᄃᆡ〮 브툐〮ᄃᆡ ᄆᆞᄅᆞ거든〮 ᄀᆞ라 브티〮라 猪牙皁角{{*|去皮筋}}香白芷{{*|구리댓〮 불휘}}白附子{{*|ᄒᆡᆫ〮 바곳〮 불휘〮}}各等分爲末每服二錢食後臘茶淸{{*|섯〯ᄃᆞ〮래 ᄠᆞᆫ〮 쟉〮셜〮찻 믈〮}}調下右痛右側臥左痛左側臥兩邊皆疼仰臥 도ᄐᆡ〮 엄〯 ᄀᆞ〮ᄐᆞᆫ 조〯각〮을 거플와〮 실〯와〮 앗〮고〮 구리〮댓〮 불휘〮와 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 바곳〮 불휘와〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞᆮ〮게 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 두〯돈〯곰〮 밥머근〮 후〯에〮섯〯ᄃᆞ〮래 ᄠᆞᆫ〮 쟉〮셜〮찻 므레 먹고〮 올〮ᄒᆞᆫ녀기〮 알ᄑᆞ거든〮 올〮ᄒᆞᆫ녁으〮로 히즈〮 눕고〮 왼녀기〮 알ᄑᆞ거든〮왼〯녁으로 히즈〮 눕고〮두〯 녀기〮 다〯 알ᄑᆞ거든〮 졋바〮 누 으라〮 頭偏痛不可忍 篦麻子{{*|半兩去皮}}棗{{*|대〯초〮 十五枚去核}}都擣令熟塗在紙上用筯一隻卷之去筯內在鼻中良久取下淸涕 ᄧᅡᆨ〮 머리〮 알포〮미 ᄎᆞᆷ〮디 몯〯거든〮 비마ᄌᆞ〮 ᄡᅵ〮 반〯 랴ᇰ거플 밧기〮니와〮 대〯초〮 열〯 다ᄉᆞᆺ〮 낫〯 ᄡᅵ〮 아ᅀᆞ〮니와〮ᄅᆞᆯ 뫼화〮 디허〮 닉게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야죠ᄒᆡ〮 우희〮 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ고〮 져〮ᄒᆞᆫ ᄧᅡᆨ〮애〮 ᄆᆞ라〮 져〮란 앗〯고〮 고〮 안해〮 녀 흐면〮 이ᅀᅳᆨ고〮 ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ〮 고〮히 흐르리〮라 蓖麻子一兩去皮爛硏絞取汁於頭偏痛處塗之 비마ᄌᆞ〮 ᄡᅵ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ랴ᇰ을〮 거플 밧기〯고〮 므르 ᄀᆞ〮라 즙〮ᄧᅡ〮 ᄧᅡᆨ〮 머리〮 알ᄑᆞᆫ ᄃᆡ〮 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ라〮 細辛 雄黃{{*|셕〮우화ᇰ}}等分硏勻每用一字許左邊疼吹入右鼻右邊疼吹入左鼻甚效 셰〮시ᇇ 불휘〮와 셕〮우화ᇰ과〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞᆮ〮게 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 {{문자 주석|ᄀᆞ〮라|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}} 고ᄅᆞ게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 져〯고매〮 왼〯겨티〮 알ᄑᆞ거든〮 올〮ᄒᆞᆫ녁 고해〮 불〯오〮 올〮ᄒᆞᆫ 겨티〮 {{문자 주석|알ᄑᆞ거|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}든〮왼〯녁 고해〮불〯면〮 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 京芎{{*|구ᇰ구ᇰ잇〮 불휘〮}}細剉酒浸服之{{문자 주석|佳|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}} 구ᇰ구ᇰ잇〮 불휘〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 사{{문자 주석|ᄒᆞ라|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}} 수레〮 ᄃᆞᆷ가〮 머그〮면 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 ==卒咳嗽_{과ᄀᆞᄅᆞᆫ 기춤 깃ᄂᆞᆫ 벼ᇰ〯이〮라}== 熱嗽痰濃鼻熱腥氣飮冷水而暫止者宜以小柴胡湯治之 ᅀᅧᆯ〮ᄒᆞ〮야 깃ᄂᆞᆫ 기춤〮은〮추〮미 걸〯오〮 고〮히 덥〯고〮 비린〮 긔〮운도 이셔〮 ᄎᆞᆫ〮 믈〮 머거〮든〮 자ᇝ〯간〮 머즉ᄒᆞ니〮란 쇼〯싀호타ᇰ으〮로 고툐〮미 맛〮다ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라 冷嗽痰薄呷熱湯暫止者宜理中湯加五味子 ᄎᆞᆫ〮 긔〮운으〮로 깃ᄂᆞᆫ 기춤〮은〮 추〮미 ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞ니 더 운〮 믈〮 머거〮든 자ᇝ〯간〮 머즉ᄒᆞ〮ᄂᆞ니〮란 리〯튜ᇰ타ᇰ애〮 오〯미〮ᄌᆞ〮ᄅᆞᆯ 더드〮려 머〮고〮미 맛〮다ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라 卒咳嗽肺壅痰滯上焦不利 松木屑{{*|소〮나〮못 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ 一兩}}皁莢{{*|二兩去黑皮塗酥炙微黃妙去子}}搗羅爲末煉蜜和丸如梧桐子大每服以粥飮下十丸日三四服 과ᄀᆞ리〮 기츰〮기치〮고 가ᄉᆞ〮미 막고〮 추〮미 다와텨〮 우히〮 훤티〮 몯〯ᄒᆞ〮거든〮 소〮나못 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ ᄒᆞᆫ랴ᇰ과〮조〯협〮 두〯 랴ᇰ거믄〮 거〮플 앗〯고〮 수〮유 ᄇᆞᆯ라〮 구어〮 져〯기〮 누르〮고 ᄆᆞᄅᆞ게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야ᄡᅵ〮 아ᅀᆞ〮니와〮ᄅᆞᆯ 디허〮 처〮 ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 달힌〮 ᄢᅮ〮레 환을〮머귀〮 여름〮 마〮곰 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮라 쥭〮 므〮레 열〮환곰〮 ᄒᆞᄅᆞ 서〯너〮 번 머그〮라 卒咳嗽胸膈不利 豉{{*|젼국 半兩}}乾薑{{*|ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ 半兩炮裂剉}}杏仁{{*|ᄉᆞᆯ〮고〮ᄡᅵ〮 솝〯 一兩湯浸去皮尖雙仁麩炒微黃}}都搗篩爲散以水三大盞煎至一盞半去滓內飴糖{{*|엿〮}}一兩更煎令化分爲三服一日服盡 과ᄀᆞ리〮 기춤〮 기치〮고 가ᄉᆞ〮미 훤티〮 몯〯ᄒᆞ〮거든〮 젼국 반〯 랴ᇰ과〮ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 반〯 랴ᇰ죠ᄒᆡ〮예 ᄡᅡ〮 믈〮저져〮 구어〮 ᄢᅢ혀〮 사ᄒᆞ〮로니〮와 ᄉᆞᆯ고〮ᄡᅵ〮 솝〯 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ더은〮 므〮레 ᄌᆞ〮마 거플와〮 ᄲᅩ로〮ᄃᆞᆫ 귿〮과 어우러ᇰ이〮 앗〯고〮 기우〮레 져〯기〮 누르〮게 봇고〮니와〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ〮 디허〮 처〮 ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 믈〮서〯 되〮예 글혀〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮 반〯이〮어든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮엿〮 ᄒᆞᆫ랴ᇰ녀허〮 다시 글혀〮여〮시〮 프〮러디〮거든〮 세〯헤〮 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 ᄒᆞᄅᆞ 다〯머그〮라 卒咳嗽肺壅面腫心胸不利甜葶藶{{*|ᄃᆞᆫ 두〮루ᄆᆡ〮나ᅀᅵ〮 ᄡᅵ〮 一兩隔紙炒令紫色搗}}大棗{{*|一十枚擘破}}以水二大盞煎至一盞去滓分爲三服不計時候溫服 과ᄀᆞ리〮 기춤〮 깃고〮 가ᄉᆞ〮미 마가〮 ᄂᆞ치〮 븟고〮 가ᄉᆞ〮미훤티〮 아니〮커든〮 ᄃᆞᆫ 두루ᄆᆡ〮나ᅀᅵ〮 ᄡᅵ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ 죠ᄒᆡ〮로〮 ᄉᆞᅀᅵ〮 두〮어 봇가〮 비〮치 븕거든〮 디흐니〮와 대〯초〮 열〮낫〯 ᄢᅢ혀니〮와〮ᄅᆞᆯ 믈〮 두〯되〮예〮 글혀〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되어든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 세〯헤〮 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 ᄢᅵ〮니 혜〯디〮 말〯오〮 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ닐〮 머그〮라 肺寒卒咳嗽 細辛{{*|半兩 搗爲末}}杏仁{{*|ᄉᆞᆯ고〮ᄡᅵ〮 솝〯 半兩湯浸去皮尖雙仁麩炒微黃硏如膏}}於鐺中鎔蠟{{*|밀〯}}半兩次下酥{{*|수유}}一分入細辛杏仁丸如半棗大不計時候以緜裹一丸含化嚥津 폣〮 긔〮운이〮 차〮 믄득 기〯춤〮 기〮치〮거든〮 셰〯시ᇇ 불휘〮 반〯 랴ᇰ디혼〮 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ와〮 ᄉᆞᆯ고〮ᄡᅵ〮 솝〯 반〯 랴ᇰ 더운〮므〮레 ᄃᆞ〯마 거플와〮 ᄲᅩ〮로〮ᄃᆞᆫ 귿〮과 어우러ᇰ이〮 앗〯고〮 기우〮레 져〯기〮 누르〮게 봇가〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄂᆞ른ᄒᆞ니〮와〮ᄅᆞᆯ 소ᄐᆡ〮 밀〯 반〯 랴ᇰ노기〮고 버거〮 수〮유 두〯 돈〯 반〯 녀코〮 셰〯신과 ᄉᆞᆯ고〮ᄡᅵ〮솝〯과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 녀허〮 대초〮 반〯낫〮마〮곰 환ᄆᆡᇰ〮ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄢᅵ〮니 혜〯디〮 말〯오〮 소오매〮 ᄒᆞᆫ환곰〮 ᄡᅡ〮 머구〮머 녹거든〮 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ라 暴熱嗽 杏仁{{*|ᄉᆞᆯ고〮ᄡᅵ〮 솝〯 四十枚}}紫蘇子{{*|ᄎᆞ쇠 ᄡᅵ〮 一升}}橘皮{{*|귨거플 一兩}}柴胡{{*|四兩}}㕮咀以水一斗煮取三升分三服常作飮服 과ᄀᆞ리〮 ᅀᅧᆯ〮ᄒᆞᆫ 기춤〮에 ᄉᆞᆯ고〮ᄡᅵ 솝〯 마ᅀᆞᆫ〮 낫〯과〮 ᄎᆞ〮쇠 ᄡᅵ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮와 귨〮 거플 ᄒᆞᆫ량과〮 싀홋 불휘〮 넉〯 랴ᇰ과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 사ᄒᆞ〮라 믈〮 ᄒᆞᆫ마래〮 글혀〮 서〮 되〮어든〮 세헤〮 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 머고〮ᄃᆡ 샤ᇰ녜〮도〮 이〮리 ᄒᆞ〮야머그〮라 卒嗽以百部根 生薑二物各絞汁合煎服二合 과ᄀᆞᄅᆞᆫ 기춤〮에 ᄇᆡᆨ〮부〮근 과〮ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 과〮두〯 가짓〮 거슬〮 제여곰〮 ᄧᅩᆫ〮 즙〯을 ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ〮 글혀〮 두〯홉을 머그〮라 卒咳嗽以梨{{*|ᄇᆡ}}一顆刺作五十孔每孔內椒{{*|고쵸}}一粒以麪裹於熱火灰中煨令熟出停冷去椒食之 과ᄀᆞ리〮 기춤〮 기치〮거든〮 ᄇᆡ ᄒᆞᆫ 나〯ᄎᆞᆯ〮 쉰〯 굼〮글〮 ᄠᅳᆲ〯고〮 구무마〯다〮 고쵸 ᄒᆞᆫ낫〮곰〮 녀코〮 밄〮ᄀᆞᆯ으〮로 ᄆᆞ라〮 ᄡᅡ〮노올〮압〮ᄌᆡ예 구어〮 닉거든〮 내〯야〮 시겨〮 고쵸〮 앗〯고〮 머그〮라 暴嗽一服便安 阿膠{{*|갓플〮 二片炙}}生薑{{*|十片}}大烏梅{{*|ᄂᆡ〮예 그ᅀᅳ린 ᄆᆡ홧 여름〮 二介槌}}甘草{{*|半寸}}紫蘇{{*|ᄎᆞ〮쇠 一兩}}杏仁{{*|ᄉᆞᆯ고〮ᄡᅵ〮 솝〯 七介去皮尖}}鶯粟穀{{*|야ᇰ고밋〮 {{SIC|다ᇰ|디ᇰ}}아리〮 一介去穰幷蔕}}大半夏{{*|ᄭᅴ〯모롭 불휘〮 三介湯泡}}水一大梡煎六分去滓任意服之不拘時候臨睡服尤佳 과ᄀᆞᄅᆞᆫ 기춤〮에 ᄒᆞᆫ 복〮 을머그〮면 즉〮재 편안ᄒᆞ〮ᄂᆞ니〮 갓플〮 두〯 편〮브〮레 ᄧᅬ〯요니〮 와ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 열〮 편과〮ᄂᆡ예 그ᅀᅳ린〮 ᄆᆡ홧 여〮름〮 크〮니 두〯 낫〯 두드〮리니〮 와 감초〮 반〯촌〯 과〮ᄎᆞ〮쇠 ᄒᆞᆫ랴ᇰ과〮 ᄉᆞᆯ고〮ᄡᅵ〮 솝〯닐굽〮 낫〯 거플와〮 ᄲᅩ〮로〮ᄃᆞᆫ 귿〮 아ᅀᆞ〮니와〮 야ᇰ고〮밋 다ᇰ아리〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 낫〯솝〯과〮 고고리〮 아ᅀᆞ〮니와〮 굴〯근〮 ᄭᅴ〯모롭〮불휘〮 세〯 낫〯 더운〮므〮레 시스니와〮ᄅᆞᆯ 믈 ᄒᆞᆫ 사바〮래 달혀〮 반〯남ᄌᆞᆨ거든〮 즈 ᅀᅴ 앗〮고〮 ᄆᆞᅀᆞᆷ 조초 ᄢᅵ〮니 혜〯디〮 말〯오〮 머그〮라 잘 제〮 머고〮미 더욱〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 寒燠不常人多暴嗽咽痛聲嗄鼻塞痰稠喘急 麻黃{{*|不去節}}杏仁{{*|ᄉᆞᆯ고〮ᄡᅵ〮 솝〯 不去皮尖}}甘草{{*|不炙各二兩}}㕮咀每三大錢薑五片煎七分去滓無時服 치우락〮 더우〮락 호〮미일〮뎌ᇰ티〮 아니〮호〮ᄆᆞ로 사〯ᄅᆞ미〮 해〯 과ᄀᆞ리〮 기춤〮ᄒᆞ야 모기〮 알ᄑᆞ고 소리〮 쉬〯며〮 고〮히 막고〮 추〮미 걸〯며〮 수〮미〮 ᄌᆞᆺ거 든〮 마화ᇰ ᄆᆞᄃᆡ 아니〮 아ᅀᆞ〮니와〮 ᄉᆞᆯ고〮ᄡᅵ〮 솝〯거플와〮 ᄲᅩ〮로〮ᄃᆞᆫ 귿〮 아니〮 아ᅀᆞ〮니와〮 감초브〮레 아니〮ᄧᅬ〯니〮 각〮 두〯랴ᇰ과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 사ᄒᆞ〮라 ᄒᆞᆫᄢᅴ〮 서〯 돈〮곰〮 ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 다ᄉᆞᆺ〮 편 조쳐〮 녀허〮글히니 반〯남ᄌᆞᆨ거든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 ᄢᅵ〮니혜〯디〮 말〯오〮 머그〮라 痰喘 人參{{*|심〮 一寸許}}胡桃肉{{*|다ᇰ츄ᄌᆞᆺ〮 ᄉᆞᆯ〮 一介去殼不剝皮}}煎湯服 추ᇝ〮 긔〮운으〮로 쳔〯만〮 커든〮 심 ᄒᆞᆫ촌〯만〮 ᄒᆞ니〮와 다ᇰ츄ᄌᆞ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ낫〯 다ᇰ아리〮 앗〯고〮 보ᄆᆡ〮 밧기〮디〮 아니〮ᄒᆞ니〮와〮ᄅᆞᆯ 달혀〮 머그〮라 卒咳嗽以白蜆殼不計多少淨洗擣硏令細每服以粥飮調下一錢日三四服 과ᄀᆞᄅᆞᆫ 기춤〮에 ᄇᆡᆨ〮현〮각〮 을하나〮 져〯그〮나 조〮히 시서〮 디허〮 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄒᆞᆫ돈〯곰〮 쥭〮므〮레 프〮러 ᄒᆞᄅᆞ 서〯너〮 번곰〮 머그〮라 痰嗽以生薑自然汁調理中蘇合各爲圓用湯解而飮 추ᇝ〮 긔〮운으〮로기춤〮ᄒᆞ〮거든〮 ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ즙〮에 리〯튜ᇰ과〮 소합〮원과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 저여곰 환 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ라 더은〮 므〮레 프〮러 머그〮라 暴患痰厥不省人事 生淸油{{*|ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ〯 기름〮}}一盞灌入喉中須臾逐出風痰立愈 과ᄀᆞ리〮 추〮미 걸〯오〮 긔〮운이〮 차〮 ᅀᅵᆫᄭᅴ〮 몯〯 ᄎᆞ〮리거든〮 ᄂᆞᆯ ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ〮 기름〮 ᄒᆞᆫ잔〮을 목의〮 브ᅀᅳ면〮 아 니〮한ᄉᆞᅀᅵ〮예〮 ᄇᆞᄅᆞᇝ 긔〮운엣〮 춤〮을 내〯조차〮 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 卒上氣鳴息便欲絶搗韮{{*|염〯교}}絞汁飮一升許立愈 과ᄀᆞ리〮 긔〮운이〮 티〮와텨〮 수〯미〮 되〯오〮 주글〮가 식브닐〮 염〮교 디허〮 ᄧᅩᆫ〮 즙〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 되〮만〮 머그〮면 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 細切桑根白皮{{*|ᄲᅩᇰ나못 불휫〮 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 거플 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 사ᄒᆞ〮로니〮 三升}}生薑{{*|三兩}}吳茱萸{{*|半升}}水七升酒五升煮三沸去滓盡服之一升入口則氣下 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 사ᄒᆞ〮론 ᄲᅩᇰ나못 불휫〮 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 거플 서 되〮와 ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 석〯 랴ᇰ과〮 오슈유 반〯되〮와〮ᄅᆞᆯ 믈〮닐굽〮 되〮와 술 닷되〮예 세〯 소솜〮 글혀〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 다〯 머그〮라 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮 이베〮 들〮면 긔〮운이〮 ᄂᆞ리〮리라〮 末人參{{*|심}}服方寸匕日五六 심 ᄀᆞ〮로니〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 술〮옴〮 ᄒᆞ〮ᄅᆞ 대〯엿〮 번머그〮라 卒得寒冷上氣 乾蘇葉{{*|ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄎᆞ〮쇳 닙〮 三兩}}陳橘皮{{*|무근〮 귨〮 거플 四兩}}酒四升煮取一升半分爲再服 과ᄀᆞ리〮 ᄎᆞᆫ〮 긔〮운이〮 티〮와텨〮든〮 ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄎᆞ〮쇳 닙〮 석 랴ᇰ과〮무근〮 귨〮 거플 넉〯 랴ᇰ과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 술 넉〯되〮예 달혀〯 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮 반〯이〮어든〮 두〮번에〮 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 머그〮라 卒得咳嗽 釜月下土{{*|가마〮 믿〮 마촘 아랫 ᄒᆞᆰ 一分}}豉{{*|젼국 七分}}擣爲丸梧子大服十四丸 과ᄀᆞᄅᆞᆫ 기춤〮 어〯더〮든 가마〮 믿 마촘〮 아랫〮 ᄒᆞᆰ 두〮 돈〯반〯과〮 젼국 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ 닐굽〮 돈〯반〯과ᄅᆞᆯ 디허 머귀〮 여름〮마〮곰 환ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮라 열〮 네〯환을〮 머그라 烏雞一頭治如食法以好酒漬之半日出雞服酒一云苦酒{{*|초}}一斗煮白雞{{*|ᄒᆡᆫ〮 ᄃᆞᆰ}}取三升分三服食雞肉莫與塩食則良 오계 ᄒᆞᆫ나ᄒᆞᆯ〮 샤ᇰ녜〮 먹ᄂᆞᆫ 야ᇰ〯으〮로 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮라 됴〯ᄒᆞᆫ 수레〮 나잘〮만〮 ᄃᆞ〮마 둣다가〮 ᄃᆞᆰ으〮란 앗〯고〮 수ᄅᆞᆯ〮 머그〮라 ᄒᆞᆫ고댄〮 닐오〮ᄃᆡ 초 ᄒᆞᆫ 마래〮 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 ᄃᆞᆰ을〮 글혀〮 서〯 되〮어든〮 세〯헤〮 ᄂᆞᆫ화 먹고〮ᄃᆞᆰ의〮 고길〮 머고〮ᄃᆡ 소곰 업〯시〮 머{{문자 주석|고미|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}} 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 桃仁{{*|복셔ᇰ화ᄡᅵ〮 솝 三升去皮搗}}著器中密封頭蒸之一炊頃出曝乾絹帒貯以內二斗酒中六七日可飮四五合稍增至一升喫之 복셔ᇰ화 ᄡᅵ〮 솝〯 서〯 되〮ᄅᆞᆯ 거플 앗고 디허〮 그르〮세 담〯고〮 부〯리〮ᄅᆞᆯ 두터이〮 ᄡᅡ〮 ᄆᆡ야〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 솓 밥〮지 ᅀᅳᆯ〮 ᄉᆞᅀᅵ〮만 ᄠᅧ〮 내〯야〮 벼틔〮 ᄆᆞᆯ외〮야 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞᆫ 쟐의〮 녀허 술 두〯 마래〮 ᄃᆞ〮마 닐웨〮만〮 커든〮 너〯덧〯 홉곰〮 머고〮ᄃᆡ 졈〯졈〯 더 ᄒᆞᆫ 되〮예 다ᄃᆞᆮ게〮 머그〮라 飴糖{{*|엿 六兩}}乾薑{{*|ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 六兩末}}豉{{*|젼국 二兩}}先以水一升煮豉三沸去滓內飴糖消內乾薑分爲三服 엿〮 엿 랴ᇰ과〮 ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 엿 랴ᇰᄀᆞ〮로니〮와〮 젼국 두〮 랴ᇰ과〮몬져 믈〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮예 젼국을〮 세〯 소솜〮 글 혀〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 엿〮녀허〮 녹거든〮 ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇱ ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 녀허〮 세〯헤〮 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 머그〮라 椒{{*|고쵸 二百粒搗末}}杏仁{{*|ᄉᆞᆯ고〮ᄡᅵ〮 솝 二百枚熬}}棗{{*|대〯초 百枚去核}}合擣令極熟稍稍合如棗許大則服之 고쵸 ᅀᅵ〯ᄇᆡᆨ〮 낫〯 디흔 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ와〮 ᄉᆞᆯ고ᄡᅵ〮 솝〮 ᅀᅵ〮ᄇᆡᆨ〮낫〯 봇〮그〮니와〮 대〯초〮 일〮ᄇᆡᆨ〮 낫 ᄡᅵ〮아ᅀᆞ〮니와〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ 디허〮ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮 닉거든〮 졈〯졈〯 대〯초〮ᄡᅵ〮마〮곰 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ라 머그라 生薑{{*|三兩}}擣取汁乾薑{{*|ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 屑三兩}}杏仁{{*|ᄉᆞᆯ고〮ᄡᅵ〮 솝 一升去皮熬}}合擣爲丸服三丸日五六服 ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 석〯 랴ᇰ디허〮 ᄧᅩᆫ〮 즙에ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇱ ᄀᆞᄅᆞ 석〯 랴ᇰ과〮ᄉᆞᆯ고〮ᄡᅵ〮 솝〯 ᄒᆞᆫ 되〮 거플앗〯고 봇그〮니와〯ᄅᆞᆯ ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ〮 디허〮 환 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮라 세〯 환곰〮 머고〮ᄃᆡ ᄒᆞᄅᆞ 다〯엿〮 번 머그〮라 梨{{*|ᄇᆡ}}一顆去核內酥{{*|수〮유}}蜜{{*|ᄢᅮᆯ〮}}麫裹燒令熟食之 ᄇᆡ ᄒᆞᆫ나〯ᄎᆞᆯ〮 솝〯 앗〯고〮수〮유와〮 ᄢᅮᆯ〮와〮ᄅᆞᆯ〮 녀허〮 밄〮ᄀᆞᆯ으〮로 ᄆᆞ라〮 ᄡᅡ〮 닉게〮 구어〮 머그〮라 咳嗽去痰涎利胸膈 天南星{{*|두야머〮주저깃〮 불휘〮 炮}}半夏{{*|ᄭᅴ〯모롭〮 불휘〮 湯七徧去滑 各一兩}}麁搗篩每服二錢匕水一盞生薑五片同煎至七分去滓放溫食後夜臥細細呷之 기춤〮에 춤〮 업〯게〮 ᄒᆞ며〮 가ᄉᆞᆷ〮 훤케〮 호〮ᄃᆡ 두야머〮주저깃〮 불휘〮ᄅᆞᆯ 죠ᄒᆡ〮예 ᄡᅡ〮 믈〮저져〮 구으〮 니와〮 ᄭᅴ〯모롭〮 불휘〮 더운〮므〮레 닐굽〮 번 시서〮 믯믯ᄒᆞᆫ 것아ᅀᆞ〮니와〮 각〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ을〮굵〯게〮 디허〮 두〯 돈〯곰〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 믈〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮예 ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 다ᄉᆞᆺ〮 편을〮녀허〮 ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ〮 글혀〮 반〯남ᄌᆞᆨ거든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ닐〮 밥〮머근〮 후〯와바ᄆᆡ〮 누을 적과〮젹젹 마시〮라 大人小兒暴嗽 石灰{{*|一兩}}蛤粉{{*|바ᄅᆞᆺ〮 죠개 ᄉᆞ로니〮 四錢}}爲細末湯浸蒸餠和丸如豌豆大焙乾每服三十丸溫虀{{*|부〯ᄎᆡ〮}}汁下小兒七丸至十丸早晩食後臨臥服 얼〯운과〮 아ᄒᆡ〮와 과ᄀᆞ리〮 기춤〮ᄒᆞ거든〮 셕회 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ과〮바ᄅᆞᆺ〮 죠개 ᄉᆞ〮로니〮 네〯 돈〯과〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 더운〮 므〮레 즈ᇰ편〮을 프〮러 ᄆᆞ라〮 코ᇰ마〮곰〮 환ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮라 브〮레 ᄆᆞᆯ외〮야 셜흔〮 환곰〮 머고〮ᄃᆡ 부〯ᄎᆡᆺ〮 즙〮을 ᄃᆞ시 ᄒᆞ〮야 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ〮라 아ᄒᆡ〮란 닐굽〮 환으〮로 열〮 환지〯히 머교〮ᄃᆡ 이른 밥〮느즌〮 밥〮 머근〮 후〯와〮 잘적과〮 머기〮라 伏龍肝{{*|가마〮 믿 마촘〮 아랫〮 ᄒᆞᆰ 半兩}}豉{{*|젼국 一兩半}}同炒擣羅爲末煉蜜{{*|달힌 ᄢᅮᆯ}}丸如梧桐子每服二十丸米飮下 가마〮 믿 마촘〮 아랫〮 ᄒᆞᆰ 반〯랴ᇰ과〮 젼국 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ반〯과〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ〮 봇가〮 디허〮 ᄀᆞᆯ을〮 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮라 달힌〮 ᄢᅮ〮레 ᄆᆞ라〮 머귀 여름〮마〮곰 환ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮라 스〮믈〮 환곰〮 ᄡᆞᆯ 글힌〮 므〮레 머그〮라 訶梨勒{{*|아ᄌᆞ 生去一核枚}}拍破含之嚥津㳄煎檳榔湯{{*|비ᇰ라ᇰ 글힌 믈〮}}一盞投之 아ᄌᆞ〮 ᄂᆞᄅᆞᆯ〮 ᄡᅵ〮 앗〯고〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 나〯ᄎᆞᆯ〮 즛텨〮 머구〮머 추〮메 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ〮고 버거〮 비ᇰ라ᇰ 글힌〮 믈〮 ᄒᆞᆫ잔〮을〮 머그라 百部根{{*|四兩}}以酒一斗漬之經宿每服半盞慢火溫飮日三服 ᄇᆡᆨ〮부〮근 넉〯 랴ᇰ을〮 술 ᄒᆞᆫ마래〮 ᄃᆞ〮마 ᄒᆞᄅᆞᆺ밤〮 재〯 야〮 반〯잔〮곰 머고〮ᄃᆡ ᄯᅳᆫ〮 브〮레 ᄃᆞ〮시 ᄒᆞ〮야 ᄒᆞᄅᆞ 세〮번곰〮 머그〮라 冷嗽 乾薑{{*|ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 炮裂三兩爲細末}}膠飴{{*|엿〮 一斤}}一拌勻以瓷器盛置飯上蒸令極熟每服一棗大含化嚥津日三夜二 ᄅᆡᇰ〯긔〮로 기춤〮ᄒᆞ〮거든〮 ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ을〮 죠ᄒᆡ예 ᄡᅡ〮 믈〮저져〮 구어〮 ᄢᅢ혀〮 사ᄒᆞ〮라 석〯 랴ᇰᄀᆞ〯ᄂᆞ리〯 ᄀᆞ〮로〮니〮와 엿〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 근과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 섯거〮 사그〯르〮세〮 다 마〮 밥〯 우희〮 ᄠᅧ〮 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮 닉게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 ᄒᆞᆫ대〯초〮마〮곰 머구〮머 녹거든〮 추〮메 ᄉᆞᇝ〮교〮ᄃᆡ 나ᄌᆡ〮 세〮 번바ᄆᆡ〮 두〯번곰〮 ᄒᆞ라〮 暴患熱嗽 甘草{{*|半兩半炙半生}}黑豆{{*|거믄〮 콩 一百粒半炒半生}}生薑{{*|半兩半煨半生}}烏梅肉{{*|ᄂᆡ〮예 그ᅀᅳ린 ᄆᆡ실〮 一枚半炒半生}}以酒水各一盞同入銀石器內煎至一盞去滓更入蜜{{*|ᄢᅮᆯ〮}}一匙重煎至一盞食後臨臥放溫細呷 과ᄀᆞ리 ᅀᅧᆯᄒᆞ야 기춤 깃거든 감초 반 랴ᇰ반만 브레 ᄧᅬ오 반만 ᄂᆞᆯ와거믄 코ᇰ일ᄇᆡᆨ 낫 반만봇고 반만 ᄂᆞᆯ와ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ 반 랴ᇰ 반만 브레굽고 반만 ᄂᆞᆯ와ᄂᆡ예 그ᅀᅳ린 ᄆᆡ실 ᄒᆞᆫ낫 반만 봇고 반만ᄂᆞᆯ와ᄅᆞᆯ 믈와 술와 각 ᄒᆞᆫ되ᄅᆞᆯ 은그르시어나 돌그르시어나 다마 달혀 ᄒᆞᆫ 되만커든 즈ᅀᅴ 앗고ᄯᅩ ᄢᅮᆯ ᄒᆞᆫ술 녀허 다시 달혀 ᄒᆞᆫ 되만 커든 밥머근 후와누을 저긔 ᄃᆞ시 ᄒᆞ야 젹젹 마시라 咳嗽有失聲音 晉塩{{*|소곰}}葛根{{*|츩불휘}}山梔于{{*|묏지지 ᄡᅵ 等分}}㕮咀水二盞加烏梅{{*|ᄂᆡ예 그ᅀᅳ린 ᄆᆡ실}}甘草少許煎至一盞去渣通口食後 기춤 기처 소리 몯ᄒᆞ거든 소곰과 츩 불휘와묏 지지 ᄡᅵ와ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞᆮ게 ᄂᆞᆫ화 사ᄒᆞ라 믈 두되예 ᄂᆡ예 그ᅀᅳ린 ᄆᆡ실와 감초와져기 녀허 달혀 ᄒᆞᆫ 되만커든 즈ᅀᅴ 앗고 밥 머근 후에머그라 暴發咳嗽多日不愈 貝母 桑白皮{{*|ᄲᅩᇰ나못 불휫〮 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 거플}}五味子 甘草{{*|各五錢}}知母{{*|一錢}}款冬花{{*|二兩}}杏仁{{*|ᄉᆞᆯ고ᄡᅵ〮 솝 三兩}}㕮咀每服一兩水一盞半生薑三片煎至八分去渣溫服食後 과ᄀᆞ리 기춤 기처 여러 날됴티 아니커든 패모와 ᄲᅩᇰ나못 불휫 ᄒᆡᆫ 거플와 오미ᄌᆞ와 감초 각닷 돈과 디못 불휘 ᄒᆞᆫ 돈과관도ᇰ화 두 랴ᇰ과ᄉᆞᆯ고ᄡᅵ 솝 석 랴ᇰ과ᄅᆞᆯ 사ᄒᆞ라 ᄒᆞᆫ랴ᇰ곰 믈 ᄒᆞᆫ 되 닷홉애 ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 세 편조쳐 달혀 반남ᄌᆞᆨ거든 즈ᅀᅴ 앗고 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ닐 밥머근 후에머그라 ==心腹痛_{가ᄉᆞᆷ〮 ᄇᆡ〮 알호미라}== 宜服和劑方溫白圓蘇合香圓九痛圓 화〮졔방애〮 온ᄇᆡᆨ〮원과〮 소합햐ᇰ원과 구토ᇰ원과〮ᄅᆞᆯ머고〮미 맛〮다ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라 卒心痛腹脇氣滯 桂心{{*|계〯핏 솝}}乾薑{{*|ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 一兩炮裂剉}}擣細羅爲散不計時候以酒調下一錢 과ᄀᆞᆯ이 가ᄉᆞᆷ 알파 ᄇᆡ 와녑괘 긔운이 토ᇰ티 아니커든 계핏 솝 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ과ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ브레 구어 ᄢᅢ혀 사ᄒᆞ로니와ᄅᆞᆯ 디허 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 처 ᄢᅵ니 혜디 말오 ᄒᆞᆫ돈을 수레 프러 머그라 卒心痛氣悶欲絶面色靑四肢逆冷 釅醋{{*|됴〯ᄒᆞᆫ 초 一合}}雞子{{*|ᄃᆞᆯᄀᆡ〮알 一枚打破}}相和攪令勻煖過頓飮之 과ᄀᆞᆯ이 가ᄉᆞᆷ 알파 긔운이 답답ᄒᆞ고 주글 ᄃᆞᆺᄒᆞ야 ᄂᆞᆺ비치 프르고 손과 발왜 ᄎᆞ거든 됴ᄒᆞᆫ 초 ᄒᆞᆫ 홉애 ᄃᆞᆯᄀᆡ알 ᄒᆞᆫ나ᄎᆞᆯ ᄣᆞ려 녀허 섯거 고ᄅᆞ게 저ᅀᅥ 덥게 ᄒᆞ야믄득 머그라 白艾{{*|ᄒᆡᆫ〮 ᄡᅮᆨ}}二兩熟者以水二大盞煎至一盞去滓分爲三服稍熱服之 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 ᄡᅮᆨ〮 두〯 랴ᇰ니기〮 부븨〮요니〮ᄅᆞᆯ 믈〮 큰〮 두〯되〮예 달혀〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 세〯 번에〮ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 자ᇝ〯간 덥〯게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야머그〮라 靑布{{*|쳐ᇰ믈〮 든〮 뵈〮}}裹塩如彈子大燒令赤都硏爲末以熱酒調頓服之 쳐ᇰ믈〮 든〮 뵈〮예 소고ᄆᆞᆯ〮 탄ᄌᆞ〮만〮 케〮 ᄡᅡ〮 ᄉᆞ〮라 븕거든〮 다〯 ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〯 ᄆᆡᇰ〮ᄀᆞ〮라 더운〮 수레〮 프러 믄득〮 머그〮라 鐺底墨{{*|솓 미틧〮 거〮믜여ᇰ}}以熱小便{{*|오좀〮}}調下二錢 솓 미틧〮 거믜여ᇰ 두〯 돈〯을〮 더운 오좀〮애 프〮러 머그〮라 蒸大豆{{*|코ᇰ}}或煮豆以囊盛更番熨痛處冷復易之 코ᇰ을〮 ᄠᅵ〮거나〮 글히〮거나〮 ᄒᆞ〮야쟐의〮 녀허〮 ᄀᆞ라〮곰 알ᄑᆞᆫ ᄃᆡ〮 울〮호〮ᄃᆡ ᄎᆞ〮거든〮 다시〮 ᄀᆞ람〯 ᄒᆞ라 暴心痛不可忍 石菖蒲{{*|돌〯 서〮리옛〮 쇼ᇰ의맛〮불휘〮 一兩}}良薑{{*|半兩}}細末醋糊爲圓如菉豆大每服二十圓菖蒲湯{{*|쇼ᇰ의마〮 날ᄒᆡᆫ〮 믈}}下或作散米飮調下亦得 과ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 가ᄉᆞᆷ〮 알파〮 ᄎᆞᆷ〮디 몯〯거든〮 돌〯 서〮리옛〮 쇼ᇰ의맛〮불휘〮 ᄒᆞᆫ랴ᇰ과〮 랴ᇰ가ᇰ 반〯 랴ᇰ과〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 초애〮 ᄆᆞ라〮 녹〮둣 낫〯만 케 비븨〮여 스믈 낫〯곰 쇼ᇰ의마〮 글〮힌〯 므〮레 머그〮며 ᄯᅩ〮 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 ᄆᆡᇰ ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄡᆞᆯ〮 글힌〮 므레프〮러 머거〮도〮됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 卒心痛 東引桃枝{{*|도ᇰ녁으로 버든〮 복셔ᇰ홧 가〮지}}一把切以酒一升煎取半升頓服大效 과ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 가ᄉᆞᆷ〮 알ᄑᆞ거든〮 도ᇰ녁으〮로 버든〮 복셔ᇰ홧 가〮지ᄒᆞᆫ 줌〯을〮 사ᄒᆞ〮라 술 ᄒᆞᆫ〮되〮예〮 달혀〮 반〯되〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 믄득〮 머그〮면 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 生油{{*|ᄂᆞᆯ 기름〮}}半合溫服差 ᄂᆞᆯ 기름〮 반〯홉을〮 ᄃᆞ시 ᄒᆞ〮야 머그〮면 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 令病人當戶以坐若男子病者令婦人以一杯水以飮之若婦人病者令男子以一杯水以飮之得新汲水{{*|ᄀᆞᆺ 기론〮 믈〮}}尤佳又以蜜{{*|ᄢᅮᆯ〮}}一分水二分飮之益良也 병〮ᄒᆞᆫ 사〯ᄅᆞᄆᆞᆯ〮 문〮 바ᄅᆞ 안쵸〮ᄃᆡ〮 남진 벼ᇰ〯ᄒᆞ니〮란〮 겨〯지비〮 믈〮 ᄒᆞᆫ잔〮을 머기〮고 겨〯집 벼ᇰ〯ᄒᆞ니〮란남진이〮 믈 ᄒᆞᆫ 잔〮을머기〮라 ᄀᆞᆺ 기론〮 므〮를 머기〮면〮 더욱〯 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 ᄯᅩ〮 ᄢᅮᆯ〯 ᄒᆞᆫ분과〮 믈〮 두〯분과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 프〮러머거〮도〮 더욱〮 됴〮ᄒᆞ니〮라 竈下熱灰{{*|브ᅀᅥᆨ 아래〮 더운〮 ᄌᆡ〮}}篩去炭分以布囊貯令灼灼更番以熨痛上冷更熬熱 브ᅀᅥᆨ 아래〮더운 ᄌᆡ〮ᄅᆞᆯ 체〯로 처〮 숫글 업〯게〮 코〮 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 뵈〮 쟐〮의〮 녀허〮 듯듯게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 서르 ᄀᆞ라〯곰 알ᄑᆞᆫ ᄃᆡ〮 울〮호〮ᄃᆡ ᄎᆞ〮거든〮 다시〮 봇가〮 덥〮게〮 ᄒᆞ라 桃仁{{*|복셩화 ᄡᅵ}}七枚去皮尖熟硏水合頓服良亦可治三十年患 복셔ᇰ화 ᄡᅵ 닐굽 나ᄎᆞᆯ 거플와 부리 앗고 니기 ᄀᆞ라 므레 프러 믄득 머그면 됴ᄒᆞ니라 ᄯᅩ 셜흔 ᄒᆡᆺ 벼ᇰ도 고티리라 郁李人{{*|산ᄆᆡ〯ᄌᆞ ᄡᅵ}}三七枚爛嚼以新汲水{{*|ᄀᆞᆺ 기론 믈}}下□飮溫湯尤妙須臾痛止却煎薄塩湯熱呷 산ᄆᆡᄌᆞ ᄡᅵ 세 닐굽 나ᄎᆞᆯ ᄂᆞ론케 십고 ᄀᆞᆺ 기론 므레 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ라 더운 므레 머고미 더 됴ᄒᆞ니 이ᅀᅳᆨ고 알포미 긋거든 ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ 소곰 므를 글혀 더우니 머그라 多年石灰{{*|오란〮 셕회}}每服輕者半錢重者一錢熱酒調服 오란 셕회ᄅᆞᆯ 봇가 우연히 알ᄂᆞ니란 반 돈ᄀᆞ장〮 알ᄂᆞ니〮란〮ᄒᆞᆫ 돈〯곰 더운〮 수레〮 프〮러 머그〮라 麋角{{*|큰〮 사ᄉᆞ〮ᄆᆡ ᄲᅳᆯ〮}}截破炙黃爲末酒調三錢匕服 큰〮사ᄉᆞ〮ᄆᆡ ᄲᅳᆯ 사ᄒᆞ〮라 누르게〮 봇가〮 ᄀᆞ로니 세 돈〯을〮수레〮 프〮러 머그〮라 陳倉米硏汁服之 대〯차ᇰ애〮 무근〮 ᄡᆞᆯ〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 즙〮ᄧᅩᆫ〮 므〮를 머그〮라 卒中惡心痛 苦參{{*|ᄡᅳᆫ〮너〮ᅀᅡᇝ 불휘〮 三兩}}㕮咀以好酢{{*|초}}一升半煮取八合强者頓服老小分二服 과ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 모〯딘〮 긔〮운 마자〮 가ᄉᆞᆷ 알ᄑᆞ거든〮 ᄡᅳᆫ〮너〮ᅀᅡᇝ〮 불〮휘〮석〯 랴ᇰ을〮 사ᄒᆞ〮라 ?됴?ᄒᆞᆫ 초 ᄒᆞᆫ 되〮반애 글혀 여듧〮 홉이〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 얼〯운〮은 ᄒᆞᆫ 번에〮믄득〯 먹고〮 늘그〮니와〯 아ᄒᆡ〮와ᄂᆞᆫ〮 두〯번에〮 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 머〮그〯라〮 中惡心痛氣急脹滿猒猒欲死 雄黃{{*|셕〮우화ᇰ 半兩細硏}}赤小豆{{*|블근〮 ᄑᆞᆺ 半兩}}瓜蔕{{*|ᄎᆞ밋 고고리 半兩}}擣細羅爲散每服以溫水調下一錢當吐立差良久不吐再服 모딘 긔운 마자 가ᄉᆞᆷ 알ᄑᆞ고 긔운이 티와텨 탸ᇰ만ᄒᆞ야 ᄒᆞ마 주글 ᄃᆞᆺᄒᆞ거든 셕우화ᇰ 반 랴ᇰᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 ᄀᆞ로니와 블근 ᄑᆞᆺ 반랴ᇰ과 ᄎᆞᄆᆡᆺ 고고리 반랴ᇰ과ᄅᆞᆯ 디허 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 처 ᄃᆞᄉᆞᆫ 므레 ᄒᆞᆫ 돈곰 프러 머그라 토ᄒᆞ면 즉재 됴ᄒᆞ리니 오래 토티 아니커든 다시 머그라 一切心痛 胡椒{{*|고쵸 四十九粒}}乳香{{*|一錢}}爲末男用生薑湯{{*|ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ 글힌 믈}}調下女用當歸酒{{*|스ᇰ암촛 블휘 글힌 술}}調下 대도ᄒᆞᆫ 가ᄉᆞᆷ 알ᄑᆞᆫ 벼ᇰ에 고쵸 마ᅀᆞᆫ 아홉 낫과 ᅀᅲ햐ᇰ ᄒᆞᆫ 돈과ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ라 남진은 ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ 글힌 므레 프러 먹고 겨집은 스ᇰ암촛 불휘 글힌수레 프러머그라 葀蔞{{*|하ᄂᆞᆳᄃᆞ래}}一介切碎以新瓦焙乾存性爲末酒調方寸匕 하ᄂᆞᆳᄃᆞ〮래 ᄒᆞᆫ나ᄎᆞᆯ 사ᄒᆞ라 ᄇᆞᅀᅡ 새 디새 우희 노하 브레 ᄆᆞᆯ외요ᄃᆡ 눋디 아니케 ᄒᆞ야 ᄀᆞ라 수레 ᄒᆞᆫ술만 프러 머그라 烏骨雞糞{{*|오계 ᄯᅩᇰ}}瓦上焙乾爲末每服三五錢酒調服 오계 ᄯᅩᇰ을 디새 우희 노하 블로 ᄆᆞᆯ외야 ᄀᆞ라 세 돈이어나 다ᄉᆞᆺ 돈이어나수레 프러 머그라 毡襪後跟{{*|시욱쳐ᇰ 뒤측}}一對男用女者女用男子燒灰酒調服 시욱 쳐ᇰ 뒤측 둘흘 남진은 겨집의 하 겨집은 남진의 하ᄅᆞᆯ ᄉᆞ라 ᄌᆡᄅᆞᆯ 수레 프러 머그라 川椒{{*|죠핏 여름}}四兩炒以酒一椀淬之去椒飮酒妙 죠핏 여름 넉〯 랴ᇰ을 봇가〮 술 ᄒᆞᆫ 사발애 더운 제 ᄃᆞᆷ가 죠핏 여름 앗고 그수ᄅᆞᆯ 마쇼미 됴ᄒᆞ니라 九種心痛當太歲上新生槐枝{{*|새〮로 도ᄃᆞᆫ〮 회홧 가지}}一握去兩頭㕮咀以水三升煮取一升頓服 아홉 가짓 가ᄉᆞᆷ 알ᄑᆞ거든 그 ᄒᆡᆺ 바ᇰ소앳 새로도ᄃᆞᆫ〮 회화나못 가〮지 ᄒᆞᆫ줌〯을〮 두〮귿〮 버혀 ᄇᆞ리〮고 사ᄒᆞ〮라 믈〮서〯 되〮예 달혀〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 믄득〮 머그〮라 九種心痛妨悶 桂心{{*|계〯핏 솝〯}}半兩末以酒一大盞煎至半盞去滓稍熱服立效 아홉〮 가짓〮 가ᄉᆞᆷ〮 알파〮 답답ᄒᆞ〮거든〮 계〯핏 솝 반〯 랴ᇰ을〮ᄀᆞ라〮 술 큰 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮예 달혀〮 반〯되〯 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 자ᇝ〯간 덥〯게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 머그〮면 즉〯재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 九種心痛及蛔虫心痛久不差 苦酒{{*|초}}五合燒靑錢{{*|프른〮 돈〯}}二文令赤淬酒中飮 아홉 가짓 가ᄉᆞᆷ 알ᄑᆞ며 벌에로 가ᄉᆞᆷ알파 오래 됴티 아니커든 초 닷 홉애 프른 돈 두나ᄎᆞᆯ 븕게 달와 녀허 그 초ᄅᆞᆯ마시라 心痛 桃白皮{{*|복셔ᇰ화나모 ᄉᆞᅀᅵᆺ ᄒᆡᆫ 거플}}煮汁空腹以意食之 가ᄉᆞᆷ 알ᄑᆞ거든 복셔ᇰ화나못 ᄉᆞᅀᅵᆺ ᄒᆡᆫ 거플 글힌 므ᄅᆞᆯ 고ᇰ심에 ᄆᆞᅀᆞᆷ 조초 머그라 行路卒心痛無藥取橘皮{{*|귨〮 거플}}去白炙少許煎飮之甚良 길 녀다가 과ᄀᆞᆯ이 가ᄉᆞᆷ 알ᄑᆞ고 약 업거든 귨 거플 안 ᄒᆡᆫ ᄃᆡᄀᆞᆯ가 ᄇᆞ리고 구어 져고매 므레 달혀 마쇼미 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ 됴ᄒᆞ니라 四十年心痛不差 黍米淘汁{{*|기자ᇰᄡᆞᆯ 시슨 믈}}溫服隨多少 마ᅀᆞᆫ ᄒᆡ 가ᄉᆞᆷ알히 됴티 몯거든 기자ᇰᄡᆞᆯ 시슨 므를 ᄃᆞ시 ᄒᆞ야 하나 져그나 머그라 心痛不可忍十年五年者隨手效 小蒜{{*|마ᄂᆞᆯ〮}}釅醋{{*|됴〮ᄒᆞᆫ 초}}煮頓服之取飽不用著塩 가ᄉᆞ〮미 ᄎᆞᆷ〮디 몯〯게〮 알호〮ᄆᆞᆯ 열〮 ᄒᆡ〮어나〮 다ᄉᆞᆺ〮 ᄒᆡ〮어나〮ᄒᆞᆫ 사〯ᄅᆞ미〮 머그〮면 됻〯ᄂᆞ니〮 마ᄂᆞ〮ᄅᆞᆯ 됴〯ᄒᆞᆫ 초애〮 글혀〮 ᄇᆡ〮브르게 머고〮ᄃᆡ 소곰 노티〮 말〯라 心氣疼急心疼 胡桃{{*|다ᇰ츄ᄌᆞ〮}}一箇去皮殼 棗子{{*|대〯초〮}}一枚去心以胡桃肉放入棗內以紙裹之用火煨過生薑湯{{*|ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 글힌〮 믈〮}}一鍾細嚼嚥下立效 과ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 가ᄉᆞᆷ〮 알ᄑᆞ거든〮 다ᇰ츄ᄌᆞ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 나〯ᄎᆞᆯ〮 거플와〮 다ᇰ아리〮 앗〯고 대〯초〮 ᄒᆞᆫ나〯ᄎᆞᆯ〮 ᄡᅵ〮 앗〯고〮 다ᇰ츄ᄌᆞᆺ〮 ᄉᆞᆯᄒᆞᆯ 대〮촛〮 안해〮 녀허〮 죠ᄒᆡ〮로 ᄡᅡ〮 브〮레 무더〮 구어 ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ {{문자 주석|글|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}힌〮 믈〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 죠ᇰ애 ᄂᆞ로니 시버〮 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ〮면 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 枯白礬{{*|브〮레 노긴〮 ᄇᆡᆨ번〮}}不拘多少爲末煉蜜{{*|달힌〮 ᄢᅮᆯ〮}}爲丸如芡實{{*|거싀〮련 여름〮}}大每服一丸細嚼空心用淡薑湯下如食後用白湯送下 브〮레 노긴〮 ᄇᆡᆨ번〮을 하나〮 져〮그나〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 달힌〮 ᄢᅮ〮레 ᄆᆞ라〮 거싀〮련 여름〮만〮 케〮 비븨〮여 ᄒᆞᆫ 낫〮곰〮 ᄂᆞ로니 시버〮 고ᇰ심애〮 ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 글힌〮ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ〮 므〮레머고〮ᄃᆡ 밥〮머근〮 휘〯어든〮 ᄡᆞᆯ〮 글힌〮 ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ〮므〮레 머그〮라 䆴心土{{*|솓 믿 마촘 아랫〮 ᄒᆞᆰ}}爲末滾湯調服方寸匕或以酒調亦妙 솓 믿 마촘〮 아랫〮 ᄒᆞᆯᄀᆞᆯ〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄀᆞ장〮 달힌〮 므〮레 ᄒᆞᆫ 술〮만〮 프〮러 머그〮라 ᄯᅩ〮 수레〮 프〮러머거〮도 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 驢屎{{*|나귀〮 ᄯᅩᇰ}}絞汁三五鍾熱服 나귀〮 ᄯᅩᇰ을〮 즙〮 ᄧᅡ〮 세〯 죠ᇰ이〮어나〮 다ᄉᆞᆺ〮 죠ᇰ이〮어나〮덥〯게〮 ᄒᆞ야 머그라 蟲心痛 鶴蝨{{*|여ᇫ의〮오좀〮플〮}}一兩爲末以溫酢{{*|초}}一盞和空腹服之蟲當吐出 벌엣 긔운으로가ᄉᆞᆷ 알ᄑᆞ거든 여ᇫ의오좀플 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ을 ᄀᆞ라 다ᄉᆞᆫ 초 ᄒᆞᆫ되예 프러 고ᇰ심에 머그면 벌에 토ᄒᆞ야 나리라 諸蟲心痛多吐四肢不和冷氣上攻心腹滿悶 熊膽{{*|고〯ᄆᆡ 열}}如大豆許細硏以溫水和服之立差 벌엣 긔운으로 가ᄉᆞᆷ 알파 만히 토ᄒᆞ며 손과 발왜 ᄌᆞᅀᅧᆫ티 아니ᄒᆞ고 ᄅᆡᇰ긔 티와텨 가ᄉᆞᆷᄇᆡ 답답ᄒᆞ거든 고ᄆᆡ 열 코ᇰ 낫만 ᄒᆞ니ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 ᄀᆞ라 ᄃᆞᄉᆞᆫ 므레 프러 머그면 즉재 됴ᄒᆞ리라 凡心腹冷痛熬塩{{*|소곰}}一斗熨熬蠶沙{{*|누에〮 ᄯᅩᇰ}}燒磗石{{*|벽〮돌〯}}蒸熨取其裏溫暖止蒸土{{*|ᄠᅵᆫ〮 ᄒᆞᆰ}}亦大佳 믈읫 가ᄉᆞᆷ ᄇᆡ ᄅᆡᇰ긔로 알ᄑᆞ거든 소곰 ᄒᆞᆫ 말 봇가 울ᄒᆞ며 누에 ᄯᅩᇰ도 봇그며 벽돌도 더이며 울호ᄃᆡ ᄇᆡᆺ 안히 덥거든 말라 ᄒᆞᆰ을 ᄠᅧ 울ᄒᆞ야도ᄀᆞ자ᇰ 됴ᄒᆞ니라 心腹俱脹疼痛氣短欲死或已絶者取梔子{{*|지지 ᄡᅵ 十四枚}}豉{{*|젼국 五合}}以水二盞先煮豉取一盞半去滓入梔子再煎取一盞去渣服半盞不愈盡服之 가ᄉᆞᆷ〮 ᄇᆡ〮 다〯 탸ᇰ〯만〮ᄒᆞ〮야 알ᄑᆞ고〮 긔〮운이〮 뎔어 주글 ᄃᆞᆺ거나 주것거나 ᄒᆞ거든 지지 ᄡᅵ 열네 낫과 젼국 닷 홉과ᄅᆞᆯ 믈 두 되예 몬져 젼국글혀 ᄒᆞᆫ 되 반이어든 즈ᅀᅴ 앗고 지지ᄡᅵᄅᆞᆯ 녀허 다시 달혀 ᄒᆞᆫ되 ᄃᆞ외어든 즈ᅀᅴ 앗고 반되ᄅᆞᆯ 머고ᄃᆡ 됴티 아니커든 다 머그라 卒心腹煩滿疼痛欲死者以熱湯浸手足妙冷再換 과ᄀᆞᆯ이 가ᄉᆞᆷ ᄇᆡ 답답ᄒᆞ야 알파 주글 ᄃᆞᆺ거든 더운 므레 손바ᄅᆞᆯ ᄃᆞᆷ가 이쇼미 됴ᄒᆞ니 ᄎᆞ거든 다시 ᄀᆞ라곰 ᄒᆞ라 腹痛細嚼石菖蒲{{*|돌 서리예 난 쇼ᇰ의맛불휘}}飮凉水送下妙 ᄇᆡ 알ᄑᆞ거든 돌 서리예 난 쇼ᇰ의맛불휘ᄅᆞᆯ ᄂᆞ로니 십고 ᄎᆞᆫ므를 마셔 ᄂᆞ리오미 됴ᄒᆞ니라 掘地上作一小坑以水滿坑中熟絞取汁飮之 ᄯᅡ해 ᄒᆞᆫ 져고맛 구들 ᄑᆞ고 므를 구데 ᄀᆞᄃᆞ기 브ᅀᅥ 니기 프러 마시라 令人騎其腹溺{{*|오좀〮}}臍中 사ᄅᆞ미 그ᄇᆡᄅᆞᆯ 타 안자 ᄇᆡᆺ보개 오좀 누라 針手足十指頭出血炙臍中七七壯 손발 열 가락 그틀 침으로 ᄣᅵᆯ어 피 내오 ᄇᆡᆺ 보ᄀᆞᆯ 닐굽 닐굽붓글 ᄯᅳ라 卒煩滿嘔逆炙乳下一寸七壯卽愈 과ᄀᆞᆯ이 답답ᄒᆞ야 뷘ᄇᆡᄌᆞᆷᄒᆞ거든 졋 아래ᄒᆞᆫ 치만 ᄒᆞᆫ ᄃᆡ 닐굽 붓글 ᄯᅳ면 즉재 됴ᄒᆞ리라 灸兩手大母指內邊爪後第一紋頭各一壯又灸兩手中指爪下一壯卽愈 두 손 엄지가락 안녁 소ᇇ톱 뒤 첫 그ᇝ 그틀 각ᄒᆞᆫ붓글 ᄯᅳ며 ᄯᅩ 두 손가온ᄃᆡᆺ가락 소ᇇ톱 아래 ᄒᆞᆫ 붓글 ᄯᅳ면즉재 됴ᄒᆞ리라 ==卒腰痛_{과ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 허리 알포미라}== 卒腰痛不可忍 附子{{*|一枚炮裂去皮臍}}木香{{*|半兩}}檳榔{{*|半兩}}擣細羅爲散每於食前以溫酒調下二錢 과ᄀᆞᆯ이 허리 알포ᄆᆞᆯ ᄎᆞᆷ디 몯ᄒᆞ거든 부ᄌᆞ ᄒᆞᆫ 나ᄎᆞᆯ 죠ᄒᆡ예 ᄡᅡ 믈 저져 브레 무더 ᄩᅥ디 게 구어 거플와 브르도ᄃᆞᆫ 것업게 ᄒᆞ니와 목햐ᇰ 반 랴ᇰ과비ᇰ라ᇰ 반랴ᇰ과ᄅᆞᆯ 디허 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 처 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ라 ᄆᆡ야ᇰ 밥 아니머거셔 ᄃᆞᄉᆞᆫ 수레 두 돈곰 프러 머그라 卒腰痛連脚膝疼 胡麻{{*|ᄎᆞᆷᄢᅢ 三合新者}}附子{{*|一兩炮裂去皮臍}}熬胡麻令香同擣細羅爲散每於食前以溫酒調下二錢 과ᄀᆞᆯ이 허리 알ᄑᆞ고 허튀와 무룹괘 조차 알ᄑᆞ거든 새 ᄎᆞᆷᄢᅢ 서 홉과 부ᄌᆞ ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ 죠ᄒᆡ예 ᄡᅡ 믈 저져 브레 무더 ᄩᅥ디게 구어 거플와 브르도ᄃᆞᆫ 것 업게 코ᄎᆞᆷᄢᅢᄅᆞᆯ 고ᄉᆞ게 봇가 ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ 디허 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 처 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ라 ᄆᆡ야ᇰ 밥 아니머거셔 ᄃᆞᄉᆞᆫ 수레 두돈곰 프러 머그라 卒腰痛至甚起坐不得 附子{{*|一兩生用}}吳茱萸一兩蛇床子{{*|ᄇᆡ얌도랏〮 ᄡᅵ 一兩}}擣羅爲末每用半兩以生薑自然汁調如膏攤故帛上於痛處貼熁用衣服繫定覺通熱卽差未退再貼 과ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 허리〮 알파〮 ᄀᆞ장〯 셜〯워〮 니러〮 안ᄯᅵ〮 몯〯ᄒᆞ〮거든〯 ᄂᆞᆯ 부ᄌᆞ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ과〮오슈유 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ〮과〮ᄇᆡ얌도랏〮 ᄡᅵ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 디허〮 처〮 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮라 ᄡᅳᆯ〮 제 반〮랴ᇰ곰〮 ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 즛두드〮려 ᄧᅩᆫ〮 므〮레 ᄆᆞ라걸〯에〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 ᄂᆞᆯ{{문자 주석|ᄀᆞᆫ|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}} 헌〮것 우희 퍼〮 알ᄑᆞᆫ ᄃᆡ〮 브〮티〮고 오〮ᄉᆞ〮로 ᄆᆡ{{문자 주석|야|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}} ᄉᆞᄆᆞᆺ 더운〮 주〮ᄅᆞᆯ 알〯면〮 즉〮재됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮니 됴〯{{문자 주석|티|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}} 아니〮커든〮 다시〮브티〮라 卒腰痛不得俛{{문자 주석|仰|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}} 鹿角{{*|사ᄉᆞ〮ᄆᆡ ᄲᅳᆯ}}長六寸燒擣末酒服之鹿茸{{*|사ᄉᆞ〮ᄆᆡ ᄀᆞᆺ 도다〮 난 털 조ᄎᆞᆫ〮 ᄲᅳᆯ〮}}尤佳 과ᄀᆞᆯ이〯 허리〮 알파〮 굽도〮 졋도〮 몯〯ᄒᆞ〮거든〮 사ᄉᆞ〮ᄆᆡ ᄲᅳᆯ〮 기리〮 여슷 치〮만 ᄒᆞ니〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄉᆞ〮라 디혼〮 ᄀᆞᆯ〮ᄋᆞᆯ 수레〮 프〮러 머그〮라 사ᄉᆞ〮ᄆᆡ ᄀᆞᆺ 도다〮난 털조ᄎᆞᆫ〮 ᄲᅳ〮리 더 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 鼈甲{{*|쟈래 다ᇰ아리〮}}一枚炙搗篩酒服方寸匕食{{문자 주석|後|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}日三服 쟈래 다ᇰ아리〮 ᄒᆞᆫ나〯ᄎᆞᆯ〮 브〮레 ᄧᅬ〯여〮 디허 처〯 수레〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 술〮옴 프〮러 밥〮머근〮 후〯에〮ᄒᆞᄅᆞ 세〮번곰〮 머그〮라 桂{{*|계〯피 八分}}牡丹{{*|四分}}附子{{*|二分}}搗末酒服一刀圭日再服 계〯피 두〯랴ᇰ과〮 {{문자 주석|모|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}라ᇇ 불휘〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ과〮부ᄌᆞ〮 다ᄉᆞᆺ〮돈〯과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 디허〮 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 수레〮 죠〯고〮매 프〮러 머고〮ᄃᆡ ᄒᆞᄅᆞ 두〮번곰 머그〮라 卒腰痛 芫花{{*|半斤}}羊躑躅花{{*|늣거ᅀᅡ〮 픈 굴근 진ᄃᆞᆯ욋곳 半斤}}以醋拌令濕炒令熱用帛裹分作兩包更番熨痛處冷卽復炒熨之 과ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 허리〮 알ᄑᆞ거든〮 와화 반〯 근과〮늣거ᅀᅡ〮 픈〮 굴〯근〮 진〯ᄃᆞᆯ욋〮곳 반〯 근과〮ᄅᆞᆯ초애〮 섯거〮 젓게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야봇가〮 덥〯게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야헌〯거스〮로 ᄡᅩ〮ᄃᆡ 둘〯헤〮 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 알ᄑᆞᆫ ᄃᆡᆯ〮 서르 ᄀᆞ라〮 울〮호ᄃᆡ ᄎᆞ〮거 든〮 다사〮 봇가〮울〮ᄒᆞ라〮 蕓薹子{{*|一兩}}擣羅爲末醋調塗於蠟 {{*|밀}}紙 上貼痛處覺熱極卽去之痛止 운ᄃᆡ ᄡᅵ ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ을〮 디허〮 처〮 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮라 초애〮 ᄆᆞ라〮 밀〯 드〮린 죠ᄒᆡ〮 우희〮 ᄇᆞᆯ라〮 알ᄑᆞᆫ ᄃᆡ〮 브텨〮 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮 덥〯거든〮 ᄠᅦ〮혀〮 더디〮면 알포〮미 그츠〮리라 ==絞膓沙_{과ᄀᆞᄅᆞᆫ 모〮딘〮 독〮 마자〮 ᄇᆡ〮 ᄌᆞᄅᆞᄂᆞᆫ ᄃᆞᆺ〮 알파〮 견ᄃᆡ〮디 몯〯호〮미라〮}== 宜服和劑方六和湯香薷散 화졔〮바ᇰ애〮 {{문자 주석|륙〮|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}화타ᇰ과〮 햐ᇰ유산〯과〮ᄅᆞᆯ머고〮미 맛〮다ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라 絞膓沙痛不可忍或展轉在地或起或仆其膓絞縮在腹此是中毒之深須臾能令人死急用塩{{*|소곰}}一兩熱湯調灌入病人口中塩氣一到腹其腹卽定 과ᄀᆞᄅᆞᆫ 모〯딘〮 독〮 마자〮 ᄇᆡ〮 ᄌᆞᄅᆞᄂᆞᆫ ᄃᆞᆺ〮알포〮ᄆᆞᆯ〮 ᄎᆞᆷ〮디 몯〯ᄒᆞ〮야 구으러 ᄯᅡ해〮셔 닐〯락〮 업더〮디락〮 ᄒᆞ야차ᇰ〮ᄌᆡ〮 뷔〯트〮리{{SIC|혀〮|허〮}} 거두〮쥐〯ᄂᆞᆫ ᄃᆞᆺ〮ᄒᆞ〮야 ᄇᆡ〮안해〮 이쇼〮ᄆᆞᆫ 이〮모〮딘〮 긔〮운 마조〮미 기퍼〮 져근더데〮 사〯ᄅᆞᄆᆞᆯ〮 죽게〮 ᄒᆞ〮ᄂᆞ니〮 ᄲᆞᆯ리〮소곰 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ을〮더운〮 므〮레 프〮러벼ᇰ〯ᄒᆞᆫ 사〯ᄅᆞᄆᆡ〮 이〮베〮 브ᅀᅳ라〮 소고ᇝ 긔〮운이〮ᄇᆡ예〮 드〮러가면 즉〮재편안ᄒᆞ리라 絞膓沙腹痛嘔吐泄瀉及霍亂中署煩渴不省人事 馬糞{{*|ᄆᆞᆯᄯᅩᇰ}}硏同蜜{{*|ᄢᅮᆯ〮}}擂濾過新汲水{{*|ᄀᆞᆺ 기론〮 믈}}化下卽愈 과ᄀᆞᄅᆞᆫ 모〯딘〮 독〮 마자〮 ᄇᆡ〮 ᄌᆞᄅᆞ〮ᄂᆞᆫ ᄃᆞᆺ〮 알파〮견ᄃᆡ〮디 몯〯ᄒᆞ〮야 토〮ᄒᆞ며〮즈츼〮며 어〮즐ᄒᆞ며〮 더위〮며여〮 답답ᄒᆞ고〮갈〮ᄒᆞ〮야 ᅀᅵᆫᄭᅴ〮ᄅᆞᆯ 몯〯ᄎᆞ〮리거든〮 ᄆᆞᆯᄯᅩᇰ을〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄢᅮᆯ〮와 ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ〮 저ᅀᅥ〮 바타〮 ᄀᆞᆺ 기론〮 므〮레 프〮러 머그〮면 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 馬藺{{*|붇곳}}根葉細嚼嚥之立差嚥汁去柤亦可 붇〮곳 불휘〮와 닙〮과〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄂᆞ로니 시버〮 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ〮면〮 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라시버〮 즙〮만 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ〮고 즈ᅀᅴ란〮 ᄇᆞ려〮도〮 ᄯᅩ〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 絞膓沙 苧麻扎十指尖針銚出惡血數點 과ᄀᆞᄅᆞᆫ 모〯딘〮 독〮 마자〮 ᄇᆡ〮 ᄌᆞᄅᆞᄂᆞᆫ ᄃᆞᆺ〮 알파〮견ᄃᆡ〮디 몯〯거든 모시뢰〮나 삼〮으〮뢰나〮 열〮소ᇇ가락 그〮틀 ᄆᆡ오〮 침으〮로 ᄣᅵᆯ어〮 모〯딘〮 피〮ᄅᆞᆯ 두〯ᅀᅥ〮 번을〮 처〮디〯라〮 久乾猪糞{{*|도ᄐᆡ〮 ᄯᅩᇰ ᄆᆞᄅᆞ니〮}}一塊如指頭大用砂仁二箇碾爲末白湯{{*|글힌〮 믈〮}}調服妙 오래〮 ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ 도ᄐᆡ〮 ᄯᅩᇰ 소ᇇ가락 귿〮만〮 ᄒᆞ니〮 ᄒᆞᆫ무젹과〮 츅〮사ᅀᅵᆫ 두〯낫〯과〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 글힌〮 므〮레 프〮러 머고미 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 收蠶子的舊紙{{*|누에〮 ᄡᅵ〮 낸〯 죠ᄒᆡ}}一幅務要去蠶子潔淨燒灰爲末用熱酒調服立效 누에〮 ᄡᅵ〮낸〯 죠ᄒᆡ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ댜ᇰ을〮 누에ᄡᅵ〮ᄅᆞᆯ 조〮히〮 업〯게〮 ᄒᆞ고ᄉᆞ〮론 ᄌᆡ〯ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ〮라 더운〮 수레〮 프러 머그〮면 즉재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 ==霍亂_{도〮와리라}== 宜服和劑方理中湯治中湯藿香正氣散 화졔〮바ᇰ애〮리〯튜ᇰ타ᇰ과〮 티듀ᇰ타ᇰ과〮 곽〮햐ᇰ져ᇰ〯긔〮산〯과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 머고〮미 맛〮다ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라 霍亂洞下不止 艾{{*|ᄡᅮᆨ〮}}一把水三升煮取一升頓服之良 도〮와리〮ᄒᆞ〮야 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮 즈츼〮요미〮 긋디〮 아니〮커든〮 ᄡᅮᆨ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 줌〯을〮 믈〮서〯 되〮예 글혀〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 믄득〮 머고〮미 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 附子一枚重七錢炮去皮臍爲末每服四錢水兩盞 塩{{*|소곰}}半錢煎取一盞溫服立止 부ᄌᆞ ᄒᆞᆫ 낫〯 므〮긔 닐굽〮 돈〯만〮 ᄒᆞ닐〮 죠ᄒᆡ〮예 ᄡᅡ〮 믈〮저져〮 브〮레 구어〮 거플와〮 머흣머흣ᄒᆞᆫ 것앗〯고〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 너〯 돈〯곰〮 믈〮 두〯 되〮예 소곰 반〯돈〯 조쳐〮 달혀〮 ᄒᆞᆫ〮되〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ닐〮 머그〮면 즉〯재 그츠〮리라〮 霍亂吐下腹痛 桃葉{{*|복셔ᇰ홧 닙〮}}煎汁服一升立止冬用皮 도〮와리〮ᄒᆞ〮야 토〮ᄒᆞ며〮 즈츼〮여 ᄇᆡ〮 알ᄑᆞ거든〮 복셔ᇰ홧 닙〮 달힌〮 즙〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 되〮ᄅᆞᆯ 머그면 즉〮재 그츠〮리니〮 겨ᅀᅳ〮리어든〮 거〮프ᄅᆞᆯ〮 ᄡᅳ〮라 小蒜{{*|마ᄂᆞᆯ〮}}半兩水一中盞煎至六分去滓不計時候溫服 마ᄂᆞᆯ〮 반〯 랴ᇰ을믈〮 닷 홉애〮 달혀〮 반〯남ᄌᆞᆨ거든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 ᄢᅵ〮니 혜〯디〮 말〯오〮 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ닐〮 머그〮라 蘆葉{{*|ᄀᆞᆳ〮 닙〮}}一握剉水一大盞煎至五分去滓頓服 ᄀᆞᆳ〮 닙〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 줌〯을〮 믈〯 큰〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되예 달혀〮 반〯만〮 커든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 믄득〮 머그〮라 濃煎塩湯{{*|소곰 글힌〮 믈}}通手浸手足洗胷脇閒 디투〮 글힌〮 소곰 므〮를 손〮 녀ᄒᆞᆯ 만〮 더웟〮거든 손〮과 발〮와 ᄃᆞᆷ가〮시며 가ᄉᆞᆷ〮과 녑과〮 시스〮라 霍亂轉筋不止 釜底墨{{*|가마〮 미틧〮 거믜여ᇰ}}末煖酒調下二錢頻服之 도〮와리〮ᄒᆞ〮야 모매〮 히〮미 뷔〯트〮러 가거든〮 가마〮 미틧 거믜여ᇰ을〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 더운〮 수레〮 두〯 돈〯곰〮프러 ᄌᆞ조〮 머그〮라 舊木梳{{*|오란〮 얼에빗〮}}一枚小者燒灰爲末酒服永瘥 오란〮 얼에빗〮 져〯그〮니 ᄒᆞᆫ 나〯ᄎᆞᆯ〮 ᄉᆞ〮라 ᄌᆡ〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 ᄀᆞ〮라수레〮 프〮러 머그〮면 여ᇰ〯히〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 車轂中脂{{*|술윗〮 토ᇰ〮앳〮 기름}}塗足心下瘥 술윗〮 토ᇰ앳 기름을 밧바다ᇰ〮애〮 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ면〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ리라 <ref>51ㄱ ~51ㄴ 낙장</ref> 病人足塗胡麻油{{*|ᄎᆞᆷ기름}}向火灸之旣死乃活 병ᄒᆞᆫ 사ᄅᆞᄆᆡ 바래 ᄎᆞᆷ기름을 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ고 브레 ᄧᅬ면 주것더니도 살리라 以湯水漬足膝 더운 므레 발와 무룹과 ᄃᆞᆷ가시라 塩{{*|소곰}}一大匙熬熱童子小便{{*|ᄉᆞᆫ아ᄒᆡ〮 오좀}}一升溫和服少頃當吐下則差氣絶者復通 소곰 큰 ᄒᆞᆫ수를 봇가 덥게 ᄒᆞ야 ᄉᆞᆫ아ᄒᆡ 오 좀 ᄒᆞᆫ 되예 프러 ᄃᆞ시 ᄒᆞ야 머그라 이ᅀᅳᆨ고 토커나 즈츼어나 ᄒᆞ면즉재 됴ᄒᆞ리니주것더니도 다시 살리라 紫檀香濃煮服 ᄌᆞ단햐ᇰ을 디투 글혀 므를 머그라 乾霍亂不吐不瀉腹賬如鼓心胷痰壅 塩{{*|소곰 二兩}}生薑{{*|一兩切}}炒令轉色以童子小便{{*|ᄉᆞᆫ아ᄒᆡ 오좀}}一大盞煎至六分去滓分爲二服溫溫服之 도〯와〮리〯ᄒᆞ〮야 토〮티〮 아〮니〮ᄒᆞ〮며 즈츼도 아니〮코〮 ᄇᆡ〮 부러〮 붑〮 ᄀᆞᆮ〮고 가ᄉᆞ〮매 추〮미 막딜여〯 잇거든〯 소곰 두〯 랴ᇰ과〮ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ사ᄒᆞ〮로니〮와〮ᄅᆞᆯ 봇가〮 비〮치 고〮텨 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 ᄉᆞᆫ아〮ᄒᆡ 오좀〮 큰〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮예 달혀〯 반〯남ᄌᆞᆨ〮거든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〮고 두〯 번에〮ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ〮닐 머그〮라 丁香十四枚爲末熱酒一大盞調之頓服不差再服之 뎌ᇰ햐ᇰ 열〮네〯나〮ᄎᆞᆯ〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 더〮운〮 술 큰〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮예 프러 믄득〮 머고〮ᄃᆡ 됴〯티〮 아니〮커든〮 ᄯᅩ〮 머그〮라 黍米{{*|기자ᇰᄡᆞᆯ〮}}二合水淘淨水硏澄取白汁呷盡卽差 기자ᇰᄡᆞᆯ〮 두〯 홉을〮 므〮레〮 조〮히 시서〮 므〮레〮ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄆᆞᆰ안초〮아〯 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 즙〮을 다〯 머그〮면 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ〮리〮라 霍亂引飮飮輒乾嘔 生薑五兩㕮咀以水五升煮取二升半分二服高良薑大佳 도〮와리ᄒᆞ〮야 므〮를 닛위〮여 머고〮ᄃᆡ 머근다〮마〮다〮 믄〮득 뷘〯ᄇᆡᄌᆞᆷ〮ᄒᆞ〮거든〮 ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ 닷 랴ᇰ을 사ᄒᆞ〮라 믈〮 닷되〯예 글혀〮 두〯되〮 반〯이〮어든〮 두〮번에〮 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 머그〮라 고랴ᇰ강을〮 글혀〮 머고미 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 霍亂醫所不治 童女月經衣{{*|남진 아니〮 어른〮 갓나ᄒᆡ〮 월겨ᇰ슈〮 무든〮 것}}合血燒末酒服方寸匕百方不瘥者用之 도〮와리〮ᄒᆞ〮야 몯〮 고티〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᄅᆞᆯ 남진 아니〮어른〮 갓나ᄒᆡ〮 월〮겨ᇰ슈〮 무든〮 거슬〮 피〮 무든자히〮 ᄉᆞ〮라 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 술만〮 수레〮 프〮러 머그〮라일〯ᄇᆡᆨ〮 가짓〮 약〮으〮로 됴〯티〮 몯〮ᄒᆞ〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᄅᆞᆯ 이〮 약〮을머기라 霍亂轉筋入腹無奈何者作極醎塩湯{{*|소곰 글힌〮 믈〮}}於槽中暖漬之 도〮와리〮ᄒᆞ〮야 모매〮 히〯미 두워트〮러 ᄇᆡ〮예 드〮러아〯ᄆᆞ〮리 홀〮 주〮를 몯〮거든〮 소곰 글힌〮 므〮를 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮 ᄧᆞ〮게 ᄒᆞ〮야 귀이〮예 븟고〮 덥〯게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 ᄃᆞᆷ가〮시라〮 酢{{*|초}}煮靑布{{*|쳐ᇰ 믈〮든 뵈}}搨之冷卽易 초애〮 {{SIC|쳐ᇰ|청}} 믈 든 뵈ᄅᆞᆯ 글혀〮 여러ᄇᆞᆯ〮 가혀〮 우희〮 노호〮ᄃᆡ〮 ᄎᆞ〮거든〮 즉〮재 ᄀᆞ람〮 ᄒᆞ라〮 霍亂吐不止欲死 生薑{{*|三兩切}}牛糞{{*|ᄉᆈ〯ᄯᅩᇰ 三合}}以水三大盞煎至一盞半去滓分溫三服 도〮와리〯ᄒᆞ〮야 토〮호〮미〮 긋디 아니〮코 주글〮 ᄃᆞᆺ〮ᄒᆞ〮거든 ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ 석〯 랴ᇰ사ᄒᆞ〯르니〮와 ᄉᆈ〯ᄯᅩᇰ 서〯홉과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 믈〮 큰〮서〯 되〮예 달혀〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮 {{SIC|반〯|빈〯}}이〮어든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ닐〮 세〯 {{SIC|번|빈}}에〮ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 머그〮라 梨葉{{*|{{SIC|ᄇᆡ|비}}나못 닙}}煮汁服 ᄇᆡ나못 닙〮 글힌〮 즙을〮 머그〮라 霍亂困䔍不識人 雞蘇{{*|믓바ᇰ하 三兩剉}}以水三大盞煎至一盞半去滓分溫三服 도와리ᄒᆞ야 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ 셜워 사ᄅᆞᄆᆞᆯ 아디 몯ᄒᆞ거든 믓바ᇰ하 석 랴ᇰ을사ᄒᆞ라 믈 큰 서 되예 달혀 ᄒᆞᆫ 되 반이어든 즈ᅀᅴ 앗고 ᄂᆞᆫ화 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ닐 세 번에머그라 霍亂吐利 胡椒{{*|고쵸 七粒}}菉豆{{*|三七粒}}{{밑줄|爲末煎木瓜湯}}{{*|모과〮 달힌 믈}}調下 도와리ᄒᆞ야 토ᄒᆞ며 즈츼어든 고쵸 닐굽 낫과 록두 세 닐굽낫과ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ라 모과 달인므레 프러 머그라 塩{{*|소곰}}一撮醋一盃同煎八分溫服 소곰 ᄒᆞᆫ져봄과 초 ᄒᆞᆫ잔과 ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ 달혀 여듧 분만 커든 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ닐 머그라 霍亂心腹脹痛煩滿短氣未得吐下 生薑若乾薑一二升㕮咀以水六升煮三沸頓服若不卽愈更加作無新藥煮滓亦得 도와리ᄒᆞ야 가ᄉᆞᆷ ᄇᆡ 타ᇰ만ᄒᆞ야 알파 답답ᄒᆞ고 긔운이 져거 토티 몯ᄒᆞ며 즈츼디도 몯ᄒᆞ거든 ᄂᆞᆯ ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ이어나 ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ이어나ᄒᆞᆫ두 되만 사ᄒᆞ라 믈 엿 되예 세 소솜 글혀 다 머고ᄃᆡ 즉재 됴티 아니커든 다시 ᄒᆞ야머그라 새약곳 업거든 달힌 즈ᅀᅴ도 됴ᄒᆞ니라 飮好苦酒{{*|됴ᄒᆞᆫ 초}}三升小老羸者可飮一二升 됴ᄒᆞᆫ 초 서 되ᄅᆞᆯ 마쇼ᄃᆡ 아ᄒᆡ와 늘그니와 긔운약ᄒᆞᆫ 사ᄅᆞᄆᆞᆫ ᄒᆞᆫ두 되만 머그라 溫酒一二升以蠟{{*|밀}}如彈丸一枚置酒中消乃飮無蠟以塩{{*|소곰}}二方寸匕代亦得 술 ᄒᆞᆫ 되어나 두 되어나덥게 ᄒᆞ고 밀 탄ᄌᆞ만치 ᄒᆞᆫ나ᄎᆞᆯ 수레 녀허 녹거든 머그라 밀옷 업거든 소곰 두 술만 녀허도 됴ᄒᆞ니라 桂屑{{*|계〯핏 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ}}半升以煖飮二升和之盡服之 계〯핏 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ 반〯되〮ᄅᆞᆯ 더운〮 믈〮 두〮되〮예 프〮러 다〮 머그〮라 飮竹瀝{{*|댓〮진〯}}少許亦差 댓〮진〯을〮 져〯고매〮 머거〮도 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 嘔吐煩悶及霍亂 人蔘{{*|심}}一兩麁擣篩用水三盞煎至一盞半去滓重煎令沸投入雞子白{{*|ᄃᆞᆯᄀᆡ〮알〮 소〯뱃〮 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 믈〮}}一枚打轉掠去沫頓服 욕욕ᄒᆞ며〮 토〮ᄒᆞ〮야 답답ᄒᆞ고〮 어〮즐ᄒᆞ〮거든〮 심 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ을〮디허〮 굵〯게〮 처〮 믈〮서〮 되〮예 달혀〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 되〮반〯이〮어든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 다시〮 달혀〮솟글커든〮 ᄃᆞᆯᄀᆡ〮 알〮 ᄒᆞᆫ나〯ᄎᆞᆯ〮 ᄣᆞ려〮 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 므〮ᄅᆞᆯ 녀허 거품〮 앗〯고〮믄득〮 머그〮라 霍亂渴甚硏糯米{{*|ᄎᆞ〮ᄡᆞᆯ〮}}取白汁恣意飮之 도〮와리〮ᄒᆞ〮야 모기〮 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮 ᄆᆞᄅᆞ거〮든〮 ᄎᆞ〮ᄡᆞ〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ〮라 힌〮 즙〮을 ᄆᆞ〮ᅀᆞᇝᄀᆞ〮자ᇰ〮 머그〮라 霍亂吐下太渴 黃梁米{{*|누른〮 조ᄡᆞᆯ〮}}淘五升以水一㪷煮取五升澄淸稍溫飮之 도〮와리〮ᄒᆞ〮야 토ᄒᆞ며〮 즈츼〮오 모기〮 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮ᄆᆞᄅᆞ거든〮 누른〮조ᄡᆞᆯ〮 닷 되〮ᄅᆞᆯ 시서〮 믈〮 ᄒᆞᆫ마래〮 글혀〮 닷되〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 ᄀᆞᆯ〮안초〮아〯 자ᇝ〯간 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 머그〮라 霍亂吐止而瀉未除者 竃心土{{*|가마〮 믿 마촘〮 아랫〮 ᄒᆞᆰ}}不拘多少硏爲末令極細如粉每服二錢沸湯半盞新汲水{{*|ᄀᆞᆺ 기론〯 믈〮}}半盞和勻空心服不過二服神效 도〮와리〮ᄒᆞ〮야 토〮호〮ᄆᆞᆫ 긋고〮 즈츼〮요ᄆᆞᆫ〮 긋디〮 아니〮커든〮 가마〮 믿 마촘 아랫〮 ᄒᆞᆰ을〮 하나〮 져〯그나〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 분〮 ᄀᆞᆮ〮게 ᄒᆞ〮야 두〯 돈〯곰〮 글힌〮 믈〮 반〮되〮와 ᄀᆞᆺ 기론〮 믈〮 반〯되〮예 고ᄅᆞ게〮 프〮러 고ᇰ심에〮 머그〮라 두〯번 너무 먹디〮 아니〮ᄒᆞ〮야셔〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 霍亂後胃氣煩逆用苦苣根{{*|싀홧 불휘〮}}生擣汁飮 도〮와리〮ᄒᆞᆫ 후〯에〮 가ᄉᆞᆷ〮앳〮 긔〮운이〮 답답ᄒᆞ〮야 거스〮리거든〮 싀홧 불휘〮 ᄂᆞᄅᆞᆯ〮 디허〮 ᄧᅡ〮 즙〮을〮 마시〮라 霍亂 萹豆 香薷{{*|노야기 各一升}}以水六升煮取二升分服單用亦得 도〮와리〮예 ᄇᆡᆨ〮변두와〮 노야기〮와 각〮ᄒᆞᆫ 되〮ᄅᆞᆯ 믈〮 엿 되〮예 글혀〮 두〯 되〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 머 그라 ᄒᆞᆫ것곰〮 머거〮도〮 ᄯᅩ〮됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 生胡椒{{*|고쵸}}三十四粒呑之 고쵸 셜흔〮 네〯나〯ᄎᆞᆯ〮 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ〮라 霍亂已死上屋喚魂又以諸治皆至而猶不差者捧病人腹臥之伸臂對以繩度兩頭肘尖頭依繩下來背脊大骨空中去脊各一寸灸之百壯不治者可灸肘椎已試數百人皆灸畢卽起坐 도〮와리〮ᄒᆞ〮야 죽거든〮 집우희〮 올아〮 주그〮늬 일후〮믈〮 브르며〮 여러〮 가지〮로고툐〮ᄃᆡ 됴〯티〮 아니〮커든〮 벼ᇰ〯ᄒᆞᆫ 사〯ᄅᆞᄆᆡ〮 ᄇᆡ〮ᄅᆞᆯ 자바〮 뉘이〮고 두〯ᄇᆞᆯᄒᆞᆯ〮 길〯 조치〮로 펴〮 노코〮 노ᄒᆞ〮로 두〯ᄇᆞᆯ독〮 ᄆᆞᄃᆡᆺ 그〮틀〮 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ 견조〮고 그노 다ᄒᆞᆫ ᄃᆡᆺ〮 두ᇰᄆᆞᄅᆞ 큰〮 ᄲᅧᆺ〮 가온〮ᄃᆡ〮로셔〮 두〯 녁겨토〮로 ᄒᆞᆫ촌〯곰〮 ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡᆯ〮 일〮ᄇᆡᆨ〮 붓곰〮 ᄯᅮ〮ᄃᆡ 고티〮디 몯〯거든〮 ᄇᆞᆯ독〮 ᄆᆞᄃᆡᆺ 그〮틀〮 ᄯᅳ〮라 수〯ᄇᆡᆨ〮 ᅀᅵᆫ을〮 시〯험〮ᄒᆞ니〮 다〯 ᄯᅩᆷ〮 ᄆᆞᄎᆞ〮며 즉〮재 니러〮 아ᇇ더〮라 霍亂 枯白礬{{*|브레 노긴〮 ᄇᆡᆨ번〮}}爲末每服一大錢百沸湯點服 도〮와리〮ᄒᆞ〮거든〮 브〮레 노긴〮 ᄇᆡᆨ번〮을 ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄒᆞᆫ 돈〯곰〮 일〮ᄇᆡᆨ〮 소솜〮 글힌〮 므레 프〮러 머그〮라 塩{{*|소곰}}納臍中灸二七壯 소고ᄆᆞᆯ〮 ᄇᆡᆺ복 가온〮ᄃᆡ 녀코〮 두〯 닐굽〮 붓글〮 ᄯᅳ〮라 服乾薑屑{{*|ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇱ ᄀᆞᄅᆞ}}三方寸匕 ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇱ ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 세〯 수〮를 머그〮라 生薑一斤切以水七升煮取二升分爲三服 ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ ᄒᆞᆫ 근을〮 사ᄒᆞ〮라 믈〮 닐굽〮 되〮예 글혀〮 두〯 되〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 세〯번에〮 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 머그〮라 生大豆{{*|ᄂᆞᆯ 코ᇰ}}屑酒和服方寸匕 ᄂᆞᆯ 코ᇱ ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 수레〮 ᄒᆞᆫ수〮를 프〮러 머그〮라 炒塩{{*|봇ᄀᆞᆫ 소곰}}二椀紙包紗護頓其胷前幷腹肚上以熨斗火熨氣透卽蘇續又以炒塩熨其背 봇ᄀᆞᆫ〮 소곰 두〯 사바〮ᄅᆞᆯ 죠ᄒᆡ〮예 ᄡᆞ〮고 사로〮 ᄢᅳ려 가ᄉᆞᆷ〮과 ᄇᆡ예〮 여ᇇ고〮 다리〮우〮리예〮 블〮다마〮 울〮ᄒᆞ〮야 긔〮운이〮 ᄉᆞᄆᆞᄎᆞ〮면 즉〮재 살〯리라 ᄯᅩ〮 봇ᄀᆞᆫ〮 소고ᄆᆞ〮로 드ᇰ을〮 울〮ᄒᆞ라〮 大蒜{{*|마ᄂᆞᆯ〮}}磨脚心令遍熱卽差 마ᄂᆞ〮ᄅᆞᆯ 밧바다ᇰ〮애〮 ᄲᅵ븨〮여 두루 덥〯게〮 ᄒᆞ면〮 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 ==咽喉腫_{목 브ᅀᅳᆫ 벼ᇰ〯이〮라}== 宜服{{밑줄|和劑方}}牛黃 凉膈圓御藥院方加減薄荷煎圓 화졔〮바ᇰ애〮 우화ᇰ랴ᇰ격〮원{{문자 주석|과〮|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}} 어〯약〮원〯바ᇰ애〮 가감〯박〮하젼〯원과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 머고〮미 맛〮다ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라 咽喉頸外腫及咽乾痛 牛蒡子{{*|우ᅌᅯᇰ ᄡᅵ 三兩搗碎}}塩{{*|소곰二兩}}炒令熱熨腫上立效 목과〮 목 밧기〮 브ᅀᅳ며〮 모기〮 ᄆᆞᆯ라〮 알ᄑᆞ거든〮 우ᅌᅯᇰ ᄡᅵ〮 석〯 랴ᇰ디호〮니와〮 소곰 두〯랴ᇰ과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 덥〯게〮 봇가〮 브ᅀᅳᆫ ᄃᆡ〮 울ᄒᆞ면〮 즉〮재됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 懸癰垂長咽中妨悶 白礬{{*|一兩燒灰}}塩花{{*|ᄀᆞᇇ〮곳 一兩}}同細硏爲散以筯頭點在懸癰上差 목져〮지 드리〮디〮여 목 안〮히 막고〮 답답ᄒᆞ〮거든〮 ᄇᆡᆨ번〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰᄉᆞ〮론 ᄌᆡ〮와 ᄀᆞᇇ〮곳 ᄒᆞᆫ랴ᇰ과〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ〮 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 져〮 웃그〮트로〮 디거〮 목졋〮 우 희〮 디그〮면 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 懸癰卒腫 䃃砂{{*|로〮새}}半錢以緜裹細細含嚥津卽差 목져〮지 과ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 븟거든〮 로〮새 반〯 돈〮을〮 소오매〮 ᄡᅡ〮 젹젹 머구〮머 추〮믈〮 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ〮면 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리라 咽喉卒生癰腫飮食不通燒枰錘{{*|저욼〮 ᄃᆞ림〮쇠}}令赤內一盞醋中令沸沸止飮之 모ᄀᆡ〮 과ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 져〮지 나〮 브ᅀᅥ 음〯식〮을 몯〯 먹거든〮 저욼〮 ᄃᆞ림〮쇠ᄅᆞᆯ 븕게〮 ᄉᆞ〮라 초 ᄒᆞᆫ 되〮예 녀허〮 글혀〮 글호〮미 긋거든〮 마시라 赤小豆{{*|블근 ᄑᆞᆺ}}一合擣羅爲末以醋調塗之差 블근〮 ᄑᆞᆺ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 홉을〮 디허〮 처〮 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 초애〮 ᄆᆞ라〮 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ면〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 薤{{*|부〯ᄎᆡ〮}}一握爛搗醋和傅腫上冷復易佳 부〯ᄎᆡ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ줌〯을〮 므르 디허〮 초애〮 ᄆᆞ라〮 브ᅀᅳᆫ 우 희〮 브툐〮ᄃᆡ ᄎᆞ〮거든〮 다시 ᄀᆞ〮라〮 호〮미 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 薏苡人{{*|율믜 ᄡᅵ〮}}七枚以水呑之卽差 율믜 ᄡᅵ〮 닐굽〮 나〯ᄎᆞᆯ〮 므〮레 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ면 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 風熱肺壅咽喉腫痛語聲不出或如有物硬荊芥穗 {{*|뎌ᇰ〯갓〮 이삭 半兩}}桔梗{{*|도랏〮 二兩}}甘草{{*|炙一兩}}麤末每服四錢水一盞薑三片煎六分去査食後溫服 ᄇᆞᄅᆞᆷ으〮로 덥〯다라〮 폐〯예〮 긔〮운이〮 마가〮 모기〮 브ᅀᅥ〮 알ᄑᆞ고〮 말〮ᄉᆞᆷ을〮 몯〯ᄒᆞ며〮 ᄯᅩ〮 아〯모〮 거시〮나〮 모ᄀᆡ〮 걸옛ᄂᆞᆫ ᄃᆞᆺ〮ᄒᆞ〮거든〮 뎌ᇰ〯갓〮 이삭 반〯 랴ᇰ과〮도랏〮 ᄆᆞᄅᆞ니〮 두〯 랴ᇰ과〮감초 브〮레 ᄧᅬ〯니〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ과〮ᄅᆞᆯ사ᄒᆞ〮라 너〯 돈〯곰〮 믈〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮예 ᄉᆡᇰ〮아ᇰ세〯 편〯조쳐〮 달혀〮 반〯남ᄌᆞᆨ거든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 밥〮머근〮 후〯에〮ᄃᆞᄉᆞ니〮 머그〮라 生薑汁五合蜜{{*|ᄢᅮᆯ〮}}三合相和慢火煎成煎每服取半匙尖含化服 ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 즙〮닷 홉과〮ᄢᅮᆯ〮 서〯 홉과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 섯거 ᄯᅳᆫ〮 브〮레 달혀〮 반〯숤〮 귿〮곰 ᄯᅥ〮 머구〮머 노겨〮 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ〮라 喉痹危急者 巴豆一枚和皮以紙裹當中腰截斷以線繫分塞左右鼻竅中熏之湏臾喉通卽取出 목 브ᅀᅥ〮 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮 바ᄃᆞ〮랍〮거든〮 파두 ᄒᆞᆫ나〯ᄎᆞᆯ 거 플 조ᄎᆞᆫ〮 재 죠ᄒᆡ〮예 ᄡᅡ〮 가온〮ᄃᆡ 둘〯헤〮 나게〮버히〮고 그버흔 거슬〮실〯로〮 ᄆᆡ야〮 두〯녁 곳〮굼긔〮 녀허〮 그〮긔〮운을〮 ᄧᅬ〮면〮 이ᅀᅳᆨ고〮 모기〮 투ᇰ커든〮 즉〮재아ᅀᆞ〮라 急喉痹逡巡 不救 皂莢{{*|去皮子生半兩}}搗爲末每服少許筯頭點在腫處更以醋調藥末厚塗項下湏臾便破少血出卽愈 과ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 모기〮 브ᅀᅥ〮 져근더데〮 사ᄅᆞ디〮 몯〯게〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 조〯협〮 거플와〮 ᄡᅵ〮와 앗〯고〮 ᄂᆞᆯ 반〯 랴ᇰ을〮디허〮 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 미ᇰᄀᆞ〮라 져〯고매〮 졋〮 웃그테〮 무텨〮 브ᅀᅳᆫ ᄃᆡ〮 딕고〮 ᄯᅩ〮 이〮 약〮 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮초애〮 ᄆᆞ라〮 목 아래〮두터이〮 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ라〮 이ᅀᅳᆨ고〮 ᄩᅥ〮디〮여 져〯기〮 피〮 나면〮 즉〮재됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 脾肺壅熱咽膈腫疼不利 惡實{{*|ᄡᅳᆫ〮 우ᅌᅯᇰ ᄡᅵ〮 隔紙炒香一兩}}甘草{{*|炙剉一分}}荊芥穗{{*|뎌ᇰ〯갓〮 이삭 半兩}}麤擣篩每服三錢匕水一盞煎至七分去滓溫服 비와〮 폐〯와〮 긔〮운이〮마가〮 ᅀᅧᆯ〮ᄒᆞ〮야 모기〮 브ᅀᅥ〮 알파〮 훤티〮 아니〮커든〮 ᄡᅳᆫ〮 우ᅌᅯᇰ ᄡᅵ〮죠ᄒᆡ〮 ᄭᆞᆯ〮오 봇가〮 고ᄉᆞ니〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ과〮감초〮 브〮레 ᄧᅬ〯여 사ᄒᆞ〮로니〮 두〯 돈〯반〯과〮 뎌ᇰ〯갓〮 이삭 반〯랴ᇰ과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 굵〯게〮 디허〮 처〮 서〯 돈〯곰〮 믈〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮예 달혀〮 반〯남ᄌᆞᆨ거든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〯 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ니〮 머그〮라 咽喉卒腫痛不下食 雞子{{*|ᄃᆞᆯᄀᆡ〮알〮}}一枚去殼攪令黃白勻服之 모기 과ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 브ᅀᅥ〮 알파〮 음〯시〮기 ᄂᆞ리〮디 몯〯거든〮 ᄃᆞᆯᄀᆡ〮알〮 ᄒᆞᆫ나〯ᄎᆞᆯ 거플 앗〯고〮 누른〮ᄌᆞᅀᆞ〮 ᄒᆡᆫ〮ᄌᆞᅀᆡ〮 고ᄅᆞ게〮 저ᅀᅥ〮 머그〮라 白麫{{*|밄ᄀᆞᄅᆞ}}不計多少以苦酒{{*|초}}和塗喉外腫處 밄〮ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 하나〮 져〯그〮나 초애〮 ᄆᆞ라 목밧 브ᅀᅳᆫᄃᆡ〮 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ라〮 大豆{{*|코ᇰ}}一合以水一大盞煮取七分去滓含嚥 코ᇰ ᄒᆞᆫ 홉을〮믈〮 큰〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮예 달혀〮 반〯남ᄌᆞᆨ거든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮머구〮머 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ〮라 白礬少許硏碎以緜裹含嚥津卽差 ᄇᆡᆨ번〮을 져〯고매 ᄀᆞ라 소오매〮 ᄡᅡ〮 머구〮머셔 춤〮을 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ〮면 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 黃蘗末{{*|화ᇰ벽〮핏 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ}}醋調傳腫上乾卽易 화ᇰ벽〮핏 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 초애〮 ᄆᆞ라〮 브ᅀᅳᆫ 우희〮 브툐〮ᄃᆡ ᄆᆞᄅᆞ거든〮 ᄀᆞ람〮 ᄒᆞ라〮 筆頭{{*|붇〮 귿〮}}燒灰漿{{*|ᄡᆞᆯ〮 글힌〮 믈〮}}飮調方寸匕服 붇〮 그〮틀 ᄉᆞ〮라 ᄌᆡ〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄡᆞᆯ〮 글힌〮 므〮레 프〮러 ᄒᆞᆫ 술만〮 머그〮라 咽喉忽覺氣塞喘息不通須臾欲絶獨顆蒜{{*|되야〮마ᄂᆞᆯ〮}}一枚削去兩頭可塞鼻竅患左塞右鼻患右塞左鼻喉中膿血出立效 모긔〮 믄득〮 긔〮운이〮 마〮가〮 숨〯 쉬〯디〮 몯〯ᄒᆞ〮야 져 근 더데〮 주글〮 ᄃᆞᆺ〮거든〮 되야〮마ᄂᆞᆯ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 나〯ᄎᆞᆯ〮 두〯녁 그〮틀 갓가〮 ᄇᆞ료〮ᄃᆡ〮 곳〮구무 마ᄀᆞᆯ〮 만〮ᄒᆞ야 왼〯녀기〮 알ᄑᆞ거든〮 올〮ᄒᆞᆫ 곳〮굼글〮 막고〮 !올!을!ᄒᆞᆫ녀기〮 알ᄑᆞ거든〮왼 곳〮굼글〮마가〮 모긔〮셔 고〮롬 피〮 나면〮즉〮재 됴ᄒᆞ리〮라 喉痹卒不語 羊蹄獨根者{{*|ᄉᆞᆯ〮옷〮외〮 불휘〮}}勿見風日婦人雞犬以陳醋硏和生布拭喉令赤傅 모기〮 브ᅀᅥ〮 과ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 말〯몯〯ᄒᆞ〮거든〮 ᄉᆞᆯ〮옷〮외〮 불휘〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄇᆞᄅᆞᆷ과〮 ᄒᆡ〮와겨〯집과〮 ᄃᆞᆰ과〮 가히〮와 뵈〯디〮 마〯오〮 무근〮 초애〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 프〮러 ᄉᆡᇰ뵈〮 로모ᄀᆞᆯ〮 ᄡᅮ처〮 븕게〮 ᄒᆞ고〮브티〮라 喉痹 白殭蠶{{*|절로〮 주근〮 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 누에〮 直者炒}}天南星{{*|두야〮머〮주〮저깃〮 불휘〮 炮各半兩}}擣羅爲散每服一字以生薑自然汁調下如咽喉大叚不通卽以小竹筒{{*|져〯근 대〮로ᇰ}}灌之涎出後用生薑一片略炙含化嚥津 모기〮븟거든〮 절로〮 주근〮 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 누에〮 고ᄃᆞ〮니 봇그〮니와〮 두야〮머〮주〮저깃〮 불휘〯죠ᄒᆡ〮예 ᄡᅡ〮 믈〮저져〮 브〮레구으〮니와〮 각〮 반〯 랴ᇰ을〮디허〮 처〮 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮라 머글〮 제 져〯고매〮 ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 즛두드려 ᄧᅩᆫ〮 므〮레 프러 머그〮라모기〮 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮 막거든 즉〮재 져〯고맛〮 대〮로ᇰ애〮 녀허〮 브ᅀᅳ라〮 춤〮 난 후〯에〮 ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 편〮을자ᇝ〯간〮 브〮레 ᄧᅬ〯야〮 머구〮머셔〮 노겨〮 춤〮을ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ〮라 {{문자 주석|蛇|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}}蛻皮{{*|ᄇᆡ〮야ᄆᆡ〮 허ᇰ울}}不以多少揉碎以香爈一介燒烟令患人用竹筒子{{*|대〮로ᇰ}}吸入喉咽內熏破 ᄇᆡ〮야ᄆᆡ〮 허ᇰ울을〮 하나〮 져〯그〮나 비븨〮여 ᄇᆞᅀᅡ〮 햐ᇰ노애 ᄉᆞ〮라 ᄂᆡ〮나〮거든〮 벼ᇰ〯ᄒᆞᆫ 사〯ᄅᆞᄆᆞ〮로 대〮로ᇰ을〮다혀〮 그ᄂᆡ〮ᄅᆞᆯ 드〮리ᄲᆞ〮라 목안〮ᄒᆞᆯ ᄡᅬ〯야〮 헐〯에 ᄒᆞ라〮 生油{{*|ᄂᆞᆯ기름〮}}一合急灌之立愈若未差急解髮令散當頂心取方寸許急捉痛拔之少頃當通如更急則喉下當咽管口灸一壯如麥粒大火至卽差氣雖似絶但心下暖者亦可救此數法皆神驗 ᄂᆞᆯ 기름〮 ᄒᆞᆫ홉을〮 ᄲᆞᆯ리〮 모ᄀᆡ〮 브ᅀᅳ면〮 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 됴〯티〮 아니〮커든〮 ᄲᆞᆯ리〮머리〮ᄅᆞᆯ 퍼〮 펴〮 ᄇᆞ리〮고 머릿〮 뎌ᇰ〮바기〮옛〮 터럭을〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 지봄〮만〮 ᄲᆞᆯ리〮자바〮 ᄆᆡ이〮 ᄲᅢ〮티〮라 이ᅀᅳᆨ고〮 모기〮 토ᇰᄒᆞ 리〮라 ᄒᆞ〮다가〮 다시〮 시급〮히〮ᄃᆞ외어든〮 목 아래〮목구무 마ᄌᆞᆫ〮 ᄃᆡ ᄒᆞᆫ붓글〮 ᄡᅮᆨ〮을 밀〮낫〯만 ᄒᆞ〮야ᄯᅳ〮라 븘〮긔〮운곳〮 들〮면 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮{{문자 주석|니|원래의 글자들은 마모되어 있었으며, 뒤따르는 글자들은 텍스트의 다른 부분에서 얻은 문맥적 단서를 바탕으로 보충되었다.}} 긔〮운이〮 비록〮 주근〮ᄃᆞᆺ〮ᄒᆞ〮야도〮 가ᄉᆞᆷ〮아래〮옷〮 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ면〮 ᄯᅩ〮 사ᄅᆞᆯ 거시〮라 이〮두〯ᅀᅥ〮 법〮이〮 다〯신험〮ᄒᆞ니〮라 桔梗{{*|도랏〮 微炒}}甘草{{*|微炙剉各二兩}}麁擣篩每服五錢匕水一盞半煎至八分去滓溫服 도랏〮 ᄆᆞᄅᆞ니〮 자ᇝ〯간〮 봇그〮니와〮 감초〮 자ᇝ〯간〮 브〮레 ᄧᅬ〯야〮 사ᄒᆞ〮로니〮와 각〮 두〮 랴ᇰ을〮 굵〯게〮디허〮 처〮 닷 돈〯곰〮 믈〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 되〮반〯애〮 달혀〮 반〯남ᄌᆞᆨ거든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ닐〮 머그〮라 生惡實{{*|ᄡᅳᆫ〮 우ᅌᅯᇰ ᄡᅵ〮}}莖葉硏塗喉上兼椎一莖令頭破內喉中差 ᄂᆞᆯ ᄡᅳᆫ〮 우ᅌᅯᇰ ᄡᅵ〮와 줄기〮와 닙〮과〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ〮라 목우희 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ며〮 ᄒᆞᆫ줄깃〮 그〮틀 두드〮려 목 안해〮 녀 흐면〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 生硏糯米{{*|ᄎᆞ〮ᄡᆞᆯ〮}}入蜜{{*|ᄢᅮᆯ〮}}飮之 ᄂᆞᆯ ᄎᆞᆯ〮ᄡᆞ〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄢᅮ〮레 ᄩᅡ〮 마시〮라 糯米{{*|ᄎᆞ〮ᄡᆞᆯ〮}}半升炒焦碾末水調成膏貼喉上再換腫卽消 ᄎᆞ〮ᄡᆞᆯ〮 반〯 되〮ᄅᆞᆯ 눋〯게〮 봇가〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 므〮레 ᄆᆞ라〮 골 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮라 목 우희〮 브툐〮ᄃᆡ 다시〮ᄀᆞ람〮 ᄒᆞ면〮 브ᅀᅳᆫᄃᆡ〮 즉〮재ᄂᆞᄌᆞ〮리라〮 喉閉 益母草{{*|눈비엿〮}}不拘多少擣爛以新汲水{{*|ᄀᆞᆺ 기론〮 믈〮}}一椀絞汁飮隨吐愈冬用根 모기〮 ᄀᆞ리〮븟거든〮 눈비여〮즐 하나〮 져〯그〮나므르 디허〮 ᄀᆞᆺ 기론〮 믈〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 사발애 즙〮ᄧᅡ〮 머그면 토〮ᄒᆞ〮다감〮 ᄭᅧᆯ〮로 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮니 겨ᅀᅳ〮리〮어든〮 불휘〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄡᅳ〮라 喉腫胷脇支滿灸尺澤百壯 모기〮 븟고〮 가ᄉᆞᆷ〮과 녑괘〮 탸ᇰ〯만〮커든〮 쳑〮ᄐᆡᆨ〮혈〮 을 일〮ᄇᆡᆨ〮 붓글〮 ᄯᅳ〮라 朴硝{{*|四兩別硏}}甘草{{*|一兩生末}}硏勻每用半錢乾擦喉如腫甚用竹管子{{*|대롱}}吹入喉中爲佳 박〮쇼 넉〯 랴ᇰ닫〮 ᄀᆞ〮로〮니〮와 감초〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰᄂᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ〮로니〮와〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ〮라 고ᄅᆞ게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 반〯돈〯곰〮 ᄆᆞᄅᆞ닐〮 모ᄀᆡ〮 ᄇᆞᆯ로〮ᄃᆡ 브ᅀᅮ〮미 심〯커든〮 대〮로ᇰ으〮로 {{SIC|브|부}}러〮 목안해〮 들〮에 호〮미 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 乾薑{{*|ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ}}半夏{{*|ᄭᅴ〯모롭〯 불휘〮}}等分爲末以少許著舌下 ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ과〮 ᄭᅴ〯모롭〮 불휘〮와〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞᆮ〮게 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 져〯고매〮 혀〮아래〯 녀흐〮라 馬㗸鐵{{*|마〯함쇠〮}}一具用水三盞煮一盞溫服又蒜{{*|마ᄂᆞᆯ〮}}塞耳鼻中 마〯함쇠〮 ᄒᆞᆫ나〯ᄎᆞᆯ〮 믈〮 서〯 되예 글혀〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ닐〮 먹고ᄯᅩ〮 마ᄂᆞ〮ᄅᆞᆯ 귀〮와 고해〮 고ᄌᆞ〮라 白藥 朴硝等分爲末以小管子{{*|대〮로ᇰ}}吹入喉 ᄇᆡᆨ〮약〮과 박〮쇼와〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞᆮ〮게 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 ᄀᆞ〮라져〯근〮 대〮로ᇰ으〮로 부러〮 모ᄀᆡ〮 들〮에 ᄒᆞ라〮 甘草 白礬等分爲細末每以半錢許入口中津液嚥下 감초〮와 ᄇᆡᆨ번〮과〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞᆮ〮게 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 반〯 돈〮곰이베〮 녀허〮셔 추〮메 시버〮 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ〮라 䃃砂{{*|로〮새}}馬牙硝等分細硏令勻用銅筯頭於水中蘸令濕搵藥末點於咽喉中 로〮새와〮 마〯아쇼와〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞᆮ〮게 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 ᄀᆞ〮라고ᄅᆞ게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 구리〮졋〮 그〮틀 므〮레 저져〯 약〮ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 무텨〮 목안해〮 디그〮라 雄雀糞{{*|수〮새〯 ᄯᅩᇰ}}細硏每服半錢以溫水調灌 수〮새〯 ᄯᅩᇰ을〮 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 반〯돈〯곰〮 ᄃᆞ〮ᄉᆞᆫ 므〮레 프〮러 브ᅀᅳ라〮 咽喉生穀賊{{*|곡〮식〮에 몯〯내〯 염근〮 거시〮라}}若不急治亦能殺人用針刺破令黑血出後含馬牙硝一小塊子嚥津卽差 곡〮식〮에 몯〯내〯 염근〮 거〮슬〮 머거〯모기〮 부르〮터 나〮거든〮 ᄲᆞᆯ리〮 고티〮디〮 아니〮ᄒᆞ면〮 ᄯᅩ〮사〯ᄅᆞᄆᆞᆯ〮 수〯이〮 죽게〮 ᄒᆞ〮ᄂᆞ니〮 침으〮로 ᄣᅵᆯ어〮 헐워〮 거믄〮 피〮 나게〮 ᄒᆞ고〮마〯아쇼 ᄒᆞᆫ져〯근〮 무저글〮 머구〮머 추〮믈 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ〮면 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리라 馬牙硝細硏緜裹半錢含化嚥津以差爲度 마〯아쇼ᄅᆞᆯ〯 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 반〯 돈〯을〮소오매〮 ᄡᅡ 머구〮머 노겨 추〮믈 ᄉᆞᇝ교〮ᄃᆡ 됴〯ᄐᆞ록〮 ᄒᆞ라〮 豉{{*|젼국}}半升以水二大盞煎至一大盞去滓分爲二服相繼稍熱服之令有汗出卽差 젼국 반〯 되〮ᄅᆞᆯ 믈〮 두〯 되〮예 달혀〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 되〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 두〯 번에〮ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 서르 니ᇫ워 자ᇝ〯간〮 덥〯게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 머거〮 ᄯᆞᆷ〮 나게〮 ᄒᆞ면〮 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〯라 ==纏喉風_{모기 과ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 브ᅀᅳ니〮라}== 冝服和劑方牛黃 凉膈圓御藥院方加減薄荷煎圓 화졔〮바ᇰ애〮 우화ᇰ 랴ᇰ격〮원과〮 어〯약〮원〯바ᇰ애〮 가감〯박〮하젼〯원과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 머고〮미 맛〮다ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라 纏喉風 蒼耳根{{*|됫〮고〮마릿〮 불휘〮}}老薑{{*|무근〮 ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ}}一塊同硏爛濾汁以溫無灰白酒浸汁服 모기〮 과ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 븟거든〮 됫고〮마릿〮 불휘〮와 무근〮 ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ ᄒᆞᆫ 무적과〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ〮 므르 ᄀᆞ〮라 걸운〮 즙〮을〮 ᄃᆞᄉᆞᆫ 됴〯ᄒᆞᆫ 수레〮 ᄃᆞᆷ가〮 머그〮라 醋磨膽礬少許口噙片時涎出立愈 초애〮 담〯번〮을〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 져〯고매〮 이베〮 머구〮머시면 져근덛〮 춤〮 나〮면〮 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 生白礬爲細末冷水調下二錢立愈 ᄂᆞᆯ ᄇᆡᆨ번〮을〮 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄎᆞᆫ〮 므〮레 두〯돈〯만〮 프〮 러 머그〮면 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 纏喉風閉腫痛手足厥冷卽時氣閉不通 皂角{{*|一皮}}百草霜{{*|솓 미틧〮 거믜여ᇰ 一錢}}同硏爲末冷水調加淸油{{*|ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ〮 기름〮}}數點灌之 모기〮 막고〮 브ᅀᅥ〮 알파〮 손〮바〮리 ᄎᆞ〮고 즉〮재 수〮미〮 마가〮 토ᇰ티〮 몯〯거든〮 조〯각〮 ᄒᆞᆫ거플와〮 솓 미틧〮 거믜여ᇰ ᄒᆞᆫ 돈〯과〮ᄅᆞᆯᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄎᆞᆫ〮므〮레 프〮러 ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ〮 기름〮두〯ᅀᅥ〮 번처〮디여〮 모ᄀᆡ〮 브ᅀᅳ라〮 纏喉風喉閉飮食不通欲死 紫苑根{{*|ᄐᆡ〮알〮 불휘〮}}一莖淨洗內入喉中待取惡涎出卽差神驗更以馬牙硝津嚥之 모기〮 과ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 마고〮 브ᅀᅥ〮 음〯식〮을 먹디〮 몯〯ᄒᆞ〮야 주글〮 ᄃᆞᆺ〮거든〮 ᄐᆡ〯앐〮 불휘〮 ᄒᆞᆫ줄기〮ᄅᆞᆯ 조〮ᄒᆡ 시서〮 모ᄀᆡ〮 녀〮허〮 모〯딘〮 추〮미 나면〮즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮니 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 ᄯᅩ〮 마〯아쇼ᄅᆞᆯ〮 춤〮에 노겨〮 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ〮라 川升麻四兩剉碎水四椀煎一椀灌服 스ᇰ맛 불휘〮 넉〯 랴ᇰ을〮사ᄒᆞ〮라 ᄇᆞᅀᅡ〮 믈〮 네〯사발〮애〮 달혀〮 ᄒᆞᆫ사바〮리〮어든〮 이베〮 브ᅀᅳ라〮 皂角三莖搥碎挼一盞灌服或吐或不吐卽安 조〮각〮 세〯 줄기〮 두드〮려 ᄇᆞᅀᅡ〮 ᄧᅩ〮니 ᄒᆞᆫ잔〮을 브ᅀᅳ라〮 토〮커나〮 토〮티〮 아니〮커나〮 즉〮재 편안ᄒᆞ리〮라 蠶退紙 {{*|누에〮 ᄡᅵ〮 낸〯 죠ᄒᆡ〮}}燒存性煉蜜丸如雞頭大含化嚥津 누에〮 ᄡᅵ〮 낸〯 죠ᄒᆡ〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄉᆞᄒᆡ디 아니〮케 ᄉᆞ〮라 달힌〮 ᄢᅮ〮레 환지ᅀᅩ〮ᄃᆡ 계두실〮만〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 머구〮머 노겨〮 추〮믈 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ〮라 雄黃{{*|셕〮우화ᇰ}}一塊新汲水{{*|ᄀᆞᆺ 기론〮 믈〮}}磨急灌吐卽差 셕〮우화ᇰ ᄒᆞᆫ 무저글〮 ᄀᆞᆺ 기론〮 므〮레 ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄲᆞᆯ리 브ᅀᅥ〮 토〮ᄒᆞ면〮 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 ==噎塞_{목며유〮미라〮}== 宜服和劑方五膈 寬中散快氣湯沉香 降氣湯 화졔바ᇰ애 오격관듀ᇰ산과 쾌긔타ᇰ과 팀햐ᇰ가ᇰ긔타ᇰ과ᄅᆞᆯ 머고미 맛다ᇰᄒᆞ니라 胷中氣噎不下食喉中如有肉塊 昆布{{*|다ᄉᆞ마〮머육〮 二兩洗去鹹味}}小麥{{*|밀〮 二合}}水三大盞煎候小麥爛熟去滓每服不計時候喫一小盞仍揀取昆布不住含三兩片子嚥津極妙 가ᄉᆞᆷ〮애 긔〮운이〮 막딜여〮 바〮비 ᄂᆞ리〮디 아니〮ᄒᆞ〮야 목가온〮ᄃᆡ 고깃〮 무저기〮 잇ᄂᆞᆫ ᄃᆞᆺ〮ᄒᆞ〮거든〮 다ᄉᆞ마〮머육〮 두〯 랴ᇰ을〮시서〮 ᄧᆞᆫ〮 맛〮업〯게〮 ᄒᆞ고〮 밀〮 두〯 홉과ᄅᆞᆯ 믈〮 서〯되〮예 달혀〮 밀〮히 므르 니글〮 만〮ᄒᆞ〮야 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 ᄢᅵ〮니 혜〯디〮 마〯오〮 서〯홉곰〮 머고〮ᄃᆡ 그다ᄉᆞ마〮머육〮을 ᄀᆞᆯᄒᆡ〮야 세〯조각이어나〮 두〯 조각이〮어나〯그치〮디 마〯오〮머구〮머 시버〮 므〮를 ᄉᆞᇝ교〮미 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 氣噎胷膈不利煩滿不下食 蜜{{*|ᄢᅮᆯ〮 半升}}酥{{*|수유 半升}}生薑汁{{*|半升}}相和以慢火煎成膏收於甕合中每取半棗大含化嚥津或內熱酒中調服之亦得 긔〮운이〮 막딜여〮 가ᄉᆞ〮미 훤티〮 아니〮ᄒᆞ고〮 답답ᄒᆞ〮야 바〮비 ᄂᆞ리〮디 아니〮커든〮 ᄢᅮᆯ〮 반〯되〮와 수〮유 반〯 되〮와ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 즛두드〮려 ᄧᅩᆫ〮 믈〮 반〯 되〮와〮ᄅᆞᆯ섯거〮 ᄯᅳᆫ〮 브〮레 달혀〮 얼의〮어든〮 사그르〮세 다마〮 두고〮대〯초〮 허리〮버흐니〮마〮곰 머구〮머 노겨〮 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ〮라 ᄯᅩ〮더운〮 수레〮 녀허〮 프〮러 머거〮도 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 五噎胷膈咽喉不利痰逆食少 半夏{{*|ᄭᅴ〯모롭〮 불휘 七枚小者湯浸洗去滑}}擣羅爲末作一服以濃生薑湯{{*|ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ 글힌〮 믈〮}}調服之患年多者不過三服差 다ᄉᆞᆺ〮 가지〮로 목며여〮 가ᄉᆞᆷ〮과 목괘〮 훤티〮 아니〮ᄒᆞ며〮추〯미 티〮와텨〮 바〮ᄇᆞᆯ 져〯기〮 먹거든〮ᄭᅴ〯모롭〮 불휘〮 혀그〮니 닐굽〮 나〯ᄎᆞᆯ〮 더운〮 므〮레 ᄃᆞᆷ가〮 믯믯ᄒᆞᆫ 것업〮게 코〮 디허〮 ᄀᆞᆯ〮ᄋᆞᆯ ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮라 ᄒᆞᆫ 번에〮 ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ디투〮 글힌〮 므〮레프〮러 머그〮라 여러〯 ᄒᆡ〮그러〮턴 사〯ᄅᆞᆷ도〮 세〯 번 너무먹디〮 아니〮ᄒᆞ〮야셔〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 卒食噎 陳橘皮{{*|귨〯 거플 一兩湯浸去白穰焙}}搗爲末以水一大盞煎取半盞稍熱頓服 과ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 밥〮먹다가〮 목몌〯여든〮 귨〯 거플 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ을〮 더운〮므〮레 ᄃᆞᆷ가〮 솝〯애〮 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 것앗〯고〮 브〮레 ᄆᆞᆯ외〮야 디허〮 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 믈〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮예 달혀〮 반〯 되〮ᄃᆞ〮외어든〮 자ᇝ〯간〮 더운〮 제 믄득〮 머그〮라 蘿蔔{{*|댓무ᅀᅮ 믿}}濃煎湯飮之 댓무〮ᅀᅮ 믿 디투〮 달힌〮 므〮를 머그〮라 噎塞不通 羚羊角{{*|산야ᇰ의〮 ᄲᅳᆯ〮}}燒灰爲末水調方寸匕服 목며여〮 훤티〮 아니〮커든〮 산야ᇰ의〮 ᄲᅳᆯ〮 ᄉᆞ〮라 ᄌᆡ〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 므〮레 ᄒᆞᆫ 술〮만〮 프〮러 머그〮라 頭垢{{*|머릿〮 ᄠᆡ〮}}一豆大漿水{{*|ᄡᆞᆯ〮 글힌〮 믈〮}}煎服立愈 머릿〮 ᄠᆡ〮 코ᇰ 낫〯만〮 ᄒᆞ니〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄡᆞᆯ〮 글힌〮 므〮레 달혀〮 머그〮면 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 使兩人各提耳吹兩耳卽下 두〯 사〯ᄅᆞᆷ으〮로 두〯 녁귀〮ᄅᆞᆯ 각〮각〮자바〮셔 두〯 귀〮ᄅᆞᆯ 불〯면〮 즉〮재ᄂᆞ리〮리라〮 嚼下榛子{{*|개옴}} 개옴을〮 시버〮 머그〮라 削大蒜{{*|마ᄂᆞᆯ〯}}內鼻 마ᄂᆞ〮ᄅᆞᆯ 갓가〮 고해〮 녀흐라〮 海藻{{*|바ᄅᆞᆺ〯 ᄆᆞᆯ〮}}周於頸下又食之 바ᄅᆞᆺ〮 ᄆᆞ〮ᄅᆞᆯ 모ᄀᆡ〮 가ᄆᆞ〮며 ᄯᅩ〮 머그〮라 鵝毛{{*|거유 짓〮}}燒灰酒服 거유〮의 지〮츨 ᄉᆞ〮라 ᄌᆡ〮ᄅᆞᆯ 수레〮 프〮러 머그〮라 通草{{*|이흐〮름너출〮}}煎湯服之 이흐〮름너출〮을 달혀 머그〮라 蘆根汁{{*|ᄀᆞᆳ〮 불휫〮 즙〮}}服之 ᄀᆞᆳ〮 불휘〮ᄅᆞᆯ〮 즙〮 ᄧᅡ〮 머그〮라 藍汁{{*|쳐ᇰᄃᆡᆺ 즙〮}}服之 쳐ᇰᄃᆡᄅᆞᆯ 즙〮ᄧᅡ〮 머그〮라 喉中如有物不出入腹賬羸瘐蘘荷根汁{{*|야ᇰ핫 ᄀᆞᆫ 즙〮}}服之蟲自出如有物者蟲之所作也 목 가온〮ᄃᆡ 아〯모〮 거시〮나 잇ᄂᆞᆫ ᄃᆞᆺ〮ᄒᆞ〮야 나도〮 드〮도 아니〮ᄒᆞ〮야 ᄇᆡ〮 붇〯고 여위〮어든〮 야ᇰ핫 ᄀᆞᆫ을〮 즙〮 ᄧᅡ〮 머그〮면 벌에〮 절로〮 나리〮니 아〯모〮 거시〮나 잇ᄂᆞᆫᄃᆞᆺ〮호〮ᄆᆞᆫ 벌에〮의〮 다시〮라 五噎不下食 崖蜜{{*|돌〯 ᄢᅵᆷ에〮 지ᅀᅮᆫ〮 ᄢᅮᆯ〮}}含微微嚥之卽差 다ᄉᆞᆺ〮 가지〮로목며여〮 바〮비 ᄂᆞ리〮디 아니〮커든〯 돌〯ᄢᅵᆷ〮에 지ᅀᅮᆫ〮 ᄢᅮ〮ᄅᆞᆯ 머구〮머셔〮 젹젹 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ〮 면 즉〮재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 老牛噍沫{{*|늘근〮 쇼〯 시븐〮 춤〮}}如棗許大置稀粥中飮之終身不噎矣勿令患人知 늘근〮 쇼〮 시븐〮 춤〮을 대〯초〮 낫〯만〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 후루루ᄒᆞᆫ 쥭〮에〮 두〮어 마시〮면〮죽ᄃᆞ〮록 목몌〯디〮 아니〮ᄒᆞ리〮니 벼ᇰ〯ᄒᆞᆫ 사〯ᄅᆞᆷ으〮로 모ᄅᆞ〮게〮 ᄒᆞ라〮 老人噎病心痛悶膈氣結飮食不下 桂心末{{*|계〯핏 솝〯 ᄀᆞ〮론 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ 一兩}}粳米{{*|ᄒᆡᆫ〮ᄡᆞᆯ〮 四合淘硏}}煮作粥半熟次下桂末調和空心日一服亦破冷氣殊效 늘근〮 사〯ᄅᆞᆷ 목몐〯 벼ᇰ〯이〮가ᄉᆞ〮미 답답ᄒᆞ고〮 긔〮운이〮 ᄆᆡ쳐〮 머군〮 거시〮 ᄂᆞ리〮디 아니〮커든〮 계〯핏 솝〯 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ을〮ᄀᆞ〮라 두고〮ᄒᆡᆫ〮ᄡᆞᆯ〮 너〯 홉을〮 시서〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 글혀〮 쥭〮 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮로ᄃᆡ〮 반〯만〮 닉거든〮 계〯핏 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 녀허〮 프〮러 고ᇰ심에〮 ᄒᆞᄅᆞ ᄒᆞᆫ 번머그〮라 ᄯᅩ〮ᄎᆞᆫ〮 긔〮운 업〯게〮 호〮매도 ᄌᆞ모 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 白蜜{{*|ᄒᆡᆫ ᄢᅮᆯ〮 一兩}}熟湯{{*|一升}}湯令熱卽下蜜調之分二服皆愈 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 ᄢᅮᆯ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ을〮니기〮 글힌〮 믈〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮예 프〮러 두〯 번에〮ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 머그〮면 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 ==失音_{목소리 몯 나ᄂᆞᆫ 벼ᇰ}== 宜服和劑方荊芥 湯直指方甘桔湯 화졔〮바ᇰ애〮 혀ᇰ개〮타ᇰ과〮 딕〮지〮바ᇰ애〮 감길〮타ᇰ과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 머고〮미 맛〮다ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라 無故喉咽聲音不出者名爲失音用橘皮{{*|귨〮 거 플 五兩}}水三盞煮取一盞去滓頓服其聲自出妙 무연히〮 모ᄀᆡ〮 소리〮 아니〮 나〯ᄆᆞᆯ〮 실〮음이〮라ᄒᆞ〮ᄂᆞ니〮 귨〮 거플 닷 랴ᇰ을〮 믈〮서 되예 글혀〮 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 믄득〮 머그〮면 그소리〮 ᄌᆞ〮ᅀᅧᆫ히〮 나리〮니 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 桂心{{*|계〯핏 솝〯}}爲末頻放舌下漸漸嚥汁妙 계〯핏 솝〯을〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄌᆞ조〮 혀〮 아래〮 노하〮 졈〯졈〯 그즙〮을 ᄉᆞᇝ교〮미 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 桂{{*|계〯피}}每服三錢水一盞煎七分溫服不拘時聲便出 계〯피ᄅᆞᆯ〮 서〯 돈〯곰〮 믈〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 되〮예 달혀〮 반〯 남ᄌᆞᆨ거든〮 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ닐〮 ᄢᅵ〮니 혜〯디〮 마〯오〮 머그〮면 소리〮 즉〮재 나리〮라 杏仁{{*|ᄉᆞᆯ고〮ᄡᅵ〮 솝〯 一升熬去皮尖}}酥{{*|수〮유 一兩}}蜜{{*|ᄢᅮᆯ〮 少許}}和爲丸如梧子大每日空腹熟米飮下十五丸 ᄉᆞᆯ고〮ᄡᅵ〮 솝〯 ᄒᆞᆫ 되〮ᄅᆞᆯ 봇가〮 거플와〮 부〯리와〮 앗〯고〮 수유 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ과〮ᄢᅮᆯ〮 져〯고매〮 섯거〮 머귀〮 여름〮만 케〮 비븨〯여 날마다 밥〮 아니머거〮셔 ᄡᆞᆯ〮 글힌〮 므〮레 열〮다ᄉᆞᆺ〮 환곰〮 머그〮라 生大豆{{*|ᄂᆞᆯ 코ᇰ 一升}}靑竹筭子{{*|대〮로 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮론 산〯 四十九枚長四寸闊一分}}和水煮熟日夜二服差 ᄂᆞᆯ 코ᇰ ᄒᆞᆫ 되〮와 프른〮 대〮로 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮론 산〯 마ᅀᆞᆫ〮 아홉〮낫〯 기리〮 네〯 치〮너븨〮 ᄒᆞᆫ분〯과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 므〮레 닉게〮 글혀〮 나ᄌᆡ〮와 바ᄆᆡ〮와 두〯 번머그〮면 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 槐花{{*|회홧 곳}}瓦上炒令香夜到三更仰上床拈取花來隨意食明朝聲響漸琅琅 회홧 고ᄌᆞᆯ〮 디새 우희〮 고ᄉᆞ게〮 봇가〮 바ᇝ〮듀ᇰ만〮 커든〮 펴ᇰ〮?사ᇰ우?희〮 졋바〮누워〮셔 그고ᄌᆞᆯ〮 가져〮다가〮 먹고〮져 식븐 야ᇰ〯ᄋᆞ〮로머그〮면 이틋〮날〮 아ᄎᆞ〮ᄆᆡ 소리〮 졈〯졈〯 ᄀᆞᆺᄀᆞ지 나리〮라 皂角{{*|一挺刮去黑皮幷子}}蘿蔔{{*|댓무ᅀᅮ 믿 三箇切作片}}水二椀同煎至半椀以下服之不過三服便語喫却蘿蔔更妙 조〯각〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 낫〯 거믄〮 거플와〮 ᄡᅵ〮 아ᅀᆞ〮니와〮 댓무ᅀᅮ 믿 세〯 낫〯 사ᄒᆞ〮로니〮와〮ᄅᆞᆯ 믈〮 두〯사발〮애〮 달혀〮 반〯사발〮이〮 ᄃᆞ외어든〮 머그〮라 세〯 번너무 먹디〮 아니〮ᄒᆞ〮야셔〮 말〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 댓무ᅀᅮ 미틀〮 머구〮미 ᄯᅩ〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮라 風冷失聲咽喉不開用蘘荷根{{*|야ᇰ핫 ᄀᆞᆫ}}二兩硏絞汁酒一盞和勻不拘時溫服半盞 ᄇᆞᄅᆞᆷ ᄅᆡᇰ〯긔〮로 목 쉬여〮 여〯디〮 아니〮커든〮 야ᇰ핫 ᄀᆞᆫ 두〯 랴ᇰ을〮ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄧᅩᆫ〮 즙〮과 술 ᄒᆞᆫ되〮와 섯거〮 ᄢᅵ〮니 혜〯디〮 말〯오〮 ᄃᆞ시 ᄒᆞ〮야 반〯 되〮ᄅᆞᆯ 머그〮라 ==舌腫_{혀브〮ᅀᅳ니〮}== 舌忽然硬腫逡巡塞悶殺人 釜底上炲煤{{*|가마〮 미틧〮 거믜여ᇰ}}和塩{{*|소곰}}等分細硏爲末表裏塗舌良久消差 혜〮 과ᄀᆞᆯ이〮 세〯며〮 브ᅀᅥ〮 져근덛〮 ᄉᆞᅀᅵ〮예 몌여〮 답답ᄒᆞ〮야 사〯ᄅᆞ미〮 죽ᄂᆞ니〮 가마〮 미틧〮 거믜여ᇰ과〮 소곰과〮ᄅᆞᆯ〮 ᄀᆞᆮ〮게 ᄂᆞᆫ화〮 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 혀〮안〮팟 겨틔〮 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ면〮 이ᅀᅳᆨ고〮 ᄂᆞ자〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 烏賊魚骨{{*|미〯긔치〮}}蒲黃{{*|부들〮마치〮 우흿〮 누른〮 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ}}等分搗羅爲末每用少許塗舌上差 미〯긔치〮 와부들〮마치〮 우흿〮 누른〮 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ와〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞᆮ게 ᄂᆞᆫ화 디허 처 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ 져고매 혀우희 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ면 됴ᄒᆞ리라 舌卒腫起滿口塞喉須臾不療卽殺人以指衝決舌下兩邊皮亦可以鈹刀破之出血復刺舌下兩邊脙血出數升及燒鐵筯烙之數過絶其血又以芥底墨和酒調塗舌上下卽差 혜 과ᄀᆞᆯ이 브ᅀᅥ 부프러 이베 ᄀᆞᄃᆞᆨᄒᆞ야 모 기 마가 져근덛 아니고티면 즉재 사ᄅᆞ미 죽ᄂᆞ니 소ᇇ가락으로 혀 아래 두녁 ᄀᆞᆺ 가ᄎᆞᆯ 딜어 믜티거나 ᄯᅩ 큰치미어나 져고맛 갈히어나 헐워 피 나게 ᄒᆞ며 ᄯᅩ 혀 아래 두 녁겯 핏주를 딜어 피 두어되만 나게 ᄒᆞ고화듀ᄅᆞᆯ 달와 두ᅀᅥ 번을지져 그 피ᄅᆞᆯ긋게 ᄒᆞ고 ᄯᅩ 가마미틧 거믜여ᇰ을 수레 ᄆᆞ라 혀 아라 우희 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ면 즉제 됴ᄒᆞ리라 舌暴腫乾薑{{*|ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ 一分}}半夏{{*|ᄭᅴ모롭 불휘 一分湯洗七徧去滑}}搗細羅爲散每用少許摻在血上以差爲度 혜 과ᄀᆞᆯ이 븟거든 ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ 두 돈반과 ᄭᅴ모롭 불휘 두 돈 반더운 므레 닐굽 번 시서 믯믯ᄒᆞᆫ 것업게 호니와ᄅᆞᆯ 디허 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 처 져고매 혀우희 ᄲᅵ호ᄃᆡ 됴토록 ᄒᆞ라 亂髮{{*|허튼 머리터리}}燒灰水調下 허튼 머리터리 ᄉᆞ론 ᄌᆡᄅᆞᆯ 므레 프러 머그라 舌忽賬出口外 雞冠上刺血磁器盛浸舌就嚥下卽縮 혜 과ᄀᆞᆯ이 부러 입밧긔 나거든 ᄃᆞᆯᄀᆡ 벼슬 ᄣᅵᆯ어 피내야 사그르세 담고 혀ᄅᆞᆯᄃᆞᆷ가셔 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ면 즉재움처들리라 ==鼻衂_{고해 피 나ᄂᆞᆫ 벼ᇰ}== 宜服和劑方四物湯加側栢煎服蘇合香圓冷水嚼下 화졔〮바ᇰ ᄉᆞ〯믈〮타ᇰ애〮 즉〮ᄇᆡᆨ〮 닙〮 더드〮려 달〮혀〮 머그〮며 소합〮햐ᇰ원을〮 ᄎᆞᆫ〮므〮레 시버〮 머고〮미 맛〮당ᄒᆞ니〮라 鼻衂終日不止心神煩悶 故屛風紙燒灰細硏以溫酒調下一錢立止 고해〮 피〮 나〮 졈그〮ᄃᆞ〮록 긋디〮 아니〮ᄒᆞ〮야 ᄆᆞᅀᆞ 미〮 답답ᄒᆞ〮거든〮 ᄂᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ〮 편푸ᇰ앳〮 죠ᄒᆡ〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄉᆞ〮라 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄃᆞᄉᆞᆫ 수레〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 돈〯만〮프〮러 머그〮면 즉〮재 그츠〮리라〮 貝母二兩炮黃擣羅爲末以漿水{{*|ᄡᆞᆯ〮 글힌〮 믈}}調二錢服良久再服差 패〯모 두〯 랴ᇰ을〮 죠ᄒᆡ〮예 ᄡᅡ〮 믈〮저져〮 브〮레 무더〮 {{SIC|두|구}}워〮 누르〮거든〮 디허〮 처〮 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 ᄡᆞᆯ〮 글힌〮 므〮레 두〯 돈〯을〮프〮러〮 먹고〮이ᅀᅳᆨᄒᆞ야 다시〮머그〮라 生乾地黃一兩細剉於銀器中以酒一中盞煎三五沸去滓頓服其血立止 ᄉᆡᇰ디〮화ᇱ 불{{SIC|희〮|휘〮}} ᄆᆞᆯ외〮요니〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ을〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 사ᄒᆞ〮라 은그르〮세 술 닷 홉애〮 세〯 소솜이〮어나〮 다ᄉᆞᆺ〮 소솜〮이〮어나〮달혀〮 즈ᅀᅴ 앗〯고〮 믄득〮 {{SIC|더|머}}그〮면 그 피〮즉〮재 그츠〮리라〮 穀精草擣羅爲末以熱麫湯調下二錢 곡〮져ᇰ초〮ᄅᆞᆯ 디허〮 처 ᄀᆞᆯ〮ᄋᆞᆯ〮 밄〮ᄀᆞᄅᆞ 글힌〮 므〮레 두〯돈〯만〮 프〮러 머그〮라 生葛根{{*|ᄂᆞᆯ 츩〮불휘〮}}搗取汁每服一小盞三服卽止 ᄂᆞᆯ 츩〮불휘〮 즛디허〮 ᄧᅩᆫ〮 즙〮을 서〮 홉곰 세〯 번머그〮면 즉〮재 그츠〮리라〮 黃明膠{{*|누르〮고 ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ〮 갓플〮}}洋如稠餳塗帛上貼額上立止 누르〮고 ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ〮 갓플〮을〮 노겨〮 특특한 엿〮 ᄀᆞᆮ〮거든 헌〯것 우희〮 ᄇᆞᆯ라〮 니마〮 우희〮 브티〮면 즉〮재 그츠〮리라〮 桑木耳{{*|ᄲᅩᇰ남긧〮 버슷〮}}熬令燋搗羅爲末撮如杏仁大緜裹塞鼻中數過卽止 ᄲᅩᇰ남긧〮 버스〮슬 봇가〮 ᄆᆞᄅᆞ게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 디허〮 처〮 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮ᄉᆞᆯ고〮ᄡᅵ〮만〯 지버〮 소옴애〮 ᄡᅡ〮 곳〮굼긔〮 마고〮ᄃᆡ 두〯ᅀᅥ〮 번만〮 ᄒᆞ면〮즉〮재 그츠〮리라 石榴花{{*|셕륫 곳}}搗末吹鼻內效 셕〮륫 고ᄌᆞᆯ 디{{SIC|히〮|허〮}} ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ〮 고〮 안해〮 불〯면〮됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮 라 蒼耳{{*|됫〮고〮마리〮}}莖葉擣絞取汁每服一小盞頻服效 됫〮고〮마리〮 줄기〮와 닙〮과 디허〮 ᄧᅩᆫ〮 즙〮을 서 홉곰〮 머고〮ᄃᆡ ᄌᆞ조〯 머그〮면 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 鼻衂日夜不止面無顔色昏悶 亂髮灰{{*|머리〮터리〮 ᄉᆞ〮론 ᄌᆡ〮 半兩}}伏龍肝{{*|가마〮 믿 마촘〮 아랫〮 ᄒᆞᆰ 一兩}}相和細硏令勻以新汲水{{*|ᄀᆞᆺ 기론〮 믈〮}}調三錢服之 고해〮 피〮 나〮 밤〮나〮지 긋디〮 아니〮ᄒᆞ〮야 ᄂᆞᆺ비〮치 업〯고〮 답답ᄒᆞ〮거든〮 머리〮터리〮 ᄉᆞ〮론 ᄌᆡ〮 반〯 랴ᇰ과〮 가마〮 믿마촘〮 아랫〮 ᄒᆞᆰ ᄒᆞᆫ랴ᇰ〮과〮ᄅᆞᆯ 섯거〮 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 고ᄅᆞ게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 ᄀᆞᆺ 기론〮 므〮레 서〯 돈〯을〮프〮러 머그〮라 生地黃汁{{*|一升}}白蜜{{*|ᄒᆡᆫ〮 ᄢᅮᆯ〮 半兩}}蒲黃{{*|부플〮마치〮 우희〮 누른〮 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ 一兩}}相和微暖過每服一小盞頻服之差 ᄉᆡᇰ디〮화ᇱ 불휘〮 ᄧᅩᆫ〮 즙〮ᄒᆞᆫ 되〮와 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 ᄢᅮᆯ〮 반〯 랴ᇰ과〮 부 들〮마치〮 우희〮 누른〮 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ과〮ᄅᆞᆯ섯거〮 져〯기〮 덥〯게〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 서〮홉곰〮 머고〮ᄃᆡ ᄌᆞ조〮 머그〮면 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 鼻衂日夜過不止眩冒欲死 靑箱草{{*|ᄒᆡᆫ〮 만ᄃᆞ라미〮}}不限多少細剉擣硏絞取汁一兩合少少灌入鼻中差 고해〮 피〮 나〮 밤〮나〮지 긋디〮 아니〮ᄒᆞ야 어〮즐〮ᄒᆞ고〮 주글〮 ᄃᆞᆺ〮거든〮 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 만ᄃᆞ라미〮ᄅᆞᆯ 하나〮 져〯그나 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 사ᄒᆞ〮라 디허〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄧᅩᆫ〮 즙〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 홉이〮나 두〯 홉이〮나젹젹 고해〮 브ᅀᅥ〮 들〮에〮 ᄒᆞ면〮 됴〮ᄒᆞ리〮라 乾薑{{*|ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ!아ᇰ!이ᇰ!}}削如蓮子大塞鼻中卽止 ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ을〮 갓가〮 년ᄌᆞ〮만〮 케〮 ᄒᆞ〮야 곳〮굼글〮 마그〮면 즉〮재 그츠〮리라〮 鼻衂累醫不止 栗穀{{*|밤소ᇰ이〮}}五兩燒灰硏爲末每服二錢以粥飮調服之差 고해〮 피〮나〮 여러〮가지〮로 고툐〮ᄃᆡ 긋디〮 아니〮커든〮 밤소ᇰ이〮 닷 랴ᇰ을〮ᄉᆞ〮라 ᄌᆡ〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ〮라 두〯돈〯곰〮 쥭〮므〮레 프〮러 머그〮면 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 大衂口耳皆出血不止蒲黃 {{*|부들〮마치〮 우희〮 누른〮 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ}}一兩細硏爲散每服以冷水調下一錢卽差 고해〮 피〮 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮 나〮 입〮과 귀예 다〯나〮 긋디〮 아니〮커든〮 부들〮마치〮 우희〮 누른〮 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ을〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 ᄎᆞᆫ〮므〮레 ᄒᆞᆫ돈〯곰〮 프러〮 머그〮면〮 즉〮 재 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 斷弓絃{{*|그츤 활시울〮 一分燒灰}}白礬{{*|一分燒灰細}}硏爲散以二豆大許吹入鼻中差 그츤〮 활시울〮 두〯 돈〯 반〯ᄉᆞ〮론 ᄌᆡ〮와 ᄇᆡᆨ번〮 두〯 돈〯 반〯 ᄉᆞ〮론ᄌᆡ〮와〮ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 두〯 코ᇰ낫〯만〮 케〮 ᄒᆞ〮야고해〮 불〯면〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라 鼻衂不止欲死 車前子末{{*|뵈〮ᄧᅡᇰ이〮 ᄡᅵ〮 ᄀᆞ〮론 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ}}牛耳中垢{{*|ᄉᆈ 귀 안해〮 ᄠᆡ〮}}等分和成挺子塞鼻中立止 고해 피 나 긋디 아니ᄒᆞ야 주글 ᄃᆞᆺ거든뵈ᄧᅡᇰ이 ᄡᅵ ᄀᆞ론 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ와 ᄉᆈ 귀 안해 ᄠᆡ와ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞᆮ게 ᄂᆞᆫ화 섯거 뎌ᇰ 지ᅀᅥ 고해 마그면 즉재 그츠리라 鼻出血不止擣楮葉汁{{*|닥 닙 디허 ᄧᅩᆫ 즙}}飮三升大良 고해 피 나 긋디 아니커든 닥나모 니플 디허 즙ᄧᅡ 서되ᄅᆞᆯ 머고미 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ 됴ᄒᆞ니라 張弓令弦向上病兒仰臥枕弦放四體如常臥法 화ᄅᆞᆯ 지허 시우를 우흐로 오ᄅᆞ게 ᄒᆞ고벼ᇰᄒᆞᆫ 사ᄅᆞ미 졋바누어 시우를 볘오 네활기 펴ᄇᆞ리고 샤ᇰ녜 눕ᄃᆞ시 ᄒᆞ라 鼻卒衂 釜底墨{{*|가마 미틧 거믜여ᇰ}}細硏以少許吹鼻中卽止 고해 과ᄀᆞᆯ이 피 나거든 가마 미틧 거믜여ᇰ을 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 ᄀᆞ라 져고매 고해 불면 즉재 그 츠리라 蝟皮{{*|고솜도ᄐᆡ 갓}}一枚燒爲灰細硏每用半錢緜裹內鼻中數易之差 고솜도ᄐᆡ 갓 ᄒᆞᆫ나ᄎᆞᆯ ᄉᆞ라 ᄌᆡ ᄃᆞ외어든 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 ᄀᆞ라 반돈곰 소옴애 ᄡᅡ 곳굼긔 녀호ᄃᆡ ᄌᆞ조 ᄀᆞᆯ면 됴ᄒᆞ리라 赤馬通{{*|졀다ᄆᆞᆯ ᄯᅩᇰ}}以緜裹如棗大塞鼻中新舊者悉可用若大衂者以水絞取汁飮一二升無新者以水漬乾者用之 졀다ᄆᆞᆯ ᄯᅩᇰ을 소옴애 ᄡᅡ 대초만 케 ᄒᆞ야 곳굼글 마그라 새 ᄯᅩᇰ이나 오란 ᄯᅩᇰ이나다 ᄡᅳ라 ᄯᅩ 피만히 나ᄂᆞ니란 믈조쳐 ᄧᅡ 즙을 ᄒᆞᆫ되나 두 되나머고ᄃᆡ 새옷 업거든 ᄆᆞᄅᆞ니ᄅᆞᆯ 므레 저져 ᄡᅳ라 熟艾{{*|디흔 ᄡᅮᆨ 二彈子大}}牛皮膠{{*|ᄉᆈ 갓플 一兩炙黃燥}}以煎了豉汁一大盞同煎至七分去滓不計時候分溫二服 디흔 ᄡᅮᆨ 두 탄ᄌᆞ만치와 ᄉᆈ 갓플 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ 누르게봇그니와ᄅᆞᆯ 달힌 젼국 즙 ᄒᆞᆫ되예 달혀 반남ᄌᆞᆨ거든 즈ᅀᅴ 앗고 ᄢᅵ니 혜디 마오 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ닐 ᄂᆞᆫ화 두 번에머그라 白芨 {{*|대왐픐 불휘}}不拘多少爲末冷水調用紙花貼鼻窊中 대왐픐 불휘ᄅᆞᆯ 하나 져그나 ᄀᆞ라 ᄎᆞᆫ 므레 (프러) 죠ᄒᆡ예 ᄇᆞᆯ라 곳 오목ᄒᆞᆫ ᄃᆡ 브티라 蘿蔔汁{{*|댓무ᅀᅮ 즙}}或藕汁{{*|려ᇇᄀᆞᆫ 즙}}滴鼻中 댓무ᅀᅮ 즛두드려 ᄧᅩᆫ 즙이나려ᇇᄀᆞᆫ 즛두드려 ᄧᅩᆫ 즙이나곳굼긔 처디라 (舊)麻油燈盞合在頂心用物繫定少時卽住 오란 ᄎᆞᆷ기름으로 혀던 두ᇰ잔을 머릿 뎌ᇰ바기예 업고 아못 거스뢰나 ᄆᆡ야 둣다가 이ᅀᅳᆨ고 말라 硏大蒜{{*|마ᄂᆞᆯ}}脚心塗卽止 굴근 마ᄂᆞᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ라 밧바다ᇰ애 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ면 즉재 그츠리라 舊竈門上黃泥{{*|브ᅀᅥᆨ 니마 우흿 누른 ᄒᆞᆰ}}爲末米飮調服立效 오란 브ᅀᅥᆨ 니마 우흿 누른 ᄒᆞᆯᄀᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ라 ᄡᆞᆯ 글힌 므레 프러 머그면 즉재 됴ᄒᆞ리라 葱白{{*|팟 믿 ᄒᆡᆫ ᄃᆡ}}一握擣取汁入酒少許調滴鼻中 팟 믿 ᄒᆡᆫ ᄃᆡ ᄒᆞᆫ 줌 디허 ᄧᅩᆫ 즙에술 져고매 녀허 프러 곳굼긔 처디라 苔蘇{{*|잇}}納鼻中 잇글 고해 녀흐라 自刮指爪屑搐之 제 손톱 ᄀᆞᆯ곤 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ 불라 用紙蘸水貼項上 죠ᄒᆡᄅᆞᆯ 믈 저져 목 우희 브티라 椶櫚燒灰隨左右鼻搐之 조ᇰ녀 ᄉᆞ론 ᄌᆡᄅᆞᆯ 피 나ᄂᆞᆫ 녁 곳굼긔 불라 隨衂左右以新汲水{{*|ᄀᆞᆺ 기론 믈}}洗足 고해 피 나ᄂᆞᆫ 녁 바ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞᆺ 기론 믈로 시스라 山梔子{{*|햐ᄀᆞᆫ 지지 ᄡᅵ}}一介用竹刀破作兩邊一邊用濕紙裹煨令熟却用一邊生者同硏爛如泥以酒調服 햐ᄀᆞᆫ 지지 ᄡᅵ ᄒᆞᆫ 나ᄎᆞᆯ 대 갈로 두 ᄧᅡᆨ애ᄢᅢ혀 ᄒᆞᆫ ᄧᅡᆨ으란 저즌 죠ᄒᆡ예 ᄡᅡ 구어 닉게 ᄒᆞ고 ᄒᆞᄧᅡᆨ으란 ᄂᆞᄅᆞᆯ ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ 므르 ᄀᆞ라 수레 프러 머그라 赤馬糞{{*|졀다ᄆᆞᆯ ᄯᅩᇰ}}燒灰細末溫酒調下一錢 졀다ᄆᆞᆯ ᄯᅩᇰ ᄉᆞ론 ᄌᆡᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 ᄀᆞ라 ᄃᆞᄉᆞᆫ 수레 ᄒᆞᆫ 돈을 프러 머그라 龍骨{{*|료ᇰ의 ᄲᅧ}}爲末以筆管吹半錢鼻中 료ᇰ의 ᄲᅧᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ라 붇ᄌᆞᆯ으로 반 돈을 곳굼긔 불라 濃硏好墨{{*|먹}}點鼻中立止 됴ᄒᆞᆫ 먹을 므르 ᄀᆞ라 곳굼긔 디그면 즉재 그츠리라 灸項後髮際兩筋閒宛宛中 목 뒷 발졧 두 힘 ᄉᆞᅀᅵᆺ 오목ᄒᆞᆫ ᄃᆡᆯ ᄯᅳ라 ==吐血_{목의 피 나ᄂᆞᆫ 벼ᇰ}== 宜服和劑方必勝散四物湯加側栢煎服 화졔바ᇰ애 필스ᇰ산과 ᄉᆞ믈타ᇰ즉ᄇᆡᆨ 닙 더드려 달히니와ᄅᆞᆯ 머고미 맛다ᇰᄒᆞ니라 吐血不止 栢葉{{*|즉ᄇᆡᆨ 닙}}乾薑{{*|ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ 各三兩}}艾{{*|ᄡᅮᆨ 一把}}以水五升取馬通汁{{*|ᄆᆞᆯ ᄯᅩᇰ ᄧᅩᆫ 믈}}一升合煮取一升分溫再服 피토호미 긋디 아니커든 즉ᄇᆡᆨ 닙과 ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ 각 석랴ᇰ과 ᄡᅮᆨ 석줌과 믈 닷 되와 ᄆᆞᆯ ᄯᅩᇰ ᄧᅩᆫ 즙 ᄒᆞᆫ되와ᄅᆞᆯ 뫼화 글혀 ᄒᆞᆫ되 ᄃᆞ외어든 ᄂᆞᆫ화 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ닐 두번에 머그라 熟艾{{*|니기 디흔 ᄡᅮᆨ}}三雞子許水五升煮取二升頓服 니기 디흔 ᄡᅮᆨ ᄃᆞᆯᄀᆡ 알 세 낫만 ᄒᆞ니ᄅᆞᆯ 믈 닷 되예 글혀 두 되 ᄃᆞ외어든 믄득 머그라 燒亂髮{{*|허튼 머리터럭}}灰水服方寸匕日三服 허튼 머리터리 ᄉᆞ론 ᄌᆡᄅᆞᆯ ᄒᆞᆫ술만 므레 머고ᄃᆡ ᄒᆞᄅᆞ 세 번 머그라 生地黃肥者五升擣以酒一升煮沸三上三下去滓頓服 ᄂᆞᆯ 디화ᇰ 불휘 굴그니 닷 되ᄅᆞᆯ 디허 술 ᄒᆞᆫ되예 글효ᄃᆡ 글허 오ᄅᆞ거든 드러 내야 머초오ᄆᆞᆯ 세 번만 ᄒᆞ야즈ᅀᅴ 앗고 믄득 머그라 桂末{{*|계핏 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ}}二錢水湯各半濃調約半盞許猛喫甚者二服 계피 ᄀᆞ론 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ 두 돈을ᄎᆞᆫ믈와 더운믈와 ᄀᆞᆮ게 ᄒᆞ야 디투 프로니 반 잔만ᄒᆞ닐 ᄲᆞᆯ리 머고ᄃᆡ ᄀᆞ자ᇰ 듀ᇰᄒᆞ니ᄂᆞᆫ 두 번머그라 東向蘘荷根{{*|야ᇰ핫 ᄀᆞᆫ}}一把擣絞取汁服之 도ᇰ녁으로 햐ᇰᄒᆞᆫ 야ᇰ핫 ᄀᆞᆫ ᄒᆞᆫ 줌 디허 ᄧᅩᆫ 즙을 머그라 水服蒲黃{{*|부들마치 우희 누른 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ}}一斤 부들마치 우희 누른 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ ᄒᆞᆫ 근을므레 프러 머그라 伏龍肝{{*|가마 믿 마촘 아랫 ᄒᆞᆰ}}二兩用新汲水{{*|ᄀᆞᆺ 기론 믈}}一大盞淘取汁入蜜{{*|ᄢᅮᆯ}}一匙攪勻頓服之 가마 믿 마촘 아랫 ᄒᆞᆰ 두 랴ᇰ을 ᄀᆞᆺ 기론 믈 큰 ᄒᆞᆫ되예 안초아 바타 ᄢᅮᆯ ᄒᆞᆫ술 녀허 고ᄅᆞ게 저ᅀᅥ 믄득 머그라 生葛根{{*|ᄂᆞᆯ츩 불휘}}擣絞取汁每服一小盞宜頻服以止爲度 ᄂᆞᆯ츩 불휘 디허 ᄧᅡ 즙을 서홉곰 머고ᄃᆡ ᄌᆞ 조 머거 긋도록 ᄒᆞ라 生地黃汁{{*|一大盞}}黃明膠{{*|ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ 갓플一兩炙令黃燥}}擣膠細羅爲散內地黃汁中以瓷器盛於一㪷米飯甑上蒸之候飯熟分爲二服甚者不過再劑 ᄂᆞᆯ 디화ᇱ 불휘 ᄧᅩᆫ 즙 큰 ᄒᆞᆫ되예 ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ 갓플 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ을브레 ᄧᅬ야 누르게 ᄆᆞᆯ외야 디허 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 처 그디화ᇰ 즙에 녀허 사그르세 다마 밥 ᄒᆞᆫ 말ᄠᅵᄂᆞᆫ 시르 우희 ᄠᅧ 밥니글 만커든 ᄂᆞᆫ 화 두 번에 머그라 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ듀ᇰᄒᆞ니도 두 번ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ라 머고매 넘디 아니ᄒᆞ리라 濃煮雞蘇 汁{{*|믓바ᇰ하 즙}}飮之以多爲妙 믓바ᇰ하디투 글힌 즙을머고ᄃᆡ 만히 먹ᄃᆞ록 됴ᄒᆞ니라 銚兒內先鎔黃蠟{{*|밀}}一兩內黃連末一兩攪調稍凝分爲三丸以糯米{{*|ᄎᆞᄡᆞᆯ}}粥化一丸服之日盡三丸差 쇠 그르세 몬져 밀 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ을노기고 화ᇰ련 ᄀᆞ로니 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ녀허 고ᄅᆞ게 저ᅀᅥ 자ᇝ간 얼의어든 세 환애 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ라 ᄎᆞᄡᆞᆯ 쥭에 ᄒᆞᆫ 환을노겨 머고ᄃᆡ ᄒᆞᄅᆞ 세 환을 다머그면 됴ᄒᆞ리라 茜根{{*|곱도쇼ᇱ 불휘}}一兩淡漿水{{*|ᄡᆞᆯ 글힌 ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ 믈}}一大盞煎取半盞去滓溫服之 곱도쇼ᇱ 불휘 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ을 ᄡᆞᆯ 글힌 ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ 믈 큰 ᄒᆞᆫ되예 달혀 반되 ᄃᆞ외어든 즈ᅀᅴ 앗고 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ 니 머그라 栢葉{{*|즉ᄇᆡᆨ닙}}擣羅爲散不計時候以粥飮調下二錢 즉ᄇᆡᆨ 니플 디허 처 ᄢᅵ니 혜디 마오 두 돈만 쥭 므레 프러 머그라 黃苓{{*|솝서근픐 불휘}}一兩去心中黑腐擣細羅爲散每服三錢以水一中盞煎至六分不計時候和滓溫服 솝서근픐 불휘 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ을 소개 검서근 것앗고 디허 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 처 서 돈곰 믈 닷홉애 달혀 반남ᄌᆞᆨ거든 ᄢᅵ니 혜디 마오 즈ᅀᅴ 조쳐 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ닐 머그라 貝母一兩炮令黃擣細羅爲散不計時候以溫漿{{*|ᄃᆞᄉᆞᆫ 슉ᄅᆡᇰ}}調下二錢 패모 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ을 죠ᄒᆡ예 ᄡᅡ 믈 저져 누르게 구어 디허 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 처 ᄢᅵ니 혜디 마오 ᄃᆞᄉᆞᆫ 슉 ᄅᆡᇰ애 두 돈만 프러 머그라 石榴樹根下地龍糞{{*|거ᇫ위 ᄯᅩᇰ}}不限多少細硏新汲水{{*|새로 기론 믈}}一中盞調三錢飮之卽差 셕류나못 불휘 아랫 거ᇫ위 ᄯᅩᇰ을 하나 져그나 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 ᄀᆞ라 새로기론 믈 닷 홉애 서 돈을프러 머그면 즉재 됴ᄒᆞ리라 楮葉{{*|닥 닙}}擣絞取汁不計時候服一小盞 닥나못 닙 디허 ᄧᅡ 즙을 ᄢᅵ니 혜디 마오 서홉만 머그라 松烟墨汁{{*|쇼ᇰ연먹 ᄀᆞ론 믈}}服之卽愈 쇼ᇰ연먹 ᄀᆞ론 므ᄅᆞᆯ 머그면 즉재 됴ᄒᆞ리라 香附子去毛爲細末以米飮{{*|ᄡᆞᆯ 글힌 믈}}調下 햐ᇰ부ᄌᆞᄅᆞᆯ 터리 앗고 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 ᄀᆞ라 ᄡᆞᆯ 글힌 므레 프러 머그라 欝金末{{*|심화ᇱ ᄀᆞᄅᆞ}}井花水{{*|새배 ᄂᆞᆷ 아니 기러셔 몬져 기론 우믌 믈}}調一錢甚者再服 심화ᇰ ᄀᆞ로니ᄅᆞᆯ 새배 ᄂᆞᆷ 아니기러셔 몬져 기론 우믌므레 ᄒᆞᆫ 돈만프러 머고ᄃᆡ ᄀᆞ자ᇰ 듀ᇰᄒᆞ니ᄂᆞᆫ 다시 머그라 白芨{{*|대왐픐 불휘}}硏爲末粥飮調服 대왐픐 불휘 ᄀᆞ라 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ 쥭므레 프러 머그라 烏梅{{*|ᄆᆡ홧 여름 ᄂᆡ예 그ᅀᅳ려 ᄆᆞᆯ외요니}}不以多少煎湯調百草霜{{*|솓 미틧 거믜여ᇰ}}一服愈 ᄆᆡ홧 여름 ᄂᆡ예 그ᅀᅳ려 ᄆᆞᆯ외니ᄅᆞᆯ 하나 져그나 달힌 므레 솓 미틧 거믜여ᇰ을 프러 ᄒᆞᆫ 번만 머그면 됴ᄒᆞ리라 黃蘗{{*|화ᇰ벽피}}好者以蜜{{*|ᄢᅮᆯ}}塗之乾杵爲末用麥門冬熟水調下二錢匕立差 화ᇰ벽피 됴ᄒᆞ니ᄅᆞᆯ ᄢᅮᆯ ᄇᆞᆯ라 ᄆᆞᆯ외야 디허 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ ᄆᆡᆨ문도ᇱ 불휘 글힌 므레 두 돈을 프러 머그면 즉재 됴ᄒᆞ리라 雞冠花子{{*|만드라미 ᄡᅵ}}爲末熱酒調下一錢 만ᄃᆞ라미 ᄡᅵᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ라 더운 수레 ᄒᆞᆫ 돈을 프러 머그라 燈心{{*|골속}}燈上燒灰爲末溫水調下一錢食後服 골속을 드ᇰ자ᇇ브레 ᄉᆞ라 ᄀᆞ라 ᄒᆞᆫ돈만 ᄃᆞᄉᆞᆫ 므레 프러 밥머근 후에머그라 服自己小便 제 오좀을 머그라 黃丹不以多少細硏發時用新汲水{{*|ᄀᆞᆺ 기론 믈}}調下二錢 화ᇰ단을 하나 져그나 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 ᄀᆞ라 피 날 졔 ᄀᆞᆺ 기론 므레 두 돈만 프러 머그라 雞子淸{{*|ᄃᆞᆯᄀᆡ알 ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ 믈}}投新汲水{{*|ᄀᆞᆺ 기론 믈}}人參{{*|심}}爲末調一錢服 ᄃᆞᆯᄀᆡ알 소뱃 ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ 므ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞᆺ 기론 므레 녀코 심 ᄀᆞ로니 ᄒᆞᆫ 돈을프러 머그라 百合{{*|개나릿 불휘}}擣絞汁和水飮之及煮熟食 개나릿 불휘ᄅᆞᆯ 디허 ᄧᅡ 즙을므레 프러 머그며 ᄯᅩ 닉게 글혀 머그라 因內損或酒色勞損或心肺脉破血氣妄行血如湧泉口鼻俱出湏㬰不救 側栢葉{{*|즉ᄇᆡᆨ 닙 蒸乾}}人參{{*|심 焙乾一兩}}細末每服二錢入飛羅麪{{*|밄ᄀᆞᄅᆞ}}二錢新汲井花水{{*|새배 ᄂᆞᆷ 아니 기러셔 몬져 기론 우믌믈}}調如稀糊啜服血如湧泉不過二服卽止 안히 샤ᇰ커나 술와 ᄉᆡᆨ과ᄅᆞᆯ 너무 ᄒᆞ야 샤ᇰ커나심폐ᄆᆡᆨ이 샤ᇰ커나 혈긔 간대로 ᄒᆡᇰᄒᆞ야 피나미 믈ᄉᆡᆷᄃᆞᆺ ᄒᆞ야입과 고해 다 나 져근더데 고티디 몯ᄒᆞᄂᆞ니 즉ᄇᆡᆨ 닙 ᄠᅧ ᄆᆞᆯ외요니와 심 브레 ᄆᆞᆯ외요니와 각 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ을 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 ᄀᆞ라 두 돈곰 ᄀᆞᄂᆞᆫ 밄ᄀᆞᄅᆞ 두 돈드려 새배 ᄂᆞᆷ 아니기러셔 몬져 기론 우믌므레 프 러 누근 플 ᄀᆞᆮ거든 머그라 피 믈솟ᄃᆞᆺ ᄒᆞ야도 두 번너무 먹디 아니ᄒᆞ야셔 즉재 그츠리라 荊芥{{*|뎌ᇰ가}}一握燒過盖於地上要出火毒細硏如粉以陳米飮{{*|무근 ᄡᆞᆯ 글힌 믈}}調下三錢許與服不過二服效 뎌ᇰ가 ᄒᆞᆫ줌을 ᄉᆞ라 ᄯᅡ해 두퍼 븘 긔운 내오 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 분 ᄀᆞ티 ᄀᆞ라 무근 ᄡᆞᆯ 글힌 므레 서돈을 프러 머그라 두 번너무 먹디 아니ᄒᆞ야셔 됴ᄒᆞ리라 釜底墨{{*|가마 미틧 거믜여ᇰ}}刮下細硏如粉每服三錢濃米飮{{*|디투 글힌 ᄡᆞᆯ 믈}}調下連進二三服 가마 미틧 거믜여ᇰ을 ᄀᆞᆯ가 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 ᄀᆞ라 분ᄀᆞ티 ᄒᆞ야 서돈곰 디투 글힌 ᄡᆞᆳ 므레 프러 닛워 두ᅀᅥ 번을머그라 烏賊魚骨{{*|미긔치}}搗細羅爲散不計時以淸粥飮調下二錢 미긔치ᄅᆞᆯ 디허 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 처 ᄀᆞᆯᄋᆞᆯ ᄢᅵ니 혜디 마오 ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ 쥭므레 두 돈곰프러 머그라 ==九竅出血_{附齒閒出血아홉굼긔 피나미라 피 나미 〇아홉 두 귀와 두 눈과 두 입과}== 宜服和劑方必勝散四物湯加側栢煎服 화졔바ᇰ애 필스ᇰ산과 ᄉᆞ믈타ᇰ 즉ᄇᆡᆨ 닙 더드려 달히니와ᄅᆞᆯ 머고미 맛다ᇰᄒᆞ니라 九孔出血擣荊葉汁{{*|뎌ᇰ갓 닙 디허 ᄧᅩᆫ 즙}}酒服二合 아홉 굼긔 피 나거든 뎌ᇰ갓 닙 디허 ᄧᅡ 즙 두 홉을수레 프러 머그라 新生犢子{{*|ᄀᆞᆺ 난 쇼ᇰ아지}}未食草墮地臍屎曝乾爲末水調服一錢日四五服愈 ᄀᆞᆺ 난 쇼ᇰ아지 플 먹디 아니ᄒᆞ야셔 ᄯᅡ해 딘 ᄇᆡᆺ복애 브텃던 ᄯᅩᇰ을 벼틔 ᄆᆞᆯ외야 ᄀᆞ라 ᄒᆞᆫ돈곰 므레 프러 머고ᄃᆡ ᄒᆞᄅᆞ 너덧 번머그 면 됴ᄒᆞ리라 井花水{{*|새배 ᄂᆞᆷ 아니 기러셔 몬져 기론 우믌믈}}卒然噀其所患人面勿使病者先知其血卽止 새배 ᄂᆞᆷ 아니기러셔 몬져 기론 우믌므를 피 나ᄂᆞᆫ사ᄅᆞᄆᆡ ᄂᆞᄎᆡ 믄득 ᄲᅮ모ᄃᆡ 벼ᇰᄒᆞᆫ 사ᄅᆞᄆᆞᆯ 몬져 알외디 말면 그 피즉재 그츠리라 生地黃汁一升生薑汁一合相和溫服一小盞日四五服 ᄂᆞᆯ 디화ᇰ 불휘 ᄧᅩᆫ 즙 ᄒᆞᆫ되와 ᄉᆡᆼ아ᇰ즙 ᄒᆞᆫ홉과ᄅᆞᆯ 섯거 ᄃᆞ시 ᄒᆞ야 서 홉을머고ᄃᆡ ᄒᆞᄅᆞ 너덧 번머그라 九竅四肢指歧閒出血 靑竹茹{{*|프른 대 ᄀᆞᆯ고니 半兩}}生地黃{{*|一兩細切}}蒲黃{{*|부들마치 우희 누른 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ 半兩}}以水一大盞煎至六分去滓每於食後溫服 아홉구무와 소ᇇ가락 밧가락 ᄢᅵ메 피나거 든 프른 대 ᄀᆞᆯ고니 반 랴ᇰ과 ᄂᆞᆯ디화ᇱ 불휘 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 사ᄒᆞ로니 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ과부들마치 우희 누른ᄀᆞᄅᆞ 반 랴ᇰ과ᄅᆞᆯ 믈 큰 ᄒᆞᆫ되예 달혀 반남ᄌᆞᆨ거든 즈ᅀᅴ 앗고 밥머근 후마다 ᄃᆞᄉᆞ니 머그라 蒲黃{{*|부들마치 우희 누른 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ 一兩微炒}}龍骨{{*|료ᇰ의 ᄲᅧ 一兩燒赤}}都細硏爲散每服以糯米{{*|ᄎᆞᄡᆞᆯ}}粥飮調二錢服之 부들마치 우희 누른 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ자ᇝ간 봇그 니와 료ᇰ의 ᄲᅧ ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ븕게 ᄉᆞ로니와ᄅᆞᆯ 뫼화 ᄀᆞᄂᆞ리 ᄀᆞ라 ᄎᆞᄡᆞᆯ 쥭므레 두 돈곰 프러 머그라 小薊{{*|조바ᇰ이}}一握搗汁酒半盞和頓服如無靑者以乾薊末冷水調三錢匕服 조바ᇰ이 ᄒᆞᆫ주믈 디허 즙ᄧᅡ 술 반되예 섯거 믄득 머그라프르니 업거든 ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ 조바ᇰ이ᄅᆞᆯᄀᆞ라 ᄎᆞᆫ므레 서 돈곰 프러 머그라 蒜{{*|마ᄂᆞᆯ}}五六枚去皮入豆豉{{*|젼국}}硏爲膏如桐子大米飮下五六十丸無不愈者 마ᄂᆞᆯ 다엿 나ᄎᆞᆯ 거플 밧기고 젼국 드려 ᄀᆞ라 골 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ라 머귀 여름만 케 비븨여 ᄡᆞᆯ 글힌 므레 쉰 환이어나 여슌 환이어나머그면 아니 됴ᄒᆞ리 업스리라 赤小豆{{*|블근 ᄑᆞᆺ}}一升搗碎水三升絞汁飮之 블근 ᄑᆞᆺ ᄒᆞᆫ 되ᄅᆞᆯ 디허 ᄇᆞᅀᅡ 믈 서되예 뷔트 러 ᄧᅡ 즙을 마시라 齒縫出血不止他藥不能治之者塩{{*|소곰}}主之 닛 사채 피 나긋디 아니커든 녀느 약으로 수이 고티디 몯ᄒᆞᄂᆞ닐 소고미 됴ᄒᆞ니라 乾地龍末{{*|ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ 거ᇫ위 ᄀᆞ론 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ}}一錢白礬灰一錢射香末半錢同硏令勻濕布上塗藥貼於患處 ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ 거ᇫ위 ᄀᆞ론 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ ᄒᆞᆫ 돈과ᄇᆡᆨ버ᇇ ᄌᆡ ᄒᆞᆫ 돈과샤햐ᇰ ᄀᆞ론 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ 반돈과ᄅᆞᆯ ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ ᄀᆞ라 고ᄅᆞ게 ᄒᆞ야저즌 뵈 우희 약ᄇᆞᆯ라 피나ᄂᆞᆫ ᄃᆡ브티라 淡竹葉 {{*|소옴댓 닙}}濃煎湯熱含冷吐 소옴댓 니플 디투 달혀 더운므를 머구머 ᄎᆞ거든비와ᄐᆞ라 欝金{{*|심화ᇰ}}白芷{{*|구리댓 불휘}}細辛{{*|各等分}}爲末擦牙仍以竹葉竹皮濃煎入塩{{*|소곰}}少許含嚥或炒塩傅 심화ᇰ과 구리댓 불휘와 셰시ᇇ 불휘와 각각ᄀᆞᆮ게 ᄂᆞᆫ화 ᄀᆞ라 니예 ᄡᅮᆺ고 댓 닙과 거프를 디투 달혀 소곰져기 녀허 머구머 ᄉᆞᆷᄭᅵ며 ᄯᅩ 소곰을 봇가 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ라 童子小便{{*|ᄉᆞᆫ아ᄒᆡ 오좀}}半升煮取三合含之其血卽止 ᄉᆞᆫ아ᄒᆡ 오좀 반되ᄅᆞᆯ 글혀 서홉이어든 머 구머시면 그 피즉재 그츠리라 生竹皮{{*|댓 거플}}二兩苦酒{{*|초}}浸之令其人解衣坐使人含噀其背上三過仍取竹茹{{*|댓 거플 ᄀᆞᆯ고니}}濃煮汁勿與塩適寒溫含漱之竟日爲度 ᄂᆞᆯ 댓 거플 ᄀᆞᆯ가 두 랴ᇰ을초애 ᄃᆞᆷ고 그사ᄅᆞᄆᆞ로 옷바사 아ᇇ게 ᄒᆞ고다ᄅᆞᆫ 사ᄅᆞ미 머구머 그드ᇰ의 세 번을ᄲᅮᆷ고 대ᄀᆞᆯ고니 디투 글힌 즙에 소곰 두디 머모 ᄎᆞ며 더우믈 맛게 ᄒᆞ야머구머 야ᇰ지호ᄃᆡ 졈그ᄃᆞ록 ᄒᆞ라 牙齒縫忽出血 當歸{{*|스ᇰ암촛 불휘}}桂心{{*|계핏 솝 各半兩}}白礬{{*|ᄇᆡᆨ번 一兩燒令汁盡}}甘草{{*|半兩}}搗麁羅分爲三度用每度以漿水{{*|ᄡᆞᆯ 글힌 믈}}一大盞煎至一盞去滓熱含冷吐 닛 사채 믄득 피 나거든 스ᇰ암촛 불휘와 계핏 솝 각 반 랴ᇰ과ᄇᆡᆨ번 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰᄉᆞ라 즙업게 ᄒᆞ니와 감초 반랴ᇰ과ᄅᆞᆯ 디허 굵게 처 세 번에 ᄂᆞᆫ화 ᄡᅮᄃᆡ ᄒᆞᆫ 번에ᄡᆞᆯ 글힌 믈 두되예 달혀 ᄒᆞᆫ되 ᄃᆞ외어든 즈ᅀᅴ 앗고 더우닐 머구머 ᄎᆞ거든 비와ᄐᆞ라 酒醉牙齒涌出血 當歸{{*|스ᇰ암촛 불휘 二兩}}礬石{{*|ᄇᆡᆨ번 六錢}}桂心{{*|계핏 솝}}細辛 甘草{{*|各一兩}}㕮咀以漿水{{*|ᄡᆞᆯ 글힌 믈}}五升煮取三升含之日五六夜三 술 ᄎᆔᄒᆞ야 니예 피솟나거든 스ᇰ암촛 불휘 두 랴ᇰ과ᄇᆡᆨ번 반 돈남ᄌᆞᆨᄒᆞ니와 계핏 솝과 셰시ᇇ 불휘와 감초 각 ᄒᆞᆫ 랴ᇰ과ᄅᆞᆯ사ᄒᆞ라 ᄡᆞᆯ 글힌 믈 닷되예 글혀 서 되ᄃᆞ외어든 머구모ᄃᆡ 나ᄌᆡ 다엿 번바ᄆᆡ 세 번ᄒᆞ라 燒釘{{*|몯}}令赤注孔血中止 모ᄃᆞᆯ ᄉᆞ라 븕거든 피 나ᄂᆞᆫ 굼긔 고ᄌᆞ면 긋ᄂᆞ니라 舌上黑有數孔大如簪出血如湧泉 戎塩{{*|소곰}}黃苓{{*|솝서근픐 불휘}}黃蘗{{*|화ᇰ벽피}}大黃{{*|各五兩}}人參{{*|심}}桂心{{*|계핏 솝}}甘草{{*|各二兩}}爲末蜜丸梧子大米飮服十丸日三服亦燒鐵烙之 혀우히 검고두ᅀᅥ 굼기 빈혓 구무만 코 피나ᄃᆡ 믈ᄉᆡᆷᄃᆞᆺ 거든소곰과 솝서근픐 불휘와화ᇰ벽피와 대화ᇱ 불휘 각 닷 랴ᇰ과심과 계핏솝과 감초 각 두랴ᇰ과ᄅᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ라 ᄢᅮ레 ᄆᆞ라 머귀 여름만 케 비븨여 ᄡᆞᆯ글힌 므레 열환곰 머고ᄃᆡ ᄒᆞᄅᆞ 세 번곰 머그라 ᄯᅩ 쇠ᄅᆞᆯ달 와 지지라 熱塞舌上出血如泉 五倍子{{*|우ᄇᆡᄌᆞ洗}}白膠香牡蠣粉{{*|굸죠개 분 各等分}}爲末每以少許摻患處或燒鐵箆熟烙孔上 샤ᇰᅀᅧᆯᄒᆞ야 혀애 피나ᄃᆡ 믈ᄉᆡᆷᄃᆞᆺ ᄒᆞ거든우ᄇᆡᄌᆞ 시스니와 ᄇᆡᆨ교햐ᇰ과 굸죠개 분과 각각ᄀᆞᆮ게 ᄂᆞᆫ화 ᄀᆞ라 젹젹 피 나ᄂᆞᆫᄃᆡ ᄇᆞᄅᆞ고 ᄯᅩ 쇠빈혀ᄅᆞᆯ 달와 굼글 니기 지지라 舌無故出血炒槐花{{*|회홧 곳}}爲末摻之而愈救急簡易方 卷之二 혀예 피 나거든 회홧 고ᄌᆞᆯ 봇가 ᄀᆞ라 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ면 됴ᄒᆞ리라 7exkmi09toit0ju1f3pokzxc1v7wwpi 0 112063 427495 427489 2026-05-20T03:00:25Z Danuri19 16656 427495 wikitext text/x-wiki {{번역 머리말 | 제목 = 동물농장 <ref>[https://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks01/0100011.txt|#] 프로젝트 구텐베르그(Project Gutenberg) 호주 지부(Australia) 영문판</ref> | 다른 표기 = Animal Farm | 부제 = | 부제 다른 표기 = | 저자 = [[저자:조지 오웰|조지 오웰]] | 역자 = [[사:Danuri19|Danuri19]] | 이전 = | 다음 = | 연도 = | 언어 = | 원본 = | 설명 = }} Chapter I<br> 제1장 Mr. Jones, of the Manor Farm, had locked the hen-houses for the night, but was too drunk to remember to shut the pop-holes. With the ring of light from his lantern dancing from side to side, he lurched across the yard, kicked off his boots at the back door, drew himself a last glass of beer from the barrel in the scullery, and made his way up to bed, where Mrs. Jones was already snoring.<br> 매너 농장의 존스 씨는 밤을 맞아 닭장을 잠갔지만, 너무 취해서 닭들이 드나드는 구멍을 닫는 것을 잊어버렸습니다. 등불의 불빛이 좌우로 흔들리는 가운데, 그는 비틀거리며 마당을 가로질러, 뒷문에서 부츠를 벗어 던지고, 부엌 찬장에 있는 맥주통에서 마지막 맥주 한 잔을 따라 마신 후, 존스 부인이 이미 코를 골며 자고 있는 침실로 올라갔습니다. As soon as the light in the bedroom went out there was a stirring and a fluttering all through the farm buildings. Word had gone round during the day that old Major, the prize Middle White boar, had had a strange dream on the previous night and wished to communicate it to the other animals. It had been agreed that they should all meet in the big barn as soon as Mr. Jones was safely out of the way. Old Major (so he was always called, though the name under which he had been exhibited was Willingdon Beauty) was so highly regarded on the farm that everyone was quite ready to lose an hour's sleep in order to hear what he had to say. <br> 침실의 불이 꺼지자마자, 농장 건물 전체에 걸쳐 (동물들의) 소란과 분주함이 감돌았습니다. 낮 동안에 그 상급 '미들 화이트' 종 수퇘지인 늙은 메이저가 지난밤 이상한 꿈을 꾸었으며, 그것을 다른 동물들에게 전달하고 싶어 한다는 말이 돌았습니다. 존스 씨가 확실히 방해되지 않는 곳으로 가자마자 그들 모두가 큰 창고에서 만나기로 합의되었습니다. 늙은 메이저(그가 가축전시회에 나갔을 때의 이름은 '윌링던의 미남'이였지만, 그는 항상 그렇게 불렸습니다)는 농장에서 매우 높게 평가받고 있었기에, 모두가 그가 할 말을 듣기 위해 기꺼이 한 시간의 잠을 포기할 준비가 되어 있었습니다. At one end of the big barn, on a sort of raised platform, Major was already ensconced on his bed of straw, under a lantern which hung from a beam. He was twelve years old and had lately grown rather stout, but he was still a majestic-looking pig, with a wise and benevolent appearance in spite of the fact that his tushes had never been cut. Before long the other animals began to arrive and make themselves comfortable after their different fashions. First came the three dogs, Bluebell, Jessie, and Pincher, and then the pigs, who settled down in the straw immediately in front of the platform. The hens perched themselves on the window-sills, the pigeons fluttered up to the rafters, the sheep and cows lay down behind the pigs and began to chew the cud. The two cart-horses, Boxer and Clover, came in together, walking very slowly and setting down their vast hairy hoofs with great care lest there should be some small animal concealed in the straw. Clover was a stout motherly mare approaching middle life, who had never quite got her figure back after her fourth foal. Boxer was an enormous beast, nearly eighteen hands high, and as strong as any two ordinary horses put together. A white stripe down his nose gave him a somewhat stupid appearance, and in fact he was not of first-rate intelligence, but he was universally respected for his steadiness of character and tremendous powers of work. After the horses came Muriel, the white goat, and Benjamin, the donkey. Benjamin was the oldest animal on the farm, and the worst tempered. He seldom talked, and when he did, it was usually to make some cynical remark--for instance, he would say that God had given him a tail to keep the flies off, but that he would sooner have had no tail and no flies. Alone among the animals on the farm he never laughed. If asked why, he would say that he saw nothing to laugh at. Nevertheless, without openly admitting it, he was devoted to Boxer; the two of them usually spent their Sundays together in the small paddock beyond the orchard, grazing side by side and never speaking.<br> 큰 창고의 한쪽 끝, 일종의 높여진 플랫폼(무대) 위에, 메이저는 들보로부터 매달려 있는 랜턴 아래의 그의 짚 침대 위에 이미 편안하게 자리를 잡고 있었습니다. 그는 12살이었고 최근에 다소 뚱뚱해졌지만, 그의 엄니가 한 번도 잘린 적이 없다는 사실에도 불구하고, 그는 여전히 지혜롭고 자애로운 외모를 가진 위엄 있어 보이는 돼지였습니다. 오래지 않아 다른 동물들이 도착하기 시작했고 그들의 서로 다른 방식에 따라 스스로를 편안하게 만들었습니다(자리를 잡았습니다). 먼저 블루벨, 제시, 핀처라는 세 마리의 개가 왔고, 그다음에는 돼지들이 왔는데, 그들은 플랫폼 바로 앞의 짚 속에 정착했습니다. 암탉들은 창문 턱 위에 스스로를 앉혔고, 비둘기들은 서까래 위로 파닥거리며 올라갔으며, 양들과 소들은 돼지들 뒤에 누워 되새김질을 하기 시작했습니다. 두 마리의 짐수레 말인 복서와 클로버가 함께 들어왔는데, 짚 속에 숨어 있는 어떤 작은 동물이라도 있을까 봐 매우 천천히 걸으며 그들의 거대하고 털이 많은 발굽을 엄청난 주의를 기울여 내디뎠습니다. 클로버는 중년에 접어드는 뚱뚱하고 어머니 같은 암말이었는데, 그녀의 네 번째 망아지를 낳은 이후 그녀의 몸매를 결코 완전히 되찾지 못했습니다. 복서는 거의 18핸드(약 183cm) 높이에 이르는 거대한 짐승이었고, 합쳐진 어떤 평범한 말 두 마리만큼이나 힘이 셌습니다. 코를 따라 내려오는 흰색 줄무늬는 그에게 다소 어리석은 외모를 주었고, 사실 그는 일류의( 뛰어난) 지능은 아니었지만, 그의 성격의 꾸준함과 엄청난 작업 능력으로 인해 보편적으로(모두에게) 존경받았습니다. 말들 다음에는 흰 염소인 뮤리엘과 당나귀인 벤자민이 왔습니다. 벤자민은 농장에서 가장 나이가 많은 동물이었고, 성격이 가장 나빴습니다. 그는 좀처럼 말하지 않았고, 그가 말을 할 때는 대개 어떤 냉소적인 발언을 하기 위해서였습니다. 예를 들어, 그는 신이 그에게 파리를 쫓아내라고 꼬리를 주셨지만, 차라리 꼬리도 없고 파리도 없는 것이 더 좋았겠다고 말하곤 했습니다. 농장의 동물들 중에서 홀로 그는 결코 웃지 않았습니다. 왜냐고 질문을 받으면, 그는 웃을 만한 것을 아무것도 보지 못했다고 말하곤 했습니다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 그것을 공개적으로 인정하지는 않으면서도, 그는 복서에게 헌신적이었습니다. 그들 둘은 대개 과수원 너머의 작은 방목지에서 그들의 일요일을 함께 보냈는데, 나란히 풀을 뜯으며 결코 말하지 않았습니다. The two horses had just lain down when a brood of ducklings, which had lost their mother, filed into the barn, cheeping feebly and wandering from side to side to find some place where they would not be trodden on. Clover made a sort of wall round them with her great foreleg, and the ducklings nestled down inside it and promptly fell asleep. At the last moment Mollie, the foolish, pretty white mare who drew Mr. Jones's trap, came mincing daintily in, chewing at a lump of sugar. She took a place near the front and began flirting her white mane, hoping to draw attention to the red ribbons it was plaited with. Last of all came the cat, who looked round, as usual, for the warmest place, and finally squeezed herself in between Boxer and Clover; there she purred contentedly throughout Major's speech without listening to a word of what he was saying.<br> 그 두 마리의 말이 막 누웠을 때, 그들의 엄마를 잃어버린 오리 새끼 한 무리가, 힘없이 삐약거리고 그들이 밟히지 않을 어떤 장소를 찾기 위해 이리저리 헤매며 창고 안으로 줄을 지어 들어왔습니다. 클로버는 그녀의 거대한 앞다리로 그들 주위에 일종의 벽을 만들어 주었고, 오리 새끼들은 그 안에 아늑하게 자리를 잡고 즉시 잠이 들었습니다. 마지막 순간에, 존스 씨의 이인승 마차를 끌던 어리석고 예쁜 흰색 암말인 몰리가 설탕 덩어리를 씹으며 얌전 빼며 우아하게 걸어 들어왔습니다. 그녀는 앞쪽 근처에 자리를 잡았고, 그것(갈기)에 땋아져 있는 빨간 리본들로 주의를 끌기를 희망하면서 그녀의 하얀 갈기를 살랑거리기 시작했습니다. 가장 마지막으로 고양이가 왔는데, 그녀는 늘 그렇듯 가장 따뜻한 장소를 찾아 주위를 둘러보았고, 마침내 복서와 클로버 사이에 스스로를 밀어 넣었습니다. 거기서 그녀는 메이저가 말하고 있는 것의 단 한 단어도 듣지 않으면서, 메이저의 연설 내내 만족스럽게 갸르릉거렸습니다. All the animals were now present except Moses, the tame raven, who slept on a perch behind the back door. When Major saw that they had all made themselves comfortable and were waiting attentively, he cleared his throat and began: <br> 뒷문 뒤의 홰 위에서 잠을 자는 길들여진 까마귀인 모세를 제외하고는 모든 동물들이 이제 참석해 있었습니다. 메이저가 그들 모두가 스스로를 편안하게 만들고(자리를 잡고) 주의 깊게 기다리고 있는 것을 보았을 때, 그는 그의 목청을 가다듬고 시작했습니다: "Comrades, you have heard already about the strange dream that I had last night. But I will come to the dream later. I have something else to say first. I do not think, comrades, that I shall be with you for many months longer, and before I die, I feel it my duty to pass on to you such wisdom as I have acquired. I have had a long life, I have had much time for thought as I lay alone in my stall, and I think I may say that I understand the nature of life on this earth as well as any animal now living. It is about this that I wish to speak to you. <br> "동지들, 여러분은 내가 지난밤에 꾸었던 이상한 꿈에 대해 이미 들었습니다. 하지만 나는 그 꿈에 대해서는 나중에 이야기하겠습니다. 나는 먼저 말해야 할 다른 어떤 것을 가지고 있습니다. 동지들, 나는 내가 여러 달 더 이상 여러분과 함께하지 못할 것이라고 생각하며, 내가 죽기 전에, 내가 습득해 온 그러한 지혜를 여러분에게 전달하는 것이 나의 의무라고 느낍니다. 나는 긴 삶을 살았고, 나의 축사 안에 홀로 누워 있을 때 생각할 많은 시간을 가졌으며, 나는 내가 현재 살고 있는 어떤 동물 못지않게 이 지구상에서의 삶의 본질을 이해하고 있다고 말할 수 있다고 생각합니다. 내가 여러분에게 말하고자 희망하는 것은 바로 이것에 대해서입니다. "Now, comrades, what is the nature of this life of ours? Let us face it: our lives are miserable, laborious, and short. We are born, we are given just so much food as will keep the breath in our bodies, and those of us who are capable of it are forced to work to the last atom of our strength; and the very instant that our usefulness has come to an end we are slaughtered with hideous cruelty. No animal in England knows the meaning of happiness or leisure after he is a year old. No animal in England is free. The life of an animal is misery and slavery: that is the plain truth.<br> "이제, 동지들, 우리들의 이 삶의 본질은 무엇입니까? 그것을 직시합시다. 우리의 삶은 비참하고, 힘들며, 짧습니다. 우리는 태어나고, 우리의 몸속에 숨이 붙어 있게 유지해 줄 딱 그만큼의 음식만을 받으며, 그것(노동)을 할 능력이 있는 우리들 중의 이들은 우리의 힘의 마지막 한 원자(한 방울)까지 짜내어 일하도록 강요받습니다. 그리고 우리의 유용성이 끝에 다다르는 바로 그 순간에, 우리는 끔찍한 잔인함과 함께 도살당합니다. 영국의 어떤 동물도 그가 한 살이 된 이후에는 행복이나 여가의 의미를 알지 못합니다. 영국의 어떤 동물도 자유롭지 않습니다. 동물의 삶은 비참함과 노예 상태입니다. 그것이 명백한 진실입니다. "But is this simply part of the order of nature? Is it because this land of ours is so poor that it cannot afford a decent life to those who dwell upon it? No, comrades, a thousand times no! The soil of England is fertile, its climate is good, it is capable of affording food in abundance to an enormously greater number of animals than now inhabit it. This single farm of ours would support a dozen horses, twenty cows, hundreds of sheep--and all of them living in a comfort and a dignity that are now almost beyond our imagining. Why then do we continue in this miserable condition? Because nearly the whole of the produce of our labour is stolen from us by human beings. There, comrades, is the answer to all our problems. It is summed up in a single word--Man. Man is the only real enemy we have. Remove Man from the scene, and the root cause of hunger and overwork is abolished for ever.<br> "그러나 이것은 단순히 자연의 질서의 일부입니까? 그것은 우리들의 이 땅이 너무 가난해서 그 위에 거주하는 이들에게 괜찮은(품위 있는) 삶을 제공할 여유가 없기 때문입니까? 아닙니다, 동지들, 천 번이고 아닙니다! 영국의 토양은 비옥하고, 그것의 기후는 좋으며, 그것은 현재 그것에 서식하는 것보다 훨씬 더 엄청나게 많은 수의 동물들에게 풍부한 음식을 제공할 능력이 있습니다. 우리들의 이 단 하나의 농장만으로도 열두 마리의 말, 스무 마리의 소, 수백 마리의 양을 부양할 수 있을 것이며—그리고 그들 모두는 지금은 우리의 상상을 거의 초월하는 편안함과 존엄함 속에서 살아가게 될 것입니다. 그렇다면 왜 우리는 이 비참한 상태를 지속하고 있습니까? 왜냐하면 우리 노동의 생산물의 거의 전부가 인간들에 의해 우리로부터 도둑맞고 있기 때문입니다. 동지들, 거기에 우리 모든 문제에 대한 답이 있습니다. 그것은 단 하나의 단어로 요약됩니다—인간. 인간은 우리가 가진 유일한 진짜 적입니다. 장면(무대)에서 인간을 제거하십시오, 그러면 굶주림과 과로의 근본 원인은 영원히 폐지됩니다. "Man is the only creature that consumes without producing. He does not give milk, he does not lay eggs, he is too weak to pull the plough, he cannot run fast enough to catch rabbits. Yet he is lord of all the animals. He sets them to work, he gives back to them the bare minimum that will prevent them from starving, and the rest he keeps for himself. Our labour tills the soil, our dung fertilises it, and yet there is not one of us that owns more than his bare skin. You cows that I see before me, how many thousands of gallons of milk have you given during this last year? And what has happened to that milk which should have been breeding up sturdy calves? Every drop of it has gone down the throats of our enemies. And you hens, how many eggs have you laid in this last year, and how many of those eggs ever hatched into chickens? The rest have all gone to market to bring in money for Jones and his men. And you, Clover, where are those four foals you bore, who should have been the support and pleasure of your old age? Each was sold at a year old--you will never see one of them again. In return for your four confinements and all your labour in the fields, what have you ever had except your bare rations and a stall?<br> "인간은 생산하지 않으면서 소비하는 유일한 생명체입니다. 그는 우유를 주지도 않고, 알을 낳지도 않으며, 쟁기를 끌기에는 너무 약하고, 토끼를 잡을 만큼 충분히 빠르게 달릴 수도 없습니다. 하지만 그는 모든 동물들의 주인입니다. 그는 그들에게 일을 시키고, 그들에게 그들이 굶어 죽는 것을 방지할 간신히의 최소한(최저한도)만을 돌려주며, 나머지는 자신을 위해 보관합니다. 우리의 노동이 토양을 갈고, 우리의 배설물이 그것을 비옥하게 하지만, 그럼에도 우리들 중 그의 맨살(가진 것 없는 몸뚱이)보다 더 많은 것을 소유한 이는 단 하나도 없습니다. 내 앞에 보이는 당신들 암소들, 당신들은 이 지난 한 해 동안 얼마나 많은 수천 갤런의 우유를 주었습니까? 그리고 튼튼한 송아지들을 길러내고 있었어야 마땅한 그 우유에 무슨 일이 일어났습니까? 그것의 모든 한 방울은 우리 원수들의 목구멍 아래로 내려갔습니다. 그리고 당신들 암탉들, 당신들은 이 지난 한 해 동안 얼마나 많은 알을 낳았으며, 그 알들 중 얼마나 많은 수가 단 한 번이라도 병아리로 부화했습니까? 나머지는 모두 존스와 그의 부하들을 위한 돈을 가져오기 위해 시장으로 갔습니다. 그리고 당신, 클로버, 당신의 노년의 부양과 기쁨이 되었어야 마땅한, 당신이 낳은 그 네 마리의 망아지들은 어디에 있습니까? 각각은 한 살 때 팔렸습니다—당신은 결코 그들 중 단 한 마리도 다시는 보지 못할 것입니다. 당신의 네 번의 출산과 들판에서의 당신의 모든 노동에 대한 대가로, 당신의 간신히의 배급량과 축사 한 칸을 제외하고 당신이 가져본 것이 도대체 무엇이 있습니까? "And even the miserable lives we lead are not allowed to reach their natural span. For myself I do not grumble, for I am one of the lucky ones. I am twelve years old and have had over four hundred children. Such is the natural life of a pig. But no animal escapes the cruel knife in the end. You young porkers who are sitting in front of me, every one of you will scream your lives out at the block within a year. To that horror we all must come--cows, pigs, hens, sheep, everyone. Even the horses and the dogs have no better fate. You, Boxer, the very day that those great muscles of yours lose their power, Jones will sell you to the knacker, who will cut your throat and boil you down for the foxhounds. As for the dogs, when they grow old and toothless, Jones ties a brick round their necks and drowns them in the nearest pond. <br> "그리고 심지어 우리가 이끄는(영위하는) 비참한 삶들조차 그것들의 자연적인 수명에 도달하도록 허용되지 않습니다. 내 자신으로 말하자면 나는 불평하지 않는데, 왜냐하면 내가 운이 좋은 자들 중 하나이기 때문입니다. 나는 12살이고 400마리가 넘는 자식들을 가졌습니다. 그러한 것이 돼지의 자연적인 삶입니다. 그러나 결국 그 어떤 동물도 잔인한 칼날을 피하지 못합니다. 내 앞에 앉아 있는 당신들 젊은 육용돈(젊은 돼지)들, 당신들 모두는 1년 이내에 도살대 위에서 당신들의 생명이 다하도록 비명을 지르게 될 것입니다. 우리 모두는 그 공포로 나아가야만 합니다—암소들, 돼지들, 암탉들, 양들, 모두가 말입니다. 심지어 말들과 개들조차 더 나은 운명을 가지지 못합니다. 당신, 복서, 당신의 그 거대한 근육들이 그것들의 힘을 잃는 바로 그날, 존스는 당신을 도축업자(폐마 도축업자)에게 팔아넘길 것이고, 그는 당신의 목을 자르고 여우 사냥개들을 위해 당신을 삶아 버릴 것입니다. 개들로 말하자면, 그들이 늙고 이빨이 빠질 때, 존스는 그들의 목 주위에 벽돌을 묶고 가장 가까운 연못에 그들을 익사시킵니다. "Is it not crystal clear, then, comrades, that all the evils of this life of ours spring from the tyranny of human beings? Only get rid of Man, and the produce of our labour would be our own. Almost overnight we could become rich and free. What then must we do? Why, work night and day, body and soul, for the overthrow of the human race! That is my message to you, comrades: Rebellion! I do not know when that Rebellion will come, it might be in a week or in a hundred years, but I know, as surely as I see this straw beneath my feet, that sooner or later justice will be done. Fix your eyes on that, comrades, throughout the short remainder of your lives! And above all, pass on this message of mine to those who come after you, so that future generations shall carry on the struggle until it is victorious.<br> "그렇다면 동지들, 우리들의 이 삶의 모든 악이 인간들의 폭정으로부터 솟아난다는(비롯된다는) 것이 수정처럼 투명하게 명백하지(명약관화하지) 않습니까? 오직 인간만을 제거하십시오, 그러면 우리 노동의 생산물은 우리 자신의 것이 될 것입니다. 거의 하룻밤 사이에 우리는 부유해지고 자유로워질 수 있습니다. 그렇다면 우리는 무엇을 해야 합니까? 자, 인류의 타도를 위해 밤낮으로, 몸과 영혼을 바쳐 일하십시오! 동지들, 그것이 여러분에게 보내는 나의 메시지입니다. 바로 반란입니다! 나는 그 반란이 언제 올지 알지 못하며, 그것은 일주일 뒤일 수도 있고 백 년 뒤일 수도 있지만, 내가 내 발아래에 있는 이 짚을 보는 것만큼이나 확실하게, 머지않아 정의가 실현될 것임을 나는 압니다. 동지들, 여러분의 짧은 남은 삶 동안 그것에 여러분의 눈을 고정하십시오! 그리고 무엇보다도, 미래의 세대들이 그것이 승리할 때까지 그 투쟁을 계속해 나갈 수 있도록, 나의 이 메시지를 여러분 뒤에 오는 이들에게 전달하십시오. "And remember, comrades, your resolution must never falter. No argument must lead you astray. Never listen when they tell you that Man and the animals have a common interest, that the prosperity of the one is the prosperity of the others. It is all lies. Man serves the interests of no creature except himself. And among us animals let there be perfect unity, perfect comradeship in the struggle. All men are enemies. All animals are comrades." <br> "그리고 기억하십시오, 동지들, 여러분의 결의는 결코 흔들려서 안 됩니다. 어떤 주장도 여러분을 타락한 길로(잘못된 길로) 이끌어서는 안 됩니다. 인간과 동물이 공통의 이익을 가지고 있으며, 한쪽의 번영이 다른 쪽들의 번영이라고 그들이 여러분에게 말할 때 결코 듣지 마십시오. 그것은 모두 거짓말입니다. 인간은 자신을 제외하고는 그 어떤 생명체의 이익도 돌보지 않습니다. 그리고 우리 동물들 사이에는 투쟁 속에서 완벽한 단결, 완벽한 동지애가 있게 하십시오. 모든 인간은 원수입니다. 모든 동물은 동지입니다." At this moment there was a tremendous uproar. While Major was speaking four large rats had crept out of their holes and were sitting on their hindquarters, listening to him. The dogs had suddenly caught sight of them, and it was only by a swift dash for their holes that the rats saved their lives. Major raised his trotter for silence.<br> 이 순간에 엄청난 소란이 있었습니다. 메이저가 말하고 있는 동안 네 마리의 거대한 쥐들이 그들의 구멍 밖으로 살금살금 기어 나와 그들의 뒷동서리를 대고 앉아, 그(의 말)를 듣고 있었습니다. 개들이 갑자기 그들을 포착했고, 쥐들이 그들의 생명을 구한 것은 오직 그들의 구멍을 향한 빠른 돌진에 의해서였습니다. 메이저는 침묵을 위해 그의 앞발을 들어 올렸습니다. "Comrades," he said, "here is a point that must be settled. The wild creatures, such as rats and rabbits--are they our friends or our enemies? Let us put it to the vote. I propose this question to the meeting: Are rats comrades?" <br> "동지들," 그가 말했습니다, "여기 해결되어야만 하는 한 가지 논점이 있습니다. 쥐들과 토끼들 같은 야생의 생명체들—그들은 우리의 친구입니까 아니면 우리의 원수입니까? 그것을 투표에 부칩시다. 나는 회의에 이 질문을 제안합니다: 쥐들은 동지입니까?" The vote was taken at once, and it was agreed by an overwhelming majority that rats were comrades. There were only four dissentients, the three dogs and the cat, who was afterwards discovered to have voted on both sides. Major continued: <br> 투표는 즉시 취해졌고(실시되었고), 쥐들은 동지라는 것이 압도적인 대다수에 의해 합의되었습니다. 오직 네 마리의 반대자들만 있었는데, 세 마리의 개와 고양이였으며, 고양이는 나중에 양쪽 모두에 투표했던 것으로 발견되었습니다(밝혀졌습니다). 메이저는 계속했습니다: "I have little more to say. I merely repeat, remember always your duty of enmity towards Man and all his ways. Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend. And remember also that in fighting against Man, we must not come to resemble him. Even when you have conquered him, do not adopt his vices. No animal must ever live in a house, or sleep in a bed, or wear clothes, or drink alcohol, or smoke tobacco, or touch money, or engage in trade. All the habits of Man are evil. And, above all, no animal must ever tyrannise over his own kind. Weak or strong, clever or simple, we are all brothers. No animal must ever kill any other animal. All animals are equal. <br> "나는 더 말할 것이 거의 없습니다. 나는 단지 되풀이할 뿐이니, 인간과 그의 모든 방식들을 향한 여러분의 원수다움(적대감)의 의무를 항상 기억하십시오. 두 다리로 걷는 것은 무엇이든 적입니다. 네 다리로 걷거나, 날개를 가진 것은 무엇이든 친구입니다. 그리고 인간을 대항하여 싸우는 와중에, 우리가 그를 닮아가지 말아야 한다는 것 또한 기억하십시오. 심지어 여러분이 그를 정복했을 때라도, 그의 악덕들을 채택(모방)하지 마십시오. 어떤 동물도 결코 집 안에서 살아서는 안 되며, 침대에서 잠을 자서도 안 되고, 옷을 입어서도 안 되며, 술을 마셔서도 안 되고, 담배를 피워서도 안 되며, 돈을 만져서도 안 되고, 무역(상거래)에 종사해서도 안 됩니다. 인간의 모든 습관들은 악합니다. 그리고, 무엇보다도, 어떤 동물도 결코 그의 동족 위에서 폭정을 휘둘러서는 안 됩니다. 약하든 강하든, 똑똑하든 단순(어리석든)하든, 우리는 모두 형제들입니다. 어떤 동물도 결코 다른 어떤 동물을 죽여서는 안 됩니다. 모든 동물들은 평등합니다. "And now, comrades, I will tell you about my dream of last night. I cannot describe that dream to you. It was a dream of the earth as it will be when Man has vanished. But it reminded me of something that I had long forgotten. Many years ago, when I was a little pig, my mother and the other sows used to sing an old song of which they knew only the tune and the first three words. I had known that tune in my infancy, but it had long since passed out of my mind. Last night, however, it came back to me in my dream. And what is more, the words of the song also came back-words, I am certain, which were sung by the animals of long ago and have been lost to memory for generations. I will sing you that song now, comrades. I am old and my voice is hoarse, but when I have taught you the tune, you can sing it better for yourselves. It is called 'Beasts of England'." <br> "그리고 이제, 동지들, 나는 여러분에게 나의 지난밤의 꿈에 대해 말하겠습니다. 나는 그 꿈을 여러분에게 묘사할 수 없습니다. 그것은 인간이 사라졌을 때의 있을 바와 같은 지구에 대한 꿈이었습니다. 그러나 그것은 내가 오랫동안 잊고 있었던 어떤 것을 나에게 상기시켜 주었습니다. 수년 전, 내가 작은 돼지였을 때, 나의 어머니와 다른 씨돼지(암돼지)들은 그들이 오직 그것의 곡조와 첫 세 단어만을 알고 있었던 한 오래된 노래를 부르곤 했습니다. 나는 나의 유아기에 그 곡조를 알고 있었지만, 그것은 오래전에 나의 마음 밖으로 지나가 버렸습니다(잊혀졌습니다). 그러나 지난밤, 그것이 나의 꿈속에서 나에게 다시 돌아왔습니다. 그리고 더욱이, 그 노래의 가사들 또한 돌아왔는데—내가 확신하건대, 아주 옛날의 동물들에 의해 불렸고 세대 동안 기억에서 사라졌던 그러한 가사들입니다. 동지들, 나는 지금 여러분에게 그 노래를 불러 주겠습니다. 나는 늙었고 나의 목소리는 쉰 목소리이지만, 내가 여러분에게 그 곡조를 가르쳐 주고 나면, 여러분 스스로가 그것을 더 잘 부를 수 있습니다. 그것은 '영국의 동물들'이라고 불립니다." Old Major cleared his throat and began to sing. As he had said, his voice was hoarse, but he sang well enough, and it was a stirring tune, something between 'Clementine' and 'La Cucaracha'. The words ran: <br> 늙은 메이저는 그의 목청을 가다듬고 노래하기 시작했습니다. 그가 말했었던 것처럼, 그의 목소리는 쉰 목소리였지만, 그는 충분히 잘 불렀고, 그것은 '클레멘타인'과 '라 쿠카라차' 사이의 어떤 것과 같은, 마음을 뒤흔드는 곡조였습니다. 가사는 다음과 같이 흘러갔습니다: <table> <tr> <td> Beasts of England, beasts of Ireland, Beasts of every land and clime, Hearken to my joyful tidings Of the golden future time. Soon or late the day is coming, Tyrant Man shall be o'erthrown, And the fruitful fields of England Shall be trod by beasts alone. Rings shall vanish from our noses, And the harness from our back, Bit and spur shall rust forever, Cruel whips no more shall crack. Riches more than mind can picture, Wheat and barley, oats and hay, Clover, beans, and mangel-wurzels Shall be ours upon that day. Bright will shine the fields of England, Purer shall its waters be, Sweeter yet shall blow its breezes On the day that sets us free. For that day we all must labour, Though we die before it break; Cows and horses, geese and turkeys, All must toil for freedom's sake. Beasts of England, beasts of Ireland, Beasts of every land and clime, Hearken well and spread my tidings Of the golden future time. </td> <td> 영국의 동물들이여, 아일랜드의 동물들이여, 모든 땅과 기후의 동물들이여, 황금빛 미래 시대에 대한 나의 기쁜 소식에 귀를 기울이십시오. 조만간 그날이 오고 있으니, 폭군 인간은 타도될 것이요, 그리고 영국의 결실 가득한 들판은 오직 동물들에 의해서만 밟힐 것입니다. 고리들은 우리의 코에서 사라질 것이요, 그리고 마구는 우리의 등에서 (사라질 것입니다), 재갈과 박차는 영원히 녹슬 것이며, 잔인한 채찍은 더 이상 소리를 내지 못할 것입니다. 마음이 상상할 수 있는 것보다 더 많은 부, 밀과 보리, 귀리와 건초, 클로버, 콩, 그리고 사탕무가 바로 그날에 우리의 것이 될 것입니다. 영국의 들판은 밝게 빛날 것이요, 그것의 물은 더 맑아질 것이며, 그것의 산들바람은 더욱 달콤하게 불어올 것입니다, 우리를 자유롭게 해 주는 바로 그날에. 그날을 위해 우리 모두는 노동해야만 합니다, 비록 그것이 밝아오기 전에 우리가 죽을지라도. 암소들과 말들, 거위들과 칠면조들, 모두가 자유를 위해 힘들게 일해야만 합니다. 영국의 동물들이여, 아일랜드의 동물들이여, 모든 땅과 기후의 동물들이여, 잘 귀를 기울이고 나의 소식을 퍼뜨리십시오, 황금빛 미래 시대에 대한 (소식을). </td> </tr> </table> The singing of this song threw the animals into the wildest excitement. Almost before Major had reached the end, they had begun singing it for themselves. Even the stupidest of them had already picked up the tune and a few of the words, and as for the clever ones, such as the pigs and dogs, they had the entire song by heart within a few minutes. And then, after a few preliminary tries, the whole farm burst out into 'Beasts of England' in tremendous unison. The cows lowed it, the dogs whined it, the sheep bleated it, the horses whinnied it, the ducks quacked it. They were so delighted with the song that they sang it right through five times in succession, and might have continued singing it all night if they had not been interrupted. <br> 이 노래의 가창은 동물들을 가장 격렬한 흥분 속으로 몰아넣었습니다. 메이저가 끝에 도달하기 거의 전에, 그들은 그것을 그들 스스로 부르기 시작했었습니다. 그들 중 가장 어리석은 이들조차 이미 그 곡조와 몇 개의 단어들을 익혔고, 돼지들과 개들 같은 영리한 이들로 말하자면, 그들은 몇 분 안에 노래 전체를 마음으로(암기하여) 가졌습니다. 그러고 나서, 몇 번의 예비적인 시도 후에, 온 농장이 엄청난 일제히(제창) 속에서 '영국의 동물들'로 터져 나왔습니다. 암소들은 그것을 음매하고 울었고, 개들은 깽깽하며 울었으며, 양들은 매애하고 울었고, 말들은 히힝하고 울었고, 오리들은 꽥꽥하며 울었습니다. 그들은 그 노래에 너무나 기뻐서 그것을 연속으로 바로 다섯 번 통틀어 불렀고, 만약 그들이 방해받지 않았었더라면 밤새도록 그것을 계속 불렀을지도 모릅니다. Unfortunately, the uproar awoke Mr. Jones, who sprang out of bed, making sure that there was a fox in the yard. He seized the gun which always stood in a corner of his bedroom, and let fly a charge of number 6 shot into the darkness. The pellets buried themselves in the wall of the barn and the meeting broke up hurriedly. Everyone fled to his own sleeping-place. The birds jumped on to their perches, the animals settled down in the straw, and the whole farm was asleep in a moment. <br> 불행하게도, 그 소란이 존스 씨를 깨웠고, 그는 마당에 여우가 있다고 확신하면서 침대 밖으로 튀어 올랐습니다. 그는 그의 침실 구석에 항상 서 있던 총을 붙잡았고, 어둠 속으로 6호 산탄 한 발을 날려 보냈습니다. 그 산탄 알갱이들은 창고 벽속에 박혔고 회의는 서둘러 해산되었습니다. 모두가 그 자신의 잠자리로 도망쳤습니다. 새들은 그들의 홰 위로 뛰어올랐고, 동물들은 짚 속에 자리를 잡았으며, 온 농장은 순식간에 잠들었습니다. Chapter II 제2장 Three nights later old Major died peacefully in his sleep. His body was buried at the foot of the orchard. <br> 사흘 밤 뒤에 늙은 메이저는 그의 잠 속에서 평화롭게 죽었습니다. 그의 몸은 과수원의 기슭에 묻혔습니다. This was early in March. During the next three months there was much secret activity. Major's speech had given to the more intelligent animals on the farm a completely new outlook on life. They did not know when the Rebellion predicted by Major would take place, they had no reason for thinking that it would be within their own lifetime, but they saw clearly that it was their duty to prepare for it. The work of teaching and organising the others fell naturally upon the pigs, who were generally recognised as being the cleverest of the animals. Pre-eminent among the pigs were two young boars named Snowball and Napoleon, whom Mr. Jones was breeding up for sale. Napoleon was a large, rather fierce-looking Berkshire boar, the only Berkshire on the farm, not much of a talker, but with a reputation for getting his own way. Snowball was a more vivacious pig than Napoleon, quicker in speech and more inventive, but was not considered to have the same depth of character. All the other male pigs on the farm were porkers. The best known among them was a small fat pig named Squealer, with very round cheeks, twinkling eyes, nimble movements, and a shrill voice. He was a brilliant talker, and when he was arguing some difficult point he had a way of skipping from side to side and whisking his tail which was somehow very persuasive. The others said of Squealer that he could turn black into white.<br> 이것은 3월 초순이었다. 다음 3달 동안에는 많은 비밀스러운 활동이 있었다. 메이저의 연설은 농장에서 더 똑똑한 동물들에게 삶에 대한 완전히 새로운 관점을 주었다. 그들은 메이저에 의해 예언된 그 반란이 언제 일어날지 알지 못했고, 그것이 그들 자신의 생애 내에 있을 것이라고 생각할 아무런 이유도 없었지만, 그러나 그들은 그것을 준비하는 것이 자신들의 의무라는 것을 명확히 보았다(알았다). 다른 동물들을 가르치고 조직하는 일은 자연스럽게 돼지들에게 떨어졌는데(맡겨졌는데), 그들은 일반적으로 동물들 중에서 가장 영리한 것으로 인정받고 있었다. 돼지들 중에서 탁월한 이들은 스노볼과 나폴레옹이라는 이름의 두 마리 젊은 수컷씨돼지들이었는데, 존스 씨가 판매를 위해 기르고 있는 중이었다. 나폴레옹은 크고, 다소 사납게 생겼으며, 농장에서 유일한 버크셔 종 수멧돼지였는데, 말수가 많지 않았지만, 자기 방식대로 해내고야 만다는(고집을 관철한다는) 평판을 가지고 있었다. 스노볼은 나폴레옹보다 더 활기 넘치는 돼지였고, 말이 더 빨랐으며 더 독창적이었지만, 성격의 깊이가 똑같이 깊다고는 여겨지지 않았다. 농장의 다른 모든 수컷 돼지들은 (살을 찌운) 식육용 돼지들이었다. 그들 중에서 가장 잘 알려진 이는 스퀼러라는 이름의 작고 뚱뚱한 돼지였는데, 매우 둥근 뺨, 반짝이는 눈, 민첩한 움직임, 그리고 날카로운 목소리를 가지고 있었다. 그는 뛰어난 달변가였고, 그가 어떤 어려운 논점을 논쟁하고 있을 때, 그는 이쪽저쪽으로 깡충깡충 뛰며 그의 꼬리를 휙휙 흔드는 방식을 가지고 있었는데, 그것은 어쩐지 매우 설득력이 있었다. 다른 동물들은 스퀼러에 대해 그가 검은 것을 흰 것으로 바꿀 수도 있다고 말했다. These three had elaborated old Major's teachings into a complete system of thought, to which they gave the name of Animalism. Several nights a week, after Mr. Jones was asleep, they held secret meetings in the barn and expounded the principles of Animalism to the others. At the beginning they met with much stupidity and apathy. Some of the animals talked of the duty of loyalty to Mr. Jones, whom they referred to as "Master," or made elementary remarks such as "Mr. Jones feeds us. If he were gone, we should starve to death." Others asked such questions as "Why should we care what happens after we are dead?" or "If this Rebellion is to happen anyway, what difference does it make whether we work for it or not?", and the pigs had great difficulty in making them see that this was contrary to the spirit of Animalism. The stupidest questions of all were asked by Mollie, the white mare. The very first question she asked Snowball was: "Will there still be sugar after the Rebellion?" "No," said Snowball firmly. "We have no means of making sugar on this farm. Besides, you do not need sugar. You will have all the oats and hay you want." "And shall I still be allowed to wear ribbons in my mane?" asked Mollie. "Comrade," said Snowball, "those ribbons that you are so devoted to are the badge of slavery. Can you not understand that liberty is worth more than ribbons?" Mollie agreed, but she did not sound very convinced. The pigs had an even harder struggle to counteract the lies put about by Moses, the tame raven. Moses, who was Mr. Jones's especial pet, was a spy and a tale-bearer, but he was also a clever talker. He claimed to know of the existence of a mysterious country called Sugarcandy Mountain, to which all animals went when they died. It was situated somewhere up in the sky, a little distance beyond the clouds, Moses said. In Sugarcandy Mountain it was Sunday seven days a week, clover was in season all the year round, and lump sugar and linseed cake grew on the hedges. The animals hated Moses because he told tales and did no work, but some of them believed in Sugarcandy Mountain, and the pigs had to argue very hard to persuade them that there was no such place. Their most faithful disciples were the two cart-horses, Boxer and Clover. These two had great difficulty in thinking anything out for themselves, but having once accepted the pigs as their teachers, they absorbed everything that they were told, and passed it on to the other animals by simple arguments. They were unfailing in their attendance at the secret meetings in the barn, and led the singing of 'Beasts of England', with which the meetings always ended. Now, as it turned out, the Rebellion was achieved much earlier and more easily than anyone had expected. In past years Mr. Jones, although a hard master, had been a capable farmer, but of late he had fallen on evil days. He had become much disheartened after losing money in a lawsuit, and had taken to drinking more than was good for him. For whole days at a time he would lounge in his Windsor chair in the kitchen, reading the newspapers, drinking, and occasionally feeding Moses on crusts of bread soaked in beer. His men were idle and dishonest, the fields were full of weeds, the buildings wanted roofing, the hedges were neglected, and the animals were underfed. June came and the hay was almost ready for cutting. On Midsummer's Eve, which was a Saturday, Mr. Jones went into Willingdon and got so drunk at the Red Lion that he did not come back till midday on Sunday. The men had milked the cows in the early morning and then had gone out rabbiting, without bothering to feed the animals. When Mr. Jones got back he immediately went to sleep on the drawing-room sofa with the News of the World over his face, so that when evening came, the animals were still unfed. At last they could stand it no longer. One of the cows broke in the door of the store-shed with her horn and all the animals began to help themselves from the bins. It was just then that Mr. Jones woke up. The next moment he and his four men were in the store-shed with whips in their hands, lashing out in all directions. This was more than the hungry animals could bear. With one accord, though nothing of the kind had been planned beforehand, they flung themselves upon their tormentors. Jones and his men suddenly found themselves being butted and kicked from all sides. The situation was quite out of their control. They had never seen animals behave like this before, and this sudden uprising of creatures whom they were used to thrashing and maltreating just as they chose, frightened them almost out of their wits. After only a moment or two they gave up trying to defend themselves and took to their heels. A minute later all five of them were in full flight down the cart-track that led to the main road, with the animals pursuing them in triumph. Mrs. Jones looked out of the bedroom window, saw what was happening, hurriedly flung a few possessions into a carpet bag, and slipped out of the farm by another way. Moses sprang off his perch and flapped after her, croaking loudly. Meanwhile the animals had chased Jones and his men out on to the road and slammed the five-barred gate behind them. And so, almost before they knew what was happening, the Rebellion had been successfully carried through: Jones was expelled, and the Manor Farm was theirs. For the first few minutes the animals could hardly believe in their good fortune. Their first act was to gallop in a body right round the boundaries of the farm, as though to make quite sure that no human being was hiding anywhere upon it; then they raced back to the farm buildings to wipe out the last traces of Jones's hated reign. The harness-room at the end of the stables was broken open; the bits, the nose-rings, the dog-chains, the cruel knives with which Mr. Jones had been used to castrate the pigs and lambs, were all flung down the well. The reins, the halters, the blinkers, the degrading nosebags, were thrown on to the rubbish fire which was burning in the yard. So were the whips. All the animals capered with joy when they saw the whips going up in flames. Snowball also threw on to the fire the ribbons with which the horses' manes and tails had usually been decorated on market days. "Ribbons," he said, "should be considered as clothes, which are the mark of a human being. All animals should go naked." When Boxer heard this he fetched the small straw hat which he wore in summer to keep the flies out of his ears, and flung it on to the fire with the rest. In a very little while the animals had destroyed everything that reminded them of Mr. Jones. Napoleon then led them back to the store-shed and served out a double ration of corn to everybody, with two biscuits for each dog. Then they sang 'Beasts of England' from end to end seven times running, and after that they settled down for the night and slept as they had never slept before. But they woke at dawn as usual, and suddenly remembering the glorious thing that had happened, they all raced out into the pasture together. A little way down the pasture there was a knoll that commanded a view of most of the farm. The animals rushed to the top of it and gazed round them in the clear morning light. Yes, it was theirs--everything that they could see was theirs! In the ecstasy of that thought they gambolled round and round, they hurled themselves into the air in great leaps of excitement. They rolled in the dew, they cropped mouthfuls of the sweet summer grass, they kicked up clods of the black earth and snuffed its rich scent. Then they made a tour of inspection of the whole farm and surveyed with speechless admiration the ploughland, the hayfield, the orchard, the pool, the spinney. It was as though they had never seen these things before, and even now they could hardly believe that it was all their own. Then they filed back to the farm buildings and halted in silence outside the door of the farmhouse. That was theirs too, but they were frightened to go inside. After a moment, however, Snowball and Napoleon butted the door open with their shoulders and the animals entered in single file, walking with the utmost care for fear of disturbing anything. They tiptoed from room to room, afraid to speak above a whisper and gazing with a kind of awe at the unbelievable luxury, at the beds with their feather mattresses, the looking-glasses, the horsehair sofa, the Brussels carpet, the lithograph of Queen Victoria over the drawing-room mantelpiece. They were just coming down the stairs when Mollie was discovered to be missing. Going back, the others found that she had remained behind in the best bedroom. She had taken a piece of blue ribbon from Mrs. Jones's dressing-table, and was holding it against her shoulder and admiring herself in the glass in a very foolish manner. The others reproached her sharply, and they went outside. Some hams hanging in the kitchen were taken out for burial, and the barrel of beer in the scullery was stove in with a kick from Boxer's hoof, otherwise nothing in the house was touched. A unanimous resolution was passed on the spot that the farmhouse should be preserved as a museum. All were agreed that no animal must ever live there. The animals had their breakfast, and then Snowball and Napoleon called them together again. "Comrades," said Snowball, "it is half-past six and we have a long day before us. Today we begin the hay harvest. But there is another matter that must be attended to first." The pigs now revealed that during the past three months they had taught themselves to read and write from an old spelling book which had belonged to Mr. Jones's children and which had been thrown on the rubbish heap. Napoleon sent for pots of black and white paint and led the way down to the five-barred gate that gave on to the main road. Then Snowball (for it was Snowball who was best at writing) took a brush between the two knuckles of his trotter, painted out MANOR FARM from the top bar of the gate and in its place painted ANIMAL FARM. This was to be the name of the farm from now onwards. After this they went back to the farm buildings, where Snowball and Napoleon sent for a ladder which they caused to be set against the end wall of the big barn. They explained that by their studies of the past three months the pigs had succeeded in reducing the principles of Animalism to Seven Commandments. These Seven Commandments would now be inscribed on the wall; they would form an unalterable law by which all the animals on Animal Farm must live for ever after. With some difficulty (for it is not easy for a pig to balance himself on a ladder) Snowball climbed up and set to work, with Squealer a few rungs below him holding the paint-pot. The Commandments were written on the tarred wall in great white letters that could be read thirty yards away. They ran thus: THE SEVEN COMMANDMENTS 1. Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy. 2. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend. 3. No animal shall wear clothes. 4. No animal shall sleep in a bed. 5. No animal shall drink alcohol. 6. No animal shall kill any other animal. 7. All animals are equal. It was very neatly written, and except that "friend" was written "freind" and one of the "S's" was the wrong way round, the spelling was correct all the way through. Snowball read it aloud for the benefit of the others. All the animals nodded in complete agreement, and the cleverer ones at once began to learn the Commandments by heart. "Now, comrades," cried Snowball, throwing down the paint-brush, "to the hayfield! Let us make it a point of honour to get in the harvest more quickly than Jones and his men could do." But at this moment the three cows, who had seemed uneasy for some time past, set up a loud lowing. They had not been milked for twenty-four hours, and their udders were almost bursting. After a little thought, the pigs sent for buckets and milked the cows fairly successfully, their trotters being well adapted to this task. Soon there were five buckets of frothing creamy milk at which many of the animals looked with considerable interest. "What is going to happen to all that milk?" said someone. "Jones used sometimes to mix some of it in our mash," said one of the hens. "Never mind the milk, comrades!" cried Napoleon, placing himself in front of the buckets. "That will be attended to. The harvest is more important. Comrade Snowball will lead the way. I shall follow in a few minutes. Forward, comrades! The hay is waiting." So the animals trooped down to the hayfield to begin the harvest, and when they came back in the evening it was noticed that the milk had disappeared. Chapter III How they toiled and sweated to get the hay in! But their efforts were rewarded, for the harvest was an even bigger success than they had hoped. Sometimes the work was hard; the implements had been designed for human beings and not for animals, and it was a great drawback that no animal was able to use any tool that involved standing on his hind legs. But the pigs were so clever that they could think of a way round every difficulty. As for the horses, they knew every inch of the field, and in fact understood the business of mowing and raking far better than Jones and his men had ever done. The pigs did not actually work, but directed and supervised the others. With their superior knowledge it was natural that they should assume the leadership. Boxer and Clover would harness themselves to the cutter or the horse-rake (no bits or reins were needed in these days, of course) and tramp steadily round and round the field with a pig walking behind and calling out "Gee up, comrade!" or "Whoa back, comrade!" as the case might be. And every animal down to the humblest worked at turning the hay and gathering it. Even the ducks and hens toiled to and fro all day in the sun, carrying tiny wisps of hay in their beaks. In the end they finished the harvest in two days' less time than it had usually taken Jones and his men. Moreover, it was the biggest harvest that the farm had ever seen. There was no wastage whatever; the hens and ducks with their sharp eyes had gathered up the very last stalk. And not an animal on the farm had stolen so much as a mouthful. All through that summer the work of the farm went like clockwork. The animals were happy as they had never conceived it possible to be. Every mouthful of food was an acute positive pleasure, now that it was truly their own food, produced by themselves and for themselves, not doled out to them by a grudging master. With the worthless parasitical human beings gone, there was more for everyone to eat. There was more leisure too, inexperienced though the animals were. They met with many difficulties--for instance, later in the year, when they harvested the corn, they had to tread it out in the ancient style and blow away the chaff with their breath, since the farm possessed no threshing machine--but the pigs with their cleverness and Boxer with his tremendous muscles always pulled them through. Boxer was the admiration of everybody. He had been a hard worker even in Jones's time, but now he seemed more like three horses than one; there were days when the entire work of the farm seemed to rest on his mighty shoulders. From morning to night he was pushing and pulling, always at the spot where the work was hardest. He had made an arrangement with one of the cockerels to call him in the mornings half an hour earlier than anyone else, and would put in some volunteer labour at whatever seemed to be most needed, before the regular day's work began. His answer to every problem, every setback, was "I will work harder!"