조선민주주의인민공화국 사회주의헌법

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    <title>조선민주주의인민공화국 사회주의헌법</title>
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      <text bytes="56634" sha1="0ave2swleknyu5pufi2pnhdyhdrek8s" xml:space="preserve">{{머리말
|제목 = 조선민주주의인민공화국 헌법
|저자 = 
|역자 = 
|부제 = 
|이전 = [[조선민주주의인민공화국 사회주의헌법 (제15호)|제15호]]
|다음 = 
|설명 = 2026년 3월 23일 최고인민회의 제15기 제1차 회의에서 채택
}}
{{위키백과|조선민주주의인민공화국 사회주의헌법}}

== 서문 ==
조선민주주의인민공화국은 조선인민의 리익을 대표하며 사회주의위업을 위하여 투쟁하는 인민대중중심의 사회주의국가이다.

조선민주주의인민공화국은 위대한 김일성-김정일주의를 국가건설과 활동의 유일한 지도적지침으로 하며 온 사회의 김일성-김정일주의화를 국가건설의 총적방향, 총적목표로 한다.

조선민주주의인민공화국은 조국의 해방과 인민의 자유와 행복을 위한 영광스러운 혁명투쟁에서 이룩된 빛나는 전통을 견결히 옹호고수하고 끊임없이 계승발전시켜나간다.

조선민주주의인민공화국은 수령의 유일적 령도체계를 확립하고 자주의 혁명로선을 견지하며 인민대중제일주의를 철저히 구현하는 것을 국가건설과 활동의 근본원칙으로 한다.

조선민주주의인민공화국은 수령의 구상과 의도대로 국가사업 전반을 조직진행하며 수령의 국가건설사상과 업적을 견결히 옹호고수하고 끝없이 빛내여나간다.

조선민주주의인민공화국은 국가건설과 활동에서 자주적대를 세우고 사회생활의 모든 분야를 자기 식으로, 자력으로 발전시켜나간다.

조선민주주의인민공화국은 인민대중의 요구와 리익을 최우선, 절대시하며 인민의 복리증진을 자기 활동의 최고원칙으로 한다.

조선민주주의인민공화국은 인민정권을 강화하고 그 기능과 역할을 높이면서 사상, 기술, 문화의 3대혁명을 철저히 수행하는 것을 사회주의건설의 총로선으로 틀어쥐고나간다.

조선민주주의인민공화국은 시대의 변천과 혁명실천의 요구에 맞게 사회전반에 대한 인민정권의 통일적지도와 관리를 끊임없이 강화한다.

조선민주주의인민공화국은 3대혁명수행에 대한 국가의 지도적역할을 높여 모든 사회성원들의 혁명화, 기술경제력의 고도화, 사회전반의 문명화를 다그쳐나간다.

조선민주주의인민공화국은 계급로선과 군중로선을 철저히 관철하여 온 사회의 일심단결을 백방으로 강화하고 모든 문제를 인민대중의 애국열의와 창조력에 의거하여 풀어나가며 인민민주주의 독재를 강화하여 사회주의제도와 인민의 권익을 믿음직하게 보위한다.

조선민주주의인민공화국은 인민군대를 강화하고 전민무장화, 전국요새화를 보다 높은 수준에서 실현하며 국방공업을 발전시켜 국가방위력을 끊임없이 향상시켜나간다.

조선민주주의인민공화국은 법률제도를 개선완비하고 법무생활을 강화하여 법이 인민을 지키고 인민이 법을 지도록 한다.

조선민주주의인민공화국은 자주, 평화, 친선을 대외정책의 기본리념으로, 국익수호를 불변의 원칙으로 틀어쥐고 대외관계를 확대발전시키며 세계의 평화와 안전, 인류공동의 번영을 위하여 투쟁한다.

조선민주주의인민공화국은 진정한 인민의 법전이며 혁명과 건설의 강위력한 정치적무기인 헌법을 튼튼히 틀어쥐고 주체혁명위업을 끝까지 완성해나갈 것이다.

== 조문 ==
=== 제1장 정치 ===
* &lt;span id='1'&gt;'''제1조'''&lt;/span&gt; 우리 나라의 국호는 조선민주주의인민공화국이다.

* &lt;span id='2'&gt;'''제2조'''&lt;/span&gt; 조선민주주의인민공화국 령역은 북쪽으로 중화인민공화국과 로씨야련방, 남쪽으로 대한민국과 접하고있는 령토와 그에 기초하여 설정된 령해와 령공을 포함한다. 조선민주주의인민공화국은 령역에 대한 그 어떤 침해도 절대로 허용하지 않는다.

* &lt;span id='3'&gt;'''제3조'''&lt;/span&gt; 조선민주주의인민공화국 공민은 조선민주주의인민공화국 국적을 가진 사람이다. 공민은 거주지와 체류지에 관계없이 조선민주주의인민공화국의 보호를 받는다.

* &lt;span id='4'&gt;'''제4조'''&lt;/span&gt; 조선민주주의인민공화국의 주권은 로동자, 농민, 군인, 근로인테리를 비롯한 근로인민에게 있다. 근로인민은 자기의 대표기관인 최고인민회의와 지방 각급 인민회의를 통하여 주권을 행사한다.

* &lt;span id='5'&gt;'''제5조'''&lt;/span&gt; 조선민주주의인민공화국에서 모든 국가기관들은 민주주의중앙집권제원칙에 의하여 조직되고 운영된다.

* &lt;span id='6'&gt;'''제6조'''&lt;/span&gt; 군인민회의로부터 최고인민회의에 이르기까지의 각급 주권기관은 일반적, 평등적, 직접적원칙에 의하여 비밀투표로 선거한다.

* &lt;span id='7'&gt;'''제7조'''&lt;/span&gt; 각급 주권기관의 대의원은 선거자들과 밀접한 련계를 가지며 자기 사업에 대하여 선거자들앞에 책임진다. 선거자들은 자기가 선거한 대의원이 신임을 잃은 경우에 언제든지 소환할수 있다.

* &lt;span id='8'&gt;'''제8조'''&lt;/span&gt; 조선민주주의인민공화국의 사회제도는 근로인민대중이 모든것의 주인으로 되고있으며 사회의 모든것이 근로인민대중을 위하여 복무하는 사람중심의 사회제도이다. 국가는 착취와 압박에서 해방되여 국가와 사회의 주인으로 된 로동자, 농민, 군인, 근로인테리를 비롯한 근로인민의 리익을 옹호하며 인권을 존중하고 보호한다.

* &lt;span id='9'&gt;'''제9조'''&lt;/span&gt; 조선민주주의인민공화국은 조선로동당의 령도밑에 모든 활동을 진행한다.

* &lt;span id='10'&gt;'''제10조'''&lt;/span&gt; 조선민주주의인민공화국은 조선로동당의 두리에 굳게 뭉친 전체 인민의 정치사상적 통일에 의거한다. 국가는 사상혁명을 강화하여 사회의 모든 성원들을 혁명화, 로동계급화하며 온 사회를 동지적으로 결합된 하나의 집단으로 만든다.

* &lt;span id='11'&gt;'''제11조'''&lt;/span&gt; 국가는 3대혁명붉은기쟁취운동을 비롯한 혁명적인 대중운동, 애국운동을 힘있게 벌려 사회주의건설을 최대한으로 다그친다.

* &lt;span id='12'&gt;'''제12조'''&lt;/span&gt; 조선민주주의인민공화국은 해외에 있는 조선동포들의 민주주의적민족권리와 국제법에서 공인된 합법적권리와 리익을 옹호한다.

* &lt;span id='13'&gt;'''제13조'''&lt;/span&gt; 조선민주주의인민공화국은 자기 령역안에 있는 다른 나라 사람의 합법적 권리와 리익을 보장한다.

* &lt;span id='14'&gt;'''제14조'''&lt;/span&gt; 조선민주주의인민공화국은 우리 나라를 우호적으로 대하는 모든나라들과 완전한 평등과 자주성, 호상존중과 내정불간섭, 호혜의 원칙에서 국가적 또는 정치, 경제, 문화적관계를 맺는다. 국가는 자주와 정의를 지향하는 세계인민들과 단결하며 온갖 형태의 침략과 내정간섭을 반대하고 나라의 자주권과 민족적, 계급적해방을 실현하기 위한 모든 나라 인민들의 투쟁을 적극 지지성원한다.

* &lt;span id='15'&gt;'''제15조'''&lt;/span&gt; 조선민주주의인민공화국의 법은 근로인민의 의사와 리익의 반영이며 국가관리의 기본무기이다. 법에 대한 존중과 엄격한 준수집행은 모든 기관, 기업소, 단체와 공민에게 있어서 의무적이다.

=== 제2장 경제 ===
* &lt;span id='16'&gt;'''제16조'''&lt;/span&gt; 조선민주주의인민공화국은 사회주의적생산관계와 자립적민족경제의 토대에 의거한다.

* &lt;span id='17'&gt;'''제17조'''&lt;/span&gt; 국가는 우리 나라를 우호적으로 대하는 모든 나라들과 완전한 평등과 자주성, 호상존중과 내정불간섭, 호혜의 원칙에서 국가적 또는 정치, 경제, 문화적관계를 맺는다. 국가는 자주성을 옹호하는 세계인민들과 단결하며 온갖 형태의 침략과 내정간섭을 반대하고 나라의 자주권과 민족적, 계급적해방을 실현하기 위한 모든 나라 인민들의 투쟁을 적극 지지성원한다.

* &lt;span id='18'&gt;'''제18조'''&lt;/span&gt; 나라의 모든 자연부원, 철도, 항공운수, 체신기관과 중요공장, 기업소, 항만, 은행 등 국가경제의 기본명맥을 이루는 대상은 국가만이 소유한다. 국가는 나라의 경제발전에서 주도적 역할을 하는 국가소유를 우선적으로 보호하며 장성시킨다.

* &lt;span id='19'&gt; '''제19조'''&lt;/span&gt; 사회협동단체소유는 해당 단체에 들어 있는 근로자들의 집단적소유이다. 토지, 농기계, 배, 중소공장, 기업소 같은것은 사회협동단체가 소유할수 있다. 국가는 사회협동단체소유를 보호한다.

* &lt;span id='20'&gt; '''제20조'''&lt;/span&gt; 국가는 농민들의 사상의식과 기술문화수준을 높이며 협동적소유에 대한 전인민적소유의 지도적역할을 높이는 방향에서 두 소유를 유기적으로 결합시키고 협동경리에 대한 지도와 관리를 개선하여 사회주의적 협동경리제도를 공고발전시키며 협동단체에 들어있는 전체 성원들의 자원적의사에 따라 협동단체소유를 점차 전인민적 소유로 전환시킨다.

* &lt;span id='21'&gt;'''제21조'''&lt;/span&gt; 개인소유는 공민들의 개인적이며 소비적인 목적을 위한 소유이다. 개인소유는 로동에 의한 사회주의분배와 국가와 사회의 추가적혜택으로 이루어진다. 개인이 합법적으로 얻은 수입도 개인소유에 속한다. 국가는 개인소유를 보호하며 그에 대한 상속권을 법적으로 보장한다.

* &lt;span id='22'&gt;'''제22조''' &lt;/span&gt; 조선민주주의인민공화국은 인민들의 물질문화생활을 끊임없이 높이는 것을 자기 활동의 최고원칙으로 삼는다. 우리 나라에서 늘어나는 사회의 물질적부는 전적으로 근로자들의 복리증진에 돌려진다. 국가는 인민들에게 유족하고 문명한 생활조건을 마련해주기 위하여 투쟁한다.

* &lt;span id='23'&gt;'''제23조'''&lt;/span&gt; 조선민주주의인민공화국에 마련된 자립적민족경제는 인민의 행복한 생활과 조국의 륭성번영을 위한 튼튼한 밑천이다. 국가는 자립적민족경제건설로선을 틀어쥐고 인민경제의 주체화, 현대화, 정보화, 과학화를 다그쳐 인민경제를 고도로 발전된 주체적인 경제로 만들며 완전승리한 사회주의사회에 맞는 물질기술적토대를 쌓기 위하여 투쟁한다.

* &lt;span id='24'&gt;'''제24조'''&lt;/span&gt; 기술혁명은 사회주의경제를 발전시키기 위한 기본고리이며 과학기술력은 국가의 가장 중요한 전략적자원이다. 국가는 모든 경제활동에서 과학기술의 주도적 역할을 높이며 과학기술과 생산을 일체화하고 대중적 기술혁신운동을 힘있게 벌려 경제건설을 다그쳐나간다.

* &lt;span id='25'&gt;'''제25조'''&lt;/span&gt; 국가는 도시와 농촌의 차이, 로동계급과 농민의 계급적차이를 없애기 위하여 농촌기술혁명을 다그쳐 농업을 공업화, 현대화하며 농촌에 대한 지도와 방조를 강화한다. 국가는 농촌에 대한 국가적보장과 지원을 늘여 농업의 물질기술적토대를 강화하고 농촌주민들에게 훌륭한 생활환경을 마련하여준다.

* &lt;span id='26'&gt;'''제26조'''&lt;/span&gt; 국가는 시, 군의 자립적이며 다각적인 발전을 추동하여 모든 시, 군을 문명부강한 사회주의 강국의 전략적거점으로, 자기 고유의 특색을 가진 발전된 지역으로 만든다. 국가는 모든 시, 군들에서 자기 지역의 자연부원, 경제적자원을 적극 개발하고 유용하게 활용하며 지방공업공장의 현대화, 정보화를 다그쳐 지방특색위주의 동시적, 균형적발전을 보장하도록 한다. 국가는 지방발전의 물질기술적토대와 조건을 마련해주고 지방이 자체의 력량과 잠재력을 튼튼히 키워 공고하고 지속적인 발전을 이룩해나가도록 한다.

* &lt;span id='27'&gt;'''제27조'''&lt;/span&gt; 사회주의는 근로대중의 애국적열의와 창조적로동에 의하여 건설된다. 조선민주주의인민공화국에서 로동은 근로자들의 자주적이며 창조적인 로동이다. 국가는 근로자들의 로동이 사회와 집단, 자신을 위하여 자각적열성과 창조적적극성을 내여 일하는 보다 즐겁고 보람찬것으로 되게 한다.

* &lt;span id='28'&gt;'''제28조'''&lt;/span&gt; 근로자들의 하루로동시간은 8시간이다. 국가는 로동의 힘든 정도와 특수한 조건에 따라 하루 로동시간을 이보다 짧게 정한다. 국가는 로동조직을 잘하고 로동규률을 강화하여 로동시간을 완전히 리용하도록 한다.

* &lt;span id='29'&gt;'''제29조'''&lt;/span&gt; 조선민주주의인민공화국에서 공민이 로동할수 있는 나이는 17살부터이다. 국가는 로동할 나이에 이르지 못한 소년들의 로동을 금지한다.

* &lt;span id='30'&gt;'''제30조'''&lt;/span&gt; 국가는 사회주의경제에 대한 지도와 관리에서 정치적지도와 경제기술적지도, 국가의 통일적 지도와 매개 단위의 창발성, 유일적지휘와 민주주의, 정치도덕적자극과 물질적자극을 옳게 결합시키며 실리를 보장하는 원칙을 확고히 견지한다.

* &lt;span id='31'&gt;'''제31조'''&lt;/span&gt; 국가는 생산자대중의 집체적지혜와 힘에 의거하여 경제를 과학적으로, 합리적으로 관리운영하며 내각의 역할을 결정적으로 높인다. 국가는 경제관리에서 사회주의 기업 책임관리제를 실시하며 원가, 가격, 수익성 같은 경제적공간을 옳게 리용하도록 한다.

* &lt;span id='32'&gt;'''제32조'''&lt;/span&gt;  조선민주주의인민공화국의 인민경제는 계획경제이다. 국가는 사회주의 경제발전법칙에 따라 축적과 소비의 균형을 옳게 잡으며 경제건설을 다그치고 인민생활을 끊임없이 높이며 국방력을 강화할수 있도록 인민경제발전계획을 세우고 실행한다. 국가는 계획의 일원화, 세부화를 실현하여 생산장성의 높은 속도와 인민경제의 균형적발전을 보장한다.

* &lt;span id='33'&gt;'''제33조'''&lt;/span&gt; 조선민주주의인민공화국은 인민경제발전계획에 따르는 국가예산을 편성하여 집행한다. 국가는 모든 부문에서 증산과 절약투쟁을 강화하고 재정통제를 엄격히 실시하여 국가축적을 체계적으로 늘이며 사회주의적소유를 확대발전시킨다.

* &lt;span id='34'&gt;'''제34조'''&lt;/span&gt; 조선민주주의인민공화국에서 대외무역은 국가기관, 기업소, 사회협동단체가 한다. 국가는 대외무역에서 신용을 지키고 무역구조를 개선하며 평등과 호혜의 원칙에서 대외경제관계를 확대발전시킨다.

* &lt;span id='35'&gt;'''제35조'''&lt;/span&gt; 국가는 우리 나라 기관, 기업소, 단체와 다른 나라 법인 또는 개인들과의 기업합영과 합작, 특수경제지대에서의 여러가지 기업창설운영을 장려한다.

* &lt;span id='36'&gt;'''제36조'''&lt;/span&gt;  국가는 자립적민족경제를 보호하기 위하여 관세정책을 실시한다.

=== 제3장 문화 ===
* &lt;span id=&quot;제37조&quot;&gt;'''제37조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 조선민주주의인민공화국에서 개화발전하고있는 사회주의적문화는 근로자들의 창조적능력을 높이며 건전한 문화정서적수요를 충족시키는데 이바지한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제38조&quot;&gt;'''제38조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 조선민주주의인민공화국은 문화혁명을 철저히 수행하여 모든 사람들을 자연과 사회에 대한 깊은 지식과 높은 문화기술수준을 가진 사회주의 건설자로 만들며 전민과학기술인재화를 다그친다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제39조&quot;&gt;'''제39조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 조선민주주의인민공화국은 사회주의근로자들을 위하여 복무하는 참다운 인민적이며 혁명적인 문화를 건설한다. 국가는 사회주의적민족문화건설에서 제국주의의 문화적침투를 배격하며 주체성의 원칙과 력사주의 원칙, 과학성의 원칙에서 민족문화유산을 보호하고 사회주의현실에 맞게 계승발전시킨다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제40조&quot;&gt;'''제40조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 국가는 과학연구사업에서 주체를 세우고 선진과학기술을 적극 받아들이며 과학연구부문에 대한 국가적투자를 늘이고 새로운 과학기술분야를 개척하여 나라의 과학기술을 세계적 수준에 올려세운다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제41조&quot;&gt;'''제41조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 국가는 과학기술발전계획을 바로세우고 철저히 수행하는 규률을 세우며 과학자, 기술자들과 생산자들의 창조적협조를 강화하도록 한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제42조&quot;&gt;'''제42조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 국가는 사회주의교육학의 원리를 구현하여 후대들을 사회와 집단, 조국과 인민을 위하여 투쟁하는 참다운 애국자로, 지덕체를 갖춘 사회주의건설의 역군으로 키운다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제43조&quot;&gt;'''제43조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 국가는 인민교육사업과 민족간부양성사업을 다른 모든 사업에 앞세우며 일반교육과 기술교육, 교육과 생산로동을 밀접히 결합시킨다. 국가는 교육구조와 내용, 방법을 개선하여 교육을 우리의 미래를 마음놓고 맡길수 있는 가장 우월한 교육, 리상적인 교육으로 발전시킨다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제44조&quot;&gt;'''제44조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 국가는 1년동안의 학교전의무교육을 포함한 전반적 12년제의무교육을 현대과학기술발전추세와 사회주의건설의 요구에 맞게 높은 수준에서 발전시킨다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제45조&quot;&gt;'''제45조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 국가는 학업을 전문으로 하는 교육체계와 일하면서 배우는 여러가지 형태의 교육체계를 발전시키며 교육조건과 환경을 부단히 개선하여 유능한 과학기술인재들을 키워낸다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제46조&quot;&gt;'''제46조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 국가는 모든 학생들을 무료로 공부시키고 대학생들에게 장학금을 주며 후대들을 위한 사회주의적시책을 확대강화한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제47조&quot;&gt;'''제47조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 국가는 사회교육을 강화하며 모든 근로자들이 학습할수 있는 온갖 조건을 보장한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제48조&quot;&gt;'''제48조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 국가는 학령전어린이들을 탁아소와 유치원에서 국가와 사회의 부담으로 키운다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제49조&quot;&gt;'''제49조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 국가는 사회주의보건제도를 공고발전시키며 의료봉사의 질을 개선하고 보건부문의 물질기술적토대를 강화하여 사람들의 생명을 보호하며 근로자들의 건강을 증진시킨다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제50조&quot;&gt;'''제50조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 국가는 민족적형식에 사회주의적내용을 담은 주체적이며 혁명적인 문학예술을 발전시킨다. 국가는 창작가, 예술인들이 사상예술성이 높은 작품을 많이 창작하며 광범한 대중이 문예활동에 널리 참가하도록 한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제51조&quot;&gt;'''제51조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 국가는 정신적으로, 육체적으로 끊임없이 발전하려는 사람들의 요구에 맞게 현대적인 문화시설들을 충분히 갖추어주어 모든 근로자들이 사회주의적문화정서생활을 마음껏 누리도록 한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제52조&quot;&gt;'''제52조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 국가는 체육을 대중화, 생활화하여 전체 인민을 로동과 국방에 튼튼히 준비시키며 우리나라 실정과 현대체육기술발전추세에 맞게 체육기술을 발전시킨다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제53조&quot;&gt;'''제53조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 국가는 혁명적이며 고상한 사회주의생활문화를 창조하고 발전시키며 사회주의생활양식에 어긋나는 현상들과의 투쟁을 강화한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제54조&quot;&gt;'''제54조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 국가는 사회의 모든 성원들이 언어생활에서 주체성과 민족성을 지키며 평양문화어를 보호하고 적극 살려나가도록 한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제55조&quot;&gt;'''제55조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 국가는 생산에 앞서 환경보호대책을 세우며 자연환경을 보존, 조성하고 환경오염을 방지하여 인민들에게 문화위생적인 생활환경과 로동조건을 마련하여준다.

=== 제4장 국방 ===
* &lt;span id=&quot;제56조&quot;&gt;'''제56조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 조선민주주의인민공화국은 국가방위에서 전인민적, 전국가적방위체계에 의거한다. 조선민주주의인민공화국은 책임적인 핵보유국으로서 나라의 생존권과 발전권을 담보하고 전쟁을 억제하며 지역과 세계의 평화와 안정을 수호하기 위하여 핵무기발전을 고도화한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제57조&quot;&gt;'''제57조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 조선민주주의인민공화국 무장력의 사명은 국가주권과 령토완정, 인민의 권익을 옹호하며 모든 위협으로부터 사회주의제도와 혁명의 전취물을 사수하고 조국의 평화와 번영을 강력한 군력으로 담보하는데 있다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제58조&quot;&gt;'''제58조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 국가는 인민들과 인민군장병들을 정치사상적으로 무장시키는 기초우에서 전군간부화, 전군현대화, 전민무장화, 전국요새화를 기본내용으로 하는 자위적 군사로선을 관철한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제59조&quot;&gt;'''제59조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 국가는 군대안에서 혁명적령군체계와 군풍을 확립하고 군사규률과 군중규률을 강화하며 관병일치, 군정배합, 군민일치의 고상한 전통적 미풍을 높이 발양하도록 한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제60조&quot;&gt;'''제60조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 국가는 국방과학기술을 발전시키고 국방공업의 주체화, 현대화, 과학화 수준을 끊임없이 높여나간다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제61조&quot;&gt;'''제61조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 국가는 온 사회에 군사중시기풍을 세우고 전민항전준비를 빈틈없이 갖추도록 한다.

=== 제5장 공민의 기본권리와 의무 ===

* &lt;span id=&quot;제62조&quot;&gt;'''제62조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 조선민주주의인민공화국에서 공민의 권리와 의무는 《하나는 전체를 위하여, 전체는 하나를 위하여》라는 집단주의원칙에 기초한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제63조&quot;&gt;'''제63조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 국가는 모든 공민에게 참다운 민주주의적 권리와 자유, 행복한 물질문화생활을 실질적으로 보장한다. 조선민주주의인민공화국에서 공민의 권리와 자유는 사회주의제도의 공고발전과 함께 더욱 확대된다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제64조&quot;&gt;'''제64조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 공민은 국가사회생활의 모든 분야에서 누구나 다 같은 권리를 가진다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제65조&quot;&gt;'''제65조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 18살이상의 모든 공민은 성별, 민족별, 직업, 거주기간, 재산과 지식정도, 당별, 정견, 신앙에 관계없이 선거할 권리와 선거받을 권리를 가진다. 군대에 복무하는 공민도 선거할 권리와 선거받을 권리를 가진다. 재판소의 판결에 의하여 선거할 권리를 박탈당한자, 정신장애자는 선거할 권리와 선거받을 권리를 가지지 못한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제66조&quot;&gt;'''제66조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 공민은 언론, 출판, 집회, 시위와 결사의 자유를 가진다. 국가는 민주주의적정당, 사회단체의 자유로운 활동조건을 보장한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제67조&quot;&gt;'''제67조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 공민은 신앙의 자유를 가진다. 이 권리는 종교건물을 짓거나 종교의식 같은 것을 허용하는것으로 보장된다. 종교를 외세를 끌어들이거나 국가사회질서를 해치는데 리용할수 없다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제68조&quot;&gt;'''제68조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 공민은 신소와 청원을 할수 있다. 국가는 신소와 청원을 법이 정한데 따라 공정하게 심의처리하도록 한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제69조&quot;&gt;'''제69조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 공민은 로동에 대한 권리를 가진다. 로동능력있는 모든 공민은 희망과 재능에 따라 직업을 선택하며 안정된 일자리와 로동조건을 보장받는다. 공민은 능력에 따라 일하며 로동의 량과 질에 따라 분배를 받는다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제70조&quot;&gt;'''제70조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 공민은 휴식에 대한 권리를 가진다. 이 권리는 로동시간제, 공휴일제, 유급휴가제, 정휴양제와 다양한 문화시설들에 의하여 보장된다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제71조&quot;&gt;'''제71조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 공민은 치료받을 권리를 가지며 나이많거나 병 또는 신체장애로 로동능력을 잃은 사람, 돌볼사람이 없는 늙은이와 어린이는 물질적 방조를 받을 권리를 가진다. 이 권리는 늘어나는 현대적인 의료시설과 국가사회보험, 사회보장제에 의하여 보장된다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제72조&quot;&gt;'''제72조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 공민은 교육을 받을 권리를 가진다. 이 권리는 선진적인 교육제도와 국가의 인민적인 교육시책에 의하여 보장된다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제73조&quot;&gt;'''제73조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 공민은 과학과 문학예술활동의 자유를 가진다. 국가는 과학과 문학예술발전에 기여한 공민을 우대한다. 국가는 공민의 지적소유권을 법적으로 보호한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제74조&quot;&gt;'''제74조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 공민은 거주, 려행의 자유를 가진다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제75조&quot;&gt;'''제75조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 영웅, 전쟁로병, 전시공로자, 영예군인, 혁명렬사가족, 애국렬사가족, 해외군사작전참전렬사 유가족, 사회주의애국공로자, 제대장령, 세대 군관, 인민군 후방가족은 국가와 사회의 특별한 보호를 받는다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제76조&quot;&gt;'''제76조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 녀자는 남자와 똑같은 사회적지위와 권리를 가진다. 국가는 산전산후휴가의 보장, 여러 어린이를 가진 어머니에 대한 우대, 산원, 탁아소와 유치원망의 확장, 그밖의 시책을 통하여 어머니와 어린이를 특별히 보호한다. 국가는 녀성들이 사회에 진출할 온갖 조건을 지어준다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제77조&quot;&gt;'''제77조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 결혼과 가정은 국가의 보호를 받는다. 국가는 사회의 기층생활단위인 가정을 공고히 하는데 깊은 관심을 돌린다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제78조&quot;&gt;'''제78조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 공민은 인신과 주택의 불가침, 서신의 비밀을 보장받는다. 법에 근거하지 않고는 공민을 구속하거나 체포할수 없으며 살림집을 수색할 수 없다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제79조&quot;&gt;'''제79조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 조선민주주의인민공화국은 평화와 민주주의, 민족적독립과 사회주의를 위하여, 과학, 문화활동의 자유를 위하여 투쟁하다가 망명하여온 다른 나라 사람을 보호한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제80조&quot;&gt;'''제80조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 공민은 인민의 정치사상적통일과 단결을 견결히 수호하여야 한다. 공민은 조직과 집단을 귀중히 여기며 사회와 인민을 위하여 몸바쳐 일하는 기풍을 높이 발휘하여야 한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제81조&quot;&gt;'''제81조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 공민은 국가의 법과 사회주의적생활규범을 지키며 조선민주주의인민공화국의 공민된 영예와 존엄을 고수하여야 한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제82조&quot;&gt;'''제82조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 로동은 공민의 신성한 의무이며 영예이다. 공민은 로동에 자각적으로 성실히 참가하며 로동규률과 로동시간을 엄격히 지켜야 한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제83조&quot;&gt;'''제83조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 공민은 국가재산과 사회협동단체재산을 아끼고 사랑하며 온갖 탐오랑비현상을 반대하여 투쟁하며 나라살림살이를 주인답게 알뜰히 하여야 한다. 국가와 사회협동단체 재산은 신성불가침이다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제84조&quot;&gt;'''제84조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 공민은 언제나 혁명적경각성을 높이며 국가의 안전을 위하여 몸바쳐 투쟁하여야 한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제85조&quot;&gt;'''제85조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 조국보위는 공민의 최대의 의무이며 영예이다. 공민은 조국을 보위하여야 하며 법이 정한데 따라 군대에 복무하여야 한다.

=== 제6장 국가기구 ===
'''제1절 조선민주주의인민공화국 국무위원회 위원장'''

* &lt;span id='86'&gt;'''제86조'''&lt;/span&gt; 조선민주주의인민공화국 국무위원회 위원장은 조선민주주의인민공화국을 대표하는 국가수반이다.

* &lt;span id='87'&gt;'''제87조'''&lt;/span&gt; 조선민주주의인민공화국 국무위원회 위원장은 전체 조선인민의 총의에 따라 최고인민회의에서 선거한다. 조선민주주의인민공화국 국무위원회 위원장은 최고인민회의 대의원으로 선거하지 않는다.

* &lt;span id='88'&gt;'''제88조'''&lt;/span&gt; 조선민주주의인민공화국 국무위원회 위원장의 임기는 최고인민회의 임기와 같다.

* &lt;span id='89'&gt;'''제89조'''&lt;/span&gt; 조선민주주의인민공화국 국무위원회 위원장은 조선민주주의인민공화국 무력최고사령관으로 되며 국가의 일체 무력을 지휘통솔한다. 조선민주주의인민공화국 핵무력에 대한 지휘권은 조선민주주의인민공화국 국무위원회 위원장에게 있다. 조선민주주의인민공화국 국무위원회 위원장은 국가핵무력지휘기구에 핵무력사용권한을 위임할수도 있다.

* &lt;span id='90'&gt;'''제90조'''&lt;/span&gt; 조선민주주의인민공화국 국무위원회 위원장은 다음과 같은 권한을 가진다.

:: 1. 국가의 전반사업을 지도한다.

:: 2. 최고인민회의 휴회중에 최고인민회의 의장, 내각 총리를 비롯한 국가의 중요간부의 사업을 정지시키거나 임명 또는 해임한다.

:: 3. 인민들의 신임을 잃은 최고인민회의 대의원을 사임시킨다.

:: 4. 최고인민회의 또는 최고인민회의 상임위원회가 채택한 법령·정령·결정·지시가 국가의 발전과 인민의 요구에 부합되지 않을 경우 그에 대한 거부권을 행사한다.

:: 5. 특출한 공로를 세운 대상들에게 국가표창을 수여한다.

:: 6. 다른 나라 외교대표의 신임장을 접수한다.

:: 7. 다른 나라에 주재하는 외교대표를 임명 또는 소환한다.

:: 8. 다른 나라와 맺은 중요조약을 비준 또는 폐기한다.

:: 9. 특사권을 행사한다.

:: 10. 나라의 비상사태와 전시상태, 동원령을 선언한다.

:: 11. 전시에 국가방위위원회를 조직지도한다.

* &lt;span id='91'&gt;'''제91조'''&lt;/span&gt; 조선민주주의인민공화국 국무위원회 위원장은 명령·성령을 낸다.

=== 제2절 최고인민회의 ===

* &lt;span id=&quot;제92조&quot;&gt;'''제92조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 최고인민회의는 조선민주주의인민공화국의 최고주권기관이다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제93조&quot;&gt;'''제93조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 최고인민회의는 립법권을 행사한다. 최고인민회의 휴회중에는 최고인민회의 상임위원회도 입법권을 행사할수 있다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제94조&quot;&gt;'''제94조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 최고인민회의는 일반적, 평등적, 직접적 선거원칙에 의하여 비밀투표로 선거된 대의원들로 구성한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제95조&quot;&gt;'''제95조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 최고인민회의 임기는 5년으로 한다. 최고인민회의 새 선거는 최고인민회의 임기가 끝나기 전에 최고인민회의 상임위원회의 결정에 따라 진행한다. 불가피한 사정으로 선거를 하지 못할 경우에는 선거를 할 때까지 그 임기를 연장한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제96조&quot;&gt;'''제96조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 최고인민회의는 다음과 같은 권한을 가진다.

:: 1. 헌법을 수정, 보충한다.
:: 2. 부문법을 제정 또는 수정, 보충한다.
:: 3. 최고인민회의 휴회중에 최고인민회의 상임위원회가 채택한 중요부문법을 승인한다.
:: 4. 국가의 대내외정책의 기본원칙을 세운다.
:: 5. 조선민주주의인민공화국 국무위원회 위원장을 선거한다.
:: 6. 조선민주주의인민공화국 국무위원회 위원장의 제의에 의하여 국무위원회 제1부위원장, 부위원장, 위원들을 선거 또는 소환한다.
:: 7. 최고인민회의 의장, 부의장을 선거 또는 소환한다.
:: 8. 최고인민회의 상임위원회 서기장, 위원들을 선거 또는 소환한다.
:: 9. 내각 총리를 선거 또는 소환한다.
:: 10. 내각 총리의 제의에 의하여 내각 제1부총리, 부총리, 위원장, 상, 그밖의 내각성원들을 임명 또는 해임한다.
:: 11. 최고검찰소 소장을 임명 또는 해임한다.
:: 12. 최고재판소 소장을 선거 또는 소환한다.
:: 13. 최고인민회의 부문위원회 위원장, 부위원장, 위원들을 선거 또는 소환한다.
:: 14. 국가의 인민경제발전계획과 그 실행정형에 관한 보고를 심의하고 승인한다.
:: 15. 국가예산과 그 집행정형에 관한 보고를 심의하고 승인한다.
:: 16. 내각 위원회, 성을 내오거나 없앤다.
:: 17. 최고인민회의 상임위원회와 내각, 최고검찰소, 최고재판소의 사업정형을 보고받고 대책을 세운다.
:: 18. 최고인민회의에 제기되는 조약의 비준, 폐기를 결정한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제97조&quot;&gt;'''제97조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 최고인민회의는 정기회의와 림시회의를 가진다. 정기회의는 1년에 2차 최고인민회의 상임위원회가 소집한다. 림시회의는 최고인민회의 상임위원회가 필요하다고 인정할 때 또는 대의원 전원의 3분의 1 이상의 요청이 있을 때에 소집한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제98조&quot;&gt;'''제98조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 최고인민회의는 대의원전원의 3분의 2 이상이 참석하여야 성립된다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제99조&quot;&gt;'''제99조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 최고인민회의는 의장이 사회하며, 의장이 없을 때에는 부의장이 사회한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제100조&quot;&gt;'''제100조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 최고인민회의에서 토의할 의안은 조선민주주의인민공화국 국무위원회 위원장, 국무위원회, 최고인민회의 상임위원회, 내각과 최고인민회의 부문위원회가 제출한다. 대의원들도 의안을 제출할 수 있다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제101조&quot;&gt;'''제101조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 최고인민회의는 법령과 결정을 낸다. 최고인민회의가 내는 법령과 결정은 그 회의에 참석한 대의원의 반수 이상이 찬성하여야 채택된다. 헌법은 최고인민회의 대의원전원의 3분의 2 이상이 찬성하여야 수정, 보충된다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제102조&quot;&gt;'''제102조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 최고인민회의는 법제위원회, 예산위원회, 외교위원회 같은 부문위원회를 둔다. 최고인민회의 부문위원회는 위원장, 부위원장, 위원들로 구성한다. 최고인민회의 부문위원회는 최고인민회의 사업을 도와 국가의 정책안과 법안을 작성, 심의하며 그 집행을 위한 대책을 수립한다. 최고인민회의 부문위원회는 최고인민회의 휴회중에 최고인민회의 상임위원회의 지도 아래 사업한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제103조&quot;&gt;'''제103조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 최고인민회의 대의원은 불가침권을 보장받는다. 최고인민회의 대의원은 현행범인 경우를 제외하고는 최고인민회의, 그 휴회 중에 최고인민회의 상임위원회의 승인없이 체포하거나 형사처벌을 할수 없다.

=== 제3절 국무위원회 ===

* &lt;span id=&quot;제104조&quot;&gt;'''제104조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 국무위원회는 국가주권의 최고정책적 지도기관이다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제105조&quot;&gt;'''제105조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 국무위원회는 위원장, 제1부위원장, 부위원장, 위원들로 구성한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제106조&quot;&gt;'''제106조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 국무위원회의 임기는 최고인민회의 임기와 같다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제107조&quot;&gt;'''제107조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 국무위원회는 다음과 같은 임무와 권한을 가진다.

:: 1. 국가의 중요정책을 토의결정한다.
:: 2. 조선민주주의인민공화국 국무위원회 위원장 명령, 정령, 국무위원회 결정, 지시집행정형을 감독하고 대책을 세운다.
:: 3. 조선민주주의인민공화국 국무위원장 명령, 성령, 국무위원회 결정, 지시에 어긋나는 국가기관의 결정, 지시를 폐지한다.
:: 4. 최고인민회의 휴회중에 내각총리의 제의에 의하여 제1부총리, 부총리, 위원장, 상, 그밖의 내각성원들을 임명 또는 해임한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제108조&quot;&gt;'''제108조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 국무위원회는 결정, 지시를 낸다.

=== 제4절 최고인민회의 상임위원회 ===

* &lt;span id=&quot;제109조&quot;&gt;'''제109조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 최고인민회의 상임위원회는 최고인민회의 휴회중의 최고주권기관이다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제110조&quot;&gt;'''제110조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 최고인민회의 상임위원회는 위원장, 부위원장, 서기장, 위원들로 구성한다. 최고인민회의 의장, 부의장이 최고인민회의 상임위원회 위원장, 부위원장을 겸임한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제111조&quot;&gt;'''제111조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 최고인민회의 상임위원회의 임기는 최고인민회의와 같다. 최고인민회의 상임위원회는 최고인민회의 임기가 끝난 후에도 새 상임위원회가 선거될 때까지 자기 임무를 계속 수행한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제112조&quot;&gt;'''제112조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 최고인민회의 상임위원회는 다음과 같은 임무 권한을 가진다.

:: 1. 최고인민회의를 소집한다.
:: 2. 최고인민회의 휴회중에 제기된 새로운 부문법안과 규정안, 현행 부문법과 규정의 수정, 보충안을 심의채택하며 채택실시하는 중요 부문법을 다음번 최고인민회의의 승인을 받는다.
:: 3. 불가피한 사정으로 휴회기간에 국가의 인민경제발전계획, 국가예산과 그 조절안을 심의하고 승인한다.
:: 4. 헌법과 현행부문법, 규정을 해석한다.
:: 5. 국가기관들의 법준수집행을 감독하고 대책을 세운다.
:: 6. 헌법, 조선민주주의인민공화국 국무위원회 위원장 명령, 정령, 최고인민회의 법령, 결정, 국무위원회 결정 지시, 최고인민회의 상임위원회 정령, 결정, 지시에 어긋나는 국가기관의 결정, 지시를 폐지하며 지방인민회의의 그릇된 결정집행을 정지시킨다.
:: 7. 최고인민회의 대의원선거를 위한 사업을 하며 지방인민회의 대의원선거사업을 조직한다.
:: 8. 최고인민회의 대의원들과의 사업을 한다.
:: 9. 최고인민회의 부문위원회와의 사업을 한다.
:: 10. 최고인민회의 휴회중에 내각 위원회, 성을 내오거나 없앤다.
:: 11. 최고인민회의 휴회중에 최고인민회의 부의장, 최고인민회의 상임위원회 서기장, 위원, 최고인민회의 부문위원회 성원들을 선거 또는 소환하며 최고인민회의 상임위원회 부문위원회 성원들을 임명 또는 해임한다.
:: 12. 최고재판소 판사, 인민참심원을 선거 또는 소환한다.
:: 13. 최고인민회의 상임위원회에 제기되는 조약의 비준, 폐기를 결정한다.
:: 14. 지방인민위원회의 주권사업을 지도한다.
:: 15. 훈장과 메달, 명예칭호, 외교직급을 제정하며 훈장과 메달, 명예칭호를 수여한다.
:: 16. 대사권을 행사한다.
:: 17. 행정단위와 행정구역을 내오거나 변경시킨다.
:: 18. 다른 나라 국회, 국제의회기구들과의 사업을 비롯한 대외사업을 한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제113조&quot;&gt;'''제113조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 최고인민회의 상임위원회는 전원회의와 상무회의를 가진다. 전원회의는 위원전원으로 구성하고, 상무회의는 위원장, 부위원장, 서기장으로 구성한다. 최고인민회의 상임위원회의 임무와 권한을 실현하는데서 중요한 문제들은 전원회의에서, 그밖의 문제들은 상무회의에서 토의결정한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제114조&quot;&gt;'''제114조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 최고인민회의 상임위원회는 정령과 결정, 지시를 낸다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제115조&quot;&gt;'''제115조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 최고인민회의 상임위원회는 자기 사업을 돕는 부문위원회를 둘 수 있다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제116조&quot;&gt;'''제116조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 최고인민회의 상임위원회는 자기 사업에 대하여 최고인민회의앞에 책임진다.

=== 제5절 내각 ===

* &lt;span id=&quot;제117조&quot;&gt;'''제117조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 내각은 국가주권의 행정적집행기관이며 전반적국가관리기관이다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제118조&quot;&gt;'''제118조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 내각은 총리, 제1부총리, 부총리, 위원장, 상과 그밖에 필요한 성원들로 구성한다. 내각의 임기는 최고인민회의 임기와 같다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제119조&quot;&gt;'''제119조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 내각은 다음과 같은 임무 권한을 가진다.

:: 1. 국가의 정책을 집행하기 위한 대책을 세운다.
:: 2. 헌법과 부문법에 기초하여 국가관리와 관련한 규정을 제정 또는 수정, 보충한다.
:: 3. 내각의 위원회, 성, 내각직속기관, 지방인민회의의 사업을 지도한다.
:: 4. 내각직속기관, 중요행정경제기관, 기업소를 내오거나 없애며 국가 관리기구를 개선하기 위한 대책을 세운다.
:: 5. 국가의 인민경제발전계획을 작성하고 그 실행대책을 세운다.
:: 6. 국가예산을 편성하고 그 집행대책을 세운다.
:: 7. 공업, 농업, 건설, 운수, 체신, 상업, 무역, 국토관리, 도시경영, 교육, 과학, 문화, 보건, 체육, 로동행정, 환경보호, 관광, 그밖의 여러 부문의 사업을 조직집행한다.
:: 8. 화폐와 은행제도를 공고히 하기 위한 대책을 세운다.
:: 9. 국가관리질서를 세우기 위한 검열, 통제사업을 한다.
:: 10. 사회질서유지, 국가 및 사회협동단체의 소유와 리익 보호, 공민의 권리 보장을 위한 대책을 세운다.
:: 11. 다른 나라와 조약을 맺으며 대외사업을 한다.
:: 12. 내각 결정, 행정명령, 지시에 어긋나는 행정경제기관의 결정, 지시를 폐지한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제120조&quot;&gt;'''제120조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 내각총리는 내각사업을 조직지도한다. 내각총리는 조선민주주의인민공화국 정부를 대표한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제121조&quot;&gt;'''제121조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 내각은 전원회의와 상무회의를 가진다. 내각전원회의는 내각성원전원으로 구성하고, 상무회의는 총리, 제1부총리, 부총리와 그밖에 총리가 임명하는 내각성원들로 구성한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제122조&quot;&gt;'''제122조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 내각은 결정과 행정명령, 지시를 낸다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제123조&quot;&gt;'''제123조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 내각은 자기 사업을 돕는 비상설부문위원회를 둘 수 있다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제124조&quot;&gt;'''제124조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 내각은 자기 사업에 대하여 최고인민회의와 그 휴회중에 최고인민회의 상임위원회앞에 책임진다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제125조&quot;&gt;'''제125조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 새로 선거된 내각총리는 내각성원들을 대표하여 최고인민회의에서 선서를 한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제126조&quot;&gt;'''제126조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 내각 위원회, 성은 내각의 부문별집행기관이며 중앙의 부문별관리기관이다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제127조&quot;&gt;'''제127조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 내각 위원회, 성은 내각의 지도밑에 해당 부문의 사업을 통일적으로 장악하고 지도관리한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제128조&quot;&gt;'''제128조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 내각 위원회, 성은 위원회회의와 간부회의를 운영한다. 위원회회의와 간부회의에서는 내각 결정, 행정명령, 지시 집행대책과 그밖의 중요한 문제들을 토의결정한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제129조&quot;&gt;'''제129조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 내각 위원회, 성과 부문별관리기능을 수행하는 내각직속기관은 지시를 낸다.

=== 제6절 지방인민회의 ===

* &lt;span id=&quot;제130조&quot;&gt;'''제130조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 도(직할시), 시(구역), 군인민회의는 지방주권기관이다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제131조&quot;&gt;'''제131조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 지방인민회의는 일반적, 평등적, 직접적 선거원칙에 의하여 비밀투표로 선거된 대의원들로 구성한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제132조&quot;&gt;'''제132조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 도(직할시), 시(구역), 군인민회의 임기는 4년으로 한다. 지방인민회의 새 선거는 지방인민회의 임기가 끝나기 전에 해당 지방인민위원회의 결정에 따라 진행한다. 불가피한 사정으로 선거를 하지 못할 경우에는 선거를 할 때까지 그 임기를 연장한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제133조&quot;&gt;'''제133조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 지방인민회의는 다음과 같은 임무와 권한을 가진다.

:: 1. 지방의 인민경제발전계획과 그 실행정형에 대한 보고를 심의하고 승인한다.
:: 2. 지방예산과 그 집행에 대한 보고를 심의하고 승인한다.
:: 3. 해당 지역에서 국가의 법을 집행하기 위한 대책을 세운다.
:: 4. 해당 인민위원회 위원장, 부위원장, 사무장, 위원들을 선거 또는 소환한다.
:: 5. 해당 인민위원회와 하급인민회의, 인민위원회의 그릇된 결정, 지시를 폐지한다.
:: 6. 해당 인민위원회의 도(직할시), 시(구역), 군급기관들의 사업정형을 보고받고 대책을 세운다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제134조&quot;&gt;'''제134조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 지방인민회의는 정기회의와 림시회의를 가진다. 정기회의는 1년에 1~2차 해당 인민위원회가 소집한다. 림시회의는 해당 인민위원회가 필요하다고 인정할 때 또는 대의원전원의 3분의 1 이상의 요청이 있을 때 소집한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제135조&quot;&gt;'''제135조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 지방인민회의는 대의원전원의 3분의 2 이상이 참석하여야 성립된다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제136조&quot;&gt;'''제136조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 지방인민회의는 의장과 부의장을 선거한다. 의장은 회의를 사회한다. 의장이 없을 때에는 부의장이 회의를 사회한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제137조&quot;&gt;'''제137조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 지방인민회의는 결정을 낸다.


=== 제7절 지방인민위원회 ===

* &lt;span id=&quot;제138조&quot;&gt;'''제138조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 도(직할시), 시(구역), 군인민위원회는 해당 인민회의 휴회중의 지방주권기관이며 해당 지방주권의 행정적 집행기관이다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제139조&quot;&gt;'''제139조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 지방인민위원회는 위원장, 부위원장, 사무장, 위원들로 구성한다. 지방인민위원회 임기는 해당 인민회의 임기와 같다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제140조&quot;&gt;'''제140조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 지방인민위원회는 다음과 같은 임무와 권한을 가진다.

:: 1. 인민회의를 소집한다.
:: 2. 인민회의 대의원선거를 위한 사업을 한다.
:: 3. 인민회의 대의원들과의 사업을 한다.
:: 4. 인민회의 휴회중에 해당 인민위원회 부위원장, 사무장, 위원들을 선거 또는 소환한다.
:: 5. 인민회의 휴회중에 해당 재판소의 판사, 인민참심원을 선거 또는 소환한다.
:: 6. 조선민주주의인민공화국 국무위원회 위원장 명령, 정령, 최고인민회의 법령, 결정, 국무위원회 결정, 지시, 최고인민회의 상임위원회 정령, 결정, 지시, 내각 결정, 행정명령, 지시, 내각 위원회, 성과 부문별 관리기능을 수행하는 내각직속기관 지시, 해당 지방인민회의, 상급 인민회의 결정, 지시를 집행한다.
:: 7. 해당 지방의 모든 행정사업을 조직집행한다.
:: 8. 지방의 인민경제발전계획을 작성하며 그 실행대책을 세운다.
:: 9. 지방예산을 편성하며 그 집행대책을 세운다.
:: 10. 해당 지방의 사회질서유지, 국가 및 사회협동단체의 소유와 리익의 보호, 공민의 권리보장을 위한 대책을 세운다.
:: 11. 해당 지방에서 국가관리질서를 세우기 위한 검열, 통제사업을 한다.
:: 12. 하급인민위원회 사업을 지도한다.
:: 13. 하급인민위원회의 그릇된 결성, 지시를 페지하며 하급인민회의의 그릇된 결정의 집행을 정지시킨다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제141조&quot;&gt;'''제141조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 지방인민위원회는 전원회의와 상무회의를 가진다. 지방인민위원회 전원회의는 위원전원으로 구성하며 상무회의는 위원장, 부위원장, 사무장들로 구성한다. 지방인민위원회의 임무와 권한을 실현하는데서 중요한 문제들은 전원회의에서, 그밖의 문제들은 상무회의에서 토의결정한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제142조&quot;&gt;'''제142조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 지방인민위원회는 결정과 지시를 낸다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제143조&quot;&gt;'''제143조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 지방인민위원회는 자기 사업을 돕는 비상설부문위원회를 둘 수 있다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제144조&quot;&gt;'''제144조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 지방인민위원회는 자기 사업에 대하여 해당 인민회의 앞에 책임진다. 지방인민위원회는 상급인민위원회와 내각, 최고인민회의 상임위원회의 지도 밑에 사업한다.

=== 제8절 검찰소와 재판소 ===

* &lt;span id=&quot;제145조&quot;&gt;'''제145조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 검찰소는 조선민주주의인민공화국의 준법성감시 및 기소기관이다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제146조&quot;&gt;'''제146조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 검찰사업은 최고검찰소, 도(직할시), 시(구역), 군검찰소와 특별검찰소가 한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제147조&quot;&gt;'''제147조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 최고검찰소 소장의 임기는 최고인민회의 임기와 같다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제148조&quot;&gt;'''제148조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 검사는 최고검찰소가 임명 또는 해임한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제149조&quot;&gt;'''제149조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 검찰소는 다음과 같은 임무를 수행한다.

:: 1. 기관, 기업소, 단체와 공민들이 국가의 법을 정확히 지키는가를 감시한다.
:: 2. 국가기관의 결정, 지시가 헌법, 조선민주주의인민공화국 국무위원회 위원장 명령, 정령, 최고인민회의 법령, 결정, 국무위원회 결정, 지시, 최고인민회의 상임위원회 정령, 결정, 지시, 내각 결정, 행정명령, 지시에 어긋나지 않는가를 감시한다.
:: 3. 범죄자를 비롯한 법위반자를 적발하고 법적책임을 추구하는 것을 통하여 조선민주주의인민공화국의 주권과 사회주의제도와 국가와 사회협동단체 재산, 인민의 헌법적 권리와 생명재산을 보호한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제150조&quot;&gt;'''제150조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 검찰사업은 최고검찰소가 통일적으로 지도하며 모든 검찰소는 상급 검찰소와 최고검찰소에 복종한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제151조&quot;&gt;'''제151조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 최고검찰소는 지시를 낸다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제152조&quot;&gt;'''제152조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 최고검찰소는 자기 사업에 대하여 최고인민회의와 그 휴회중에 최고인민회의 상임위원회앞에 책임진다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제153조&quot;&gt;'''제153조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 재판소는 조선민주주의인민공화국의 재판기관이다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제154조&quot;&gt;'''제154조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 재판은 최고재판소, 도(직할시)재판소, 시(구역), 군인민재판소와 특별재판소가 한다. 판결은 조선민주주의인민공화국의 이름으로 선고한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제155조&quot;&gt;'''제155조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 최고재판소 소장의 임기는 최고인민회의 임기와 같다. 최고재판소, 도(직할시)재판소, 시(구역), 군인민재판소의 판사, 인민참심원의 임기는 해당 인민회의 임기와 같다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제156조&quot;&gt;'''제156조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 특별재판소의 소장과 판사는 최고재판소가 임명 또는 해임한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제157조&quot;&gt;'''제157조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 재판소는 다음과 같은 임무를 수행한다.

:: 1. 재판활동을 통하여 조선민주주의인민공화국의 주권과 사회주의제도, 국가와 사회협동단체재산, 인민의 헌법적권리와 생명재산을 보호한다.
:: 2. 모든 기관, 기업소, 단체와 공민들이 국가의 법을 정확히 지키고 계급적 원쑤들과 온갖 법위반자를 반대하여 적극 투쟁하도록 한다.
:: 3. 재산에 대한 판결, 판정인 집행하며 공증사업을 한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제158조&quot;&gt;'''제158조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 재판은 판사 1명과 인민참심원 2명으로 구성된 재판소가 한다. 특별한 경우에는 판사 3명으로 구성하여 할수 있다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제159조&quot;&gt;'''제159조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 재판은 공개하며 피소자의 변호권을 보장한다. 법에 정한데 따라 재판을 공개하지 않을수 있다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제160조&quot;&gt;'''제160조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 재판은 조선말로 한다. 다른 나라 사람들은 재판에서 자기 나라 말을 할 수 있다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제161조&quot;&gt;'''제161조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 재판소는 재판에서 독자적이며 재판활동을 법에 의거하여 수행한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제162조&quot;&gt;'''제162조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 최고재판소는 조선민주주의인민공화국의 최고재판기관이다. 최고재판소는 모든 재판소의 재판사업을 감독한다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제163조&quot;&gt;'''제163조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 최고재판소는 지시를 낸다. 

=== 제7장 국장, 국기, 국가, 수도 ===
* &lt;span id=&quot;제165조&quot;&gt;'''제165조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 조선민주주의인민공화국의 국장은 《조선민주주의인민공화국》이라고 쓴 붉은 띠로 딸아 올려감은 벼이삭의 타원형테두리안에 웅장한 수력발전소가 있고 그 우에 혁명의 성산 백두산과 찬연히 빛나는 붉은 오각별이 있다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제166조&quot;&gt;'''제166조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 조선민주주의인민공화국의 국기는 기발의 가운데에 넓은 붉은 폭이 있고 그 아래우에 가는 흰 폭이 있으며 그 다음에 푸른 폭이 있고 붉은 폭의 기대 달린쪽 흰 동그라미안에 붉은 오각별이 있다. 국기의 세로와 가로의 비는 1:1.65이다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제167조&quot;&gt;'''제167조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 조선민주주의인민공화국의 국가는 우리 조국의 아름다운 자연과 유구한 력사, 찬란한 문화와 영광스러운 투쟁전통을 대를 이어 고수하고 길이 빛내여나가며 조선로동당의 령도밑에 사회주의조국을 영원한 인민의 나라, 세계적인 강국으로 만방에 떨쳐갈 애국의 신념과 의지를 담고있는 전인민적인 송가이다.

* &lt;span id=&quot;제168조&quot;&gt;'''제168조'''&lt;/span&gt;: 조선민주주의인민공화국의 수도는 평양이다.

== 연혁 ==
* [[조선민주주의인민공화국 헌법 (제1호)]] (시행 1948.9.8)
* 조선민주주의인민공화국 헌법 (제2호) (시행 1954.4.23)
* 조선민주주의인민공화국 헌법 (제3호) (시행 1954.10.30)
* 조선민주주의인민공화국 헌법 (제4호) (시행 1955.3.11)
* 조선민주주의인민공화국 헌법 (제5호) (시행 1956.11.7)
* 조선민주주의인민공화국 헌법 (제6호) (시행 1962.10.18)
* [[조선민주주의인민공화국 사회주의헌법 (제7호)]] (시행 1972.12.27)
* [[조선민주주의인민공화국 사회주의헌법 (제8호)]] (시행 1992.4.9)
* [[조선민주주의인민공화국 사회주의헌법 (제9호)]] (시행 1998.9.5)
* [[조선민주주의인민공화국 사회주의헌법 (제10호)]] (시행 2009.4.9)
* [[조선민주주의인민공화국 사회주의헌법 (제11호)]] (시행 2010.4.9)
* [[조선민주주의인민공화국 사회주의헌법 (제12호)]] (시행 2012.4.13)
* [[조선민주주의인민공화국 사회주의헌법 (제13호)]] (시행 2013.4.1)
* [[조선민주주의인민공화국 사회주의헌법 (제14호)]] (시행 2016.6.30)
* [[조선민주주의인민공화국 사회주의헌법 (제15호)]] (시행 2019.4.11)
* '''조선민주주의인민공화국 헌법 (제16호)''' (시행 2026.3.23)

== 라이선스 ==

{{PD-조선민주주의인민공화국}}

[[분류:조선민주주의인민공화국의 헌법|헌법15]]</text>
      <sha1>0ave2swleknyu5pufi2pnhdyhdrek8s</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>페이지:셩경 개역.pdf/980</title>
    <ns>250</ns>
    <id>83709</id>
    <revision>
      <id>427606</id>
      <parentid>364744</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T02:15:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aspere</username>
        <id>5453</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>427606</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
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      <text bytes="3278" sha1="o4x0e0bden8wk31s6xsluhd37tzvpqz" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;1&quot; user=&quot;Aspere&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{nop}}
=== 뎨일백칠편 ===
{{절|一〇七|一|장빈칸=f}} 여호와ᄭᅴ 감샤하라 그는 션하시며 그 인자하심이 영원함이로다
{{절|一〇七|二}} 여호와ᄭᅴ 구쇽함을 밧은쟈는 {{작게|이 갓치}} 말할지어다 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 대뎍의 손에셔 뎌희를 구쇽하샤
{{절|一〇七|三}} 동셔 &lt;ref&gt;바다에셔&lt;/ref&gt;남븍 각 디방에셔브터 모호셧도다〇
{{절|一〇七|四}} 뎌희가 광야 사막길에셔 방황하며 거할 셩을 찻지못하고
{{절|一〇七|五}} 주리고 목 마름으로 그 령혼이 속에셔 피곤하엿도다
{{절|一〇七|六}} 이에 뎌희가 그 근심즁에 여호와ᄭᅴ 부르지지매 그 고통에셔 건지시고
{{절|一〇七|七}} ᄯᅩ 바른길노 인도하샤 거할셩에 니르게 하셧도다
{{절|一〇七|八}} 여호와의 인자하심과 인생의게 행하신 긔이한일을 인하야 그를 찬숑할지로다
{{절|一〇七|九}} 뎌가 사모하는 령혼을 만죡케 하시며 주린 령혼의게 됴흔것으로 채워주심이로다〇
{{절|一〇七|一〇}} {{작게|사람이}} 흑암과 사망의 그늘에 안즈며 곤고와 쇠 {{작게|사슬}}에 매임은
{{절|一〇七|一一}} 하나님의 말삼을 거역하며 지존쟈의 ᄯᅳᆺ을 멸시함이라
{{절|一〇七|一二}} {{작게|그럼으로}} 슈고로 뎌희 마암을 낫초셧스니 뎌희가 업더져도 돕는쟈가 업섯도다
{{절|一〇七|一三}} 이에 뎌희가 그 근심즁에 여호와ᄭᅴ 부르지지매 그 고통에셔 구원하시대
{{절|一〇七|一四}} 흑암과 사망의 그늘에셔 인도하야 내시고 그 얽은줄을 ᄭᅳᆫ흐셧도다
{{절|一〇七|一五}} 여호와의 인자하심과 인생의게 행하신 긔이한일을 인하야 그를 찬숑할지로다
{{절|一〇七|一六}} 뎌가 놋문을 ᄭᅢ터리시며 쇠 빗쟝을 ᄭᅥᆨ그셧슴이로다
{{절|一〇七|一七}} 미련한쟈는 뎌희 범과와 죄악의 연고로 곤난을 당하매
{{절|一〇七|一八}} 뎌희 혼이 각죵 식물을 슬혀하야 사망의 문에 갓갑도다
{{절|一〇七|一九}} 이에 뎌희가 그 근심즁에셔 여호와ᄭᅴ 부르지지매 그 고통에셔 구원하시대
{{절|一〇七|二〇}} 뎌가 그 말삼을 보내여 뎌희를 곳치샤 위경에셔 건지시는도다
{{절|一〇七|二一}} 여호와의 인자하심과 인생의게 행하신 긔이한일을 인하야 그를 찬숑할지로다
{{절|一〇七|二二}} 감샤졔를 드리며 노래하야 그 행사를 션포할지로다〇
{{절|一〇七|二三}} 션쳑을 바다에 ᄯᅴ우며 큰 물에셔 영업하는쟈는
{{절|一〇七|二四}} 여호와의 행사와 그 긔사를 &lt;ref&gt;깁흔대셔&lt;/ref&gt;바다에셔 보나니
{{절|一〇七|二五}} 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 명하신즉 광풍이 니러나셔 바다 물결을 니르키는도다
{{절|一〇七|二六}} 뎌희가 하날에 올낫다가 깁흔 곳에 나리니 그 위험을 인하야 그 령혼이 녹는도다
{{절|一〇七|二七}} 뎌희가 이리 뎌리 굴느며 ᄎᆔ한쟈 갓치 빗틀거리니 &lt;ref&gt;엇지할줄모르도다&lt;/ref&gt;지각이 혼돈하도다
{{절|一〇七|二八}} 이에 뎌희가 그 근심즁에셔 여호와ᄭᅴ 부{{upe}}&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>o4x0e0bden8wk31s6xsluhd37tzvpqz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>페이지:셩경 개역.pdf/981</title>
    <ns>250</ns>
    <id>83710</id>
    <revision>
      <id>427607</id>
      <parentid>364751</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T02:16:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aspere</username>
        <id>5453</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>427607</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3145" sha1="si8dyyqd8murjm78vuio6s1hs45hc91" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;1&quot; user=&quot;Aspere&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;르지지매 그 고통에셔 인도하야 내시고
{{절|一〇七|二九}} 광풍을 평졍히 하샤 물결노 잔잔케 하시는도다
{{절|一〇七|三〇}} 뎌희가 평온함을 인하야 깃버하는즁에 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 뎌희를 소원의 항구로 인도하시는도다
{{절|一〇七|三一}} 여호와의 인자하심과 인생의게 행하신 긔이한일을 인하야 그를 찬숑할지로다
{{절|一〇七|三二}} 백셩의 회에셔 뎌를 놉히며 쟝로들의 자리에셔 뎌를 찬숑할지로다〇
{{절|一〇七|三三}} 여호와ᄭᅴ셔는 강을 변하야 광야가 되게 하시며 샘으로 마른ᄯᅡ가 되게 하시며
{{절|一〇七|三四}} 그 거민의 악을 인하야 옥토로 염밧치 되게 하시며
{{절|一〇七|三五}} ᄯᅩ 광야를 변하야 못이 되게 하시며 마른ᄯᅡ로 샘물이 되게 하시고
{{절|一〇七|三六}} 주린쟈로 거긔 거하게 하샤 뎌희로 거할셩을 예비케 하시고
{{절|一〇七|三七}} 밧헤 파죵하며 포도원을 재배하야 소산을 ᄎᆔ케 하시며
{{절|一〇七|三八}} ᄯᅩ 복을 주샤 뎌희로 크게 번셩케하시고 그 가츅이 감쇼치안케 하실지라도
{{절|一〇七|三九}} 다시 압박과 곤난과 울환을 인하야 뎌희로 감쇼하야 비굴하게 하시는도다
{{절|一〇七|四〇}} 여호와ᄭᅴ셔는 방백들의게 릉욕을 부으시고 길 업는 황야에셔 류리케 하시나
{{절|一〇七|四一}} 궁핍한쟈는 곤난에셔 놉히 드시고 그 가족을 양 무리 갓게 하시나니
{{절|一〇七|四二}} 졍직한쟈는 보고 깃버하며 모든 악{{작게|인}}은 자긔 입을 봉하리로다
{{절|一〇七|四三}} 지혜 잇는쟈들은 이 일에 주의하고 여호와의 인자하심을 ᄭᅢ다르리로다

=== 뎨일백팔편 ===
{{절|一〇八||장빈칸=f}} {{작게|【{{u|다윗}}의 찬숑 시】}}

{{절|一〇八|一}} 하나님이어 내 마암을 뎡하엿사오니 내가 노래하며 내 &lt;ref&gt;영광으로&lt;/ref&gt;심령으로 찬양하리이다
{{절|一〇八|二}} 비파야 슈금아 ᄭᅢᆯ지어다 내가 새벽을 ᄭᅢ오리로다
{{절|一〇八|三}} 여호와여 내가 만민즁에셔 쥬ᄭᅴ 감샤하고 렬방즁에셔 쥬를 찬양하오리니
{{절|一〇八|四}} 대뎌 쥬의 인자하심이 하날우에 광대하시며 쥬의 진실은 궁창에 {{작게|밋치나이다}}
{{절|一〇八|五}} 하나님이어 쥬는 하날우에 놉히 들니시며 쥬의 영광이 온셰계 우에 놉흐시기를 원하나이다
{{절|一〇八|六}} 쥬의 사랑하는쟈를 건지시기 위하야 우리의게 응답하샤 오른손으로 구원하쇼셔
{{절|一〇八|七}} 하나님이 그 거륵하심으로 말삼하샤대 내가 {{작게|ᄯᅱ}}놀니라 내가 {{du|세겜}}을 난호며 {{du|숙곳}} 골ᄶᅡᆨ이를 쳑량하리라
{{절|一〇八|八}} {{du|길느앗}}이 내 것이오 {{u|므낫세}}도 내 것이며 {{du|에브라임}}은 내 머리의 보호쟈요 {{du|유다}}는 나의 홀이며
{{절|一〇八|九}} {{du|모압}}은 내 목욕통이라 {{u|에}}{{upe}}&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>si8dyyqd8murjm78vuio6s1hs45hc91</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>페이지:셩경 개역.pdf/982</title>
    <ns>250</ns>
    <id>83711</id>
    <revision>
      <id>427608</id>
      <parentid>364758</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T02:16:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aspere</username>
        <id>5453</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>427608</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3229" sha1="h4v6gvnhvnrhd9t2wdxc8sk3lcrnbty" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;1&quot; user=&quot;Aspere&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{du|돔}}에는 내 신을 던질지며 {{du|블네셋}} 우에셔 내가 웨치리라 하셧도다
{{절|一〇八|一〇}} 누가 나를 잇ᄭᅳ러 견고한 셩에 드리며 누가 나를 {{du|에돔}}에 인도할고
{{절|一〇八|一一}} 하나님이어 쥬ᄭᅴ셔 우리를 바리지 아니하셧나잇가 하나님이어 쥬ᄭᅴ셔 우리 군대와 함ᄭᅴ 나아가지 아니하시나이다
{{절|一〇八|一二}} 우리를 도아 대뎍을 치게 하쇼셔 사람의 구원은 헛됨이니이다
{{절|一〇八|一三}} 우리가 하나님을 의지하고 용가히 행하리니 뎌는 우리의 {{SIC|대뎍를|대뎍을}} 밟으실쟈심이로다

=== 뎨일백구편 ===
{{절|一〇九||장빈칸=f}} {{작게|【{{u|다윗}}의 시, 령쟝으로 {{작게|한 노래}}】}}

{{절|一〇九|一}} 나의 찬숑하는 하나님이어 잠잠하지마옵쇼셔
{{절|一〇九|二}} 대뎌 뎌희가 악한 입과 궤샤한 입을 열어 나를 치며 거즛된 혀로 내게 말하며
{{절|一〇九|三}} ᄯᅩ 뮈워하는말노 나를 두루고 무고히 나를 공격하엿나이다
{{절|一〇九|四}} 나는 사랑하나 뎌희는 도로혀 나를 대뎍하니 나는 긔도할{{작게|ᄲᅮᆫ}}이라
{{절|一〇九|五}} 뎌희가 악으로 나의 션을 갑흐며 뮈워함으로 나의 사랑을 갑핫사오니
{{절|一〇九|六}} 악인으로 뎌를 졔어하게 하시며 &lt;ref&gt;(사탄)숑사하는쟈&lt;/ref&gt;대뎍으로 그 오른편에 서게 하쇼셔
{{절|一〇九|七}} 뎌가 판단을 밧을ᄯᅢ에 죄를 지고 나오게 하시며 그 긔도가 죄로 변케 하시며
{{절|一〇九|八}} 그 년수를 단촉케 하시며 그 직분을 타인이 ᄎᆔ하게 하시며
{{절|一〇九|九}} 그 자녀는 고아가 되고 그 안해는 과부가 되며
{{절|一〇九|一〇}} 그 자녀가 류리구걸하며 그 황폐한 {{작게|집}}을 {{작게|ᄯᅥ나}} 빌어먹게 하쇼셔
{{절|一〇九|一一}} 고리대금하는쟈로 뎌의 소유를 다 ᄎᆔ하게 하시며 뎌의 슈고한 것을 외인이 탈ᄎᆔ하게 하시며
{{절|一〇九|一二}} 뎌의게 은혜를 계속할쟈가 업게 하시며 그 고아를 련휼할쟈도 업게 하시며
{{절|一〇九|一三}} 그 후사가 ᄭᅳᆫ허지게 하시며 후대에 뎌희 일홈이 도말되게 하쇼셔
{{절|一〇九|一四}} 여호와는 그 렬조의 죄악을 긔억하시며 그 어미의 죄를 도말치말으시고
{{절|一〇九|一五}} {{작게|그 죄악을}} 항샹 여호와 압헤 잇게 하샤 뎌희 긔념을 ᄯᅡ에셔 ᄭᅳᆫ흐쇼셔
{{절|一〇九|一六}} 뎌가 긍휼히 녁일 일을 생각지아니하고 간난하고 궁핍한쟈와 마암이 샹한쟈를 핍박하야 죽이려한 연고니이다
{{절|一〇九|一七}} 뎌가 져주하기를 됴화하더니 그것이 자긔의게 림하고 츅복하기를 깃버아니하더니 {{작게|복이}} 뎌를 멀니 ᄯᅥ낫스며
{{절|一〇九|一八}} ᄯᅩ 져주하기를 옷 닙듯 하더니 {{작게|져주가}} 물 갓치 그 내부에 드러가며 기름갓치 그ᄲᅧ에 드러갓나이다
{{절|一〇九|一九}} {{작게|져주가}} 그 닙는 옷 갓고 항샹ᄯᅴ는 ᄯᅴ{{upe}}&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>페이지:셩경 개역.pdf/983</title>
    <ns>250</ns>
    <id>83712</id>
    <revision>
      <id>427609</id>
      <parentid>364766</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T02:17:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aspere</username>
        <id>5453</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>427609</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3130" sha1="1qzsykjtlpl1f93iycdbj6gmi9sx3wf" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;1&quot; user=&quot;Aspere&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;와 갓게 하쇼셔
{{절|一〇九|二〇}} 이는 대뎍 곳 내 령혼을 대뎍하야 악담하는쟈가 여호와ᄭᅴ 밧는 보응이니이다
{{절|一〇九|二一}} 쥬 여호와여 쥬의 일홈을 인하야 나를 {{작게|션}}대하시며 쥬의 인자하심이 션함을 인하야 나를 건지쇼셔
{{절|一〇九|二二}} 나는 간난하고 궁핍하야 즁심이 샹함이니이다
{{절|一〇九|二三}} 나의 가는 것은 셕양 그림자 갓고 ᄯᅩ 메ᄯᅳᆨ이 갓치 불녀가오며
{{절|一〇九|二四}} 금식함을 인하야 내 무릅은 약하고 내 육톄는 수쳑하오며
{{절|一〇九|二五}} 나는 ᄯᅩ 뎌희의 훼방거리라 뎌희가 나를 본즉 머리를 흔드나이다
{{절|一〇九|二六}} 여호와 나의 하나님이어 나를 도으시며 쥬의 인자하심을 좃차 나를 구원하쇼셔
{{절|一〇九|二七}} 이 것이 쥬의 손인줄을 뎌희로 알게 하쇼셔 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 이를 행하셧나이다
{{절|一〇九|二八}} 뎌희는 져주하여도 쥬는 {{작게|내게}} 복을 주쇼셔 뎌희는 니러날ᄯᅢ에 슈치를 당할지라도 쥬의 죵은 즐거워하리이다
{{절|一〇九|二九}} 나의 대뎍으로 욕을 {{작게|옷}}닙듯하게 하시며 자긔 슈치를 것옷 갓치 닙게 하쇼셔
{{절|一〇九|三〇}} 내가 입으로 여호와ᄭᅴ 크게 감샤하며 무리 즁에셔 찬숑하리니
{{절|一〇九|三一}} 뎌가 궁핍한쟈의 우편에 서샤 그 령혼을 판단하려 하는쟈의게셔 구원하실 것임이로다

=== 뎨일백십편 ===
{{절|一一〇||장빈칸=f}} {{작게|【{{u|다윗}}의 시】}}

{{절|一一〇|一}} 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 내 쥬의게 말삼하시기를 내가 네 원슈로 네 발등상 되게 하기ᄭᅡ지 너는 내 우편에 안즈라 하셧도다
{{절|一一〇|二}} 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 {{du|시온}}에셔브터 &lt;ref&gt;힘의집행이를나타내시리니&lt;/ref&gt;쥬의 권능의 홀을 내여 보내시리니 쥬는 원슈즁에셔 다사리쇼셔
{{절|一一〇|三}} 쥬의 권능의 날에 쥬의 백셩이 거륵한옷을 닙고 즐거히 헌신하니 쥬의 쳥년이 쥬ᄭᅴ 대하야 새벽 이슬 갓도다
{{절|一一〇|四}} 여호와는 맹셔하고 변치아니 하시리라 {{작게|닐아시기를}} 너는 {{u|멜기세덱}}의 반차를 좃차 영원한 졔사쟝이라 하셧도다
{{절|一一〇|五}} 쥬의 우편에 계씬 쥬ᄭᅴ셔 그 노하시는 날에 렬왕을 쳐셔 파하실것이라
{{절|一一〇|六}} 렬방즁에 판단하야 시톄로 가득하게 하시고 여러 나라의 머리를 쳐셔 파하시며
{{절|一一〇|七}} 길 가의 시내물을 마시고 인하야 그 머리를 드시리로다

=== 뎨일백십일편 ===
{{절|一一一|一|장빈칸=f}} &lt;ref name=&quot;할넬누야&quot;&gt;여호와를찬숑하라&lt;/ref&gt;할넬누야 내가 졍직한쟈의 회와 공회즁에셔 젼심으로 여호와ᄭᅴ 감샤하리로다
{{절|一一一|二}} 여호와의 행사가 크시니 이를 즐거워하는쟈가 다 연구하는도다
{{절|一一一|三}} 그 행사가 존귀하고 엄위하며&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>페이지:셩경 개역.pdf/984</title>
    <ns>250</ns>
    <id>83713</id>
    <revision>
      <id>427610</id>
      <parentid>364780</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T02:17:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aspere</username>
        <id>5453</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>427610</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3100" sha1="ht5hef346yn89kegctqtep7nvv7ixs1" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;1&quot; user=&quot;Aspere&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;그 의가 영원히 잇도다
{{절|一一一|四}} 그 긔이한 일을 사람으로 긔억케 하셧스니 여호와는 은혜로우시고 자비하시도다
{{절|一一一|五}} 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 자긔를 경외하는쟈의게 량식을 주시며 그 언약을 영원히 긔억하시리로다
{{절|一一一|六}} 뎌가 자긔 백셩의게 렬방을 긔업으로 주샤 그 행사의 능을 뎌희게 보이셧도다
{{절|一一一|七}} 그 손의 행사는 진실과 공의며 그 법도는 다 확실하니
{{절|一一一|八}} 영원무궁히 뎡하신바요 진실과 졍의로 행하신바로다
{{절|一一一|九}} 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 그 백셩의게 구쇽을 베프시며 그 언약을 영원히 세우셧스니 그 일홈이 거륵하고 지존하시도다
{{절|一一一|一〇}} 여호와를 경외함이 곳 지혜의 근본이라 그 {{작게|계명}}을 직히는쟈는 다 됴흔 지각이 잇나니 여호와를 찬숑함이 영원히 잇스리로다

=== 뎨일백십이편 ===
{{절|一一二|一|장빈칸=f}} &lt;ref name=&quot;할넬누야&quot; /&gt;할넬누야 여호와를 경외하며 그 계명을 크게 즐거워하는쟈는 복이 잇도다
{{절|一一二|二}} 그 후손이 ᄯᅡ에셔 강셩함이어 졍직쟈의 후대가 복이 잇스리로다
{{절|一一二|三}} 부요와 재물이 그 집에 잇슴이어 그 의가 영원히 잇스리로다
{{절|一一二|四}} 졍직한쟈의게는 흑암즁에 빗치 니러나나니 그는 어질고 자비하고 의로운쟈로다
{{절|一一二|五}} 은혜를 베플며 ᄭᅮ이는쟈는 잘되나니 그 &lt;ref&gt;재판에득숑하리로다&lt;/ref&gt;일을 공의로 하리로다
{{절|一一二|六}} 뎌가 영영히 요동치아니함이어 의인은 영원히 긔념하게 되리로다
{{절|一一二|七}} 그는 흉한 쇼식을 두려워아니함이어 여호와를 의뢰하고 그 마암을 굿게 뎡하엿도다
{{절|一一二|八}} 그 마암이 견고하야 두려워아니할 것이라 그 대뎍의 {{작게|밧는 보응을}} 필경 보리로다
{{절|一一二|九}} 뎌가 {{작게|재물을}} 흣허 빈궁한쟈의게 주엇스니 그 의가 영원히 잇고 그 ᄲᅮᆯ이 영화로히 들니리로다
{{절|一一二|一〇}} 악인은 이를 보고 한하야 니를 갈면셔 쇼멸하리니 악인의 소욕은 멸망하리로다

=== 뎨일백십삼편 ===
{{절|一一三|一|장빈칸=f}} &lt;ref name=&quot;할넬누야&quot; /&gt;할넬누야 여호와의 죵들아 찬양하라 여호와의 일홈을 찬양하라
{{절|一一三|二}} 이제브터 영원ᄭᅡ지 여호와의 일홈을 찬숑할지로다
{{절|一一三|三}} 해 돗는대셔브터 해 지는대ᄭᅡ지 여호와의 일홈이 찬양을 밧으시리로다
{{절|一一三|四}} 여호와는 모든 나라 우에 놉흐시며 그 영광은 하날 우에 {{작게|놉흐시}}도다
{{절|一一三|五}} 여호와 우리 하나님과 갓흔쟈 누구리오 놉흔 위에 안즈셧스나
{{절|一一三|六}} 스사로 낫초샤 텬디를 삷히시고
{{절|一一三|七}} 간난한쟈를 진토에셔 니르키시며 궁핍한쟈를&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>페이지:셩경 개역.pdf/985</title>
    <ns>250</ns>
    <id>83714</id>
    <revision>
      <id>427611</id>
      <parentid>364786</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T02:17:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aspere</username>
        <id>5453</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>427611</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
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      <text bytes="3145" sha1="45rtmiobyruyu2fy9wskqtyfaz5kdo7" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;1&quot; user=&quot;Aspere&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;거름 무덕이에셔 드서셔
{{절|一一三|八}} 방백들 곳 그 백셩의 방백들과 함ᄭᅴ 세우시며
{{절|一一三|九}} ᄯᅩ 잉태치못하던 녀자로 집에 거하게 하샤 자녀의 즐거운 어미가 {{작게|되게하시는도다}} &lt;ref name=&quot;할넬누야&quot; /&gt;할넬누야

=== 뎨일백십사편 ===
{{절|一一四|一|장빈칸=f}} {{du|이스라엘}}이 {{du|애굽}}에셔 나오며 {{du|야곱}}의 집 이방언 다른민족의게셔 나올ᄯᅢ에
{{절|一一四|二}} {{du|유다}}는 여호와의 셩소가 되고 {{du|이스라엘}}은 그의 령토가 되엿도다
{{절|一一四|三}} 바다는 이를 보고 도망하며 {{du|요단}}은 물너갓스며
{{절|一一四|四}} 산들은 슈양 갓치 ᄯᅱ놀며 적은 산들은 어린양 갓치 {{작게|ᄯᅱ엇}}도다
{{절|一一四|五}} 바다야 네가 도망함은 엇짐이며 {{du|요단}}아 네가 물너감은 엇짐인고
{{절|一一四|六}} 너희 산들아 슈양갓치 ᄯᅱ놀며 적은 산들아 어린양 갓치 {{작게|ᄯᅱ놂은 엇짐}}인고
{{절|一一四|七}} ᄯᅡ여 너는 쥬 압 곳 {{u|야곱}}의 하나님 압헤셔 ᄯᅥᆯ지어다
{{절|一一四|八}} 뎌가 반셕을 변하야 못이 되게 하시며 차돌노 샘물이 되게 하셧도다

=== 뎨일백십오편 ===
{{절|一一五|一|장빈칸=f}} 여호와여 영광을 우리의게 돌니지마옵쇼셔 우리의게 돌니지마옵쇼셔 오직 쥬의 인자하심과 진실하심을 인하야 쥬의 일홈에 돌니쇼셔
{{절|一一五|二}} 엇지하야 렬방으로 뎌희 하나님이 이제 어대 잇나냐 말하게 하리잇가
{{절|一一五|三}} 오직 우리 하나님은 하날에 계서셔 원하시는 모든 것을 행하셧나이다
{{절|一一五|四}} 뎌희 우샹은 은과 금이오 사람의 슈공{{작게|물}}이라
{{절|一一五|五}} 입이 잇서도 말하지못하며 눈이 잇서도 보지못하며
{{절|一一五|六}} 귀가 잇서도 듯지못하며 코가 잇서도 맛지못하며
{{절|一一五|七}} 손이 잇서도 만지지못하며 발이 잇서도 것지못하며 목 구멍으로 소래도 못하나니라
{{절|一一五|八}} 우샹을 만드는쟈와 그것을 의지하는쟈가 다 그와 갓흐리로다
{{절|一一五|九}} {{du|이스라엘}}아 여호와를 의지하라 그는 너희 도음이시오 너희 방패시로다
{{절|一一五|一〇}} {{u|아론}}의 집이어 여호와를 의지하라 그는 너희 도음이시오 너희 방패시로다
{{절|一一五|一一}} 여호와를 경외하는 너희는 여호와를 의지하라 그는 너희 도음이시오 너희 방패시로다
{{절|一一五|一二}} 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 우리를 생각하샤 복을 주시대 {{du|이스라엘}} 집에도 복을 주시고 {{u|아론}}의 집에도 복을 주시며
{{절|一一五|一三}} 대쇼무론하고 여호와를 경외하는쟈의게 복을 주시리로다
{{절|一一五|一四}} 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 너희 곳 너희와 ᄯᅩ 너희 자손을 더욱 번챵케 하시기를 원하노라
{{절|一一五|一五}} 너희는 텬디를 지으신 여호와ᄭᅴ&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>페이지:셩경 개역.pdf/986</title>
    <ns>250</ns>
    <id>83715</id>
    <revision>
      <id>427612</id>
      <parentid>364792</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T02:18:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aspere</username>
        <id>5453</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>427612</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3180" sha1="kz5os40xjhyqdsjgqqwp4uffzvn47nc" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;1&quot; user=&quot;Aspere&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;복을 밧는쟈로다
{{절|一一五|一六}} 하날은 여호와의 하날이라도 ᄯᅡ는 인생의게 주셧도다
{{절|一一五|一七}} 죽은쟈가 여호와를 찬양하지못하나니 젹막한대 나려가는 아모도 못하리로다
{{절|一一五|一八}} 우리는 이제브터 영원ᄭᅡ지 여호와를 숑츅하리로다 &lt;ref name=&quot;할넬누야&quot; /&gt;할넬누야

=== 뎨일백십륙편 ===
{{절|一一六|一|장빈칸=f}} 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 내 음셩과 내 간구를 드르심으로 내가 뎌를 사랑하는도다
{{절|一一六|二}} 그 귀를 내게 기우리셧슴으로 내가 평생에 긔도하리로다
{{절|一一六|三}} 사망의 줄이 나를 두루고 음부의 고통이 내게 밋침으로 내가 환난과 슯흠을 맛낫슬ᄯᅢ에
{{절|一一六|四}} 내가 여호와의 일홈으로 긔도하기를 여호와여 쥬ᄭᅴ 구하오니 내 령혼을 건지쇼셔 하엿도다
{{절|一一六|五}} 여호와는 은혜로우시며 의로우시며 우리 하나님은 자비하시도다
{{절|一一六|六}} 여호와ᄭᅴ셔는 어리셕은쟈를 보존하시나니 내가 낫게 될ᄯᅢ에 나를 구원하셧도다
{{절|一一六|七}} 내 령혼아 네 평안함에 도라갈지어다 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 너를 후대하심이로다
{{절|一一六|八}} 쥬ᄭᅴ셔 내 령혼을 사망에셔 내 눈을 눈물에셔 내 발을 너머짐에셔 건지셧나이다
{{절|一一六|九}} 내가 생존 셰계에셔 여호와 압헤 행하리로다
{{절|一一六|一〇}} 내가 밋는 고로 말하리라 내가 큰 곤난을 당하엿도다
{{절|一一六|一一}} 내가 경겁즁에 닐아기를 모든 사람은 거즛 말쟝이라 하엿도다
{{절|一一六|一二}} 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 내게 주신 모든 은혜를 무엇으로 보답할고
{{절|一一六|一三}} 내가 구원의 잔을 들고 여호와의 일홈을 부르며
{{절|一一六|一四}} 여호와의 모든 백셩 압헤셔 나의 셔원을 여호와ᄭᅴ 갑흐리로다
{{절|一一六|一五}} 셩도의 죽는것을 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 귀즁히 보시는도다
{{절|一一六|一六}} 여호와여 나는 진실노 쥬의 죵이오 쥬의 녀죵의 아달 곳 쥬의 죵이라 쥬ᄭᅴ셔 나의 결박을 푸셧나이다
{{절|一一六|一七}} 내가 쥬ᄭᅴ 감샤졔를 드리고 여호와의 일홈을 부르리이다
{{절|一一六|一八}} 내가 여호와의 모든 백셩 압헤셔 나의 셔원을 여호와ᄭᅴ 갑흘지라
{{절|一一六|一九}} {{du|예루살넴}}아 네 가온대셔 여호와의 뎐뎡에셔 내가 갑흐리로다 &lt;ref name=&quot;할넬누야&quot; /&gt;할넬누야

=== 뎨일백십칠편 ===
{{절|一一七|一|장빈칸=f}} 너희 모든 나라들아 여호와를 찬양하며 너희 모든 백셩들아 뎌를 칭숑할지어다
{{절|一一七|二}} 우리의게 향하신 여호와의 인자하심이 크고 진실하심이 영원함이로다 &lt;ref name=&quot;할넬누야&quot; /&gt;할넬누야

=== 뎨일백십팔편 ===
{{절|一一八|一|장빈칸=f}} 여호와ᄭᅴ 감샤하라 뎌는 션하시며 그 인자하심이 영원함이로다
{{절|一一八|二}} 이제 {{du|이스라엘}}은 말{{upe}}&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>페이지:셩경 개역.pdf/987</title>
    <ns>250</ns>
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      <id>427613</id>
      <parentid>364797</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T02:18:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aspere</username>
        <id>5453</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>427613</origin>
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      <text bytes="3102" sha1="a9gwt2th8bo8sbsxkmj9d872mbu674j" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;1&quot; user=&quot;Aspere&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;하기를 그 인자하심이 영원하다 할지로다
{{절|一一八|三}} 이제 {{u|아론}}의 집은 말하기를 그 인자하심이 영원하다 할지로다
{{절|一一八|四}} 이제 여호와를 경외하는쟈는 말하기를 그 인자하심이 영원하다 할지로다
{{절|一一八|五}} 내가 고통즁에 여호와ᄭᅴ 부르지졋더니 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 응답하시고 나를 광할한 곳에 {{작게|세우셧}}도다
{{절|一一八|六}} 여호와는 내 편이시라 내게 두려움이 업나니 사람이 내게 엇지할고
{{절|一一八|七}} 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 내 편이 되샤 나를 돕는쟈즁에 계시니 그럼으로 나를 뮈워하는쟈의게 {{작게|보응하시는 것을}} 내가 보리로다
{{절|一一八|八}} 여호와ᄭᅴ 피함이 사람을 신뢰함보다 나으며
{{절|一一八|九}} 여호와ᄭᅴ 피함이 방백들을 신뢰함보다 낫도다
{{절|一一八|一〇}} 렬바잉 나를 에워쌋스니 내가 여호와의 일홈으로 뎌희를 ᄭᅳᆫ흐리로다
{{절|一一八|一一}} 뎌희가 나를 에워싸고 에워쌋스니 내가 여호와의 일홈으로 뎌희를 ᄭᅳᆫ흐리로다
{{절|一一八|一二}} 뎌희가 벌과 갓치 나를 에워쌋스나 가시 덤불의 불 갓치 쇼멸되엿나니 내가 여호와의 일홈으로 뎌희를 ᄭᅳᆫ흐리로다
{{절|一一八|一三}} 네가 나를 밀쳐 너머터리려 하엿스나 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 나를 도으셧도다
{{절|一一八|一四}} 여호와는 나의 능력과 찬숑이시오 ᄯᅩ 나의 구원이 되셧도다
{{절|一一八|一五}} 의인의 쟝막에 깃븐 소래 구원의 소래가 잇슴이어 여호와의 오른손이 권능을 베프시며
{{절|一一八|一六}} 여호와의 오른손이 놉히 들녓스며 여호와의 오른손이 권능을 베프시는도다
{{절|一一八|一七}} 내가 죽지안코 살아셔 여호와의 행사를 션포하리로다
{{절|一一八|一八}} 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 나를 심히 경책하셧셔도 죽음에는 붓치지아니하셧도다
{{절|一一八|一九}} 내게 의의 문을 열지어다 내가 드러가셔 여호와ᄭᅴ 감샤하리로다
{{절|一一八|二〇}} 이는 여호와의 문이라 의인이 그리로 드러가리로다
{{절|一一八|二一}} 쥬ᄭᅴ셔 내게 응답하시고 나의 구원이 되셧스니 내가 쥬ᄭᅴ 감샤하리이다
{{절|一一八|二二}} 건츅쟈의 바린 돌이 {{작게|집}}모통이의 머리돌이 되엿나니
{{절|一一八|二三}} 이는 여호와의 행하신 것이오 우리 눈에 긔이한바로다
{{절|一一八|二四}} 이 날은 여호와의 &lt;ref&gt;지으신날&lt;/ref&gt;뎡하신것이라 이 날에 우리가 즐거워하고 깃버하리로다
{{절|一一八|二五}} 여호와여 구하옵나니 이제 구원하쇼셔 여호와여 우리가 구하옵나니 이제 형통케 하쇼셔
{{절|一一八|二六}} 여호와의 일홈으로 오는쟈가 복이 잇슴이어 우리가 여호와의 집에셔 너희를 츅복하엿도다
{{절|一一八|二七}} 여호와는 하나님이{{upe}}&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <ns>250</ns>
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      <id>427614</id>
      <parentid>364803</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T02:18:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aspere</username>
        <id>5453</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>427614</origin>
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      <text bytes="3143" sha1="2976uhlwd0jsnr7pbmddhtfqvxpamjm" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;1&quot; user=&quot;Aspere&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;시라 우리의게 빗최셧스니 줄노 희생을 졔단ᄲᅮᆯ에 맬지어다
{{절|一一八|二八}} 쥬는 나의 하나님이시라 내가 쥬ᄭᅴ 감하리이다 쥬는 나의 하나님이시라 내가 쥬를 놉히리이다
{{절|一一八|二九}} 여호와ᄭᅴ 감샤하라 그는 션하시며 그 인자하심이 영원함이로다