--which he had adopted as his personal motto. But everyone worked according to his capacity. The hens and ducks, for instance, saved five bushels of corn at the harvest by gathering up the stray grains. Nobody stole, nobody grumbled over his rations, the quarrelling and biting and jealousy which had been normal features of life in the old days had almost disappeared. Nobody shirked--or almost nobody. Mollie, it was true, was not good at getting up in the mornings, and had a way of leaving work early on the ground that there was a stone in her hoof. And the behaviour of the cat was somewhat peculiar. It was soon noticed that when there was work to be done the cat could never be found. She would vanish for hours on end, and then reappear at meal-times, or in the evening after work was over, as though nothing had happened. But she always made such excellent excuses, and purred so affectionately, that it was impossible not to believe in her good intentions. Old Benjamin, the donkey, seemed quite unchanged since the Rebellion. He did his work in the same slow obstinate way as he had done it in Jones's time, never shirking and never volunteering for extra work either. About the Rebellion and its results he would express no opinion. When asked whether he was not happier now that Jones was gone, he would say only "Donkeys live a long time. None of you has ever seen a dead donkey," and the others had to be content with this cryptic answer. On Sundays there was no work. Breakfast was an hour later than usual, and after breakfast there was a ceremony which was observed every week without fail. First came the hoisting of the flag. Snowball had found in the harness-room an old green tablecloth of Mrs. Jones's and had painted on it a hoof and a horn in white. This was run up the flagstaff in the farmhouse garden every Sunday morning. The flag was green, Snowball explained, to represent the green fields of England, while the hoof and horn signified the future Republic of the Animals which would arise when the human race had been finally overthrown. After the hoisting of the flag all the animals trooped into the big barn for a general assembly which was known as the Meeting. Here the work of the coming week was planned out and resolutions were put forward and debated. It was always the pigs who put forward the resolutions. The other animals understood how to vote, but could never think of any resolutions of their own. Snowball and Napoleon were by far the most active in the debates. But it was noticed that these two were never in agreement: whatever suggestion either of them made, the other could be counted on to oppose it. Even when it was resolved--a thing no one could object to in itself--to set aside the small paddock behind the orchard as a home of rest for animals who were past work, there was a stormy debate over the correct retiring age for each class of animal. The Meeting always ended with the singing of 'Beasts of England', and the afternoon was given up to recreation. The pigs had set aside the harness-room as a headquarters for themselves. Here, in the evenings, they studied blacksmithing, carpentering, and other necessary arts from books which they had brought out of the farmhouse. Snowball also busied himself with organising the other animals into what he called Animal Committees. He was indefatigable at this. He formed the Egg Production Committee for the hens, the Clean Tails League for the cows, the Wild Comrades' Re-education Committee (the object of this was to tame the rats and rabbits), the Whiter Wool Movement for the sheep, and various others, besides instituting classes in reading and writing. On the whole, these projects were a failure. The attempt to tame the wild creatures, for instance, broke down almost immediately. They continued to behave very much as before, and when treated with generosity, simply took advantage of it. The cat joined the Re-education Committee and was very active in it for some days. She was seen one day sitting on a roof and talking to some sparrows who were just out of her reach. She was telling them that all animals were now comrades and that any sparrow who chose could come and perch on her paw; but the sparrows kept their distance. The reading and writing classes, however, were a great success. By the autumn almost every animal on the farm was literate in some degree. As for the pigs, they could already read and write perfectly. The dogs learned to read fairly well, but were not interested in reading anything except the Seven Commandments. Muriel, the goat, could read somewhat better than the dogs, and sometimes used to read to the others in the evenings from scraps of newspaper which she found on the rubbish heap. Benjamin could read as well as any pig, but never exercised his faculty. So far as he knew, he said, there was nothing worth reading. Clover learnt the whole alphabet, but could not put words together. Boxer could not get beyond the letter D. He would trace out A, B, C, D, in the dust with his great hoof, and then would stand staring at the letters with his ears back, sometimes shaking his forelock, trying with all his might to remember what came next and never succeeding. On several occasions, indeed, he did learn E, F, G, H, but by the time he knew them, it was always discovered that he had forgotten A, B, C, and D. Finally he decided to be content with the first four letters, and used to write them out once or twice every day to refresh his memory. Mollie refused to learn any but the six letters which spelt her own name. She would form these very neatly out of pieces of twig, and would then decorate them with a flower or two and walk round them admiring them. None of the other animals on the farm could get further than the letter A. It was also found that the stupider animals, such as the sheep, hens, and ducks, were unable to learn the Seven Commandments by heart. After much thought Snowball declared that the Seven Commandments could in effect be reduced to a single maxim, namely: "Four legs good, two legs bad." This, he said, contained the essential principle of Animalism. Whoever had thoroughly grasped it would be safe from human influences. The birds at first objected, since it seemed to them that they also had two legs, but Snowball proved to them that this was not so. "A bird's wing, comrades," he said, "is an organ of propulsion and not of manipulation. It should therefore be regarded as a leg. The distinguishing mark of man is the HAND, the instrument with which he does all his mischief." The birds did not understand Snowball's long words, but they accepted his explanation, and all the humbler animals set to work to learn the new maxim by heart. FOUR LEGS GOOD, TWO LEGS BAD, was inscribed on the end wall of the barn, above the Seven Commandments and in bigger letters. When they had once got it by heart, the sheep developed a great liking for this maxim, and often as they lay in the field they would all start bleating "Four legs good, two legs bad! Four legs good, two legs bad!" and keep it up for hours on end, never growing tired of it. Napoleon took no interest in Snowball's committees. He said that the education of the young was more important than anything that could be done for those who were already grown up. It happened that Jessie and Bluebell had both whelped soon after the hay harvest, giving birth between them to nine sturdy puppies. As soon as they were weaned, Napoleon took them away from their mothers, saying that he would make himself responsible for their education. He took them up into a loft which could only be reached by a ladder from the harness-room, and there kept them in such seclusion that the rest of the farm soon forgot their existence. The mystery of where the milk went to was soon cleared up. It was mixed every day into the pigs' mash. The early apples were now ripening, and the grass of the orchard was littered with windfalls. The animals had assumed as a matter of course that these would be shared out equally; one day, however, the order went forth that all the windfalls were to be collected and brought to the harness-room for the use of the pigs. At this some of the other animals murmured, but it was no use. All the pigs were in full agreement on this point, even Snowball and Napoleon. Squealer was sent to make the necessary explanations to the others. "Comrades!" he cried. "You do not imagine, I hope, that we pigs are doing this in a spirit of selfishness and privilege? Many of us actually dislike milk and apples. I dislike them myself. Our sole object in taking these things is to preserve our health. Milk and apples (this has been proved by Science, comrades) contain substances absolutely necessary to the well-being of a pig. We pigs are brainworkers. The whole management and organisation of this farm depend on us. Day and night we are watching over your welfare. It is for YOUR sake that we drink that milk and eat those apples. Do you know what would happen if we pigs failed in our duty? Jones would come back! Yes, Jones would come back! Surely, comrades," cried Squealer almost pleadingly, skipping from side to side and whisking his tail, "surely there is no one among you who wants to see Jones come back?" Now if there was one thing that the animals were completely certain of, it was that they did not want Jones back. When it was put to them in this light, they had no more to say. The importance of keeping the pigs in good health was all too obvious. So it was agreed without further argument that the milk and the windfall apples (and also the main crop of apples when they ripened) should be reserved for the pigs alone. Chapter IV By the late summer the news of what had happened on Animal Farm had spread across half the county. Every day Snowball and Napoleon sent out flights of pigeons whose instructions were to mingle with the animals on neighbouring farms, tell them the story of the Rebellion, and teach them the tune of 'Beasts of England'. Most of this time Mr. Jones had spent sitting in the taproom of the Red Lion at Willingdon, complaining to anyone who would listen of the monstrous injustice he had suffered in being turned out of his property by a pack of good-for-nothing animals. The other farmers sympathised in principle, but they did not at first give him much help. At heart, each of them was secretly wondering whether he could not somehow turn Jones's misfortune to his own advantage. It was lucky that the owners of the two farms which adjoined Animal Farm were on permanently bad terms. One of them, which was named Foxwood, was a large, neglected, old-fashioned farm, much overgrown by woodland, with all its pastures worn out and its hedges in a disgraceful condition. Its owner, Mr. Pilkington, was an easy-going gentleman farmer who spent most of his time in fishing or hunting according to the season. The other farm, which was called Pinchfield, was smaller and better kept. Its owner was a Mr. Frederick, a tough, shrewd man, perpetually involved in lawsuits and with a name for driving hard bargains. These two disliked each other so much that it was difficult for them to come to any agreement, even in defence of their own interests. Nevertheless, they were both thoroughly frightened by the rebellion on Animal Farm, and very anxious to prevent their own animals from learning too much about it. At first they pretended to laugh to scorn the idea of animals managing a farm for themselves. The whole thing would be over in a fortnight, they said. They put it about that the animals on the Manor Farm (they insisted on calling it the Manor Farm; they would not tolerate the name "Animal Farm") were perpetually fighting among themselves and were also rapidly starving to death. When time passed and the animals had evidently not starved to death, Frederick and Pilkington changed their tune and began to talk of the terrible wickedness that now flourished on Animal Farm. It was given out that the animals there practised cannibalism, tortured one another with red-hot horseshoes, and had their females in common. This was what came of rebelling against the laws of Nature, Frederick and Pilkington said. However, these stories were never fully believed. Rumours of a wonderful farm, where the human beings had been turned out and the animals managed their own affairs, continued to circulate in vague and distorted forms, and throughout that year a wave of rebelliousness ran through the countryside. Bulls which had always been tractable suddenly turned savage, sheep broke down hedges and devoured the clover, cows kicked the pail over, hunters refused their fences and shot their riders on to the other side. Above all, the tune and even the words of 'Beasts of England' were known everywhere. It had spread with astonishing speed. The human beings could not contain their rage when they heard this song, though they pretended to think it merely ridiculous. They could not understand, they said, how even animals could bring themselves to sing such contemptible rubbish. Any animal caught singing it was given a flogging on the spot. And yet the song was irrepressible. The blackbirds whistled it in the hedges, the pigeons cooed it in the elms, it got into the din of the smithies and the tune of the church bells. And when the human beings listened to it, they secretly trembled, hearing in it a prophecy of their future doom. Early in October, when the corn was cut and stacked and some of it was already threshed, a flight of pigeons came whirling through the air and alighted in the yard of Animal Farm in the wildest excitement. Jones and all his men, with half a dozen others from Foxwood and Pinchfield, had entered the five-barred gate and were coming up the cart-track that led to the farm. They were all carrying sticks, except Jones, who was marching ahead with a gun in his hands. Obviously they were going to attempt the recapture of the farm. This had long been expected, and all preparations had been made. Snowball, who had studied an old book of Julius Caesar's campaigns which he had found in the farmhouse, was in charge of the defensive operations. He gave his orders quickly, and in a couple of minutes every animal was at his post. As the human beings approached the farm buildings, Snowball launched his first attack. All the pigeons, to the number of thirty-five, flew to and fro over the men's heads and muted upon them from mid-air; and while the men were dealing with this, the geese, who had been hiding behind the hedge, rushed out and pecked viciously at the calves of their legs. However, this was only a light skirmishing manoeuvre, intended to create a little disorder, and the men easily drove the geese off with their sticks. Snowball now launched his second line of attack. Muriel, Benjamin, and all the sheep, with Snowball at the head of them, rushed forward and prodded and butted the men from every side, while Benjamin turned around and lashed at them with his small hoofs. But once again the men, with their sticks and their hobnailed boots, were too strong for them; and suddenly, at a squeal from Snowball, which was the signal for retreat, all the animals turned and fled through the gateway into the yard. The men gave a shout of triumph. They saw, as they imagined, their enemies in flight, and they rushed after them in disorder. This was just what Snowball had intended. As soon as they were well inside the yard, the three horses, the three cows, and the rest of the pigs, who had been lying in ambush in the cowshed, suddenly emerged in their rear, cutting them off. Snowball now gave the signal for the charge. He himself dashed straight for Jones. Jones saw him coming, raised his gun and fired. The pellets scored bloody streaks along Snowball's back, and a sheep dropped dead. Without halting for an instant, Snowball flung his fifteen stone against Jones's legs. Jones was hurled into a pile of dung and his gun flew out of his hands. But the most terrifying spectacle of all was Boxer, rearing up on his hind legs and striking out with his great iron-shod hoofs like a stallion. His very first blow took a stable-lad from Foxwood on the skull and stretched him lifeless in the mud. At the sight, several men dropped their sticks and tried to run. Panic overtook them, and the next moment all the animals together were chasing them round and round the yard. They were gored, kicked, bitten, trampled on. There was not an animal on the farm that did not take vengeance on them after his own fashion. Even the cat suddenly leapt off a roof onto a cowman's shoulders and sank her claws in his neck, at which he yelled horribly. At a moment when the opening was clear, the men were glad enough to rush out of the yard and make a bolt for the main road. And so within five minutes of their invasion they were in ignominious retreat by the same way as they had come, with a flock of geese hissing after them and pecking at their calves all the way. All the men were gone except one. Back in the yard Boxer was pawing with his hoof at the stable-lad who lay face down in the mud, trying to turn him over. The boy did not stir. "He is dead," said Boxer sorrowfully. "I had no intention of doing that. I forgot that I was wearing iron shoes. Who will believe that I did not do this on purpose?" "No sentimentality, comrade!" cried Snowball from whose wounds the blood was still dripping. "War is war. The only good human being is a dead one." "I have no wish to take life, not even human life," repeated Boxer, and his eyes were full of tears. "Where is Mollie?" exclaimed somebody. Mollie in fact was missing. For a moment there was great alarm; it was feared that the men might have harmed her in some way, or even carried her off with them. In the end, however, she was found hiding in her stall with her head buried among the hay in the manger. She had taken to flight as soon as the gun went off. And when the others came back from looking for her, it was to find that the stable-lad, who in fact was only stunned, had already recovered and made off. The animals had now reassembled in the wildest excitement, each recounting his own exploits in the battle at the top of his voice. An impromptu celebration of the victory was held immediately. The flag was run up and 'Beasts of England' was sung a number of times, then the sheep who had been killed was given a solemn funeral, a hawthorn bush being planted on her grave. At the graveside Snowball made a little speech, emphasising the need for all animals to be ready to die for Animal Farm if need be. The animals decided unanimously to create a military decoration, "Animal Hero, First Class," which was conferred there and then on Snowball and Boxer. It consisted of a brass medal (they were really some old horse-brasses which had been found in the harness-room), to be worn on Sundays and holidays. There was also "Animal Hero, Second Class," which was conferred posthumously on the dead sheep. There was much discussion as to what the battle should be called. In the end, it was named the Battle of the Cowshed, since that was where the ambush had been sprung. Mr. Jones's gun had been found lying in the mud, and it was known that there was a supply of cartridges in the farmhouse. It was decided to set the gun up at the foot of the Flagstaff, like a piece of artillery, and to fire it twice a year--once on October the twelfth, the anniversary of the Battle of the Cowshed, and once on Midsummer Day, the anniversary of the Rebellion. Chapter V As winter drew on, Mollie became more and more troublesome. She was late for work every morning and excused herself by saying that she had overslept, and she complained of mysterious pains, although her appetite was excellent. On every kind of pretext she would run away from work and go to the drinking pool, where she would stand foolishly gazing at her own reflection in the water. But there were also rumours of something more serious. One day, as Mollie strolled blithely into the yard, flirting her long tail and chewing at a stalk of hay, Clover took her aside. "Mollie," she said, "I have something very serious to say to you. This morning I saw you looking over the hedge that divides Animal Farm from Foxwood. One of Mr. Pilkington's men was standing on the other side of the hedge. And--I was a long way away, but I am almost certain I saw this--he was talking to you and you were allowing him to stroke your nose. What does that mean, Mollie?" "He didn't! I wasn't! It isn't true!" cried Mollie, beginning to prance about and paw the ground. "Mollie! Look me in the face. Do you give me your word of honour that that man was not stroking your nose?" "It isn't true!" repeated Mollie, but she could not look Clover in the face, and the next moment she took to her heels and galloped away into the field. A thought struck Clover. Without saying anything to the others, she went to Mollie's stall and turned over the straw with her hoof. Hidden under the straw was a little pile of lump sugar and several bunches of ribbon of different colours. Three days later Mollie disappeared. For some weeks nothing was known of her whereabouts, then the pigeons reported that they had seen her on the other side of Willingdon. She was between the shafts of a smart dogcart painted red and black, which was standing outside a public-house. A fat red-faced man in check breeches and gaiters, who looked like a publican, was stroking her nose and feeding her with sugar. Her coat was newly clipped and she wore a scarlet ribbon round her forelock. She appeared to be enjoying herself, so the pigeons said. None of the animals ever mentioned Mollie again. In January there came bitterly hard weather. The earth was like iron, and nothing could be done in the fields. Many meetings were held in the big barn, and the pigs occupied themselves with planning out the work of the coming season. It had come to be accepted that the pigs, who were manifestly cleverer than the other animals, should decide all questions of farm policy, though their decisions had to be ratified by a majority vote. This arrangement would have worked well enough if it had not been for the disputes between Snowball and Napoleon. These two disagreed at every point where disagreement was possible. If one of them suggested sowing a bigger acreage with barley, the other was certain to demand a bigger acreage of oats, and if one of them said that such and such a field was just right for cabbages, the other would declare that it was useless for anything except roots. Each had his own following, and there were some violent debates. At the Meetings Snowball often won over the majority by his brilliant speeches, but Napoleon was better at canvassing support for himself in between times. He was especially successful with the sheep. Of late the sheep had taken to bleating "Four legs good, two legs bad" both in and out of season, and they often interrupted the Meeting with this. It was noticed that they were especially liable to break into "Four legs good, two legs bad" at crucial moments in Snowball's speeches. Snowball had made a close study of some back numbers of the 'Farmer and Stockbreeder' which he had found in the farmhouse, and was full of plans for innovations and improvements. He talked learnedly about field drains, silage, and basic slag, and had worked out a complicated scheme for all the animals to drop their dung directly in the fields, at a different spot every day, to save the labour of cartage. Napoleon produced no schemes of his own, but said quietly that Snowball's would come to nothing, and seemed to be biding his time. But of all their controversies, none was so bitter as the one that took place over the windmill. In the long pasture, not far from the farm buildings, there was a small knoll which was the highest point on the farm. After surveying the ground, Snowball declared that this was just the place for a windmill, which could be made to operate a dynamo and supply the farm with electrical power. This would light the stalls and warm them in winter, and would also run a circular saw, a chaff-cutter, a mangel-slicer, and an electric milking machine. The animals had never heard of anything of this kind before (for the farm was an old-fashioned one and had only the most primitive machinery), and they listened in astonishment while Snowball conjured up pictures of fantastic machines which would do their work for them while they grazed at their ease in the fields or improved their minds with reading and conversation. Within a few weeks Snowball's plans for the windmill were fully worked out. The mechanical details came mostly from three books which had belonged to Mr. Jones--'One Thousand Useful Things to Do About the House', 'Every Man His Own Bricklayer', and 'Electricity for Beginners'. Snowball used as his study a shed which had once been used for incubators and had a smooth wooden floor, suitable for drawing on. He was closeted there for hours at a time. With his books held open by a stone, and with a piece of chalk gripped between the knuckles of his trotter, he would move rapidly to and fro, drawing in line after line and uttering little whimpers of excitement. Gradually the plans grew into a complicated mass of cranks and cog-wheels, covering more than half the floor, which the other animals found completely unintelligible but very impressive. All of them came to look at Snowball's drawings at least once a day. Even the hens and ducks came, and were at pains not to tread on the chalk marks. Only Napoleon held aloof. He had declared himself against the windmill from the start. One day, however, he arrived unexpectedly to examine the plans. He walked heavily round the shed, looked closely at every detail of the plans and snuffed at them once or twice, then stood for a little while contemplating them out of the corner of his eye; then suddenly he lifted his leg, urinated over the plans, and walked out without uttering a word. The whole farm was deeply divided on the subject of the windmill. Snowball did not deny that to build it would be a difficult business. Stone would have to be carried and built up into walls, then the sails would have to be made and after that there would be need for dynamos and cables. (How these were to be procured, Snowball did not say.) But he maintained that it could all be done in a year. And thereafter, he declared, so much labour would be saved that the animals would only need to work three days a week. Napoleon, on the other hand, argued that the great need of the moment was to increase food production, and that if they wasted time on the windmill they would all starve to death. The animals formed themselves into two factions under the slogan, "Vote for Snowball and the three-day week" and "Vote for Napoleon and the full manger." Benjamin was the only animal who did not side with either faction. He refused to believe either that food would become more plentiful or that the windmill would save work. Windmill or no windmill, he said, life would go on as it had always gone on--that is, badly. Apart from the disputes over the windmill, there was the question of the defence of the farm. It was fully realised that though the human beings had been defeated in the Battle of the Cowshed they might make another and more determined attempt to recapture the farm and reinstate Mr. Jones. They had all the more reason for doing so because the news of their defeat had spread across the countryside and made the animals on the neighbouring farms more restive than ever. As usual, Snowball and Napoleon were in disagreement. According to Napoleon, what the animals must do was to procure firearms and train themselves in the use of them. According to Snowball, they must send out more and more pigeons and stir up rebellion among the animals on the other farms. The one argued that if they could not defend themselves they were bound to be conquered, the other argued that if rebellions happened everywhere they would have no need to defend themselves. The animals listened first to Napoleon, then to Snowball, and could not make up their minds which was right; indeed, they always found themselves in agreement with the one who was speaking at the moment. At last the day came when Snowball's plans were completed. At the Meeting on the following Sunday the question of whether or not to begin work on the windmill was to be put to the vote. When the animals had assembled in the big barn, Snowball stood up and, though occasionally interrupted by bleating from the sheep, set forth his reasons for advocating the building of the windmill. Then Napoleon stood up to reply. He said very quietly that the windmill was nonsense and that he advised nobody to vote for it, and promptly sat down again; he had spoken for barely thirty seconds, and seemed almost indifferent as to the effect he produced. At this Snowball sprang to his feet, and shouting down the sheep, who had begun bleating again, broke into a passionate appeal in favour of the windmill. Until now the animals had been about equally divided in their sympathies, but in a moment Snowball's eloquence had carried them away. In glowing sentences he painted a picture of Animal Farm as it might be when sordid labour was lifted from the animals' backs. His imagination had now run far beyond chaff-cutters and turnip-slicers. Electricity, he said, could operate threshing machines, ploughs, harrows, rollers, and reapers and binders, besides supplying every stall with its own electric light, hot and cold water, and an electric heater. By the time he had finished speaking, there was no doubt as to which way the vote would go. But just at this moment Napoleon stood up and, casting a peculiar sidelong look at Snowball, uttered a high-pitched whimper of a kind no one had ever heard him utter before. At this there was a terrible baying sound outside, and nine enormous dogs wearing brass-studded collars came bounding into the barn. They dashed straight for Snowball, who only sprang from his place just in time to escape their snapping jaws. In a moment he was out of the door and they were after him. Too amazed and frightened to speak, all the animals crowded through the door to watch the chase. Snowball was racing across the long pasture that led to the road. He was running as only a pig can run, but the dogs were close on his heels. Suddenly he slipped and it seemed certain that they had him. Then he was up again, running faster than ever, then the dogs were gaining on him again. One of them all but closed his jaws on Snowball's tail, but Snowball whisked it free just in time. Then he put on an extra spurt and, with a few inches to spare, slipped through a hole in the hedge and was seen no more. Silent and terrified, the animals crept back into the barn. In a moment the dogs came bounding back. At first no one had been able to imagine where these creatures came from, but the problem was soon solved: they were the puppies whom Napoleon had taken away from their mothers and reared privately. Though not yet full-grown, they were huge dogs, and as fierce-looking as wolves. They kept close to Napoleon. It was noticed that they wagged their tails to him in the same way as the other dogs had been used to do to Mr. Jones. Napoleon, with the dogs following him, now mounted on to the raised portion of the floor where Major had previously stood to deliver his speech. He announced that from now on the Sunday-morning Meetings would come to an end. They were unnecessary, he said, and wasted time. In future all questions relating to the working of the farm would be settled by a special committee of pigs, presided over by himself. These would meet in private and afterwards communicate their decisions to the others. The animals would still assemble on Sunday mornings to salute the flag, sing 'Beasts of England', and receive their orders for the week; but there would be no more debates. In spite of the shock that Snowball's expulsion had given them, the animals were dismayed by this announcement. Several of them would have protested if they could have found the right arguments. Even Boxer was vaguely troubled. He set his ears back, shook his forelock several times, and tried hard to marshal his thoughts; but in the end he could not think of anything to say. Some of the pigs themselves, however, were more articulate. Four young porkers in the front row uttered shrill squeals of disapproval, and all four of them sprang to their feet and began speaking at once. But suddenly the dogs sitting round Napoleon let out deep, menacing growls, and the pigs fell silent and sat down again. Then the sheep broke out into a tremendous bleating of "Four legs good, two legs bad!" which went on for nearly a quarter of an hour and put an end to any chance of discussion. Afterwards Squealer was sent round the farm to explain the new arrangement to the others. "Comrades," he said, "I trust that every animal here appreciates the sacrifice that Comrade Napoleon has made in taking this extra labour upon himself. Do not imagine, comrades, that leadership is a pleasure! On the contrary, it is a deep and heavy responsibility. No one believes more firmly than Comrade Napoleon that all animals are equal. He would be only too happy to let you make your decisions for yourselves. But sometimes you might make the wrong decisions, comrades, and then where should we be? Suppose you had decided to follow Snowball, with his moonshine of windmills--Snowball, who, as we now know, was no better than a criminal?" "He fought bravely at the Battle of the Cowshed," said somebody. "Bravery is not enough," said Squealer. "Loyalty and obedience are more important. And as to the Battle of the Cowshed, I believe the time will come when we shall find that Snowball's part in it was much exaggerated. Discipline, comrades, iron discipline! That is the watchword for today. One false step, and our enemies would be upon us. Surely, comrades, you do not want Jones back?" Once again this argument was unanswerable. Certainly the animals did not want Jones back; if the holding of debates on Sunday mornings was liable to bring him back, then the debates must stop. Boxer, who had now had time to think things over, voiced the general feeling by saying: "If Comrade Napoleon says it, it must be right." And from then on he adopted the maxim, "Napoleon is always right," in addition to his private motto of "I will work harder." By this time the weather had broken and the spring ploughing had begun. The shed where Snowball had drawn his plans of the windmill had been shut up and it was assumed that the plans had been rubbed off the floor. Every Sunday morning at ten o'clock the animals assembled in the big barn to receive their orders for the week. The skull of old Major, now clean of flesh, had been disinterred from the orchard and set up on a stump at the foot of the flagstaff, beside the gun. After the hoisting of the flag, the animals were required to file past the skull in a reverent manner before entering the barn. Nowadays they did not sit all together as they had done in the past. Napoleon, with Squealer and another pig named Minimus, who had a remarkable gift for composing songs and poems, sat on the front of the raised platform, with the nine young dogs forming a semicircle round them, and the other pigs sitting behind. The rest of the animals sat facing them in the main body of the barn. Napoleon read out the orders for the week in a gruff soldierly style, and after a single singing of 'Beasts of England', all the animals dispersed. On the third Sunday after Snowball's expulsion, the animals were somewhat surprised to hear Napoleon announce that the windmill was to be built after all. He did not give any reason for having changed his mind, but merely warned the animals that this extra task would mean very hard work, it might even be necessary to reduce their rations. The plans, however, had all been prepared, down to the last detail. A special committee of pigs had been at work upon them for the past three weeks. The building of the windmill, with various other improvements, was expected to take two years. That evening Squealer explained privately to the other animals that Napoleon had never in reality been opposed to the windmill. On the contrary, it was he who had advocated it in the beginning, and the plan which Snowball had drawn on the floor of the incubator shed had actually been stolen from among Napoleon's papers. The windmill was, in fact, Napoleon's own creation. Why, then, asked somebody, had he spoken so strongly against it? Here Squealer looked very sly. That, he said, was Comrade Napoleon's cunning. He had SEEMED to oppose the windmill, simply as a manoeuvre to get rid of Snowball, who was a dangerous character and a bad influence. Now that Snowball was out of the way, the plan could go forward without his interference. This, said Squealer, was something called tactics. He repeated a number of times, "Tactics, comrades, tactics!" skipping round and whisking his tail with a merry laugh. The animals were not certain what the word meant, but Squealer spoke so persuasively, and the three dogs who happened to be with him growled so threateningly, that they accepted his explanation without further questions. Chapter VI All that year the animals worked like slaves. But they were happy in their work; they grudged no effort or sacrifice, well aware that everything that they did was for the benefit of themselves and those of their kind who would come after them, and not for a pack of idle, thieving human beings. Throughout the spring and summer they worked a sixty-hour week, and in August Napoleon announced that there would be work on Sunday afternoons as well. This work was strictly voluntary, but any animal who absented himself from it would have his rations reduced by half. Even so, it was found necessary to leave certain tasks undone. The harvest was a little less successful than in the previous year, and two fields which should have been sown with roots in the early summer were not sown because the ploughing had not been completed early enough. It was possible to foresee that the coming winter would be a hard one. The windmill presented unexpected difficulties. There was a good quarry of limestone on the farm, and plenty of sand and cement had been found in one of the outhouses, so that all the materials for building were at hand. But the problem the animals could not at first solve was how to break up the stone into pieces of suitable size. There seemed no way of doing this except with picks and crowbars, which no animal could use, because no animal could stand on his hind legs. Only after weeks of vain effort did the right idea occur to somebody-namely, to utilise the force of gravity. Huge boulders, far too big to be used as they were, were lying all over the bed of the quarry. The animals lashed ropes round these, and then all together, cows, horses, sheep, any animal that could lay hold of the rope--even the pigs sometimes joined in at critical moments--they dragged them with desperate slowness up the slope to the top of the quarry, where they were toppled over the edge, to shatter to pieces below. Transporting the stone when it was once broken was comparatively simple. The horses carried it off in cart-loads, the sheep dragged single blocks, even Muriel and Benjamin yoked themselves into an old governess-cart and did their share. By late summer a sufficient store of stone had accumulated, and then the building began, under the superintendence of the pigs. But it was a slow, laborious process. Frequently it took a whole day of exhausting effort to drag a single boulder to the top of the quarry, and sometimes when it was pushed over the edge it failed to break. Nothing could have been achieved without Boxer, whose strength seemed equal to that of all the rest of the animals put together. When the boulder began to slip and the animals cried out in despair at finding themselves dragged down the hill, it was always Boxer who strained himself against the rope and brought the boulder to a stop. To see him toiling up the slope inch by inch, his breath coming fast, the tips of his hoofs clawing at the ground, and his great sides matted with sweat, filled everyone with admiration. Clover warned him sometimes to be careful not to overstrain himself, but Boxer would never listen to her. His two slogans, "I will work harder" and "Napoleon is always right," seemed to him a sufficient answer to all problems. He had made arrangements with the cockerel to call him three-quarters of an hour earlier in the mornings instead of half an hour. And in his spare moments, of which there were not many nowadays, he would go alone to the quarry, collect a load of broken stone, and drag it down to the site of the windmill unassisted. The animals were not badly off throughout that summer, in spite of the hardness of their work. If they had no more food than they had had in Jones's day, at least they did not have less. The advantage of only having to feed themselves, and not having to support five extravagant human beings as well, was so great that it would have taken a lot of failures to outweigh it. And in many ways the animal method of doing things was more efficient and saved labour. Such jobs as weeding, for instance, could be done with a thoroughness impossible to human beings. And again, since no animal now stole, it was unnecessary to fence off pasture from arable land, which saved a lot of labour on the upkeep of hedges and gates. Nevertheless, as the summer wore on, various unforeseen shortages began to make them selves felt. There was need of paraffin oil, nails, string, dog biscuits, and iron for the horses' shoes, none of which could be produced on the farm. Later there would also be need for seeds and artificial manures, besides various tools and, finally, the machinery for the windmill. How these were to be procured, no one was able to imagine. One Sunday morning, when the animals assembled to receive their orders, Napoleon announced that he had decided upon a new policy. From now onwards Animal Farm would engage in trade with the neighbouring farms: not, of course, for any commercial purpose, but simply in order to obtain certain materials which were urgently necessary. The needs of the windmill must override everything else, he said. He was therefore making arrangements to sell a stack of hay and part of the current year's wheat crop, and later on, if more money were needed, it would have to be made up by the sale of eggs, for which there was always a market in Willingdon. The hens, said Napoleon, should welcome this sacrifice as their own special contribution towards the building of the windmill. Once again the animals were conscious of a vague uneasiness. Never to have any dealings with human beings, never to engage in trade, never to make use of money--had not these been among the earliest resolutions passed at that first triumphant Meeting after Jones was expelled? All the animals remembered passing such resolutions: or at least they thought that they remembered it. The four young pigs who had protested when Napoleon abolished the Meetings raised their voices timidly, but they were promptly silenced by a tremendous growling from the dogs. Then, as usual, the sheep broke into "Four legs good, two legs bad!" and the momentary awkwardness was smoothed over. Finally Napoleon raised his trotter for silence and announced that he had already made all the arrangements. There would be no need for any of the animals to come in contact with human beings, which would clearly be most undesirable. He intended to take the whole burden upon his own shoulders. A Mr. Whymper, a solicitor living in Willingdon, had agreed to act as intermediary between Animal Farm and the outside world, and would visit the farm every Monday morning to receive his instructions. Napoleon ended his speech with his usual cry of "Long live Animal Farm!" and after the singing of 'Beasts of England' the animals were dismissed. Afterwards Squealer made a round of the farm and set the animals' minds at rest. He assured them that the resolution against engaging in trade and using money had never been passed, or even suggested. It was pure imagination, probably traceable in the beginning to lies circulated by Snowball. A few animals still felt faintly doubtful, but Squealer asked them shrewdly, "Are you certain that this is not something that you have dreamed, comrades? Have you any record of such a resolution? Is it written down anywhere?" And since it was certainly true that nothing of the kind existed in writing, the animals were satisfied that they had been mistaken. Every Monday Mr. Whymper visited the farm as had been arranged. He was a sly-looking little man with side whiskers, a solicitor in a very small way of business, but sharp enough to have realised earlier than anyone else that Animal Farm would need a broker and that the commissions would be worth having. The animals watched his coming and going with a kind of dread, and avoided him as much as possible. Nevertheless, the sight of Napoleon, on all fours, delivering orders to Whymper, who stood on two legs, roused their pride and partly reconciled them to the new arrangement. Their relations with the human race were now not quite the same as they had been before. The human beings did not hate Animal Farm any less now that it was prospering; indeed, they hated it more than ever. Every human being held it as an article of faith that the farm would go bankrupt sooner or later, and, above all, that the windmill would be a failure. They would meet in the public-houses and prove to one another by means of diagrams that the windmill was bound to fall down, or that if it did stand up, then that it would never work. And yet, against their will, they had developed a certain respect for the efficiency with which the animals were managing their own affairs. One symptom of this was that they had begun to call Animal Farm by its proper name and ceased to pretend that it was called the Manor Farm. They had also dropped their championship of Jones, who had given up hope of getting his farm back and gone to live in another part of the county. Except through Whymper, there was as yet no contact between Animal Farm and the outside world, but there were constant rumours that Napoleon was about to enter into a definite business agreement either with Mr. Pilkington of Foxwood or with Mr. Frederick of Pinchfield--but never, it was noticed, with both simultaneously. It was about this time that the pigs suddenly moved into the farmhouse and took up their residence there. Again the animals seemed to remember that a resolution against this had been passed in the early days, and again Squealer was able to convince them that this was not the case. It was absolutely necessary, he said, that the pigs, who were the brains of the farm, should have a quiet place to work in. It was also more suited to the dignity of the Leader (for of late he had taken to speaking of Napoleon under the title of "Leader") to live in a house than in a mere sty. Nevertheless, some of the animals were disturbed when they heard that the pigs not only took their meals in the kitchen and used the drawing-room as a recreation room, but also slept in the beds. Boxer passed it off as usual with "Napoleon is always right!", but Clover, who thought she remembered a definite ruling against beds, went to the end of the barn and tried to puzzle out the Seven Commandments which were inscribed there. Finding herself unable to read more than individual letters, she fetched Muriel. "Muriel," she said, "read me the Fourth Commandment. Does it not say something about never sleeping in a bed?" With some difficulty Muriel spelt it out. "It says, 'No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets,"' she announced finally. Curiously enough, Clover had not remembered that the Fourth Commandment mentioned sheets; but as it was there on the wall, it must have done so. And Squealer, who happened to be passing at this moment, attended by two or three dogs, was able to put the whole matter in its proper perspective. "You have heard then, comrades," he said, "that we pigs now sleep in the beds of the farmhouse? And why not? You did not suppose, surely, that there was ever a ruling against beds? A bed merely means a place to sleep in. A pile of straw in a stall is a bed, properly regarded. The rule was against sheets, which are a human invention. We have removed the sheets from the farmhouse beds, and sleep between blankets. And very comfortable beds they are too! But not more comfortable than we need, I can tell you, comrades, with all the brainwork we have to do nowadays. You would not rob us of our repose, would you, comrades? You would not have us too tired to carry out our duties? Surely none of you wishes to see Jones back?" The animals reassured him on this point immediately, and no more was said about the pigs sleeping in the farmhouse beds. And when, some days afterwards, it was announced that from now on the pigs would get up an hour later in the mornings than the other animals, no complaint was made about that either. By the autumn the animals were tired but happy. They had had a hard year, and after the sale of part of the hay and corn, the stores of food for the winter were none too plentiful, but the windmill compensated for everything. It was almost half built now. After the harvest there was a stretch of clear dry weather, and the animals toiled harder than ever, thinking it well worth while to plod to and fro all day with blocks of stone if by doing so they could raise the walls another foot. Boxer would even come out at nights and work for an hour or two on his own by the light of the harvest moon. In their spare moments the animals would walk round and round the half-finished mill, admiring the strength and perpendicularity of its walls and marvelling that they should ever have been able to build anything so imposing. Only old Benjamin refused to grow enthusiastic about the windmill, though, as usual, he would utter nothing beyond the cryptic remark that donkeys live a long time. November came, with raging south-west winds. Building had to stop because it was now too wet to mix the cement. Finally there came a night when the gale was so violent that the farm buildings rocked on their foundations and several tiles were blown off the roof of the barn. The hens woke up squawking with terror because they had all dreamed simultaneously of hearing a gun go off in the distance. In the morning the animals came out of their stalls to find that the flagstaff had been blown down and an elm tree at the foot of the orchard had been plucked up like a radish. They had just noticed this when a cry of despair broke from every animal's throat. A terrible sight had met their eyes. The windmill was in ruins. With one accord they dashed down to the spot. Napoleon, who seldom moved out of a walk, raced ahead of them all. Yes, there it lay, the fruit of all their struggles, levelled to its foundations, the stones they had broken and carried so laboriously scattered all around. Unable at first to speak, they stood gazing mournfully at the litter of fallen stone. Napoleon paced to and fro in silence, occasionally snuffing at the ground. His tail had grown rigid and twitched sharply from side to side, a sign in him of intense mental activity. Suddenly he halted as though his mind were made up. "Comrades," he said quietly, "do you know who is responsible for this? Do you know the enemy who has come in the night and overthrown our windmill? SNOWBALL!" he suddenly roared in a voice of thunder. "Snowball has done this thing! In sheer malignity, thinking to set back our plans and avenge himself for his ignominious expulsion, this traitor has crept here under cover of night and destroyed our work of nearly a year. Comrades, here and now I pronounce the death sentence upon Snowball. 'Animal Hero, Second Class,' and half a bushel of apples to any animal who brings him to justice. A full bushel to anyone who captures him alive!" The animals were shocked beyond measure to learn that even Snowball could be guilty of such an action. There was a cry of indignation, and everyone began thinking out ways of catching Snowball if he should ever come back. Almost immediately the footprints of a pig were discovered in the grass at a little distance from the knoll. They could only be traced for a few yards, but appeared to lead to a hole in the hedge. Napoleon snuffed deeply at them and pronounced them to be Snowball's. He gave it as his opinion that Snowball had probably come from the direction of Foxwood Farm. "No more delays, comrades!" cried Napoleon when the footprints had been examined. "There is work to be done. This very morning we begin rebuilding the windmill, and we will build all through the winter, rain or shine. We will teach this miserable traitor that he cannot undo our work so easily. Remember, comrades, there must be no alteration in our plans: they shall be carried out to the day. Forward, comrades! Long live the windmill! Long live Animal Farm!" Chapter VII It was a bitter winter. The stormy weather was followed by sleet and snow, and then by a hard frost which did not break till well into February. The animals carried on as best they could with the rebuilding of the windmill, well knowing that the outside world was watching them and that the envious human beings would rejoice and triumph if the mill were not finished on time. Out of spite, the human beings pretended not to believe that it was Snowball who had destroyed the windmill: they said that it had fallen down because the walls were too thin. The animals knew that this was not the case. Still, it had been decided to build the walls three feet thick this time instead of eighteen inches as before, which meant collecting much larger quantities of stone. For a long time the quarry was full of snowdrifts and nothing could be done. Some progress was made in the dry frosty weather that followed, but it was cruel work, and the animals could not feel so hopeful about it as they had felt before. They were always cold, and usually hungry as well. Only Boxer and Clover never lost heart. Squealer made excellent speeches on the joy of service and the dignity of labour, but the other animals found more inspiration in Boxer's strength and his never-failing cry of "I will work harder!" In January food fell short. The corn ration was drastically reduced, and it was announced that an extra potato ration would be issued to make up for it. Then it was discovered that the greater part of the potato crop had been frosted in the clamps, which had not been covered thickly enough. The potatoes had become soft and discoloured, and only a few were edible. For days at a time the animals had nothing to eat but chaff and mangels. Starvation seemed to stare them in the face. It was vitally necessary to conceal this fact from the outside world. Emboldened by the collapse of the windmill, the human beings were inventing fresh lies about Animal Farm. Once again it was being put about that all the animals were dying of famine and disease, and that they were continually fighting among themselves and had resorted to cannibalism and infanticide. Napoleon was well aware of the bad results that might follow if the real facts of the food situation were known, and he decided to make use of Mr. Whymper to spread a contrary impression. Hitherto the animals had had little or no contact with Whymper on his weekly visits: now, however, a few selected animals, mostly sheep, were instructed to remark casually in his hearing that rations had been increased. In addition, Napoleon ordered the almost empty bins in the store-shed to be filled nearly to the brim with sand, which was then covered up with what remained of the grain and meal. On some suitable pretext Whymper was led through the store-shed and allowed to catch a glimpse of the bins. He was deceived, and continued to report to the outside world that there was no food shortage on Animal Farm. Nevertheless, towards the end of January it became obvious that it would be necessary to procure some more grain from somewhere. In these days Napoleon rarely appeared in public, but spent all his time in the farmhouse, which was guarded at each door by fierce-looking dogs. When he did emerge, it was in a ceremonial manner, with an escort of six dogs who closely surrounded him and growled if anyone came too near. Frequently he did not even appear on Sunday mornings, but issued his orders through one of the other pigs, usually Squealer. One Sunday morning Squealer announced that the hens, who had just come in to lay again, must surrender their eggs. Napoleon had accepted, through Whymper, a contract for four hundred eggs a week. The price of these would pay for enough grain and meal to keep the farm going till summer came on and conditions were easier. When the hens heard this, they raised a terrible outcry. They had been warned earlier that this sacrifice might be necessary, but had not believed that it would really happen. They were just getting their clutches ready for the spring sitting, and they protested that to take the eggs away now was murder. For the first time since the expulsion of Jones, there was something resembling a rebellion. Led by three young Black Minorca pullets, the hens made a determined effort to thwart Napoleon's wishes. Their method was to fly up to the rafters and there lay their eggs, which smashed to pieces on the floor. Napoleon acted swiftly and ruthlessly. He ordered the hens' rations to be stopped, and decreed that any animal giving so much as a grain of corn to a hen should be punished by death. The dogs saw to it that these orders were carried out. For five days the hens held out, then they capitulated and went back to their nesting boxes. Nine hens had died in the meantime. Their bodies were buried in the orchard, and it was given out that they had died of coccidiosis. Whymper heard nothing of this affair, and the eggs were duly delivered, a grocer's van driving up to the farm once a week to take them away. All this while no more had been seen of Snowball. He was rumoured to be hiding on one of the neighbouring farms, either Foxwood or Pinchfield. Napoleon was by this time on slightly better terms with the other farmers than before. It happened that there was in the yard a pile of timber which had been stacked there ten years earlier when a beech spinney was cleared. It was well seasoned, and Whymper had advised Napoleon to sell it; both Mr. Pilkington and Mr. Frederick were anxious to buy it. Napoleon was hesitating between the two, unable to make up his mind. It was noticed that whenever he seemed on the point of coming to an agreement with Frederick, Snowball was declared to be in hiding at Foxwood, while, when he inclined toward Pilkington, Snowball was said to be at Pinchfield. Suddenly, early in the spring, an alarming thing was discovered. Snowball was secretly frequenting the farm by night! The animals were so disturbed that they could hardly sleep in their stalls. Every night, it was said, he came creeping in under cover of darkness and performed all kinds of mischief. He stole the corn, he upset the milk-pails, he broke the eggs, he trampled the seedbeds, he gnawed the bark off the fruit trees. Whenever anything went wrong it became usual to attribute it to Snowball. If a window was broken or a drain was blocked up, someone was certain to say that Snowball had come in the night and done it, and when the key of the store-shed was lost, the whole farm was convinced that Snowball had thrown it down the well. Curiously enough, they went on believing this even after the mislaid key was found under a sack of meal. The cows declared unanimously that Snowball crept into their stalls and milked them in their sleep. The rats, which had been troublesome that winter, were also said to be in league with Snowball. Napoleon decreed that there should be a full investigation into Snowball's activities. With his dogs in attendance he set out and made a careful tour of inspection of the farm buildings, the other animals following at a respectful distance. At every few steps Napoleon stopped and snuffed the ground for traces of Snowball's footsteps, which, he said, he could detect by the smell. He snuffed in every corner, in the barn, in the cow-shed, in the henhouses, in the vegetable garden, and found traces of Snowball almost everywhere. He would put his snout to the ground, give several deep sniffs, ad exclaim in a terrible voice, "Snowball! He has been here! I can smell him distinctly!" and at the word "Snowball" all the dogs let out blood-curdling growls and showed their side teeth. The animals were thoroughly frightened. It seemed to them as though Snowball were some kind of invisible influence, pervading the air about them and menacing them with all kinds of dangers. In the evening Squealer called them together, and with an alarmed expression on his face told them that he had some serious news to report. "Comrades!" cried Squealer, making little nervous skips, "a most terrible thing has been discovered. Snowball has sold himself to Frederick of Pinchfield Farm, who is even now plotting to attack us and take our farm away from us! Snowball is to act as his guide when the attack begins. But there is worse than that. We had thought that Snowball's rebellion was caused simply by his vanity and ambition. But we were wrong, comrades. Do you know what the real reason was? Snowball was in league with Jones from the very start! He was Jones's secret agent all the time. It has all been proved by documents which he left behind him and which we have only just discovered. To my mind this explains a great deal, comrades. Did we not see for ourselves how he attempted--fortunately without success--to get us defeated and destroyed at the Battle of the Cowshed?" The animals were stupefied. This was a wickedness far outdoing Snowball's destruction of the windmill. But it was some minutes before they could fully take it in. They all remembered, or thought they remembered, how they had seen Snowball charging ahead of them at the Battle of the Cowshed, how he had rallied and encouraged them at every turn, and how he had not paused for an instant even when the pellets from Jones's gun had wounded his back. At first it was a little difficult to see how this fitted in with his being on Jones's side. Even Boxer, who seldom asked questions, was puzzled. He lay down, tucked his fore hoofs beneath him, shut his eyes, and with a hard effort managed to formulate his thoughts. "I do not believe that," he said. "Snowball fought bravely at the Battle of the Cowshed. I saw him myself. Did we not give him 'Animal Hero, first Class,' immediately afterwards?" "That was our mistake, comrade. For we know now--it is all written down in the secret documents that we have found--that in reality he was trying to lure us to our doom." "But he was wounded," said Boxer. "We all saw him running with blood." "That was part of the arrangement!" cried Squealer. "Jones's shot only grazed him. I could show you this in his own writing, if you were able to read it. The plot was for Snowball, at the critical moment, to give the signal for flight and leave the field to the enemy. And he very nearly succeeded--I will even say, comrades, he WOULD have succeeded if it had not been for our heroic Leader, Comrade Napoleon. Do you not remember how, just at the moment when Jones and his men had got inside the yard, Snowball suddenly turned and fled, and many animals followed him? And do you not remember, too, that it was just at that moment, when panic was spreading and all seemed lost, that Comrade Napoleon sprang forward with a cry of 'Death to Humanity!' and sank his teeth in Jones's leg? Surely you remember THAT, comrades?" exclaimed Squealer, frisking from side to side. Now when Squealer described the scene so graphically, it seemed to the animals that they did remember it. At any rate, they remembered that at the critical moment of the battle Snowball had turned to flee. But Boxer was still a little uneasy. "I do not believe that Snowball was a traitor at the beginning," he said finally. "What he has done since is different. But I believe that at the Battle of the Cowshed he was a good comrade." "Our Leader, Comrade Napoleon," announced Squealer, speaking very slowly and firmly, "has stated categorically--categorically, comrade--that Snowball was Jones's agent from the very beginning--yes, and from long before the Rebellion was ever thought of." "Ah, that is different!" said Boxer. "If Comrade Napoleon says it, it must be right." "That is the true spirit, comrade!" cried Squealer, but it was noticed he cast a very ugly look at Boxer with his little twinkling eyes. He turned to go, then paused and added impressively: "I warn every animal on this farm to keep his eyes very wide open. For we have reason to think that some of Snowball's secret agents are lurking among us at this moment!" Four days later, in the late afternoon, Napoleon ordered all the animals to assemble in the yard. When they were all gathered together, Napoleon emerged from the farmhouse, wearing both his medals (for he had recently awarded himself "Animal Hero, First Class", and "Animal Hero, Second Class"), with his nine huge dogs frisking round him and uttering growls that sent shivers down all the animals' spines. They all cowered silently in their places, seeming to know in advance that some terrible thing was about to happen. Napoleon stood sternly surveying his audience; then he uttered a high-pitched whimper. Immediately the dogs bounded forward, seized four of the pigs by the ear and dragged them, squealing with pain and terror, to Napoleon's feet. The pigs' ears were bleeding, the dogs had tasted blood, and for a few moments they appeared to go quite mad. To the amazement of everybody, three of them flung themselves upon Boxer. Boxer saw them coming and put out his great hoof, caught a dog in mid-air, and pinned him to the ground. The dog shrieked for mercy and the other two fled with their tails between their legs. Boxer looked at Napoleon to know whether he should crush the dog to death or let it go. Napoleon appeared to change countenance, and sharply ordered Boxer to let the dog go, whereat Boxer lifted his hoof, and the dog slunk away, bruised and howling. Presently the tumult died down. The four pigs waited, trembling, with guilt written on every line of their countenances. Napoleon now called upon them to confess their crimes. They were the same four pigs as had protested when Napoleon abolished the Sunday Meetings. Without any further prompting they confessed that they had been secretly in touch with Snowball ever since his expulsion, that they had collaborated with him in destroying the windmill, and that they had entered into an agreement with him to hand over Animal Farm to Mr. Frederick. They added that Snowball had privately admitted to them that he had been Jones's secret agent for years past. When they had finished their confession, the dogs promptly tore their throats out, and in a terrible voice Napoleon demanded whether any other animal had anything to confess. The three hens who had been the ringleaders in the attempted rebellion over the eggs now came forward and stated that Snowball had appeared to them in a dream and incited them to disobey Napoleon's orders. They, too, were slaughtered. Then a goose came forward and confessed to having secreted six ears of corn during the last year's harvest and eaten them in the night. Then a sheep confessed to having urinated in the drinking pool--urged to do this, so she said, by Snowball--and two other sheep confessed to having murdered an old ram, an especially devoted follower of Napoleon, by chasing him round and round a bonfire when he was suffering from a cough. They were all slain on the spot. And so the tale of confessions and executions went on, until there was a pile of corpses lying before Napoleon's feet and the air was heavy with the smell of blood, which had been unknown there since the expulsion of Jones. When it was all over, the remaining animals, except for the pigs and dogs, crept away in a body. They were shaken and miserable. They did not know which was more shocking--the treachery of the animals who had leagued themselves with Snowball, or the cruel retribution they had just witnessed. In the old days there had often been scenes of bloodshed equally terrible, but it seemed to all of them that it was far worse now that it was happening among themselves. Since Jones had left the farm, until today, no animal had killed another animal. Not even a rat had been killed. They had made their way on to the little knoll where the half-finished windmill stood, and with one accord they all lay down as though huddling together for warmth--Clover, Muriel, Benjamin, the cows, the sheep, and a whole flock of geese and hens--everyone, indeed, except the cat, who had suddenly disappeared just before Napoleon ordered the animals to assemble. For some time nobody spoke. Only Boxer remained on his feet. He fidgeted to and fro, swishing his long black tail against his sides and occasionally uttering a little whinny of surprise. Finally he said: "I do not understand it. I would not have believed that such things could happen on our farm. It must be due to some fault in ourselves. The solution, as I see it, is to work harder. From now onwards I shall get up a full hour earlier in the mornings." And he moved off at his lumbering trot and made for the quarry. Having got there, he collected two successive loads of stone and dragged them down to the windmill before retiring for the night. The animals huddled about Clover, not speaking. The knoll where they were lying gave them a wide prospect across the countryside. Most of Animal Farm was within their view--the long pasture stretching down to the main road, the hayfield, the spinney, the drinking pool, the ploughed fields where the young wheat was thick and green, and the red roofs of the farm buildings with the smoke curling from the chimneys. It was a clear spring evening. The grass and the bursting hedges were gilded by the level rays of the sun. Never had the farm--and with a kind of surprise they remembered that it was their own farm, every inch of it their own property--appeared to the animals so desirable a place. As Clover looked down the hillside her eyes filled with tears. If she could have spoken her thoughts, it would have been to say that this was not what they had aimed at when they had set themselves years ago to work for the overthrow of the human race. These scenes of terror and slaughter were not what they had looked forward to on that night when old Major first stirred them to rebellion. If she herself had had any picture of the future, it had been of a society of animals set free from hunger and the whip, all equal, each working according to his capacity, the strong protecting the weak, as she had protected the lost brood of ducklings with her foreleg on the night of Major's speech. Instead--she did not know why--they had come to a time when no one dared speak his mind, when fierce, growling dogs roamed everywhere, and when you had to watch your comrades torn to pieces after confessing to shocking crimes. There was no thought of rebellion or disobedience in her mind. She knew that, even as things were, they were far better off than they had been in the days of Jones, and that before all else it was needful to prevent the return of the human beings. Whatever happened she would remain faithful, work hard, carry out the orders that were given to her, and accept the leadership of Napoleon. But still, it was not for this that she and all the other animals had hoped and toiled. It was not for this that they had built the windmill and faced the bullets of Jones's gun. Such were her thoughts, though she lacked the words to express them. At last, feeling this to be in some way a substitute for the words she was unable to find, she began to sing 'Beasts of England'. The other animals sitting round her took it up, and they sang it three times over--very tunefully, but slowly and mournfully, in a way they had never sung it before. They had just finished singing it for the third time when Squealer, attended by two dogs, approached them with the air of having something important to say. He announced that, by a special decree of Comrade Napoleon, 'Beasts of England' had been abolished. From now onwards it was forbidden to sing it. The animals were taken aback. "Why?" cried Muriel. "It's no longer needed, comrade," said Squealer stiffly. "'Beasts of England' was the song of the Rebellion. But the Rebellion is now completed. The execution of the traitors this afternoon was the final act. The enemy both external and internal has been defeated. In 'Beasts of England' we expressed our longing for a better society in days to come. But that society has now been established. Clearly this song has no longer any purpose." Frightened though they were, some of the animals might possibly have protested, but at this moment the sheep set up their usual bleating of "Four legs good, two legs bad," which went on for several minutes and put an end to the discussion. So 'Beasts of England' was heard no more. In its place Minimus, the poet, had composed another song which began: Animal Farm, Animal Farm, Never through me shalt thou come to harm! and this was sung every Sunday morning after the hoisting of the flag. But somehow neither the words nor the tune ever seemed to the animals to come up to 'Beasts of England'. Chapter VIII A few days later, when the terror caused by the executions had died down, some of the animals remembered--or thought they remembered--that the Sixth Commandment decreed "No animal shall kill any other animal." And though no one cared to mention it in the hearing of the pigs or the dogs, it was felt that the killings which had taken place did not square with this. Clover asked Benjamin to read her the Sixth Commandment, and when Benjamin, as usual, said that he refused to meddle in such matters, she fetched Muriel. Muriel read the Commandment for her. It ran: "No animal shall kill any other animal WITHOUT CAUSE." Somehow or other, the last two words had slipped out of the animals' memory. But they saw now that the Commandment had not been violated; for clearly there was good reason for killing the traitors who had leagued themselves with Snowball. Throughout the year the animals worked even harder than they had worked in the previous year. To rebuild the windmill, with walls twice as thick as before, and to finish it by the appointed date, together with the regular work of the farm, was a tremendous labour. There were times when it seemed to the animals that they worked longer hours and fed no better than they had done in Jones's day. On Sunday mornings Squealer, holding down a long strip of paper with his trotter, would read out to them lists of figures proving that the production of every class of foodstuff had increased by two hundred per cent, three hundred per cent, or five hundred per cent, as the case might be. The animals saw no reason to disbelieve him, especially as they could no longer remember very clearly what conditions had been like before the Rebellion. All the same, there were days when they felt that they would sooner have had less figures and more food. All orders were now issued through Squealer or one of the other pigs. Napoleon himself was not seen in public as often as once in a fortnight. When he did appear, he was attended not only by his retinue of dogs but by a black cockerel who marched in front of him and acted as a kind of trumpeter, letting out a loud "cock-a-doodle-doo" before Napoleon spoke. Even in the farmhouse, it was said, Napoleon inhabited separate apartments from the others. He took his meals alone, with two dogs to wait upon him, and always ate from the Crown Derby dinner service which had been in the glass cupboard in the drawing-room. It was also announced that the gun would be fired every year on Napoleon's birthday, as well as on the other two anniversaries. Napoleon was now never spoken of simply as "Napoleon." He was always referred to in formal style as "our Leader, Comrade Napoleon," and this pigs liked to invent for him such titles as Father of All Animals, Terror of Mankind, Protector of the Sheep-fold, Ducklings' Friend, and the like. In his speeches, Squealer would talk with the tears rolling down his cheeks of Napoleon's wisdom the goodness of his heart, and the deep love he bore to all animals everywhere, even and especially the unhappy animals who still lived in ignorance and slavery on other farms. It had become usual to give Napoleon the credit for every successful achievement and every stroke of good fortune. You would often hear one hen remark to another, "Under the guidance of our Leader, Comrade Napoleon, I have laid five eggs in six days"; or two cows, enjoying a drink at the pool, would exclaim, "Thanks to the leadership of Comrade Napoleon, how excellent this water tastes!" The general feeling on the farm was well expressed in a poem entitled Comrade Napoleon, which was composed by Minimus and which ran as follows: Friend of fatherless! Fountain of happiness! Lord of the swill-bucket! Oh, how my soul is on Fire when I gaze at thy Calm and commanding eye, Like the sun in the sky, Comrade Napoleon! Thou are the giver of All that thy creatures love, Full belly twice a day, clean straw to roll upon; Every beast great or small Sleeps at peace in his stall, Thou watchest over all, Comrade Napoleon! Had I a sucking-pig, Ere he had grown as big Even as a pint bottle or as a rolling-pin, He should have learned to be Faithful and true to thee, Yes, his first squeak should be "Comrade Napoleon!" Napoleon approved of this poem and caused it to be inscribed on the wall of the big barn, at the opposite end from the Seven Commandments. It was surmounted by a portrait of Napoleon, in profile, executed by Squealer in white paint. Meanwhile, through the agency of Whymper, Napoleon was engaged in complicated negotiations with Frederick and Pilkington. The pile of timber was still unsold. Of the two, Frederick was the more anxious to get hold of it, but he would not offer a reasonable price. At the same time there were renewed rumours that Frederick and his men were plotting to attack Animal Farm and to destroy the windmill, the building of which had aroused furious jealousy in him. Snowball was known to be still skulking on Pinchfield Farm. In the middle of the summer the animals were alarmed to hear that three hens had come forward and confessed that, inspired by Snowball, they had entered into a plot to murder Napoleon. They were executed immediately, and fresh precautions for Napoleon's safety were taken. Four dogs guarded his bed at night, one at each corner, and a young pig named Pinkeye was given the task of tasting all his food before he ate it, lest it should be poisoned. At about the same time it was given out that Napoleon had arranged to sell the pile of timber to Mr. Pilkington; he was also going to enter into a regular agreement for the exchange of certain products between Animal Farm and Foxwood. The relations between Napoleon and Pilkington, though they were only conducted through Whymper, were now almost friendly. The animals distrusted Pilkington, as a human being, but greatly preferred him to Frederick, whom they both feared and hated. As the summer wore on, and the windmill neared completion, the rumours of an impending treacherous attack grew stronger and stronger. Frederick, it was said, intended to bring against them twenty men all armed with guns, and he had already bribed the magistrates and police, so that if he could once get hold of the title-deeds of Animal Farm they would ask no questions. Moreover, terrible stories were leaking out from Pinchfield about the cruelties that Frederick practised upon his animals. He had flogged an old horse to death, he starved his cows, he had killed a dog by throwing it into the furnace, he amused himself in the evenings by making cocks fight with splinters of razor-blade tied to their spurs. The animals' blood boiled with rage when they heard of these things being done to their comrades, and sometimes they clamoured to be allowed to go out in a body and attack Pinchfield Farm, drive out the humans, and set the animals free. But Squealer counselled them to avoid rash actions and trust in Comrade Napoleon's strategy. Nevertheless, feeling against Frederick continued to run high. One Sunday morning Napoleon appeared in the barn and explained that he had never at any time contemplated selling the pile of timber to Frederick; he considered it beneath his dignity, he said, to have dealings with scoundrels of that description. The pigeons who were still sent out to spread tidings of the Rebellion were forbidden to set foot anywhere on Foxwood, and were also ordered to drop their former slogan of "Death to Humanity" in favour of "Death to Frederick." In the late summer yet another of Snowball's machinations was laid bare. The wheat crop was full of weeds, and it was discovered that on one of his nocturnal visits Snowball had mixed weed seeds with the seed corn. A gander who had been privy to the plot had confessed his guilt to Squealer and immediately committed suicide by swallowing deadly nightshade berries. The animals now also learned that Snowball had never--as many of them had believed hitherto--received the order of "Animal Hero, First Class." This was merely a legend which had been spread some time after the Battle of the Cowshed by Snowball himself. So far from being decorated, he had been censured for showing cowardice in the battle. Once again some of the animals heard this with a certain bewilderment, but Squealer was soon able to convince them that their memories had been at fault. In the autumn, by a tremendous, exhausting effort--for the harvest had to be gathered at almost the same time--the windmill was finished. The machinery had still to be installed, and Whymper was negotiating the purchase of it, but the structure was completed. In the teeth of every difficulty, in spite of inexperience, of primitive implements, of bad luck and of Snowball's treachery, the work had been finished punctually to the very day! Tired out but proud, the animals walked round and round their masterpiece, which appeared even more beautiful in their eyes than when it had been built the first time. Moreover, the walls were twice as thick as before. Nothing short of explosives would lay them low this time! And when they thought of how they had laboured, what discouragements they had overcome, and the enormous difference that would be made in their lives when the sails were turning and the dynamos running--when they thought of all this, their tiredness forsook them and they gambolled round and round the windmill, uttering cries of triumph. Napoleon himself, attended by his dogs and his cockerel, came down to inspect the completed work; he personally congratulated the animals on their achievement, and announced that the mill would be named Napoleon Mill. Two days later the animals were called together for a special meeting in the barn. They were struck dumb with surprise when Napoleon announced that he had sold the pile of timber to Frederick. Tomorrow Frederick's wagons would arrive and begin carting it away. Throughout the whole period of his seeming friendship with Pilkington, Napoleon had really been in secret agreement with Frederick. All relations with Foxwood had been broken off; insulting messages had been sent to Pilkington. The pigeons had been told to avoid Pinchfield Farm and to alter their slogan from "Death to Frederick" to "Death to Pilkington." At the same time Napoleon assured the animals that the stories of an impending attack on Animal Farm were completely untrue, and that the tales about Frederick's cruelty to his own animals had been greatly exaggerated. All these rumours had probably originated with Snowball and his agents. It now appeared that Snowball was not, after all, hiding on Pinchfield Farm, and in fact had never been there in his life: he was living--in considerable luxury, so it was said--at Foxwood, and had in reality been a pensioner of Pilkington for years past. The pigs were in ecstasies over Napoleon's cunning. By seeming to be friendly with Pilkington he had forced Frederick to raise his price by twelve pounds. But the superior quality of Napoleon's mind, said Squealer, was shown in the fact that he trusted nobody, not even Frederick. Frederick had wanted to pay for the timber with something called a cheque, which, it seemed, was a piece of paper with a promise to pay written upon it. But Napoleon was too clever for him. He had demanded payment in real five-pound notes, which were to be handed over before the timber was removed. Already Frederick had paid up; and the sum he had paid was just enough to buy the machinery for the windmill. Meanwhile the timber was being carted away at high speed. When it was all gone, another special meeting was held in the barn for the animals to inspect Frederick's bank-notes. Smiling beatifically, and wearing both his decorations, Napoleon reposed on a bed of straw on the platform, with the money at his side, neatly piled on a china dish from the farmhouse kitchen. The animals filed slowly past, and each gazed his fill. And Boxer put out his nose to sniff at the bank-notes, and the flimsy white things stirred and rustled in his breath. Three days later there was a terrible hullabaloo. Whymper, his face deadly pale, came racing up the path on his bicycle, flung it down in the yard and rushed straight into the farmhouse. The next moment a choking roar of rage sounded from Napoleon's apartments. The news of what had happened sped round the farm like wildfire. The banknotes were forgeries! Frederick had got the timber for nothing! Napoleon called the animals together immediately and in a terrible voice pronounced the death sentence upon Frederick. When captured, he said, Frederick should be boiled alive. At the same time he warned them that after this treacherous deed the worst was to be expected. Frederick and his men might make their long-expected attack at any moment. Sentinels were placed at all the approaches to the farm. In addition, four pigeons were sent to Foxwood with a conciliatory message, which it was hoped might re-establish good relations with Pilkington. The very next morning the attack came. The animals were at breakfast when the look-outs came racing in with the news that Frederick and his followers had already come through the five-barred gate. Boldly enough the animals sallied forth to meet them, but this time they did not have the easy victory that they had had in the Battle of the Cowshed. There were fifteen men, with half a dozen guns between them, and they opened fire as soon as they got within fifty yards. The animals could not face the terrible explosions and the stinging pellets, and in spite of the efforts of Napoleon and Boxer to rally them, they were soon driven back. A number of them were already wounded. They took refuge in the farm buildings and peeped cautiously out from chinks and knot-holes. The whole of the big pasture, including the windmill, was in the hands of the enemy. For the moment even Napoleon seemed at a loss. He paced up and down without a word, his tail rigid and twitching. Wistful glances were sent in the direction of Foxwood. If Pilkington and his men would help them, the day might yet be won. But at this moment the four pigeons, who had been sent out on the day before, returned, one of them bearing a scrap of paper from Pilkington. On it was pencilled the words: "Serves you right." Meanwhile Frederick and his men had halted about the windmill. The animals watched them, and a murmur of dismay went round. Two of the men had produced a crowbar and a sledge hammer. They were going to knock the windmill down. "Impossible!" cried Napoleon. "We have built the walls far too thick for that. They could not knock it down in a week. Courage, comrades!" But Benjamin was watching the movements of the men intently. The two with the hammer and the crowbar were drilling a hole near the base of the windmill. Slowly, and with an air almost of amusement, Benjamin nodded his long muzzle. "I thought so," he said. "Do you not see what they are doing? In another moment they are going to pack blasting powder into that hole." Terrified, the animals waited. It was impossible now to venture out of the shelter of the buildings. After a few minutes the men were seen to be running in all directions. Then there was a deafening roar. The pigeons swirled into the air, and all the animals, except Napoleon, flung themselves flat on their bellies and hid their faces. When they got up again, a huge cloud of black smoke was hanging where the windmill had been. Slowly the breeze drifted it away. The windmill had ceased to exist! At this sight the animals' courage returned to them. The fear and despair they had felt a moment earlier were drowned in their rage against this vile, contemptible act. A mighty cry for vengeance went up, and without waiting for further orders they charged forth in a body and made straight for the enemy. This time they did not heed the cruel pellets that swept over them like hail. It was a savage, bitter battle. The men fired again and again, and, when the animals got to close quarters, lashed out with their sticks and their heavy boots. A cow, three sheep, and two geese were killed, and nearly everyone was wounded. Even Napoleon, who was directing operations from the rear, had the tip of his tail chipped by a pellet. But the men did not go unscathed either. Three of them had their heads broken by blows from Boxer's hoofs; another was gored in the belly by a cow's horn; another had his trousers nearly torn off by Jessie and Bluebell. And when the nine dogs of Napoleon's own bodyguard, whom he had instructed to make a detour under cover of the hedge, suddenly appeared on the men's flank, baying ferociously, panic overtook them. They saw that they were in danger of being surrounded. Frederick shouted to his men to get out while the going was good, and the next moment the cowardly enemy was running for dear life. The animals chased them right down to the bottom of the field, and got in some last kicks at them as they forced their way through the thorn hedge. They had won, but they were weary and bleeding. Slowly they began to limp back towards the farm. The sight of their dead comrades stretched upon the grass moved some of them to tears. And for a little while they halted in sorrowful silence at the place where the windmill had once stood. Yes, it was gone; almost the last trace of their labour was gone! Even the foundations were partially destroyed. And in rebuilding it they could not this time, as before, make use of the fallen stones. This time the stones had vanished too. The force of the explosion had flung them to distances of hundreds of yards. It was as though the windmill had never been. As they approached the farm Squealer, who had unaccountably been absent during the fighting, came skipping towards them, whisking his tail and beaming with satisfaction. And the animals heard, from the direction of the farm buildings, the solemn booming of a gun. "What is that gun firing for?" said Boxer. "To celebrate our victory!" cried Squealer. "What victory?" said Boxer. His knees were bleeding, he had lost a shoe and split his hoof, and a dozen pellets had lodged themselves in his hind leg. "What victory, comrade? Have we not driven the enemy off our soil--the sacred soil of Animal Farm?" "But they have destroyed the windmill. And we had worked on it for two years!" "What matter? We will build another windmill. We will build six windmills if we feel like it. You do not appreciate, comrade, the mighty thing that we have done. The enemy was in occupation of this very ground that we stand upon. And now--thanks to the leadership of Comrade Napoleon--we have won every inch of it back again!" "Then we have won back what we had before," said Boxer. "That is our victory," said Squealer. They limped into the yard. The pellets under the skin of Boxer's leg smarted painfully. He saw ahead of him the heavy labour of rebuilding the windmill from the foundations, and already in imagination he braced himself for the task. But for the first time it occurred to him that he was eleven years old and that perhaps his great muscles were not quite what they had once been. But when the animals saw the green flag flying, and heard the gun firing again--seven times it was fired in all--and heard the speech that Napoleon made, congratulating them on their conduct, it did seem to them after all that they had won a great victory. The animals slain in the battle were given a solemn funeral. Boxer and Clover pulled the wagon which served as a hearse, and Napoleon himself walked at the head of the procession. Two whole days were given over to celebrations. There were songs, speeches, and more firing of the gun, and a special gift of an apple was bestowed on every animal, with two ounces of corn for each bird and three biscuits for each dog. It was announced that the battle would be called the Battle of the Windmill, and that Napoleon had created a new decoration, the Order of the Green Banner, which he had conferred upon himself. In the general rejoicings the unfortunate affair of the banknotes was forgotten. It was a few days later than this that the pigs came upon a case of whisky in the cellars of the farmhouse. It had been overlooked at the time when the house was first occupied. That night there came from the farmhouse the sound of loud singing, in which, to everyone's surprise, the strains of 'Beasts of England' were mixed up. At about half past nine Napoleon, wearing an old bowler hat of Mr. Jones's, was distinctly seen to emerge from the back door, gallop rapidly round the yard, and disappear indoors again. But in the morning a deep silence hung over the farmhouse. Not a pig appeared to be stirring. It was nearly nine o'clock when Squealer made his appearance, walking slowly and dejectedly, his eyes dull, his tail hanging limply behind him, and with every appearance of being seriously ill. He called the animals together and told them that he had a terrible piece of news to impart. Comrade Napoleon was dying! A cry of lamentation went up. Straw was laid down outside the doors of the farmhouse, and the animals walked on tiptoe. With tears in their eyes they asked one another what they should do if their Leader were taken away from them. A rumour went round that Snowball had after all contrived to introduce poison into Napoleon's food. At eleven o'clock Squealer came out to make another announcement. As his last act upon earth, Comrade Napoleon had pronounced a solemn decree: the drinking of alcohol was to be punished by death. By the evening, however, Napoleon appeared to be somewhat better, and the following morning Squealer was able to tell them that he was well on the way to recovery. By the evening of that day Napoleon was back at work, and on the next day it was learned that he had instructed Whymper to purchase in Willingdon some booklets on brewing and distilling. A week later Napoleon gave orders that the small paddock beyond the orchard, which it had previously been intended to set aside as a grazing-ground for animals who were past work, was to be ploughed up. It was given out that the pasture was exhausted and needed re-seeding; but it soon became known that Napoleon intended to sow it with barley. About this time there occurred a strange incident which hardly anyone was able to understand. One night at about twelve o'clock there was a loud crash in the yard, and the animals rushed out of their stalls. It was a moonlit night. At the foot of the end wall of the big barn, where the Seven Commandments were written, there lay a ladder broken in two pieces. Squealer, temporarily stunned, was sprawling beside it, and near at hand there lay a lantern, a paint-brush, and an overturned pot of white paint. The dogs immediately made a ring round Squealer, and escorted him back to the farmhouse as soon as he was able to walk. None of the animals could form any idea as to what this meant, except old Benjamin, who nodded his muzzle with a knowing air, and seemed to understand, but would say nothing. But a few days later Muriel, reading over the Seven Commandments to herself, noticed that there was yet another of them which the animals had remembered wrong. They had thought the Fifth Commandment was "No animal shall drink alcohol," but there were two words that they had forgotten. Actually the Commandment read: "No animal shall drink alcohol TO EXCESS." Chapter IX Boxer's split hoof was a long time in healing. They had started the rebuilding of the windmill the day after the victory celebrations were ended. Boxer refused to take even a day off work, and made it a point of honour not to let it be seen that he was in pain. In the evenings he would admit privately to Clover that the hoof troubled him a great deal. Clover treated the hoof with poultices of herbs which she prepared by chewing them, and both she and Benjamin urged Boxer to work less hard. "A horse's lungs do not last for ever," she said to him. But Boxer would not listen. He had, he said, only one real ambition left--to see the windmill well under way before he reached the age for retirement. At the beginning, when the laws of Animal Farm were first formulated, the retiring age had been fixed for horses and pigs at twelve, for cows at fourteen, for dogs at nine, for sheep at seven, and for hens and geese at five. Liberal old-age pensions had been agreed upon. As yet no animal had actually retired on pension, but of late the subject had been discussed more and more. Now that the small field beyond the orchard had been set aside for barley, it was rumoured that a corner of the large pasture was to be fenced off and turned into a grazing-ground for superannuated animals. For a horse, it was said, the pension would be five pounds of corn a day and, in winter, fifteen pounds of hay, with a carrot or possibly an apple on public holidays. Boxer's twelfth birthday was due in the late summer of the following year. Meanwhile life was hard. The winter was as cold as the last one had been, and food was even shorter. Once again all rations were reduced, except those of the pigs and the dogs. A too rigid equality in rations, Squealer explained, would have been contrary to the principles of Animalism. In any case he had no difficulty in proving to the other animals that they were NOT in reality short of food, whatever the appearances might be. For the time being, certainly, it had been found necessary to make a readjustment of rations (Squealer always spoke of it as a "readjustment," never as a "reduction"), but in comparison with the days of Jones, the improvement was enormous. Reading out the figures in a shrill, rapid voice, he proved to them in detail that they had more oats, more hay, more turnips than they had had in Jones's day, that they worked shorter hours, that their drinking water was of better quality, that they lived longer, that a larger proportion of their young ones survived infancy, and that they had more straw in their stalls and suffered less from fleas. The animals believed every word of it. Truth to tell, Jones and all he stood for had almost faded out of their memories. They knew that life nowadays was harsh and bare, that they were often hungry and often cold, and that they were usually working when they were not asleep. But doubtless it had been worse in the old days. They were glad to believe so. Besides, in those days they had been slaves and now they were free, and that made all the difference, as Squealer did not fail to point out. There were many more mouths to feed now. In the autumn the four sows had all littered about simultaneously, producing thirty-one young pigs between them. The young pigs were piebald, and as Napoleon was the only boar on the farm, it was possible to guess at their parentage. It was announced that later, when bricks and timber had been purchased, a schoolroom would be built in the farmhouse garden. For the time being, the young pigs were given their instruction by Napoleon himself in the farmhouse kitchen. They took their exercise in the garden, and were discouraged from playing with the other young animals. About this time, too, it was laid down as a rule that when a pig and any other animal met on the path, the other animal must stand aside: and also that all pigs, of whatever degree, were to have the privilege of wearing green ribbons on their tails on Sundays. The farm had had a fairly successful year, but was still short of money. There were the bricks, sand, and lime for the schoolroom to be purchased, and it would also be necessary to begin saving up again for the machinery for the windmill. Then there were lamp oil and candles for the house, sugar for Napoleon's own table (he forbade this to the other pigs, on the ground that it made them fat), and all the usual replacements such as tools, nails, string, coal, wire, scrap-iron, and dog biscuits. A stump of hay and part of the potato crop were sold off, and the contract for eggs was increased to six hundred a week, so that that year the hens barely hatched enough chicks to keep their numbers at the same level. Rations, reduced in December, were reduced again in February, and lanterns in the stalls were forbidden to save oil. But the pigs seemed comfortable enough, and in fact were putting on weight if anything. One afternoon in late February a warm, rich, appetising scent, such as the animals had never smelt before, wafted itself across the yard from the little brew-house, which had been disused in Jones's time, and which stood beyond the kitchen. Someone said it was the smell of cooking barley. The animals sniffed the air hungrily and wondered whether a warm mash was being prepared for their supper. But no warm mash appeared, and on the following Sunday it was announced that from now onwards all barley would be reserved for the pigs. The field beyond the orchard had already been sown with barley. And the news soon leaked out that every pig was now receiving a ration of a pint of beer daily, with half a gallon for Napoleon himself, which was always served to him in the Crown Derby soup tureen. But if there were hardships to be borne, they were partly offset by the fact that life nowadays had a greater dignity than it had had before. There were more songs, more speeches, more processions. Napoleon had commanded that once a week there should be held something called a Spontaneous Demonstration, the object of which was to celebrate the struggles and triumphs of Animal Farm. At the appointed time the animals would leave their work and march round the precincts of the farm in military formation, with the pigs leading, then the horses, then the cows, then the sheep, and then the poultry. The dogs flanked the procession and at the head of all marched Napoleon's black cockerel. Boxer and Clover always carried between them a green banner marked with the hoof and the horn and the caption, "Long live Comrade Napoleon!" Afterwards there were recitations of poems composed in Napoleon's honour, and a speech by Squealer giving particulars of the latest increases in the production of foodstuffs, and on occasion a shot was fired from the gun. The sheep were the greatest devotees of the Spontaneous Demonstration, and if anyone complained (as a few animals sometimes did, when no pigs or dogs were near) that they wasted time and meant a lot of standing about in the cold, the sheep were sure to silence him with a tremendous bleating of "Four legs good, two legs bad!" But by and large the animals enjoyed these celebrations. They found it comforting to be reminded that, after all, they were truly their own masters and that the work they did was for their own benefit. So that, what with the songs, the processions, Squealer's lists of figures, the thunder of the gun, the crowing of the cockerel, and the fluttering of the flag, they were able to forget that their bellies were empty, at least part of the time. In April, Animal Farm was proclaimed a Republic, and it became necessary to elect a President. There was only one candidate, Napoleon, who was elected unanimously. On the same day it was given out that fresh documents had been discovered which revealed further details about Snowball's complicity with Jones. It now appeared that Snowball had not, as the animals had previously imagined, merely attempted to lose the Battle of the Cowshed by means of a stratagem, but had been openly fighting on Jones's side. In fact, it was he who had actually been the leader of the human forces, and had charged into battle with the words "Long live Humanity!" on his lips. The wounds on Snowball's back, which a few of the animals still remembered to have seen, had been inflicted by Napoleon's teeth. In the middle of the summer Moses the raven suddenly reappeared on the farm, after an absence of several years. He was quite unchanged, still did no work, and talked in the same strain as ever about Sugarcandy Mountain. He would perch on a stump, flap his black wings, and talk by the hour to anyone who would listen. "Up there, comrades," he would say solemnly, pointing to the sky with his large beak--"up there, just on the other side of that dark cloud that you can see--there it lies, Sugarcandy Mountain, that happy country where we poor animals shall rest for ever from our labours!" He even claimed to have been there on one of his higher flights, and to have seen the everlasting fields of clover and the linseed cake and lump sugar growing on the hedges. Many of the animals believed him. Their lives now, they reasoned, were hungry and laborious; was it not right and just that a better world should exist somewhere else? A thing that was difficult to determine was the attitude of the pigs towards Moses. They all declared contemptuously that his stories about Sugarcandy Mountain were lies, and yet they allowed him to remain on the farm, not working, with an allowance of a gill of beer a day. After his hoof had healed up, Boxer worked harder than ever. Indeed, all the animals worked like slaves that year. Apart from the regular work of the farm, and the rebuilding of the windmill, there was the schoolhouse for the young pigs, which was started in March. Sometimes the long hours on insufficient food were hard to bear, but Boxer never faltered. In nothing that he said or did was there any sign that his strength was not what it had been. It was only his appearance that was a little altered; his hide was less shiny than it had used to be, and his great haunches seemed to have shrunken. The others said, "Boxer will pick up when the spring grass comes on"; but the spring came and Boxer grew no fatter. Sometimes on the slope leading to the top of the quarry, when he braced his muscles against the weight of some vast boulder, it seemed that nothing kept him on his feet except the will to continue. At such times his lips were seen to form the words, "I will work harder"; he had no voice left. Once again Clover and Benjamin warned him to take care of his health, but Boxer paid no attention. His twelfth birthday was approaching. He did not care what happened so long as a good store of stone was accumulated before he went on pension. Late one evening in the summer, a sudden rumour ran round the farm that something had happened to Boxer. He had gone out alone to drag a load of stone down to the windmill. And sure enough, the rumour was true. A few minutes later two pigeons came racing in with the news; "Boxer has fallen! He is lying on his side and can't get up!" About half the animals on the farm rushed out to the knoll where the windmill stood. There lay Boxer, between the shafts of the cart, his neck stretched out, unable even to raise his head. His eyes were glazed, his sides matted with sweat. A thin stream of blood had trickled out of his mouth. Clover dropped to her knees at his side. "Boxer!" she cried, "how are you?" "It is my lung," said Boxer in a weak voice. "It does not matter. I think you will be able to finish the windmill without me. There is a pretty good store of stone accumulated. I had only another month to go in any case. To tell you the truth, I had been looking forward to my retirement. And perhaps, as Benjamin is growing old too, they will let him retire at the same time and be a companion to me." "We must get help at once," said Clover. "Run, somebody, and tell Squealer what has happened." All the other animals immediately raced back to the farmhouse to give Squealer the news. Only Clover remained, and Benjamin who lay down at Boxer's side, and, without speaking, kept the flies off him with his long tail. After about a quarter of an hour Squealer appeared, full of sympathy and concern. He said that Comrade Napoleon had learned with the very deepest distress of this misfortune to one of the most loyal workers on the farm, and was already making arrangements to send Boxer to be treated in the hospital at Willingdon. The animals felt a little uneasy at this. Except for Mollie and Snowball, no other animal had ever left the farm, and they did not like to think of their sick comrade in the hands of human beings. However, Squealer easily convinced them that the veterinary surgeon in Willingdon could treat Boxer's case more satisfactorily than could be done on the farm. And about half an hour later, when Boxer had somewhat recovered, he was with difficulty got on to his feet, and managed to limp back to his stall, where Clover and Benjamin had prepared a good bed of straw for him. For the next two days Boxer remained in his stall. The pigs had sent out a large bottle of pink medicine which they had found in the medicine chest in the bathroom, and Clover administered it to Boxer twice a day after meals. In the evenings she lay in his stall and talked to him, while Benjamin kept the flies off him. Boxer professed not to be sorry for what had happened. If he made a good recovery, he might expect to live another three years, and he looked forward to the peaceful days that he would spend in the corner of the big pasture. It would be the first time that he had had leisure to study and improve his mind. He intended, he said, to devote the rest of his life to learning the remaining twenty-two letters of the alphabet. However, Benjamin and Clover could only be with Boxer after working hours, and it was in the middle of the day when the van came to take him away. The animals were all at work weeding turnips under the supervision of a pig, when they were astonished to see Benjamin come galloping from the direction of the farm buildings, braying at the top of his voice. It was the first time that they had ever seen Benjamin excited--indeed, it was the first time that anyone had ever seen him gallop. "Quick, quick!" he shouted. "Come at once! They're taking Boxer away!" Without waiting for orders from the pig, the animals broke off work and raced back to the farm buildings. Sure enough, there in the yard was a large closed van, drawn by two horses, with lettering on its side and a sly-looking man in a low-crowned bowler hat sitting on the driver's seat. And Boxer's stall was empty. The animals crowded round the van. "Good-bye, Boxer!" they chorused, "good-bye!" "Fools! Fools!" shouted Benjamin, prancing round them and stamping the earth with his small hoofs. "Fools! Do you not see what is written on the side of that van?" That gave the animals pause, and there was a hush. Muriel began to spell out the words. But Benjamin pushed her aside and in the midst of a deadly silence he read: "'Alfred Simmonds, Horse Slaughterer and Glue Boiler, Willingdon. Dealer in Hides and Bone-Meal. Kennels Supplied.' Do you not understand what that means? They are taking Boxer to the knacker's!" A cry of horror burst from all the animals. At this moment the man on the box whipped up his horses and the van moved out of the yard at a smart trot. All the animals followed, crying out at the tops of their voices. Clover forced her way to the front. The van began to gather speed. Clover tried to stir her stout limbs to a gallop, and achieved a canter. "Boxer!" she cried. "Boxer! Boxer! Boxer!" And just at this moment, as though he had heard the uproar outside, Boxer's face, with the white stripe down his nose, appeared at the small window at the back of the van. "Boxer!" cried Clover in a terrible voice. "Boxer! Get out! Get out quickly! They're taking you to your death!" All the animals took up the cry of "Get out, Boxer, get out!" But the van was already gathering speed and drawing away from them. It was uncertain whether Boxer had understood what Clover had said. But a moment later his face disappeared from the window and there was the sound of a tremendous drumming of hoofs inside the van. He was trying to kick his way out. The time had been when a few kicks from Boxer's hoofs would have smashed the van to matchwood. But alas! his strength had left him; and in a few moments the sound of drumming hoofs grew fainter and died away. In desperation the animals began appealing to the two horses which drew the van to stop. "Comrades, comrades!" they shouted. "Don't take your own brother to his death!" But the stupid brutes, too ignorant to realise what was happening, merely set back their ears and quickened their pace. Boxer's face did not reappear at the window. Too late, someone thought of racing ahead and shutting the five-barred gate; but in another moment the van was through it and rapidly disappearing down the road. Boxer was never seen again. Three days later it was announced that he had died in the hospital at Willingdon, in spite of receiving every attention a horse could have. Squealer came to announce the news to the others. He had, he said, been present during Boxer's last hours. "It was the most affecting sight I have ever seen!" said Squealer, lifting his trotter and wiping away a tear. "I was at his bedside at the very last. And at the end, almost too weak to speak, he whispered in my ear that his sole sorrow was to have passed on before the windmill was finished. 'Forward, comrades!' he whispered. 'Forward in the name of the Rebellion. Long live Animal Farm! Long live Comrade Napoleon! Napoleon is always right.' Those were his very last words, comrades." Here Squealer's demeanour suddenly changed. He fell silent for a moment, and his little eyes darted suspicious glances from side to side before he proceeded. It had come to his knowledge, he said, that a foolish and wicked rumour had been circulated at the time of Boxer's removal. Some of the animals had noticed that the van which took Boxer away was marked "Horse Slaughterer," and had actually jumped to the conclusion that Boxer was being sent to the knacker's. It was almost unbelievable, said Squealer, that any animal could be so stupid. Surely, he cried indignantly, whisking his tail and skipping from side to side, surely they knew their beloved Leader, Comrade Napoleon, better than that? But the explanation was really very simple. The van had previously been the property of the knacker, and had been bought by the veterinary surgeon, who had not yet painted the old name out. That was how the mistake had arisen. The animals were enormously relieved to hear this. And when Squealer went on to give further graphic details of Boxer's death-bed, the admirable care he had received, and the expensive medicines for which Napoleon had paid without a thought as to the cost, their last doubts disappeared and the sorrow that they felt for their comrade's death was tempered by the thought that at least he had died happy. Napoleon himself appeared at the meeting on the following Sunday morning and pronounced a short oration in Boxer's honour. It had not been possible, he said, to bring back their lamented comrade's remains for interment on the farm, but he had ordered a large wreath to be made from the laurels in the farmhouse garden and sent down to be placed on Boxer's grave. And in a few days' time the pigs intended to hold a memorial banquet in Boxer's honour. Napoleon ended his speech with a reminder of Boxer's two favourite maxims, "I will work harder" and "Comrade Napoleon is always right"--maxims, he said, which every animal would do well to adopt as his own. On the day appointed for the banquet, a grocer's van drove up from Willingdon and delivered a large wooden crate at the farmhouse. That night there was the sound of uproarious singing, which was followed by what sounded like a violent quarrel and ended at about eleven o'clock with a tremendous crash of glass. No one stirred in the farmhouse before noon on the following day, and the word went round that from somewhere or other the pigs had acquired the money to buy themselves another case of whisky. Chapter X Years passed. The seasons came and went, the short animal lives fled by. A time came when there was no one who remembered the old days before the Rebellion, except Clover, Benjamin, Moses the raven, and a number of the pigs. Muriel was dead; Bluebell, Jessie, and Pincher were dead. Jones too was dead--he had died in an inebriates' home in another part of the country. Snowball was forgotten. Boxer was forgotten, except by the few who had known him. Clover was an old stout mare now, stiff in the joints and with a tendency to rheumy eyes. She was two years past the retiring age, but in fact no animal had ever actually retired. The talk of setting aside a corner of the pasture for superannuated animals had long since been dropped. Napoleon was now a mature boar of twenty-four stone. Squealer was so fat that he could with difficulty see out of his eyes. Only old Benjamin was much the same as ever, except for being a little greyer about the muzzle, and, since Boxer's death, more morose and taciturn than ever. There were many more creatures on the farm now, though the increase was not so great as had been expected in earlier years. Many animals had been born to whom the Rebellion was only a dim tradition, passed on by word of mouth, and others had been bought who had never heard mention of such a thing before their arrival. The farm possessed three horses now besides Clover. They were fine upstanding beasts, willing workers and good comrades, but very stupid. None of them proved able to learn the alphabet beyond the letter B. They accepted everything that they were told about the Rebellion and the principles of Animalism, especially from Clover, for whom they had an almost filial respect; but it was doubtful whether they understood very much of it. The farm was more prosperous now, and better organised: it had even been enlarged by two fields which had been bought from Mr. Pilkington. The windmill had been successfully completed at last, and the farm possessed a threshing machine and a hay elevator of its own, and various new buildings had been added to it. Whymper had bought himself a dogcart. The windmill, however, had not after all been used for generating electrical power. It was used for milling corn, and brought in a handsome money profit. The animals were hard at work building yet another windmill; when that one was finished, so it was said, the dynamos would be installed. But the luxuries of which Snowball had once taught the animals to dream, the stalls with electric light and hot and cold water, and the three-day week, were no longer talked about. Napoleon had denounced such ideas as contrary to the spirit of Animalism. The truest happiness, he said, lay in working hard and living frugally. Somehow it seemed as though the farm had grown richer without making the animals themselves any richer-except, of course, for the pigs and the dogs. Perhaps this was partly because there were so many pigs and so many dogs. It was not that these creatures did not work, after their fashion. There was, as Squealer was never tired of explaining, endless work in the supervision and organisation of the farm. Much of this work was of a kind that the other animals were too ignorant to understand. For example, Squealer told them that the pigs had to expend enormous labours every day upon mysterious things called "files," "reports," "minutes," and "memoranda". These were large sheets of paper which had to be closely covered with writing, and as soon as they were so covered, they were burnt in the furnace. This was of the highest importance for the welfare of the farm, Squealer said. But still, neither pigs nor dogs produced any food by their own labour; and there were very many of them, and their appetites were always good. As for the others, their life, so far as they knew, was as it had always been. They were generally hungry, they slept on straw, they drank from the pool, they laboured in the fields; in winter they were troubled by the cold, and in summer by the flies. Sometimes the older ones among them racked their dim memories and tried to determine whether in the early days of the Rebellion, when Jones's expulsion was still recent, things had been better or worse than now. They could not remember. There was nothing with which they could compare their present lives: they had nothing to go upon except Squealer's lists of figures, which invariably demonstrated that everything was getting better and better. The animals found the problem insoluble; in any case, they had little time for speculating on such things now. Only old Benjamin professed to remember every detail of his long life and to know that things never had been, nor ever could be much better or much worse--hunger, hardship, and disappointment being, so he said, the unalterable law of life. And yet the animals never gave up hope. More, they never lost, even for an instant, their sense of honour and privilege in being members of Animal Farm. They were still the only farm in the whole county--in all England!--owned and operated by animals. Not one of them, not even the youngest, not even the newcomers who had been brought from farms ten or twenty miles away, ever ceased to marvel at that. And when they heard the gun booming and saw the green flag fluttering at the masthead, their hearts swelled with imperishable pride, and the talk turned always towards the old heroic days, the expulsion of Jones, the writing of the Seven Commandments, the great battles in which the human invaders had been defeated. None of the old dreams had been abandoned. The Republic of the Animals which Major had foretold, when the green fields of England should be untrodden by human feet, was still believed in. Some day it was coming: it might not be soon, it might not be with in the lifetime of any animal now living, but still it was coming. Even the tune of 'Beasts of England' was perhaps hummed secretly here and there: at any rate, it was a fact that every animal on the farm knew it, though no one would have dared to sing it aloud. It might be that their lives were hard and that not all of their hopes had been fulfilled; but they were conscious that they were not as other animals. If they went hungry, it was not from feeding tyrannical human beings; if they worked hard, at least they worked for themselves. No creature among them went upon two legs. No creature called any other creature "Master." All animals were equal. One day in early summer Squealer ordered the sheep to follow him, and led them out to a piece of waste ground at the other end of the farm, which had become overgrown with birch saplings. The sheep spent the whole day there browsing at the leaves under Squealer's supervision. In the evening he returned to the farmhouse himself, but, as it was warm weather, told the sheep to stay where they were. It ended by their remaining there for a whole week, during which time the other animals saw nothing of them. Squealer was with them for the greater part of every day. He was, he said, teaching them to sing a new song, for which privacy was needed. It was just after the sheep had returned, on a pleasant evening when the animals had finished work and were making their way back to the farm buildings, that the terrified neighing of a horse sounded from the yard. Startled, the animals stopped in their tracks. It was Clover's voice. She neighed again, and all the animals broke into a gallop and rushed into the yard. Then they saw what Clover had seen. It was a pig walking on his hind legs. Yes, it was Squealer. A little awkwardly, as though not quite used to supporting his considerable bulk in that position, but with perfect balance, he was strolling across the yard. And a moment later, out from the door of the farmhouse came a long file of pigs, all walking on their hind legs. Some did it better than others, one or two were even a trifle unsteady and looked as though they would have liked the support of a stick, but every one of them made his way right round the yard successfully. And finally there was a tremendous baying of dogs and a shrill crowing from the black cockerel, and out came Napoleon himself, majestically upright, casting haughty glances from side to side, and with his dogs gambolling round him. He carried a whip in his trotter. There was a deadly silence. Amazed, terrified, huddling together, the animals watched the long line of pigs march slowly round the yard. It was as though the world had turned upside-down. Then there came a moment when the first shock had worn off and when, in spite of everything-in spite of their terror of the dogs, and of the habit, developed through long years, of never complaining, never criticising, no matter what happened--they might have uttered some word of protest. But just at that moment, as though at a signal, all the sheep burst out into a tremendous bleating of-- "Four legs good, two legs BETTER! Four legs good, two legs BETTER! Four legs good, two legs BETTER!" It went on for five minutes without stopping. And by the time the sheep had quieted down, the chance to utter any protest had passed, for the pigs had marched back into the farmhouse. Benjamin felt a nose nuzzling at his shoulder. He looked round. It was Clover. Her old eyes looked dimmer than ever. Without saying anything, she tugged gently at his mane and led him round to the end of the big barn, where the Seven Commandments were written. For a minute or two they stood gazing at the tatted wall with its white lettering. "My sight is failing," she said finally. "Even when I was young I could not have read what was written there. But it appears to me that that wall looks different. Are the Seven Commandments the same as they used to be, Benjamin?" For once Benjamin consented to break his rule, and he read out to her what was written on the wall. There was nothing there now except a single Commandment. It ran: ALL ANIMALS ARE EQUAL BUT SOME ANIMALS ARE MORE EQUAL THAN OTHERS After that it did not seem strange when next day the pigs who were supervising the work of the farm all carried whips in their trotters. It did not seem strange to learn that the pigs had bought themselves a wireless set, were arranging to install a telephone, and had taken out subscriptions to 'John Bull', 'Tit-Bits', and the 'Daily Mirror'. It did not seem strange when Napoleon was seen strolling in the farmhouse garden with a pipe in his mouth--no, not even when the pigs took Mr. Jones's clothes out of the wardrobes and put them on, Napoleon himself appearing in a black coat, ratcatcher breeches, and leather leggings, while his favourite sow appeared in the watered silk dress which Mrs. Jones had been used to wearing on Sundays. A week later, in the afternoon, a number of dog-carts drove up to the farm. A deputation of neighbouring farmers had been invited to make a tour of inspection. They were shown all over the farm, and expressed great admiration for everything they saw, especially the windmill. The animals were weeding the turnip field. They worked diligently hardly raising their faces from the ground, and not knowing whether to be more frightened of the pigs or of the human visitors. That evening loud laughter and bursts of singing came from the farmhouse. And suddenly, at the sound of the mingled voices, the animals were stricken with curiosity. What could be happening in there, now that for the first time animals and human beings were meeting on terms of equality? With one accord they began to creep as quietly as possible into the farmhouse garden. At the gate they paused, half frightened to go on but Clover led the way in. They tiptoed up to the house, and such animals as were tall enough peered in at the dining-room window. There, round the long table, sat half a dozen farmers and half a dozen of the more eminent pigs, Napoleon himself occupying the seat of honour at the head of the table. The pigs appeared completely at ease in their chairs. The company had been enjoying a game of cards but had broken off for the moment, evidently in order to drink a toast. A large jug was circulating, and the mugs were being refilled with beer. No one noticed the wondering faces of the animals that gazed in at the window. Mr. Pilkington, of Foxwood, had stood up, his mug in his hand. In a moment, he said, he would ask the present company to drink a toast. But before doing so, there were a few words that he felt it incumbent upon him to say. It was a source of great satisfaction to him, he said--and, he was sure, to all others present--to feel that a long period of mistrust and misunderstanding had now come to an end. There had been a time--not that he, or any of the present company, had shared such sentiments--but there had been a time when the respected proprietors of Animal Farm had been regarded, he would not say with hostility, but perhaps with a certain measure of misgiving, by their human neighbours. Unfortunate incidents had occurred, mistaken ideas had been current. It had been felt that the existence of a farm owned and operated by pigs was somehow abnormal and was liable to have an unsettling effect in the neighbourhood. Too many farmers had assumed, without due enquiry, that on such a farm a spirit of licence and indiscipline would prevail. They had been nervous about the effects upon their own animals, or even upon their human employees. But all such doubts were now dispelled. Today he and his friends had visited Animal Farm and inspected every inch of it with their own eyes, and what did they find? Not only the most up-to-date methods, but a discipline and an orderliness which should be an example to all farmers everywhere. He believed that he was right in saying that the lower animals on Animal Farm did more work and received less food than any animals in the county. Indeed, he and his fellow-visitors today had observed many features which they intended to introduce on their own farms immediately. He would end his remarks, he said, by emphasising once again the friendly feelings that subsisted, and ought to subsist, between Animal Farm and its neighbours. Between pigs and human beings there was not, and there need not be, any clash of interests whatever. Their struggles and their difficulties were one. Was not the labour problem the same everywhere? Here it became apparent that Mr. Pilkington was about to spring some carefully prepared witticism on the company, but for a moment he was too overcome by amusement to be able to utter it. After much choking, during which his various chins turned purple, he managed to get it out: "If you have your lower animals to contend with," he said, "we have our lower classes!" This BON MOT set the table in a roar; and Mr. Pilkington once again congratulated the pigs on the low rations, the long working hours, and the general absence of pampering which he had observed on Animal Farm. And now, he said finally, he would ask the company to rise to their feet and make certain that their glasses were full. "Gentlemen," concluded Mr. Pilkington, "gentlemen, I give you a toast: To the prosperity of Animal Farm!" There was enthusiastic cheering and stamping of feet. Napoleon was so gratified that he left his place and came round the table to clink his mug against Mr. Pilkington's before emptying it. When the cheering had died down, Napoleon, who had remained on his feet, intimated that he too had a few words to say. Like all of Napoleon's speeches, it was short and to the point. He too, he said, was happy that the period of misunderstanding was at an end. For a long time there had been rumours--circulated, he had reason to think, by some malignant enemy--that there was something subversive and even revolutionary in the outlook of himself and his colleagues. They had been credited with attempting to stir up rebellion among the animals on neighbouring farms. Nothing could be further from the truth! Their sole wish, now and in the past, was to live at peace and in normal business relations with their neighbours. This farm which he had the honour to control, he added, was a co-operative enterprise. The title-deeds, which were in his own possession, were owned by the pigs jointly. He did not believe, he said, that any of the old suspicions still lingered, but certain changes had been made recently in the routine of the farm which should have the effect of promoting confidence still further. Hitherto the animals on the farm had had a rather foolish custom of addressing one another as "Comrade." This was to be suppressed. There had also been a very strange custom, whose origin was unknown, of marching every Sunday morning past a boar's skull which was nailed to a post in the garden. This, too, would be suppressed, and the skull had already been buried. His visitors might have observed, too, the green flag which flew from the masthead. If so, they would perhaps have noted that the white hoof and horn with which it had previously been marked had now been removed. It would be a plain green flag from now onwards. He had only one criticism, he said, to make of Mr. Pilkington's excellent and neighbourly speech. Mr. Pilkington had referred throughout to "Animal Farm." He could not of course know--for he, Napoleon, was only now for the first time announcing it--that the name "Animal Farm" had been abolished. Henceforward the farm was to be known as "The Manor Farm"--which, he believed, was its correct and original name. "Gentlemen," concluded Napoleon, "I will give you the same toast as before, but in a different form. Fill your glasses to the brim. Gentlemen, here is my toast: To the prosperity of The Manor Farm!" There was the same hearty cheering as before, and the mugs were emptied to the dregs. But as the animals outside gazed at the scene, it seemed to them that some strange thing was happening. What was it that had altered in the faces of the pigs? Clover's old dim eyes flitted from one face to another. Some of them had five chins, some had four, some had three. But what was it that seemed to be melting and changing? Then, the applause having come to an end, the company took up their cards and continued the game that had been interrupted, and the animals crept silently away. But they had not gone twenty yards when they stopped short. An uproar of voices was coming from the farmhouse. They rushed back and looked through the window again. Yes, a violent quarrel was in progress. There were shoutings, bangings on the table, sharp suspicious glances, furious denials. The source of the trouble appeared to be that Napoleon and Mr. Pilkington had each played an ace of spades simultaneously. Twelve voices were shouting in anger, and they were all alike. No question, now, what had happened to the faces of the pigs. The creatures outside looked from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man again; but already it was impossible to say which was which. November 1943-February 1944 THE END <Hr> 1t8t8378gofilkw72r1vtpsq7d3b03c 427496 427495 2026-05-20T03:06:38Z Danuri19 16656 427496 wikitext text/x-wiki {{번역 머리말 | 제목 = 동물농장 <ref>[https://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks01/0100011.txt|#] 프로젝트 구텐베르그(Project Gutenberg) 호주 지부(Australia) 영문판</ref> | 다른 표기 = Animal Farm | 부제 = | 부제 다른 표기 = | 저자 = [[저자:조지 오웰|조지 오웰]] | 역자 = [[사:Danuri19|Danuri19]] | 이전 = | 다음 = | 연도 = | 언어 = | 원본 = | 설명 = }} Chapter I<br> 제1장 Mr. Jones, of the Manor Farm, had locked the hen-houses for the night, but was too drunk to remember to shut the pop-holes. With the ring of light from his lantern dancing from side to side, he lurched across the yard, kicked off his boots at the back door, drew himself a last glass of beer from the barrel in the scullery, and made his way up to bed, where Mrs. Jones was already snoring.<br> 매너 농장의 존스 씨는 밤을 맞아 닭장을 잠갔지만, 너무 취해서 닭들이 드나드는 구멍을 닫는 것을 잊어버렸습니다. 등불의 불빛이 좌우로 흔들리는 가운데, 그는 비틀거리며 마당을 가로질러, 뒷문에서 부츠를 벗어 던지고, 부엌 찬장에 있는 맥주통에서 마지막 맥주 한 잔을 따라 마신 후, 존스 부인이 이미 코를 골며 자고 있는 침실로 올라갔습니다. As soon as the light in the bedroom went out there was a stirring and a fluttering all through the farm buildings. Word had gone round during the day that old Major, the prize Middle White boar, had had a strange dream on the previous night and wished to communicate it to the other animals. It had been agreed that they should all meet in the big barn as soon as Mr. Jones was safely out of the way. Old Major (so he was always called, though the name under which he had been exhibited was Willingdon Beauty) was so highly regarded on the farm that everyone was quite ready to lose an hour's sleep in order to hear what he had to say. <br> 침실의 불이 꺼지자마자, 농장 건물 전체에 걸쳐 (동물들의) 소란과 분주함이 감돌았습니다. 낮 동안에 그 상급 '미들 화이트' 종 수퇘지인 늙은 메이저가 지난밤 이상한 꿈을 꾸었으며, 그것을 다른 동물들에게 전달하고 싶어 한다는 말이 돌았습니다. 존스 씨가 확실히 방해되지 않는 곳으로 가자마자 그들 모두가 큰 창고에서 만나기로 합의되었습니다. 늙은 메이저(그가 가축전시회에 나갔을 때의 이름은 '윌링던의 미남'이였지만, 그는 항상 그렇게 불렸습니다)는 농장에서 매우 높게 평가받고 있었기에, 모두가 그가 할 말을 듣기 위해 기꺼이 한 시간의 잠을 포기할 준비가 되어 있었습니다. At one end of the big barn, on a sort of raised platform, Major was already ensconced on his bed of straw, under a lantern which hung from a beam. He was twelve years old and had lately grown rather stout, but he was still a majestic-looking pig, with a wise and benevolent appearance in spite of the fact that his tushes had never been cut. Before long the other animals began to arrive and make themselves comfortable after their different fashions. First came the three dogs, Bluebell, Jessie, and Pincher, and then the pigs, who settled down in the straw immediately in front of the platform. The hens perched themselves on the window-sills, the pigeons fluttered up to the rafters, the sheep and cows lay down behind the pigs and began to chew the cud. The two cart-horses, Boxer and Clover, came in together, walking very slowly and setting down their vast hairy hoofs with great care lest there should be some small animal concealed in the straw. Clover was a stout motherly mare approaching middle life, who had never quite got her figure back after her fourth foal. Boxer was an enormous beast, nearly eighteen hands high, and as strong as any two ordinary horses put together. A white stripe down his nose gave him a somewhat stupid appearance, and in fact he was not of first-rate intelligence, but he was universally respected for his steadiness of character and tremendous powers of work. After the horses came Muriel, the white goat, and Benjamin, the donkey. Benjamin was the oldest animal on the farm, and the worst tempered. He seldom talked, and when he did, it was usually to make some cynical remark--for instance, he would say that God had given him a tail to keep the flies off, but that he would sooner have had no tail and no flies. Alone among the animals on the farm he never laughed. If asked why, he would say that he saw nothing to laugh at. Nevertheless, without openly admitting it, he was devoted to Boxer; the two of them usually spent their Sundays together in the small paddock beyond the orchard, grazing side by side and never speaking.<br> 큰 창고의 한쪽 끝, 일종의 높여진 플랫폼(무대) 위에, 메이저는 들보로부터 매달려 있는 랜턴 아래의 그의 짚 침대 위에 이미 편안하게 자리를 잡고 있었습니다. 그는 12살이었고 최근에 다소 뚱뚱해졌지만, 그의 엄니가 한 번도 잘린 적이 없다는 사실에도 불구하고, 그는 여전히 지혜롭고 자애로운 외모를 가진 위엄 있어 보이는 돼지였습니다. 오래지 않아 다른 동물들이 도착하기 시작했고 그들의 서로 다른 방식에 따라 스스로를 편안하게 만들었습니다(자리를 잡았습니다). 먼저 블루벨, 제시, 핀처라는 세 마리의 개가 왔고, 그다음에는 돼지들이 왔는데, 그들은 플랫폼 바로 앞의 짚 속에 정착했습니다. 암탉들은 창문 턱 위에 스스로를 앉혔고, 비둘기들은 서까래 위로 파닥거리며 올라갔으며, 양들과 소들은 돼지들 뒤에 누워 되새김질을 하기 시작했습니다. 두 마리의 짐수레 말인 복서와 클로버가 함께 들어왔는데, 짚 속에 숨어 있는 어떤 작은 동물이라도 있을까 봐 매우 천천히 걸으며 그들의 거대하고 털이 많은 발굽을 엄청난 주의를 기울여 내디뎠습니다. 클로버는 중년에 접어드는 뚱뚱하고 어머니 같은 암말이었는데, 그녀의 네 번째 망아지를 낳은 이후 그녀의 몸매를 결코 완전히 되찾지 못했습니다. 복서는 거의 18핸드(약 183cm) 높이에 이르는 거대한 짐승이었고, 합쳐진 어떤 평범한 말 두 마리만큼이나 힘이 셌습니다. 코를 따라 내려오는 흰색 줄무늬는 그에게 다소 어리석은 외모를 주었고, 사실 그는 일류의( 뛰어난) 지능은 아니었지만, 그의 성격의 꾸준함과 엄청난 작업 능력으로 인해 보편적으로(모두에게) 존경받았습니다. 말들 다음에는 흰 염소인 뮤리엘과 당나귀인 벤자민이 왔습니다. 벤자민은 농장에서 가장 나이가 많은 동물이었고, 성격이 가장 나빴습니다. 그는 좀처럼 말하지 않았고, 그가 말을 할 때는 대개 어떤 냉소적인 발언을 하기 위해서였습니다. 예를 들어, 그는 신이 그에게 파리를 쫓아내라고 꼬리를 주셨지만, 차라리 꼬리도 없고 파리도 없는 것이 더 좋았겠다고 말하곤 했습니다. 농장의 동물들 중에서 홀로 그는 결코 웃지 않았습니다. 왜냐고 질문을 받으면, 그는 웃을 만한 것을 아무것도 보지 못했다고 말하곤 했습니다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 그것을 공개적으로 인정하지는 않으면서도, 그는 복서에게 헌신적이었습니다. 그들 둘은 대개 과수원 너머의 작은 방목지에서 그들의 일요일을 함께 보냈는데, 나란히 풀을 뜯으며 결코 말하지 않았습니다. The two horses had just lain down when a brood of ducklings, which had lost their mother, filed into the barn, cheeping feebly and wandering from side to side to find some place where they would not be trodden on. Clover made a sort of wall round them with her great foreleg, and the ducklings nestled down inside it and promptly fell asleep. At the last moment Mollie, the foolish, pretty white mare who drew Mr. Jones's trap, came mincing daintily in, chewing at a lump of sugar. She took a place near the front and began flirting her white mane, hoping to draw attention to the red ribbons it was plaited with. Last of all came the cat, who looked round, as usual, for the warmest place, and finally squeezed herself in between Boxer and Clover; there she purred contentedly throughout Major's speech without listening to a word of what he was saying.<br> 그 두 마리의 말이 막 누웠을 때, 그들의 엄마를 잃어버린 오리 새끼 한 무리가, 힘없이 삐약거리고 그들이 밟히지 않을 어떤 장소를 찾기 위해 이리저리 헤매며 창고 안으로 줄을 지어 들어왔습니다. 클로버는 그녀의 거대한 앞다리로 그들 주위에 일종의 벽을 만들어 주었고, 오리 새끼들은 그 안에 아늑하게 자리를 잡고 즉시 잠이 들었습니다. 마지막 순간에, 존스 씨의 이인승 마차를 끌던 어리석고 예쁜 흰색 암말인 몰리가 설탕 덩어리를 씹으며 얌전 빼며 우아하게 걸어 들어왔습니다. 그녀는 앞쪽 근처에 자리를 잡았고, 그것(갈기)에 땋아져 있는 빨간 리본들로 주의를 끌기를 희망하면서 그녀의 하얀 갈기를 살랑거리기 시작했습니다. 가장 마지막으로 고양이가 왔는데, 그녀는 늘 그렇듯 가장 따뜻한 장소를 찾아 주위를 둘러보았고, 마침내 복서와 클로버 사이에 스스로를 밀어 넣었습니다. 거기서 그녀는 메이저가 말하고 있는 것의 단 한 단어도 듣지 않으면서, 메이저의 연설 내내 만족스럽게 갸르릉거렸습니다. All the animals were now present except Moses, the tame raven, who slept on a perch behind the back door. When Major saw that they had all made themselves comfortable and were waiting attentively, he cleared his throat and began: <br> 뒷문 뒤의 홰 위에서 잠을 자는 길들여진 까마귀인 모세를 제외하고는 모든 동물들이 이제 참석해 있었습니다. 