=== 뎨일백십구편 ===
{{절|一一九|一|장빈칸=f}} 행위 완젼하야 여호와의 법에 행하는쟈가 복이 잇슴이어
{{절|一一九|二}} 여호와의 증거를 직히고 젼심으로 여호와를 구하는쟈가 복이 잇도다
{{절|一一九|三}} 실노 뎌희는 불의를 행치아니하고 쥬의 도를 행하는도다
{{절|一一九|四}} 쥬ᄭᅴ셔 쥬의 법도로 명하샤 우리로 근실히 직히게 하셧나이다
{{절|一一九|五}} 내 길을 구지 뎡하샤 쥬의 률례를 직히게 하쇼셔
{{절|一一九|六}} 내가 쥬의 모든 계명에 주의 할ᄯᅢ에는 붓그럽지 아니하리이다
{{절|一一九|七}} 내가 쥬의 의로운 판단을 배홀ᄯᅢ에는 졍직한 마암으로 쥬ᄭᅴ 감샤하리이다
{{절|一一九|八}} 내가 쥬의 률례를 직히오리니 나를 아조 바리지 마옵쇼셔〇
{{절|一一九|九}} 쳥년이 무엇으로 그 행실을 ᄭᅢᆨ긋게 하리잇가 쥬의 말삼을 ᄯᅡ라 삼갈 것이니이다
{{절|一一九|一〇}} 내가 젼심으로 쥬를 차잣사오니 쥬의 계명에셔 ᄯᅥ나지말게 하쇼셔
{{절|一一九|一一}} 내가 쥬ᄭᅴ 범죄치아니하려 하야 쥬의 말삼을 내 마암에 두엇나이다
{{절|一一九|一二}} 찬숑을 밧으실 여호와여 쥬의 률례를 내게 가라치쇼셔
{{절|一一九|一三}} 쥬의 입에 모든 규례를 나의 입셜노 션포하엿스며
{{절|一一九|一四}} 내가 모든 재물을 즐거워함 갓치 쥬의 증거의 도를 즐거워 하엿나이다
{{절|一一九|一五}} 내가 쥬의 법도를 믁샹하며 쥬의 도에 주의하며
{{절|一一九|一六}} 쥬의 률례를 즐거워하며 쥬의 말삼을 닛지아니하리이다〇
{{절|一一九|一七}} 쥬의 죵을 후대하야 살게 하쇼셔 그리하시면 쥬의 말삼을 직히리이다
{{절|一一九|一八}} 내 눈을 여러셔 쥬의 법의 긔이한것을 보게 하쇼셔
{{절|一一九|一九}} 나는 ᄯᅡ에셔 객이 되엿사오니 쥬의 계명을 내게 숨기지 말으쇼셔
{{절|一一九|二〇}} 쥬의 규례를 항샹 사모함으로 내 마암이 샹하나이다
{{절|一一九|二一}} 교만하야 져주를 밧으며 쥬의 계명에셔 ᄯᅥ나는쟈를 쥬ᄭᅴ셔 ᄭᅮ지즈셧나이다
{{절|一一九|二二}} 내가 쥬의 증거를 직혓사오니 훼방과 멸시를 내게셔 ᄯᅥ나게 하쇼셔
{{절|一一九|二三}} 방백들도 안져 나를 훼방하엿사오나 쥬의 죵은 쥬의 률례를 믁샹하엿나이다
{{절|一一九|二四}} 쥬의 증거는 나의 즐거움이오 나의 모사니이다〇
{{절|一一九|二五}} 내 령혼이 진토에 붓헛사오니 쥬의 말삼대로 나를 소셩케 하쇼셔
{{절|一一九|二六}} 내가&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
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    <ns>250</ns>
    <id>83718</id>
    <revision>
      <id>427615</id>
      <parentid>364818</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T02:19:19Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Aspere</username>
        <id>5453</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
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      <text bytes="3132" sha1="igqnexcegzrusdrxay6zh9i3k4ueq21" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;1&quot; user=&quot;Aspere&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;나의 행위를 고하매 쥬ᄭᅴ셔 내게 응답하셧스니 쥬의 률례를 내게 가라치쇼셔
{{절|一一九|二七}} 나로 쥬의 법도의 길을 ᄭᅢ닷게 하쇼셔 그리하시면 내가 쥬의 긔사를 믁샹하리이다
{{절|一一九|二八}} 나의 령혼이 눌님을 인하야 녹사오니 쥬의 말삼대로 나를 세우쇼셔
{{절|一一九|二九}} 거즛 행위를 내게셔 ᄯᅥ나게 하시고 쥬의 법을 내게 은혜로히 베프쇼셔
{{절|一一九|三〇}} 내가 셩실한 길을 택하고 쥬의 규례를 {{작게|내 압헤}} 두엇나이다
{{절|一一九|三一}} 내가 쥬의 증거에 밀졉하엿사오니 여호와여 나로 슈치를 당케 말으쇼셔
{{절|一一九|三二}} 쥬ᄭᅴ셔 내 마암을 넓히시오면 내가 쥬의 계명의 길노 달녀가리이다〇
{{절|一一九|三三}} 여호와여 쥬의 률례의 도를 내게 가라치쇼셔 내가 ᄭᅳᆺᄭᅡ지 직히리이다
{{절|一一九|三四}} 나로 ᄭᅢ닷게 하쇼셔 내가 쥬의 법을 준행하며 젼심으로 직히리이다
{{절|一一九|三五}} 나로 쥬의 계명의 쳡경으로 행케 하쇼셔 내가 이를 즐거워함이니다
{{절|一一九|三六}} 내 마암을 쥬의 증거로 향하게 하시고 탐욕으로 {{작게|향치}}말게 하쇼셔
{{절|一一九|三七}} 내 눈을 도리켜 허탄한 것을 보지말게 하시고 쥬의 도에 나를 소셩케 하쇼셔
{{절|一一九|三八}} 쥬를 경외케 하는 쥬의 말삼을 쥬의 죵의게 세우쇼셔
{{절|一一九|三九}} 나의 두려워하는 훼방을 내게셔 ᄯᅥ나게 하쇼셔 쥬의 규례는 션하심이니이다
{{절|一一九|四〇}} 내가 쥬의 법도를 사모하엿사오니 쥬의 의에 나를 소셩케 하쇼셔〇
{{절|一一九|四一}} 여호와여 쥬의 말삼대로 쥬의 인자하심과 쥬의 구원을 내게 림하게 하쇼셔
{{절|一一九|四二}} 그리하시면 내가 나를 훼방하는쟈의게 대답할 말이 잇사오리니 내가 쥬의 말삼을 의뢰함이니이다
{{절|一一九|四三}} 진리의 말삼이 내 입에셔 조곰도 ᄯᅥ나지말게 하쇼셔 내가 쥬의 규례를 바랏슴이니이다
{{절|一一九|四四}} 내가 쥬의 률법을 항샹 영영히 ᄭᅳᆺ업시 직히리이다
{{절|一一九|四五}} 내가 쥬의 법도를 구하엿사오니 자유롭게 행보할 것이오며
{{절|一一九|四六}} ᄯᅩ 렬왕 압헤 쥬의 증거를 말할 ᄯᅢ에 슈치를 당치아니하겟사오며
{{절|一一九|四七}} 나의 사랑하는바 쥬의 계명을 스사로 즐거워하며
{{절|一一九|四八}} ᄯᅩ 나의 사랑하는바 쥬의 계명에 내 손을 들고 쥬의 률례를 믁샹하리이다〇
{{절|一一九|四九}} 쥬의 죵의게 {{작게|하신}} 마삼을 긔억하쇼셔 쥬ᄭᅴ셔 나로 소망이 잇게 하셧나이다
{{절|一一九|五〇}} 이 {{작게|말삼}}은 나의 곤난즁에 위로라 쥬의 말삼이 나를 살니셧슴이니이다
{{절|一一九|五一}} 교만한쟈가 나를 심히 죠롱하엿셔도 나는 쥬의 법을 ᄯᅥ나{{upe}}&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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{{절|一一九|五二}} 여호와여 쥬의 녯 규례를 내가 긔억하고 스사로 위로하엿나이다
{{절|一一九|五三}} 쥬의 률법을 바린 악인들을 인하야 내가 맹렬한 노에 잡혓나이다
{{절|一一九|五四}} 나의 나그내된 집에셔 쥬의 률례가 나의 노래가 되엿나이다
{{절|一一九|五五}} 여호와여 내가 밤에 쥬의 일홈을 긔억하고 쥬의 법을 직혓나이다
{{절|一一九|五六}} 내 소유는 이것이니 곳 쥬의 법도를 직힌 것이니이다〇
{{절|一一九|五七}} 여호와는 나의 분깃이시니 나는 쥬의 말삼을 직히리라 하엿나이다
{{절|一一九|五八}} 내가 젼심으로 쥬의 은혜를 구하엿사오니 쥬의 말삼대로 나를 긍휼히 녁이쇼셔
{{절|一一九|五九}} 내가 내 행위를 생각하고 쥬의 증거로 내 발을 도리켯사오며
{{절|一一九|六〇}} 쥬의 계명을 직히기에 신속히 하고 지쳬치아니 하엿나이다
{{절|一一九|六一}} 악인의 줄이 내게 두루 얽혓슬지라도 나는 쥬의 법을 닛지아니하엿나이다
{{절|一一九|六二}} 내가 쥬의 의로운 규례를 인하야 밤즁에 니러나 쥬ᄭᅴ 감샤하리이다
{{절|一一九|六三}} 나는 쥬를 경외하는 모든 쟈와 쥬의 법도를 직히는쟈의 동모라
{{절|一一九|六四}} 여호와여 쥬의 인자하심이 ᄯᅡ에 츙만하엿사오니 쥬의 률례로 나를 가라치쇼셔〇
{{절|一一九|六五}} 여호와여 쥬의 말삼대로 쥬의 죵을 션대하셧나이다
{{절|一一九|六六}} 내가 쥬의계명을 밋엇사오니 명쳘과 지식을 내게 가라치쇼셔
{{절|一一九|六七}} 고난당하기 젼에는 내가 그릇 행하엿더니 이제는 쥬의 말삼을 직히나이다
{{절|一一九|六八}} 쥬는 션하샤 션을 행하시오니 쥬의 률례로 나를 가라치쇼셔
{{절|一一九|六九}} 교만한쟈가 거즛을 지어 나를 치려 하엿사오나 나는 젼심으로 쥬의 법도를 직히리이다
{{절|一一九|七〇}} 뎌희 마암은 &lt;ref&gt;마암이둔하야기름에잠김갓흐나&lt;/ref&gt;살져 지방 갓흐나 나는 쥬의 법을 즐거워하나이다
{{절|一一九|七一}} 고난당한것이 내게 유익이라 이로 인하야 내가 쥬의 률례를 배호게 되엿나이다
{{절|一一九|七二}} 쥬의 입에 법이 내게는 쳔쳔금은보다 승하니이다〇
{{절|一一九|七三}} 쥬의 손이 나를 만들고 세우셧사오니 나로 ᄭᅢ닷게 하샤 쥬의 계명을 배호게 하쇼셔
{{절|一一九|七四}} 쥬를 경외하는쟈가 나를 보고 깃버할 것은 내가 쥬의 말삼을 바라는 연고니이다
{{절|一一九|七五}} 여호와여 내가 알거니와 쥬의 판단은 의로우시고 쥬ᄭᅴ셔 나를 괴롭게 하심은 셩실하심으로 말매암음이니이다
{{절|一一九|七六}} 구하오니 쥬의 죵의게 하신 말삼대로 쥬의 인자하심이 나의 위안이 되게 하시며
{{절|一一九|七七}} 쥬의 긍휼히 녁이심이 내게&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="3119" sha1="he8nasdwnw69xfr44gvnu759wl67qx9" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;1&quot; user=&quot;Aspere&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;림하샤 나로 살게 하쇼셔 쥬의 법은 나의 즐거움이니이다
{{절|一一九|七八}} 교만한쟈가 &lt;ref name=&quot;거즛으로나를&quot;&gt;거즛으로나를&lt;/ref&gt;무고히 나를 업드러터렷스니 뎌희로 슈치를 당케 하쇼셔 나는 쥬의 법도를 믁샹하리이다
{{절|一一九|七九}} 쥬를 경외하는쟈로 내게 도라오게 하쇼셔 {{작게|그리하시면}} 뎌희가 쥬의 증거를 알니이다
{{절|一一九|八〇}} 내 마암으로 쥬의 률례에 완젼케 하샤 나로 슈치를 당치안케 하쇼셔〇
{{절|一一九|八一}} 나의 령혼이 쥬의 구원을 {{작게|사모하기에}} 피곤하오나 나는 오히려 쥬의 말삼을 바라나이다
{{절|一一九|八二}} 나의 말이 쥬ᄭᅴ셔 언제나 나를 안위하시겟나잇가 하면셔 내 눈이 쥬의 말삼을 {{작게|바라}}기에 피곤하니이다
{{절|一一九|八三}} 내가 연긔즁의 가죡병 갓치 되엿스나 오히려 쥬의 률례를 닛지아니하나이다
{{절|一一九|八四}} 쥬의 죵의 날이 얼마나 되나잇가 나를 핍박하는쟈를 쥬ᄭᅴ셔 언제나 국문하시리잇가
{{절|一一九|八五}} 쥬의 법을 {{작게|좃지}}아니하는 교만한쟈가 나를 해하려고 웅덩이를 팟나이다
{{절|一一九|八六}} 쥬의 모든 계명은 신실하니이다 뎌희가 &lt;ref name=&quot;거즛으로나를&quot; /&gt;무고히 나를 핍박하오니 나를 도으쇼셔
{{절|一一九|八七}} 뎌희가 나를 셰샹에셔 거의 멸하엿스나 나는 쥬의 법도를 바리지아니 하엿사오니
{{절|一一九|八八}} 쥬의 인자하심을 ᄯᅡ라 나로 소셩케 하쇼셔 그리하시면 쥬의 입의 증거를 내가 직히리이다〇
{{절|一一九|八九}} 여호와여 쥬의 말삼이 영원히 하날에 굿게 섯사오며
{{절|一一九|九〇}} 쥬의 셩실하심은 대대에 니르나이다 쥬ᄭᅴ셔 ᄯᅡ를 세우셧슴으로 ᄯᅡ가 항샹 잇사오니
{{절|一一九|九一}} {{작게|텬디가}} 쥬의 규례대로 오날ᄭᅡ지 잇슴은 만물이 쥬의 죵이 된 연고니이다
{{절|一一九|九二}} 쥬의 법이 나의 즐거움이 되지아니하엿더면 내가 내 고난즁에 멸망하엿스리이다
{{절|一一九|九三}} 내가 쥬의 법도를 영원히 닛지아니하오니 쥬ᄭᅴ셔 이것들노 나를 살게 하심이니이다
{{절|一一九|九四}} 나는 쥬의 것이오니 나를 구원하쇼셔 내가 쥬의 법도를 차잣나이다
{{절|一一九|九五}} 악인이 나를 멸하려고 엿보오나 나는 쥬의 증거를 생각하겟나이다
{{절|一一九|九六}} 내가 보니 모든 완젼한 것이 다 ᄭᅳᆺ치 잇서도 쥬의 계명은 심히 넓으니이다〇
{{절|一一九|九七}} 내가 쥬의 법을 엇지 그리 사랑하는지오 내가 그것을 죵일 믁샹하나이다
{{절|一一九|九八}} 쥬의 계명이 항샹 나와 함ᄭᅴ함으로 그것이 나로 원슈보다 지혜롭게 하나이다
{{절|一一九|九九}} 내가 쥬의 증거를 믁샹함으로 나의 명쳘함이 나의 모든 스승보다 승하며&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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{{절|一一九|一〇一}} 내가 쥬의 말삼을 직히려고 발을 금하야 모든 악한길노 가지아니하엿사오며
{{절|一一九|一〇二}} 쥬ᄭᅴ셔 나를 가라치셧슴으로 내가 쥬의 규례에셔 ᄯᅥ나지아니 하엿나이다
{{절|一一九|一〇三}} 쥬의 말삼의 맛이 내게 엇지 그리 단지오 내 입에 ᄭᅮᆯ보다 {{작게|더하니이다}}
{{절|一一九|一〇四}} 쥬의 법도로 인하야 내가 명쳘케 되엿슴으로 모든 거즛 행위를 뮈워하나이다〇
{{절|一一九|一〇五}} 쥬의 말삼은 내 발에 등이오 내 길에 빗치니이다
{{절|一一九|一〇六}} 쥬의 의로운 규례를 직히기로 맹셔하고 굿게 뎡하엿나이다
{{절|一一九|一〇七}} 나의 고난이 막심하오니 여호와여 쥬의 말삼대로 나를 소셩케 하쇼셔
{{절|一一九|一〇八}} 여호와여 구하오니 내 입의 락헌졔를 밧으시고 쥬의 규례로 나를 가라치쇼셔
{{절|一一九|一〇九}} 나의 생명이 항샹 위경에 잇사오나 쥬의 법은 닛지아니하나이다
{{절|一一九|一一〇}} 악인이 나를 해하려고 옭무를 노핫사오나 나는 쥬의 법도에셔 ᄯᅥ나지아니하엿나이다
{{절|一一九|一一一}} 쥬의 증거로 내가 영원히 긔업을 삼앗사오니 이는 내 마암의 즐거움이 됨이니이다
{{절|一一九|一一二}} 내가 쥬의 률례를 길이 ᄭᅳᆺᄭᅡ지 행하려고 내 마암을 기우렷나이다〇
{{절|一一九|一一三}} 내가 두 마암 품는쟈를 뮈워하고 쥬의 법을 사랑하나이다
{{절|一一九|一一四}} 쥬는 나의 은신쳐요 방패시라 내가 쥬의 말삼을 바라나이다
{{절|一一九|一一五}} 너희 행악쟈여 나를 ᄯᅥ날지어다 나는 내 하나님의 계명을 직히리로다
{{절|一一九|一一六}} 쥬의 말삼대로 나를 붓드러 살게 하시고 내 소망이 붓그럽지 말게 하쇼셔
{{절|一一九|一一七}} 나를 붓드쇼셔 그리하시면 내가 구원을 엇고 쥬의 률례에 항샹 주의하리이다
{{절|一一九|一一八}} 쥬의 률례에셔 ᄯᅥ나는쟈는 쥬ᄭᅴ셔 다 멸시하셧스니 뎌희 궤사는 허무함이니이다
{{절|一一九|一一九}} 쥬ᄭᅴ셔 셰샹의 모든 악인을 ᄶᅵᆺ기 갓치 바리시니 그럼으로 내가 쥬의 증거를 사랑하나이다
{{절|一一九|一二〇}} 내 육톄가 쥬를 두려워함으로 ᄯᅥᆯ며 내가 ᄯᅩ 쥬의 판단을 두려워하나이다〇
{{절|一一九|一二一}} 내가 공과 의를 행하엿사오니 나를 압박쟈의게 붓치지마옵쇼셔
{{절|一一九|一二二}} 쥬의 죵을 보증하샤 복을 {{작게|엇게}} 하시고 교만한쟈가 나를 압박하지못하게 하쇼셔
{{절|一一九|一二三}} 내 눈이 쥬의 구원과 쥬의 의로운 말삼을 {{작게|사모하기에}} 피곤하니이다
{{절|一一九|一二四}} 쥬의 인자하신대로 쥬의 죵의게 행하샤 쥬의 률례로 내게 가라치쇼셔
{{절|一一九|一二五}} 나는 쥬의 죵이오니 ᄭᅢ{{upe}}&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <parentid>364843</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T02:21:16Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="3266" sha1="aelgvn9ayhiz6z42bqaa6xlruepe7hi" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;1&quot; user=&quot;Aspere&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;닷게 하샤 쥬의 증거를 알게 하쇼셔
{{절|一一九|一二六}} 뎌희가 쥬의 법을 폐하엿사오니 지금은 여호와의 일하실ᄯᅢ니이다
{{절|一一九|一二七}} 그럼으로 내가 쥬의 계명을 금 곳 졍금보다 더 사랑하나이다
{{절|一一九|一二八}} 그럼으로 내가 범사에 {{작게|쥬의}} 법도를 바르게 녁이고 모든 거즛 행위를 뮈워하나이다〇
{{절|一一九|一二九}} 쥬의 증거가 긔이함으로 내 령혼이 이를 직히나이다
{{절|一一九|一三〇}} 쥬의 말삼을 &lt;ref&gt;해셕함으로&lt;/ref&gt;열므로 우둔한쟈의게 빗최여 ᄭᅢ닷게 하나이다
{{절|一一九|一三一}} 내가 쥬의 계명을 사모함으로 입을 열고 헐ᄯᅥᆨ엿나이다
{{절|一一九|一三二}} 쥬의 일홈을 사랑하는쟈의게 베프시던대로 내게 도리키샤 나를 긍휼히 녁이쇼셔
{{절|一一九|一三三}} 나의 행보를 쥬의 말삼에 굿게 세우시고 아모 죄악이 나를 쥬쟝치못하게 하쇼셔
{{절|一一九|一三四}} 사람의 압박에셔 나를 구쇽하쇼셔 그리하시면 내가 쥬의 법도를 직히리이다
{{절|一一九|一三五}} 쥬의 얼골노 쥬의 죵의게 빗최시고 쥬의 률례로 나를 가라치쇼셔
{{절|一一九|一三六}} 뎌희가 쥬의 법을 직히지아니함으로 내 눈{{작게|물}}이 시내 물 {{작게|갓치}} 흐르나이다〇
{{절|一一九|一三七}} 여호와여 쥬는 의로우시고 쥬의 판단은 졍직하시니이다
{{절|一一九|一三八}} 쥬의 명하신 증거는 의롭고 지극히 셩실하도소이다
{{절|一一九|一三九}} 내 대뎍이 쥬의 말삼을 니져바린고로 내 열셩이 나를 쇼멸하엿나이다
{{절|一一九|一四〇}} 쥬의 말삼이 심히 졍미함으로 쥬의 죵이 이를 사랑하나이다
{{절|一一九|一四一}} 내가 미쳔하야 멸시를 당하나 쥬의 법도를 닛지아니 하엿나이다
{{절|一一九|一四二}} 쥬의 의는 영원한 의요 쥬의 법은 진리로소이다
{{절|一一九|一四三}} 환난과 우환이 내게 밋첫스나 쥬의 계명은 나의 즐거움이니이다
{{절|一一九|一四四}} 쥬의 증거는 영원히 의로우시니 나로 ᄭᅢ닷게 하샤 살게 하쇼셔〇
{{절|一一九|一四五}} 여호와여 내가 젼심으로 부르지졋사오니 내게 응답하쇼셔 내가 쥬의 률례를 직히리이다
{{절|一一九|一四六}} 내가 쥬ᄭᅴ 부르지졋사오니 나를 구원하쇼셔 내가 쥬의 증거를 직히리이다
{{절|一一九|一四七}} 내가 새벽젼에 부르지지며 쥬의 말삼을 바랏사오며
{{절|一一九|一四八}} 쥬의 말삼을 믁샹하려고 내 눈이 야경이 {{작게|깁기}} 젼에 {{작게|ᄭᅢ엿}}나이다
{{절|一一九|一四九}} 쥬의 인자하심을 ᄯᅡ라 내 소래를 드르쇼셔 여호와여 쥬의 규례를 ᄯᅡ라 나를 살니쇼셔
{{절|一一九|一五〇}} 악을 좃는쟈가 갓가히 왓사오니 뎌희는 쥬의 법에셔 머니이다
{{절|一一九|一五一}} 여호와여 쥬ᄭᅴ셔 갓가히 계시오니 쥬의 모든 계명은 진리니이다
{{절|一一九|一五二}} 내가 젼브터 쥬의 증거를 궁구함{{upe}}&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>aelgvn9ayhiz6z42bqaa6xlruepe7hi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>페이지:셩경 개역.pdf/994</title>
    <ns>250</ns>
    <id>83723</id>
    <revision>
      <id>427620</id>
      <parentid>364849</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T02:21:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aspere</username>
        <id>5453</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>427620</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3087" sha1="11slnpd4yqvtuc39ftvnvdiv1puoldq" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;1&quot; user=&quot;Aspere&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;으로 쥬ᄭᅴ셔 영원히 세우신 것인줄을 아랏나이다〇
{{절|一一九|一五三}} 나의 고난을 보시고 나를 건지쇼셔 내가 쥬의 법을 닛지아니함이니이다
{{절|一一九|一五四}} 쥬는 나의 원한을 펴시고 나를 구쇽하샤 쥬의 말삼대로 나를 소셩케 하쇼셔
{{절|一一九|一五五}} 구원이 악인의게셔 멀어짐은 뎌희가 쥬의 률례를 구하지아니함이니이다
{{절|一一九|一五六}} 여호와여 쥬의 긍휼이 크오니 쥬의 규례를 ᄯᅡ라 나를 소셩케 하쇼셔
{{절|一一九|一五七}} 나를 핍박하는쟈와 나의 대뎍이 만흐나 나는 쥬의 증거에셔 ᄯᅥ나지아니하엿나이다
{{절|一一九|一五八}} 쥬의 말삼을 직히지아니하는 궤사한쟈를 내가 보고 슯허하엿나이다
{{절|一一九|一五九}} 내가 쥬의 법도 사랑함으로 보옵쇼셔 여호와여 쥬의 인자하신대로 나를 소셩케 하쇼셔
{{절|一一九|一六〇}} 쥬의 말삼의 강령은 진리오니 쥬의 의로운 모든 규례가 영원하리이다〇
{{절|一一九|一六一}} 방백들이 무고히 나를 핍박하오나 나의 마암은 쥬의 말삼만 경외하나이다
{{절|一一九|一六二}} 사람이 만흔 탈ᄎᆔ물을 엇은 것처럼 나는 쥬의 말삼을 즐거워하나이다
{{절|一一九|一六三}} 내가 거즛을 뮈워하며 슬혀하고 쥬의 법을 사랑하나이다
{{절|一一九|一六四}} 쥬의 의로운 규례를 인하야 내가 하로 닐곱번식 쥬를 찬양하나이다
{{절|一一九|一六五}} 쥬의 법을 사랑하는쟈의게는 큰 평안이 잇스니 뎌희게 쟝애물이 업스리이다
{{절|一一九|一六六}} 여호와여 내가 쥬의 구원을 바라며 쥬의 계명을 행하엿나이다
{{절|一一九|一六七}} 내 심령이 쥬의 증거를 직혓사오며 내가 이를 지극히 사랑하나이다
{{절|一一九|一六八}} 내가 쥬의 법도와 증거를 직혓사오니 나의 모든 행위가 쥬의 압헤 잇슴이니이다〇
{{절|一一九|一六九}} 여호와여 나의 부르지즘이 쥬의 압헤 니르게 하시고 쥬의 말삼대로 나를 ᄭᅢ닷게 하쇼셔
{{절|一一九|一七〇}} 나의 간구가 쥬의 압헤 달하게 하시고 쥬의 말삼대로 나를 건지쇼셔
{{절|一一九|一七一}} 쥬ᄭᅴ셔 률례를 내게 가라치심으로 내 입셜이 찬숑을 발할지니이다
{{절|一一九|一七二}} 쥬의 모든 계명이 의로움으로 내 혀가 쥬의 말삼을 노래할지니이다
{{절|一一九|一七三}} 내가 쥬의 법도를 택하엿사오니 쥬의 손이 항샹 나의 도음이 되게 하쇼셔
{{절|一一九|一七四}} 여호와여 내가 쥬의 구원을 사모하엿사오며 쥬의 법을 즐거워하나이다
{{절|一一九|一七五}} 내 혼을 살게 하쇼셔 그리하시면 쥬를 찬숑하리이다 쥬의 규례가 나를 돕게 하쇼셔
{{절|一一九|一七六}} 일흔 양 갓치 내가 류리하오니 쥬의 죵을 차즈쇼셔 내가 쥬의 계명{{upe}}&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>11slnpd4yqvtuc39ftvnvdiv1puoldq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>페이지:셩경 개역.pdf/995</title>
    <ns>250</ns>
    <id>83724</id>
    <revision>
      <id>427621</id>
      <parentid>364855</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T02:21:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aspere</username>
        <id>5453</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>427621</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3200" sha1="76ay9wfj087le6k9fezbpfq0lits6e8" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;1&quot; user=&quot;Aspere&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;을 닛지 아니함이니이다

=== 뎨일백이십편 ===
{{절|一二〇||장빈칸=f}} {{작게|【셩뎐에 올나가는 노래】}}

{{절|一二〇|一}} 내가 환난즁에 여호와ᄭᅴ 부르지졋더니 내게 응답하셧도다
{{절|一二〇|二}} 여호와여 거즛된 입셜{{작게|과}} 궤사한 혀에셔 내 생명을 건지쇼셔
{{절|一二〇|三}} 너 궤사한 혀여 무엇으로 네게 주며 무엇으로 네게 더할고
{{절|一二〇|四}} 장사의 날카로운 살과 {{물결밑줄|로뎀}}나무 숫불이리로다
{{절|一二〇|五}} {{du|메섹}}에 류하며 {{du|게달}}의 쟝막즁에 거하는 것이 내게 화로다
{{절|一二〇|六}} 내가 화평을 뮈워하는쟈와 함ᄭᅴ 오래 거하엿도다
{{절|一二〇|七}} 나는 화평을 {{작게|원}}할지라도 내가 말할ᄯᅢ에 뎌희는 싸호려하는도다

=== 뎨일백이십일편 ===
{{절|一二一||장빈칸=f}} {{작게|【셩뎐에 올나가는 노래】}}

{{절|一二一|一}} 내가 산을 향하야 눈을 들니라 나의 도음이 어대셔 올고
{{절|一二一|二}} 나의 도음이 텬디를 지으신 여호와의게셔로다〇
{{절|一二一|三}} 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 너로 실죡지안케 하시며 너를 직히시는쟈가 졸지아니하시리로다
{{절|一二一|四}} {{du|이스라엘}}을 직히시는쟈는 졸지도 아니하고 줌으시지도 아니하시리로다
{{절|一二一|五}} 여호와는 너를 직히시는쟈라 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 네 우편에셔 네 그늘이 되시나니
{{절|一二一|六}} 낫의 해가 너를 샹치아니하며 밤의 달노 너를 {{작게|해치}}아니 하리로다
{{절|一二一|七}} 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 너를 직혀 모든 환난을 면케 하시며 ᄯᅩ 네 령혼을 직히시리로다
{{절|一二一|八}} 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 너의 츌입을 지금브터 영원ᄭᅡ지 직히시리로다

=== 뎨일백이십이편 ===
{{절|一二二||장빈칸=f}} {{작게|【{{u|다윗}}의 시 곳 셩뎐에 올나가는 노래】}}

{{절|一二二|一}} 사람이 내게 말하기를 여호와의 집에 올나가자 할ᄯᅢ에 내가 깃버하엿도다
{{절|一二二|二}} {{du|예루살넴}}아 우리 발이 네 셩문 안에 섯도다
{{절|一二二|三}} {{du|예루살넴}}아 너는 죠밀한 셩읍과 갓치 건셜되엿도다
{{절|一二二|四}} 지파들 곳 여호와의 지파들이 여호와의 일홈에 감샤하려고 {{du|이스라엘}}의 젼례대로 그리로 올나가는도다
{{절|一二二|五}} 거긔 판단의 보좌를 두셧스니 곳 {{du|다윗}}집의 보좌로다
{{절|一二二|六}} {{du|예루살넴}}을 위하야 평안을 구하라 {{du|예루살넴}}을 사랑하는쟈는 형통하리로다
{{절|一二二|七}} 네 셩안에는 평강이 잇고 네 궁즁에는 형통이 잇슬지어다
{{절|一二二|八}} 내가 내 형뎨와 붕우를 위하야 이제 말하리니 네 가온대 평강이 잇슬지어다
{{절|一二二|九}} 내가 여호와 우리 하나님의 집을 위하야 내가 네 복을 구하리로다

=== 뎨일백이십삼편 ===
{{절|一二三||장빈칸=f}} {{작게|【셩뎐에 올나가는 노래】}}
{{nop}}&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>76ay9wfj087le6k9fezbpfq0lits6e8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>페이지:셩경 개역.pdf/996</title>
    <ns>250</ns>
    <id>83725</id>
    <revision>
      <id>427622</id>
      <parentid>398791</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T02:22:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aspere</username>
        <id>5453</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>427622</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3055" sha1="eqnc5yfob0jur3q3w3r53t6ci2zuubz" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;1&quot; user=&quot;Aspere&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{절|一二三|一}} 하날에 계신 쥬여 내가 눈을 들어 쥬ᄭᅴ 향하나이다
{{절|一二三|二}} 죵의 눈이 그 샹뎐의 손을 녀죵의 눈이 그 쥬모의 손을 바람 갓치 우리 눈이 여호와 우리 하나님을 바라며 우리를 긍휼히 녁이시기를 기다리나이다
{{절|一二三|三}} 여호와여 우리를 긍휼히 녁이시고 긍휼히 녁이쇼셔 심한 멸시가 우리의게 넘치나이다
{{절|一二三|四}} 평안한쟈의 죠쇼와 교만한쟈의 멸시가 우리 심령에 넘치나이다

=== 뎨일백이십사편 ===
{{절|一二四||장빈칸=f}} {{작게|【{{u|다윗}}의 시 곳 셩뎐에 올나가는 노래】}}

{{절|一二四|一}} {{du|이스라엘}}은 이제 말하기를 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 우리 편에 계시지아니하시고
{{절|一二四|二}} 사람들이 우리를 치러 니러날 ᄯᅢ에 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 우리 편에 계씨지 아니하셧더면
{{절|一二四|三}} 그ᄯᅢ에 뎌희의 노가 우리를 대하야 맹렬하야 우리를 산채로 삼켯슬 것이며
{{절|一二四|四}} 그ᄯᅢ에 물이 우리를 엄몰하며 시내가 우리 령혼을 잠갓슬것이며
{{절|一二四|五}} 그ᄯᅢ에 넘치는물이 우리 령혼을 잠갓슬 것이라 할것이로다
{{절|一二四|六}} 우리를 뎌희 니에 주어 씹히지안케 하신 여호와를 찬숑할지로다
{{절|一二四|七}} 우리 혼이 새가 산양군의 옭무에셔 버서남 갓치 되엿나니 옭무가 ᄭᅳᆫ허짐으로 우리가 버서낫도다
{{절|一二四|八}} 우리의 도음은 텬디를 지으신 여호와의 일홈에 잇도다

=== 뎨일백이십오편 ===
{{절|一二五||장빈칸=f}} {{작게|【셩뎐에 올나가는 노래】}}

{{절|一二五|一}} 여호와를 의뢰하는쟈는 {{du|시온}}산이 요동치아니하고 영원히 잇슴갓도다
{{절|一二五|二}} 산들이 {{du|예루살넴}}을 두룸과 갓치 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 그 백셩을 지금브터 영원ᄭᅡ지 두루시리로다
{{절|一二五|三}} 악인의 &lt;ref&gt;홀이&lt;/ref&gt;권셰가 의인의 업에 밋치지못하리니 이는 의인으로 죄악에 손을 대지안케 함이로다
{{절|一二五|四}} 여호와여 션인의게와 마암이 졍직한쟈의게 션을 행하쇼셔
{{절|一二五|五}} 자긔의 굽은 길노 치우치는쟈를 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 죄악을 짓는쟈와 함ᄭᅴ 단니게 하시리로다 {{du|이스라엘}}의게는 평강이 잇슬지어다

=== 뎨일백이십륙편 ===
{{절|一二六||장빈칸=f}} {{작게|【셩뎐에 올나가는 노래】}}

{{절|一二六|一}} 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 {{du|시온}}의 포도를 돌니실ᄯᅢ에 우리가 ᄭᅮᆷ구는것 갓핫도다
{{절|一二六|二}} 그ᄯᅢ에 우리 입에는 우슴이 가득하고 우리 혀에는 찬양이 찻섯도다 렬방즁에셔 말하기를 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 뎌희를 위하야 대사를 행하셧다 하엿도다
{{절|一二六|三}} 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 우리를 위하야 대사를 행하셧스니 우리는 깃{{upe}}&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>eqnc5yfob0jur3q3w3r53t6ci2zuubz</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>페이지:셩경 개역.pdf/997</title>
    <ns>250</ns>
    <id>83726</id>
    <revision>
      <id>427623</id>
      <parentid>364872</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T02:22:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aspere</username>
        <id>5453</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>427623</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3029" sha1="myyo2hny42gwhg6wvaxfk25swrinmd4" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;1&quot; user=&quot;Aspere&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;브도다
{{절|一二六|四}} 여호와여 우리의 포로를 남방 시내들갓치 돌니쇼셔
{{절|一二六|五}} 눈물을 흘니며 씨를 ᄲᅮ리는쟈는 깃븜으로 거두리로다
{{절|一二六|六}} 울며 씨를 ᄲᅮ리러 나가는쟈는 뎡녕 깃븜으로 그 단을 가지고 도라오리로다

=== 뎨일백이십칠편 ===
{{절|一二七||장빈칸=f}} {{작게|【{{u|솔노몬}}의 시 곳 셩뎐에 올나가는 노래】}}

{{절|一二七|一}} 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 집을 세우지아니하시면 세우는쟈의 슈고가 헛되며 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 셩을 직히지 아니하시면 파슈군의 경셩함이 허사로다
{{절|一二七|二}} 너희가 일즉이 니러나고 늣게 누으며 슈고의 ᄯᅥᆨ을 먹음이 헛되도다 그럼으로 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 그 사랑하시는쟈의게는 잠을 주시는도다
{{절|一二七|三}} 자식은 여호와의 {{작게|주신}} 긔업이오 태의 열매는 {{작게|그의}} 샹급이로다
{{절|一二七|四}} 젊은쟈의 자식은 장사의 슈즁의 화살 갓흐니
{{절|一二七|五}} 이것이 그 젼통에 가득한쟈는 복되도다 뎌희가 셩문에셔 그 원슈와 말할ᄯᅢ에 슈치를 당치아니하리로다

=== 뎨일백이십팔편 ===
{{절|一二八||장빈칸=f}} {{작게|【셩뎐에 올나가는 노래】}}

{{절|一二八|一}} 여호와를 경외하며 그 도에 행하는쟈마다 복이 잇도다
{{절|一二八|二}} 네가 네 손이 슈고한대로 먹을 것이라 네가 복되고 형통하리로다
{{절|一二八|三}} 네 집 내 집 내실에 잇는 네 안해는 결실한 포도나무 갓흐며 네 상에 둘닌 자식은 어린 감람나무 갓흐리로다
{{절|一二八|四}} 여호와를 경외하는쟈는 이 갓치 복을 엇으리로다
{{절|一二八|五}} 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 {{du|시온}}에셔 네게 복을 주실지어다 너는 평생에 {{du|예루살넴}}의 복을 보며
{{절|一二八|六}} 네 자식의 자식을 볼지어다 {{du|이스라엘}}의게 평강이 잇슬지로다

=== 뎨일백이십구편 ===
{{절|一二九||장빈칸=f}} {{작게|【셩뎐에 올나가는 노래】}}

{{절|一二九|一}} {{du|이스라엘}}은 이제 말하기를 뎌희가 나의 쇼시브터 여러번 나를 괴롭게 하엿도다
{{절|一二九|二}} 뎌희가 나의 쇼시브터 여러번 나를 괴롭게 하엿스나 나를 이긔지못하엿도다
{{절|一二九|三}} 밧가는쟈가 내 등에 가라 그 고랑을 길게 지엇도다
{{절|一二九|四}} 여호와ᄭᅴ셔는 의로우샤 악인의 줄을 ᄭᅳᆫ흐셧도다
{{절|一二九|五}} 므릇 {{du|시온}}을 뮈워하는쟈는 슈치를 당하야 물너갈지어다
{{절|一二九|六}} 뎌희는 집웅에 풀과 갓흘지어다 그것을 자라기 젼에 마르는 것이라
{{절|一二九|七}} 이런것은 버히는쟈의 줌과 묵는쟈의 품에 차지아니하나니
{{절|一二九|八}} 지나가는쟈도 여호와의 복이 너희게 잇슬지어다 하{{upe}}&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>myyo2hny42gwhg6wvaxfk25swrinmd4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>페이지:셩경 개역.pdf/998</title>
    <ns>250</ns>
    <id>83727</id>
    <revision>
      <id>427624</id>
      <parentid>364877</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T02:23:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aspere</username>
        <id>5453</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>427624</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3194" sha1="c0tgdm54rfuad71oh4g901hhvc3orj1" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;1&quot; user=&quot;Aspere&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;거나 우리가 여호와의 일홈으로 너희게 츅복한다 하지아니하나니라

=== 뎨일백삼십편 ===
{{절|一三〇||장빈칸=f}} {{작게|【셩뎐에 올나가는 노래】}}

{{절|一三〇|一}} 여호와여 내가 깁흔대셔 쥬ᄭᅴ 부르지졋나이다
{{절|一三〇|二}} 쥬여 내 소래를 드르시며 나의 간구하는 소래에 귀를 기우리쇼셔
{{절|一三〇|三}} 여호와여 쥬ᄭᅴ셔 죄악을 감찰하실진대 쥬여 누가 서리잇가
{{절|一三〇|四}} 그러나 샤유하심이 쥬ᄭᅴ 잇슴은 쥬를 경외케 하심이니이다
{{절|一三〇|五}} 나 곳 내 령혼이 여호와를 기다리며 내가 그 말삼을 바라는도다
{{절|一三〇|六}} 파슈군이 아참을 {{작게|기다림}}보다 내 령혼이 쥬를 더 기다리나니 참으로 파슈군의 아참을 {{작게|기다림보다 더하도다}}
{{절|一三〇|七}} {{du|이스라엘}}아 여호와를 바랄지어다 여호와ᄭᅴ는 인자하심과 풍셩한 구쇽이 잇슴이라
{{절|一三〇|八}} 뎌가 {{du|이스라엘}}을 그 모든 죄악에셔 구쇽하시리로다

=== 뎨일백삼십일편 ===
{{절|一三一||장빈칸=f}} {{작게|【{{u|다윗}}의 시 곳 셩뎐에 올나가는 노래】}}

{{절|一三一|一}} 여호와여 내 마암이 교만치아니하고 내 눈이 놉지아니하오며 내가 큰 일과 밋치지못할 긔이한 일을 히므지 아니하나이다
{{절|一三一|二}} 실노 내가 내 심령으로 고요하고 평온케 하기를 졋 ᄯᅦ인 아해가 그 어미 {{작게|품에}} 잇슴 갓게 하엿나니 내 즁심이 졋 ᄯᅦ인 아해와 갓도다
{{절|一三一|三}} {{du|이스라엘}}아 지금브터 영원ᄭᅡ지 여호와를 바랄지어다

=== 뎨일백삼십이편 ===
{{절|一三二||장빈칸=f}} {{작게|【셩뎐에 올나가는 노래】}}

{{절|一三二|一}} 여호와여 {{u|다윗}}을 위하야 그의 모든 근심한 것을 긔억하쇼셔
{{절|一三二|二}} 뎌가 여호와ᄭᅴ 맹셔하며 {{u|야곱}}의 젼능쟈의게 셔원하기를
{{절|一三二|三}} 내가 실노 나의 거하는 쟝막에 드러가지아니하며 내 침상에 오르지 아니하며
{{절|一三二|四}} 내 눈으로 잠들게 아니하며 내 눈ᄭᅥᆸ흘노 졸게 아니하기를
{{절|一三二|五}} 여호와의 쳐소 곳 {{u|야곱}}의 젼능쟈의 셩막을 발견하기ᄭᅡ지 하리라 하엿나이다
{{절|一三二|六}} 우리가 그것이 &lt;ref&gt;에브라임&lt;/ref&gt;{{du|에브라다}}에 잇다 함을 드럿더니 &lt;ref&gt;야일의밧헤셔&lt;/ref&gt;나무 밧헤셔 차잣도다
{{절|一三二|七}} 우리가 그의 셩막에 드러가셔 그 발등상 압헤셔 경배하리로다
{{절|一三二|八}} 여호와여 니러나샤 쥬의 권능의 궤와 함ᄭᅴ 평안한 곳으로 드러가쇼셔
{{절|一三二|九}} 쥬의 졔사쟝들은 의를 닙고 쥬의 셩도들은 즐거히 웨칠지어다
{{절|一三二|一〇}} 쥬의 죵 {{u|다윗}}을 위하야 쥬의 기름 밧은쟈의 얼골을 물니치지마옵쇼셔
{{절|一三二|一一}} 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 {{u|다윗}}의게 셩실히 맹셔하셧스니 변치아니{{upe}}&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>페이지:셩경 개역.pdf/999</title>
    <ns>250</ns>
    <id>83728</id>
    <revision>
      <id>427625</id>
      <parentid>364886</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T02:23:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aspere</username>
        <id>5453</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>427625</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3212" sha1="nwuhirsr9mss0izajiw4ewayvc25k5b" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;1&quot; user=&quot;Aspere&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;하실지라 {{작게|닐아시기를}} 네 몸의 소생을 네 위에 둘지라
{{절|一三二|一二}} 네 자손이 내 언약과 뎌희게 교훈하는 내 증거를 직힐진대 뎌희 후손도 영원히 네 위에 안즈리라 하셧도다
{{절|一三二|一三}} 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 {{du|시온}}을 택하시고 자긔 거쳐를 삼고져하야 닐아시기를
{{절|一三二|一四}} 이는 나의 영원히 쉴 곳이라 내가 여긔 거할 것은 이를 원하엿슴이로다
{{절|一三二|一五}} 내가 이 {{작게|셩}}의 식료픔에 풍죡히 복을 주고 량식으로 그 빈민을 만죡케 하리로다
{{절|一三二|一六}} 내가 그 졔사쟝들의게 구원으로 닙히리니 그 셩도들은 즐거움으로 웨치리로다
{{절|一三二|一七}} 내가 거긔셔 {{u|다윗}}의게 ᄲᅮᆯ이 나게 할 것이라 내가 내 기름 부은쟈를 위하야 등을 예비하엿도다
{{절|一三二|一八}} 내가 뎌의 원슈의게는 슈치로 닙히고 뎌의게는 면류관이 빗나게 하리라 하셧도다

=== 뎨일백삼십삼편 ===
{{절|一三三||장빈칸=f}} {{작게|【{{u|다윗}}의 시 곳 셩뎐에 올나가는 노래】}}

{{절|一三三|一}} 형뎨가 련합하야 동거함이 엇지 그리 션하고 아름다운고
{{절|一三三|二}} 머리에 잇는 보배로운 기름이 슈염 곳 {{u|아론}}의 슈염에 흘너셔 그 옷깃ᄭᅡ지 나림갓고
{{절|一三三|三}} {{du|헐몬}}의 이슬이 {{du|시온}}의 산들에 나림갓도다 거긔셔 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 복을 명하셧나니 곳 영생이로다

=== 뎨일백삼십사편 ===
{{절|一三四||장빈칸=f}} {{작게|【셩뎐에 올나가는 노래】}}

{{절|一三四|一}} 밤에 여호와의 집에 섯는 여호와의 모든 죵들아 여호와를 숑츅하라
{{절|一三四|二}} &lt;ref&gt;너희손을거륵하게들고&lt;/ref&gt;셩소를 향하야 너희 손을 들고 여호와를 숑츅하라
{{절|一三四|三}} 텬디를 지으신 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 {{du|시온}}에셔 네게 복을 주실지어다

=== 뎨일백삼십오편 ===
{{절|一三五|一|장빈칸=f}} &lt;ref name=&quot;할넬누야&quot; /&gt;할넬누야 여호와의 일홈을 찬숑하라 여호와의 죵들아 찬숑하라
{{절|一三五|二}} 여호와의 집 우리 하나님의 뎐뎡에 섯는 너희여
{{절|一三五|三}} 여호와를 찬숑하라 여호와는 션하시며 그 일홈이 아름다우니 그 일홈을 찬양하라
{{절|一三五|四}} 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 자긔를 위하야 {{u|야곱}} 곳 {{du|이스라엘}}을 자긔의 특별한 소유로 택하셧슴이로다
{{절|一三五|五}} 내가 알거니와 여호와ᄭᅴ셔는 광대하시며 우리 쥬는 모든 신보다 놉흐시도다
{{절|一三五|六}} 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 므릇 깃버하시는 일을 텬디와 바다와 모든 깁흔대에셔 다 행하셧도다
{{절|一三五|七}} 안개를 ᄯᅡ ᄭᅳᆺ헤셔 니르키시며 비를 위하야 번개를 만드시며 바람을 그 고간에셔 내시는도다
{{절|一三五|八}} 뎌가 {{du|애굽}}의 처음 난쟈를 사람브터 즘생ᄭᅡ지 치셧도다
{{절|一三五|九}} {{du|애굽}}이어 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 너의 즁에 징{{upe}}&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>페이지:셩경 개역.pdf/1000</title>
    <ns>250</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-26T02:24:16Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Aspere</username>
        <id>5453</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>427626</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3409" sha1="eb0gjbxhciucbuz6sbxx4dxfgcgc5f7" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;1&quot; user=&quot;Aspere&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;죠와 긔사를 보내샤 {{u|바로}}와 그 모든 신복의게 림하게 하셧도다
{{절|一三五|一〇}} 뎌가 만흔 나라를 치시고 강한 왕들을 죽이셧나니
{{절|一三五|一一}} 곳 {{du|아모리}}인의 왕 {{u|시혼}}과 {{du|바산}}왕 {{u|옥}}과 {{du|가나안}}의 모든 국{{작게|왕}}이로다
{{절|一三五|一二}} 뎌희의 ᄯᅡ를 긔업으로 주시대 자긔 백셩 {{du|이스라엘}}의게 긔업으로 {{작게|주셧도다}}
{{절|一三五|一三}} 여호와여 쥬의 일홈이 영원하시니이다 여호와여 쥬의 긔념이 대대에 니르리이다
{{절|一三五|一四}} 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 자긔 백셩을 판단하시며 그 죵들을 긍휼히 녁이시리로다〇
{{절|一三五|一五}} 렬방의 우샹은 은금이오 사람의 슈공{{작게|물}}이라
{{절|一三五|一六}} 입이 잇서도 말하지못하며 눈이 잇서도 보지못하며
{{절|一三五|一七}} 귀가 잇서도 듯지못하며 그 입에는 아모 긔식도 업나니
{{절|一三五|一八}} 그것을 만든쟈와 그것을 의지하는쟈가 다 그것과 갓흐리로다
{{절|一三五|一九}} {{du|이스라엘}}족쇽아 여호와를 숑츅하라 {{u|아론}}의 족쇽아 여호와를 숑츅하라
{{절|一三五|二〇}} {{du|레위}}&lt;ref&gt;집&lt;/ref&gt;족쇽아 여호와를 숑츅하라 여호와를 경외하는 너희들아 여호와를 숑츅하라
{{절|一三五|二一}} {{SIC|{{du|예루삼넴}}|예루살넴}}에 거하신 여호와는 {{du|시온}}에셔 찬숑을 밧으실지어다 &lt;ref name=&quot;할넬누야&quot; /&gt;할넬누야

=== 뎨일백삼십륙편 ===
{{절|一三六|一|장빈칸=f}} 여호와ᄭᅴ 감샤하라 그는 션하시며 그 인자하심이 영원함이로다
{{절|一三六|二}} 모든 신에 ᄯᅱ여나신 하나님ᄭᅴ 감샤하라 그 인자하심이 영원함이로다
{{절|一三六|三}} 모든 쥬에 ᄯᅱ여나신 쥬ᄭᅴ 감샤하라 그 인자하심이 영원함이로다
{{절|一三六|四}} 홀노 큰 긔사를 행하시는이의게 {{작게|감샤하라}} 그 인자하심이 영원함이로다
{{절|一三六|五}} 지혜로 하날을 지으신이의게 {{작게|감샤하라}} 그 인자하심이 영원함이로다
{{절|一三六|六}} ᄯᅡ를 물 우에 펴신이의게 {{작게|감샤하라}} 그 인자하심이 영원함이로다
{{절|一三六|七}} 큰 빗들을 지으신이의게 {{작게|감샤하라}} 그 인자하심이 여우언함이로다
{{절|一三六|八}} 해로 낫을 쥬관케 하신이의게 {{작게|감샤하라}} 그 인자하심이 영원함이로다
{{절|一三六|九}} 달과 별들노 밤을 쥬관케 하신이의게 {{작게|감샤하라}} 그 인자하심이 영원함이로다
{{절|一三六|一〇}} {{du|애굽}}의 쟝자를 치신이의게 {{작게|감샤하라}} 그 인자하심이 영원함이로다
{{절|一三六|一一}} {{du|이스라엘}}을 뎌희즁에셔 인도하야 내신이의게 {{작게|감샤하라}} 그 인자하심이 영원함이로다
{{절|一三六|一二}} 강한 손과 펴신팔노 {{작게|인도하야 내신이의게 감샤하라}} 그 인자하심이 영원함이로다
{{절|一三六|一三}} {{du|홍해}}를 갈으신이의게 {{작게|감샤하라}} 그 인자하심이 영원함이로다
{{절|一三六|一四}} {{du|이스라엘}}노 그 가온대로 통과케 하신이의게 {{작게|감}}{{upe}}&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>eb0gjbxhciucbuz6sbxx4dxfgcgc5f7</sha1>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>페이지:셩경 개역.pdf/1001</title>
    <ns>250</ns>
    <id>83730</id>
    <revision>
      <id>427627</id>
      <parentid>364935</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T02:24:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aspere</username>
        <id>5453</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>427627</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
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      <text bytes="3227" sha1="pz0hv93n0ld05t1shtkxhamtm8atfxq" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;1&quot; user=&quot;Aspere&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{작게|샤하라}} 그 인자하심이 영원함이로다
{{절|一三六|一五}} {{u|바로}}와 그 군대를 {{du|홍해}}에 업드러터리신이의게 {{작게|감샤하라}} 그 인자하심이 영원함이로다
{{절|一三六|一六}} 그 백셩을 인도하야 광야로 통과케 하신이의게 {{작게|감샤하라}} 그 인자하심이 영원함이로다
{{절|一三六|一七}} 큰 왕들을 치신이의게 {{작게|감샤하라}} 그 인자하심이 영원함이로다
{{절|一三六|一八}} 유명한 왕들을 죽이신이의게 {{작게|감샤하라}} 그 인자하심이 영원함이로다
{{절|一三六|一九}} {{du|아모리}}인의 왕 {{u|시혼}}을 {{작게|죽이신이의게 감샤하라}} 그 인자하심이 영원함이로다
{{절|一三六|二〇}} {{du|바산}}왕 {{u|옥}}을 {{작게|죽이신이의게 감샤하라}} 그 인자하심이 영원함이로다
{{절|一三六|二一}} 뎌희의 ᄯᅡ를 긔업으로 주신이의게 {{작게|감샤하라}} 그 인자하심이 영원함이로다
{{절|一三六|二二}} 곳 그 죵 {{du|이스라엘}}의게 긔업으로 주신이의게 {{작게|감샤하라}} 그 인자하심이 영원함이로다
{{절|一三六|二三}} 우리를 비쳔한대셔 긔념하신이의게 {{작게|감샤하라}} 그 인자하심이 영원함이로다
{{절|一三六|二四}} 우리를 우리 대뎍의게셔 건지신 이의게 {{작게|감샤하라}} 그 인자하심이 영원함이로다
{{절|一三六|二五}} 모든 육톄의게 식물을 주신이의게 {{작게|감샤하라}} 그 인자하심이 영원함이로다
{{절|一三六|二六}} 하날의 하나님ᄭᅴ 감샤하라 그 인자하심이 영원함이로다

=== 뎨일백삼십칠편 ===
{{절|一三七|一|장빈칸=f}} 우리가 {{du|바벨논}}의 여러 강변 거긔 안저셔 {{du|시온}}을 긔억하며 우럿도다
{{절|一三七|二}} 그 즁의 버드나무에 우리가 우리의 슈금을 걸엇나니
{{절|一三七|三}} 이는 우리를 사로잡은쟈가 거긔셔 우리의게 노래를 쳥하며 우리를 황폐케 한쟈가 깃븜을 {{작게|쳥하고}} 자긔들을 위하야 {{du|시온}} 노래 즁 하나를 노래하라 함이로다
{{절|一三七|四}} 우리가 이방에 잇서셔 엇지 여호와의 노래를 부를고
{{절|一三七|五}} {{du|예루살넴}}아 내가 너를 니즐진대 내 오른 손이 그 {{작게|재조}}를 니즐지로다
{{절|一三七|六}} 내가 {{du|예루살넴}}을 긔억지아니하거나 내가 너를 나의 뎨일 즐거워하는 것보다 지나치게 아니할진대 내 혀가 내 입 텬쟝에 붓흘지로다
{{절|一三七|七}} 여호와여 {{du|예루살넴}}이 {{작게|해 밧던}} 날을 긔억하시고 {{u|에돔}}자손을 치쇼셔 뎌희 말이 훼파하라 훼파하라 그 긔초ᄭᅡ지 {{작게|훼파}}하라 하엿나이다
{{절|一三七|八}} 녀자 {{작게|갓흔}} 멸망할 {{du|바벨논}}아 네가 우리의게 행한대로 네게 갑는쟈가 유복하리로다
{{절|一三七|九}} 네 어린것들을 반셕에 메어치는쟈는 유복하리로다

=== 뎨일백삼십팔편 ===
{{절|一三八||장빈칸=f}} {{작게|【{{u|다윗}}의 시】}}
{{nop}}&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>pz0hv93n0ld05t1shtkxhamtm8atfxq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>페이지:셩경 개역.pdf/1002</title>
    <ns>250</ns>
    <id>83731</id>
    <revision>
      <id>427628</id>
      <parentid>364908</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T02:25:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aspere</username>
        <id>5453</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>427628</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3124" sha1="3yi7ut034gzwl1d5yezogl4od7y52az" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;1&quot; user=&quot;Aspere&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{절|一三八|一}} 내가 젼심으로 쥬ᄭᅴ 감샤하며 신들 압헤셔 쥬ᄭᅴ 찬양하리이다
{{절|一三八|二}} 내가 쥬의 셩뎐을 향하야 경배하며 쥬의 인자하심과 셩실하심을 인하야 쥬의 일홈에 감샤하오리니 이는 쥬ᄭᅴ셔 &lt;ref&gt;쥬의모든일홈대로쥬의말삼을크게하셧슴이라&lt;/ref&gt;쥬의 말삼을 쥬의 모든 일홈 우에 놉게 하셧슴이라
{{절|一三八|三}} 내가 간구하는 날에 쥬ᄭᅴ셔 응답하시고 내 령혼을 쟝려하야 강하게 하셧나이다
{{절|一三八|四}} 여호와여 ᄯᅡ의 렬왕이 쥬ᄭᅴ 감샤할 것은 뎌희가 쥬의 입의 말삼을 드름이오며
{{절|一三八|五}} 뎌희가 여호와의 도를 노래할 것은 여호와의 영광이 크심이니이다
{{절|一三八|六}} 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 놉히 계셔도 나즌쟈를 하감하시며 멀니셔도 교만한쟈를 아시나이다
{{절|一三八|七}} 내가 환난즁에 단닐지라도 쥬ᄭᅴ셔 나를 소셩케 하시고 쥬의 손을 펴샤 내 원슈들의 노를 막으시며 쥬의 오른 손이 나를 구원하시리이다
{{절|一三八|八}} 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 내게 관계된 것을 완젼케 하실지라 여호와여 쥬의 인자하심이 영원하오니 쥬의 손으로 지으신것을 바리지 마옵쇼셔

=== 뎨일백삼십구편 ===
{{절|一三九||장빈칸=f}} {{작게|【{{u|다윗}}의 시, 령쟝으로 {{작게|한 노래}}】}}

{{절|一三九|一}} 여호와여 쥬ᄭᅴ셔 나를 감찰하시고 아셧나이다
{{절|一三九|二}} 쥬ᄭᅴ셔 나의 안고 니러섬을 아시며 멀니셔도 나의 생각을 통쵹하시오며
{{절|一三九|三}} 나의 길과 눕는것을 감찰하시며 나의 모든 행위를 닉이 아시오니
{{절|一三九|四}} 여호와여 내 혀의 말을 아지못하시는 것이 하나도 업스시니이다
{{절|一三九|五}} 쥬ᄭᅴ셔 나의 젼후를 두루시며 내게 안슈하셧나이다
{{절|一三九|六}} {{작게|이}} 지식이 내게 너무 긔이하니 놉하셔 내가 능히 밋치지 못하나이다
{{절|一三九|七}} 내가 쥬의 신을 ᄯᅥ나 어대로 가며 쥬의 압헤셔 어대로 피하리잇가
{{절|一三九|八}} 내가 하날에 올나갈지라도 거긔 계시며 음부에 내 {{작게|자리를}} 펼지라도 거긔 계시니이다
{{절|一三九|九}} 내가 새벽 날개를 치며 바다 ᄭᅳᆺ헤 {{작게|가셔}} 거할지라도
{{절|一三九|一〇}} 곳 거긔셔도 쥬의 손이 나를 인도하시며 쥬의 오른 손이 나를 붓드시리이다
{{절|一三九|一一}} 내가 혹시 말하기를 흑암이 뎡녕 나를 덥고 나를 두룬 빗츤 밤이 되리라 할지라도
{{절|一三九|一二}} 쥬의게셔는 흑암이 숨기지못하며 밤이 낫과 갓치 빗최나니 {{작게|쥬의게는}} 흑암과 빗치 일반이니이다
{{절|一三九|一三}} 쥬ᄭᅴ셔 내 장부를 지으시며 나의 모태에셔 나를 조직하셧나이다
{{절|一三九|一四}} 내가 쥬ᄭᅴ 감샤하옴은 나를 지으심이 신묘막측하심이라 쥬의&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>3yi7ut034gzwl1d5yezogl4od7y52az</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>페이지:셩경 개역.pdf/1003</title>
    <ns>250</ns>
    <id>83732</id>
    <revision>
      <id>427629</id>
      <parentid>364914</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T02:26:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aspere</username>
        <id>5453</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>427629</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3010" sha1="gch8hco1i7q7mmrj76zc0fdsilbbhpm" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;1&quot; user=&quot;Aspere&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;행사가 긔이함을 내 령혼이 잘 아나이다
{{절|一三九|一五}} 내가 은밀한대셔 지음을 밧고 ᄯᅡ의 깁흔 곳에셔 긔이하게 지음을 밧은ᄯᅢ에 나의 형톄가 쥬의 압헤 숨기우지못하엿나이다
{{절|一三九|一六}} 내 형질이 일우기 젼에 쥬의 눈이 보셧스며 {{작게|나를 위하야}} 뎡한 날이 하나도 되기 젼에 쥬의 책에 다 긔록이 되엿나이다
{{절|一三九|一七}} 하나님이어 쥬의 생각이 내게 엇지 그리 보배로우신지오 그 수가 엇지 그리 만흔지오
{{절|一三九|一八}} 내가 혜이려 할지라도 그 수가 모래보다 만토소이다 내가 ᄭᅢᆯᄯᅢ에도 오히려 쥬와 함ᄭᅴ 잇나이다
{{절|一三九|一九}} 하나님이어 쥬ᄭᅴ셔 뎡녕히 악인을 죽이시리이다 피흘니기를 즐기는쟈들아 나를 ᄯᅥ날지어다
{{절|一三九|二〇}} 뎌희가 쥬를 대하야 악하게 말하며 쥬의 원슈들이 헛되히 {{작게|쥬의 일홈을}} 칭하나이다
{{절|一三九|二一}} 여호아여 내가 쥬를 뮈워하는쟈를 뮈워하지 아니하오며 쥬를 치러 니러나는쟈를 한하지 아니하나잇가
{{절|一三九|二二}} 내가 뎌희를 심히 뮈워하니 뎌희는 나의 원슈니이다
{{절|一三九|二三}} 하나님이어 나를 삷히샤 내 마암을 아시며 나를 시험하샤 내 ᄯᅳᆺ을 아옵쇼셔
{{절|一三九|二四}} 내게 무삼 악한 행위가 잇나 보시고 나를 영원한 길노 인도하쇼셔