메이저가 그들 모두가 스스로를 편안하게 만들고(자리를 잡고) 주의 깊게 기다리고 있는 것을 보았을 때, 그는 그의 목청을 가다듬고 시작했습니다: "Comrades, you have heard already about the strange dream that I had last night. But I will come to the dream later. I have something else to say first. I do not think, comrades, that I shall be with you for many months longer, and before I die, I feel it my duty to pass on to you such wisdom as I have acquired. I have had a long life, I have had much time for thought as I lay alone in my stall, and I think I may say that I understand the nature of life on this earth as well as any animal now living. It is about this that I wish to speak to you. <br> "동지들, 여러분은 내가 지난밤에 꾸었던 이상한 꿈에 대해 이미 들었습니다. 하지만 나는 그 꿈에 대해서는 나중에 이야기하겠습니다. 나는 먼저 말해야 할 다른 어떤 것을 가지고 있습니다. 동지들, 나는 내가 여러 달 더 이상 여러분과 함께하지 못할 것이라고 생각하며, 내가 죽기 전에, 내가 습득해 온 그러한 지혜를 여러분에게 전달하는 것이 나의 의무라고 느낍니다. 나는 긴 삶을 살았고, 나의 축사 안에 홀로 누워 있을 때 생각할 많은 시간을 가졌으며, 나는 내가 현재 살고 있는 어떤 동물 못지않게 이 지구상에서의 삶의 본질을 이해하고 있다고 말할 수 있다고 생각합니다. 내가 여러분에게 말하고자 희망하는 것은 바로 이것에 대해서입니다. "Now, comrades, what is the nature of this life of ours? Let us face it: our lives are miserable, laborious, and short. We are born, we are given just so much food as will keep the breath in our bodies, and those of us who are capable of it are forced to work to the last atom of our strength; and the very instant that our usefulness has come to an end we are slaughtered with hideous cruelty. No animal in England knows the meaning of happiness or leisure after he is a year old. No animal in England is free. The life of an animal is misery and slavery: that is the plain truth.<br> "이제, 동지들, 우리들의 이 삶의 본질은 무엇입니까? 그것을 직시합시다. 우리의 삶은 비참하고, 힘들며, 짧습니다. 우리는 태어나고, 우리의 몸속에 숨이 붙어 있게 유지해 줄 딱 그만큼의 음식만을 받으며, 그것(노동)을 할 능력이 있는 우리들 중의 이들은 우리의 힘의 마지막 한 원자(한 방울)까지 짜내어 일하도록 강요받습니다. 그리고 우리의 유용성이 끝에 다다르는 바로 그 순간에, 우리는 끔찍한 잔인함과 함께 도살당합니다. 영국의 어떤 동물도 그가 한 살이 된 이후에는 행복이나 여가의 의미를 알지 못합니다. 영국의 어떤 동물도 자유롭지 않습니다. 동물의 삶은 비참함과 노예 상태입니다. 그것이 명백한 진실입니다. "But is this simply part of the order of nature? Is it because this land of ours is so poor that it cannot afford a decent life to those who dwell upon it? No, comrades, a thousand times no! The soil of England is fertile, its climate is good, it is capable of affording food in abundance to an enormously greater number of animals than now inhabit it. This single farm of ours would support a dozen horses, twenty cows, hundreds of sheep--and all of them living in a comfort and a dignity that are now almost beyond our imagining. Why then do we continue in this miserable condition? Because nearly the whole of the produce of our labour is stolen from us by human beings. There, comrades, is the answer to all our problems. It is summed up in a single word--Man. Man is the only real enemy we have. Remove Man from the scene, and the root cause of hunger and overwork is abolished for ever.<br> "그러나 이것은 단순히 자연의 질서의 일부입니까? 그것은 우리들의 이 땅이 너무 가난해서 그 위에 거주하는 이들에게 괜찮은(품위 있는) 삶을 제공할 여유가 없기 때문입니까? 아닙니다, 동지들, 천 번이고 아닙니다! 영국의 토양은 비옥하고, 그것의 기후는 좋으며, 그것은 현재 그것에 서식하는 것보다 훨씬 더 엄청나게 많은 수의 동물들에게 풍부한 음식을 제공할 능력이 있습니다. 우리들의 이 단 하나의 농장만으로도 열두 마리의 말, 스무 마리의 소, 수백 마리의 양을 부양할 수 있을 것이며—그리고 그들 모두는 지금은 우리의 상상을 거의 초월하는 편안함과 존엄함 속에서 살아가게 될 것입니다. 그렇다면 왜 우리는 이 비참한 상태를 지속하고 있습니까? 왜냐하면 우리 노동의 생산물의 거의 전부가 인간들에 의해 우리로부터 도둑맞고 있기 때문입니다. 동지들, 거기에 우리 모든 문제에 대한 답이 있습니다. 그것은 단 하나의 단어로 요약됩니다—인간. 인간은 우리가 가진 유일한 진짜 적입니다. 장면(무대)에서 인간을 제거하십시오, 그러면 굶주림과 과로의 근본 원인은 영원히 폐지됩니다. "Man is the only creature that consumes without producing. He does not give milk, he does not lay eggs, he is too weak to pull the plough, he cannot run fast enough to catch rabbits. Yet he is lord of all the animals. He sets them to work, he gives back to them the bare minimum that will prevent them from starving, and the rest he keeps for himself. Our labour tills the soil, our dung fertilises it, and yet there is not one of us that owns more than his bare skin. You cows that I see before me, how many thousands of gallons of milk have you given during this last year? And what has happened to that milk which should have been breeding up sturdy calves? Every drop of it has gone down the throats of our enemies. And you hens, how many eggs have you laid in this last year, and how many of those eggs ever hatched into chickens? The rest have all gone to market to bring in money for Jones and his men. And you, Clover, where are those four foals you bore, who should have been the support and pleasure of your old age? Each was sold at a year old--you will never see one of them again. In return for your four confinements and all your labour in the fields, what have you ever had except your bare rations and a stall?<br> "인간은 생산하지 않으면서 소비하는 유일한 생명체입니다. 그는 우유를 주지도 않고, 알을 낳지도 않으며, 쟁기를 끌기에는 너무 약하고, 토끼를 잡을 만큼 충분히 빠르게 달릴 수도 없습니다. 하지만 그는 모든 동물들의 주인입니다. 그는 그들에게 일을 시키고, 그들에게 그들이 굶어 죽는 것을 방지할 간신히의 최소한(최저한도)만을 돌려주며, 나머지는 자신을 위해 보관합니다. 우리의 노동이 토양을 갈고, 우리의 배설물이 그것을 비옥하게 하지만, 그럼에도 우리들 중 그의 맨살(가진 것 없는 몸뚱이)보다 더 많은 것을 소유한 이는 단 하나도 없습니다. 내 앞에 보이는 당신들 암소들, 당신들은 이 지난 한 해 동안 얼마나 많은 수천 갤런의 우유를 주었습니까? 그리고 튼튼한 송아지들을 길러내고 있었어야 마땅한 그 우유에 무슨 일이 일어났습니까? 그것의 모든 한 방울은 우리 원수들의 목구멍 아래로 내려갔습니다. 그리고 당신들 암탉들, 당신들은 이 지난 한 해 동안 얼마나 많은 알을 낳았으며, 그 알들 중 얼마나 많은 수가 단 한 번이라도 병아리로 부화했습니까? 나머지는 모두 존스와 그의 부하들을 위한 돈을 가져오기 위해 시장으로 갔습니다. 그리고 당신, 클로버, 당신의 노년의 부양과 기쁨이 되었어야 마땅한, 당신이 낳은 그 네 마리의 망아지들은 어디에 있습니까? 각각은 한 살 때 팔렸습니다—당신은 결코 그들 중 단 한 마리도 다시는 보지 못할 것입니다. 당신의 네 번의 출산과 들판에서의 당신의 모든 노동에 대한 대가로, 당신의 간신히의 배급량과 축사 한 칸을 제외하고 당신이 가져본 것이 도대체 무엇이 있습니까? "And even the miserable lives we lead are not allowed to reach their natural span. For myself I do not grumble, for I am one of the lucky ones. I am twelve years old and have had over four hundred children. Such is the natural life of a pig. But no animal escapes the cruel knife in the end. You young porkers who are sitting in front of me, every one of you will scream your lives out at the block within a year. To that horror we all must come--cows, pigs, hens, sheep, everyone. Even the horses and the dogs have no better fate. You, Boxer, the very day that those great muscles of yours lose their power, Jones will sell you to the knacker, who will cut your throat and boil you down for the foxhounds. As for the dogs, when they grow old and toothless, Jones ties a brick round their necks and drowns them in the nearest pond. <br> "그리고 심지어 우리가 이끄는(영위하는) 비참한 삶들조차 그것들의 자연적인 수명에 도달하도록 허용되지 않습니다. 내 자신으로 말하자면 나는 불평하지 않는데, 왜냐하면 내가 운이 좋은 자들 중 하나이기 때문입니다. 나는 12살이고 400마리가 넘는 자식들을 가졌습니다. 그러한 것이 돼지의 자연적인 삶입니다. 그러나 결국 그 어떤 동물도 잔인한 칼날을 피하지 못합니다. 내 앞에 앉아 있는 당신들 젊은 육용돈(젊은 돼지)들, 당신들 모두는 1년 이내에 도살대 위에서 당신들의 생명이 다하도록 비명을 지르게 될 것입니다. 우리 모두는 그 공포로 나아가야만 합니다—암소들, 돼지들, 암탉들, 양들, 모두가 말입니다. 심지어 말들과 개들조차 더 나은 운명을 가지지 못합니다. 당신, 복서, 당신의 그 거대한 근육들이 그것들의 힘을 잃는 바로 그날, 존스는 당신을 도축업자(폐마 도축업자)에게 팔아넘길 것이고, 그는 당신의 목을 자르고 여우 사냥개들을 위해 당신을 삶아 버릴 것입니다. 개들로 말하자면, 그들이 늙고 이빨이 빠질 때, 존스는 그들의 목 주위에 벽돌을 묶고 가장 가까운 연못에 그들을 익사시킵니다. "Is it not crystal clear, then, comrades, that all the evils of this life of ours spring from the tyranny of human beings? Only get rid of Man, and the produce of our labour would be our own. Almost overnight we could become rich and free. What then must we do? Why, work night and day, body and soul, for the overthrow of the human race! That is my message to you, comrades: Rebellion! I do not know when that Rebellion will come, it might be in a week or in a hundred years, but I know, as surely as I see this straw beneath my feet, that sooner or later justice will be done. Fix your eyes on that, comrades, throughout the short remainder of your lives! And above all, pass on this message of mine to those who come after you, so that future generations shall carry on the struggle until it is victorious.<br> "그렇다면 동지들, 우리들의 이 삶의 모든 악이 인간들의 폭정으로부터 솟아난다는(비롯된다는) 것이 수정처럼 투명하게 명백하지(명약관화하지) 않습니까? 오직 인간만을 제거하십시오, 그러면 우리 노동의 생산물은 우리 자신의 것이 될 것입니다. 거의 하룻밤 사이에 우리는 부유해지고 자유로워질 수 있습니다. 그렇다면 우리는 무엇을 해야 합니까? 자, 인류의 타도를 위해 밤낮으로, 몸과 영혼을 바쳐 일하십시오! 동지들, 그것이 여러분에게 보내는 나의 메시지입니다. 바로 반란입니다! 나는 그 반란이 언제 올지 알지 못하며, 그것은 일주일 뒤일 수도 있고 백 년 뒤일 수도 있지만, 내가 내 발아래에 있는 이 짚을 보는 것만큼이나 확실하게, 머지않아 정의가 실현될 것임을 나는 압니다. 동지들, 여러분의 짧은 남은 삶 동안 그것에 여러분의 눈을 고정하십시오! 그리고 무엇보다도, 미래의 세대들이 그것이 승리할 때까지 그 투쟁을 계속해 나갈 수 있도록, 나의 이 메시지를 여러분 뒤에 오는 이들에게 전달하십시오. "And remember, comrades, your resolution must never falter. No argument must lead you astray. Never listen when they tell you that Man and the animals have a common interest, that the prosperity of the one is the prosperity of the others. It is all lies. Man serves the interests of no creature except himself. And among us animals let there be perfect unity, perfect comradeship in the struggle. All men are enemies. All animals are comrades." <br> "그리고 기억하십시오, 동지들, 여러분의 결의는 결코 흔들려서 안 됩니다. 어떤 주장도 여러분을 타락한 길로(잘못된 길로) 이끌어서는 안 됩니다. 인간과 동물이 공통의 이익을 가지고 있으며, 한쪽의 번영이 다른 쪽들의 번영이라고 그들이 여러분에게 말할 때 결코 듣지 마십시오. 그것은 모두 거짓말입니다. 인간은 자신을 제외하고는 그 어떤 생명체의 이익도 돌보지 않습니다. 그리고 우리 동물들 사이에는 투쟁 속에서 완벽한 단결, 완벽한 동지애가 있게 하십시오. 모든 인간은 원수입니다. 모든 동물은 동지입니다." At this moment there was a tremendous uproar. While Major was speaking four large rats had crept out of their holes and were sitting on their hindquarters, listening to him. The dogs had suddenly caught sight of them, and it was only by a swift dash for their holes that the rats saved their lives. Major raised his trotter for silence.<br> 이 순간에 엄청난 소란이 있었습니다. 메이저가 말하고 있는 동안 네 마리의 거대한 쥐들이 그들의 구멍 밖으로 살금살금 기어 나와 그들의 뒷동서리를 대고 앉아, 그(의 말)를 듣고 있었습니다. 개들이 갑자기 그들을 포착했고, 쥐들이 그들의 생명을 구한 것은 오직 그들의 구멍을 향한 빠른 돌진에 의해서였습니다. 메이저는 침묵을 위해 그의 앞발을 들어 올렸습니다. "Comrades," he said, "here is a point that must be settled. The wild creatures, such as rats and rabbits--are they our friends or our enemies? Let us put it to the vote. I propose this question to the meeting: Are rats comrades?" <br> "동지들," 그가 말했습니다, "여기 해결되어야만 하는 한 가지 논점이 있습니다. 쥐들과 토끼들 같은 야생의 생명체들—그들은 우리의 친구입니까 아니면 우리의 원수입니까? 그것을 투표에 부칩시다. 나는 회의에 이 질문을 제안합니다: 쥐들은 동지입니까?" The vote was taken at once, and it was agreed by an overwhelming majority that rats were comrades. There were only four dissentients, the three dogs and the cat, who was afterwards discovered to have voted on both sides. Major continued: <br> 투표는 즉시 취해졌고(실시되었고), 쥐들은 동지라는 것이 압도적인 대다수에 의해 합의되었습니다. 오직 네 마리의 반대자들만 있었는데, 세 마리의 개와 고양이였으며, 고양이는 나중에 양쪽 모두에 투표했던 것으로 발견되었습니다(밝혀졌습니다). 메이저는 계속했습니다: "I have little more to say. I merely repeat, remember always your duty of enmity towards Man and all his ways. Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend. And remember also that in fighting against Man, we must not come to resemble him. Even when you have conquered him, do not adopt his vices. No animal must ever live in a house, or sleep in a bed, or wear clothes, or drink alcohol, or smoke tobacco, or touch money, or engage in trade. All the habits of Man are evil. And, above all, no animal must ever tyrannise over his own kind. Weak or strong, clever or simple, we are all brothers. No animal must ever kill any other animal. All animals are equal. <br> "나는 더 말할 것이 거의 없습니다. 나는 단지 되풀이할 뿐이니, 인간과 그의 모든 방식들을 향한 여러분의 원수다움(적대감)의 의무를 항상 기억하십시오. 두 다리로 걷는 것은 무엇이든 적입니다. 네 다리로 걷거나, 날개를 가진 것은 무엇이든 친구입니다. 그리고 인간을 대항하여 싸우는 와중에, 우리가 그를 닮아가지 말아야 한다는 것 또한 기억하십시오. 심지어 여러분이 그를 정복했을 때라도, 그의 악덕들을 채택(모방)하지 마십시오. 어떤 동물도 결코 집 안에서 살아서는 안 되며, 침대에서 잠을 자서도 안 되고, 옷을 입어서도 안 되며, 술을 마셔서도 안 되고, 담배를 피워서도 안 되며, 돈을 만져서도 안 되고, 무역(상거래)에 종사해서도 안 됩니다. 인간의 모든 습관들은 악합니다. 그리고, 무엇보다도, 어떤 동물도 결코 그의 동족 위에서 폭정을 휘둘러서는 안 됩니다. 약하든 강하든, 똑똑하든 단순(어리석든)하든, 우리는 모두 형제들입니다. 어떤 동물도 결코 다른 어떤 동물을 죽여서는 안 됩니다. 모든 동물들은 평등합니다. "And now, comrades, I will tell you about my dream of last night. I cannot describe that dream to you. It was a dream of the earth as it will be when Man has vanished. But it reminded me of something that I had long forgotten. Many years ago, when I was a little pig, my mother and the other sows used to sing an old song of which they knew only the tune and the first three words. I had known that tune in my infancy, but it had long since passed out of my mind. Last night, however, it came back to me in my dream. And what is more, the words of the song also came back-words, I am certain, which were sung by the animals of long ago and have been lost to memory for generations. I will sing you that song now, comrades. I am old and my voice is hoarse, but when I have taught you the tune, you can sing it better for yourselves. It is called 'Beasts of England'." <br> "그리고 이제, 동지들, 나는 여러분에게 나의 지난밤의 꿈에 대해 말하겠습니다. 나는 그 꿈을 여러분에게 묘사할 수 없습니다. 그것은 인간이 사라졌을 때의 있을 바와 같은 지구에 대한 꿈이었습니다. 그러나 그것은 내가 오랫동안 잊고 있었던 어떤 것을 나에게 상기시켜 주었습니다. 수년 전, 내가 작은 돼지였을 때, 나의 어머니와 다른 씨돼지(암돼지)들은 그들이 오직 그것의 곡조와 첫 세 단어만을 알고 있었던 한 오래된 노래를 부르곤 했습니다. 나는 나의 유아기에 그 곡조를 알고 있었지만, 그것은 오래전에 나의 마음 밖으로 지나가 버렸습니다(잊혀졌습니다). 그러나 지난밤, 그것이 나의 꿈속에서 나에게 다시 돌아왔습니다. 그리고 더욱이, 그 노래의 가사들 또한 돌아왔는데—내가 확신하건대, 아주 옛날의 동물들에 의해 불렸고 세대 동안 기억에서 사라졌던 그러한 가사들입니다. 동지들, 나는 지금 여러분에게 그 노래를 불러 주겠습니다. 나는 늙었고 나의 목소리는 쉰 목소리이지만, 내가 여러분에게 그 곡조를 가르쳐 주고 나면, 여러분 스스로가 그것을 더 잘 부를 수 있습니다. 그것은 '영국의 동물들'이라고 불립니다." Old Major cleared his throat and began to sing. As he had said, his voice was hoarse, but he sang well enough, and it was a stirring tune, something between 'Clementine' and 'La Cucaracha'. The words ran: <br> 늙은 메이저는 그의 목청을 가다듬고 노래하기 시작했습니다. 그가 말했었던 것처럼, 그의 목소리는 쉰 목소리였지만, 그는 충분히 잘 불렀고, 그것은 '클레멘타인'과 '라 쿠카라차' 사이의 어떤 것과 같은, 마음을 뒤흔드는 곡조였습니다. 가사는 다음과 같이 흘러갔습니다: <table> <tr> <td> Beasts of England, beasts of Ireland, Beasts of every land and clime, Hearken to my joyful tidings Of the golden future time. Soon or late the day is coming, Tyrant Man shall be o'erthrown, And the fruitful fields of England Shall be trod by beasts alone. Rings shall vanish from our noses, And the harness from our back, Bit and spur shall rust forever, Cruel whips no more shall crack. Riches more than mind can picture, Wheat and barley, oats and hay, Clover, beans, and mangel-wurzels Shall be ours upon that day. Bright will shine the fields of England, Purer shall its waters be, Sweeter yet shall blow its breezes On the day that sets us free. For that day we all must labour, Though we die before it break; Cows and horses, geese and turkeys, All must toil for freedom's sake. Beasts of England, beasts of Ireland, Beasts of every land and clime, Hearken well and spread my tidings Of the golden future time. </td> <td> 영국의 동물들이여, 아일랜드의 동물들이여, 모든 땅과 기후의 동물들이여, 황금빛 미래 시대에 대한 나의 기쁜 소식에 귀를 기울이십시오. 조만간 그날이 오고 있으니, 폭군 인간은 타도될 것이요, 그리고 영국의 결실 가득한 들판은 오직 동물들에 의해서만 밟힐 것입니다. 고리들은 우리의 코에서 사라질 것이요, 그리고 마구는 우리의 등에서 (사라질 것입니다), 재갈과 박차는 영원히 녹슬 것이며, 잔인한 채찍은 더 이상 소리를 내지 못할 것입니다. 마음이 상상할 수 있는 것보다 더 많은 부, 밀과 보리, 귀리와 건초, 클로버, 콩, 그리고 사탕무가 바로 그날에 우리의 것이 될 것입니다. 영국의 들판은 밝게 빛날 것이요, 그것의 물은 더 맑아질 것이며, 그것의 산들바람은 더욱 달콤하게 불어올 것입니다, 우리를 자유롭게 해 주는 바로 그날에. 그날을 위해 우리 모두는 노동해야만 합니다, 비록 그것이 밝아오기 전에 우리가 죽을지라도. 암소들과 말들, 거위들과 칠면조들, 모두가 자유를 위해 힘들게 일해야만 합니다. 영국의 동물들이여, 아일랜드의 동물들이여, 모든 땅과 기후의 동물들이여, 잘 귀를 기울이고 나의 소식을 퍼뜨리십시오, 황금빛 미래 시대에 대한 (소식을). </td> </tr> </table> The singing of this song threw the animals into the wildest excitement. Almost before Major had reached the end, they had begun singing it for themselves. Even the stupidest of them had already picked up the tune and a few of the words, and as for the clever ones, such as the pigs and dogs, they had the entire song by heart within a few minutes. And then, after a few preliminary tries, the whole farm burst out into 'Beasts of England' in tremendous unison. The cows lowed it, the dogs whined it, the sheep bleated it, the horses whinnied it, the ducks quacked it. They were so delighted with the song that they sang it right through five times in succession, and might have continued singing it all night if they had not been interrupted. <br> 이 노래의 가창은 동물들을 가장 격렬한 흥분 속으로 몰아넣었습니다. 메이저가 끝에 도달하기 거의 전에, 그들은 그것을 그들 스스로 부르기 시작했었습니다. 그들 중 가장 어리석은 이들조차 이미 그 곡조와 몇 개의 단어들을 익혔고, 돼지들과 개들 같은 영리한 이들로 말하자면, 그들은 몇 분 안에 노래 전체를 마음으로(암기하여) 가졌습니다. 그러고 나서, 몇 번의 예비적인 시도 후에, 온 농장이 엄청난 일제히(제창) 속에서 '영국의 동물들'로 터져 나왔습니다. 암소들은 그것을 음매하고 울었고, 개들은 깽깽하며 울었으며, 양들은 매애하고 울었고, 말들은 히힝하고 울었고, 오리들은 꽥꽥하며 울었습니다. 그들은 그 노래에 너무나 기뻐서 그것을 연속으로 바로 다섯 번 통틀어 불렀고, 만약 그들이 방해받지 않았었더라면 밤새도록 그것을 계속 불렀을지도 모릅니다. Unfortunately, the uproar awoke Mr. Jones, who sprang out of bed, making sure that there was a fox in the yard. He seized the gun which always stood in a corner of his bedroom, and let fly a charge of number 6 shot into the darkness. The pellets buried themselves in the wall of the barn and the meeting broke up hurriedly. Everyone fled to his own sleeping-place. The birds jumped on to their perches, the animals settled down in the straw, and the whole farm was asleep in a moment. <br> 불행하게도, 그 소란이 존스 씨를 깨웠고, 그는 마당에 여우가 있다고 확신하면서 침대 밖으로 튀어 올랐습니다. 그는 그의 침실 구석에 항상 서 있던 총을 붙잡았고, 어둠 속으로 6호 산탄 한 발을 날려 보냈습니다. 그 산탄 알갱이들은 창고 벽속에 박혔고 회의는 서둘러 해산되었습니다. 모두가 그 자신의 잠자리로 도망쳤습니다. 새들은 그들의 홰 위로 뛰어올랐고, 동물들은 짚 속에 자리를 잡았으며, 온 농장은 순식간에 잠들었습니다. Chapter II 제2장 Three nights later old Major died peacefully in his sleep. His body was buried at the foot of the orchard. <br> 사흘 밤 뒤에 늙은 메이저는 그의 잠 속에서 평화롭게 죽었습니다. 그의 몸은 과수원의 기슭에 묻혔습니다. This was early in March. During the next three months there was much secret activity. Major's speech had given to the more intelligent animals on the farm a completely new outlook on life. They did not know when the Rebellion predicted by Major would take place, they had no reason for thinking that it would be within their own lifetime, but they saw clearly that it was their duty to prepare for it. The work of teaching and organising the others fell naturally upon the pigs, who were generally recognised as being the cleverest of the animals. Pre-eminent among the pigs were two young boars named Snowball and Napoleon, whom Mr. Jones was breeding up for sale. Napoleon was a large, rather fierce-looking Berkshire boar, the only Berkshire on the farm, not much of a talker, but with a reputation for getting his own way. Snowball was a more vivacious pig than Napoleon, quicker in speech and more inventive, but was not considered to have the same depth of character. All the other male pigs on the farm were porkers. The best known among them was a small fat pig named Squealer, with very round cheeks, twinkling eyes, nimble movements, and a shrill voice. He was a brilliant talker, and when he was arguing some difficult point he had a way of skipping from side to side and whisking his tail which was somehow very persuasive. The others said of Squealer that he could turn black into white.<br> 이것은 3월 초순이었다. 다음 3달 동안에는 많은 비밀스러운 활동이 있었다. 메이저의 연설은 농장에서 더 똑똑한 동물들에게 삶에 대한 완전히 새로운 관점을 주었다. 그들은 메이저에 의해 예언된 그 반란이 언제 일어날지 알지 못했고, 그것이 그들 자신의 생애 내에 있을 것이라고 생각할 아무런 이유도 없었지만, 그러나 그들은 그것을 준비하는 것이 자신들의 의무라는 것을 명확히 보았다(알았다). 다른 동물들을 가르치고 조직하는 일은 자연스럽게 돼지들에게 떨어졌는데(맡겨졌는데), 그들은 일반적으로 동물들 중에서 가장 영리한 것으로 인정받고 있었다. 돼지들 중에서 탁월한 이들은 스노볼과 나폴레옹이라는 이름의 두 마리 젊은 수컷씨돼지들이었는데, 존스 씨가 판매를 위해 기르고 있는 중이었다. 나폴레옹은 크고, 다소 사납게 생겼으며, 농장에서 유일한 버크셔 종 수멧돼지였는데, 말수가 많지 않았지만, 자기 방식대로 해내고야 만다는(고집을 관철한다는) 평판을 가지고 있었다. 스노볼은 나폴레옹보다 더 활기 넘치는 돼지였고, 말이 더 빨랐으며 더 독창적이었지만, 성격의 깊이가 똑같이 깊다고는 여겨지지 않았다. 농장의 다른 모든 수컷 돼지들은 (살을 찌운) 식육용 돼지들이었다. 그들 중에서 가장 잘 알려진 이는 스퀼러라는 이름의 작고 뚱뚱한 돼지였는데, 매우 둥근 뺨, 반짝이는 눈, 민첩한 움직임, 그리고 날카로운 목소리를 가지고 있었다. 그는 뛰어난 달변가였고, 그가 어떤 어려운 논점을 논쟁하고 있을 때, 그는 이쪽저쪽으로 깡충깡충 뛰며 그의 꼬리를 휙휙 흔드는 방식을 가지고 있었는데, 그것은 어쩐지 매우 설득력이 있었다. 다른 동물들은 스퀼러에 대해 그가 검은 것을 흰 것으로 바꿀 수도 있다고 말했다. These three had elaborated old Major's teachings into a complete system of thought, to which they gave the name of Animalism. Several nights a week, after Mr. Jones was asleep, they held secret meetings in the barn and expounded the principles of Animalism to the others. At the beginning they met with much stupidity and apathy. Some of the animals talked of the duty of loyalty to Mr. Jones, whom they referred to as "Master," or made elementary remarks such as "Mr. Jones feeds us. If he were gone, we should starve to death." Others asked such questions as "Why should we care what happens after we are dead?" or "If this Rebellion is to happen anyway, what difference does it make whether we work for it or not?", and the pigs had great difficulty in making them see that this was contrary to the spirit of Animalism. The stupidest questions of all were asked by Mollie, the white mare. The very first question she asked Snowball was: "Will there still be sugar after the Rebellion?" <br> 이들 세 마리는 늙은 메이저의 가르침들을 하나의 완전한 사상 체계로 정교하게 발전시켰으며, 그것에 '동물주의(Animalism)'라는 이름을 부여했다. 일주일에 몇 번씩 밤마다, 존스 씨가 잠든 후에, 그들은 헛간에서 비밀 집회를 열었고 다른 동물들에게 동물주의의 원칙들을 상세히 설명했다. 시작 단계에서 그들은 많은 어리석음과 냉담함에 부딪혔다. 동물들 중 일부는 자신들이 "주인님"이라고 부르는 존스 씨에 대한 충성의 의무를 말하거나, "존스 씨는 우리를 먹여 살려준다. 만약 그가 사라진다면, 우리는 굶어 죽을 것이다"와 같은 초보적인 발언을 했다. 다른 동물들은 "우리가 죽은 후에 무슨 일이 일어나든 우리가 왜 신경 써야 하지?"라거나 "만약 이 반란이 어차피 일어날 운명이라면, 우리가 그것을 위해 일하든 안 하든 무슨 차이가 있지?"와 같은 질문들을 던졌고, 돼지들은 이것이 동물주의의 정신에 어긋나는 것임을 그들에게 이해시키는 데 큰 어려움을 겪었다. 모든 질문 중에서 가장 어리석은 질문들은 흰색 암말인 몰리에 의해 질문되었다. 그녀가 스노볼에게 던진 아주 첫 번째 질문은 "반란 후에도 여전히 설탕이 있을까요?"였다. "No," said Snowball firmly. "We have no means of making sugar on this farm. Besides, you do not need sugar. You will have all the oats and hay you want." <br> "아니오," 스노볼이 단호하게 말했다. " 우리는 이 농장에서 설탕을 만들 수 있는 수단을 가지고 있지 않소. 게다가, 당신은 설탕이 필요하지 않소. 당신은 당신이 원하는 모든 귀리와 건초를 가지게 될 것이오." "And shall I still be allowed to wear ribbons in my mane?" asked Mollie. <br> "그리고 내가 내 갈기에 여전히 리본을 착용하는 것이 허용될까요?" 몰리가 물었다. "Comrade," said Snowball, "those ribbons that you are so devoted to are the badge of slavery. Can you not understand that liberty is worth more than ribbons?" <br> "동무," 스노볼이 말했다, "당신이 그토록 애지중지하는 그 리본들은 노예 제도의 상징(징표)이오. 자유가 리본들보다 더 가치 있다는 것을 당신은 이해하지 못하겠소?" Mollie agreed, but she did not sound very convinced. <br> 몰리는 동의했지만, 그녀의 목소리는 그리 납득한 것처럼 들리지 않았다. The pigs had an even harder struggle to counteract the lies put about by Moses, the tame raven. Moses, who was Mr. Jones's especial pet, was a spy and a tale-bearer, but he was also a clever talker. He claimed to know of the existence of a mysterious country called Sugarcandy Mountain, to which all animals went when they died. It was situated somewhere up in the sky, a little distance beyond the clouds, Moses said. In Sugarcandy Mountain it was Sunday seven days a week, clover was in season all the year round, and lump sugar and linseed cake grew on the hedges. The animals hated Moses because he told tales and did no work, but some of them believed in Sugarcandy Mountain, and the pigs had to argue very hard to persuade them that there was no such place. Their most faithful disciples were the two cart-horses, Boxer and Clover. These two had great difficulty in thinking anything out for themselves, but having once accepted the pigs as their teachers, they absorbed everything that they were told, and passed it on to the other animals by simple arguments. They were unfailing in their attendance at the secret meetings in the barn, and led the singing of 'Beasts of England', with which the meetings always ended. Now, as it turned out, the Rebellion was achieved much earlier and more easily than anyone had expected. In past years Mr. Jones, although a hard master, had been a capable farmer, but of late he had fallen on evil days. He had become much disheartened after losing money in a lawsuit, and had taken to drinking more than was good for him. For whole days at a time he would lounge in his Windsor chair in the kitchen, reading the newspapers, drinking, and occasionally feeding Moses on crusts of bread soaked in beer. His men were idle and dishonest, the fields were full of weeds, the buildings wanted roofing, the hedges were neglected, and the animals were underfed. June came and the hay was almost ready for cutting. On Midsummer's Eve, which was a Saturday, Mr. Jones went into Willingdon and got so drunk at the Red Lion that he did not come back till midday on Sunday. The men had milked the cows in the early morning and then had gone out rabbiting, without bothering to feed the animals. When Mr. Jones got back he immediately went to sleep on the drawing-room sofa with the News of the World over his face, so that when evening came, the animals were still unfed. At last they could stand it no longer. One of the cows broke in the door of the store-shed with her horn and all the animals began to help themselves from the bins. It was just then that Mr. Jones woke up. The next moment he and his four men were in the store-shed with whips in their hands, lashing out in all directions. This was more than the hungry animals could bear. With one accord, though nothing of the kind had been planned beforehand, they flung themselves upon their tormentors. Jones and his men suddenly found themselves being butted and kicked from all sides. The situation was quite out of their control. They had never seen animals behave like this before, and this sudden uprising of creatures whom they were used to thrashing and maltreating just as they chose, frightened them almost out of their wits. After only a moment or two they gave up trying to defend themselves and took to their heels. A minute later all five of them were in full flight down the cart-track that led to the main road, with the animals pursuing them in triumph. Mrs. Jones looked out of the bedroom window, saw what was happening, hurriedly flung a few possessions into a carpet bag, and slipped out of the farm by another way. Moses sprang off his perch and flapped after her, croaking loudly. Meanwhile the animals had chased Jones and his men out on to the road and slammed the five-barred gate behind them. And so, almost before they knew what was happening, the Rebellion had been successfully carried through: Jones was expelled, and the Manor Farm was theirs. For the first few minutes the animals could hardly believe in their good fortune. Their first act was to gallop in a body right round the boundaries of the farm, as though to make quite sure that no human being was hiding anywhere upon it; then they raced back to the farm buildings to wipe out the last traces of Jones's hated reign. The harness-room at the end of the stables was broken open; the bits, the nose-rings, the dog-chains, the cruel knives with which Mr. Jones had been used to castrate the pigs and lambs, were all flung down the well. The reins, the halters, the blinkers, the degrading nosebags, were thrown on to the rubbish fire which was burning in the yard. So were the whips. All the animals capered with joy when they saw the whips going up in flames. Snowball also threw on to the fire the ribbons with which the horses' manes and tails had usually been decorated on market days. "Ribbons," he said, "should be considered as clothes, which are the mark of a human being. All animals should go naked." When Boxer heard this he fetched the small straw hat which he wore in summer to keep the flies out of his ears, and flung it on to the fire with the rest. In a very little while the animals had destroyed everything that reminded them of Mr. Jones. Napoleon then led them back to the store-shed and served out a double ration of corn to everybody, with two biscuits for each dog. Then they sang 'Beasts of England' from end to end seven times running, and after that they settled down for the night and slept as they had never slept before. But they woke at dawn as usual, and suddenly remembering the glorious thing that had happened, they all raced out into the pasture together. A little way down the pasture there was a knoll that commanded a view of most of the farm. The animals rushed to the top of it and gazed round them in the clear morning light. Yes, it was theirs--everything that they could see was theirs! In the ecstasy of that thought they gambolled round and round, they hurled themselves into the air in great leaps of excitement. They rolled in the dew, they cropped mouthfuls of the sweet summer grass, they kicked up clods of the black earth and snuffed its rich scent. Then they made a tour of inspection of the whole farm and surveyed with speechless admiration the ploughland, the hayfield, the orchard, the pool, the spinney. It was as though they had never seen these things before, and even now they could hardly believe that it was all their own. Then they filed back to the farm buildings and halted in silence outside the door of the farmhouse. That was theirs too, but they were frightened to go inside. After a moment, however, Snowball and Napoleon butted the door open with their shoulders and the animals entered in single file, walking with the utmost care for fear of disturbing anything. They tiptoed from room to room, afraid to speak above a whisper and gazing with a kind of awe at the unbelievable luxury, at the beds with their feather mattresses, the looking-glasses, the horsehair sofa, the Brussels carpet, the lithograph of Queen Victoria over the drawing-room mantelpiece. They were just coming down the stairs when Mollie was discovered to be missing. Going back, the others found that she had remained behind in the best bedroom. She had taken a piece of blue ribbon from Mrs. Jones's dressing-table, and was holding it against her shoulder and admiring herself in the glass in a very foolish manner. The others reproached her sharply, and they went outside. Some hams hanging in the kitchen were taken out for burial, and the barrel of beer in the scullery was stove in with a kick from Boxer's hoof, otherwise nothing in the house was touched. A unanimous resolution was passed on the spot that the farmhouse should be preserved as a museum. All were agreed that no animal must ever live there. The animals had their breakfast, and then Snowball and Napoleon called them together again. "Comrades," said Snowball, "it is half-past six and we have a long day before us. Today we begin the hay harvest. But there is another matter that must be attended to first." The pigs now revealed that during the past three months they had taught themselves to read and write from an old spelling book which had belonged to Mr. Jones's children and which had been thrown on the rubbish heap. Napoleon sent for pots of black and white paint and led the way down to the five-barred gate that gave on to the main road. Then Snowball (for it was Snowball who was best at writing) took a brush between the two knuckles of his trotter, painted out MANOR FARM from the top bar of the gate and in its place painted ANIMAL FARM. This was to be the name of the farm from now onwards. After this they went back to the farm buildings, where Snowball and Napoleon sent for a ladder which they caused to be set against the end wall of the big barn. They explained that by their studies of the past three months the pigs had succeeded in reducing the principles of Animalism to Seven Commandments. These Seven Commandments would now be inscribed on the wall; they would form an unalterable law by which all the animals on Animal Farm must live for ever after. With some difficulty (for it is not easy for a pig to balance himself on a ladder) Snowball climbed up and set to work, with Squealer a few rungs below him holding the paint-pot. The Commandments were written on the tarred wall in great white letters that could be read thirty yards away. They ran thus: THE SEVEN COMMANDMENTS 1. Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy. 2. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend. 3. No animal shall wear clothes. 4. No animal shall sleep in a bed. 5. No animal shall drink alcohol. 6. No animal shall kill any other animal. 7. All animals are equal. It was very neatly written, and except that "friend" was written "freind" and one of the "S's" was the wrong way round, the spelling was correct all the way through. Snowball read it aloud for the benefit of the others. All the animals nodded in complete agreement, and the cleverer ones at once began to learn the Commandments by heart. "Now, comrades," cried Snowball, throwing down the paint-brush, "to the hayfield! Let us make it a point of honour to get in the harvest more quickly than Jones and his men could do." But at this moment the three cows, who had seemed uneasy for some time past, set up a loud lowing. They had not been milked for twenty-four hours, and their udders were almost bursting. After a little thought, the pigs sent for buckets and milked the cows fairly successfully, their trotters being well adapted to this task. Soon there were five buckets of frothing creamy milk at which many of the animals looked with considerable interest. "What is going to happen to all that milk?" said someone. "Jones used sometimes to mix some of it in our mash," said one of the hens. "Never mind the milk, comrades!" cried Napoleon, placing himself in front of the buckets. "That will be attended to. The harvest is more important. Comrade Snowball will lead the way. I shall follow in a few minutes. Forward, comrades! The hay is waiting." So the animals trooped down to the hayfield to begin the harvest, and when they came back in the evening it was noticed that the milk had disappeared. Chapter III How they toiled and sweated to get the hay in! But their efforts were rewarded, for the harvest was an even bigger success than they had hoped. Sometimes the work was hard; the implements had been designed for human beings and not for animals, and it was a great drawback that no animal was able to use any tool that involved standing on his hind legs. But the pigs were so clever that they could think of a way round every difficulty. As for the horses, they knew every inch of the field, and in fact understood the business of mowing and raking far better than Jones and his men had ever done. The pigs did not actually work, but directed and supervised the others. With their superior knowledge it was natural that they should assume the leadership. Boxer and Clover would harness themselves to the cutter or the horse-rake (no bits or reins were needed in these days, of course) and tramp steadily round and round the field with a pig walking behind and calling out "Gee up, comrade!" or "Whoa back, comrade!" as the case might be. And every animal down to the humblest worked at turning the hay and gathering it. Even the ducks and hens toiled to and fro all day in the sun, carrying tiny wisps of hay in their beaks. In the end they finished the harvest in two days' less time than it had usually taken Jones and his men. Moreover, it was the biggest harvest that the farm had ever seen. There was no wastage whatever; the hens and ducks with their sharp eyes had gathered up the very last stalk. And not an animal on the farm had stolen so much as a mouthful. All through that summer the work of the farm went like clockwork. The animals were happy as they had never conceived it possible to be. Every mouthful of food was an acute positive pleasure, now that it was truly their own food, produced by themselves and for themselves, not doled out to them by a grudging master. With the worthless parasitical human beings gone, there was more for everyone to eat. There was more leisure too, inexperienced though the animals were. They met with many difficulties--for instance, later in the year, when they harvested the corn, they had to tread it out in the ancient style and blow away the chaff with their breath, since the farm possessed no threshing machine--but the pigs with their cleverness and Boxer with his tremendous muscles always pulled them through. Boxer was the admiration of everybody. He had been a hard worker even in Jones's time, but now he seemed more like three horses than one; there were days when the entire work of the farm seemed to rest on his mighty shoulders. From morning to night he was pushing and pulling, always at the spot where the work was hardest. He had made an arrangement with one of the cockerels to call him in the mornings half an hour earlier than anyone else, and would put in some volunteer labour at whatever seemed to be most needed, before the regular day's work began. His answer to every problem, every setback, was "I will work harder!"--which he had adopted as his personal motto. But everyone worked according to his capacity. The hens and ducks, for instance, saved five bushels of corn at the harvest by gathering up the stray grains. Nobody stole, nobody grumbled over his rations, the quarrelling and biting and jealousy which had been normal features of life in the old days had almost disappeared. Nobody shirked--or almost nobody. Mollie, it was true, was not good at getting up in the mornings, and had a way of leaving work early on the ground that there was a stone in her hoof. And the behaviour of the cat was somewhat peculiar. It was soon noticed that when there was work to be done the cat could never be found. She would vanish for hours on end, and then reappear at meal-times, or in the evening after work was over, as though nothing had happened. But she always made such excellent excuses, and purred so affectionately, that it was impossible not to believe in her good intentions. Old Benjamin, the donkey, seemed quite unchanged since the Rebellion. He did his work in the same slow obstinate way as he had done it in Jones's time, never shirking and never volunteering for extra work either. About the Rebellion and its results he would express no opinion. When asked whether he was not happier now that Jones was gone, he would say only "Donkeys live a long time. None of you has ever seen a dead donkey," and the others had to be content with this cryptic answer. On Sundays there was no work. Breakfast was an hour later than usual, and after breakfast there was a ceremony which was observed every week without fail. First came the hoisting of the flag. Snowball had found in the harness-room an old green tablecloth of Mrs. Jones's and had painted on it a hoof and a horn in white. This was run up the flagstaff in the farmhouse garden every Sunday morning. The flag was green, Snowball explained, to represent the green fields of England, while the hoof and horn signified the future Republic of the Animals which would arise when the human race had been finally overthrown. After the hoisting of the flag all the animals trooped into the big barn for a general assembly which was known as the Meeting. Here the work of the coming week was planned out and resolutions were put forward and debated. It was always the pigs who put forward the resolutions. The other animals understood how to vote, but could never think of any resolutions of their own. Snowball and Napoleon were by far the most active in the debates. But it was noticed that these two were never in agreement: whatever suggestion either of them made, the other could be counted on to oppose it. Even when it was resolved--a thing no one could object to in itself--to set aside the small paddock behind the orchard as a home of rest for animals who were past work, there was a stormy debate over the correct retiring age for each class of animal. The Meeting always ended with the singing of 'Beasts of England', and the afternoon was given up to recreation. The pigs had set aside the harness-room as a headquarters for themselves. Here, in the evenings, they studied blacksmithing, carpentering, and other necessary arts from books which they had brought out of the farmhouse. Snowball also busied himself with organising the other animals into what he called Animal Committees. He was indefatigable at this. He formed the Egg Production Committee for the hens, the Clean Tails League for the cows, the Wild Comrades' Re-education Committee (the object of this was to tame the rats and rabbits), the Whiter Wool Movement for the sheep, and various others, besides instituting classes in reading and writing. On the whole, these projects were a failure. The attempt to tame the wild creatures, for instance, broke down almost immediately. They continued to behave very much as before, and when treated with generosity, simply took advantage of it. The cat joined the Re-education Committee and was very active in it for some days. She was seen one day sitting on a roof and talking to some sparrows who were just out of her reach. She was telling them that all animals were now comrades and that any sparrow who chose could come and perch on her paw; but the sparrows kept their distance. The reading and writing classes, however, were a great success. By the autumn almost every animal on the farm was literate in some degree. As for the pigs, they could already read and write perfectly. The dogs learned to read fairly well, but were not interested in reading anything except the Seven Commandments. Muriel, the goat, could read somewhat better than the dogs, and sometimes used to read to the others in the evenings from scraps of newspaper which she found on the rubbish heap. Benjamin could read as well as any pig, but never exercised his faculty. So far as he knew, he said, there was nothing worth reading. Clover learnt the whole alphabet, but could not put words together. Boxer could not get beyond the letter D. He would trace out A, B, C, D, in the dust with his great hoof, and then would stand staring at the letters with his ears back, sometimes shaking his forelock, trying with all his might to remember what came next and never succeeding. On several occasions, indeed, he did learn E, F, G, H, but by the time he knew them, it was always discovered that he had forgotten A, B, C, and D. Finally he decided to be content with the first four letters, and used to write them out once or twice every day to refresh his memory. Mollie refused to learn any but the six letters which spelt her own name. She would form these very neatly out of pieces of twig, and would then decorate them with a flower or two and walk round them admiring them. None of the other animals on the farm could get further than the letter A. It was also found that the stupider animals, such as the sheep, hens, and ducks, were unable to learn the Seven Commandments by heart. After much thought Snowball declared that the Seven Commandments could in effect be reduced to a single maxim, namely: "Four legs good, two legs bad." This, he said, contained the essential principle of Animalism. Whoever had thoroughly grasped it would be safe from human influences. The birds at first objected, since it seemed to them that they also had two legs, but Snowball proved to them that this was not so. "A bird's wing, comrades," he said, "is an organ of propulsion and not of manipulation. It should therefore be regarded as a leg. The distinguishing mark of man is the HAND, the instrument with which he does all his mischief." The birds did not understand Snowball's long words, but they accepted his explanation, and all the humbler animals set to work to learn the new maxim by heart. FOUR LEGS GOOD, TWO LEGS BAD, was inscribed on the end wall of the barn, above the Seven Commandments and in bigger letters. When they had once got it by heart, the sheep developed a great liking for this maxim, and often as they lay in the field they would all start bleating "Four legs good, two legs bad! Four legs good, two legs bad!" and keep it up for hours on end, never growing tired of it. Napoleon took no interest in Snowball's committees. He said that the education of the young was more important than anything that could be done for those who were already grown up. It happened that Jessie and Bluebell had both whelped soon after the hay harvest, giving birth between them to nine sturdy puppies. As soon as they were weaned, Napoleon took them away from their mothers, saying that he would make himself responsible for their education. He took them up into a loft which could only be reached by a ladder from the harness-room, and there kept them in such seclusion that the rest of the farm soon forgot their existence. The mystery of where the milk went to was soon cleared up. It was mixed every day into the pigs' mash. The early apples were now ripening, and the grass of the orchard was littered with windfalls. The animals had assumed as a matter of course that these would be shared out equally; one day, however, the order went forth that all the windfalls were to be collected and brought to the harness-room for the use of the pigs. At this some of the other animals murmured, but it was no use. All the pigs were in full agreement on this point, even Snowball and Napoleon. Squealer was sent to make the necessary explanations to the others. "Comrades!" he cried. "You do not imagine, I hope, that we pigs are doing this in a spirit of selfishness and privilege? Many of us actually dislike milk and apples. I dislike them myself. Our sole object in taking these things is to preserve our health. Milk and apples (this has been proved by Science, comrades) contain substances absolutely necessary to the well-being of a pig. We pigs are brainworkers. The whole management and organisation of this farm depend on us. Day and night we are watching over your welfare. It is for YOUR sake that we drink that milk and eat those apples. Do you know what would happen if we pigs failed in our duty? Jones would come back! Yes, Jones would come back! Surely, comrades," cried Squealer almost pleadingly, skipping from side to side and whisking his tail, "surely there is no one among you who wants to see Jones come back?" Now if there was one thing that the animals were completely certain of, it was that they did not want Jones back. When it was put to them in this light, they had no more to say. The importance of keeping the pigs in good health was all too obvious. So it was agreed without further argument that the milk and the windfall apples (and also the main crop of apples when they ripened) should be reserved for the pigs alone. Chapter IV By the late summer the news of what had happened on Animal Farm had spread across half the county. Every day Snowball and Napoleon sent out flights of pigeons whose instructions were to mingle with the animals on neighbouring farms, tell them the story of the Rebellion, and teach them the tune of 'Beasts of England'. Most of this time Mr. Jones had spent sitting in the taproom of the Red Lion at Willingdon, complaining to anyone who would listen of the monstrous injustice he had suffered in being turned out of his property by a pack of good-for-nothing animals. The other farmers sympathised in principle, but they did not at first give him much help. At heart, each of them was secretly wondering whether he could not somehow turn Jones's misfortune to his own advantage. It was lucky that the owners of the two farms which adjoined Animal Farm were on permanently bad terms. One of them, which was named Foxwood, was a large, neglected, old-fashioned farm, much overgrown by woodland, with all its pastures worn out and its hedges in a disgraceful condition. Its owner, Mr. Pilkington, was an easy-going gentleman farmer who spent most of his time in fishing or hunting according to the season. The other farm, which was called Pinchfield, was smaller and better kept. Its owner was a Mr. Frederick, a tough, shrewd man, perpetually involved in lawsuits and with a name for driving hard bargains. These two disliked each other so much that it was difficult for them to come to any agreement, even in defence of their own interests. Nevertheless, they were both thoroughly frightened by the rebellion on Animal Farm, and very anxious to prevent their own animals from learning too much about it. At first they pretended to laugh to scorn the idea of animals managing a farm for themselves. The whole thing would be over in a fortnight, they said. They put it about that the animals on the Manor Farm (they insisted on calling it the Manor Farm; they would not tolerate the name "Animal Farm") were perpetually fighting among themselves and were also rapidly starving to death. When time passed and the animals had evidently not starved to death, Frederick and Pilkington changed their tune and began to talk of the terrible wickedness that now flourished on Animal Farm. It was given out that the animals there practised cannibalism, tortured one another with red-hot horseshoes, and had their females in common. This was what came of rebelling against the laws of Nature, Frederick and Pilkington said. However, these stories were never fully believed. Rumours of a wonderful farm, where the human beings had been turned out and the animals managed their own affairs, continued to circulate in vague and distorted forms, and throughout that year a wave of rebelliousness ran through the countryside. Bulls which had always been tractable suddenly turned savage, sheep broke down hedges and devoured the clover, cows kicked the pail over, hunters refused their fences and shot their riders on to the other side. Above all, the tune and even the words of 'Beasts of England' were known everywhere. It had spread with astonishing speed. The human beings could not contain their rage when they heard this song, though they pretended to think it merely ridiculous. They could not understand, they said, how even animals could bring themselves to sing such contemptible rubbish. Any animal caught singing it was given a flogging on the spot. And yet the song was irrepressible. The blackbirds whistled it in the hedges, the pigeons cooed it in the elms, it got into the din of the smithies and the tune of the church bells. And when the human beings listened to it, they secretly trembled, hearing in it a prophecy of their future doom. Early in October, when the corn was cut and stacked and some of it was already threshed, a flight of pigeons came whirling through the air and alighted in the yard of Animal Farm in the wildest excitement. Jones and all his men, with half a dozen others from Foxwood and Pinchfield, had entered the five-barred gate and were coming up the cart-track that led to the farm. They were all carrying sticks, except Jones, who was marching ahead with a gun in his hands. Obviously they were going to attempt the recapture of the farm. This had long been expected, and all preparations had been made. Snowball, who had studied an old book of Julius Caesar's campaigns which he had found in the farmhouse, was in charge of the defensive operations. He gave his orders quickly, and in a couple of minutes every animal was at his post. As the human beings approached the farm buildings, Snowball launched his first attack. All the pigeons, to the number of thirty-five, flew to and fro over the men's heads and muted upon them from mid-air; and while the men were dealing with this, the geese, who had been hiding behind the hedge, rushed out and pecked viciously at the calves of their legs. However, this was only a light skirmishing manoeuvre, intended to create a little disorder, and the men easily drove the geese off with their sticks. Snowball now launched his second line of attack. Muriel, Benjamin, and all the sheep, with Snowball at the head of them, rushed forward and prodded and butted the men from every side, while Benjamin turned around and lashed at them with his small hoofs. But once again the men, with their sticks and their hobnailed boots, were too strong for them; and suddenly, at a squeal from Snowball, which was the signal for retreat, all the animals turned and fled through the gateway into the yard. The men gave a shout of triumph. They saw, as they imagined, their enemies in flight, and they rushed after them in disorder. This was just what Snowball had intended. As soon as they were well inside the yard, the three horses, the three cows, and the rest of the pigs, who had been lying in ambush in the cowshed, suddenly emerged in their rear, cutting them off. Snowball now gave the signal for the charge. He himself dashed straight for Jones. Jones saw him coming, raised his gun and fired. The pellets scored bloody streaks along Snowball's back, and a sheep dropped dead. Without halting for an instant, Snowball flung his fifteen stone against Jones's legs. Jones was hurled into a pile of dung and his gun flew out of his hands. But the most terrifying spectacle of all was Boxer, rearing up on his hind legs and striking out with his great iron-shod hoofs like a stallion. His very first blow took a stable-lad from Foxwood on the skull and stretched him lifeless in the mud. At the sight, several men dropped their sticks and tried to run. Panic overtook them, and the next moment all the animals together were chasing them round and round the yard. They were gored, kicked, bitten, trampled on. There was not an animal on the farm that did not take vengeance on them after his own fashion. Even the cat suddenly leapt off a roof onto a cowman's shoulders and sank her claws in his neck, at which he yelled horribly. At a moment when the opening was clear, the men were glad enough to rush out of the yard and make a bolt for the main road. And so within five minutes of their invasion they were in ignominious retreat by the same way as they had come, with a flock of geese hissing after them and pecking at their calves all the way. All the men were gone except one. Back in the yard Boxer was pawing with his hoof at the stable-lad who lay face down in the mud, trying to turn him over. The boy did not stir. "He is dead," said Boxer sorrowfully. "I had no intention of doing that. I forgot that I was wearing iron shoes. Who will believe that I did not do this on purpose?" "No sentimentality, comrade!" cried Snowball from whose wounds the blood was still dripping. "War is war. The only good human being is a dead one." "I have no wish to take life, not even human life," repeated Boxer, and his eyes were full of tears. "Where is Mollie?" exclaimed somebody. Mollie in fact was missing. For a moment there was great alarm; it was feared that the men might have harmed her in some way, or even carried her off with them. In the end, however, she was found hiding in her stall with her head buried among the hay in the manger. She had taken to flight as soon as the gun went off. And when the others came back from looking for her, it was to find that the stable-lad, who in fact was only stunned, had already recovered and made off. The animals had now reassembled in the wildest excitement, each recounting his own exploits in the battle at the top of his voice. An impromptu celebration of the victory was held immediately. The flag was run up and 'Beasts of England' was sung a number of times, then the sheep who had been killed was given a solemn funeral, a hawthorn bush being planted on her grave. At the graveside Snowball made a little speech, emphasising the need for all animals to be ready to die for Animal Farm if need be. The animals decided unanimously to create a military decoration, "Animal Hero, First Class," which was conferred there and then on Snowball and Boxer. It consisted of a brass medal (they were really some old horse-brasses which had been found in the harness-room), to be worn on Sundays and holidays. There was also "Animal Hero, Second Class," which was conferred posthumously on the dead sheep. There was much discussion as to what the battle should be called. In the end, it was named the Battle of the Cowshed, since that was where the ambush had been sprung. Mr. Jones's gun had been found lying in the mud, and it was known that there was a supply of cartridges in the farmhouse. It was decided to set the gun up at the foot of the Flagstaff, like a piece of artillery, and to fire it twice a year--once on October the twelfth, the anniversary of the Battle of the Cowshed, and once on Midsummer Day, the anniversary of the Rebellion. Chapter V As winter drew on, Mollie became more and more troublesome. She was late for work every morning and excused herself by saying that she had overslept, and she complained of mysterious pains, although her appetite was excellent. On every kind of pretext she would run away from work and go to the drinking pool, where she would stand foolishly gazing at her own reflection in the water. But there were also rumours of something more serious. One day, as Mollie strolled blithely into the yard, flirting her long tail and chewing at a stalk of hay, Clover took her aside. "Mollie," she said, "I have something very serious to say to you. This morning I saw you looking over the hedge that divides Animal Farm from Foxwood. One of Mr. Pilkington's men was standing on the other side of the hedge. And--I was a long way away, but I am almost certain I saw this--he was talking to you and you were allowing him to stroke your nose. What does that mean, Mollie?" "He didn't! I wasn't! It isn't true!" cried Mollie, beginning to prance about and paw the ground. "Mollie! Look me in the face. Do you give me your word of honour that that man was not stroking your nose?" "It isn't true!" repeated Mollie, but she could not look Clover in the face, and the next moment she took to her heels and galloped away into the field. A thought struck Clover. Without saying anything to the others, she went to Mollie's stall and turned over the straw with her hoof. Hidden under the straw was a little pile of lump sugar and several bunches of ribbon of different colours. Three days later Mollie disappeared. For some weeks nothing was known of her whereabouts, then the pigeons reported that they had seen her on the other side of Willingdon. She was between the shafts of a smart dogcart painted red and black, which was standing outside a public-house. A fat red-faced man in check breeches and gaiters, who looked like a publican, was stroking her nose and feeding her with sugar. Her coat was newly clipped and she wore a scarlet ribbon round her forelock. She appeared to be enjoying herself, so the pigeons said. None of the animals ever mentioned Mollie again. In January there came bitterly hard weather. The earth was like iron, and nothing could be done in the fields. Many meetings were held in the big barn, and the pigs occupied themselves with planning out the work of the coming season. It had come to be accepted that the pigs, who were manifestly cleverer than the other animals, should decide all questions of farm policy, though their decisions had to be ratified by a majority vote. This arrangement would have worked well enough if it had not been for the disputes between Snowball and Napoleon. These two disagreed at every point where disagreement was possible. If one of them suggested sowing a bigger acreage with barley, the other was certain to demand a bigger acreage of oats, and if one of them said that such and such a field was just right for cabbages, the other would declare that it was useless for anything except roots. Each had his own following, and there were some violent debates. At the Meetings Snowball often won over the majority by his brilliant speeches, but Napoleon was better at canvassing support for himself in between times. He was especially successful with the sheep. Of late the sheep had taken to bleating "Four legs good, two legs bad" both in and out of season, and they often interrupted the Meeting with this. It was noticed that they were especially liable to break into "Four legs good, two legs bad" at crucial moments in Snowball's speeches. Snowball had made a close study of some back numbers of the 'Farmer and Stockbreeder' which he had found in the farmhouse, and was full of plans for innovations and improvements. He talked learnedly about field drains, silage, and basic slag, and had worked out a complicated scheme for all the animals to drop their dung directly in the fields, at a different spot every day, to save the labour of cartage. Napoleon produced no schemes of his own, but said quietly that Snowball's would come to nothing, and seemed to be biding his time. But of all their controversies, none was so bitter as the one that took place over the windmill. In the long pasture, not far from the farm buildings, there was a small knoll which was the highest point on the farm. After surveying the ground, Snowball declared that this was just the place for a windmill, which could be made to operate a dynamo and supply the farm with electrical power. This would light the stalls and warm them in winter, and would also run a circular saw, a chaff-cutter, a mangel-slicer, and an electric milking machine. The animals had never heard of anything of this kind before (for the farm was an old-fashioned one and had only the most primitive machinery), and they listened in astonishment while Snowball conjured up pictures of fantastic machines which would do their work for them while they grazed at their ease in the fields or improved their minds with reading and conversation. Within a few weeks Snowball's plans for the windmill were fully worked out. The mechanical details came mostly from three books which had belonged to Mr. Jones--'One Thousand Useful Things to Do About the House', 'Every Man His Own Bricklayer', and 'Electricity for Beginners'. Snowball used as his study a shed which had once been used for incubators and had a smooth wooden floor, suitable for drawing on. He was closeted there for hours at a time. With his books held open by a stone, and with a piece of chalk gripped between the knuckles of his trotter, he would move rapidly to and fro, drawing in line after line and uttering little whimpers of excitement. Gradually the plans grew into a complicated mass of cranks and cog-wheels, covering more than half the floor, which the other animals found completely unintelligible but very impressive. All of them came to look at Snowball's drawings at least once a day. Even the hens and ducks came, and were at pains not to tread on the chalk marks. Only Napoleon held aloof. He had declared himself against the windmill from the start. One day, however, he arrived unexpectedly to examine the plans. He walked heavily round the shed, looked closely at every detail of the plans and snuffed at them once or twice, then stood for a little while contemplating them out of the corner of his eye; then suddenly he lifted his leg, urinated over the plans, and walked out without uttering a word. The whole farm was deeply divided on the subject of the windmill. Snowball did not deny that to build it would be a difficult business. Stone would have to be carried and built up into walls, then the sails would have to be made and after that there would be need for dynamos and cables. (How these were to be procured, Snowball did not say.) But he maintained that it could all be done in a year. And thereafter, he declared, so much labour would be saved that the animals would only need to work three days a week. Napoleon, on the other hand, argued that the great need of the moment was to increase food production, and that if they wasted time on the windmill they would all starve to death. The animals formed themselves into two factions under the slogan, "Vote for Snowball and the three-day week" and "Vote for Napoleon and the full manger." Benjamin was the only animal who did not side with either faction. He refused to believe either that food would become more plentiful or that the windmill would save work. Windmill or no windmill, he said, life would go on as it had always gone on--that is, badly. Apart from the disputes over the windmill, there was the question of the defence of the farm. It was fully realised that though the human beings had been defeated in the Battle of the Cowshed they might make another and more determined attempt to recapture the farm and reinstate Mr. Jones. They had all the more reason for doing so because the news of their defeat had spread across the countryside and made the animals on the neighbouring farms more restive than ever. As usual, Snowball and Napoleon were in disagreement. According to Napoleon, what the animals must do was to procure firearms and train themselves in the use of them. According to Snowball, they must send out more and more pigeons and stir up rebellion among the animals on the other farms. The one argued that if they could not defend themselves they were bound to be conquered, the other argued that if rebellions happened everywhere they would have no need to defend themselves. The animals listened first to Napoleon, then to Snowball, and could not make up their minds which was right; indeed, they always found themselves in agreement with the one who was speaking at the moment. At last the day came when Snowball's plans were completed. At the Meeting on the following Sunday the question of whether or not to begin work on the windmill was to be put to the vote. When the animals had assembled in the big barn, Snowball stood up and, though occasionally interrupted by bleating from the sheep, set forth his reasons for advocating the building of the windmill. Then Napoleon stood up to reply. He said very quietly that the windmill was nonsense and that he advised nobody to vote for it, and promptly sat down again; he had spoken for barely thirty seconds, and seemed almost indifferent as to the effect he produced. At this Snowball sprang to his feet, and shouting down the sheep, who had begun bleating again, broke into a passionate appeal in favour of the windmill. Until now the animals had been about equally divided in their sympathies, but in a moment Snowball's eloquence had carried them away. In glowing sentences he painted a picture of Animal Farm as it might be when sordid labour was lifted from the animals' backs. His imagination had now run far beyond chaff-cutters and turnip-slicers. Electricity, he said, could operate threshing machines, ploughs, harrows, rollers, and reapers and binders, besides supplying every stall with its own electric light, hot and cold water, and an electric heater. By the time he had finished speaking, there was no doubt as to which way the vote would go. But just at this moment Napoleon stood up and, casting a peculiar sidelong look at Snowball, uttered a high-pitched whimper of a kind no one had ever heard him utter before. At this there was a terrible baying sound outside, and nine enormous dogs wearing brass-studded collars came bounding into the barn. They dashed straight for Snowball, who only sprang from his place just in time to escape their snapping jaws. In a moment he was out of the door and they were after him. Too amazed and frightened to speak, all the animals crowded through the door to watch the chase. Snowball was racing across the long pasture that led to the road. He was running as only a pig can run, but the dogs were close on his heels. Suddenly he slipped and it seemed certain that they had him. Then he was up again, running faster than ever, then the dogs were gaining on him again. One of them all but closed his jaws on Snowball's tail, but Snowball whisked it free just in time. Then he put on an extra spurt and, with a few inches to spare, slipped through a hole in the hedge and was seen no more. Silent and terrified, the animals crept back into the barn. In a moment the dogs came bounding back. At first no one had been able to imagine where these creatures came from, but the problem was soon solved: they were the puppies whom Napoleon had taken away from their mothers and reared privately. Though not yet full-grown, they were huge dogs, and as fierce-looking as wolves. They kept close to Napoleon. It was noticed that they wagged their tails to him in the same way as the other dogs had been used to do to Mr. Jones. Napoleon, with the dogs following him, now mounted on to the raised portion of the floor where Major had previously stood to deliver his speech. He announced that from now on the Sunday-morning Meetings would come to an end. They were unnecessary, he said, and wasted time. In future all questions relating to the working of the farm would be settled by a special committee of pigs, presided over by himself. These would meet in private and afterwards communicate their decisions to the others. The animals would still assemble on Sunday mornings to salute the flag, sing 'Beasts of England', and receive their orders for the week; but there would be no more debates. In spite of the shock that Snowball's expulsion had given them, the animals were dismayed by this announcement. Several of them would have protested if they could have found the right arguments. Even Boxer was vaguely troubled. He set his ears back, shook his forelock several times, and tried hard to marshal his thoughts; but in the end he could not think of anything to say. Some of the pigs themselves, however, were more articulate. Four young porkers in the front row uttered shrill squeals of disapproval, and all four of them sprang to their feet and began speaking at once. But suddenly the dogs sitting round Napoleon let out deep, menacing growls, and the pigs fell silent and sat down again. Then the sheep broke out into a tremendous bleating of "Four legs good, two legs bad!" which went on for nearly a quarter of an hour and put an end to any chance of discussion. Afterwards Squealer was sent round the farm to explain the new arrangement to the others. "Comrades," he said, "I trust that every animal here appreciates the sacrifice that Comrade Napoleon has made in taking this extra labour upon himself. Do not imagine, comrades, that leadership is a pleasure! On the contrary, it is a deep and heavy responsibility. No one believes more firmly than Comrade Napoleon that all animals are equal. He would be only too happy to let you make your decisions for yourselves. But sometimes you might make the wrong decisions, comrades, and then where should we be? Suppose you had decided to follow Snowball, with his moonshine of windmills--Snowball, who, as we now know, was no better than a criminal?" "He fought bravely at the Battle of the Cowshed," said somebody. "Bravery is not enough," said Squealer. "Loyalty and obedience are more important. And as to the Battle of the Cowshed, I believe the time will come when we shall find that Snowball's part in it was much exaggerated. Discipline, comrades, iron discipline! That is the watchword for today. One false step, and our enemies would be upon us. Surely, comrades, you do not want Jones back?" Once again this argument was unanswerable. Certainly the animals did not want Jones back; if the holding of debates on Sunday mornings was liable to bring him back, then the debates must stop. Boxer, who had now had time to think things over, voiced the general feeling by saying: "If Comrade Napoleon says it, it must be right." And from then on he adopted the maxim, "Napoleon is always right," in addition to his private motto of "I will work harder." By this time the weather had broken and the spring ploughing had begun. The shed where Snowball had drawn his plans of the windmill had been shut up and it was assumed that the plans had been rubbed off the floor. Every Sunday morning at ten o'clock the animals assembled in the big barn to receive their orders for the week. The skull of old Major, now clean of flesh, had been disinterred from the orchard and set up on a stump at the foot of the flagstaff, beside the gun. After the hoisting of the flag, the animals were required to file past the skull in a reverent manner before entering the barn. Nowadays they did not sit all together as they had done in the past. Napoleon, with Squealer and another pig named Minimus, who had a remarkable gift for composing songs and poems, sat on the front of the raised platform, with the nine young dogs forming a semicircle round them, and the other pigs sitting behind. The rest of the animals sat facing them in the main body of the barn. Napoleon read out the orders for the week in a gruff soldierly style, and after a single singing of 'Beasts of England', all the animals dispersed. On the third Sunday after Snowball's expulsion, the animals were somewhat surprised to hear Napoleon announce that the windmill was to be built after all. He did not give any reason for having changed his mind, but merely warned the animals that this extra task would mean very hard work, it might even be necessary to reduce their rations. The plans, however, had all been prepared, down to the last detail. A special committee of pigs had been at work upon them for the past three weeks. The building of the windmill, with various other improvements, was expected to take two years. That evening Squealer explained privately to the other animals that Napoleon had never in reality been opposed to the windmill. On the contrary, it was he who had advocated it in the beginning, and the plan which Snowball had drawn on the floor of the incubator shed had actually been stolen from among Napoleon's papers. The windmill was, in fact, Napoleon's own creation. Why, then, asked somebody, had he spoken so strongly against it? Here Squealer looked very sly. That, he said, was Comrade Napoleon's cunning. He had SEEMED to oppose the windmill, simply as a manoeuvre to get rid of Snowball, who was a dangerous character and a bad influence. Now that Snowball was out of the way, the plan could go forward without his interference. This, said Squealer, was something called tactics. He repeated a number of times, "Tactics, comrades, tactics!" skipping round and whisking his tail with a merry laugh. The animals were not certain what the word meant, but Squealer spoke so persuasively, and the three dogs who happened to be with him growled so threateningly, that they accepted his explanation without further questions. Chapter VI All that year the animals worked like slaves. But they were happy in their work; they grudged no effort or sacrifice, well aware that everything that they did was for the benefit of themselves and those of their kind who would come after them, and not for a pack of idle, thieving human beings. Throughout the spring and summer they worked a sixty-hour week, and in August Napoleon announced that there would be work on Sunday afternoons as well. This work was strictly voluntary, but any animal who absented himself from it would have his rations reduced by half. Even so, it was found necessary to leave certain tasks undone. The harvest was a little less successful than in the previous year, and two fields which should have been sown with roots in the early summer were not sown because the ploughing had not been completed early enough. It was possible to foresee that the coming winter would be a hard one. The windmill presented unexpected difficulties. There was a good quarry of limestone on the farm, and plenty of sand and cement had been found in one of the outhouses, so that all the materials for building were at hand. But the problem the animals could not at first solve was how to break up the stone into pieces of suitable size. There seemed no way of doing this except with picks and crowbars, which no animal could use, because no animal could stand on his hind legs. Only after weeks of vain effort did the right idea occur to somebody-namely, to utilise the force of gravity. Huge boulders, far too big to be used as they were, were lying all over the bed of the quarry. The animals lashed ropes round these, and then all together, cows, horses, sheep, any animal that could lay hold of the rope--even the pigs sometimes joined in at critical moments--they dragged them with desperate slowness up the slope to the top of the quarry, where they were toppled over the edge, to shatter to pieces below. Transporting the stone when it was once broken was comparatively simple. The horses carried it off in cart-loads, the sheep dragged single blocks, even Muriel and Benjamin yoked themselves into an old governess-cart and did their share. By late summer a sufficient store of stone had accumulated, and then the building began, under the superintendence of the pigs. But it was a slow, laborious process. Frequently it took a whole day of exhausting effort to drag a single boulder to the top of the quarry, and sometimes when it was pushed over the edge it failed to break. Nothing could have been achieved without Boxer, whose strength seemed equal to that of all the rest of the animals put together. When the boulder began to slip and the animals cried out in despair at finding themselves dragged down the hill, it was always Boxer who strained himself against the rope and brought the boulder to a stop. To see him toiling up the slope inch by inch, his breath coming fast, the tips of his hoofs clawing at the ground, and his great sides matted with sweat, filled everyone with admiration. Clover warned him sometimes to be careful not to overstrain himself, but Boxer would never listen to her. His two slogans, "I will work harder" and "Napoleon is always right," seemed to him a sufficient answer to all problems. He had made arrangements with the cockerel to call him three-quarters of an hour earlier in the mornings instead of half an hour. And in his spare moments, of which there were not many nowadays, he would go alone to the quarry, collect a load of broken stone, and drag it down to the site of the windmill unassisted. The animals were not badly off throughout that summer, in spite of the hardness of their work. If they had no more food than they had had in Jones's day, at least they did not have less. The advantage of only having to feed themselves, and not having to support five extravagant human beings as well, was so great that it would have taken a lot of failures to outweigh it. And in many ways the animal method of doing things was more efficient and saved labour. Such jobs as weeding, for instance, could be done with a thoroughness impossible to human beings. And again, since no animal now stole, it was unnecessary to fence off pasture from arable land, which saved a lot of labour on the upkeep of hedges and gates. Nevertheless, as the summer wore on, various unforeseen shortages began to make them selves felt. There was need of paraffin oil, nails, string, dog biscuits, and iron for the horses' shoes, none of which could be produced on the farm. Later there would also be need for seeds and artificial manures, besides various tools and, finally, the machinery for the windmill. How these were to be procured, no one was able to imagine. One Sunday morning, when the animals assembled to receive their orders, Napoleon announced that he had decided upon a new policy. From now onwards Animal Farm would engage in trade with the neighbouring farms: not, of course, for any commercial purpose, but simply in order to obtain certain materials which were urgently necessary. The needs of the windmill must override everything else, he said. He was therefore making arrangements to sell a stack of hay and part of the current year's wheat crop, and later on, if more money were needed, it would have to be made up by the sale of eggs, for which there was always a market in Willingdon. The hens, said Napoleon, should welcome this sacrifice as their own special contribution towards the building of the windmill. Once again the animals were conscious of a vague uneasiness. Never to have any dealings with human beings, never to engage in trade, never to make use of money--had not these been among the earliest resolutions passed at that first triumphant Meeting after Jones was expelled? All the animals remembered passing such resolutions: or at least they thought that they remembered it. The four young pigs who had protested when Napoleon abolished the Meetings raised their voices timidly, but they were promptly silenced by a tremendous growling from the dogs. Then, as usual, the sheep broke into "Four legs good, two legs bad!" and the momentary awkwardness was smoothed over. Finally Napoleon raised his trotter for silence and announced that he had already made all the arrangements. There would be no need for any of the animals to come in contact with human beings, which would clearly be most undesirable. He intended to take the whole burden upon his own shoulders. A Mr. Whymper, a solicitor living in Willingdon, had agreed to act as intermediary between Animal Farm and the outside world, and would visit the farm every Monday morning to receive his instructions. Napoleon ended his speech with his usual cry of "Long live Animal Farm!" and after the singing of 'Beasts of England' the animals were dismissed. Afterwards Squealer made a round of the farm and set the animals' minds at rest. He assured them that the resolution against engaging in trade and using money had never been passed, or even suggested. It was pure imagination, probably traceable in the beginning to lies circulated by Snowball. A few animals still felt faintly doubtful, but Squealer asked them shrewdly, "Are you certain that this is not something that you have dreamed, comrades? Have you any record of such a resolution? Is it written down anywhere?" And since it was certainly true that nothing of the kind existed in writing, the animals were satisfied that they had been mistaken. Every Monday Mr. Whymper visited the farm as had been arranged. He was a sly-looking little man with side whiskers, a solicitor in a very small way of business, but sharp enough to have realised earlier than anyone else that Animal Farm would need a broker and that the commissions would be worth having. The animals watched his coming and going with a kind of dread, and avoided him as much as possible. Nevertheless, the sight of Napoleon, on all fours, delivering orders to Whymper, who stood on two legs, roused their pride and partly reconciled them to the new arrangement. Their relations with the human race were now not quite the same as they had been before. The human beings did not hate Animal Farm any less now that it was prospering; indeed, they hated it more than ever. Every human being held it as an article of faith that the farm would go bankrupt sooner or later, and, above all, that the windmill would be a failure. They would meet in the public-houses and prove to one another by means of diagrams that the windmill was bound to fall down, or that if it did stand up, then that it would never work. And yet, against their will, they had developed a certain respect for the efficiency with which the animals were managing their own affairs. One symptom of this was that they had begun to call Animal Farm by its proper name and ceased to pretend that it was called the Manor Farm. They had also dropped their championship of Jones, who had given up hope of getting his farm back and gone to live in another part of the county. Except through Whymper, there was as yet no contact between Animal Farm and the outside world, but there were constant rumours that Napoleon was about to enter into a definite business agreement either with Mr. Pilkington of Foxwood or with Mr. Frederick of Pinchfield--but never, it was noticed, with both simultaneously. It was about this time that the pigs suddenly moved into the farmhouse and took up their residence there. Again the animals seemed to remember that a resolution against this had been passed in the early days, and again Squealer was able to convince them that this was not the case. It was absolutely necessary, he said, that the pigs, who were the brains of the farm, should have a quiet place to work in. It was also more suited to the dignity of the Leader (for of late he had taken to speaking of Napoleon under the title of "Leader") to live in a house than in a mere sty. Nevertheless, some of the animals were disturbed when they heard that the pigs not only took their meals in the kitchen and used the drawing-room as a recreation room, but also slept in the beds. Boxer passed it off as usual with "Napoleon is always right!", but Clover, who thought she remembered a definite ruling against beds, went to the end of the barn and tried to puzzle out the Seven Commandments which were inscribed there. Finding herself unable to read more than individual letters, she fetched Muriel. "Muriel," she said, "read me the Fourth Commandment. Does it not say something about never sleeping in a bed?" With some difficulty Muriel spelt it out. "It says, 'No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets,"' she announced finally. Curiously enough, Clover had not remembered that the Fourth Commandment mentioned sheets; but as it was there on the wall, it must have done so. And Squealer, who happened to be passing at this moment, attended by two or three dogs, was able to put the whole matter in its proper perspective. "You have heard then, comrades," he said, "that we pigs now sleep in the beds of the farmhouse? And why not? You did not suppose, surely, that there was ever a ruling against beds? A bed merely means a place to sleep in. A pile of straw in a stall is a bed, properly regarded. The rule was against sheets, which are a human invention. We have removed the sheets from the farmhouse beds, and sleep between blankets. And very comfortable beds they are too! But not more comfortable than we need, I can tell you, comrades, with all the brainwork we have to do nowadays. You would not rob us of our repose, would you, comrades? You would not have us too tired to carry out our duties? Surely none of you wishes to see Jones back?" The animals reassured him on this point immediately, and no more was said about the pigs sleeping in the farmhouse beds. And when, some days afterwards, it was announced that from now on the pigs would get up an hour later in the mornings than the other animals, no complaint was made about that either. By the autumn the animals were tired but happy. They had had a hard year, and after the sale of part of the hay and corn, the stores of food for the winter were none too plentiful, but the windmill compensated for everything. It was almost half built now. After the harvest there was a stretch of clear dry weather, and the animals toiled harder than ever, thinking it well worth while to plod to and fro all day with blocks of stone if by doing so they could raise the walls another foot. Boxer would even come out at nights and work for an hour or two on his own by the light of the harvest moon. In their spare moments the animals would walk round and round the half-finished mill, admiring the strength and perpendicularity of its walls and marvelling that they should ever have been able to build anything so imposing. Only old Benjamin refused to grow enthusiastic about the windmill, though, as usual, he would utter nothing beyond the cryptic remark that donkeys live a long time. November came, with raging south-west winds. Building had to stop because it was now too wet to mix the cement. Finally there came a night when the gale was so violent that the farm buildings rocked on their foundations and several tiles were blown off the roof of the barn. The hens woke up squawking with terror because they had all dreamed simultaneously of hearing a gun go off in the distance. In the morning the animals came out of their stalls to find that the flagstaff had been blown down and an elm tree at the foot of the orchard had been plucked up like a radish. They had just noticed this when a cry of despair broke from every animal's throat. A terrible sight had met their eyes. The windmill was in ruins. With one accord they dashed down to the spot. Napoleon, who seldom moved out of a walk, raced ahead of them all. Yes, there it lay, the fruit of all their struggles, levelled to its foundations, the stones they had broken and carried so laboriously scattered all around. Unable at first to speak, they stood gazing mournfully at the litter of fallen stone. Napoleon paced to and fro in silence, occasionally snuffing at the ground. His tail had grown rigid and twitched sharply from side to side, a sign in him of intense mental activity. Suddenly he halted as though his mind were made up. "Comrades," he said quietly, "do you know who is responsible for this? Do you know the enemy who has come in the night and overthrown our windmill? SNOWBALL!" he suddenly roared in a voice of thunder. "Snowball has done this thing! In sheer malignity, thinking to set back our plans and avenge himself for his ignominious expulsion, this traitor has crept here under cover of night and destroyed our work of nearly a year. Comrades, here and now I pronounce the death sentence upon Snowball. 'Animal Hero, Second Class,' and half a bushel of apples to any animal who brings him to justice. A full bushel to anyone who captures him alive!" The animals were shocked beyond measure to learn that even Snowball could be guilty of such an action. There was a cry of indignation, and everyone began thinking out ways of catching Snowball if he should ever come back. Almost immediately the footprints of a pig were discovered in the grass at a little distance from the knoll. They could only be traced for a few yards, but appeared to lead to a hole in the hedge. Napoleon snuffed deeply at them and pronounced them to be Snowball's. He gave it as his opinion that Snowball had probably come from the direction of Foxwood Farm. "No more delays, comrades!" cried Napoleon when the footprints had been examined. "There is work to be done. This very morning we begin rebuilding the windmill, and we will build all through the winter, rain or shine. We will teach this miserable traitor that he cannot undo our work so easily. Remember, comrades, there must be no alteration in our plans: they shall be carried out to the day. Forward, comrades! Long live the windmill! Long live Animal Farm!" Chapter VII It was a bitter winter. The stormy weather was followed by sleet and snow, and then by a hard frost which did not break till well into February. The animals carried on as best they could with the rebuilding of the windmill, well knowing that the outside world was watching them and that the envious human beings would rejoice and triumph if the mill were not finished on time. Out of spite, the human beings pretended not to believe that it was Snowball who had destroyed the windmill: they said that it had fallen down because the walls were too thin. The animals knew that this was not the case. Still, it had been decided to build the walls three feet thick this time instead of eighteen inches as before, which meant collecting much larger quantities of stone. For a long time the quarry was full of snowdrifts and nothing could be done. Some progress was made in the dry frosty weather that followed, but it was cruel work, and the animals could not feel so hopeful about it as they had felt before. They were always cold, and usually hungry as well. Only Boxer and Clover never lost heart. Squealer made excellent speeches on the joy of service and the dignity of labour, but the other animals found more inspiration in Boxer's strength and his never-failing cry of "I will work harder!" In January food fell short. The corn ration was drastically reduced, and it was announced that an extra potato ration would be issued to make up for it. Then it was discovered that the greater part of the potato crop had been frosted in the clamps, which had not been covered thickly enough. The potatoes had become soft and discoloured, and only a few were edible. For days at a time the animals had nothing to eat but chaff and mangels. Starvation seemed to stare them in the face. It was vitally necessary to conceal this fact from the outside world. Emboldened by the collapse of the windmill, the human beings were inventing fresh lies about Animal Farm. Once again it was being put about that all the animals were dying of famine and disease, and that they were continually fighting among themselves and had resorted to cannibalism and infanticide. Napoleon was well aware of the bad results that might follow if the real facts of the food situation were known, and he decided to make use of Mr. Whymper to spread a contrary impression. Hitherto the animals had had little or no contact with Whymper on his weekly visits: now, however, a few selected animals, mostly sheep, were instructed to remark casually in his hearing that rations had been increased. In addition, Napoleon ordered the almost empty bins in the store-shed to be filled nearly to the brim with sand, which was then covered up with what remained of the grain and meal. On some suitable pretext Whymper was led through the store-shed and allowed to catch a glimpse of the bins. He was deceived, and continued to report to the outside world that there was no food shortage on Animal Farm. Nevertheless, towards the end of January it became obvious that it would be necessary to procure some more grain from somewhere. In these days Napoleon rarely appeared in public, but spent all his time in the farmhouse, which was guarded at each door by fierce-looking dogs. When he did emerge, it was in a ceremonial manner, with an escort of six dogs who closely surrounded him and growled if anyone came too near. Frequently he did not even appear on Sunday mornings, but issued his orders through one of the other pigs, usually Squealer. One Sunday morning Squealer announced that the hens, who had just come in to lay again, must surrender their eggs. Napoleon had accepted, through Whymper, a contract for four hundred eggs a week. The price of these would pay for enough grain and meal to keep the farm going till summer came on and conditions were easier. When the hens heard this, they raised a terrible outcry. They had been warned earlier that this sacrifice might be necessary, but had not believed that it would really happen. They were just getting their clutches ready for the spring sitting, and they protested that to take the eggs away now was murder. For the first time since the expulsion of Jones, there was something resembling a rebellion. Led by three young Black Minorca pullets, the hens made a determined effort to thwart Napoleon's wishes. Their method was to fly up to the rafters and there lay their eggs, which smashed to pieces on the floor. Napoleon acted swiftly and ruthlessly. He ordered the hens' rations to be stopped, and decreed that any animal giving so much as a grain of corn to a hen should be punished by death. The dogs saw to it that these orders were carried out. For five days the hens held out, then they capitulated and went back to their nesting boxes. Nine hens had died in the meantime. Their bodies were buried in the orchard, and it was given out that they had died of coccidiosis. Whymper heard nothing of this affair, and the eggs were duly delivered, a grocer's van driving up to the farm once a week to take them away. All this while no more had been seen of Snowball. He was rumoured to be hiding on one of the neighbouring farms, either Foxwood or Pinchfield. Napoleon was by this time on slightly better terms with the other farmers than before. It happened that there was in the yard a pile of timber which had been stacked there ten years earlier when a beech spinney was cleared. It was well seasoned, and Whymper had advised Napoleon to sell it; both Mr. Pilkington and Mr. Frederick were anxious to buy it. Napoleon was hesitating between the two, unable to make up his mind. It was noticed that whenever he seemed on the point of coming to an agreement with Frederick, Snowball was declared to be in hiding at Foxwood, while, when he inclined toward Pilkington, Snowball was said to be at Pinchfield. Suddenly, early in the spring, an alarming thing was discovered. Snowball was secretly frequenting the farm by night! The animals were so disturbed that they could hardly sleep in their stalls. Every night, it was said, he came creeping in under cover of darkness and performed all kinds of mischief. He stole the corn, he upset the milk-pails, he broke the eggs, he trampled the seedbeds, he gnawed the bark off the fruit trees. Whenever anything went wrong it became usual to attribute it to Snowball. If a window was broken or a drain was blocked up, someone was certain to say that Snowball had come in the night and done it, and when the key of the store-shed was lost, the whole farm was convinced that Snowball had thrown it down the well. Curiously enough, they went on believing this even after the mislaid key was found under a sack of meal. The cows declared unanimously that Snowball crept into their stalls and milked them in their sleep. The rats, which had been troublesome that winter, were also said to be in league with Snowball. Napoleon decreed that there should be a full investigation into Snowball's activities. With his dogs in attendance he set out and made a careful tour of inspection of the farm buildings, the other animals following at a respectful distance. At every few steps Napoleon stopped and snuffed the ground for traces of Snowball's footsteps, which, he said, he could detect by the smell. He snuffed in every corner, in the barn, in the cow-shed, in the henhouses, in the vegetable garden, and found traces of Snowball almost everywhere. He would put his snout to the ground, give several deep sniffs, ad exclaim in a terrible voice, "Snowball! He has been here! I can smell him distinctly!" and at the word "Snowball" all the dogs let out blood-curdling growls and showed their side teeth. The animals were thoroughly frightened. It seemed to them as though Snowball were some kind of invisible influence, pervading the air about them and menacing them with all kinds of dangers. In the evening Squealer called them together, and with an alarmed expression on his face told them that he had some serious news to report. "Comrades!" cried Squealer, making little nervous skips, "a most terrible thing has been discovered. Snowball has sold himself to Frederick of Pinchfield Farm, who is even now plotting to attack us and take our farm away from us! Snowball is to act as his guide when the attack begins. But there is worse than that. We had thought that Snowball's rebellion was caused simply by his vanity and ambition. But we were wrong, comrades. Do you know what the real reason was? Snowball was in league with Jones from the very start! He was Jones's secret agent all the time. It has all been proved by documents which he left behind him and which we have only just discovered. To my mind this explains a great deal, comrades. Did we not see for ourselves how he attempted--fortunately without success--to get us defeated and destroyed at the Battle of the Cowshed?" The animals were stupefied. This was a wickedness far outdoing Snowball's destruction of the windmill. But it was some minutes before they could fully take it in. They all remembered, or thought they remembered, how they had seen Snowball charging ahead of them at the Battle of the Cowshed, how he had rallied and encouraged them at every turn, and how he had not paused for an instant even when the pellets from Jones's gun had wounded his back. At first it was a little difficult to see how this fitted in with his being on Jones's side. Even Boxer, who seldom asked questions, was puzzled. He lay down, tucked his fore hoofs beneath him, shut his eyes, and with a hard effort managed to formulate his thoughts. "I do not believe that," he said. "Snowball fought bravely at the Battle of the Cowshed. I saw him myself. Did we not give him 'Animal Hero, first Class,' immediately afterwards?" "That was our mistake, comrade. For we know now--it is all written down in the secret documents that we have found--that in reality he was trying to lure us to our doom." "But he was wounded," said Boxer. "We all saw him running with blood." "That was part of the arrangement!" cried Squealer. "Jones's shot only grazed him. I could show you this in his own writing, if you were able to read it. The plot was for Snowball, at the critical moment, to give the signal for flight and leave the field to the enemy. And he very nearly succeeded--I will even say, comrades, he WOULD have succeeded if it had not been for our heroic Leader, Comrade Napoleon. Do you not remember how, just at the moment when Jones and his men had got inside the yard, Snowball suddenly turned and fled, and many animals followed him? And do you not remember, too, that it was just at that moment, when panic was spreading and all seemed lost, that Comrade Napoleon sprang forward with a cry of 'Death to Humanity!' and sank his teeth in Jones's leg? Surely you remember THAT, comrades?" exclaimed Squealer, frisking from side to side. Now when Squealer described the scene so graphically, it seemed to the animals that they did remember it. At any rate, they remembered that at the critical moment of the battle Snowball had turned to flee. But Boxer was still a little uneasy. "I do not believe that Snowball was a traitor at the beginning," he said finally. "What he has done since is different. But I believe that at the Battle of the Cowshed he was a good comrade." "Our Leader, Comrade Napoleon," announced Squealer, speaking very slowly and firmly, "has stated categorically--categorically, comrade--that Snowball was Jones's agent from the very beginning--yes, and from long before the Rebellion was ever thought of." "Ah, that is different!" said Boxer. "If Comrade Napoleon says it, it must be right." "That is the true spirit, comrade!" cried Squealer, but it was noticed he cast a very ugly look at Boxer with his little twinkling eyes. He turned to go, then paused and added impressively: "I warn every animal on this farm to keep his eyes very wide open. For we have reason to think that some of Snowball's secret agents are lurking among us at this moment!" Four days later, in the late afternoon, Napoleon ordered all the animals to assemble in the yard. When they were all gathered together, Napoleon emerged from the farmhouse, wearing both his medals (for he had recently awarded himself "Animal Hero, First Class", and "Animal Hero, Second Class"), with his nine huge dogs frisking round him and uttering growls that sent shivers down all the animals' spines. They all cowered silently in their places, seeming to know in advance that some terrible thing was about to happen. Napoleon stood sternly surveying his audience; then he uttered a high-pitched whimper. Immediately the dogs bounded forward, seized four of the pigs by the ear and dragged them, squealing with pain and terror, to Napoleon's feet. The pigs' ears were bleeding, the dogs had tasted blood, and for a few moments they appeared to go quite mad. To the amazement of everybody, three of them flung themselves upon Boxer. Boxer saw them coming and put out his great hoof, caught a dog in mid-air, and pinned him to the ground. The dog shrieked for mercy and the other two fled with their tails between their legs. Boxer looked at Napoleon to know whether he should crush the dog to death or let it go. Napoleon appeared to change countenance, and sharply ordered Boxer to let the dog go, whereat Boxer lifted his hoof, and the dog slunk away, bruised and howling. Presently the tumult died down. The four pigs waited, trembling, with guilt written on every line of their countenances. Napoleon now called upon them to confess their crimes. They were the same four pigs as had protested when Napoleon abolished the Sunday Meetings. Without any further prompting they confessed that they had been secretly in touch with Snowball ever since his expulsion, that they had collaborated with him in destroying the windmill, and that they had entered into an agreement with him to hand over Animal Farm to Mr. Frederick. They added that Snowball had privately admitted to them that he had been Jones's secret agent for years past. When they had finished their confession, the dogs promptly tore their throats out, and in a terrible voice Napoleon demanded whether any other animal had anything to confess. The three hens who had been the ringleaders in the attempted rebellion over the eggs now came forward and stated that Snowball had appeared to them in a dream and incited them to disobey Napoleon's orders. They, too, were slaughtered. Then a goose came forward and confessed to having secreted six ears of corn during the last year's harvest and eaten them in the night. Then a sheep confessed to having urinated in the drinking pool--urged to do this, so she said, by Snowball--and two other sheep confessed to having murdered an old ram, an especially devoted follower of Napoleon, by chasing him round and round a bonfire when he was suffering from a cough. They were all slain on the spot. And so the tale of confessions and executions went on, until there was a pile of corpses lying before Napoleon's feet and the air was heavy with the smell of blood, which had been unknown there since the expulsion of Jones. When it was all over, the remaining animals, except for the pigs and dogs, crept away in a body. They were shaken and miserable. They did not know which was more shocking--the treachery of the animals who had leagued themselves with Snowball, or the cruel retribution they had just witnessed. In the old days there had often been scenes of bloodshed equally terrible, but it seemed to all of them that it was far worse now that it was happening among themselves. Since Jones had left the farm, until today, no animal had killed another animal. Not even a rat had been killed. They had made their way on to the little knoll where the half-finished windmill stood, and with one accord they all lay down as though huddling together for warmth--Clover, Muriel, Benjamin, the cows, the sheep, and a whole flock of geese and hens--everyone, indeed, except the cat, who had suddenly disappeared just before Napoleon ordered the animals to assemble. For some time nobody spoke. Only Boxer remained on his feet. He fidgeted to and fro, swishing his long black tail against his sides and occasionally uttering a little whinny of surprise. Finally he said: "I do not understand it. I would not have believed that such things could happen on our farm. It must be due to some fault in ourselves. The solution, as I see it, is to work harder. From now onwards I shall get up a full hour earlier in the mornings." And he moved off at his lumbering trot and made for the quarry. Having got there, he collected two successive loads of stone and dragged them down to the windmill before retiring for the night. The animals huddled about Clover, not speaking. The knoll where they were lying gave them a wide prospect across the countryside. Most of Animal Farm was within their view--the long pasture stretching down to the main road, the hayfield, the spinney, the drinking pool, the ploughed fields where the young wheat was thick and green, and the red roofs of the farm buildings with the smoke curling from the chimneys. It was a clear spring evening. The grass and the bursting hedges were gilded by the level rays of the sun. Never had the farm--and with a kind of surprise they remembered that it was their own farm, every inch of it their own property--appeared to the animals so desirable a place. As Clover looked down the hillside her eyes filled with tears. If she could have spoken her thoughts, it would have been to say that this was not what they had aimed at when they had set themselves years ago to work for the overthrow of the human race. These scenes of terror and slaughter were not what they had looked forward to on that night when old Major first stirred them to rebellion. If she herself had had any picture of the future, it had been of a society of animals set free from hunger and the whip, all equal, each working according to his capacity, the strong protecting the weak, as she had protected the lost brood of ducklings with her foreleg on the night of Major's speech. Instead--she did not know why--they had come to a time when no one dared speak his mind, when fierce, growling dogs roamed everywhere, and when you had to watch your comrades torn to pieces after confessing to shocking crimes. There was no thought of rebellion or disobedience in her mind. She knew that, even as things were, they were far better off than they had been in the days of Jones, and that before all else it was needful to prevent the return of the human beings. Whatever happened she would remain faithful, work hard, carry out the orders that were given to her, and accept the leadership of Napoleon. But still, it was not for this that she and all the other animals had hoped and toiled. It was not for this that they had built the windmill and faced the bullets of Jones's gun. Such were her thoughts, though she lacked the words to express them. At last, feeling this to be in some way a substitute for the words she was unable to find, she began to sing 'Beasts of England'. The other animals sitting round her took it up, and they sang it three times over--very tunefully, but slowly and mournfully, in a way they had never sung it before. They had just finished singing it for the third time when Squealer, attended by two dogs, approached them with the air of having something important to say. He announced that, by a special decree of Comrade Napoleon, 'Beasts of England' had been abolished. From now onwards it was forbidden to sing it. The animals were taken aback. "Why?" cried Muriel. "It's no longer needed, comrade," said Squealer stiffly. "'Beasts of England' was the song of the Rebellion. But the Rebellion is now completed. The execution of the traitors this afternoon was the final act. The enemy both external and internal has been defeated. In 'Beasts of England' we expressed our longing for a better society in days to come. But that society has now been established. Clearly this song has no longer any purpose." Frightened though they were, some of the animals might possibly have protested, but at this moment the sheep set up their usual bleating of "Four legs good, two legs bad," which went on for several minutes and put an end to the discussion. So 'Beasts of England' was heard no more. In its place Minimus, the poet, had composed another song which began: Animal Farm, Animal Farm, Never through me shalt thou come to harm! and this was sung every Sunday morning after the hoisting of the flag. But somehow neither the words nor the tune ever seemed to the animals to come up to 'Beasts of England'. Chapter VIII A few days later, when the terror caused by the executions had died down, some of the animals remembered--or thought they remembered--that the Sixth Commandment decreed "No animal shall kill any other animal." And though no one cared to mention it in the hearing of the pigs or the dogs, it was felt that the killings which had taken place did not square with this. Clover asked Benjamin to read her the Sixth Commandment, and when Benjamin, as usual, said that he refused to meddle in such matters, she fetched Muriel. Muriel read the Commandment for her. It ran: "No animal shall kill any other animal WITHOUT CAUSE." Somehow or other, the last two words had slipped out of the animals' memory. But they saw now that the Commandment had not been violated; for clearly there was good reason for killing the traitors who had leagued themselves with Snowball. Throughout the year the animals worked even harder than they had worked in the previous year. To rebuild the windmill, with walls twice as thick as before, and to finish it by the appointed date, together with the regular work of the farm, was a tremendous labour. There were times when it seemed to the animals that they worked longer hours and fed no better than they had done in Jones's day. On Sunday mornings Squealer, holding down a long strip of paper with his trotter, would read out to them lists of figures proving that the production of every class of foodstuff had increased by two hundred per cent, three hundred per cent, or five hundred per cent, as the case might be. The animals saw no reason to disbelieve him, especially as they could no longer remember very clearly what conditions had been like before the Rebellion. All the same, there were days when they felt that they would sooner have had less figures and more food. All orders were now issued through Squealer or one of the other pigs. Napoleon himself was not seen in public as often as once in a fortnight. When he did appear, he was attended not only by his retinue of dogs but by a black cockerel who marched in front of him and acted as a kind of trumpeter, letting out a loud "cock-a-doodle-doo" before Napoleon spoke. Even in the farmhouse, it was said, Napoleon inhabited separate apartments from the others. He took his meals alone, with two dogs to wait upon him, and always ate from the Crown Derby dinner service which had been in the glass cupboard in the drawing-room. It was also announced that the gun would be fired every year on Napoleon's birthday, as well as on the other two anniversaries. Napoleon was now never spoken of simply as "Napoleon." He was always referred to in formal style as "our Leader, Comrade Napoleon," and this pigs liked to invent for him such titles as Father of All Animals, Terror of Mankind, Protector of the Sheep-fold, Ducklings' Friend, and the like. In his speeches, Squealer would talk with the tears rolling down his cheeks of Napoleon's wisdom the goodness of his heart, and the deep love he bore to all animals everywhere, even and especially the unhappy animals who still lived in ignorance and slavery on other farms. It had become usual to give Napoleon the credit for every successful achievement and every stroke of good fortune. You would often hear one hen remark to another, "Under the guidance of our Leader, Comrade Napoleon, I have laid five eggs in six days"; or two cows, enjoying a drink at the pool, would exclaim, "Thanks to the leadership of Comrade Napoleon, how excellent this water tastes!" The general feeling on the farm was well expressed in a poem entitled Comrade Napoleon, which was composed by Minimus and which ran as follows: Friend of fatherless! Fountain of happiness! Lord of the swill-bucket! Oh, how my soul is on Fire when I gaze at thy Calm and commanding eye, Like the sun in the sky, Comrade Napoleon! Thou are the giver of All that thy creatures love, Full belly twice a day, clean straw to roll upon; Every beast great or small Sleeps at peace in his stall, Thou watchest over all, Comrade Napoleon! Had I a sucking-pig, Ere he had grown as big Even as a pint bottle or as a rolling-pin, He should have learned to be Faithful and true to thee, Yes, his first squeak should be "Comrade Napoleon!" Napoleon approved of this poem and caused it to be inscribed on the wall of the big barn, at the opposite end from the Seven Commandments. It was surmounted by a portrait of Napoleon, in profile, executed by Squealer in white paint. Meanwhile, through the agency of Whymper, Napoleon was engaged in complicated negotiations with Frederick and Pilkington. The pile of timber was still unsold. Of the two, Frederick was the more anxious to get hold of it, but he would not offer a reasonable price. At the same time there were renewed rumours that Frederick and his men were plotting to attack Animal Farm and to destroy the windmill, the building of which had aroused furious jealousy in him. Snowball was known to be still skulking on Pinchfield Farm. In the middle of the summer the animals were alarmed to hear that three hens had come forward and confessed that, inspired by Snowball, they had entered into a plot to murder Napoleon. They were executed immediately, and fresh precautions for Napoleon's safety were taken. Four dogs guarded his bed at night, one at each corner, and a young pig named Pinkeye was given the task of tasting all his food before he ate it, lest it should be poisoned. At about the same time it was given out that Napoleon had arranged to sell the pile of timber to Mr. Pilkington; he was also going to enter into a regular agreement for the exchange of certain products between Animal Farm and Foxwood. The relations between Napoleon and Pilkington, though they were only conducted through Whymper, were now almost friendly. The animals distrusted Pilkington, as a human being, but greatly preferred him to Frederick, whom they both feared and hated. As the summer wore on, and the windmill neared completion, the rumours of an impending treacherous attack grew stronger and stronger. Frederick, it was said, intended to bring against them twenty men all armed with guns, and he had already bribed the magistrates and police, so that if he could once get hold of the title-deeds of Animal Farm they would ask no questions. Moreover, terrible stories were leaking out from Pinchfield about the cruelties that Frederick practised upon his animals. He had flogged an old horse to death, he starved his cows, he had killed a dog by throwing it into the furnace, he amused himself in the evenings by making cocks fight with splinters of razor-blade tied to their spurs. The animals' blood boiled with rage when they heard of these things being done to their comrades, and sometimes they clamoured to be allowed to go out in a body and attack Pinchfield Farm, drive out the humans, and set the animals free. But Squealer counselled them to avoid rash actions and trust in Comrade Napoleon's strategy. Nevertheless, feeling against Frederick continued to run high. One Sunday morning Napoleon appeared in the barn and explained that he had never at any time contemplated selling the pile of timber to Frederick; he considered it beneath his dignity, he said, to have dealings with scoundrels of that description. The pigeons who were still sent out to spread tidings of the Rebellion were forbidden to set foot anywhere on Foxwood, and were also ordered to drop their former slogan of "Death to Humanity" in favour of "Death to Frederick." In the late summer yet another of Snowball's machinations was laid bare. The wheat crop was full of weeds, and it was discovered that on one of his nocturnal visits Snowball had mixed weed seeds with the seed corn. A gander who had been privy to the plot had confessed his guilt to Squealer and immediately committed suicide by swallowing deadly nightshade berries. The animals now also learned that Snowball had never--as many of them had believed hitherto--received the order of "Animal Hero, First Class." This was merely a legend which had been spread some time after the Battle of the Cowshed by Snowball himself. So far from being decorated, he had been censured for showing cowardice in the battle. Once again some of the animals heard this with a certain bewilderment, but Squealer was soon able to convince them that their memories had been at fault. In the autumn, by a tremendous, exhausting effort--for the harvest had to be gathered at almost the same time--the windmill was finished. The machinery had still to be installed, and Whymper was negotiating the purchase of it, but the structure was completed. In the teeth of every difficulty, in spite of inexperience, of primitive implements, of bad luck and of Snowball's treachery, the work had been finished punctually to the very day! Tired out but proud, the animals walked round and round their masterpiece, which appeared even more beautiful in their eyes than when it had been built the first time. Moreover, the walls were twice as thick as before. Nothing short of explosives would lay them low this time! And when they thought of how they had laboured, what discouragements they had overcome, and the enormous difference that would be made in their lives when the sails were turning and the dynamos running--when they thought of all this, their tiredness forsook them and they gambolled round and round the windmill, uttering cries of triumph. Napoleon himself, attended by his dogs and his cockerel, came down to inspect the completed work; he personally congratulated the animals on their achievement, and announced that the mill would be named Napoleon Mill. Two days later the animals were called together for a special meeting in the barn. They were struck dumb with surprise when Napoleon announced that he had sold the pile of timber to Frederick. Tomorrow Frederick's wagons would arrive and begin carting it away. Throughout the whole period of his seeming friendship with Pilkington, Napoleon had really been in secret agreement with Frederick. All relations with Foxwood had been broken off; insulting messages had been sent to Pilkington. The pigeons had been told to avoid Pinchfield Farm and to alter their slogan from "Death to Frederick" to "Death to Pilkington." At the same time Napoleon assured the animals that the stories of an impending attack on Animal Farm were completely untrue, and that the tales about Frederick's cruelty to his own animals had been greatly exaggerated. All these rumours had probably originated with Snowball and his agents. It now appeared that Snowball was not, after all, hiding on Pinchfield Farm, and in fact had never been there in his life: he was living--in considerable luxury, so it was said--at Foxwood, and had in reality been a pensioner of Pilkington for years past. The pigs were in ecstasies over Napoleon's cunning. By seeming to be friendly with Pilkington he had forced Frederick to raise his price by twelve pounds. But the superior quality of Napoleon's mind, said Squealer, was shown in the fact that he trusted nobody, not even Frederick. Frederick had wanted to pay for the timber with something called a cheque, which, it seemed, was a piece of paper with a promise to pay written upon it. But Napoleon was too clever for him. He had demanded payment in real five-pound notes, which were to be handed over before the timber was removed. Already Frederick had paid up; and the sum he had paid was just enough to buy the machinery for the windmill. Meanwhile the timber was being carted away at high speed. When it was all gone, another special meeting was held in the barn for the animals to inspect Frederick's bank-notes. Smiling beatifically, and wearing both his decorations, Napoleon reposed on a bed of straw on the platform, with the money at his side, neatly piled on a china dish from the farmhouse kitchen. The animals filed slowly past, and each gazed his fill. And Boxer put out his nose to sniff at the bank-notes, and the flimsy white things stirred and rustled in his breath. Three days later there was a terrible hullabaloo. Whymper, his face deadly pale, came racing up the path on his bicycle, flung it down in the yard and rushed straight into the farmhouse. The next moment a choking roar of rage sounded from Napoleon's apartments. The news of what had happened sped round the farm like wildfire. The banknotes were forgeries! Frederick had got the timber for nothing! Napoleon called the animals together immediately and in a terrible voice pronounced the death sentence upon Frederick. When captured, he said, Frederick should be boiled alive. At the same time he warned them that after this treacherous deed the worst was to be expected. Frederick and his men might make their long-expected attack at any moment. Sentinels were placed at all the approaches to the farm. In addition, four pigeons were sent to Foxwood with a conciliatory message, which it was hoped might re-establish good relations with Pilkington. The very next morning the attack came. The animals were at breakfast when the look-outs came racing in with the news that Frederick and his followers had already come through the five-barred gate. Boldly enough the animals sallied forth to meet them, but this time they did not have the easy victory that they had had in the Battle of the Cowshed. There were fifteen men, with half a dozen guns between them, and they opened fire as soon as they got within fifty yards. The animals could not face the terrible explosions and the stinging pellets, and in spite of the efforts of Napoleon and Boxer to rally them, they were soon driven back. A number of them were already wounded. They took refuge in the farm buildings and peeped cautiously out from chinks and knot-holes. The whole of the big pasture, including the windmill, was in the hands of the enemy. For the moment even Napoleon seemed at a loss. He paced up and down without a word, his tail rigid and twitching. Wistful glances were sent in the direction of Foxwood. If Pilkington and his men would help them, the day might yet be won. But at this moment the four pigeons, who had been sent out on the day before, returned, one of them bearing a scrap of paper from Pilkington. On it was pencilled the words: "Serves you right." Meanwhile Frederick and his men had halted about the windmill. The animals watched them, and a murmur of dismay went round. Two of the men had produced a crowbar and a sledge hammer. They were going to knock the windmill down. "Impossible!" cried Napoleon. "We have built the walls far too thick for that. They could not knock it down in a week. Courage, comrades!" But Benjamin was watching the movements of the men intently. The two with the hammer and the crowbar were drilling a hole near the base of the windmill. Slowly, and with an air almost of amusement, Benjamin nodded his long muzzle. "I thought so," he said. "Do you not see what they are doing? In another moment they are going to pack blasting powder into that hole." Terrified, the animals waited. It was impossible now to venture out of the shelter of the buildings. After a few minutes the men were seen to be running in all directions. Then there was a deafening roar. The pigeons swirled into the air, and all the animals, except Napoleon, flung themselves flat on their bellies and hid their faces. When they got up again, a huge cloud of black smoke was hanging where the windmill had been. Slowly the breeze drifted it away. The windmill had ceased to exist! At this sight the animals' courage returned to them. The fear and despair they had felt a moment earlier were drowned in their rage against this vile, contemptible act. A mighty cry for vengeance went up, and without waiting for further orders they charged forth in a body and made straight for the enemy. This time they did not heed the cruel pellets that swept over them like hail. It was a savage, bitter battle. The men fired again and again, and, when the animals got to close quarters, lashed out with their sticks and their heavy boots. A cow, three sheep, and two geese were killed, and nearly everyone was wounded. Even Napoleon, who was directing operations from the rear, had the tip of his tail chipped by a pellet. But the men did not go unscathed either. Three of them had their heads broken by blows from Boxer's hoofs; another was gored in the belly by a cow's horn; another had his trousers nearly torn off by Jessie and Bluebell. And when the nine dogs of Napoleon's own bodyguard, whom he had instructed to make a detour under cover of the hedge, suddenly appeared on the men's flank, baying ferociously, panic overtook them. They saw that they were in danger of being surrounded. Frederick shouted to his men to get out while the going was good, and the next moment the cowardly enemy was running for dear life. The animals chased them right down to the bottom of the field, and got in some last kicks at them as they forced their way through the thorn hedge. They had won, but they were weary and bleeding. Slowly they began to limp back towards the farm. The sight of their dead comrades stretched upon the grass moved some of them to tears. And for a little while they halted in sorrowful silence at the place where the windmill had once stood. Yes, it was gone; almost the last trace of their labour was gone! Even the foundations were partially destroyed. And in rebuilding it they could not this time, as before, make use of the fallen stones. This time the stones had vanished too. The force of the explosion had flung them to distances of hundreds of yards. It was as though the windmill had never been. As they approached the farm Squealer, who had unaccountably been absent during the fighting, came skipping towards them, whisking his tail and beaming with satisfaction. And the animals heard, from the direction of the farm buildings, the solemn booming of a gun. "What is that gun firing for?" said Boxer. "To celebrate our victory!" cried Squealer. "What victory?" said Boxer. His knees were bleeding, he had lost a shoe and split his hoof, and a dozen pellets had lodged themselves in his hind leg. "What victory, comrade? Have we not driven the enemy off our soil--the sacred soil of Animal Farm?" "But they have destroyed the windmill. And we had worked on it for two years!" "What matter? We will build another windmill. We will build six windmills if we feel like it. You do not appreciate, comrade, the mighty thing that we have done. The enemy was in occupation of this very ground that we stand upon. And now--thanks to the leadership of Comrade Napoleon--we have won every inch of it back again!" "Then we have won back what we had before," said Boxer. "That is our victory," said Squealer. They limped into the yard. The pellets under the skin of Boxer's leg smarted painfully. He saw ahead of him the heavy labour of rebuilding the windmill from the foundations, and already in imagination he braced himself for the task. But for the first time it occurred to him that he was eleven years old and that perhaps his great muscles were not quite what they had once been. But when the animals saw the green flag flying, and heard the gun firing again--seven times it was fired in all--and heard the speech that Napoleon made, congratulating them on their conduct, it did seem to them after all that they had won a great victory. The animals slain in the battle were given a solemn funeral. Boxer and Clover pulled the wagon which served as a hearse, and Napoleon himself walked at the head of the procession. Two whole days were given over to celebrations. There were songs, speeches, and more firing of the gun, and a special gift of an apple was bestowed on every animal, with two ounces of corn for each bird and three biscuits for each dog. It was announced that the battle would be called the Battle of the Windmill, and that Napoleon had created a new decoration, the Order of the Green Banner, which he had conferred upon himself. In the general rejoicings the unfortunate affair of the banknotes was forgotten. It was a few days later than this that the pigs came upon a case of whisky in the cellars of the farmhouse. It had been overlooked at the time when the house was first occupied. That night there came from the farmhouse the sound of loud singing, in which, to everyone's surprise, the strains of 'Beasts of England' were mixed up. At about half past nine Napoleon, wearing an old bowler hat of Mr. Jones's, was distinctly seen to emerge from the back door, gallop rapidly round the yard, and disappear indoors again. But in the morning a deep silence hung over the farmhouse. Not a pig appeared to be stirring. It was nearly nine o'clock when Squealer made