=== 뎨일백사십편 ===
{{절|一四〇||장빈칸=f}} {{작게|【{{u|다윗}}의 시, 령쟝으로 {{작게|한 노래}}】}}

{{절|一四〇|一}} 여호와여 악인의게셔 나를 건지시며 강포한쟈의게셔 나를 보젼하쇼셔
{{절|一四〇|二}} 뎌희가 즁심에 해하기를 ᄭᅬ하고 싸호기 위하야 매일 모히오며
{{절|一四〇|三}} 배암 갓치 그 혀를 날카롭게 하니 그 입셜 아래는 독샤의 독이 잇나이다(셀나)
{{절|一四〇|四}} 여호와여 나를 직히샤 악인의 손에 {{작게|ᄲᅡ지지안케 하시며}} 나를 보젼하샤 강포한쟈의게셔 버서나게 하쇼셔 뎌희는 나의 거름을 밀치려 하나이다
{{절|一四〇|五}} 교만한쟈가 나를 해하려고 옭무와 줄을 노흐며 길 겻헤 그믈을 치며 함졍을 두엇나이다(셀나)〇
{{절|一四〇|六}} 내가 여호와ᄭᅴ 말하기를 쥬는 나의 하나님이시니 여호와여 나의 간구하는 소래에 귀를 기우리쇼셔 하엿나이다
{{절|一四〇|七}} 내 구원의 능력이신 쥬 여호와여 젼쟁의 날에 쥬ᄭᅴ셔 내 머리를 가리우셧나이다
{{절|一四〇|八}} 여호와여 악인의 소원을 허락지 마시며 그 악한ᄭᅬ를 일우지못하게 하쇼셔 뎌희가 자고할가 하나이다(셀나)
{{절|一四〇|九}} 나를 에우는쟈가 그 머리를 {{작게|들}} ᄯᅢ에 뎌희 입셜의 해가 뎌희를 덥게 하{{upe}}&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>페이지:셩경 개역.pdf/1004</title>
    <ns>250</ns>
    <id>83733</id>
    <revision>
      <id>427630</id>
      <parentid>364920</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T02:26:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aspere</username>
        <id>5453</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>427630</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3099" sha1="srywur3kkavk2eb7u0ar3ih38foae1o" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;1&quot; user=&quot;Aspere&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;쇼셔
{{절|一四〇|一〇}} ᄯᅳ거운 숫불이 뎌희게 ᄯᅥ러지게 하시며 불 가온대와 깁흔 웅덩이에 뎌희로 ᄲᅡ져 다시 니러나지 못하게 하쇼셔
{{절|一四〇|一一}} 악담하는쟈는 셰샹에셔 굿게 서지못하며 강포한쟈의게는 재앙이 ᄯᅡ라셔 패망케 하리이다
{{절|一四〇|一二}} 내가 알거니와 여호와는 고난 당하시는쟈를 신원하시며 궁핍한쟈의게 공의를 베프시리이다
{{절|一四〇|一三}} 진실노 의인이 쥬의 일홈에 감사하며 졍직한쟈가 쥬의 압헤 거하리이다

=== 뎨일백사십일편 ===
{{절|一四一||장빈칸=f}} {{작게|【{{u|다윗}}의 시】}}

{{절|一四一|一}} 여호와여 내가 쥬를 불넛사오니 속히 내게 림하쇼셔 내가 쥬ᄭᅴ 부르지즐ᄯᅢ에 내 음셩에 귀를 기우리쇼셔
{{절|一四一|二}} 나의 긔도가 쥬의 압헤 분향함과 갓치 되며 나의 손 드는 것이 져녁 졔사 갓치 되게 하쇼셔
{{절|一四一|三}} 여호와여 내 입 압헤 파슈군을 세우시고 내 입셜의 문을 직히쇼셔
{{절|一四一|四}} 내 마암이 악한일에 기우러 죄악을 행하는쟈와 함ᄭᅴ 악을 행치말게 하시며 뎌희 진슈를 먹지말게 하쇼셔
{{절|一四一|五}} 의인이 나를 칠지라도 {{작게|은혜로 녁이며}} 책망할지라도 머리의 기름 {{작게|갓치 녁여셔}} 내 머리가 이를 거졀치 아니할지라 뎌희의 &lt;ref&gt;악을대하야내가&lt;/ref&gt;재난즁에라도 내가 항샹 긔도하리로다
{{절|一四一|六}} 뎌희의 관쟝들이 바회 겻헤 나려던지웟도다 내 말이 닮으로 무리가 드르리로다
{{절|一四一|七}} 사람이 밧갈아 흙을 부스러터림갓치 우리의 해골이 음부문에 흣허졋도다
{{절|一四一|八}} 쥬 여호와여 내 눈이 쥬ᄭᅴ 향하며 내가 쥬ᄭᅴ 피하오니 &lt;ref&gt;내심령을쏫아바리지마옵쇼셔&lt;/ref&gt;내 령혼을 빈궁한대로 바려두지 마옵쇼셔
{{절|一四一|九}} 나를 직히샤 뎌희가 나를 잡으랴고 노흔 옭무와 행악쟈의 함졍에셔 버서나게 하옵쇼셔
{{절|一四一|一〇}} 악인의 자긔 그믈에 걸니게 하시고 나는 온젼히 면하게 하쇼셔

=== 뎨일백사십이편 ===
{{절|一四二||장빈칸=f}} {{작게|【{{u|다윗}}이 굴에 잇슬 ᄯᅢ에 {{작게|지은}} &lt;ref name=&quot;마스길&quot; /&gt;{{물결밑줄|마스길}} 곳 긔도】}}

{{절|一四二|一}} 내가 소래 내여 여호와ᄭᅴ 부르지지며 소래 내여 여호와ᄭᅴ 간구하는도다
{{절|一四二|二}} 내가 내 원통함을 그 압헤 토하며 내 우환을 그 압헤 진슐하는도다
{{절|一四二|三}} 내 심령이 속에셔 샹할 새에도 쥬ᄭᅴ셔 내 길을 아셧나이다 나의 행하는 길에 뎌희가 나를 잡으려고 옭무를 숨겻나이다
{{절|一四二|四}} {{작게|내}} 우편을 삷혀보쇼셔 나를 아는쟈도 업고 피란쳐도 업고 내 령혼을 도라보는쟈도 업나이다
{{절|一四二|五}} 여호와여 내{{upe}}&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>페이지:셩경 개역.pdf/1005</title>
    <ns>250</ns>
    <id>83734</id>
    <revision>
      <id>427631</id>
      <parentid>364924</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T02:27:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aspere</username>
        <id>5453</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>427631</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2765" sha1="2lq6fst6os4x0glgh1om5iv2w2dbxhw" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;1&quot; user=&quot;Aspere&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;가 쥬ᄭᅴ 부르지져 말하기를 쥬는 나의 피란쳐시오 생존 셰계에셔 나의 분깃이시라 하엿나이다
{{절|一四二|六}} 나의 부르지즘을 드르쇼셔 나는 심히 비쳔하니이다 나를 핍박하는쟈의게셔 건지쇼셔 뎌희는 나보다 강하니이다
{{절|一四二|七}} 내 령혼을 옥에셔 잇ᄭᅳ러내샤 쥬의 일홈을 감샤케 하쇼셔 쥬ᄭᅴ셔 나를 후대하시리니 의인이 나를 두루리이다

=== 뎨일백사십삼편 ===
{{절|一四三||장빈칸=f}} {{작게|【{{u|다윗}}의 시】}}

{{절|一四三|一}} 여호와여 내 긔도를 드르시며 내 간구에 귀를 기우리시고 쥬의 진실과 의로 내게 응답하쇼셔
{{절|一四三|二}} 쥬의 죵의게 심판을 행치마쇼셔 쥬의 목젼에는 의로운 인생이 하나도 업나이다
{{절|一四三|三}} 원슈가 내 령혼을 핍박하며 내 생명을 ᄯᅡ에 업허셔 나로 죽은지 오랜쟈 갓치 흑암한 곳에 거하게 하엿나이다
{{절|一四三|四}} 그럼으로 내 심령이 속에셔 샹하며 내 마암이 속에셔 참담하니이다
{{절|一四三|五}} 내가 녯날을 긔억하고 쥬의 모든 행하신것을 믁샹하며 쥬의 손의 행사를 생각하고
{{절|一四三|六}} 쥬를 향하야 손을 펴고 내 령혼이 마른ᄯᅡ 갓치 쥬를 사모하나이다(셀나)
{{절|一四三|七}} 여호와여 속히 내게 응답하쇼셔 내 령혼이 피곤하니이다 쥬의얼골을 내게셔 숨기지마쇼셔 내가 무덤에 나려가는쟈 갓흘가 두려워하나이다
{{절|一四三|八}} 아참에 나로 쥬의 인자한 {{작게|말삼}}의 단닐길을 알게하쇼셔 내가 내 령혼을 쥬ᄭᅴ 밧듦이니이다
{{절|一四三|九}} 여호와여 나를 내 원슈들의게셔 건지쇼셔 내가 쥬ᄭᅴ {{작게|피하야}} 숨엇나이다
{{절|一四三|一〇}} 쥬는 나의 하나님이시니 나를 가라쳐 쥬의 ᄯᅳᆺ을 행케 하쇼셔 쥬의 신이 션하시니 나를 공평한ᄯᅡ에 인도하쇼셔
{{절|一四三|一一}} 여호와여 쥬의 일홈을 인하야 나를 살니시고 쥬의 의로 내 령혼을 환난에셔 ᄭᅳ으러내쇼셔
{{절|一四三|一二}} 쥬의 인자하심으로 나의 원슈들을 ᄭᅳᆫ흐시고 내 령혼을 괴롭게 하는쟈를 다 멸하쇼셔 나는 쥬의 죵이니이다

=== 뎨일백사십사편 ===
{{절|一四四||장빈칸=f}} {{작게|【{{u|다윗}}의 시】}}

{{절|一四四|一}} 나의 반셕 여호와를 찬숑하리로다 뎌가 내 손을 가라쳐 싸호게 하시며 손가락을 가라쳐 치게 하시도다
{{절|一四四|二}} 여호와는 나의 인자시오 나의 요새시오 나의 산셩이시오 나를 건지는쟈시오&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>페이지:셩경 개역.pdf/1006</title>
    <ns>250</ns>
    <id>83735</id>
    <revision>
      <id>427632</id>
      <parentid>364941</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T02:27:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aspere</username>
        <id>5453</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>427632</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2956" sha1="bmfm4hateccqidlm97k5ofbqkajqx7b" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;1&quot; user=&quot;Aspere&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;나의 방패시오 나의 피난쳐시오 내 백셩을 내게 복죵케 하시는쟈시로다
{{절|一四四|三}} 여호와여 사람이 무엇이관대 쥬ᄭᅴ셔 뎌를 알아주시며 인생이 무엇이관대 뎌를 생각하시나잇가
{{절|一四四|四}} 사람은 &lt;ref&gt;긔식과갓고&lt;/ref&gt;헛것 갓고 그의 날은 지나가는 그림자 갓흐니이다
{{절|一四四|五}} 여호와여 쥬의 하날을 드리우고 강림하시며 산들에 졉쵹하샤 연긔가 발하게 하쇼셔
{{절|一四四|六}} 번개를 번득이샤 {{작게|대뎍}}을 흣흐시며 쥬의 살을 발하샤 뎌희를 파하쇼셔
{{절|一四四|七}} 우에셔브터 쥬의 손을 펴샤 나를 큰 물과 이방인의 손에셔 구하야 건지쇼셔
{{절|一四四|八}} 뎌희 입은 궤사를 말하며 그 오른손을 거즛의 오른 손이니이다
{{절|一四四|九}} 하나님이어 내가 쥬ᄭᅴ 새 노래로 노래하며 열줄 비파로 쥬를 찬양하리이다
{{절|一四四|一〇}} 쥬는 왕들의게 구원을 베프시는쟈시오 죵 {{u|다윗}}을 그 해하는 칼에셔 구하시는쟈시니이다
{{절|一四四|一一}} 이방인의 손에셔 나를 구하야 건지쇼셔 뎌희 입은 궤사를 말하며 그 오른손은 거즛의 오른 손이니이다〇
{{절|一四四|一二}} 우리 아달들은 어리다가 쟝셩한 나무 갓흐며 우리 ᄯᅡᆯ들은 궁뎐의 식양대로 아름답게 다듬은 모통이 돌과 갓흐며
{{절|一四四|一三}} 우리의 고간에는 백곡이 가득하며 우리의 양은 들에셔 쳔쳔과 만만으로 번셩하며
{{절|一四四|一四}} 우리 슈소는 무겁게 시럿스며 ᄯᅩ 우리를 침로하는 일이나 우리가 나아가 {{작게|막는 일이}} 업스며 우리 거리에는 슯히 부르지즘이 업슬진대
{{절|一四四|一五}} 이러한 백셩은 복이 잇나니 여호와를 자긔 하나님으로 삼는 백셩은 복이 잇도다

=== 뎨일백사십오편 ===
{{절|一四五||장빈칸=f}} {{작게|【{{u|다윗}}의 찬숑시】}}

{{절|一四五|一}} 왕이신 나의 하나님이어 내가 쥬를 놉히고 영영히 쥬의 일홈을 숑츅하리이다
{{절|一四五|二}} 내가 날마다 쥬를 숑츅하며 영영히 쥬의 일홈을 숑츅하리이다
{{절|一四五|三}} 여호와는 광대하시니 크게 찬양할 것이라 그의 광대하심을 측량치못하리로다
{{절|一四五|四}} 대대로 쥬의 행사를 크게 칭숑하며 쥬의 능한일을 션포하리로다
{{절|一四五|五}} 쥬의 존귀하고 영광스러운 위엄과 쥬의 긔사를 나는 믁샹하리이다
{{절|一四五|六}} 사람들은 쥬의 두려운일의 셰력을 말할것이오 나도 쥬의 광대하심을 션포하리이다
{{절|一四五|七}} 뎌희가 쥬의 크신 은혜를 긔념하야 말하며 쥬의 의를 노래하리이다
{{절|一四五|八}} 여호와는 은혜로우시며 자비하시&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>페이지:셩경 개역.pdf/1007</title>
    <ns>250</ns>
    <id>83736</id>
    <revision>
      <id>427633</id>
      <parentid>364950</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T02:27:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aspere</username>
        <id>5453</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
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      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3111" sha1="2gj21hh5spxaqko99hkqknmcun24u4w" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;1&quot; user=&quot;Aspere&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;며 노하기를 더대하시며 인자하심이 크시도다
{{절|一四五|九}} 여호와ᄭᅴ셔는 만유를 션대하시며 그 지으신 모든 것에 긍휼을 베프시는도다
{{절|一四五|一〇}} 여호와여 쥬의 지으신 모든것이 쥬ᄭᅴ 감샤하며 쥬의 셩도가 쥬를 숑츅하리이다
{{절|一四五|一一}} 뎌희가 쥬의 나라의 영광을 말하며 쥬의 능을 닐너셔
{{절|一四五|一二}} 쥬의 능하신 일과 쥬의 나라의 위엄의 영광을 인생의게 알게 하리이다
{{절|一四五|一三}} 쥬의 나라는 영원한 나라이니 쥬의 통치는 대대에 니르리이다
{{절|一四五|一四}} 여호와ᄭᅴ셔는 모든 너머지는쟈를 붓드시며 비굴한쟈를 니르키시는도다
{{절|一四五|一五}} 즁생의 눈이 쥬를 앙망하오니 쥬는 ᄯᅢ를 ᄯᅡ라 뎌희의게 식물을 주시며
{{절|一四五|一六}} 손을 펴샤 &lt;ref&gt;은혜로모든생물을만죡케하시나이다&lt;/ref&gt;모든 생물의 소원을 만죡케 하시나이다
{{절|一四五|一七}} 여호와ᄭᅴ셔는 그 모든 행위에 의로우시며 그 모든 행사에 은혜로우시도다
{{절|一四五|一八}} 여호와ᄭᅴ셔는 자긔의게 간구하는 모든쟈 곳 진실하게 간구하는 모든쟈의게 갓가히 하시는도다
{{절|一四五|一九}} 뎌는 자긔를 경외하는쟈의 소원을 일우시며 ᄯᅩ 뎌희 부르지즘을 드르샤 구원하시리로다
{{절|一四五|二〇}} 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 자긔를 사랑하는쟈는 다 보호하시고 악인은 다 멸하시리로다
{{절|一四五|二一}} 내 입이 여호와의 영예를 말하며 모든 육톄가 그의 셩호를 영영히 숑츅할지로다

=== 뎨일백사십륙편 ===
{{절|一四六|一|장빈칸=f}} &lt;ref name=&quot;할넬누야&quot; /&gt;할넬누야 내 령혼아 여호와를 찬양하라
{{절|一四六|二}} 나의 생젼에 여호와를 찬양하며 나의 평생에 내 하나님을 찬숑하리로다
{{절|一四六|三}} 방백들을 의지하지말며 도을 힘이 업는 인생도 {{작게|의지하지}} 말지니
{{절|一四六|四}} &lt;ref&gt;신이나가면&lt;/ref&gt;그 호흡이 ᄭᅳᆫ허지면 흙으로 도라가셔 당일에 그 도모가 쇼멸하리로다
{{절|一四六|五}} {{u|야곱}}의 하나님으로 자긔 도음을 삼으며 여호와 자긔 하나님의게 그 소망을 두는쟈는 복이 잇도다
{{절|一四六|六}} 여호와는 텬디와 바다와 그 즁의 만물을 지으시며 영원히 진실함을 직히시며
{{절|一四六|七}} 압박 당하는쟈를 위하야 공의로 판단하시며 주린쟈의게 식물을 주시는쟈시로다 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 가친쟈를 해방하시며
{{절|一四六|八}} 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 쇼경{{작게|의 눈}}을 여시며 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 비굴한쟈를 니르키시며 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 의인을 사랑하시며
{{절|一四六|九}} 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 객을 보호하시며 고아와 과부를 붓드시고 악인의 길은 굽게 하시는도다
{{절|一四六|一〇}} {{du|시온}}아 여호와 네 하나님은 영원히&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>2gj21hh5spxaqko99hkqknmcun24u4w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>페이지:셩경 개역.pdf/1008</title>
    <ns>250</ns>
    <id>83737</id>
    <revision>
      <id>427634</id>
      <parentid>364963</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T02:28:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aspere</username>
        <id>5453</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>427634</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3226" sha1="d8d4aewrsqy3uhacuxbeuykwuyr75vp" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;1&quot; user=&quot;Aspere&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;대대에 통치하시리로다 &lt;ref name=&quot;할넬누야&quot; /&gt;할넬누야

=== 뎨일백사십칠편 ===
{{절|一四七|一|장빈칸=f}} &lt;ref name=&quot;할넬누야&quot; /&gt;할넬누야 우리 하나님ᄭᅴ 찬양함이 션함이어 찬숑함이 아름답고 맛당하도다
{{절|一四七|二}} 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 {{du|예루살넴}}을 세우시며 {{du|이스라엘}}의 흣허진쟈를 모호시며
{{절|一四七|三}} 샹심한쟈를 곳치시며 뎌희 샹쳐를 싸매시는도다
{{절|一四七|四}} 뎌가 별의 수효를 계수하시고 뎌희를 다 일홈대로 부르시는도다
{{절|一四七|五}} 우리 쥬는 광대하시며 능력이 만흐시며 그 지혜가 무궁하시도다
{{절|一四七|六}} 여호와ᄭᅴ셔 겸손한쟈는 붓드시고 악인은 ᄯᅡ에 업드러터리시는도다
{{절|一四七|七}} 감샤함으로 여호와ᄭᅴ 노래하며 슈금으로 하나님ᄭᅴ 찬양할지어다
{{절|一四七|八}} 뎌가 구름으로 하날을 덥흐시며 ᄯᅡ를 위하야 비를 예비하시며 산에 풀이 자라게 하시며
{{절|一四七|九}} 들즘생과 우는 가마귀 삭기의게 먹을 것을 주시는도다
{{절|一四七|一〇}} 여호와는 말의 힘을 즐거워 아니하시며 사람의 다리도 깃버아니하시고
{{절|一四七|一一}} 자긔를 경외하는쟈와 그 인자하심을 바라는쟈들을 깃버하시는도다
{{절|一四七|一二}} {{du|예루살넴}}아 여호와를 찬숑할지어다 {{du|시온}}아 네 하나님을 찬양할지어다
{{절|一四七|一三}} 뎌가 네 문 빗쟝을 견고히 하시고 너의 가온대 자녀의게 복을 주셧스며
{{절|一四七|一四}} 네 경내를 평안케 하시고 아름다운 밀노 너를 배불니시며
{{절|一四七|一五}} 그 명을 ᄯᅡ에 보내시니 그 말삼이 속히 달니는도다
{{절|一四七|一六}} 눈을 양털 갓치 나리시며 서리를 재 갓치 흣흐시며
{{절|一四七|一七}} 우박을 {{작게|ᄯᅥᆨ}}부스럭이 갓치 ᄲᅮ리시나니 누가 능히 그 추위를 감당하리오
{{절|一四七|一八}} 그 말삼을 보내샤 그것들을 녹이시고 바람을 불게 하신즉 물이 흐르는도다
{{절|一四七|一九}} 뎌가 그 말삼을 {{u|야곱}}의게 보이시며 그 률례와 규례를 {{du|이스라엘}}의게 {{작게|보이시는도다}}
{{절|一四七|二〇}} 아모 나라의게도 이 갓치 행치아니 하셧나니 뎌희는 그 규례를 아지못하엿도다 &lt;ref name=&quot;할넬누야&quot; /&gt;할넬누야

=== 뎨일백사십팔편 ===
{{절|一四八|一|장빈칸=f}} &lt;ref name=&quot;할넬누야&quot; /&gt;할넬누야 하날에셔 여호와를 찬양하며 놉흔대셔 찬양할지어다
{{절|一四八|二}} 그의 모든 사쟈여 찬양하며 모든 군대여 찬양할지어다
{{절|一四八|三}} 해와 달아 찬양하며 광명한 별들아 찬양할지어다
{{절|一四八|四}} 하날의 하날도 찬양하며 하날 우에 잇는 물들도 {{작게|찬양}}할지어다
{{절|一四八|五}} 그 것들이 여호와의 일홈을 찬양할 것은 뎌가 명하시매 지음을 밧앗슴이로다
{{절|一四八|六}} 뎌가 ᄯᅩ 그 것들을 영영히 세우시고 폐치못할&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>d8d4aewrsqy3uhacuxbeuykwuyr75vp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>페이지:셩경 개역.pdf/1009</title>
    <ns>250</ns>
    <id>83738</id>
    <revision>
      <id>427635</id>
      <parentid>364972</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T02:29:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aspere</username>
        <id>5453</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>427635</origin>
      <model>proofread-page</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2924" sha1="4ee8462j4p90x8ji16tfqr8dxzg1dmz" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;1&quot; user=&quot;Aspere&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;명을 뎡하셧도다
{{절|一四八|七}} 너희 룡들과 바다여 ᄯᅡ에셔 여호와를 찬양하라
{{절|一四八|八}} 불과 우박과 눈과 안개와 그 말삼을 좃는 광풍이며
{{절|一四八|九}} 산들과 모든 적은 산과 과목과 모든 백향목이며
{{절|一四八|一〇}} 즘생과 모든 가츅과 긔는 것과 나는 새며
{{절|一四八|一一}} 셰샹의 왕들과 모든 백셩과 방백과 ᄯᅡ의 모든 사사며
{{절|一四八|一二}} 쳥년 남자와 쳐녀와 로인과 아해들아
{{절|一四八|一三}} 다 여호와의 일홈을 찬양할지어다 그 일홈이 홀노 놉흐시며 그 영광이 텬디에 ᄯᅱ여나심이로다
{{절|一四八|一四}} 뎌가 그 백셩의 ᄲᅮᆯ을 놉히셧스니 뎌는 모든 셩도 곳 뎌를 친근히 하는 {{u|이스라엘}} 자손의 찬양거리로다 &lt;ref name=&quot;할넬누야&quot; /&gt;할넬누야

=== 뎨일백사십구편 ===
{{절|一四九|一|장빈칸=f}} &lt;ref name=&quot;할넬누야&quot; /&gt;할넬누야 새 노래로 여호와ᄭᅴ 노래하며 셩도의 회즁에셔 찬양할지어다
{{절|一四九|二}} {{du|이스라엘}}은 자긔를 지으신쟈로 인하야 즐거워하며 {{du|시온}}의 자민은 뎌희의 왕으로 인하야 즐거워 할지어다
{{절|一四九|三}} 춤추며 그의 일홈을 찬양하며 쇼고와 슈금으로 그를 찬양할지어다
{{절|一四九|四}} 여호와ᄭᅴ셔는 자긔 백셩을 깃버하시며 겸손한쟈를 구원으로 아름답게 하심이로다
{{절|一四九|五}} 셩도들은 영광즁에 즐거워하며 뎌희 침상에셔 깃븜으로 노래할지어다
{{절|一四九|六}} 그 입에는 하나님의 존영이오 그 슈즁에는 두날 가진 칼이로다
{{절|一四九|七}} {{작게|이것으로}} 렬방에 보슈하며 민족들을 벌하며
{{절|一四九|八}} 뎌희 왕들은 사슬노 뎌희 귀인은 텰고랑으로 결박하고
{{절|一四九|九}} 긔록한 판단대로 뎌희게 시행할지로다 &lt;ref&gt;여호와는그셩도들의영광이로다&lt;/ref&gt;이런영광은 그 모든 셩도의게 잇도다 &lt;ref name=&quot;할넬누야&quot; /&gt;할넬누야

=== 뎨일백오십편 ===
{{절|一五〇|一|장빈칸=f}} &lt;ref name=&quot;할넬누야&quot; /&gt;할넬누야 그 셩소에셔 하나님을 찬양하며 그 권능의 궁창에셔 그를 찬양할지어다
{{절|一五〇|二}} 그의 능하신 행동을 인하야 찬양하며 그의 지극히 광대하심을 좃차 찬양할지어다
{{절|一五〇|三}} 라팔 소래로 찬양하며 비파와 슈금으로 찬양할지어다
{{절|一五〇|四}} 쇼고 {{작게|치}}며 춤추어 찬양하며 현악과 통쇼로 찬양할지어다
{{절|一五〇|五}} 큰 소래 나는 제금으로 찬양하며 놉흔 소래 나는 제금으로 찬양할지어다
{{절|一五〇|六}} 호흡이 잇는쟈마다 여호와를 찬양할지어다 &lt;ref name=&quot;할넬누야&quot; /&gt;할넬누야
{{nop}}&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>4ee8462j4p90x8ji16tfqr8dxzg1dmz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>모듈:Header/attribution</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>96321</id>
    <revision>
      <id>427605</id>
      <parentid>396118</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T01:57:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aspere</username>
        <id>5453</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>427605</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="10896" sha1="rie9ghhw997l3d2u35vapn67yo6vwzw" xml:space="preserve">require('strict')

local p = {}

local yesno = require('Module:Yesno')
local TableTools = require('Module:TableTools')
local contrib_types = require('Module:Header/attribution data')
local ISO_639_language_name = require('Module:ISO 639').language_name

p.attr_data = {}
for k, v in pairs(contrib_types) do
	p.attr_data[v['param_name']] = v
	if v.aliases then
        for _, alias in ipairs(v.aliases) do
            p.attr_data[alias] = v
        end
    end
end

local function get_attribution_params(args)
	local all_contributors = {
		title = {},
		section = {}
	}
	
	for k, v in pairs(args) do
		local base_param_name = string.gsub(string.gsub(k, '%-display$', ''), '%-nolink$', '')
		local arg_param_name = string.gsub(base_param_name, '^override%-', '')
		local param_name = string.gsub(arg_param_name, '%d*$', '')
		
		local section_key
		if string.match(arg_param_name, '^section%-') then
			section_key = 'section'
			param_name = string.gsub(param_name, '^section%-', '')
		else
			section_key = 'title'
		end
		
		if p['attr_data'][param_name] then
			local param_name_pattern = '^' .. string.gsub(string.gsub(base_param_name, '%d*$', ''), '%-', '%%%-')
			local nText = string.match(k, param_name_pattern .. '%d*$')
			local nDisplay = string.match(k, param_name_pattern .. '%d*%-display$')
			local nNoLink = string.match(k, param_name_pattern .. '%d*%-nolink$')
			
			local n
			local info
			
			if nText then
				n = string.gsub(nText, param_name_pattern .. '(%d*)$', '%1')
				n = tonumber(n) or 1
				info = 'text'
			elseif nDisplay then
				n = string.gsub(nDisplay, param_name_pattern .. '(%d*)%-display$', '%1')
				n = tonumber(n) or 1
				info = 'display'
			elseif nNoLink then
				n = string.gsub(nNoLink, param_name_pattern .. '(%d*)%-nolink$', '%1')
				n = tonumber(n) or 1
				info = 'nolink'
			end
			
			local index = p['attr_data'][param_name]['index']
			all_contributors[section_key][index] = all_contributors[section_key][index] or {}
			all_contributors[section_key][index]['param_name'] = all_contributors[section_key][index]['param_name'] or param_name
			all_contributors[section_key][index]['arg_param_name'] = all_contributors[section_key][index]['arg_param_name'] or arg_param_name
			all_contributors[section_key][index]['override'] = all_contributors[section_key][index]['override'] or args['override-' .. arg_param_name]
			
			if n and not (args.template_name == '번역 머리말' and arg_param_name == 'translator' and info == 'text' and string.lower(v) == 'wikisource') then
				all_contributors[section_key][index]['values'] = all_contributors[section_key][index]['values'] or {}
				all_contributors[section_key][index]['values'][n] = all_contributors[section_key][index]['values'][n] or {}
				all_contributors[section_key][index]['values'][n][info] = all_contributors[section_key][index]['values'][n][info] or v
			end
		end
	end
	
	if args.template_name == '번역 머리말' then
		local index = p['attr_data']['translator']['index']
		all_contributors['title'][index] = all_contributors['title'][index] or {}
		all_contributors['title'][index]['param_name'] = all_contributors['title'][index]['param_name'] or 'translator'
		all_contributors['title'][index]['arg_param_name'] = all_contributors['title'][index]['arg_param_name'] or 'translator'
		all_contributors['title'][index]['override'] = all_contributors['title'][index]['override'] or nil
		all_contributors['title'][index]['values'] = all_contributors['title'][index]['values'] or {}
		table.insert(all_contributors['title'][index]['values'], {text = 'wikisource'})
	end
	
	local contributors = {
		title = {},
		section = {}
	}
	for section_key, section_values in pairs(all_contributors) do
		for i, contrib in ipairs(TableTools.compressSparseArray(section_values)) do
			local new_contrib = {}
			for k, v in pairs(TableTools.shallowClone(contrib)) do
				if k == 'values' then
					new_contrib[k] = TableTools.compressSparseArray(v)
				else
					new_contrib[k] = v
				end
			end
			table.insert(contributors[section_key], new_contrib)
		end
	end
	
	return contributors
end

function p.get_attribution_params(args)
	return get_attribution_params(args)
end

local function construct_attribution_span(args)
	local aspan = mw.html.create('span')
		:addClass('vcard')
		:attr('id', 'header-' .. args.span_param_name .. '-text')
		:tag('span'):addClass('fn'):wikitext(args.atext)
	
	return tostring(mw.html.create('span')
		:addClass('contributor-text')
		:wikitext(args.prefix .. tostring(aspan))
	)
end

local function construct_attribution(args)
	local data = args.data
	local param_name = data['param_name']
	local span_param_name = param_name
	local prefix = p['attr_data'][param_name]['prefix'] .. '&amp;nbsp;'
	
	if data['arg_param_name'] == 'section-author' then
		span_param_name = 'contributor'
	end
	
	if data['arg_param_name'] == 'author' and data['override'] then
		prefix = '' -- legacy parameter
	elseif (param_name == 'translator' or param_name == '역자' or param_name == '옮긴이') and (args.languages or args['언어']) then
		prefix = (args.language_name or ISO_639_language_name(args['언어']) or '미인식 언어') .. '에서 번역' .. ', 역자:&amp;nbsp;'
	end
	
	-- override (legacy parameter)
	local atext = data['override']
	if atext then
		if args.template_name == 'Translation header' and param_name == 'translator' then
			atext = atext .. ' 및 ' .. p['attr_data']['translator']['special_cases']['wikisource']
		end
		return construct_attribution_span({span_param_name = span_param_name, prefix = prefix, atext = atext})
	end
	
	local contributors = {}
	for i, contributor in ipairs(data['values']) do
		local text = contributor['text']
		local display = contributor['display']
		local nolink = yesno(contributor['nolink']) or false
		
		if nolink then
			table.insert(contributors, display or text)
		elseif text then
			local special = false
			for k, v in pairs(p['attr_data'][param_name]['special_cases']) do
				if string.lower(text) == k then
					special = true
					if type(v) == 'function' then
						display = v(display)
					else
						display = v
					end
					break
				end
			end
			
			if not special then
				if not display then
					display = string.gsub(text, ' %(.*%)$', '')
				end
				display = text
			end
			if display then
				table.insert(contributors, display)
			end
		else
			mw.logObject(contributor)
		end
	end
	
	if #contributors == 0 then
		return nil
	elseif #contributors == 1 then
		atext = contributors[1]
	else
		atext = table.concat(contributors, ', ')
	end
	
	local s = construct_attribution_span({span_param_name = span_param_name, prefix = prefix, atext = atext})
	
	return s
end

function p.construct_attributions(args)
	local attributions = {}
	
	local a_args = TableTools.shallowClone(args)
	local attr_params = get_attribution_params(args)['title']
	for i, data in ipairs(attr_params) do
		a_args['data'] = data
		local atext = construct_attribution(a_args)
		if atext then
			table.insert(attributions, atext)
		end
	end
	
	if #attributions == 0 then
		return ''
	end
	
	return table.concat(attributions, ', ')
end

-- section

function p.construct_section(args)
	local section_text = args['부제'] ~= nil and args['부제'] or args['section']
	local subsection_text = args['부제 다른 표기'] or ''
	
	if not section_text or section_text == '' then
		return ''
	elseif section_text ~= '' and subsection_text ~= '' then
		section_text = string.format('%s(%s)', section_text, subsection_text)
	end
	
	local attributions = {}
	
	local a_args = TableTools.shallowClone(args)
	a_args.languages = a_args.section_languages or a_args.languages or a_args['언어']
	a_args.language_name = a_args.section_language_name or a_args.language_name
	
	local attr_params = get_attribution_params(args)['section']
	for i, data in ipairs(attr_params) do
		a_args['data'] = data
		local atext = construct_attribution(a_args)
		if atext then
			table.insert(attributions, atext)
		end
	end
	
	if #attributions &gt; 0 then
		local sep = ' '
		section_text = section_text .. sep .. table.concat(attributions, ', ')
	end
	
	return tostring(mw.html.create('div')
		:addClass('header-section-text')
		:wikitext(section_text)
	)
end

--[=[
Construct the [[Help:Microformat]] for the page.

This is in the form:
&lt;div id=&quot;ws-data&quot; ...&gt;
  &lt;span id=&quot;ws-title&quot;&gt;Title here...&lt;/span&gt;
  ...
&lt;div&gt;
]=]
function p.construct_microformat(args)
	local mf_div =  mw.html.create('div')
		:addClass('ws-noexport')
		:attr('id', 'ws-data')
		:css({speak = 'none'})
	
	-- override to show the microformat
	if yesno(args['show-microformat']) then
		mf_div:addClass('ws-data-show')
	end
	
	-- collect the MF values here
	local mf = {};
	
	-- page ID
	mf['ws-article-id'] = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().id 
	
	-- title
	if args['title'] then
		mf['ws-title'] = args['title']
		
		-- append section if there is one
		if args['section'] then
			mf['ws-title'] = mf['ws-title'] .. &quot; — &quot; .. args['section']
		end
	end
	
	-- year
	mf['ws-year'] = args['year']
	
	-- cover
	mf['ws-cover'] = args['cover']
	
	-- use section values if available, otherwise use work values
	local attr_params = get_attribution_params(args)
	local joined_attr_params = {}
	for i, section_key in ipairs({'section', 'title'}) do
		for i, data in ipairs(attr_params[section_key]) do
			local index = p['attr_data'][data['param_name']]['index']
			joined_attr_params[index] = joined_attr_params[index] or data
		end
	end
	joined_attr_params = TableTools.compressSparseArray(joined_attr_params)
	
	for i, data in ipairs(joined_attr_params) do
		local atext = data['override']
		local ws_translator = args.template_name == 'Translation header' and data['param_name'] == 'translator'
		if atext and ws_translator then
			atext = atext .. ' 및 위키문헌'
		elseif not atext then
			local attr_text = {}
			for i, values in ipairs(data['values']) do
				local display = values['text']
				local special = false
				if values['text'] then
					for k, v in pairs(p['attr_data'][data['param_name']]['special_cases']) do
						if string.lower(values['text']) == k then
							special = true
							if k == 'anon' or k == 'anonymous' or k == '익명' or k == '불명' then
								display = '익명'
							elseif k == '위키문헌' then
								display = '위키문헌'
							elseif type(v) == 'function' then
								display = v(display)
							else
								display = v
							end
							break
						end
					end
				else
					mw.logObject(values)
				end
				table.insert(attr_text, display)
			end
			if #attr_text == 1 then
				atext = attr_text[1]
			elseif #attr_text &gt; 1 then
				atext = table.concat(attr_text, ', ', 1, #attr_text - 1) .. ' 및 ' .. attr_text[#attr_text]
			end
		end
		if atext then
			mf['ws-' .. data['param_name']] = atext
		end
	end
	
	for k, v in pairs(mf) do
		mf_div:tag('span'):attr('id', k):wikitext(v)
	end
	
	return tostring(mf_div)
end

return p</text>
      <sha1>rie9ghhw997l3d2u35vapn67yo6vwzw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>번역:동물 농장</title>
    <ns>114</ns>
    <id>112063</id>
    <revision>
      <id>427600</id>
      <parentid>427548</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-25T22:16:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Danuri19</username>
        <id>16656</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>427600</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="212591" sha1="kintpeg84fwtg048ed8jtyfusri1j0z" xml:space="preserve">{{번역 머리말
| 제목 = 동물농장  &lt;ref&gt;[https://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks01/0100011.txt|#] 프로젝트 구텐베르그(Project Gutenberg) 호주 지부(Australia) 영문판&lt;/ref&gt;
| 다른 표기 = Animal Farm
| 부제 = 
| 부제 다른 표기 =
| 저자 = [[저자:조지 오웰|조지 오웰]]
| 역자 = [[사:Danuri19|Danuri19]]
| 이전 = 
| 다음 = 
| 연도 = 
| 언어 = 
| 원본 = 
| 설명 = 
}}

Chapter I&lt;br&gt;
제1장

Mr. Jones, of the Manor Farm, had locked the hen-houses for the night, but
was too drunk to remember to shut the pop-holes. With the ring of light
from his lantern dancing from side to side, he lurched across the yard,
kicked off his boots at the back door, drew himself a last glass of beer
from the barrel in the scullery, and made his way up to bed, where
Mrs. Jones was already snoring.&lt;br&gt;
매너 농장의 존스 씨는 밤을 맞아 닭장을 잠갔지만,
너무 취해서 닭들이 드나드는 구멍을 닫는 것을 잊어버렸습니다. 등불의 불빛이 좌우로 흔들리는 가운데, 그는 비틀거리며 마당을 가로질러,
뒷문에서 부츠를 벗어 던지고, 부엌 찬장에 있는 맥주통에서 마지막 맥주 한 잔을 따라 마신 후,
존스 부인이 이미 코를 골며 자고 있는 침실로 올라갔습니다.

As soon as the light in the bedroom went out there was a stirring and a
fluttering all through the farm buildings. Word had gone round during the
day that old Major, the prize Middle White boar, had had a strange dream
on the previous night and wished to communicate it to the other animals.
It had been agreed that they should all meet in the big barn as soon as
Mr. Jones was safely out of the way. Old Major (so he was always called,
though the name under which he had been exhibited was Willingdon Beauty)
was so highly regarded on the farm that everyone was quite ready to lose
an hour's sleep in order to hear what he had to say.
&lt;br&gt;
침실의 불이 꺼지자마자, 농장 건물 전체에 걸쳐 (동물들의) 소란과 분주함이 감돌았습니다. 낮 동안에 그 상급 '미들 화이트' 종 수퇘지인 늙은 메이저가 지난밤 이상한 꿈을 꾸었으며, 그것을 다른 동물들에게 전달하고 싶어 한다는 말이 돌았습니다. 존스 씨가 확실히 방해되지 않는 곳으로 가자마자 그들 모두가 큰 창고에서 만나기로 합의되었습니다. 늙은 메이저(그가 가축전시회에 나갔을 때의 이름은 '윌링던의 미남'이였지만, 그는 항상 그렇게 불렸습니다)는 농장에서 매우 높게 평가받고 있었기에, 모두가 그가 할 말을 듣기 위해 기꺼이 한 시간의 잠을 포기할 준비가 되어 있었습니다.

At one end of the big barn, on a sort of raised platform, Major was
already ensconced on his bed of straw, under a lantern which hung from a
beam. He was twelve years old and had lately grown rather stout, but he
was still a majestic-looking pig, with a wise and benevolent appearance in
spite of the fact that his tushes had never been cut. Before long the
other animals began to arrive and make themselves comfortable after their
different fashions. First came the three dogs, Bluebell, Jessie, and
Pincher, and then the pigs, who settled down in the straw immediately in
front of the platform. The hens perched themselves on the window-sills,
the pigeons fluttered up to the rafters, the sheep and cows lay down
behind the pigs and began to chew the cud. The two cart-horses, Boxer and
Clover, came in together, walking very slowly and setting down their vast
hairy hoofs with great care lest there should be some small animal
concealed in the straw. Clover was a stout motherly mare approaching
middle life, who had never quite got her figure back after her fourth foal.
Boxer was an enormous beast, nearly eighteen hands high, and as strong as
any two ordinary horses put together. A white stripe down his nose gave
him a somewhat stupid appearance, and in fact he was not of first-rate
intelligence, but he was universally respected for his steadiness of
character and tremendous powers of work. After the horses came Muriel,
the white goat, and Benjamin, the donkey. Benjamin was the oldest animal
on the farm, and the worst tempered. He seldom talked, and when he did, it
was usually to make some cynical remark--for instance, he would say that
God had given him a tail to keep the flies off, but that he would sooner
have had no tail and no flies. Alone among the animals on the farm he
never laughed. If asked why, he would say that he saw nothing to laugh at.
Nevertheless, without openly admitting it, he was devoted to Boxer; the
two of them usually spent their Sundays together in the small paddock
beyond the orchard, grazing side by side and never speaking.&lt;br&gt;
큰 창고의 한쪽 끝, 일종의 높여진 플랫폼(무대) 위에, 메이저는 들보로부터 매달려 있는 랜턴 아래의 그의 짚 침대 위에 이미 편안하게 자리를 잡고 있었습니다. 그는 12살이었고 최근에 다소 뚱뚱해졌지만, 그의 엄니가 한 번도 잘린 적이 없다는 사실에도 불구하고, 그는 여전히 지혜롭고 자애로운 외모를 가진 위엄 있어 보이는 돼지였습니다. 오래지 않아 다른 동물들이 도착하기 시작했고 그들의 서로 다른 방식에 따라 스스로를 편안하게 만들었습니다(자리를 잡았습니다). 먼저 블루벨, 제시, 핀처라는 세 마리의 개가 왔고, 그다음에는 돼지들이 왔는데, 그들은 플랫폼 바로 앞의 짚 속에 정착했습니다. 암탉들은 창문 턱 위에 스스로를 앉혔고, 비둘기들은 서까래 위로 파닥거리며 올라갔으며, 양들과 소들은 돼지들 뒤에 누워 되새김질을 하기 시작했습니다. 두 마리의 짐수레 말인 복서와 클로버가 함께 들어왔는데, 짚 속에 숨어 있는 어떤 작은 동물이라도 있을까 봐 매우 천천히 걸으며 그들의 거대하고 털이 많은 발굽을 엄청난 주의를 기울여 내디뎠습니다. 클로버는 중년에 접어드는 뚱뚱하고 어머니 같은 암말이었는데, 그녀의 네 번째 망아지를 낳은 이후 그녀의 몸매를 결코 완전히 되찾지 못했습니다. 복서는 거의 18핸드(약 183cm) 높이에 이르는 거대한 짐승이었고, 합쳐진 어떤 평범한 말 두 마리만큼이나 힘이 셌습니다. 코를 따라 내려오는 흰색 줄무늬는 그에게 다소 어리석은 외모를 주었고, 사실 그는 일류의( 뛰어난) 지능은 아니었지만, 그의 성격의 꾸준함과 엄청난 작업 능력으로 인해 보편적으로(모두에게) 존경받았습니다. 말들 다음에는 흰 염소인 뮤리엘과 당나귀인 벤자민이 왔습니다. 벤자민은 농장에서 가장 나이가 많은 동물이었고, 성격이 가장 나빴습니다. 그는 좀처럼 말하지 않았고, 그가 말을 할 때는 대개 어떤 냉소적인 발언을 하기 위해서였습니다. 예를 들어, 그는 신이 그에게 파리를 쫓아내라고 꼬리를 주셨지만, 차라리 꼬리도 없고 파리도 없는 것이 더 좋았겠다고 말하곤 했습니다. 농장의 동물들 중에서 홀로 그는 결코 웃지 않았습니다. 왜냐고 질문을 받으면, 그는 웃을 만한 것을 아무것도 보지 못했다고 말하곤 했습니다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 그것을 공개적으로 인정하지는 않으면서도, 그는 복서에게 헌신적이었습니다. 그들 둘은 대개 과수원 너머의 작은 방목지에서 그들의 일요일을 함께 보냈는데, 나란히 풀을 뜯으며 결코 말하지 않았습니다.

The two horses had just lain down when a brood of ducklings, which had
lost their mother, filed into the barn, cheeping feebly and wandering from
side to side to find some place where they would not be trodden on. Clover
made a sort of wall round them with her great foreleg, and the ducklings
nestled down inside it and promptly fell asleep. At the last moment
Mollie, the foolish, pretty white mare who drew Mr. Jones's trap, came
mincing daintily in, chewing at a lump of sugar. She took a place near the
front and began flirting her white mane, hoping to draw attention to the
red ribbons it was plaited with. Last of all came the cat, who looked
round, as usual, for the warmest place, and finally squeezed herself in
between Boxer and Clover; there she purred contentedly throughout Major's
speech without listening to a word of what he was saying.&lt;br&gt;
그 두 마리의 말이 막 누웠을 때, 그들의 엄마를 잃어버린 오리 새끼 한 무리가, 힘없이 삐약거리고 그들이 밟히지 않을 어떤 장소를 찾기 위해 이리저리 헤매며 창고 안으로 줄을 지어 들어왔습니다. 클로버는 그녀의 거대한 앞다리로 그들 주위에 일종의 벽을 만들어 주었고, 오리 새끼들은 그 안에 아늑하게 자리를 잡고 즉시 잠이 들었습니다. 마지막 순간에, 존스 씨의 이인승 마차를 끌던 어리석고 예쁜 흰색 암말인 몰리가 설탕 덩어리를 씹으며 얌전 빼며 우아하게 걸어 들어왔습니다. 그녀는 앞쪽 근처에 자리를 잡았고, 그것(갈기)에 땋아져 있는 빨간 리본들로 주의를 끌기를 희망하면서 그녀의 하얀 갈기를 살랑거리기 시작했습니다. 가장 마지막으로 고양이가 왔는데, 그녀는 늘 그렇듯 가장 따뜻한 장소를 찾아 주위를 둘러보았고, 마침내 복서와 클로버 사이에 스스로를 밀어 넣었습니다. 거기서 그녀는 메이저가 말하고 있는 것의 단 한 단어도 듣지 않으면서, 메이저의 연설 내내 만족스럽게 갸르릉거렸습니다.

All the animals were now present except Moses, the tame raven, who slept
on a perch behind the back door. When Major saw that they had all made
themselves comfortable and were waiting attentively, he cleared his throat
and began:
&lt;br&gt;
뒷문 뒤의 홰 위에서 잠을 자는 길들여진 까마귀인 모세를 제외하고는 모든 동물들이 이제 참석해 있었습니다. 메이저가 그들 모두가 스스로를 편안하게 만들고(자리를 잡고) 주의 깊게 기다리고 있는 것을 보았을 때, 그는 그의 목청을 가다듬고 시작했습니다:

&quot;Comrades, you have heard already about the strange dream that I had last
night. But I will come to the dream later. I have something else to say
first. I do not think, comrades, that I shall be with you for many months
longer, and before I die, I feel it my duty to pass on to you such wisdom
as I have acquired. I have had a long life, I have had much time for
thought as I lay alone in my stall, and I think I may say that I
understand the nature of life on this earth as well as any animal now
living. It is about this that I wish to speak to you.
&lt;br&gt;
&quot;동지들, 여러분은 내가 지난밤에 꾸었던 이상한 꿈에 대해 이미 들었습니다. 하지만 나는 그 꿈에 대해서는 나중에 이야기하겠습니다. 나는 먼저 말해야 할 다른 어떤 것을 가지고 있습니다. 동지들, 나는 내가 여러 달 더 이상 여러분과 함께하지 못할 것이라고 생각하며, 내가 죽기 전에, 내가 습득해 온 그러한 지혜를 여러분에게 전달하는 것이 나의 의무라고 느낍니다. 나는 긴 삶을 살았고, 나의 축사 안에 홀로 누워 있을 때 생각할 많은 시간을 가졌으며, 나는 내가 현재 살고 있는 어떤 동물 못지않게 이 지구상에서의 삶의 본질을 이해하고 있다고 말할 수 있다고 생각합니다. 내가 여러분에게 말하고자 희망하는 것은 바로 이것에 대해서입니다.

&quot;Now, comrades, what is the nature of this life of ours? Let us face it:
our lives are miserable, laborious, and short. We are born, we are given
just so much food as will keep the breath in our bodies, and those of us
who are capable of it are forced to work to the last atom of our strength;
and the very instant that our usefulness has come to an end we are
slaughtered with hideous cruelty. No animal in England knows the meaning
of happiness or leisure after he is a year old. No animal in England is
free. The life of an animal is misery and slavery: that is the plain truth.&lt;br&gt;
&quot;이제, 동지들, 우리들의 이 삶의 본질은 무엇입니까? 그것을 직시합시다. 우리의 삶은 비참하고, 힘들며, 짧습니다. 우리는 태어나고, 우리의 몸속에 숨이 붙어 있게 유지해 줄 딱 그만큼의 음식만을 받으며, 그것(노동)을 할 능력이 있는 우리들 중의 이들은 우리의 힘의 마지막 한 원자(한 방울)까지 짜내어 일하도록 강요받습니다. 그리고 우리의 유용성이 끝에 다다르는 바로 그 순간에, 우리는 끔찍한 잔인함과 함께 도살당합니다. 영국의 어떤 동물도 그가 한 살이 된 이후에는 행복이나 여가의 의미를 알지 못합니다. 영국의 어떤 동물도 자유롭지 않습니다. 동물의 삶은 비참함과 노예 상태입니다. 그것이 명백한 진실입니다.