his appearance, walking slowly and dejectedly, his eyes dull, his tail hanging limply behind him, and with every appearance of being seriously ill. He called the animals together and told them that he had a terrible piece of news to impart. Comrade Napoleon was dying! A cry of lamentation went up. Straw was laid down outside the doors of the farmhouse, and the animals walked on tiptoe. With tears in their eyes they asked one another what they should do if their Leader were taken away from them. A rumour went round that Snowball had after all contrived to introduce poison into Napoleon's food. At eleven o'clock Squealer came out to make another announcement. As his last act upon earth, Comrade Napoleon had pronounced a solemn decree: the drinking of alcohol was to be punished by death. By the evening, however, Napoleon appeared to be somewhat better, and the following morning Squealer was able to tell them that he was well on the way to recovery. By the evening of that day Napoleon was back at work, and on the next day it was learned that he had instructed Whymper to purchase in Willingdon some booklets on brewing and distilling. A week later Napoleon gave orders that the small paddock beyond the orchard, which it had previously been intended to set aside as a grazing-ground for animals who were past work, was to be ploughed up. It was given out that the pasture was exhausted and needed re-seeding; but it soon became known that Napoleon intended to sow it with barley. About this time there occurred a strange incident which hardly anyone was able to understand. One night at about twelve o'clock there was a loud crash in the yard, and the animals rushed out of their stalls. It was a moonlit night. At the foot of the end wall of the big barn, where the Seven Commandments were written, there lay a ladder broken in two pieces. Squealer, temporarily stunned, was sprawling beside it, and near at hand there lay a lantern, a paint-brush, and an overturned pot of white paint. The dogs immediately made a ring round Squealer, and escorted him back to the farmhouse as soon as he was able to walk. None of the animals could form any idea as to what this meant, except old Benjamin, who nodded his muzzle with a knowing air, and seemed to understand, but would say nothing. But a few days later Muriel, reading over the Seven Commandments to herself, noticed that there was yet another of them which the animals had remembered wrong. They had thought the Fifth Commandment was "No animal shall drink alcohol," but there were two words that they had forgotten. Actually the Commandment read: "No animal shall drink alcohol TO EXCESS." Chapter IX Boxer's split hoof was a long time in healing. They had started the rebuilding of the windmill the day after the victory celebrations were ended. Boxer refused to take even a day off work, and made it a point of honour not to let it be seen that he was in pain. In the evenings he would admit privately to Clover that the hoof troubled him a great deal. Clover treated the hoof with poultices of herbs which she prepared by chewing them, and both she and Benjamin urged Boxer to work less hard. "A horse's lungs do not last for ever," she said to him. But Boxer would not listen. He had, he said, only one real ambition left--to see the windmill well under way before he reached the age for retirement. At the beginning, when the laws of Animal Farm were first formulated, the retiring age had been fixed for horses and pigs at twelve, for cows at fourteen, for dogs at nine, for sheep at seven, and for hens and geese at five. Liberal old-age pensions had been agreed upon. As yet no animal had actually retired on pension, but of late the subject had been discussed more and more. Now that the small field beyond the orchard had been set aside for barley, it was rumoured that a corner of the large pasture was to be fenced off and turned into a grazing-ground for superannuated animals. For a horse, it was said, the pension would be five pounds of corn a day and, in winter, fifteen pounds of hay, with a carrot or possibly an apple on public holidays. Boxer's twelfth birthday was due in the late summer of the following year. Meanwhile life was hard. The winter was as cold as the last one had been, and food was even shorter. Once again all rations were reduced, except those of the pigs and the dogs. A too rigid equality in rations, Squealer explained, would have been contrary to the principles of Animalism. In any case he had no difficulty in proving to the other animals that they were NOT in reality short of food, whatever the appearances might be. For the time being, certainly, it had been found necessary to make a readjustment of rations (Squealer always spoke of it as a "readjustment," never as a "reduction"), but in comparison with the days of Jones, the improvement was enormous. Reading out the figures in a shrill, rapid voice, he proved to them in detail that they had more oats, more hay, more turnips than they had had in Jones's day, that they worked shorter hours, that their drinking water was of better quality, that they lived longer, that a larger proportion of their young ones survived infancy, and that they had more straw in their stalls and suffered less from fleas. The animals believed every word of it. Truth to tell, Jones and all he stood for had almost faded out of their memories. They knew that life nowadays was harsh and bare, that they were often hungry and often cold, and that they were usually working when they were not asleep. But doubtless it had been worse in the old days. They were glad to believe so. Besides, in those days they had been slaves and now they were free, and that made all the difference, as Squealer did not fail to point out. There were many more mouths to feed now. In the autumn the four sows had all littered about simultaneously, producing thirty-one young pigs between them. The young pigs were piebald, and as Napoleon was the only boar on the farm, it was possible to guess at their parentage. It was announced that later, when bricks and timber had been purchased, a schoolroom would be built in the farmhouse garden. For the time being, the young pigs were given their instruction by Napoleon himself in the farmhouse kitchen. They took their exercise in the garden, and were discouraged from playing with the other young animals. About this time, too, it was laid down as a rule that when a pig and any other animal met on the path, the other animal must stand aside: and also that all pigs, of whatever degree, were to have the privilege of wearing green ribbons on their tails on Sundays. The farm had had a fairly successful year, but was still short of money. There were the bricks, sand, and lime for the schoolroom to be purchased, and it would also be necessary to begin saving up again for the machinery for the windmill. Then there were lamp oil and candles for the house, sugar for Napoleon's own table (he forbade this to the other pigs, on the ground that it made them fat), and all the usual replacements such as tools, nails, string, coal, wire, scrap-iron, and dog biscuits. A stump of hay and part of the potato crop were sold off, and the contract for eggs was increased to six hundred a week, so that that year the hens barely hatched enough chicks to keep their numbers at the same level. Rations, reduced in December, were reduced again in February, and lanterns in the stalls were forbidden to save oil. But the pigs seemed comfortable enough, and in fact were putting on weight if anything. One afternoon in late February a warm, rich, appetising scent, such as the animals had never smelt before, wafted itself across the yard from the little brew-house, which had been disused in Jones's time, and which stood beyond the kitchen. Someone said it was the smell of cooking barley. The animals sniffed the air hungrily and wondered whether a warm mash was being prepared for their supper. But no warm mash appeared, and on the following Sunday it was announced that from now onwards all barley would be reserved for the pigs. The field beyond the orchard had already been sown with barley. And the news soon leaked out that every pig was now receiving a ration of a pint of beer daily, with half a gallon for Napoleon himself, which was always served to him in the Crown Derby soup tureen. But if there were hardships to be borne, they were partly offset by the fact that life nowadays had a greater dignity than it had had before. There were more songs, more speeches, more processions. Napoleon had commanded that once a week there should be held something called a Spontaneous Demonstration, the object of which was to celebrate the struggles and triumphs of Animal Farm. At the appointed time the animals would leave their work and march round the precincts of the farm in military formation, with the pigs leading, then the horses, then the cows, then the sheep, and then the poultry. The dogs flanked the procession and at the head of all marched Napoleon's black cockerel. Boxer and Clover always carried between them a green banner marked with the hoof and the horn and the caption, "Long live Comrade Napoleon!" Afterwards there were recitations of poems composed in Napoleon's honour, and a speech by Squealer giving particulars of the latest increases in the production of foodstuffs, and on occasion a shot was fired from the gun. The sheep were the greatest devotees of the Spontaneous Demonstration, and if anyone complained (as a few animals sometimes did, when no pigs or dogs were near) that they wasted time and meant a lot of standing about in the cold, the sheep were sure to silence him with a tremendous bleating of "Four legs good, two legs bad!" But by and large the animals enjoyed these celebrations. They found it comforting to be reminded that, after all, they were truly their own masters and that the work they did was for their own benefit. So that, what with the songs, the processions, Squealer's lists of figures, the thunder of the gun, the crowing of the cockerel, and the fluttering of the flag, they were able to forget that their bellies were empty, at least part of the time. In April, Animal Farm was proclaimed a Republic, and it became necessary to elect a President. There was only one candidate, Napoleon, who was elected unanimously. On the same day it was given out that fresh documents had been discovered which revealed further details about Snowball's complicity with Jones. It now appeared that Snowball had not, as the animals had previously imagined, merely attempted to lose the Battle of the Cowshed by means of a stratagem, but had been openly fighting on Jones's side. In fact, it was he who had actually been the leader of the human forces, and had charged into battle with the words "Long live Humanity!" on his lips. The wounds on Snowball's back, which a few of the animals still remembered to have seen, had been inflicted by Napoleon's teeth. In the middle of the summer Moses the raven suddenly reappeared on the farm, after an absence of several years. He was quite unchanged, still did no work, and talked in the same strain as ever about Sugarcandy Mountain. He would perch on a stump, flap his black wings, and talk by the hour to anyone who would listen. "Up there, comrades," he would say solemnly, pointing to the sky with his large beak--"up there, just on the other side of that dark cloud that you can see--there it lies, Sugarcandy Mountain, that happy country where we poor animals shall rest for ever from our labours!" He even claimed to have been there on one of his higher flights, and to have seen the everlasting fields of clover and the linseed cake and lump sugar growing on the hedges. Many of the animals believed him. Their lives now, they reasoned, were hungry and laborious; was it not right and just that a better world should exist somewhere else? A thing that was difficult to determine was the attitude of the pigs towards Moses. They all declared contemptuously that his stories about Sugarcandy Mountain were lies, and yet they allowed him to remain on the farm, not working, with an allowance of a gill of beer a day. After his hoof had healed up, Boxer worked harder than ever. Indeed, all the animals worked like slaves that year. Apart from the regular work of the farm, and the rebuilding of the windmill, there was the schoolhouse for the young pigs, which was started in March. Sometimes the long hours on insufficient food were hard to bear, but Boxer never faltered. In nothing that he said or did was there any sign that his strength was not what it had been. It was only his appearance that was a little altered; his hide was less shiny than it had used to be, and his great haunches seemed to have shrunken. The others said, "Boxer will pick up when the spring grass comes on"; but the spring came and Boxer grew no fatter. Sometimes on the slope leading to the top of the quarry, when he braced his muscles against the weight of some vast boulder, it seemed that nothing kept him on his feet except the will to continue. At such times his lips were seen to form the words, "I will work harder"; he had no voice left. Once again Clover and Benjamin warned him to take care of his health, but Boxer paid no attention. His twelfth birthday was approaching. He did not care what happened so long as a good store of stone was accumulated before he went on pension. Late one evening in the summer, a sudden rumour ran round the farm that something had happened to Boxer. He had gone out alone to drag a load of stone down to the windmill. And sure enough, the rumour was true. A few minutes later two pigeons came racing in with the news; "Boxer has fallen! He is lying on his side and can't get up!" About half the animals on the farm rushed out to the knoll where the windmill stood. There lay Boxer, between the shafts of the cart, his neck stretched out, unable even to raise his head. His eyes were glazed, his sides matted with sweat. A thin stream of blood had trickled out of his mouth. Clover dropped to her knees at his side. "Boxer!" she cried, "how are you?" "It is my lung," said Boxer in a weak voice. "It does not matter. I think you will be able to finish the windmill without me. There is a pretty good store of stone accumulated. I had only another month to go in any case. To tell you the truth, I had been looking forward to my retirement. And perhaps, as Benjamin is growing old too, they will let him retire at the same time and be a companion to me." "We must get help at once," said Clover. "Run, somebody, and tell Squealer what has happened." All the other animals immediately raced back to the farmhouse to give Squealer the news. Only Clover remained, and Benjamin who lay down at Boxer's side, and, without speaking, kept the flies off him with his long tail. After about a quarter of an hour Squealer appeared, full of sympathy and concern. He said that Comrade Napoleon had learned with the very deepest distress of this misfortune to one of the most loyal workers on the farm, and was already making arrangements to send Boxer to be treated in the hospital at Willingdon. The animals felt a little uneasy at this. Except for Mollie and Snowball, no other animal had ever left the farm, and they did not like to think of their sick comrade in the hands of human beings. However, Squealer easily convinced them that the veterinary surgeon in Willingdon could treat Boxer's case more satisfactorily than could be done on the farm. And about half an hour later, when Boxer had somewhat recovered, he was with difficulty got on to his feet, and managed to limp back to his stall, where Clover and Benjamin had prepared a good bed of straw for him. For the next two days Boxer remained in his stall. The pigs had sent out a large bottle of pink medicine which they had found in the medicine chest in the bathroom, and Clover administered it to Boxer twice a day after meals. In the evenings she lay in his stall and talked to him, while Benjamin kept the flies off him. Boxer professed not to be sorry for what had happened. If he made a good recovery, he might expect to live another three years, and he looked forward to the peaceful days that he would spend in the corner of the big pasture. It would be the first time that he had had leisure to study and improve his mind. He intended, he said, to devote the rest of his life to learning the remaining twenty-two letters of the alphabet. However, Benjamin and Clover could only be with Boxer after working hours, and it was in the middle of the day when the van came to take him away. The animals were all at work weeding turnips under the supervision of a pig, when they were astonished to see Benjamin come galloping from the direction of the farm buildings, braying at the top of his voice. It was the first time that they had ever seen Benjamin excited--indeed, it was the first time that anyone had ever seen him gallop. "Quick, quick!" he shouted. "Come at once! They're taking Boxer away!" Without waiting for orders from the pig, the animals broke off work and raced back to the farm buildings. Sure enough, there in the yard was a large closed van, drawn by two horses, with lettering on its side and a sly-looking man in a low-crowned bowler hat sitting on the driver's seat. And Boxer's stall was empty. The animals crowded round the van. "Good-bye, Boxer!" they chorused, "good-bye!" "Fools! Fools!" shouted Benjamin, prancing round them and stamping the earth with his small hoofs. "Fools! Do you not see what is written on the side of that van?" That gave the animals pause, and there was a hush. Muriel began to spell out the words. But Benjamin pushed her aside and in the midst of a deadly silence he read: "'Alfred Simmonds, Horse Slaughterer and Glue Boiler, Willingdon. Dealer in Hides and Bone-Meal. Kennels Supplied.' Do you not understand what that means? They are taking Boxer to the knacker's!" A cry of horror burst from all the animals. At this moment the man on the box whipped up his horses and the van moved out of the yard at a smart trot. All the animals followed, crying out at the tops of their voices. Clover forced her way to the front. The van began to gather speed. Clover tried to stir her stout limbs to a gallop, and achieved a canter. "Boxer!" she cried. "Boxer! Boxer! Boxer!" And just at this moment, as though he had heard the uproar outside, Boxer's face, with the white stripe down his nose, appeared at the small window at the back of the van. "Boxer!" cried Clover in a terrible voice. "Boxer! Get out! Get out quickly! They're taking you to your death!" All the animals took up the cry of "Get out, Boxer, get out!" But the van was already gathering speed and drawing away from them. It was uncertain whether Boxer had understood what Clover had said. But a moment later his face disappeared from the window and there was the sound of a tremendous drumming of hoofs inside the van. He was trying to kick his way out. The time had been when a few kicks from Boxer's hoofs would have smashed the van to matchwood. But alas! his strength had left him; and in a few moments the sound of drumming hoofs grew fainter and died away. In desperation the animals began appealing to the two horses which drew the van to stop. "Comrades, comrades!" they shouted. "Don't take your own brother to his death!" But the stupid brutes, too ignorant to realise what was happening, merely set back their ears and quickened their pace. Boxer's face did not reappear at the window. Too late, someone thought of racing ahead and shutting the five-barred gate; but in another moment the van was through it and rapidly disappearing down the road. Boxer was never seen again. Three days later it was announced that he had died in the hospital at Willingdon, in spite of receiving every attention a horse could have. Squealer came to announce the news to the others. He had, he said, been present during Boxer's last hours. "It was the most affecting sight I have ever seen!" said Squealer, lifting his trotter and wiping away a tear. "I was at his bedside at the very last. And at the end, almost too weak to speak, he whispered in my ear that his sole sorrow was to have passed on before the windmill was finished. 'Forward, comrades!' he whispered. 'Forward in the name of the Rebellion. Long live Animal Farm! Long live Comrade Napoleon! Napoleon is always right.' Those were his very last words, comrades." Here Squealer's demeanour suddenly changed. He fell silent for a moment, and his little eyes darted suspicious glances from side to side before he proceeded. It had come to his knowledge, he said, that a foolish and wicked rumour had been circulated at the time of Boxer's removal. Some of the animals had noticed that the van which took Boxer away was marked "Horse Slaughterer," and had actually jumped to the conclusion that Boxer was being sent to the knacker's. It was almost unbelievable, said Squealer, that any animal could be so stupid. Surely, he cried indignantly, whisking his tail and skipping from side to side, surely they knew their beloved Leader, Comrade Napoleon, better than that? But the explanation was really very simple. The van had previously been the property of the knacker, and had been bought by the veterinary surgeon, who had not yet painted the old name out. That was how the mistake had arisen. The animals were enormously relieved to hear this. And when Squealer went on to give further graphic details of Boxer's death-bed, the admirable care he had received, and the expensive medicines for which Napoleon had paid without a thought as to the cost, their last doubts disappeared and the sorrow that they felt for their comrade's death was tempered by the thought that at least he had died happy. Napoleon himself appeared at the meeting on the following Sunday morning and pronounced a short oration in Boxer's honour. It had not been possible, he said, to bring back their lamented comrade's remains for interment on the farm, but he had ordered a large wreath to be made from the laurels in the farmhouse garden and sent down to be placed on Boxer's grave. And in a few days' time the pigs intended to hold a memorial banquet in Boxer's honour. Napoleon ended his speech with a reminder of Boxer's two favourite maxims, "I will work harder" and "Comrade Napoleon is always right"--maxims, he said, which every animal would do well to adopt as his own. On the day appointed for the banquet, a grocer's van drove up from Willingdon and delivered a large wooden crate at the farmhouse. That night there was the sound of uproarious singing, which was followed by what sounded like a violent quarrel and ended at about eleven o'clock with a tremendous crash of glass. No one stirred in the farmhouse before noon on the following day, and the word went round that from somewhere or other the pigs had acquired the money to buy themselves another case of whisky. Chapter X Years passed. The seasons came and went, the short animal lives fled by. A time came when there was no one who remembered the old days before the Rebellion, except Clover, Benjamin, Moses the raven, and a number of the pigs. Muriel was dead; Bluebell, Jessie, and Pincher were dead. Jones too was dead--he had died in an inebriates' home in another part of the country. Snowball was forgotten. Boxer was forgotten, except by the few who had known him. Clover was an old stout mare now, stiff in the joints and with a tendency to rheumy eyes. She was two years past the retiring age, but in fact no animal had ever actually retired. The talk of setting aside a corner of the pasture for superannuated animals had long since been dropped. Napoleon was now a mature boar of twenty-four stone. Squealer was so fat that he could with difficulty see out of his eyes. Only old Benjamin was much the same as ever, except for being a little greyer about the muzzle, and, since Boxer's death, more morose and taciturn than ever. There were many more creatures on the farm now, though the increase was not so great as had been expected in earlier years. Many animals had been born to whom the Rebellion was only a dim tradition, passed on by word of mouth, and others had been bought who had never heard mention of such a thing before their arrival. The farm possessed three horses now besides Clover. They were fine upstanding beasts, willing workers and good comrades, but very stupid. None of them proved able to learn the alphabet beyond the letter B. They accepted everything that they were told about the Rebellion and the principles of Animalism, especially from Clover, for whom they had an almost filial respect; but it was doubtful whether they understood very much of it. The farm was more prosperous now, and better organised: it had even been enlarged by two fields which had been bought from Mr. Pilkington. The windmill had been successfully completed at last, and the farm possessed a threshing machine and a hay elevator of its own, and various new buildings had been added to it. Whymper had bought himself a dogcart. The windmill, however, had not after all been used for generating electrical power. It was used for milling corn, and brought in a handsome money profit. The animals were hard at work building yet another windmill; when that one was finished, so it was said, the dynamos would be installed. But the luxuries of which Snowball had once taught the animals to dream, the stalls with electric light and hot and cold water, and the three-day week, were no longer talked about. Napoleon had denounced such ideas as contrary to the spirit of Animalism. The truest happiness, he said, lay in working hard and living frugally. Somehow it seemed as though the farm had grown richer without making the animals themselves any richer-except, of course, for the pigs and the dogs. Perhaps this was partly because there were so many pigs and so many dogs. It was not that these creatures did not work, after their fashion. There was, as Squealer was never tired of explaining, endless work in the supervision and organisation of the farm. Much of this work was of a kind that the other animals were too ignorant to understand. For example, Squealer told them that the pigs had to expend enormous labours every day upon mysterious things called "files," "reports," "minutes," and "memoranda". These were large sheets of paper which had to be closely covered with writing, and as soon as they were so covered, they were burnt in the furnace. This was of the highest importance for the welfare of the farm, Squealer said. But still, neither pigs nor dogs produced any food by their own labour; and there were very many of them, and their appetites were always good. As for the others, their life, so far as they knew, was as it had always been. They were generally hungry, they slept on straw, they drank from the pool, they laboured in the fields; in winter they were troubled by the cold, and in summer by the flies. Sometimes the older ones among them racked their dim memories and tried to determine whether in the early days of the Rebellion, when Jones's expulsion was still recent, things had been better or worse than now. They could not remember. There was nothing with which they could compare their present lives: they had nothing to go upon except Squealer's lists of figures, which invariably demonstrated that everything was getting better and better. The animals found the problem insoluble; in any case, they had little time for speculating on such things now. Only old Benjamin professed to remember every detail of his long life and to know that things never had been, nor ever could be much better or much worse--hunger, hardship, and disappointment being, so he said, the unalterable law of life. And yet the animals never gave up hope. More, they never lost, even for an instant, their sense of honour and privilege in being members of Animal Farm. They were still the only farm in the whole county--in all England!--owned and operated by animals. Not one of them, not even the youngest, not even the newcomers who had been brought from farms ten or twenty miles away, ever ceased to marvel at that. And when they heard the gun booming and saw the green flag fluttering at the masthead, their hearts swelled with imperishable pride, and the talk turned always towards the old heroic days, the expulsion of Jones, the writing of the Seven Commandments, the great battles in which the human invaders had been defeated. None of the old dreams had been abandoned. The Republic of the Animals which Major had foretold, when the green fields of England should be untrodden by human feet, was still believed in. Some day it was coming: it might not be soon, it might not be with in the lifetime of any animal now living, but still it was coming. Even the tune of 'Beasts of England' was perhaps hummed secretly here and there: at any rate, it was a fact that every animal on the farm knew it, though no one would have dared to sing it aloud. It might be that their lives were hard and that not all of their hopes had been fulfilled; but they were conscious that they were not as other animals. If they went hungry, it was not from feeding tyrannical human beings; if they worked hard, at least they worked for themselves. No creature among them went upon two legs. No creature called any other creature "Master." All animals were equal. One day in early summer Squealer ordered the sheep to follow him, and led them out to a piece of waste ground at the other end of the farm, which had become overgrown with birch saplings. The sheep spent the whole day there browsing at the leaves under Squealer's supervision. In the evening he returned to the farmhouse himself, but, as it was warm weather, told the sheep to stay where they were. It ended by their remaining there for a whole week, during which time the other animals saw nothing of them. Squealer was with them for the greater part of every day. He was, he said, teaching them to sing a new song, for which privacy was needed. It was just after the sheep had returned, on a pleasant evening when the animals had finished work and were making their way back to the farm buildings, that the terrified neighing of a horse sounded from the yard. Startled, the animals stopped in their tracks. It was Clover's voice. She neighed again, and all the animals broke into a gallop and rushed into the yard. Then they saw what Clover had seen. It was a pig walking on his hind legs. Yes, it was Squealer. A little awkwardly, as though not quite used to supporting his considerable bulk in that position, but with perfect balance, he was strolling across the yard. And a moment later, out from the door of the farmhouse came a long file of pigs, all walking on their hind legs. Some did it better than others, one or two were even a trifle unsteady and looked as though they would have liked the support of a stick, but every one of them made his way right round the yard successfully. And finally there was a tremendous baying of dogs and a shrill crowing from the black cockerel, and out came Napoleon himself, majestically upright, casting haughty glances from side to side, and with his dogs gambolling round him. He carried a whip in his trotter. There was a deadly silence. Amazed, terrified, huddling together, the animals watched the long line of pigs march slowly round the yard. It was as though the world had turned upside-down. Then there came a moment when the first shock had worn off and when, in spite of everything-in spite of their terror of the dogs, and of the habit, developed through long years, of never complaining, never criticising, no matter what happened--they might have uttered some word of protest. But just at that moment, as though at a signal, all the sheep burst out into a tremendous bleating of-- "Four legs good, two legs BETTER! Four legs good, two legs BETTER! Four legs good, two legs BETTER!" It went on for five minutes without stopping. And by the time the sheep had quieted down, the chance to utter any protest had passed, for the pigs had marched back into the farmhouse. Benjamin felt a nose nuzzling at his shoulder. He looked round. It was Clover. Her old eyes looked dimmer than ever. Without saying anything, she tugged gently at his mane and led him round to the end of the big barn, where the Seven Commandments were written. For a minute or two they stood gazing at the tatted wall with its white lettering. "My sight is failing," she said finally. "Even when I was young I could not have read what was written there. But it appears to me that that wall looks different. Are the Seven Commandments the same as they used to be, Benjamin?" For once Benjamin consented to break his rule, and he read out to her what was written on the wall. There was nothing there now except a single Commandment. It ran: ALL ANIMALS ARE EQUAL BUT SOME ANIMALS ARE MORE EQUAL THAN OTHERS After that it did not seem strange when next day the pigs who were supervising the work of the farm all carried whips in their trotters. It did not seem strange to learn that the pigs had bought themselves a wireless set, were arranging to install a telephone, and had taken out subscriptions to 'John Bull', 'Tit-Bits', and the 'Daily Mirror'. It did not seem strange when Napoleon was seen strolling in the farmhouse garden with a pipe in his mouth--no, not even when the pigs took Mr. Jones's clothes out of the wardrobes and put them on, Napoleon himself appearing in a black coat, ratcatcher breeches, and leather leggings, while his favourite sow appeared in the watered silk dress which Mrs. Jones had been used to wearing on Sundays. A week later, in the afternoon, a number of dog-carts drove up to the farm. A deputation of neighbouring farmers had been invited to make a tour of inspection. They were shown all over the farm, and expressed great admiration for everything they saw, especially the windmill. The animals were weeding the turnip field. They worked diligently hardly raising their faces from the ground, and not knowing whether to be more frightened of the pigs or of the human visitors. That evening loud laughter and bursts of singing came from the farmhouse. And suddenly, at the sound of the mingled voices, the animals were stricken with curiosity. What could be happening in there, now that for the first time animals and human beings were meeting on terms of equality? With one accord they began to creep as quietly as possible into the farmhouse garden. At the gate they paused, half frightened to go on but Clover led the way in. They tiptoed up to the house, and such animals as were tall enough peered in at the dining-room window. There, round the long table, sat half a dozen farmers and half a dozen of the more eminent pigs, Napoleon himself occupying the seat of honour at the head of the table. The pigs appeared completely at ease in their chairs. The company had been enjoying a game of cards but had broken off for the moment, evidently in order to drink a toast. A large jug was circulating, and the mugs were being refilled with beer. No one noticed the wondering faces of the animals that gazed in at the window. Mr. Pilkington, of Foxwood, had stood up, his mug in his hand. In a moment, he said, he would ask the present company to drink a toast. But before doing so, there were a few words that he felt it incumbent upon him to say. It was a source of great satisfaction to him, he said--and, he was sure, to all others present--to feel that a long period of mistrust and misunderstanding had now come to an end. There had been a time--not that he, or any of the present company, had shared such sentiments--but there had been a time when the respected proprietors of Animal Farm had been regarded, he would not say with hostility, but perhaps with a certain measure of misgiving, by their human neighbours. Unfortunate incidents had occurred, mistaken ideas had been current. It had been felt that the existence of a farm owned and operated by pigs was somehow abnormal and was liable to have an unsettling effect in the neighbourhood. Too many farmers had assumed, without due enquiry, that on such a farm a spirit of licence and indiscipline would prevail. They had been nervous about the effects upon their own animals, or even upon their human employees. But all such doubts were now dispelled. Today he and his friends had visited Animal Farm and inspected every inch of it with their own eyes, and what did they find? Not only the most up-to-date methods, but a discipline and an orderliness which should be an example to all farmers everywhere. He believed that he was right in saying that the lower animals on Animal Farm did more work and received less food than any animals in the county. Indeed, he and his fellow-visitors today had observed many features which they intended to introduce on their own farms immediately. He would end his remarks, he said, by emphasising once again the friendly feelings that subsisted, and ought to subsist, between Animal Farm and its neighbours. Between pigs and human beings there was not, and there need not be, any clash of interests whatever. Their struggles and their difficulties were one. Was not the labour problem the same everywhere? Here it became apparent that Mr. Pilkington was about to spring some carefully prepared witticism on the company, but for a moment he was too overcome by amusement to be able to utter it. After much choking, during which his various chins turned purple, he managed to get it out: "If you have your lower animals to contend with," he said, "we have our lower classes!" This BON MOT set the table in a roar; and Mr. Pilkington once again congratulated the pigs on the low rations, the long working hours, and the general absence of pampering which he had observed on Animal Farm. And now, he said finally, he would ask the company to rise to their feet and make certain that their glasses were full. "Gentlemen," concluded Mr. Pilkington, "gentlemen, I give you a toast: To the prosperity of Animal Farm!" There was enthusiastic cheering and stamping of feet. Napoleon was so gratified that he left his place and came round the table to clink his mug against Mr. Pilkington's before emptying it. When the cheering had died down, Napoleon, who had remained on his feet, intimated that he too had a few words to say. Like all of Napoleon's speeches, it was short and to the point. He too, he said, was happy that the period of misunderstanding was at an end. For a long time there had been rumours--circulated, he had reason to think, by some malignant enemy--that there was something subversive and even revolutionary in the outlook of himself and his colleagues. They had been credited with attempting to stir up rebellion among the animals on neighbouring farms. Nothing could be further from the truth! Their sole wish, now and in the past, was to live at peace and in normal business relations with their neighbours. This farm which he had the honour to control, he added, was a co-operative enterprise. The title-deeds, which were in his own possession, were owned by the pigs jointly. He did not believe, he said, that any of the old suspicions still lingered, but certain changes had been made recently in the routine of the farm which should have the effect of promoting confidence still further. Hitherto the animals on the farm had had a rather foolish custom of addressing one another as "Comrade." This was to be suppressed. There had also been a very strange custom, whose origin was unknown, of marching every Sunday morning past a boar's skull which was nailed to a post in the garden. This, too, would be suppressed, and the skull had already been buried. His visitors might have observed, too, the green flag which flew from the masthead. If so, they would perhaps have noted that the white hoof and horn with which it had previously been marked had now been removed. It would be a plain green flag from now onwards. He had only one criticism, he said, to make of Mr. Pilkington's excellent and neighbourly speech. Mr. Pilkington had referred throughout to "Animal Farm." He could not of course know--for he, Napoleon, was only now for the first time announcing it--that the name "Animal Farm" had been abolished. Henceforward the farm was to be known as "The Manor Farm"--which, he believed, was its correct and original name. "Gentlemen," concluded Napoleon, "I will give you the same toast as before, but in a different form. Fill your glasses to the brim. Gentlemen, here is my toast: To the prosperity of The Manor Farm!" There was the same hearty cheering as before, and the mugs were emptied to the dregs. But as the animals outside gazed at the scene, it seemed to them that some strange thing was happening. What was it that had altered in the faces of the pigs? Clover's old dim eyes flitted from one face to another. Some of them had five chins, some had four, some had three. But what was it that seemed to be melting and changing? Then, the applause having come to an end, the company took up their cards and continued the game that had been interrupted, and the animals crept silently away. But they had not gone twenty yards when they stopped short. An uproar of voices was coming from the farmhouse. They rushed back and looked through the window again. Yes, a violent quarrel was in progress. There were shoutings, bangings on the table, sharp suspicious glances, furious denials. The source of the trouble appeared to be that Napoleon and Mr. Pilkington had each played an ace of spades simultaneously. Twelve voices were shouting in anger, and they were all alike. No question, now, what had happened to the faces of the pigs. The creatures outside looked from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man again; but already it was impossible to say which was which. November 1943-February 1944 THE END <Hr> kvh8yuvzepf7vjsxr8b3jsgdvj8mz1v 427497 427496 2026-05-20T03:10:34Z Danuri19 16656 427497 wikitext text/x-wiki {{번역 머리말 | 제목 = 동물농장 <ref>[https://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks01/0100011.txt|#] 프로젝트 구텐베르그(Project Gutenberg) 호주 지부(Australia) 영문판</ref> | 다른 표기 = Animal Farm | 부제 = | 부제 다른 표기 = | 저자 = [[저자:조지 오웰|조지 오웰]] | 역자 = [[사:Danuri19|Danuri19]] | 이전 = | 다음 = | 연도 = | 언어 = | 원본 = | 설명 = }} Chapter I<br> 제1장 Mr. Jones, of the Manor Farm, had locked the hen-houses for the night, but was too drunk to remember to shut the pop-holes. With the ring of light from his lantern dancing from side to side, he lurched across the yard, kicked off his boots at the back door, drew himself a last glass of beer from the barrel in the scullery, and made his way up to bed, where Mrs. Jones was already snoring.<br> 매너 농장의 존스 씨는 밤을 맞아 닭장을 잠갔지만, 너무 취해서 닭들이 드나드는 구멍을 닫는 것을 잊어버렸습니다. 등불의 불빛이 좌우로 흔들리는 가운데, 그는 비틀거리며 마당을 가로질러, 뒷문에서 부츠를 벗어 던지고, 부엌 찬장에 있는 맥주통에서 마지막 맥주 한 잔을 따라 마신 후, 존스 부인이 이미 코를 골며 자고 있는 침실로 올라갔습니다. As soon as the light in the bedroom went out there was a stirring and a fluttering all through the farm buildings. Word had gone round during the day that old Major, the prize Middle White boar, had had a strange dream on the previous night and wished to communicate it to the other animals. It had been agreed that they should all meet in the big barn as soon as Mr. Jones was safely out of the way. Old Major (so he was always called, though the name under which he had been exhibited was Willingdon Beauty) was so highly regarded on the farm that everyone was quite ready to lose an hour's sleep in order to hear what he had to say. <br> 침실의 불이 꺼지자마자, 농장 건물 전체에 걸쳐 (동물들의) 소란과 분주함이 감돌았습니다. 낮 동안에 그 상급 '미들 화이트' 종 수퇘지인 늙은 메이저가 지난밤 이상한 꿈을 꾸었으며, 그것을 다른 동물들에게 전달하고 싶어 한다는 말이 돌았습니다. 존스 씨가 확실히 방해되지 않는 곳으로 가자마자 그들 모두가 큰 창고에서 만나기로 합의되었습니다. 늙은 메이저(그가 가축전시회에 나갔을 때의 이름은 '윌링던의 미남'이였지만, 그는 항상 그렇게 불렸습니다)는 농장에서 매우 높게 평가받고 있었기에, 모두가 그가 할 말을 듣기 위해 기꺼이 한 시간의 잠을 포기할 준비가 되어 있었습니다. At one end of the big barn, on a sort of raised platform, Major was already ensconced on his bed of straw, under a lantern which hung from a beam. He was twelve years old and had lately grown rather stout, but he was still a majestic-looking pig, with a wise and benevolent appearance in spite of the fact that his tushes had never been cut. Before long the other animals began to arrive and make themselves comfortable after their different fashions. First came the three dogs, Bluebell, Jessie, and Pincher, and then the pigs, who settled down in the straw immediately in front of the platform. The hens perched themselves on the window-sills, the pigeons fluttered up to the rafters, the sheep and cows lay down behind the pigs and began to chew the cud. The two cart-horses, Boxer and Clover, came in together, walking very slowly and setting down their vast hairy hoofs with great care lest there should be some small animal concealed in the straw. Clover was a stout motherly mare approaching middle life, who had never quite got her figure back after her fourth foal. Boxer was an enormous beast, nearly eighteen hands high, and as strong as any two ordinary horses put together. A white stripe down his nose gave him a somewhat stupid appearance, and in fact he was not of first-rate intelligence, but he was universally respected for his steadiness of character and tremendous powers of work. After the horses came Muriel, the white goat, and Benjamin, the donkey. Benjamin was the oldest animal on the farm, and the worst tempered. He seldom talked, and when he did, it was usually to make some cynical remark--for instance, he would say that God had given him a tail to keep the flies off, but that he would sooner have had no tail and no flies. Alone among the animals on the farm he never laughed. If asked why, he would say that he saw nothing to laugh at. Nevertheless, without openly admitting it, he was devoted to Boxer; the two of them usually spent their Sundays together in the small paddock beyond the orchard, grazing side by side and never speaking.<br> 큰 창고의 한쪽 끝, 일종의 높여진 플랫폼(무대) 위에, 메이저는 들보로부터 매달려 있는 랜턴 아래의 그의 짚 침대 위에 이미 편안하게 자리를 잡고 있었습니다. 그는 12살이었고 최근에 다소 뚱뚱해졌지만, 그의 엄니가 한 번도 잘린 적이 없다는 사실에도 불구하고, 그는 여전히 지혜롭고 자애로운 외모를 가진 위엄 있어 보이는 돼지였습니다. 오래지 않아 다른 동물들이 도착하기 시작했고 그들의 서로 다른 방식에 따라 스스로를 편안하게 만들었습니다(자리를 잡았습니다). 먼저 블루벨, 제시, 핀처라는 세 마리의 개가 왔고, 그다음에는 돼지들이 왔는데, 그들은 플랫폼 바로 앞의 짚 속에 정착했습니다. 암탉들은 창문 턱 위에 스스로를 앉혔고, 비둘기들은 서까래 위로 파닥거리며 올라갔으며, 양들과 소들은 돼지들 뒤에 누워 되새김질을 하기 시작했습니다. 두 마리의 짐수레 말인 복서와 클로버가 함께 들어왔는데, 짚 속에 숨어 있는 어떤 작은 동물이라도 있을까 봐 매우 천천히 걸으며 그들의 거대하고 털이 많은 발굽을 엄청난 주의를 기울여 내디뎠습니다. 클로버는 중년에 접어드는 뚱뚱하고 어머니 같은 암말이었는데, 그녀의 네 번째 망아지를 낳은 이후 그녀의 몸매를 결코 완전히 되찾지 못했습니다. 복서는 거의 18핸드(약 183cm) 높이에 이르는 거대한 짐승이었고, 합쳐진 어떤 평범한 말 두 마리만큼이나 힘이 셌습니다. 코를 따라 내려오는 흰색 줄무늬는 그에게 다소 어리석은 외모를 주었고, 사실 그는 일류의( 뛰어난) 지능은 아니었지만, 그의 성격의 꾸준함과 엄청난 작업 능력으로 인해 보편적으로(모두에게) 존경받았습니다. 말들 다음에는 흰 염소인 뮤리엘과 당나귀인 벤자민이 왔습니다. 벤자민은 농장에서 가장 나이가 많은 동물이었고, 성격이 가장 나빴습니다. 그는 좀처럼 말하지 않았고, 그가 말을 할 때는 대개 어떤 냉소적인 발언을 하기 위해서였습니다. 예를 들어, 그는 신이 그에게 파리를 쫓아내라고 꼬리를 주셨지만, 차라리 꼬리도 없고 파리도 없는 것이 더 좋았겠다고 말하곤 했습니다. 농장의 동물들 중에서 홀로 그는 결코 웃지 않았습니다. 왜냐고 질문을 받으면, 그는 웃을 만한 것을 아무것도 보지 못했다고 말하곤 했습니다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 그것을 공개적으로 인정하지는 않으면서도, 그는 복서에게 헌신적이었습니다. 그들 둘은 대개 과수원 너머의 작은 방목지에서 그들의 일요일을 함께 보냈는데, 나란히 풀을 뜯으며 결코 말하지 않았습니다. The two horses had just lain down when a brood of ducklings, which had lost their mother, filed into the barn, cheeping feebly and wandering from side to side to find some place where they would not be trodden on. Clover made a sort of wall round them with her great foreleg, and the ducklings nestled down inside it and promptly fell asleep. At the last moment Mollie, the foolish, pretty white mare who drew Mr. Jones's trap, came mincing daintily in, chewing at a lump of sugar. She took a place near the front and began flirting her white mane, hoping to draw attention to the red ribbons it was plaited with. Last of all came the cat, who looked round, as usual, for the warmest place, and finally squeezed herself in between Boxer and Clover; there she purred contentedly throughout Major's speech without listening to a word of what he was saying.<br> 그 두 마리의 말이 막 누웠을 때, 그들의 엄마를 잃어버린 오리 새끼 한 무리가, 힘없이 삐약거리고 그들이 밟히지 않을 어떤 장소를 찾기 위해 이리저리 헤매며 창고 안으로 줄을 지어 들어왔습니다. 클로버는 그녀의 거대한 앞다리로 그들 주위에 일종의 벽을 만들어 주었고, 오리 새끼들은 그 안에 아늑하게 자리를 잡고 즉시 잠이 들었습니다. 마지막 순간에, 존스 씨의 이인승 마차를 끌던 어리석고 예쁜 흰색 암말인 몰리가 설탕 덩어리를 씹으며 얌전 빼며 우아하게 걸어 들어왔습니다. 그녀는 앞쪽 근처에 자리를 잡았고, 그것(갈기)에 땋아져 있는 빨간 리본들로 주의를 끌기를 희망하면서 그녀의 하얀 갈기를 살랑거리기 시작했습니다. 가장 마지막으로 고양이가 왔는데, 그녀는 늘 그렇듯 가장 따뜻한 장소를 찾아 주위를 둘러보았고, 마침내 복서와 클로버 사이에 스스로를 밀어 넣었습니다. 거기서 그녀는 메이저가 말하고 있는 것의 단 한 단어도 듣지 않으면서, 메이저의 연설 내내 만족스럽게 갸르릉거렸습니다. All the animals were now present except Moses, the tame raven, who slept on a perch behind the back door. When Major saw that they had all made themselves comfortable and were waiting attentively, he cleared his throat and began: <br> 뒷문 뒤의 홰 위에서 잠을 자는 길들여진 까마귀인 모세를 제외하고는 모든 동물들이 이제 참석해 있었습니다. 메이저가 그들 모두가 스스로를 편안하게 만들고(자리를 잡고) 주의 깊게 기다리고 있는 것을 보았을 때, 그는 그의 목청을 가다듬고 시작했습니다: "Comrades, you have heard already about the strange dream that I had last night. But I will come to the dream later. I have something else to say first. I do not think, comrades, that I shall be with you for many months longer, and before I die, I feel it my duty to pass on to you such wisdom as I have acquired. I have had a long life, I have had much time for thought as I lay alone in my stall, and I think I may say that I understand the nature of life on this earth as well as any animal now living. It is about this that I wish to speak to you. <br> "동지들, 여러분은 내가 지난밤에 꾸었던 이상한 꿈에 대해 이미 들었습니다. 하지만 나는 그 꿈에 대해서는 나중에 이야기하겠습니다. 나는 먼저 말해야 할 다른 어떤 것을 가지고 있습니다. 동지들, 나는 내가 여러 달 더 이상 여러분과 함께하지 못할 것이라고 생각하며, 내가 죽기 전에, 내가 습득해 온 그러한 지혜를 여러분에게 전달하는 것이 나의 의무라고 느낍니다. 나는 긴 삶을 살았고, 나의 축사 안에 홀로 누워 있을 때 생각할 많은 시간을 가졌으며, 나는 내가 현재 살고 있는 어떤 동물 못지않게 이 지구상에서의 삶의 본질을 이해하고 있다고 말할 수 있다고 생각합니다. 내가 여러분에게 말하고자 희망하는 것은 바로 이것에 대해서입니다. "Now, comrades, what is the nature of this life of ours? Let us face it: our lives are miserable, laborious, and short. We are born, we are given just so much food as will keep the breath in our bodies, and those of us who are capable of it are forced to work to the last atom of our strength; and the very instant that our usefulness has come to an end we are slaughtered with hideous cruelty. No animal in England knows the meaning of happiness or leisure after he is a year old. No animal in England is free. The life of an animal is misery and slavery: that is the plain truth.<br> "이제, 동지들, 우리들의 이 삶의 본질은 무엇입니까? 그것을 직시합시다. 우리의 삶은 비참하고, 힘들며, 짧습니다. 우리는 태어나고, 우리의 몸속에 숨이 붙어 있게 유지해 줄 딱 그만큼의 음식만을 받으며, 그것(노동)을 할 능력이 있는 우리들 중의 이들은 우리의 힘의 마지막 한 원자(한 방울)까지 짜내어 일하도록 강요받습니다. 그리고 우리의 유용성이 끝에 다다르는 바로 그 순간에, 우리는 끔찍한 잔인함과 함께 도살당합니다. 영국의 어떤 동물도 그가 한 살이 된 이후에는 행복이나 여가의 의미를 알지 못합니다. 영국의 어떤 동물도 자유롭지 않습니다. 동물의 삶은 비참함과 노예 상태입니다. 그것이 명백한 진실입니다. "But is this simply part of the order of nature? Is it because this land of ours is so poor that it cannot afford a decent life to those who dwell upon it? No, comrades, a thousand times no! The soil of England is fertile, its climate is good, it is capable of affording food in abundance to an enormously greater number of animals than now inhabit it. This single farm of ours would support a dozen horses, twenty cows, hundreds of sheep--and all of them living in a comfort and a dignity that are now almost beyond our imagining. Why then do we continue in this miserable condition? Because nearly the whole of the produce of our labour is stolen from us by human beings. There, comrades, is the answer to all our problems. It is summed up in a single word--Man. Man is the only real enemy we have. Remove Man from the scene, and the root cause of hunger and overwork is abolished for ever.<br> "그러나 이것은 단순히 자연의 질서의 일부입니까? 그것은 우리들의 이 땅이 너무 가난해서 그 위에 거주하는 이들에게 괜찮은(품위 있는) 삶을 제공할 여유가 없기 때문입니까? 아닙니다, 동지들, 천 번이고 아닙니다! 영국의 토양은 비옥하고, 그것의 기후는 좋으며, 그것은 현재 그것에 서식하는 것보다 훨씬 더 엄청나게 많은 수의 동물들에게 풍부한 음식을 제공할 능력이 있습니다. 우리들의 이 단 하나의 농장만으로도 열두 마리의 말, 스무 마리의 소, 수백 마리의 양을 부양할 수 있을 것이며—그리고 그들 모두는 지금은 우리의 상상을 거의 초월하는 편안함과 존엄함 속에서 살아가게 될 것입니다. 그렇다면 왜 우리는 이 비참한 상태를 지속하고 있습니까? 왜냐하면 우리 노동의 생산물의 거의 전부가 인간들에 의해 우리로부터 도둑맞고 있기 때문입니다. 동지들, 거기에 우리 모든 문제에 대한 답이 있습니다. 그것은 단 하나의 단어로 요약됩니다—인간. 인간은 우리가 가진 유일한 진짜 적입니다. 장면(무대)에서 인간을 제거하십시오, 그러면 굶주림과 과로의 근본 원인은 영원히 폐지됩니다. "Man is the only creature that consumes without producing. He does not give milk, he does not lay eggs, he is too weak to pull the plough, he cannot run fast enough to catch rabbits. Yet he is lord of all the animals. He sets them to work, he gives back to them the bare minimum that will prevent them from starving, and the rest he keeps for himself. Our labour tills the soil, our dung fertilises it, and yet there is not one of us that owns more than his bare skin. You cows that I see before me, how many thousands of gallons of milk have you given during this last year? And what has happened to that milk which should have been breeding up sturdy calves? Every drop of it has gone down the throats of our enemies. And you hens, how many eggs have you laid in this last year, and how many of those eggs ever hatched into chickens? The rest have all gone to market to bring in money for Jones and his men. And you, Clover, where are those four foals you bore, who should have been the support and pleasure of your old age? Each was sold at a year old--you will never see one of them again. In return for your four confinements and all your labour in the fields, what have you ever had except your bare rations and a stall?<br> "인간은 생산하지 않으면서 소비하는 유일한 생명체입니다. 그는 우유를 주지도 않고, 알을 낳지도 않으며, 쟁기를 끌기에는 너무 약하고, 토끼를 잡을 만큼 충분히 빠르게 달릴 수도 없습니다. 하지만 그는 모든 동물들의 주인입니다. 그는 그들에게 일을 시키고, 그들에게 그들이 굶어 죽는 것을 방지할 간신히의 최소한(최저한도)만을 돌려주며, 나머지는 자신을 위해 보관합니다. 우리의 노동이 토양을 갈고, 우리의 배설물이 그것을 비옥하게 하지만, 그럼에도 우리들 중 그의 맨살(가진 것 없는 몸뚱이)보다 더 많은 것을 소유한 이는 단 하나도 없습니다. 내 앞에 보이는 당신들 암소들, 당신들은 이 지난 한 해 동안 얼마나 많은 수천 갤런의 우유를 주었습니까? 그리고 튼튼한 송아지들을 길러내고 있었어야 마땅한 그 우유에 무슨 일이 일어났습니까? 그것의 모든 한 방울은 우리 원수들의 목구멍 아래로 내려갔습니다. 그리고 당신들 암탉들, 당신들은 이 지난 한 해 동안 얼마나 많은 알을 낳았으며, 그 알들 중 얼마나 많은 수가 단 한 번이라도 병아리로 부화했습니까? 나머지는 모두 존스와 그의 부하들을 위한 돈을 가져오기 위해 시장으로 갔습니다. 그리고 당신, 클로버, 당신의 노년의 부양과 기쁨이 되었어야 마땅한, 당신이 낳은 그 네 마리의 망아지들은 어디에 있습니까? 각각은 한 살 때 팔렸습니다—당신은 결코 그들 중 단 한 마리도 다시는 보지 못할 것입니다. 당신의 네 번의 출산과 들판에서의 당신의 모든 노동에 대한 대가로, 당신의 간신히의 배급량과 축사 한 칸을 제외하고 당신이 가져본 것이 도대체 무엇이 있습니까? "And even the miserable lives we lead are not allowed to reach their natural span. For myself I do not grumble, for I am one of the lucky ones. I am twelve years old and have had over four hundred children. Such is the natural life of a pig. But no animal escapes the cruel knife in the end. You young porkers who are sitting in front of me, every one of you will scream your lives out at the block within a year. To that horror we all must come--cows, pigs, hens, sheep, everyone. Even the horses and the dogs have no better fate. You, Boxer, the very day that those great muscles of yours lose their power, Jones will sell you to the knacker, who will cut your throat and boil you down for the foxhounds. As for the dogs, when they grow old and toothless, Jones ties a brick round their necks and drowns them in the nearest pond. <br> "그리고 심지어 우리가 이끄는(영위하는) 비참한 삶들조차 그것들의 자연적인 수명에 도달하도록 허용되지 않습니다. 내 자신으로 말하자면 나는 불평하지 않는데, 왜냐하면 내가 운이 좋은 자들 중 하나이기 때문입니다. 나는 12살이고 400마리가 넘는 자식들을 가졌습니다. 그러한 것이 돼지의 자연적인 삶입니다. 그러나 결국 그 어떤 동물도 잔인한 칼날을 피하지 못합니다. 내 앞에 앉아 있는 당신들 젊은 육용돈(젊은 돼지)들, 당신들 모두는 1년 이내에 도살대 위에서 당신들의 생명이 다하도록 비명을 지르게 될 것입니다. 우리 모두는 그 공포로 나아가야만 합니다—암소들, 돼지들, 암탉들, 양들, 모두가 말입니다. 심지어 말들과 개들조차 더 나은 운명을 가지지 못합니다. 당신, 복서, 당신의 그 거대한 근육들이 그것들의 힘을 잃는 바로 그날, 존스는 당신을 도축업자(폐마 도축업자)에게 팔아넘길 것이고, 그는 당신의 목을 자르고 여우 사냥개들을 위해 당신을 삶아 버릴 것입니다. 개들로 말하자면, 그들이 늙고 이빨이 빠질 때, 존스는 그들의 목 주위에 벽돌을 묶고 가장 가까운 연못에 그들을 익사시킵니다. "Is it not crystal clear, then, comrades, that all the evils of this life of ours spring from the tyranny of human beings? Only get rid of Man, and the produce of our labour would be our own. Almost overnight we could become rich and free. What then must we do? Why, work night and day, body and soul, for the overthrow of the human race! That is my message to you, comrades: Rebellion! I do not know when that Rebellion will come, it might be in a week or in a hundred years, but I know, as surely as I see this straw beneath my feet, that sooner or later justice will be done. Fix your eyes on that, comrades, throughout the short remainder of your lives! And above all, pass on this message of mine to those who come after you, so that future generations shall carry on the struggle until it is victorious.<br> "그렇다면 동지들, 우리들의 이 삶의 모든 악이 인간들의 폭정으로부터 솟아난다는(비롯된다는) 것이 수정처럼 투명하게 명백하지(명약관화하지) 않습니까? 오직 인간만을 제거하십시오, 그러면 우리 노동의 생산물은 우리 자신의 것이 될 것입니다. 거의 하룻밤 사이에 우리는 부유해지고 자유로워질 수 있습니다. 그렇다면 우리는 무엇을 해야 합니까? 자, 인류의 타도를 위해 밤낮으로, 몸과 영혼을 바쳐 일하십시오! 동지들, 그것이 여러분에게 보내는 나의 메시지입니다. 바로 반란입니다! 나는 그 반란이 언제 올지 알지 못하며, 그것은 일주일 뒤일 수도 있고 백 년 뒤일 수도 있지만, 내가 내 발아래에 있는 이 짚을 보는 것만큼이나 확실하게, 머지않아 정의가 실현될 것임을 나는 압니다. 동지들, 여러분의 짧은 남은 삶 동안 그것에 여러분의 눈을 고정하십시오! 그리고 무엇보다도, 미래의 세대들이 그것이 승리할 때까지 그 투쟁을 계속해 나갈 수 있도록, 나의 이 메시지를 여러분 뒤에 오는 이들에게 전달하십시오. "And remember, comrades, your resolution must never falter. No argument must lead you astray. Never listen when they tell you that Man and the animals have a common interest, that the prosperity of the one is the prosperity of the others. It is all lies. Man serves the interests of no creature except himself. And among us animals let there be perfect unity, perfect comradeship in the struggle. All men are enemies. All animals are comrades." <br> "그리고 기억하십시오, 동지들, 여러분의 결의는 결코 흔들려서 안 됩니다. 어떤 주장도 여러분을 타락한 길로(잘못된 길로) 이끌어서는 안 됩니다. 인간과 동물이 공통의 이익을 가지고 있으며, 한쪽의 번영이 다른 쪽들의 번영이라고 그들이 여러분에게 말할 때 결코 듣지 마십시오. 그것은 모두 거짓말입니다. 인간은 자신을 제외하고는 그 어떤 생명체의 이익도 돌보지 않습니다. 그리고 우리 동물들 사이에는 투쟁 속에서 완벽한 단결, 완벽한 동지애가 있게 하십시오. 모든 인간은 원수입니다. 모든 동물은 동지입니다." At this moment there was a tremendous uproar. While Major was speaking four large rats had crept out of their holes and were sitting on their hindquarters, listening to him. The dogs had suddenly caught sight of them, and it was only by a swift dash for their holes that the rats saved their lives. Major raised his trotter for silence.<br> 이 순간에 엄청난 소란이 있었습니다. 메이저가 말하고 있는 동안 네 마리의 거대한 쥐들이 그들의 구멍 밖으로 살금살금 기어 나와 그들의 뒷동서리를 대고 앉아, 그(의 말)를 듣고 있었습니다. 개들이 갑자기 그들을 포착했고, 쥐들이 그들의 생명을 구한 것은 오직 그들의 구멍을 향한 빠른 돌진에 의해서였습니다. 메이저는 침묵을 위해 그의 앞발을 들어 올렸습니다. "Comrades," he said, "here is a point that must be settled. The wild creatures, such as rats and rabbits--are they our friends or our enemies? Let us put it to the vote. I propose this question to the meeting: Are rats comrades?" <br> "동지들," 그가 말했습니다, "여기 해결되어야만 하는 한 가지 논점이 있습니다. 쥐들과 토끼들 같은 야생의 생명체들—그들은 우리의 친구입니까 아니면 우리의 원수입니까? 그것을 투표에 부칩시다. 나는 회의에 이 질문을 제안합니다: 쥐들은 동지입니까?" The vote was taken at once, and it was agreed by an overwhelming majority that rats were comrades. There were only four dissentients, the three dogs and the cat, who was afterwards discovered to have voted on both sides. Major continued: <br> 투표는 즉시 취해졌고(실시되었고), 쥐들은 동지라는 것이 압도적인 대다수에 의해 합의되었습니다. 오직 네 마리의 반대자들만 있었는데, 세 마리의 개와 고양이였으며, 고양이는 나중에 양쪽 모두에 투표했던 것으로 발견되었습니다(밝혀졌습니다). 메이저는 계속했습니다: "I have little more to say. I merely repeat, remember always your duty of enmity towards Man and all his ways. Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend. And remember also that in fighting against Man, we must not come to resemble him. Even when you have conquered him, do not adopt his vices. No animal must ever live in a house, or sleep in a bed, or wear clothes, or drink alcohol, or smoke tobacco, or touch money, or engage in trade. All the habits of Man are evil. And, above all, no animal must ever tyrannise over his own kind. Weak or strong, clever or simple, we are all brothers. No animal must ever kill any other animal. All animals are equal. <br> "나는 더 말할 것이 거의 없습니다. 나는 단지 되풀이할 뿐이니, 인간과 그의 모든 방식들을 향한 여러분의 원수다움(적대감)의 의무를 항상 기억하십시오. 두 다리로 걷는 것은 무엇이든 적입니다. 네 다리로 걷거나, 날개를 가진 것은 무엇이든 친구입니다. 그리고 인간을 대항하여 싸우는 와중에, 우리가 그를 닮아가지 말아야 한다는 것 또한 기억하십시오. 심지어 여러분이 그를 정복했을 때라도, 그의 악덕들을 채택(모방)하지 마십시오. 어떤 동물도 결코 집 안에서 살아서는 안 되며, 침대에서 잠을 자서도 안 되고, 옷을 입어서도 안 되며, 술을 마셔서도 안 되고, 담배를 피워서도 안 되며, 돈을 만져서도 안 되고, 무역(상거래)에 종사해서도 안 됩니다. 인간의 모든 습관들은 악합니다. 그리고, 무엇보다도, 어떤 동물도 결코 그의 동족 위에서 폭정을 휘둘러서는 안 됩니다. 약하든 강하든, 똑똑하든 단순(어리석든)하든, 우리는 모두 형제들입니다. 어떤 동물도 결코 다른 어떤 동물을 죽여서는 안 됩니다. 모든 동물들은 평등합니다. "And now, comrades, I will tell you about my dream of last night. I cannot describe that dream to you. It was a dream of the earth as it will be when Man has vanished. But it reminded me of something that I had long forgotten. Many years ago, when I was a little pig, my mother and the other sows used to sing an old song of which they knew only the tune and the first three words. I had known that tune in my infancy, but it had long since passed out of my mind. Last night, however, it came back to me in my dream. And what is more, the words of the song also came back-words, I am certain, which were sung by the animals of long ago and have been lost to memory for generations. I will sing you that song now, comrades. I am old and my voice is hoarse, but when I have taught you the tune, you can sing it better for yourselves. It is called 'Beasts of England'." <br> "그리고 이제, 동지들, 나는 여러분에게 나의 지난밤의 꿈에 대해 말하겠습니다. 나는 그 꿈을 여러분에게 묘사할 수 없습니다. 그것은 인간이 사라졌을 때의 있을 바와 같은 지구에 대한 꿈이었습니다. 그러나 그것은 내가 오랫동안 잊고 있었던 어떤 것을 나에게 상기시켜 주었습니다. 수년 전, 내가 작은 돼지였을 때, 나의 어머니와 다른 씨돼지(암돼지)들은 그들이 오직 그것의 곡조와 첫 세 단어만을 알고 있었던 한 오래된 노래를 부르곤 했습니다. 나는 나의 유아기에 그 곡조를 알고 있었지만, 그것은 오래전에 나의 마음 밖으로 지나가 버렸습니다(잊혀졌습니다). 그러나 지난밤, 그것이 나의 꿈속에서 나에게 다시 돌아왔습니다. 그리고 더욱이, 그 노래의 가사들 또한 돌아왔는데—내가 확신하건대, 아주 옛날의 동물들에 의해 불렸고 세대 동안 기억에서 사라졌던 그러한 가사들입니다. 동지들, 나는 지금 여러분에게 그 노래를 불러 주겠습니다. 나는 늙었고 나의 목소리는 쉰 목소리이지만, 내가 여러분에게 그 곡조를 가르쳐 주고 나면, 여러분 스스로가 그것을 더 잘 부를 수 있습니다. 그것은 '영국의 동물들'이라고 불립니다." Old Major cleared his throat and began to sing. As he had said, his voice was hoarse, but he sang well enough, and it was a stirring tune, something between 'Clementine' and 'La Cucaracha'. The words ran: <br> 늙은 메이저는 그의 목청을 가다듬고 노래하기 시작했습니다. 그가 말했었던 것처럼, 그의 목소리는 쉰 목소리였지만, 그는 충분히 잘 불렀고, 그것은 '클레멘타인'과 '라 쿠카라차' 사이의 어떤 것과 같은, 마음을 뒤흔드는 곡조였습니다. 가사는 다음과 같이 흘러갔습니다: <table> <tr> <td> Beasts of England, beasts of Ireland, Beasts of every land and clime, Hearken to my joyful tidings Of the golden future time. Soon or late the day is coming, Tyrant Man shall be o'erthrown, And the fruitful fields of England Shall be trod by beasts alone. Rings shall vanish from our noses, And the harness from our back, Bit and spur shall rust forever, Cruel whips no more shall crack. Riches more than mind can picture, Wheat and barley, oats and hay, Clover, beans, and mangel-wurzels Shall be ours upon that day. Bright will shine the fields of England, Purer shall its waters be, Sweeter yet shall blow its breezes On the day that sets us free. For that day we all must labour, Though we die before it break; Cows and horses, geese and turkeys, All must toil for freedom's sake. Beasts of England, beasts of Ireland, Beasts of every land and clime, Hearken well and spread my tidings Of the golden future time. </td> <td> 영국의 동물들이여, 아일랜드의 동물들이여, 모든 땅과 기후의 동물들이여, 황금빛 미래 시대에 대한 나의 기쁜 소식에 귀를 기울이십시오. 조만간 그날이 오고 있으니, 폭군 인간은 타도될 것이요, 그리고 영국의 결실 가득한 들판은 오직 동물들에 의해서만 밟힐 것입니다. 고리들은 우리의 코에서 사라질 것이요, 그리고 마구는 우리의 등에서 (사라질 것입니다), 재갈과 박차는 영원히 녹슬 것이며, 잔인한 채찍은 더 이상 소리를 내지 못할 것입니다. 마음이 상상할 수 있는 것보다 더 많은 부, 밀과 보리, 귀리와 건초, 클로버, 콩, 그리고 사탕무가 바로 그날에 우리의 것이 될 것입니다. 영국의 들판은 밝게 빛날 것이요, 그것의 물은 더 맑아질 것이며, 그것의 산들바람은 더욱 달콤하게 불어올 것입니다, 우리를 자유롭게 해 주는 바로 그날에. 그날을 위해 우리 모두는 노동해야만 합니다, 비록 그것이 밝아오기 전에 우리가 죽을지라도. 암소들과 말들, 거위들과 칠면조들, 모두가 자유를 위해 힘들게 일해야만 합니다. 영국의 동물들이여, 아일랜드의 동물들이여, 모든 땅과 기후의 동물들이여, 잘 귀를 기울이고 나의 소식을 퍼뜨리십시오, 황금빛 미래 시대에 대한 (소식을). </td> </tr> </table> The singing of this song threw the animals into the wildest excitement. Almost before Major had reached the end, they had begun singing it for themselves. Even the stupidest of them had already picked up the tune and a few of the words, and as for the clever ones, such as the pigs and dogs, they had the entire song by heart within a few minutes. And then, after a few preliminary tries, the whole farm burst out into 'Beasts of England' in tremendous unison. The cows lowed it, the dogs whined it, the sheep bleated it, the horses whinnied it, the ducks quacked it. They were so delighted with the song that they sang it right through five times in succession, and might have continued singing it all night if they had not been interrupted. <br> 이 노래의 가창은 동물들을 가장 격렬한 흥분 속으로 몰아넣었습니다. 메이저가 끝에 도달하기 거의 전에, 그들은 그것을 그들 스스로 부르기 시작했었습니다. 그들 중 가장 어리석은 이들조차 이미 그 곡조와 몇 개의 단어들을 익혔고, 돼지들과 개들 같은 영리한 이들로 말하자면, 그들은 몇 분 안에 노래 전체를 마음으로(암기하여) 가졌습니다. 그러고 나서, 몇 번의 예비적인 시도 후에, 온 농장이 엄청난 일제히(제창) 속에서 '영국의 동물들'로 터져 나왔습니다. 암소들은 그것을 음매하고 울었고, 개들은 깽깽하며 울었으며, 양들은 매애하고 울었고, 말들은 히힝하고 울었고, 오리들은 꽥꽥하며 울었습니다. 그들은 그 노래에 너무나 기뻐서 그것을 연속으로 바로 다섯 번 통틀어 불렀고, 만약 그들이 방해받지 않았었더라면 밤새도록 그것을 계속 불렀을지도 모릅니다. Unfortunately, the uproar awoke Mr. Jones, who sprang out of bed, making sure that there was a fox in the yard. He seized the gun which always stood in a corner of his bedroom, and let fly a charge of number 6 shot into the darkness. The pellets buried themselves in the wall of the barn and the meeting broke up hurriedly. Everyone fled to his own sleeping-place. The birds jumped on to their perches, the animals settled down in the straw, and the whole farm was asleep in a moment. <br> 불행하게도, 그 소란이 존스 씨를 깨웠고, 그는 마당에 여우가 있다고 확신하면서 침대 밖으로 튀어 올랐습니다. 그는 그의 침실 구석에 항상 서 있던 총을 붙잡았고, 어둠 속으로 6호 산탄 한 발을 날려 보냈습니다. 그 산탄 알갱이들은 창고 벽속에 박혔고 회의는 서둘러 해산되었습니다. 모두가 그 자신의 잠자리로 도망쳤습니다. 새들은 그들의 홰 위로 뛰어올랐고, 동물들은 짚 속에 자리를 잡았으며, 온 농장은 순식간에 잠들었습니다. Chapter II 제2장 Three nights later old Major died peacefully in his sleep. His body was buried at the foot of the orchard. <br> 사흘 밤 뒤에 늙은 메이저는 그의 잠 속에서 평화롭게 죽었습니다. 그의 몸은 과수원의 기슭에 묻혔습니다. This was early in March. During the next three months there was much secret activity. Major's speech had given to the more intelligent animals on the farm a completely new outlook on life. They did not know when the Rebellion predicted by Major would take place, they had no reason for thinking that it would be within their own lifetime, but they saw clearly that it was their duty to prepare for it. The work of teaching and organising the others fell naturally upon the pigs, who were generally recognised as being the cleverest of the animals. Pre-eminent among the pigs were two young boars named Snowball and Napoleon, whom Mr. Jones was breeding up for sale. Napoleon was a large, rather fierce-looking Berkshire boar, the only Berkshire on the farm, not much of a talker, but with a reputation for getting his own way. Snowball was a more vivacious pig than Napoleon, quicker in speech and more inventive, but was not considered to have the same depth of character. All the other male pigs on the farm were porkers. The best known among them was a small fat pig named Squealer, with very round cheeks, twinkling eyes, nimble movements, and a shrill voice. He was a brilliant talker, and when he was arguing some difficult point he had a way of skipping from side to side and whisking his tail which was somehow very persuasive. The others said of Squealer that he could turn black into white.<br> 이것은 3월 초순이었다. 다음 3달 동안에는 많은 비밀스러운 활동이 있었다. 메이저의 연설은 농장에서 더 똑똑한 동물들에게 삶에 대한 완전히 새로운 관점을 주었다. 그들은 메이저에 의해 예언된 그 반란이 언제 일어날지 알지 못했고, 그것이 그들 자신의 생애 내에 있을 것이라고 생각할 아무런 이유도 없었지만, 그러나 그들은 그것을 준비하는 것이 자신들의 의무라는 것을 명확히 보았다(알았다). 다른 동물들을 가르치고 조직하는 일은 자연스럽게 돼지들에게 떨어졌는데(맡겨졌는데), 그들은 일반적으로 동물들 중에서 가장 영리한 것으로 인정받고 있었다. 돼지들 중에서 탁월한 이들은 스노볼과 나폴레옹이라는 이름의 두 마리 젊은 수컷씨돼지들이었는데, 존스 씨가 판매를 위해 기르고 있는 중이었다. 나폴레옹은 크고, 다소 사납게 생겼으며, 농장에서 유일한 버크셔 종 수멧돼지였는데, 말수가 많지 않았지만, 자기 방식대로 해내고야 만다는(고집을 관철한다는) 평판을 가지고 있었다. 스노볼은 나폴레옹보다 더 활기 넘치는 돼지였고, 말이 더 빨랐으며 더 독창적이었지만, 성격의 깊이가 똑같이 깊다고는 여겨지지 않았다. 농장의 다른 모든 수컷 돼지들은 (살을 찌운) 식육용 돼지들이었다. 그들 중에서 가장 잘 알려진 이는 스퀼러라는 이름의 작고 뚱뚱한 돼지였는데, 매우 둥근 뺨, 반짝이는 눈, 민첩한 움직임, 그리고 날카로운 목소리를 가지고 있었다. 그는 뛰어난 달변가였고, 그가 어떤 어려운 논점을 논쟁하고 있을 때, 그는 이쪽저쪽으로 깡충깡충 뛰며 그의 꼬리를 휙휙 흔드는 방식을 가지고 있었는데, 그것은 어쩐지 매우 설득력이 있었다. 다른 동물들은 스퀼러에 대해 그가 검은 것을 흰 것으로 바꿀 수도 있다고 말했다. These three had elaborated old Major's teachings into a complete system of thought, to which they gave the name of Animalism. Several nights a week, after Mr. Jones was asleep, they held secret meetings in the barn and expounded the principles of Animalism to the others. At the beginning they met with much stupidity and apathy. Some of the animals talked of the duty of loyalty to Mr. Jones, whom they referred to as "Master," or made elementary remarks such as "Mr. Jones feeds us. If he were gone, we should starve to death." Others asked such questions as "Why should we care what happens after we are dead?" or "If this Rebellion is to happen anyway, what difference does it make whether we work for it or not?", and the pigs had great difficulty in making them see that this was contrary to the spirit of Animalism. The stupidest questions of all were asked by Mollie, the white mare. The very first question she asked Snowball was: "Will there still be sugar after the Rebellion?" <br> 이들 세 마리는 늙은 메이저의 가르침들을 하나의 완전한 사상 체계로 정교하게 발전시켰으며, 그것에 '동물주의(Animalism)'라는 이름을 부여했다. 일주일에 몇 번씩 밤마다, 존스 씨가 잠든 후에, 그들은 헛간에서 비밀 집회를 열었고 다른 동물들에게 동물주의의 원칙들을 상세히 설명했다. 시작 단계에서 그들은 많은 어리석음과 냉담함에 부딪혔다. 동물들 중 일부는 자신들이 "주인님"이라고 부르는 존스 씨에 대한 충성의 의무를 말하거나, "존스 씨는 우리를 먹여 살려준다. 만약 그가 사라진다면, 우리는 굶어 죽을 것이다"와 같은 초보적인 발언을 했다. 다른 동물들은 "우리가 죽은 후에 무슨 일이 일어나든 우리가 왜 신경 써야 하지?"라거나 "만약 이 반란이 어차피 일어날 운명이라면, 우리가 그것을 위해 일하든 안 하든 무슨 차이가 있지?"와 같은 질문들을 던졌고, 돼지들은 이것이 동물주의의 정신에 어긋나는 것임을 그들에게 이해시키는 데 큰 어려움을 겪었다. 모든 질문 중에서 가장 어리석은 질문들은 흰색 암말인 몰리에 의해 질문되었다. 그녀가 스노볼에게 던진 아주 첫 번째 질문은 "반란 후에도 여전히 설탕이 있을까요?"였다. "No," said Snowball firmly. "We have no means of making sugar on this farm. Besides, you do not need sugar. You will have all the oats and hay you want." <br> "아니오," 스노볼이 단호하게 말했다. " 우리는 이 농장에서 설탕을 만들 수 있는 수단을 가지고 있지 않소. 게다가, 당신은 설탕이 필요하지 않소. 당신은 당신이 원하는 모든 귀리와 건초를 가지게 될 것이오." "And shall I still be allowed to wear ribbons in my mane?" asked Mollie. <br> "그리고 내가 내 갈기에 여전히 리본을 착용하는 것이 허용될까요?" 몰리가 물었다. "Comrade," said Snowball, "those ribbons that you are so devoted to are the badge of slavery. Can you not understand that liberty is worth more than ribbons?" <br> "동무," 스노볼이 말했다, "당신이 그토록 애지중지하는 그 리본들은 노예 제도의 상징(징표)이오. 자유가 리본들보다 더 가치 있다는 것을 당신은 이해하지 못하겠소?" Mollie agreed, but she did not sound very convinced. <br> 몰리는 동의했지만, 그녀의 목소리는 그리 납득한 것처럼 들리지 않았다. The pigs had an even harder struggle to counteract the lies put about by Moses, the tame raven. Moses, who was Mr. Jones's especial pet, was a spy and a tale-bearer, but he was also a clever talker. He claimed to know of the existence of a mysterious country called Sugarcandy Mountain, to which all animals went when they died. It was situated somewhere up in the sky, a little distance beyond the clouds, Moses said. In Sugarcandy Mountain it was Sunday seven days a week, clover was in season all the year round, and lump sugar and linseed cake grew on the hedges. The animals hated Moses because he told tales and did no work, but some of them believed in Sugarcandy Mountain, and the pigs had to argue very hard to persuade them that there was no such place. <br> 돼지들은 길들여진 까마귀인 모세에 의해 유포되는 거짓말들에 대응하기 위해 훨씬 더 힘든 투쟁을 해야 했다. 존스 씨의 특별한 애완동물이었던 모세는 스파이이자 밀고자였지만, 그는 또한 똑똑한 달변가였다. 그는 모든 동물들이 죽었을 때 가는 '설탕과자 산(Sugarcandy Mountain)'이라고 불리는 신비한 나라의 존재를 알고 있다고 주장했다. 모세의 말에 따르면, 그곳은 하늘 위 어딘가, 구름 너머로 조금 떨어진 곳에 위치해 있었다. 설탕과자 산에서는 일주일 중 7일이 모두 일요일이었고, 클로버(토끼풀)가 일년 내내 제철이었으며, 각설탕과 아마인박(linseed cake)<ref>아마인박亞麻仁粕 아마의 씨로 기름을 짜고 남은 찌꺼기. 사료로 쓴다.</ref>이 울타리에서 자랐다. 동물들은 모세가 밀고를 하고 아무런 일도 하지 않았기 때문에 그를 미워했지만, 그들 중 일부는 설탕과자 산을 믿었고, 돼지들은 그러한 장소는 없다는 것을 그들에게 설득하기 위해 매우 열심히 논쟁해야 했다. Their most faithful disciples were the two cart-horses, Boxer and Clover. These two had great difficulty in thinking anything out for themselves, but having once accepted the pigs as their teachers, they absorbed everything that they were told, and passed it on to the other animals by simple arguments. They were unfailing in their attendance at the secret meetings in the barn, and led the singing of 'Beasts of England', with which the meetings always ended. Now, as it turned out, the Rebellion was achieved much earlier and more easily than anyone had expected. In past years Mr. Jones, although a hard master, had been a capable farmer, but of late he had fallen on evil days. He had become much disheartened after losing money in a lawsuit, and had taken to drinking more than was good for him. For whole days at a time he would lounge in his Windsor chair in the kitchen, reading the newspapers, drinking, and occasionally feeding Moses on crusts of bread soaked in beer. His men were idle and dishonest, the fields were full of weeds, the buildings wanted roofing, the hedges were neglected, and the animals were underfed. June came and the hay was almost ready for cutting. On Midsummer's Eve, which was a Saturday, Mr. Jones went into Willingdon and got so drunk at the Red Lion that he did not come back till midday on Sunday. The men had milked the cows in the early morning and then had gone out rabbiting, without bothering to feed the animals. When Mr. Jones got back he immediately went to sleep on the drawing-room sofa with the News of the World over his face, so that when evening came, the animals were still unfed. At last they could stand it no longer. One of the cows broke in the door of the store-shed with her horn and all the animals began to help themselves from the bins. It was just then that Mr. Jones woke up. The next moment he and his four men were in the store-shed with whips in their hands, lashing out in all directions. This was more than the hungry animals could bear. With one accord, though nothing of the kind had been planned beforehand, they flung themselves upon their tormentors. Jones and his men suddenly found themselves being butted and kicked from all sides. The situation was quite out of their control. They had never seen animals behave like this before, and this sudden uprising of creatures whom they were used to thrashing and maltreating just as they chose, frightened them almost out of their wits. After only a moment or two they gave up trying to defend themselves and took to their heels. A minute later all five of them were in full flight down the cart-track that led to the main road, with the animals pursuing them in triumph. Mrs. Jones looked out of the bedroom window, saw what was happening, hurriedly flung a few possessions into a carpet bag, and slipped out of the farm by another way. Moses sprang off his perch and flapped after her, croaking loudly. Meanwhile the animals had chased Jones and his men out on to the road and slammed the five-barred gate behind them. And so, almost before they knew what was happening, the Rebellion had been successfully carried through: Jones was expelled, and the Manor Farm was theirs. For the first few minutes the animals could hardly believe in their good fortune. Their first act was to gallop in a body right round the boundaries of the farm, as though to make quite sure that no human being was hiding anywhere upon it; then they raced back to the farm buildings to wipe out the last traces of Jones's hated reign. The harness-room at the end of the stables was broken open; the bits, the nose-rings, the dog-chains, the cruel knives with which Mr. Jones had been used to castrate the pigs and lambs, were all flung down the well. The reins, the halters, the blinkers, the degrading nosebags, were thrown on to the rubbish fire which was burning in the yard. So were the whips. All the animals capered with joy when they saw the whips going up in flames. Snowball also threw on to the fire the ribbons with which the horses' manes and tails had usually been decorated on market days. "Ribbons," he said, "should be considered as clothes, which are the mark of a human being. All animals should go naked." When Boxer heard this he fetched the small straw hat which he wore in summer to keep the flies out of his ears, and flung it on to the fire with the rest. In a very little while the animals had destroyed everything that reminded them of Mr. Jones. Napoleon then led them back to the store-shed and served out a double ration of corn to everybody, with two biscuits for each dog. Then they sang 'Beasts of England' from end to end seven times running, and after that they settled down for the night and slept as they had never slept before. But they woke at dawn as usual, and suddenly remembering the glorious thing that had happened, they all raced out into the pasture together. A little way down the pasture there was a knoll that commanded a view of most of the farm. The animals rushed to the top of it and gazed round them in the clear morning light. Yes, it was theirs--everything that they could see was theirs! In the ecstasy of that thought they gambolled round and round, they hurled themselves into the air in great leaps of excitement. They rolled in the dew, they cropped mouthfuls of the sweet summer grass, they kicked up clods of the black earth and snuffed its rich scent. Then they made a tour of inspection of the whole farm and surveyed with speechless admiration the ploughland, the hayfield, the orchard, the pool, the spinney. It was as though they had never seen these things before, and even now they could hardly believe that it was all their own. Then they filed back to the farm buildings and halted in silence outside the door of the farmhouse. That was theirs too, but they were frightened to go inside. After a moment, however, Snowball and Napoleon butted the door open with their shoulders and the animals entered in single file, walking with the utmost care for fear of disturbing anything. They tiptoed from room to room, afraid to speak above a whisper and gazing with a kind of awe at the unbelievable luxury, at the beds with their feather mattresses, the looking-glasses, the horsehair sofa, the Brussels carpet, the lithograph of Queen Victoria over the drawing-room mantelpiece. They were just coming down the stairs when Mollie was discovered to be missing. Going back, the others found that she had remained behind in the best bedroom. She had taken a piece of blue ribbon from Mrs. Jones's dressing-table, and was holding it against her shoulder and admiring herself in the glass in a very foolish manner. The others reproached her sharply, and they went outside. Some hams hanging in the kitchen were taken out for burial, and the barrel of beer in the scullery was stove in with a kick from Boxer's hoof, otherwise nothing in the house was touched. A unanimous resolution was passed on the spot that the farmhouse should be preserved as a museum. All were agreed that no animal must ever live there. The animals had their breakfast, and then Snowball and Napoleon called them together again. "Comrades," said Snowball, "it is half-past six and we have a long day before us. Today we begin the hay harvest. But there is another matter that must be attended to first." The pigs now revealed that during the past three months they had taught themselves to read and write from an old spelling book which had belonged to Mr. Jones's children and which had been thrown on the rubbish heap. Napoleon sent for pots of black and white paint and led the way down to the five-barred gate that gave on to the main road. Then Snowball (for it was Snowball who was best at writing) took a brush between the two knuckles of his trotter, painted out MANOR FARM from the top bar of the gate and in its place painted ANIMAL FARM. This was to be the name of the farm from now onwards. After this they went back to the farm buildings, where Snowball and Napoleon sent for a ladder which they caused to be set against the end wall of the big barn. They explained that by their studies of the past three months the pigs had succeeded in reducing the principles of Animalism to Seven Commandments. These Seven Commandments would now be inscribed on the wall; they would form an unalterable law by which all the animals on Animal Farm must live for ever after. With some difficulty (for it is not easy for a pig to balance himself on a ladder) Snowball climbed up and set to work, with Squealer a few rungs below him holding the paint-pot. The Commandments were written on the tarred wall in great white letters that could be read thirty yards away. They ran thus: THE SEVEN COMMANDMENTS 1. Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy. 2. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend. 3. No animal shall wear clothes. 4. No animal shall sleep in a bed. 5. No animal shall drink alcohol. 6. No animal shall kill any other animal. 7. All animals are equal. It was very neatly written, and except that "friend" was written "freind" and one of the "S's" was the wrong way round, the spelling was correct all the way through. Snowball read it aloud for the benefit of the others. All the animals nodded in complete agreement, and the cleverer ones at once began to learn the Commandments by heart. "Now, comrades," cried Snowball, throwing down the paint-brush, "to the hayfield! Let us make it a point of honour to get in the harvest more quickly than Jones and his men could do." But at this moment the three cows, who had seemed uneasy for some time past, set up a loud lowing. They had not been milked for twenty-four hours, and their udders were almost bursting. After a little thought, the pigs sent for buckets and milked the cows fairly successfully, their trotters being well adapted to this task. Soon there were five buckets of frothing creamy milk at which many of the animals looked with considerable interest. "What is going to happen to all that milk?" said someone. "Jones used sometimes to mix some of it in our mash," said one of the hens. "Never mind the milk, comrades!" cried Napoleon, placing himself in front of the buckets. "That will be attended to. The harvest is more important. Comrade Snowball will lead the way. I shall follow in a few minutes. Forward, comrades! The hay is waiting." So the animals trooped down to the hayfield to begin the harvest, and when they came back in the evening it was noticed that the milk had disappeared. Chapter III How they toiled and sweated to get the hay in! But their efforts were rewarded, for the harvest was an even bigger success than they had hoped. Sometimes the work was hard; the implements had been designed for human beings and not for animals, and it was a great drawback that no animal was able to use any tool that involved standing on his hind legs. But the pigs were so clever that they could think of a way round every difficulty. As for the horses, they knew every inch of the field, and in fact understood the business of mowing and raking far better than Jones and his men had ever done. The pigs did not actually work, but directed and supervised the others. With their superior knowledge it was natural that they should assume the leadership. Boxer and Clover would harness themselves to the cutter or the horse-rake (no bits or reins were needed in these days, of course) and tramp steadily round and round the field with a pig walking behind and calling out "Gee up, comrade!" or "Whoa back, comrade!" as the case might be. And every animal down to the humblest worked at turning the hay and gathering it. Even the ducks and hens toiled to and fro all day in the sun, carrying tiny wisps of hay in their beaks. In the end they finished the harvest in two days' less time than it had usually taken Jones and his men. Moreover, it was the biggest harvest that the farm had ever seen. There was no wastage whatever; the hens and ducks with their sharp eyes had gathered up the very last stalk. And not an animal on the farm had stolen so much as a mouthful. All through that summer the work of the farm went like clockwork. The animals were happy as they had never conceived it possible to be. Every mouthful of food was an acute positive pleasure, now that it was truly their own food, produced by themselves and for themselves, not doled out to them by a grudging master. With the worthless parasitical human beings gone, there was more for everyone to eat. There was more leisure too, inexperienced though the animals were. They met with many difficulties--for instance, later in the year, when they harvested the corn, they had to tread it out in the ancient style and blow away the chaff with their breath, since the farm possessed no threshing machine--but the pigs with their cleverness and Boxer with his tremendous muscles always pulled them through. Boxer was the admiration of everybody. He had been a hard worker even in Jones's time, but now he seemed more like three horses than one; there were days when the entire work of the farm seemed to rest on his mighty shoulders. From morning to night he was pushing and pulling, always at the spot where the work was hardest. He had made an arrangement with one of the cockerels to call him in the mornings half an hour earlier than anyone else, and would put in some volunteer labour at whatever seemed to be most needed, before the regular day's work began. His answer to every problem, every setback, was "I will work harder!"--which he had adopted as his personal motto. But everyone worked according to his capacity. The hens and ducks, for instance, saved five bushels of corn at the harvest by gathering up the stray grains. Nobody stole, nobody grumbled over his rations, the quarrelling and biting and jealousy which had been normal features of life in the old days had almost disappeared. Nobody shirked--or almost nobody. Mollie, it was true, was not good at getting up in the mornings, and had a way of leaving work early on the ground that there was a stone in her hoof. And the behaviour of the cat was somewhat peculiar. It was soon noticed that when there was work to be done the cat could never be found. She would vanish for hours on end, and then reappear at meal-times, or in the evening after work was over, as though nothing had happened. But she always made such excellent excuses, and purred so affectionately, that it was impossible not to believe in her good intentions. Old Benjamin, the donkey, seemed quite unchanged since the Rebellion. He did his work in the same slow obstinate way as he had done it in Jones's time, never shirking and never volunteering for extra work either. About the Rebellion and its results he would express no opinion. When asked whether he was not happier now that Jones was gone, he would say only "Donkeys live a long time. None of you has ever seen a dead donkey," and the others had to be content with this cryptic answer. On Sundays there was no work. Breakfast was an hour later than usual, and after breakfast there was a ceremony which was observed every week without fail. First came the hoisting of the flag. Snowball had found in the harness-room an old green tablecloth of Mrs. Jones's and had painted on it a hoof and a horn in white. This was run up the flagstaff in the farmhouse garden every Sunday morning. The flag was green, Snowball explained, to represent the green fields of England, while the hoof and horn signified the future Republic of the Animals which would arise when the human race had been finally overthrown. After the hoisting of the flag all the animals trooped into the big barn for a general assembly which was known as the Meeting. Here the work of the coming week was planned out and resolutions were put forward and debated. It was always the pigs who put forward the resolutions. The other animals understood how to vote, but could never think of any resolutions of their own. Snowball and Napoleon were by far the most active in the debates. But it was noticed that these two were never in agreement: whatever suggestion either of them made, the other could be counted on to oppose it. Even when it was resolved--a thing no one could object to in itself--to set aside the small paddock behind the orchard as a home of rest for animals who were past work, there was a stormy debate over the correct retiring age for each class of animal. The Meeting always ended with the singing of 'Beasts of England', and the afternoon was given up to recreation. The pigs had set aside the harness-room as a headquarters for themselves. Here, in the evenings, they studied blacksmithing, carpentering, and other necessary arts from books which they had brought out of the farmhouse. Snowball also busied himself with organising the other animals into what he called Animal Committees. He was indefatigable at this. He formed the Egg Production Committee for the hens, the Clean Tails League for the cows, the Wild Comrades' Re-education Committee (the object of this was to tame the rats and rabbits), the Whiter Wool Movement for the sheep, and various others, besides instituting classes in reading and writing. On the whole, these projects were a failure. The attempt to tame the wild creatures, for instance, broke down almost immediately. They continued to behave very much as before, and when treated with generosity, simply took advantage of it. The cat joined the Re-education Committee and was very active in it for some days. She was seen one day sitting on a roof and talking to some sparrows who were just out of her reach. She was telling them that all animals were now comrades and that any sparrow who chose could come and perch on her paw; but the sparrows kept their distance. The reading and writing classes, however, were a great success. By the autumn almost every animal on the farm was literate in some degree. As for the pigs, they could already read and write perfectly. The dogs learned to read fairly well, but were not interested in reading anything except the Seven Commandments. Muriel, the goat, could read somewhat better than the dogs, and sometimes used to read to the others in the evenings from scraps of newspaper which she found on the rubbish heap. Benjamin could read as well as any pig, but never exercised his faculty. So far as he knew, he said, there was nothing worth reading. Clover learnt the whole alphabet, but could not put words together. Boxer could not get beyond the letter D. He would trace out A, B, C, D, in the dust with his great hoof, and then would stand staring at the letters with his ears back, sometimes shaking his forelock, trying with all his might to remember what came next and never succeeding. On several occasions, indeed, he did learn E, F, G, H, but by the time he knew them, it was always discovered that he had forgotten A, B, C, and D. Finally he decided to be content with the first four letters, and used to write them out once or twice every day to refresh his memory. Mollie refused to learn any but the six letters which spelt her own name. She would form these very neatly out of pieces of twig, and would then decorate them with a flower or two and walk round them admiring them. None of the other animals on the farm could get further than the letter A. It was also found that the stupider animals, such as the sheep, hens, and ducks, were unable to learn the Seven Commandments by heart. After much thought Snowball declared that the Seven Commandments could in effect be reduced to a single maxim, namely: "Four legs good, two legs bad." This, he said, contained the essential principle of Animalism. Whoever had thoroughly grasped it would be safe from human influences. The birds at first objected, since it seemed to them that they also had two legs, but Snowball proved to them that this was not so. "A bird's wing, comrades," he said, "is an organ of propulsion and not of manipulation. It should therefore be regarded as a leg. The distinguishing mark of man is the HAND, the instrument with which he does all his mischief." The birds did not understand Snowball's long words, but they accepted his explanation, and all the humbler animals set to work to learn the new maxim by heart. FOUR LEGS GOOD, TWO LEGS BAD, was inscribed on the end wall of the barn, above the Seven Commandments and in bigger letters. When they had once got it by heart, the sheep developed a great liking for this maxim, and often as they lay in the field they would all start bleating "Four legs good, two legs bad! Four legs good, two legs bad!" and keep it up for hours on end, never growing tired of it. Napoleon took no interest in Snowball's committees. He said that the education of the young was more important than anything that could be done for those who were already grown up. It happened that Jessie and Bluebell had both whelped soon after the hay harvest, giving birth between them to nine sturdy puppies. As soon as they were weaned, Napoleon took them away from their mothers, saying that he would make himself responsible for their education. He took them up into a loft which could only be reached by a ladder from the harness-room, and there kept them in such seclusion that the rest of the farm soon forgot their existence. The mystery of where the milk went to was soon cleared up. It was mixed every day into the pigs' mash. The early apples were now ripening, and the grass of the orchard was littered with windfalls. The animals had assumed as a matter of course that these would be shared out equally; one day, however, the order went forth that all the windfalls were to be collected and brought to the harness-room for the use of the pigs. At this some of the other animals murmured, but it was no use. All the pigs were in full agreement on this point, even Snowball and Napoleon. Squealer was sent to make the necessary explanations to the others. "Comrades!" he cried. "You do not imagine, I hope, that we pigs are doing this in a spirit of selfishness and privilege? Many of us actually dislike milk and apples. I dislike them myself. Our sole object in taking these things is to preserve our health. Milk and apples (this has been proved by Science, comrades) contain substances absolutely necessary to the well-being of a pig. We pigs are brainworkers. The whole management and organisation of this farm depend on us. Day and night we are watching over your welfare. It is for YOUR sake that we drink that milk and eat those apples. Do you know what would happen if we pigs failed in our duty? Jones would come back! Yes, Jones would come back! Surely, comrades," cried Squealer almost pleadingly, skipping from side to side and whisking his tail, "surely there is no one among you who wants to see Jones come back?" Now if there was one thing that the animals were completely certain of, it was that they did not want Jones back. When it was put to them in this light, they had no more to say. The importance of keeping the pigs in good health was all too obvious. So it was agreed without further argument that the milk and the windfall apples (and also the main crop of apples when they ripened) should be reserved for the pigs alone. Chapter IV By the late summer the news of what had happened on Animal Farm had spread across half the county. Every day Snowball and Napoleon sent out flights of pigeons whose instructions were to mingle with the animals on neighbouring farms, tell them the story of the Rebellion, and teach them the tune of 'Beasts of England'. Most of this time Mr. Jones had spent sitting in the taproom of the Red Lion at Willingdon, complaining to anyone who would listen of the monstrous injustice he had suffered in being turned out of his property by a pack of good-for-nothing animals. The other farmers sympathised in principle, but they did not at first give him much help. At heart, each of them was secretly wondering whether he could not somehow turn Jones's misfortune to his own advantage. It was lucky that the owners of the two farms which adjoined Animal Farm were on permanently bad terms. One of them, which was named Foxwood, was a large, neglected, old-fashioned farm, much overgrown by woodland, with all its pastures worn out and its hedges in a disgraceful condition. Its owner, Mr. Pilkington, was an easy-going gentleman farmer who spent most of his time in fishing or hunting according to the season. The other farm, which was called Pinchfield, was smaller and better kept. Its owner was a Mr. Frederick, a tough, shrewd man, perpetually involved in lawsuits and with a name for driving hard bargains. These two disliked each other so much that it was difficult for them to come to any agreement, even in defence of their own interests. Nevertheless, they were both thoroughly frightened by the rebellion on Animal Farm, and very anxious to prevent their own animals from learning too much about it. At first they pretended to laugh to scorn the idea of animals managing a farm for themselves. The whole thing would be over in a fortnight, they said. They put it about that the animals on the Manor Farm (they insisted on calling it the Manor Farm; they would not tolerate the name "Animal Farm") were perpetually fighting among themselves and were also rapidly starving to death. When time passed and the animals had evidently not starved to death, Frederick and Pilkington changed their tune and began to talk of the terrible wickedness that now flourished on Animal Farm. It was given out that the animals there practised cannibalism, tortured one another with red-hot horseshoes, and had their females in common. This was what came of rebelling against the laws of Nature, Frederick and Pilkington said. However, these stories were never fully believed. Rumours of a wonderful farm, where the human beings had been turned out and the animals managed their own affairs, continued to circulate in vague and distorted forms, and throughout that year a wave of rebelliousness ran through the countryside. Bulls which had always been tractable suddenly turned savage, sheep broke down hedges and devoured the clover, cows kicked the pail over, hunters refused their fences and shot their riders on to the other side. Above all, the tune and even the words of 'Beasts of England' were known everywhere. It had spread with astonishing speed. The human beings could not contain their rage when they heard this song, though they pretended to think it merely ridiculous. They could not understand, they said, how even animals could bring themselves to sing such contemptible rubbish. Any animal caught singing it was given a flogging on the spot. And yet the song was irrepressible. The blackbirds whistled it in the hedges, the pigeons cooed it in the elms, it got into the din of the smithies and the tune of the church bells. And when the human beings listened to it, they secretly trembled, hearing in it a prophecy of their future doom. Early in October, when the corn was cut and stacked and some of it was already threshed, a flight of pigeons came whirling through the air and alighted in the yard of Animal Farm in the wildest excitement. Jones and all his men, with half a dozen others from Foxwood and Pinchfield, had entered the five-barred gate and were coming up the cart-track that led to the farm. They were all carrying sticks, except Jones, who was marching ahead with a gun in his hands. Obviously they were going to attempt the recapture of the farm. This had long been expected, and all preparations had been made. Snowball, who had studied an old book of Julius Caesar's campaigns which he had found in the farmhouse, was in charge of the defensive operations. He gave his orders quickly, and in a couple of minutes every animal was at his post. As the human beings approached the farm buildings, Snowball launched his first attack. All the pigeons, to the number of thirty-five, flew to and fro over the men's heads and muted upon them from mid-air; and while the men were dealing with this, the geese, who had been hiding behind the hedge, rushed out and pecked viciously at the calves of their legs. However, this was only a light skirmishing manoeuvre, intended to create a little disorder, and the men easily drove the geese off with their sticks. Snowball now launched his second line of attack. Muriel, Benjamin, and all the sheep, with Snowball at the head of them, rushed forward and prodded and butted the men from every side, while Benjamin turned around and lashed at them with his small hoofs. But once again the men, with their sticks and their hobnailed boots, were too strong for them; and suddenly, at a squeal from Snowball, which was the signal for retreat, all the animals turned and fled through the gateway into the yard. The men gave a shout of triumph. They saw, as they imagined, their enemies in flight, and they rushed after them in disorder. This was just what Snowball had intended. As soon as they were well inside the yard, the three horses, the three cows, and the rest of the pigs, who had been lying in ambush in the cowshed, suddenly emerged in their rear, cutting them off. Snowball now gave the signal for the charge. He himself dashed straight for Jones. Jones saw him coming, raised his gun and fired. The pellets scored bloody streaks along Snowball's back, and a sheep dropped dead. Without halting for an instant, Snowball flung his fifteen stone against Jones's legs. Jones was hurled into a pile of dung and his gun flew out of his hands. But the most terrifying spectacle of all was Boxer, rearing up on his hind legs and striking out with his great iron-shod hoofs like a stallion. His very first blow took a stable-lad from Foxwood on the skull and stretched him lifeless in the mud. At the sight, several men dropped their sticks and tried to run. Panic overtook them, and the next moment all the animals together were chasing them round and round the yard. They were gored, kicked, bitten, trampled on. There was not an animal on the farm that did not take vengeance on them after his own fashion. Even the cat suddenly leapt off a roof onto a cowman's shoulders and sank her claws in his neck, at which he yelled horribly. At a moment when the opening was clear, the men were glad enough to rush out of the yard and make a bolt for the main road. And so within five minutes of their invasion they were in ignominious retreat by the same way as they had come, with a flock of geese hissing after them and pecking at their calves all the way. All the men were gone except one. Back in the yard Boxer was pawing with his hoof at the stable-lad who lay face down in the mud, trying to turn him over. The boy did not stir. "He is dead," said Boxer sorrowfully. "I had no intention of doing that. I forgot that I was wearing iron shoes. Who will believe that I did not do this on purpose?" "No sentimentality, comrade!" cried Snowball from whose wounds the blood was still dripping. "War is war. The only good human being is a dead one." "I have no wish to take life, not even human life," repeated Boxer, and his eyes were full of tears. "Where is Mollie?" exclaimed somebody. Mollie in fact was missing. For a moment there was great alarm; it was feared that the men might have harmed her in some way, or even carried her off with them. In the end, however, she was found hiding in her stall with her head buried among the hay in the manger. She had taken to flight as soon as the gun went off. And when the others came back from looking for her, it was to find that the stable-lad, who in fact was only stunned, had already recovered and made off. The animals had now reassembled in the wildest excitement, each recounting his own exploits in the battle at the top of his voice. An impromptu celebration of the victory was held immediately. The flag was run up and 'Beasts of England' was sung a number of times, then the sheep who had been killed was given a solemn funeral, a hawthorn bush being planted on her grave. At the graveside Snowball made a little speech, emphasising the need for all animals to be ready to die for Animal Farm if need be. The animals decided unanimously to create a military decoration, "Animal Hero, First Class," which was conferred there and then on Snowball and Boxer. It consisted of a brass medal (they were really some old horse-brasses which had been found in the harness-room), to be worn on Sundays and holidays. There was also "Animal Hero, Second Class," which was conferred posthumously on the dead sheep. There was much discussion as to what the battle should be called. In the end, it was named the Battle of the Cowshed, since that was where the ambush had been sprung. Mr. Jones's gun had been found lying in the mud, and it was known that there was a supply of cartridges in the farmhouse. It was decided to set the gun up at the foot of the Flagstaff, like a piece of artillery, and to fire it twice a year--once on October the twelfth, the anniversary of the Battle of the Cowshed, and once on Midsummer Day, the anniversary of the Rebellion. Chapter V As winter drew on, Mollie became more and more troublesome. She was late for work every morning and excused herself by saying that she had overslept, and she complained of mysterious pains, although her appetite was excellent. On every kind of pretext she would run away from work and go to the drinking pool, where she would stand foolishly gazing at her own reflection in the water. But there were also rumours of something more serious. One day, as Mollie strolled blithely into the yard, flirting her long tail and chewing at a stalk of hay, Clover took her aside. "Mollie," she said, "I have something very serious to say to you. This morning I saw you looking over the hedge that divides Animal Farm from Foxwood. One of Mr. Pilkington's men was standing on the other side of the hedge. And--I was a long way away, but I am almost certain I saw this--he was talking to you and you were allowing him to stroke your nose. What does that mean, Mollie?" "He didn't! I wasn't! It isn't true!" cried Mollie, beginning to prance about and paw the ground. "Mollie! Look me in the face. Do you give me your word of honour that that man was not stroking your nose?" "It isn't true!" repeated Mollie, but she could not look Clover in the face, and the next moment she took to her heels and galloped away into the field. A thought struck Clover. Without saying anything to the others, she went to Mollie's stall and turned over the straw with her hoof. Hidden under the straw was a little pile of lump sugar and several bunches of ribbon of different colours. Three days later Mollie disappeared. For some weeks nothing was known of her whereabouts, then the pigeons reported that they had seen her on the other side of Willingdon. She was between the shafts of a smart dogcart painted red and black, which was standing outside a public-house. A fat red-faced man in check breeches and gaiters, who looked like a publican, was stroking her nose and feeding her with sugar. Her coat was newly clipped and she wore a scarlet ribbon round her forelock. She appeared to be enjoying herself, so the pigeons said. None of the animals ever mentioned Mollie again. In January there came bitterly hard weather. The earth was like iron, and nothing could be done in the fields. Many meetings were held in the big barn, and the pigs occupied themselves with planning out the work of the coming season. It had come to be accepted that the pigs, who were manifestly cleverer than the other animals, should decide all questions of farm policy, though their decisions had to be ratified by a majority vote. This arrangement would have worked well enough if it had not been for the disputes between Snowball and Napoleon. These two disagreed at every point where disagreement was possible. If one of them suggested sowing a bigger acreage with barley, the other was certain to demand a bigger acreage of oats, and if one of them said that such and such a field was just right for cabbages, the other would declare that it was useless for anything except roots. Each had his own following, and there were some violent debates. At the Meetings Snowball often won over the majority by his brilliant speeches, but Napoleon was better at canvassing support for himself in between times. He was especially successful with the sheep. Of late the sheep had taken to bleating "Four legs good, two legs bad" both in and out of season, and they often interrupted the Meeting with this. It was noticed that they were especially liable to break into "Four legs good, two legs bad" at crucial moments in Snowball's speeches. Snowball had made a close study of some back numbers of the 'Farmer and Stockbreeder' which he had found in the farmhouse, and was full of plans for innovations and improvements. He talked learnedly about field drains, silage, and basic slag, and had worked out a complicated scheme for all the animals to drop their dung directly in the fields, at a different spot every day, to save the labour of cartage. Napoleon produced no schemes of his own, but said quietly that Snowball's would come to nothing, and seemed to be biding his time. But of all their controversies, none was so bitter as the one that took place over the windmill. In the long pasture, not far from the farm buildings, there was a small knoll which was the highest point on the farm. After surveying the ground, Snowball declared that this was just the place for a windmill, which could be made to operate a dynamo and supply the farm with electrical power. This would light the stalls and warm them in winter, and would also run a circular saw, a chaff-cutter, a mangel-slicer, and an electric milking machine. The animals had never heard of anything of this kind before (for the farm was an old-fashioned one and had only the most primitive machinery), and they listened in astonishment while Snowball conjured up pictures of fantastic machines which would do their work for them while they grazed at their ease in the fields or improved their minds with reading and conversation. Within a few weeks Snowball's plans for the windmill were fully worked out. The mechanical details came mostly from three books which had belonged to Mr. Jones--'One Thousand Useful Things to Do About the House', 'Every Man His Own Bricklayer', and 'Electricity for Beginners'. Snowball used as his study a shed which had once been used for incubators and had a smooth wooden floor, suitable for drawing on. He was closeted there for hours at a time. With his books held open by a stone, and with a piece of chalk gripped between the knuckles of his trotter, he would move rapidly to and fro, drawing in line after line and uttering little whimpers of excitement. Gradually the plans grew into a complicated mass of cranks and cog-wheels, covering more than half the floor, which the other animals found completely unintelligible but very impressive. All of them came to look at Snowball's drawings at least once a day. Even the hens and ducks came, and were at pains not to tread on the chalk marks. Only Napoleon held aloof. He had declared himself against the windmill from the start. One day, however, he arrived unexpectedly to examine the plans. He walked heavily round the shed, looked closely at every detail of the plans and snuffed at them once or twice, then stood for a little while contemplating them out of the corner of his eye; then suddenly he lifted his leg, urinated over the plans, and walked out without uttering a word. The whole farm was deeply divided on the subject of the windmill. Snowball did not deny that to build it would be a difficult business. Stone would have to be carried and built up into walls, then the sails would have to be made and after that there would be need for dynamos and cables. (How these were to be procured, Snowball did not say.) But he maintained that it could all be done in a year. And thereafter, he declared, so much labour would be saved that the animals would only need to work three days a week. Napoleon, on the other hand, argued that the great need of the moment was to increase food production, and that if they wasted time on the windmill they would all starve to death. The animals formed themselves into two factions under the slogan, "Vote for Snowball and the three-day week" and "Vote for Napoleon and the full manger." Benjamin was the only animal who did not side with either faction. He refused to believe either that food would become more plentiful or that the windmill would save work. Windmill or no windmill, he said, life would go on as it had always gone on--that is, badly. Apart from the disputes over the windmill, there was the question of the defence of the farm. It was fully realised that though the human beings had been defeated in the Battle of the Cowshed they might make another and more determined attempt to recapture the farm and reinstate Mr. Jones. They had all the more reason for doing so because the news of their defeat had spread across the countryside and made the animals on the neighbouring farms more restive than ever. As usual, Snowball and Napoleon were in disagreement. According to Napoleon, what the animals must do was to procure firearms and train themselves in the use of them. According to Snowball, they must send out more and more pigeons and stir up rebellion among the animals on the other farms. The one argued that if they could not defend themselves they were bound to be conquered, the other argued that if rebellions happened everywhere they would have no need to defend themselves. The animals listened first to Napoleon, then to Snowball, and could not make up their minds which was right; indeed, they always found themselves in agreement with the one who was speaking at the moment. At last the day came when Snowball's plans were completed. At the Meeting on the following Sunday the question of whether or not to begin work on the windmill was to be put to the vote. When the animals had assembled in the big barn, Snowball stood up and, though occasionally interrupted by bleating from the sheep, set forth his reasons for advocating the building of the windmill. Then Napoleon stood up to reply. He said very quietly that the windmill was nonsense and that he advised nobody to vote for it, and promptly sat down again; he had spoken for barely thirty seconds, and seemed almost indifferent as to the effect he produced. At this Snowball sprang to his feet, and shouting down the sheep, who had begun bleating again, broke into a passionate appeal in favour of the windmill. Until now the animals had been about equally divided in their sympathies, but in a moment Snowball's eloquence had carried them away. In glowing sentences he painted a picture of Animal Farm as it might be when sordid labour was lifted from the animals' backs. His imagination had now run far beyond chaff-cutters and turnip-slicers. Electricity, he said, could operate threshing machines, ploughs, harrows, rollers, and reapers and binders, besides supplying every stall with its own electric light, hot and cold water, and an electric heater. By the time he had finished speaking, there was no doubt as to which way the vote would go. But just at this moment Napoleon stood up and, casting a peculiar sidelong look at Snowball, uttered a high-pitched whimper of a kind no one had ever heard him utter before. At this there was a terrible baying sound outside, and nine enormous dogs wearing brass-studded collars came bounding into the barn. They dashed straight for Snowball, who only sprang from his place just in time to escape their snapping jaws. In a moment he was out of the door and they were after him. Too amazed and frightened to speak, all the animals crowded through the door to watch the chase. Snowball was racing across the long pasture that led to the road. He was running as only a pig can run, but the dogs were close on his heels. Suddenly he slipped and it seemed certain that they had him. Then he was up again, running faster than ever, then the dogs were gaining on him again. One of them all but closed his jaws on Snowball's tail, but Snowball whisked it free just in time. Then he put on an extra spurt and, with a few inches to spare, slipped through a hole in the hedge and was seen no more. Silent and terrified, the animals crept back into the barn. In a moment the dogs came bounding back. At first no one had been able to imagine where these creatures came from, but the problem was soon solved: they were the puppies whom Napoleon had taken away from their mothers and reared privately. Though not yet full-grown, they were huge dogs, and as fierce-looking as wolves. They kept close to Napoleon. It was noticed that they wagged their tails to him in the same way as the other dogs had been used to do to Mr. Jones. Napoleon, with the dogs following him, now mounted on to the raised portion of the floor where Major had previously stood to deliver his speech. He announced that from now on the Sunday-morning Meetings would come to an end. They were unnecessary, he said, and wasted time. In future all questions relating to the working of the farm would be settled by a special committee of pigs, presided over by himself. These would meet in private and afterwards communicate their decisions to the others. The animals would still assemble on Sunday mornings to salute the flag, sing 'Beasts of England', and receive their orders for the week; but there would be no more debates. In spite of the shock that Snowball's expulsion had given them, the animals were dismayed by this announcement. Several of them would have protested if they could have found the right arguments. Even Boxer was vaguely troubled. He set his ears back, shook his forelock several times, and tried hard to marshal his thoughts; but in the end he could not think of anything to say. Some of the pigs themselves, however, were more articulate. Four young porkers in the front row uttered shrill squeals of disapproval, and all four of them sprang to their feet and began speaking at once. But suddenly the dogs sitting round Napoleon let out deep, menacing growls, and the pigs fell silent and sat down again. Then the sheep broke out into a tremendous bleating of "Four legs good, two legs bad!" which went on for nearly a quarter of an hour and put an end to any chance of discussion. Afterwards Squealer was sent round the farm to explain the new arrangement to the others. "Comrades," he said, "I trust that every animal here appreciates the sacrifice that Comrade Napoleon has made in taking this extra labour upon himself. Do not imagine, comrades, that leadership is a pleasure! On the contrary, it is a deep and heavy responsibility. No one believes more firmly than Comrade Napoleon that all animals are equal. He would be only too happy to let you make your decisions for yourselves. But sometimes you might make the wrong decisions, comrades, and then where should we be? Suppose you had decided to follow Snowball, with his moonshine of windmills--Snowball, who, as we now know, was no better than a criminal?" "He fought bravely at the Battle of the Cowshed," said somebody. "Bravery is not enough," said Squealer. "Loyalty and obedience are more important. And as to the Battle of the Cowshed, I believe the time will come when we shall find that Snowball's part in it was much exaggerated. Discipline, comrades, iron discipline! That is the watchword for today. One false step, and our enemies would be upon us. Surely, comrades, you do not want Jones back?" Once again this argument was unanswerable. Certainly the animals did not want Jones back; if the holding of debates on Sunday mornings was liable to bring him back, then the debates must stop. Boxer, who had now had time to think things over, voiced the general feeling by saying: "If Comrade Napoleon says it, it must be right." And from then on he adopted the maxim, "Napoleon is always right," in addition to his private motto of "I will work harder." By this time the weather had broken and the spring ploughing had begun. The shed where Snowball had drawn his plans of the windmill had been shut up and it was assumed that the plans had been rubbed off the floor. Every Sunday morning at ten o'clock the animals assembled in the big barn to receive their orders for the week. The skull of old Major, now clean of flesh, had been disinterred from the orchard and set up on a stump at the foot of the flagstaff, beside the gun. After the hoisting of the flag, the animals were required to file past the skull in a reverent manner before entering the barn. Nowadays they did not sit all together as they had done in the past. Napoleon, with Squealer and another pig named Minimus, who had a remarkable gift for composing songs and poems, sat on the front of the raised platform, with the nine young dogs forming a semicircle round them, and the other pigs sitting behind. The rest of the animals sat facing them in the main body of the barn. Napoleon read out the orders for the week in a gruff soldierly style, and after a single singing of 'Beasts of England', all the animals dispersed. On the third Sunday after Snowball's expulsion, the animals were somewhat surprised to hear Napoleon announce that the windmill was to be built after all. He did not give any reason for having changed his mind, but merely warned the animals that this extra task would mean very hard work, it might even be necessary to reduce their rations. The plans, however, had all been prepared, down to the last detail. A special committee of pigs had been at work upon them for the past three weeks. The building of the windmill, with various other improvements, was expected to take two years. That evening Squealer explained privately to the other animals that Napoleon had never in reality been opposed to the windmill. On the contrary, it was he who had advocated it in the beginning, and the plan which Snowball had drawn on the floor of the incubator shed had actually been stolen from among Napoleon's papers. The windmill was, in fact, Napoleon's own creation. Why, then, asked somebody, had he spoken so strongly against it? Here Squealer looked very sly. That, he said, was Comrade Napoleon's cunning. He had SEEMED to oppose the windmill, simply as a manoeuvre to get rid of Snowball, who was a dangerous character and a bad influence. Now that Snowball was out of the way, the plan could go forward without his interference. This, said Squealer, was something called tactics. He repeated a number of times, "Tactics, comrades, tactics!" skipping round and whisking his tail with a merry laugh. The animals were not certain what the word meant, but Squealer spoke so persuasively, and the three dogs who happened to be with him growled so threateningly, that they accepted his explanation without further questions. Chapter VI All that year the animals worked like slaves. But they were happy in their work; they grudged no effort or sacrifice, well aware that everything that they did was for the benefit of themselves and those of their kind who would come after them, and not for a pack of idle, thieving human beings. Throughout the spring and summer they worked a sixty-hour week, and in August Napoleon announced that there would be work on Sunday afternoons as well. This work was strictly voluntary, but any animal who absented himself from it would have his rations reduced by half. Even so, it was found necessary to leave certain tasks undone. The harvest was a little less successful than in the previous year, and two fields which should have been sown with roots in the early summer were not sown because the ploughing had not been completed early enough. It was possible to foresee that the coming winter would be a hard one. The windmill presented unexpected difficulties. There was a good quarry of limestone on the farm, and plenty of sand and cement had been found in one of the outhouses, so that all the materials for building were at hand. But the problem the animals could not at first solve was how to break up the stone into pieces of suitable size. There seemed no way of doing this except with picks and crowbars, which no animal could use, because no animal could stand on his hind legs. Only after weeks of vain effort did the right idea occur to somebody-namely, to utilise the force of gravity. Huge boulders, far too big to be used as they were, were lying all over the bed of the quarry. The animals lashed ropes round these, and then all together, cows, horses, sheep, any animal that could lay hold of the rope--even the pigs sometimes joined in at critical moments--they dragged them with desperate slowness up the slope to the top of the quarry, where they were toppled over the edge, to shatter to pieces below. Transporting the stone when it was once broken was comparatively simple. The horses carried it off in cart-loads, the sheep dragged single blocks, even Muriel and Benjamin yoked themselves into an old governess-cart and did their share. By late summer a sufficient store of stone had accumulated, and then the building began, under the superintendence of the pigs. But it was a slow, laborious process. Frequently it took a whole day of exhausting effort to drag a single boulder to the top of the quarry, and sometimes when it was pushed over the edge it failed to break. Nothing could have been achieved without Boxer, whose strength seemed equal to that of all the rest of the animals put together. When the boulder began to slip and the animals cried out in despair at finding themselves dragged down the hill, it was always Boxer who strained himself against the rope and brought the boulder to a stop. To see him toiling up the slope inch by inch, his breath coming fast, the tips of his hoofs clawing at the ground, and his great sides matted with sweat, filled everyone with admiration. Clover warned him sometimes to be careful not to overstrain himself, but Boxer would never listen to her. His two slogans, "I will work harder" and "Napoleon is always right," seemed to him a sufficient answer to all problems. He had made arrangements with the cockerel to call him three-quarters of an hour earlier in the mornings instead of half an hour. And in his spare moments, of which there were not many nowadays, he would go alone to the quarry, collect a load of broken stone, and drag it down to the site of the windmill unassisted. The animals were not badly off throughout that summer, in spite of the hardness of their work. If they had no more food than they had had in Jones's day, at least they did not have less. The advantage of only having to feed themselves, and not having to support five extravagant human beings as well, was so great that it would have taken a lot of failures to outweigh it. And in many ways the animal method of doing things was more efficient and saved labour. Such jobs as weeding, for instance, could be done with a thoroughness impossible to human beings. And again, since no animal now stole, it was unnecessary to fence off pasture from arable land, which saved a lot of labour on the upkeep of hedges and gates. Nevertheless, as the summer wore on, various unforeseen shortages began to make them selves felt. There was need of paraffin oil, nails, string, dog biscuits, and iron for the horses' shoes, none of which could be produced on the farm. Later there would also be need for seeds and artificial manures, besides various tools and, finally, the machinery for the windmill. How these were to be procured, no one was able to imagine. One Sunday morning, when the animals assembled to receive their orders, Napoleon announced that he had decided upon a new policy. From now onwards Animal Farm would engage in trade with the neighbouring farms: not, of course, for any commercial purpose, but simply in order to obtain certain materials which were urgently necessary. The needs of the windmill must override everything else, he said. He was therefore making arrangements to sell a stack of hay and part of the current year's wheat crop, and later on, if more money were needed, it would have to be made up by the sale of eggs, for which there was always a market in Willingdon. The hens, said Napoleon, should welcome this sacrifice as their own special contribution towards the building of the windmill. Once again the animals were conscious of a vague uneasiness. Never to have any dealings with human beings, never to engage in trade, never to make use of money--had not these been among the earliest resolutions passed at that first triumphant Meeting after Jones was expelled? All the animals remembered passing such resolutions: or at least they thought that they remembered it. The four young pigs who had protested when Napoleon abolished the Meetings raised their voices timidly, but they were promptly silenced by a tremendous growling from the dogs. Then, as usual, the sheep broke into "Four legs good, two legs bad!" and the momentary awkwardness was smoothed over. Finally Napoleon raised his trotter for silence and announced that he had already made all the arrangements. There would be no need for any of the animals to come in contact with human beings, which would clearly be most undesirable. He intended to take the whole burden upon his own shoulders. A Mr. Whymper, a solicitor living in Willingdon, had agreed to act as intermediary between Animal Farm and the outside world, and would visit the farm every Monday morning to receive his instructions. Napoleon ended his speech with his usual cry of "Long live Animal Farm!" and after the singing of 'Beasts of England' the animals were dismissed. Afterwards Squealer made a round of the farm and set the animals' minds at rest. He assured them that the resolution against engaging in trade and using money had never been passed, or even suggested. It was pure imagination, probably traceable in the beginning to lies circulated by Snowball. A few animals still felt faintly doubtful, but Squealer asked them shrewdly, "Are you certain that this is not something that you have dreamed, comrades? Have you any record of such a resolution? Is it written down anywhere?" And since it was certainly true that nothing of the kind existed in writing, the animals were satisfied that they had been mistaken. Every Monday Mr. Whymper visited the farm as had been arranged. He was a sly-looking little man with side whiskers, a solicitor in a very small way of business, but sharp enough to have realised earlier than anyone else that Animal Farm would need a broker and that the commissions would be worth having. The animals watched his coming and going with a kind of dread, and avoided him as much as possible. Nevertheless, the sight of Napoleon, on all fours, delivering orders to Whymper, who stood on two legs, roused their pride and partly reconciled them to the new arrangement. Their relations with the human race were now not quite the same as they had been before. The human beings did not hate Animal Farm any less now that it was prospering; indeed, they hated it more than ever. Every human being held it as an article of faith that the farm would go bankrupt sooner or later, and, above all, that the windmill would be a failure. They would meet in the public-houses and prove to one another by means of diagrams that the windmill was bound to fall down, or that if it did stand up, then that it would never work. And yet, against their will, they had developed a certain respect for the efficiency with which the animals were managing their own affairs. One symptom of this was that they had begun to call Animal Farm by its proper name and ceased to pretend that it was called the Manor Farm. They had also dropped their championship of Jones, who had given up hope of getting his farm back and gone to live in another part of the county. Except through Whymper, there was as yet no contact between Animal Farm and the outside world, but there were constant rumours that Napoleon was about to enter into a definite business agreement either with Mr. Pilkington of Foxwood or with Mr. Frederick of Pinchfield--but never, it was noticed, with both simultaneously. It was about this time that the pigs suddenly moved into the farmhouse and took up their residence there. Again the animals seemed to remember that a resolution against this had been passed in the early days, and again Squealer was able to convince them that this was not the case. It was absolutely necessary, he said, that the pigs, who were the brains of the farm, should have a quiet place to work in. It was also more suited to the dignity of the Leader (for of late he had taken to speaking of Napoleon under the title of "Leader") to live in a house than in a mere sty. Nevertheless, some of the animals were disturbed when they heard that the pigs not only took their meals in the kitchen and used the drawing-room as a recreation room, but also slept in the beds. Boxer passed it off as usual with "Napoleon is always right!", but Clover, who thought she remembered a definite ruling against beds, went to the end of the barn and tried to puzzle out the Seven Commandments which were inscribed there. Finding herself unable to read more than individual letters, she fetched Muriel. "Muriel," she said, "read me the Fourth Commandment. Does it not say something about never sleeping in a bed?" With some difficulty Muriel spelt it out. "It says, 'No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets,"' she announced finally. Curiously enough, Clover had not remembered that the Fourth Commandment mentioned sheets; but as it was there on the wall, it must have done so. And Squealer, who happened to be passing at this moment, attended by two or three dogs, was able to put the whole matter in its proper perspective. "You have heard then, comrades," he said, "that we pigs now sleep in the beds of the farmhouse? And why not? You did not suppose, surely, that there was ever a ruling against beds? A bed merely means a place to sleep in. A pile of straw in a stall is a bed, properly regarded. The rule was against sheets, which are a human invention. We have removed the sheets from the farmhouse beds, and sleep between blankets. And very comfortable beds they are too! But not more comfortable than we need, I can tell you, comrades, with all the brainwork we have to do nowadays. You would not rob us of our repose, would you, comrades? You would not have us too tired to carry out our duties? Surely none of you wishes to see Jones back?" The animals reassured him on this point immediately, and no more was said about the pigs sleeping in the farmhouse beds. And when, some days afterwards, it was announced that from now on the pigs would get up an hour later in the mornings than the other animals, no complaint was made about that either. By the autumn the animals were tired but happy. They had had a hard year, and after the sale of part of the hay and corn, the stores of food for the winter were none too plentiful, but the windmill compensated for everything. It was almost half built now. After the harvest there was a stretch of clear dry weather, and the animals toiled harder than ever, thinking it well worth while to plod to and fro all day with blocks of stone if by doing so they could raise the walls another foot. Boxer would even come out at nights and work for an hour or two on his own by the light of the harvest moon. In their spare moments the animals would walk round and round the half-finished mill, admiring the strength and perpendicularity of its walls and marvelling that they should ever have been able to build anything so imposing. Only old Benjamin refused to grow enthusiastic about the windmill, though, as usual, he would utter nothing beyond the cryptic remark that donkeys live a long time. November came, with raging south-west winds. Building had to stop because it was now too wet to mix the cement. Finally there came a night when the gale was so violent that the farm buildings rocked on their foundations and several tiles were blown off the roof of the barn. The hens woke up squawking with terror because they had all dreamed simultaneously of hearing a gun go off in the distance. In the morning the animals came out of their stalls to find that the flagstaff had been blown down and an elm tree at the foot of the orchard had been plucked up like a radish. They had just noticed this when a cry of despair broke from every animal's throat. A terrible sight had met their eyes. The windmill was in ruins. With one accord they dashed down to the spot. Napoleon, who seldom moved out of a walk, raced ahead of them all. Yes, there it lay, the fruit of all their struggles, levelled to its foundations, the stones they had broken and carried so laboriously scattered all around. Unable at first to speak, they stood gazing mournfully at the litter of fallen stone. Napoleon paced to and fro in silence, occasionally snuffing at the ground. His tail had grown rigid and twitched sharply from side to side, a sign in him of intense mental activity. Suddenly he halted as though his mind were made up. "Comrades," he said quietly, "do you know who is responsible for this? Do you know the enemy who has come in the night and overthrown our windmill? SNOWBALL!" he suddenly roared in a voice of thunder. "Snowball has done this thing! In sheer malignity, thinking to set back our plans and avenge himself for his ignominious expulsion, this traitor has crept here under cover of night and destroyed our work of nearly a year. Comrades, here and now I pronounce the death sentence upon Snowball. 'Animal Hero, Second Class,' and half a bushel of apples to any animal who brings him to justice. A full bushel to anyone who captures him alive!" The animals were shocked beyond measure to learn that even Snowball could be guilty of such an action. There was a cry of indignation, and everyone began thinking out ways of catching Snowball if he should ever come back. Almost immediately the footprints of a pig were discovered in the grass at a little distance from the knoll. They could only be traced for a few yards, but appeared to lead to a hole in the hedge. Napoleon snuffed deeply at them and pronounced them to be Snowball's. He gave it as his opinion that Snowball had probably come from the direction of Foxwood Farm. "No more delays, comrades!" cried Napoleon when the footprints had been examined. "There is work to be done. This very morning we begin rebuilding the windmill, and we will build all through the winter, rain or shine. We will teach this miserable traitor that he cannot undo our work so easily. Remember, comrades, there must be no alteration in our plans: they shall be carried out to the day. Forward, comrades! Long live the windmill! Long live Animal Farm!" Chapter VII It was a bitter winter. The stormy weather was followed by sleet and snow, and then by a hard frost which did not break till well into February. The animals carried on as best they could with the rebuilding of the windmill, well knowing that the outside world was watching them and that the envious human beings would rejoice and triumph if the mill were not finished on time. Out of spite, the human beings pretended not to believe that it was Snowball who had destroyed the windmill: they said that it had fallen down because the walls were too thin. The animals knew that this was not the case. Still, it had been decided to build the walls three feet thick this time instead of eighteen inches as before, which meant collecting much larger quantities of stone. For a long time the quarry was full of snowdrifts and nothing could be done. Some progress was made in the dry frosty weather that followed, but it was cruel work, and the animals could not feel so hopeful about it as they had felt before. They were always cold, and usually hungry as well. Only Boxer and Clover never lost heart. Squealer made excellent speeches on the joy of service and the dignity of labour, but the other animals found more inspiration in Boxer's strength and his never-failing cry of "I will work harder!" In January food fell short. The corn ration was drastically reduced, and it was announced that an extra potato ration would be issued to make up for it. Then it was discovered that the greater part of the potato crop had been frosted in the clamps, which had not been covered thickly enough. The potatoes had become soft and discoloured, and only a few were edible. For days at a time the animals had nothing to eat but chaff and mangels. Starvation seemed to stare them in the face. It was vitally necessary to conceal this fact from the outside world. Emboldened by the collapse of the windmill, the human beings were inventing fresh lies about Animal Farm. Once again it was being put about that all the animals were dying of famine and disease, and that they were continually fighting among themselves and had resorted to cannibalism and infanticide. Napoleon was well aware of the bad results that might follow if the real facts of the food situation were known, and he decided to make use of Mr. Whymper to spread a contrary impression. Hitherto the animals had had little or no contact with Whymper on his weekly visits: now, however, a few selected animals, mostly sheep, were instructed to remark casually in his hearing that rations had been increased. In addition, Napoleon ordered the almost empty bins in the store-shed to be filled nearly to the brim with sand, which was then covered up with what remained of the grain and meal. On some suitable pretext Whymper was led through the store-shed and allowed to catch a glimpse of the bins. He was deceived, and continued to report to the outside world that there was no food shortage on Animal Farm. Nevertheless, towards the end of January it became obvious that it would be necessary to procure some more grain from somewhere. In these days Napoleon rarely appeared in public, but spent all his time in the farmhouse, which was guarded at each door by fierce-looking dogs. When he did emerge, it was in a ceremonial manner, with an escort of six dogs who closely surrounded him and growled if anyone came too near. Frequently he did not even appear on Sunday mornings, but issued his orders through one of the other pigs, usually Squealer. One Sunday morning Squealer announced that the hens, who had just come in to lay again, must surrender their eggs. Napoleon had accepted, through Whymper, a contract for four hundred eggs a week. The price of these would pay for enough grain and meal to keep the farm going till summer came on and conditions were easier. When the hens heard this, they raised a terrible outcry. They had been warned earlier that this sacrifice might be necessary, but had not believed that it would really happen. They were just getting their clutches ready for the spring sitting, and they protested that to take the eggs away now was murder. For the first time since the expulsion of Jones, there was something resembling a rebellion. Led by three young Black Minorca pullets, the hens made a determined effort to thwart Napoleon's wishes. Their method was to fly up to the rafters and there lay their eggs, which smashed to pieces on the floor. Napoleon acted swiftly and ruthlessly. He ordered the hens' rations to be stopped, and decreed that any animal giving so much as a grain of corn to a hen should be punished by death. The dogs saw to it that these orders were carried out. For five days the hens held out, then they capitulated and went back to their nesting boxes. Nine hens had died in the meantime. Their bodies were buried in the orchard, and it was given out that they had died of coccidiosis. Whymper heard nothing of this affair, and the eggs were duly delivered, a grocer's van driving up to the farm once a week to take them away. All this while no more had been seen of Snowball. He was rumoured to be hiding on one of the neighbouring farms, either Foxwood or Pinchfield. Napoleon was by this time on slightly better terms with the other farmers than before. It happened that there was in the yard a pile of timber which had been stacked there ten years earlier when a beech spinney was cleared. It was well seasoned, and Whymper had advised Napoleon to sell it; both Mr. Pilkington and Mr. Frederick were anxious to buy it. Napoleon was hesitating between the two, unable to make up his mind. It was noticed that whenever he seemed on the point of coming to an agreement with Frederick, Snowball was declared to be in hiding at Foxwood, while, when he inclined toward Pilkington, Snowball was said to be at Pinchfield. Suddenly, early in the spring, an alarming thing was discovered. Snowball was secretly frequenting the farm by night! The animals were so disturbed that they could hardly sleep in their stalls. Every night, it was said, he came creeping in under cover of darkness and performed all kinds of mischief. He stole the corn, he upset the milk-pails, he broke the eggs, he trampled the seedbeds, he gnawed the bark off the fruit trees. Whenever anything went wrong it became usual to attribute it to Snowball. If a window was broken or a drain was blocked up, someone was certain to say that Snowball had come in the night and done it, and when the key of the store-shed was lost, the whole farm was convinced that Snowball had thrown it down the well. Curiously enough, they went on believing this even after the mislaid key was found under a sack of meal. The cows declared unanimously that Snowball crept into their stalls and milked them in their sleep. The rats, which had been troublesome that winter, were also said to be in league with Snowball. Napoleon decreed that there should be a full investigation into Snowball's activities. With his dogs in attendance he set out and made a careful tour of inspection of the farm buildings, the other animals following at a respectful distance. At every few steps Napoleon stopped and snuffed the ground for traces of Snowball's footsteps, which, he said, he could detect by the smell. He snuffed in every corner, in the barn, in the cow-shed, in the henhouses, in the vegetable garden, and found traces of Snowball almost everywhere. He would put his snout to the ground, give several deep sniffs, ad exclaim in a terrible voice, "Snowball! He has been here! I can smell him distinctly!" and at the word "Snowball" all the dogs let out blood-curdling growls and showed their side teeth. The animals were thoroughly frightened. It seemed to them as though Snowball were some kind of invisible influence, pervading the air about them and menacing them with all kinds of dangers. In the evening Squealer called them together, and with an alarmed expression on his face told them that he had some serious news to report. "Comrades!" cried Squealer, making little nervous skips, "a most terrible thing has been discovered. Snowball has sold himself to Frederick of Pinchfield Farm, who is even now plotting to attack us and take our farm away from us! Snowball is to act as his guide when the attack begins. But there is worse than that. We had thought that Snowball's rebellion was caused simply by his vanity and ambition. But we were wrong, comrades. Do you know what the real reason was? Snowball was in league with Jones from the very start! He was Jones's secret agent all the time. It has all been proved by documents which he left behind him and which we have only just discovered. To my mind this explains a great deal, comrades. Did we not see for ourselves how he attempted--fortunately without success--to get us defeated and destroyed at the Battle of the Cowshed?" The animals were stupefied. This was a wickedness far outdoing Snowball's destruction of the windmill. But it was some minutes before they could fully take it in. They all remembered, or thought they remembered, how they had seen Snowball charging ahead of them at the Battle of the Cowshed, how he had rallied and encouraged them at every turn, and how he had not paused for an instant even when the pellets from Jones's gun had wounded his back. At first it was a little difficult to see how this fitted in with his being on Jones's side. Even Boxer, who seldom asked questions, was puzzled. He lay down, tucked his fore hoofs beneath him, shut his eyes, and with a hard effort managed to formulate his thoughts. "I do not believe that," he said. "Snowball fought bravely at the Battle of the Cowshed. I saw him myself. Did we not give him 'Animal Hero, first Class,' immediately afterwards?" "That was our mistake, comrade. For we know now--it is all written down in the secret documents that we have found--that in reality he was trying to lure us to our doom." "But he was wounded," said Boxer. "We all saw him running with blood." "That was part of the arrangement!" cried Squealer. "Jones's shot only grazed him. I could show you this in his own writing, if you were able to read it. The plot was for Snowball, at the critical moment, to give the signal for flight and leave the field to the enemy. And he very nearly succeeded--I will even say, comrades, he WOULD have succeeded if it had not been for our heroic Leader, Comrade Napoleon. Do you not remember how, just at the moment when Jones and his men had got inside the yard, Snowball suddenly turned and fled, and many animals followed him? And do you not remember, too, that it was just at that moment, when panic was spreading and all seemed lost, that Comrade Napoleon sprang forward with a cry of 'Death to Humanity!' and sank his teeth in Jones's leg? Surely you remember THAT, comrades?" exclaimed Squealer, frisking from side to side. Now when Squealer described the scene so graphically, it seemed to the animals that they did remember it. At any rate, they remembered that at the critical moment of the battle Snowball had turned to flee. But Boxer was still a little uneasy. "I do not believe that Snowball was a traitor at the beginning," he said finally. "What he has done since is different. But I believe that at the Battle of the Cowshed he was a good comrade." "Our Leader, Comrade Napoleon," announced Squealer, speaking very slowly and firmly, "has stated categorically--categorically, comrade--that Snowball was Jones's agent from the very beginning--yes, and from long before the Rebellion was ever thought of." "Ah, that is different!" said Boxer. "If Comrade Napoleon says it, it must be right." "That is the true spirit, comrade!" cried Squealer, but it was noticed he cast a very ugly look at Boxer with his little twinkling eyes. He turned to go, then paused and added impressively: "I warn every animal on this farm to keep his eyes very wide open. For we have reason to think that some of Snowball's secret agents are lurking among us at this moment!" Four days later, in the late afternoon, Napoleon ordered all the animals to assemble in the yard. When they were all gathered together, Napoleon emerged from the farmhouse, wearing both his medals (for he had recently awarded himself "Animal Hero, First Class", and "Animal Hero, Second Class"), with his nine huge dogs frisking round him and uttering growls that sent shivers down all the animals' spines. They all cowered silently in their places, seeming to know in advance that some terrible thing was about to happen. Napoleon stood sternly surveying his audience; then he uttered a high-pitched whimper. Immediately the dogs bounded forward, seized four of the pigs by the ear and dragged them, squealing with pain and terror, to Napoleon's feet. The pigs' ears were bleeding, the dogs had tasted blood, and for a few moments they appeared to go quite mad. To the amazement of everybody, three of them flung themselves upon Boxer. Boxer saw them coming and put out his great hoof, caught a dog in mid-air, and pinned him to the ground. The dog shrieked for mercy and the other two fled with their tails between their legs. Boxer looked at Napoleon to know whether he should crush the dog to death or let it go. Napoleon appeared to change countenance, and sharply ordered Boxer to let the dog go, whereat Boxer lifted his hoof, and the dog slunk away, bruised and howling. Presently the tumult died down. The four pigs waited, trembling, with guilt written on every line of their countenances. Napoleon now called upon them to confess their crimes. They were the same four pigs as had protested when Napoleon abolished the Sunday Meetings. Without any further prompting they confessed that they had been secretly in touch with Snowball ever since his expulsion, that they had collaborated with him in destroying the windmill, and that they had entered into an agreement with him to hand over Animal Farm to Mr. Frederick. They added that Snowball had privately admitted to them that he had been Jones's secret agent for years past. When they had finished their confession, the dogs promptly tore their throats out, and in a terrible voice Napoleon demanded whether any other animal had anything to confess. The three hens who had been the ringleaders in the attempted rebellion over the eggs now came forward and stated that Snowball had appeared to them in a dream and incited them to disobey Napoleon's orders. They, too, were slaughtered. Then a goose came forward and confessed to having secreted six ears of corn during the last year's harvest and eaten them in the night. Then a sheep confessed to having urinated in the drinking pool--urged to do this, so she said, by Snowball--and two other sheep confessed to having murdered an old ram, an especially devoted follower of Napoleon, by chasing him round and round a bonfire when he was suffering from a cough. They were all slain on the spot. And so the tale of confessions and executions went on, until there was a pile of corpses lying before Napoleon's feet and the air was heavy with the smell of blood, which had been unknown there since the expulsion of Jones. When it was all over, the remaining animals, except for the pigs and dogs, crept away in a body. They were shaken and miserable. They did not know which was more shocking--the treachery of the animals who had leagued themselves with Snowball, or the cruel retribution they had just witnessed. In the old days there had often been scenes of bloodshed equally terrible, but it seemed to all of them that it was far worse now that it was happening among themselves. Since Jones had left the farm, until today, no animal had killed another animal. Not even a rat had been killed. They had made their way on to the little knoll where the half-finished windmill stood, and with one accord they all lay down as though huddling together for warmth--Clover, Muriel, Benjamin, the cows, the sheep, and a whole flock of geese and hens--everyone, indeed, except the cat, who had suddenly disappeared just before Napoleon ordered the animals to assemble. For some time nobody spoke. Only Boxer remained on his feet. He fidgeted to and fro, swishing his long black tail against his sides and occasionally uttering a little whinny of surprise. Finally he said: "I do not understand it. I would not have believed that such things could happen on our farm. It must be due to some fault in ourselves. The solution, as I see it, is to work harder. From now onwards I shall get up a full hour earlier in the mornings." And he moved off at his lumbering trot and made for the quarry. Having got there, he collected two successive loads of stone and dragged them down to the windmill before retiring for the night. The animals huddled about Clover, not speaking. The knoll where they were lying gave them a wide prospect across the countryside. Most of Animal Farm was within their view--the long pasture stretching down to the main road, the hayfield, the spinney, the drinking pool, the ploughed fields where the young wheat was thick and green, and the red roofs of the farm buildings with the smoke curling from the chimneys. It was a clear spring evening. The grass and the bursting hedges were gilded by the level rays of the sun. Never had the farm--and with a kind of surprise they remembered that it was their own farm, every inch of it their own property--appeared to the animals so desirable a place. As Clover looked down the hillside her eyes filled with tears. If she could have spoken her thoughts, it would have been to say that this was not what they had aimed at when they had set themselves years ago to work for the overthrow of the human race. These scenes of terror and slaughter were not what they had looked forward to on that night when old Major first stirred them to rebellion. If she herself had had any picture of the future, it had been of a society of animals set free from hunger and the whip, all equal, each working according to his capacity, the strong protecting the weak, as she had protected the lost brood of ducklings with her foreleg on the night of Major's speech. Instead--she did not know why--they had come to a time when no one dared speak his mind, when fierce, growling dogs roamed everywhere, and when you had to watch your comrades torn to pieces after confessing to shocking crimes. There was no thought of rebellion or disobedience in her mind. She knew that, even as things were, they were far better off than they had been in the days of Jones, and that before all else it was needful to prevent the return of the human beings. Whatever happened she would remain faithful, work hard, carry out the orders that were given to her, and accept the leadership of Napoleon. But still, it was not for this that she and all the other animals had hoped and toiled. It was not for this that they had built the windmill and faced the bullets of Jones's gun. Such were her thoughts, though she lacked the words to express them. At last, feeling this to be in some way a substitute for the words she was unable to find, she began to sing 'Beasts of England'. The other animals sitting round her took it up, and they sang it three times over--very tunefully, but slowly and mournfully, in a way they had never sung it before. They had just finished singing it for the third time when Squealer, attended by two dogs, approached them with the air of having something important to say. He announced that, by a special decree of Comrade Napoleon, 'Beasts of England' had been abolished. From now onwards it was forbidden to sing it. The animals were taken aback. "Why?" cried Muriel. "It's no longer needed, comrade," said Squealer stiffly. "'Beasts of England' was the song of the Rebellion. But the Rebellion is now completed. The execution of the traitors this afternoon was the final act. The enemy both external and internal has been defeated. In 'Beasts of England' we expressed our longing for a better society in days to come. But that society has now been established. Clearly this song has no longer any purpose." Frightened though they were, some of the animals might possibly have protested, but at this moment the sheep set up their usual bleating of "Four legs good, two legs bad," which went on for several minutes and put an end to the discussion. So 'Beasts of England' was heard no more. In its place Minimus, the poet, had composed another song which began: Animal Farm, Animal Farm, Never through me shalt thou come to harm! and this was sung every Sunday morning after the hoisting of the flag. But somehow neither the words nor the tune ever seemed to the animals to come up to 'Beasts of England'. Chapter VIII A few days later, when the terror caused by the executions had died down, some of the animals remembered--or thought they remembered--that the Sixth Commandment decreed "No animal shall kill any other animal." And though no one cared to mention it in the hearing of the pigs or the dogs, it was felt that the killings which had taken place did not square with this. Clover asked Benjamin to read her the Sixth Commandment, and when Benjamin, as usual, said that he refused to meddle in such matters, she fetched Muriel. Muriel read the Commandment for her. It ran: "No animal shall kill any other animal WITHOUT CAUSE." Somehow or other, the last two words had slipped out of the animals' memory. But they saw now that the Commandment had not been violated; for clearly there was good reason for killing the traitors who had leagued themselves with Snowball. Throughout the year the animals worked even harder than they had worked in the previous year. To rebuild the windmill, with walls twice as thick as before, and to finish it by the appointed date, together with the regular work of the farm, was a tremendous labour. There were times when it seemed to the animals that they worked longer hours and fed no better than they had done in Jones's day. On Sunday mornings Squealer, holding down a long strip of paper with his trotter, would read out to them lists of figures proving that the production of every class of foodstuff had increased by two hundred per cent, three hundred per cent, or five hundred per cent, as the case might be. The animals saw no reason to disbelieve him, especially as they could no longer remember very clearly what conditions had been like before the Rebellion. All the same, there were days when they felt that they would sooner have had less figures and more food. All orders were now issued through Squealer or one of the other pigs. Napoleon himself was not seen in public as often as once in a fortnight. When he did appear, he was attended not only by his retinue of dogs but by a black cockerel who marched in front of him and acted as a kind of trumpeter, letting out a loud "cock-a-doodle-doo" before Napoleon spoke. Even in the farmhouse, it was said, Napoleon inhabited separate apartments from the others. He took his meals alone, with two dogs to wait upon him, and always ate from the Crown Derby dinner service which had been in the glass cupboard in the drawing-room. It was also announced that the gun would be fired every year on Napoleon's birthday, as well as on the other two anniversaries. Napoleon was now never spoken of simply as "Napoleon." He was always referred to in formal style as "our Leader, Comrade Napoleon," and this pigs liked to invent for him such titles as Father of All Animals, Terror of Mankind, Protector of the Sheep-fold, Ducklings' Friend, and the like. In his speeches, Squealer would talk with the tears rolling down his cheeks of Napoleon's wisdom the goodness of his heart, and the deep love he bore to all animals everywhere, even and especially the unhappy animals who still lived in ignorance and slavery on other farms. It had become usual to give Napoleon the credit for every successful achievement and every stroke of good fortune. You would often hear one hen remark to another, "Under the guidance of our Leader, Comrade Napoleon, I have laid five eggs in six days"; or two cows, enjoying a drink at the pool, would exclaim, "Thanks to the leadership of Comrade Napoleon, how excellent this water tastes!" The general feeling on the farm was well expressed in a poem entitled Comrade Napoleon, which was composed by Minimus and which ran as follows: Friend of fatherless! Fountain of happiness! Lord of the swill-bucket! Oh, how my soul is on Fire when I gaze at thy Calm and commanding eye, Like the sun in the sky, Comrade Napoleon! Thou are the giver of All that thy creatures love, Full belly twice a day, clean straw to roll upon; Every beast great or small Sleeps at peace in his stall, Thou watchest over all, Comrade Napoleon! Had I a sucking-pig, Ere he had grown as big Even as a pint bottle or as a rolling-pin, He should have learned to be Faithful and true to thee, Yes, his first squeak should be "Comrade Napoleon!" Napoleon approved of this poem and caused it to be inscribed on the wall of the big barn, at the opposite end from the Seven Commandments. It was surmounted by a portrait of Napoleon, in profile, executed by Squealer in white paint. Meanwhile, through the agency of Whymper, Napoleon was engaged in complicated negotiations with Frederick and Pilkington. The pile of timber was still unsold. Of the two, Frederick was the more anxious to get hold of it, but he would not offer a reasonable price. At the same time there were renewed rumours that Frederick and his men were plotting to attack Animal Farm and to destroy the windmill, the building of which had aroused furious jealousy in him. Snowball was known to be still skulking on Pinchfield Farm. In the middle of the summer the animals were alarmed to hear that three hens had come forward and confessed that, inspired by Snowball, they had entered into a plot to murder Napoleon. They were executed immediately, and fresh precautions for Napoleon's safety were taken. Four dogs guarded his bed at night, one at each corner, and a young pig named Pinkeye was given the task of tasting all his food before he ate it, lest it should be poisoned. At about the same time it was given out that Napoleon had arranged to sell the pile of timber to Mr. Pilkington; he was also going to enter into a regular agreement for the exchange of certain products between Animal Farm and Foxwood. The relations between Napoleon and Pilkington, though they were only conducted through Whymper, were now almost friendly. The animals distrusted Pilkington, as a human being, but greatly preferred him to Frederick, whom they both feared and hated. As the summer wore on, and the windmill neared completion, the rumours of an impending treacherous attack grew stronger and stronger. Frederick, it was said, intended to bring against them twenty men all armed with guns, and he had already bribed the magistrates and police, so that if he could once get hold of the title-deeds of Animal Farm they would ask no questions. Moreover, terrible stories were leaking out from Pinchfield about the cruelties that Frederick practised upon his animals. He had flogged an old horse to death, he starved his cows, he had killed a dog by throwing it into the furnace, he amused himself in the evenings by making cocks fight with splinters of razor-blade tied to their spurs. The animals' blood boiled with rage when they heard of these things being done to their comrades, and sometimes they clamoured to be allowed to go out in a body and attack Pinchfield Farm, drive out the humans, and set the animals free. But Squealer counselled them to avoid rash actions and trust in Comrade Napoleon's strategy. Nevertheless, feeling against Frederick continued to run high. One Sunday morning Napoleon appeared in the barn and explained that he had never at any time contemplated selling the pile of timber to Frederick; he considered it beneath his dignity, he said, to have dealings with scoundrels of that description. The pigeons who were still sent out to spread tidings of the Rebellion were forbidden to set foot anywhere on Foxwood, and were also ordered to drop their former slogan of "Death to Humanity" in favour of "Death to Frederick." In the late summer yet another of Snowball's machinations was laid bare. The wheat crop was full of weeds, and it was discovered that on one of his nocturnal visits Snowball had mixed weed seeds with the seed corn. A gander who had been privy to the plot had confessed his guilt to Squealer and immediately committed suicide by swallowing deadly nightshade berries. The animals now also learned that Snowball had never--as many of them had believed hitherto--received the order of "Animal Hero, First Class." This was merely a legend which had been spread some time after the Battle of the Cowshed by Snowball himself. So far from being decorated, he had been censured for showing cowardice in the battle. Once again some of the animals heard this with a certain bewilderment, but Squealer was soon able to convince them that their memories had been at fault. In the autumn, by a tremendous, exhausting effort--for the harvest had to be gathered at almost the same time--the windmill was finished. The machinery had still to be installed, and Whymper was negotiating the purchase of it, but the structure was completed. In the teeth of every difficulty, in spite of inexperience, of primitive implements, of bad luck and of Snowball's treachery, the work had been finished punctually to the very day! Tired out but proud, the animals walked round and round their masterpiece, which appeared even more beautiful in their eyes than when it had been built the first time. Moreover, the walls were twice as thick as before. Nothing short of explosives would lay them low this time! And when they thought of how they had laboured, what discouragements they had overcome, and the enormous difference that would be made in their lives when the sails were turning and the dynamos running--when they thought of all this, their tiredness forsook them and they gambolled round and round the windmill, uttering cries of triumph. Napoleon himself, attended by his dogs and his cockerel, came down to inspect the completed work; he personally congratulated the animals on their achievement, and announced that the mill would be named Napoleon Mill. Two days later the animals were called together for a special meeting in the barn. They were struck dumb with surprise when Napoleon announced that he had sold the pile of timber to Frederick. Tomorrow Frederick's wagons would arrive and begin carting it away. Throughout the whole period of his seeming friendship with Pilkington, Napoleon had really been in secret agreement with Frederick. All relations with Foxwood had been broken off; insulting messages had been sent to Pilkington. The pigeons had been told to avoid Pinchfield Farm and to alter their slogan from "Death to Frederick" to "Death to Pilkington." At the same time Napoleon assured the animals that the stories of an impending attack on Animal Farm were completely untrue, and that the tales about Frederick's cruelty to his own animals had been greatly exaggerated. All these rumours had probably originated with Snowball and his agents. It now appeared that Snowball was not, after all, hiding on Pinchfield Farm, and in fact had never been there in his life: he was living--in considerable luxury, so it was said--at Foxwood, and had in reality been a pensioner of Pilkington for years past. The pigs were in ecstasies over Napoleon's cunning. By seeming to be friendly with Pilkington he had forced Frederick to raise his price by twelve pounds. But the superior quality of Napoleon's mind, said Squealer, was shown in the fact that he trusted nobody, not even Frederick. Frederick had wanted to pay for the timber with something called a cheque, which, it seemed, was a piece of paper with a promise to pay written upon it. But Napoleon was too clever for him. He had demanded payment in real five-pound notes, which were to be handed over before the timber was removed. Already Frederick had paid up; and the sum he had paid was just enough to buy the machinery for the windmill. Meanwhile the timber was being carted away at high speed. When it was all gone, another special meeting was held in the barn for the animals to inspect Frederick's bank-notes. Smiling beatifically, and wearing both his decorations, Napoleon reposed on a bed of straw on the platform, with the money at his side, neatly piled on a china dish from the farmhouse kitchen. The animals filed slowly past, and each gazed his fill. And Boxer put out his nose to sniff at the bank-notes, and the flimsy white things stirred and rustled in his breath. Three days later there was a terrible hullabaloo. Whymper, his face deadly pale, came racing up the path on his bicycle, flung it down in the yard and rushed straight into the farmhouse. The next moment a choking roar of rage sounded from Napoleon's apartments. The news of what had happened sped round the farm like wildfire. The banknotes were forgeries! Frederick had got the timber for nothing! Napoleon called the animals together immediately and in a terrible voice pronounced the death sentence upon Frederick. When captured, he said, Frederick should be boiled alive. At the same time he warned them that after this treacherous deed the worst was to be expected. Frederick and his men might make their long-expected attack at any moment. Sentinels were placed at all the approaches to the farm. In addition, four pigeons were sent to Foxwood with a conciliatory message, which it was hoped might re-establish good relations with Pilkington. The very next morning the attack came. The animals were at breakfast when the look-outs came racing in with the news that Frederick and his followers had already come through the five-barred gate. Boldly enough the animals sallied forth to meet them, but this time they did not have the easy victory that they had had in the Battle of the Cowshed. There were fifteen men, with half a dozen guns between them, and they opened fire as soon as they got within fifty yards. The animals could not face the terrible explosions and the stinging pellets, and in spite of the efforts of Napoleon and Boxer to rally them, they were soon driven back. A number of them were already wounded. They took refuge in the farm buildings and peeped cautiously out from chinks and knot-holes. The whole of the big pasture, including the windmill, was in the hands of the enemy. For the moment even Napoleon seemed at a loss. He paced up and down without a word, his tail rigid and twitching. Wistful glances were sent in the direction of Foxwood. If Pilkington and his men would help them, the day might yet be won. But at this moment the four pigeons, who had been sent out on the day before, returned, one of them bearing a scrap of paper from Pilkington. On it was pencilled the words: "Serves you right." Meanwhile Frederick and his men had halted about the windmill. The animals watched them, and a murmur of dismay went round. Two of the men had produced a crowbar and a sledge hammer. They were going to knock the windmill down. "Impossible!" cried Napoleon. "We have built the walls far too thick for that. They could not knock it down in a week. Courage, comrades!" But Benjamin was watching the movements of the men intently. The two with the hammer and the crowbar were drilling a hole near the base of the windmill. Slowly, and with an air almost of amusement, Benjamin nodded his long muzzle. "I thought so," he said. "Do you not see what they are doing? In another moment they are going to pack blasting powder into that hole." Terrified, the animals waited. It was impossible now to venture out of the shelter of the buildings. After a few minutes the men were seen to be running in all directions. Then there was a deafening roar. The pigeons swirled into the air, and all the animals, except Napoleon, flung themselves flat on their bellies and hid their faces. When they got up again, a huge cloud of black smoke was hanging where the windmill had been. Slowly the breeze drifted it away. The windmill had ceased to exist! At this sight the animals' courage returned to them. The fear and despair they had felt a moment earlier were drowned in their rage against this vile, contemptible act. A mighty cry for vengeance went up, and without waiting for further orders they charged forth in a body and made straight for the enemy. This time they did not heed the cruel pellets that swept over them like hail. It was a savage, bitter battle. The men fired again and again, and, when the animals got to close quarters, lashed out with their sticks and their heavy boots. A cow, three sheep, and two geese were killed, and nearly everyone was wounded. Even Napoleon, who was directing operations from the rear, had the tip of his tail chipped by a pellet. But the men did not go unscathed either. Three of them had their heads broken by blows from Boxer's hoofs; another was gored in the belly by a cow's horn; another had his trousers nearly torn off by Jessie and Bluebell. And when the nine dogs of Napoleon's own bodyguard, whom he had instructed to make a detour under cover of the hedge, suddenly appeared on the men's flank, baying ferociously, panic overtook them. They saw that they were in danger of being surrounded. Frederick shouted to his men to get out while the going was good, and the next moment the cowardly enemy was running for dear life. The animals chased them right down to the bottom of the field, and got in some last kicks at them as they forced their way through the thorn hedge. They had won, but they were weary and bleeding. Slowly they began to limp back towards the farm. The sight of their dead comrades stretched upon the grass moved some of them to tears. And for a little while they halted in sorrowful silence at the place where the windmill had once stood. Yes, it was gone; almost the last trace of their labour was gone! Even the foundations were partially destroyed. And in rebuilding it they could not this time, as before, make use of the fallen stones. This time the stones had vanished too. The force of the explosion had flung them to distances of hundreds of yards. It was as though the windmill had never been. As they approached the farm Squealer, who had unaccountably been absent during the fighting, came skipping towards them, whisking his tail and beaming with satisfaction. And the animals heard, from the direction of the farm buildings, the solemn booming of a gun. "What is that gun firing for?" said Boxer. "To celebrate our victory!" cried Squealer. "What victory?" said Boxer. His knees were bleeding, he had lost a shoe and split his hoof, and a dozen pellets had lodged themselves in his hind leg. "What victory, comrade? Have we not driven the enemy off our soil--the sacred soil of Animal Farm?" "But they have destroyed the windmill. And we had worked on it for two years!" "What matter? We will build another windmill. We will build six windmills if we feel like it. You do not appreciate, comrade, the mighty thing that we have done. The enemy was in occupation of this very ground that we stand upon. And now--thanks to the leadership of Comrade Napoleon--we have won every inch of it back again!" "Then we have won back what we had before," said Boxer. "That is our victory," said Squealer. They limped into the yard. The pellets under the skin of Boxer's leg smarted painfully. He saw ahead of him the heavy labour of rebuilding the windmill from the foundations, and already in imagination he braced himself for the task. But for the first time it occurred to him that he was eleven years old and that perhaps his great muscles were not quite what they had once been. But when the animals saw the green flag flying, and heard the gun firing again--seven times it was fired in all--and heard the speech that Napoleon made, congratulating them on their conduct, it did seem to them after all that they had won a great victory. The animals slain in the battle were given a solemn funeral. Boxer and Clover pulled the wagon which served as a hearse, and Napoleon himself walked at the head of the procession. Two whole days were given over to celebrations. There were songs, speeches, and more firing of the gun, and a special gift of an apple was bestowed on every animal, with two ounces of corn for each bird and three biscuits for each dog. It was announced that the battle would be called the Battle of the Windmill, and that Napoleon had created a new decoration, the Order of the Green Banner, which he had conferred upon himself. In the general rejoicings the unfortunate affair of the banknotes was forgotten. It was a few days later than this that the pigs came upon a case of whisky in the cellars of the farmhouse. It had been overlooked at the time when the house was first occupied. That night there came from the farmhouse the sound of loud singing, in which, to everyone's surprise, the strains of 'Beasts of England' were mixed up. At about half past nine Napoleon, wearing an old bowler hat of Mr. Jones's, was distinctly seen to emerge from the back door, gallop rapidly round the yard, and disappear indoors again. But in the morning a deep silence hung over the farmhouse. Not a pig appeared to be stirring. It was nearly nine o'clock when Squealer made his appearance, walking slowly and dejectedly, his eyes dull, his tail hanging limply behind him, and with every appearance of being seriously ill. He called the animals together and told them that he had a terrible piece of news to impart. Comrade Napoleon was dying! A cry of lamentation went up. Straw was laid down outside the doors of the farmhouse, and the animals walked on tiptoe. With tears in their eyes they asked one another what they should do if their Leader were taken away from them. A rumour went round that Snowball had after all contrived to introduce poison into Napoleon's food. At eleven o'clock Squealer came out to make another announcement. As his last act upon earth, Comrade Napoleon had pronounced a solemn decree: the drinking of alcohol was to be punished by death. By the evening, however, Napoleon appeared to be somewhat better, and the following morning Squealer was able to tell them that he was well on the way to recovery. By the evening of that day Napoleon was back at work, and on the next day it was learned that he had instructed Whymper to purchase in Willingdon some booklets on brewing and distilling. A week later Napoleon gave orders that the small paddock beyond the orchard, which it had previously been intended to set aside as a grazing-ground for animals who were past work, was to be ploughed up. It was given out that the pasture was exhausted and needed re-seeding; but it soon became known that Napoleon intended to sow it with barley. About this time there occurred a strange incident which hardly anyone was able to understand. One night at about twelve o'clock there was a loud crash in the yard, and the animals rushed out of their stalls. It was a moonlit night. At the foot of the end wall of the big barn, where the Seven Commandments were written, there lay a ladder broken in two pieces. Squealer, temporarily stunned, was sprawling beside it, and near at hand there lay a lantern, a paint-brush, and an overturned pot of white paint. The dogs immediately made a ring round Squealer, and escorted him back to the farmhouse as soon as he was able to walk. None of the animals could form any idea as to what this meant, except old Benjamin, who nodded his muzzle with a knowing air, and seemed to understand, but would say nothing. But a few days later Muriel, reading over the Seven Commandments to herself, noticed that there was yet another of them which the animals had remembered wrong. They had thought the Fifth Commandment was "No animal shall drink alcohol," but there were two words that they had forgotten. Actually the Commandment read: "No animal shall drink alcohol TO EXCESS." Chapter IX Boxer's split hoof was a long time in healing. They had started the rebuilding of the windmill the day after the victory celebrations were ended. Boxer refused to take even a day off work, and made it a point of honour not to let it be seen that he was in pain. In the evenings he would admit privately to Clover that the hoof troubled him a great deal. Clover treated the hoof with poultices of herbs which she prepared by chewing them, and both she and Benjamin urged Boxer to work less hard. "A horse's lungs do not last for ever," she said to him. But Boxer would not listen. He had, he said, only one real ambition left--to see the windmill well under way before he reached the age for retirement. At the beginning, when the laws of Animal Farm were first formulated, the retiring age had been fixed for horses and pigs at twelve, for cows at fourteen, for dogs at nine, for sheep at seven, and for hens and geese at five. Liberal old-age pensions had been agreed upon. As yet no animal had actually retired on pension, but of late the subject had been discussed more and more. Now that the small field beyond the orchard had been set aside for barley, it was rumoured that a corner of the large pasture was to be fenced off and turned into a grazing-ground for superannuated animals. For a horse, it was said, the pension would be five pounds of corn a day and, in winter, fifteen pounds of hay, with a carrot or possibly an apple on public holidays. Boxer's twelfth birthday was due in the late summer of the following year. Meanwhile life was hard. The winter was as cold as the last one had been, and food was even shorter. Once again all rations were reduced, except those of the pigs and the dogs. A too rigid equality in rations, Squealer explained, would have been contrary to the principles of Animalism. In any case he had no difficulty in proving to the other animals that they were NOT in reality short of food, whatever the appearances might be. For the time being, certainly, it had been found necessary to make a readjustment of rations (Squealer always spoke of it as a "readjustment," never as a "reduction"), but in comparison with the days of Jones, the improvement was enormous. Reading out the figures in a shrill, rapid voice, he proved to them in detail that they had more oats, more hay, more turnips than they had had in Jones's day, that they worked shorter hours, that their drinking water was of better quality, that they lived longer, that a larger proportion of their young ones survived infancy, and that they had more straw in their stalls and suffered less from fleas. The animals believed every word of it. Truth to tell, Jones and all he stood for had almost faded out of their memories. They knew that life nowadays was harsh and bare, that they were often hungry and often cold, and that they were usually working when they were not asleep. But doubtless it had been worse in the old days. They were glad to believe so. Besides, in those days they had been slaves and now they were free, and that made all the difference, as Squealer did not fail to point out. There were many more mouths to feed now. In the autumn the four sows had all littered about simultaneously, producing thirty-one young pigs between them. The young pigs were piebald, and as Napoleon was the only boar on the farm, it was possible to guess at their parentage. It was announced that later, when bricks and timber had been purchased, a schoolroom would be built in the farmhouse garden. For the time being, the young pigs were given their instruction by Napoleon himself in the farmhouse kitchen. They took their exercise in the garden, and were discouraged from playing with the other young animals. About this time, too, it was laid down as a rule that when a pig and any other animal met on the path, the other animal must stand aside: and also that all pigs, of whatever degree, were to have the privilege of wearing green ribbons on their tails on Sundays. The farm had had a fairly successful year, but was still short of money. There were the bricks, sand, and lime for the schoolroom to be purchased, and it would also be necessary to begin saving up again for the machinery for the windmill. Then there were lamp oil and candles for the house, sugar for Napoleon's own table (he forbade this to the other pigs, on the ground that it made them fat), and all the usual replacements such as tools, nails, string, coal, wire, scrap-iron, and dog biscuits. A stump of hay and part of the potato crop were sold off, and the contract for eggs was increased to six hundred a week, so that that year the hens barely hatched enough chicks to keep their numbers at the same level. Rations, reduced in December, were reduced again in February, and lanterns in the stalls were forbidden to save oil. But the pigs seemed comfortable enough, and in fact were putting on weight if anything. One afternoon in late February a warm, rich, appetising scent, such as the animals had never smelt before, wafted itself across the yard from the little brew-house, which had been disused in Jones's time, and which stood beyond the kitchen. Someone said it was the smell of cooking barley. The animals sniffed the air hungrily and wondered whether a warm mash was being prepared for their supper. But no warm mash appeared, and on the following Sunday it was announced that from now onwards all barley would be reserved for the pigs. The field beyond the orchard had already been sown with barley. And the news soon leaked out that every pig was now receiving a ration of a pint of beer daily, with half a gallon for Napoleon himself, which was always served to him in the Crown Derby soup tureen. But if there were hardships to be borne, they were partly offset by the fact that life nowadays had a greater dignity than it had had before. There were more songs, more speeches, more processions. Napoleon had commanded that once a week there should be held something called a Spontaneous Demonstration, the object of which was to celebrate the struggles and triumphs of Animal Farm. At the appointed time the animals would leave their work and march round the precincts of the farm in military formation, with the pigs leading, then the horses, then the cows, then the sheep, and then the poultry. The dogs flanked the procession and at the head of all marched Napoleon's black cockerel. Boxer and Clover always carried between them a green banner marked with the hoof and the horn and the caption, "Long live Comrade Napoleon!" Afterwards there were recitations of poems composed in Napoleon's honour, and a speech by Squealer giving particulars of the latest increases in the production of foodstuffs, and on occasion a shot was fired from the gun. The sheep were the greatest devotees of the Spontaneous Demonstration, and if anyone complained (as a few animals sometimes did, when no pigs or dogs were near) that they wasted time and meant a lot of standing about in the cold, the sheep were sure to silence him with a tremendous bleating of "Four legs good, two legs bad!" But by and large the animals enjoyed these celebrations. They found it comforting to be reminded that, after all, they were truly their own masters and that the work they did was for their own benefit. So that, what with the songs, the processions, Squealer's lists of figures, the thunder of the gun, the crowing of the cockerel, and the fluttering of the flag, they were able to forget that their bellies were empty, at least part of the time. In April, Animal Farm was proclaimed a Republic, and it became necessary to elect a President. There was only one candidate, Napoleon, who was elected unanimously. On the same day it was given out that fresh documents had been discovered which revealed further details about Snowball's complicity with Jones. It now appeared that Snowball had not, as the animals had previously imagined, merely attempted to lose the Battle of the Cowshed by means of a stratagem, but had been openly fighting on Jones's side. In fact, it was he who had actually been the leader of the human forces, and had charged into battle with the words "Long live Humanity!" on his lips. The wounds on Snowball's back, which a few of the animals still remembered to have seen, had been inflicted by Napoleon's teeth. In the middle of the summer Moses the raven suddenly reappeared on the farm, after an absence of several years. He was quite unchanged, still did no work, and talked in the same strain as ever about Sugarcandy Mountain. He would perch on a stump, flap his black wings, and talk by the hour to anyone who would listen. "Up there, comrades," he would say solemnly, pointing to the sky with his large beak--"up there, just on the other side of that dark cloud that you can see--there it lies, Sugarcandy Mountain, that happy country where we poor animals shall rest for ever from our labours!" He even claimed to have been there on one of his higher flights, and to have seen the everlasting fields of clover and the linseed cake and lump sugar growing on the hedges. Many of the animals believed him. Their lives now, they reasoned, were hungry and laborious; was it not right and just that a better world should exist somewhere else? A thing that was difficult to determine was the attitude of the pigs towards Moses. They all declared contemptuously that his stories about Sugarcandy Mountain were lies, and yet they allowed him to remain on the farm, not working, with an allowance of a gill of beer a day. After his hoof had healed up, Boxer worked harder than ever. Indeed, all the animals worked like slaves that year. Apart from the regular work of the farm, and the rebuilding of the windmill, there was the schoolhouse for the young pigs, which was started in March. Sometimes the long hours on insufficient food were hard to bear, but Boxer never faltered. In nothing that he said or did was there any sign that his strength was not what it had been. It was only his appearance that was a little altered; his hide was less shiny than it had used to be, and his great haunches seemed to have shrunken. The others said, "Boxer will pick up when the spring grass comes on"; but the spring came and Boxer grew no fatter. Sometimes on the slope leading to the top of the quarry, when he braced his muscles against the weight of some vast boulder, it seemed that nothing kept him on his feet except the will to continue. At such times his lips were seen to form the words, "I will work harder"; he had no voice left. Once again Clover and Benjamin warned him to take care of his health, but Boxer paid no attention. His twelfth birthday was approaching. He did not care what happened so long as a good store of stone was accumulated before he went on pension. Late one evening in the summer, a sudden rumour ran round the farm that something had happened to Boxer. He had gone out alone to drag a load of stone down to the windmill. And sure enough, the rumour was true. A few minutes later two pigeons came racing in with the news; "Boxer has fallen! He is lying on his side and can't get up!" About half the animals on the farm rushed out to the knoll where the windmill stood. There lay Boxer, between the shafts of the cart, his neck stretched out, unable even to raise his head. His eyes were glazed, his sides matted with sweat. A thin stream of blood had trickled out of his mouth. Clover dropped to her knees at his side. "Boxer!" she cried, "how are you?" "It is my lung," said Boxer in a weak voice. "It does not matter. I think you will be able to finish the windmill without me. There is a pretty good store of stone accumulated. I had only another month to go in any case. To tell you the truth, I had been looking forward to my retirement. And perhaps, as Benjamin is growing old too, they will let him retire at the same time and be a companion to me." "We must get help at once," said Clover. "Run, somebody, and tell Squealer what has happened." All the other animals immediately raced back to the farmhouse to give Squealer the news. Only Clover remained, and Benjamin who lay down at Boxer's side, and, without speaking, kept the flies off him with his long tail. After about a quarter of an hour Squealer appeared, full of sympathy and concern. He said that Comrade Napoleon had learned with the very deepest distress of this misfortune to one of the most loyal workers on the farm, and was already making arrangements to send Boxer to be treated in the hospital at Willingdon. The animals felt a little uneasy at this. Except for Mollie and Snowball, no other animal had ever left the farm, and they did not like to think of their sick comrade in the hands of human beings. However, Squealer easily convinced them that the veterinary surgeon in Willingdon could treat Boxer's case more satisfactorily than could be done on the farm. And about half an hour later, when Boxer had somewhat recovered, he was with difficulty got on to his feet, and managed to limp back to his stall, where Clover and Benjamin had prepared a good bed of straw for him. For the next two days Boxer remained in his stall. The pigs had sent out a large bottle of pink medicine which they had found in the medicine chest in the bathroom, and Clover administered it to Boxer twice a day after meals. In the evenings she lay in his stall and talked to him, while Benjamin kept the flies off him. Boxer professed not to be sorry for what had happened. If he made a good recovery, he might expect to live another three years, and he looked forward to the peaceful days that he would spend in the corner of the big pasture. It would be the first time that he had had leisure to study and improve his mind. He intended, he said, to devote the rest of his life to learning the remaining twenty-two letters of the alphabet. However, Benjamin and Clover could only be with Boxer after working hours, and it was in the middle of the day when the van came to take him away. The animals were all at work weeding turnips under the supervision of a pig, when they were astonished to see Benjamin come galloping from the direction of the farm buildings, braying at the top of his voice. It was the first time that they had ever seen Benjamin excited--indeed, it was the first time that anyone had ever seen him gallop. "Quick, quick!" he shouted. "Come at once! They're taking Boxer away!" Without waiting for orders from the pig, the animals broke off work and raced back to the farm buildings. Sure enough, there in the yard was a large closed van, drawn by two horses, with lettering on its side and a sly-looking man in a low-crowned bowler hat sitting on the driver's seat. And Boxer's stall was empty. The animals crowded round the van. "Good-bye, Boxer!" they chorused, "good-bye!" "Fools! Fools!" shouted Benjamin, prancing round them and stamping the earth with his small hoofs. "Fools! Do you not see what is written on the side of that van?" That gave the animals pause, and there was a hush. Muriel began to spell out the words. But Benjamin pushed her aside and in the midst of a deadly silence he read: "'Alfred Simmonds, Horse Slaughterer and Glue Boiler, Willingdon. Dealer in Hides and Bone-Meal. Kennels Supplied.' Do you not understand what that means? They are taking Boxer to the knacker's!" A cry of horror burst from all the animals. At this moment the man on the box whipped up his horses and the van moved out of the yard at a smart trot. All the animals followed, crying out at the tops of their voices. Clover forced her way to the front. The van began to gather speed. Clover tried to stir her stout limbs to a gallop, and achieved a canter. "Boxer!" she cried. "Boxer! Boxer! Boxer!" And just at this moment, as though he had heard the uproar outside, Boxer's face, with the white stripe down his nose, appeared at the small window at the back of the van. "Boxer!" cried Clover in a terrible voice. "Boxer! Get out! Get out quickly! They're taking you to your death!" All the animals took up the cry of "Get out, Boxer, get out!" But the van was already gathering speed and drawing away from them. It was uncertain whether Boxer had understood what Clover had said. But a moment later his face disappeared from the window and there was the sound of a tremendous drumming of hoofs inside the van. He was trying to kick his way out. The time had been when a few kicks from Boxer's hoofs would have smashed the van to matchwood. But alas! his strength had left him; and in a few moments the sound of drumming hoofs grew fainter and died away. In desperation the animals began appealing to the two horses which drew the van to stop. "Comrades, comrades!" they shouted. "Don't take your own brother to his death!" But the stupid brutes, too ignorant to realise what was happening, merely set back their ears and quickened their pace. Boxer's face did not reappear at the window. Too late, someone thought of racing ahead and shutting the five-barred gate; but in another moment the van was through it and rapidly disappearing down the road. Boxer was never seen again. Three days later it was announced that he had died in the hospital at Willingdon, in spite of receiving every attention a horse could have. Squealer came to announce the news to the others. He had, he said, been present during Boxer's last hours. "It was the most affecting sight I have ever seen!" said Squealer, lifting his trotter and wiping away a tear. "I was at his bedside at the very last. And at the end, almost too weak to speak, he whispered in my ear that his sole sorrow was to have passed on before the windmill was finished. 'Forward, comrades!' he whispered. 'Forward in the name of the Rebellion. Long live Animal Farm! Long live Comrade Napoleon! Napoleon is always right.' Those were his very last words, comrades." Here Squealer's demeanour suddenly changed. He fell silent for a moment, and his little eyes darted suspicious glances from side to side before he proceeded. It had come to his knowledge, he said, that a foolish and wicked rumour had been circulated at the time of Boxer's removal. Some of the animals had noticed that the van which took Boxer away was marked "Horse Slaughterer," and had actually jumped to the conclusion that Boxer was being sent to the knacker's. It was almost unbelievable, said Squealer, that any animal could be so stupid. Surely, he cried indignantly, whisking his tail and skipping from side to side, surely they knew their beloved Leader, Comrade Napoleon, better than that? But the explanation was really very simple. The van had previously been the property of the knacker, and had been bought by the veterinary surgeon, who had not yet painted the old name out. That was how the mistake had arisen. The animals were enormously relieved to hear this. And when Squealer went on to give further graphic details of Boxer's death-bed, the admirable care he had received, and the expensive medicines for which Napoleon had paid without a thought as to the cost, their last doubts disappeared and the sorrow that they felt for their comrade's death was tempered by the thought that at least he had died happy. Napoleon himself appeared at the meeting on the following Sunday morning and pronounced a short oration in Boxer's honour. It had not been possible, he said, to bring back their lamented comrade's remains for interment on the farm, but he had ordered a large wreath to be made from the laurels in the farmhouse garden and sent down to be placed on Boxer's grave. And in a few days' time the pigs intended to hold a memorial banquet in Boxer's honour. Napoleon ended his speech with a reminder of Boxer's two favourite maxims, "I will work harder" and "Comrade Napoleon is always right"--maxims, he said, which every animal would do well to adopt as his own. On the day appointed for the banquet, a grocer's van drove up from Willingdon and delivered a large wooden crate at the farmhouse. That night there was the sound of uproarious singing, which was followed by what sounded like a violent quarrel and ended at about eleven o'clock with a tremendous crash of glass. No one stirred in the farmhouse before noon on the following day, and the word went round that from somewhere or other the pigs had acquired the money to buy themselves another case of whisky. Chapter X Years passed. The seasons came and went, the short animal lives fled by. A time came when there was no one who remembered the old days before the Rebellion, except Clover, Benjamin, Moses the raven, and a number of the pigs. Muriel was dead; Bluebell, Jessie, and Pincher were dead. Jones too was dead--he had died in an inebriates' home in another part of the country. Snowball was forgotten. Boxer was forgotten, except by the few who had known him. Clover was an old stout mare now, stiff in the joints and with a tendency to rheumy eyes. She was two years past the retiring age, but in fact no animal had ever actually retired. The talk of setting aside a corner of the pasture for superannuated animals had long since been dropped. Napoleon was now a mature boar of twenty-four stone. Squealer was so fat that he could with difficulty see out of his eyes. Only old Benjamin was much the same as ever, except for being a little greyer about the muzzle, and, since Boxer's death, more morose and taciturn than ever. There were many more creatures on the farm now, though the increase was not so great as had been expected in earlier years. Many animals had been born to whom the Rebellion was only a dim tradition, passed on by word of mouth, and others had been bought who had never heard mention of such a thing before their arrival. The farm possessed three horses now besides Clover. They were fine upstanding beasts, willing workers and good comrades, but very stupid. None of them proved able to learn the alphabet beyond the letter B. They accepted everything that they were told about the Rebellion and the principles of Animalism, especially from Clover, for whom they had an almost filial respect; but it was doubtful whether they understood very much of it. The farm was more prosperous now, and better organised: it had even been enlarged by two fields which had been bought from Mr. Pilkington. The windmill had been successfully completed at last, and the farm possessed a threshing machine and a hay elevator of its own, and various new buildings had been added to it. Whymper had bought himself a dogcart. The windmill, however, had not after all been used for generating electrical power. It was used for milling corn, and brought in a handsome money profit. The animals were hard at work building yet another windmill; when that one was finished, so it was said, the dynamos would be installed. But the luxuries of which Snowball had once taught the animals to dream, the stalls with electric light and hot and cold water, and the three-day week, were no longer talked about. Napoleon had denounced such ideas as contrary to the spirit of Animalism. The truest happiness, he said, lay in working hard and living frugally. Somehow it seemed as though the farm had grown richer without making the animals themselves any richer-except, of course, for the pigs and the dogs. Perhaps this was partly because there were so many pigs and so many dogs. It was not that these creatures did not work, after their fashion. There was, as Squealer was never tired of explaining, endless work in the supervision and organisation of the farm. Much of this work was of a kind that the other animals were too ignorant to understand. For example, Squealer told them that the pigs had to expend enormous labours every day upon mysterious things called "files," "reports," "minutes," and "memoranda". These were large sheets of paper which had to be closely covered with writing, and as soon as they were so covered, they were burnt in the furnace. This was of the highest importance for the welfare of the farm, Squealer said. But still, neither pigs nor dogs produced any food by their own labour; and there were very many of them, and their appetites were always good. As for the others, their life, so far as they knew, was as it had always been. They were generally hungry, they slept on straw, they drank from the pool, they laboured in the fields; in winter they were troubled by the cold, and in summer by the flies. Sometimes the older ones among them racked their dim memories and tried to determine whether in the early days of the Rebellion, when Jones's expulsion was still recent, things had been better or worse than now. They could not remember. There was nothing with which they could compare their present lives: they had nothing to go upon except Squealer's lists of figures, which invariably demonstrated that everything was getting better and better. The animals found the problem insoluble; in any case, they had little time for speculating on such things now. Only old Benjamin professed to remember every detail of his long life and to know that things never had been, nor ever could be much better or much worse--hunger, hardship, and disappointment being, so he said, the unalterable law of life. And yet the animals never gave up hope. More, they never lost, even for an instant, their sense of honour and privilege in being members of Animal Farm. They were still the only farm in the whole county--in all England!--owned and operated by animals. Not one of them, not even the youngest, not even the newcomers who had been brought from farms ten or twenty miles away, ever ceased to marvel at that. And when they heard the gun booming and saw the green flag fluttering at the masthead, their hearts swelled with imperishable pride, and the talk turned always towards the old heroic days, the expulsion of Jones, the writing of the Seven Commandments, the great battles in which the human invaders had been defeated. None of the old dreams had been abandoned. The Republic of the Animals which Major had foretold, when the green fields of England should be untrodden by human feet, was still believed in. Some day it was coming: it might not be soon, it might not be with in the lifetime of any animal now living, but still it was coming. Even the tune of 'Beasts of England' was perhaps hummed secretly here and there: at any rate, it was a fact that every animal on the farm knew it, though no one would have dared to sing it aloud. It might be that their lives were hard and that not all of their hopes had been fulfilled; but they were conscious that they were not as other animals. If they went hungry, it was not from feeding tyrannical human beings; if they worked hard, at least they worked for themselves. No creature among them went upon two legs. No creature called any other creature "Master." All animals were equal. One day in early summer Squealer ordered the sheep to follow him, and led them out to a piece of waste ground at the other end of the farm, which had become overgrown with birch saplings. The sheep spent the whole day there browsing at the leaves under Squealer's supervision. In the evening he returned to the farmhouse himself, but, as it was warm weather, told the sheep to stay where they were. It ended by their remaining there for a whole week, during which time the other animals saw nothing of them. Squealer was with them for the greater part of every day. He was, he said, teaching them to sing a new song, for which privacy was needed. It was just after the sheep had returned, on a pleasant evening when the animals had finished work and were making their way back to the farm buildings, that the terrified neighing of a horse sounded from the yard. Startled, the animals stopped in their tracks. It was Clover's voice. She neighed again, and all the animals broke into a gallop and rushed into the yard. Then they saw what Clover had seen. It was a pig walking on his hind legs. Yes, it was Squealer. A little awkwardly, as though not quite used to supporting his considerable bulk in that position, but with perfect balance, he was strolling across the yard. And a moment later, out from the door of the farmhouse came a long file of pigs, all walking on their hind legs. Some did it better than others, one or two were even a trifle unsteady and looked as though they would have liked the support of a stick, but every one of them made his way right round the yard successfully. And finally there was a tremendous baying of dogs and a shrill crowing from the black cockerel, and out came Napoleon himself, majestically upright, casting haughty glances from side to side, and with his dogs gambolling round him. He carried a whip in his trotter. There was a deadly silence. Amazed, terrified, huddling together, the animals watched the long line of pigs march slowly round the yard. It was as though the world had turned upside-down. Then there came a moment when the first shock had worn off and when, in spite of everything-in spite of their terror of the dogs, and of the habit, developed through long years, of never complaining, never criticising, no matter what happened--they might have uttered some word of protest. But just at that moment, as though at a signal, all the sheep burst out into a tremendous bleating of-- "Four legs good, two legs BETTER! Four legs good, two legs BETTER! Four legs good, two legs BETTER!" It went on for five minutes without stopping. And by the time the sheep had quieted down, the chance to utter any protest had passed, for the pigs had marched back into the farmhouse. Benjamin felt a nose nuzzling at his shoulder. He looked round. It was Clover. Her old eyes looked dimmer than ever. Without saying anything, she tugged gently at his mane and led him round to the end of the big barn, where the Seven Commandments were written. For a minute or two they stood gazing at the tatted wall with its white lettering. "My sight is failing," she said finally. "Even when I was young I could not have read what was written there. But it appears to me that that wall looks different. Are the Seven Commandments the same as they used to be, Benjamin?" For once Benjamin consented to break his rule, and he read out to her what was written on the wall. There was nothing there now except a single Commandment. It ran: ALL ANIMALS ARE EQUAL BUT SOME ANIMALS ARE MORE EQUAL THAN OTHERS After that it did not seem strange when next day the pigs who were supervising the work of the farm all carried whips in their trotters. It did not seem strange to learn that the pigs had bought themselves a wireless set, were arranging to install a telephone, and had taken out subscriptions to 'John Bull', 'Tit-Bits', and the 'Daily Mirror'. It did not seem strange when Napoleon was seen strolling in the farmhouse garden with a pipe in his mouth--no, not even when the pigs took Mr. Jones's clothes out of the wardrobes and put them on, Napoleon himself appearing in a black coat, ratcatcher breeches, and leather leggings, while his favourite sow appeared in the watered silk dress which Mrs. Jones had been used to wearing on Sundays. A week later, in the afternoon, a number of dog-carts drove up to the farm. A deputation of neighbouring farmers had been invited to make a tour of inspection. They were shown all over the farm, and expressed great admiration for everything they saw, especially the windmill. The animals were weeding the turnip field. They worked diligently hardly raising their faces from the ground, and not knowing whether to be more frightened of the pigs or of the human visitors. That evening loud laughter and bursts of singing came from the farmhouse. And suddenly, at the sound of the mingled voices, the animals were stricken with curiosity. What could be happening in there, now that for the first time animals and human beings were meeting on terms of equality? With one accord they began to creep as quietly as possible into the farmhouse garden. At the gate they paused, half frightened to go on but Clover led the way in. They tiptoed up to the house, and such animals as were tall enough peered in at the dining-room window. There, round the long table, sat half a dozen farmers and half a dozen of the more eminent pigs, Napoleon himself occupying the seat of honour at the head of the table. The pigs appeared completely at ease in their chairs. The company had been enjoying a game of cards but had broken off for the moment, evidently in order to drink a toast. A large jug was circulating, and the mugs were being refilled with beer. No one noticed the wondering faces of the animals that gazed in at the window. Mr. Pilkington, of Foxwood, had stood up, his mug in his hand. In a moment, he said, he would ask the present company to drink a toast. But before doing so, there were a few words that he felt it incumbent upon him to say. It was a source of great satisfaction to him, he said--and, he was sure, to all others present--to feel that a long period of mistrust and misunderstanding had now come to an end. There had been a time--not that he, or any of the present company, had shared such sentiments--but there had been a time when the respected proprietors of Animal Farm had been regarded, he would not say with hostility, but perhaps with a certain measure of misgiving, by their human neighbours. Unfortunate incidents had occurred, mistaken ideas had been current. It had been felt that the existence of a farm owned and operated by pigs was somehow abnormal and was liable to have an unsettling effect in the neighbourhood. Too many farmers had assumed, without due enquiry, that on such a farm a spirit of licence and indiscipline would prevail. They had been nervous about the effects upon their own animals, or even upon their human employees. But all such doubts were now dispelled. Today he and his friends had visited Animal Farm and inspected every inch of it with their own eyes, and what did they find? Not only the most up-to-date methods, but a discipline and an orderliness which should be an example to all farmers everywhere. He believed that he was right in saying that the lower animals on Animal Farm did more work and received less food than any animals in the county. Indeed, he and his fellow-visitors today had observed many features which they intended to introduce on their own farms immediately. He would end his remarks, he said, by emphasising once again the friendly feelings that subsisted, and ought to subsist, between Animal Farm and its neighbours. Between pigs and human beings there was not, and there need not be, any clash of interests whatever. Their struggles and their difficulties were one. Was not the labour problem the same everywhere? Here it became apparent that Mr. Pilkington was about to spring some carefully prepared witticism on the company, but for a moment he was too overcome by amusement to be able to utter it. After much choking, during which his various chins turned purple, he managed to get it out: "If you have your lower animals to contend with," he said, "we have our lower classes!" This BON MOT set the table in a roar; and Mr. Pilkington once again congratulated the pigs on the low rations, the long working hours, and the general absence of pampering which he had observed on Animal Farm. And now, he said finally, he would ask the company to rise to their feet and make certain that their glasses were full. "Gentlemen," concluded Mr. Pilkington, "gentlemen, I give you a toast: To the prosperity of Animal Farm!" There was enthusiastic cheering and stamping of feet. Napoleon was so gratified that he left his place and came round the table to clink his mug against Mr. Pilkington's before emptying it. When the cheering had died down, Napoleon, who had remained on his feet, intimated that he too had a few words to say. Like all of Napoleon's speeches, it was short and to the point. He too, he said, was happy that the period of misunderstanding was at an end. For a long time there had been rumours--circulated, he had reason to think, by some malignant enemy--that there was something subversive and even revolutionary in the outlook of himself and his colleagues. They had been credited with attempting to stir up rebellion among the animals on neighbouring farms. Nothing could be further from the truth! Their sole wish, now and in the past, was to live at peace and in normal business relations with their neighbours. This farm which he had the honour to control, he added, was a co-operative enterprise. The title-deeds, which were in his own possession, were owned by the pigs jointly. He did not believe, he said, that any of the old suspicions still lingered, but certain changes had been made recently in the routine of the farm which should have the effect of promoting confidence still further. Hitherto the animals on the farm had had a rather foolish custom of addressing one another as "Comrade." This was to be suppressed. There had also been a very strange custom, whose origin was unknown, of marching every Sunday morning past a boar's skull which was nailed to a post in the garden. This, too, would be suppressed, and the skull had already been buried. His visitors might have observed, too, the green flag which flew from the masthead. If so, they would perhaps have noted that the white hoof and horn with which it had previously been marked had now been removed. It would be a plain green flag from now onwards. He had only one criticism, he said, to make of Mr. Pilkington's excellent and neighbourly speech. Mr. Pilkington had referred throughout to "Animal Farm." He could not of course know--for he, Napoleon, was only now for the first time announcing it--that the name "Animal Farm" had been abolished. Henceforward the farm was to be known as "The Manor Farm"--which, he believed, was its correct and original name. "Gentlemen," concluded Napoleon, "I will give you the same toast as before, but in a different form. Fill your glasses to the brim. Gentlemen, here is my toast: To the prosperity of The Manor Farm!" There was the same hearty cheering as before, and the mugs were emptied to the dregs. But as the animals outside gazed at the scene, it seemed to them that some strange thing was happening. What was it that had altered in the faces of the pigs? Clover's old dim eyes flitted from one face to another. Some of them had five chins, some had four, some had three. But what was it that seemed to be melting and changing? Then, the applause having come to an end, the company took up their cards and continued the game that had been interrupted, and the animals crept silently away. But they had not gone twenty yards when they stopped short. An uproar of voices was coming from the farmhouse. They rushed back and looked through the window again. Yes, a violent quarrel was in progress. There were shoutings, bangings on the table, sharp suspicious glances, furious denials. The source of the trouble appeared to be that Napoleon and Mr. Pilkington had each played an ace of spades simultaneously. Twelve voices were shouting in anger, and they were all alike. No question, now, what had happened to the faces of the pigs. The creatures outside looked from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man again; but already it was impossible to say which was which. November 1943-February 1944 THE END <Hr> 1lghnh8dt4ch7khav41jkzlmqzbcym9 427499 427497 2026-05-20T03:15:10Z Danuri19 16656 427499 wikitext text/x-wiki {{번역 머리말 | 제목 = 동물농장 <ref>[https://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks01/0100011.txt|#] 프로젝트 구텐베르그(Project Gutenberg) 호주 지부(Australia) 영문판</ref> | 다른 표기 = Animal Farm | 부제 = | 부제 다른 표기 = | 저자 = [[저자:조지 오웰|조지 오웰]] | 역자 = [[사:Danuri19|Danuri19]] | 이전 = | 다음 = | 연도 = | 언어 = | 원본 = | 설명 = }} Chapter I<br> 제1장 Mr. Jones, of the Manor Farm, had locked the hen-houses for the night, but was too drunk to remember to shut the pop-holes. With the ring of light from his lantern dancing from side to side, he lurched across the yard, kicked off his boots at the back door, drew himself a last glass of beer from the barrel in the scullery, and made his way up to bed, where Mrs. Jones was already snoring.<br> 매너 농장의 존스 씨는 밤을 맞아 닭장을 잠갔지만, 너무 취해서 닭들이 드나드는 구멍을 닫는 것을 잊어버렸습니다. 등불의 불빛이 좌우로 흔들리는 가운데, 그는 비틀거리며 마당을 가로질러, 뒷문에서 부츠를 벗어 던지고, 부엌 찬장에 있는 맥주통에서 마지막 맥주 한 잔을 따라 마신 후, 존스 부인이 이미 코를 골며 자고 있는 침실로 올라갔습니다. As soon as the light in the bedroom went out there was a stirring and a fluttering all through the farm buildings. Word had gone round during the day that old Major, the prize Middle White boar, had had a strange dream on the previous night and wished to communicate it to the other animals. It had been agreed that they should all meet in the big barn as soon as Mr. Jones was safely out of the way. Old Major (so he was always called, though the name under which he had been exhibited was Willingdon Beauty) was so highly regarded on the farm that everyone was quite ready to lose an hour's sleep in order to hear what he had to say. <br> 침실의 불이 꺼지자마자, 농장 건물 전체에 걸쳐 (동물들의) 소란과 분주함이 감돌았습니다. 낮 동안에 그 상급 '미들 화이트' 종 수퇘지인 늙은 메이저가 지난밤 이상한 꿈을 꾸었으며, 그것을 다른 동물들에게 전달하고 싶어 한다는 말이 돌았습니다. 존스 씨가 확실히 방해되지 않는 곳으로 가자마자 그들 모두가 큰 창고에서 만나기로 합의되었습니다. 늙은 메이저(그가 가축전시회에 나갔을 때의 이름은 '윌링던의 미남'이였지만, 그는 항상 그렇게 불렸습니다)는 농장에서 매우 높게 평가받고 있었기에, 모두가 그가 할 말을 듣기 위해 기꺼이 한 시간의 잠을 포기할 준비가 되어 있었습니다. At one end of the big barn, on a sort of raised platform, Major was already ensconced on his bed of straw, under a lantern which hung from a beam. He was twelve years old and had lately grown rather stout, but he was still a majestic-looking pig, with a wise and benevolent appearance in spite of the fact that his tushes had never been cut. Before long the other animals began to arrive and make themselves comfortable after their different fashions. First came the three dogs, Bluebell, Jessie, and Pincher, and then the pigs, who settled down in the straw immediately in front of the platform. The hens perched themselves on the window-sills, the pigeons fluttered up to the rafters, the sheep and cows lay down behind the pigs and began to chew the cud. The two cart-horses, Boxer and Clover, came in together, walking very slowly and setting down their vast hairy hoofs with great care lest there should be some small animal concealed in the straw. Clover was a stout motherly mare approaching middle life, who had never quite got her figure back after her fourth foal. Boxer was an enormous beast, nearly eighteen hands high, and as strong as any two ordinary horses put together. A white stripe down his nose gave him a somewhat stupid appearance, and in fact he was not of first-rate intelligence, but he was universally respected for his steadiness of character and tremendous powers of work. After the horses came Muriel, the white goat, and Benjamin, the donkey. Benjamin was the oldest animal on the farm, and the worst tempered. He seldom talked, and when he did, it was usually to make some cynical remark--for instance, he would say that God had given him a tail to keep the flies off, but that he would sooner have had no tail and no flies. Alone among the animals on the farm he never laughed. If asked why, he would say that he saw nothing to laugh at. Nevertheless, without openly admitting it, he was devoted to Boxer; the two of them usually spent their Sundays together in the small paddock beyond the orchard, grazing side by side and never speaking.<br> 큰 창고의 한쪽 끝, 일종의 높여진 플랫폼(무대) 위에, 메이저는 들보로부터 매달려 있는 랜턴 아래의 그의 짚 침대 위에 이미 편안하게 자리를 잡고 있었습니다. 그는 12살이었고 최근에 다소 뚱뚱해졌지만, 그의 엄니가 한 번도 잘린 적이 없다는 사실에도 불구하고, 그는 여전히 지혜롭고 자애로운 외모를 가진 위엄 있어 보이는 돼지였습니다. 오래지 않아 다른 동물들이 도착하기 시작했고 그들의 서로 다른 방식에 따라 스스로를 편안하게 만들었습니다(자리를 잡았습니다). 먼저 블루벨, 제시, 핀처라는 세 마리의 개가 왔고, 그다음에는 돼지들이 왔는데, 그들은 플랫폼 바로 앞의 짚 속에 정착했습니다. 암탉들은 창문 턱 위에 스스로를 앉혔고, 비둘기들은 서까래 위로 파닥거리며 올라갔으며, 양들과 소들은 돼지들 뒤에 누워 되새김질을 하기 시작했습니다. 두 마리의 짐수레 말인 복서와 클로버가 함께 들어왔는데, 짚 속에 숨어 있는 어떤 작은 동물이라도 있을까 봐 매우 천천히 걸으며 그들의 거대하고 털이 많은 발굽을 엄청난 주의를 기울여 내디뎠습니다. 클로버는 중년에 접어드는 뚱뚱하고 어머니 같은 암말이었는데, 그녀의 네 번째 망아지를 낳은 이후 그녀의 몸매를 결코 완전히 되찾지 못했습니다. 복서는 거의 18핸드(약 183cm) 높이에 이르는 거대한 짐승이었고, 합쳐진 어떤 평범한 말 두 마리만큼이나 힘이 셌습니다. 코를 따라 내려오는 흰색 줄무늬는 그에게 다소 어리석은 외모를 주었고, 사실 그는 일류의( 뛰어난) 지능은 아니었지만, 그의 성격의 꾸준함과 엄청난 작업 능력으로 인해 보편적으로(모두에게) 존경받았습니다. 말들 다음에는 흰 염소인 뮤리엘과 당나귀인 벤자민이 왔습니다. 벤자민은 농장에서 가장 나이가 많은 동물이었고, 성격이 가장 나빴습니다. 그는 좀처럼 말하지 않았고, 그가 말을 할 때는 대개 어떤 냉소적인 발언을 하기 위해서였습니다. 예를 들어, 그는 신이 그에게 파리를 쫓아내라고 꼬리를 주셨지만, 차라리 꼬리도 없고 파리도 없는 것이 더 좋았겠다고 말하곤 했습니다. 농장의 동물들 중에서 홀로 그는 결코 웃지 않았습니다. 왜냐고 질문을 받으면, 그는 웃을 만한 것을 아무것도 보지 못했다고 말하곤 했습니다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 그것을 공개적으로 인정하지는 않으면서도, 그는 복서에게 헌신적이었습니다. 그들 둘은 대개 과수원 너머의 작은 방목지에서 그들의 일요일을 함께 보냈는데, 나란히 풀을 뜯으며 결코 말하지 않았습니다. The two horses had just lain down when a brood of ducklings, which had lost their mother, filed into the barn, cheeping feebly and wandering from side to side to find some place where they would not be trodden on. Clover made a sort of wall round them with her great foreleg, and the ducklings nestled down inside it and promptly fell asleep. At the last moment Mollie, the foolish, pretty white mare who drew Mr. Jones's trap, came mincing daintily in, chewing at a lump of sugar. She took a place near the front and began flirting her white mane, hoping to draw attention to the red ribbons it was plaited with. Last of all came the cat, who looked round, as usual, for the warmest place, and finally squeezed herself in between Boxer and Clover; there she purred contentedly throughout Major's speech without listening to a word of what he was saying.<br> 그 두 마리의 말이 막 누웠을 때, 그들의 엄마를 잃어버린 오리 새끼 한 무리가, 힘없이 삐약거리고 그들이 밟히지 않을 어떤 장소를 찾기 위해 이리저리 헤매며 창고 안으로 줄을 지어 들어왔습니다. 클로버는 그녀의 거대한 앞다리로 그들 주위에 일종의 벽을 만들어 주었고, 오리 새끼들은 그 안에 아늑하게 자리를 잡고 즉시 잠이 들었습니다. 마지막 순간에, 존스 씨의 이인승 마차를 끌던 어리석고 예쁜 흰색 암말인 몰리가 설탕 덩어리를 씹으며 얌전 빼며 우아하게 걸어 들어왔습니다. 그녀는 앞쪽 근처에 자리를 잡았고, 그것(갈기)에 땋아져 있는 빨간 리본들로 주의를 끌기를 희망하면서 그녀의 하얀 갈기를 살랑거리기 시작했습니다. 가장 마지막으로 고양이가 왔는데, 그녀는 늘 그렇듯 가장 따뜻한 장소를 찾아 주위를 둘러보았고, 마침내 복서와 클로버 사이에 스스로를 밀어 넣었습니다. 거기서 그녀는 메이저가 말하고 있는 것의 단 한 단어도 듣지 않으면서, 메이저의 연설 내내 만족스럽게 갸르릉거렸습니다. All the animals were now present except Moses, the tame raven, who slept on a perch behind the back door. When Major saw that they had all made themselves comfortable and were waiting attentively, he cleared his throat and began: <br> 뒷문 뒤의 홰 위에서 잠을 자는 길들여진 까마귀인 모세를 제외하고는 모든 동물들이 이제 참석해 있었습니다. 메이저가 그들 모두가 스스로를 편안하게 만들고(자리를 잡고) 주의 깊게 기다리고 있는 것을 보았을 때, 그는 그의 목청을 가다듬고 시작했습니다: "Comrades, you have heard already about the strange dream that I had last night. But I will come to the dream later. I have something else to say first. I do not think, comrades, that I shall be with you for many months longer, and before I die, I feel it my duty to pass on to you such wisdom as I have acquired. I have had a long life, I have had much time for thought as I lay alone in my stall, and I think I may say that I understand the nature of life on this earth as well as any animal now living. It is about this that I wish to speak to you. <br> "동지들, 여러분은 내가 지난밤에 꾸었던 이상한 꿈에 대해 이미 들었습니다. 하지만 나는 그 꿈에 대해서는 나중에 이야기하겠습니다. 나는 먼저 말해야 할 다른 어떤 것을 가지고 있습니다. 동지들, 나는 내가 여러 달 더 이상 여러분과 함께하지 못할 것이라고 생각하며, 내가 죽기 전에, 내가 습득해 온 그러한 지혜를 여러분에게 전달하는 것이 나의 의무라고 느낍니다. 나는 긴 삶을 살았고, 나의 축사 안에 홀로 누워 있을 때 생각할 많은 시간을 가졌으며, 나는 내가 현재 살고 있는 어떤 동물 못지않게 이 지구상에서의 삶의 본질을 이해하고 있다고 말할 수 있다고 생각합니다. 내가 여러분에게 말하고자 희망하는 것은 바로 이것에 대해서입니다. "Now, comrades, what is the nature of this life of ours? Let us face it: our lives are miserable, laborious, and short. We are born, we are given just so much food as will keep the breath in our bodies, and those of us who are capable of it are forced to work to the last atom of our strength; and the very instant that our usefulness has come to an end we are slaughtered with hideous cruelty. No animal in England knows the meaning of happiness or leisure after he is a year old. No animal in England is free. The life of an animal is misery and slavery: that is the plain truth.<br> "이제, 동지들, 우리들의 이 삶의 본질은 무엇입니까? 그것을 직시합시다. 우리의 삶은 비참하고, 힘들며, 짧습니다. 우리는 태어나고, 우리의 몸속에 숨이 붙어 있게 유지해 줄 딱 그만큼의 음식만을 받으며, 그것(노동)을 할 능력이 있는 우리들 중의 이들은 우리의 힘의 마지막 한 원자(한 방울)까지 짜내어 일하도록 강요받습니다. 그리고 우리의 유용성이 끝에 다다르는 바로 그 순간에, 우리는 끔찍한 잔인함과 함께 도살당합니다. 영국의 어떤 동물도 그가 한 살이 된 이후에는 행복이나 여가의 의미를 알지 못합니다. 영국의 어떤 동물도 자유롭지 않습니다. 동물의 삶은 비참함과 노예 상태입니다. 그것이 명백한 진실입니다. "But is this simply part of the order of nature? Is it because this land of ours is so poor that it cannot afford a decent life to those who dwell upon it? No, comrades, a thousand times no! The soil of England is fertile, its climate is good, it is capable of affording food in abundance to an enormously greater number of animals than now inhabit it. This single farm of ours would support a dozen horses, twenty cows, hundreds of sheep--and all of them living in a comfort and a dignity that are now almost beyond our imagining. Why then do we continue in this miserable condition? Because nearly the whole of the produce of our labour is stolen from us by human beings. There, comrades, is the answer to all our problems. It is summed up in a single word--Man. Man is the only real enemy we have. Remove Man from the scene, and the root cause of hunger and overwork is abolished for ever.<br> "그러나 이것은 단순히 자연의 질서의 일부입니까? 그것은 우리들의 이 땅이 너무 가난해서 그 위에 거주하는 이들에게 괜찮은(품위 있는) 삶을 제공할 여유가 없기 때문입니까? 아닙니다, 동지들, 천 번이고 아닙니다! 영국의 토양은 비옥하고, 그것의 기후는 좋으며, 그것은 현재 그것에 서식하는 것보다 훨씬 더 엄청나게 많은 수의 동물들에게 풍부한 음식을 제공할 능력이 있습니다. 우리들의 이 단 하나의 농장만으로도 열두 마리의 말, 스무 마리의 소, 수백 마리의 양을 부양할 수 있을 것이며—그리고 그들 모두는 지금은 우리의 상상을 거의 초월하는 편안함과 존엄함 속에서 살아가게 될 것입니다. 그렇다면 왜 우리는 이 비참한 상태를 지속하고 있습니까? 왜냐하면 우리 노동의 생산물의 거의 전부가 인간들에 의해 우리로부터 도둑맞고 있기 때문입니다. 동지들, 거기에 우리 모든 문제에 대한 답이 있습니다. 그것은 단 하나의 단어로 요약됩니다—인간. 인간은 우리가 가진 유일한 진짜 적입니다. 장면(무대)에서 인간을 제거하십시오, 그러면 굶주림과 과로의 근본 원인은 영원히 폐지됩니다. "Man is the only creature that consumes without producing. He does not give milk, he does not lay eggs, he is too weak to pull the plough, he cannot run fast enough to catch rabbits. Yet he is lord of all the animals. He sets them to work, he gives back to them the bare minimum that will prevent them from starving, and the rest he keeps for himself. Our labour tills the soil, our dung fertilises it, and yet there is not one of us that owns more than his bare skin. You cows that I see before me, how many thousands of gallons of milk have you given during this last year? And what has happened to that milk which should have been breeding up sturdy calves? Every drop of it has gone down the throats of our enemies. And you hens, how many eggs have you laid in this last year, and how many of those eggs ever hatched into chickens? The rest have all gone to market to bring in money for Jones and his men. And you, Clover, where are those four foals you bore, who should have been the support and pleasure of your old age? Each was sold at a year old--you will never see one of them again. In return for your four confinements and all your labour in the fields, what have you ever had except your bare rations and a stall?<br> "인간은 생산하지 않으면서 소비하는 유일한 생명체입니다. 그는 우유를 주지도 않고, 알을 낳지도 않으며, 쟁기를 끌기에는 너무 약하고, 토끼를 잡을 만큼 충분히 빠르게 달릴 수도 없습니다. 하지만 그는 모든 동물들의 주인입니다. 그는 그들에게 일을 시키고, 그들에게 그들이 굶어 죽는 것을 방지할 간신히의 최소한(최저한도)만을 돌려주며, 나머지는 자신을 위해 보관합니다. 우리의 노동이 토양을 갈고, 우리의 배설물이 그것을 비옥하게 하지만, 그럼에도 우리들 중 그의 맨살(가진 것 없는 몸뚱이)보다 더 많은 것을 소유한 이는 단 하나도 없습니다. 내 앞에 보이는 당신들 암소들, 당신들은 이 지난 한 해 동안 얼마나 많은 수천 갤런의 우유를 주었습니까? 그리고 튼튼한 송아지들을 길러내고 있었어야 마땅한 그 우유에 무슨 일이 일어났습니까? 그것의 모든 한 방울은 우리 원수들의 목구멍 아래로 내려갔습니다. 그리고 당신들 암탉들, 당신들은 이 지난 한 해 동안 얼마나 많은 알을 낳았으며, 그 알들 중 얼마나 많은 수가 단 한 번이라도 병아리로 부화했습니까? 나머지는 모두 존스와 그의 부하들을 위한 돈을 가져오기 위해 시장으로 갔습니다. 그리고 당신, 클로버, 당신의 노년의 부양과 기쁨이 되었어야 마땅한, 당신이 낳은 그 네 마리의 망아지들은 어디에 있습니까? 각각은 한 살 때 팔렸습니다—당신은 결코 그들 중 단 한 마리도 다시는 보지 못할 것입니다. 당신의 네 번의 출산과 들판에서의 당신의 모든 노동에 대한 대가로, 당신의 간신히의 배급량과 축사 한 칸을 제외하고 당신이 가져본 것이 도대체 무엇이 있습니까? "And even the miserable lives we lead are not allowed to reach their natural span. For myself I do not grumble, for I am one of the lucky ones. I am twelve years old and have had over four hundred children. Such is the natural life of a pig. But no animal escapes the cruel knife in the end. You young porkers who are sitting in front of me, every one of you will scream your lives out at the block within a year. To that horror we all must come--cows, pigs, hens, sheep, everyone. Even the horses and the dogs have no better fate. You, Boxer, the very day that those great muscles of yours lose their power, Jones will sell you to the knacker, who will cut your throat and boil you down for the foxhounds. As for the dogs, when they grow old and toothless, Jones ties a brick round their necks and drowns them in the nearest pond. <br> "그리고 심지어 우리가 이끄는(영위하는) 비참한 삶들조차 그것들의 자연적인 수명에 도달하도록 허용되지 않습니다. 내 자신으로 말하자면 나는 불평하지 않는데, 왜냐하면 내가 운이 좋은 자들 중 하나이기 때문입니다. 나는 12살이고 400마리가 넘는 자식들을 가졌습니다. 그러한 것이 돼지의 자연적인 삶입니다. 그러나 결국 그 어떤 동물도 잔인한 칼날을 피하지 못합니다. 내 앞에 앉아 있는 당신들 젊은 육용돈(젊은 돼지)들, 당신들 모두는 1년 이내에 도살대 위에서 당신들의 생명이 다하도록 비명을 지르게 될 것입니다. 우리 모두는 그 공포로 나아가야만 합니다—암소들, 돼지들, 암탉들, 양들, 모두가 말입니다. 심지어 말들과 개들조차 더 나은 운명을 가지지 못합니다. 당신, 복서, 당신의 그 거대한 근육들이 그것들의 힘을 잃는 바로 그날, 존스는 당신을 도축업자(폐마 도축업자)에게 팔아넘길 것이고, 그는 당신의 목을 자르고 여우 사냥개들을 위해 당신을 삶아 버릴 것입니다. 개들로 말하자면, 그들이 늙고 이빨이 빠질 때, 존스는 그들의 목 주위에 벽돌을 묶고 가장 가까운 연못에 그들을 익사시킵니다. "Is it not crystal clear, then, comrades, that all the evils of this life of ours spring from the tyranny of human beings? Only get rid of Man, and the produce of our labour would be our own. Almost overnight we could become rich and free. What then must we do? Why, work night and day, body and soul, for the overthrow of the human race! That is my message to you, comrades: Rebellion! I do not know when that Rebellion will come, it might be in a week or in a hundred years, but I know, as surely as I see this straw beneath my feet, that sooner or later justice will be done. Fix your eyes on that, comrades, throughout the short remainder of your lives! And above all, pass on this message of mine to those who come after you, so that future generations shall carry on the struggle until it is victorious.<br> "그렇다면 동지들, 우리들의 이 삶의 모든 악이 인간들의 폭정으로부터 솟아난다는(비롯된다는) 것이 수정처럼 투명하게 명백하지(명약관화하지) 않습니까? 오직 인간만을 제거하십시오, 그러면 우리 노동의 생산물은 우리 자신의 것이 될 것입니다. 거의 하룻밤 사이에 우리는 부유해지고 자유로워질 수 있습니다. 그렇다면 우리는 무엇을 해야 합니까? 자, 인류의 타도를 위해 밤낮으로, 몸과 영혼을 바쳐 일하십시오! 동지들, 그것이 여러분에게 보내는 나의 메시지입니다. 바로 반란입니다! 나는 그 반란이 언제 올지 알지 못하며, 그것은 일주일 뒤일 수도 있고 백 년 뒤일 수도 있지만, 내가 내 발아래에 있는 이 짚을 보는 것만큼이나 확실하게, 머지않아 정의가 실현될 것임을 나는 압니다. 동지들, 여러분의 짧은 남은 삶 동안 그것에 여러분의 눈을 고정하십시오! 그리고 무엇보다도, 미래의 세대들이 그것이 승리할 때까지 그 투쟁을 계속해 나갈 수 있도록, 나의 이 메시지를 여러분 뒤에 오는 이들에게 전달하십시오. "And remember, comrades, your resolution must never falter. No argument must lead you astray. Never listen when they tell you that Man and the animals have a common interest, that the prosperity of the one is the prosperity of the others. It is all lies. Man serves the interests of no creature except himself. And among us animals let there be perfect unity, perfect comradeship in the struggle. All men are enemies. All animals are comrades." <br> "그리고 기억하십시오, 동지들, 여러분의 결의는 결코 흔들려서 안 됩니다. 어떤 주장도 여러분을 타락한 길로(잘못된 길로) 이끌어서는 안 됩니다. 인간과 동물이 공통의 이익을 가지고 있으며, 한쪽의 번영이 다른 쪽들의 번영이라고 그들이 여러분에게 말할 때 결코 듣지 마십시오. 그것은 모두 거짓말입니다. 인간은 자신을 제외하고는 그 어떤 생명체의 이익도 돌보지 않습니다. 그리고 우리 동물들 사이에는 투쟁 속에서 완벽한 단결, 완벽한 동지애가 있게 하십시오. 모든 인간은 원수입니다. 모든 동물은 동지입니다." At this moment there was a tremendous uproar. While Major was speaking four large rats had crept out of their holes and were sitting on their hindquarters, listening to him. The dogs had suddenly caught sight of them, and it was only by a swift dash for their holes that the rats saved their lives. Major raised his trotter for silence.<br> 이 순간에 엄청난 소란이 있었습니다. 메이저가 말하고 있는 동안 네 마리의 거대한 쥐들이 그들의 구멍 밖으로 살금살금 기어 나와 그들의 뒷동서리를 대고 앉아, 그(의 말)를 듣고 있었습니다. 개들이 갑자기 그들을 포착했고, 쥐들이 그들의 생명을 구한 것은 오직 그들의 구멍을 향한 빠른 돌진에 의해서였습니다. 메이저는 침묵을 위해 그의 앞발을 들어 올렸습니다. "Comrades," he said, "here is a point that must be settled. The wild creatures, such as rats and rabbits--are they our friends or our enemies? Let us put it to the vote. I propose this question to the meeting: Are rats comrades?" <br> "동지들," 그가 말했습니다, "여기 해결되어야만 하는 한 가지 논점이 있습니다. 쥐들과 토끼들 같은 야생의 생명체들—그들은 우리의 친구입니까 아니면 우리의 원수입니까? 그것을 투표에 부칩시다. 나는 회의에 이 질문을 제안합니다: 쥐들은 동지입니까?" The vote was taken at once, and it was agreed by an overwhelming majority that rats were comrades. There were only four dissentients, the three dogs and the cat, who was afterwards discovered to have voted on both sides. Major continued: <br> 투표는 즉시 취해졌고(실시되었고), 쥐들은 동지라는 것이 압도적인 대다수에 의해 합의되었습니다. 오직 네 마리의 반대자들만 있었는데, 세 마리의 개와 고양이였으며, 고양이는 나중에 양쪽 모두에 투표했던 것으로 발견되었습니다(밝혀졌습니다). 메이저는 계속했습니다: "I have little more to say. I merely repeat, remember always your duty of enmity towards Man and all his ways. Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend. And remember also that in fighting against Man, we must not come to resemble him. Even when you have conquered him, do not adopt his vices. No animal must ever live in a house, or sleep in a bed, or wear clothes, or drink alcohol, or smoke tobacco, or touch money, or engage in trade. All the habits of Man are evil. And, above all, no animal must ever tyrannise over his own kind. Weak or strong, clever or simple, we are all brothers. No animal must ever kill any other animal. All animals are equal. <br> "나는 더 말할 것이 거의 없습니다. 나는 단지 되풀이할 뿐이니, 인간과 그의 모든 방식들을 향한 여러분의 원수다움(적대감)의 의무를 항상 기억하십시오. 두 다리로 걷는 것은 무엇이든 적입니다. 네 다리로 걷거나, 날개를 가진 것은 무엇이든 친구입니다. 그리고 인간을 대항하여 싸우는 와중에, 우리가 그를 닮아가지 말아야 한다는 것 또한 기억하십시오. 심지어 여러분이 그를 정복했을 때라도, 그의 악덕들을 채택(모방)하지 마십시오. 어떤 동물도 결코 집 안에서 살아서는 안 되며, 침대에서 잠을 자서도 안 되고, 옷을 입어서도 안 되며, 술을 마셔서도 안 되고, 담배를 피워서도 안 되며, 돈을 만져서도 안 되고, 무역(상거래)에 종사해서도 안 됩니다. 인간의 모든 습관들은 악합니다. 그리고, 무엇보다도, 어떤 동물도 결코 그의 동족 위에서 폭정을 휘둘러서는 안 됩니다. 약하든 강하든, 똑똑하든 단순(어리석든)하든, 우리는 모두 형제들입니다. 어떤 동물도 결코 다른 어떤 동물을 죽여서는 안 됩니다. 모든 동물들은 평등합니다. "And now, comrades, I will tell you about my dream of last night. I cannot describe that dream to you. It was a dream of the earth as it will be when Man has vanished. But it reminded me of something that I had long forgotten. Many years ago, when I was a little pig, my mother and the other sows used to sing an old song of which they knew only the tune and the first three words. I had known that tune in my infancy, but it had long since passed out of my mind. Last night, however, it came back to me in my dream. And what is more, the words of the song also came back-words, I am certain, which were sung by the animals of long ago and have been lost to memory for generations. I will sing you that song now, comrades. I am old and my voice is hoarse, but when I have taught you the tune, you can sing it better for yourselves. It is called 'Beasts of England'." <br> "그리고 이제, 동지들, 나는 여러분에게 나의 지난밤의 꿈에 대해 말하겠습니다. 나는 그 꿈을 여러분에게 묘사할 수 없습니다. 그것은 인간이 사라졌을 때의 있을 바와 같은 지구에 대한 꿈이었습니다. 그러나 그것은 내가 오랫동안 잊고 있었던 어떤 것을 나에게 상기시켜 주었습니다. 수년 전, 내가 작은 돼지였을 때, 나의 어머니와 다른 씨돼지(암돼지)들은 그들이 오직 그것의 곡조와 첫 세 단어만을 알고 있었던 한 오래된 노래를 부르곤 했습니다. 나는 나의 유아기에 그 곡조를 알고 있었지만, 그것은 오래전에 나의 마음 밖으로 지나가 버렸습니다(잊혀졌습니다). 그러나 지난밤, 그것이 나의 꿈속에서 나에게 다시 돌아왔습니다. 그리고 더욱이, 그 노래의 가사들 또한 돌아왔는데—내가 확신하건대, 아주 옛날의 동물들에 의해 불렸고 세대 동안 기억에서 사라졌던 그러한 가사들입니다. 동지들, 나는 지금 여러분에게 그 노래를 불러 주겠습니다. 나는 늙었고 나의 목소리는 쉰 목소리이지만, 내가 여러분에게 그 곡조를 가르쳐 주고 나면, 여러분 스스로가 그것을 더 잘 부를 수 있습니다. 그것은 '영국의 동물들'이라고 불립니다." Old Major cleared his throat and began to sing. As he had said, his voice was hoarse, but he sang well enough, and it was a stirring tune, something between 'Clementine' and 'La Cucaracha'. The words ran: <br> 늙은 메이저는 그의 목청을 가다듬고 노래하기 시작했습니다. 그가 말했었던 것처럼, 그의 목소리는 쉰 목소리였지만, 그는 충분히 잘 불렀고, 그것은 '클레멘타인'과 '라 쿠카라차' 사이의 어떤 것과 같은, 마음을 뒤흔드는 곡조였습니다. 가사는 다음과 같이 흘러갔습니다: <table> <tr> <td> Beasts of England, beasts of Ireland, Beasts of every land and clime, Hearken to my joyful tidings Of the golden future time. Soon or late the day is coming, Tyrant Man shall be o'erthrown, And the fruitful fields of England Shall be trod by beasts alone. Rings shall vanish from our noses, And the harness from our back, Bit and spur shall rust forever, Cruel whips no more shall crack. Riches more than mind can picture, Wheat and barley, oats and hay, Clover, beans, and mangel-wurzels Shall be ours upon that day. Bright will shine the fields of England, Purer shall its waters be, Sweeter yet shall blow its breezes On the day that sets us free. For that day we all must labour, Though we die before it break; Cows and horses, geese and turkeys, All must toil for freedom's sake. Beasts of England, beasts of Ireland, Beasts of every land and clime, Hearken well and spread my tidings Of the golden future time. </td> <td> 영국의 동물들이여, 아일랜드의 동물들이여, 모든 땅과 기후의 동물들이여, 황금빛 미래 시대에 대한 나의 기쁜 소식에 귀를 기울이십시오. 조만간 그날이 오고 있으니, 폭군 인간은 타도될 것이요, 그리고 영국의 결실 가득한 들판은 오직 동물들에 의해서만 밟힐 것입니다. 고리들은 우리의 코에서 사라질 것이요, 그리고 마구는 우리의 등에서 (사라질 것입니다), 재갈과 박차는 영원히 녹슬 것이며, 잔인한 채찍은 더 이상 소리를 내지 못할 것입니다. 마음이 상상할 수 있는 것보다 더 많은 부, 밀과 보리, 귀리와 건초, 클로버, 콩, 그리고 사탕무가 바로 그날에 우리의 것이 될 것입니다. 영국의 들판은 밝게 빛날 것이요, 그것의 물은 더 맑아질 것이며, 그것의 산들바람은 더욱 달콤하게 불어올 것입니다, 우리를 자유롭게 해 주는 바로 그날에. 그날을 위해 우리 모두는 노동해야만 합니다, 비록 그것이 밝아오기 전에 우리가 죽을지라도. 암소들과 말들, 거위들과 칠면조들, 모두가 자유를 위해 힘들게 일해야만 합니다. 영국의 동물들이여, 아일랜드의 동물들이여, 모든 땅과 기후의 동물들이여, 잘 귀를 기울이고 나의 소식을 퍼뜨리십시오, 황금빛 미래 시대에 대한 (소식을). </td> </tr> </table> The singing of this song threw the animals into the wildest excitement. Almost before Major had reached the end, they had begun singing it for themselves. Even the stupidest of them had already picked up the tune and a few of the words, and as for the clever ones, such as the pigs and dogs, they had the entire song by heart within a few minutes. And then, after a few preliminary tries, the whole farm burst out into 'Beasts of England' in tremendous unison. The cows lowed it, the dogs whined it, the sheep bleated it, the horses whinnied it, the ducks quacked it. They were so delighted with the song that they sang it right through five times in succession, and might have continued singing it all night if they had not been interrupted. <br> 이 노래의 가창은 동물들을 가장 격렬한 흥분 속으로 몰아넣었습니다. 메이저가 끝에 도달하기 거의 전에, 그들은 그것을 그들 스스로 부르기 시작했었습니다. 그들 중 가장 어리석은 이들조차 이미 그 곡조와 몇 개의 단어들을 익혔고, 돼지들과 개들 같은 영리한 이들로 말하자면, 그들은 몇 분 안에 노래 전체를 마음으로(암기하여) 가졌습니다. 그러고 나서, 몇 번의 예비적인 시도 후에, 온 농장이 엄청난 일제히(제창) 속에서 '영국의 동물들'로 터져 나왔습니다. 암소들은 그것을 음매하고 울었고, 개들은 깽깽하며 울었으며, 양들은 매애하고 울었고, 말들은 히힝하고 울었고, 오리들은 꽥꽥하며 울었습니다. 그들은 그 노래에 너무나 기뻐서 그것을 연속으로 바로 다섯 번 통틀어 불렀고, 만약 그들이 방해받지 않았었더라면 밤새도록 그것을 계속 불렀을지도 모릅니다. Unfortunately, the uproar awoke Mr. Jones, who sprang out of bed, making sure that there was a fox in the yard. He seized the gun which always stood in a corner of his bedroom, and let fly a charge of number 6 shot into the darkness. The pellets buried themselves in the wall of the barn and the meeting broke up hurriedly. Everyone fled to his own sleeping-place. The birds jumped on to their perches, the animals settled down in the straw, and the whole farm was asleep in a moment. <br> 불행하게도, 그 소란이 존스 씨를 깨웠고, 그는 마당에 여우가 있다고 확신하면서 침대 밖으로 튀어 올랐습니다. 그는 그의 침실 구석에 항상 서 있던 총을 붙잡았고, 어둠 속으로 6호 산탄 한 발을 날려 보냈습니다. 그 산탄 알갱이들은 창고 벽속에 박혔고 회의는 서둘러 해산되었습니다. 모두가 그 자신의 잠자리로 도망쳤습니다. 새들은 그들의 홰 위로 뛰어올랐고, 동물들은 짚 속에 자리를 잡았으며, 온 농장은 순식간에 잠들었습니다. Chapter II 제2장 Three nights later old Major died peacefully in his sleep. His body was buried at the foot of the orchard. <br> 사흘 밤 뒤에 늙은 메이저는 그의 잠 속에서 평화롭게 죽었습니다. 그의 몸은 과수원의 기슭에 묻혔습니다. This was early in March. During the next three months there was much secret activity. Major's speech had given to the more intelligent animals on the farm a completely new outlook on life. They did not know when the Rebellion predicted by Major would take place, they had no reason for thinking that it would be within their own lifetime, but they saw clearly that it was their duty to prepare for it. The work of teaching and organising the others fell naturally upon the pigs, who were generally recognised as being the cleverest of the animals. Pre-eminent among the pigs were two young boars named Snowball and Napoleon, whom Mr. Jones was breeding up for sale. Napoleon was a large, rather fierce-looking Berkshire boar, the only Berkshire on the farm, not much of a talker, but with a reputation for getting his own way. Snowball was a more vivacious pig than Napoleon, quicker in speech and more inventive, but was not considered to have the same depth of character. All the other male pigs on the farm were porkers. The best known among them was a small fat pig named Squealer, with very round cheeks, twinkling eyes, nimble movements, and a shrill voice. He was a brilliant talker, and when he was arguing some difficult point he had a way of skipping from side to side and whisking his tail which was somehow very persuasive. The others said of Squealer that he could turn black into white.<br> 이것은 3월 초순이었다. 다음 3달 동안에는 많은 비밀스러운 활동이 있었다. 메이저의 연설은 농장에서 더 똑똑한 동물들에게 삶에 대한 완전히 새로운 관점을 주었다. 그들은 메이저에 의해 예언된 그 반란이 언제 일어날지 알지 못했고, 그것이 그들 자신의 생애 내에 있을 것이라고 생각할 아무런 이유도 없었지만, 그러나 그들은 그것을 준비하는 것이 자신들의 의무라는 것을 명확히 보았다(알았다). 다른 동물들을 가르치고 조직하는 일은 자연스럽게 돼지들에게 떨어졌는데(맡겨졌는데), 그들은 일반적으로 동물들 중에서 가장 영리한 것으로 인정받고 있었다. 돼지들 중에서 탁월한 이들은 스노볼과 나폴레옹이라는 이름의 두 마리 젊은 수컷씨돼지들이었는데, 존스 씨가 판매를 위해 기르고 있는 중이었다. 나폴레옹은 크고, 다소 사납게 생겼으며, 농장에서 유일한 버크셔 종 수멧돼지였는데, 말수가 많지 않았지만, 자기 방식대로 해내고야 만다는(고집을 관철한다는) 평판을 가지고 있었다. 스노볼은 나폴레옹보다 더 활기 넘치는 돼지였고, 말이 더 빨랐으며 더 독창적이었지만, 성격의 깊이가 똑같이 깊다고는 여겨지지 않았다. 농장의 다른 모든 수컷 돼지들은 (살을 찌운) 식육용 돼지들이었다. 그들 중에서 가장 잘 알려진 이는 스퀼러라는 이름의 작고 뚱뚱한 돼지였는데, 매우 둥근 뺨, 반짝이는 눈, 민첩한 움직임, 그리고 날카로운 목소리를 가지고 있었다. 그는 뛰어난 달변가였고, 그가 어떤 어려운 논점을 논쟁하고 있을 때, 그는 이쪽저쪽으로 깡충깡충 뛰며 그의 꼬리를 휙휙 흔드는 방식을 가지고 있었는데, 그것은 어쩐지 매우 설득력이 있었다. 다른 동물들은 스퀼러에 대해 그가 검은 것을 흰 것으로 바꿀 수도 있다고 말했다. These three had elaborated old Major's teachings into a complete system of thought, to which they gave the name of Animalism. Several nights a week, after Mr. Jones was asleep, they held secret meetings in the barn and expounded the principles of Animalism to the others. At the beginning they met with much stupidity and apathy. Some of the animals talked of the duty of loyalty to Mr. Jones, whom they referred to as "Master," or made elementary remarks such as "Mr. Jones feeds us. If he were gone, we should starve to death." Others asked such questions as "Why should we care what happens after we are dead?" or "If this Rebellion is to happen anyway, what difference does it make whether we work for it or not?", and the pigs had great difficulty in making them see that this was contrary to the spirit of Animalism. The stupidest questions of all were asked by Mollie, the white mare. The very first question she asked Snowball was: "Will there still be sugar after the Rebellion?" <br> 이들 세 마리는 늙은 메이저의 가르침들을 하나의 완전한 사상 체계로 정교하게 발전시켰으며, 그것에 '동물주의(Animalism)'라는 이름을 부여했다. 일주일에 몇 번씩 밤마다, 존스 씨가 잠든 후에, 그들은 헛간에서 비밀 집회를 열었고 다른 동물들에게 동물주의의 원칙들을 상세히 설명했다. 시작 단계에서 그들은 많은 어리석음과 냉담함에 부딪혔다. 동물들 중 일부는 자신들이 "주인님"이라고 부르는 존스 씨에 대한 충성의 의무를 말하거나, "존스 씨는 우리를 먹여 살려준다. 만약 그가 사라진다면, 우리는 굶어 죽을 것이다"와 같은 초보적인 발언을 했다. 다른 동물들은 "우리가 죽은 후에 무슨 일이 일어나든 우리가 왜 신경 써야 하지?"라거나 "만약 이 반란이 어차피 일어날 운명이라면, 우리가 그것을 위해 일하든 안 하든 무슨 차이가 있지?"와 같은 질문들을 던졌고, 돼지들은 이것이 동물주의의 정신에 어긋나는 것임을 그들에게 이해시키는 데 큰 어려움을 겪었다. 모든 질문 중에서 가장 어리석은 질문들은 흰색 암말인 몰리에 의해 질문되었다. 그녀가 스노볼에게 던진 아주 첫 번째 질문은 "반란 후에도 여전히 설탕이 있을까요?"였다. "No," said Snowball firmly. "We have no means of making sugar on this farm. Besides, you do not need sugar. You will have all the oats and hay you want." <br> "아니오," 스노볼이 단호하게 말했다. " 우리는 이 농장에서 설탕을 만들 수 있는 수단을 가지고 있지 않소. 게다가, 당신은 설탕이 필요하지 않소. 당신은 당신이 원하는 모든 귀리와 건초를 가지게 될 것이오." "And shall I still be allowed to wear ribbons in my mane?" asked Mollie. <br> "그리고 내가 내 갈기에 여전히 리본을 착용하는 것이 허용될까요?" 몰리가 물었다. "Comrade," said Snowball, "those ribbons that you are so devoted to are the badge of slavery. Can you not understand that liberty is worth more than ribbons?" <br> "동무," 스노볼이 말했다, "당신이 그토록 애지중지하는 그 리본들은 노예 제도의 상징(징표)이오. 자유가 리본들보다 더 가치 있다는 것을 당신은 이해하지 못하겠소?" Mollie agreed, but she did not sound very convinced. <br> 몰리는 동의했지만, 그녀의 목소리는 그리 납득한 것처럼 들리지 않았다. The pigs had an even harder struggle to counteract the lies put about by Moses, the tame raven. Moses, who was Mr. Jones's especial pet, was a spy and a tale-bearer, but he was also a clever talker. He claimed to know of the existence of a mysterious country called Sugarcandy Mountain, to which all animals went when they died. It was situated somewhere up in the sky, a little distance beyond the clouds, Moses said. In Sugarcandy Mountain it was Sunday seven days a week, clover was in season all the year round, and lump sugar and linseed cake grew on the hedges. The animals hated Moses because he told tales and did no work, but some of them believed in Sugarcandy Mountain, and the pigs had to argue very hard to persuade them that there was no such place. <br> 돼지들은 길들여진 까마귀인 모세에 의해 유포되는 거짓말들에 대응하기 위해 훨씬 더 힘든 투쟁을 해야 했다. 존스 씨의 특별한 애완동물이었던 모세는 스파이이자 밀고자였지만, 그는 또한 똑똑한 달변가였다. 그는 모든 동물들이 죽었을 때 가는 '설탕과자 산(Sugarcandy Mountain)'이라고 불리는 신비한 나라의 존재를 알고 있다고 주장했다. 모세의 말에 따르면, 그곳은 하늘 위 어딘가, 구름 너머로 조금 떨어진 곳에 위치해 있었다. 설탕과자 산에서는 일주일 중 7일이 모두 일요일이었고, 클로버(토끼풀)가 일년 내내 제철이었으며, 각설탕과 아마인박(linseed cake)<ref>아마인박亞麻仁粕 아마의 씨로 기름을 짜고 남은 찌꺼기. 사료로 쓴다.</ref>이 울타리에서 자랐다. 동물들은 모세가 밀고를 하고 아무런 일도 하지 않았기 때문에 그를 미워했지만, 그들 중 일부는 설탕과자 산을 믿었고, 돼지들은 그러한 장소는 없다는 것을 그들에게 설득하기 위해 매우 열심히 논쟁해야 했다. Their most faithful disciples were the two cart-horses, Boxer and Clover. These two had great difficulty in thinking anything out for themselves, but having once accepted the pigs as their teachers, they absorbed everything that they were told, and passed it on to the other animals by simple arguments. They were unfailing in their attendance at the secret meetings in the barn, and led the singing of 'Beasts of England', with which the meetings always ended. <br> 그들의 가장 충실한 제자들은 두 마리의 짐마차 말인 복서와 클로버였다. 이들 두 마리는 스스로 무언가를 생각해 내는 데 큰 어려움을 겪었지만, 일단 돼지들을 자신들의 스승으로 받아들인 후에는, 자신들이 들은 모든 것을 흡수했고, 그것을 단순한 논거들을 통해 다른 동물들에게 전달했다. 그들은 헛간에서 열리는 비밀 집회에 변함없이 참석했으며, 집회가 항상 그것으로 끝을 맺는 '영국의 동물들(Beasts of England)'의 제창을 이끌었다. Now, as it turned out, the Rebellion was achieved much earlier and more easily than anyone had expected. In past years Mr. Jones, although a hard master, had been a capable farmer, but of late he had fallen on evil days. He had become much disheartened after losing money in a lawsuit, and had taken to drinking more than was good for him. For whole days at a time he would lounge in his Windsor chair in the kitchen, reading the newspapers, drinking, and occasionally feeding Moses on crusts of bread soaked in beer. His men were idle and dishonest, the fields were full of weeds, the buildings wanted roofing, the hedges were neglected, and the animals were underfed.<br> 이제, 밝혀진 바와 같이, 그 반란은 어느 누구가 예상했던 것보다 훨씬 더 일찍 그리고 더 쉽게 성취되었다. 지난 수년 동안 존스 씨는, 비록 가혹한 주인이었을지라도, 유능한 농부였으나, 최근에 그는 불행한 나날들 속에 빠져 있었다. 그는 한 소송에서 돈을 잃은 후 크게 낙담하게 되었고, 그에게 이로울 것보다 더 많이 술을 마시기 시작했다. 한 번에 온종일 동안 그는 부엌에 있는 그의 윈저 의자(Windsor chair)에 털썩 앉아, 신문들을 읽고, 술을 마시며, 가끔 모세에게 맥주에 적신 빵 껍질들을 먹이곤 했다. 그의 일꾼들은 게으르고 부정직했으며, 밭들은 잡초로 가득 찼고, 건물들은 지붕 수리가 필요했으며, 울타리들은 방치되었고, 동물들은 먹이를 제대로 공급받지 못했다. June came and the hay was almost ready for cutting. On Midsummer's Eve, which was a Saturday, Mr. Jones went into Willingdon and got so drunk at the Red Lion that he did not come back till midday on Sunday. The men had milked the cows in the early morning and then had gone out rabbiting, without bothering to feed the animals. When Mr. Jones got back he immediately went to sleep on the drawing-room sofa with the News of the World over his face, so that when evening came, the animals were still unfed. At last they could stand it no longer. One of the cows broke in the door of the store-shed with her horn and all the animals began to help themselves from the bins. It was just then that Mr. Jones woke up. The next moment he and his four men were in the store-shed with whips in their hands, lashing out in all directions. This was more than the hungry animals could bear. With one accord, though nothing of the kind had been planned beforehand, they flung themselves upon their tormentors. Jones and his men suddenly found themselves being butted and kicked from all sides. The situation was quite out of their control. They had never seen animals behave like this before, and this sudden uprising of creatures whom they were used to thrashing and maltreating just as they chose, frightened them almost out of their wits. After only a moment or two they gave up trying to defend themselves and took to their heels. A minute later all five of them were in full flight down the cart-track that led to the main road, with the animals pursuing them in triumph. <br> 6월이 왔고 건초는 거의 베어낼 준비가 되어 있었다. 토요일이었던 하지 전날 밤(Midsummer's Eve), 존스 씨는 윌링던(Willingdon) 시내로 갔고, '레드 라이언(Red Lion)' 주막에서 너무 취해서 일요일 정오가 될 때까지 돌아오지 않았다. 일꾼들은 이른 아침에 소들의 젖을 짰고, 그러고는 동물들에게 먹이를 주는 것은 신경 쓰지도 않은 채 토끼 사냥을 나갔다. 존스 씨가 돌아왔을 때, 그는 곧바로 거실 소파에 누워 그의 얼굴 위에 '뉴스 오브 더 월드(News of the World)' 신문을 덮은 채 잠이 들었고, 그리하여 저녁이 왔을 때도 동물들은 여전히 먹이를 공급받지 못한 상태였다. 마침내 그들은 더 이상 그것을 견딜 수 없었다. 암소들 중 한 마리가 그녀의 뿔로 사료 창고의 문을 부수어 열었고, 모든 동물들은 보관함으로부터 마음껏 먹기 시작했다. 존스 씨가 깨어난 것은 바로 그때였다. 다음 순간, 그와 그의 일꾼 네 명은 손에 채찍을 든 채 사료 창고 안에 있었고, 사방으로 채찍을 휘둘렀다. 이것은 굶주린 동물들이 참을 수 있는 것 이상이었다. 비록 그런 종류의 일이 사전에 전혀 계획되지 않았음에도 불구하고, 그들은 일제히 자신들을 괴롭히는 자들 위로 자신들을 던졌다(덤벼들었다). 존스 씨와 그의 일꾼들은 갑자기 자신들이 모든 방향으로부터 들이받히고 걷어차이고 있는 것을 발견했다. 상황은 완전히 그들의 통제를 벗어났다. 그들은 동물들이 이전에 이처럼 행동하는 것을 결코 본 적이 없었으며, 자신들이 마음먹은 대로 채찍질하고 학대하는 데 익숙해져 있던 생명체들의 이 갑작스러운 봉기는 그들을 거의 정신이 나갈 정도로 겁먹게 했다. 불과 1~2분 후에 그들은 자신들을 방어하려는 노력을 포기하고 도망쳤다. 1분 후, 그들 다섯 명 모두는 동물들이 승리감에 도취되어 그들을 추격하는 가운데, 큰길로 이어지는 짐마차 길을 따라 완전히 도망치고 있는 중이었다. Mrs. Jones looked out of the bedroom window, saw what was happening, hurriedly flung a few possessions into a carpet bag, and slipped out of the farm by another way. Moses sprang off his perch and flapped after her, croaking loudly. Meanwhile the animals had chased Jones and his men out on to the road and slammed the five-barred gate behind them. And so, almost before they knew what was happening, the Rebellion had been successfully carried through: Jones was expelled, and the Manor Farm was theirs. For the first few minutes the animals could hardly believe in their good fortune. Their first act was to gallop in a body right round the boundaries of the farm, as though to make quite sure that no human being was hiding anywhere upon it; then they raced back to the farm buildings to wipe out the last traces of Jones's hated reign. The harness-room at the end of the stables was broken open; the bits, the nose-rings, the dog-chains, the cruel knives with which Mr. Jones had been used to castrate the pigs and lambs, were all flung down the well. The reins, the halters, the blinkers, the degrading nosebags, were thrown on to the rubbish fire which was burning in the yard. So were the whips. All the animals capered with joy when they saw the whips going up in flames. Snowball also threw on to the fire the ribbons with which the horses' manes and tails had usually been decorated on market days. "Ribbons," he said, "should be considered as clothes, which are the mark of a human being. All animals should go naked." When Boxer heard this he fetched the small straw hat which he wore in summer to keep the flies out of his ears, and flung it on to the fire with the rest. In a very little while the animals had destroyed everything that reminded them of Mr. Jones. Napoleon then led them back to the store-shed and served out a double ration of corn to everybody, with two biscuits for each dog. Then they sang 'Beasts of England' from end to end seven times running, and after that they settled down for the night and slept as they had never slept before. But they woke at dawn as usual, and suddenly remembering the glorious thing that had happened, they all raced out into the pasture together. A little way down the pasture there was a knoll that commanded a view of most of the farm. The animals rushed to the top of it and gazed round them in the clear morning light. Yes, it was theirs--everything that they could see was theirs! In the ecstasy of that thought they gambolled round and round, they hurled themselves into the air in great leaps of excitement. They rolled in the dew, they cropped mouthfuls of the sweet summer grass, they kicked up clods of the black earth and snuffed its rich scent. Then they made a tour of inspection of the whole farm and surveyed with speechless admiration the ploughland, the hayfield, the orchard, the pool, the spinney. It was as though they had never seen these things before, and even now they could hardly believe that it was all their own. Then they filed back to the farm buildings and halted in silence outside the door of the farmhouse. That was theirs too, but they were frightened to go inside. After a moment, however, Snowball and Napoleon butted the door open with their shoulders and the animals entered in single file, walking with the utmost care for fear of disturbing anything. They tiptoed from room to room, afraid to speak above a whisper and gazing with a kind of awe at the unbelievable luxury, at the beds with their feather mattresses, the looking-glasses, the horsehair sofa, the Brussels carpet, the lithograph of Queen Victoria over the drawing-room mantelpiece. They were just coming down the stairs when Mollie was discovered to be missing. Going back, the others found that she had remained behind in the best bedroom. She had taken a piece of blue ribbon from Mrs. Jones's dressing-table, and was holding it against her shoulder and admiring herself in the glass in a very foolish manner. The others reproached her sharply, and they went outside. Some hams hanging in the kitchen were taken out for burial, and the barrel of beer in the scullery was stove in with a kick from Boxer's hoof, otherwise nothing in the house was touched. A unanimous resolution was passed on the spot that the farmhouse should be preserved as a museum. All were agreed that no animal must ever live there. The animals had their breakfast, and then Snowball and Napoleon called them together again. "Comrades," said Snowball, "it is half-past six and we have a long day before us. Today we begin the hay harvest. But there is another matter that must be attended to first." The pigs now revealed that during the past three months they had taught themselves to read and write from an old spelling book which had belonged to Mr. Jones's children and which had been thrown on the rubbish heap. Napoleon sent for pots of black and white paint and led the way down to the five-barred gate that gave on to the main road. Then Snowball (for it was Snowball who was best at writing) took a brush between the two knuckles of his trotter, painted out MANOR FARM from the top bar of the gate and in its place painted ANIMAL FARM. This was to be the name of the farm from now onwards. After this they went back to the farm buildings, where Snowball and Napoleon sent for a ladder which they caused to be set against the end wall of the big barn. They explained that by their studies of the past three months the pigs had succeeded in reducing the principles of Animalism to Seven Commandments. These Seven Commandments would now be inscribed on the wall; they would form an unalterable law by which all the animals on Animal Farm must live for ever after. With some difficulty (for it is not easy for a pig to balance himself on a ladder) Snowball climbed up and set to work, with Squealer a few rungs below him holding the paint-pot. The Commandments were written on the tarred wall in great white letters that could be read thirty yards away. They ran thus: THE SEVEN COMMANDMENTS 1. Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy. 2. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend. 3. No animal shall wear clothes. 4. No animal shall sleep in a bed. 5. No animal shall drink alcohol. 6. No animal shall kill any other animal. 7. All animals are equal. It was very neatly written, and except that "friend" was written "freind" and one of the "S's" was the wrong way round, the spelling was correct all the way through. Snowball read it aloud for the benefit of the others. All the animals nodded in complete agreement, and the cleverer ones at once began to learn the Commandments by heart. "Now, comrades," cried Snowball, throwing down the paint-brush, "to the hayfield! Let us make it a point of honour to get in the harvest more quickly than Jones and his men could do." But at this moment the three cows, who had seemed uneasy for some time past, set up a loud lowing. They had not been milked for twenty-four hours, and their udders were almost bursting. After a little thought, the pigs sent for buckets and milked the cows fairly successfully, their trotters being well adapted to this task. Soon there were five buckets of frothing creamy milk at which many of the animals looked with considerable interest. "What is going to happen to all that milk?" said someone. "Jones used sometimes to mix some of it in our mash," said one of the hens. "Never mind the milk, comrades!" cried Napoleon, placing himself in front of the buckets. "That will be attended to. The harvest is more important. Comrade Snowball will lead the way. I shall follow in a few minutes. Forward, comrades! The hay is waiting." So the animals trooped down to the hayfield to begin the harvest, and when they came back in the evening it was noticed that the milk had disappeared. Chapter III How they toiled and sweated to get the hay in! But their efforts were rewarded, for the harvest was an even bigger success than they had hoped. Sometimes the work was hard; the implements had been designed for human beings and not for animals, and it was a great drawback that no animal was able to use any tool that involved standing on his hind legs. But the pigs were so clever that they could think of a way round every difficulty. As for the horses, they knew every inch of the field, and in fact understood the business of mowing and raking far better than Jones and his men had ever done. The pigs did not actually work, but directed and supervised the others. With their superior knowledge it was natural that they should assume the leadership. Boxer and Clover would harness themselves to the cutter or the horse-rake (no bits or reins were needed in these days, of course) and tramp steadily round and round the field with a pig walking behind and calling out "Gee up, comrade!" or "Whoa back, comrade!" as the case might be. And every animal down to the humblest worked at turning the hay and gathering it. Even the ducks and hens toiled to and fro all day in the sun, carrying tiny wisps of hay in their beaks. In the end they finished the harvest in two days' less time than it had usually taken Jones and his men. Moreover, it was the biggest harvest that the farm had ever seen. There was no wastage whatever; the hens and ducks with their sharp eyes had gathered up the very last stalk. And not an animal on the farm had stolen so much as a mouthful. All through that summer the work of the farm went like clockwork. The animals were happy as they had never conceived it possible to be. Every mouthful of food was an acute positive pleasure, now that it was truly their own food, produced by themselves and for themselves, not doled out to them by a grudging master. With the worthless parasitical human beings gone, there was more for everyone to eat. There was more leisure too, inexperienced though the animals were. They met with many difficulties--for instance, later in the year, when they harvested the corn, they had to tread it out in the ancient style and blow away the chaff with their breath, since the farm possessed no threshing machine--but the pigs with their cleverness and Boxer with his tremendous muscles always pulled them through. Boxer was the admiration of everybody. He had been a hard worker even in Jones's time, but now he seemed more like three horses than one; there were days when the entire work of the farm seemed to rest on his mighty shoulders. From morning to night he was pushing and pulling, always at the spot where the work was hardest. He had made an arrangement with one of the cockerels to call him in the mornings half an hour earlier than anyone else, and would put in some volunteer labour at whatever seemed to be most needed, before the regular day's work began. His answer to every problem, every setback, was "I will work harder!"--which he had adopted as his personal motto. But everyone worked according to his capacity. The hens and ducks, for instance, saved five bushels of corn at the harvest by gathering up the stray grains. Nobody stole, nobody grumbled over his rations, the quarrelling and biting and jealousy which had been normal features of life in the old days had almost disappeared. Nobody shirked--or almost nobody. Mollie, it was true, was not good at getting up in the mornings, and had a way of leaving work early on the ground that there was a stone in her hoof. And the behaviour of the cat was somewhat peculiar. It was soon noticed that when there was work to be done the cat could never be found. She would vanish for hours on end, and then reappear at meal-times, or in the evening after work was over, as though nothing had happened. But she always made such excellent excuses, and purred so affectionately, that it was impossible not to believe in her good intentions. Old Benjamin, the donkey, seemed quite unchanged since the Rebellion. He did his work in the same slow obstinate way as he had done it in Jones's time, never shirking and never volunteering for extra work either. About the Rebellion and its results he would express no opinion. When asked whether he was not happier now that Jones was gone, he would say only "Donkeys live a long time. None of you has ever seen a dead donkey," and the others had to be content with this cryptic answer. On Sundays there was no work. Breakfast was an hour later than usual, and after breakfast there was a ceremony which was observed every week without fail. First came the hoisting of the flag. Snowball had found in the harness-room an old green tablecloth of Mrs. Jones's and had painted on it a hoof and a horn in white. This was run up the flagstaff in the farmhouse garden every Sunday morning. The flag was green, Snowball explained, to represent the green fields of England, while the hoof and horn signified the future Republic of the Animals which would arise when the human race had been finally overthrown. After the hoisting of the flag all the animals trooped into the big barn for a general assembly which was known as the Meeting. Here the work of the coming week was planned out and resolutions were put forward and debated. It was always the pigs who put forward the resolutions. The other animals understood how to vote, but could never think of any resolutions of their own. Snowball and Napoleon were by far the most active in the debates. But it was noticed that these two were never in agreement: whatever suggestion either of them made, the other could be counted on to oppose it. Even when it was resolved--a thing no one could object to in itself--to set aside the small paddock behind the orchard as a home of rest for animals who were past work, there was a stormy debate over the correct retiring age for each class of animal. The Meeting always ended with the singing of 'Beasts of England', and the afternoon was given up to recreation. The pigs had set aside the harness-room as a headquarters for themselves. Here, in the evenings, they studied blacksmithing, carpentering, and other necessary arts from books which they had brought out of the farmhouse. Snowball also busied himself with organising the other animals into what he called Animal Committees. He was indefatigable at this. He formed the Egg Production Committee for the hens, the Clean Tails League for the cows, the Wild Comrades' Re-education Committee (the object of this was to tame the rats and rabbits), the Whiter Wool Movement for the sheep, and various others, besides instituting classes in reading and writing. On the whole, these projects were a failure. The attempt to tame the wild creatures, for instance, broke down almost immediately. They continued to behave very much as before, and when treated with generosity, simply took advantage of it. The cat joined the Re-education Committee and was very active in it for some days. She was seen one day sitting on a roof and talking to some sparrows who were just out of her reach. She was telling them that all animals were now comrades and that any sparrow who chose could come and perch on her paw; but the sparrows kept their distance. The reading and writing classes, however, were a great success. By the autumn almost every animal on the farm was literate in some degree. As for the pigs, they could already read and write perfectly. The dogs learned to read fairly well, but were not interested in reading anything except the Seven Commandments. Muriel, the goat, could read somewhat better than the dogs, and sometimes used to read to the others in the evenings from scraps of newspaper which she found on the rubbish heap. Benjamin could read as well as any pig, but never exercised his faculty. So far as he knew, he said, there was nothing worth reading. Clover learnt the whole alphabet, but could not put words together. Boxer could not get beyond the letter D. He would trace out A, B, C, D, in the dust with his great hoof, and then would stand staring at the letters with his ears back, sometimes shaking his forelock, trying with all his might to remember what came next and never succeeding. On several occasions, indeed, he did learn E, F, G, H, but by the time he knew them, it was always discovered that he had forgotten A, B, C, and D. Finally he decided to be content with the first four letters, and used to write them out once or twice every day to refresh his memory. Mollie refused to learn any but the six letters which spelt her own name. She would form these very neatly out of pieces of twig, and would then decorate them with a flower or two and walk round them admiring them. None of the other animals on the farm could get further than the letter A. It was also found that the stupider animals, such as the sheep, hens, and ducks, were unable to learn the Seven Commandments by heart. After much thought Snowball declared that the Seven Commandments could in effect be reduced to a single maxim, namely: "Four legs good, two legs bad." This, he said, contained the essential principle of Animalism. Whoever had thoroughly grasped it would be safe from human influences. The birds at first objected, since it seemed to them that they also had two legs, but Snowball proved to them that this was not so. "A bird's wing, comrades," he said, "is an organ of propulsion and not of manipulation. It should therefore be regarded as a leg. The distinguishing mark of man is the HAND, the instrument with which he does all his mischief." The birds did not understand Snowball's long words, but they accepted his explanation, and all the humbler animals set to work to learn the new maxim by heart. FOUR LEGS GOOD, TWO LEGS BAD, was inscribed on the end wall of the barn, above the Seven Commandments and in bigger letters. When they had once got it by heart, the sheep developed a great liking for this maxim, and often as they lay in the field they would all start bleating "Four legs good, two legs bad! Four legs good, two legs bad!" and keep it up for hours on end, never growing tired of it. Napoleon took no interest in Snowball's committees. He said that the education of the young was more important than anything that could be done for those who were already grown up. It happened that Jessie and Bluebell had both whelped soon after the hay harvest, giving birth between them to nine sturdy puppies. As soon as they were weaned, Napoleon took them away from their mothers, saying that he would make himself responsible for their education. He took them up into a loft which could only be reached by a ladder from the harness-room, and there kept them in such seclusion that the rest of the farm soon forgot their existence. The mystery of where the milk went to was soon cleared up. It was mixed every day into the pigs' mash. The early apples were now ripening, and the grass of the orchard was littered with windfalls. The animals had assumed as a matter of course that these would be shared out equally; one day, however, the order went forth that all the windfalls were to be collected and brought to the harness-room for the use of the pigs. At this some of the other animals murmured, but it was no use. All the pigs were in full agreement on this point, even Snowball and Napoleon. Squealer was sent to make the necessary explanations to the others. "Comrades!" he cried. "You do not imagine, I hope, that we pigs are doing this in a spirit of selfishness and privilege? Many of us actually dislike milk and apples. I dislike them myself. Our sole object in taking these things is to preserve our health. Milk and apples (this has been proved by Science, comrades) contain substances absolutely necessary to the well-being of a pig. We pigs are brainworkers. The whole management and organisation of this farm depend on us. Day and night we are watching over your welfare. It is for YOUR sake that we drink that milk and eat those apples. Do you know what would happen if we pigs failed in our duty? Jones would come back! Yes, Jones would come back! Surely, comrades," cried Squealer almost pleadingly, skipping from side to side and whisking his tail, "surely there is no one among you who wants to see Jones come back?" Now if there was one thing that the animals were completely certain of, it was that they did not want Jones back. When it was put to them in this light, they had no more to say. The importance of keeping the pigs in good health was all too obvious. So it was agreed without further argument that the milk and the windfall apples (and also the main crop of apples when they ripened) should be reserved for the pigs alone. Chapter IV By the late summer the news of what had happened on Animal Farm had spread across half the county. Every day Snowball and Napoleon sent out flights of pigeons whose instructions were to mingle with the animals on neighbouring farms, tell them the story of the Rebellion, and teach them the tune of 'Beasts of England'. Most of this time Mr. Jones had spent sitting in the taproom of the Red Lion at Willingdon, complaining to anyone who would listen of the monstrous injustice he had suffered in being turned out of his property by a pack of good-for-nothing animals. The other farmers sympathised in principle, but they did not at first give him much help. At heart, each of them was secretly wondering whether he could not somehow turn Jones's misfortune to his own advantage. It was lucky that the owners of the two farms which adjoined Animal Farm were on permanently bad terms. One of them, which was named Foxwood, was a large, neglected, old-fashioned farm, much overgrown by woodland, with all its pastures worn out and its hedges in a disgraceful condition. Its owner, Mr. Pilkington, was an easy-going gentleman farmer who spent most of his time in fishing or hunting according to the season. The other farm, which was called Pinchfield, was smaller and better kept. Its owner was a Mr. Frederick, a tough, shrewd man, perpetually involved in lawsuits and with a name for driving hard bargains. These two disliked each other so much that it was difficult for them to come to any agreement, even in defence of their own interests. Nevertheless, they were both thoroughly frightened by the rebellion on Animal Farm, and very anxious to prevent their own animals from learning too much about it. At first they pretended to laugh to scorn the idea of animals managing a farm for themselves. The whole thing would be over in a fortnight, they said. They put it about that the animals on the Manor Farm (they insisted on calling it the Manor Farm; they would not tolerate the name "Animal Farm") were perpetually fighting among themselves and were also rapidly starving to death. When time passed and the animals had evidently not starved to death, Frederick and Pilkington changed their tune and began to talk of the terrible wickedness that now flourished on Animal Farm. It was given out that the animals there practised cannibalism, tortured one another with red-hot horseshoes, and had their females in common. This was what came of rebelling against the laws of Nature, Frederick and Pilkington said. However, these stories were never fully believed. Rumours of a wonderful farm, where the human beings had been turned out and the animals managed their own affairs, continued to circulate in vague and distorted forms, and throughout that year a wave of rebelliousness ran through the countryside. Bulls which had always been tractable suddenly turned savage, sheep broke down hedges and devoured the clover, cows kicked the pail over, hunters refused their fences and shot their riders on to the other side. Above all, the tune and even the words of 'Beasts of England' were known everywhere. It had spread with astonishing speed. The human beings could not contain their rage when they heard this song, though they pretended to think it merely ridiculous. They could not understand, they said, how even animals could bring themselves to sing such contemptible rubbish. Any animal caught singing it was given a flogging on the spot. And yet the song was irrepressible. The blackbirds whistled it in the hedges, the pigeons cooed it in the elms, it got into the din of the smithies and the tune of the church bells. And when the human beings listened to it, they secretly trembled, hearing in it a prophecy of their future doom. Early in October, when the corn was cut and stacked and some of it was already threshed, a flight of pigeons came whirling through the air and alighted in the yard of Animal Farm in the wildest excitement. Jones and all his men, with half a dozen others from Foxwood and Pinchfield, had entered the five-barred gate and were coming up the cart-track that led to the farm. They were all carrying sticks, except Jones, who was marching ahead with a gun in his hands. Obviously they were going to attempt the recapture of the farm. This had long been expected, and all preparations had been made. Snowball, who had studied an old book of Julius Caesar's campaigns which he had found in the farmhouse, was in charge of the defensive operations. He gave his orders quickly, and in a couple of minutes every animal was at his post. As the human beings approached the farm buildings, Snowball launched his first attack. All the pigeons, to the number of thirty-five, flew to and fro over the men's heads and muted upon them from mid-air; and while the men were dealing with this, the geese, who had been hiding behind the hedge, rushed out and pecked viciously at the calves of their legs. However, this was only a light skirmishing manoeuvre, intended to create a little disorder, and the men easily drove the geese off with their sticks. Snowball now launched his second line of attack. Muriel, Benjamin, and all the sheep, with Snowball at the head of them, rushed forward and prodded and butted the men from every side, while Benjamin turned around and lashed at them with his small hoofs. But once again the men, with their sticks and their hobnailed boots, were too strong for them; and suddenly, at a squeal from Snowball, which was the signal for retreat, all the animals turned and fled through the gateway into the yard. The men gave a shout of triumph. They saw, as they imagined, their enemies in flight, and they rushed after them in disorder. This was just what Snowball had intended. As soon as they were well inside the yard, the three horses, the three cows, and the rest of the pigs, who had been lying in ambush in the cowshed, suddenly emerged in their rear, cutting them off. Snowball now gave the signal for the charge. He himself dashed straight for Jones. Jones saw him coming, raised his gun and fired. The pellets scored bloody streaks along Snowball's back, and a sheep dropped dead. Without halting for an instant, Snowball flung his fifteen stone against Jones's legs. Jones was hurled into a pile of dung and his gun flew out of his hands. But the most terrifying spectacle of all was Boxer, rearing up on his hind legs and striking out with his great iron-shod hoofs like a stallion. His very first blow took a stable-lad from Foxwood on the skull and stretched him lifeless in the mud. At the sight, several men dropped their sticks and tried to run. Panic overtook them, and the next moment all the animals together were chasing them round and round the yard. They were gored, kicked, bitten, trampled on. There was not an animal on the farm that did not take vengeance on them after his own fashion. Even the cat suddenly leapt off a roof onto a cowman's shoulders and sank her claws in his neck, at which he yelled horribly. At a moment when the opening was clear, the men were glad enough to rush out of the yard and make a bolt for the main road. And so within five minutes of their invasion they were in ignominious retreat by the same way as they had come, with a flock of geese hissing after them and pecking at their calves all the way. All the men were gone except one. Back in the yard Boxer was pawing with his hoof at the stable-lad who lay face down in the mud, trying to turn him over. The boy did not stir. "He is dead," said Boxer sorrowfully. "I had no intention of doing that. I forgot that I was wearing iron shoes. Who will believe that I did not do this on purpose?" "No sentimentality, comrade!" cried Snowball from whose wounds the blood was still dripping. "War is war. The only good human being is a dead one." "I have no wish to take life, not even human life," repeated Boxer, and his eyes were full of tears. "Where is Mollie?" exclaimed somebody. Mollie in fact was missing. For a moment there was great alarm; it was feared that the men might have harmed her in some way, or even carried her off with them. In the end, however, she was found hiding in her stall with her head buried among the hay in the manger. She had taken to flight as soon as the gun went off. And when the others came back from looking for her, it was to find that the stable-lad, who in fact was only stunned, had already recovered and made off. The animals had now reassembled in the wildest excitement, each recounting his own exploits in the battle at the top of his voice. An impromptu celebration of the victory was held immediately. The flag was run up and 'Beasts of England' was sung a number of times, then the sheep who had been killed was given a solemn funeral, a hawthorn bush being planted on her grave. At the graveside Snowball made a little speech, emphasising the need for all animals to be ready to die for Animal Farm if need be. The animals decided unanimously to create a military decoration, "Animal Hero, First Class," which was conferred there and then on Snowball and Boxer. It consisted of a brass medal (they were really some old horse-brasses which had been found in the harness-room), to be worn on Sundays and holidays. There was also "Animal Hero, Second Class," which was conferred posthumously on the dead sheep. There was much discussion as to what the battle should be called. In the end, it was named the Battle of the Cowshed, since that was where the ambush had been sprung. Mr. Jones's gun had been found lying in the mud, and it was known that there was a supply of cartridges in the farmhouse. It was decided to set the gun up at the foot of the Flagstaff, like a piece of artillery, and to fire it twice a year--once on October the twelfth, the anniversary of the Battle of the Cowshed, and once on Midsummer Day, the anniversary of the Rebellion. Chapter V As winter drew on, Mollie became more and more troublesome. She was late for work every morning and excused herself by saying that she had overslept, and she complained of mysterious pains, although her appetite was excellent. On every kind of pretext she would run away from work and go to the drinking pool, where she would stand foolishly gazing at her own reflection in the water. But there were also rumours of something more serious. One day, as Mollie strolled blithely into the yard, flirting her long tail and chewing at a stalk of hay, Clover took her aside. "Mollie," she said, "I have something very serious to say to you. This morning I saw you looking over the hedge that divides Animal Farm from Foxwood. One of Mr. Pilkington's men was standing on the other side of the hedge. And--I was a long way away, but I am almost certain I saw this--he was talking to you and you were allowing him to stroke your nose. What does that mean, Mollie?" "He didn't! I wasn't! It isn't true!" cried Mollie, beginning to prance about and paw the ground. "Mollie! Look me in the face. Do you give me your word of honour that that man was not stroking your nose?" "It isn't true!" repeated Mollie, but she could not look Clover in the face, and the next moment she took to her heels and galloped away into the field. A thought struck Clover. Without saying anything to the others, she went to Mollie's stall and turned over the straw with her hoof. Hidden under the straw was a little pile of lump sugar and several bunches of ribbon of different colours. Three days later Mollie disappeared. For some weeks nothing was known of her whereabouts, then the pigeons reported that they had seen her on the other side of Willingdon. She was between the shafts of a smart dogcart painted red and black, which was standing outside a public-house. A fat red-faced man in check breeches and gaiters, who looked like a publican, was stroking her nose and feeding her with sugar. Her coat was newly clipped and she wore a scarlet ribbon round her forelock. She appeared to be enjoying herself, so the pigeons said. None of the animals ever mentioned Mollie again. In January there came bitterly hard weather. The earth was like iron, and nothing could be done in the fields. Many meetings were held in the big barn, and the pigs occupied themselves with planning out the work of the coming season. It had come to be accepted that the pigs, who were manifestly cleverer than the other animals, should decide all questions of farm policy, though their decisions had to be ratified by a majority vote. This arrangement would have worked well enough if it had not been for the disputes between Snowball and Napoleon. These two disagreed at every point where disagreement was possible. If one of them suggested sowing a bigger acreage with barley, the other was certain to demand a bigger acreage of oats, and if one of them said that such and such a field was just right for cabbages, the other would declare that it was useless for anything except roots. Each had his own following, and there were some violent debates. At the Meetings Snowball often won over the majority by his brilliant speeches, but Napoleon was better at canvassing support for himself in between times. He was especially successful with the sheep. Of late the sheep had taken to bleating "Four legs good, two legs bad" both in and out of season, and they often interrupted the Meeting with this. It was noticed that they were especially liable to break into "Four legs good, two legs bad" at crucial moments in Snowball's speeches. Snowball had made a close study of some back numbers of the 'Farmer and Stockbreeder' which he had found in the farmhouse, and was full of plans for innovations and improvements. He talked learnedly about field drains, silage, and basic slag, and had worked out a complicated scheme for all the animals to drop their dung directly in the fields, at a different spot every day, to save the labour of cartage. Napoleon produced no schemes of his own, but said quietly that Snowball's would come to nothing, and seemed to be biding his time. But of all their controversies, none was so bitter as the one that took place over the windmill. In the long pasture, not far from the farm buildings, there was a small knoll which was the highest point on the farm. After surveying the ground, Snowball declared that this was just the place for a windmill, which could be made to operate a dynamo and supply the farm with electrical power. This would light the stalls and warm them in winter, and would also run a circular saw, a chaff-cutter, a mangel-slicer, and an electric milking machine. The animals had never heard of anything of this kind before (for the farm was an old-fashioned one and had only the most primitive machinery), and they listened in astonishment while Snowball conjured up pictures of fantastic machines which would do their work for them while they grazed at their ease in the fields or improved their minds with reading and conversation. Within a few weeks Snowball's plans for the windmill were fully worked out. The mechanical details came mostly from three books which had belonged to Mr. Jones--'One Thousand Useful Things to Do About the House', 'Every Man His Own Bricklayer', and 'Electricity for Beginners'. Snowball used as his study a shed which had once been used for incubators and had a smooth wooden floor, suitable for drawing on. He was closeted there for hours at a time. With his books held open by a stone, and with a piece of chalk gripped between the knuckles of his trotter, he would move rapidly to and fro, drawing in line after line and uttering little whimpers of excitement. Gradually the plans grew into a complicated mass of cranks and cog-wheels, covering more than half the floor, which the other animals found completely unintelligible but very impressive. All of them came to look at Snowball's drawings at least once a day. Even the hens and ducks came, and were at pains not to tread on the chalk marks. Only Napoleon held aloof. He had declared himself against the windmill from the start. One day, however, he arrived unexpectedly to examine the plans. He walked heavily round the shed, looked closely at every detail of the plans and snuffed at them once or twice, then stood for a little while contemplating them out of the corner of his eye; then suddenly he lifted his leg, urinated over the plans, and walked out without uttering a word. The whole farm was deeply divided on the subject of the windmill. Snowball did not deny that to build it would be a difficult business. Stone would have to be carried and built up into walls, then the sails would have to be made and after that there would be need for dynamos and cables. (How these were to be procured, Snowball did not say.) But he maintained that it could all be done in a year. And thereafter, he declared, so much labour would be saved that the animals would only need to work three days a week. Napoleon, on the other hand, argued that the great need of the moment was to increase food production, and that if they wasted time on the windmill they would all starve to death. The animals formed themselves into two factions under the slogan, "Vote for Snowball and the three-day week" and "Vote for Napoleon and the full manger." Benjamin was the only animal who did not side with either faction. He refused to believe either that food would become more plentiful or that the windmill would save work. Windmill or no windmill, he said, life would go on as it had always gone on--that is, badly. Apart from the disputes over the windmill, there was the question of the defence of the farm. It was fully realised that though the human beings had been defeated in the Battle of the Cowshed they might make another and more determined attempt to recapture the farm and reinstate Mr. Jones. They had all the more reason for doing so because the news of their defeat had spread across the countryside and made the animals on the neighbouring farms more restive than ever. As usual, Snowball and Napoleon were in disagreement. According to Napoleon, what the animals must do was to procure firearms and train themselves in the use of them. According to Snowball, they must send out more and more pigeons and stir up rebellion among the animals on the other farms. The one argued that if they could not defend themselves they were bound to be conquered, the other argued that if rebellions happened everywhere they would have no need to defend themselves. The animals listened first to Napoleon, then to Snowball, and could not make up their minds which was right; indeed, they always found themselves in agreement with the one who was speaking at the moment. At last the day came when Snowball's plans were completed. At the Meeting on the following Sunday the question of whether or not to begin work on the windmill was to be put to the vote. When the animals had assembled in the big barn, Snowball stood up and, though occasionally interrupted by bleating from the sheep, set forth his reasons for advocating the building of the windmill. Then Napoleon stood up to reply. He said very quietly that the windmill was nonsense and that he advised nobody to vote for it, and promptly sat down again; he had spoken for barely thirty seconds, and seemed almost indifferent as to the effect he produced. At this Snowball sprang to his feet, and shouting down the sheep, who had begun bleating again, broke into a passionate appeal in favour of the windmill. Until now the animals had been about equally divided in their sympathies, but in a moment Snowball's eloquence had carried them away. In glowing sentences he painted a picture of Animal Farm as it might be when sordid labour was lifted from the animals' backs. His imagination had now run far beyond chaff-cutters and turnip-slicers. Electricity, he said, could operate threshing machines, ploughs, harrows, rollers, and reapers and binders, besides supplying every stall with its own electric light, hot and cold water, and an electric heater. By the time he had finished speaking, there was no doubt as to which way the vote would go. But just at this moment Napoleon stood up and, casting a peculiar sidelong look at Snowball, uttered a high-pitched whimper of a kind no one had ever heard him utter before. At this there was a terrible baying sound outside, and nine enormous dogs wearing brass-studded collars came bounding into the barn. They dashed straight for Snowball, who only sprang from his place just in time to escape their snapping jaws. In a moment he was out of the door and they were after him. Too amazed and frightened to speak, all the animals crowded through the door to watch the chase. Snowball was racing across the long pasture that led to the road. He was running as only a pig can run, but the dogs were close on his heels. Suddenly he slipped and it seemed certain that they had him. Then he was up again, running faster than ever, then the dogs were gaining on him again. One of them all but closed his jaws on Snowball's tail, but Snowball whisked it free just in time. Then he put on an extra spurt and, with a few inches to spare, slipped through a hole in the hedge and was seen no more. Silent and terrified, the animals crept back into the barn. In a moment the dogs came bounding back. At first no one had been able to imagine where these creatures came from, but the problem was soon solved: they were the puppies whom Napoleon had taken away from their mothers and reared privately. Though not yet full-grown, they were huge dogs, and as fierce-looking as wolves. They kept close to Napoleon. It was noticed that they wagged their tails to him in the same way as the other dogs had been used to do to Mr. Jones. Napoleon, with the dogs following him, now mounted on to the raised portion of the floor where Major had previously stood to deliver his speech. He announced that from now on the Sunday-morning Meetings would come to an end. They were unnecessary, he said, and wasted time. In future all questions relating to the working of the farm would be settled by a special committee of pigs, presided over by himself. These would meet in private and afterwards communicate their decisions to the others. The animals would still assemble on Sunday mornings to salute the flag, sing 'Beasts of England', and receive their orders for the week; but there would be no more debates. In spite of the shock that Snowball's expulsion had given them, the animals were dismayed by this announcement. Several of them would have protested if they could have found the right arguments. Even Boxer was vaguely troubled. He set his ears back, shook his forelock several times, and tried hard to marshal his thoughts; but in the end he could not think of anything to say. Some of the pigs themselves, however, were more articulate. Four young porkers in the front row uttered shrill squeals of disapproval, and all four of them sprang to their feet and began speaking at once. But suddenly the dogs sitting round Napoleon let out deep, menacing growls, and the pigs fell silent and sat down again. Then the sheep broke out into a tremendous bleating of "Four legs good, two legs bad!" which went on for nearly a quarter of an hour and put an end to any chance of discussion. Afterwards Squealer was sent round the farm to explain the new arrangement to the others. "Comrades," he said, "I trust that every animal here appreciates the sacrifice that Comrade Napoleon has made in taking this extra labour upon himself. Do not imagine, comrades, that leadership is a pleasure! On the contrary, it is a deep and heavy responsibility. No one believes more firmly than Comrade Napoleon that all animals are equal. He would be only too happy to let you make your decisions for yourselves. But sometimes you might make the wrong decisions, comrades, and then where should we be? Suppose you had decided to follow Snowball, with his moonshine of windmills--Snowball, who, as we now know, was no better than a criminal?" "He fought bravely at the Battle of the Cowshed," said somebody. "Bravery is not enough," said Squealer. "Loyalty and obedience are more important. And as to the Battle of the Cowshed, I believe the time will come when we shall find that Snowball's part in it was much exaggerated. Discipline, comrades, iron discipline! That is the watchword for today. One false step, and our enemies would be upon us. Surely, comrades, you do not want Jones back?" Once again this argument was unanswerable. Certainly the animals did not want Jones back; if the holding of debates on Sunday mornings was liable to bring him back, then the debates must stop. Boxer, who had now had time to think things over, voiced the general feeling by saying: "If Comrade Napoleon says it, it must be right." And from then on he adopted the maxim, "Napoleon is always right," in addition to his private motto of "I will work harder." By this time the weather had broken and the spring ploughing had begun. The shed where Snowball had drawn his plans of the windmill had been shut up and it was assumed that the plans had been rubbed off the floor. Every Sunday morning at ten o'clock the animals assembled in the big barn to receive their orders for the week. The skull of old Major, now clean of flesh, had been disinterred from the orchard and set up on a stump at the foot of the flagstaff, beside the gun. After the hoisting of the flag, the animals were required to file past the skull in a reverent manner before entering the barn. Nowadays they did not sit all together as they had done in the past. Napoleon, with Squealer and another pig named Minimus, who had a remarkable gift for composing songs and poems, sat on the front of the raised platform, with the nine young dogs forming a semicircle round them, and the other pigs sitting behind. The rest of the animals sat facing them in the main body of the barn. Napoleon read out the orders for the week in a gruff soldierly style, and after a single singing of 'Beasts of England', all the animals dispersed. On the third Sunday after Snowball's expulsion, the animals were somewhat surprised to hear Napoleon announce that the windmill was to be built after all. He did not give any reason for having changed his mind, but merely warned the animals that this extra task would mean very hard work, it might even be necessary to reduce their rations. The plans, however, had all been prepared, down to the last detail. A special committee of pigs had been at work upon them for the past three weeks. The building of the windmill, with various other improvements, was expected to take two years. That evening Squealer explained privately to the other animals that Napoleon had never in reality been opposed to the windmill. On the contrary, it was he who had advocated it in the beginning, and the plan which Snowball had drawn on the floor of the incubator shed had actually been stolen from among Napoleon's papers. The windmill was, in fact, Napoleon's own creation. Why, then, asked somebody, had he spoken so strongly against it? Here Squealer looked very sly. That, he said, was Comrade Napoleon's cunning. He had SEEMED to oppose the windmill, simply as a manoeuvre to get rid of Snowball, who was a dangerous character and a bad influence. Now that Snowball was out of the way, the plan could go forward without his interference. This, said Squealer, was something called tactics. He repeated a number of times, "Tactics, comrades, tactics!" skipping round and whisking his tail with a merry laugh. The animals were not certain what the word meant, but Squealer spoke so persuasively, and the three dogs who happened to be with him growled so threateningly, that they accepted his explanation without further questions. Chapter VI All that year the animals worked like slaves. But they were happy in their work; they grudged no effort or sacrifice, well aware that everything that they did was for the benefit of themselves and those of their kind who would come after them, and not for a pack of idle, thieving human beings. Throughout the spring and summer they worked a sixty-hour week, and in August Napoleon announced that there would be work on Sunday afternoons as well. This work was strictly voluntary, but any animal who absented himself from it would have his rations reduced by half. Even so, it was found necessary to leave certain tasks undone. The harvest was a little less successful than in the previous year, and two fields which should have been sown with roots in the early summer were not sown because the ploughing had not been completed early enough. It was possible to foresee that the coming winter would be a hard one. The windmill presented unexpected difficulties. There was a good quarry of limestone on the farm, and plenty of sand and cement had been found in one of the outhouses, so that all the materials for building were at hand. But the problem the animals could not at first solve was how to break up the stone into pieces of suitable size. There seemed no way of doing this except with picks and crowbars, which no animal could use, because no animal could stand on his hind legs. Only after weeks of vain effort did the right idea occur to somebody-namely, to utilise the force of gravity. Huge boulders, far too big to be used as they were, were lying all over the bed of the quarry. The animals lashed ropes round these, and then all together, cows, horses, sheep, any animal that could lay hold of the rope--even the pigs sometimes joined in at critical moments--they dragged them with desperate slowness up the slope to the top of the quarry, where they were toppled over the edge, to shatter to pieces below. Transporting the stone when it was once broken was comparatively simple. The horses carried it off in cart-loads, the sheep dragged single blocks, even Muriel and Benjamin yoked themselves into an old governess-cart and did their share. By late summer a sufficient store of stone had accumulated, and then the building began, under the superintendence of the pigs. But it was a slow, laborious process. Frequently it took a whole day of exhausting effort to drag a single boulder to the top of the quarry, and sometimes when it was pushed over the edge it failed to break. Nothing could have been achieved without Boxer, whose strength seemed equal to that of all the rest of the animals put together. When the boulder began to slip and the animals cried out in despair at finding themselves dragged down the hill, it was always Boxer who strained himself against the rope and brought the boulder to a stop. To see him toiling up the slope inch by inch, his breath coming fast, the tips of his hoofs clawing at the ground, and his great sides matted with sweat, filled everyone with admiration. Clover warned him sometimes to be careful not to overstrain himself, but Boxer would never listen to her. His two slogans, "I will work harder" and "Napoleon is always right," seemed to him a sufficient answer to all problems. He had made arrangements with the cockerel to call him three-quarters of an hour earlier in the mornings instead of half an hour. And in his spare moments, of which there were not many nowadays, he would go alone to the quarry, collect a load of broken stone, and drag it down to the site of the windmill unassisted. The animals were not badly off throughout that summer, in spite of the hardness of their work. If they had no more food than they had had in Jones's day, at least they did not have less. The advantage of only having to feed themselves, and not having to support five extravagant human beings as well, was so great that it would have taken a lot of failures to outweigh it. And in many ways the animal method of doing things was more efficient and saved labour. Such jobs as weeding, for instance, could be done with a thoroughness impossible to human beings. And again, since no animal now stole, it was unnecessary to fence off pasture from arable land, which saved a lot of labour on the upkeep of hedges and gates. Nevertheless, as the summer wore on, various unforeseen shortages began to make them selves felt. There was need of paraffin oil, nails, string, dog biscuits, and iron for the horses' shoes, none of which could be produced on the farm. Later there would also be need for seeds and artificial manures, besides various tools and, finally, the machinery for the windmill. How these were to be procured, no one was able to imagine. One Sunday morning, when the animals assembled to receive their orders, Napoleon announced that he had decided upon a new policy. From now onwards Animal Farm would engage in trade with the neighbouring farms: not, of course, for any commercial purpose, but simply in order to obtain certain materials which were urgently necessary. The needs of the windmill must override everything else, he said. He was therefore making arrangements to sell a stack of hay and part of the current year's wheat crop, and later on, if more money were needed, it would have to be made up by the sale of eggs, for which there was always a market in Willingdon. The hens, said Napoleon, should welcome this sacrifice as their own special contribution towards the building of the windmill. Once again the animals were conscious of a vague uneasiness. Never to have any dealings with human beings, never to engage in trade, never to make use of money--had not these been among the earliest resolutions passed at that first triumphant Meeting after Jones was expelled? All the animals remembered passing such resolutions: or at least they thought that they remembered it. The four young pigs who had protested when Napoleon abolished the Meetings raised their voices timidly, but they were promptly silenced by a tremendous growling from the dogs. Then, as usual, the sheep broke into "Four legs good, two legs bad!" and the momentary awkwardness was smoothed over. Finally Napoleon raised his trotter for silence and announced that he had already made all the arrangements. There would be no need for any of the animals to come in contact with human beings, which would clearly be most undesirable. He intended to take the whole burden upon his own shoulders. A Mr. Whymper, a solicitor living in Willingdon, had agreed to act as intermediary between Animal Farm and the outside world, and would visit the farm every Monday morning to receive his instructions. Napoleon ended his speech with his usual cry of "Long live Animal Farm!" and after the singing of 'Beasts of England' the animals were dismissed. Afterwards Squealer made a round of the farm and set the animals' minds at rest. He assured them that the resolution against engaging in trade and using money had never been passed, or even suggested. It was pure imagination, probably traceable in the beginning to lies circulated by Snowball. A few animals still felt faintly doubtful, but Squealer asked them shrewdly, "Are you certain that this is not something that you have dreamed, comrades? Have you any record of such a resolution? Is it written down anywhere?" And since it was certainly true that nothing of the kind existed in writing, the animals were satisfied that they had been mistaken. Every Monday Mr. Whymper visited the farm as had been arranged. He was a sly-looking little man with side whiskers, a solicitor in a very small way of business, but sharp enough to have realised earlier than anyone else that Animal Farm would need a broker and that the commissions would be worth having. The animals watched his coming and going with a kind of dread, and avoided him as much as possible. Nevertheless, the sight of Napoleon, on all fours, delivering orders to Whymper, who stood on two legs, roused their pride and partly reconciled them to the new arrangement. Their relations with the human race were now not quite the same as they had been before. The human beings did not hate Animal Farm any less now that it was prospering; indeed, they hated it more than ever. Every human being held it as an article of faith that the farm would go bankrupt sooner or later, and, above all, that the windmill would be a failure. They would meet in the public-houses and prove to one another by means of diagrams that the windmill was bound to fall down, or that if it did stand up, then that it would never work. And yet, against their will, they had developed a certain respect for the efficiency with which the animals were managing their own affairs. One symptom of this was that they had begun to call Animal Farm by its proper name and ceased to pretend that it was called the Manor Farm. They had also dropped their championship of Jones, who had given up hope of getting his farm back and gone to live in another part of the county. Except through Whymper, there was as yet no contact between Animal Farm and the outside world, but there were constant rumours that Napoleon was about to enter into a definite business agreement either with Mr. Pilkington of Foxwood or with Mr. Frederick of Pinchfield--but never, it was noticed, with both simultaneously. It was about this time that the pigs suddenly moved into the farmhouse and took up their residence there. Again the animals seemed to remember that a resolution against this had been passed in the early days, and again Squealer was able to convince them that this was not the case. It was absolutely necessary, he said, that the pigs, who were the brains of the farm, should have a quiet place to work in. It was also more suited to the dignity of the Leader (for of late he had taken to speaking of Napoleon under the title of "Leader") to live in a house than in a mere sty. Nevertheless, some of the animals were disturbed when they heard that the pigs not only took their meals in the kitchen and used the drawing-room as a recreation room, but also slept in the beds. Boxer passed it off as usual with "Napoleon is always right!", but Clover, who thought she remembered a definite ruling against beds, went to the end of the barn and tried to puzzle out the Seven Commandments which were inscribed there. Finding herself unable to read more than individual letters, she fetched Muriel. "Muriel," she said, "read me the Fourth Commandment. Does it not say something about never sleeping in a bed?" With some difficulty Muriel spelt it out. "It says, 'No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets,"' she announced finally. Curiously enough, Clover had not remembered that the Fourth Commandment mentioned sheets; but as it was there on the wall, it must have done so. And Squealer, who happened to be passing at this moment, attended by two or three dogs, was able to put the whole matter in its proper perspective. "You have heard then, comrades," he said, "that we pigs now sleep in the beds of the farmhouse? And why not? You did not suppose, surely, that there was ever a ruling against beds? A bed merely means a place to sleep in. A pile of straw in a stall is a bed, properly regarded. The rule was against sheets, which are a human invention. We have removed the sheets from the farmhouse beds, and sleep between blankets. And very comfortable beds they are too! But not more comfortable than we need, I can tell you, comrades, with all the brainwork we have to do nowadays. You would not rob us of our repose, would you, comrades? You would not have us too tired to carry out our duties? Surely none of you wishes to see Jones back?" The animals reassured him on this point immediately, and no more was said about the pigs sleeping in the farmhouse beds. And when, some days afterwards, it was announced that from now on the pigs would get up an hour later in the mornings than the other animals, no complaint was made about that either. By the autumn the animals were tired but happy. They had had a hard year, and after the sale of part of the hay and corn, the stores of food for the winter were none too plentiful, but the windmill compensated for everything. It was almost half built now. After the harvest there was a stretch of clear dry weather, and the animals toiled harder than ever, thinking it well worth while to plod to and fro all day with blocks of stone if by doing so they could raise the walls another foot. Boxer would even come out at nights and work for an hour or two on his own by the light of the harvest moon. In their spare moments the animals would walk round and round the half-finished mill, admiring the strength and perpendicularity of its walls and marvelling that they should ever have been able to build anything so imposing. Only old Benjamin refused to grow enthusiastic about the windmill, though, as usual, he would utter nothing beyond the cryptic remark that donkeys live a long time. November came, with raging south-west winds. Building had to stop because it was now too wet to mix the cement. Finally there came a night when the gale was so violent that the farm buildings rocked on their foundations and several tiles were blown off the roof of the barn. The hens woke up squawking with terror because they had all dreamed simultaneously of hearing a gun go off in the distance. In the morning the animals came out of their stalls to find that the flagstaff had been blown down and an elm tree at the foot of the orchard had been plucked up like a radish. They had just noticed this when a cry of despair broke from every animal's throat. A terrible sight had met their eyes. The windmill was in ruins. With one accord they dashed down to the spot. Napoleon, who seldom moved out of a walk, raced ahead of them all. Yes, there it lay, the fruit of all their struggles, levelled to its foundations, the stones they had broken and carried so laboriously scattered all around. Unable at first to speak, they stood gazing mournfully at the litter of fallen stone. Napoleon paced to and fro in silence, occasionally snuffing at the ground. His tail had grown rigid and twitched sharply from side to side, a sign in him of intense mental activity. Suddenly he halted as though his mind were made up. "Comrades," he said quietly, "do you know who is responsible for this? Do you know the enemy who has come in the night and overthrown our windmill? SNOWBALL!" he suddenly roared in a voice of thunder. "Snowball has done this thing! In sheer malignity, thinking to set back our plans and avenge himself for his ignominious expulsion, this traitor has crept here under cover of night and destroyed our work of nearly a year. Comrades, here and now I pronounce the death sentence upon Snowball. 'Animal Hero, Second Class,' and half a bushel of apples to any animal who brings him to justice. A full bushel to anyone who captures him alive!" The animals were shocked beyond measure to learn that even Snowball could be guilty of such an action. There was a cry of indignation, and everyone began thinking out ways of catching Snowball if he should ever come back. Almost immediately the footprints of a pig were discovered in the grass at a little distance from the knoll. They could only be traced for a few yards, but appeared to lead to a hole in the hedge. Napoleon snuffed deeply at them and pronounced them to be Snowball's. He gave it as his opinion that Snowball had probably come from the direction of Foxwood Farm. "No more delays, comrades!" cried Napoleon when the footprints had been examined. "There is work to be done. This very morning we begin rebuilding the windmill, and we will build all through the winter, rain or shine. We will teach this miserable traitor that he cannot undo our work so easily. Remember, comrades, there must be no alteration in our plans: they shall be carried out to the day. Forward, comrades! Long live the windmill! Long live Animal Farm!" Chapter VII It was a bitter winter. The stormy weather was followed by sleet and snow, and then by a hard frost which did not break till well into February. The animals carried on as best they could with the rebuilding of the windmill, well knowing that the outside world was watching them and that the envious human beings would rejoice and triumph if the mill were not finished on time. Out of spite, the human beings pretended not to believe that it was Snowball who had destroyed the windmill: they said that it had fallen down because the walls were too thin. The animals knew that this was not the case. Still, it had been decided to build the walls three feet thick this time instead of eighteen inches as before, which meant collecting much larger quantities of stone. For a long time the quarry was full of snowdrifts and nothing could be done. Some progress was made in the dry frosty weather that followed, but it was cruel work, and the animals could not feel so hopeful about it as they had felt before. They were always cold, and usually hungry as well. Only Boxer and Clover never lost heart. Squealer made excellent speeches on the joy of service and the dignity of labour, but the other animals found more inspiration in Boxer's strength and his never-failing cry of "I will work harder!" In January food fell short. The corn ration was drastically reduced, and it was announced that an extra potato ration would be issued to make up for it. Then it was discovered that the greater part of the potato crop had been frosted in the clamps, which had not been covered thickly enough. The potatoes had become soft and discoloured, and only a few were edible. For days at a time the animals had nothing to eat but chaff and mangels. Starvation seemed to stare them in the face. It was vitally necessary to conceal this fact from the outside world. Emboldened by the collapse of the windmill, the human beings were inventing fresh lies about Animal Farm. Once again it was being put about that all the animals were dying of famine and disease, and that they were continually fighting among themselves and had resorted to cannibalism and infanticide. Napoleon was well aware of the bad results that might follow if the real facts of the food situation were known, and he decided to make use of Mr. Whymper to spread a contrary impression. Hitherto the animals had had little or no contact with Whymper on his weekly visits: now, however, a few selected animals, mostly sheep, were instructed to remark casually in his hearing that rations had been increased. In addition, Napoleon ordered the almost empty bins in the store-shed to be filled nearly to the brim with sand, which was then covered up with what remained of the grain and meal. On some suitable pretext Whymper was led through the store-shed and allowed to catch a glimpse of the bins. He was deceived, and continued to report to the outside world that there was no food shortage on Animal Farm. Nevertheless, towards the end of January it became obvious that it would be necessary to procure some more grain from somewhere. In these days Napoleon rarely appeared in public, but spent all his time in the farmhouse, which was guarded at each door by fierce-looking dogs. When he did emerge, it was in a ceremonial manner, with an escort of six dogs who closely surrounded him and growled if anyone came too near. Frequently he did not even appear on Sunday mornings, but issued his orders through one of the other pigs, usually Squealer. One Sunday morning Squealer announced that the hens, who had just come in to lay again, must surrender their eggs. Napoleon had accepted, through Whymper, a contract for four hundred eggs a week. The price of these would pay for enough grain and meal to keep the farm going till summer came on and conditions were easier. When the hens heard this, they raised a terrible outcry. They had been warned earlier that this sacrifice might be necessary, but had not believed that it would really happen. They were just getting their clutches ready for the spring sitting, and they protested that to take the eggs away now was murder. For the first time since the expulsion of Jones, there was something resembling a rebellion. Led by three young Black Minorca pullets, the hens made a determined effort to thwart Napoleon's wishes. Their method was to fly up to the rafters and there lay their eggs, which smashed to pieces on the floor. Napoleon acted swiftly and ruthlessly. He ordered the hens' rations to be stopped, and decreed that any animal giving so much as a grain of corn to a hen should be punished by death. The dogs saw to it that these orders were carried out. For five days the hens held out, then they capitulated and went back to their nesting boxes. Nine hens had died in the meantime. Their bodies were buried in the orchard, and it was given out that they had died of coccidiosis. Whymper heard nothing of this affair, and the eggs were duly delivered, a grocer's van driving up to the farm once a week to take them away. All this while no more had been seen of Snowball. He was rumoured to be hiding on one of the neighbouring farms, either Foxwood or Pinchfield. Napoleon was by this time on slightly better terms with the other farmers than before. It happened that there was in the yard a pile of timber which had been stacked there ten years earlier when a beech spinney was cleared. It was well seasoned, and Whymper had advised Napoleon to sell it; both Mr. Pilkington and Mr. Frederick were anxious to buy it. Napoleon was hesitating between the two, unable to make up his mind. It was noticed that whenever he seemed on the point of coming to an agreement with Frederick, Snowball was declared to be in hiding at Foxwood, while, when he inclined toward Pilkington, Snowball was said to be at Pinchfield. Suddenly, early in the spring, an alarming thing was discovered. Snowball was secretly frequenting the farm by night! The animals were so disturbed that they could hardly sleep in their stalls. Every night, it was said, he came creeping in under cover of darkness and performed all kinds of mischief. He stole the corn, he upset the milk-pails, he broke the eggs, he trampled the seedbeds, he gnawed the bark off the fruit trees. Whenever anything went wrong it became usual to attribute it to Snowball. If a window was broken or a drain was blocked up, someone was certain to say that Snowball had come in the night and done it, and when the key of the store-shed was lost, the whole farm was convinced that Snowball had thrown it down the well. Curiously enough, they went on believing this even after the mislaid key was found under a sack of meal. The cows declared unanimously that Snowball crept into their stalls and milked them in their sleep. The rats, which had been troublesome that winter, were also said to be in league with Snowball. Napoleon decreed that there should be a full investigation into Snowball's activities. With his dogs in attendance he set out and made a careful tour of inspection of the farm buildings, the other animals following at a respectful distance. At every few steps Napoleon stopped and snuffed the ground for traces of Snowball's footsteps, which, he said, he could detect by the smell. He snuffed in every corner, in the barn, in the cow-shed, in the henhouses, in the vegetable garden, and found traces of Snowball almost everywhere. He would put his snout to the ground, give several deep sniffs, ad exclaim in a terrible voice, "Snowball! He has been here! I can smell him distinctly!" and at the word "Snowball" all the dogs let out blood-curdling growls and showed their side teeth. The animals were thoroughly frightened. It seemed to them as though Snowball were some kind of invisible influence, pervading the air about them and menacing them with all kinds of dangers. In the evening Squealer called them together, and with an alarmed expression on his face told them that he had some serious news to report. "Comrades!" cried Squealer, making little nervous skips, "a most terrible thing has been discovered. Snowball has sold himself to Frederick of Pinchfield Farm, who is even now plotting to attack us and take our farm away from us! Snowball is to act as his guide when the attack begins. But there is worse than that. We had thought that Snowball's rebellion was caused simply by his vanity and ambition. But we were wrong, comrades. Do you know what the real reason was? Snowball was in league with Jones from the very start! He was Jones's secret agent all the time. It has all been proved by documents which he left behind him and which we have only just discovered. To my mind this explains a great deal, comrades. Did we not see for ourselves how he attempted--fortunately without success--to get us defeated and destroyed at the Battle of the Cowshed?" The animals were stupefied. This was a wickedness far outdoing Snowball's destruction of the windmill. But it was some minutes before they could fully take it in. They all remembered, or thought they remembered, how they had seen Snowball charging ahead of them at the Battle of the Cowshed, how he had rallied and encouraged them at every turn, and how he had not paused for an instant even when the pellets from Jones's gun had wounded his back. At first it was a little difficult to see how this fitted in with his being on Jones's side. Even Boxer, who seldom asked questions, was puzzled. He lay down, tucked his fore hoofs beneath him, shut his eyes, and with a hard effort managed to formulate his thoughts. "I do not believe that," he said. "Snowball fought bravely at the Battle of the Cowshed. I saw him myself. Did we not give him 'Animal Hero, first Class,' immediately afterwards?" "That was our mistake, comrade. For we know now--it is all written down in the secret documents that we have found--that in reality he was trying to lure us to our doom." "But he was wounded," said Boxer. "We all saw him running with blood." "That was part of the arrangement!" cried Squealer. "Jones's shot only grazed him. I could show you this in his own writing, if you were able to read it. The plot was for Snowball, at the critical moment, to give the signal for flight and leave the field to the enemy. And he very nearly succeeded--I will even say, comrades, he WOULD have succeeded if it had not been for our heroic Leader, Comrade Napoleon. Do you not remember how, just at the moment when Jones and his men had got inside the yard, Snowball suddenly turned and fled, and many animals followed him? And do you not remember, too, that it was just at that moment, when panic was spreading and all seemed lost, that Comrade Napoleon sprang forward with a cry of 'Death to Humanity!' and sank his teeth in Jones's leg? Surely you remember THAT, comrades?" exclaimed Squealer, frisking from side to side. Now when Squealer described the scene so graphically, it seemed to the animals that they did remember it. At any rate, they remembered that at the critical moment of the battle Snowball had turned to flee. But Boxer was still a little uneasy. "I do not believe that Snowball was a traitor at the beginning," he said finally. "What he has done since is different. But I believe that at the Battle of the Cowshed he was a good comrade." "Our Leader, Comrade Napoleon," announced Squealer, speaking very slowly and firmly, "has stated categorically--categorically, comrade--that Snowball was Jones's agent from the very beginning--yes, and from long before the Rebellion was ever thought of." "Ah, that is different!" said Boxer. "If Comrade Napoleon says it, it must be right." "That is the true spirit, comrade!" cried Squealer, but it was noticed he cast a very ugly look at Boxer with his little twinkling eyes. He turned to go, then paused and added impressively: "I warn every animal on this farm to keep his eyes very wide open. For we have reason to think that some of Snowball's secret agents are lurking among us at this moment!" Four days later, in the late afternoon, Napoleon ordered all the animals to assemble in the yard. When they were all gathered together, Napoleon emerged from the farmhouse, wearing both his medals (for he had recently awarded himself "Animal Hero, First Class", and "Animal Hero, Second Class"), with his nine huge dogs frisking round him and uttering growls that sent shivers down all the animals' spines. They all cowered silently in their places, seeming to know in advance that some terrible thing was about to happen. Napoleon stood sternly surveying his audience; then he uttered a high-pitched whimper. Immediately the dogs bounded forward, seized four of the pigs by the ear and dragged them, squealing with pain and terror, to Napoleon's feet. The pigs' ears were bleeding, the dogs had tasted blood, and for a few moments they appeared to go quite mad. To the amazement of everybody, three of them flung themselves upon Boxer. Boxer saw them coming and put out his great hoof, caught a dog in mid-air, and pinned him to the ground. The dog shrieked for mercy and the other two fled with their tails between their legs. Boxer looked at Napoleon to know whether he should crush the dog to death or let it go. Napoleon appeared to change countenance, and sharply ordered Boxer to let the dog go, whereat Boxer lifted his hoof, and the dog slunk away, bruised and howling. Presently the tumult died down. The four pigs waited, trembling, with guilt written on every line of their countenances. Napoleon now called upon them to confess their crimes. They were the same four pigs as had protested when Napoleon abolished the Sunday Meetings. Without any further prompting they confessed that they had been secretly in touch with Snowball ever since his expulsion, that they had collaborated with him in destroying the windmill, and that they had entered into an agreement with him to hand over Animal Farm to Mr. Frederick. They added that Snowball had privately admitted to them that he had been Jones's secret agent for years past. When they had finished their confession, the dogs promptly tore their throats out, and in a terrible voice Napoleon demanded whether any other animal had anything to confess. The three hens who had been the ringleaders in the attempted rebellion over the eggs now came forward and stated that Snowball had appeared to them in a dream and incited them to disobey Napoleon's orders. They, too, were slaughtered. Then a goose came forward and confessed to having secreted six ears of corn during the last year's harvest and eaten them in the night. Then a sheep confessed to having urinated in the drinking pool--urged to do this, so she said, by Snowball--and two other sheep confessed to having murdered an old ram, an especially devoted follower of Napoleon, by chasing him round and round a bonfire when he was suffering from a cough. They were all slain on the spot. And so the tale of confessions and executions went on, until there was a pile of corpses lying before Napoleon's feet and the air was heavy with the smell of blood, which had been unknown there since the expulsion of Jones. When it was all over, the remaining animals, except for the pigs and dogs, crept away in a body. They were shaken and miserable. They did not know which was more shocking--the treachery of the animals who had leagued themselves with Snowball, or the cruel retribution they had just witnessed. In the old days there had often been scenes of bloodshed equally terrible, but it seemed to all of them that it was far worse now that it was happening among themselves. Since Jones had left the farm, until today, no animal had killed another animal. Not even a rat had been killed. They had made their way on to the little knoll where the half-finished windmill stood, and with one accord they all lay down as though huddling together for warmth--Clover, Muriel, Benjamin, the cows, the sheep, and a whole flock of geese and hens--everyone, indeed, except the cat, who had suddenly disappeared just before Napoleon ordered the animals to assemble. For some time nobody spoke. Only Boxer remained on his feet. He fidgeted to and fro, swishing his long black tail against his sides and occasionally uttering a little whinny of surprise. Finally he said: "I do not understand it. I would not have believed that such things could happen on our farm. It must be due to some fault in ourselves. The solution, as I see it, is to work harder. From now onwards I shall get up a full hour earlier in the mornings." And he moved off at his lumbering trot and made for the quarry. Having got there, he collected two successive loads of stone and dragged them down to the windmill before retiring for the night. The animals huddled about Clover, not speaking. The knoll where they were lying gave them a wide prospect across the countryside. Most of Animal Farm was within their view--the long pasture stretching down to the main road, the hayfield, the spinney, the drinking pool, the ploughed fields where the young wheat was thick and green, and the red roofs of the farm buildings with the smoke curling from the chimneys. It was a clear spring evening. The grass and the bursting hedges were gilded by the level rays of the sun. Never had the farm--and with a kind of surprise they remembered that it was their own farm, every inch of it their own property--appeared to the animals so desirable a place. As Clover looked down the hillside her eyes filled with tears. If she could have spoken her thoughts, it would have been to say that this was not what they had aimed at when they had set themselves years ago to work for the overthrow of the human race. These scenes of terror and slaughter were not what they had looked forward to on that night when old Major first stirred them to rebellion. If she herself had had any picture of the future, it had been of a society of animals set free from hunger and the whip, all equal, each working according to his capacity, the strong protecting the weak, as she had protected the lost brood of ducklings with her foreleg on the night of Major's speech. Instead--she did not know why--they had come to a time when no one dared speak his mind, when fierce, growling dogs roamed everywhere, and when you had to watch your comrades torn to pieces after confessing to shocking crimes. There was no thought of rebellion or disobedience in her mind. She knew that, even as things were, they were far better off than they had been in the days of Jones, and that before all else it was needful to prevent the return of the human beings. Whatever happened she would remain faithful, work hard, carry out the orders that were given to her, and accept the leadership of Napoleon. But still, it was not for this that she and all the other animals had hoped and toiled. It was not for this that they had built the windmill and faced the bullets of Jones's gun. Such were her thoughts, though she lacked the words to express them. At last, feeling this to be in some way a substitute for the words she was unable to find, she began to sing 'Beasts of England'. The other animals sitting round her took it up, and they sang it three times over--very tunefully, but slowly and mournfully, in a way they had never sung it before. They had just finished singing it for the third time when Squealer, attended by two dogs, approached them with the air of having something important to say. He announced that, by a special decree of Comrade Napoleon, 'Beasts of England' had been abolished. From now onwards it was forbidden to sing it. The animals were taken aback. "Why?" cried Muriel. "It's no longer needed, comrade," said Squealer stiffly. "'Beasts of England' was the song of the Rebellion. But the Rebellion is now completed. The execution of the traitors this afternoon was the final act. The enemy both external and internal has been defeated. In 'Beasts of England' we expressed our longing for a better society in days to come. But that society has now been established. Clearly this song has no longer any purpose." Frightened though they were, some of the animals might possibly have protested, but at this moment the sheep set up their usual bleating of "Four legs good, two legs bad," which went on for several minutes and put an end to the discussion. So 'Beasts of England' was heard no more. In its place Minimus, the poet, had composed another song which began: Animal Farm, Animal Farm, Never through me shalt thou come to harm! and this was sung every Sunday morning after the hoisting of the flag. But somehow neither the words nor the tune ever seemed to the animals to come up to 'Beasts of England'. Chapter VIII A few days later, when the terror caused by the executions had died down, some of the animals remembered--or thought they remembered--that the Sixth Commandment decreed "No animal shall kill any other animal." And though no one cared to mention it in the hearing of the pigs or the dogs, it was felt that the killings which had taken place did not square with this. Clover asked Benjamin to read her the Sixth Commandment, and when Benjamin, as usual, said that he refused to meddle in such matters, she fetched Muriel. Muriel read the Commandment for her. It ran: "No animal shall kill any other animal WITHOUT CAUSE." Somehow or other, the last two words had slipped out of the animals' memory. But they saw now that the Commandment had not been violated; for clearly there was good reason for killing the traitors who had leagued themselves with Snowball. Throughout the year the animals worked even harder than they had worked in the previous year. To rebuild the windmill, with walls twice as thick as before, and to finish it by the appointed date, together with the regular work of the farm, was a tremendous labour. There were times when it seemed to the animals that they worked longer hours and fed no better than they had done in Jones's day. On Sunday mornings Squealer, holding down a long strip of paper with his trotter, would read out to them lists of figures proving that the production of every class of foodstuff had increased by two hundred per cent, three hundred per cent, or five hundred per cent, as the case might be. The animals saw no reason to disbelieve him, especially as they could no longer remember very clearly what conditions had been like before the Rebellion. All the same, there were days when they felt that they would sooner have had less figures and more food. All orders were now issued through Squealer or one of the other pigs. Napoleon himself was not seen in public as often as once in a fortnight. When he did appear, he was attended not only by his retinue of dogs but by a black cockerel who marched in front of him and acted as a kind of trumpeter, letting out a loud "cock-a-doodle-doo" before Napoleon spoke. Even in the farmhouse, it was said, Napoleon inhabited separate apartments from the others. He took his meals alone, with two dogs to wait upon him, and always ate from the Crown Derby dinner service which had been in the glass cupboard in the drawing-room. It was also announced that the gun would be fired every year on Napoleon's birthday, as well as on the other two anniversaries. Napoleon was now never spoken of simply as "Napoleon." He was always referred to in formal style as "our Leader, Comrade Napoleon," and this pigs liked to invent for him such titles as Father of All Animals, Terror of Mankind, Protector of the Sheep-fold, Ducklings' Friend, and the like. In his speeches, Squealer would talk with the tears rolling down his cheeks of Napoleon's wisdom the goodness of his heart, and the deep love he bore to all animals everywhere, even and especially the unhappy animals who still lived in ignorance and slavery on other farms. It had become usual to give Napoleon the credit for every successful achievement and every stroke of good fortune. You would often hear one hen remark to another, "Under the guidance of our Leader, Comrade Napoleon, I have laid five eggs in six days"; or two cows, enjoying a drink at the pool, would exclaim, "Thanks to the leadership of Comrade Napoleon, how excellent this water tastes!" The general feeling on the farm was well expressed in a poem entitled Comrade Napoleon, which was composed by Minimus and which ran as follows: Friend of fatherless! Fountain of happiness! Lord of the swill-bucket! Oh, how my soul is on Fire when I gaze at thy Calm and commanding eye, Like the sun in the sky, Comrade Napoleon! Thou are the giver of All that thy creatures love, Full belly twice a day, clean straw to roll upon; Every beast great or small Sleeps at peace in his stall, Thou watchest over all, Comrade Napoleon! Had I a sucking-pig, Ere he had grown as big Even as a pint bottle or as a rolling-pin, He should have learned to be Faithful and true to thee, Yes, his first squeak should be "Comrade Napoleon!" Napoleon approved of this poem and caused it to be inscribed on the wall of the big barn, at the opposite end from the Seven Commandments. It was surmounted by a portrait of Napoleon, in profile, executed by Squealer in white paint. Meanwhile, through the agency of Whymper, Napoleon was engaged in complicated negotiations with Frederick and Pilkington. The pile of timber was still unsold. Of the two, Frederick was the more anxious to get hold of it, but he would not offer a reasonable price. At the same time there were renewed rumours that Frederick and his men were plotting to attack Animal Farm and to destroy the windmill, the building of which had aroused furious jealousy in him. Snowball was known to be still skulking on Pinchfield Farm. In the middle of the summer the animals were alarmed to hear that three hens had come forward and confessed that, inspired by Snowball, they had entered into a plot to murder Napoleon. They were executed immediately, and fresh precautions for Napoleon's safety were taken. Four dogs guarded his bed at night, one at each corner, and a young pig named Pinkeye was given the task of tasting all his food before he ate it, lest it should be poisoned. At about the same time it was given out that Napoleon had arranged to sell the pile of timber to Mr. Pilkington; he was also going to enter into a regular agreement for the exchange of certain products between Animal Farm and Foxwood. The relations between Napoleon and Pilkington, though they were only conducted through Whymper, were now almost friendly. The animals distrusted Pilkington, as a human being, but greatly preferred him to Frederick, whom they both feared and hated. As the summer wore on, and the windmill neared completion, the rumours of an impending treacherous attack grew stronger and stronger. Frederick, it was said, intended to bring against them twenty men all armed with guns, and he had already bribed the magistrates and police, so that if he could once get hold of the title-deeds of Animal Farm they would ask no questions. Moreover, terrible stories were leaking out from Pinchfield about the cruelties that Frederick practised upon his animals. He had flogged an old horse to death, he starved his cows, he had killed a dog by throwing it into the furnace, he amused himself in the evenings by making cocks fight with splinters of razor-blade tied to their spurs. The animals' blood boiled with rage when they heard of these things being done to their comrades, and sometimes they clamoured to be allowed to go out in a body and attack Pinchfield Farm, drive out the humans, and set the animals free. But Squealer counselled them to avoid rash actions and trust in Comrade Napoleon's strategy. Nevertheless, feeling against Frederick continued to run high. One Sunday morning Napoleon appeared in the barn and explained that he had never at any time contemplated selling the pile of timber to Frederick; he considered it beneath his dignity, he said, to have dealings with scoundrels of that description. The pigeons who were still sent out to spread tidings of the Rebellion were forbidden to set foot anywhere on Foxwood, and were also ordered to drop their former slogan of "Death to Humanity" in favour of "Death to Frederick." In the late summer yet another of Snowball's machinations was laid bare. The wheat crop was full of weeds, and it was discovered that on one of his nocturnal visits Snowball had mixed weed seeds with the seed corn. A gander who had been privy to the plot had confessed his guilt to Squealer and immediately committed suicide by swallowing deadly nightshade berries. The animals now also learned that Snowball had never--as many of them had believed hitherto--received the order of "Animal Hero, First Class." This was merely a legend which had been spread some time after the Battle of the Cowshed by Snowball himself. So far from being decorated, he had been censured for showing cowardice in the battle. Once again some of the animals heard this with a certain bewilderment, but Squealer was soon able to convince them that their memories had been at fault. In the autumn, by a tremendous, exhausting effort--for the harvest had to be gathered at almost the same time--the windmill was finished. The machinery had still to be installed, and Whymper was negotiating the purchase of it, but the structure was completed. In the teeth of every difficulty, in spite of inexperience, of primitive implements, of bad luck and of Snowball's treachery, the work had been finished punctually to the very day! Tired out but proud, the animals walked round and round their masterpiece, which appeared even more beautiful in their eyes than when it had been built the first time. Moreover, the walls were twice as thick as before. Nothing short of explosives would lay them low this time! And when they thought of how they had laboured, what discouragements they had overcome, and the enormous difference that would be made in their lives when the sails were turning and the dynamos running--when they thought of all this, their tiredness forsook them and they gambolled round and round the windmill, uttering cries of triumph. Napoleon himself, attended by his dogs and his cockerel, came down to inspect the completed work; he personally congratulated the animals on their achievement, and announced that the mill would be named Napoleon Mill. Two days later the animals were called together for a special meeting in the barn. They were struck dumb with surprise when Napoleon announced that he had sold the pile of timber to Frederick. Tomorrow Frederick's wagons would arrive and begin carting it away. Throughout the whole period of his seeming friendship with Pilkington, Napoleon had really been in secret agreement with Frederick. All relations with Foxwood had been broken off; insulting messages had been sent to Pilkington. The pigeons had been told to avoid Pinchfield Farm and to alter their slogan from "Death to Frederick" to "Death to Pilkington." At the same time Napoleon assured the animals that the stories of an impending attack on Animal Farm were completely untrue, and that the tales about Frederick's cruelty to his own animals had been greatly exaggerated. All these rumours had probably originated with Snowball and his agents. It now appeared that Snowball was not, after all, hiding on Pinchfield Farm, and in fact had never been there in his life: he was living--in considerable luxury, so it was said--at Foxwood, and had in reality been a pensioner of Pilkington for years past. The pigs were in ecstasies over Napoleon's cunning. By seeming to be friendly with Pilkington he had forced Frederick to raise his price by twelve pounds. But the superior quality of Napoleon's mind, said Squealer, was shown in the fact that he trusted nobody, not even Frederick. Frederick had wanted to pay for the timber with something called a cheque, which, it seemed, was a piece of paper with a promise to pay written upon it. But Napoleon was too clever for him. He had demanded payment in real five-pound notes, which were to be handed over before the timber was removed. Already Frederick had paid up; and the sum he had paid was just enough to buy the machinery for the windmill. Meanwhile the timber was being carted away at high speed. When it was all gone, another special meeting was held in the barn for the animals to inspect Frederick's bank-notes. Smiling beatifically, and wearing both his decorations, Napoleon reposed on a bed of straw on the platform, with the money at his side, neatly piled on a china dish from the farmhouse kitchen. The animals filed slowly past, and each gazed his fill. And Boxer put out his nose to sniff at the bank-notes, and the flimsy white things stirred and rustled in his breath. Three days later there was a terrible hullabaloo. Whymper, his face deadly pale, came racing up the path on his bicycle, flung it down in the yard and rushed straight into the farmhouse. The next moment a choking roar of rage sounded from Napoleon's apartments. The news of what had happened sped round the farm like wildfire. The banknotes were forgeries! Frederick had got the timber for nothing! Napoleon called the animals together immediately and in a terrible voice pronounced the death sentence upon Frederick. When captured, he said, Frederick should be boiled alive. At the same time he warned them that after this treacherous deed the worst was to be expected. Frederick and his men might make their long-expected attack at any moment. Sentinels were placed at all the approaches to the farm. In addition, four pigeons were sent to Foxwood with a conciliatory message, which it was hoped might re-establish good relations with Pilkington. The very next morning the attack came. The animals were at breakfast when the look-outs came racing in with the news that Frederick and his followers had already come through the five-barred gate. Boldly enough the animals sallied forth to meet them, but this time they did not have the easy victory that they had had in the Battle of the Cowshed. There were fifteen men, with half a dozen guns between them, and they opened fire as soon as they got within fifty yards. The animals could not face the terrible explosions and the stinging pellets, and in spite of the efforts of Napoleon and Boxer to rally them, they were soon driven back. A number of them were already wounded. They took refuge in the farm buildings and peeped cautiously out from chinks and knot-holes. The whole of the big pasture, including the windmill, was in the hands of the enemy. For the moment even Napoleon seemed at a loss. He paced up and down without a word, his tail rigid and twitching. Wistful glances were sent in the direction of Foxwood. If Pilkington and his men would help them, the day might yet be won. But at this moment the four pigeons, who had been sent out on the day before, returned, one of them bearing a scrap of paper from Pilkington. On it was pencilled the words: "Serves you right." Meanwhile Frederick and his men had halted about the windmill. The animals watched them, and a murmur of dismay went round. Two of the men had produced a crowbar and a sledge hammer. They were going to knock the windmill down. "Impossible!" cried Napoleon. "We have built the walls far too thick for that. They could not knock it down in a week. Courage, comrades!" But Benjamin was watching the movements of the men intently. The two with the hammer and the crowbar were drilling a hole near the base of the windmill. Slowly, and with an air almost of amusement, Benjamin nodded his long muzzle. "I thought so," he said. "Do you not see what they are doing? In another moment they are going to pack blasting powder into that hole." Terrified, the animals waited. It was impossible now to venture out of the shelter of the buildings. After a few minutes the men were seen to be running in all directions. Then there was a deafening roar. The pigeons swirled into the air, and all the animals, except Napoleon, flung themselves flat on their bellies and hid their faces. When they got up again, a huge cloud of black smoke was hanging where the windmill had been. Slowly the breeze drifted it away. The windmill had ceased to exist! At this sight the animals' courage returned to them. The fear and despair they had felt a moment earlier were drowned in their rage against this vile, contemptible act. A mighty cry for vengeance went up, and without waiting for further orders they charged forth in a body and made straight for the enemy. This time they did not heed the cruel pellets that swept over them like hail. It was a savage, bitter battle. The men fired again and again, and, when the animals got to close quarters, lashed out with their sticks and their heavy boots. A cow, three sheep, and two geese were killed, and nearly everyone was wounded. Even Napoleon, who was directing operations from the rear, had the tip of his tail chipped by a pellet. But the men did not go unscathed either. Three of them had their heads broken by blows from Boxer's hoofs; another was gored in the belly by a cow's horn; another had his trousers nearly torn off by Jessie and Bluebell. And when the nine dogs of Napoleon's own bodyguard, whom he had instructed to make a detour under cover of the hedge, suddenly appeared on the men's flank, baying ferociously, panic overtook them. They saw that they were in danger of being surrounded. Frederick shouted to his men to get out while the going was good, and the next moment the cowardly enemy was running for dear life. The animals chased them right down to the bottom of the field, and got in some last kicks at them as they forced their way through the thorn hedge. They had won, but they were weary and bleeding. Slowly they began to limp back towards the farm. The sight of their dead comrades stretched upon the grass moved some of them to tears. And for a little while they halted in sorrowful silence at the place where the windmill had once stood. Yes, it was gone; almost the last trace of their labour was gone! Even the foundations were partially destroyed. And in rebuilding it they could not this time, as before, make use of the fallen stones. This time the stones had vanished too. The force of the explosion had flung them to distances of hundreds of yards. It was as though the windmill had never been. As they approached the farm Squealer, who had unaccountably been absent during the fighting, came skipping towards them, whisking his tail and beaming with satisfaction. And the animals heard, from the direction of the farm buildings, the solemn booming of a gun. "What is that gun firing for?" said Boxer. "To celebrate our victory!" cried Squealer. "What victory?" said Boxer. His knees were bleeding, he had lost a shoe and split his hoof, and a dozen pellets had lodged themselves in his hind leg. "What victory, comrade? Have we not driven the enemy off our soil--the sacred soil of Animal Farm?" "But they have destroyed the windmill. And we had worked on it for two years!" "What matter? We will build another windmill. We will build six windmills if we feel like it. You do not appreciate, comrade, the mighty thing that we have done. The enemy was in occupation of this very ground that we stand upon. And now--thanks to the leadership of Comrade Napoleon--we have won every inch of it back again!" "Then we have won back what we had before," said Boxer. "That is our victory," said Squealer. They limped into the yard. The pellets under the skin of Boxer's leg smarted painfully. He saw ahead of him the heavy labour of rebuilding the windmill from the foundations, and already in imagination he braced himself for the task. But for the first time it occurred to him that he was eleven years old and that perhaps his great muscles were not quite what they had once been. But when the animals saw the green flag flying, and heard the gun firing again--seven times it was fired in all--and heard the speech that Napoleon made, congratulating them on their conduct, it did seem to them after all that they had won a great victory. The animals slain in the battle were given a solemn funeral. Boxer and Clover pulled the wagon which served as a hearse, and Napoleon himself walked at the head of the procession. Two whole days were given over to celebrations. There were songs, speeches, and more firing of the gun, and a special gift of an apple was bestowed on every animal, with two ounces of corn for each bird and three biscuits for each dog. It was announced that the battle would be called the Battle of the Windmill, and that Napoleon had created a new decoration, the Order of the Green Banner, which he had conferred upon himself. In the general rejoicings the unfortunate affair of the banknotes was forgotten. It was a few days later than this that the pigs came upon a case of whisky in the cellars of the farmhouse. It had been overlooked at the time when the house was first occupied. That night there came from the farmhouse the sound of loud singing, in which, to everyone's surprise, the strains of 'Beasts of England' were mixed up. At about half past nine Napoleon, wearing an old bowler hat of Mr. Jones's, was distinctly seen to emerge from the back door, gallop rapidly round the yard, and disappear indoors again. But in the morning a deep silence hung over the farmhouse. Not a pig appeared to be stirring. It was nearly nine o'clock when Squealer made his appearance, walking slowly and dejectedly, his eyes dull, his tail hanging limply behind him, and with every appearance of being seriously ill. He called the animals together and told them that he had a terrible piece of news to impart. Comrade Napoleon was dying! A cry of lamentation went up. Straw was laid down outside the doors of the farmhouse, and the animals walked on tiptoe. With tears in their eyes they asked one another what they should do if their Leader were taken away from them. A rumour went round that Snowball had after all contrived to introduce poison into Napoleon's food. At eleven o'clock Squealer came out to make another announcement. As his last act upon earth, Comrade Napoleon had pronounced a solemn decree: the drinking of alcohol was to be punished by death. By the evening, however, Napoleon appeared to be somewhat better, and the following morning Squealer was able to tell them that he was well on the way to recovery. By the evening of that day Napoleon was back at work, and on the next day it was learned that he had instructed Whymper to purchase in Willingdon some booklets on brewing and distilling. A week later Napoleon gave orders that the small paddock beyond the orchard, which it had previously been intended to set aside as a grazing-ground for animals who were past work, was to be ploughed up. It was given out that the pasture was exhausted and needed re-seeding; but it soon became known that Napoleon intended to sow it with barley. About this time there occurred a strange incident which hardly anyone was able to understand. One night at about twelve o'clock there was a loud crash in the yard, and the animals rushed out of their stalls. It was a moonlit night. At the foot of the end wall of the big barn, where the Seven Commandments were written, there lay a ladder broken in two pieces. Squealer, temporarily stunned, was sprawling beside it, and near at hand there lay a lantern, a paint-brush, and an overturned pot of white paint. The dogs immediately made a ring round Squealer, and escorted him back to the farmhouse as soon as he was able to walk. None of the animals could form any idea as to what this meant, except old Benjamin, who nodded his muzzle with a knowing air, and seemed to understand, but would say nothing. But a few days later Muriel, reading over the Seven Commandments to herself, noticed that there was yet another of them which the animals had remembered wrong. They had thought the Fifth Commandment was "No animal shall drink alcohol," but there were two words that they had forgotten. Actually the Commandment read: "No animal shall drink alcohol TO EXCESS." Chapter IX Boxer's split hoof was a long time in healing. They had started the rebuilding of the windmill the day after the victory celebrations were ended. Boxer refused to take even a day off work, and made it a point of honour not to let it be seen that he was in pain. In the evenings he would admit privately to Clover that the hoof troubled him a great deal. Clover treated the hoof with poultices of herbs which she prepared by chewing them, and both she and Benjamin urged Boxer to work less hard. "A horse's lungs do not last for ever," she said to him. But Boxer would not listen. He had, he said, only one real ambition left--to see the windmill well under way before he reached the age for retirement. At the beginning, when the laws of Animal Farm were first formulated, the retiring age had been fixed for horses and pigs at twelve, for cows at fourteen, for dogs at nine, for sheep at seven, and for hens and geese at five. Liberal old-age pensions had been agreed upon. As yet no animal had actually retired on pension, but of late the subject had been discussed more and more. Now that the small field beyond the orchard had been set aside for barley, it was rumoured that a corner of the large pasture was to be fenced off and turned into a grazing-ground for superannuated animals. For a horse, it was said, the pension would be five pounds of corn a day and, in winter, fifteen pounds of hay, with a carrot or possibly an apple on public holidays. Boxer's twelfth birthday was due in the late summer of the following year. Meanwhile life was hard. The winter was as cold as the last one had been, and food was even shorter. Once again all rations were reduced, except those of the pigs and the dogs. A too rigid equality in rations, Squealer explained, would have been contrary to the principles of Animalism. In any case he had no difficulty in proving to the other animals that they were NOT in reality short of food, whatever the appearances might be. For the time being, certainly, it had been found necessary to make a readjustment of rations (Squealer always spoke of it as a "readjustment," never as a "reduction"), but in comparison with the days of Jones, the improvement was enormous. Reading out the figures in a shrill, rapid voice, he proved to them in detail that they had more oats, more hay, more turnips than they had had in Jones's day, that they worked shorter hours, that their drinking water was of better quality, that they lived longer, that a larger proportion of their young ones survived infancy, and that they had more straw in their stalls and suffered less from fleas. The animals believed every word of it. Truth to tell, Jones and all he stood for had almost faded out of their memories. They knew that life nowadays was harsh and bare, that they were often hungry and often cold, and that they were usually working when they were not asleep. But doubtless it had been worse in the old days. They were glad to believe so. Besides, in those days they had been slaves and now they were free, and that made all the difference, as Squealer did not fail to point out. There were many more mouths to feed now. In the autumn the four sows had all littered about simultaneously, producing thirty-one young pigs between them. The young pigs were piebald, and as Napoleon was the only boar on the farm, it was possible to guess at their parentage. It was announced that later, when bricks and timber had been purchased, a schoolroom would be built in the farmhouse garden. For the time being, the young pigs were given their instruction by Napoleon himself in the farmhouse kitchen. They took their exercise in the garden, and were discouraged from playing with the other young animals. About this time, too, it was laid down as a rule that when a pig and any other animal met on the path, the other animal must stand aside: and also that all pigs, of whatever degree, were to have the privilege of wearing green ribbons on their tails on Sundays. The farm had had a fairly successful year, but was still short of money. There were the bricks, sand, and lime for the schoolroom to be purchased, and it would also be necessary to begin saving up again for the machinery for the windmill. Then there were lamp oil and candles for the house, sugar for Napoleon's own table (he forbade this to the other pigs, on the ground that it made them fat), and all the usual replacements such as tools, nails, string, coal, wire, scrap-iron, and dog biscuits. A stump of hay and part of the potato crop were sold off, and the contract for eggs was increased to six hundred a week, so that that year the hens barely hatched enough chicks to keep their numbers at the same level. Rations, reduced in December, were reduced again in February, and lanterns in the stalls were forbidden to save oil. But the pigs seemed comfortable enough, and in fact were putting on weight if anything. One afternoon in late February a warm, rich, appetising scent, such as the animals had never smelt before, wafted itself across the yard from the little brew-house, which had been disused in Jones's time, and which stood beyond the kitchen. Someone said it was the smell of cooking barley. The animals sniffed the air hungrily and wondered whether a warm mash was being prepared for their supper. But no warm mash appeared, and on the following Sunday it was announced that from now onwards all barley would be reserved for the pigs. The field beyond the orchard had already been sown with barley. And the news soon leaked out that every pig was now receiving a ration of a pint of beer daily, with half a gallon for Napoleon himself, which was always served to him in the Crown Derby soup tureen. But if there were hardships to be borne, they were partly offset by the fact that life nowadays had a greater dignity than it had had before. There were more songs, more speeches, more processions. Napoleon had commanded that once a week there should be held something called a Spontaneous Demonstration, the object of which was to celebrate the struggles and triumphs of Animal Farm. At the appointed time the animals would leave their work and march round the precincts of the farm in military formation, with the pigs leading, then the horses, then the cows, then the sheep, and then the poultry. The dogs flanked the procession and at the head of all marched Napoleon's black cockerel. Boxer and Clover always carried between them a green banner marked with the hoof and the horn and the caption, "Long live Comrade Napoleon!" Afterwards there were recitations of poems composed in Napoleon's honour, and a speech by Squealer giving particulars of the latest increases in the production of foodstuffs, and on occasion a shot was fired from the gun. The sheep were the greatest devotees of the Spontaneous Demonstration, and if anyone complained (as a few animals sometimes did, when no pigs or dogs were near) that they wasted time and meant a lot of standing about in the cold, the sheep were sure to silence him with a tremendous bleating of "Four legs good, two legs bad!" But by and large the animals enjoyed these celebrations. They found it comforting to be reminded that, after all, they were truly their own masters and that the work they did was for their own benefit. So that, what with the songs, the processions, Squealer's lists of figures, the thunder of the gun, the crowing of the cockerel, and the fluttering of the flag, they were able to forget that their bellies were empty, at least part of the time. In April, Animal Farm was proclaimed a Republic, and it became necessary to elect a President. There was only one candidate, Napoleon, who was elected unanimously. On the same day it was given out that fresh documents had been discovered which revealed further details about Snowball's complicity with Jones. It now appeared that Snowball had not, as the animals had previously imagined, merely attempted to lose the Battle of the Cowshed by means of a stratagem, but had been openly fighting on Jones's side. In fact, it was he who had actually been the leader of the human forces, and had charged into battle with the words "Long live Humanity!" on his lips. The wounds on Snowball's back, which a few of the animals still remembered to have seen, had been inflicted by Napoleon's teeth. In the middle of the summer Moses the raven suddenly reappeared on the farm, after an absence of several years. He was quite unchanged, still did no work, and talked in the same strain as ever about Sugarcandy Mountain. He would perch on a stump, flap his black wings, and talk by the hour to anyone who would listen. "Up there, comrades," he would say solemnly, pointing to the sky with his large beak--"up there, just on the other side of that dark cloud that you can see--there it lies, Sugarcandy Mountain, that happy country where we poor animals shall rest for ever from our labours!" He even claimed to have been there on one of his higher flights, and to have seen the everlasting fields of clover and the linseed cake and lump sugar growing on the hedges. Many of the animals believed him. Their lives now, they reasoned, were hungry and laborious; was it not right and just that a better world should exist somewhere else? A thing that was difficult to determine was the attitude of the pigs towards Moses. They all declared contemptuously that his stories about Sugarcandy Mountain were lies, and yet they allowed him to remain on the farm, not working, with an allowance of a gill of beer a day. After his hoof had healed up, Boxer worked harder than ever. Indeed, all the animals worked like slaves that year. Apart from the regular work of the farm, and the rebuilding of the windmill, there was the schoolhouse for the young pigs, which was started in March. Sometimes the long hours on insufficient food were hard to bear, but Boxer never faltered. In nothing that he said or did was there any sign that his strength was not what it had been. It was only his appearance that was a little altered; his hide was less shiny than it had used to be, and his great haunches seemed to have shrunken. The others said, "Boxer will pick up when the spring grass comes on"; but the spring came and Boxer grew no fatter. Sometimes on the slope leading to the top of the quarry, when he braced his muscles against the weight of some vast boulder, it seemed that nothing kept him on his feet except the will to continue. At such times his lips were seen to form the words, "I will work harder"; he had no voice left. Once again Clover and Benjamin warned him to take care of his health, but Boxer paid no attention. His twelfth birthday was approaching. He did not care what happened so long as a good store of stone was accumulated before he went on pension. Late one evening in the summer, a sudden rumour ran round the farm that something had happened to Boxer. He had gone out alone to drag a load of stone down to the windmill. And sure enough, the rumour was true. A few minutes later two pigeons came racing in with the news; "Boxer has fallen! He is lying on his side and can't get up!" About half the animals on the farm rushed out to the knoll where the windmill stood. There lay Boxer, between the shafts of the cart, his neck stretched out, unable even to raise his head. His eyes were glazed, his sides matted with sweat. A thin stream of blood had trickled out of his mouth. Clover dropped to her knees at his side. "Boxer!" she cried, "how are you?" "It is my lung," said Boxer in a weak voice. "It does not matter. I think you will be able to finish the windmill without me. There is a pretty good store of stone accumulated. I had only another month to go in any case. To tell you the truth, I had been looking forward to my retirement. And perhaps, as Benjamin is growing old too, they will let him retire at the same time and be a companion to me." "We must get help at once," said Clover. "Run, somebody, and tell Squealer what has happened." All the other animals immediately raced back to the farmhouse to give Squealer the news. Only Clover remained, and Benjamin who lay down at Boxer's side, and, without speaking, kept the flies off him with his long tail. After about a quarter of an hour Squealer appeared, full of sympathy and concern. He said that Comrade Napoleon had learned with the very deepest distress of this misfortune to one of the most loyal workers on the farm, and was already making arrangements to send Boxer to be treated in the hospital at Willingdon. The animals felt a little uneasy at this. Except for Mollie and Snowball, no other animal had ever left the farm, and they did not like to think of their sick comrade in the hands of human beings. However, Squealer easily convinced them that the veterinary surgeon in Willingdon could treat Boxer's case more satisfactorily than could be done on the farm. And about half an hour later, when Boxer had somewhat recovered, he was with difficulty got on to his feet, and managed to limp back to his stall, where Clover and Benjamin had prepared a good bed of straw for him. For the next two days Boxer remained in his stall. The pigs had sent out a large bottle of pink medicine which they had found in the medicine chest in the bathroom, and Clover administered it to Boxer twice a day after meals. In the evenings she lay in his stall and talked to him, while Benjamin kept the flies off him. Boxer professed not to be sorry for what had happened. If he made a good recovery, he might expect to live another three years, and he looked forward to the peaceful days that he would spend in the corner of the big pasture. It would be the first time that he had had leisure to study and improve his mind. He intended, he said, to devote the rest of his life to learning the remaining twenty-two letters of the alphabet. However, Benjamin and Clover could only be with Boxer after working hours, and it was in the middle of the day when the van came to take him away. The animals were all at work weeding turnips under the supervision of a pig, when they were astonished to see Benjamin come galloping from the direction of the farm buildings, braying at the top of his voice. It was the first time that they had ever seen Benjamin excited--indeed, it was the first time that anyone had ever seen him gallop. "Quick, quick!" he shouted. "Come at once! They're taking Boxer away!" Without waiting for orders from the pig, the animals broke off work and raced back to the farm buildings. Sure enough, there in the yard was a large closed van, drawn by two horses, with lettering on its side and a sly-looking man in a low-crowned bowler hat sitting on the driver's seat. And Boxer's stall was empty. The animals crowded round the van. "Good-bye, Boxer!" they chorused, "good-bye!" "Fools! Fools!" shouted Benjamin, prancing round them and stamping the earth with his small hoofs. "Fools! Do you not see what is written on the side of that van?" That gave the animals pause, and there was a hush. Muriel began to spell out the words. But Benjamin pushed her aside and in the midst of a deadly silence he read: "'Alfred Simmonds, Horse Slaughterer and Glue Boiler, Willingdon. Dealer in Hides and Bone-Meal. Kennels Supplied.' Do you not understand what that means? They are taking Boxer to the knacker's!" A cry of horror burst from all the animals. At this moment the man on the box whipped up his horses and the van moved out of the yard at a smart trot. All the animals followed, crying out at the tops of their voices. Clover forced her way to the front. The van began to gather speed. Clover tried to stir her stout limbs to a gallop, and achieved a canter. "Boxer!" she cried. "Boxer! Boxer! Boxer!" And just at this moment, as though he had heard the uproar outside, Boxer's face, with the white stripe down his nose, appeared at the small window at the back of the van. "Boxer!" cried Clover in a terrible voice. "Boxer! Get out! Get out quickly! They're taking you to your death!" All the animals took up the cry of "Get out, Boxer, get out!" But the van was already gathering speed and drawing away from them. It was uncertain whether Boxer had understood what Clover had said. But a moment later his face disappeared from the window and there was the sound of a tremendous drumming of hoofs inside the van. He was trying to kick his way out. The time had been when a few kicks from Boxer's hoofs would have smashed the van to matchwood. But alas! his strength had left him; and in a few moments the sound of drumming hoofs grew fainter and died away. In desperation the animals began appealing to the two horses which drew the van to stop. "Comrades, comrades!" they shouted. "Don't take your own brother to his death!" But the stupid brutes, too ignorant to realise what was happening, merely set back their ears and quickened their pace. Boxer's face did not reappear at the window. Too late, someone thought of racing ahead and shutting the five-barred gate; but in another moment the van was through it and rapidly disappearing down the road. Boxer was never seen again. Three days later it was announced that he had died in the hospital at Willingdon, in spite of receiving every attention a horse could have. Squealer came to announce the news to the others. He had, he said, been present during Boxer's last hours. "It was the most affecting sight I have ever seen!" said Squealer, lifting his trotter and wiping away a tear. "I was at his bedside at the very last. And at the end, almost too weak to speak, he whispered in my ear that his sole sorrow was to have passed on before the windmill was finished. 'Forward, comrades!' he whispered. 'Forward in the name of the Rebellion. Long live Animal Farm! Long live Comrade Napoleon! Napoleon is always right.' Those were his very last words, comrades." Here Squealer's demeanour suddenly changed. He fell silent for a moment, and his little eyes darted suspicious glances from side to side before he proceeded. It had come to his knowledge, he said, that a foolish and wicked rumour had been circulated at the time of Boxer's removal. Some of the animals had noticed that the van which took Boxer away was marked "Horse Slaughterer," and had actually jumped to the conclusion that Boxer was being sent to the knacker's. It was almost unbelievable, said Squealer, that any animal could be so stupid. Surely, he cried indignantly, whisking his tail and skipping from side to side, surely they knew their beloved Leader, Comrade Napoleon, better than that? But the explanation was really very simple. The van had previously been the property of the knacker, and had been bought by the veterinary surgeon, who had not yet painted the old name out. That was how the mistake had arisen. The animals were enormously relieved to hear this. And when Squealer went on to give further graphic details of Boxer's death-bed, the admirable care he had received, and the expensive medicines for which Napoleon had paid without a thought as to the cost, their last doubts disappeared and the sorrow that they felt for their comrade's death was tempered by the thought that at least he had died happy. Napoleon himself appeared at the meeting on the following Sunday morning and pronounced a short oration in Boxer's honour. It had not been possible, he said, to bring back their lamented comrade's remains for interment on the farm, but he had ordered a large wreath to be made from the laurels in the farmhouse garden and sent down to be placed on Boxer's grave. And in a few days' time the pigs intended to hold a memorial banquet in Boxer's honour. Napoleon ended his speech with a reminder of Boxer's two favourite maxims, "I will work harder" and "Comrade Napoleon is always right"--maxims, he said, which every animal would do well to adopt as his own. On the day appointed for the banquet, a grocer's van drove up from Willingdon and delivered a large wooden crate at the farmhouse. That night there was the sound of uproarious singing, which was followed by what sounded like a violent quarrel and ended at about eleven o'clock with a tremendous crash of glass. No one stirred in the farmhouse before noon on the following day, and the word went round that from somewhere or other the pigs had acquired the money to buy themselves another case of whisky. Chapter X Years passed. The seasons came and went, the short animal lives fled by. A time came when there was no one who remembered the old days before the Rebellion, except Clover, Benjamin, Moses the raven, and a number of the pigs. Muriel was dead; Bluebell, Jessie, and Pincher were dead. Jones too was dead--he had died in an inebriates' home in another part of the country. Snowball was forgotten. Boxer was forgotten, except by the few who had known him. Clover was an old stout mare now, stiff in the joints and with a tendency to rheumy eyes. She was two years past the retiring age, but in fact no animal had ever actually retired. The talk of setting aside a corner of the pasture for superannuated animals had long since been dropped. Napoleon was now a mature boar of twenty-four stone. Squealer was so fat that he could with difficulty see out of his eyes. Only old Benjamin was much the same as ever, except for being a little greyer about the muzzle, and, since Boxer's death, more morose and taciturn than ever. There were many more creatures on the farm now, though the increase was not so great as had been expected in earlier years. Many animals had been born to whom the Rebellion was only a dim tradition, passed on by word of mouth, and others had been bought who had never heard mention of such a thing before their arrival. The farm possessed three horses now besides Clover. They were fine upstanding beasts, willing workers and good comrades, but very stupid. None of them proved able to learn the alphabet beyond the letter B. They accepted everything that they were told about the Rebellion and the principles of Animalism, especially from Clover, for whom they had an almost filial respect; but it was doubtful whether they understood very much of it. The farm was more prosperous now, and better organised: it had even been enlarged by two fields which had been bought from Mr. Pilkington. The windmill had been successfully completed at last, and the farm possessed a threshing machine and a hay elevator of its own, and various new buildings had been added to it. Whymper had bought himself a dogcart. The windmill, however, had not after all been used for generating electrical power. It was used for milling corn, and brought in a handsome money profit. The animals were hard at work building yet another windmill; when that one was finished, so it was said, the dynamos would be installed. But the luxuries of which Snowball had once taught the animals to dream, the stalls with electric light and hot and cold water, and the three-day week, were no longer talked about. Napoleon had denounced such ideas as contrary to the spirit of Animalism. The truest happiness, he said, lay in working hard and living frugally. Somehow it seemed as though the farm had grown richer without making the animals themselves any richer-except, of course, for the pigs and the dogs. Perhaps this was partly because there were so many pigs and so many dogs. It was not that these creatures did not work, after their fashion. There was, as Squealer was never tired of explaining, endless work in the supervision and organisation of the farm. Much of this work was of a kind that the other animals were too ignorant to understand. For example, Squealer told them that the pigs had to expend enormous labours every day upon mysterious things called "files," "reports," "minutes," and "memoranda". These were large sheets of paper which had to be closely covered with writing, and as soon as they were so covered, they were burnt in the furnace. This was of the highest importance for the welfare of the farm, Squealer said. But still, neither pigs nor dogs produced any food by their own labour; and there were very many of them, and their appetites were always good. As for the others, their life, so far as they knew, was as it had always been. They were generally hungry, they slept on straw, they drank from the pool, they laboured in the fields; in winter they were troubled by the cold, and in summer by the flies. Sometimes the older ones among them racked their dim memories and tried to determine whether in the early days of the Rebellion, when Jones's expulsion was still recent, things had been better or worse than now. They could not remember. There was nothing with which they could compare their present lives: they had nothing to go upon except Squealer's lists of figures, which invariably demonstrated that everything was getting better and better. The animals found the problem insoluble; in any case, they had little time for speculating on such things now. Only old Benjamin professed to remember every detail of his long life and to know that things never had been, nor ever could be much better or much worse--hunger, hardship, and disappointment being, so he said, the unalterable law of life. And yet the animals never gave up hope. More, they never lost, even for an instant, their sense of honour and privilege in being members of Animal Farm. They were still the only farm in the whole county--in all England!