&quot;But is this simply part of the order of nature? Is it because this land
of ours is so poor that it cannot afford a decent life to those who dwell
upon it? No, comrades, a thousand times no! The soil of England is
fertile, its climate is good, it is capable of affording food in abundance
to an enormously greater number of animals than now inhabit it. This
single farm of ours would support a dozen horses, twenty cows, hundreds of
sheep--and all of them living in a comfort and a dignity that are now
almost beyond our imagining. Why then do we continue in this miserable
condition? Because nearly the whole of the produce of our labour is stolen
from us by human beings. There, comrades, is the answer to all our
problems. It is summed up in a single word--Man. Man is the only real
enemy we have. Remove Man from the scene, and the root cause of hunger and
overwork is abolished for ever.&lt;br&gt;
&quot;그러나 이것은 단순히 자연의 질서의 일부입니까? 그것은 우리들의 이 땅이 너무 가난해서 그 위에 거주하는 이들에게 괜찮은(품위 있는) 삶을 제공할 여유가 없기 때문입니까? 아닙니다, 동지들, 천 번이고 아닙니다! 영국의 토양은 비옥하고, 그것의 기후는 좋으며, 그것은 현재 그것에 서식하는 것보다 훨씬 더 엄청나게 많은 수의 동물들에게 풍부한 음식을 제공할 능력이 있습니다. 우리들의 이 단 하나의 농장만으로도 열두 마리의 말, 스무 마리의 소, 수백 마리의 양을 부양할 수 있을 것이며—그리고 그들 모두는 지금은 우리의 상상을 거의 초월하는 편안함과 존엄함 속에서 살아가게 될 것입니다. 그렇다면 왜 우리는 이 비참한 상태를 지속하고 있습니까? 왜냐하면 우리 노동의 생산물의 거의 전부가 인간들에 의해 우리로부터 도둑맞고 있기 때문입니다. 동지들, 거기에 우리 모든 문제에 대한 답이 있습니다. 그것은 단 하나의 단어로 요약됩니다—인간. 인간은 우리가 가진 유일한 진짜 적입니다. 장면(무대)에서 인간을 제거하십시오, 그러면 굶주림과 과로의 근본 원인은 영원히 폐지됩니다.

&quot;Man is the only creature that consumes without producing. He does not
give milk, he does not lay eggs, he is too weak to pull the plough, he
cannot run fast enough to catch rabbits. Yet he is lord of all the
animals. He sets them to work, he gives back to them the bare minimum that
will prevent them from starving, and the rest he keeps for himself. Our
labour tills the soil, our dung fertilises it, and yet there is not one of
us that owns more than his bare skin. You cows that I see before me, how
many thousands of gallons of milk have you given during this last year?
And what has happened to that milk which should have been breeding up
sturdy calves? Every drop of it has gone down the throats of our enemies.
And you hens, how many eggs have you laid in this last year, and how many
of those eggs ever hatched into chickens? The rest have all gone to market
to bring in money for Jones and his men. And you, Clover, where are those
four foals you bore, who should have been the support and pleasure of your
old age? Each was sold at a year old--you will never see one of them
again. In return for your four confinements and all your labour in the
fields, what have you ever had except your bare rations and a stall?&lt;br&gt;
&quot;인간은 생산하지 않으면서 소비하는 유일한 생명체입니다. 그는 우유를 주지도 않고, 알을 낳지도 않으며, 쟁기를 끌기에는 너무 약하고, 토끼를 잡을 만큼 충분히 빠르게 달릴 수도 없습니다. 하지만 그는 모든 동물들의 주인입니다. 그는 그들에게 일을 시키고, 그들에게 그들이 굶어 죽는 것을 방지할 간신히의 최소한(최저한도)만을 돌려주며, 나머지는 자신을 위해 보관합니다. 우리의 노동이 토양을 갈고, 우리의 배설물이 그것을 비옥하게 하지만, 그럼에도 우리들 중 그의 맨살(가진 것 없는 몸뚱이)보다 더 많은 것을 소유한 이는 단 하나도 없습니다. 내 앞에 보이는 당신들 암소들, 당신들은 이 지난 한 해 동안 얼마나 많은 수천 갤런의 우유를 주었습니까? 그리고 튼튼한 송아지들을 길러내고 있었어야 마땅한 그 우유에 무슨 일이 일어났습니까? 그것의 모든 한 방울은 우리 원수들의 목구멍 아래로 내려갔습니다. 그리고 당신들 암탉들, 당신들은 이 지난 한 해 동안 얼마나 많은 알을 낳았으며, 그 알들 중 얼마나 많은 수가 단 한 번이라도 병아리로 부화했습니까? 나머지는 모두 존스와 그의 부하들을 위한 돈을 가져오기 위해 시장으로 갔습니다. 그리고 당신, 클로버, 당신의 노년의 부양과 기쁨이 되었어야 마땅한, 당신이 낳은 그 네 마리의 망아지들은 어디에 있습니까? 각각은 한 살 때 팔렸습니다—당신은 결코 그들 중 단 한 마리도 다시는 보지 못할 것입니다. 당신의 네 번의 출산과 들판에서의 당신의 모든 노동에 대한 대가로, 당신의 간신히의 배급량과 축사 한 칸을 제외하고 당신이 가져본 것이 도대체 무엇이 있습니까?

&quot;And even the miserable lives we lead are not allowed to reach their
natural span. For myself I do not grumble, for I am one of the lucky ones.
I am twelve years old and have had over four hundred children. Such is the
natural life of a pig. But no animal escapes the cruel knife in the end.
You young porkers who are sitting in front of me, every one of you will
scream your lives out at the block within a year. To that horror we all
must come--cows, pigs, hens, sheep, everyone. Even the horses and the dogs
have no better fate. You, Boxer, the very day that those great muscles of
yours lose their power, Jones will sell you to the knacker, who will cut
your throat and boil you down for the foxhounds. As for the dogs, when
they grow old and toothless, Jones ties a brick round their necks and
drowns them in the nearest pond.
&lt;br&gt;
&quot;그리고 심지어 우리가 이끄는(영위하는) 비참한 삶들조차 그것들의 자연적인 수명에 도달하도록 허용되지 않습니다. 내 자신으로 말하자면 나는 불평하지 않는데, 왜냐하면 내가 운이 좋은 자들 중 하나이기 때문입니다. 나는 12살이고 400마리가 넘는 자식들을 가졌습니다. 그러한 것이 돼지의 자연적인 삶입니다. 그러나 결국 그 어떤 동물도 잔인한 칼날을 피하지 못합니다. 내 앞에 앉아 있는 당신들 젊은 육용돈(젊은 돼지)들, 당신들 모두는 1년 이내에 도살대 위에서 당신들의 생명이 다하도록 비명을 지르게 될 것입니다. 우리 모두는 그 공포로 나아가야만 합니다—암소들, 돼지들, 암탉들, 양들, 모두가 말입니다. 심지어 말들과 개들조차 더 나은 운명을 가지지 못합니다. 당신, 복서, 당신의 그 거대한 근육들이 그것들의 힘을 잃는 바로 그날, 존스는 당신을 도축업자(폐마 도축업자)에게 팔아넘길 것이고, 그는 당신의 목을 자르고 여우 사냥개들을 위해 당신을 삶아 버릴 것입니다. 개들로 말하자면, 그들이 늙고 이빨이 빠질 때, 존스는 그들의 목 주위에 벽돌을 묶고 가장 가까운 연못에 그들을 익사시킵니다.

&quot;Is it not crystal clear, then, comrades, that all the evils of this life
of ours spring from the tyranny of human beings? Only get rid of Man, and
the produce of our labour would be our own. Almost overnight we could
become rich and free. What then must we do? Why, work night and day, body
and soul, for the overthrow of the human race! That is my message to you,
comrades: Rebellion! I do not know when that Rebellion will come, it might
be in a week or in a hundred years, but I know, as surely as I see this
straw beneath my feet, that sooner or later justice will be done. Fix your
eyes on that, comrades, throughout the short remainder of your lives! And
above all, pass on this message of mine to those who come after you, so
that future generations shall carry on the struggle until it is victorious.&lt;br&gt;
&quot;그렇다면 동지들, 우리들의 이 삶의 모든 악이 인간들의 폭정으로부터 솟아난다는(비롯된다는) 것이 수정처럼 투명하게 명백하지(명약관화하지) 않습니까? 오직 인간만을 제거하십시오, 그러면 우리 노동의 생산물은 우리 자신의 것이 될 것입니다. 거의 하룻밤 사이에 우리는 부유해지고 자유로워질 수 있습니다. 그렇다면 우리는 무엇을 해야 합니까? 자, 인류의 타도를 위해 밤낮으로, 몸과 영혼을 바쳐 일하십시오! 동지들, 그것이 여러분에게 보내는 나의 메시지입니다. 바로 반란입니다! 나는 그 반란이 언제 올지 알지 못하며, 그것은 일주일 뒤일 수도 있고 백 년 뒤일 수도 있지만, 내가 내 발아래에 있는 이 짚을 보는 것만큼이나 확실하게, 머지않아 정의가 실현될 것임을 나는 압니다. 동지들, 여러분의 짧은 남은 삶 동안 그것에 여러분의 눈을 고정하십시오! 그리고 무엇보다도, 미래의 세대들이 그것이 승리할 때까지 그 투쟁을 계속해 나갈 수 있도록, 나의 이 메시지를 여러분 뒤에 오는 이들에게 전달하십시오.

&quot;And remember, comrades, your resolution must never falter. No argument
must lead you astray. Never listen when they tell you that Man and the
animals have a common interest, that the prosperity of the one is the
prosperity of the others. It is all lies. Man serves the interests of no
creature except himself. And among us animals let there be perfect unity,
perfect comradeship in the struggle. All men are enemies. All animals are
comrades.&quot;
&lt;br&gt;
&quot;그리고 기억하십시오, 동지들, 여러분의 결의는 결코 흔들려서 안 됩니다. 어떤 주장도 여러분을 타락한 길로(잘못된 길로) 이끌어서는 안 됩니다. 인간과 동물이 공통의 이익을 가지고 있으며, 한쪽의 번영이 다른 쪽들의 번영이라고 그들이 여러분에게 말할 때 결코 듣지 마십시오. 그것은 모두 거짓말입니다. 인간은 자신을 제외하고는 그 어떤 생명체의 이익도 돌보지 않습니다. 그리고 우리 동물들 사이에는 투쟁 속에서 완벽한 단결, 완벽한 동지애가 있게 하십시오. 모든 인간은 원수입니다. 모든 동물은 동지입니다.&quot;

At this moment there was a tremendous uproar. While Major was speaking
four large rats had crept out of their holes and were sitting on their
hindquarters, listening to him. The dogs had suddenly caught sight of
them, and it was only by a swift dash for their holes that the rats saved
their lives. Major raised his trotter for silence.&lt;br&gt;
이 순간에 엄청난 소란이 있었습니다. 메이저가 말하고 있는 동안 네 마리의 거대한 쥐들이 그들의 구멍 밖으로 살금살금 기어 나와 그들의 뒷동서리를 대고 앉아, 그(의 말)를 듣고 있었습니다. 개들이 갑자기 그들을 포착했고, 쥐들이 그들의 생명을 구한 것은 오직 그들의 구멍을 향한 빠른 돌진에 의해서였습니다. 메이저는 침묵을 위해 그의 앞발을 들어 올렸습니다.

&quot;Comrades,&quot; he said, &quot;here is a point that must be settled. The wild
creatures, such as rats and rabbits--are they our friends or our enemies?
Let us put it to the vote. I propose this question to the meeting: Are
rats comrades?&quot;
&lt;br&gt;
&quot;동지들,&quot; 그가 말했습니다, &quot;여기 해결되어야만 하는 한 가지 논점이 있습니다. 쥐들과 토끼들 같은 야생의 생명체들—그들은 우리의 친구입니까 아니면 우리의 원수입니까? 그것을 투표에 부칩시다. 나는 회의에 이 질문을 제안합니다: 쥐들은 동지입니까?&quot;

The vote was taken at once, and it was agreed by an overwhelming majority
that rats were comrades. There were only four dissentients, the three dogs
and the cat, who was afterwards discovered to have voted on both sides.
Major continued:
&lt;br&gt;
투표는 즉시 취해졌고(실시되었고), 쥐들은 동지라는 것이 압도적인 대다수에 의해 합의되었습니다. 오직 네 마리의 반대자들만 있었는데, 세 마리의 개와 고양이였으며, 고양이는 나중에 양쪽 모두에 투표했던 것으로 발견되었습니다(밝혀졌습니다). 메이저는 계속했습니다:

&quot;I have little more to say. I merely repeat, remember always your duty of
enmity towards Man and all his ways. Whatever goes upon two legs is an
enemy. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend. And
remember also that in fighting against Man, we must not come to resemble
him. Even when you have conquered him, do not adopt his vices. No animal
must ever live in a house, or sleep in a bed, or wear clothes, or drink
alcohol, or smoke tobacco, or touch money, or engage in trade. All the
habits of Man are evil. And, above all, no animal must ever tyrannise over
his own kind. Weak or strong, clever or simple, we are all brothers. No
animal must ever kill any other animal. All animals are equal.
&lt;br&gt;
&quot;나는 더 말할 것이 거의 없습니다. 나는 단지 되풀이할 뿐이니, 인간과 그의 모든 방식들을 향한 여러분의 원수다움(적대감)의 의무를 항상 기억하십시오. 두 다리로 걷는 것은 무엇이든 적입니다. 네 다리로 걷거나, 날개를 가진 것은 무엇이든 친구입니다. 그리고 인간을 대항하여 싸우는 와중에, 우리가 그를 닮아가지 말아야 한다는 것 또한 기억하십시오. 심지어 여러분이 그를 정복했을 때라도, 그의 악덕들을 채택(모방)하지 마십시오. 어떤 동물도 결코 집 안에서 살아서는 안 되며, 침대에서 잠을 자서도 안 되고, 옷을 입어서도 안 되며, 술을 마셔서도 안 되고, 담배를 피워서도 안 되며, 돈을 만져서도 안 되고, 무역(상거래)에 종사해서도 안 됩니다. 인간의 모든 습관들은 악합니다. 그리고, 무엇보다도, 어떤 동물도 결코 그의 동족 위에서 폭정을 휘둘러서는 안 됩니다. 약하든 강하든, 똑똑하든 단순(어리석든)하든, 우리는 모두 형제들입니다. 어떤 동물도 결코 다른 어떤 동물을 죽여서는 안 됩니다. 모든 동물들은 평등합니다.

&quot;And now, comrades, I will tell you about my dream of last night. I cannot
describe that dream to you. It was a dream of the earth as it will be when
Man has vanished. But it reminded me of something that I had long
forgotten. Many years ago, when I was a little pig, my mother and the
other sows used to sing an old song of which they knew only the tune and
the first three words. I had known that tune in my infancy, but it had
long since passed out of my mind. Last night, however, it came back to me
in my dream. And what is more, the words of the song also came back-words,
I am certain, which were sung by the animals of long ago and have been
lost to memory for generations. I will sing you that song now, comrades.
I am old and my voice is hoarse, but when I have taught you the tune, you
can sing it better for yourselves. It is called 'Beasts of England'.&quot;
&lt;br&gt;
&quot;그리고 이제, 동지들, 나는 여러분에게 나의 지난밤의 꿈에 대해 말하겠습니다. 나는 그 꿈을 여러분에게 묘사할 수 없습니다. 그것은 인간이 사라졌을 때의 있을 바와 같은 지구에 대한 꿈이었습니다. 그러나 그것은 내가 오랫동안 잊고 있었던 어떤 것을 나에게 상기시켜 주었습니다. 수년 전, 내가 작은 돼지였을 때, 나의 어머니와 다른 씨돼지(암돼지)들은 그들이 오직 그것의 곡조와 첫 세 단어만을 알고 있었던 한 오래된 노래를 부르곤 했습니다. 나는 나의 유아기에 그 곡조를 알고 있었지만, 그것은 오래전에 나의 마음 밖으로 지나가 버렸습니다(잊혀졌습니다). 그러나 지난밤, 그것이 나의 꿈속에서 나에게 다시 돌아왔습니다. 그리고 더욱이, 그 노래의 가사들 또한 돌아왔는데—내가 확신하건대, 아주 옛날의 동물들에 의해 불렸고 세대 동안 기억에서 사라졌던 그러한 가사들입니다. 동지들, 나는 지금 여러분에게 그 노래를 불러 주겠습니다. 나는 늙었고 나의 목소리는 쉰 목소리이지만, 내가 여러분에게 그 곡조를 가르쳐 주고 나면, 여러분 스스로가 그것을 더 잘 부를 수 있습니다. 그것은 '영국의 동물들'이라고 불립니다.&quot;

Old Major cleared his throat and began to sing. As he had said, his voice
was hoarse, but he sang well enough, and it was a stirring tune, something
between 'Clementine' and 'La Cucaracha'. The words ran:
&lt;br&gt;
늙은 메이저는 그의 목청을 가다듬고 노래하기 시작했습니다. 그가 말했었던 것처럼, 그의 목소리는 쉰 목소리였지만, 그는 충분히 잘 불렀고, 그것은 '클레멘타인'과 '라 쿠카라차' 사이의 어떤 것과 같은, 마음을 뒤흔드는 곡조였습니다. 가사는 다음과 같이 흘러갔습니다:

&lt;table&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;
Beasts of England, beasts of Ireland,
Beasts of every land and clime,
Hearken to my joyful tidings
Of the golden future time.

Soon or late the day is coming,
Tyrant Man shall be o'erthrown,
And the fruitful fields of England
Shall be trod by beasts alone.

Rings shall vanish from our noses,
And the harness from our back,
Bit and spur shall rust forever,
Cruel whips no more shall crack.

Riches more than mind can picture,
Wheat and barley, oats and hay,
Clover, beans, and mangel-wurzels
Shall be ours upon that day.

Bright will shine the fields of England,
Purer shall its waters be,
Sweeter yet shall blow its breezes
On the day that sets us free.

For that day we all must labour,
Though we die before it break;
Cows and horses, geese and turkeys,
All must toil for freedom's sake.

Beasts of England, beasts of Ireland,
Beasts of every land and clime,
Hearken well and spread my tidings
Of the golden future time.
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;
영국의 동물들이여, 아일랜드의 동물들이여,
모든 땅과 기후의 동물들이여,
황금빛 미래 시대에 대한
나의 기쁜 소식에 귀를 기울이십시오.

조만간 그날이 오고 있으니,
폭군 인간은 타도될 것이요,
그리고 영국의 결실 가득한 들판은
오직 동물들에 의해서만 밟힐 것입니다.

고리들은 우리의 코에서 사라질 것이요,
그리고 마구는 우리의 등에서 (사라질 것입니다),
재갈과 박차는 영원히 녹슬 것이며,
잔인한 채찍은 더 이상 소리를 내지 못할 것입니다.

마음이 상상할 수 있는 것보다 더 많은 부,
밀과 보리, 귀리와 건초,
클로버, 콩, 그리고 사탕무가
바로 그날에 우리의 것이 될 것입니다.

영국의 들판은 밝게 빛날 것이요,
그것의 물은 더 맑아질 것이며,
그것의 산들바람은 더욱 달콤하게 불어올 것입니다,
우리를 자유롭게 해 주는 바로 그날에.

그날을 위해 우리 모두는 노동해야만 합니다,
비록 그것이 밝아오기 전에 우리가 죽을지라도.
암소들과 말들, 거위들과 칠면조들,
모두가 자유를 위해 힘들게 일해야만 합니다.

영국의 동물들이여, 아일랜드의 동물들이여,
모든 땅과 기후의 동물들이여,
잘 귀를 기울이고 나의 소식을 퍼뜨리십시오,
황금빛 미래 시대에 대한 (소식을).
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

The singing of this song threw the animals into the wildest excitement.
Almost before Major had reached the end, they had begun singing it for
themselves. Even the stupidest of them had already picked up the tune and
a few of the words, and as for the clever ones, such as the pigs and dogs,
they had the entire song by heart within a few minutes. And then, after a
few preliminary tries, the whole farm burst out into 'Beasts of England' in
tremendous unison. The cows lowed it, the dogs whined it, the sheep
bleated it, the horses whinnied it, the ducks quacked it. They were so
delighted with the song that they sang it right through five times in
succession, and might have continued singing it all night if they had not
been interrupted.
&lt;br&gt;
이 노래의 가창은 동물들을 가장 격렬한 흥분 속으로 몰아넣었습니다. 메이저가 끝에 도달하기 거의 전에, 그들은 그것을 그들 스스로 부르기 시작했었습니다. 그들 중 가장 어리석은 이들조차 이미 그 곡조와 몇 개의 단어들을 익혔고, 돼지들과 개들 같은 영리한 이들로 말하자면, 그들은 몇 분 안에 노래 전체를 마음으로(암기하여) 가졌습니다. 그러고 나서, 몇 번의 예비적인 시도 후에, 온 농장이 엄청난 일제히(제창) 속에서 '영국의 동물들'로 터져 나왔습니다. 암소들은 그것을 음매하고 울었고, 개들은 깽깽하며 울었으며, 양들은 매애하고 울었고, 말들은 히힝하고 울었고, 오리들은 꽥꽥하며 울었습니다. 그들은 그 노래에 너무나 기뻐서 그것을 연속으로 바로 다섯 번 통틀어 불렀고, 만약 그들이 방해받지 않았었더라면 밤새도록 그것을 계속 불렀을지도 모릅니다.

Unfortunately, the uproar awoke Mr. Jones, who sprang out of bed, making
sure that there was a fox in the yard. He seized the gun which always
stood in a corner of his bedroom, and let fly a charge of number 6 shot
into the darkness. The pellets buried themselves in the wall of the barn
and the meeting broke up hurriedly. Everyone fled to his own
sleeping-place. The birds jumped on to their perches, the animals settled
down in the straw, and the whole farm was asleep in a moment.
&lt;br&gt;
불행하게도, 그 소란이 존스 씨를 깨웠고, 그는 마당에 여우가 있다고 확신하면서 침대 밖으로 튀어 올랐습니다. 그는 그의 침실 구석에 항상 서 있던 총을 붙잡았고, 어둠 속으로 6호 산탄 한 발을 날려 보냈습니다. 그 산탄 알갱이들은 창고 벽속에 박혔고 회의는 서둘러 해산되었습니다. 모두가 그 자신의 잠자리로 도망쳤습니다. 새들은 그들의 홰 위로 뛰어올랐고, 동물들은 짚 속에 자리를 잡았으며, 온 농장은 순식간에 잠들었습니다.


Chapter II
제2장


Three nights later old Major died peacefully in his sleep. His body was
buried at the foot of the orchard.
&lt;br&gt;
사흘 밤 뒤에 늙은 메이저는 그의 잠 속에서 평화롭게 죽었습니다. 그의 몸은 과수원의 기슭에 묻혔습니다.

This was early in March. During the next three months there was much
secret activity. Major's speech had given to the more intelligent animals
on the farm a completely new outlook on life. They did not know when the
Rebellion predicted by Major would take place, they had no reason for
thinking that it would be within their own lifetime, but they saw clearly
that it was their duty to prepare for it. The work of teaching and
organising the others fell naturally upon the pigs, who were generally
recognised as being the cleverest of the animals. Pre-eminent among the
pigs were two young boars named Snowball and Napoleon, whom Mr. Jones was
breeding up for sale. Napoleon was a large, rather fierce-looking
Berkshire boar, the only Berkshire on the farm, not much of a talker, but
with a reputation for getting his own way. Snowball was a more vivacious
pig than Napoleon, quicker in speech and more inventive, but was not
considered to have the same depth of character. All the other male pigs on
the farm were porkers. The best known among them was a small fat pig named
Squealer, with very round cheeks, twinkling eyes, nimble movements, and a
shrill voice. He was a brilliant talker, and when he was arguing some
difficult point he had a way of skipping from side to side and whisking
his tail which was somehow very persuasive. The others said of Squealer
that he could turn black into white.&lt;br&gt;
이것은 3월 초순이었다. 다음 3달 동안에는 많은 비밀스러운 활동이 있었다. 메이저의 연설은 농장에서 더 똑똑한 동물들에게 삶에 대한 완전히 새로운 관점을 주었다. 그들은 메이저에 의해 예언된 그 반란이 언제 일어날지 알지 못했고, 그것이 그들 자신의 생애 내에 있을 것이라고 생각할 아무런 이유도 없었지만, 그러나 그들은 그것을 준비하는 것이 자신들의 의무라는 것을 명확히 보았다(알았다). 다른 동물들을 가르치고 조직하는 일은 자연스럽게 돼지들에게 떨어졌는데(맡겨졌는데), 그들은 일반적으로 동물들 중에서 가장 영리한 것으로 인정받고 있었다. 돼지들 중에서 탁월한 이들은 스노볼과 나폴레옹이라는 이름의 두 마리 젊은 수컷씨돼지들이었는데, 존스 씨가 판매를 위해 기르고 있는 중이었다. 나폴레옹은 크고, 다소 사납게 생겼으며, 농장에서 유일한 버크셔 종 수멧돼지였는데, 말수가 많지 않았지만, 자기 방식대로 해내고야 만다는(고집을 관철한다는) 평판을 가지고 있었다. 스노볼은 나폴레옹보다 더 활기 넘치는 돼지였고, 말이 더 빨랐으며 더 독창적이었지만, 성격의 깊이가 똑같이 깊다고는 여겨지지 않았다. 농장의 다른 모든 수컷 돼지들은 (살을 찌운) 식육용 돼지들이었다. 그들 중에서 가장 잘 알려진 이는 스퀼러라는 이름의 작고 뚱뚱한 돼지였는데, 매우 둥근 뺨, 반짝이는 눈, 민첩한 움직임, 그리고 날카로운 목소리를 가지고 있었다. 그는 뛰어난 달변가였고, 그가 어떤 어려운 논점을 논쟁하고 있을 때, 그는 이쪽저쪽으로 깡충깡충 뛰며 그의 꼬리를 휙휙 흔드는 방식을 가지고 있었는데, 그것은 어쩐지 매우 설득력이 있었다. 다른 동물들은 스퀼러에 대해 그가 검은 것을 흰 것으로 바꿀 수도 있다고 말했다.

These three had elaborated old Major's teachings into a complete system of
thought, to which they gave the name of Animalism. Several nights a week,
after Mr. Jones was asleep, they held secret meetings in the barn and
expounded the principles of Animalism to the others. At the beginning they
met with much stupidity and apathy. Some of the animals talked of the duty
of loyalty to Mr. Jones, whom they referred to as &quot;Master,&quot; or made
elementary remarks such as &quot;Mr. Jones feeds us. If he were gone, we should
starve to death.&quot; Others asked such questions as &quot;Why should we care what
happens after we are dead?&quot; or &quot;If this Rebellion is to happen anyway,
what difference does it make whether we work for it or not?&quot;, and the pigs
had great difficulty in making them see that this was contrary to the
spirit of Animalism. The stupidest questions of all were asked by Mollie,
the white mare. The very first question she asked Snowball was: &quot;Will
there still be sugar after the Rebellion?&quot;
&lt;br&gt;
이들 세 마리는 늙은 메이저의 가르침들을 하나의 완전한 사상 체계로 정교하게 발전시켰으며, 그것에 '동물주의(Animalism)'라는 이름을 부여했다. 일주일에 몇 번씩 밤마다, 존스 씨가 잠든 후에, 그들은 헛간에서 비밀 집회를 열었고 다른 동물들에게 동물주의의 원칙들을 상세히 설명했다. 시작 단계에서 그들은 많은 어리석음과 냉담함에 부딪혔다. 동물들 중 일부는 자신들이 &quot;주인님&quot;이라고 부르는 존스 씨에 대한 충성의 의무를 말하거나, &quot;존스 씨는 우리를 먹여 살려준다. 만약 그가 사라진다면, 우리는 굶어 죽을 것이다&quot;와 같은 초보적인 발언을 했다. 다른 동물들은 &quot;우리가 죽은 후에 무슨 일이 일어나든 우리가 왜 신경 써야 하지?&quot;라거나 &quot;만약 이 반란이 어차피 일어날 운명이라면, 우리가 그것을 위해 일하든 안 하든 무슨 차이가 있지?&quot;와 같은 질문들을 던졌고, 돼지들은 이것이 동물주의의 정신에 어긋나는 것임을 그들에게 이해시키는 데 큰 어려움을 겪었다. 모든 질문 중에서 가장 어리석은 질문들은 흰색 암말인 몰리에 의해 질문되었다. 그녀가 스노볼에게 던진 아주 첫 번째 질문은 &quot;반란 후에도 여전히 설탕이 있을까요?&quot;였다.

&quot;No,&quot; said Snowball firmly. &quot;We have no means of making sugar on this
farm. Besides, you do not need sugar. You will have all the oats and hay
you want.&quot;
&lt;br&gt;
&quot;아니오,&quot; 스노볼이 단호하게 말했다. &quot; 우리는 이 농장에서 설탕을 만들 수 있는 수단을 가지고 있지 않소. 게다가, 당신은 설탕이 필요하지 않소. 당신은 당신이 원하는 모든 귀리와 건초를 가지게 될 것이오.&quot;

&quot;And shall I still be allowed to wear ribbons in my mane?&quot; asked Mollie.
&lt;br&gt;
&quot;그리고 내가 내 갈기에 여전히 리본을 착용하는 것이 허용될까요?&quot; 몰리가 물었다.

&quot;Comrade,&quot; said Snowball, &quot;those ribbons that you are so devoted to are
the badge of slavery. Can you not understand that liberty is worth more
than ribbons?&quot;
&lt;br&gt;
&quot;동무,&quot; 스노볼이 말했다, &quot;당신이 그토록 애지중지하는 그 리본들은 노예 제도의 상징(징표)이오. 자유가 리본들보다 더 가치 있다는 것을 당신은 이해하지 못하겠소?&quot;

Mollie agreed, but she did not sound very convinced.
&lt;br&gt;
몰리는 동의했지만, 그녀의 목소리는 그리 납득한 것처럼 들리지 않았다.

The pigs had an even harder struggle to counteract the lies put about by
Moses, the tame raven. Moses, who was Mr. Jones's especial pet, was a spy
and a tale-bearer, but he was also a clever talker. He claimed to know of
the existence of a mysterious country called Sugarcandy Mountain, to which
all animals went when they died. It was situated somewhere up in the sky,
a little distance beyond the clouds, Moses said. In Sugarcandy Mountain it
was Sunday seven days a week, clover was in season all the year round, and
lump sugar and linseed cake grew on the hedges. The animals hated Moses
because he told tales and did no work, but some of them believed in
Sugarcandy Mountain, and the pigs had to argue very hard to persuade them
that there was no such place.
&lt;br&gt;
돼지들은 길들여진 까마귀인 모세에 의해 유포되는 거짓말들에 대응하기 위해 훨씬 더 힘든 투쟁을 해야 했다. 존스 씨의 특별한 애완동물이었던 모세는 스파이이자 밀고자였지만, 그는 또한 똑똑한 달변가였다. 그는 모든 동물들이 죽었을 때 가는 '설탕과자 산(Sugarcandy Mountain)'이라고 불리는 신비한 나라의 존재를 알고 있다고 주장했다. 모세의 말에 따르면, 그곳은 하늘 위 어딘가, 구름 너머로 조금 떨어진 곳에 위치해 있었다. 설탕과자 산에서는 일주일 중 7일이 모두 일요일이었고, 클로버(토끼풀)가 일년 내내 제철이었으며, 각설탕과 아마인박(linseed cake)&lt;ref&gt;아마인박亞麻仁粕 아마의 씨로 기름을 짜고 남은 찌꺼기. 사료로 쓴다.&lt;/ref&gt;이 울타리에서 자랐다. 동물들은 모세가 밀고를 하고 아무런 일도 하지 않았기 때문에 그를 미워했지만, 그들 중 일부는 설탕과자 산을 믿었고, 돼지들은 그러한 장소는 없다는 것을 그들에게 설득하기 위해 매우 열심히 논쟁해야 했다.

Their most faithful disciples were the two cart-horses, Boxer and Clover.
These two had great difficulty in thinking anything out for themselves,
but having once accepted the pigs as their teachers, they absorbed
everything that they were told, and passed it on to the other animals by
simple arguments. They were unfailing in their attendance at the secret
meetings in the barn, and led the singing of 'Beasts of England', with
which the meetings always ended.
&lt;br&gt;
그들의 가장 충실한 제자들은 두 마리의 짐마차 말인 복서와 클로버였다. 이들 두 마리는 스스로 무언가를 생각해 내는 데 큰 어려움을 겪었지만, 일단 돼지들을 자신들의 스승으로 받아들인 후에는, 자신들이 들은 모든 것을 흡수했고, 그것을 단순한 논거들을 통해 다른 동물들에게 전달했다. 그들은 헛간에서 열리는 비밀 집회에 변함없이 참석했으며, 집회가 항상 그것으로 끝을 맺는 '영국의 동물들(Beasts of England)'의 제창을 이끌었다.

Now, as it turned out, the Rebellion was achieved much earlier and more
easily than anyone had expected. In past years Mr. Jones, although a hard
master, had been a capable farmer, but of late he had fallen on evil days.
He had become much disheartened after losing money in a lawsuit, and had
taken to drinking more than was good for him. For whole days at a time he
would lounge in his Windsor chair in the kitchen, reading the newspapers,
drinking, and occasionally feeding Moses on crusts of bread soaked in
beer. His men were idle and dishonest, the fields were full of weeds, the
buildings wanted roofing, the hedges were neglected, and the animals were
underfed.&lt;br&gt;
이제, 밝혀진 바와 같이, 그 반란은 어느 누구가 예상했던 것보다 훨씬 더 일찍 그리고 더 쉽게 성취되었다. 지난 수년 동안 존스 씨는, 비록 가혹한 주인이었을지라도, 유능한 농부였으나, 최근에 그는 불행한 나날들 속에 빠져 있었다. 그는 한 소송에서 돈을 잃은 후 크게 낙담하게 되었고, 그에게 이로울 것보다 더 많이 술을 마시기 시작했다. 한 번에 온종일 동안 그는 부엌에 있는 그의 윈저 의자(Windsor chair)에 털썩 앉아, 신문들을 읽고, 술을 마시며, 가끔 모세에게 맥주에 적신 빵 껍질들을 먹이곤 했다. 그의 일꾼들은 게으르고 부정직했으며, 밭들은 잡초로 가득 찼고, 건물들은 지붕 수리가 필요했으며, 울타리들은 방치되었고, 동물들은 먹이를 제대로 공급받지 못했다.

June came and the hay was almost ready for cutting. On Midsummer's Eve,
which was a Saturday, Mr. Jones went into Willingdon and got so drunk at
the Red Lion that he did not come back till midday on Sunday. The men had
milked the cows in the early morning and then had gone out rabbiting,
without bothering to feed the animals. When Mr. Jones got back he
immediately went to sleep on the drawing-room sofa with the News of the
World over his face, so that when evening came, the animals were still
unfed. At last they could stand it no longer. One of the cows broke in the
door of the store-shed with her horn and all the animals began to help
themselves from the bins. It was just then that Mr. Jones woke up. The
next moment he and his four men were in the store-shed with whips in their
hands, lashing out in all directions. This was more than the hungry
animals could bear. With one accord, though nothing of the kind had been
planned beforehand, they flung themselves upon their tormentors. Jones and
his men suddenly found themselves being butted and kicked from all sides.
The situation was quite out of their control. They had never seen animals
behave like this before, and this sudden uprising of creatures whom they
were used to thrashing and maltreating just as they chose, frightened them
almost out of their wits. After only a moment or two they gave up trying
to defend themselves and took to their heels. A minute later all five of
them were in full flight down the cart-track that led to the main road,
with the animals pursuing them in triumph.
&lt;br&gt;
6월이 왔고 건초는 거의 베어낼 준비가 되어 있었다. 토요일이었던 하지 전날 밤(Midsummer's Eve), 존스 씨는 윌링던(Willingdon) 시내로 갔고, '레드 라이언(Red Lion)' 주막에서 너무 취해서 일요일 정오가 될 때까지 돌아오지 않았다. 일꾼들은 이른 아침에 소들의 젖을 짰고, 그러고는 동물들에게 먹이를 주는 것은 신경 쓰지도 않은 채 토끼 사냥을 나갔다. 존스 씨가 돌아왔을 때, 그는 곧바로 거실 소파에 누워 그의 얼굴 위에 '뉴스 오브 더 월드(News of the World)' 신문을 덮은 채 잠이 들었고, 그리하여 저녁이 왔을 때도 동물들은 여전히 먹이를 공급받지 못한 상태였다.

마침내 그들은 더 이상 그것을 견딜 수 없었다. 암소들 중 한 마리가 그녀의 뿔로 사료 창고의 문을 부수어 열었고, 모든 동물들은 보관함으로부터 마음껏 먹기 시작했다. 존스 씨가 깨어난 것은 바로 그때였다. 다음 순간, 그와 그의 일꾼 네 명은 손에 채찍을 든 채 사료 창고 안에 있었고, 사방으로 채찍을 휘둘렀다. 이것은 굶주린 동물들이 참을 수 있는 것 이상이었다. 비록 그런 종류의 일이 사전에 전혀 계획되지 않았음에도 불구하고, 그들은 일제히 자신들을 괴롭히는 자들 위로 자신들을 던졌다(덤벼들었다). 존스 씨와 그의 일꾼들은 갑자기 자신들이 모든 방향으로부터 들이받히고 걷어차이고 있는 것을 발견했다.

상황은 완전히 그들의 통제를 벗어났다. 그들은 동물들이 이전에 이처럼 행동하는 것을 결코 본 적이 없었으며, 자신들이 마음먹은 대로 채찍질하고 학대하는 데 익숙해져 있던 생명체들의 이 갑작스러운 봉기는 그들을 거의 정신이 나갈 정도로 겁먹게 했다. 불과 1~2분 후에 그들은 자신들을 방어하려는 노력을 포기하고 도망쳤다. 1분 후, 그들 다섯 명 모두는 동물들이 승리감에 도취되어 그들을 추격하는 가운데, 큰길로 이어지는 짐마차 길을 따라 완전히 도망치고 있는 중이었다.

Mrs. Jones looked out of the bedroom window, saw what was happening,
hurriedly flung a few possessions into a carpet bag, and slipped out of
the farm by another way. Moses sprang off his perch and flapped after her,
croaking loudly. Meanwhile the animals had chased Jones and his men out on
to the road and slammed the five-barred gate behind them. And so, almost
before they knew what was happening, the Rebellion had been successfully
carried through: Jones was expelled, and the Manor Farm was theirs.
&lt;br&gt;
존스 부인은 침실 창문 밖을 내다보았고, 무슨 일이 일어나고 있는지 보았으며, 서둘러 몇 가지 소지품을 카펫 가방(여행용 가방)에 집어 던져 넣고는, 다른 길로 농장을 빠져나갔다. 모세는 그의 홰에서 뛰어내려 큰 소리로 까악까악 울며 그녀의 뒤를 파닥거리며 쫓아갔다. 그 와중에 동물들은 존스와 그의 일꾼들을 도로 위로 쫓아냈고 그들의 뒤로 다섯 가닥 가로대(가로 막대가 5개 있는) 대문을 쾅 닫았다. 그리하여, 그들이 무슨 일이 일어나고 있는지 거의 알기도 전에, 반란은 성공적으로 완수되었다. 존스는 쫓겨났고, '매너 농장(Manor Farm)'은 그들의 것이었다.

For the first few minutes the animals could hardly believe in their good
fortune. Their first act was to gallop in a body right round the
boundaries of the farm, as though to make quite sure that no human being
was hiding anywhere upon it; then they raced back to the farm buildings to
wipe out the last traces of Jones's hated reign. The harness-room at the
end of the stables was broken open; the bits, the nose-rings, the
dog-chains, the cruel knives with which Mr. Jones had been used to
castrate the pigs and lambs, were all flung down the well. The reins, the
halters, the blinkers, the degrading nosebags, were thrown on to the
rubbish fire which was burning in the yard. So were the whips. All the
animals capered with joy when they saw the whips going up in flames.
Snowball also threw on to the fire the ribbons with which the horses'
manes and tails had usually been decorated on market days.
&lt;br&gt;
첫 몇 분 동안 동물들은 자신들의 좋은 운(행운)을 거의 믿을 수 없었다. 그들의 첫 번째 행동은 농장 전체에 그 어떤 인간도 숨어 있지 않다는 것을 완전히 확실히 하기라도 하려는 듯이, 농장의 경계선들을 따라 다 함께 무리 지어 전속력으로 달린 것이었다. 그러고 나서 그들은 존스의 증오스러운 통치의 마지막 흔적들을 지워버리기 위해 농장 건물들로 다시 질주했다.

마구간 끝에 있는 마구 보관실이 부서져 열렸다. 재갈들, 코걸이들, 개 사슬들, 그리고 존스 씨가 돼지들과 어린 양들을 거세하는 데 사용하곤 했던 잔인한 칼들이 모두 우물 아래로 던져졌다. 고삐들, 굴레들, 눈가림 가죽(차안대)들, 굴욕적인 먹이 자루들은 마당에서 불타오르고 있던 쓰레기 불 속에 던져졌다. 채찍들도 마찬가지였다. 모든 동물들은 채찍들이 불길 속에서 타오르는 것을 보았을 때 기쁨으로 깡충깡충 뛰었다. 스노볼은 또한 장날에 말들의 갈기와 꼬리를 장식하는 데 보통 사용되곤 했던 리본들도 불 속에 던져 넣었다.

&quot;Ribbons,&quot; he said, &quot;should be considered as clothes, which are the mark
of a human being. All animals should go naked.&quot;
&lt;br&gt;
&quot;리본은,&quot; 그가 말했다, &quot;인간의 표식인 옷으로 간주되어야 하오. 모든 동물들은 벌거벗고 다녀야 하오.&quot;

When Boxer heard this he fetched the small straw hat which he wore in
summer to keep the flies out of his ears, and flung it on to the fire with
the rest.
&lt;br&gt;
복서가 이 말을 들었을 때, 그는 파리들이 그의 귀에 꼬이지 않도록 여름에 쓰던 작은 밀짚모자를 가져와서, 그것을 나머지 것들과 함께 불 속에 던져 버렸다.

In a very little while the animals had destroyed everything that reminded
them of Mr. Jones. Napoleon then led them back to the store-shed and
served out a double ration of corn to everybody, with two biscuits for
each dog. Then they sang 'Beasts of England' from end to end seven times
running, and after that they settled down for the night and slept as they
had never slept before.
&lt;br&gt;
아주 짧은 시간 만에 동물들은 존스 씨를 상상하게 만드는(떠올리게 하는) 모든 것을 파괴했다. 그러고 나서 나폴레옹은 그들을 다시 사료 창고로 이끌었고, 모든 동물에게 두 배의 곡물 배급량을, 그리고 각 개들에게는 비스킷 두 개씩을 나누어 주었다. 그러고 나서 그들은 '영국의 동물들(Beasts of England)'을 처음부터 끝까지 연이어 일곱 번 불렀고, 그 후 그들은 밤을 보내기 위해 자리를 잡았으며 이전에 결코 자본 적이 없을 정도로 (깊이) 잠들었다.

But they woke at dawn as usual, and suddenly remembering the glorious
thing that had happened, they all raced out into the pasture together. A
little way down the pasture there was a knoll that commanded a view of
most of the farm. The animals rushed to the top of it and gazed round them
in the clear morning light. Yes, it was theirs--everything that they could
see was theirs! In the ecstasy of that thought they gambolled round and
round, they hurled themselves into the air in great leaps of excitement.
They rolled in the dew, they cropped mouthfuls of the sweet summer grass,
they kicked up clods of the black earth and snuffed its rich scent. Then
they made a tour of inspection of the whole farm and surveyed with
speechless admiration the ploughland, the hayfield, the orchard, the pool,
the spinney. It was as though they had never seen these things before, and
even now they could hardly believe that it was all their own.&lt;br&gt;
그러나 그들은 평소처럼 새벽에 깨어났고, 갑자기 일어났었던 그 영광스러운 일을 기억해 내고는, 그들 모두 함께 목초지 속으로 전속력으로 달려 나갔다. 목초지 아래로 조금 떨어진 곳에는 농장의 대부분을 바라볼 수 있는(전망할 수 있는) 작은 언덕이 있었다. 동물들은 그 꼭대기로 돌진했고 맑은 아침 햇빛 속에서 그들 주변을 둘러보았다. 그렇다, 그것은 그들의 것이었다—그들이 볼 수 있는 모든 것이 그들의 것이었다! 그 생각의 황홀경 속에서 그들은 뱅글뱅글 돌며 깡충깡충 뛰었고, 큰 흥분의 도약으로 공중으로 자신들을 던졌다(뛰어올랐다).

그들은 이슬 속에서 굴렀고, 달콤한 여름 풀을 입안 가득 뜯어 먹었으며, 검은 흙덩이들을 걷어찼고 그것의 풍부한 향기를 코로 들이마셨다. 그러고 나서 그들은 농장 전체의 점검 투어를 정식으로 했으며(둘러보았으며), 말문이 막히는 감탄과 함께 경작지, 건초밭, 과수원, 웅덩이, 작은 숲을 살폈다. 그것은 마치 그들이 이전에 이것들을 결코 본 적이 없는 것 같았고, 심지어 지금도 그들은 그것이 모두 자신들만의 것이라는 것을 거의 믿을 수 없었다.

Then they filed back to the farm buildings and halted in silence outside
the door of the farmhouse. That was theirs too, but they were frightened
to go inside. After a moment, however, Snowball and Napoleon butted the
door open with their shoulders and the animals entered in single file,
walking with the utmost care for fear of disturbing anything. They tiptoed
from room to room, afraid to speak above a whisper and gazing with a kind
of awe at the unbelievable luxury, at the beds with their feather
mattresses, the looking-glasses, the horsehair sofa, the Brussels carpet,
the lithograph of Queen Victoria over the drawing-room mantelpiece. They
were just coming down the stairs when Mollie was discovered to be missing.
Going back, the others found that she had remained behind in the best
bedroom. She had taken a piece of blue ribbon from Mrs. Jones's
dressing-table, and was holding it against her shoulder and admiring
herself in the glass in a very foolish manner. The others reproached her
sharply, and they went outside. Some hams hanging in the kitchen were
taken out for burial, and the barrel of beer in the scullery was stove in
with a kick from Boxer's hoof, otherwise nothing in the house was touched.
A unanimous resolution was passed on the spot that the farmhouse should be
preserved as a museum. All were agreed that no animal must ever live there.
&lt;br&gt;
그러고 나서 그들은 줄을 지어 농장 건물들로 돌아왔고 농가(본채) 문밖에서 침묵 속에 멈춰 섰다. 그것 역시 그들의 것이었지만, 그들은 안으로 들어가기를 두려워했다. 그러나 잠시 후, 스노볼과 나폴레옹이 그들의 어깨로 문을 받아 열었고 동물들은 무언가를 흐트러뜨릴까 봐 두려워 극도의 주의를 기울여 걸으며 한 줄로 들어갔다. 그들은 속삭임보다 크게 말하기를 두려워하며 방에서 방으로 발걸음을 살짝 옮겼고, 믿을 수 없는 사치, 즉 깃털 매트리스가 깔린 침대들, 거울들, 말총 소파, 브뤼셀 카펫, 거실 벽난로 선반 위의 빅토리아 여왕 석판화를 일종의 경외심을 가지고 바라보았다.

그들이 막 계단을 내려오고 있을 때 몰리가 사라진 것이 발견되었다. 되돌아가서, 다른 동물들은 그녀가 가장 좋은 침실에 뒤처져 남아 있었다는 것을 발견했다. 그녀는 존스 부인의 화장대에서 푸른색 리본 한 조각을 취해(집어 들어), 그것을 그녀의 어깨에 대어 보며 매우 어리석은 방식으로 거울 속의 자신을 감탄하며 바라보고 있었다. 다른 동물들은 그녀를 날카롭게(호되게) 비난했고, 그들은 밖으로 나왔다.

부엌에 걸려 있던 몇 개의 햄은 매장을 위해 밖으로 꺼내졌고, 설거지방(뒷부엌)에 있던 맥주 통은 복서의 발굽에서 나온 발길질 한 번으로 부서져 열렸으나, 그 외에는 집 안의 그 어떤 것도 손대지 않았다. 농가는 박물관으로 보존되어야 한다는 만장일치의 결의가 그 자리에서 통과되었다. 그 누구도(어떤 동물도) 결코 그곳에서 살아서는 안 된다는 것에 모두가 동의했다.

The animals had their breakfast, and then Snowball and Napoleon called
them together again.
&lt;br&gt;
동물들은 자신들의 아침 식사를 먹었고, 그러고 나서 스노볼과 나폴레옹은 그들을 다시 함께 불러 모았다.

&quot;Comrades,&quot; said Snowball, &quot;it is half-past six and we have a long day
before us. Today we begin the hay harvest. But there is another matter
that must be attended to first.&quot;
&lt;br&gt;
&quot;동무들,&quot; 스노볼이 말했다, &quot;지금은 6시 반이고 우리 앞에는 긴 하루가 있소. 오늘 우리는 건초 수확을 시작하오. 그러나 먼저 처리되어야(돌보아져야) 하는 또 다른 문제가 있소.&quot;

The pigs now revealed that during the past three months they had taught
themselves to read and write from an old spelling book which had belonged
to Mr. Jones's children and which had been thrown on the rubbish heap.
Napoleon sent for pots of black and white paint and led the way down to
the five-barred gate that gave on to the main road. Then Snowball (for it
was Snowball who was best at writing) took a brush between the two
knuckles of his trotter, painted out MANOR FARM from the top bar of the
gate and in its place painted ANIMAL FARM. This was to be the name of the
farm from now onwards. After this they went back to the farm buildings,
where Snowball and Napoleon sent for a ladder which they caused to be set
against the end wall of the big barn. They explained that by their studies
of the past three months the pigs had succeeded in reducing the principles
of Animalism to Seven Commandments. These Seven Commandments would now be
inscribed on the wall; they would form an unalterable law by which all the
animals on Animal Farm must live for ever after. With some difficulty
(for it is not easy for a pig to balance himself on a ladder) Snowball
climbed up and set to work, with Squealer a few rungs below him holding
the paint-pot. The Commandments were written on the tarred wall in great
white letters that could be read thirty yards away. They ran thus:
&lt;br&gt;
돼지들은 이제 지난 3개월 동안 자신들이 존스 씨의 아이들의 소유였으며 쓰레기 더미에 던져져 있었던 낡은 철자 교본(spelling book)으로부터 읽고 쓰는 법을 독학했다는 것을 밝혔다. 나폴레옹은 검은색과 흰색 페인트 통들을 가져오게 했고 큰길로 통하는 다섯 가닥 가로대 대문으로 앞장서 내려갔다. 그러고 나서 스노볼이 (왜냐하면 글쓰기를 가장 잘하는 사람은 스노볼이었기 때문에) 그의 앞발의 두 마디 사이에 붓을 쥐고, 대문의 맨 위 가로대로부터 '매너 농장(MANOR FARM)'을 페인트로 지워버렸고, 그 자리에 '동물 농장(ANIMAL FARM)'을 페인트로 썼다. 이것이 이제부터 앞으로 농장의 이름이 될 것이었다.

이 일이 끝난 후 그들은 농장 건물들로 돌아왔고, 그곳에서 스노볼과 나폴레옹은 사다리를 가져오게 하여 그것을 큰 헛간의 끝 쪽 벽면에 세우도록 했다. 그들은 지난 3개월 동안의 자신들의 연구에 의해 돼지들이 동물주의의 원칙들을 '7계명(Seven Commandments)'으로 축약하는 데 성공했다고 설명했다. 이 7계명은 이제 벽에 새겨질 것이며, 그것들은 앞으로 영원히 동물 농장의 모든 동물들이 그에 따라 살아야만 하는 변경할 수 없는 법을 형성할 것이었다.

약간의 어려움을 겪으며 (왜냐하면 돼지가 사다리 위에서 스스로 균형을 잡는 것은 쉽지 않기 때문에) 스노볼이 기어 올라가 작업에 착수했고, 스퀼러는 그의 몇 칸 아래에서 페인트 통을 들고 있었다. 그 계명들은 30야드 떨어진 곳에서도 읽을 수 있는 커다란 흰색 글씨로 타르가 칠해진 벽 위에 쓰였다. 그것들은 다음과 같았다.

THE SEVEN COMMANDMENTS

1. Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy.
2. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend.
3. No animal shall wear clothes.
4. No animal shall sleep in a bed.
5. No animal shall drink alcohol.
6. No animal shall kill any other animal.
7. All animals are equal.&lt;br&gt;

동물 7계명

1. 두 다리로 걷는 것은 무엇이든 적이다.

2. 네 다리로 걷거나, 날개를 가진 것은 무엇이든 친구다.

3. 어떤 동물도 옷을 입어서는 안 된다.

4. 어떤 동물도 침대에서 잠을 자서는 안 된다.

5. 어떤 동물도 술을 마셔서는 안 된다.

6. 어떤 동물도 다른 어떤 동물을 죽여서는 안 된다.

7. 모든 동물은 평등하다.