--owned and operated by animals. Not one of them, not even the youngest, not even the newcomers who had been brought from farms ten or twenty miles away, ever ceased to marvel at that. And when they heard the gun booming and saw the green flag fluttering at the masthead, their hearts swelled with imperishable pride, and the talk turned always towards the old heroic days, the expulsion of Jones, the writing of the Seven Commandments, the great battles in which the human invaders had been defeated. None of the old dreams had been abandoned. The Republic of the Animals which Major had foretold, when the green fields of England should be untrodden by human feet, was still believed in. Some day it was coming: it might not be soon, it might not be with in the lifetime of any animal now living, but still it was coming. Even the tune of 'Beasts of England' was perhaps hummed secretly here and there: at any rate, it was a fact that every animal on the farm knew it, though no one would have dared to sing it aloud. It might be that their lives were hard and that not all of their hopes had been fulfilled; but they were conscious that they were not as other animals. If they went hungry, it was not from feeding tyrannical human beings; if they worked hard, at least they worked for themselves. No creature among them went upon two legs. No creature called any other creature "Master." All animals were equal. One day in early summer Squealer ordered the sheep to follow him, and led them out to a piece of waste ground at the other end of the farm, which had become overgrown with birch saplings. The sheep spent the whole day there browsing at the leaves under Squealer's supervision. In the evening he returned to the farmhouse himself, but, as it was warm weather, told the sheep to stay where they were. It ended by their remaining there for a whole week, during which time the other animals saw nothing of them. Squealer was with them for the greater part of every day. He was, he said, teaching them to sing a new song, for which privacy was needed. It was just after the sheep had returned, on a pleasant evening when the animals had finished work and were making their way back to the farm buildings, that the terrified neighing of a horse sounded from the yard. Startled, the animals stopped in their tracks. It was Clover's voice. She neighed again, and all the animals broke into a gallop and rushed into the yard. Then they saw what Clover had seen. It was a pig walking on his hind legs. Yes, it was Squealer. A little awkwardly, as though not quite used to supporting his considerable bulk in that position, but with perfect balance, he was strolling across the yard. And a moment later, out from the door of the farmhouse came a long file of pigs, all walking on their hind legs. Some did it better than others, one or two were even a trifle unsteady and looked as though they would have liked the support of a stick, but every one of them made his way right round the yard successfully. And finally there was a tremendous baying of dogs and a shrill crowing from the black cockerel, and out came Napoleon himself, majestically upright, casting haughty glances from side to side, and with his dogs gambolling round him. He carried a whip in his trotter. There was a deadly silence. Amazed, terrified, huddling together, the animals watched the long line of pigs march slowly round the yard. It was as though the world had turned upside-down. Then there came a moment when the first shock had worn off and when, in spite of everything-in spite of their terror of the dogs, and of the habit, developed through long years, of never complaining, never criticising, no matter what happened--they might have uttered some word of protest. But just at that moment, as though at a signal, all the sheep burst out into a tremendous bleating of-- "Four legs good, two legs BETTER! Four legs good, two legs BETTER! Four legs good, two legs BETTER!" It went on for five minutes without stopping. And by the time the sheep had quieted down, the chance to utter any protest had passed, for the pigs had marched back into the farmhouse. Benjamin felt a nose nuzzling at his shoulder. He looked round. It was Clover. Her old eyes looked dimmer than ever. Without saying anything, she tugged gently at his mane and led him round to the end of the big barn, where the Seven Commandments were written. For a minute or two they stood gazing at the tatted wall with its white lettering. "My sight is failing," she said finally. "Even when I was young I could not have read what was written there. But it appears to me that that wall looks different. Are the Seven Commandments the same as they used to be, Benjamin?" For once Benjamin consented to break his rule, and he read out to her what was written on the wall. There was nothing there now except a single Commandment. It ran: ALL ANIMALS ARE EQUAL BUT SOME ANIMALS ARE MORE EQUAL THAN OTHERS After that it did not seem strange when next day the pigs who were supervising the work of the farm all carried whips in their trotters. It did not seem strange to learn that the pigs had bought themselves a wireless set, were arranging to install a telephone, and had taken out subscriptions to 'John Bull', 'Tit-Bits', and the 'Daily Mirror'. It did not seem strange when Napoleon was seen strolling in the farmhouse garden with a pipe in his mouth--no, not even when the pigs took Mr. Jones's clothes out of the wardrobes and put them on, Napoleon himself appearing in a black coat, ratcatcher breeches, and leather leggings, while his favourite sow appeared in the watered silk dress which Mrs. Jones had been used to wearing on Sundays. A week later, in the afternoon, a number of dog-carts drove up to the farm. A deputation of neighbouring farmers had been invited to make a tour of inspection. They were shown all over the farm, and expressed great admiration for everything they saw, especially the windmill. The animals were weeding the turnip field. They worked diligently hardly raising their faces from the ground, and not knowing whether to be more frightened of the pigs or of the human visitors. That evening loud laughter and bursts of singing came from the farmhouse. And suddenly, at the sound of the mingled voices, the animals were stricken with curiosity. What could be happening in there, now that for the first time animals and human beings were meeting on terms of equality? With one accord they began to creep as quietly as possible into the farmhouse garden. At the gate they paused, half frightened to go on but Clover led the way in. They tiptoed up to the house, and such animals as were tall enough peered in at the dining-room window. There, round the long table, sat half a dozen farmers and half a dozen of the more eminent pigs, Napoleon himself occupying the seat of honour at the head of the table. The pigs appeared completely at ease in their chairs. The company had been enjoying a game of cards but had broken off for the moment, evidently in order to drink a toast. A large jug was circulating, and the mugs were being refilled with beer. No one noticed the wondering faces of the animals that gazed in at the window. Mr. Pilkington, of Foxwood, had stood up, his mug in his hand. In a moment, he said, he would ask the present company to drink a toast. But before doing so, there were a few words that he felt it incumbent upon him to say. It was a source of great satisfaction to him, he said--and, he was sure, to all others present--to feel that a long period of mistrust and misunderstanding had now come to an end. There had been a time--not that he, or any of the present company, had shared such sentiments--but there had been a time when the respected proprietors of Animal Farm had been regarded, he would not say with hostility, but perhaps with a certain measure of misgiving, by their human neighbours. Unfortunate incidents had occurred, mistaken ideas had been current. It had been felt that the existence of a farm owned and operated by pigs was somehow abnormal and was liable to have an unsettling effect in the neighbourhood. Too many farmers had assumed, without due enquiry, that on such a farm a spirit of licence and indiscipline would prevail. They had been nervous about the effects upon their own animals, or even upon their human employees. But all such doubts were now dispelled. Today he and his friends had visited Animal Farm and inspected every inch of it with their own eyes, and what did they find? Not only the most up-to-date methods, but a discipline and an orderliness which should be an example to all farmers everywhere. He believed that he was right in saying that the lower animals on Animal Farm did more work and received less food than any animals in the county. Indeed, he and his fellow-visitors today had observed many features which they intended to introduce on their own farms immediately. He would end his remarks, he said, by emphasising once again the friendly feelings that subsisted, and ought to subsist, between Animal Farm and its neighbours. Between pigs and human beings there was not, and there need not be, any clash of interests whatever. Their struggles and their difficulties were one. Was not the labour problem the same everywhere? Here it became apparent that Mr. Pilkington was about to spring some carefully prepared witticism on the company, but for a moment he was too overcome by amusement to be able to utter it. After much choking, during which his various chins turned purple, he managed to get it out: "If you have your lower animals to contend with," he said, "we have our lower classes!" This BON MOT set the table in a roar; and Mr. Pilkington once again congratulated the pigs on the low rations, the long working hours, and the general absence of pampering which he had observed on Animal Farm. And now, he said finally, he would ask the company to rise to their feet and make certain that their glasses were full. "Gentlemen," concluded Mr. Pilkington, "gentlemen, I give you a toast: To the prosperity of Animal Farm!" There was enthusiastic cheering and stamping of feet. Napoleon was so gratified that he left his place and came round the table to clink his mug against Mr. Pilkington's before emptying it. When the cheering had died down, Napoleon, who had remained on his feet, intimated that he too had a few words to say. Like all of Napoleon's speeches, it was short and to the point. He too, he said, was happy that the period of misunderstanding was at an end. For a long time there had been rumours--circulated, he had reason to think, by some malignant enemy--that there was something subversive and even revolutionary in the outlook of himself and his colleagues. They had been credited with attempting to stir up rebellion among the animals on neighbouring farms. Nothing could be further from the truth! Their sole wish, now and in the past, was to live at peace and in normal business relations with their neighbours. This farm which he had the honour to control, he added, was a co-operative enterprise. The title-deeds, which were in his own possession, were owned by the pigs jointly. He did not believe, he said, that any of the old suspicions still lingered, but certain changes had been made recently in the routine of the farm which should have the effect of promoting confidence still further. Hitherto the animals on the farm had had a rather foolish custom of addressing one another as "Comrade." This was to be suppressed. There had also been a very strange custom, whose origin was unknown, of marching every Sunday morning past a boar's skull which was nailed to a post in the garden. This, too, would be suppressed, and the skull had already been buried. His visitors might have observed, too, the green flag which flew from the masthead. If so, they would perhaps have noted that the white hoof and horn with which it had previously been marked had now been removed. It would be a plain green flag from now onwards. He had only one criticism, he said, to make of Mr. Pilkington's excellent and neighbourly speech. Mr. Pilkington had referred throughout to "Animal Farm." He could not of course know--for he, Napoleon, was only now for the first time announcing it--that the name "Animal Farm" had been abolished. Henceforward the farm was to be known as "The Manor Farm"--which, he believed, was its correct and original name. "Gentlemen," concluded Napoleon, "I will give you the same toast as before, but in a different form. Fill your glasses to the brim. Gentlemen, here is my toast: To the prosperity of The Manor Farm!" There was the same hearty cheering as before, and the mugs were emptied to the dregs. But as the animals outside gazed at the scene, it seemed to them that some strange thing was happening. What was it that had altered in the faces of the pigs? Clover's old dim eyes flitted from one face to another. Some of them had five chins, some had four, some had three. But what was it that seemed to be melting and changing? Then, the applause having come to an end, the company took up their cards and continued the game that had been interrupted, and the animals crept silently away. But they had not gone twenty yards when they stopped short. An uproar of voices was coming from the farmhouse. They rushed back and looked through the window again. Yes, a violent quarrel was in progress. There were shoutings, bangings on the table, sharp suspicious glances, furious denials. The source of the trouble appeared to be that Napoleon and Mr. Pilkington had each played an ace of spades simultaneously. Twelve voices were shouting in anger, and they were all alike. No question, now, what had happened to the faces of the pigs. The creatures outside looked from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man again; but already it was impossible to say which was which. November 1943-February 1944 THE END <Hr> 6m915yj1cuswd0p9l40yk9j9qgqp8m7 427500 427499 2026-05-20T03:17:31Z Danuri19 16656 427500 wikitext text/x-wiki {{번역 머리말 | 제목 = 동물농장 <ref>[https://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks01/0100011.txt|#] 프로젝트 구텐베르그(Project Gutenberg) 호주 지부(Australia) 영문판</ref> | 다른 표기 = Animal Farm | 부제 = | 부제 다른 표기 = | 저자 = [[저자:조지 오웰|조지 오웰]] | 역자 = [[사:Danuri19|Danuri19]] | 이전 = | 다음 = | 연도 = | 언어 = | 원본 = | 설명 = }} Chapter I<br> 제1장 Mr. Jones, of the Manor Farm, had locked the hen-houses for the night, but was too drunk to remember to shut the pop-holes. With the ring of light from his lantern dancing from side to side, he lurched across the yard, kicked off his boots at the back door, drew himself a last glass of beer from the barrel in the scullery, and made his way up to bed, where Mrs. Jones was already snoring.<br> 매너 농장의 존스 씨는 밤을 맞아 닭장을 잠갔지만, 너무 취해서 닭들이 드나드는 구멍을 닫는 것을 잊어버렸습니다. 등불의 불빛이 좌우로 흔들리는 가운데, 그는 비틀거리며 마당을 가로질러, 뒷문에서 부츠를 벗어 던지고, 부엌 찬장에 있는 맥주통에서 마지막 맥주 한 잔을 따라 마신 후, 존스 부인이 이미 코를 골며 자고 있는 침실로 올라갔습니다. As soon as the light in the bedroom went out there was a stirring and a fluttering all through the farm buildings. Word had gone round during the day that old Major, the prize Middle White boar, had had a strange dream on the previous night and wished to communicate it to the other animals. It had been agreed that they should all meet in the big barn as soon as Mr. Jones was safely out of the way. Old Major (so he was always called, though the name under which he had been exhibited was Willingdon Beauty) was so highly regarded on the farm that everyone was quite ready to lose an hour's sleep in order to hear what he had to say. <br> 침실의 불이 꺼지자마자, 농장 건물 전체에 걸쳐 (동물들의) 소란과 분주함이 감돌았습니다. 낮 동안에 그 상급 '미들 화이트' 종 수퇘지인 늙은 메이저가 지난밤 이상한 꿈을 꾸었으며, 그것을 다른 동물들에게 전달하고 싶어 한다는 말이 돌았습니다. 존스 씨가 확실히 방해되지 않는 곳으로 가자마자 그들 모두가 큰 창고에서 만나기로 합의되었습니다. 늙은 메이저(그가 가축전시회에 나갔을 때의 이름은 '윌링던의 미남'이였지만, 그는 항상 그렇게 불렸습니다)는 농장에서 매우 높게 평가받고 있었기에, 모두가 그가 할 말을 듣기 위해 기꺼이 한 시간의 잠을 포기할 준비가 되어 있었습니다. At one end of the big barn, on a sort of raised platform, Major was already ensconced on his bed of straw, under a lantern which hung from a beam. He was twelve years old and had lately grown rather stout, but he was still a majestic-looking pig, with a wise and benevolent appearance in spite of the fact that his tushes had never been cut. Before long the other animals began to arrive and make themselves comfortable after their different fashions. First came the three dogs, Bluebell, Jessie, and Pincher, and then the pigs, who settled down in the straw immediately in front of the platform. The hens perched themselves on the window-sills, the pigeons fluttered up to the rafters, the sheep and cows lay down behind the pigs and began to chew the cud. The two cart-horses, Boxer and Clover, came in together, walking very slowly and setting down their vast hairy hoofs with great care lest there should be some small animal concealed in the straw. Clover was a stout motherly mare approaching middle life, who had never quite got her figure back after her fourth foal. Boxer was an enormous beast, nearly eighteen hands high, and as strong as any two ordinary horses put together. A white stripe down his nose gave him a somewhat stupid appearance, and in fact he was not of first-rate intelligence, but he was universally respected for his steadiness of character and tremendous powers of work. After the horses came Muriel, the white goat, and Benjamin, the donkey. Benjamin was the oldest animal on the farm, and the worst tempered. He seldom talked, and when he did, it was usually to make some cynical remark--for instance, he would say that God had given him a tail to keep the flies off, but that he would sooner have had no tail and no flies. Alone among the animals on the farm he never laughed. If asked why, he would say that he saw nothing to laugh at. Nevertheless, without openly admitting it, he was devoted to Boxer; the two of them usually spent their Sundays together in the small paddock beyond the orchard, grazing side by side and never speaking.<br> 큰 창고의 한쪽 끝, 일종의 높여진 플랫폼(무대) 위에, 메이저는 들보로부터 매달려 있는 랜턴 아래의 그의 짚 침대 위에 이미 편안하게 자리를 잡고 있었습니다. 그는 12살이었고 최근에 다소 뚱뚱해졌지만, 그의 엄니가 한 번도 잘린 적이 없다는 사실에도 불구하고, 그는 여전히 지혜롭고 자애로운 외모를 가진 위엄 있어 보이는 돼지였습니다. 오래지 않아 다른 동물들이 도착하기 시작했고 그들의 서로 다른 방식에 따라 스스로를 편안하게 만들었습니다(자리를 잡았습니다). 먼저 블루벨, 제시, 핀처라는 세 마리의 개가 왔고, 그다음에는 돼지들이 왔는데, 그들은 플랫폼 바로 앞의 짚 속에 정착했습니다. 암탉들은 창문 턱 위에 스스로를 앉혔고, 비둘기들은 서까래 위로 파닥거리며 올라갔으며, 양들과 소들은 돼지들 뒤에 누워 되새김질을 하기 시작했습니다. 두 마리의 짐수레 말인 복서와 클로버가 함께 들어왔는데, 짚 속에 숨어 있는 어떤 작은 동물이라도 있을까 봐 매우 천천히 걸으며 그들의 거대하고 털이 많은 발굽을 엄청난 주의를 기울여 내디뎠습니다. 클로버는 중년에 접어드는 뚱뚱하고 어머니 같은 암말이었는데, 그녀의 네 번째 망아지를 낳은 이후 그녀의 몸매를 결코 완전히 되찾지 못했습니다. 복서는 거의 18핸드(약 183cm) 높이에 이르는 거대한 짐승이었고, 합쳐진 어떤 평범한 말 두 마리만큼이나 힘이 셌습니다. 코를 따라 내려오는 흰색 줄무늬는 그에게 다소 어리석은 외모를 주었고, 사실 그는 일류의( 뛰어난) 지능은 아니었지만, 그의 성격의 꾸준함과 엄청난 작업 능력으로 인해 보편적으로(모두에게) 존경받았습니다. 말들 다음에는 흰 염소인 뮤리엘과 당나귀인 벤자민이 왔습니다. 벤자민은 농장에서 가장 나이가 많은 동물이었고, 성격이 가장 나빴습니다. 그는 좀처럼 말하지 않았고, 그가 말을 할 때는 대개 어떤 냉소적인 발언을 하기 위해서였습니다. 예를 들어, 그는 신이 그에게 파리를 쫓아내라고 꼬리를 주셨지만, 차라리 꼬리도 없고 파리도 없는 것이 더 좋았겠다고 말하곤 했습니다. 농장의 동물들 중에서 홀로 그는 결코 웃지 않았습니다. 왜냐고 질문을 받으면, 그는 웃을 만한 것을 아무것도 보지 못했다고 말하곤 했습니다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 그것을 공개적으로 인정하지는 않으면서도, 그는 복서에게 헌신적이었습니다. 그들 둘은 대개 과수원 너머의 작은 방목지에서 그들의 일요일을 함께 보냈는데, 나란히 풀을 뜯으며 결코 말하지 않았습니다. The two horses had just lain down when a brood of ducklings, which had lost their mother, filed into the barn, cheeping feebly and wandering from side to side to find some place where they would not be trodden on. Clover made a sort of wall round them with her great foreleg, and the ducklings nestled down inside it and promptly fell asleep. At the last moment Mollie, the foolish, pretty white mare who drew Mr. Jones's trap, came mincing daintily in, chewing at a lump of sugar. She took a place near the front and began flirting her white mane, hoping to draw attention to the red ribbons it was plaited with. Last of all came the cat, who looked round, as usual, for the warmest place, and finally squeezed herself in between Boxer and Clover; there she purred contentedly throughout Major's speech without listening to a word of what he was saying.<br> 그 두 마리의 말이 막 누웠을 때, 그들의 엄마를 잃어버린 오리 새끼 한 무리가, 힘없이 삐약거리고 그들이 밟히지 않을 어떤 장소를 찾기 위해 이리저리 헤매며 창고 안으로 줄을 지어 들어왔습니다. 클로버는 그녀의 거대한 앞다리로 그들 주위에 일종의 벽을 만들어 주었고, 오리 새끼들은 그 안에 아늑하게 자리를 잡고 즉시 잠이 들었습니다. 마지막 순간에, 존스 씨의 이인승 마차를 끌던 어리석고 예쁜 흰색 암말인 몰리가 설탕 덩어리를 씹으며 얌전 빼며 우아하게 걸어 들어왔습니다. 그녀는 앞쪽 근처에 자리를 잡았고, 그것(갈기)에 땋아져 있는 빨간 리본들로 주의를 끌기를 희망하면서 그녀의 하얀 갈기를 살랑거리기 시작했습니다. 가장 마지막으로 고양이가 왔는데, 그녀는 늘 그렇듯 가장 따뜻한 장소를 찾아 주위를 둘러보았고, 마침내 복서와 클로버 사이에 스스로를 밀어 넣었습니다. 거기서 그녀는 메이저가 말하고 있는 것의 단 한 단어도 듣지 않으면서, 메이저의 연설 내내 만족스럽게 갸르릉거렸습니다. All the animals were now present except Moses, the tame raven, who slept on a perch behind the back door. When Major saw that they had all made themselves comfortable and were waiting attentively, he cleared his throat and began: <br> 뒷문 뒤의 홰 위에서 잠을 자는 길들여진 까마귀인 모세를 제외하고는 모든 동물들이 이제 참석해 있었습니다. 메이저가 그들 모두가 스스로를 편안하게 만들고(자리를 잡고) 주의 깊게 기다리고 있는 것을 보았을 때, 그는 그의 목청을 가다듬고 시작했습니다: "Comrades, you have heard already about the strange dream that I had last night. But I will come to the dream later. I have something else to say first. I do not think, comrades, that I shall be with you for many months longer, and before I die, I feel it my duty to pass on to you such wisdom as I have acquired. I have had a long life, I have had much time for thought as I lay alone in my stall, and I think I may say that I understand the nature of life on this earth as well as any animal now living. It is about this that I wish to speak to you. <br> "동지들, 여러분은 내가 지난밤에 꾸었던 이상한 꿈에 대해 이미 들었습니다. 하지만 나는 그 꿈에 대해서는 나중에 이야기하겠습니다. 나는 먼저 말해야 할 다른 어떤 것을 가지고 있습니다. 동지들, 나는 내가 여러 달 더 이상 여러분과 함께하지 못할 것이라고 생각하며, 내가 죽기 전에, 내가 습득해 온 그러한 지혜를 여러분에게 전달하는 것이 나의 의무라고 느낍니다. 나는 긴 삶을 살았고, 나의 축사 안에 홀로 누워 있을 때 생각할 많은 시간을 가졌으며, 나는 내가 현재 살고 있는 어떤 동물 못지않게 이 지구상에서의 삶의 본질을 이해하고 있다고 말할 수 있다고 생각합니다. 내가 여러분에게 말하고자 희망하는 것은 바로 이것에 대해서입니다. "Now, comrades, what is the nature of this life of ours? Let us face it: our lives are miserable, laborious, and short. We are born, we are given just so much food as will keep the breath in our bodies, and those of us who are capable of it are forced to work to the last atom of our strength; and the very instant that our usefulness has come to an end we are slaughtered with hideous cruelty. No animal in England knows the meaning of happiness or leisure after he is a year old. No animal in England is free. The life of an animal is misery and slavery: that is the plain truth.<br> "이제, 동지들, 우리들의 이 삶의 본질은 무엇입니까? 그것을 직시합시다. 우리의 삶은 비참하고, 힘들며, 짧습니다. 우리는 태어나고, 우리의 몸속에 숨이 붙어 있게 유지해 줄 딱 그만큼의 음식만을 받으며, 그것(노동)을 할 능력이 있는 우리들 중의 이들은 우리의 힘의 마지막 한 원자(한 방울)까지 짜내어 일하도록 강요받습니다. 그리고 우리의 유용성이 끝에 다다르는 바로 그 순간에, 우리는 끔찍한 잔인함과 함께 도살당합니다. 영국의 어떤 동물도 그가 한 살이 된 이후에는 행복이나 여가의 의미를 알지 못합니다. 영국의 어떤 동물도 자유롭지 않습니다. 동물의 삶은 비참함과 노예 상태입니다. 그것이 명백한 진실입니다. "But is this simply part of the order of nature? Is it because this land of ours is so poor that it cannot afford a decent life to those who dwell upon it? No, comrades, a thousand times no! The soil of England is fertile, its climate is good, it is capable of affording food in abundance to an enormously greater number of animals than now inhabit it. This single farm of ours would support a dozen horses, twenty cows, hundreds of sheep--and all of them living in a comfort and a dignity that are now almost beyond our imagining. Why then do we continue in this miserable condition? Because nearly the whole of the produce of our labour is stolen from us by human beings. There, comrades, is the answer to all our problems. It is summed up in a single word--Man. Man is the only real enemy we have. Remove Man from the scene, and the root cause of hunger and overwork is abolished for ever.<br> "그러나 이것은 단순히 자연의 질서의 일부입니까? 그것은 우리들의 이 땅이 너무 가난해서 그 위에 거주하는 이들에게 괜찮은(품위 있는) 삶을 제공할 여유가 없기 때문입니까? 아닙니다, 동지들, 천 번이고 아닙니다! 영국의 토양은 비옥하고, 그것의 기후는 좋으며, 그것은 현재 그것에 서식하는 것보다 훨씬 더 엄청나게 많은 수의 동물들에게 풍부한 음식을 제공할 능력이 있습니다. 우리들의 이 단 하나의 농장만으로도 열두 마리의 말, 스무 마리의 소, 수백 마리의 양을 부양할 수 있을 것이며—그리고 그들 모두는 지금은 우리의 상상을 거의 초월하는 편안함과 존엄함 속에서 살아가게 될 것입니다. 그렇다면 왜 우리는 이 비참한 상태를 지속하고 있습니까? 왜냐하면 우리 노동의 생산물의 거의 전부가 인간들에 의해 우리로부터 도둑맞고 있기 때문입니다. 동지들, 거기에 우리 모든 문제에 대한 답이 있습니다. 그것은 단 하나의 단어로 요약됩니다—인간. 인간은 우리가 가진 유일한 진짜 적입니다. 장면(무대)에서 인간을 제거하십시오, 그러면 굶주림과 과로의 근본 원인은 영원히 폐지됩니다. "Man is the only creature that consumes without producing. He does not give milk, he does not lay eggs, he is too weak to pull the plough, he cannot run fast enough to catch rabbits. Yet he is lord of all the animals. He sets them to work, he gives back to them the bare minimum that will prevent them from starving, and the rest he keeps for himself. Our labour tills the soil, our dung fertilises it, and yet there is not one of us that owns more than his bare skin. You cows that I see before me, how many thousands of gallons of milk have you given during this last year? And what has happened to that milk which should have been breeding up sturdy calves? Every drop of it has gone down the throats of our enemies. And you hens, how many eggs have you laid in this last year, and how many of those eggs ever hatched into chickens? The rest have all gone to market to bring in money for Jones and his men. And you, Clover, where are those four foals you bore, who should have been the support and pleasure of your old age? Each was sold at a year old--you will never see one of them again. In return for your four confinements and all your labour in the fields, what have you ever had except your bare rations and a stall?<br> "인간은 생산하지 않으면서 소비하는 유일한 생명체입니다. 그는 우유를 주지도 않고, 알을 낳지도 않으며, 쟁기를 끌기에는 너무 약하고, 토끼를 잡을 만큼 충분히 빠르게 달릴 수도 없습니다. 하지만 그는 모든 동물들의 주인입니다. 그는 그들에게 일을 시키고, 그들에게 그들이 굶어 죽는 것을 방지할 간신히의 최소한(최저한도)만을 돌려주며, 나머지는 자신을 위해 보관합니다. 우리의 노동이 토양을 갈고, 우리의 배설물이 그것을 비옥하게 하지만, 그럼에도 우리들 중 그의 맨살(가진 것 없는 몸뚱이)보다 더 많은 것을 소유한 이는 단 하나도 없습니다. 내 앞에 보이는 당신들 암소들, 당신들은 이 지난 한 해 동안 얼마나 많은 수천 갤런의 우유를 주었습니까? 그리고 튼튼한 송아지들을 길러내고 있었어야 마땅한 그 우유에 무슨 일이 일어났습니까? 그것의 모든 한 방울은 우리 원수들의 목구멍 아래로 내려갔습니다. 그리고 당신들 암탉들, 당신들은 이 지난 한 해 동안 얼마나 많은 알을 낳았으며, 그 알들 중 얼마나 많은 수가 단 한 번이라도 병아리로 부화했습니까? 나머지는 모두 존스와 그의 부하들을 위한 돈을 가져오기 위해 시장으로 갔습니다. 그리고 당신, 클로버, 당신의 노년의 부양과 기쁨이 되었어야 마땅한, 당신이 낳은 그 네 마리의 망아지들은 어디에 있습니까? 각각은 한 살 때 팔렸습니다—당신은 결코 그들 중 단 한 마리도 다시는 보지 못할 것입니다. 당신의 네 번의 출산과 들판에서의 당신의 모든 노동에 대한 대가로, 당신의 간신히의 배급량과 축사 한 칸을 제외하고 당신이 가져본 것이 도대체 무엇이 있습니까? "And even the miserable lives we lead are not allowed to reach their natural span. For myself I do not grumble, for I am one of the lucky ones. I am twelve years old and have had over four hundred children. Such is the natural life of a pig. But no animal escapes the cruel knife in the end. You young porkers who are sitting in front of me, every one of you will scream your lives out at the block within a year. To that horror we all must come--cows, pigs, hens, sheep, everyone. Even the horses and the dogs have no better fate. You, Boxer, the very day that those great muscles of yours lose their power, Jones will sell you to the knacker, who will cut your throat and boil you down for the foxhounds. As for the dogs, when they grow old and toothless, Jones ties a brick round their necks and drowns them in the nearest pond. <br> "그리고 심지어 우리가 이끄는(영위하는) 비참한 삶들조차 그것들의 자연적인 수명에 도달하도록 허용되지 않습니다. 내 자신으로 말하자면 나는 불평하지 않는데, 왜냐하면 내가 운이 좋은 자들 중 하나이기 때문입니다. 나는 12살이고 400마리가 넘는 자식들을 가졌습니다. 그러한 것이 돼지의 자연적인 삶입니다. 그러나 결국 그 어떤 동물도 잔인한 칼날을 피하지 못합니다. 내 앞에 앉아 있는 당신들 젊은 육용돈(젊은 돼지)들, 당신들 모두는 1년 이내에 도살대 위에서 당신들의 생명이 다하도록 비명을 지르게 될 것입니다. 우리 모두는 그 공포로 나아가야만 합니다—암소들, 돼지들, 암탉들, 양들, 모두가 말입니다. 심지어 말들과 개들조차 더 나은 운명을 가지지 못합니다. 당신, 복서, 당신의 그 거대한 근육들이 그것들의 힘을 잃는 바로 그날, 존스는 당신을 도축업자(폐마 도축업자)에게 팔아넘길 것이고, 그는 당신의 목을 자르고 여우 사냥개들을 위해 당신을 삶아 버릴 것입니다. 개들로 말하자면, 그들이 늙고 이빨이 빠질 때, 존스는 그들의 목 주위에 벽돌을 묶고 가장 가까운 연못에 그들을 익사시킵니다. "Is it not crystal clear, then, comrades, that all the evils of this life of ours spring from the tyranny of human beings? Only get rid of Man, and the produce of our labour would be our own. Almost overnight we could become rich and free. What then must we do? Why, work night and day, body and soul, for the overthrow of the human race! That is my message to you, comrades: Rebellion! I do not know when that Rebellion will come, it might be in a week or in a hundred years, but I know, as surely as I see this straw beneath my feet, that sooner or later justice will be done. Fix your eyes on that, comrades, throughout the short remainder of your lives! And above all, pass on this message of mine to those who come after you, so that future generations shall carry on the struggle until it is victorious.<br> "그렇다면 동지들, 우리들의 이 삶의 모든 악이 인간들의 폭정으로부터 솟아난다는(비롯된다는) 것이 수정처럼 투명하게 명백하지(명약관화하지) 않습니까? 오직 인간만을 제거하십시오, 그러면 우리 노동의 생산물은 우리 자신의 것이 될 것입니다. 거의 하룻밤 사이에 우리는 부유해지고 자유로워질 수 있습니다. 그렇다면 우리는 무엇을 해야 합니까? 자, 인류의 타도를 위해 밤낮으로, 몸과 영혼을 바쳐 일하십시오! 동지들, 그것이 여러분에게 보내는 나의 메시지입니다. 바로 반란입니다! 나는 그 반란이 언제 올지 알지 못하며, 그것은 일주일 뒤일 수도 있고 백 년 뒤일 수도 있지만, 내가 내 발아래에 있는 이 짚을 보는 것만큼이나 확실하게, 머지않아 정의가 실현될 것임을 나는 압니다. 동지들, 여러분의 짧은 남은 삶 동안 그것에 여러분의 눈을 고정하십시오! 그리고 무엇보다도, 미래의 세대들이 그것이 승리할 때까지 그 투쟁을 계속해 나갈 수 있도록, 나의 이 메시지를 여러분 뒤에 오는 이들에게 전달하십시오. "And remember, comrades, your resolution must never falter. No argument must lead you astray. Never listen when they tell you that Man and the animals have a common interest, that the prosperity of the one is the prosperity of the others. It is all lies. Man serves the interests of no creature except himself. And among us animals let there be perfect unity, perfect comradeship in the struggle. All men are enemies. All animals are comrades." <br> "그리고 기억하십시오, 동지들, 여러분의 결의는 결코 흔들려서 안 됩니다. 어떤 주장도 여러분을 타락한 길로(잘못된 길로) 이끌어서는 안 됩니다. 인간과 동물이 공통의 이익을 가지고 있으며, 한쪽의 번영이 다른 쪽들의 번영이라고 그들이 여러분에게 말할 때 결코 듣지 마십시오. 그것은 모두 거짓말입니다. 인간은 자신을 제외하고는 그 어떤 생명체의 이익도 돌보지 않습니다. 그리고 우리 동물들 사이에는 투쟁 속에서 완벽한 단결, 완벽한 동지애가 있게 하십시오. 모든 인간은 원수입니다. 모든 동물은 동지입니다." At this moment there was a tremendous uproar. While Major was speaking four large rats had crept out of their holes and were sitting on their hindquarters, listening to him. The dogs had suddenly caught sight of them, and it was only by a swift dash for their holes that the rats saved their lives. Major raised his trotter for silence.<br> 이 순간에 엄청난 소란이 있었습니다. 메이저가 말하고 있는 동안 네 마리의 거대한 쥐들이 그들의 구멍 밖으로 살금살금 기어 나와 그들의 뒷동서리를 대고 앉아, 그(의 말)를 듣고 있었습니다. 개들이 갑자기 그들을 포착했고, 쥐들이 그들의 생명을 구한 것은 오직 그들의 구멍을 향한 빠른 돌진에 의해서였습니다. 메이저는 침묵을 위해 그의 앞발을 들어 올렸습니다. "Comrades," he said, "here is a point that must be settled. The wild creatures, such as rats and rabbits--are they our friends or our enemies? Let us put it to the vote. I propose this question to the meeting: Are rats comrades?" <br> "동지들," 그가 말했습니다, "여기 해결되어야만 하는 한 가지 논점이 있습니다. 쥐들과 토끼들 같은 야생의 생명체들—그들은 우리의 친구입니까 아니면 우리의 원수입니까? 그것을 투표에 부칩시다. 나는 회의에 이 질문을 제안합니다: 쥐들은 동지입니까?" The vote was taken at once, and it was agreed by an overwhelming majority that rats were comrades. There were only four dissentients, the three dogs and the cat, who was afterwards discovered to have voted on both sides. Major continued: <br> 투표는 즉시 취해졌고(실시되었고), 쥐들은 동지라는 것이 압도적인 대다수에 의해 합의되었습니다. 오직 네 마리의 반대자들만 있었는데, 세 마리의 개와 고양이였으며, 고양이는 나중에 양쪽 모두에 투표했던 것으로 발견되었습니다(밝혀졌습니다). 메이저는 계속했습니다: "I have little more to say. I merely repeat, remember always your duty of enmity towards Man and all his ways. Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend. And remember also that in fighting against Man, we must not come to resemble him. Even when you have conquered him, do not adopt his vices. No animal must ever live in a house, or sleep in a bed, or wear clothes, or drink alcohol, or smoke tobacco, or touch money, or engage in trade. All the habits of Man are evil. And, above all, no animal must ever tyrannise over his own kind. Weak or strong, clever or simple, we are all brothers. No animal must ever kill any other animal. All animals are equal. <br> "나는 더 말할 것이 거의 없습니다. 나는 단지 되풀이할 뿐이니, 인간과 그의 모든 방식들을 향한 여러분의 원수다움(적대감)의 의무를 항상 기억하십시오. 두 다리로 걷는 것은 무엇이든 적입니다. 네 다리로 걷거나, 날개를 가진 것은 무엇이든 친구입니다. 그리고 인간을 대항하여 싸우는 와중에, 우리가 그를 닮아가지 말아야 한다는 것 또한 기억하십시오. 심지어 여러분이 그를 정복했을 때라도, 그의 악덕들을 채택(모방)하지 마십시오. 어떤 동물도 결코 집 안에서 살아서는 안 되며, 침대에서 잠을 자서도 안 되고, 옷을 입어서도 안 되며, 술을 마셔서도 안 되고, 담배를 피워서도 안 되며, 돈을 만져서도 안 되고, 무역(상거래)에 종사해서도 안 됩니다. 인간의 모든 습관들은 악합니다. 그리고, 무엇보다도, 어떤 동물도 결코 그의 동족 위에서 폭정을 휘둘러서는 안 됩니다. 약하든 강하든, 똑똑하든 단순(어리석든)하든, 우리는 모두 형제들입니다. 어떤 동물도 결코 다른 어떤 동물을 죽여서는 안 됩니다. 모든 동물들은 평등합니다. "And now, comrades, I will tell you about my dream of last night. I cannot describe that dream to you. It was a dream of the earth as it will be when Man has vanished. But it reminded me of something that I had long forgotten. Many years ago, when I was a little pig, my mother and the other sows used to sing an old song of which they knew only the tune and the first three words. I had known that tune in my infancy, but it had long since passed out of my mind. Last night, however, it came back to me in my dream. And what is more, the words of the song also came back-words, I am certain, which were sung by the animals of long ago and have been lost to memory for generations. I will sing you that song now, comrades. I am old and my voice is hoarse, but when I have taught you the tune, you can sing it better for yourselves. It is called 'Beasts of England'." <br> "그리고 이제, 동지들, 나는 여러분에게 나의 지난밤의 꿈에 대해 말하겠습니다. 나는 그 꿈을 여러분에게 묘사할 수 없습니다. 그것은 인간이 사라졌을 때의 있을 바와 같은 지구에 대한 꿈이었습니다. 그러나 그것은 내가 오랫동안 잊고 있었던 어떤 것을 나에게 상기시켜 주었습니다. 수년 전, 내가 작은 돼지였을 때, 나의 어머니와 다른 씨돼지(암돼지)들은 그들이 오직 그것의 곡조와 첫 세 단어만을 알고 있었던 한 오래된 노래를 부르곤 했습니다. 나는 나의 유아기에 그 곡조를 알고 있었지만, 그것은 오래전에 나의 마음 밖으로 지나가 버렸습니다(잊혀졌습니다). 그러나 지난밤, 그것이 나의 꿈속에서 나에게 다시 돌아왔습니다. 그리고 더욱이, 그 노래의 가사들 또한 돌아왔는데—내가 확신하건대, 아주 옛날의 동물들에 의해 불렸고 세대 동안 기억에서 사라졌던 그러한 가사들입니다. 동지들, 나는 지금 여러분에게 그 노래를 불러 주겠습니다. 나는 늙었고 나의 목소리는 쉰 목소리이지만, 내가 여러분에게 그 곡조를 가르쳐 주고 나면, 여러분 스스로가 그것을 더 잘 부를 수 있습니다. 그것은 '영국의 동물들'이라고 불립니다." Old Major cleared his throat and began to sing. As he had said, his voice was hoarse, but he sang well enough, and it was a stirring tune, something between 'Clementine' and 'La Cucaracha'. The words ran: <br> 늙은 메이저는 그의 목청을 가다듬고 노래하기 시작했습니다. 그가 말했었던 것처럼, 그의 목소리는 쉰 목소리였지만, 그는 충분히 잘 불렀고, 그것은 '클레멘타인'과 '라 쿠카라차' 사이의 어떤 것과 같은, 마음을 뒤흔드는 곡조였습니다. 가사는 다음과 같이 흘러갔습니다: <table> <tr> <td> Beasts of England, beasts of Ireland, Beasts of every land and clime, Hearken to my joyful tidings Of the golden future time. Soon or late the day is coming, Tyrant Man shall be o'erthrown, And the fruitful fields of England Shall be trod by beasts alone. Rings shall vanish from our noses, And the harness from our back, Bit and spur shall rust forever, Cruel whips no more shall crack. Riches more than mind can picture, Wheat and barley, oats and hay, Clover, beans, and mangel-wurzels Shall be ours upon that day. Bright will shine the fields of England, Purer shall its waters be, Sweeter yet shall blow its breezes On the day that sets us free. For that day we all must labour, Though we die before it break; Cows and horses, geese and turkeys, All must toil for freedom's sake. Beasts of England, beasts of Ireland, Beasts of every land and clime, Hearken well and spread my tidings Of the golden future time. </td> <td> 영국의 동물들이여, 아일랜드의 동물들이여, 모든 땅과 기후의 동물들이여, 황금빛 미래 시대에 대한 나의 기쁜 소식에 귀를 기울이십시오. 조만간 그날이 오고 있으니, 폭군 인간은 타도될 것이요, 그리고 영국의 결실 가득한 들판은 오직 동물들에 의해서만 밟힐 것입니다. 고리들은 우리의 코에서 사라질 것이요, 그리고 마구는 우리의 등에서 (사라질 것입니다), 재갈과 박차는 영원히 녹슬 것이며, 잔인한 채찍은 더 이상 소리를 내지 못할 것입니다. 마음이 상상할 수 있는 것보다 더 많은 부, 밀과 보리, 귀리와 건초, 클로버, 콩, 그리고 사탕무가 바로 그날에 우리의 것이 될 것입니다. 영국의 들판은 밝게 빛날 것이요, 그것의 물은 더 맑아질 것이며, 그것의 산들바람은 더욱 달콤하게 불어올 것입니다, 우리를 자유롭게 해 주는 바로 그날에. 그날을 위해 우리 모두는 노동해야만 합니다, 비록 그것이 밝아오기 전에 우리가 죽을지라도. 암소들과 말들, 거위들과 칠면조들, 모두가 자유를 위해 힘들게 일해야만 합니다. 영국의 동물들이여, 아일랜드의 동물들이여, 모든 땅과 기후의 동물들이여, 잘 귀를 기울이고 나의 소식을 퍼뜨리십시오, 황금빛 미래 시대에 대한 (소식을). </td> </tr> </table> The singing of this song threw the animals into the wildest excitement. Almost before Major had reached the end, they had begun singing it for themselves. Even the stupidest of them had already picked up the tune and a few of the words, and as for the clever ones, such as the pigs and dogs, they had the entire song by heart within a few minutes. And then, after a few preliminary tries, the whole farm burst out into 'Beasts of England' in tremendous unison. The cows lowed it, the dogs whined it, the sheep bleated it, the horses whinnied it, the ducks quacked it. They were so delighted with the song that they sang it right through five times in succession, and might have continued singing it all night if they had not been interrupted. <br> 이 노래의 가창은 동물들을 가장 격렬한 흥분 속으로 몰아넣었습니다. 메이저가 끝에 도달하기 거의 전에, 그들은 그것을 그들 스스로 부르기 시작했었습니다. 그들 중 가장 어리석은 이들조차 이미 그 곡조와 몇 개의 단어들을 익혔고, 돼지들과 개들 같은 영리한 이들로 말하자면, 그들은 몇 분 안에 노래 전체를 마음으로(암기하여) 가졌습니다. 그러고 나서, 몇 번의 예비적인 시도 후에, 온 농장이 엄청난 일제히(제창) 속에서 '영국의 동물들'로 터져 나왔습니다. 암소들은 그것을 음매하고 울었고, 개들은 깽깽하며 울었으며, 양들은 매애하고 울었고, 말들은 히힝하고 울었고, 오리들은 꽥꽥하며 울었습니다. 그들은 그 노래에 너무나 기뻐서 그것을 연속으로 바로 다섯 번 통틀어 불렀고, 만약 그들이 방해받지 않았었더라면 밤새도록 그것을 계속 불렀을지도 모릅니다. Unfortunately, the uproar awoke Mr. Jones, who sprang out of bed, making sure that there was a fox in the yard. He seized the gun which always stood in a corner of his bedroom, and let fly a charge of number 6 shot into the darkness. The pellets buried themselves in the wall of the barn and the meeting broke up hurriedly. Everyone fled to his own sleeping-place. The birds jumped on to their perches, the animals settled down in the straw, and the whole farm was asleep in a moment. <br> 불행하게도, 그 소란이 존스 씨를 깨웠고, 그는 마당에 여우가 있다고 확신하면서 침대 밖으로 튀어 올랐습니다. 그는 그의 침실 구석에 항상 서 있던 총을 붙잡았고, 어둠 속으로 6호 산탄 한 발을 날려 보냈습니다. 그 산탄 알갱이들은 창고 벽속에 박혔고 회의는 서둘러 해산되었습니다. 모두가 그 자신의 잠자리로 도망쳤습니다. 새들은 그들의 홰 위로 뛰어올랐고, 동물들은 짚 속에 자리를 잡았으며, 온 농장은 순식간에 잠들었습니다. Chapter II 제2장 Three nights later old Major died peacefully in his sleep. His body was buried at the foot of the orchard. <br> 사흘 밤 뒤에 늙은 메이저는 그의 잠 속에서 평화롭게 죽었습니다. 그의 몸은 과수원의 기슭에 묻혔습니다. This was early in March. During the next three months there was much secret activity. Major's speech had given to the more intelligent animals on the farm a completely new outlook on life. They did not know when the Rebellion predicted by Major would take place, they had no reason for thinking that it would be within their own lifetime, but they saw clearly that it was their duty to prepare for it. The work of teaching and organising the others fell naturally upon the pigs, who were generally recognised as being the cleverest of the animals. Pre-eminent among the pigs were two young boars named Snowball and Napoleon, whom Mr. Jones was breeding up for sale. Napoleon was a large, rather fierce-looking Berkshire boar, the only Berkshire on the farm, not much of a talker, but with a reputation for getting his own way. Snowball was a more vivacious pig than Napoleon, quicker in speech and more inventive, but was not considered to have the same depth of character. All the other male pigs on the farm were porkers. The best known among them was a small fat pig named Squealer, with very round cheeks, twinkling eyes, nimble movements, and a shrill voice. He was a brilliant talker, and when he was arguing some difficult point he had a way of skipping from side to side and whisking his tail which was somehow very persuasive. The others said of Squealer that he could turn black into white.<br> 이것은 3월 초순이었다. 다음 3달 동안에는 많은 비밀스러운 활동이 있었다. 메이저의 연설은 농장에서 더 똑똑한 동물들에게 삶에 대한 완전히 새로운 관점을 주었다. 그들은 메이저에 의해 예언된 그 반란이 언제 일어날지 알지 못했고, 그것이 그들 자신의 생애 내에 있을 것이라고 생각할 아무런 이유도 없었지만, 그러나 그들은 그것을 준비하는 것이 자신들의 의무라는 것을 명확히 보았다(알았다). 다른 동물들을 가르치고 조직하는 일은 자연스럽게 돼지들에게 떨어졌는데(맡겨졌는데), 그들은 일반적으로 동물들 중에서 가장 영리한 것으로 인정받고 있었다. 돼지들 중에서 탁월한 이들은 스노볼과 나폴레옹이라는 이름의 두 마리 젊은 수컷씨돼지들이었는데, 존스 씨가 판매를 위해 기르고 있는 중이었다. 나폴레옹은 크고, 다소 사납게 생겼으며, 농장에서 유일한 버크셔 종 수멧돼지였는데, 말수가 많지 않았지만, 자기 방식대로 해내고야 만다는(고집을 관철한다는) 평판을 가지고 있었다. 스노볼은 나폴레옹보다 더 활기 넘치는 돼지였고, 말이 더 빨랐으며 더 독창적이었지만, 성격의 깊이가 똑같이 깊다고는 여겨지지 않았다. 농장의 다른 모든 수컷 돼지들은 (살을 찌운) 식육용 돼지들이었다. 그들 중에서 가장 잘 알려진 이는 스퀼러라는 이름의 작고 뚱뚱한 돼지였는데, 매우 둥근 뺨, 반짝이는 눈, 민첩한 움직임, 그리고 날카로운 목소리를 가지고 있었다. 그는 뛰어난 달변가였고, 그가 어떤 어려운 논점을 논쟁하고 있을 때, 그는 이쪽저쪽으로 깡충깡충 뛰며 그의 꼬리를 휙휙 흔드는 방식을 가지고 있었는데, 그것은 어쩐지 매우 설득력이 있었다. 다른 동물들은 스퀼러에 대해 그가 검은 것을 흰 것으로 바꿀 수도 있다고 말했다. These three had elaborated old Major's teachings into a complete system of thought, to which they gave the name of Animalism. Several nights a week, after Mr. Jones was asleep, they held secret meetings in the barn and expounded the principles of Animalism to the others. At the beginning they met with much stupidity and apathy. Some of the animals talked of the duty of loyalty to Mr. Jones, whom they referred to as "Master," or made elementary remarks such as "Mr. Jones feeds us. If he were gone, we should starve to death." Others asked such questions as "Why should we care what happens after we are dead?" or "If this Rebellion is to happen anyway, what difference does it make whether we work for it or not?", and the pigs had great difficulty in making them see that this was contrary to the spirit of Animalism. The stupidest questions of all were asked by Mollie, the white mare. The very first question she asked Snowball was: "Will there still be sugar after the Rebellion?" <br> 이들 세 마리는 늙은 메이저의 가르침들을 하나의 완전한 사상 체계로 정교하게 발전시켰으며, 그것에 '동물주의(Animalism)'라는 이름을 부여했다. 일주일에 몇 번씩 밤마다, 존스 씨가 잠든 후에, 그들은 헛간에서 비밀 집회를 열었고 다른 동물들에게 동물주의의 원칙들을 상세히 설명했다. 시작 단계에서 그들은 많은 어리석음과 냉담함에 부딪혔다. 동물들 중 일부는 자신들이 "주인님"이라고 부르는 존스 씨에 대한 충성의 의무를 말하거나, "존스 씨는 우리를 먹여 살려준다. 만약 그가 사라진다면, 우리는 굶어 죽을 것이다"와 같은 초보적인 발언을 했다. 다른 동물들은 "우리가 죽은 후에 무슨 일이 일어나든 우리가 왜 신경 써야 하지?"라거나 "만약 이 반란이 어차피 일어날 운명이라면, 우리가 그것을 위해 일하든 안 하든 무슨 차이가 있지?"와 같은 질문들을 던졌고, 돼지들은 이것이 동물주의의 정신에 어긋나는 것임을 그들에게 이해시키는 데 큰 어려움을 겪었다. 모든 질문 중에서 가장 어리석은 질문들은 흰색 암말인 몰리에 의해 질문되었다. 그녀가 스노볼에게 던진 아주 첫 번째 질문은 "반란 후에도 여전히 설탕이 있을까요?"였다. "No," said Snowball firmly. "We have no means of making sugar on this farm. Besides, you do not need sugar. You will have all the oats and hay you want." <br> "아니오," 스노볼이 단호하게 말했다. " 우리는 이 농장에서 설탕을 만들 수 있는 수단을 가지고 있지 않소. 게다가, 당신은 설탕이 필요하지 않소. 당신은 당신이 원하는 모든 귀리와 건초를 가지게 될 것이오." "And shall I still be allowed to wear ribbons in my mane?" asked Mollie. <br> "그리고 내가 내 갈기에 여전히 리본을 착용하는 것이 허용될까요?" 몰리가 물었다. "Comrade," said Snowball, "those ribbons that you are so devoted to are the badge of slavery. Can you not understand that liberty is worth more than ribbons?" <br> "동무," 스노볼이 말했다, "당신이 그토록 애지중지하는 그 리본들은 노예 제도의 상징(징표)이오. 자유가 리본들보다 더 가치 있다는 것을 당신은 이해하지 못하겠소?" Mollie agreed, but she did not sound very convinced. <br> 몰리는 동의했지만, 그녀의 목소리는 그리 납득한 것처럼 들리지 않았다. The pigs had an even harder struggle to counteract the lies put about by Moses, the tame raven. Moses, who was Mr. Jones's especial pet, was a spy and a tale-bearer, but he was also a clever talker. He claimed to know of the existence of a mysterious country called Sugarcandy Mountain, to which all animals went when they died. It was situated somewhere up in the sky, a little distance beyond the clouds, Moses said. In Sugarcandy Mountain it was Sunday seven days a week, clover was in season all the year round, and lump sugar and linseed cake grew on the hedges. The animals hated Moses because he told tales and did no work, but some of them believed in Sugarcandy Mountain, and the pigs had to argue very hard to persuade them that there was no such place. <br> 돼지들은 길들여진 까마귀인 모세에 의해 유포되는 거짓말들에 대응하기 위해 훨씬 더 힘든 투쟁을 해야 했다. 존스 씨의 특별한 애완동물이었던 모세는 스파이이자 밀고자였지만, 그는 또한 똑똑한 달변가였다. 그는 모든 동물들이 죽었을 때 가는 '설탕과자 산(Sugarcandy Mountain)'이라고 불리는 신비한 나라의 존재를 알고 있다고 주장했다. 모세의 말에 따르면, 그곳은 하늘 위 어딘가, 구름 너머로 조금 떨어진 곳에 위치해 있었다. 설탕과자 산에서는 일주일 중 7일이 모두 일요일이었고, 클로버(토끼풀)가 일년 내내 제철이었으며, 각설탕과 아마인박(linseed cake)<ref>아마인박亞麻仁粕 아마의 씨로 기름을 짜고 남은 찌꺼기. 사료로 쓴다.</ref>이 울타리에서 자랐다. 동물들은 모세가 밀고를 하고 아무런 일도 하지 않았기 때문에 그를 미워했지만, 그들 중 일부는 설탕과자 산을 믿었고, 돼지들은 그러한 장소는 없다는 것을 그들에게 설득하기 위해 매우 열심히 논쟁해야 했다. Their most faithful disciples were the two cart-horses, Boxer and Clover. These two had great difficulty in thinking anything out for themselves, but having once accepted the pigs as their teachers, they absorbed everything that they were told, and passed it on to the other animals by simple arguments. They were unfailing in their attendance at the secret meetings in the barn, and led the singing of 'Beasts of England', with which the meetings always ended. <br> 그들의 가장 충실한 제자들은 두 마리의 짐마차 말인 복서와 클로버였다. 이들 두 마리는 스스로 무언가를 생각해 내는 데 큰 어려움을 겪었지만, 일단 돼지들을 자신들의 스승으로 받아들인 후에는, 자신들이 들은 모든 것을 흡수했고, 그것을 단순한 논거들을 통해 다른 동물들에게 전달했다. 그들은 헛간에서 열리는 비밀 집회에 변함없이 참석했으며, 집회가 항상 그것으로 끝을 맺는 '영국의 동물들(Beasts of England)'의 제창을 이끌었다. Now, as it turned out, the Rebellion was achieved much earlier and more easily than anyone had expected. In past years Mr. Jones, although a hard master, had been a capable farmer, but of late he had fallen on evil days. He had become much disheartened after losing money in a lawsuit, and had taken to drinking more than was good for him. For whole days at a time he would lounge in his Windsor chair in the kitchen, reading the newspapers, drinking, and occasionally feeding Moses on crusts of bread soaked in beer. His men were idle and dishonest, the fields were full of weeds, the buildings wanted roofing, the hedges were neglected, and the animals were underfed.<br> 이제, 밝혀진 바와 같이, 그 반란은 어느 누구가 예상했던 것보다 훨씬 더 일찍 그리고 더 쉽게 성취되었다. 지난 수년 동안 존스 씨는, 비록 가혹한 주인이었을지라도, 유능한 농부였으나, 최근에 그는 불행한 나날들 속에 빠져 있었다. 그는 한 소송에서 돈을 잃은 후 크게 낙담하게 되었고, 그에게 이로울 것보다 더 많이 술을 마시기 시작했다. 한 번에 온종일 동안 그는 부엌에 있는 그의 윈저 의자(Windsor chair)에 털썩 앉아, 신문들을 읽고, 술을 마시며, 가끔 모세에게 맥주에 적신 빵 껍질들을 먹이곤 했다. 그의 일꾼들은 게으르고 부정직했으며, 밭들은 잡초로 가득 찼고, 건물들은 지붕 수리가 필요했으며, 울타리들은 방치되었고, 동물들은 먹이를 제대로 공급받지 못했다. June came and the hay was almost ready for cutting. On Midsummer's Eve, which was a Saturday, Mr. Jones went into Willingdon and got so drunk at the Red Lion that he did not come back till midday on Sunday. The men had milked the cows in the early morning and then had gone out rabbiting, without bothering to feed the animals. When Mr. Jones got back he immediately went to sleep on the drawing-room sofa with the News of the World over his face, so that when evening came, the animals were still unfed. At last they could stand it no longer. One of the cows broke in the door of the store-shed with her horn and all the animals began to help themselves from the bins. It was just then that Mr. Jones woke up. The next moment he and his four men were in the store-shed with whips in their hands, lashing out in all directions. This was more than the hungry animals could bear. With one accord, though nothing of the kind had been planned beforehand, they flung themselves upon their tormentors. Jones and his men suddenly found themselves being butted and kicked from all sides. The situation was quite out of their control. They had never seen animals behave like this before, and this sudden uprising of creatures whom they were used to thrashing and maltreating just as they chose, frightened them almost out of their wits. After only a moment or two they gave up trying to defend themselves and took to their heels. A minute later all five of them were in full flight down the cart-track that led to the main road, with the animals pursuing them in triumph. <br> 6월이 왔고 건초는 거의 베어낼 준비가 되어 있었다. 토요일이었던 하지 전날 밤(Midsummer's Eve), 존스 씨는 윌링던(Willingdon) 시내로 갔고, '레드 라이언(Red Lion)' 주막에서 너무 취해서 일요일 정오가 될 때까지 돌아오지 않았다. 일꾼들은 이른 아침에 소들의 젖을 짰고, 그러고는 동물들에게 먹이를 주는 것은 신경 쓰지도 않은 채 토끼 사냥을 나갔다. 존스 씨가 돌아왔을 때, 그는 곧바로 거실 소파에 누워 그의 얼굴 위에 '뉴스 오브 더 월드(News of the World)' 신문을 덮은 채 잠이 들었고, 그리하여 저녁이 왔을 때도 동물들은 여전히 먹이를 공급받지 못한 상태였다. 마침내 그들은 더 이상 그것을 견딜 수 없었다. 암소들 중 한 마리가 그녀의 뿔로 사료 창고의 문을 부수어 열었고, 모든 동물들은 보관함으로부터 마음껏 먹기 시작했다. 존스 씨가 깨어난 것은 바로 그때였다. 다음 순간, 그와 그의 일꾼 네 명은 손에 채찍을 든 채 사료 창고 안에 있었고, 사방으로 채찍을 휘둘렀다. 이것은 굶주린 동물들이 참을 수 있는 것 이상이었다. 비록 그런 종류의 일이 사전에 전혀 계획되지 않았음에도 불구하고, 그들은 일제히 자신들을 괴롭히는 자들 위로 자신들을 던졌다(덤벼들었다). 존스 씨와 그의 일꾼들은 갑자기 자신들이 모든 방향으로부터 들이받히고 걷어차이고 있는 것을 발견했다. 상황은 완전히 그들의 통제를 벗어났다. 그들은 동물들이 이전에 이처럼 행동하는 것을 결코 본 적이 없었으며, 자신들이 마음먹은 대로 채찍질하고 학대하는 데 익숙해져 있던 생명체들의 이 갑작스러운 봉기는 그들을 거의 정신이 나갈 정도로 겁먹게 했다. 불과 1~2분 후에 그들은 자신들을 방어하려는 노력을 포기하고 도망쳤다. 1분 후, 그들 다섯 명 모두는 동물들이 승리감에 도취되어 그들을 추격하는 가운데, 큰길로 이어지는 짐마차 길을 따라 완전히 도망치고 있는 중이었다. Mrs. Jones looked out of the bedroom window, saw what was happening, hurriedly flung a few possessions into a carpet bag, and slipped out of the farm by another way. Moses sprang off his perch and flapped after her, croaking loudly. Meanwhile the animals had chased Jones and his men out on to the road and slammed the five-barred gate behind them. And so, almost before they knew what was happening, the Rebellion had been successfully carried through: Jones was expelled, and the Manor Farm was theirs. <br> 존스 부인은 침실 창문 밖을 내다보았고, 무슨 일이 일어나고 있는지 보았으며, 서둘러 몇 가지 소지품을 카펫 가방(여행용 가방)에 집어 던져 넣고는, 다른 길로 농장을 빠져나갔다. 모세는 그의 홰에서 뛰어내려 큰 소리로 까악까악 울며 그녀의 뒤를 파닥거리며 쫓아갔다. 그 와중에 동물들은 존스와 그의 일꾼들을 도로 위로 쫓아냈고 그들의 뒤로 다섯 가닥 가로대(가로 막대가 5개 있는) 대문을 쾅 닫았다. 그리하여, 그들이 무슨 일이 일어나고 있는지 거의 알기도 전에, 반란은 성공적으로 완수되었다. 존스는 쫓겨났고, '매너 농장(Manor Farm)'은 그들의 것이었다. For the first few minutes the animals could hardly believe in their good fortune. Their first act was to gallop in a body right round the boundaries of the farm, as though to make quite sure that no human being was hiding anywhere upon it; then they raced back to the farm buildings to wipe out the last traces of Jones's hated reign. The harness-room at the end of the stables was broken open; the bits, the nose-rings, the dog-chains, the cruel knives with which Mr. Jones had been used to castrate the pigs and lambs, were all flung down the well. The reins, the halters, the blinkers, the degrading nosebags, were thrown on to the rubbish fire which was burning in the yard. So were the whips. All the animals capered with joy when they saw the whips going up in flames. Snowball also threw on to the fire the ribbons with which the horses' manes and tails had usually been decorated on market days. <br> 첫 몇 분 동안 동물들은 자신들의 좋은 운(행운)을 거의 믿을 수 없었다. 그들의 첫 번째 행동은 농장 전체에 그 어떤 인간도 숨어 있지 않다는 것을 완전히 확실히 하기라도 하려는 듯이, 농장의 경계선들을 따라 다 함께 무리 지어 전속력으로 달린 것이었다. 그러고 나서 그들은 존스의 증오스러운 통치의 마지막 흔적들을 지워버리기 위해 농장 건물들로 다시 질주했다. 마구간 끝에 있는 마구 보관실이 부서져 열렸다. 재갈들, 코걸이들, 개 사슬들, 그리고 존스 씨가 돼지들과 어린 양들을 거세하는 데 사용하곤 했던 잔인한 칼들이 모두 우물 아래로 던져졌다. 고삐들, 굴레들, 눈가림 가죽(차안대)들, 굴욕적인 먹이 자루들은 마당에서 불타오르고 있던 쓰레기 불 속에 던져졌다. 채찍들도 마찬가지였다. 모든 동물들은 채찍들이 불길 속에서 타오르는 것을 보았을 때 기쁨으로 깡충깡충 뛰었다. 스노볼은 또한 장날에 말들의 갈기와 꼬리를 장식하는 데 보통 사용되곤 했던 리본들도 불 속에 던져 넣었다. "Ribbons," he said, "should be considered as clothes, which are the mark of a human being. All animals should go naked." When Boxer heard this he fetched the small straw hat which he wore in summer to keep the flies out of his ears, and flung it on to the fire with the rest. In a very little while the animals had destroyed everything that reminded them of Mr. Jones. Napoleon then led them back to the store-shed and served out a double ration of corn to everybody, with two biscuits for each dog. Then they sang 'Beasts of England' from end to end seven times running, and after that they settled down for the night and slept as they had never slept before. But they woke at dawn as usual, and suddenly remembering the glorious thing that had happened, they all raced out into the pasture together. A little way down the pasture there was a knoll that commanded a view of most of the farm. The animals rushed to the top of it and gazed round them in the clear morning light. Yes, it was theirs--everything that they could see was theirs! In the ecstasy of that thought they gambolled round and round, they hurled themselves into the air in great leaps of excitement. They rolled in the dew, they cropped mouthfuls of the sweet summer grass, they kicked up clods of the black earth and snuffed its rich scent. Then they made a tour of inspection of the whole farm and surveyed with speechless admiration the ploughland, the hayfield, the orchard, the pool, the spinney. It was as though they had never seen these things before, and even now they could hardly believe that it was all their own. Then they filed back to the farm buildings and halted in silence outside the door of the farmhouse. That was theirs too, but they were frightened to go inside. After a moment, however, Snowball and Napoleon butted the door open with their shoulders and the animals entered in single file, walking with the utmost care for fear of disturbing anything. They tiptoed from room to room, afraid to speak above a whisper and gazing with a kind of awe at the unbelievable luxury, at the beds with their feather mattresses, the looking-glasses, the horsehair sofa, the Brussels carpet, the lithograph of Queen Victoria over the drawing-room mantelpiece. They were just coming down the stairs when Mollie was discovered to be missing. Going back, the others found that she had remained behind in the best bedroom. She had taken a piece of blue ribbon from Mrs. Jones's dressing-table, and was holding it against her shoulder and admiring herself in the glass in a very foolish manner. The others reproached her sharply, and they went outside. Some hams hanging in the kitchen were taken out for burial, and the barrel of beer in the scullery was stove in with a kick from Boxer's hoof, otherwise nothing in the house was touched. A unanimous resolution was passed on the spot that the farmhouse should be preserved as a museum. All were agreed that no animal must ever live there. The animals had their breakfast, and then Snowball and Napoleon called them together again. "Comrades," said Snowball, "it is half-past six and we have a long day before us. Today we begin the hay harvest. But there is another matter that must be attended to first." The pigs now revealed that during the past three months they had taught themselves to read and write from an old spelling book which had belonged to Mr. Jones's children and which had been thrown on the rubbish heap. Napoleon sent for pots of black and white paint and led the way down to the five-barred gate that gave on to the main road. Then Snowball (for it was Snowball who was best at writing) took a brush between the two knuckles of his trotter, painted out MANOR FARM from the top bar of the gate and in its place painted ANIMAL FARM. This was to be the name of the farm from now onwards. After this they went back to the farm buildings, where Snowball and Napoleon sent for a ladder which they caused to be set against the end wall of the big barn. They explained that by their studies of the past three months the pigs had succeeded in reducing the principles of Animalism to Seven Commandments. These Seven Commandments would now be inscribed on the wall; they would form an unalterable law by which all the animals on Animal Farm must live for ever after. With some difficulty (for it is not easy for a pig to balance himself on a ladder) Snowball climbed up and set to work, with Squealer a few rungs below him holding the paint-pot. The Commandments were written on the tarred wall in great white letters that could be read thirty yards away. They ran thus: THE SEVEN COMMANDMENTS 1. Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy. 2. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend. 3. No animal shall wear clothes. 4. No animal shall sleep in a bed. 5. No animal shall drink alcohol. 6. No animal shall kill any other animal. 7. All animals are equal. It was very neatly written, and except that "friend" was written "freind" and one of the "S's" was the wrong way round, the spelling was correct all the way through. Snowball read it aloud for the benefit of the others. All the animals nodded in complete agreement, and the cleverer ones at once began to learn the Commandments by heart. "Now, comrades," cried Snowball, throwing down the paint-brush, "to the hayfield! Let us make it a point of honour to get in the harvest more quickly than Jones and his men could do." But at this moment the three cows, who had seemed uneasy for some time past, set up a loud lowing. They had not been milked for twenty-four hours, and their udders were almost bursting. After a little thought, the pigs sent for buckets and milked the cows fairly successfully, their trotters being well adapted to this task. Soon there were five buckets of frothing creamy milk at which many of the animals looked with considerable interest. "What is going to happen to all that milk?" said someone. "Jones used sometimes to mix some of it in our mash," said one of the hens. "Never mind the milk, comrades!" cried Napoleon, placing himself in front of the buckets. "That will be attended to. The harvest is more important. Comrade Snowball will lead the way. I shall follow in a few minutes. Forward, comrades! The hay is waiting." So the animals trooped down to the hayfield to begin the harvest, and when they came back in the evening it was noticed that the milk had disappeared. Chapter III How they toiled and sweated to get the hay in! But their efforts were rewarded, for the harvest was an even bigger success than they had hoped. Sometimes the work was hard; the implements had been designed for human beings and not for animals, and it was a great drawback that no animal was able to use any tool that involved standing on his hind legs. But the pigs were so clever that they could think of a way round every difficulty. As for the horses, they knew every inch of the field, and in fact understood the business of mowing and raking far better than Jones and his men had ever done. The pigs did not actually work, but directed and supervised the others. With their superior knowledge it was natural that they should assume the leadership. Boxer and Clover would harness themselves to the cutter or the horse-rake (no bits or reins were needed in these days, of course) and tramp steadily round and round the field with a pig walking behind and calling out "Gee up, comrade!" or "Whoa back, comrade!" as the case might be. And every animal down to the humblest worked at turning the hay and gathering it. Even the ducks and hens toiled to and fro all day in the sun, carrying tiny wisps of hay in their beaks. In the end they finished the harvest in two days' less time than it had usually taken Jones and his men. Moreover, it was the biggest harvest that the farm had ever seen. There was no wastage whatever; the hens and ducks with their sharp eyes had gathered up the very last stalk. And not an animal on the farm had stolen so much as a mouthful. All through that summer the work of the farm went like clockwork. The animals were happy as they had never conceived it possible to be. Every mouthful of food was an acute positive pleasure, now that it was truly their own food, produced by themselves and for themselves, not doled out to them by a grudging master. With the worthless parasitical human beings gone, there was more for everyone to eat. There was more leisure too, inexperienced though the animals were. They met with many difficulties--for instance, later in the year, when they harvested the corn, they had to tread it out in the ancient style and blow away the chaff with their breath, since the farm possessed no threshing machine--but the pigs with their cleverness and Boxer with his tremendous muscles always pulled them through. Boxer was the admiration of everybody. He had been a hard worker even in Jones's time, but now he seemed more like three horses than one; there were days when the entire work of the farm seemed to rest on his mighty shoulders. From morning to night he was pushing and pulling, always at the spot where the work was hardest. He had made an arrangement with one of the cockerels to call him in the mornings half an hour earlier than anyone else, and would put in some volunteer labour at whatever seemed to be most needed, before the regular day's work began. His answer to every problem, every setback, was "I will work harder!"--which he had adopted as his personal motto. But everyone worked according to his capacity. The hens and ducks, for instance, saved five bushels of corn at the harvest by gathering up the stray grains. Nobody stole, nobody grumbled over his rations, the quarrelling and biting and jealousy which had been normal features of life in the old days had almost disappeared. Nobody shirked--or almost nobody. Mollie, it was true, was not good at getting up in the mornings, and had a way of leaving work early on the ground that there was a stone in her hoof. And the behaviour of the cat was somewhat peculiar. It was soon noticed that when there was work to be done the cat could never be found. She would vanish for hours on end, and then reappear at meal-times, or in the evening after work was over, as though nothing had happened. But she always made such excellent excuses, and purred so affectionately, that it was impossible not to believe in her good intentions. Old Benjamin, the donkey, seemed quite unchanged since the Rebellion. He did his work in the same slow obstinate way as he had done it in Jones's time, never shirking and never volunteering for extra work either. About the Rebellion and its results he would express no opinion. When asked whether he was not happier now that Jones was gone, he would say only "Donkeys live a long time. None of you has ever seen a dead donkey," and the others had to be content with this cryptic answer. On Sundays there was no work. Breakfast was an hour later than usual, and after breakfast there was a ceremony which was observed every week without fail. First came the hoisting of the flag. Snowball had found in the harness-room an old green tablecloth of Mrs. Jones's and had painted on it a hoof and a horn in white. This was run up the flagstaff in the farmhouse garden every Sunday morning. The flag was green, Snowball explained, to represent the green fields of England, while the hoof and horn signified the future Republic of the Animals which would arise when the human race had been finally overthrown. After the hoisting of the flag all the animals trooped into the big barn for a general assembly which was known as the Meeting. Here the work of the coming week was planned out and resolutions were put forward and debated. It was always the pigs who put forward the resolutions. The other animals understood how to vote, but could never think of any resolutions of their own. Snowball and Napoleon were by far the most active in the debates. But it was noticed that these two were never in agreement: whatever suggestion either of them made, the other could be counted on to oppose it. Even when it was resolved--a thing no one could object to in itself--to set aside the small paddock behind the orchard as a home of rest for animals who were past work, there was a stormy debate over the correct retiring age for each class of animal. The Meeting always ended with the singing of 'Beasts of England', and the afternoon was given up to recreation. The pigs had set aside the harness-room as a headquarters for themselves. Here, in the evenings, they studied blacksmithing, carpentering, and other necessary arts from books which they had brought out of the farmhouse. Snowball also busied himself with organising the other animals into what he called Animal Committees. He was indefatigable at this. He formed the Egg Production Committee for the hens, the Clean Tails League for the cows, the Wild Comrades' Re-education Committee (the object of this was to tame the rats and rabbits), the Whiter Wool Movement for the sheep, and various others, besides instituting classes in reading and writing. On the whole, these projects were a failure. The attempt to tame the wild creatures, for instance, broke down almost immediately. They continued to behave very much as before, and when treated with generosity, simply took advantage of it. The cat joined the Re-education Committee and was very active in it for some days. She was seen one day sitting on a roof and talking to some sparrows who were just out of her reach. She was telling them that all animals were now comrades and that any sparrow who chose could come and perch on her paw; but the sparrows kept their distance. The reading and writing classes, however, were a great success. By the autumn almost every animal on the farm was literate in some degree. As for the pigs, they could already read and write perfectly. The dogs learned to read fairly well, but were not interested in reading anything except the Seven Commandments. Muriel, the goat, could read somewhat better than the dogs, and sometimes used to read to the others in the evenings from scraps of newspaper which she found on the rubbish heap. Benjamin could read as well as any pig, but never exercised his faculty. So far as he knew, he said, there was nothing worth reading. Clover learnt the whole alphabet, but could not put words together. Boxer could not get beyond the letter D. He would trace out A, B, C, D, in the dust with his great hoof, and then would stand staring at the letters with his ears back, sometimes shaking his forelock, trying with all his might to remember what came next and never succeeding. On several occasions, indeed, he did learn E, F, G, H, but by the time he knew them, it was always discovered that he had forgotten A, B, C, and D. Finally he decided to be content with the first four letters, and used to write them out once or twice every day to refresh his memory. Mollie refused to learn any but the six letters which spelt her own name. She would form these very neatly out of pieces of twig, and would then decorate them with a flower or two and walk round them admiring them. None of the other animals on the farm could get further than the letter A. It was also found that the stupider animals, such as the sheep, hens, and ducks, were unable to learn the Seven Commandments by heart. After much thought Snowball declared that the Seven Commandments could in effect be reduced to a single maxim, namely: "Four legs good, two legs bad." This, he said, contained the essential principle of Animalism. Whoever had thoroughly grasped it would be safe from human influences. The birds at first objected, since it seemed to them that they also had two legs, but Snowball proved to them that this was not so. "A bird's wing, comrades," he said, "is an organ of propulsion and not of manipulation. It should therefore be regarded as a leg. The distinguishing mark of man is the HAND, the instrument with which he does all his mischief." The birds did not understand Snowball's long words, but they accepted his explanation, and all the humbler animals set to work to learn the new maxim by heart. FOUR LEGS GOOD, TWO LEGS BAD, was inscribed on the end wall of the barn, above the Seven Commandments and in bigger letters. When they had once got it by heart, the sheep developed a great liking for this maxim, and often as they lay in the field they would all start bleating "Four legs good, two legs bad! Four legs good, two legs bad!" and keep it up for hours on end, never growing tired of it. Napoleon took no interest in Snowball's committees. He said that the education of the young was more important than anything that could be done for those who were already grown up. It happened that Jessie and Bluebell had both whelped soon after the hay harvest, giving birth between them to nine sturdy puppies. As soon as they were weaned, Napoleon took them away from their mothers, saying that he would make himself responsible for their education. He took them up into a loft which could only be reached by a ladder from the harness-room, and there kept them in such seclusion that the rest of the farm soon forgot their existence. The mystery of where the milk went to was soon cleared up. It was mixed every day into the pigs' mash. The early apples were now ripening, and the grass of the orchard was littered with windfalls. The animals had assumed as a matter of course that these would be shared out equally; one day, however, the order went forth that all the windfalls were to be collected and brought to the harness-room for the use of the pigs. At this some of the other animals murmured, but it was no use. All the pigs were in full agreement on this point, even Snowball and Napoleon. Squealer was sent to make the necessary explanations to the others. "Comrades!" he cried. "You do not imagine, I hope, that we pigs are doing this in a spirit of selfishness and privilege? Many of us actually dislike milk and apples. I dislike them myself. Our sole object in taking these things is to preserve our health. Milk and apples (this has been proved by Science, comrades) contain substances absolutely necessary to the well-being of a pig. We pigs are brainworkers. The whole management and organisation of this farm depend on us. Day and night we are watching over your welfare. It is for YOUR sake that we drink that milk and eat those apples. Do you know what would happen if we pigs failed in our duty? Jones would come back! Yes, Jones would come back! Surely, comrades," cried Squealer almost pleadingly, skipping from side to side and whisking his tail, "surely there is no one among you who wants to see Jones come back?" Now if there was one thing that the animals were completely certain of, it was that they did not want Jones back. When it was put to them in this light, they had no more to say. The importance of keeping the pigs in good health was all too obvious. So it was agreed without further argument that the milk and the windfall apples (and also the main crop of apples when they ripened) should be reserved for the pigs alone. Chapter IV By the late summer the news of what had happened on Animal Farm had spread across half the county. Every day Snowball and Napoleon sent out flights of pigeons whose instructions were to mingle with the animals on neighbouring farms, tell them the story of the Rebellion, and teach them the tune of 'Beasts of England'. Most of this time Mr. Jones had spent sitting in the taproom of the Red Lion at Willingdon, complaining to anyone who would listen of the monstrous injustice he had suffered in being turned out of his property by a pack of good-for-nothing animals. The other farmers sympathised in principle, but they did not at first give him much help. At heart, each of them was secretly wondering whether he could not somehow turn Jones's misfortune to his own advantage. It was lucky that the owners of the two farms which adjoined Animal Farm were on permanently bad terms. One of them, which was named Foxwood, was a large, neglected, old-fashioned farm, much overgrown by woodland, with all its pastures worn out and its hedges in a disgraceful condition. Its owner, Mr. Pilkington, was an easy-going gentleman farmer who spent most of his time in fishing or hunting according to the season. The other farm, which was called Pinchfield, was smaller and better kept. Its owner was a Mr. Frederick, a tough, shrewd man, perpetually involved in lawsuits and with a name for driving hard bargains. These two disliked each other so much that it was difficult for them to come to any agreement, even in defence of their own interests. Nevertheless, they were both thoroughly frightened by the rebellion on Animal Farm, and very anxious to prevent their own animals from learning too much about it. At first they pretended to laugh to scorn the idea of animals managing a farm for themselves. The whole thing would be over in a fortnight, they said. They put it about that the animals on the Manor Farm (they insisted on calling it the Manor Farm; they would not tolerate the name "Animal Farm") were perpetually fighting among themselves and were also rapidly starving to death. When time passed and the animals had evidently not starved to death, Frederick and Pilkington changed their tune and began to talk of the terrible wickedness that now flourished on Animal Farm. It was given out that the animals there practised cannibalism, tortured one another with red-hot horseshoes, and had their females in common. This was what came of rebelling against the laws of Nature, Frederick and Pilkington said. However, these stories were never fully believed. Rumours of a wonderful farm, where the human beings had been turned out and the animals managed their own affairs, continued to circulate in vague and distorted forms, and throughout that year a wave of rebelliousness ran through the countryside. Bulls which had always been tractable suddenly turned savage, sheep broke down hedges and devoured the clover, cows kicked the pail over, hunters refused their fences and shot their riders on to the other side. Above all, the tune and even the words of 'Beasts of England' were known everywhere. It had spread with astonishing speed. The human beings could not contain their rage when they heard this song, though they pretended to think it merely ridiculous. They could not understand, they said, how even animals could bring themselves to sing such contemptible rubbish. Any animal caught singing it was given a flogging on the spot. And yet the song was irrepressible. The blackbirds whistled it in the hedges, the pigeons cooed it in the elms, it got into the din of the smithies and the tune of the church bells. And when the human beings listened to it, they secretly trembled, hearing in it a prophecy of their future doom. Early in October, when the corn was cut and stacked and some of it was already threshed, a flight of pigeons came whirling through the air and alighted in the yard of Animal Farm in the wildest excitement. Jones and all his men, with half a dozen others from Foxwood and Pinchfield, had entered the five-barred gate and were coming up the cart-track that led to the farm. They were all carrying sticks, except Jones, who was marching ahead with a gun in his hands. Obviously they were going to attempt the recapture of the farm. This had long been expected, and all preparations had been made. Snowball, who had studied an old book of Julius Caesar's campaigns which he had found in the farmhouse, was in charge of the defensive operations. He gave his orders quickly, and in a couple of minutes every animal was at his post. As the human beings approached the farm buildings, Snowball launched his first attack. All the pigeons, to the number of thirty-five, flew to and fro over the men's heads and muted upon them from mid-air; and while the men were dealing with this, the geese, who had been hiding behind the hedge, rushed out and pecked viciously at the calves of their legs. However, this was only a light skirmishing manoeuvre, intended to create a little disorder, and the men easily drove the geese off with their sticks. Snowball now launched his second line of attack. Muriel, Benjamin, and all the sheep, with Snowball at the head of them, rushed forward and prodded and butted the men from every side, while Benjamin turned around and lashed at them with his small hoofs. But once again the men, with their sticks and their hobnailed boots, were too strong for them; and suddenly, at a squeal from Snowball, which was the signal for retreat, all the animals turned and fled through the gateway into the yard. The men gave a shout of triumph. They saw, as they imagined, their enemies in flight, and they rushed after them in disorder. This was just what Snowball had intended. As soon as they were well inside the yard, the three horses, the three cows, and the rest of the pigs, who had been lying in ambush in the cowshed, suddenly emerged in their rear, cutting them off. Snowball now gave the signal for the charge. He himself dashed straight for Jones. Jones saw him coming, raised his gun and fired. The pellets scored bloody streaks along Snowball's back, and a sheep dropped dead. Without halting for an instant, Snowball flung his fifteen stone against Jones's legs. Jones was hurled into a pile of dung and his gun flew out of his hands. But the most terrifying spectacle of all was Boxer, rearing up on his hind legs and striking out with his great iron-shod hoofs like a stallion. His very first blow took a stable-lad from Foxwood on the skull and stretched him lifeless in the mud. At the sight, several men dropped their sticks and tried to run. Panic overtook them, and the next moment all the animals together were chasing them round and round the yard. They were gored, kicked, bitten, trampled on. There was not an animal on the farm that did not take vengeance on them after his own fashion. Even the cat suddenly leapt off a roof onto a cowman's shoulders and sank her claws in his neck, at which he yelled horribly. At a moment when the opening was clear, the men were glad enough to rush out of the yard and make a bolt for the main road. And so within five minutes of their invasion they were in ignominious retreat by the same way as they had come, with a flock of geese hissing after them and pecking at their calves all the way. All the men were gone except one. Back in the yard Boxer was pawing with his hoof at the stable-lad who lay face down in the mud, trying to turn him over. The boy did not stir. "He is dead," said Boxer sorrowfully. "I had no intention of doing that. I forgot that I was wearing iron shoes. Who will believe that I did not do this on purpose?" "No sentimentality, comrade!" cried Snowball from whose wounds the blood was still dripping. "War is war. The only good human being is a dead one." "I have no wish to take life, not even human life," repeated Boxer, and his eyes were full of tears. "Where is Mollie?" exclaimed somebody. Mollie in fact was missing. For a moment there was great alarm; it was feared that the men might have harmed her in some way, or even carried her off with them. In the end, however, she was found hiding in her stall with her head buried among the hay in the manger. She had taken to flight as soon as the gun went off. And when the others came back from looking for her, it was to find that the stable-lad, who in fact was only stunned, had already recovered and made off. The animals had now reassembled in the wildest excitement, each recounting his own exploits in the battle at the top of his voice. An impromptu celebration of the victory was held immediately. The flag was run up and 'Beasts of England' was sung a number of times, then the sheep who had been killed was given a solemn funeral, a hawthorn bush being planted on her grave. At the graveside Snowball made a little speech, emphasising the need for all animals to be ready to die for Animal Farm if need be. The animals decided unanimously to create a military decoration, "Animal Hero, First Class," which was conferred there and then on Snowball and Boxer. It consisted of a brass medal (they were really some old horse-brasses which had been found in the harness-room), to be worn on Sundays and holidays. There was also "Animal Hero, Second Class," which was conferred posthumously on the dead sheep. There was much discussion as to what the battle should be called. In the end, it was named the Battle of the Cowshed, since that was where the ambush had been sprung. Mr. Jones's gun had been found lying in the mud, and it was known that there was a supply of cartridges in the farmhouse. It was decided to set the gun up at the foot of the Flagstaff, like a piece of artillery, and to fire it twice a year--once on October the twelfth, the anniversary of the Battle of the Cowshed, and once on Midsummer Day, the anniversary of the Rebellion. Chapter V As winter drew on, Mollie became more and more troublesome. She was late for work every morning and excused herself by saying that she had overslept, and she complained of mysterious pains, although her appetite was excellent. On every kind of pretext she would run away from work and go to the drinking pool, where she would stand foolishly gazing at her own reflection in the water. But there were also rumours of something more serious. One day, as Mollie strolled blithely into the yard, flirting her long tail and chewing at a stalk of hay, Clover took her aside. "Mollie," she said, "I have something very serious to say to you. This morning I saw you looking over the hedge that divides Animal Farm from Foxwood. One of Mr. Pilkington's men was standing on the other side of the hedge. And--I was a long way away, but I am almost certain I saw this--he was talking to you and you were allowing him to stroke your nose. What does that mean, Mollie?" "He didn't! I wasn't! It isn't true!" cried Mollie, beginning to prance about and paw the ground. "Mollie! Look me in the face. Do you give me your word of honour that that man was not stroking your nose?" "It isn't true!" repeated Mollie, but she could not look Clover in the face, and the next moment she took to her heels and galloped away into the field. A thought struck Clover. Without saying anything to the others, she went to Mollie's stall and turned over the straw with her hoof. Hidden under the straw was a little pile of lump sugar and several bunches of ribbon of different colours. Three days later Mollie disappeared. For some weeks nothing was known of her whereabouts, then the pigeons reported that they had seen her on the other side of Willingdon. She was between the shafts of a smart dogcart painted red and black, which was standing outside a public-house. A fat red-faced man in check breeches and gaiters, who looked like a publican, was stroking her nose and feeding her with sugar. Her coat was newly clipped and she wore a scarlet ribbon round her forelock. She appeared to be enjoying herself, so the pigeons said. None of the animals ever mentioned Mollie again. In January there came bitterly hard weather. The earth was like iron, and nothing could be done in the fields. Many meetings were held in the big barn, and the pigs occupied themselves with planning out the work of the coming season. It had come to be accepted that the pigs, who were manifestly cleverer than the other animals, should decide all questions of farm policy, though their decisions had to be ratified by a majority vote. This arrangement would have worked well enough if it had not been for the disputes between Snowball and Napoleon. These two disagreed at every point where disagreement was possible. If one of them suggested sowing a bigger acreage with barley, the other was certain to demand a bigger acreage of oats, and if one of them said that such and such a field was just right for cabbages, the other would declare that it was useless for anything except roots. Each had his own following, and there were some violent debates. At the Meetings Snowball often won over the majority by his brilliant speeches, but Napoleon was better at canvassing support for himself in between times. He was especially successful with the sheep. Of late the sheep had taken to bleating "Four legs good, two legs bad" both in and out of season, and they often interrupted the Meeting with this. It was noticed that they were especially liable to break into "Four legs good, two legs bad" at crucial moments in Snowball's speeches. Snowball had made a close study of some back numbers of the 'Farmer and Stockbreeder' which he had found in the farmhouse, and was full of plans for innovations and improvements. He talked learnedly about field drains, silage, and basic slag, and had worked out a complicated scheme for all the animals to drop their dung directly in the fields, at a different spot every day, to save the labour of cartage. Napoleon produced no schemes of his own, but said quietly that Snowball's would come to nothing, and seemed to be biding his time. But of all their controversies, none was so bitter as the one that took place over the windmill. In the long pasture, not far from the farm buildings, there was a small knoll which was the highest point on the farm. After surveying the ground, Snowball declared that this was just the place for a windmill, which could be made to operate a dynamo and supply the farm with electrical power. This would light the stalls and warm them in winter, and would also run a circular saw, a chaff-cutter, a mangel-slicer, and an electric milking machine. The animals had never heard of anything of this kind before (for the farm was an old-fashioned one and had only the most primitive machinery), and they listened in astonishment while Snowball conjured up pictures of fantastic machines which would do their work for them while they grazed at their ease in the fields or improved their minds with reading and conversation. Within a few weeks Snowball's plans for the windmill were fully worked out. The mechanical details came mostly from three books which had belonged to Mr. Jones--'One Thousand Useful Things to Do About the House', 'Every Man His Own Bricklayer', and 'Electricity for Beginners'. Snowball used as his study a shed which had once been used for incubators and had a smooth wooden floor, suitable for drawing on. He was closeted there for hours at a time. With his books held open by a stone, and with a piece of chalk gripped between the knuckles of his trotter, he would move rapidly to and fro, drawing in line after line and uttering little whimpers of excitement. Gradually the plans grew into a complicated mass of cranks and cog-wheels, covering more than half the floor, which the other animals found completely unintelligible but very impressive. All of them came to look at Snowball's drawings at least once a day. Even the hens and ducks came, and were at pains not to tread on the chalk marks. Only Napoleon held aloof. He had declared himself against the windmill from the start. One day, however, he arrived unexpectedly to examine the plans. He walked heavily round the shed, looked closely at every detail of the plans and snuffed at them once or twice, then stood for a little while contemplating them out of the corner of his eye; then suddenly he lifted his leg, urinated over the plans, and walked out without uttering a word. The whole farm was deeply divided on the subject of the windmill. Snowball did not deny that to build it would be a difficult business. Stone would have to be carried and built up into walls, then the sails would have to be made and after that there would be need for dynamos and cables. (How these were to be procured, Snowball did not say.) But he maintained that it could all be done in a year. And thereafter, he declared, so much labour would be saved that the animals would only need to work three days a week. Napoleon, on the other hand, argued that the great need of the moment was to increase food production, and that if they wasted time on the windmill they would all starve to death. The animals formed themselves into two factions under the slogan, "Vote for Snowball and the three-day week" and "Vote for Napoleon and the full manger." Benjamin was the only animal who did not side with either faction. He refused to believe either that food would become more plentiful or that the windmill would save work. Windmill or no windmill, he said, life would go on as it had always gone on--that is, badly. Apart from the disputes over the windmill, there was the question of the defence of the farm. It was fully realised that though the human beings had been defeated in the Battle of the Cowshed they might make another and more determined attempt to recapture the farm and reinstate Mr. Jones. They had all the more reason for doing so because the news of their defeat had spread across the countryside and made the animals on the neighbouring farms more restive than ever. As usual, Snowball and Napoleon were in disagreement. According to Napoleon, what the animals must do was to procure firearms and train themselves in the use of them. According to Snowball, they must send out more and more pigeons and stir up rebellion among the animals on the other farms. The one argued that if they could not defend themselves they were bound to be conquered, the other argued that if rebellions happened everywhere they would have no need to defend themselves. The animals listened first to Napoleon, then to Snowball, and could not make up their minds which was right; indeed, they always found themselves in agreement with the one who was speaking at the moment. At last the day came when Snowball's plans were completed. At the Meeting on the following Sunday the question of whether or not to begin work on the windmill was to be put to the vote. When the animals had assembled in the big barn, Snowball stood up and, though occasionally interrupted by bleating from the sheep, set forth his reasons for advocating the building of the windmill. Then Napoleon stood up to reply. He said very quietly that the windmill was nonsense and that he advised nobody to vote for it, and promptly sat down again; he had spoken for barely thirty seconds, and seemed almost indifferent as to the effect he produced. At this Snowball sprang to his feet, and shouting down the sheep, who had begun bleating again, broke into a passionate appeal in favour of the windmill. Until now the animals had been about equally divided in their sympathies, but in a moment Snowball's eloquence had carried them away. In glowing sentences he painted a picture of Animal Farm as it might be when sordid labour was lifted from the animals' backs. His imagination had now run far beyond chaff-cutters and turnip-slicers. Electricity, he said, could operate threshing machines, ploughs, harrows, rollers, and reapers and binders, besides supplying every stall with its own electric light, hot and cold water, and an electric heater. By the time he had finished speaking, there was no doubt as to which way the vote would go. But just at this moment Napoleon stood up and, casting a peculiar sidelong look at Snowball, uttered a high-pitched whimper of a kind no one had ever heard him utter before. At this there was a terrible baying sound outside, and nine enormous dogs wearing brass-studded collars came bounding into the barn. They dashed straight for Snowball, who only sprang from his place just in time to escape their snapping jaws. In a moment he was out of the door and they were after him. Too amazed and frightened to speak, all the animals crowded through the door to watch the chase. Snowball was racing across the long pasture that led to the road. He was running as only a pig can run, but the dogs were close on his heels. Suddenly he slipped and it seemed certain that they had him. Then he was up again, running faster than ever, then the dogs were gaining on him again. One of them all but closed his jaws on Snowball's tail, but Snowball whisked it free just in time. Then he put on an extra spurt and, with a few inches to spare, slipped through a hole in the hedge and was seen no more. Silent and terrified, the animals crept back into the barn. In a moment the dogs came bounding back. At first no one had been able to imagine where these creatures came from, but the problem was soon solved: they were the puppies whom Napoleon had taken away from their mothers and reared privately. Though not yet full-grown, they were huge dogs, and as fierce-looking as wolves. They kept close to Napoleon. It was noticed that they wagged their tails to him in the same way as the other dogs had been used to do to Mr. Jones. Napoleon, with the dogs following him, now mounted on to the raised portion of the floor where Major had previously stood to deliver his speech. He announced that from now on the Sunday-morning Meetings would come to an end. They were unnecessary, he said, and wasted time. In future all questions relating to the working of the farm would be settled by a special committee of pigs, presided over by himself. These would meet in private and afterwards communicate their decisions to the others. The animals would still assemble on Sunday mornings to salute the flag, sing 'Beasts of England', and receive their orders for the week; but there would be no more debates. In spite of the shock that Snowball's expulsion had given them, the animals were dismayed by this announcement. Several of them would have protested if they could have found the right arguments. Even Boxer was vaguely troubled. He set his ears back, shook his forelock several times, and tried hard to marshal his thoughts; but in the end he could not think of anything to say. Some of the pigs themselves, however, were more articulate. Four young porkers in the front row uttered shrill squeals of disapproval, and all four of them sprang to their feet and began speaking at once. But suddenly the dogs sitting round Napoleon let out deep, menacing growls, and the pigs fell silent and sat down again. Then the sheep broke out into a tremendous bleating of "Four legs good, two legs bad!" which went on for nearly a quarter of an hour and put an end to any chance of discussion. Afterwards Squealer was sent round the farm to explain the new arrangement to the others. "Comrades," he said, "I trust that every animal here appreciates the sacrifice that Comrade Napoleon has made in taking this extra labour upon himself. Do not imagine, comrades, that leadership is a pleasure! On the contrary, it is a deep and heavy responsibility. No one believes more firmly than Comrade Napoleon that all animals are equal. He would be only too happy to let you make your decisions for yourselves. But sometimes you might make the wrong decisions, comrades, and then where should we be? Suppose you had decided to follow Snowball, with his moonshine of windmills--Snowball, who, as we now know, was no better than a criminal?" "He fought bravely at the Battle of the Cowshed," said somebody. "Bravery is not enough," said Squealer. "Loyalty and obedience are more important. And as to the Battle of the Cowshed, I believe the time will come when we shall find that Snowball's part in it was much exaggerated. Discipline, comrades, iron discipline! That is the watchword for today. One false step, and our enemies would be upon us. Surely, comrades, you do not want Jones back?" Once again this argument was unanswerable. Certainly the animals did not want Jones back; if the holding of debates on Sunday mornings was liable to bring him back, then the debates must stop. Boxer, who had now had time to think things over, voiced the general feeling by saying: "If Comrade Napoleon says it, it must be right." And from then on he adopted the maxim, "Napoleon is always right," in addition to his private motto of "I will work harder." By this time the weather had broken and the spring ploughing had begun. The shed where Snowball had drawn his plans of the windmill had been shut up and it was assumed that the plans had been rubbed off the floor. Every Sunday morning at ten o'clock the animals assembled in the big barn to receive their orders for the week. The skull of old Major, now clean of flesh, had been disinterred from the orchard and set up on a stump at the foot of the flagstaff, beside the gun. After the hoisting of the flag, the animals were required to file past the skull in a reverent manner before entering the barn. Nowadays they did not sit all together as they had done in the past. Napoleon, with Squealer and another pig named Minimus, who had a remarkable gift for composing songs and poems, sat on the front of the raised platform, with the nine young dogs forming a semicircle round them, and the other pigs sitting behind. The rest of the animals sat facing them in the main body of the barn. Napoleon read out the orders for the week in a gruff soldierly style, and after a single singing of 'Beasts of England', all the animals dispersed. On the third Sunday after Snowball's expulsion, the animals were somewhat surprised to hear Napoleon announce that the windmill was to be built after all. He did not give any reason for having changed his mind, but merely warned the animals that this extra task would mean very hard work, it might even be necessary to reduce their rations. The plans, however, had all been prepared, down to the last detail. A special committee of pigs had been at work upon them for the past three weeks. The building of the windmill, with various other improvements, was expected to take two years. That evening Squealer explained privately to the other animals that Napoleon had never in reality been opposed to the windmill. On the contrary, it was he who had advocated it in the beginning, and the plan which Snowball had drawn on the floor of the incubator shed had actually been stolen from among Napoleon's papers. The windmill was, in fact, Napoleon's own creation. Why, then, asked somebody, had he spoken so strongly against it? Here Squealer looked very sly. That, he said, was Comrade Napoleon's cunning. He had SEEMED to oppose the windmill, simply as a manoeuvre to get rid of Snowball, who was a dangerous character and a bad influence. Now that Snowball was out of the way, the plan could go forward without his interference. This, said Squealer, was something called tactics. He repeated a number of times, "Tactics, comrades, tactics!" skipping round and whisking his tail with a merry laugh. The animals were not certain what the word meant, but Squealer spoke so persuasively, and the three dogs who happened to be with him growled so threateningly, that they accepted his explanation without further questions. Chapter VI All that year the animals worked like slaves. But they were happy in their work; they grudged no effort or sacrifice, well aware that everything that they did was for the benefit of themselves and those of their kind who would come after them, and not for a pack of idle, thieving human beings. Throughout the spring and summer they worked a sixty-hour week, and in August Napoleon announced that there would be work on Sunday afternoons as well. This work was strictly voluntary, but any animal who absented himself from it would have his rations reduced by half. Even so, it was found necessary to leave certain tasks undone. The harvest was a little less successful than in the previous year, and two fields which should have been sown with roots in the early summer were not sown because the ploughing had not been completed early enough. It was possible to foresee that the coming winter would be a hard one. The windmill presented unexpected difficulties. There was a good quarry of limestone on the farm, and plenty of sand and cement had been found in one of the outhouses, so that all the materials for building were at hand. But the problem the animals could not at first solve was how to break up the stone into pieces of suitable size. There seemed no way of doing this except with picks and crowbars, which no animal could use, because no animal could stand on his hind legs. Only after weeks of vain effort did the right idea occur to somebody-namely, to utilise the force of gravity. Huge boulders, far too big to be used as they were, were lying all over the bed of the quarry. The animals lashed ropes round these, and then all together, cows, horses, sheep, any animal that could lay hold of the rope--even the pigs sometimes joined in at critical moments--they dragged them with desperate slowness up the slope to the top of the quarry, where they were toppled over the edge, to shatter to pieces below. Transporting the stone when it was once broken was comparatively simple. The horses carried it off in cart-loads, the sheep dragged single blocks, even Muriel and Benjamin yoked themselves into an old governess-cart and did their share. By late summer a sufficient store of stone had accumulated, and then the building began, under the superintendence of the pigs. But it was a slow, laborious process. Frequently it took a whole day of exhausting effort to drag a single boulder to the top of the quarry, and sometimes when it was pushed over the edge it failed to break. Nothing could have been achieved without Boxer, whose strength seemed equal to that of all the rest of the animals put together. When the boulder began to slip and the animals cried out in despair at finding themselves dragged down the hill, it was always Boxer who strained himself against the rope and brought the boulder to a stop. To see him toiling up the slope inch by inch, his breath coming fast, the tips of his hoofs clawing at the ground, and his great sides matted with sweat, filled everyone with admiration. Clover warned him sometimes to be careful not to overstrain himself, but Boxer would never listen to her. His two slogans, "I will work harder" and "Napoleon is always right," seemed to him a sufficient answer to all problems. He had made arrangements with the cockerel to call him three-quarters of an hour earlier in the mornings instead of half an hour. And in his spare moments, of which there were not many nowadays, he would go alone to the quarry, collect a load of broken stone, and drag it down to the site of the windmill unassisted. The animals were not badly off throughout that summer, in spite of the hardness of their work. If they had no more food than they had had in Jones's day, at least they did not have less. The advantage of only having to feed themselves, and not having to support five extravagant human beings as well, was so great that it would have taken a lot of failures to outweigh it. And in many ways the animal method of doing things was more efficient and saved labour. Such jobs as weeding, for instance, could be done with a thoroughness impossible to human beings. And again, since no animal now stole, it was unnecessary to fence off pasture from arable land, which saved a lot of labour on the upkeep of hedges and gates. Nevertheless, as the summer wore on, various unforeseen shortages began to make them selves felt. There was need of paraffin oil, nails, string, dog biscuits, and iron for the horses' shoes, none of which could be produced on the farm. Later there would also be need for seeds and artificial manures, besides various tools and, finally, the machinery for the windmill. How these were to be procured, no one was able to imagine. One Sunday morning, when the animals assembled to receive their orders, Napoleon announced that he had decided upon a new policy. From now onwards Animal Farm would engage in trade with the neighbouring farms: not, of course, for any commercial purpose, but simply in order to obtain certain materials which were urgently necessary. The needs of the windmill must override everything else, he said. He was therefore making arrangements to sell a stack of hay and part of the current year's wheat crop, and later on, if more money were needed, it would have to be made up by the sale of eggs, for which there was always a market in Willingdon. The hens, said Napoleon, should welcome this sacrifice as their own special contribution towards the building of the windmill. Once again the animals were conscious of a vague uneasiness. Never to have any dealings with human beings, never to engage in trade, never to make use of money--had not these been among the earliest resolutions passed at that first triumphant Meeting after Jones was expelled? All the animals remembered passing such resolutions: or at least they thought that they remembered it. The four young pigs who had protested when Napoleon abolished the Meetings raised their voices timidly, but they were promptly silenced by a tremendous growling from the dogs. Then, as usual, the sheep broke into "Four legs good, two legs bad!" and the momentary awkwardness was smoothed over. Finally Napoleon raised his trotter for silence and announced that he had already made all the arrangements. There would be no need for any of the animals to come in contact with human beings, which would clearly be most undesirable. He intended to take the whole burden upon his own shoulders. A Mr. Whymper, a solicitor living in Willingdon, had agreed to act as intermediary between Animal Farm and the outside world, and would visit the farm every Monday morning to receive his instructions. Napoleon ended his speech with his usual cry of "Long live Animal Farm!" and after the singing of 'Beasts of England' the animals were dismissed. Afterwards Squealer made a round of the farm and set the animals' minds at rest. He assured them that the resolution against engaging in trade and using money had never been passed, or even suggested. It was pure imagination, probably traceable in the beginning to lies circulated by Snowball. A few animals still felt faintly doubtful, but Squealer asked them shrewdly, "Are you certain that this is not something that you have dreamed, comrades? Have you any record of such a resolution? Is it written down anywhere?" And since it was certainly true that nothing of the kind existed in writing, the animals were satisfied that they had been mistaken. Every Monday Mr. Whymper visited the farm as had been arranged. He was a sly-looking little man with side whiskers, a solicitor in a very small way of business, but sharp enough to have realised earlier than anyone else that Animal Farm would need a broker and that the commissions would be worth having. The animals watched his coming and going with a kind of dread, and avoided him as much as possible. Nevertheless, the sight of Napoleon, on all fours, delivering orders to Whymper, who stood on two legs, roused their pride and partly reconciled them to the new arrangement. Their relations with the human race were now not quite the same as they had been before. The human beings did not hate Animal Farm any less now that it was prospering; indeed, they hated it more than ever. Every human being held it as an article of faith that the farm would go bankrupt sooner or later, and, above all, that the windmill would be a failure. They would meet in the public-houses and prove to one another by means of diagrams that the windmill was bound to fall down, or that if it did stand up, then that it would never work. And yet, against their will, they had developed a certain respect for the efficiency with which the animals were managing their own affairs. One symptom of this was that they had begun to call Animal Farm by its proper name and ceased to pretend that it was called the Manor Farm. They had also dropped their championship of Jones, who had given up hope of getting his farm back and gone to live in another part of the county. Except through Whymper, there was as yet no contact between Animal Farm and the outside world, but there were constant rumours that Napoleon was about to enter into a definite business agreement either with Mr. Pilkington of Foxwood or with Mr. Frederick of Pinchfield--but never, it was noticed, with both simultaneously. It was about this time that the pigs suddenly moved into the farmhouse and took up their residence there. Again the animals seemed to remember that a resolution against this had been passed in the early days, and again Squealer was able to convince them that this was not the case. It was absolutely necessary, he said, that the pigs, who were the brains of the farm, should have a quiet place to work in. It was also more suited to the dignity of the Leader (for of late he had taken to speaking of Napoleon under the title of "Leader") to live in a house than in a mere sty. Nevertheless, some of the animals were disturbed when they heard that the pigs not only took their meals in the kitchen and used the drawing-room as a recreation room, but also slept in the beds. Boxer passed it off as usual with "Napoleon is always right!", but Clover, who thought she remembered a definite ruling against beds, went to the end of the barn and tried to puzzle out the Seven Commandments which were inscribed there. Finding herself unable to read more than individual letters, she fetched Muriel. "Muriel," she said, "read me the Fourth Commandment. Does it not say something about never sleeping in a bed?" With some difficulty Muriel spelt it out. "It says, 'No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets,"' she announced finally. Curiously enough, Clover had not remembered that the Fourth Commandment mentioned sheets; but as it was there on the wall, it must have done so. And Squealer, who happened to be passing at this moment, attended by two or three dogs, was able to put the whole matter in its proper perspective. "You have heard then, comrades," he said, "that we pigs now sleep in the beds of the farmhouse? And why not? You did not suppose, surely, that there was ever a ruling against beds? A bed merely means a place to sleep in. A pile of straw in a stall is a bed, properly regarded. The rule was against sheets, which are a human invention. We have removed the sheets from the farmhouse beds, and sleep between blankets. And very comfortable beds they are too! But not more comfortable than we need, I can tell you, comrades, with all the brainwork we have to do nowadays. You would not rob us of our repose, would you, comrades? You would not have us too tired to carry out our duties? Surely none of you wishes to see Jones back?" The animals reassured him on this point immediately, and no more was said about the pigs sleeping in the farmhouse beds. And when, some days afterwards, it was announced that from now on the pigs would get up an hour later in the mornings than the other animals, no complaint was made about that either. By the autumn the animals were tired but happy. They had had a hard year, and after the sale of part of the hay and corn, the stores of food for the winter were none too plentiful, but the windmill compensated for everything. It was almost half built now. After the harvest there was a stretch of clear dry weather, and the animals toiled harder than ever, thinking it well worth while to plod to and fro all day with blocks of stone if by doing so they could raise the walls another foot. Boxer would even come out at nights and work for an hour or two on his own by the light of the harvest moon. In their spare moments the animals would walk round and round the half-finished mill, admiring the strength and perpendicularity of its walls and marvelling that they should ever have been able to build anything so imposing. Only old Benjamin refused to grow enthusiastic about the windmill, though, as usual, he would utter nothing beyond the cryptic remark that donkeys live a long time. November came, with raging south-west winds. Building had to stop because it was now too wet to mix the cement. Finally there came a night when the gale was so violent that the farm buildings rocked on their foundations and several tiles were blown off the roof of the barn. The hens woke up squawking with terror because they had all dreamed simultaneously of hearing a gun go off in the distance. In the morning the animals came out of their stalls to find that the flagstaff had been blown down and an elm tree at the foot of the orchard had been plucked up like a radish. They had just noticed this when a cry of despair broke from every animal's throat. A terrible sight had met their eyes. The windmill was in ruins. With one accord they dashed down to the spot. Napoleon, who seldom moved out of a walk, raced ahead of them all. Yes, there it lay, the fruit of all their struggles, levelled to its foundations, the stones they had broken and carried so laboriously scattered all around. Unable at first to speak, they stood gazing mournfully at the litter of fallen stone. Napoleon paced to and fro in silence, occasionally snuffing at the ground. His tail had grown rigid and twitched sharply from side to side, a sign in him of intense mental activity. Suddenly he halted as though his mind were made up. "Comrades," he said quietly, "do you know who is responsible for this? Do you know the enemy who has come in the night and overthrown our windmill? SNOWBALL!" he suddenly roared in a voice of thunder. "Snowball has done this thing! In sheer malignity, thinking to set back our plans and avenge himself for his ignominious expulsion, this traitor has crept here under cover of night and destroyed our work of nearly a year. Comrades, here and now I pronounce the death sentence upon Snowball. 'Animal Hero, Second Class,' and half a bushel of apples to any animal who brings him to justice. A full bushel to anyone who captures him alive!" The animals were shocked beyond measure to learn that even Snowball could be guilty of such an action. There was a cry of indignation, and everyone began thinking out ways of catching Snowball if he should ever come back. Almost immediately the footprints of a pig were discovered in the grass at a little distance from the knoll. They could only be traced for a few yards, but appeared to lead to a hole in the hedge. Napoleon snuffed deeply at them and pronounced them to be Snowball's. He gave it as his opinion that Snowball had probably come from the direction of Foxwood Farm. "No more delays, comrades!" cried Napoleon when the footprints had been examined. "There is work to be done. This very morning we begin rebuilding the windmill, and we will build all through the winter, rain or shine. We will teach this miserable traitor that he cannot undo our work so easily. Remember, comrades, there must be no alteration in our plans: they shall be carried out to the day. Forward, comrades! Long live the windmill! Long live Animal Farm!" Chapter VII It was a bitter winter. The stormy weather was followed by sleet and snow, and then by a hard frost which did not break till well into February. The animals carried on as best they could with the rebuilding of the windmill, well knowing that the outside world was watching them and that the envious human beings would rejoice and triumph if the mill were not finished on time. Out of spite, the human beings pretended not to believe that it was Snowball who had destroyed the windmill: they said that it had fallen down because the walls were too thin. The animals knew that this was not the case. Still, it had been decided to build the walls three feet thick this time instead of eighteen inches as before, which meant collecting much larger quantities of stone. For a long time the quarry was full of snowdrifts and nothing could be done. Some progress was made in the dry frosty weather that followed, but it was cruel work, and the animals could not feel so hopeful about it as they had felt before. They were always cold, and usually hungry as well. Only Boxer and Clover never lost heart. Squealer made excellent speeches on the joy of service and the dignity of labour, but the other animals found more inspiration in Boxer's strength and his never-failing cry of "I will work harder!" In January food fell short. The corn ration was drastically reduced, and it was announced that an extra potato ration would be issued to make up for it. Then it was discovered that the greater part of the potato crop had been frosted in the clamps, which had not been covered thickly enough. The potatoes had become soft and discoloured, and only a few were edible. For days at a time the animals had nothing to eat but chaff and mangels. Starvation seemed to stare them in the face. It was vitally necessary to conceal this fact from the outside world. Emboldened by the collapse of the windmill, the human beings were inventing fresh lies about Animal Farm. Once again it was being put about that all the animals were dying of famine and disease, and that they were continually fighting among themselves and had resorted to cannibalism and infanticide. Napoleon was well aware of the bad results that might follow if the real facts of the food situation were known, and he decided to make use of Mr. Whymper to spread a contrary impression. Hitherto the animals had had little or no contact with Whymper on his weekly visits: now, however, a few selected animals, mostly sheep, were instructed to remark casually in his hearing that rations had been increased. In addition, Napoleon ordered the almost empty bins in the store-shed to be filled nearly to the brim with sand, which was then covered up with what remained of the grain and meal. On some suitable pretext Whymper was led through the store-shed and allowed to catch a glimpse of the bins. He was deceived, and continued to report to the outside world that there was no food shortage on Animal Farm. Nevertheless, towards the end of January it became obvious that it would be necessary to procure some more grain from somewhere. In these days Napoleon rarely appeared in public, but spent all his time in the farmhouse, which was guarded at each door by fierce-looking dogs. When he did emerge, it was in a ceremonial manner, with an escort of six dogs who closely surrounded him and growled if anyone came too near. Frequently he did not even appear on Sunday mornings, but issued his orders through one of the other pigs, usually Squealer. One Sunday morning Squealer announced that the hens, who had just come in to lay again, must surrender their eggs. Napoleon had accepted, through Whymper, a contract for four hundred eggs a week. The price of these would pay for enough grain and meal to keep the farm going till summer came on and conditions were easier. When the hens heard this, they raised a terrible outcry. They had been warned earlier that this sacrifice might be necessary, but had not believed that it would really happen. They were just getting their clutches ready for the spring sitting, and they protested that to take the eggs away now was murder. For the first time since the expulsion of Jones, there was something resembling a rebellion. Led by three young Black Minorca pullets, the hens made a determined effort to thwart Napoleon's wishes. Their method was to fly up to the rafters and there lay their eggs, which smashed to pieces on the floor. Napoleon acted swiftly and ruthlessly. He ordered the hens' rations to be stopped, and decreed that any animal giving so much as a grain of corn to a hen should be punished by death. The dogs saw to it that these orders were carried out. For five days the hens held out, then they capitulated and went back to their nesting boxes. Nine hens had died in the meantime. Their bodies were buried in the orchard, and it was given out that they had died of coccidiosis. Whymper heard nothing of this affair, and the eggs were duly delivered, a grocer's van driving up to the farm once a week to take them away. All this while no more had been seen of Snowball. He was rumoured to be hiding on one of the neighbouring farms, either Foxwood or Pinchfield. Napoleon was by this time on slightly better terms with the other farmers than before. It happened that there was in the yard a pile of timber which had been stacked there ten years earlier when a beech spinney was cleared. It was well seasoned, and Whymper had advised Napoleon to sell it; both Mr. Pilkington and Mr. Frederick were anxious to buy it. Napoleon was hesitating between the two, unable to make up his mind. It was noticed that whenever he seemed on the point of coming to an agreement with Frederick, Snowball was declared to be in hiding at Foxwood, while, when he inclined toward Pilkington, Snowball was said to be at Pinchfield. Suddenly, early in the spring, an alarming thing was discovered. Snowball was secretly frequenting the farm by night! The animals were so disturbed that they could hardly sleep in their stalls. Every night, it was said, he came creeping in under cover of darkness and performed all kinds of mischief. He stole the corn, he upset the milk-pails, he broke the eggs, he trampled the seedbeds, he gnawed the bark off the fruit trees. Whenever anything went wrong it became usual to attribute it to Snowball. If a window was broken or a drain was blocked up, someone was certain to say that Snowball had come in the night and done it, and when the key of the store-shed was lost, the whole farm was convinced that Snowball had thrown it down the well. Curiously enough, they went on believing this even after the mislaid key was found under a sack of meal. The cows declared unanimously that Snowball crept into their stalls and milked them in their sleep. The rats, which had been troublesome that winter, were also said to be in league with Snowball. Napoleon decreed that there should be a full investigation into Snowball's activities. With his dogs in attendance he set out and made a careful tour of inspection of the farm buildings, the other animals following at a respectful distance. At every few steps Napoleon stopped and snuffed the ground for traces of Snowball's footsteps, which, he said, he could detect by the smell. He snuffed in every corner, in the barn, in the cow-shed, in the henhouses, in the vegetable garden, and found traces of Snowball almost everywhere. He would put his snout to the ground, give several deep sniffs, ad exclaim in a terrible voice, "Snowball! He has been here! I can smell him distinctly!" and at the word "Snowball" all the dogs let out blood-curdling growls and showed their side teeth. The animals were thoroughly frightened. It seemed to them as though Snowball were some kind of invisible influence, pervading the air about them and menacing them with all kinds of dangers. In the evening Squealer called them together, and with an alarmed expression on his face told them that he had some serious news to report. "Comrades!" cried Squealer, making little nervous skips, "a most terrible thing has been discovered. Snowball has sold himself to Frederick of Pinchfield Farm, who is even now plotting to attack us and take our farm away from us! Snowball is to act as his guide when the attack begins. But there is worse than that. We had thought that Snowball's rebellion was caused simply by his vanity and ambition. But we were wrong, comrades. Do you know what the real reason was? Snowball was in league with Jones from the very start! He was Jones's secret agent all the time. It has all been proved by documents which he left behind him and which we have only just discovered. To my mind this explains a great deal, comrades. Did we not see for ourselves how he attempted--fortunately without success--to get us defeated and destroyed at the Battle of the Cowshed?" The animals were stupefied. This was a wickedness far outdoing Snowball's destruction of the windmill. But it was some minutes before they could fully take it in. They all remembered, or thought they remembered, how they had seen Snowball charging ahead of them at the Battle of the Cowshed, how he had rallied and encouraged them at every turn, and how he had not paused for an instant even when the pellets from Jones's gun had wounded his back. At first it was a little difficult to see how this fitted in with his being on Jones's side. Even Boxer, who seldom asked questions, was puzzled. He lay down, tucked his fore hoofs beneath him, shut his eyes, and with a hard effort managed to formulate his thoughts. "I do not believe that," he said. "Snowball fought bravely at the Battle of the Cowshed. I saw him myself. Did we not give him 'Animal Hero, first Class,' immediately afterwards?" "That was our mistake, comrade. For we know now--it is all written down in the secret documents that we have found--that in reality he was trying to lure us to our doom." "But he was wounded," said Boxer. "We all saw him running with blood." "That was part of the arrangement!" cried Squealer. "Jones's shot only grazed him. I could show you this in his own writing, if you were able to read it. The plot was for Snowball, at the critical moment, to give the signal for flight and leave the field to the enemy. And he very nearly succeeded--I will even say, comrades, he WOULD have succeeded if it had not been for our heroic Leader, Comrade Napoleon. Do you not remember how, just at the moment when Jones and his men had got inside the yard, Snowball suddenly turned and fled, and many animals followed him? And do you not remember, too, that it was just at that moment, when panic was spreading and all seemed lost, that Comrade Napoleon sprang forward with a cry of 'Death to Humanity!' and sank his teeth in Jones's leg? Surely you remember THAT, comrades?" exclaimed Squealer, frisking from side to side. Now when Squealer described the scene so graphically, it seemed to the animals that they did remember it. At any rate, they remembered that at the critical moment of the battle Snowball had turned to flee. But Boxer was still a little uneasy. "I do not believe that Snowball was a traitor at the beginning," he said finally. "What he has done since is different. But I believe that at the Battle of the Cowshed he was a good comrade." "Our Leader, Comrade Napoleon," announced Squealer, speaking very slowly and firmly, "has stated categorically--categorically, comrade--that Snowball was Jones's agent from the very beginning--yes, and from long before the Rebellion was ever thought of." "Ah, that is different!" said Boxer. "If Comrade Napoleon says it, it must be right." "That is the true spirit, comrade!" cried Squealer, but it was noticed he cast a very ugly look at Boxer with his little twinkling eyes. He turned to go, then paused and added impressively: "I warn every animal on this farm to keep his eyes very wide open. For we have reason to think that some of Snowball's secret agents are lurking among us at this moment!" Four days later, in the late afternoon, Napoleon ordered all the animals to assemble in the yard. When they were all gathered together, Napoleon emerged from the farmhouse, wearing both his medals (for he had recently awarded himself "Animal Hero, First Class", and "Animal Hero, Second Class"), with his nine huge dogs frisking round him and uttering growls that sent shivers down all the animals' spines. They all cowered silently in their places, seeming to know in advance that some terrible thing was about to happen. Napoleon stood sternly surveying his audience; then he uttered a high-pitched whimper. Immediately the dogs bounded forward, seized four of the pigs by the ear and dragged them, squealing with pain and terror, to Napoleon's feet. The pigs' ears were bleeding, the dogs had tasted blood, and for a few moments they appeared to go quite mad. To the amazement of everybody, three of them flung themselves upon Boxer. Boxer saw them coming and put out his great hoof, caught a dog in mid-air, and pinned him to the ground. The dog shrieked for mercy and the other two fled with their tails between their legs. Boxer looked at Napoleon to know whether he should crush the dog to death or let it go. Napoleon appeared to change countenance, and sharply ordered Boxer to let the dog go, whereat Boxer lifted his hoof, and the dog slunk away, bruised and howling. Presently the tumult died down. The four pigs waited, trembling, with guilt written on every line of their countenances. Napoleon now called upon them to confess their crimes. They were the same four pigs as had protested when Napoleon abolished the Sunday Meetings. Without any further prompting they confessed that they had been secretly in touch with Snowball ever since his expulsion, that they had collaborated with him in destroying the windmill, and that they had entered into an agreement with him to hand over Animal Farm to Mr. Frederick. They added that Snowball had privately admitted to them that he had been Jones's secret agent for years past. When they had finished their confession, the dogs promptly tore their throats out, and in a terrible voice Napoleon demanded whether any other animal had anything to confess. The three hens who had been the ringleaders in the attempted rebellion over the eggs now came forward and stated that Snowball had appeared to them in a dream and incited them to disobey Napoleon's orders. They, too, were slaughtered. Then a goose came forward and confessed to having secreted six ears of corn during the last year's harvest and eaten them in the night. Then a sheep confessed to having urinated in the drinking pool--urged to do this, so she said, by Snowball--and two other sheep confessed to having murdered an old ram, an especially devoted follower of Napoleon, by chasing him round and round a bonfire when he was suffering from a cough. They were all slain on the spot. And so the tale of confessions and executions went on, until there was a pile of corpses lying before Napoleon's feet and the air was heavy with the smell of blood, which had been unknown there since the expulsion of Jones. When it was all over, the remaining animals, except for the pigs and dogs, crept away in a body. They were shaken and miserable. They did not know which was more shocking--the treachery of the animals who had leagued themselves with Snowball, or the cruel retribution they had just witnessed. In the old days there had often been scenes of bloodshed equally terrible, but it seemed to all of them that it was far worse now that it was happening among themselves. Since Jones had left the farm, until today, no animal had killed another animal. Not even a rat had been killed. They had made their way on to the little knoll where the half-finished windmill stood, and with one accord they all lay down as though huddling together for warmth--Clover, Muriel, Benjamin, the cows, the sheep, and a whole flock of geese and hens--everyone, indeed, except the cat, who had suddenly disappeared just before Napoleon ordered the animals to assemble. For some time nobody spoke. Only Boxer remained on his feet. He fidgeted to and fro, swishing his long black tail against his sides and occasionally uttering a little whinny of surprise. Finally he said: "I do not understand it. I would not have believed that such things could happen on our farm. It must be due to some fault in ourselves. The solution, as I see it, is to work harder. From now onwards I shall get up a full hour earlier in the mornings." And he moved off at his lumbering trot and made for the quarry. Having got there, he collected two successive loads of stone and dragged them down to the windmill before retiring for the night. The animals huddled about Clover, not speaking. The knoll where they were lying gave them a wide prospect across the countryside. Most of Animal Farm was within their view--the long pasture stretching down to the main road, the hayfield, the spinney, the drinking pool, the ploughed fields where the young wheat was thick and green, and the red roofs of the farm buildings with the smoke curling from the chimneys. It was a clear spring evening. The grass and the bursting hedges were gilded by the level rays of the sun. Never had the farm--and with a kind of surprise they remembered that it was their own farm, every inch of it their own property--appeared to the animals so desirable a place. As Clover looked down the hillside her eyes filled with tears. If she could have spoken her thoughts, it would have been to say that this was not what they had aimed at when they had set themselves years ago to work for the overthrow of the human race. These scenes of terror and slaughter were not what they had looked forward to on that night when old Major first stirred them to rebellion. If she herself had had any picture of the future, it had been of a society of animals set free from hunger and the whip, all equal, each working according to his capacity, the strong protecting the weak, as she had protected the lost brood of ducklings with her foreleg on the night of Major's speech. Instead--she did not know why--they had come to a time when no one dared speak his mind, when fierce, growling dogs roamed everywhere, and when you had to watch your comrades torn to pieces after confessing to shocking crimes. There was no thought of rebellion or disobedience in her mind. She knew that, even as things were, they were far better off than they had been in the days of Jones, and that before all else it was needful to prevent the return of the human beings. Whatever happened she would remain faithful, work hard, carry out the orders that were given to her, and accept the leadership of Napoleon. But still, it was not for this that she and all the other animals had hoped and toiled. It was not for this that they had built the windmill and faced the bullets of Jones's gun. Such were her thoughts, though she lacked the words to express them. At last, feeling this to be in some way a substitute for the words she was unable to find, she began to sing 'Beasts of England'. The other animals sitting round her took it up, and they sang it three times over--very tunefully, but slowly and mournfully, in a way they had never sung it before. They had just finished singing it for the third time when Squealer, attended by two dogs, approached them with the air of having something important to say. He announced that, by a special decree of Comrade Napoleon, 'Beasts of England' had been abolished. From now onwards it was forbidden to sing it. The animals were taken aback. "Why?" cried Muriel. "It's no longer needed, comrade," said Squealer stiffly. "'Beasts of England' was the song of the Rebellion. But the Rebellion is now completed. The execution of the traitors this afternoon was the final act. The enemy both external and internal has been defeated. In 'Beasts of England' we expressed our longing for a better society in days to come. But that society has now been established. Clearly this song has no longer any purpose." Frightened though they were, some of the animals