It was very neatly written, and except that &quot;friend&quot; was written &quot;freind&quot;
and one of the &quot;S's&quot; was the wrong way round, the spelling was correct all
the way through. Snowball read it aloud for the benefit of the others. All
the animals nodded in complete agreement, and the cleverer ones at once
began to learn the Commandments by heart.&lt;br&gt;
그것은 매우 깔끔하게 쓰였고, &quot;friend&quot;가 &quot;freind&quot;로 쓰인 것과 &quot;S&quot;자들 중 하나가 반대 방향으로 돌아가 있었던 것을 제외하고는, 철자가 처음부터 끝까지 정확했다. 스노볼은 다른 동물들을 위하여 그것을 소리 내어 읽었다. 모든 동물들이 완전한 동의 속에서 고개를 끄덕였고, 더 영리한 동물들은 즉시 그 계명들을 암기하기 시작했다.

&quot;Now, comrades,&quot; cried Snowball, throwing down the paint-brush, &quot;to the
hayfield! Let us make it a point of honour to get in the harvest more
quickly than Jones and his men could do.&quot;
&lt;br&gt;
&quot;자, 동무들,&quot; 스노볼이 페인트 붓을 던져 내려놓으며 외쳤다, &quot;건초밭으로(갑시다)! 존스와 그의 일꾼들이 할 수 있었던 것보다 더 신속하게 수확을 거두는 것을 명예의 문제로 삼읍시다.&quot;

But at this moment the three cows, who had seemed uneasy for some time
past, set up a loud lowing. They had not been milked for twenty-four
hours, and their udders were almost bursting. After a little thought, the
pigs sent for buckets and milked the cows fairly successfully, their
trotters being well adapted to this task. Soon there were five buckets of
frothing creamy milk at which many of the animals looked with considerable
interest.&lt;br&gt;
그러나 바로 이 순간, 얼마 전부터 불안해 보였던 세 마리의 암소들이 큰 소리로 음매 하고 울기 시작했다. 그들은 24시간 동안 젖을 짜지 못한 상태였고, 그들의 젖통은 거의 터질 듯했다. 약간의 생각 후에, 돼지들은 양동이들을 가져오게 했고 꽤 성공적으로 소들의 젖을 짰는데, 그들의 앞발이 이 작업에 잘 맞았던(적응되었던) 것이다. 곧 거품이 일어나는 크림 같은 우유가 담긴 다섯 개의 양동이가 생겼고, 많은 동물들이 상당한 관심을 가지고 그것을 바라보았다.

&quot;What is going to happen to all that milk?&quot; said someone.

&quot;Jones used sometimes to mix some of it in our mash,&quot; said one of the hens.

&quot;Never mind the milk, comrades!&quot; cried Napoleon, placing himself in front
of the buckets. &quot;That will be attended to. The harvest is more important.
Comrade Snowball will lead the way. I shall follow in a few minutes.
Forward, comrades! The hay is waiting.&quot;
&lt;br&gt;
&quot;그 모든 우유에 무슨 일이 일어날(어떻게 처리할) 예정인가요?&quot; 누군가가 말했다.

&quot;존스 씨는 가끔 그중 일부를 우리의 사료(mash)에 섞어 주곤 했어요,&quot; 암탉들 중 한 마리가 말했다.

&quot;우유는 신경 쓰지 마시오, 동무들!&quot; 나폴레옹이 양동이들의 앞에 자신을 위치시키며(가로막아 서며) 외쳤다. &quot;그것은 처리될 것이오. 수확이 더 중요하오. 스노볼 동무가 앞장설 것이오. 나는 몇 분 후에 뒤따라가겠소. 앞으로(나아가시오.), 동무들! 건초가 기다리고 있소.&quot;

So the animals trooped down to the hayfield to begin the harvest, and when
they came back in the evening it was noticed that the milk had disappeared.
&lt;br&gt;
그리하여 동물들은 수확을 시작하기 위해 건초밭으로 무리를 지어 내려갔고, 그들이 저녁에 돌아왔을 때 그 우유가 사라졌다는 것이 주목되었다(눈에 띄었다).


Chapter III
제3장


How they toiled and sweated to get the hay in! But their efforts were
rewarded, for the harvest was an even bigger success than they had hoped.
&lt;br&gt;
그들이 건초를 거두어들이기 위해 얼마나 열심히 일하고 땀을 흘렸던가! 그러나 그들의 노력들은 보상을 받았으니, 왜냐하면 그 수확은 그들이 희망했던 것보다 훨씬 더 큰 성공이었기 때문이다.

Sometimes the work was hard; the implements had been designed for human
beings and not for animals, and it was a great drawback that no animal was
able to use any tool that involved standing on his hind legs. But the pigs
were so clever that they could think of a way round every difficulty. As
for the horses, they knew every inch of the field, and in fact understood
the business of mowing and raking far better than Jones and his men had
ever done. The pigs did not actually work, but directed and supervised the
others. With their superior knowledge it was natural that they should
assume the leadership. Boxer and Clover would harness themselves to the
cutter or the horse-rake (no bits or reins were needed in these days, of
course) and tramp steadily round and round the field with a pig walking
behind and calling out &quot;Gee up, comrade!&quot; or &quot;Whoa back, comrade!&quot; as the
case might be. And every animal down to the humblest worked at turning the
hay and gathering it. Even the ducks and hens toiled to and fro all day in
the sun, carrying tiny wisps of hay in their beaks. In the end they
finished the harvest in two days' less time than it had usually taken
Jones and his men. Moreover, it was the biggest harvest that the farm had
ever seen. There was no wastage whatever; the hens and ducks with their
sharp eyes had gathered up the very last stalk. And not an animal on the
farm had stolen so much as a mouthful.
&lt;br&gt;
때때로 그 일은 힘들었다; 도구들은 동물이 아니라 인간을 위해 고안된 것이었고, 어떤 동물도 뒷다리로 서야 하는 도구를 사용할 수 없다는 것이 큰 결점(장애)이었다.
하지만 돼지들은 너무나 영리해서 모든 어려움을 헤쳐 나갈 방법을 생각해 낼 수 있었다.
말들로 말하자면, 그들은 들판의 모든 인치를 알고 있었고, 사실 그것은 잔디를 베고 갈퀴질하는 일을 존스와 그의 부하들이 과거에 했던 것보다 훨씬 더 잘 이해하고 있었다.
돼지들은 실제로 일하지는 않았고, 다른 동물들을 지시하고 감독했다. 그들의 우월한 지식을 가지고 그들이 지도력을 맡는 것은 자연스러운 일이었다.
복서와 클로버는 그들 자신을 절단기나 말 갈퀴에 묶고(물론 요즘에는 재갈이나 고삐가 필요 없었다), 뒤에서 걸어오며 상황에 따라 &quot;이랴, 동무!&quot; 또는 &quot;워, 동무!&quot;라고 외치는 돼지와 함께 들판을 빙빙 꾸준히 걸어 다녔다.
그리고 가장 비천한 동물에 이르기까지 모든 동물이 건초를 뒤집고 그것을 모으는 일을 했다. 심지어 오리와 암탉들도 부리에 아주 작은 건초 더미를 물고 나르며 하루 종일 태양 아래에서 이리저리 힘들게 일했다.
결국 그들은 존스와 그의 부하들이 보통 걸렸던 것보다 이틀 더 적은 시간 안에 수확을 마쳤다.
게다가, 그것은 그 농장이 그때까지 보았던 가장 큰 수확이었다.
낭비는 전혀 없었다; 암탉들과 오리들은 그들의 날카로운 눈으로 아주 마지막 줄기까지 주워 모았다.
그리고 농장의 어떤 동물도 한 입 거리만큼도 훔치지 않았다.

All through that summer the work of the farm went like clockwork. The
animals were happy as they had never conceived it possible to be. Every
mouthful of food was an acute positive pleasure, now that it was truly
their own food, produced by themselves and for themselves, not doled out
to them by a grudging master. With the worthless parasitical human beings
gone, there was more for everyone to eat. There was more leisure too,
inexperienced though the animals were. They met with many difficulties--for
instance, later in the year, when they harvested the corn, they had to
tread it out in the ancient style and blow away the chaff with their
breath, since the farm possessed no threshing machine--but the pigs with
their cleverness and Boxer with his tremendous muscles always pulled them
through. Boxer was the admiration of everybody. He had been a hard worker
even in Jones's time, but now he seemed more like three horses than one;
there were days when the entire work of the farm seemed to rest on his
mighty shoulders. From morning to night he was pushing and pulling, always
at the spot where the work was hardest. He had made an arrangement with
one of the cockerels to call him in the mornings half an hour earlier than
anyone else, and would put in some volunteer labour at whatever seemed to
be most needed, before the regular day's work began. His answer to every
problem, every setback, was &quot;I will work harder!&quot;--which he had adopted as
his personal motto.

But everyone worked according to his capacity. The hens and ducks, for
instance, saved five bushels of corn at the harvest by gathering up the
stray grains. Nobody stole, nobody grumbled over his rations, the
quarrelling and biting and jealousy which had been normal features of life
in the old days had almost disappeared. Nobody shirked--or almost nobody.
Mollie, it was true, was not good at getting up in the mornings, and had a
way of leaving work early on the ground that there was a stone in her
hoof. And the behaviour of the cat was somewhat peculiar. It was soon
noticed that when there was work to be done the cat could never be found.
She would vanish for hours on end, and then reappear at meal-times, or in
the evening after work was over, as though nothing had happened. But she
always made such excellent excuses, and purred so affectionately, that it
was impossible not to believe in her good intentions. Old Benjamin, the
donkey, seemed quite unchanged since the Rebellion. He did his work in the
same slow obstinate way as he had done it in Jones's time, never shirking
and never volunteering for extra work either. About the Rebellion and its
results he would express no opinion. When asked whether he was not happier
now that Jones was gone, he would say only &quot;Donkeys live a long time. None
of you has ever seen a dead donkey,&quot; and the others had to be content with
this cryptic answer.

On Sundays there was no work. Breakfast was an hour later than usual, and
after breakfast there was a ceremony which was observed every week without
fail. First came the hoisting of the flag. Snowball had found in the
harness-room an old green tablecloth of Mrs. Jones's and had painted on it
a hoof and a horn in white. This was run up the flagstaff in the farmhouse
garden every Sunday morning. The flag was green, Snowball explained, to
represent the green fields of England, while the hoof and horn signified
the future Republic of the Animals which would arise when the human race
had been finally overthrown. After the hoisting of the flag all the
animals trooped into the big barn for a general assembly which was known
as the Meeting. Here the work of the coming week was planned out and
resolutions were put forward and debated. It was always the pigs who put
forward the resolutions. The other animals understood how to vote, but
could never think of any resolutions of their own. Snowball and Napoleon
were by far the most active in the debates. But it was noticed that these
two were never in agreement: whatever suggestion either of them made, the
other could be counted on to oppose it. Even when it was resolved--a thing
no one could object to in itself--to set aside the small paddock behind
the orchard as a home of rest for animals who were past work, there was a
stormy debate over the correct retiring age for each class of animal. The
Meeting always ended with the singing of 'Beasts of England', and the
afternoon was given up to recreation.

The pigs had set aside the harness-room as a headquarters for themselves.
Here, in the evenings, they studied blacksmithing, carpentering, and other
necessary arts from books which they had brought out of the farmhouse.
Snowball also busied himself with organising the other animals into what
he called Animal Committees. He was indefatigable at this. He formed the
Egg Production Committee for the hens, the Clean Tails League for the
cows, the Wild Comrades' Re-education Committee (the object of this was to
tame the rats and rabbits), the Whiter Wool Movement for the sheep, and
various others, besides instituting classes in reading and writing. On the
whole, these projects were a failure. The attempt to tame the wild
creatures, for instance, broke down almost immediately. They continued to
behave very much as before, and when treated with generosity, simply took
advantage of it. The cat joined the Re-education Committee and was very
active in it for some days. She was seen one day sitting on a roof and
talking to some sparrows who were just out of her reach. She was telling
them that all animals were now comrades and that any sparrow who chose
could come and perch on her paw; but the sparrows kept their distance.

The reading and writing classes, however, were a great success. By the
autumn almost every animal on the farm was literate in some degree.

As for the pigs, they could already read and write perfectly. The dogs
learned to read fairly well, but were not interested in reading anything
except the Seven Commandments. Muriel, the goat, could read somewhat
better than the dogs, and sometimes used to read to the others in the
evenings from scraps of newspaper which she found on the rubbish heap.
Benjamin could read as well as any pig, but never exercised his faculty.
So far as he knew, he said, there was nothing worth reading. Clover learnt
the whole alphabet, but could not put words together. Boxer could not get
beyond the letter D. He would trace out A, B, C, D, in the dust with his
great hoof, and then would stand staring at the letters with his ears
back, sometimes shaking his forelock, trying with all his might to
remember what came next and never succeeding. On several occasions,
indeed, he did learn E, F, G, H, but by the time he knew them, it was
always discovered that he had forgotten A, B, C, and D. Finally he decided
to be content with the first four letters, and used to write them out once
or twice every day to refresh his memory. Mollie refused to learn any but
the six letters which spelt her own name. She would form these very neatly
out of pieces of twig, and would then decorate them with a flower or two
and walk round them admiring them.

None of the other animals on the farm could get further than the letter A.
It was also found that the stupider animals, such as the sheep, hens, and
ducks, were unable to learn the Seven Commandments by heart. After much
thought Snowball declared that the Seven Commandments could in effect be
reduced to a single maxim, namely: &quot;Four legs good, two legs bad.&quot; This,
he said, contained the essential principle of Animalism. Whoever had
thoroughly grasped it would be safe from human influences. The birds at
first objected, since it seemed to them that they also had two legs, but
Snowball proved to them that this was not so.

&quot;A bird's wing, comrades,&quot; he said, &quot;is an organ of propulsion and not of
manipulation. It should therefore be regarded as a leg. The distinguishing
mark of man is the HAND, the instrument with which he does all his
mischief.&quot;

The birds did not understand Snowball's long words, but they accepted his
explanation, and all the humbler animals set to work to learn the new
maxim by heart. FOUR LEGS GOOD, TWO LEGS BAD, was inscribed on the end
wall of the barn, above the Seven Commandments and in bigger letters. When
they had once got it by heart, the sheep developed a great liking for this
maxim, and often as they lay in the field they would all start bleating
&quot;Four legs good, two legs bad! Four legs good, two legs bad!&quot; and keep it
up for hours on end, never growing tired of it.

Napoleon took no interest in Snowball's committees. He said that the
education of the young was more important than anything that could be done
for those who were already grown up. It happened that Jessie and Bluebell
had both whelped soon after the hay harvest, giving birth between them to
nine sturdy puppies. As soon as they were weaned, Napoleon took them away
from their mothers, saying that he would make himself responsible for
their education. He took them up into a loft which could only be reached
by a ladder from the harness-room, and there kept them in such seclusion
that the rest of the farm soon forgot their existence.

The mystery of where the milk went to was soon cleared up. It was mixed
every day into the pigs' mash. The early apples were now ripening, and the
grass of the orchard was littered with windfalls. The animals had assumed
as a matter of course that these would be shared out equally; one day,
however, the order went forth that all the windfalls were to be collected
and brought to the harness-room for the use of the pigs. At this some of
the other animals murmured, but it was no use. All the pigs were in full
agreement on this point, even Snowball and Napoleon. Squealer was sent to
make the necessary explanations to the others.

&quot;Comrades!&quot; he cried. &quot;You do not imagine, I hope, that we pigs are doing
this in a spirit of selfishness and privilege? Many of us actually dislike
milk and apples. I dislike them myself. Our sole object in taking these
things is to preserve our health. Milk and apples (this has been proved by
Science, comrades) contain substances absolutely necessary to the
well-being of a pig. We pigs are brainworkers. The whole management and
organisation of this farm depend on us. Day and night we are watching over
your welfare. It is for YOUR sake that we drink that milk and eat those
apples. Do you know what would happen if we pigs failed in our duty? Jones
would come back! Yes, Jones would come back! Surely, comrades,&quot; cried
Squealer almost pleadingly, skipping from side to side and whisking his
tail, &quot;surely there is no one among you who wants to see Jones come back?&quot;

Now if there was one thing that the animals were completely certain of, it
was that they did not want Jones back. When it was put to them in this
light, they had no more to say. The importance of keeping the pigs in good
health was all too obvious. So it was agreed without further argument that
the milk and the windfall apples (and also the main crop of apples when
they ripened) should be reserved for the pigs alone.


Chapter IV
제4장


By the late summer the news of what had happened on Animal Farm had spread
across half the county. Every day Snowball and Napoleon sent out flights
of pigeons whose instructions were to mingle with the animals on
neighbouring farms, tell them the story of the Rebellion, and teach them
the tune of 'Beasts of England'.

Most of this time Mr. Jones had spent sitting in the taproom of the Red
Lion at Willingdon, complaining to anyone who would listen of the
monstrous injustice he had suffered in being turned out of his property by
a pack of good-for-nothing animals. The other farmers sympathised in
principle, but they did not at first give him much help. At heart, each of
them was secretly wondering whether he could not somehow turn Jones's
misfortune to his own advantage. It was lucky that the owners of the two
farms which adjoined Animal Farm were on permanently bad terms. One of
them, which was named Foxwood, was a large, neglected, old-fashioned farm,
much overgrown by woodland, with all its pastures worn out and its hedges
in a disgraceful condition. Its owner, Mr. Pilkington, was an easy-going
gentleman farmer who spent most of his time in fishing or hunting
according to the season. The other farm, which was called Pinchfield, was
smaller and better kept. Its owner was a Mr. Frederick, a tough, shrewd
man, perpetually involved in lawsuits and with a name for driving hard
bargains. These two disliked each other so much that it was difficult for
them to come to any agreement, even in defence of their own interests.

Nevertheless, they were both thoroughly frightened by the rebellion on
Animal Farm, and very anxious to prevent their own animals from learning
too much about it. At first they pretended to laugh to scorn the idea of
animals managing a farm for themselves. The whole thing would be over in a
fortnight, they said. They put it about that the animals on the Manor Farm
(they insisted on calling it the Manor Farm; they would not tolerate the
name &quot;Animal Farm&quot;) were perpetually fighting among themselves and were
also rapidly starving to death. When time passed and the animals had
evidently not starved to death, Frederick and Pilkington changed their
tune and began to talk of the terrible wickedness that now flourished on
Animal Farm. It was given out that the animals there practised cannibalism,
tortured one another with red-hot horseshoes, and had their females in
common. This was what came of rebelling against the laws of Nature,
Frederick and Pilkington said.

However, these stories were never fully believed. Rumours of a wonderful
farm, where the human beings had been turned out and the animals managed
their own affairs, continued to circulate in vague and distorted forms,
and throughout that year a wave of rebelliousness ran through the
countryside. Bulls which had always been tractable suddenly turned savage,
sheep broke down hedges and devoured the clover, cows kicked the pail
over, hunters refused their fences and shot their riders on to the other
side. Above all, the tune and even the words of 'Beasts of England' were
known everywhere. It had spread with astonishing speed. The human beings
could not contain their rage when they heard this song, though they
pretended to think it merely ridiculous. They could not understand, they
said, how even animals could bring themselves to sing such contemptible
rubbish. Any animal caught singing it was given a flogging on the spot.
And yet the song was irrepressible. The blackbirds whistled it in the
hedges, the pigeons cooed it in the elms, it got into the din of the
smithies and the tune of the church bells. And when the human beings
listened to it, they secretly trembled, hearing in it a prophecy of their
future doom.

Early in October, when the corn was cut and stacked and some of it was
already threshed, a flight of pigeons came whirling through the air and
alighted in the yard of Animal Farm in the wildest excitement. Jones and
all his men, with half a dozen others from Foxwood and Pinchfield, had
entered the five-barred gate and were coming up the cart-track that led to
the farm. They were all carrying sticks, except Jones, who was marching
ahead with a gun in his hands. Obviously they were going to attempt the
recapture of the farm.

This had long been expected, and all preparations had been made. Snowball,
who had studied an old book of Julius Caesar's campaigns which he had
found in the farmhouse, was in charge of the defensive operations. He gave
his orders quickly, and in a couple of minutes every animal was at his
post.

As the human beings approached the farm buildings, Snowball launched his
first attack. All the pigeons, to the number of thirty-five, flew to and
fro over the men's heads and muted upon them from mid-air; and while the
men were dealing with this, the geese, who had been hiding behind the
hedge, rushed out and pecked viciously at the calves of their legs.
However, this was only a light skirmishing manoeuvre, intended to create a
little disorder, and the men easily drove the geese off with their sticks.
Snowball now launched his second line of attack. Muriel, Benjamin, and all
the sheep, with Snowball at the head of them, rushed forward and prodded
and butted the men from every side, while Benjamin turned around and
lashed at them with his small hoofs. But once again the men, with their
sticks and their hobnailed boots, were too strong for them; and suddenly,
at a squeal from Snowball, which was the signal for retreat, all the
animals turned and fled through the gateway into the yard.

The men gave a shout of triumph. They saw, as they imagined, their enemies
in flight, and they rushed after them in disorder. This was just what
Snowball had intended. As soon as they were well inside the yard, the
three horses, the three cows, and the rest of the pigs, who had been lying
in ambush in the cowshed, suddenly emerged in their rear, cutting them
off. Snowball now gave the signal for the charge. He himself dashed
straight for Jones. Jones saw him coming, raised his gun and fired. The
pellets scored bloody streaks along Snowball's back, and a sheep dropped
dead. Without halting for an instant, Snowball flung his fifteen stone
against Jones's legs. Jones was hurled into a pile of dung and his gun
flew out of his hands. But the most terrifying spectacle of all was Boxer,
rearing up on his hind legs and striking out with his great iron-shod
hoofs like a stallion. His very first blow took a stable-lad from Foxwood
on the skull and stretched him lifeless in the mud. At the sight, several
men dropped their sticks and tried to run. Panic overtook them, and the
next moment all the animals together were chasing them round and round the
yard. They were gored, kicked, bitten, trampled on. There was not an
animal on the farm that did not take vengeance on them after his own
fashion. Even the cat suddenly leapt off a roof onto a cowman's shoulders
and sank her claws in his neck, at which he yelled horribly. At a moment
when the opening was clear, the men were glad enough to rush out of the
yard and make a bolt for the main road. And so within five minutes of
their invasion they were in ignominious retreat by the same way as they
had come, with a flock of geese hissing after them and pecking at their
calves all the way.

All the men were gone except one. Back in the yard Boxer was pawing with
his hoof at the stable-lad who lay face down in the mud, trying to turn
him over. The boy did not stir.

&quot;He is dead,&quot; said Boxer sorrowfully. &quot;I had no intention of doing that.
I forgot that I was wearing iron shoes. Who will believe that I did not do
this on purpose?&quot;

&quot;No sentimentality, comrade!&quot; cried Snowball from whose wounds the blood
was still dripping. &quot;War is war. The only good human being is a dead one.&quot;

&quot;I have no wish to take life, not even human life,&quot; repeated Boxer, and
his eyes were full of tears.

&quot;Where is Mollie?&quot; exclaimed somebody.

Mollie in fact was missing. For a moment there was great alarm; it was
feared that the men might have harmed her in some way, or even carried her
off with them. In the end, however, she was found hiding in her stall with
her head buried among the hay in the manger. She had taken to flight as
soon as the gun went off. And when the others came back from looking for
her, it was to find that the stable-lad, who in fact was only stunned, had
already recovered and made off.

The animals had now reassembled in the wildest excitement, each recounting
his own exploits in the battle at the top of his voice. An impromptu
celebration of the victory was held immediately. The flag was run up and
'Beasts of England' was sung a number of times, then the sheep who had been
killed was given a solemn funeral, a hawthorn bush being planted on her
grave. At the graveside Snowball made a little speech, emphasising the
need for all animals to be ready to die for Animal Farm if need be.

The animals decided unanimously to create a military decoration, &quot;Animal
Hero, First Class,&quot; which was conferred there and then on Snowball and
Boxer. It consisted of a brass medal (they were really some old
horse-brasses which had been found in the harness-room), to be worn on
Sundays and holidays. There was also &quot;Animal Hero, Second Class,&quot; which
was conferred posthumously on the dead sheep.

There was much discussion as to what the battle should be called. In the
end, it was named the Battle of the Cowshed, since that was where the
ambush had been sprung. Mr. Jones's gun had been found lying in the mud,
and it was known that there was a supply of cartridges in the farmhouse.
It was decided to set the gun up at the foot of the Flagstaff, like a
piece of artillery, and to fire it twice a year--once on October the
twelfth, the anniversary of the Battle of the Cowshed, and once on
Midsummer Day, the anniversary of the Rebellion.


Chapter V
제5장


As winter drew on, Mollie became more and more troublesome. She was late
for work every morning and excused herself by saying that she had
overslept, and she complained of mysterious pains, although her appetite
was excellent. On every kind of pretext she would run away from work and
go to the drinking pool, where she would stand foolishly gazing at her own
reflection in the water. But there were also rumours of something more
serious. One day, as Mollie strolled blithely into the yard, flirting her
long tail and chewing at a stalk of hay, Clover took her aside.

&quot;Mollie,&quot; she said, &quot;I have something very serious to say to you. This
morning I saw you looking over the hedge that divides Animal Farm from
Foxwood. One of Mr. Pilkington's men was standing on the other side of the
hedge. And--I was a long way away, but I am almost certain I saw this--he
was talking to you and you were allowing him to stroke your nose. What
does that mean, Mollie?&quot;

&quot;He didn't! I wasn't! It isn't true!&quot; cried Mollie, beginning to prance
about and paw the ground.

&quot;Mollie! Look me in the face. Do you give me your word of honour that that
man was not stroking your nose?&quot;

&quot;It isn't true!&quot; repeated Mollie, but she could not look Clover in the
face, and the next moment she took to her heels and galloped away into the
field.

A thought struck Clover. Without saying anything to the others, she went
to Mollie's stall and turned over the straw with her hoof. Hidden under
the straw was a little pile of lump sugar and several bunches of ribbon of
different colours.

Three days later Mollie disappeared. For some weeks nothing was known of
her whereabouts, then the pigeons reported that they had seen her on the
other side of Willingdon. She was between the shafts of a smart dogcart
painted red and black, which was standing outside a public-house. A fat
red-faced man in check breeches and gaiters, who looked like a publican,
was stroking her nose and feeding her with sugar. Her coat was newly
clipped and she wore a scarlet ribbon round her forelock. She appeared to
be enjoying herself, so the pigeons said. None of the animals ever
mentioned Mollie again.

In January there came bitterly hard weather. The earth was like iron, and
nothing could be done in the fields. Many meetings were held in the big
barn, and the pigs occupied themselves with planning out the work of the
coming season. It had come to be accepted that the pigs, who were
manifestly cleverer than the other animals, should decide all questions of
farm policy, though their decisions had to be ratified by a majority vote.
This arrangement would have worked well enough if it had not been for the
disputes between Snowball and Napoleon. These two disagreed at every point
where disagreement was possible. If one of them suggested sowing a bigger
acreage with barley, the other was certain to demand a bigger acreage of
oats, and if one of them said that such and such a field was just right
for cabbages, the other would declare that it was useless for anything
except roots. Each had his own following, and there were some violent
debates. At the Meetings Snowball often won over the majority by his
brilliant speeches, but Napoleon was better at canvassing support for
himself in between times. He was especially successful with the sheep. Of
late the sheep had taken to bleating &quot;Four legs good, two legs bad&quot; both
in and out of season, and they often interrupted the Meeting with this. It
was noticed that they were especially liable to break into &quot;Four legs
good, two legs bad&quot; at crucial moments in Snowball's speeches. Snowball
had made a close study of some back numbers of the 'Farmer and
Stockbreeder' which he had found in the farmhouse, and was full of plans
for innovations and improvements. He talked learnedly about field drains,
silage, and basic slag, and had worked out a complicated scheme for all
the animals to drop their dung directly in the fields, at a different spot
every day, to save the labour of cartage. Napoleon produced no schemes of
his own, but said quietly that Snowball's would come to nothing, and
seemed to be biding his time. But of all their controversies, none was so
bitter as the one that took place over the windmill.

In the long pasture, not far from the farm buildings, there was a small
knoll which was the highest point on the farm. After surveying the ground,
Snowball declared that this was just the place for a windmill, which could
be made to operate a dynamo and supply the farm with electrical power.
This would light the stalls and warm them in winter, and would also run a
circular saw, a chaff-cutter, a mangel-slicer, and an electric milking
machine. The animals had never heard of anything of this kind before
(for the farm was an old-fashioned one and had only the most primitive
machinery), and they listened in astonishment while Snowball conjured up
pictures of fantastic machines which would do their work for them while
they grazed at their ease in the fields or improved their minds with
reading and conversation.

Within a few weeks Snowball's plans for the windmill were fully worked
out. The mechanical details came mostly from three books which had
belonged to Mr. Jones--'One Thousand Useful Things to Do About the House',
'Every Man His Own Bricklayer', and 'Electricity for Beginners'. Snowball
used as his study a shed which had once been used for incubators and had a
smooth wooden floor, suitable for drawing on. He was closeted there for
hours at a time. With his books held open by a stone, and with a piece of
chalk gripped between the knuckles of his trotter, he would move rapidly
to and fro, drawing in line after line and uttering little whimpers of
excitement. Gradually the plans grew into a complicated mass of cranks and
cog-wheels, covering more than half the floor, which the other animals
found completely unintelligible but very impressive. All of them came to
look at Snowball's drawings at least once a day. Even the hens and ducks
came, and were at pains not to tread on the chalk marks. Only Napoleon
held aloof. He had declared himself against the windmill from the start.
One day, however, he arrived unexpectedly to examine the plans. He walked
heavily round the shed, looked closely at every detail of the plans and
snuffed at them once or twice, then stood for a little while contemplating
them out of the corner of his eye; then suddenly he lifted his leg,
urinated over the plans, and walked out without uttering a word.

The whole farm was deeply divided on the subject of the windmill. Snowball
did not deny that to build it would be a difficult business. Stone would
have to be carried and built up into walls, then the sails would have to
be made and after that there would be need for dynamos and cables. (How
these were to be procured, Snowball did not say.) But he maintained that
it could all be done in a year. And thereafter, he declared, so much
labour would be saved that the animals would only need to work three days
a week. Napoleon, on the other hand, argued that the great need of the
moment was to increase food production, and that if they wasted time on
the windmill they would all starve to death. The animals formed themselves
into two factions under the slogan, &quot;Vote for Snowball and the three-day
week&quot; and &quot;Vote for Napoleon and the full manger.&quot; Benjamin was the only
animal who did not side with either faction. He refused to believe either
that food would become more plentiful or that the windmill would save
work. Windmill or no windmill, he said, life would go on as it had always
gone on--that is, badly.

Apart from the disputes over the windmill, there was the question of the
defence of the farm. It was fully realised that though the human beings
had been defeated in the Battle of the Cowshed they might make another and
more determined attempt to recapture the farm and reinstate Mr. Jones.
They had all the more reason for doing so because the news of their defeat
had spread across the countryside and made the animals on the neighbouring
farms more restive than ever. As usual, Snowball and Napoleon were in
disagreement. According to Napoleon, what the animals must do was to
procure firearms and train themselves in the use of them. According to
Snowball, they must send out more and more pigeons and stir up rebellion
among the animals on the other farms. The one argued that if they could
not defend themselves they were bound to be conquered, the other argued
that if rebellions happened everywhere they would have no need to defend
themselves. The animals listened first to Napoleon, then to Snowball, and
could not make up their minds which was right; indeed, they always found
themselves in agreement with the one who was speaking at the moment.

At last the day came when Snowball's plans were completed. At the Meeting
on the following Sunday the question of whether or not to begin work on
the windmill was to be put to the vote. When the animals had assembled in
the big barn, Snowball stood up and, though occasionally interrupted by
bleating from the sheep, set forth his reasons for advocating the building
of the windmill. Then Napoleon stood up to reply. He said very quietly
that the windmill was nonsense and that he advised nobody to vote for it,
and promptly sat down again; he had spoken for barely thirty seconds, and
seemed almost indifferent as to the effect he produced. At this Snowball
sprang to his feet, and shouting down the sheep, who had begun bleating
again, broke into a passionate appeal in favour of the windmill. Until now
the animals had been about equally divided in their sympathies, but in a
moment Snowball's eloquence had carried them away. In glowing sentences he
painted a picture of Animal Farm as it might be when sordid labour was
lifted from the animals' backs. His imagination had now run far beyond
chaff-cutters and turnip-slicers. Electricity, he said, could operate
threshing machines, ploughs, harrows, rollers, and reapers and binders,
besides supplying every stall with its own electric light, hot and cold
water, and an electric heater. By the time he had finished speaking, there
was no doubt as to which way the vote would go. But just at this moment
Napoleon stood up and, casting a peculiar sidelong look at Snowball,
uttered a high-pitched whimper of a kind no one had ever heard him utter
before.

At this there was a terrible baying sound outside, and nine enormous dogs
wearing brass-studded collars came bounding into the barn. They dashed
straight for Snowball, who only sprang from his place just in time to
escape their snapping jaws. In a moment he was out of the door and they
were after him. Too amazed and frightened to speak, all the animals
crowded through the door to watch the chase. Snowball was racing across
the long pasture that led to the road. He was running as only a pig can
run, but the dogs were close on his heels. Suddenly he slipped and it
seemed certain that they had him. Then he was up again, running faster
than ever, then the dogs were gaining on him again. One of them all but
closed his jaws on Snowball's tail, but Snowball whisked it free just in
time. Then he put on an extra spurt and, with a few inches to spare,
slipped through a hole in the hedge and was seen no more.

Silent and terrified, the animals crept back into the barn. In a moment
the dogs came bounding back. At first no one had been able to imagine
where these creatures came from, but the problem was soon solved: they
were the puppies whom Napoleon had taken away from their mothers and
reared privately. Though not yet full-grown, they were huge dogs, and as
fierce-looking as wolves. They kept close to Napoleon. It was noticed that
they wagged their tails to him in the same way as the other dogs had been
used to do to Mr. Jones.

Napoleon, with the dogs following him, now mounted on to the raised
portion of the floor where Major had previously stood to deliver his
speech. He announced that from now on the Sunday-morning Meetings would
come to an end. They were unnecessary, he said, and wasted time. In future
all questions relating to the working of the farm would be settled by a
special committee of pigs, presided over by himself. These would meet in
private and afterwards communicate their decisions to the others. The
animals would still assemble on Sunday mornings to salute the flag, sing
'Beasts of England', and receive their orders for the week; but there would
be no more debates.

In spite of the shock that Snowball's expulsion had given them, the
animals were dismayed by this announcement. Several of them would have
protested if they could have found the right arguments. Even Boxer was
vaguely troubled. He set his ears back, shook his forelock several times,
and tried hard to marshal his thoughts; but in the end he could not think
of anything to say. Some of the pigs themselves, however, were more
articulate. Four young porkers in the front row uttered shrill squeals of
disapproval, and all four of them sprang to their feet and began speaking
at once. But suddenly the dogs sitting round Napoleon let out deep,
menacing growls, and the pigs fell silent and sat down again. Then the
sheep broke out into a tremendous bleating of &quot;Four legs good, two legs
bad!&quot; which went on for nearly a quarter of an hour and put an end to any
chance of discussion.

Afterwards Squealer was sent round the farm to explain the new arrangement
to the others.

&quot;Comrades,&quot; he said, &quot;I trust that every animal here appreciates the
sacrifice that Comrade Napoleon has made in taking this extra labour upon
himself. Do not imagine, comrades, that leadership is a pleasure! On the
contrary, it is a deep and heavy responsibility. No one believes more
firmly than Comrade Napoleon that all animals are equal. He would be only
too happy to let you make your decisions for yourselves. But sometimes you
might make the wrong decisions, comrades, and then where should we be?
Suppose you had decided to follow Snowball, with his moonshine of
windmills--Snowball, who, as we now know, was no better than a criminal?&quot;

&quot;He fought bravely at the Battle of the Cowshed,&quot; said somebody.

&quot;Bravery is not enough,&quot; said Squealer. &quot;Loyalty and obedience are more
important. And as to the Battle of the Cowshed, I believe the time will
come when we shall find that Snowball's part in it was much exaggerated.
Discipline, comrades, iron discipline! That is the watchword for today.
One false step, and our enemies would be upon us. Surely, comrades, you do
not want Jones back?&quot;

Once again this argument was unanswerable. Certainly the animals did not
want Jones back; if the holding of debates on Sunday mornings was liable
to bring him back, then the debates must stop. Boxer, who had now had time
to think things over, voiced the general feeling by saying: &quot;If Comrade
Napoleon says it, it must be right.&quot; And from then on he adopted the
maxim, &quot;Napoleon is always right,&quot; in addition to his private motto of &quot;I
will work harder.&quot;

By this time the weather had broken and the spring ploughing had begun.
The shed where Snowball had drawn his plans of the windmill had been shut
up and it was assumed that the plans had been rubbed off the floor. Every
Sunday morning at ten o'clock the animals assembled in the big barn to
receive their orders for the week. The skull of old Major, now clean of
flesh, had been disinterred from the orchard and set up on a stump at the
foot of the flagstaff, beside the gun. After the hoisting of the flag, the
animals were required to file past the skull in a reverent manner before
entering the barn. Nowadays they did not sit all together as they had done
in the past. Napoleon, with Squealer and another pig named Minimus, who
had a remarkable gift for composing songs and poems, sat on the front of
the raised platform, with the nine young dogs forming a semicircle round
them, and the other pigs sitting behind. The rest of the animals sat
facing them in the main body of the barn. Napoleon read out the orders for
the week in a gruff soldierly style, and after a single singing of 'Beasts
of England', all the animals dispersed.

On the third Sunday after Snowball's expulsion, the animals were somewhat
surprised to hear Napoleon announce that the windmill was to be built
after all. He did not give any reason for having changed his mind, but
merely warned the animals that this extra task would mean very hard work,
it might even be necessary to reduce their rations. The plans, however,
had all been prepared, down to the last detail. A special committee of
pigs had been at work upon them for the past three weeks. The building of
the windmill, with various other improvements, was expected to take two
years.

That evening Squealer explained privately to the other animals that
Napoleon had never in reality been opposed to the windmill. On the
contrary, it was he who had advocated it in the beginning, and the plan
which Snowball had drawn on the floor of the incubator shed had actually
been stolen from among Napoleon's papers. The windmill was, in fact,
Napoleon's own creation. Why, then, asked somebody, had he spoken so
strongly against it? Here Squealer looked very sly. That, he said, was
Comrade Napoleon's cunning. He had SEEMED to oppose the windmill, simply
as a manoeuvre to get rid of Snowball, who was a dangerous character and a
bad influence. Now that Snowball was out of the way, the plan could go
forward without his interference. This, said Squealer, was something
called tactics. He repeated a number of times, &quot;Tactics, comrades,
tactics!&quot; skipping round and whisking his tail with a merry laugh. The
animals were not certain what the word meant, but Squealer spoke so
persuasively, and the three dogs who happened to be with him growled so
threateningly, that they accepted his explanation without further
questions.


Chapter VI
제6장 


All that year the animals worked like slaves. But they were happy in their
work; they grudged no effort or sacrifice, well aware that everything that
they did was for the benefit of themselves and those of their kind who
would come after them, and not for a pack of idle, thieving human beings.

Throughout the spring and summer they worked a sixty-hour week, and in
August Napoleon announced that there would be work on Sunday afternoons
as well. This work was strictly voluntary, but any animal who absented
himself from it would have his rations reduced by half. Even so, it was
found necessary to leave certain tasks undone. The harvest was a little
less successful than in the previous year, and two fields which should
have been sown with roots in the early summer were not sown because the
ploughing had not been completed early enough. It was possible to foresee
that the coming winter would be a hard one.

The windmill presented unexpected difficulties. There was a good quarry of
limestone on the farm, and plenty of sand and cement had been found in one
of the outhouses, so that all the materials for building were at hand. But
the problem the animals could not at first solve was how to break up the
stone into pieces of suitable size. There seemed no way of doing this
except with picks and crowbars, which no animal could use, because no
animal could stand on his hind legs. Only after weeks of vain effort did
the right idea occur to somebody-namely, to utilise the force of gravity.
Huge boulders, far too big to be used as they were, were lying all over
the bed of the quarry. The animals lashed ropes round these, and then all
together, cows, horses, sheep, any animal that could lay hold of the
rope--even the pigs sometimes joined in at critical moments--they dragged
them with desperate slowness up the slope to the top of the quarry, where
they were toppled over the edge, to shatter to pieces below. Transporting
the stone when it was once broken was comparatively simple. The horses
carried it off in cart-loads, the sheep dragged single blocks, even Muriel
and Benjamin yoked themselves into an old governess-cart and did their
share. By late summer a sufficient store of stone had accumulated, and
then the building began, under the superintendence of the pigs.

But it was a slow, laborious process. Frequently it took a whole day of
exhausting effort to drag a single boulder to the top of the quarry, and
sometimes when it was pushed over the edge it failed to break. Nothing
could have been achieved without Boxer, whose strength seemed equal to
that of all the rest of the animals put together. When the boulder began
to slip and the animals cried out in despair at finding themselves dragged
down the hill, it was always Boxer who strained himself against the rope
and brought the boulder to a stop. To see him toiling up the slope inch by
inch, his breath coming fast, the tips of his hoofs clawing at the ground,
and his great sides matted with sweat, filled everyone with admiration.
Clover warned him sometimes to be careful not to overstrain himself, but
Boxer would never listen to her. His two slogans, &quot;I will work harder&quot;
and &quot;Napoleon is always right,&quot; seemed to him a sufficient answer to all
problems. He had made arrangements with the cockerel to call him
three-quarters of an hour earlier in the mornings instead of half an hour.
And in his spare moments, of which there were not many nowadays, he would
go alone to the quarry, collect a load of broken stone, and drag it down
to the site of the windmill unassisted.

The animals were not badly off throughout that summer, in spite of the
hardness of their work. If they had no more food than they had had in
Jones's day, at least they did not have less. The advantage of only having
to feed themselves, and not having to support five extravagant human
beings as well, was so great that it would have taken a lot of failures to
outweigh it. And in many ways the animal method of doing things was more
efficient and saved labour. Such jobs as weeding, for instance, could be
done with a thoroughness impossible to human beings. And again, since no
animal now stole, it was unnecessary to fence off pasture from arable
land, which saved a lot of labour on the upkeep of hedges and gates.
Nevertheless, as the summer wore on, various unforeseen shortages began to
make them selves felt. There was need of paraffin oil, nails, string, dog
biscuits, and iron for the horses' shoes, none of which could be produced
on the farm. Later there would also be need for seeds and artificial
manures, besides various tools and, finally, the machinery for the
windmill. How these were to be procured, no one was able to imagine.

One Sunday morning, when the animals assembled to receive their orders,
Napoleon announced that he had decided upon a new policy. From now onwards
Animal Farm would engage in trade with the neighbouring farms: not, of
course, for any commercial purpose, but simply in order to obtain certain
materials which were urgently necessary. The needs of the windmill must
override everything else, he said. He was therefore making arrangements to
sell a stack of hay and part of the current year's wheat crop, and later
on, if more money were needed, it would have to be made up by the sale of
eggs, for which there was always a market in Willingdon. The hens, said
Napoleon, should welcome this sacrifice as their own special contribution
towards the building of the windmill.

Once again the animals were conscious of a vague uneasiness. Never to have
any dealings with human beings, never to engage in trade, never to make
use of money--had not these been among the earliest resolutions passed at
that first triumphant Meeting after Jones was expelled? All the animals
remembered passing such resolutions: or at least they thought that they
remembered it. The four young pigs who had protested when Napoleon
abolished the Meetings raised their voices timidly, but they were promptly
silenced by a tremendous growling from the dogs. Then, as usual, the sheep
broke into &quot;Four legs good, two legs bad!&quot; and the momentary awkwardness
was smoothed over. Finally Napoleon raised his trotter for silence and
announced that he had already made all the arrangements. There would be no
need for any of the animals to come in contact with human beings, which
would clearly be most undesirable. He intended to take the whole burden
upon his own shoulders. A Mr. Whymper, a solicitor living in Willingdon,
had agreed to act as intermediary between Animal Farm and the outside
world, and would visit the farm every Monday morning to receive his
instructions. Napoleon ended his speech with his usual cry of &quot;Long live
Animal Farm!&quot; and after the singing of 'Beasts of England' the animals
were dismissed.

Afterwards Squealer made a round of the farm and set the animals' minds at
rest. He assured them that the resolution against engaging in trade and
using money had never been passed, or even suggested. It was pure
imagination, probably traceable in the beginning to lies circulated by
Snowball. A few animals still felt faintly doubtful, but Squealer asked
them shrewdly, &quot;Are you certain that this is not something that you have
dreamed, comrades? Have you any record of such a resolution? Is it written
down anywhere?&quot; And since it was certainly true that nothing of the kind
existed in writing, the animals were satisfied that they had been mistaken.

Every Monday Mr. Whymper visited the farm as had been arranged. He was a
sly-looking little man with side whiskers, a solicitor in a very small way
of business, but sharp enough to have realised earlier than anyone else
that Animal Farm would need a broker and that the commissions would be
worth having. The animals watched his coming and going with a kind of
dread, and avoided him as much as possible. Nevertheless, the sight of
Napoleon, on all fours, delivering orders to Whymper, who stood on two
legs, roused their pride and partly reconciled them to the new
arrangement. Their relations with the human race were now not quite the
same as they had been before. The human beings did not hate Animal Farm
any less now that it was prospering; indeed, they hated it more than ever.
Every human being held it as an article of faith that the farm would go
bankrupt sooner or later, and, above all, that the windmill would be a
failure. They would meet in the public-houses and prove to one another by
means of diagrams that the windmill was bound to fall down, or that if it
did stand up, then that it would never work. And yet, against their will,
they had developed a certain respect for the efficiency with which the
animals were managing their own affairs. One symptom of this was that they
had begun to call Animal Farm by its proper name and ceased to pretend
that it was called the Manor Farm. They had also dropped their championship
of Jones, who had given up hope of getting his farm back and gone to live
in another part of the county. Except through Whymper, there was as yet no
contact between Animal Farm and the outside world, but there were constant
rumours that Napoleon was about to enter into a definite business agreement
either with Mr. Pilkington of Foxwood or with Mr. Frederick of
Pinchfield--but never, it was noticed, with both simultaneously.

It was about this time that the pigs suddenly moved into the farmhouse and
took up their residence there. Again the animals seemed to remember that a
resolution against this had been passed in the early days, and again
Squealer was able to convince them that this was not the case. It was
absolutely necessary, he said, that the pigs, who were the brains of the
farm, should have a quiet place to work in. It was also more suited to the
dignity of the Leader (for of late he had taken to speaking of Napoleon
under the title of &quot;Leader&quot;) to live in a house than in a mere sty.
Nevertheless, some of the animals were disturbed when they heard that the
pigs not only took their meals in the kitchen and used the drawing-room
as a recreation room, but also slept in the beds. Boxer passed it off as
usual with &quot;Napoleon is always right!&quot;, but Clover, who thought she
remembered a definite ruling against beds, went to the end of the barn and
tried to puzzle out the Seven Commandments which were inscribed there.
Finding herself unable to read more than individual letters, she fetched
Muriel.

&quot;Muriel,&quot; she said, &quot;read me the Fourth Commandment. Does it not say
something about never sleeping in a bed?&quot;

With some difficulty Muriel spelt it out.

&quot;It says, 'No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets,&quot;' she announced
finally.

Curiously enough, Clover had not remembered that the Fourth Commandment
mentioned sheets; but as it was there on the wall, it must have done so.
And Squealer, who happened to be passing at this moment, attended by two
or three dogs, was able to put the whole matter in its proper perspective.

&quot;You have heard then, comrades,&quot; he said, &quot;that we pigs now sleep in the
beds of the farmhouse? And why not? You did not suppose, surely, that
there was ever a ruling against beds? A bed merely means a place to sleep
in. A pile of straw in a stall is a bed, properly regarded. The rule was
against sheets, which are a human invention. We have removed the sheets
from the farmhouse beds, and sleep between blankets. And very comfortable
beds they are too! But not more comfortable than we need, I can tell you,
comrades, with all the brainwork we have to do nowadays. You would not rob
us of our repose, would you, comrades? You would not have us too tired to
carry out our duties? Surely none of you wishes to see Jones back?&quot;

The animals reassured him on this point immediately, and no more was said
about the pigs sleeping in the farmhouse beds. And when, some days
afterwards, it was announced that from now on the pigs would get up an
hour later in the mornings than the other animals, no complaint was made
about that either.

By the autumn the animals were tired but happy. They had had a hard year,
and after the sale of part of the hay and corn, the stores of food for the
winter were none too plentiful, but the windmill compensated for
everything. It was almost half built now. After the harvest there was a
stretch of clear dry weather, and the animals toiled harder than ever,
thinking it well worth while to plod to and fro all day with blocks of
stone if by doing so they could raise the walls another foot. Boxer would
even come out at nights and work for an hour or two on his own by the
light of the harvest moon. In their spare moments the animals would walk
round and round the half-finished mill, admiring the strength and
perpendicularity of its walls and marvelling that they should ever have
been able to build anything so imposing. Only old Benjamin refused to grow
enthusiastic about the windmill, though, as usual, he would utter nothing
beyond the cryptic remark that donkeys live a long time.

November came, with raging south-west winds. Building had to stop because
it was now too wet to mix the cement. Finally there came a night when the
gale was so violent that the farm buildings rocked on their foundations
and several tiles were blown off the roof of the barn. The hens woke up
squawking with terror because they had all dreamed simultaneously of
hearing a gun go off in the distance. In the morning the animals came out
of their stalls to find that the flagstaff had been blown down and an elm
tree at the foot of the orchard had been plucked up like a radish. They
had just noticed this when a cry of despair broke from every animal's
throat. A terrible sight had met their eyes. The windmill was in ruins.

With one accord they dashed down to the spot. Napoleon, who seldom moved
out of a walk, raced ahead of them all. Yes, there it lay, the fruit of
all their struggles, levelled to its foundations, the stones they had
broken and carried so laboriously scattered all around. Unable at first to
speak, they stood gazing mournfully at the litter of fallen stone. Napoleon
paced to and fro in silence, occasionally snuffing at the ground. His tail
had grown rigid and twitched sharply from side to side, a sign in him of
intense mental activity. Suddenly he halted as though his mind were
made up.

&quot;Comrades,&quot; he said quietly, &quot;do you know who is responsible for this? Do
you know the enemy who has come in the night and overthrown our windmill?
SNOWBALL!&quot; he suddenly roared in a voice of thunder. &quot;Snowball has done
this thing! In sheer malignity, thinking to set back our plans and avenge
himself for his ignominious expulsion, this traitor has crept here under
cover of night and destroyed our work of nearly a year. Comrades, here
and now I pronounce the death sentence upon Snowball. 'Animal Hero, Second
Class,' and half a bushel of apples to any animal who brings him to
justice. A full bushel to anyone who captures him alive!&quot;

The animals were shocked beyond measure to learn that even Snowball could
be guilty of such an action. There was a cry of indignation, and everyone
began thinking out ways of catching Snowball if he should ever come back.
Almost immediately the footprints of a pig were discovered in the grass at
a little distance from the knoll. They could only be traced for a few
yards, but appeared to lead to a hole in the hedge. Napoleon snuffed
deeply at them and pronounced them to be Snowball's. He gave it as his
opinion that Snowball had probably come from the direction of Foxwood Farm.

&quot;No more delays, comrades!&quot; cried Napoleon when the footprints had been
examined. &quot;There is work to be done. This very morning we begin rebuilding
the windmill, and we will build all through the winter, rain or shine. We
will teach this miserable traitor that he cannot undo our work so easily.
Remember, comrades, there must be no alteration in our plans: they shall
be carried out to the day. Forward, comrades! Long live the windmill! Long
live Animal Farm!&quot;


Chapter VII
제7장


It was a bitter winter. The stormy weather was followed by sleet and snow,
and then by a hard frost which did not break till well into February. The
animals carried on as best they could with the rebuilding of the windmill,
well knowing that the outside world was watching them and that the envious
human beings would rejoice and triumph if the mill were not finished
on time.