might possibly have protested, but at this moment the sheep set up their usual bleating of "Four legs good, two legs bad," which went on for several minutes and put an end to the discussion. So 'Beasts of England' was heard no more. In its place Minimus, the poet, had composed another song which began: Animal Farm, Animal Farm, Never through me shalt thou come to harm! and this was sung every Sunday morning after the hoisting of the flag. But somehow neither the words nor the tune ever seemed to the animals to come up to 'Beasts of England'. Chapter VIII A few days later, when the terror caused by the executions had died down, some of the animals remembered--or thought they remembered--that the Sixth Commandment decreed "No animal shall kill any other animal." And though no one cared to mention it in the hearing of the pigs or the dogs, it was felt that the killings which had taken place did not square with this. Clover asked Benjamin to read her the Sixth Commandment, and when Benjamin, as usual, said that he refused to meddle in such matters, she fetched Muriel. Muriel read the Commandment for her. It ran: "No animal shall kill any other animal WITHOUT CAUSE." Somehow or other, the last two words had slipped out of the animals' memory. But they saw now that the Commandment had not been violated; for clearly there was good reason for killing the traitors who had leagued themselves with Snowball. Throughout the year the animals worked even harder than they had worked in the previous year. To rebuild the windmill, with walls twice as thick as before, and to finish it by the appointed date, together with the regular work of the farm, was a tremendous labour. There were times when it seemed to the animals that they worked longer hours and fed no better than they had done in Jones's day. On Sunday mornings Squealer, holding down a long strip of paper with his trotter, would read out to them lists of figures proving that the production of every class of foodstuff had increased by two hundred per cent, three hundred per cent, or five hundred per cent, as the case might be. The animals saw no reason to disbelieve him, especially as they could no longer remember very clearly what conditions had been like before the Rebellion. All the same, there were days when they felt that they would sooner have had less figures and more food. All orders were now issued through Squealer or one of the other pigs. Napoleon himself was not seen in public as often as once in a fortnight. When he did appear, he was attended not only by his retinue of dogs but by a black cockerel who marched in front of him and acted as a kind of trumpeter, letting out a loud "cock-a-doodle-doo" before Napoleon spoke. Even in the farmhouse, it was said, Napoleon inhabited separate apartments from the others. He took his meals alone, with two dogs to wait upon him, and always ate from the Crown Derby dinner service which had been in the glass cupboard in the drawing-room. It was also announced that the gun would be fired every year on Napoleon's birthday, as well as on the other two anniversaries. Napoleon was now never spoken of simply as "Napoleon." He was always referred to in formal style as "our Leader, Comrade Napoleon," and this pigs liked to invent for him such titles as Father of All Animals, Terror of Mankind, Protector of the Sheep-fold, Ducklings' Friend, and the like. In his speeches, Squealer would talk with the tears rolling down his cheeks of Napoleon's wisdom the goodness of his heart, and the deep love he bore to all animals everywhere, even and especially the unhappy animals who still lived in ignorance and slavery on other farms. It had become usual to give Napoleon the credit for every successful achievement and every stroke of good fortune. You would often hear one hen remark to another, "Under the guidance of our Leader, Comrade Napoleon, I have laid five eggs in six days"; or two cows, enjoying a drink at the pool, would exclaim, "Thanks to the leadership of Comrade Napoleon, how excellent this water tastes!" The general feeling on the farm was well expressed in a poem entitled Comrade Napoleon, which was composed by Minimus and which ran as follows: Friend of fatherless! Fountain of happiness! Lord of the swill-bucket! Oh, how my soul is on Fire when I gaze at thy Calm and commanding eye, Like the sun in the sky, Comrade Napoleon! Thou are the giver of All that thy creatures love, Full belly twice a day, clean straw to roll upon; Every beast great or small Sleeps at peace in his stall, Thou watchest over all, Comrade Napoleon! Had I a sucking-pig, Ere he had grown as big Even as a pint bottle or as a rolling-pin, He should have learned to be Faithful and true to thee, Yes, his first squeak should be "Comrade Napoleon!" Napoleon approved of this poem and caused it to be inscribed on the wall of the big barn, at the opposite end from the Seven Commandments. It was surmounted by a portrait of Napoleon, in profile, executed by Squealer in white paint. Meanwhile, through the agency of Whymper, Napoleon was engaged in complicated negotiations with Frederick and Pilkington. The pile of timber was still unsold. Of the two, Frederick was the more anxious to get hold of it, but he would not offer a reasonable price. At the same time there were renewed rumours that Frederick and his men were plotting to attack Animal Farm and to destroy the windmill, the building of which had aroused furious jealousy in him. Snowball was known to be still skulking on Pinchfield Farm. In the middle of the summer the animals were alarmed to hear that three hens had come forward and confessed that, inspired by Snowball, they had entered into a plot to murder Napoleon. They were executed immediately, and fresh precautions for Napoleon's safety were taken. Four dogs guarded his bed at night, one at each corner, and a young pig named Pinkeye was given the task of tasting all his food before he ate it, lest it should be poisoned. At about the same time it was given out that Napoleon had arranged to sell the pile of timber to Mr. Pilkington; he was also going to enter into a regular agreement for the exchange of certain products between Animal Farm and Foxwood. The relations between Napoleon and Pilkington, though they were only conducted through Whymper, were now almost friendly. The animals distrusted Pilkington, as a human being, but greatly preferred him to Frederick, whom they both feared and hated. As the summer wore on, and the windmill neared completion, the rumours of an impending treacherous attack grew stronger and stronger. Frederick, it was said, intended to bring against them twenty men all armed with guns, and he had already bribed the magistrates and police, so that if he could once get hold of the title-deeds of Animal Farm they would ask no questions. Moreover, terrible stories were leaking out from Pinchfield about the cruelties that Frederick practised upon his animals. He had flogged an old horse to death, he starved his cows, he had killed a dog by throwing it into the furnace, he amused himself in the evenings by making cocks fight with splinters of razor-blade tied to their spurs. The animals' blood boiled with rage when they heard of these things being done to their comrades, and sometimes they clamoured to be allowed to go out in a body and attack Pinchfield Farm, drive out the humans, and set the animals free. But Squealer counselled them to avoid rash actions and trust in Comrade Napoleon's strategy. Nevertheless, feeling against Frederick continued to run high. One Sunday morning Napoleon appeared in the barn and explained that he had never at any time contemplated selling the pile of timber to Frederick; he considered it beneath his dignity, he said, to have dealings with scoundrels of that description. The pigeons who were still sent out to spread tidings of the Rebellion were forbidden to set foot anywhere on Foxwood, and were also ordered to drop their former slogan of "Death to Humanity" in favour of "Death to Frederick." In the late summer yet another of Snowball's machinations was laid bare. The wheat crop was full of weeds, and it was discovered that on one of his nocturnal visits Snowball had mixed weed seeds with the seed corn. A gander who had been privy to the plot had confessed his guilt to Squealer and immediately committed suicide by swallowing deadly nightshade berries. The animals now also learned that Snowball had never--as many of them had believed hitherto--received the order of "Animal Hero, First Class." This was merely a legend which had been spread some time after the Battle of the Cowshed by Snowball himself. So far from being decorated, he had been censured for showing cowardice in the battle. Once again some of the animals heard this with a certain bewilderment, but Squealer was soon able to convince them that their memories had been at fault. In the autumn, by a tremendous, exhausting effort--for the harvest had to be gathered at almost the same time--the windmill was finished. The machinery had still to be installed, and Whymper was negotiating the purchase of it, but the structure was completed. In the teeth of every difficulty, in spite of inexperience, of primitive implements, of bad luck and of Snowball's treachery, the work had been finished punctually to the very day! Tired out but proud, the animals walked round and round their masterpiece, which appeared even more beautiful in their eyes than when it had been built the first time. Moreover, the walls were twice as thick as before. Nothing short of explosives would lay them low this time! And when they thought of how they had laboured, what discouragements they had overcome, and the enormous difference that would be made in their lives when the sails were turning and the dynamos running--when they thought of all this, their tiredness forsook them and they gambolled round and round the windmill, uttering cries of triumph. Napoleon himself, attended by his dogs and his cockerel, came down to inspect the completed work; he personally congratulated the animals on their achievement, and announced that the mill would be named Napoleon Mill. Two days later the animals were called together for a special meeting in the barn. They were struck dumb with surprise when Napoleon announced that he had sold the pile of timber to Frederick. Tomorrow Frederick's wagons would arrive and begin carting it away. Throughout the whole period of his seeming friendship with Pilkington, Napoleon had really been in secret agreement with Frederick. All relations with Foxwood had been broken off; insulting messages had been sent to Pilkington. The pigeons had been told to avoid Pinchfield Farm and to alter their slogan from "Death to Frederick" to "Death to Pilkington." At the same time Napoleon assured the animals that the stories of an impending attack on Animal Farm were completely untrue, and that the tales about Frederick's cruelty to his own animals had been greatly exaggerated. All these rumours had probably originated with Snowball and his agents. It now appeared that Snowball was not, after all, hiding on Pinchfield Farm, and in fact had never been there in his life: he was living--in considerable luxury, so it was said--at Foxwood, and had in reality been a pensioner of Pilkington for years past. The pigs were in ecstasies over Napoleon's cunning. By seeming to be friendly with Pilkington he had forced Frederick to raise his price by twelve pounds. But the superior quality of Napoleon's mind, said Squealer, was shown in the fact that he trusted nobody, not even Frederick. Frederick had wanted to pay for the timber with something called a cheque, which, it seemed, was a piece of paper with a promise to pay written upon it. But Napoleon was too clever for him. He had demanded payment in real five-pound notes, which were to be handed over before the timber was removed. Already Frederick had paid up; and the sum he had paid was just enough to buy the machinery for the windmill. Meanwhile the timber was being carted away at high speed. When it was all gone, another special meeting was held in the barn for the animals to inspect Frederick's bank-notes. Smiling beatifically, and wearing both his decorations, Napoleon reposed on a bed of straw on the platform, with the money at his side, neatly piled on a china dish from the farmhouse kitchen. The animals filed slowly past, and each gazed his fill. And Boxer put out his nose to sniff at the bank-notes, and the flimsy white things stirred and rustled in his breath. Three days later there was a terrible hullabaloo. Whymper, his face deadly pale, came racing up the path on his bicycle, flung it down in the yard and rushed straight into the farmhouse. The next moment a choking roar of rage sounded from Napoleon's apartments. The news of what had happened sped round the farm like wildfire. The banknotes were forgeries! Frederick had got the timber for nothing! Napoleon called the animals together immediately and in a terrible voice pronounced the death sentence upon Frederick. When captured, he said, Frederick should be boiled alive. At the same time he warned them that after this treacherous deed the worst was to be expected. Frederick and his men might make their long-expected attack at any moment. Sentinels were placed at all the approaches to the farm. In addition, four pigeons were sent to Foxwood with a conciliatory message, which it was hoped might re-establish good relations with Pilkington. The very next morning the attack came. The animals were at breakfast when the look-outs came racing in with the news that Frederick and his followers had already come through the five-barred gate. Boldly enough the animals sallied forth to meet them, but this time they did not have the easy victory that they had had in the Battle of the Cowshed. There were fifteen men, with half a dozen guns between them, and they opened fire as soon as they got within fifty yards. The animals could not face the terrible explosions and the stinging pellets, and in spite of the efforts of Napoleon and Boxer to rally them, they were soon driven back. A number of them were already wounded. They took refuge in the farm buildings and peeped cautiously out from chinks and knot-holes. The whole of the big pasture, including the windmill, was in the hands of the enemy. For the moment even Napoleon seemed at a loss. He paced up and down without a word, his tail rigid and twitching. Wistful glances were sent in the direction of Foxwood. If Pilkington and his men would help them, the day might yet be won. But at this moment the four pigeons, who had been sent out on the day before, returned, one of them bearing a scrap of paper from Pilkington. On it was pencilled the words: "Serves you right." Meanwhile Frederick and his men had halted about the windmill. The animals watched them, and a murmur of dismay went round. Two of the men had produced a crowbar and a sledge hammer. They were going to knock the windmill down. "Impossible!" cried Napoleon. "We have built the walls far too thick for that. They could not knock it down in a week. Courage, comrades!" But Benjamin was watching the movements of the men intently. The two with the hammer and the crowbar were drilling a hole near the base of the windmill. Slowly, and with an air almost of amusement, Benjamin nodded his long muzzle. "I thought so," he said. "Do you not see what they are doing? In another moment they are going to pack blasting powder into that hole." Terrified, the animals waited. It was impossible now to venture out of the shelter of the buildings. After a few minutes the men were seen to be running in all directions. Then there was a deafening roar. The pigeons swirled into the air, and all the animals, except Napoleon, flung themselves flat on their bellies and hid their faces. When they got up again, a huge cloud of black smoke was hanging where the windmill had been. Slowly the breeze drifted it away. The windmill had ceased to exist! At this sight the animals' courage returned to them. The fear and despair they had felt a moment earlier were drowned in their rage against this vile, contemptible act. A mighty cry for vengeance went up, and without waiting for further orders they charged forth in a body and made straight for the enemy. This time they did not heed the cruel pellets that swept over them like hail. It was a savage, bitter battle. The men fired again and again, and, when the animals got to close quarters, lashed out with their sticks and their heavy boots. A cow, three sheep, and two geese were killed, and nearly everyone was wounded. Even Napoleon, who was directing operations from the rear, had the tip of his tail chipped by a pellet. But the men did not go unscathed either. Three of them had their heads broken by blows from Boxer's hoofs; another was gored in the belly by a cow's horn; another had his trousers nearly torn off by Jessie and Bluebell. And when the nine dogs of Napoleon's own bodyguard, whom he had instructed to make a detour under cover of the hedge, suddenly appeared on the men's flank, baying ferociously, panic overtook them. They saw that they were in danger of being surrounded. Frederick shouted to his men to get out while the going was good, and the next moment the cowardly enemy was running for dear life. The animals chased them right down to the bottom of the field, and got in some last kicks at them as they forced their way through the thorn hedge. They had won, but they were weary and bleeding. Slowly they began to limp back towards the farm. The sight of their dead comrades stretched upon the grass moved some of them to tears. And for a little while they halted in sorrowful silence at the place where the windmill had once stood. Yes, it was gone; almost the last trace of their labour was gone! Even the foundations were partially destroyed. And in rebuilding it they could not this time, as before, make use of the fallen stones. This time the stones had vanished too. The force of the explosion had flung them to distances of hundreds of yards. It was as though the windmill had never been. As they approached the farm Squealer, who had unaccountably been absent during the fighting, came skipping towards them, whisking his tail and beaming with satisfaction. And the animals heard, from the direction of the farm buildings, the solemn booming of a gun. "What is that gun firing for?" said Boxer. "To celebrate our victory!" cried Squealer. "What victory?" said Boxer. His knees were bleeding, he had lost a shoe and split his hoof, and a dozen pellets had lodged themselves in his hind leg. "What victory, comrade? Have we not driven the enemy off our soil--the sacred soil of Animal Farm?" "But they have destroyed the windmill. And we had worked on it for two years!" "What matter? We will build another windmill. We will build six windmills if we feel like it. You do not appreciate, comrade, the mighty thing that we have done. The enemy was in occupation of this very ground that we stand upon. And now--thanks to the leadership of Comrade Napoleon--we have won every inch of it back again!" "Then we have won back what we had before," said Boxer. "That is our victory," said Squealer. They limped into the yard. The pellets under the skin of Boxer's leg smarted painfully. He saw ahead of him the heavy labour of rebuilding the windmill from the foundations, and already in imagination he braced himself for the task. But for the first time it occurred to him that he was eleven years old and that perhaps his great muscles were not quite what they had once been. But when the animals saw the green flag flying, and heard the gun firing again--seven times it was fired in all--and heard the speech that Napoleon made, congratulating them on their conduct, it did seem to them after all that they had won a great victory. The animals slain in the battle were given a solemn funeral. Boxer and Clover pulled the wagon which served as a hearse, and Napoleon himself walked at the head of the procession. Two whole days were given over to celebrations. There were songs, speeches, and more firing of the gun, and a special gift of an apple was bestowed on every animal, with two ounces of corn for each bird and three biscuits for each dog. It was announced that the battle would be called the Battle of the Windmill, and that Napoleon had created a new decoration, the Order of the Green Banner, which he had conferred upon himself. In the general rejoicings the unfortunate affair of the banknotes was forgotten. It was a few days later than this that the pigs came upon a case of whisky in the cellars of the farmhouse. It had been overlooked at the time when the house was first occupied. That night there came from the farmhouse the sound of loud singing, in which, to everyone's surprise, the strains of 'Beasts of England' were mixed up. At about half past nine Napoleon, wearing an old bowler hat of Mr. Jones's, was distinctly seen to emerge from the back door, gallop rapidly round the yard, and disappear indoors again. But in the morning a deep silence hung over the farmhouse. Not a pig appeared to be stirring. It was nearly nine o'clock when Squealer made his appearance, walking slowly and dejectedly, his eyes dull, his tail hanging limply behind him, and with every appearance of being seriously ill. He called the animals together and told them that he had a terrible piece of news to impart. Comrade Napoleon was dying! A cry of lamentation went up. Straw was laid down outside the doors of the farmhouse, and the animals walked on tiptoe. With tears in their eyes they asked one another what they should do if their Leader were taken away from them. A rumour went round that Snowball had after all contrived to introduce poison into Napoleon's food. At eleven o'clock Squealer came out to make another announcement. As his last act upon earth, Comrade Napoleon had pronounced a solemn decree: the drinking of alcohol was to be punished by death. By the evening, however, Napoleon appeared to be somewhat better, and the following morning Squealer was able to tell them that he was well on the way to recovery. By the evening of that day Napoleon was back at work, and on the next day it was learned that he had instructed Whymper to purchase in Willingdon some booklets on brewing and distilling. A week later Napoleon gave orders that the small paddock beyond the orchard, which it had previously been intended to set aside as a grazing-ground for animals who were past work, was to be ploughed up. It was given out that the pasture was exhausted and needed re-seeding; but it soon became known that Napoleon intended to sow it with barley. About this time there occurred a strange incident which hardly anyone was able to understand. One night at about twelve o'clock there was a loud crash in the yard, and the animals rushed out of their stalls. It was a moonlit night. At the foot of the end wall of the big barn, where the Seven Commandments were written, there lay a ladder broken in two pieces. Squealer, temporarily stunned, was sprawling beside it, and near at hand there lay a lantern, a paint-brush, and an overturned pot of white paint. The dogs immediately made a ring round Squealer, and escorted him back to the farmhouse as soon as he was able to walk. None of the animals could form any idea as to what this meant, except old Benjamin, who nodded his muzzle with a knowing air, and seemed to understand, but would say nothing. But a few days later Muriel, reading over the Seven Commandments to herself, noticed that there was yet another of them which the animals had remembered wrong. They had thought the Fifth Commandment was "No animal shall drink alcohol," but there were two words that they had forgotten. Actually the Commandment read: "No animal shall drink alcohol TO EXCESS." Chapter IX Boxer's split hoof was a long time in healing. They had started the rebuilding of the windmill the day after the victory celebrations were ended. Boxer refused to take even a day off work, and made it a point of honour not to let it be seen that he was in pain. In the evenings he would admit privately to Clover that the hoof troubled him a great deal. Clover treated the hoof with poultices of herbs which she prepared by chewing them, and both she and Benjamin urged Boxer to work less hard. "A horse's lungs do not last for ever," she said to him. But Boxer would not listen. He had, he said, only one real ambition left--to see the windmill well under way before he reached the age for retirement. At the beginning, when the laws of Animal Farm were first formulated, the retiring age had been fixed for horses and pigs at twelve, for cows at fourteen, for dogs at nine, for sheep at seven, and for hens and geese at five. Liberal old-age pensions had been agreed upon. As yet no animal had actually retired on pension, but of late the subject had been discussed more and more. Now that the small field beyond the orchard had been set aside for barley, it was rumoured that a corner of the large pasture was to be fenced off and turned into a grazing-ground for superannuated animals. For a horse, it was said, the pension would be five pounds of corn a day and, in winter, fifteen pounds of hay, with a carrot or possibly an apple on public holidays. Boxer's twelfth birthday was due in the late summer of the following year. Meanwhile life was hard. The winter was as cold as the last one had been, and food was even shorter. Once again all rations were reduced, except those of the pigs and the dogs. A too rigid equality in rations, Squealer explained, would have been contrary to the principles of Animalism. In any case he had no difficulty in proving to the other animals that they were NOT in reality short of food, whatever the appearances might be. For the time being, certainly, it had been found necessary to make a readjustment of rations (Squealer always spoke of it as a "readjustment," never as a "reduction"), but in comparison with the days of Jones, the improvement was enormous. Reading out the figures in a shrill, rapid voice, he proved to them in detail that they had more oats, more hay, more turnips than they had had in Jones's day, that they worked shorter hours, that their drinking water was of better quality, that they lived longer, that a larger proportion of their young ones survived infancy, and that they had more straw in their stalls and suffered less from fleas. The animals believed every word of it. Truth to tell, Jones and all he stood for had almost faded out of their memories. They knew that life nowadays was harsh and bare, that they were often hungry and often cold, and that they were usually working when they were not asleep. But doubtless it had been worse in the old days. They were glad to believe so. Besides, in those days they had been slaves and now they were free, and that made all the difference, as Squealer did not fail to point out. There were many more mouths to feed now. In the autumn the four sows had all littered about simultaneously, producing thirty-one young pigs between them. The young pigs were piebald, and as Napoleon was the only boar on the farm, it was possible to guess at their parentage. It was announced that later, when bricks and timber had been purchased, a schoolroom would be built in the farmhouse garden. For the time being, the young pigs were given their instruction by Napoleon himself in the farmhouse kitchen. They took their exercise in the garden, and were discouraged from playing with the other young animals. About this time, too, it was laid down as a rule that when a pig and any other animal met on the path, the other animal must stand aside: and also that all pigs, of whatever degree, were to have the privilege of wearing green ribbons on their tails on Sundays. The farm had had a fairly successful year, but was still short of money. There were the bricks, sand, and lime for the schoolroom to be purchased, and it would also be necessary to begin saving up again for the machinery for the windmill. Then there were lamp oil and candles for the house, sugar for Napoleon's own table (he forbade this to the other pigs, on the ground that it made them fat), and all the usual replacements such as tools, nails, string, coal, wire, scrap-iron, and dog biscuits. A stump of hay and part of the potato crop were sold off, and the contract for eggs was increased to six hundred a week, so that that year the hens barely hatched enough chicks to keep their numbers at the same level. Rations, reduced in December, were reduced again in February, and lanterns in the stalls were forbidden to save oil. But the pigs seemed comfortable enough, and in fact were putting on weight if anything. One afternoon in late February a warm, rich, appetising scent, such as the animals had never smelt before, wafted itself across the yard from the little brew-house, which had been disused in Jones's time, and which stood beyond the kitchen. Someone said it was the smell of cooking barley. The animals sniffed the air hungrily and wondered whether a warm mash was being prepared for their supper. But no warm mash appeared, and on the following Sunday it was announced that from now onwards all barley would be reserved for the pigs. The field beyond the orchard had already been sown with barley. And the news soon leaked out that every pig was now receiving a ration of a pint of beer daily, with half a gallon for Napoleon himself, which was always served to him in the Crown Derby soup tureen. But if there were hardships to be borne, they were partly offset by the fact that life nowadays had a greater dignity than it had had before. There were more songs, more speeches, more processions. Napoleon had commanded that once a week there should be held something called a Spontaneous Demonstration, the object of which was to celebrate the struggles and triumphs of Animal Farm. At the appointed time the animals would leave their work and march round the precincts of the farm in military formation, with the pigs leading, then the horses, then the cows, then the sheep, and then the poultry. The dogs flanked the procession and at the head of all marched Napoleon's black cockerel. Boxer and Clover always carried between them a green banner marked with the hoof and the horn and the caption, "Long live Comrade Napoleon!" Afterwards there were recitations of poems composed in Napoleon's honour, and a speech by Squealer giving particulars of the latest increases in the production of foodstuffs, and on occasion a shot was fired from the gun. The sheep were the greatest devotees of the Spontaneous Demonstration, and if anyone complained (as a few animals sometimes did, when no pigs or dogs were near) that they wasted time and meant a lot of standing about in the cold, the sheep were sure to silence him with a tremendous bleating of "Four legs good, two legs bad!" But by and large the animals enjoyed these celebrations. They found it comforting to be reminded that, after all, they were truly their own masters and that the work they did was for their own benefit. So that, what with the songs, the processions, Squealer's lists of figures, the thunder of the gun, the crowing of the cockerel, and the fluttering of the flag, they were able to forget that their bellies were empty, at least part of the time. In April, Animal Farm was proclaimed a Republic, and it became necessary to elect a President. There was only one candidate, Napoleon, who was elected unanimously. On the same day it was given out that fresh documents had been discovered which revealed further details about Snowball's complicity with Jones. It now appeared that Snowball had not, as the animals had previously imagined, merely attempted to lose the Battle of the Cowshed by means of a stratagem, but had been openly fighting on Jones's side. In fact, it was he who had actually been the leader of the human forces, and had charged into battle with the words "Long live Humanity!" on his lips. The wounds on Snowball's back, which a few of the animals still remembered to have seen, had been inflicted by Napoleon's teeth. In the middle of the summer Moses the raven suddenly reappeared on the farm, after an absence of several years. He was quite unchanged, still did no work, and talked in the same strain as ever about Sugarcandy Mountain. He would perch on a stump, flap his black wings, and talk by the hour to anyone who would listen. "Up there, comrades," he would say solemnly, pointing to the sky with his large beak--"up there, just on the other side of that dark cloud that you can see--there it lies, Sugarcandy Mountain, that happy country where we poor animals shall rest for ever from our labours!" He even claimed to have been there on one of his higher flights, and to have seen the everlasting fields of clover and the linseed cake and lump sugar growing on the hedges. Many of the animals believed him. Their lives now, they reasoned, were hungry and laborious; was it not right and just that a better world should exist somewhere else? A thing that was difficult to determine was the attitude of the pigs towards Moses. They all declared contemptuously that his stories about Sugarcandy Mountain were lies, and yet they allowed him to remain on the farm, not working, with an allowance of a gill of beer a day. After his hoof had healed up, Boxer worked harder than ever. Indeed, all the animals worked like slaves that year. Apart from the regular work of the farm, and the rebuilding of the windmill, there was the schoolhouse for the young pigs, which was started in March. Sometimes the long hours on insufficient food were hard to bear, but Boxer never faltered. In nothing that he said or did was there any sign that his strength was not what it had been. It was only his appearance that was a little altered; his hide was less shiny than it had used to be, and his great haunches seemed to have shrunken. The others said, "Boxer will pick up when the spring grass comes on"; but the spring came and Boxer grew no fatter. Sometimes on the slope leading to the top of the quarry, when he braced his muscles against the weight of some vast boulder, it seemed that nothing kept him on his feet except the will to continue. At such times his lips were seen to form the words, "I will work harder"; he had no voice left. Once again Clover and Benjamin warned him to take care of his health, but Boxer paid no attention. His twelfth birthday was approaching. He did not care what happened so long as a good store of stone was accumulated before he went on pension. Late one evening in the summer, a sudden rumour ran round the farm that something had happened to Boxer. He had gone out alone to drag a load of stone down to the windmill. And sure enough, the rumour was true. A few minutes later two pigeons came racing in with the news; "Boxer has fallen! He is lying on his side and can't get up!" About half the animals on the farm rushed out to the knoll where the windmill stood. There lay Boxer, between the shafts of the cart, his neck stretched out, unable even to raise his head. His eyes were glazed, his sides matted with sweat. A thin stream of blood had trickled out of his mouth. Clover dropped to her knees at his side. "Boxer!" she cried, "how are you?" "It is my lung," said Boxer in a weak voice. "It does not matter. I think you will be able to finish the windmill without me. There is a pretty good store of stone accumulated. I had only another month to go in any case. To tell you the truth, I had been looking forward to my retirement. And perhaps, as Benjamin is growing old too, they will let him retire at the same time and be a companion to me." "We must get help at once," said Clover. "Run, somebody, and tell Squealer what has happened." All the other animals immediately raced back to the farmhouse to give Squealer the news. Only Clover remained, and Benjamin who lay down at Boxer's side, and, without speaking, kept the flies off him with his long tail. After about a quarter of an hour Squealer appeared, full of sympathy and concern. He said that Comrade Napoleon had learned with the very deepest distress of this misfortune to one of the most loyal workers on the farm, and was already making arrangements to send Boxer to be treated in the hospital at Willingdon. The animals felt a little uneasy at this. Except for Mollie and Snowball, no other animal had ever left the farm, and they did not like to think of their sick comrade in the hands of human beings. However, Squealer easily convinced them that the veterinary surgeon in Willingdon could treat Boxer's case more satisfactorily than could be done on the farm. And about half an hour later, when Boxer had somewhat recovered, he was with difficulty got on to his feet, and managed to limp back to his stall, where Clover and Benjamin had prepared a good bed of straw for him. For the next two days Boxer remained in his stall. The pigs had sent out a large bottle of pink medicine which they had found in the medicine chest in the bathroom, and Clover administered it to Boxer twice a day after meals. In the evenings she lay in his stall and talked to him, while Benjamin kept the flies off him. Boxer professed not to be sorry for what had happened. If he made a good recovery, he might expect to live another three years, and he looked forward to the peaceful days that he would spend in the corner of the big pasture. It would be the first time that he had had leisure to study and improve his mind. He intended, he said, to devote the rest of his life to learning the remaining twenty-two letters of the alphabet. However, Benjamin and Clover could only be with Boxer after working hours, and it was in the middle of the day when the van came to take him away. The animals were all at work weeding turnips under the supervision of a pig, when they were astonished to see Benjamin come galloping from the direction of the farm buildings, braying at the top of his voice. It was the first time that they had ever seen Benjamin excited--indeed, it was the first time that anyone had ever seen him gallop. "Quick, quick!" he shouted. "Come at once! They're taking Boxer away!" Without waiting for orders from the pig, the animals broke off work and raced back to the farm buildings. Sure enough, there in the yard was a large closed van, drawn by two horses, with lettering on its side and a sly-looking man in a low-crowned bowler hat sitting on the driver's seat. And Boxer's stall was empty. The animals crowded round the van. "Good-bye, Boxer!" they chorused, "good-bye!" "Fools! Fools!" shouted Benjamin, prancing round them and stamping the earth with his small hoofs. "Fools! Do you not see what is written on the side of that van?" That gave the animals pause, and there was a hush. Muriel began to spell out the words. But Benjamin pushed her aside and in the midst of a deadly silence he read: "'Alfred Simmonds, Horse Slaughterer and Glue Boiler, Willingdon. Dealer in Hides and Bone-Meal. Kennels Supplied.' Do you not understand what that means? They are taking Boxer to the knacker's!" A cry of horror burst from all the animals. At this moment the man on the box whipped up his horses and the van moved out of the yard at a smart trot. All the animals followed, crying out at the tops of their voices. Clover forced her way to the front. The van began to gather speed. Clover tried to stir her stout limbs to a gallop, and achieved a canter. "Boxer!" she cried. "Boxer! Boxer! Boxer!" And just at this moment, as though he had heard the uproar outside, Boxer's face, with the white stripe down his nose, appeared at the small window at the back of the van. "Boxer!" cried Clover in a terrible voice. "Boxer! Get out! Get out quickly! They're taking you to your death!" All the animals took up the cry of "Get out, Boxer, get out!" But the van was already gathering speed and drawing away from them. It was uncertain whether Boxer had understood what Clover had said. But a moment later his face disappeared from the window and there was the sound of a tremendous drumming of hoofs inside the van. He was trying to kick his way out. The time had been when a few kicks from Boxer's hoofs would have smashed the van to matchwood. But alas! his strength had left him; and in a few moments the sound of drumming hoofs grew fainter and died away. In desperation the animals began appealing to the two horses which drew the van to stop. "Comrades, comrades!" they shouted. "Don't take your own brother to his death!" But the stupid brutes, too ignorant to realise what was happening, merely set back their ears and quickened their pace. Boxer's face did not reappear at the window. Too late, someone thought of racing ahead and shutting the five-barred gate; but in another moment the van was through it and rapidly disappearing down the road. Boxer was never seen again. Three days later it was announced that he had died in the hospital at Willingdon, in spite of receiving every attention a horse could have. Squealer came to announce the news to the others. He had, he said, been present during Boxer's last hours. "It was the most affecting sight I have ever seen!" said Squealer, lifting his trotter and wiping away a tear. "I was at his bedside at the very last. And at the end, almost too weak to speak, he whispered in my ear that his sole sorrow was to have passed on before the windmill was finished. 'Forward, comrades!' he whispered. 'Forward in the name of the Rebellion. Long live Animal Farm! Long live Comrade Napoleon! Napoleon is always right.' Those were his very last words, comrades." Here Squealer's demeanour suddenly changed. He fell silent for a moment, and his little eyes darted suspicious glances from side to side before he proceeded. It had come to his knowledge, he said, that a foolish and wicked rumour had been circulated at the time of Boxer's removal. Some of the animals had noticed that the van which took Boxer away was marked "Horse Slaughterer," and had actually jumped to the conclusion that Boxer was being sent to the knacker's. It was almost unbelievable, said Squealer, that any animal could be so stupid. Surely, he cried indignantly, whisking his tail and skipping from side to side, surely they knew their beloved Leader, Comrade Napoleon, better than that? But the explanation was really very simple. The van had previously been the property of the knacker, and had been bought by the veterinary surgeon, who had not yet painted the old name out. That was how the mistake had arisen. The animals were enormously relieved to hear this. And when Squealer went on to give further graphic details of Boxer's death-bed, the admirable care he had received, and the expensive medicines for which Napoleon had paid without a thought as to the cost, their last doubts disappeared and the sorrow that they felt for their comrade's death was tempered by the thought that at least he had died happy. Napoleon himself appeared at the meeting on the following Sunday morning and pronounced a short oration in Boxer's honour. It had not been possible, he said, to bring back their lamented comrade's remains for interment on the farm, but he had ordered a large wreath to be made from the laurels in the farmhouse garden and sent down to be placed on Boxer's grave. And in a few days' time the pigs intended to hold a memorial banquet in Boxer's honour. Napoleon ended his speech with a reminder of Boxer's two favourite maxims, "I will work harder" and "Comrade Napoleon is always right"--maxims, he said, which every animal would do well to adopt as his own. On the day appointed for the banquet, a grocer's van drove up from Willingdon and delivered a large wooden crate at the farmhouse. That night there was the sound of uproarious singing, which was followed by what sounded like a violent quarrel and ended at about eleven o'clock with a tremendous crash of glass. No one stirred in the farmhouse before noon on the following day, and the word went round that from somewhere or other the pigs had acquired the money to buy themselves another case of whisky. Chapter X Years passed. The seasons came and went, the short animal lives fled by. A time came when there was no one who remembered the old days before the Rebellion, except Clover, Benjamin, Moses the raven, and a number of the pigs. Muriel was dead; Bluebell, Jessie, and Pincher were dead. Jones too was dead--he had died in an inebriates' home in another part of the country. Snowball was forgotten. Boxer was forgotten, except by the few who had known him. Clover was an old stout mare now, stiff in the joints and with a tendency to rheumy eyes. She was two years past the retiring age, but in fact no animal had ever actually retired. The talk of setting aside a corner of the pasture for superannuated animals had long since been dropped. Napoleon was now a mature boar of twenty-four stone. Squealer was so fat that he could with difficulty see out of his eyes. Only old Benjamin was much the same as ever, except for being a little greyer about the muzzle, and, since Boxer's death, more morose and taciturn than ever. There were many more creatures on the farm now, though the increase was not so great as had been expected in earlier years. Many animals had been born to whom the Rebellion was only a dim tradition, passed on by word of mouth, and others had been bought who had never heard mention of such a thing before their arrival. The farm possessed three horses now besides Clover. They were fine upstanding beasts, willing workers and good comrades, but very stupid. None of them proved able to learn the alphabet beyond the letter B. They accepted everything that they were told about the Rebellion and the principles of Animalism, especially from Clover, for whom they had an almost filial respect; but it was doubtful whether they understood very much of it. The farm was more prosperous now, and better organised: it had even been enlarged by two fields which had been bought from Mr. Pilkington. The windmill had been successfully completed at last, and the farm possessed a threshing machine and a hay elevator of its own, and various new buildings had been added to it. Whymper had bought himself a dogcart. The windmill, however, had not after all been used for generating electrical power. It was used for milling corn, and brought in a handsome money profit. The animals were hard at work building yet another windmill; when that one was finished, so it was said, the dynamos would be installed. But the luxuries of which Snowball had once taught the animals to dream, the stalls with electric light and hot and cold water, and the three-day week, were no longer talked about. Napoleon had denounced such ideas as contrary to the spirit of Animalism. The truest happiness, he said, lay in working hard and living frugally. Somehow it seemed as though the farm had grown richer without making the animals themselves any richer-except, of course, for the pigs and the dogs. Perhaps this was partly because there were so many pigs and so many dogs. It was not that these creatures did not work, after their fashion. There was, as Squealer was never tired of explaining, endless work in the supervision and organisation of the farm. Much of this work was of a kind that the other animals were too ignorant to understand. For example, Squealer told them that the pigs had to expend enormous labours every day upon mysterious things called "files," "reports," "minutes," and "memoranda". These were large sheets of paper which had to be closely covered with writing, and as soon as they were so covered, they were burnt in the furnace. This was of the highest importance for the welfare of the farm, Squealer said. But still, neither pigs nor dogs produced any food by their own labour; and there were very many of them, and their appetites were always good. As for the others, their life, so far as they knew, was as it had always been. They were generally hungry, they slept on straw, they drank from the pool, they laboured in the fields; in winter they were troubled by the cold, and in summer by the flies. Sometimes the older ones among them racked their dim memories and tried to determine whether in the early days of the Rebellion, when Jones's expulsion was still recent, things had been better or worse than now. They could not remember. There was nothing with which they could compare their present lives: they had nothing to go upon except Squealer's lists of figures, which invariably demonstrated that everything was getting better and better. The animals found the problem insoluble; in any case, they had little time for speculating on such things now. Only old Benjamin professed to remember every detail of his long life and to know that things never had been, nor ever could be much better or much worse--hunger, hardship, and disappointment being, so he said, the unalterable law of life. And yet the animals never gave up hope. More, they never lost, even for an instant, their sense of honour and privilege in being members of Animal Farm. They were still the only farm in the whole county--in all England!--owned and operated by animals. Not one of them, not even the youngest, not even the newcomers who had been brought from farms ten or twenty miles away, ever ceased to marvel at that. And when they heard the gun booming and saw the green flag fluttering at the masthead, their hearts swelled with imperishable pride, and the talk turned always towards the old heroic days, the expulsion of Jones, the writing of the Seven Commandments, the great battles in which the human invaders had been defeated. None of the old dreams had been abandoned. The Republic of the Animals which Major had foretold, when the green fields of England should be untrodden by human feet, was still believed in. Some day it was coming: it might not be soon, it might not be with in the lifetime of any animal now living, but still it was coming. Even the tune of 'Beasts of England' was perhaps hummed secretly here and there: at any rate, it was a fact that every animal on the farm knew it, though no one would have dared to sing it aloud. It might be that their lives were hard and that not all of their hopes had been fulfilled; but they were conscious that they were not as other animals. If they went hungry, it was not from feeding tyrannical human beings; if they worked hard, at least they worked for themselves. No creature among them went upon two legs. No creature called any other creature "Master." All animals were equal. One day in early summer Squealer ordered the sheep to follow him, and led them out to a piece of waste ground at the other end of the farm, which had become overgrown with birch saplings. The sheep spent the whole day there browsing at the leaves under Squealer's supervision. In the evening he returned to the farmhouse himself, but, as it was warm weather, told the sheep to stay where they were. It ended by their remaining there for a whole week, during which time the other animals saw nothing of them. Squealer was with them for the greater part of every day. He was, he said, teaching them to sing a new song, for which privacy was needed. It was just after the sheep had returned, on a pleasant evening when the animals had finished work and were making their way back to the farm buildings, that the terrified neighing of a horse sounded from the yard. Startled, the animals stopped in their tracks. It was Clover's voice. She neighed again, and all the animals broke into a gallop and rushed into the yard. Then they saw what Clover had seen. It was a pig walking on his hind legs. Yes, it was Squealer. A little awkwardly, as though not quite used to supporting his considerable bulk in that position, but with perfect balance, he was strolling across the yard. And a moment later, out from the door of the farmhouse came a long file of pigs, all walking on their hind legs. Some did it better than others, one or two were even a trifle unsteady and looked as though they would have liked the support of a stick, but every one of them made his way right round the yard successfully. And finally there was a tremendous baying of dogs and a shrill crowing from the black cockerel, and out came Napoleon himself, majestically upright, casting haughty glances from side to side, and with his dogs gambolling round him. He carried a whip in his trotter. There was a deadly silence. Amazed, terrified, huddling together, the animals watched the long line of pigs march slowly round the yard. It was as though the world had turned upside-down. Then there came a moment when the first shock had worn off and when, in spite of everything-in spite of their terror of the dogs, and of the habit, developed through long years, of never complaining, never criticising, no matter what happened--they might have uttered some word of protest. But just at that moment, as though at a signal, all the sheep burst out into a tremendous bleating of-- "Four legs good, two legs BETTER! Four legs good, two legs BETTER! Four legs good, two legs BETTER!" It went on for five minutes without stopping. And by the time the sheep had quieted down, the chance to utter any protest had passed, for the pigs had marched back into the farmhouse. Benjamin felt a nose nuzzling at his shoulder. He looked round. It was Clover. Her old eyes looked dimmer than ever. Without saying anything, she tugged gently at his mane and led him round to the end of the big barn, where the Seven Commandments were written. For a minute or two they stood gazing at the tatted wall with its white lettering. "My sight is failing," she said finally. "Even when I was young I could not have read what was written there. But it appears to me that that wall looks different. Are the Seven Commandments the same as they used to be, Benjamin?" For once Benjamin consented to break his rule, and he read out to her what was written on the wall. There was nothing there now except a single Commandment. It ran: ALL ANIMALS ARE EQUAL BUT SOME ANIMALS ARE MORE EQUAL THAN OTHERS After that it did not seem strange when next day the pigs who were supervising the work of the farm all carried whips in their trotters. It did not seem strange to learn that the pigs had bought themselves a wireless set, were arranging to install a telephone, and had taken out subscriptions to 'John Bull', 'Tit-Bits', and the 'Daily Mirror'. It did not seem strange when Napoleon was seen strolling in the farmhouse garden with a pipe in his mouth--no, not even when the pigs took Mr. Jones's clothes out of the wardrobes and put them on, Napoleon himself appearing in a black coat, ratcatcher breeches, and leather leggings, while his favourite sow appeared in the watered silk dress which Mrs. Jones had been used to wearing on Sundays. A week later, in the afternoon, a number of dog-carts drove up to the farm. A deputation of neighbouring farmers had been invited to make a tour of inspection. They were shown all over the farm, and expressed great admiration for everything they saw, especially the windmill. The animals were weeding the turnip field. They worked diligently hardly raising their faces from the ground, and not knowing whether to be more frightened of the pigs or of the human visitors. That evening loud laughter and bursts of singing came from the farmhouse. And suddenly, at the sound of the mingled voices, the animals were stricken with curiosity. What could be happening in there, now that for the first time animals and human beings were meeting on terms of equality? With one accord they began to creep as quietly as possible into the farmhouse garden. At the gate they paused, half frightened to go on but Clover led the way in. They tiptoed up to the house, and such animals as were tall enough peered in at the dining-room window. There, round the long table, sat half a dozen farmers and half a dozen of the more eminent pigs, Napoleon himself occupying the seat of honour at the head of the table. The pigs appeared completely at ease in their chairs. The company had been enjoying a game of cards but had broken off for the moment, evidently in order to drink a toast. A large jug was circulating, and the mugs were being refilled with beer. No one noticed the wondering faces of the animals that gazed in at the window. Mr. Pilkington, of Foxwood, had stood up, his mug in his hand. In a moment, he said, he would ask the present company to drink a toast. But before doing so, there were a few words that he felt it incumbent upon him to say. It was a source of great satisfaction to him, he said--and, he was sure, to all others present--to feel that a long period of mistrust and misunderstanding had now come to an end. There had been a time--not that he, or any of the present company, had shared such sentiments--but there had been a time when the respected proprietors of Animal Farm had been regarded, he would not say with hostility, but perhaps with a certain measure of misgiving, by their human neighbours. Unfortunate incidents had occurred, mistaken ideas had been current. It had been felt that the existence of a farm owned and operated by pigs was somehow abnormal and was liable to have an unsettling effect in the neighbourhood. Too many farmers had assumed, without due enquiry, that on such a farm a spirit of licence and indiscipline would prevail. They had been nervous about the effects upon their own animals, or even upon their human employees. But all such doubts were now dispelled. Today he and his friends had visited Animal Farm and inspected every inch of it with their own eyes, and what did they find? Not only the most up-to-date methods, but a discipline and an orderliness which should be an example to all farmers everywhere. He believed that he was right in saying that the lower animals on Animal Farm did more work and received less food than any animals in the county. Indeed, he and his fellow-visitors today had observed many features which they intended to introduce on their own farms immediately. He would end his remarks, he said, by emphasising once again the friendly feelings that subsisted, and ought to subsist, between Animal Farm and its neighbours. Between pigs and human beings there was not, and there need not be, any clash of interests whatever. Their struggles and their difficulties were one. Was not the labour problem the same everywhere? Here it became apparent that Mr. Pilkington was about to spring some carefully prepared witticism on the company, but for a moment he was too overcome by amusement to be able to utter it. After much choking, during which his various chins turned purple, he managed to get it out: "If you have your lower animals to contend with," he said, "we have our lower classes!" This BON MOT set the table in a roar; and Mr. Pilkington once again congratulated the pigs on the low rations, the long working hours, and the general absence of pampering which he had observed on Animal Farm. And now, he said finally, he would ask the company to rise to their feet and make certain that their glasses were full. "Gentlemen," concluded Mr. Pilkington, "gentlemen, I give you a toast: To the prosperity of Animal Farm!" There was enthusiastic cheering and stamping of feet. Napoleon was so gratified that he left his place and came round the table to clink his mug against Mr. Pilkington's before emptying it. When the cheering had died down, Napoleon, who had remained on his feet, intimated that he too had a few words to say. Like all of Napoleon's speeches, it was short and to the point. He too, he said, was happy that the period of misunderstanding was at an end. For a long time there had been rumours--circulated, he had reason to think, by some malignant enemy--that there was something subversive and even revolutionary in the outlook of himself and his colleagues. They had been credited with attempting to stir up rebellion among the animals on neighbouring farms. Nothing could be further from the truth! Their sole wish, now and in the past, was to live at peace and in normal business relations with their neighbours. This farm which he had the honour to control, he added, was a co-operative enterprise. The title-deeds, which were in his own possession, were owned by the pigs jointly. He did not believe, he said, that any of the old suspicions still lingered, but certain changes had been made recently in the routine of the farm which should have the effect of promoting confidence still further. Hitherto the animals on the farm had had a rather foolish custom of addressing one another as "Comrade." This was to be suppressed. There had also been a very strange custom, whose origin was unknown, of marching every Sunday morning past a boar's skull which was nailed to a post in the garden. This, too, would be suppressed, and the skull had already been buried. His visitors might have observed, too, the green flag which flew from the masthead. If so, they would perhaps have noted that the white hoof and horn with which it had previously been marked had now been removed. It would be a plain green flag from now onwards. He had only one criticism, he said, to make of Mr. Pilkington's excellent and neighbourly speech. Mr. Pilkington had referred throughout to "Animal Farm." He could not of course know--for he, Napoleon, was only now for the first time announcing it--that the name "Animal Farm" had been abolished. Henceforward the farm was to be known as "The Manor Farm"--which, he believed, was its correct and original name. "Gentlemen," concluded Napoleon, "I will give you the same toast as before, but in a different form. Fill your glasses to the brim. Gentlemen, here is my toast: To the prosperity of The Manor Farm!" There was the same hearty cheering as before, and the mugs were emptied to the dregs. But as the animals outside gazed at the scene, it seemed to them that some strange thing was happening. What was it that had altered in the faces of the pigs? Clover's old dim eyes flitted from one face to another. Some of them had five chins, some had four, some had three. But what was it that seemed to be melting and changing? Then, the applause having come to an end, the company took up their cards and continued the game that had been interrupted, and the animals crept silently away. But they had not gone twenty yards when they stopped short. An uproar of voices was coming from the farmhouse. They rushed back and looked through the window again. Yes, a violent quarrel was in progress. There were shoutings, bangings on the table, sharp suspicious glances, furious denials. The source of the trouble appeared to be that Napoleon and Mr. Pilkington had each played an ace of spades simultaneously. Twelve voices were shouting in anger, and they were all alike. No question, now, what had happened to the faces of the pigs. The creatures outside looked from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man again; but already it was impossible to say which was which. November 1943-February 1944 THE END <Hr> rhbsz2bb5vr2y79u3zn7knzacbhfdvo 2 112076 427498 2026-05-20T03:10:54Z Hyoin (WMKR) 19362 새 문서: ===진행중=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 항목 !! 분류 !! 유형 !! 원문 스캔본 !! 참가자 |- | 배비장전 || 세태<br/> 풍자 || 필사본 || [[색인:배비장전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/KimDaju|KimDaju]] |- | 월영낭자전 || 가정 || 필사본 || [[색인:호씨전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/이심혁|이심혁]] |- | 산곤륜전 || 영웅 || 필사본|| [[색인:산곤륜전 상.djvu]] || 특수:기여/RL... 427498 wikitext text/x-wiki ===진행중=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 항목 !! 분류 !! 유형 !! 원문 스캔본 !! 참가자 |- | 배비장전 || 세태<br/> 풍자 || 필사본 || [[색인:배비장전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/KimDaju|KimDaju]] |- | 월영낭자전 || 가정 || 필사본 || [[색인:호씨전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/이심혁|이심혁]] |- | 산곤륜전 || 영웅 || 필사본|| [[색인:산곤륜전 상.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/RLiir|RLiir]] |- | 육효자전 || 윤리 || 딱지본 || [[색인:륙효자전 (조선서관, 1916).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Wvmp20|Wvmp20]] |- | 월하선전 || 애정 || 필사본 || [[색인:월하션젼, 한구000088.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/김뮤뮤|김뮤뮤]] |- | 옥소전 || 남성영웅 || 딱지본 || [[색인:강릉츄월 옥쇼전 (덕흥서림, 1915).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Nangsung|Nangsung]] |- | 서동지전 || 우화 || 딱지본 || [[색인:서동지전 (영창서관, 1916).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/챙냥|챙냥]] |} ---- ===선택가능=== ====필사본==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 항목 !! 분류 !! 유형 !! 원문 스캔본 |- | 소운전 || 남성영웅 <br/> 이산 || 필사본 || [[색인:소한림전 한구001393.djvu]] |- | 남윤전 || 가정 || 필사본 || [[색인:남윤전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] |- | 인향전 || 가정 <br /> 계모 || 필사본 || [[색인:인향전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] |- | 유문성전 || 남성영웅 <br/> 군담 || 필사본 || [[색인:유문성전 한구001387.djvu]] |- | 정진사전 || 애정 <br/ > 가정 || 필사본 || [[색인:정진사전 권2 (한구000037).djvu]] |- | 효우창선록 상 || 윤리 <br /> 보은 || 필사본 || [[색인:효우창선록 상권.djvu]] |- | 효우창선록 하 || 윤리 <br /> 보은 || 필사본 || [[색인:효우창선록 하.djvu]] |- | 황월선전 || 가정 <br/> 계모 || 필사본 || [[색인:황월선전 한구000152.djvu]] |- | 주부전 (토끼전 이본) || 우화 || 필사본 || [[색인:주부전 한구001398.djvu]] |- | 수궁전 (토끼전 이본) || 우화 || 필사본 || [[색인:수궁전 한구000015.djvu]] |- | 양주봉전 || 영웅 || 필사본 || [[색인:양주봉전 한구001394.djvu]] |- | 임진록 || 역사 || 필사본 || [[색인:임진록 한구000160.djvu]] |- | 두껍전 - 섬처사전 || 적강<br/>설화 || 필사본 || [[색인:둑겁젼 - 섬처사전 한구009248.djvu]] |- | 옥하담 || 윤리 || 필사본 || [[색인:옥하담 한구000158.djvu]] |- | 옥난전 || 혼사장애 || 필사본 || [[색인:옥난전 한구000156.djvu]] |- | 이한림전 || 피란 || 필사본 || [[색인:이한림전 한구009230.djvu]] |- | 접동새 || 신원<br/>충신 || 필사본 || [[색인:강씨졉동젼 한구9130.djvu]] |- | 장익성전 || 남성영웅 || 필사본 || [[색인:장익성전 권1 한구002706.djvu]] |- | 정을선전 || | 가정 <br /> 계모 || 필사본 || [[색인:정을선전 (1897년 필사본).djvu]] |- | 이춘풍전 || 세태<br/> 풍자 || 필사본 || [[색인:이춘풍전 한구001344.djvu]] |- | 곽해룡전 || 남성영웅 <br/> 이산 || 필사본 || [[색인:곽해룡전 79장본.djvu]] |- | 홍백화전 권3 || 애정 <br/> 군담 || 필사본 ||[[색인:홍백화전 K4-6867-v003.pdf]] |} ====방각·딱지본==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 항목 !! 분류 !! 유형 !! 원문 스캔본 |- | 김진옥전 || 적강 <br/> 남성영웅 || 딱지본 || [[색인:김진옥전 (덕흥서림, 1916).djvu]] |- | 설홍전 || 남성영웅 || 딱지본 || [[색인:셜홍전 (영창서관, 1929).djvu]] |- | 김희경전 || 남성영웅 <br/> 여성영웅 || 딱지본 || [[색인:김희경전 (광문서시, 1917).djvu]] |- | 강태공전 || 역사 || 딱지본 || [[색인:강태공전 (대창서원, 보급서관, 1920).djvu]] |- | 십생구사 || 운명<br/>신원 || 딱지본 || [[색인:십생구사 (대성서림, 1930).djvu]] |- | 박태보전 || 역사 <br/> 전기 || 딱지본 || [[색인:박태보실긔 (덕흥서림, 1916).djvu]] |- | 신유복전 || 남성영웅 || 딱지본 || [[색인:신류복전 (광문서시, 1917).djvu]] |- | 장익성전 || 남성영웅 || 딱지본 || [[색인:장익성전 (광문서시, 1922).djvu]] |- | 월영낭자전 || 가정 || 딱지본 || [[색인:월영낭자전 (한성서관, 1916).djvu]] |- || 숙향전 ||적강 <br/> 애정 || 방각본 ||[[색인:숙향전 권상 (서강대 소장본).djvu]] |- | 숙향전 || 적강 <br/> 애정 ||딱지본 || [[색인:숙향전 (덕흥서림, 1915).djvu]] |} ---- ===완료=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 항목 !! 분류 !! 유형 !! 원문 스캔본 !! 참가자 || 전자본 |- |배비장전 || 세태<br />풍자 || 딱지본 || [[색인:배비장전 (신구서림, 1916).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Honeyb222|Honeyb222]] || [[배비장전 (신구서림)]] |- | 소운전 || 남성영웅 <br/> 이산 ||딱지본 || [[색인:소운전 (보성사, 1918).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Palan Lee|Palan Lee]] || [[소운전 (보성사)]] |- | 정진사전 || 애정 <br/ > 가정 || 딱지본 || [[색인:정진사전 (동문서림, 1918).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/0w2021w0|0w2021w0]] || [[정진사전 (동문서림)]] |- | 허인전 || 군담 <br /> 대체역사 || 필사본 || [[색인:허인전 하권.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/김뮤뮤|김뮤뮤]] || [[허인전/하권]] |- | 황월선전 || 가정 <br/> 계모 || 딱지본 || [[색인:황월선전 (덕여서림, 1928).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Hyunsuxx|Hyunsuxx]] || [[황월선전 (덕흥서림)]] |- | 유충렬전 || 남성영웅 <br />이산|| 방각본 || [[색인:유충렬전 (완흥사서포, 1912).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Millyjenna|Millyjenna]] || [[유충렬전 (완흥사서포)]] |- | 정을선전 || 가정 <br /> 계모 || 딱지본 || [[색인:정을선전 (동미서시, 1917).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Xmrqufgks42|Xmrqufgks42]] || [[정을선전 (동미서시)]] |- | 이대봉전 || 애정 <br /> 남성영웅 || 딱지본 || [[색인:이대봉전 (화동서관, 1916).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Wvmp20|Wvmp20]] || [[이대봉전 (회동서관)]] |- | 두껍전 - 섬처사전 || 적강<br/>설화 || 딱지본 || [[색인:둑겁젼 - 셤쳐사전 (박문서관, 1917).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Dippin9812dots|Dippin9812dots]] || [[섬처사전 (박문서관)]] |- | 이진사전 || 애정 || 필사본 || [[색인:이진사전 한구000030.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Wvmp20|Wvmp20]] || [[이진사전 (한구000030)]] |- | 삼쾌정 || 추리 || 딱지본 || [[색인:삼쾌정 (회동서관, 1921).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/김뮤뮤|김뮤뮤]] || [[삼쾌정 (회동서관)]] |- | 숙영낭자전 || 애정 || 필사본 || [[색인:숙영낭자전 한구1391.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/DWOOH|DWOOH]] || [[숙영낭자전 (한구1391)]] <br /> [[녀행편]] |- | 양주봉전 || 영웅 || 딱지본 || [[색인:양주봉전 (한성서관, 1917).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/조현서1|조현서1]] || [[양주봉전 (한성서관)]] |- | 산곤륜전 || 영웅 || 필사본 || [[색인:산곤륜전 하권.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Palan Lee|Palan Lee]] || [[산곤륜전/하권]] |- | 반씨전 || 가정 || 필사본 || [[색인:반씨전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Nangsung|Nangsung]] || [[반씨전/국립한글박물관 소장본]] |- | 섬동지전 (두껍전) || 우화 || 딱지본 || [[색인:섬동지전 - 두껍전 (덕여서림, 1914).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Hwon15|Hwon15]] || [[섬동지전 (덕흥서림)]] |- | 정수정전 (여장군전) || 여성영웅 || 딱지본 || [[색인:정수정전 (세창서관, 1916).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Ghd123123|Ghd123123]] || [[정수정전 (세창서관)]] |- | 조생원전 || 애정 || 딱지본 || [[색인:조생원전(신구서림, 1917).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Heuikyung|Heuikyung]] || [[조생원전 (신구서림)]] |- | 곽해룡전 || 남성영웅 <br/> 이산 || 딱지본 || [[색인:곽해룡전 (신구서림, 1917).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/424kangaroo|424kangaroo]] || [[곽해룡전 (신구서림)]] |- | 홍백화전 권2 || 애정 <br/> 군담 || 필사본 || [[색인:홍백화전 K4-6867-v002.pdf]] || [[특수:기여/챙냥|챙냥]] || [[홍백화전/권2]] |- | 허인전 상권 || 군담 <br /> 대체역사 || 필사본||[[색인:허인전 상권.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/사용자111|사용자111]] || [[허인전/상권]] |- | 홍계월전 || 여성영웅 ||딱지본 || [[색인:홍계월전 (광동서국, 1916).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Palan Lee|Palan Lee]] || [[홍계월전 (광동서국)]] |- | 숙영낭자전 || 애정 || 딱지본 || [[색인:숙영낭자전 (신구서림, 1915).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Parkhyunseo|Parkhyunseo]] || [[숙영낭자전 (신구서림)]] |- | 반씨전 || 가정 || 딱지본 || [[색인:반씨전 (대창서원, 1918).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/DWOOH|DWOOH]] || [[반씨전 (대창서원)]] |- | 홍계월전 || 여성영웅 || 필사본 || [[색인:홍계월전 한구000023.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Hwon15|Hwon15]] || [[홍계월전 (한구000023)]] |} ---- ===1차 참가자 작업본=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 항목 !! 분류 !! 유형 !! 원문 스캔본 !! 참가자 |- | 홍백화전 || 애정 <br/> 군담 || 필사본 || [[색인:홍백화전 K4-6867-v001.pdf]] || [[특수:기여/Dippin9812dots|Dippin9812dots]] |- | 정수정전 (여장군전) || 여성영웅 || 필사본 || [[색인:정수정전 K4-6801.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/샘밈|샘밈]] |- | 조생원전 || 애정 || 필사본 || [[색인:조생원전 한구001400.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Skyblue apple|Skyblue apple]] |- | 숙향전 || 적강 <br/> 애정 || 방각본 || [[색인:숙향전 권하 (서강대 소장본).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Kimheewoo11|Kimheewoo11]] |- | 안락국전 || 불교 || 필사본 ||[[색인:안락국전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Songsari|Songsari]] |- | 정진사전 || 애정 <br/ > 가정 || 필사본 ||[[색인:정진사전 권1 (한구000037).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/챙냥|챙냥]] |} 29xa914mxuz4b93n8h4q21j9v37zwjr 427502 427498 2026-05-20T03:35:07Z Hyoin (WMKR) 19362 427502 wikitext text/x-wiki ===진행중=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 항목 !! 분류 !! 유형 !! 원문 스캔본 !! 참가자 |- | 배비장전 || 세태<br/> 풍자 || 필사본 || [[색인:배비장전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/KimDaju|KimDaju]] |- | 월영낭자전 || 가정 || 필사본 || [[색인:호씨전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/이심혁|이심혁]] |- | 산곤륜전 || 영웅 || 필사본|| [[색인:산곤륜전 상.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/RLiir|RLiir]] |- | 육효자전 || 윤리 || 딱지본 || [[색인:륙효자전 (조선서관, 1916).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Wvmp20|Wvmp20]] |- | 월하선전 || 애정 || 필사본 || [[색인:월하션젼, 한구000088.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/김뮤뮤|김뮤뮤]] |- | 서동지전 || 우화 || 딱지본 || [[색인:서동지전 (영창서관, 1916).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/챙냥|챙냥]] |} ---- ===선택가능=== ====필사본==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 항목 !! 분류 !! 유형 !! 원문 스캔본 |- | 소운전 || 남성영웅 <br/> 이산 || 필사본 || [[색인:소한림전 한구001393.djvu]] |- | 남윤전 || 가정 || 필사본 || [[색인:남윤전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] |- | 인향전 || 가정 <br /> 계모 || 필사본 || [[색인:인향전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] |- | 유문성전 || 남성영웅 <br/> 군담 || 필사본 || [[색인:유문성전 한구001387.djvu]] |- | 정진사전 || 애정 <br/ > 가정 || 필사본 || [[색인:정진사전 권2 (한구000037).djvu]] |- | 효우창선록 상 || 윤리 <br /> 보은 || 필사본 || [[색인:효우창선록 상권.djvu]] |- | 효우창선록 하 || 윤리 <br /> 보은 || 필사본 || [[색인:효우창선록 하.djvu]] |- | 황월선전 || 가정 <br/> 계모 || 필사본 || [[색인:황월선전 한구000152.djvu]] |- | 주부전 (토끼전 이본) || 우화 || 필사본 || [[색인:주부전 한구001398.djvu]] |- | 수궁전 (토끼전 이본) || 우화 || 필사본 || [[색인:수궁전 한구000015.djvu]] |- | 양주봉전 || 영웅 || 필사본 || [[색인:양주봉전 한구001394.djvu]] |- | 임진록 || 역사 || 필사본 || [[색인:임진록 한구000160.djvu]] |- | 두껍전 - 섬처사전 || 적강<br/>설화 || 필사본 || [[색인:둑겁젼 - 섬처사전 한구009248.djvu]] |- | 옥하담 || 윤리 || 필사본 || [[색인:옥하담 한구000158.djvu]] |- | 옥난전 || 혼사장애 || 필사본 || [[색인:옥난전 한구000156.djvu]] |- | 이한림전 || 피란 || 필사본 || [[색인:이한림전 한구009230.djvu]] |- | 접동새 || 신원<br/>충신 || 필사본 || [[색인:강씨졉동젼 한구9130.djvu]] |- | 장익성전 || 남성영웅 || 필사본 || [[색인:장익성전 권1 한구002706.djvu]] |- | 정을선전 || | 가정 <br /> 계모 || 필사본 || [[색인:정을선전 (1897년 필사본).djvu]] |- | 이춘풍전 || 세태<br/> 풍자 || 필사본 || [[색인:이춘풍전 한구001344.djvu]] |- | 곽해룡전 || 남성영웅 <br/> 이산 || 필사본 || [[색인:곽해룡전 79장본.djvu]] |- | 홍백화전 권3 || 애정 <br/> 군담 || 필사본 ||[[색인:홍백화전 K4-6867-v003.pdf]] |} ====방각·딱지본==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 항목 !! 분류 !! 유형 !! 원문 스캔본 |- | 김진옥전 || 적강 <br/> 남성영웅 || 딱지본 || [[색인:김진옥전 (덕흥서림, 1916).djvu]] |- | 설홍전 || 남성영웅 || 딱지본 || [[색인:셜홍전 (영창서관, 1929).djvu]] |- | 김희경전 || 남성영웅 <br/> 여성영웅 || 딱지본 || [[색인:김희경전 (광문서시, 1917).djvu]] |- | 강태공전 || 역사 || 딱지본 || [[색인:강태공전 (대창서원, 보급서관, 1920).djvu]] |- | 십생구사 || 운명<br/>신원 || 딱지본 || [[색인:십생구사 (대성서림, 1930).djvu]] |- | 박태보전 || 역사 <br/> 전기 || 딱지본 || [[색인:박태보실긔 (덕흥서림, 1916).djvu]] |- | 신유복전 || 남성영웅 || 딱지본 || [[색인:신류복전 (광문서시, 1917).djvu]] |- | 장익성전 || 남성영웅 || 딱지본 || [[색인:장익성전 (광문서시, 1922).djvu]] |- | 월영낭자전 || 가정 || 딱지본 || [[색인:월영낭자전 (한성서관, 1916).djvu]] |- || 숙향전 ||적강 <br/> 애정 || 방각본 ||[[색인:숙향전 권상 (서강대 소장본).djvu]] |- | 숙향전 || 적강 <br/> 애정 ||딱지본 || [[색인:숙향전 (덕흥서림, 1915).djvu]] |} ---- ===완료=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 항목 !! 분류 !! 유형 !! 원문 스캔본 !! 참가자 || 전자본 |- |배비장전 || 세태<br />풍자 || 딱지본 || [[색인:배비장전 (신구서림, 1916).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Honeyb222|Honeyb222]] || [[배비장전 (신구서림)]] |- | 소운전 || 남성영웅 <br/> 이산 ||딱지본 || [[색인:소운전 (보성사, 1918).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Palan Lee|Palan Lee]] || [[소운전 (보성사)]] |- | 정진사전 || 애정 <br/ > 가정 || 딱지본 || [[색인:정진사전 (동문서림, 1918).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/0w2021w0|0w2021w0]] || [[정진사전 (동문서림)]] |- | 허인전 || 군담 <br /> 대체역사 || 필사본 || [[색인:허인전 하권.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/김뮤뮤|김뮤뮤]] || [[허인전/하권]] |- | 황월선전 || 가정 <br/> 계모 || 딱지본 || [[색인:황월선전 (덕여서림, 1928).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Hyunsuxx|Hyunsuxx]] || [[황월선전 (덕흥서림)]] |- | 유충렬전 || 남성영웅 <br />이산|| 방각본 || [[색인:유충렬전 (완흥사서포, 1912).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Millyjenna|Millyjenna]] || [[유충렬전 (완흥사서포)]] |- | 정을선전 || 가정 <br /> 계모 || 딱지본 || [[색인:정을선전 (동미서시, 1917).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Xmrqufgks42|Xmrqufgks42]] || [[정을선전 (동미서시)]] |- | 이대봉전 || 애정 <br /> 남성영웅 || 딱지본 || [[색인:이대봉전 (화동서관, 1916).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Wvmp20|Wvmp20]] || [[이대봉전 (회동서관)]] |- | 두껍전 - 섬처사전 || 적강<br/>설화 || 딱지본 || [[색인:둑겁젼 - 셤쳐사전 (박문서관, 1917).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Dippin9812dots|Dippin9812dots]] || [[섬처사전 (박문서관)]] |- | 이진사전 || 애정 || 필사본 || [[색인:이진사전 한구000030.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Wvmp20|Wvmp20]] || [[이진사전 (한구000030)]] |- | 삼쾌정 || 추리 || 딱지본 || [[색인:삼쾌정 (회동서관, 1921).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/김뮤뮤|김뮤뮤]] || [[삼쾌정 (회동서관)]] |- | 숙영낭자전 || 애정 || 필사본 || [[색인:숙영낭자전 한구1391.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/DWOOH|DWOOH]] || [[숙영낭자전 (한구1391)]] <br /> [[녀행편]] |- | 양주봉전 || 영웅 || 딱지본 || [[색인:양주봉전 (한성서관, 1917).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/조현서1|조현서1]] || [[양주봉전 (한성서관)]] |- | 산곤륜전 || 영웅 || 필사본 || [[색인:산곤륜전 하권.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Palan Lee|Palan Lee]] || [[산곤륜전/하권]] |- | 반씨전 || 가정 || 필사본 || [[색인:반씨전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Nangsung|Nangsung]] || [[반씨전/국립한글박물관 소장본]] |- | 섬동지전 (두껍전) || 우화 || 딱지본 || [[색인:섬동지전 - 두껍전 (덕여서림, 1914).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Hwon15|Hwon15]] || [[섬동지전 (덕흥서림)]] |- | 정수정전 (여장군전) || 여성영웅 || 딱지본 || [[색인:정수정전 (세창서관, 1916).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Ghd123123|Ghd123123]] || [[정수정전 (세창서관)]] |- | 조생원전 || 애정 || 딱지본 || [[색인:조생원전(신구서림, 1917).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Heuikyung|Heuikyung]] || [[조생원전 (신구서림)]] |- | 곽해룡전 || 남성영웅 <br/> 이산 || 딱지본 || [[색인:곽해룡전 (신구서림, 1917).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/424kangaroo|424kangaroo]] || [[곽해룡전 (신구서림)]] |- | 홍백화전 권2 || 애정 <br/> 군담 || 필사본 || [[색인:홍백화전 K4-6867-v002.pdf]] || [[특수:기여/챙냥|챙냥]] || [[홍백화전/권2]] |- | 허인전 상권 || 군담 <br /> 대체역사 || 필사본||[[색인:허인전 상권.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/사용자111|사용자111]] || [[허인전/상권]] |- | 홍계월전 || 여성영웅 ||딱지본 || [[색인:홍계월전 (광동서국, 1916).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Palan Lee|Palan Lee]] || [[홍계월전 (광동서국)]] |- | 숙영낭자전 || 애정 || 딱지본 || [[색인:숙영낭자전 (신구서림, 1915).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Parkhyunseo|Parkhyunseo]] || [[숙영낭자전 (신구서림)]] |- | 반씨전 || 가정 || 딱지본 || [[색인:반씨전 (대창서원, 1918).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/DWOOH|DWOOH]] || [[반씨전 (대창서원)]] |- | 홍계월전 || 여성영웅 || 필사본 || [[색인:홍계월전 한구000023.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Hwon15|Hwon15]] || [[홍계월전 (한구000023)]] |} ---- ===1차 참가자 작업본=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 항목 !! 분류 !! 유형 !! 원문 스캔본 !! 참가자 |- | 홍백화전 || 애정 <br/> 군담 || 필사본 || [[색인:홍백화전 K4-6867-v001.pdf]] || [[특수:기여/Dippin9812dots|Dippin9812dots]] |- | 정수정전 (여장군전) || 여성영웅 || 필사본 || [[색인:정수정전 K4-6801.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/샘밈|샘밈]] |- | 조생원전 || 애정 || 필사본 || [[색인:조생원전 한구001400.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Skyblue apple|Skyblue apple]] |- | 숙향전 || 적강 <br/> 애정 || 방각본 || [[색인:숙향전 권하 (서강대 소장본).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Kimheewoo11|Kimheewoo11]] |- | 안락국전 || 불교 || 필사본 ||[[색인:안락국전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Songsari|Songsari]] |- | 정진사전 || 애정 <br/ > 가정 || 필사본 ||[[색인:정진사전 권1 (한구000037).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/챙냥|챙냥]] |} 2j7bute3vm2obpmtyr9xioja2h662mb 427503 427502 2026-05-20T05:15:24Z Hyoin (WMKR) 19362 427503 wikitext text/x-wiki ===진행중=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 항목 !! 분류 !! 유형 !! 원문 스캔본 !! 참가자 |- | 배비장전 || 세태<br/> 풍자 || 필사본 || [[색인:배비장전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/KimDaju|KimDaju]] |- | 월영낭자전 || 가정 || 필사본 || [[색인:호씨전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/이심혁|이심혁]] |- | 산곤륜전 || 영웅 || 필사본|| [[색인:산곤륜전 상.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/RLiir|RLiir]] |- | 육효자전 || 윤리 || 딱지본 || [[색인:륙효자전 (조선서관, 1916).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Wvmp20|Wvmp20]] |- | 월하선전 || 애정 || 필사본 || [[색인:월하션젼, 한구000088.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/김뮤뮤|김뮤뮤]] |- | 서동지전 || 우화 || 딱지본 || [[색인:서동지전 (영창서관, 1916).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/챙냥|챙냥]] |} ---- ===선택가능=== ====필사본==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 항목 !! 분류 !! 유형 !! 원문 스캔본 |- | 소운전 || 남성영웅 <br/> 이산 || 필사본 || [[색인:소한림전 한구001393.djvu]] |- | 남윤전 || 가정 || 필사본 || [[색인:남윤전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] |- | 황월선전 || 가정 <br/> 계모 || 필사본 || [[색인:황월선전 한구000152.djvu]] |- | 양주봉전 || 영웅 || 필사본 || [[색인:양주봉전 한구001394.djvu]] |- | 두껍전 - 섬처사전 || 적강<br/>설화 || 필사본 || [[색인:둑겁젼 - 섬처사전 한구009248.djvu]] |- | 옥하담 || 윤리 || 필사본 || [[색인:옥하담 한구000158.djvu]] |- | 옥난전 || 혼사장애 || 필사본 || [[색인:옥난전 한구000156.djvu]] |- | 이한림전 || 피란 || 필사본 || [[색인:이한림전 한구009230.djvu]] |- | 접동새 || 신원<br/>충신 || 필사본 || [[색인:강씨졉동젼 한구9130.djvu]] |- | 장익성전 || 남성영웅 || 필사본 || [[색인:장익성전 권1 한구002706.djvu]] |} ====방각·딱지본==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 항목 !! 분류 !! 유형 !! 원문 스캔본 |- | 김진옥전 || 적강 <br/> 남성영웅 || 딱지본 || [[색인:김진옥전 (덕흥서림, 1916).djvu]] |- | 설홍전 || 남성영웅 || 딱지본 || [[색인:셜홍전 (영창서관, 1929).djvu]] |- | 김희경전 || 남성영웅 <br/> 여성영웅 || 딱지본 || [[색인:김희경전 (광문서시, 1917).djvu]] |- | 강태공전 || 역사 || 딱지본 || [[색인:강태공전 (대창서원, 보급서관, 1920).djvu]] |- | 십생구사 || 운명<br/>신원 || 딱지본 || [[색인:십생구사 (대성서림, 1930).djvu]] |- | 박태보전 || 역사 <br/> 전기 || 딱지본 || [[색인:박태보실긔 (덕흥서림, 1916).djvu]] |- | 신유복전 || 남성영웅 || 딱지본 || [[색인:신류복전 (광문서시, 1917).djvu]] |- | 장익성전 || 남성영웅 || 딱지본 || [[색인:장익성전 (광문서시, 1922).djvu]] |- | 월영낭자전 || 가정 || 딱지본 || [[색인:월영낭자전 (한성서관, 1916).djvu]] |- || 숙향전 ||적강 <br/> 애정 || 방각본 ||[[색인:숙향전 권상 (서강대 소장본).djvu]] |- | 숙향전 || 적강 <br/> 애정 ||딱지본 || [[색인:숙향전 (덕흥서림, 1915).djvu]] |} ---- ===완료=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 항목 !! 분류 !! 유형 !! 원문 스캔본 !! 참가자 || 전자본 |- |배비장전 || 세태<br />풍자 || 딱지본 || [[색인:배비장전 (신구서림, 1916).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Honeyb222|Honeyb222]] || [[배비장전 (신구서림)]] |- | 소운전 || 남성영웅 <br/> 이산 ||딱지본 || [[색인:소운전 (보성사, 1918).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Palan Lee|Palan Lee]] || [[소운전 (보성사)]] |- | 정진사전 || 애정 <br/ > 가정 || 딱지본 || [[색인:정진사전 (동문서림, 1918).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/0w2021w0|0w2021w0]] || [[정진사전 (동문서림)]] |- | 허인전 || 군담 <br /> 대체역사 || 필사본 || [[색인:허인전 하권.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/김뮤뮤|김뮤뮤]] || [[허인전/하권]] |- | 황월선전 || 가정 <br/> 계모 || 딱지본 || [[색인:황월선전 (덕여서림, 1928).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Hyunsuxx|Hyunsuxx]] || [[황월선전 (덕흥서림)]] |- | 유충렬전 || 남성영웅 <br />이산|| 방각본 || [[색인:유충렬전 (완흥사서포, 1912).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Millyjenna|Millyjenna]] || [[유충렬전 (완흥사서포)]] |- | 정을선전 || 가정 <br /> 계모 || 딱지본 || [[색인:정을선전 (동미서시, 1917).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Xmrqufgks42|Xmrqufgks42]] || [[정을선전 (동미서시)]] |- | 이대봉전 || 애정 <br /> 남성영웅 || 딱지본 || [[색인:이대봉전 (화동서관, 1916).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Wvmp20|Wvmp20]] || [[이대봉전 (회동서관)]] |- | 두껍전 - 섬처사전 || 적강<br/>설화 || 딱지본 || [[색인:둑겁젼 - 셤쳐사전 (박문서관, 1917).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Dippin9812dots|Dippin9812dots]] || [[섬처사전 (박문서관)]] |- | 이진사전 || 애정 || 필사본 || [[색인:이진사전 한구000030.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Wvmp20|Wvmp20]] || [[이진사전 (한구000030)]] |- | 삼쾌정 || 추리 || 딱지본 || [[색인:삼쾌정 (회동서관, 1921).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/김뮤뮤|김뮤뮤]] || [[삼쾌정 (회동서관)]] |- | 숙영낭자전 || 애정 || 필사본 || [[색인:숙영낭자전 한구1391.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/DWOOH|DWOOH]] || [[숙영낭자전 (한구1391)]] <br /> [[녀행편]] |- | 양주봉전 || 영웅 || 딱지본 || [[색인:양주봉전 (한성서관, 1917).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/조현서1|조현서1]] || [[양주봉전 (한성서관)]] |- | 산곤륜전 || 영웅 || 필사본 || [[색인:산곤륜전 하권.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Palan Lee|Palan Lee]] || [[산곤륜전/하권]] |- | 반씨전 || 가정 || 필사본 || [[색인:반씨전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Nangsung|Nangsung]] || [[반씨전/국립한글박물관 소장본]] |- | 섬동지전 (두껍전) || 우화 || 딱지본 || [[색인:섬동지전 - 두껍전 (덕여서림, 1914).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Hwon15|Hwon15]] || [[섬동지전 (덕흥서림)]] |- | 정수정전 (여장군전) || 여성영웅 || 딱지본 || [[색인:정수정전 (세창서관, 1916).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Ghd123123|Ghd123123]] || [[정수정전 (세창서관)]] |- | 조생원전 || 애정 || 딱지본 || [[색인:조생원전(신구서림, 1917).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Heuikyung|Heuikyung]] || [[조생원전 (신구서림)]] |- | 곽해룡전 || 남성영웅 <br/> 이산 || 딱지본 || [[색인:곽해룡전 (신구서림, 1917).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/424kangaroo|424kangaroo]] || [[곽해룡전 (신구서림)]] |- | 홍백화전 권2 || 애정 <br/> 군담 || 필사본 || [[색인:홍백화전 K4-6867-v002.pdf]] || [[특수:기여/챙냥|챙냥]] || [[홍백화전/권2]] |- | 허인전 상권 || 군담 <br /> 대체역사 || 필사본||[[색인:허인전 상권.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/사용자111|사용자111]] || [[허인전/상권]] |- | 홍계월전 || 여성영웅 ||딱지본 || [[색인:홍계월전 (광동서국, 1916).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Palan Lee|Palan Lee]] || [[홍계월전 (광동서국)]] |- | 숙영낭자전 || 애정 || 딱지본 || [[색인:숙영낭자전 (신구서림, 1915).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Parkhyunseo|Parkhyunseo]] || [[숙영낭자전 (신구서림)]] |- | 반씨전 || 가정 || 딱지본 || [[색인:반씨전 (대창서원, 1918).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/DWOOH|DWOOH]] || [[반씨전 (대창서원)]] |- | 홍계월전 || 여성영웅 || 필사본 || [[색인:홍계월전 한구000023.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Hwon15|Hwon15]] || [[홍계월전 (한구000023)]] |} ---- ===1차 참가자 작업본=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 항목 !! 분류 !! 유형 !! 원문 스캔본 !! 참가자 |- | 홍백화전 || 애정 <br/> 군담 || 필사본 || [[색인:홍백화전 K4-6867-v001.pdf]] || [[특수:기여/Dippin9812dots|Dippin9812dots]] |- | 정수정전 (여장군전) || 여성영웅 || 필사본 || [[색인:정수정전 K4-6801.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/샘밈|샘밈]] |- | 조생원전 || 애정 || 필사본 || [[색인:조생원전 한구001400.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Skyblue apple|Skyblue apple]] |- | 숙향전 || 적강 <br/> 애정 || 방각본 || [[색인:숙향전 권하 (서강대 소장본).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Kimheewoo11|Kimheewoo11]] |- | 안락국전 || 불교 || 필사본 ||[[색인:안락국전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Songsari|Songsari]] |- | 정진사전 || 애정 <br/ > 가정 || 필사본 ||[[색인:정진사전 권1 (한구000037).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/챙냥|챙냥]] |} t4h4xjbpbpnj4vakir2lvshcmk0rafi 427504 427503 2026-05-20T05:47:04Z Hyoin (WMKR) 19362 427504 wikitext text/x-wiki ===2021년=== ===진행중=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 항목 !! 분류 !! 유형 !! 원문 스캔본 !! 참가자 |- | 배비장전 || 세태<br/> 풍자 || 필사본 || [[색인:배비장전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/KimDaju|KimDaju]] |- | 월영낭자전 || 가정 || 필사본 || [[색인:호씨전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/이심혁|이심혁]] |- | 산곤륜전 || 영웅 || 필사본|| [[색인:산곤륜전 상.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/RLiir|RLiir]] |- | 육효자전 || 윤리 || 딱지본 || [[색인:륙효자전 (조선서관, 1916).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Wvmp20|Wvmp20]] |- | 월하선전 || 애정 || 필사본 || [[색인:월하션젼, 한구000088.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/김뮤뮤|김뮤뮤]] |- | 서동지전 || 우화 || 딱지본 || [[색인:서동지전 (영창서관, 1916).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/챙냥|챙냥]] |} ===2022년 상반기=== ---- ===선택가능=== ====필사본==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 항목 !! 분류 !! 유형 !! 원문 스캔본 |- | 소운전 || 남성영웅 <br/> 이산 || 필사본 || [[색인:소한림전 한구001393.djvu]] |- | 남윤전 || 가정 || 필사본 || [[색인:남윤전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] |- | 황월선전 || 가정 <br/> 계모 || 필사본 || [[색인:황월선전 한구000152.djvu]] |- | 양주봉전 || 영웅 || 필사본 || [[색인:양주봉전 한구001394.djvu]] |- | 두껍전 - 섬처사전 || 적강<br/>설화 || 필사본 || [[색인:둑겁젼 - 섬처사전 한구009248.djvu]] |- | 옥하담 || 윤리 || 필사본 || [[색인:옥하담 한구000158.djvu]] |- | 옥난전 || 혼사장애 || 필사본 || [[색인:옥난전 한구000156.djvu]] |- | 이한림전 || 피란 || 필사본 || [[색인:이한림전 한구009230.djvu]] |- | 접동새 || 신원<br/>충신 || 필사본 || [[색인:강씨졉동젼 한구9130.djvu]] |- | 장익성전 || 남성영웅 || 필사본 || [[색인:장익성전 권1 한구002706.djvu]] |} ---- qbu110el4089i2k0hx22jsgdl8nlx5h 427505 427504 2026-05-20T05:52:32Z Hyoin (WMKR) 19362 427505 wikitext text/x-wiki ===2021년=== ----- ===진행중=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 항목 !! 분류 !! 유형 !! 원문 스캔본 !! 참가자 |- | 배비장전 || 세태<br/> 풍자 || 필사본 || [[색인:배비장전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/KimDaju|KimDaju]] |- | 월영낭자전 || 가정 || 필사본 || [[색인:호씨전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/이심혁|이심혁]] |- | 산곤륜전 || 영웅 || 필사본|| [[색인:산곤륜전 상.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/RLiir|RLiir]] |- | 육효자전 || 윤리 || 딱지본 || [[색인:륙효자전 (조선서관, 1916).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Wvmp20|Wvmp20]] |- | 월하선전 || 애정 || 필사본 || [[색인:월하션젼, 한구000088.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/김뮤뮤|김뮤뮤]] |- | 서동지전 || 우화 || 딱지본 || [[색인:서동지전 (영창서관, 1916).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/챙냥|챙냥]] |} ===선택가능=== ====필사본==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 항목 !! 분류 !! 유형 !! 원문 스캔본 |- | 소운전 || 남성영웅 <br/> 이산 || 필사본 || [[색인:소한림전 한구001393.djvu]] |- | 남윤전 || 가정 || 필사본 || [[색인:남윤전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] |- | 황월선전 || 가정 <br/> 계모 || 필사본 || [[색인:황월선전 한구000152.djvu]] |- | 양주봉전 || 영웅 || 필사본 || [[색인:양주봉전 한구001394.djvu]] |- | 두껍전 - 섬처사전 || 적강<br/>설화 || 필사본 || [[색인:둑겁젼 - 섬처사전 한구009248.djvu]] |- | 옥하담 || 윤리 || 필사본 || [[색인:옥하담 한구000158.djvu]] |- | 옥난전 || 혼사장애 || 필사본 || [[색인:옥난전 한구000156.djvu]] |- | 이한림전 || 피란 || 필사본 || [[색인:이한림전 한구009230.djvu]] |- | 접동새 || 신원<br/>충신 || 필사본 || [[색인:강씨졉동젼 한구9130.djvu]] |- | 장익성전 || 남성영웅 || 필사본 || [[색인:장익성전 권1 한구002706.djvu]] |} ===2022년 상반기=== ---- == 선택 가능한 문헌== ===<span style="color:#cc0000">난이도 상</span>=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 난이도 !! 문헌 이름 !! 분야 !! 원문 파일 |- | 상 || 병학지남 || 병법서 || [[색인:병학지남.pdf]] |- | 상 || 재물보 춘 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 춘.pdf]] |- | 상 || 재물보 하 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 하.pdf]] |- | 상 || 재물보 추 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 추.pdf]] |- | 상 || 재물보 동 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 동.pdf]] |- |} ===<span style="color:#336600">난이도 하</span>=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 난이도 !! 문헌 이름 !! 분야 !! 원문 파일 |- | 하 || 김낭자전 외 || 규방가사 || [[색인:김낭자전 외.djvu]] |- | 하 || 남윤전 || 가정 || [[색인:남윤전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] |- | 하 || 황월선전 || 가정 <br/> 계모 || [[색인:황월선전 한구000152.djvu]] |- | 하 || 두껍전 - 섬처사전 || 적강<br/>설화 || [[색인:둑겁젼 - 섬처사전 한구009248.djvu]] |- | 하 || 옥하담 || 윤리 || [[색인:옥하담 한구000158.djvu]] |- | 하 || 옥난전 || 혼사장애 || [[색인:옥난전 한구000156.djvu]] |- | 하 || 이한림전 || 피란 || [[색인:이한림전 한구009230.djvu]] |- | 하 || 접동새 || 신원<br/>충신 || [[색인:강씨졉동젼 한구9130.djvu]] |- | 하 || 장익성전 || 남성영웅소설 || [[색인:장익성전 권1 한구002706.djvu]] |} i3pxdqa1qn3jg1xf4lpmb224e3w15jy 427506 427505 2026-05-20T06:21:36Z Hyoin (WMKR) 19362 427506 wikitext text/x-wiki ===2021년=== ----- ===진행중=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 항목 !! 분류 !! 유형 !! 원문 스캔본 !! 참가자 |- | 배비장전 || 세태<br/> 풍자 || 필사본 || [[색인:배비장전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/KimDaju|KimDaju]] |- | 월영낭자전 || 가정 || 필사본 || [[색인:호씨전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/이심혁|이심혁]] |- | 산곤륜전 || 영웅 || 필사본|| [[색인:산곤륜전 상.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/RLiir|RLiir]] |- | 육효자전 || 윤리 || 딱지본 || [[색인:륙효자전 (조선서관, 1916).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Wvmp20|Wvmp20]] |- | 월하선전 || 애정 || 필사본 || [[색인:월하션젼, 한구000088.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/김뮤뮤|김뮤뮤]] |- | 서동지전 || 우화 || 딱지본 || [[색인:서동지전 (영창서관, 1916).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/챙냥|챙냥]] |} ===선택가능=== ====필사본==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 항목 !! 분류 !! 유형 !! 원문 스캔본 |- | 소운전 || 남성영웅 <br/> 이산 || 필사본 || [[색인:소한림전 한구001393.djvu]] |- | 남윤전 || 가정 || 필사본 || [[색인:남윤전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] |- | 황월선전 || 가정 <br/> 계모 || 필사본 || [[색인:황월선전 한구000152.djvu]] |- | 양주봉전 || 영웅 || 필사본 || [[색인:양주봉전 한구001394.djvu]] |- | 두껍전 - 섬처사전 || 적강<br/>설화 || 필사본 || [[색인:둑겁젼 - 섬처사전 한구009248.djvu]] |- | 옥하담 || 윤리 || 필사본 || [[색인:옥하담 한구000158.djvu]] |- | 옥난전 || 혼사장애 || 필사본 || [[색인:옥난전 한구000156.djvu]] |- | 이한림전 || 피란 || 필사본 || [[색인:이한림전 한구009230.djvu]] |- | 접동새 || 신원<br/>충신 || 필사본 || [[색인:강씨졉동젼 한구9130.djvu]] |- | 장익성전 || 남성영웅 || 필사본 || [[색인:장익성전 권1 한구002706.djvu]] |} ===2022년 상반기=== ---- == 선택 가능한 문헌== ===<span style="color:#cc0000">난이도 상</span>=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 난이도 !! 문헌 이름 !! 분야 !! 원문 파일 |- | 상 || 병학지남 || 병법서 || [[색인:병학지남.pdf]] |- | 상 || 재물보 춘 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 춘.pdf]] |- | 상 || 재물보 하 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 하.pdf]] |- | 상 || 재물보 추 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 추.pdf]] |- | 상 || 재물보 동 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 동.pdf]] |- |} ===<span style="color:#336600">난이도 하</span>=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 난이도 !! 문헌 이름 !! 분야 !! 원문 파일 |- | 하 || 김낭자전 외 || 규방가사 || [[색인:김낭자전 외.djvu]] |- | 하 || 남윤전 || 가정 || [[색인:남윤전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] |- | 하 || 황월선전 || 가정 <br/> 계모 || [[색인:황월선전 한구000152.djvu]] |- | 하 || 두껍전 - 섬처사전 || 적강<br/>설화 || [[색인:둑겁젼 - 섬처사전 한구009248.djvu]] |- | 하 || 옥하담 || 윤리 || [[색인:옥하담 한구000158.djvu]] |- | 하 || 옥난전 || 혼사장애 || [[색인:옥난전 한구000156.djvu]] |- | 하 || 이한림전 || 피란 || [[색인:이한림전 한구009230.djvu]] |- | 하 || 접동새 || 신원<br/>충신 || [[색인:강씨졉동젼 한구9130.djvu]] |- | 하 || 장익성전 || 남성영웅소설 || [[색인:장익성전 권1 한구002706.djvu]] |} ===2022년 하반기=== ---- ==봉사자가 미완성한 문헌== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 난이도 !! 문헌 이름 !! 분야 !! 원문 파일 !! 참가자 |- | 상 || 재물보 춘 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 춘.pdf]] || [[특수:기여/Mmjjhh87|Mmjjhh87]] |- | 하 || 두껍전 - 섬처사전 || 적강<br/>설화소설 || [[색인:둑겁젼 - 섬처사전 한구009248.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/개울|개울]] |- | 하 || 옥난전 || 혼사장애소설 || [[색인:옥난전 한구000156.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/한이서린|한이서린]] |- | 하 || 김낭자전 외 || 규방가사 || [[색인:김낭자전 외.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/RiA6935|RiA6935]] |- | 하 || 접동새 || 신원<br/>충신소설 || [[색인:강씨졉동젼 한구9130.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Haemeosum|Haemeosum]] |- | 하 || 소운전 || 남성영웅소설 <br/> 이산 || [[색인:소한림전 한구001393.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/장똑대|장똑대]] |- | 하 || 이한림전 || 피란소설 || [[색인:이한림전 한구009230.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Lumosyuri|Lumosyuri]] |- | 하 || 옥하담 || 윤리 || [[색인:옥하담 한구000158.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Kbm0601|Kbm0601]] |- | 하 || 곽해룡전 || 남성영웅소설 || [[색인:곽해룡전 79장본.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Aspere|Aspere]] |- | 중 || 마경초집언해 권1 || 수의서 || [[색인:마경초집언해 권1.pdf]] || [[특수:기여/Dreamer77777|Dreamer77777]] |} == 선택 가능한 문헌== ===<span style="color:#cc0000">난이도 상</span>=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 난이도 !! 문헌 이름 !! 분야 !! 원문 파일 |- | 상 || 재물보 하 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 하.pdf]] |- | 상 || 재물보 추 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 추.pdf]] |- | 상 || 재물보 동 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 동.pdf]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 3 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권3.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 4 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권4.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 5 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권5.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 6 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권6.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 8 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권8.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 9 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권9.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 11 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권11.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 12 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권12.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 13 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권13.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 14 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권14.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 15 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권15.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 16 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권16.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 17 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권17.djvu]] |} ===<span style="color:#336600">난이도 하</span>=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 난이도 !! 문헌 이름 !! 분야 !! 원문 파일 |- | 하 || 남윤전 || 가정소설 || [[색인:남윤전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] |- | 하 || 황월선전 || 가정 <br/> 계모소설 || [[색인:황월선전 한구000152.djvu]] |- | 하 || 장익성전 || 남성영웅소설 || [[색인:장익성전 권1 한구002706.djvu]] |- |} ===2023 상반기=== --- 30e57u5720el19yo7fcyejm9jx8md8u 427507 427506 2026-05-20T06:31:14Z Hyoin (WMKR) 19362 427507 wikitext text/x-wiki ===2021년=== ----- ===진행중=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 항목 !! 분류 !! 유형 !! 원문 스캔본 !! 참가자 |- | 배비장전 || 세태<br/> 풍자 || 필사본 || [[색인:배비장전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/KimDaju|KimDaju]] |- | 월영낭자전 || 가정 || 필사본 || [[색인:호씨전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/이심혁|이심혁]] |- | 산곤륜전 || 영웅 || 필사본|| [[색인:산곤륜전 상.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/RLiir|RLiir]] |- | 육효자전 || 윤리 || 딱지본 || [[색인:륙효자전 (조선서관, 1916).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Wvmp20|Wvmp20]] |- | 월하선전 || 애정 || 필사본 || [[색인:월하션젼, 한구000088.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/김뮤뮤|김뮤뮤]] |- | 서동지전 || 우화 || 딱지본 || [[색인:서동지전 (영창서관, 1916).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/챙냥|챙냥]] |} ===선택가능=== ====필사본==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 항목 !! 분류 !! 유형 !! 원문 스캔본 |- | 소운전 || 남성영웅 <br/> 이산 || 필사본 || [[색인:소한림전 한구001393.djvu]] |- | 남윤전 || 가정 || 필사본 || [[색인:남윤전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] |- | 황월선전 || 가정 <br/> 계모 || 필사본 || [[색인:황월선전 한구000152.djvu]] |- | 양주봉전 || 영웅 || 필사본 || [[색인:양주봉전 한구001394.djvu]] |- | 두껍전 - 섬처사전 || 적강<br/>설화 || 필사본 || [[색인:둑겁젼 - 섬처사전 한구009248.djvu]] |- | 옥하담 || 윤리 || 필사본 || [[색인:옥하담 한구000158.djvu]] |- | 옥난전 || 혼사장애 || 필사본 || [[색인:옥난전 한구000156.djvu]] |- | 이한림전 || 피란 || 필사본 || [[색인:이한림전 한구009230.djvu]] |- | 접동새 || 신원<br/>충신 || 필사본 || [[색인:강씨졉동젼 한구9130.djvu]] |- | 장익성전 || 남성영웅 || 필사본 || [[색인:장익성전 권1 한구002706.djvu]] |} ===2022년 상반기=== ---- == 선택 가능한 문헌== ===<span style="color:#cc0000">난이도 상</span>=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 난이도 !! 문헌 이름 !! 분야 !! 원문 파일 |- | 상 || 병학지남 || 병법서 || [[색인:병학지남.pdf]] |- | 상 || 재물보 춘 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 춘.pdf]] |- | 상 || 재물보 하 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 하.pdf]] |- | 상 || 재물보 추 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 추.pdf]] |- | 상 || 재물보 동 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 동.pdf]] |- |} ===<span style="color:#336600">난이도 하</span>=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 난이도 !! 문헌 이름 !! 분야 !! 원문 파일 |- | 하 || 김낭자전 외 || 규방가사 || [[색인:김낭자전 외.djvu]] |- | 하 || 남윤전 || 가정 || [[색인:남윤전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] |- | 하 || 황월선전 || 가정 <br/> 계모 || [[색인:황월선전 한구000152.djvu]] |- | 하 || 두껍전 - 섬처사전 || 적강<br/>설화 || [[색인:둑겁젼 - 섬처사전 한구009248.djvu]] |- | 하 || 옥하담 || 윤리 || [[색인:옥하담 한구000158.djvu]] |- | 하 || 옥난전 || 혼사장애 || [[색인:옥난전 한구000156.djvu]] |- | 하 || 이한림전 || 피란 || [[색인:이한림전 한구009230.djvu]] |- | 하 || 접동새 || 신원<br/>충신 || [[색인:강씨졉동젼 한구9130.djvu]] |- | 하 || 장익성전 || 남성영웅소설 || [[색인:장익성전 권1 한구002706.djvu]] |} ===2022년 하반기=== ---- ==봉사자가 미완성한 문헌== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 난이도 !! 문헌 이름 !! 분야 !! 원문 파일 !! 참가자 |- | 상 || 재물보 춘 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 춘.pdf]] || [[특수:기여/Mmjjhh87|Mmjjhh87]] |- | 하 || 두껍전 - 섬처사전 || 적강<br/>설화소설 || [[색인:둑겁젼 - 섬처사전 한구009248.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/개울|개울]] |- | 하 || 옥난전 || 혼사장애소설 || [[색인:옥난전 한구000156.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/한이서린|한이서린]] |- | 하 || 김낭자전 외 || 규방가사 || [[색인:김낭자전 외.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/RiA6935|RiA6935]] |- | 하 || 접동새 || 신원<br/>충신소설 || [[색인:강씨졉동젼 한구9130.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Haemeosum|Haemeosum]] |- | 하 || 소운전 || 남성영웅소설 <br/> 이산 || [[색인:소한림전 한구001393.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/장똑대|장똑대]] |- | 하 || 이한림전 || 피란소설 || [[색인:이한림전 한구009230.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Lumosyuri|Lumosyuri]] |- | 하 || 옥하담 || 윤리 || [[색인:옥하담 한구000158.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Kbm0601|Kbm0601]] |- | 하 || 곽해룡전 || 남성영웅소설 || [[색인:곽해룡전 79장본.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Aspere|Aspere]] |- | 중 || 마경초집언해 권1 || 수의서 || [[색인:마경초집언해 권1.pdf]] || [[특수:기여/Dreamer77777|Dreamer77777]] |} == 선택 가능한 문헌== ===<span style="color:#cc0000">난이도 상</span>=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 난이도 !! 문헌 이름 !! 분야 !! 원문 파일 |- | 상 || 재물보 하 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 하.pdf]] |- | 상 || 재물보 추 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 추.pdf]] |- | 상 || 재물보 동 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 동.pdf]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 3 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권3.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 4 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권4.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 5 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권5.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 6 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권6.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 8 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권8.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 9 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권9.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 11 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권11.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 12 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권12.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 13 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권13.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 14 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권14.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 15 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권15.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 16 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권16.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 17 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권17.djvu]] |} ===<span style="color:#336600">난이도 하</span>=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 난이도 !! 문헌 이름 !! 분야 !! 원문 파일 |- | 하 || 남윤전 || 가정소설 || [[색인:남윤전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] |- | 하 || 황월선전 || 가정 <br/> 계모소설 || [[색인:황월선전 한구000152.djvu]] |- | 하 || 장익성전 || 남성영웅소설 || [[색인:장익성전 권1 한구002706.djvu]] |- |} ===2023 상반기=== ---- ==봉사자가 선택한 문헌== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 난이도 !! 문헌 이름 !! 분야 !! 원문 파일 !! 봉사자 |- | 하 || 장익성전 || 남성영웅소설 || [[색인:장익성전 권1 한구002706.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Shin Yujeong|Shin Yujeong]] |- | 상 || 재물보 추 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 추.pdf]] || 선택됨 |- | 하 || 황월선전 || 가정 <br/> 계모소설 || [[색인:황월선전 한구000152.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Jeong Sujin|Jeong Sujin]] |- | 하 || 이한림전 || 피란소설 || [[색인:이한림전 한구009230.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/유정희 나무늘보|유정희 나무늘보]] |- | 하 || 두껍전 - 섬처사전 || 적강<br/>설화소설 || [[색인:둑겁젼 - 섬처사전 한구009248.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Hxxwxxl|Hxxwxxl]] |- | 하 || 안락국이섭화중생 || 불교설화 || [[색인:안락국이섭화중생.djvu]]|| [[특수:기여/Salutchatte|Salutchatte]] |- | 하 || 옥난전 || 혼사장애소설 || [[색인:옥난전 한구000156.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Daahn Lee|Daahn Lee]] |- | 하 || 훈부록 권4 || 윤리서 || [[색인:훈부록 권4.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Andante0515|Andante0515]] |} == 선택 가능한 문헌== ===<span style="color:#cc0000">난이도 상</span>=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 난이도 !! 문헌 이름 !! 분야 !! 원문 파일 |- | 상 || 재물보 춘 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 춘.pdf]] |- | 상 || 재물보 하 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 하.pdf]] |- | 상 || 재물보 동 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 동.pdf]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 3 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권3.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 4 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권4.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 5 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권5.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 6 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권6.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 8 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권8.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 9 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권9.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 11 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권11.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 12 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권12.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 13 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권13.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 14 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권14.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 15 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권15.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 16 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권16.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 17 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권17.djvu]] |- | 상 || 용비어천가 권1-2 || 건국사적 || [[색인:용비어천가 권1-2.djvu]] |- | 상 || 용비어천가 권3-4 || 건국사적 || [[색인:용비어천가 권3-4.djvu]] |- | 상 || 용비어천가 권5-6 || 건국사적 || [[색인:용비어천가 권5-6.djvu]] |- | 상 || 용비어천가 권7-8 || 건국사적 || [[색인:용비어천가 권7-8.djvu]] |- | 상 || 용비어천가 권9-10 || 건국사적 || [[색인:용비어천가 권9-10.djvu]] |} ===<span style="color:#CC9900">난이도 중</span>=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 난이도 !! 문헌 이름 !! 분야 !! 원문 파일 |- | 중 || 보통학교학도용 국어독본 권6 || 교과서 || [[색인:보통학교학도용 국어독본 권6.djvu]] |} ===<span style="color:#336600">난이도 하</span>=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 난이도 !! 문헌 이름 !! 분야 !! 원문 파일 |- | 하 || 남윤전 || 가정소설 || [[색인:남윤전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] |- | 하 || 김낭자전 외 || 규방가사 || [[색인:김낭자전 외.djvu]] |- | 하 || 접동새 || 신원<br/>충신소설 || [[색인:강씨졉동젼 한구9130.djvu]] |- | 하 || 소운전 || 남성영웅소설 <br/> 이산 || [[색인:소한림전 한구001393.djvu]] |- | 하 || 옥하담 || 윤리 || [[색인:옥하담 한구000158.djvu]] |- | 하 || 조생원전 || 애정소설 || [[색인:조생원전 한구001400.djvu]] |- | 하 || 안락국전 || 불교소설 || [[색인:안락국전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] |- | 하 || 김부인열행록 || 소설 || [[색인:김부인열행록.djvu]] |- | 하 || 훈부록 권1 || 윤리서 || [[색인:훈부록 권1.djvu]] |} a4yay3hdfbj9zqvvd9xvb9vfhpjak0p 427508 427507 2026-05-20T07:17:15Z Hyoin (WMKR) 19362 427508 wikitext text/x-wiki ===2021년=== ----- ===진행중=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 항목 !! 분류 !! 유형 !! 원문 스캔본 !! 참가자 |- | 배비장전 || 세태<br/> 풍자 || 필사본 || [[색인:배비장전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/KimDaju|KimDaju]] |- | 월영낭자전 || 가정 || 필사본 || [[색인:호씨전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/이심혁|이심혁]] |- | 산곤륜전 || 영웅 || 필사본|| [[색인:산곤륜전 상.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/RLiir|RLiir]] |- | 육효자전 || 윤리 || 딱지본 || [[색인:륙효자전 (조선서관, 1916).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Wvmp20|Wvmp20]] |- | 월하선전 || 애정 || 필사본 || [[색인:월하션젼, 한구000088.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/김뮤뮤|김뮤뮤]] |- | 서동지전 || 우화 || 딱지본 || [[색인:서동지전 (영창서관, 1916).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/챙냥|챙냥]] |} ===선택가능=== ====필사본==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 항목 !! 분류 !! 유형 !! 원문 스캔본 |- | 소운전 || 남성영웅 <br/> 이산 || 필사본 || [[색인:소한림전 한구001393.djvu]] |- | 남윤전 || 가정 || 필사본 || [[색인:남윤전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] |- | 황월선전 || 가정 <br/> 계모 || 필사본 || [[색인:황월선전 한구000152.djvu]] |- | 양주봉전 || 영웅 || 필사본 || [[색인:양주봉전 한구001394.djvu]] |- | 두껍전 - 섬처사전 || 적강<br/>설화 || 필사본 || [[색인:둑겁젼 - 섬처사전 한구009248.djvu]] |- | 옥하담 || 윤리 || 필사본 || [[색인:옥하담 한구000158.djvu]] |- | 옥난전 || 혼사장애 || 필사본 || [[색인:옥난전 한구000156.djvu]] |- | 이한림전 || 피란 || 필사본 || [[색인:이한림전 한구009230.djvu]] |- | 접동새 || 신원<br/>충신 || 필사본 || [[색인:강씨졉동젼 한구9130.djvu]] |- | 장익성전 || 남성영웅 || 필사본 || [[색인:장익성전 권1 한구002706.djvu]] |} ===2022년 상반기=== ---- == 선택 가능한 문헌== ===<span style="color:#cc0000">난이도 상</span>=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 난이도 !! 문헌 이름 !! 분야 !! 원문 파일 |- | 상 || 병학지남 || 병법서 || [[색인:병학지남.pdf]] |- | 상 || 재물보 춘 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 춘.pdf]] |- | 상 || 재물보 하 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 하.pdf]] |- | 상 || 재물보 추 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 추.pdf]] |- | 상 || 재물보 동 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 동.pdf]] |- |} ===<span style="color:#336600">난이도 하</span>=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 난이도 !! 문헌 이름 !! 분야 !! 원문 파일 |- | 하 || 김낭자전 외 || 규방가사 || [[색인:김낭자전 외.djvu]] |- | 하 || 남윤전 || 가정 || [[색인:남윤전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] |- | 하 || 황월선전 || 가정 <br/> 계모 || [[색인:황월선전 한구000152.djvu]] |- | 하 || 두껍전 - 섬처사전 || 적강<br/>설화 || [[색인:둑겁젼 - 섬처사전 한구009248.djvu]] |- | 하 || 옥하담 || 윤리 || [[색인:옥하담 한구000158.djvu]] |- | 하 || 옥난전 || 혼사장애 || [[색인:옥난전 한구000156.djvu]] |- | 하 || 이한림전 || 피란 || [[색인:이한림전 한구009230.djvu]] |- | 하 || 접동새 || 신원<br/>충신 || [[색인:강씨졉동젼 한구9130.djvu]] |- | 하 || 장익성전 || 남성영웅소설 || [[색인:장익성전 권1 한구002706.djvu]] |} ===2022년 하반기=== ---- ==봉사자가 미완성한 문헌== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 난이도 !! 문헌 이름 !! 분야 !! 원문 파일 !! 참가자 |- | 상 || 재물보 춘 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 춘.pdf]] || [[특수:기여/Mmjjhh87|Mmjjhh87]] |- | 하 || 두껍전 - 섬처사전 || 적강<br/>설화소설 || [[색인:둑겁젼 - 섬처사전 한구009248.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/개울|개울]] |- | 하 || 옥난전 || 혼사장애소설 || [[색인:옥난전 한구000156.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/한이서린|한이서린]] |- | 하 || 김낭자전 외 || 규방가사 || [[색인:김낭자전 외.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/RiA6935|RiA6935]] |- | 하 || 접동새 || 신원<br/>충신소설 || [[색인:강씨졉동젼 한구9130.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Haemeosum|Haemeosum]] |- | 하 || 소운전 || 남성영웅소설 <br/> 이산 || [[색인:소한림전 한구001393.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/장똑대|장똑대]] |- | 하 || 이한림전 || 피란소설 || [[색인:이한림전 한구009230.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Lumosyuri|Lumosyuri]] |- | 하 || 옥하담 || 윤리 || [[색인:옥하담 한구000158.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Kbm0601|Kbm0601]] |- | 하 || 곽해룡전 || 남성영웅소설 || [[색인:곽해룡전 79장본.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Aspere|Aspere]] |- | 중 || 마경초집언해 권1 || 수의서 || [[색인:마경초집언해 권1.pdf]] || [[특수:기여/Dreamer77777|Dreamer77777]] |} == 선택 가능한 문헌== ===<span style="color:#cc0000">난이도 상</span>=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 난이도 !! 문헌 이름 !! 분야 !! 원문 파일 |- | 상 || 재물보 하 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 하.pdf]] |- | 상 || 재물보 추 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 추.pdf]] |- | 상 || 재물보 동 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 동.pdf]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 3 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권3.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 4 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권4.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 5 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권5.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 6 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권6.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 8 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권8.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 9 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권9.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 11 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권11.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 12 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권12.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 13 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권13.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 14 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권14.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 15 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권15.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 16 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권16.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 17 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권17.djvu]] |} ===<span style="color:#336600">난이도 하</span>=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 난이도 !! 문헌 이름 !! 분야 !! 원문 파일 |- | 하 || 남윤전 || 가정소설 || [[색인:남윤전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] |- | 하 || 황월선전 || 가정 <br/> 계모소설 || [[색인:황월선전 한구000152.djvu]] |- | 하 || 장익성전 || 남성영웅소설 || [[색인:장익성전 권1 한구002706.djvu]] |- |} ===2023 상반기=== ---- ==봉사자가 선택한 문헌== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 난이도 !! 문헌 이름 !! 분야 !! 원문 파일 !! 봉사자 |- | 하 || 장익성전 || 남성영웅소설 || [[색인:장익성전 권1 한구002706.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Shin Yujeong|Shin Yujeong]] |- | 상 || 재물보 추 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 추.pdf]] || 선택됨 |- | 하 || 황월선전 || 가정 <br/> 계모소설 || [[색인:황월선전 한구000152.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Jeong Sujin|Jeong Sujin]] |- | 하 || 이한림전 || 피란소설 || [[색인:이한림전 한구009230.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/유정희 나무늘보|유정희 나무늘보]] |- | 하 || 두껍전 - 섬처사전 || 적강<br/>설화소설 || [[색인:둑겁젼 - 섬처사전 한구009248.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Hxxwxxl|Hxxwxxl]] |- | 하 || 안락국이섭화중생 || 불교설화 || [[색인:안락국이섭화중생.djvu]]|| [[특수:기여/Salutchatte|Salutchatte]] |- | 하 || 옥난전 || 혼사장애소설 || [[색인:옥난전 한구000156.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Daahn Lee|Daahn Lee]] |- | 하 || 훈부록 권4 || 윤리서 || [[색인:훈부록 권4.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Andante0515|Andante0515]] |} == 선택 가능한 문헌== ===<span style="color:#cc0000">난이도 상</span>=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 난이도 !! 문헌 이름 !! 분야 !! 원문 파일 |- | 상 || 재물보 춘 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 춘.pdf]] |- | 상 || 재물보 하 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 하.pdf]] |- | 상 || 재물보 동 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 동.pdf]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 3 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권3.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 4 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권4.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 5 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권5.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 6 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권6.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 8 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권8.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 9 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권9.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 11 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권11.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 12 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권12.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 13 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권13.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 14 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권14.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 15 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권15.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 16 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권16.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 17 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권17.djvu]] |- | 상 || 용비어천가 권3-4 || 건국사적 || [[색인:용비어천가 권3-4.djvu]] |- | 상 || 용비어천가 권5-6 || 건국사적 || [[색인:용비어천가 권5-6.djvu]] |- | 상 || 용비어천가 권7-8 || 건국사적 || [[색인:용비어천가 권7-8.djvu]] |- | 상 || 용비어천가 권9-10 || 건국사적 || [[색인:용비어천가 권9-10.djvu]] |} ===<span style="color:#CC9900">난이도 중</span>=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 난이도 !! 문헌 이름 !! 분야 !! 원문 파일 |- | 중 || 보통학교학도용 국어독본 권6 || 교과서 || [[색인:보통학교학도용 국어독본 권6.djvu]] |} ===<span style="color:#336600">난이도 하</span>=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 난이도 !! 문헌 이름 !! 분야 !! 원문 파일 |- | 하 || 남윤전 || 가정소설 || [[색인:남윤전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] |- | 하 || 김낭자전 외 || 규방가사 || [[색인:김낭자전 외.djvu]] |- | 하 || 접동새 || 신원<br/>충신소설 || [[색인:강씨졉동젼 한구9130.djvu]] |- | 하 || 소운전 || 남성영웅소설 <br/> 이산 || [[색인:소한림전 한구001393.djvu]] |- | 하 || 옥하담 || 윤리 || [[색인:옥하담 한구000158.djvu]] |- | 하 || 조생원전 || 애정소설 || [[색인:조생원전 한구001400.djvu]] |- | 하 || 김부인열행록 || 소설 || [[색인:김부인열행록.djvu]] |- | 하 || 훈부록 권1 || 윤리서 || [[색인:훈부록 권1.djvu]] |} idk8y8y961wokbvf51e4dcslf8ivecn 427509 427508 2026-05-20T07:34:49Z Hyoin (WMKR) 19362 427509 wikitext text/x-wiki ===2021년=== ----- ===진행중=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 항목 !! 분류 !! 유형 !! 원문 스캔본 !! 참가자 |- | 배비장전 || 세태<br/> 풍자 || 필사본 || [[색인:배비장전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/KimDaju|KimDaju]] |- | 월영낭자전 || 가정 || 필사본 || [[색인:호씨전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/이심혁|이심혁]] |- | 산곤륜전 || 영웅 || 필사본|| [[색인:산곤륜전 상.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/RLiir|RLiir]] |- | 육효자전 || 윤리 || 딱지본 || [[색인:륙효자전 (조선서관, 1916).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Wvmp20|Wvmp20]] |- | 월하선전 || 애정 || 필사본 || [[색인:월하션젼, 한구000088.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/김뮤뮤|김뮤뮤]] |- | 서동지전 || 우화 || 딱지본 || [[색인:서동지전 (영창서관, 1916).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/챙냥|챙냥]] |} ===선택가능=== ====필사본==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 항목 !! 분류 !! 유형 !! 원문 스캔본 |- | 소운전 || 남성영웅 <br/> 이산 || 필사본 || [[색인:소한림전 한구001393.djvu]] |- | 남윤전 || 가정 || 필사본 || [[색인:남윤전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] |- | 황월선전 || 가정 <br/> 계모 || 필사본 || [[색인:황월선전 한구000152.djvu]] |- | 양주봉전 || 영웅 || 필사본 || [[색인:양주봉전 한구001394.djvu]] |- | 두껍전 - 섬처사전 || 적강<br/>설화 || 필사본 || [[색인:둑겁젼 - 섬처사전 한구009248.djvu]] |- | 옥하담 || 윤리 || 필사본 || [[색인:옥하담 한구000158.djvu]] |- | 옥난전 || 혼사장애 || 필사본 || [[색인:옥난전 한구000156.djvu]] |- | 이한림전 || 피란 || 필사본 || [[색인:이한림전 한구009230.djvu]] |- | 접동새 || 신원<br/>충신 || 필사본 || [[색인:강씨졉동젼 한구9130.djvu]] |- | 장익성전 || 남성영웅 || 필사본 || [[색인:장익성전 권1 한구002706.djvu]] |} ===2022년 상반기=== ---- == 선택 가능한 문헌== ===<span style="color:#cc0000">난이도 상</span>=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 난이도 !! 문헌 이름 !! 분야 !! 원문 파일 |- | 상 || 병학지남 || 병법서 || [[색인:병학지남.pdf]] |- | 상 || 재물보 춘 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 춘.pdf]] |- | 상 || 재물보 하 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 하.pdf]] |- | 상 || 재물보 추 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 추.pdf]] |- | 상 || 재물보 동 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 동.pdf]] |- |} ===<span style="color:#336600">난이도 하</span>=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 난이도 !! 문헌 이름 !! 분야 !! 원문 파일 |- | 하 || 김낭자전 외 || 규방가사 || [[색인:김낭자전 외.djvu]] |- | 하 || 남윤전 || 가정 || [[색인:남윤전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] |- | 하 || 황월선전 || 가정 <br/> 계모 || [[색인:황월선전 한구000152.djvu]] |- | 하 || 두껍전 - 섬처사전 || 적강<br/>설화 || [[색인:둑겁젼 - 섬처사전 한구009248.djvu]] |- | 하 || 옥하담 || 윤리 || [[색인:옥하담 한구000158.djvu]] |- | 하 || 옥난전 || 혼사장애 || [[색인:옥난전 한구000156.djvu]] |- | 하 || 이한림전 || 피란 || [[색인:이한림전 한구009230.djvu]] |- | 하 || 접동새 || 신원<br/>충신 || [[색인:강씨졉동젼 한구9130.djvu]] |- | 하 || 장익성전 || 남성영웅소설 || [[색인:장익성전 권1 한구002706.djvu]] |} ===2022년 하반기=== ---- ==봉사자가 미완성한 문헌== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 난이도 !! 문헌 이름 !! 분야 !! 원문 파일 !! 참가자 |- | 상 || 재물보 춘 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 춘.pdf]] || [[특수:기여/Mmjjhh87|Mmjjhh87]] |- | 하 || 두껍전 - 섬처사전 || 적강<br/>설화소설 || [[색인:둑겁젼 - 섬처사전 한구009248.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/개울|개울]] |- | 하 || 옥난전 || 혼사장애소설 || [[색인:옥난전 한구000156.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/한이서린|한이서린]] |- | 하 || 김낭자전 외 || 규방가사 || [[색인:김낭자전 외.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/RiA6935|RiA6935]] |- | 하 || 접동새 || 신원<br/>충신소설 || [[색인:강씨졉동젼 한구9130.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Haemeosum|Haemeosum]] |- | 하 || 소운전 || 남성영웅소설 <br/> 이산 || [[색인:소한림전 한구001393.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/장똑대|장똑대]] |- | 하 || 이한림전 || 피란소설 || [[색인:이한림전 한구009230.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Lumosyuri|Lumosyuri]] |- | 하 || 옥하담 || 윤리 || [[색인:옥하담 한구000158.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Kbm0601|Kbm0601]] |- | 하 || 곽해룡전 || 남성영웅소설 || [[색인:곽해룡전 79장본.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Aspere|Aspere]] |- | 중 || 마경초집언해 권1 || 수의서 || [[색인:마경초집언해 권1.pdf]] || [[특수:기여/Dreamer77777|Dreamer77777]] |} == 선택 가능한 문헌== ===<span style="color:#cc0000">난이도 상</span>=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 난이도 !! 문헌 이름 !! 분야 !! 원문 파일 |- | 상 || 재물보 하 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 하.pdf]] |- | 상 || 재물보 추 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 추.pdf]] |- | 상 || 재물보 동 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 동.pdf]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 3 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권3.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 4 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권4.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 5 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권5.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 6 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권6.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 8 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권8.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 9 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권9.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 11 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권11.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 12 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권12.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 13 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권13.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 14 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권14.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 15 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권15.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 16 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권16.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 17 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권17.djvu]] |} ===<span style="color:#336600">난이도 하</span>=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 난이도 !! 문헌 이름 !! 분야 !! 원문 파일 |- | 하 || 남윤전 || 가정소설 || [[색인:남윤전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] |- | 하 || 황월선전 || 가정 <br/> 계모소설 || [[색인:황월선전 한구000152.djvu]] |- | 하 || 장익성전 || 남성영웅소설 || [[색인:장익성전 권1 한구002706.djvu]] |- |} ===2023 상반기=== ---- ==봉사자가 선택한 문헌== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 난이도 !! 문헌 이름 !! 분야 !! 원문 파일 !! 봉사자 |- | 하 || 장익성전 || 남성영웅소설 || [[색인:장익성전 권1 한구002706.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Shin Yujeong|Shin Yujeong]] |- | 상 || 재물보 추 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 추.pdf]] || 선택됨 |- | 하 || 황월선전 || 가정 <br/> 계모소설 || [[색인:황월선전 한구000152.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Jeong Sujin|Jeong Sujin]] |- | 하 || 이한림전 || 피란소설 || [[색인:이한림전 한구009230.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/유정희 나무늘보|유정희 나무늘보]] |- | 하 || 두껍전 - 섬처사전 || 적강<br/>설화소설 || [[색인:둑겁젼 - 섬처사전 한구009248.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Hxxwxxl|Hxxwxxl]] |- | 하 || 안락국이섭화중생 || 불교설화 || [[색인:안락국이섭화중생.djvu]]|| [[특수:기여/Salutchatte|Salutchatte]] |- | 하 || 옥난전 || 혼사장애소설 || [[색인:옥난전 한구000156.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Daahn Lee|Daahn Lee]] |- | 하 || 훈부록 권4 || 윤리서 || [[색인:훈부록 권4.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Andante0515|Andante0515]] |} == 선택 가능한 문헌== ===<span style="color:#cc0000">난이도 상</span>=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 난이도 !! 문헌 이름 !! 분야 !! 원문 파일 |- | 상 || 재물보 춘 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 춘.pdf]] |- | 상 || 재물보 하 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 하.pdf]] |- | 상 || 재물보 동 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 동.pdf]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 3 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권3.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 4 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권4.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 5 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권5.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 6 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권6.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 8 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권8.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 9 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권9.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 11 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권11.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 12 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권12.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 13 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권13.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 14 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권14.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 15 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권15.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 16 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권16.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 17 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권17.djvu]] |- | 상 || 용비어천가 권3-4 || 건국사적 || [[색인:용비어천가 권3-4.djvu]] |- | 상 || 용비어천가 권5-6 || 건국사적 || [[색인:용비어천가 권5-6.djvu]] |- | 상 || 용비어천가 권7-8 || 건국사적 || [[색인:용비어천가 권7-8.djvu]] |- | 상 || 용비어천가 권9-10 || 건국사적 || [[색인:용비어천가 권9-10.djvu]] |} ===<span style="color:#CC9900">난이도 중</span>=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 난이도 !! 문헌 이름 !! 분야 !! 원문 파일 |- | 중 || 보통학교학도용 국어독본 권6 || 교과서 || [[색인:보통학교학도용 국어독본 권6.djvu]] |} ===<span style="color:#336600">난이도 하</span>=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 난이도 !! 문헌 이름 !! 분야 !! 원문 파일 |- | 하 || 남윤전 || 가정소설 || [[색인:남윤전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] |- | 하 || 김낭자전 외 || 규방가사 || [[색인:김낭자전 외.djvu]] |- | 하 || 접동새 || 신원<br/>충신소설 || [[색인:강씨졉동젼 한구9130.djvu]] |- | 하 || 소운전 || 남성영웅소설 <br/> 이산 || [[색인:소한림전 한구001393.djvu]] |- | 하 || 옥하담 || 윤리 || [[색인:옥하담 한구000158.djvu]] |- | 하 || 조생원전 || 애정소설 || [[색인:조생원전 한구001400.djvu]] |- | 하 || 김부인열행록 || 소설 || [[색인:김부인열행록.djvu]] |- | 하 || 훈부록 권1 || 윤리서 || [[색인:훈부록 권1.djvu]] |} ===2023년 상반기=== ---- ==봉사자가 선택한 문헌== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 난이도 !! 문헌 이름 !! 분야 !! 원문 파일 !! 봉사자 |- | 하 || 조생원전 || 애정소설 || [[색인:조생원전 한구001400.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/YEJI0125|YEJI0125]] |- | 상 || 용비어천가 권3-4 || 건국사적 || [[색인:용비어천가 권3-4.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Aspere|Aspere]] |- | 하 || 접동새 || 신원<br/>충신소설 || [[색인:강씨졉동젼 한구9130.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Dohye|Dohye]] |- | 하 || 김낭자전 외 || 규방가사 || [[색인:김낭자전 외.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/0w2021w0|0w2021w0]] |- | 중 || 마경초집언해 권1 || 수의서 || [[색인:마경초집언해 권1.pdf]] || [[특수:기여/슈크림만두|슈크림만두]] |- | 하 || 남윤전 || 가정소설 || [[색인:남윤전 (국립한글박물관).djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Jane2023|Jane2023]] |- | 하 || 옥난전 || 혼사장애소설 || [[색인:옥난전 한구000156.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/My4126|My4126]] |- | 하 || 황월선전 || 가정 <br/> 계모소설 || [[색인:황월선전 한구000152.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Rabbitjuice|Rabbitjuice]] |- | 상 || 재물보 동 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 동.pdf]] || [[특수:기여/Bruknes80|Bruknes80]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 권3 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권3.djvu]] || [[특수:기여/Nangsung|Nangsung]] |- | 상 || 재물보 추 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 추.pdf]] || [[특수:기여/kwonmax23|kwonmax23]] |} == 선택 가능한 문헌== ===<span style="color:#cc0000">난이도 상</span>=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 난이도 !! 문헌 이름 !! 분야 !! 원문 파일 |- | 상 || 재물보 춘 || 사전 || [[색인:재물보 춘.pdf]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 권4 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권4.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 권5 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권5.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 권6 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권6.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 권8 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권8.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 권9 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권9.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 권11 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권11.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 권12 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권12.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 권13 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권13.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 권14 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권14.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 권15 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권15.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 권16 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권16.djvu]] |- | 상 || 만보전서언해 권17 || 백과사전 || [[색인:만보전서언해 권17.djvu]] |- | 상 || 용비어천가 권5-6 || 건국사적 || [[색인:용비어천가 권5-6.djvu]] |- | 상 || 용비어천가 권7-8 || 건국사적 || [[색인:용비어천가 권7-8.djvu]] |- | 상 || 용비어천가 권9-10 || 건국사적 || [[색인:용비어천가 권9-10.djvu]] |} ===<span style="color:#336600">난이도 하</span>=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 난이도 !! 문헌 이름 !! 분야 !! 원문 파일 |- | 하 || 장익성전 || 남성영웅소설 || [[색인:장익성전 권1 한구002706.djvu]] |- | 하 || 소운전 || 남성영웅소설 <br/> 이산 || [[색인:소한림전 한구001393.djvu]] |- | 하 || 옥하담 || 윤리 || [[색인:옥하담 한구000158.djvu]] |- | 하 || 안락국이섭화중생 || 불교설화 || [[색인:안락국이섭화중생.djvu]] |- | 하 || 훈부록 권4 || 윤리서 || [[색인:훈부록 권4.djvu]] |- | 하 || 두껍전 - 섬처사전 || 적강<br/>설화소설 || [[색인:둑겁젼 - 섬처사전 한구009248.djvu]] |- | 하 || 김부인열행록 || 소설 || [[색인:김부인열행록.djvu]] |- | 하 || 훈부록 권1 || 윤리서 || [[색인:훈부록 권1.djvu]] |- | 하 || 안락국이섭화중생 || 불교설화 || [[색인:안락국이섭화중생.djvu]] |} 0gxiztgg79bofzlhjimbao8zkcwzpih