Out of spite, the human beings pretended not to believe that it was
Snowball who had destroyed the windmill: they said that it had fallen down
because the walls were too thin. The animals knew that this was not the
case. Still, it had been decided to build the walls three feet thick this
time instead of eighteen inches as before, which meant collecting much
larger quantities of stone. For a long time the quarry was full of
snowdrifts and nothing could be done. Some progress was made in the dry
frosty weather that followed, but it was cruel work, and the animals could
not feel so hopeful about it as they had felt before. They were always
cold, and usually hungry as well. Only Boxer and Clover never lost heart.
Squealer made excellent speeches on the joy of service and the dignity of
labour, but the other animals found more inspiration in Boxer's strength
and his never-failing cry of &quot;I will work harder!&quot;

In January food fell short. The corn ration was drastically reduced, and
it was announced that an extra potato ration would be issued to make up
for it. Then it was discovered that the greater part of the potato crop
had been frosted in the clamps, which had not been covered thickly enough.
The potatoes had become soft and discoloured, and only a few were edible.
For days at a time the animals had nothing to eat but chaff and mangels.
Starvation seemed to stare them in the face.

It was vitally necessary to conceal this fact from the outside world.
Emboldened by the collapse of the windmill, the human beings were
inventing fresh lies about Animal Farm. Once again it was being put about
that all the animals were dying of famine and disease, and that they were
continually fighting among themselves and had resorted to cannibalism and
infanticide. Napoleon was well aware of the bad results that might follow
if the real facts of the food situation were known, and he decided to make
use of Mr. Whymper to spread a contrary impression. Hitherto the animals
had had little or no contact with Whymper on his weekly visits: now,
however, a few selected animals, mostly sheep, were instructed to remark
casually in his hearing that rations had been increased. In addition,
Napoleon ordered the almost empty bins in the store-shed to be filled
nearly to the brim with sand, which was then covered up with what remained
of the grain and meal. On some suitable pretext Whymper was led through
the store-shed and allowed to catch a glimpse of the bins. He was
deceived, and continued to report to the outside world that there was no
food shortage on Animal Farm.

Nevertheless, towards the end of January it became obvious that it would
be necessary to procure some more grain from somewhere. In these days
Napoleon rarely appeared in public, but spent all his time in the
farmhouse, which was guarded at each door by fierce-looking dogs. When he
did emerge, it was in a ceremonial manner, with an escort of six dogs who
closely surrounded him and growled if anyone came too near. Frequently he
did not even appear on Sunday mornings, but issued his orders through one
of the other pigs, usually Squealer.

One Sunday morning Squealer announced that the hens, who had just come in
to lay again, must surrender their eggs. Napoleon had accepted, through
Whymper, a contract for four hundred eggs a week. The price of these would
pay for enough grain and meal to keep the farm going till summer came on
and conditions were easier.

When the hens heard this, they raised a terrible outcry. They had been
warned earlier that this sacrifice might be necessary, but had not
believed that it would really happen. They were just getting their
clutches ready for the spring sitting, and they protested that to take the
eggs away now was murder. For the first time since the expulsion of Jones,
there was something resembling a rebellion. Led by three young Black
Minorca pullets, the hens made a determined effort to thwart Napoleon's
wishes. Their method was to fly up to the rafters and there lay their
eggs, which smashed to pieces on the floor. Napoleon acted swiftly and
ruthlessly. He ordered the hens' rations to be stopped, and decreed that
any animal giving so much as a grain of corn to a hen should be punished
by death. The dogs saw to it that these orders were carried out. For five
days the hens held out, then they capitulated and went back to their
nesting boxes. Nine hens had died in the meantime. Their bodies were
buried in the orchard, and it was given out that they had died of
coccidiosis. Whymper heard nothing of this affair, and the eggs were duly
delivered, a grocer's van driving up to the farm once a week to take them
away.

All this while no more had been seen of Snowball. He was rumoured to be
hiding on one of the neighbouring farms, either Foxwood or Pinchfield.
Napoleon was by this time on slightly better terms with the other farmers
than before. It happened that there was in the yard a pile of timber which
had been stacked there ten years earlier when a beech spinney was cleared.
It was well seasoned, and Whymper had advised Napoleon to sell it; both
Mr. Pilkington and Mr. Frederick were anxious to buy it. Napoleon was
hesitating between the two, unable to make up his mind. It was noticed
that whenever he seemed on the point of coming to an agreement with
Frederick, Snowball was declared to be in hiding at Foxwood, while, when
he inclined toward Pilkington, Snowball was said to be at Pinchfield.

Suddenly, early in the spring, an alarming thing was discovered. Snowball
was secretly frequenting the farm by night! The animals were so disturbed
that they could hardly sleep in their stalls. Every night, it was said, he
came creeping in under cover of darkness and performed all kinds of
mischief. He stole the corn, he upset the milk-pails, he broke the eggs,
he trampled the seedbeds, he gnawed the bark off the fruit trees. Whenever
anything went wrong it became usual to attribute it to Snowball. If a
window was broken or a drain was blocked up, someone was certain to say
that Snowball had come in the night and done it, and when the key of the
store-shed was lost, the whole farm was convinced that Snowball had thrown
it down the well. Curiously enough, they went on believing this even after
the mislaid key was found under a sack of meal. The cows declared
unanimously that Snowball crept into their stalls and milked them in their
sleep. The rats, which had been troublesome that winter, were also said to
be in league with Snowball.

Napoleon decreed that there should be a full investigation into Snowball's
activities. With his dogs in attendance he set out and made a careful tour
of inspection of the farm buildings, the other animals following at a
respectful distance. At every few steps Napoleon stopped and snuffed the
ground for traces of Snowball's footsteps, which, he said, he could detect
by the smell. He snuffed in every corner, in the barn, in the cow-shed,
in the henhouses, in the vegetable garden, and found traces of Snowball
almost everywhere. He would put his snout to the ground, give several deep
sniffs, ad exclaim in a terrible voice, &quot;Snowball! He has been here! I can
smell him distinctly!&quot; and at the word &quot;Snowball&quot; all the dogs let out
blood-curdling growls and showed their side teeth.

The animals were thoroughly frightened. It seemed to them as though
Snowball were some kind of invisible influence, pervading the air about
them and menacing them with all kinds of dangers. In the evening Squealer
called them together, and with an alarmed expression on his face told
them that he had some serious news to report.

&quot;Comrades!&quot; cried Squealer, making little nervous skips, &quot;a most terrible
thing has been discovered. Snowball has sold himself to Frederick of
Pinchfield Farm, who is even now plotting to attack us and take our farm
away from us! Snowball is to act as his guide when the attack begins. But
there is worse than that. We had thought that Snowball's rebellion was
caused simply by his vanity and ambition. But we were wrong, comrades. Do
you know what the real reason was? Snowball was in league with Jones from
the very start! He was Jones's secret agent all the time. It has all been
proved by documents which he left behind him and which we have only just
discovered. To my mind this explains a great deal, comrades. Did we not
see for ourselves how he attempted--fortunately without success--to get us
defeated and destroyed at the Battle of the Cowshed?&quot;

The animals were stupefied. This was a wickedness far outdoing Snowball's
destruction of the windmill. But it was some minutes before they could
fully take it in. They all remembered, or thought they remembered, how
they had seen Snowball charging ahead of them at the Battle of the
Cowshed, how he had rallied and encouraged them at every turn, and how he
had not paused for an instant even when the pellets from Jones's gun had
wounded his back. At first it was a little difficult to see how this
fitted in with his being on Jones's side. Even Boxer, who seldom asked
questions, was puzzled. He lay down, tucked his fore hoofs beneath him,
shut his eyes, and with a hard effort managed to formulate his thoughts.

&quot;I do not believe that,&quot; he said. &quot;Snowball fought bravely at the Battle
of the Cowshed. I saw him myself. Did we not give him 'Animal Hero, first
Class,' immediately afterwards?&quot;

&quot;That was our mistake, comrade. For we know now--it is all written down in
the secret documents that we have found--that in reality he was trying to
lure us to our doom.&quot;

&quot;But he was wounded,&quot; said Boxer. &quot;We all saw him running with blood.&quot;

&quot;That was part of the arrangement!&quot; cried Squealer. &quot;Jones's shot only
grazed him. I could show you this in his own writing, if you were able to
read it. The plot was for Snowball, at the critical moment, to give the
signal for flight and leave the field to the enemy. And he very nearly
succeeded--I will even say, comrades, he WOULD have succeeded if it had
not been for our heroic Leader, Comrade Napoleon. Do you not remember how,
just at the moment when Jones and his men had got inside the yard,
Snowball suddenly turned and fled, and many animals followed him? And do
you not remember, too, that it was just at that moment, when panic was
spreading and all seemed lost, that Comrade Napoleon sprang forward with a
cry of 'Death to Humanity!' and sank his teeth in Jones's leg? Surely you
remember THAT, comrades?&quot; exclaimed Squealer, frisking from side to side.

Now when Squealer described the scene so graphically, it seemed to the
animals that they did remember it. At any rate, they remembered that at
the critical moment of the battle Snowball had turned to flee. But Boxer
was still a little uneasy.

&quot;I do not believe that Snowball was a traitor at the beginning,&quot; he said
finally. &quot;What he has done since is different. But I believe that at the
Battle of the Cowshed he was a good comrade.&quot;

&quot;Our Leader, Comrade Napoleon,&quot; announced Squealer, speaking very slowly
and firmly, &quot;has stated categorically--categorically, comrade--that
Snowball was Jones's agent from the very beginning--yes, and from long
before the Rebellion was ever thought of.&quot;

&quot;Ah, that is different!&quot; said Boxer. &quot;If Comrade Napoleon says it, it must
be right.&quot;

&quot;That is the true spirit, comrade!&quot; cried Squealer, but it was noticed he
cast a very ugly look at Boxer with his little twinkling eyes. He turned
to go, then paused and added impressively: &quot;I warn every animal on this
farm to keep his eyes very wide open. For we have reason to think that
some of Snowball's secret agents are lurking among us at this moment!&quot;

Four days later, in the late afternoon, Napoleon ordered all the animals
to assemble in the yard. When they were all gathered together, Napoleon
emerged from the farmhouse, wearing both his medals (for he had recently
awarded himself &quot;Animal Hero, First Class&quot;, and &quot;Animal Hero, Second
Class&quot;), with his nine huge dogs frisking round him and uttering growls
that sent shivers down all the animals' spines. They all cowered silently
in their places, seeming to know in advance that some terrible thing was
about to happen.

Napoleon stood sternly surveying his audience; then he uttered a
high-pitched whimper. Immediately the dogs bounded forward, seized four of
the pigs by the ear and dragged them, squealing with pain and terror, to
Napoleon's feet. The pigs' ears were bleeding, the dogs had tasted blood,
and for a few moments they appeared to go quite mad. To the amazement of
everybody, three of them flung themselves upon Boxer. Boxer saw them
coming and put out his great hoof, caught a dog in mid-air, and pinned
him to the ground. The dog shrieked for mercy and the other two fled with
their tails between their legs. Boxer looked at Napoleon to know whether
he should crush the dog to death or let it go. Napoleon appeared to change
countenance, and sharply ordered Boxer to let the dog go, whereat Boxer
lifted his hoof, and the dog slunk away, bruised and howling.

Presently the tumult died down. The four pigs waited, trembling, with
guilt written on every line of their countenances. Napoleon now called
upon them to confess their crimes. They were the same four pigs as had
protested when Napoleon abolished the Sunday Meetings. Without any further
prompting they confessed that they had been secretly in touch with
Snowball ever since his expulsion, that they had collaborated with him in
destroying the windmill, and that they had entered into an agreement with
him to hand over Animal Farm to Mr. Frederick. They added that Snowball
had privately admitted to them that he had been Jones's secret agent for
years past. When they had finished their confession, the dogs promptly
tore their throats out, and in a terrible voice Napoleon demanded whether
any other animal had anything to confess.

The three hens who had been the ringleaders in the attempted rebellion
over the eggs now came forward and stated that Snowball had appeared to
them in a dream and incited them to disobey Napoleon's orders. They, too,
were slaughtered. Then a goose came forward and confessed to having
secreted six ears of corn during the last year's harvest and eaten them in
the night. Then a sheep confessed to having urinated in the drinking
pool--urged to do this, so she said, by Snowball--and two other sheep
confessed to having murdered an old ram, an especially devoted follower of
Napoleon, by chasing him round and round a bonfire when he was suffering
from a cough. They were all slain on the spot. And so the tale of
confessions and executions went on, until there was a pile of corpses
lying before Napoleon's feet and the air was heavy with the smell of
blood, which had been unknown there since the expulsion of Jones.

When it was all over, the remaining animals, except for the pigs and dogs,
crept away in a body. They were shaken and miserable. They did not know
which was more shocking--the treachery of the animals who had leagued
themselves with Snowball, or the cruel retribution they had just
witnessed. In the old days there had often been scenes of bloodshed
equally terrible, but it seemed to all of them that it was far worse now
that it was happening among themselves. Since Jones had left the farm,
until today, no animal had killed another animal. Not even a rat had been
killed. They had made their way on to the little knoll where the
half-finished windmill stood, and with one accord they all lay down as
though huddling together for warmth--Clover, Muriel, Benjamin, the cows,
the sheep, and a whole flock of geese and hens--everyone, indeed, except
the cat, who had suddenly disappeared just before Napoleon ordered the
animals to assemble. For some time nobody spoke. Only Boxer remained on
his feet. He fidgeted to and fro, swishing his long black tail against his
sides and occasionally uttering a little whinny of surprise. Finally he
said:

&quot;I do not understand it. I would not have believed that such things could
happen on our farm. It must be due to some fault in ourselves. The
solution, as I see it, is to work harder. From now onwards I shall get up
a full hour earlier in the mornings.&quot;

And he moved off at his lumbering trot and made for the quarry. Having got
there, he collected two successive loads of stone and dragged them down to
the windmill before retiring for the night.

The animals huddled about Clover, not speaking. The knoll where they were
lying gave them a wide prospect across the countryside. Most of Animal
Farm was within their view--the long pasture stretching down to the main
road, the hayfield, the spinney, the drinking pool, the ploughed fields
where the young wheat was thick and green, and the red roofs of the farm
buildings with the smoke curling from the chimneys. It was a clear spring
evening. The grass and the bursting hedges were gilded by the level rays
of the sun. Never had the farm--and with a kind of surprise they
remembered that it was their own farm, every inch of it their own
property--appeared to the animals so desirable a place. As Clover looked
down the hillside her eyes filled with tears. If she could have spoken her
thoughts, it would have been to say that this was not what they had aimed
at when they had set themselves years ago to work for the overthrow of the
human race. These scenes of terror and slaughter were not what they had
looked forward to on that night when old Major first stirred them to
rebellion. If she herself had had any picture of the future, it had been
of a society of animals set free from hunger and the whip, all equal, each
working according to his capacity, the strong protecting the weak, as she
had protected the lost brood of ducklings with her foreleg on the night of
Major's speech. Instead--she did not know why--they had come to a time
when no one dared speak his mind, when fierce, growling dogs roamed
everywhere, and when you had to watch your comrades torn to pieces after
confessing to shocking crimes. There was no thought of rebellion or
disobedience in her mind. She knew that, even as things were, they were
far better off than they had been in the days of Jones, and that before
all else it was needful to prevent the return of the human beings.
Whatever happened she would remain faithful, work hard, carry out the
orders that were given to her, and accept the leadership of Napoleon. But
still, it was not for this that she and all the other animals had hoped
and toiled. It was not for this that they had built the windmill and faced
the bullets of Jones's gun. Such were her thoughts, though she lacked the
words to express them.

At last, feeling this to be in some way a substitute for the words she was
unable to find, she began to sing 'Beasts of England'. The other animals
sitting round her took it up, and they sang it three times over--very
tunefully, but slowly and mournfully, in a way they had never sung it
before.

They had just finished singing it for the third time when Squealer,
attended by two dogs, approached them with the air of having something
important to say. He announced that, by a special decree of Comrade
Napoleon, 'Beasts of England' had been abolished. From now onwards it was
forbidden to sing it.

The animals were taken aback.

&quot;Why?&quot; cried Muriel.

&quot;It's no longer needed, comrade,&quot; said Squealer stiffly. &quot;'Beasts of
England' was the song of the Rebellion. But the Rebellion is now
completed. The execution of the traitors this afternoon was the final act.
The enemy both external and internal has been defeated. In 'Beasts of
England' we expressed our longing for a better society in days to come.
But that society has now been established. Clearly this song has no longer
any purpose.&quot;

Frightened though they were, some of the animals might possibly have
protested, but at this moment the sheep set up their usual bleating of
&quot;Four legs good, two legs bad,&quot; which went on for several minutes and put
an end to the discussion.

So 'Beasts of England' was heard no more. In its place Minimus, the poet,
had composed another song which began:


Animal Farm, Animal Farm,
Never through me shalt thou come to harm!


and this was sung every Sunday morning after the hoisting of the flag.
But somehow neither the words nor the tune ever seemed to the animals to
come up to 'Beasts of England'.


Chapter VIII
제8장


A few days later, when the terror caused by the executions had died down,
some of the animals remembered--or thought they remembered--that the Sixth
Commandment decreed &quot;No animal shall kill any other animal.&quot; And though no
one cared to mention it in the hearing of the pigs or the dogs, it was
felt that the killings which had taken place did not square with this.
Clover asked Benjamin to read her the Sixth Commandment, and when
Benjamin, as usual, said that he refused to meddle in such matters, she
fetched Muriel. Muriel read the Commandment for her. It ran: &quot;No animal
shall kill any other animal WITHOUT CAUSE.&quot; Somehow or other, the last two
words had slipped out of the animals' memory. But they saw now that the
Commandment had not been violated; for clearly there was good reason for
killing the traitors who had leagued themselves with Snowball.

Throughout the year the animals worked even harder than they had worked in
the previous year. To rebuild the windmill, with walls twice as thick as
before, and to finish it by the appointed date, together with the regular
work of the farm, was a tremendous labour. There were times when it seemed
to the animals that they worked longer hours and fed no better than they
had done in Jones's day. On Sunday mornings Squealer, holding down a long
strip of paper with his trotter, would read out to them lists of figures
proving that the production of every class of foodstuff had increased by
two hundred per cent, three hundred per cent, or five hundred per cent,
as the case might be. The animals saw no reason to disbelieve him,
especially as they could no longer remember very clearly what conditions
had been like before the Rebellion. All the same, there were days when
they felt that they would sooner have had less figures and more food.

All orders were now issued through Squealer or one of the other pigs.
Napoleon himself was not seen in public as often as once in a fortnight.
When he did appear, he was attended not only by his retinue of dogs but by
a black cockerel who marched in front of him and acted as a kind of
trumpeter, letting out a loud &quot;cock-a-doodle-doo&quot; before Napoleon spoke.
Even in the farmhouse, it was said, Napoleon inhabited separate apartments
from the others. He took his meals alone, with two dogs to wait upon him,
and always ate from the Crown Derby dinner service which had been in the
glass cupboard in the drawing-room. It was also announced that the gun
would be fired every year on Napoleon's birthday, as well as on the other
two anniversaries.

Napoleon was now never spoken of simply as &quot;Napoleon.&quot; He was always
referred to in formal style as &quot;our Leader, Comrade Napoleon,&quot; and this
pigs liked to invent for him such titles as Father of All Animals, Terror
of Mankind, Protector of the Sheep-fold, Ducklings' Friend, and the like.
In his speeches, Squealer would talk with the tears rolling down his
cheeks of Napoleon's wisdom the goodness of his heart, and the deep love
he bore to all animals everywhere, even and especially the unhappy animals
who still lived in ignorance and slavery on other farms. It had become
usual to give Napoleon the credit for every successful achievement and
every stroke of good fortune. You would often hear one hen remark to
another, &quot;Under the guidance of our Leader, Comrade Napoleon, I have laid
five eggs in six days&quot;; or two cows, enjoying a drink at the pool, would
exclaim, &quot;Thanks to the leadership of Comrade Napoleon, how excellent this
water tastes!&quot; The general feeling on the farm was well expressed in a
poem entitled Comrade Napoleon, which was composed by Minimus and which
ran as follows:


Friend of fatherless!
Fountain of happiness!
Lord of the swill-bucket! Oh, how my soul is on
Fire when I gaze at thy
Calm and commanding eye,
Like the sun in the sky,
Comrade Napoleon!

Thou are the giver of
All that thy creatures love,
Full belly twice a day, clean straw to roll upon;
Every beast great or small
Sleeps at peace in his stall,
Thou watchest over all,
Comrade Napoleon!

Had I a sucking-pig,
Ere he had grown as big
Even as a pint bottle or as a rolling-pin,
He should have learned to be
Faithful and true to thee,
Yes, his first squeak should be
&quot;Comrade Napoleon!&quot;


Napoleon approved of this poem and caused it to be inscribed on the wall
of the big barn, at the opposite end from the Seven Commandments. It was
surmounted by a portrait of Napoleon, in profile, executed by Squealer in
white paint.

Meanwhile, through the agency of Whymper, Napoleon was engaged in
complicated negotiations with Frederick and Pilkington. The pile of timber
was still unsold. Of the two, Frederick was the more anxious to get hold
of it, but he would not offer a reasonable price. At the same time there
were renewed rumours that Frederick and his men were plotting to attack
Animal Farm and to destroy the windmill, the building of which had aroused
furious jealousy in him. Snowball was known to be still skulking on
Pinchfield Farm. In the middle of the summer the animals were alarmed to
hear that three hens had come forward and confessed that, inspired by
Snowball, they had entered into a plot to murder Napoleon. They were
executed immediately, and fresh precautions for Napoleon's safety were
taken. Four dogs guarded his bed at night, one at each corner, and a young
pig named Pinkeye was given the task of tasting all his food before he ate
it, lest it should be poisoned.

At about the same time it was given out that Napoleon had arranged to sell
the pile of timber to Mr. Pilkington; he was also going to enter into a
regular agreement for the exchange of certain products between Animal Farm
and Foxwood. The relations between Napoleon and Pilkington, though they
were only conducted through Whymper, were now almost friendly. The animals
distrusted Pilkington, as a human being, but greatly preferred him to
Frederick, whom they both feared and hated. As the summer wore on, and the
windmill neared completion, the rumours of an impending treacherous attack
grew stronger and stronger. Frederick, it was said, intended to bring
against them twenty men all armed with guns, and he had already bribed the
magistrates and police, so that if he could once get hold of the
title-deeds of Animal Farm they would ask no questions. Moreover, terrible
stories were leaking out from Pinchfield about the cruelties that
Frederick practised upon his animals. He had flogged an old horse to
death, he starved his cows, he had killed a dog by throwing it into the
furnace, he amused himself in the evenings by making cocks fight with
splinters of razor-blade tied to their spurs. The animals' blood boiled
with rage when they heard of these things being done to their comrades,
and sometimes they clamoured to be allowed to go out in a body and attack
Pinchfield Farm, drive out the humans, and set the animals free. But
Squealer counselled them to avoid rash actions and trust in Comrade
Napoleon's strategy.

Nevertheless, feeling against Frederick continued to run high. One Sunday
morning Napoleon appeared in the barn and explained that he had never at
any time contemplated selling the pile of timber to Frederick; he
considered it beneath his dignity, he said, to have dealings with
scoundrels of that description. The pigeons who were still sent out to
spread tidings of the Rebellion were forbidden to set foot anywhere on
Foxwood, and were also ordered to drop their former slogan of &quot;Death to
Humanity&quot; in favour of &quot;Death to Frederick.&quot; In the late summer yet
another of Snowball's machinations was laid bare. The wheat crop was full
of weeds, and it was discovered that on one of his nocturnal visits
Snowball had mixed weed seeds with the seed corn. A gander who had been
privy to the plot had confessed his guilt to Squealer and immediately
committed suicide by swallowing deadly nightshade berries. The animals
now also learned that Snowball had never--as many of them had believed
hitherto--received the order of &quot;Animal Hero, First Class.&quot; This was
merely a legend which had been spread some time after the Battle of the
Cowshed by Snowball himself. So far from being decorated, he had been
censured for showing cowardice in the battle. Once again some of the
animals heard this with a certain bewilderment, but Squealer was soon able
to convince them that their memories had been at fault.

In the autumn, by a tremendous, exhausting effort--for the harvest had to
be gathered at almost the same time--the windmill was finished. The
machinery had still to be installed, and Whymper was negotiating the
purchase of it, but the structure was completed. In the teeth of every
difficulty, in spite of inexperience, of primitive implements, of bad luck
and of Snowball's treachery, the work had been finished punctually to the
very day! Tired out but proud, the animals walked round and round their
masterpiece, which appeared even more beautiful in their eyes than when it
had been built the first time. Moreover, the walls were twice as thick as
before. Nothing short of explosives would lay them low this time! And when
they thought of how they had laboured, what discouragements they had
overcome, and the enormous difference that would be made in their lives
when the sails were turning and the dynamos running--when they thought of
all this, their tiredness forsook them and they gambolled round and round
the windmill, uttering cries of triumph. Napoleon himself, attended by his
dogs and his cockerel, came down to inspect the completed work; he
personally congratulated the animals on their achievement, and announced
that the mill would be named Napoleon Mill.

Two days later the animals were called together for a special meeting in
the barn. They were struck dumb with surprise when Napoleon announced that
he had sold the pile of timber to Frederick. Tomorrow Frederick's wagons
would arrive and begin carting it away. Throughout the whole period of his
seeming friendship with Pilkington, Napoleon had really been in secret
agreement with Frederick.

All relations with Foxwood had been broken off; insulting messages had
been sent to Pilkington. The pigeons had been told to avoid Pinchfield
Farm and to alter their slogan from &quot;Death to Frederick&quot; to &quot;Death to
Pilkington.&quot; At the same time Napoleon assured the animals that the
stories of an impending attack on Animal Farm were completely untrue, and
that the tales about Frederick's cruelty to his own animals had been
greatly exaggerated. All these rumours had probably originated with
Snowball and his agents. It now appeared that Snowball was not, after all,
hiding on Pinchfield Farm, and in fact had never been there in his life:
he was living--in considerable luxury, so it was said--at Foxwood, and had
in reality been a pensioner of Pilkington for years past.

The pigs were in ecstasies over Napoleon's cunning. By seeming to be
friendly with Pilkington he had forced Frederick to raise his price by
twelve pounds. But the superior quality of Napoleon's mind, said Squealer,
was shown in the fact that he trusted nobody, not even Frederick.
Frederick had wanted to pay for the timber with something called a cheque,
which, it seemed, was a piece of paper with a promise to pay written upon
it. But Napoleon was too clever for him. He had demanded payment in real
five-pound notes, which were to be handed over before the timber was
removed. Already Frederick had paid up; and the sum he had paid was just
enough to buy the machinery for the windmill.

Meanwhile the timber was being carted away at high speed. When it was all
gone, another special meeting was held in the barn for the animals to
inspect Frederick's bank-notes. Smiling beatifically, and wearing both his
decorations, Napoleon reposed on a bed of straw on the platform, with the
money at his side, neatly piled on a china dish from the farmhouse
kitchen. The animals filed slowly past, and each gazed his fill. And Boxer
put out his nose to sniff at the bank-notes, and the flimsy white things
stirred and rustled in his breath.

Three days later there was a terrible hullabaloo. Whymper, his face deadly
pale, came racing up the path on his bicycle, flung it down in the yard
and rushed straight into the farmhouse. The next moment a choking roar of
rage sounded from Napoleon's apartments. The news of what had happened
sped round the farm like wildfire. The banknotes were forgeries! Frederick
had got the timber for nothing!

Napoleon called the animals together immediately and in a terrible voice
pronounced the death sentence upon Frederick. When captured, he said,
Frederick should be boiled alive. At the same time he warned them that
after this treacherous deed the worst was to be expected. Frederick and
his men might make their long-expected attack at any moment. Sentinels
were placed at all the approaches to the farm. In addition, four pigeons
were sent to Foxwood with a conciliatory message, which it was hoped might
re-establish good relations with Pilkington.

The very next morning the attack came. The animals were at breakfast when
the look-outs came racing in with the news that Frederick and his
followers had already come through the five-barred gate. Boldly enough the
animals sallied forth to meet them, but this time they did not have the
easy victory that they had had in the Battle of the Cowshed. There were
fifteen men, with half a dozen guns between them, and they opened fire as
soon as they got within fifty yards. The animals could not face the
terrible explosions and the stinging pellets, and in spite of the efforts
of Napoleon and Boxer to rally them, they were soon driven back. A number
of them were already wounded. They took refuge in the farm buildings and
peeped cautiously out from chinks and knot-holes. The whole of the big
pasture, including the windmill, was in the hands of the enemy. For the
moment even Napoleon seemed at a loss. He paced up and down without a
word, his tail rigid and twitching. Wistful glances were sent in the
direction of Foxwood. If Pilkington and his men would help them, the day
might yet be won. But at this moment the four pigeons, who had been sent
out on the day before, returned, one of them bearing a scrap of paper from
Pilkington. On it was pencilled the words: &quot;Serves you right.&quot;

Meanwhile Frederick and his men had halted about the windmill. The animals
watched them, and a murmur of dismay went round. Two of the men had
produced a crowbar and a sledge hammer. They were going to knock the
windmill down.

&quot;Impossible!&quot; cried Napoleon. &quot;We have built the walls far too thick for
that. They could not knock it down in a week. Courage, comrades!&quot;

But Benjamin was watching the movements of the men intently. The two with
the hammer and the crowbar were drilling a hole near the base of the
windmill. Slowly, and with an air almost of amusement, Benjamin nodded his
long muzzle.

&quot;I thought so,&quot; he said. &quot;Do you not see what they are doing? In another
moment they are going to pack blasting powder into that hole.&quot;

Terrified, the animals waited. It was impossible now to venture out of the
shelter of the buildings. After a few minutes the men were seen to be
running in all directions. Then there was a deafening roar. The pigeons
swirled into the air, and all the animals, except Napoleon, flung
themselves flat on their bellies and hid their faces. When they got up
again, a huge cloud of black smoke was hanging where the windmill had
been. Slowly the breeze drifted it away. The windmill had ceased to exist!

At this sight the animals' courage returned to them. The fear and despair
they had felt a moment earlier were drowned in their rage against this
vile, contemptible act. A mighty cry for vengeance went up, and without
waiting for further orders they charged forth in a body and made straight
for the enemy. This time they did not heed the cruel pellets that swept
over them like hail. It was a savage, bitter battle. The men fired again
and again, and, when the animals got to close quarters, lashed out with
their sticks and their heavy boots. A cow, three sheep, and two geese were
killed, and nearly everyone was wounded. Even Napoleon, who was directing
operations from the rear, had the tip of his tail chipped by a pellet. But
the men did not go unscathed either. Three of them had their heads broken
by blows from Boxer's hoofs; another was gored in the belly by a cow's
horn; another had his trousers nearly torn off by Jessie and Bluebell. And
when the nine dogs of Napoleon's own bodyguard, whom he had instructed to
make a detour under cover of the hedge, suddenly appeared on the men's
flank, baying ferociously, panic overtook them. They saw that they were in
danger of being surrounded. Frederick shouted to his men to get out while
the going was good, and the next moment the cowardly enemy was running for
dear life. The animals chased them right down to the bottom of the field,
and got in some last kicks at them as they forced their way through the
thorn hedge.

They had won, but they were weary and bleeding. Slowly they began to limp
back towards the farm. The sight of their dead comrades stretched upon the
grass moved some of them to tears. And for a little while they halted in
sorrowful silence at the place where the windmill had once stood. Yes, it
was gone; almost the last trace of their labour was gone! Even the
foundations were partially destroyed. And in rebuilding it they could not
this time, as before, make use of the fallen stones. This time the stones
had vanished too. The force of the explosion had flung them to distances
of hundreds of yards. It was as though the windmill had never been.

As they approached the farm Squealer, who had unaccountably been absent
during the fighting, came skipping towards them, whisking his tail and
beaming with satisfaction. And the animals heard, from the direction of
the farm buildings, the solemn booming of a gun.

&quot;What is that gun firing for?&quot; said Boxer.

&quot;To celebrate our victory!&quot; cried Squealer.

&quot;What victory?&quot; said Boxer. His knees were bleeding, he had lost a shoe
and split his hoof, and a dozen pellets had lodged themselves in his hind
leg.

&quot;What victory, comrade? Have we not driven the enemy off our soil--the
sacred soil of Animal Farm?&quot;

&quot;But they have destroyed the windmill. And we had worked on it for two
years!&quot;

&quot;What matter? We will build another windmill. We will build six windmills
if we feel like it. You do not appreciate, comrade, the mighty thing that
we have done. The enemy was in occupation of this very ground that we
stand upon. And now--thanks to the leadership of Comrade Napoleon--we have
won every inch of it back again!&quot;

&quot;Then we have won back what we had before,&quot; said Boxer.

&quot;That is our victory,&quot; said Squealer.

They limped into the yard. The pellets under the skin of Boxer's leg
smarted painfully. He saw ahead of him the heavy labour of rebuilding the
windmill from the foundations, and already in imagination he braced
himself for the task. But for the first time it occurred to him that he
was eleven years old and that perhaps his great muscles were not quite
what they had once been.

But when the animals saw the green flag flying, and heard the gun firing
again--seven times it was fired in all--and heard the speech that Napoleon
made, congratulating them on their conduct, it did seem to them after all
that they had won a great victory. The animals slain in the battle were
given a solemn funeral. Boxer and Clover pulled the wagon which served as
a hearse, and Napoleon himself walked at the head of the procession. Two
whole days were given over to celebrations. There were songs, speeches,
and more firing of the gun, and a special gift of an apple was bestowed on
every animal, with two ounces of corn for each bird and three biscuits for
each dog. It was announced that the battle would be called the Battle of
the Windmill, and that Napoleon had created a new decoration, the Order
of the Green Banner, which he had conferred upon himself. In the general
rejoicings the unfortunate affair of the banknotes was forgotten.

It was a few days later than this that the pigs came upon a case of whisky
in the cellars of the farmhouse. It had been overlooked at the time when
the house was first occupied. That night there came from the farmhouse the
sound of loud singing, in which, to everyone's surprise, the strains of
'Beasts of England' were mixed up. At about half past nine Napoleon,
wearing an old bowler hat of Mr. Jones's, was distinctly seen to emerge
from the back door, gallop rapidly round the yard, and disappear indoors
again. But in the morning a deep silence hung over the farmhouse. Not a
pig appeared to be stirring. It was nearly nine o'clock when Squealer made
his appearance, walking slowly and dejectedly, his eyes dull, his tail
hanging limply behind him, and with every appearance of being seriously
ill. He called the animals together and told them that he had a terrible
piece of news to impart. Comrade Napoleon was dying!

A cry of lamentation went up. Straw was laid down outside the doors of the
farmhouse, and the animals walked on tiptoe. With tears in their eyes they
asked one another what they should do if their Leader were taken away from
them. A rumour went round that Snowball had after all contrived to
introduce poison into Napoleon's food. At eleven o'clock Squealer came
out to make another announcement. As his last act upon earth, Comrade
Napoleon had pronounced a solemn decree: the drinking of alcohol was to be
punished by death.

By the evening, however, Napoleon appeared to be somewhat better, and the
following morning Squealer was able to tell them that he was well on the
way to recovery. By the evening of that day Napoleon was back at work, and
on the next day it was learned that he had instructed Whymper to purchase
in Willingdon some booklets on brewing and distilling. A week later
Napoleon gave orders that the small paddock beyond the orchard, which it
had previously been intended to set aside as a grazing-ground for animals
who were past work, was to be ploughed up. It was given out that the
pasture was exhausted and needed re-seeding; but it soon became known that
Napoleon intended to sow it with barley.

About this time there occurred a strange incident which hardly anyone was
able to understand. One night at about twelve o'clock there was a loud
crash in the yard, and the animals rushed out of their stalls. It was a
moonlit night. At the foot of the end wall of the big barn, where the
Seven Commandments were written, there lay a ladder broken in two pieces.
Squealer, temporarily stunned, was sprawling beside it, and near at hand
there lay a lantern, a paint-brush, and an overturned pot of white paint.
The dogs immediately made a ring round Squealer, and escorted him back to
the farmhouse as soon as he was able to walk. None of the animals could
form any idea as to what this meant, except old Benjamin, who nodded his
muzzle with a knowing air, and seemed to understand, but would say nothing.

But a few days later Muriel, reading over the Seven Commandments to
herself, noticed that there was yet another of them which the animals had
remembered wrong. They had thought the Fifth Commandment was &quot;No animal
shall drink alcohol,&quot; but there were two words that they had forgotten.
Actually the Commandment read: &quot;No animal shall drink alcohol TO EXCESS.&quot;


Chapter IX
제9장


Boxer's split hoof was a long time in healing. They had started the
rebuilding of the windmill the day after the victory celebrations were
ended. Boxer refused to take even a day off work, and made it a point of
honour not to let it be seen that he was in pain. In the evenings he would
admit privately to Clover that the hoof troubled him a great deal. Clover
treated the hoof with poultices of herbs which she prepared by chewing
them, and both she and Benjamin urged Boxer to work less hard. &quot;A horse's
lungs do not last for ever,&quot; she said to him. But Boxer would not listen.
He had, he said, only one real ambition left--to see the windmill well
under way before he reached the age for retirement.

At the beginning, when the laws of Animal Farm were first formulated,
the retiring age had been fixed for horses and pigs at twelve, for cows at
fourteen, for dogs at nine, for sheep at seven, and for hens and geese at
five. Liberal old-age pensions had been agreed upon. As yet no animal had
actually retired on pension, but of late the subject had been discussed
more and more. Now that the small field beyond the orchard had been set
aside for barley, it was rumoured that a corner of the large pasture was
to be fenced off and turned into a grazing-ground for superannuated
animals. For a horse, it was said, the pension would be five pounds of
corn a day and, in winter, fifteen pounds of hay, with a carrot or
possibly an apple on public holidays. Boxer's twelfth birthday was due in
the late summer of the following year.

Meanwhile life was hard. The winter was as cold as the last one had been,
and food was even shorter. Once again all rations were reduced, except
those of the pigs and the dogs. A too rigid equality in rations, Squealer
explained, would have been contrary to the principles of Animalism. In any
case he had no difficulty in proving to the other animals that they were
NOT in reality short of food, whatever the appearances might be. For the
time being, certainly, it had been found necessary to make a readjustment
of rations (Squealer always spoke of it as a &quot;readjustment,&quot; never as a
&quot;reduction&quot;), but in comparison with the days of Jones, the improvement
was enormous. Reading out the figures in a shrill, rapid voice, he proved
to them in detail that they had more oats, more hay, more turnips than
they had had in Jones's day, that they worked shorter hours, that their
drinking water was of better quality, that they lived longer, that a
larger proportion of their young ones survived infancy, and that they had
more straw in their stalls and suffered less from fleas. The animals
believed every word of it. Truth to tell, Jones and all he stood for had
almost faded out of their memories. They knew that life nowadays was harsh
and bare, that they were often hungry and often cold, and that they were
usually working when they were not asleep. But doubtless it had been worse
in the old days. They were glad to believe so. Besides, in those days they
had been slaves and now they were free, and that made all the difference,
as Squealer did not fail to point out.

There were many more mouths to feed now. In the autumn the four sows had
all littered about simultaneously, producing thirty-one young pigs between
them. The young pigs were piebald, and as Napoleon was the only boar on
the farm, it was possible to guess at their parentage. It was announced
that later, when bricks and timber had been purchased, a schoolroom would
be built in the farmhouse garden. For the time being, the young pigs were
given their instruction by Napoleon himself in the farmhouse kitchen. They
took their exercise in the garden, and were discouraged from playing with
the other young animals. About this time, too, it was laid down as a rule
that when a pig and any other animal met on the path, the other animal
must stand aside: and also that all pigs, of whatever degree, were to have
the privilege of wearing green ribbons on their tails on Sundays.

The farm had had a fairly successful year, but was still short of money.
There were the bricks, sand, and lime for the schoolroom to be purchased,
and it would also be necessary to begin saving up again for the machinery
for the windmill. Then there were lamp oil and candles for the house,
sugar for Napoleon's own table (he forbade this to the other pigs, on the
ground that it made them fat), and all the usual replacements such as
tools, nails, string, coal, wire, scrap-iron, and dog biscuits. A stump of
hay and part of the potato crop were sold off, and the contract for eggs
was increased to six hundred a week, so that that year the hens barely
hatched enough chicks to keep their numbers at the same level. Rations,
reduced in December, were reduced again in February, and lanterns in the
stalls were forbidden to save oil. But the pigs seemed comfortable enough,
and in fact were putting on weight if anything. One afternoon in late
February a warm, rich, appetising scent, such as the animals had never
smelt before, wafted itself across the yard from the little brew-house,
which had been disused in Jones's time, and which stood beyond the
kitchen. Someone said it was the smell of cooking barley. The animals
sniffed the air hungrily and wondered whether a warm mash was being
prepared for their supper. But no warm mash appeared, and on the following
Sunday it was announced that from now onwards all barley would be reserved
for the pigs. The field beyond the orchard had already been sown with
barley. And the news soon leaked out that every pig was now receiving a
ration of a pint of beer daily, with half a gallon for Napoleon himself,
which was always served to him in the Crown Derby soup tureen.

But if there were hardships to be borne, they were partly offset by the
fact that life nowadays had a greater dignity than it had had before.
There were more songs, more speeches, more processions. Napoleon had
commanded that once a week there should be held something called a
Spontaneous Demonstration, the object of which was to celebrate the
struggles and triumphs of Animal Farm. At the appointed time the animals
would leave their work and march round the precincts of the farm in
military formation, with the pigs leading, then the horses, then the cows,
then the sheep, and then the poultry. The dogs flanked the procession and
at the head of all marched Napoleon's black cockerel. Boxer and Clover
always carried between them a green banner marked with the hoof and the
horn and the caption, &quot;Long live Comrade Napoleon!&quot; Afterwards there were
recitations of poems composed in Napoleon's honour, and a speech by
Squealer giving particulars of the latest increases in the production of
foodstuffs, and on occasion a shot was fired from the gun. The sheep were
the greatest devotees of the Spontaneous Demonstration, and if anyone
complained (as a few animals sometimes did, when no pigs or dogs were near)
that they wasted time and meant a lot of standing about in the cold, the
sheep were sure to silence him with a tremendous bleating of &quot;Four legs
good, two legs bad!&quot; But by and large the animals enjoyed these
celebrations. They found it comforting to be reminded that, after all,
they were truly their own masters and that the work they did was for their
own benefit. So that, what with the songs, the processions, Squealer's
lists of figures, the thunder of the gun, the crowing of the cockerel,
and the fluttering of the flag, they were able to forget that their
bellies were empty, at least part of the time.

In April, Animal Farm was proclaimed a Republic, and it became necessary
to elect a President. There was only one candidate, Napoleon, who was
elected unanimously. On the same day it was given out that fresh documents
had been discovered which revealed further details about Snowball's
complicity with Jones. It now appeared that Snowball had not, as the
animals had previously imagined, merely attempted to lose the Battle of
the Cowshed by means of a stratagem, but had been openly fighting on
Jones's side. In fact, it was he who had actually been the leader of the
human forces, and had charged into battle with the words &quot;Long live
Humanity!&quot; on his lips. The wounds on Snowball's back, which a few of the
animals still remembered to have seen, had been inflicted by Napoleon's
teeth.

In the middle of the summer Moses the raven suddenly reappeared on the
farm, after an absence of several years. He was quite unchanged, still did
no work, and talked in the same strain as ever about Sugarcandy Mountain.
He would perch on a stump, flap his black wings, and talk by the hour to
anyone who would listen. &quot;Up there, comrades,&quot; he would say solemnly,
pointing to the sky with his large beak--&quot;up there, just on the other side
of that dark cloud that you can see--there it lies, Sugarcandy Mountain,
that happy country where we poor animals shall rest for ever from our
labours!&quot; He even claimed to have been there on one of his higher flights,
and to have seen the everlasting fields of clover and the linseed cake and
lump sugar growing on the hedges. Many of the animals believed him. Their
lives now, they reasoned, were hungry and laborious; was it not right and
just that a better world should exist somewhere else? A thing that was
difficult to determine was the attitude of the pigs towards Moses. They
all declared contemptuously that his stories about Sugarcandy Mountain
were lies, and yet they allowed him to remain on the farm, not working,
with an allowance of a gill of beer a day.

After his hoof had healed up, Boxer worked harder than ever. Indeed, all
the animals worked like slaves that year. Apart from the regular work of
the farm, and the rebuilding of the windmill, there was the schoolhouse
for the young pigs, which was started in March. Sometimes the long hours
on insufficient food were hard to bear, but Boxer never faltered. In
nothing that he said or did was there any sign that his strength was not
what it had been. It was only his appearance that was a little altered;
his hide was less shiny than it had used to be, and his great haunches
seemed to have shrunken. The others said, &quot;Boxer will pick up when the
spring grass comes on&quot;; but the spring came and Boxer grew no fatter.
Sometimes on the slope leading to the top of the quarry, when he braced
his muscles against the weight of some vast boulder, it seemed that
nothing kept him on his feet except the will to continue. At such times
his lips were seen to form the words, &quot;I will work harder&quot;; he had no
voice left. Once again Clover and Benjamin warned him to take care of his
health, but Boxer paid no attention. His twelfth birthday was approaching.
He did not care what happened so long as a good store of stone was
accumulated before he went on pension.

Late one evening in the summer, a sudden rumour ran round the farm that
something had happened to Boxer. He had gone out alone to drag a load of
stone down to the windmill. And sure enough, the rumour was true. A few
minutes later two pigeons came racing in with the news; &quot;Boxer has fallen!
He is lying on his side and can't get up!&quot;

About half the animals on the farm rushed out to the knoll where the
windmill stood. There lay Boxer, between the shafts of the cart, his neck
stretched out, unable even to raise his head. His eyes were glazed, his
sides matted with sweat. A thin stream of blood had trickled out of his
mouth. Clover dropped to her knees at his side.

&quot;Boxer!&quot; she cried, &quot;how are you?&quot;

&quot;It is my lung,&quot; said Boxer in a weak voice. &quot;It does not matter. I think
you will be able to finish the windmill without me. There is a pretty good
store of stone accumulated. I had only another month to go in any case.
To tell you the truth, I had been looking forward to my retirement. And
perhaps, as Benjamin is growing old too, they will let him retire at the
same time and be a companion to me.&quot;

&quot;We must get help at once,&quot; said Clover. &quot;Run, somebody, and tell Squealer
what has happened.&quot;

All the other animals immediately raced back to the farmhouse to give
Squealer the news. Only Clover remained, and Benjamin who lay down at
Boxer's side, and, without speaking, kept the flies off him with his long
tail. After about a quarter of an hour Squealer appeared, full of sympathy
and concern. He said that Comrade Napoleon had learned with the very
deepest distress of this misfortune to one of the most loyal workers on
the farm, and was already making arrangements to send Boxer to be treated
in the hospital at Willingdon. The animals felt a little uneasy at this.
Except for Mollie and Snowball, no other animal had ever left the farm,
and they did not like to think of their sick comrade in the hands of human
beings. However, Squealer easily convinced them that the veterinary
surgeon in Willingdon could treat Boxer's case more satisfactorily than
could be done on the farm. And about half an hour later, when Boxer had
somewhat recovered, he was with difficulty got on to his feet, and managed
to limp back to his stall, where Clover and Benjamin had prepared a good
bed of straw for him.

For the next two days Boxer remained in his stall. The pigs had sent out a
large bottle of pink medicine which they had found in the medicine chest
in the bathroom, and Clover administered it to Boxer twice a day after
meals. In the evenings she lay in his stall and talked to him, while
Benjamin kept the flies off him. Boxer professed not to be sorry for what
had happened. If he made a good recovery, he might expect to live another
three years, and he looked forward to the peaceful days that he would
spend in the corner of the big pasture. It would be the first time that he
had had leisure to study and improve his mind. He intended, he said, to
devote the rest of his life to learning the remaining twenty-two letters
of the alphabet.

However, Benjamin and Clover could only be with Boxer after working hours,
and it was in the middle of the day when the van came to take him away.
The animals were all at work weeding turnips under the supervision of a
pig, when they were astonished to see Benjamin come galloping from the
direction of the farm buildings, braying at the top of his voice. It was
the first time that they had ever seen Benjamin excited--indeed, it was
the first time that anyone had ever seen him gallop. &quot;Quick, quick!&quot; he
shouted. &quot;Come at once! They're taking Boxer away!&quot; Without waiting for
orders from the pig, the animals broke off work and raced back to the farm
buildings. Sure enough, there in the yard was a large closed van, drawn by
two horses, with lettering on its side and a sly-looking man in a
low-crowned bowler hat sitting on the driver's seat. And Boxer's stall was
empty.

The animals crowded round the van. &quot;Good-bye, Boxer!&quot; they chorused,
&quot;good-bye!&quot;

&quot;Fools! Fools!&quot; shouted Benjamin, prancing round them and stamping the
earth with his small hoofs. &quot;Fools! Do you not see what is written on the
side of that van?&quot;

That gave the animals pause, and there was a hush. Muriel began to spell
out the words. But Benjamin pushed her aside and in the midst of a deadly
silence he read:

&quot;'Alfred Simmonds, Horse Slaughterer and Glue Boiler, Willingdon. Dealer
in Hides and Bone-Meal. Kennels Supplied.' Do you not understand what that
means? They are taking Boxer to the knacker's!&quot;

A cry of horror burst from all the animals. At this moment the man on the
box whipped up his horses and the van moved out of the yard at a smart
trot. All the animals followed, crying out at the tops of their voices.
Clover forced her way to the front. The van began to gather speed. Clover
tried to stir her stout limbs to a gallop, and achieved a canter. &quot;Boxer!&quot;
she cried. &quot;Boxer! Boxer! Boxer!&quot; And just at this moment, as though he
had heard the uproar outside, Boxer's face, with the white stripe down his
nose, appeared at the small window at the back of the van.

&quot;Boxer!&quot; cried Clover in a terrible voice. &quot;Boxer! Get out! Get out
quickly! They're taking you to your death!&quot;

All the animals took up the cry of &quot;Get out, Boxer, get out!&quot; But the van
was already gathering speed and drawing away from them. It was uncertain
whether Boxer had understood what Clover had said. But a moment later his
face disappeared from the window and there was the sound of a tremendous
drumming of hoofs inside the van. He was trying to kick his way out. The
time had been when a few kicks from Boxer's hoofs would have smashed the
van to matchwood. But alas! his strength had left him; and in a few
moments the sound of drumming hoofs grew fainter and died away. In
desperation the animals began appealing to the two horses which drew the
van to stop. &quot;Comrades, comrades!&quot; they shouted. &quot;Don't take your own
brother to his death!&quot; But the stupid brutes, too ignorant to realise
what was happening, merely set back their ears and quickened their pace.
Boxer's face did not reappear at the window. Too late, someone thought of
racing ahead and shutting the five-barred gate; but in another moment the
van was through it and rapidly disappearing down the road. Boxer was never
seen again.

Three days later it was announced that he had died in the hospital at
Willingdon, in spite of receiving every attention a horse could have.
Squealer came to announce the news to the others. He had, he said, been
present during Boxer's last hours.

&quot;It was the most affecting sight I have ever seen!&quot; said Squealer, lifting
his trotter and wiping away a tear. &quot;I was at his bedside at the very
last. And at the end, almost too weak to speak, he whispered in my ear
that his sole sorrow was to have passed on before the windmill was
finished. 'Forward, comrades!' he whispered. 'Forward in the name of the
Rebellion. Long live Animal Farm! Long live Comrade Napoleon! Napoleon is
always right.' Those were his very last words, comrades.&quot;

Here Squealer's demeanour suddenly changed. He fell silent for a moment,
and his little eyes darted suspicious glances from side to side before he
proceeded.

It had come to his knowledge, he said, that a foolish and wicked rumour
had been circulated at the time of Boxer's removal. Some of the animals
had noticed that the van which took Boxer away was marked &quot;Horse
Slaughterer,&quot; and had actually jumped to the conclusion that Boxer was
being sent to the knacker's. It was almost unbelievable, said Squealer,
that any animal could be so stupid. Surely, he cried indignantly, whisking
his tail and skipping from side to side, surely they knew their beloved
Leader, Comrade Napoleon, better than that? But the explanation was really
very simple. The van had previously been the property of the knacker, and
had been bought by the veterinary surgeon, who had not yet painted the old
name out. That was how the mistake had arisen.

The animals were enormously relieved to hear this. And when Squealer went
on to give further graphic details of Boxer's death-bed, the admirable
care he had received, and the expensive medicines for which Napoleon had
paid without a thought as to the cost, their last doubts disappeared and
the sorrow that they felt for their comrade's death was tempered by the
thought that at least he had died happy.

Napoleon himself appeared at the meeting on the following Sunday morning
and pronounced a short oration in Boxer's honour. It had not been
possible, he said, to bring back their lamented comrade's remains for
interment on the farm, but he had ordered a large wreath to be made from
the laurels in the farmhouse garden and sent down to be placed on Boxer's
grave. And in a few days' time the pigs intended to hold a memorial
banquet in Boxer's honour. Napoleon ended his speech with a reminder of
Boxer's two favourite maxims, &quot;I will work harder&quot; and &quot;Comrade Napoleon
is always right&quot;--maxims, he said, which every animal would do well to
adopt as his own.

On the day appointed for the banquet, a grocer's van drove up from
Willingdon and delivered a large wooden crate at the farmhouse. That night
there was the sound of uproarious singing, which was followed by what
sounded like a violent quarrel and ended at about eleven o'clock with a
tremendous crash of glass. No one stirred in the farmhouse before noon on
the following day, and the word went round that from somewhere or other
the pigs had acquired the money to buy themselves another case of whisky.


Chapter X
제10장


Years passed. The seasons came and went, the short animal lives fled by.
A time came when there was no one who remembered the old days before the
Rebellion, except Clover, Benjamin, Moses the raven, and a number of the
pigs.

Muriel was dead; Bluebell, Jessie, and Pincher were dead. Jones too was
dead--he had died in an inebriates' home in another part of the country.
Snowball was forgotten. Boxer was forgotten, except by the few who had
known him. Clover was an old stout mare now, stiff in the joints and with
a tendency to rheumy eyes. She was two years past the retiring age, but in
fact no animal had ever actually retired. The talk of setting aside a
corner of the pasture for superannuated animals had long since been
dropped. Napoleon was now a mature boar of twenty-four stone. Squealer was
so fat that he could with difficulty see out of his eyes. Only old
Benjamin was much the same as ever, except for being a little greyer about
the muzzle, and, since Boxer's death, more morose and taciturn than ever.

There were many more creatures on the farm now, though the increase was
not so great as had been expected in earlier years. Many animals had been
born to whom the Rebellion was only a dim tradition, passed on by word of
mouth, and others had been bought who had never heard mention of such a
thing before their arrival. The farm possessed three horses now besides
Clover. They were fine upstanding beasts, willing workers and good
comrades, but very stupid. None of them proved able to learn the alphabet
beyond the letter B. They accepted everything that they were told about
the Rebellion and the principles of Animalism, especially from Clover, for
whom they had an almost filial respect; but it was doubtful whether they
understood very much of it.

The farm was more prosperous now, and better organised: it had even been
enlarged by two fields which had been bought from Mr. Pilkington. The
windmill had been successfully completed at last, and the farm possessed a
threshing machine and a hay elevator of its own, and various new buildings
had been added to it. Whymper had bought himself a dogcart. The windmill,
however, had not after all been used for generating electrical power. It
was used for milling corn, and brought in a handsome money profit. The
animals were hard at work building yet another windmill; when that one was
finished, so it was said, the dynamos would be installed. But the luxuries
of which Snowball had once taught the animals to dream, the stalls with
electric light and hot and cold water, and the three-day week, were no
longer talked about. Napoleon had denounced such ideas as contrary to the
spirit of Animalism. The truest happiness, he said, lay in working hard
and living frugally.

Somehow it seemed as though the farm had grown richer without making the
animals themselves any richer-except, of course, for the pigs and the
dogs. Perhaps this was partly because there were so many pigs and so many
dogs. It was not that these creatures did not work, after their fashion.
There was, as Squealer was never tired of explaining, endless work in the
supervision and organisation of the farm. Much of this work was of a kind
that the other animals were too ignorant to understand. For example,
Squealer told them that the pigs had to expend enormous labours every day
upon mysterious things called &quot;files,&quot; &quot;reports,&quot; &quot;minutes,&quot; and
&quot;memoranda&quot;. These were large sheets of paper which had to be closely
covered with writing, and as soon as they were so covered, they were burnt
in the furnace. This was of the highest importance for the welfare of the
farm, Squealer said. But still, neither pigs nor dogs produced any food by
their own labour; and there were very many of them, and their appetites
were always good.

As for the others, their life, so far as they knew, was as it had always
been. They were generally hungry, they slept on straw, they drank from the
pool, they laboured in the fields; in winter they were troubled by the
cold, and in summer by the flies. Sometimes the older ones among them
racked their dim memories and tried to determine whether in the early
days of the Rebellion, when Jones's expulsion was still recent, things had
been better or worse than now. They could not remember. There was nothing
with which they could compare their present lives: they had nothing to go
upon except Squealer's lists of figures, which invariably demonstrated
that everything was getting better and better. The animals found the
problem insoluble; in any case, they had little time for speculating on
such things now. Only old Benjamin professed to remember every detail of
his long life and to know that things never had been, nor ever could be
much better or much worse--hunger, hardship, and disappointment being, so
he said, the unalterable law of life.

And yet the animals never gave up hope. More, they never lost, even for an
instant, their sense of honour and privilege in being members of Animal
Farm. They were still the only farm in the whole county--in all
England!--owned and operated by animals. Not one of them, not even the
youngest, not even the newcomers who had been brought from farms ten or
twenty miles away, ever ceased to marvel at that. And when they heard the
gun booming and saw the green flag fluttering at the masthead, their
hearts swelled with imperishable pride, and the talk turned always towards
the old heroic days, the expulsion of Jones, the writing of the Seven
Commandments, the great battles in which the human invaders had been
defeated. None of the old dreams had been abandoned. The Republic of the
Animals which Major had foretold, when the green fields of England should
be untrodden by human feet, was still believed in. Some day it was coming:
it might not be soon, it might not be with in the lifetime of any animal
now living, but still it was coming. Even the tune of 'Beasts of England'
was perhaps hummed secretly here and there: at any rate, it was a fact
that every animal on the farm knew it, though no one would have dared to
sing it aloud. It might be that their lives were hard and that not all of
their hopes had been fulfilled; but they were conscious that they were not
as other animals. If they went hungry, it was not from feeding tyrannical
human beings; if they worked hard, at least they worked for themselves.
No creature among them went upon two legs. No creature called any other
creature &quot;Master.&quot; All animals were equal.

One day in early summer Squealer ordered the sheep to follow him, and led
them out to a piece of waste ground at the other end of the farm, which
had become overgrown with birch saplings. The sheep spent the whole day
there browsing at the leaves under Squealer's supervision. In the evening
he returned to the farmhouse himself, but, as it was warm weather, told
the sheep to stay where they were. It ended by their remaining there for a
whole week, during which time the other animals saw nothing of them.
Squealer was with them for the greater part of every day. He was, he said,
teaching them to sing a new song, for which privacy was needed.

It was just after the sheep had returned, on a pleasant evening when the
animals had finished work and were making their way back to the farm
buildings, that the terrified neighing of a horse sounded from the yard.
Startled, the animals stopped in their tracks. It was Clover's voice. She
neighed again, and all the animals broke into a gallop and rushed into the
yard. Then they saw what Clover had seen.

It was a pig walking on his hind legs.

Yes, it was Squealer. A little awkwardly, as though not quite used to
supporting his considerable bulk in that position, but with perfect
balance, he was strolling across the yard. And a moment later, out from
the door of the farmhouse came a long file of pigs, all walking on their
hind legs. Some did it better than others, one or two were even a trifle
unsteady and looked as though they would have liked the support of a
stick, but every one of them made his way right round the yard
successfully. And finally there was a tremendous baying of dogs and a
shrill crowing from the black cockerel, and out came Napoleon himself,
majestically upright, casting haughty glances from side to side, and with
his dogs gambolling round him.

He carried a whip in his trotter.

There was a deadly silence. Amazed, terrified, huddling together, the
animals watched the long line of pigs march slowly round the yard. It was
as though the world had turned upside-down. Then there came a moment when
the first shock had worn off and when, in spite of everything-in spite of
their terror of the dogs, and of the habit, developed through long years,
of never complaining, never criticising, no matter what happened--they
might have uttered some word of protest. But just at that moment, as
though at a signal, all the sheep burst out into a tremendous bleating of--

&quot;Four legs good, two legs BETTER! Four legs good, two legs BETTER! Four
legs good, two legs BETTER!&quot;

It went on for five minutes without stopping. And by the time the sheep
had quieted down, the chance to utter any protest had passed, for the pigs
had marched back into the farmhouse.

Benjamin felt a nose nuzzling at his shoulder. He looked round. It was
Clover. Her old eyes looked dimmer than ever. Without saying anything, she
tugged gently at his mane and led him round to the end of the big barn,
where the Seven Commandments were written. For a minute or two they stood
gazing at the tatted wall with its white lettering.

&quot;My sight is failing,&quot; she said finally. &quot;Even when I was young I could
not have read what was written there. But it appears to me that that wall
looks different. Are the Seven Commandments the same as they used to be,
Benjamin?&quot;

For once Benjamin consented to break his rule, and he read out to her what
was written on the wall. There was nothing there now except a single
Commandment. It ran:

ALL ANIMALS ARE EQUAL
BUT SOME ANIMALS ARE MORE EQUAL THAN OTHERS

After that it did not seem strange when next day the pigs who were
supervising the work of the farm all carried whips in their trotters. It
did not seem strange to learn that the pigs had bought themselves a
wireless set, were arranging to install a telephone, and had taken out
subscriptions to 'John Bull', 'Tit-Bits', and the 'Daily Mirror'. It did
not seem strange when Napoleon was seen strolling in the farmhouse garden
with a pipe in his mouth--no, not even when the pigs took Mr. Jones's
clothes out of the wardrobes and put them on, Napoleon himself appearing
in a black coat, ratcatcher breeches, and leather leggings, while his
favourite sow appeared in the watered silk dress which Mrs. Jones had been
used to wearing on Sundays.

A week later, in the afternoon, a number of dog-carts drove up to the farm.
A deputation of neighbouring farmers had been invited to make a tour of
inspection. They were shown all over the farm, and expressed great
admiration for everything they saw, especially the windmill. The animals
were weeding the turnip field. They worked diligently hardly raising their
faces from the ground, and not knowing whether to be more frightened of
the pigs or of the human visitors.

That evening loud laughter and bursts of singing came from the farmhouse.
And suddenly, at the sound of the mingled voices, the animals were
stricken with curiosity. What could be happening in there, now that for
the first time animals and human beings were meeting on terms of equality?
With one accord they began to creep as quietly as possible into the
farmhouse garden.

At the gate they paused, half frightened to go on but Clover led the way
in. They tiptoed up to the house, and such animals as were tall enough
peered in at the dining-room window. There, round the long table, sat half
a dozen farmers and half a dozen of the more eminent pigs, Napoleon
himself occupying the seat of honour at the head of the table. The pigs
appeared completely at ease in their chairs. The company had been enjoying
a game of cards but had broken off for the moment, evidently in order to
drink a toast. A large jug was circulating, and the mugs were being
refilled with beer. No one noticed the wondering faces of the animals that
gazed in at the window.

Mr. Pilkington, of Foxwood, had stood up, his mug in his hand. In a
moment, he said, he would ask the present company to drink a toast. But
before doing so, there were a few words that he felt it incumbent upon him
to say.

It was a source of great satisfaction to him, he said--and, he was sure,
to all others present--to feel that a long period of mistrust and
misunderstanding had now come to an end. There had been a time--not that
he, or any of the present company, had shared such sentiments--but there
had been a time when the respected proprietors of Animal Farm had been
regarded, he would not say with hostility, but perhaps with a certain
measure of misgiving, by their human neighbours. Unfortunate incidents had
occurred, mistaken ideas had been current. It had been felt that the
existence of a farm owned and operated by pigs was somehow abnormal and
was liable to have an unsettling effect in the neighbourhood. Too many
farmers had assumed, without due enquiry, that on such a farm a spirit of
licence and indiscipline would prevail. They had been nervous about the
effects upon their own animals, or even upon their human employees. But
all such doubts were now dispelled. Today he and his friends had visited
Animal Farm and inspected every inch of it with their own eyes, and what
did they find? Not only the most up-to-date methods, but a discipline and
an orderliness which should be an example to all farmers everywhere. He
believed that he was right in saying that the lower animals on Animal Farm
did more work and received less food than any animals in the county.
Indeed, he and his fellow-visitors today had observed many features which
they intended to introduce on their own farms immediately.

He would end his remarks, he said, by emphasising once again the friendly
feelings that subsisted, and ought to subsist, between Animal Farm and its
neighbours. Between pigs and human beings there was not, and there need
not be, any clash of interests whatever. Their struggles and their
difficulties were one. Was not the labour problem the same everywhere?
Here it became apparent that Mr. Pilkington was about to spring some
carefully prepared witticism on the company, but for a moment he was too
overcome by amusement to be able to utter it. After much choking, during
which his various chins turned purple, he managed to get it out: &quot;If you
have your lower animals to contend with,&quot; he said, &quot;we have our lower
classes!&quot; This BON MOT set the table in a roar; and Mr. Pilkington once
again congratulated the pigs on the low rations, the long working hours,
and the general absence of pampering which he had observed on Animal Farm.

And now, he said finally, he would ask the company to rise to their feet
and make certain that their glasses were full. &quot;Gentlemen,&quot; concluded
Mr. Pilkington, &quot;gentlemen, I give you a toast: To the prosperity of
Animal Farm!&quot;

There was enthusiastic cheering and stamping of feet. Napoleon was so
gratified that he left his place and came round the table to clink his
mug against Mr. Pilkington's before emptying it. When the cheering had
died down, Napoleon, who had remained on his feet, intimated that he too
had a few words to say.

Like all of Napoleon's speeches, it was short and to the point. He too,
he said, was happy that the period of misunderstanding was at an end. For
a long time there had been rumours--circulated, he had reason to think,
by some malignant enemy--that there was something subversive and even
revolutionary in the outlook of himself and his colleagues. They had been
credited with attempting to stir up rebellion among the animals on
neighbouring farms. Nothing could be further from the truth! Their sole
wish, now and in the past, was to live at peace and in normal business
relations with their neighbours. This farm which he had the honour to
control, he added, was a co-operative enterprise. The title-deeds, which
were in his own possession, were owned by the pigs jointly.

He did not believe, he said, that any of the old suspicions still
lingered, but certain changes had been made recently in the routine of the
farm which should have the effect of promoting confidence still further.
Hitherto the animals on the farm had had a rather foolish custom of
addressing one another as &quot;Comrade.&quot; This was to be suppressed. There had
also been a very strange custom, whose origin was unknown, of marching
every Sunday morning past a boar's skull which was nailed to a post in the
garden. This, too, would be suppressed, and the skull had already been
buried. His visitors might have observed, too, the green flag which flew
from the masthead. If so, they would perhaps have noted that the white
hoof and horn with which it had previously been marked had now been
removed. It would be a plain green flag from now onwards.

He had only one criticism, he said, to make of Mr. Pilkington's excellent
and neighbourly speech. Mr. Pilkington had referred throughout to
&quot;Animal Farm.&quot; He could not of course know--for he, Napoleon, was only
now for the first time announcing it--that the name &quot;Animal Farm&quot;
had been abolished. Henceforward the farm was to be known as &quot;The Manor
Farm&quot;--which, he believed, was its correct and original name.

&quot;Gentlemen,&quot; concluded Napoleon, &quot;I will give you the same toast as
before, but in a different form. Fill your glasses to the brim. Gentlemen,
here is my toast: To the prosperity of The Manor Farm!&quot;

There was the same hearty cheering as before, and the mugs were emptied to
the dregs. But as the animals outside gazed at the scene, it seemed to
them that some strange thing was happening. What was it that had altered
in the faces of the pigs? Clover's old dim eyes flitted from one face to
another. Some of them had five chins, some had four, some had three. But
what was it that seemed to be melting and changing? Then, the applause
having come to an end, the company took up their cards and continued the
game that had been interrupted, and the animals crept silently away.

But they had not gone twenty yards when they stopped short. An uproar of
voices was coming from the farmhouse. They rushed back and looked through
the window again. Yes, a violent quarrel was in progress. There were
shoutings, bangings on the table, sharp suspicious glances, furious
denials. The source of the trouble appeared to be that Napoleon and
Mr. Pilkington had each played an ace of spades simultaneously.

Twelve voices were shouting in anger, and they were all alike. No question,
now, what had happened to the faces of the pigs. The creatures outside
looked from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man again;
but already it was impossible to say which was which.


November 1943-February 1944


THE END
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      <text bytes="212591" sha1="ibalxmoloynbiuz24maf204phid0oye" xml:space="preserve">{{번역 머리말
| 제목 = 동물농장  &lt;ref&gt;[https://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks01/0100011.txt|#] 프로젝트 구텐베르그(Project Gutenberg) 호주 지부(Australia) 영문판&lt;/ref&gt;
| 다른 표기 = Animal Farm
| 부제 = 
| 부제 다른 표기 =
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}}

Chapter I&lt;br&gt;
제1장

Mr. Jones, of the Manor Farm, had locked the hen-houses for the night, but
was too drunk to remember to shut the pop-holes. With the ring of light
from his lantern dancing from side to side, he lurched across the yard,
kicked off his boots at the back door, drew himself a last glass of beer
from the barrel in the scullery, and made his way up to bed, where
Mrs. Jones was already snoring.&lt;br&gt;
매너 농장의 존스 씨는 밤을 맞아 닭장을 잠갔지만,
너무 취해서 닭들이 드나드는 구멍을 닫는 것을 잊어버렸습니다. 등불의 불빛이 좌우로 흔들리는 가운데, 그는 비틀거리며 마당을 가로질러,
뒷문에서 부츠를 벗어 던지고, 부엌 찬장에 있는 맥주통에서 마지막 맥주 한 잔을 따라 마신 후,
존스 부인이 이미 코를 골며 자고 있는 침실로 올라갔습니다.

As soon as the light in the bedroom went out there was a stirring and a
fluttering all through the farm buildings. Word had gone round during the
day that old Major, the prize Middle White boar, had had a strange dream
on the previous night and wished to communicate it to the other animals.
It had been agreed that they should all meet in the big barn as soon as
Mr. Jones was safely out of the way. Old Major (so he was always called,
though the name under which he had been exhibited was Willingdon Beauty)
was so highly regarded on the farm that everyone was quite ready to lose
an hour's sleep in order to hear what he had to say.
&lt;br&gt;
침실의 불이 꺼지자마자, 농장 건물 전체에 걸쳐 (동물들의) 소란과 분주함이 감돌았습니다. 낮 동안에 그 상급 '미들 화이트' 종 수퇘지인 늙은 메이저가 지난밤 이상한 꿈을 꾸었으며, 그것을 다른 동물들에게 전달하고 싶어 한다는 말이 돌았습니다. 존스 씨가 확실히 방해되지 않는 곳으로 가자마자 그들 모두가 큰 창고에서 만나기로 합의되었습니다. 늙은 메이저(그가 가축전시회에 나갔을 때의 이름은 '윌링던의 미남'이였지만, 그는 항상 그렇게 불렸습니다)는 농장에서 매우 높게 평가받고 있었기에, 모두가 그가 할 말을 듣기 위해 기꺼이 한 시간의 잠을 포기할 준비가 되어 있었습니다.

At one end of the big barn, on a sort of raised platform, Major was
already ensconced on his bed of straw, under a lantern which hung from a
beam. He was twelve years old and had lately grown rather stout, but he
was still a majestic-looking pig, with a wise and benevolent appearance in
spite of the fact that his tushes had never been cut. Before long the
other animals began to arrive and make themselves comfortable after their
different fashions. First came the three dogs, Bluebell, Jessie, and
Pincher, and then the pigs, who settled down in the straw immediately in
front of the platform. The hens perched themselves on the window-sills,
the pigeons fluttered up to the rafters, the sheep and cows lay down
behind the pigs and began to chew the cud. The two cart-horses, Boxer and
Clover, came in together, walking very slowly and setting down their vast
hairy hoofs with great care lest there should be some small animal
concealed in the straw. Clover was a stout motherly mare approaching
middle life, who had never quite got her figure back after her fourth foal.
Boxer was an enormous beast, nearly eighteen hands high, and as strong as
any two ordinary horses put together. A white stripe down his nose gave
him a somewhat stupid appearance, and in fact he was not of first-rate
intelligence, but he was universally respected for his steadiness of
character and tremendous powers of work. After the horses came Muriel,
the white goat, and Benjamin, the donkey. Benjamin was the oldest animal
on the farm, and the worst tempered. He seldom talked, and when he did, it
was usually to make some cynical remark--for instance, he would say that
God had given him a tail to keep the flies off, but that he would sooner
have had no tail and no flies. Alone among the animals on the farm he
never laughed. If asked why, he would say that he saw nothing to laugh at.
Nevertheless, without openly admitting it, he was devoted to Boxer; the
two of them usually spent their Sundays together in the small paddock
beyond the orchard, grazing side by side and never speaking.&lt;br&gt;
큰 창고의 한쪽 끝, 일종의 높여진 플랫폼(무대) 위에, 메이저는 들보로부터 매달려 있는 랜턴 아래의 그의 짚 침대 위에 이미 편안하게 자리를 잡고 있었습니다. 그는 12살이었고 최근에 다소 뚱뚱해졌지만, 그의 엄니가 한 번도 잘린 적이 없다는 사실에도 불구하고, 그는 여전히 지혜롭고 자애로운 외모를 가진 위엄 있어 보이는 돼지였습니다. 오래지 않아 다른 동물들이 도착하기 시작했고 그들의 서로 다른 방식에 따라 스스로를 편안하게 만들었습니다(자리를 잡았습니다). 먼저 블루벨, 제시, 핀처라는 세 마리의 개가 왔고, 그다음에는 돼지들이 왔는데, 그들은 플랫폼 바로 앞의 짚 속에 정착했습니다. 암탉들은 창문 턱 위에 스스로를 앉혔고, 비둘기들은 서까래 위로 파닥거리며 올라갔으며, 양들과 소들은 돼지들 뒤에 누워 되새김질을 하기 시작했습니다. 두 마리의 짐수레 말인 복서와 클로버가 함께 들어왔는데, 짚 속에 숨어 있는 어떤 작은 동물이라도 있을까 봐 매우 천천히 걸으며 그들의 거대하고 털이 많은 발굽을 엄청난 주의를 기울여 내디뎠습니다. 클로버는 중년에 접어드는 뚱뚱하고 어머니 같은 암말이었는데, 그녀의 네 번째 망아지를 낳은 이후 그녀의 몸매를 결코 완전히 되찾지 못했습니다. 복서는 거의 18핸드(약 183cm) 높이에 이르는 거대한 짐승이었고, 합쳐진 어떤 평범한 말 두 마리만큼이나 힘이 셌습니다. 코를 따라 내려오는 흰색 줄무늬는 그에게 다소 어리석은 외모를 주었고, 사실 그는 일류의( 뛰어난) 지능은 아니었지만, 그의 성격의 꾸준함과 엄청난 작업 능력으로 인해 보편적으로(모두에게) 존경받았습니다. 말들 다음에는 흰 염소인 뮤리엘과 당나귀인 벤자민이 왔습니다. 벤자민은 농장에서 가장 나이가 많은 동물이었고, 성격이 가장 나빴습니다. 그는 좀처럼 말하지 않았고, 그가 말을 할 때는 대개 어떤 냉소적인 발언을 하기 위해서였습니다. 예를 들어, 그는 신이 그에게 파리를 쫓아내라고 꼬리를 주셨지만, 차라리 꼬리도 없고 파리도 없는 것이 더 좋았겠다고 말하곤 했습니다. 농장의 동물들 중에서 홀로 그는 결코 웃지 않았습니다. 왜냐고 질문을 받으면, 그는 웃을 만한 것을 아무것도 보지 못했다고 말하곤 했습니다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 그것을 공개적으로 인정하지는 않으면서도, 그는 복서에게 헌신적이었습니다. 그들 둘은 대개 과수원 너머의 작은 방목지에서 그들의 일요일을 함께 보냈는데, 나란히 풀을 뜯으며 결코 말하지 않았습니다.

The two horses had just lain down when a brood of ducklings, which had
lost their mother, filed into the barn, cheeping feebly and wandering from
side to side to find some place where they would not be trodden on. Clover
made a sort of wall round them with her great foreleg, and the ducklings
nestled down inside it and promptly fell asleep. At the last moment
Mollie, the foolish, pretty white mare who drew Mr. Jones's trap, came
mincing daintily in, chewing at a lump of sugar. She took a place near the
front and began flirting her white mane, hoping to draw attention to the
red ribbons it was plaited with. Last of all came the cat, who looked
round, as usual, for the warmest place, and finally squeezed herself in
between Boxer and Clover; there she purred contentedly throughout Major's
speech without listening to a word of what he was saying.&lt;br&gt;
그 두 마리의 말이 막 누웠을 때, 그들의 엄마를 잃어버린 오리 새끼 한 무리가, 힘없이 삐약거리고 그들이 밟히지 않을 어떤 장소를 찾기 위해 이리저리 헤매며 창고 안으로 줄을 지어 들어왔습니다. 클로버는 그녀의 거대한 앞다리로 그들 주위에 일종의 벽을 만들어 주었고, 오리 새끼들은 그 안에 아늑하게 자리를 잡고 즉시 잠이 들었습니다. 마지막 순간에, 존스 씨의 이인승 마차를 끌던 어리석고 예쁜 흰색 암말인 몰리가 설탕 덩어리를 씹으며 얌전 빼며 우아하게 걸어 들어왔습니다. 그녀는 앞쪽 근처에 자리를 잡았고, 그것(갈기)에 땋아져 있는 빨간 리본들로 주의를 끌기를 희망하면서 그녀의 하얀 갈기를 살랑거리기 시작했습니다. 가장 마지막으로 고양이가 왔는데, 그녀는 늘 그렇듯 가장 따뜻한 장소를 찾아 주위를 둘러보았고, 마침내 복서와 클로버 사이에 스스로를 밀어 넣었습니다. 거기서 그녀는 메이저가 말하고 있는 것의 단 한 단어도 듣지 않으면서, 메이저의 연설 내내 만족스럽게 갸르릉거렸습니다.

All the animals were now present except Moses, the tame raven, who slept
on a perch behind the back door. When Major saw that they had all made
themselves comfortable and were waiting attentively, he cleared his throat
and began:
&lt;br&gt;
뒷문 뒤의 홰 위에서 잠을 자는 길들여진 까마귀인 모세를 제외하고는 모든 동물들이 이제 참석해 있었습니다. 메이저가 그들 모두가 스스로를 편안하게 만들고(자리를 잡고) 주의 깊게 기다리고 있는 것을 보았을 때, 그는 그의 목청을 가다듬고 시작했습니다:

&quot;Comrades, you have heard already about the strange dream that I had last
night. But I will come to the dream later. I have something else to say
first. I do not think, comrades, that I shall be with you for many months
longer, and before I die, I feel it my duty to pass on to you such wisdom
as I have acquired. I have had a long life, I have had much time for
thought as I lay alone in my stall, and I think I may say that I
understand the nature of life on this earth as well as any animal now
living. It is about this that I wish to speak to you.
&lt;br&gt;
&quot;동지들, 여러분은 내가 지난밤에 꾸었던 이상한 꿈에 대해 이미 들었습니다. 하지만 나는 그 꿈에 대해서는 나중에 이야기하겠습니다. 나는 먼저 말해야 할 다른 어떤 것을 가지고 있습니다. 동지들, 나는 내가 여러 달 더 이상 여러분과 함께하지 못할 것이라고 생각하며, 내가 죽기 전에, 내가 습득해 온 그러한 지혜를 여러분에게 전달하는 것이 나의 의무라고 느낍니다. 나는 긴 삶을 살았고, 나의 축사 안에 홀로 누워 있을 때 생각할 많은 시간을 가졌으며, 나는 내가 현재 살고 있는 어떤 동물 못지않게 이 지구상에서의 삶의 본질을 이해하고 있다고 말할 수 있다고 생각합니다. 내가 여러분에게 말하고자 희망하는 것은 바로 이것에 대해서입니다.

&quot;Now, comrades, what is the nature of this life of ours? Let us face it:
our lives are miserable, laborious, and short. We are born, we are given
just so much food as will keep the breath in our bodies, and those of us
who are capable of it are forced to work to the last atom of our strength;
and the very instant that our usefulness has come to an end we are
slaughtered with hideous cruelty. No animal in England knows the meaning
of happiness or leisure after he is a year old. No animal in England is
free. The life of an animal is misery and slavery: that is the plain truth.&lt;br&gt;
&quot;이제, 동지들, 우리들의 이 삶의 본질은 무엇입니까? 그것을 직시합시다. 우리의 삶은 비참하고, 힘들며, 짧습니다. 우리는 태어나고, 우리의 몸속에 숨이 붙어 있게 유지해 줄 딱 그만큼의 음식만을 받으며, 그것(노동)을 할 능력이 있는 우리들 중의 이들은 우리의 힘의 마지막 한 원자(한 방울)까지 짜내어 일하도록 강요받습니다. 그리고 우리의 유용성이 끝에 다다르는 바로 그 순간에, 우리는 끔찍한 잔인함과 함께 도살당합니다. 영국의 어떤 동물도 그가 한 살이 된 이후에는 행복이나 여가의 의미를 알지 못합니다. 영국의 어떤 동물도 자유롭지 않습니다. 동물의 삶은 비참함과 노예 상태입니다. 그것이 명백한 진실입니다.

&quot;But is this simply part of the order of nature? Is it because this land
of ours is so poor that it cannot afford a decent life to those who dwell
upon it? No, comrades, a thousand times no! The soil of England is
fertile, its climate is good, it is capable of affording food in abundance
to an enormously greater number of animals than now inhabit it. This
single farm of ours would support a dozen horses, twenty cows, hundreds of
sheep--and all of them living in a comfort and a dignity that are now
almost beyond our imagining. Why then do we continue in this miserable
condition? Because nearly the whole of the produce of our labour is stolen
from us by human beings. There, comrades, is the answer to all our
problems. It is summed up in a single word--Man. Man is the only real
enemy we have. Remove Man from the scene, and the root cause of hunger and
overwork is abolished for ever.&lt;br&gt;
&quot;그러나 이것은 단순히 자연의 질서의 일부입니까? 그것은 우리들의 이 땅이 너무 가난해서 그 위에 거주하는 이들에게 괜찮은(품위 있는) 삶을 제공할 여유가 없기 때문입니까? 아닙니다, 동지들, 천 번이고 아닙니다! 영국의 토양은 비옥하고, 그것의 기후는 좋으며, 그것은 현재 그것에 서식하는 것보다 훨씬 더 엄청나게 많은 수의 동물들에게 풍부한 음식을 제공할 능력이 있습니다. 우리들의 이 단 하나의 농장만으로도 열두 마리의 말, 스무 마리의 소, 수백 마리의 양을 부양할 수 있을 것이며—그리고 그들 모두는 지금은 우리의 상상을 거의 초월하는 편안함과 존엄함 속에서 살아가게 될 것입니다. 그렇다면 왜 우리는 이 비참한 상태를 지속하고 있습니까? 왜냐하면 우리 노동의 생산물의 거의 전부가 인간들에 의해 우리로부터 도둑맞고 있기 때문입니다. 동지들, 거기에 우리 모든 문제에 대한 답이 있습니다. 그것은 단 하나의 단어로 요약됩니다—인간. 인간은 우리가 가진 유일한 진짜 적입니다. 장면(무대)에서 인간을 제거하십시오, 그러면 굶주림과 과로의 근본 원인은 영원히 폐지됩니다.

&quot;Man is the only creature that consumes without producing. He does not
give milk, he does not lay eggs, he is too weak to pull the plough, he
cannot run fast enough to catch rabbits. Yet he is lord of all the
animals. He sets them to work, he gives back to them the bare minimum that
will prevent them from starving, and the rest he keeps for himself. Our
labour tills the soil, our dung fertilises it, and yet there is not one of
us that owns more than his bare skin. You cows that I see before me, how
many thousands of gallons of milk have you given during this last year?
And what has happened to that milk which should have been breeding up
sturdy calves? Every drop of it has gone down the throats of our enemies.
And you hens, how many eggs have you laid in this last year, and how many
of those eggs ever hatched into chickens? The rest have all gone to market
to bring in money for Jones and his men. And you, Clover, where are those
four foals you bore, who should have been the support and pleasure of your
old age? Each was sold at a year old--you will never see one of them
again. In return for your four confinements and all your labour in the
fields, what have you ever had except your bare rations and a stall?&lt;br&gt;
&quot;인간은 생산하지 않으면서 소비하는 유일한 생명체입니다. 그는 우유를 주지도 않고, 알을 낳지도 않으며, 쟁기를 끌기에는 너무 약하고, 토끼를 잡을 만큼 충분히 빠르게 달릴 수도 없습니다. 하지만 그는 모든 동물들의 주인입니다. 그는 그들에게 일을 시키고, 그들에게 그들이 굶어 죽는 것을 방지할 간신히의 최소한(최저한도)만을 돌려주며, 나머지는 자신을 위해 보관합니다. 우리의 노동이 토양을 갈고, 우리의 배설물이 그것을 비옥하게 하지만, 그럼에도 우리들 중 그의 맨살(가진 것 없는 몸뚱이)보다 더 많은 것을 소유한 이는 단 하나도 없습니다. 내 앞에 보이는 당신들 암소들, 당신들은 이 지난 한 해 동안 얼마나 많은 수천 갤런의 우유를 주었습니까? 그리고 튼튼한 송아지들을 길러내고 있었어야 마땅한 그 우유에 무슨 일이 일어났습니까? 그것의 모든 한 방울은 우리 원수들의 목구멍 아래로 내려갔습니다. 그리고 당신들 암탉들, 당신들은 이 지난 한 해 동안 얼마나 많은 알을 낳았으며, 그 알들 중 얼마나 많은 수가 단 한 번이라도 병아리로 부화했습니까? 나머지는 모두 존스와 그의 부하들을 위한 돈을 가져오기 위해 시장으로 갔습니다. 그리고 당신, 클로버, 당신의 노년의 부양과 기쁨이 되었어야 마땅한, 당신이 낳은 그 네 마리의 망아지들은 어디에 있습니까? 각각은 한 살 때 팔렸습니다—당신은 결코 그들 중 단 한 마리도 다시는 보지 못할 것입니다. 당신의 네 번의 출산과 들판에서의 당신의 모든 노동에 대한 대가로, 당신의 간신히의 배급량과 축사 한 칸을 제외하고 당신이 가져본 것이 도대체 무엇이 있습니까?

&quot;And even the miserable lives we lead are not allowed to reach their
natural span. For myself I do not grumble, for I am one of the lucky ones.
I am twelve years old and have had over four hundred children. Such is the
natural life of a pig. But no animal escapes the cruel knife in the end.
You young porkers who are sitting in front of me, every one of you will
scream your lives out at the block within a year. To that horror we all
must come--cows, pigs, hens, sheep, everyone. Even the horses and the dogs
have no better fate. You, Boxer, the very day that those great muscles of
yours lose their power, Jones will sell you to the knacker, who will cut
your throat and boil you down for the foxhounds. As for the dogs, when
they grow old and toothless, Jones ties a brick round their necks and
drowns them in the nearest pond.
&lt;br&gt;
&quot;그리고 심지어 우리가 이끄는(영위하는) 비참한 삶들조차 그것들의 자연적인 수명에 도달하도록 허용되지 않습니다. 내 자신으로 말하자면 나는 불평하지 않는데, 왜냐하면 내가 운이 좋은 자들 중 하나이기 때문입니다. 나는 12살이고 400마리가 넘는 자식들을 가졌습니다. 그러한 것이 돼지의 자연적인 삶입니다. 그러나 결국 그 어떤 동물도 잔인한 칼날을 피하지 못합니다. 내 앞에 앉아 있는 당신들 젊은 육용돈(젊은 돼지)들, 당신들 모두는 1년 이내에 도살대 위에서 당신들의 생명이 다하도록 비명을 지르게 될 것입니다. 우리 모두는 그 공포로 나아가야만 합니다—암소들, 돼지들, 암탉들, 양들, 모두가 말입니다. 심지어 말들과 개들조차 더 나은 운명을 가지지 못합니다. 당신, 복서, 당신의 그 거대한 근육들이 그것들의 힘을 잃는 바로 그날, 존스는 당신을 도축업자(폐마 도축업자)에게 팔아넘길 것이고, 그는 당신의 목을 자르고 여우 사냥개들을 위해 당신을 삶아 버릴 것입니다. 개들로 말하자면, 그들이 늙고 이빨이 빠질 때, 존스는 그들의 목 주위에 벽돌을 묶고 가장 가까운 연못에 그들을 익사시킵니다.

&quot;Is it not crystal clear, then, comrades, that all the evils of this life
of ours spring from the tyranny of human beings? Only get rid of Man, and
the produce of our labour would be our own. Almost overnight we could
become rich and free. What then must we do? Why, work night and day, body
and soul, for the overthrow of the human race! That is my message to you,
comrades: Rebellion! I do not know when that Rebellion will come, it might
be in a week or in a hundred years, but I know, as surely as I see this
straw beneath my feet, that sooner or later justice will be done. Fix your
eyes on that, comrades, throughout the short remainder of your lives! And
above all, pass on this message of mine to those who come after you, so
that future generations shall carry on the struggle until it is victorious.&lt;br&gt;
&quot;그렇다면 동지들, 우리들의 이 삶의 모든 악이 인간들의 폭정으로부터 솟아난다는(비롯된다는) 것이 수정처럼 투명하게 명백하지(명약관화하지) 않습니까? 오직 인간만을 제거하십시오, 그러면 우리 노동의 생산물은 우리 자신의 것이 될 것입니다. 거의 하룻밤 사이에 우리는 부유해지고 자유로워질 수 있습니다. 그렇다면 우리는 무엇을 해야 합니까? 자, 인류의 타도를 위해 밤낮으로, 몸과 영혼을 바쳐 일하십시오! 동지들, 그것이 여러분에게 보내는 나의 메시지입니다. 바로 반란입니다! 나는 그 반란이 언제 올지 알지 못하며, 그것은 일주일 뒤일 수도 있고 백 년 뒤일 수도 있지만, 내가 내 발아래에 있는 이 짚을 보는 것만큼이나 확실하게, 머지않아 정의가 실현될 것임을 나는 압니다. 동지들, 여러분의 짧은 남은 삶 동안 그것에 여러분의 눈을 고정하십시오! 그리고 무엇보다도, 미래의 세대들이 그것이 승리할 때까지 그 투쟁을 계속해 나갈 수 있도록, 나의 이 메시지를 여러분 뒤에 오는 이들에게 전달하십시오.

&quot;And remember, comrades, your resolution must never falter. No argument
must lead you astray. Never listen when they tell you that Man and the
animals have a common interest, that the prosperity of the one is the
prosperity of the others. It is all lies. Man serves the interests of no
creature except himself. And among us animals let there be perfect unity,
perfect comradeship in the struggle. All men are enemies. All animals are
comrades.&quot;
&lt;br&gt;
&quot;그리고 기억하십시오, 동지들, 여러분의 결의는 결코 흔들려서 안 됩니다. 어떤 주장도 여러분을 타락한 길로(잘못된 길로) 이끌어서는 안 됩니다. 인간과 동물이 공통의 이익을 가지고 있으며, 한쪽의 번영이 다른 쪽들의 번영이라고 그들이 여러분에게 말할 때 결코 듣지 마십시오. 그것은 모두 거짓말입니다. 인간은 자신을 제외하고는 그 어떤 생명체의 이익도 돌보지 않습니다. 그리고 우리 동물들 사이에는 투쟁 속에서 완벽한 단결, 완벽한 동지애가 있게 하십시오. 모든 인간은 원수입니다. 모든 동물은 동지입니다.&quot;

At this moment there was a tremendous uproar. While Major was speaking
four large rats had crept out of their holes and were sitting on their
hindquarters, listening to him. The dogs had suddenly caught sight of
them, and it was only by a swift dash for their holes that the rats saved
their lives. Major raised his trotter for silence.&lt;br&gt;
이 순간에 엄청난 소란이 있었습니다. 메이저가 말하고 있는 동안 네 마리의 거대한 쥐들이 그들의 구멍 밖으로 살금살금 기어 나와 그들의 뒷동서리를 대고 앉아, 그(의 말)를 듣고 있었습니다. 개들이 갑자기 그들을 포착했고, 쥐들이 그들의 생명을 구한 것은 오직 그들의 구멍을 향한 빠른 돌진에 의해서였습니다. 메이저는 침묵을 위해 그의 앞발을 들어 올렸습니다.

&quot;Comrades,&quot; he said, &quot;here is a point that must be settled. The wild
creatures, such as rats and rabbits--are they our friends or our enemies?
Let us put it to the vote. I propose this question to the meeting: Are
rats comrades?&quot;
&lt;br&gt;
&quot;동지들,&quot; 그가 말했습니다, &quot;여기 해결되어야만 하는 한 가지 논점이 있습니다. 쥐들과 토끼들 같은 야생의 생명체들—그들은 우리의 친구입니까 아니면 우리의 원수입니까? 그것을 투표에 부칩시다. 나는 회의에 이 질문을 제안합니다: 쥐들은 동지입니까?&quot;

The vote was taken at once, and it was agreed by an overwhelming majority
that rats were comrades. There were only four dissentients, the three dogs
and the cat, who was afterwards discovered to have voted on both sides.
Major continued:
&lt;br&gt;
투표는 즉시 취해졌고(실시되었고), 쥐들은 동지라는 것이 압도적인 대다수에 의해 합의되었습니다. 오직 네 마리의 반대자들만 있었는데, 세 마리의 개와 고양이였으며, 고양이는 나중에 양쪽 모두에 투표했던 것으로 발견되었습니다(밝혀졌습니다). 메이저는 계속했습니다:

&quot;I have little more to say. I merely repeat, remember always your duty of
enmity towards Man and all his ways. Whatever goes upon two legs is an
enemy. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend. And
remember also that in fighting against Man, we must not come to resemble
him. Even when you have conquered him, do not adopt his vices. No animal
must ever live in a house, or sleep in a bed, or wear clothes, or drink
alcohol, or smoke tobacco, or touch money, or engage in trade. All the
habits of Man are evil. And, above all, no animal must ever tyrannise over
his own kind. Weak or strong, clever or simple, we are all brothers. No
animal must ever kill any other animal. All animals are equal.
&lt;br&gt;
&quot;나는 더 말할 것이 거의 없습니다. 나는 단지 되풀이할 뿐이니, 인간과 그의 모든 방식들을 향한 여러분의 원수다움(적대감)의 의무를 항상 기억하십시오. 두 다리로 걷는 것은 무엇이든 적입니다. 네 다리로 걷거나, 날개를 가진 것은 무엇이든 친구입니다. 그리고 인간을 대항하여 싸우는 와중에, 우리가 그를 닮아가지 말아야 한다는 것 또한 기억하십시오. 심지어 여러분이 그를 정복했을 때라도, 그의 악덕들을 채택(모방)하지 마십시오. 어떤 동물도 결코 집 안에서 살아서는 안 되며, 침대에서 잠을 자서도 안 되고, 옷을 입어서도 안 되며, 술을 마셔서도 안 되고, 담배를 피워서도 안 되며, 돈을 만져서도 안 되고, 무역(상거래)에 종사해서도 안 됩니다. 인간의 모든 습관들은 악합니다. 그리고, 무엇보다도, 어떤 동물도 결코 그의 동족 위에서 폭정을 휘둘러서는 안 됩니다. 약하든 강하든, 똑똑하든 단순(어리석든)하든, 우리는 모두 형제들입니다. 어떤 동물도 결코 다른 어떤 동물을 죽여서는 안 됩니다. 모든 동물들은 평등합니다.

&quot;And now, comrades, I will tell you about my dream of last night. I cannot
describe that dream to you. It was a dream of the earth as it will be when
Man has vanished. But it reminded me of something that I had long
forgotten. Many years ago, when I was a little pig, my mother and the
other sows used to sing an old song of which they knew only the tune and
the first three words. I had known that tune in my infancy, but it had
long since passed out of my mind. Last night, however, it came back to me
in my dream. And what is more, the words of the song also came back-words,
I am certain, which were sung by the animals of long ago and have been
lost to memory for generations. I will sing you that song now, comrades.
I am old and my voice is hoarse, but when I have taught you the tune, you
can sing it better for yourselves. It is called 'Beasts of England'.&quot;
&lt;br&gt;
&quot;그리고 이제, 동지들, 나는 여러분에게 나의 지난밤의 꿈에 대해 말하겠습니다. 나는 그 꿈을 여러분에게 묘사할 수 없습니다. 그것은 인간이 사라졌을 때의 있을 바와 같은 지구에 대한 꿈이었습니다. 그러나 그것은 내가 오랫동안 잊고 있었던 어떤 것을 나에게 상기시켜 주었습니다. 수년 전, 내가 작은 돼지였을 때, 나의 어머니와 다른 씨돼지(암돼지)들은 그들이 오직 그것의 곡조와 첫 세 단어만을 알고 있었던 한 오래된 노래를 부르곤 했습니다. 나는 나의 유아기에 그 곡조를 알고 있었지만, 그것은 오래전에 나의 마음 밖으로 지나가 버렸습니다(잊혀졌습니다). 그러나 지난밤, 그것이 나의 꿈속에서 나에게 다시 돌아왔습니다. 그리고 더욱이, 그 노래의 가사들 또한 돌아왔는데—내가 확신하건대, 아주 옛날의 동물들에 의해 불렸고 세대 동안 기억에서 사라졌던 그러한 가사들입니다. 동지들, 나는 지금 여러분에게 그 노래를 불러 주겠습니다. 나는 늙었고 나의 목소리는 쉰 목소리이지만, 내가 여러분에게 그 곡조를 가르쳐 주고 나면, 여러분 스스로가 그것을 더 잘 부를 수 있습니다. 그것은 '영국의 동물들'이라고 불립니다.&quot;

Old Major cleared his throat and began to sing. As he had said, his voice
was hoarse, but he sang well enough, and it was a stirring tune, something
between 'Clementine' and 'La Cucaracha'. The words ran:
&lt;br&gt;
늙은 메이저는 그의 목청을 가다듬고 노래하기 시작했습니다. 그가 말했었던 것처럼, 그의 목소리는 쉰 목소리였지만, 그는 충분히 잘 불렀고, 그것은 '클레멘타인'과 '라 쿠카라차' 사이의 어떤 것과 같은, 마음을 뒤흔드는 곡조였습니다. 가사는 다음과 같이 흘러갔습니다:

&lt;table&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;
Beasts of England, beasts of Ireland,
Beasts of every land and clime,
Hearken to my joyful tidings
Of the golden future time.

Soon or late the day is coming,
Tyrant Man shall be o'erthrown,
And the fruitful fields of England
Shall be trod by beasts alone.

Rings shall vanish from our noses,
And the harness from our back,
Bit and spur shall rust forever,
Cruel whips no more shall crack.

Riches more than mind can picture,
Wheat and barley, oats and hay,
Clover, beans, and mangel-wurzels
Shall be ours upon that day.

Bright will shine the fields of England,
Purer shall its waters be,
Sweeter yet shall blow its breezes
On the day that sets us free.

For that day we all must labour,
Though we die before it break;
Cows and horses, geese and turkeys,
All must toil for freedom's sake.

Beasts of England, beasts of Ireland,
Beasts of every land and clime,
Hearken well and spread my tidings
Of the golden future time.
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;
영국의 동물들이여, 아일랜드의 동물들이여,
모든 땅과 기후의 동물들이여,
황금빛 미래 시대에 대한
나의 기쁜 소식에 귀를 기울이십시오.

조만간 그날이 오고 있으니,
폭군 인간은 타도될 것이요,
그리고 영국의 결실 가득한 들판은
오직 동물들에 의해서만 밟힐 것입니다.

고리들은 우리의 코에서 사라질 것이요,
그리고 마구는 우리의 등에서 (사라질 것입니다),
재갈과 박차는 영원히 녹슬 것이며,
잔인한 채찍은 더 이상 소리를 내지 못할 것입니다.

마음이 상상할 수 있는 것보다 더 많은 부,
밀과 보리, 귀리와 건초,
클로버, 콩, 그리고 사탕무가
바로 그날에 우리의 것이 될 것입니다.

영국의 들판은 밝게 빛날 것이요,
그것의 물은 더 맑아질 것이며,
그것의 산들바람은 더욱 달콤하게 불어올 것입니다,
우리를 자유롭게 해 주는 바로 그날에.

그날을 위해 우리 모두는 노동해야만 합니다,
비록 그것이 밝아오기 전에 우리가 죽을지라도.
암소들과 말들, 거위들과 칠면조들,
모두가 자유를 위해 힘들게 일해야만 합니다.

영국의 동물들이여, 아일랜드의 동물들이여,
모든 땅과 기후의 동물들이여,
잘 귀를 기울이고 나의 소식을 퍼뜨리십시오,
황금빛 미래 시대에 대한 (소식을).
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

The singing of this song threw the animals into the wildest excitement.
Almost before Major had reached the end, they had begun singing it for
themselves. Even the stupidest of them had already picked up the tune and
a few of the words, and as for the clever ones, such as the pigs and dogs,
they had the entire song by heart within a few minutes. And then, after a
few preliminary tries, the whole farm burst out into 'Beasts of England' in
tremendous unison. The cows lowed it, the dogs whined it, the sheep
bleated it, the horses whinnied it, the ducks quacked it. They were so
delighted with the song that they sang it right through five times in
succession, and might have continued singing it all night if they had not
been interrupted.
&lt;br&gt;
이 노래의 가창은 동물들을 가장 격렬한 흥분 속으로 몰아넣었습니다. 메이저가 끝에 도달하기 거의 전에, 그들은 그것을 그들 스스로 부르기 시작했었습니다. 그들 중 가장 어리석은 이들조차 이미 그 곡조와 몇 개의 단어들을 익혔고, 돼지들과 개들 같은 영리한 이들로 말하자면, 그들은 몇 분 안에 노래 전체를 마음으로(암기하여) 가졌습니다. 그러고 나서, 몇 번의 예비적인 시도 후에, 온 농장이 엄청난 일제히(제창) 속에서 '영국의 동물들'로 터져 나왔습니다. 암소들은 그것을 음매하고 울었고, 개들은 깽깽하며 울었으며, 양들은 매애하고 울었고, 말들은 히힝하고 울었고, 오리들은 꽥꽥하며 울었습니다. 그들은 그 노래에 너무나 기뻐서 그것을 연속으로 바로 다섯 번 통틀어 불렀고, 만약 그들이 방해받지 않았었더라면 밤새도록 그것을 계속 불렀을지도 모릅니다.

Unfortunately, the uproar awoke Mr. Jones, who sprang out of bed, making
sure that there was a fox in the yard. He seized the gun which always
stood in a corner of his bedroom, and let fly a charge of number 6 shot
into the darkness. The pellets buried themselves in the wall of the barn
and the meeting broke up hurriedly. Everyone fled to his own
sleeping-place. The birds jumped on to their perches, the animals settled
down in the straw, and the whole farm was asleep in a moment.
&lt;br&gt;
불행하게도, 그 소란이 존스 씨를 깨웠고, 그는 마당에 여우가 있다고 확신하면서 침대 밖으로 튀어 올랐습니다. 그는 그의 침실 구석에 항상 서 있던 총을 붙잡았고, 어둠 속으로 6호 산탄 한 발을 날려 보냈습니다. 그 산탄 알갱이들은 창고 벽속에 박혔고 회의는 서둘러 해산되었습니다. 모두가 그 자신의 잠자리로 도망쳤습니다. 새들은 그들의 홰 위로 뛰어올랐고, 동물들은 짚 속에 자리를 잡았으며, 온 농장은 순식간에 잠들었습니다.


Chapter II
제2장


Three nights later old Major died peacefully in his sleep. His body was
buried at the foot of the orchard.
&lt;br&gt;
사흘 밤 뒤에 늙은 메이저는 그의 잠 속에서 평화롭게 죽었습니다. 그의 몸은 과수원의 기슭에 묻혔습니다.

This was early in March. During the next three months there was much
secret activity. Major's speech had given to the more intelligent animals
on the farm a completely new outlook on life. They did not know when the
Rebellion predicted by Major would take place, they had no reason for
thinking that it would be within their own lifetime, but they saw clearly
that it was their duty to prepare for it. The work of teaching and
organising the others fell naturally upon the pigs, who were generally
recognised as being the cleverest of the animals. Pre-eminent among the
pigs were two young boars named Snowball and Napoleon, whom Mr. Jones was
breeding up for sale. Napoleon was a large, rather fierce-looking
Berkshire boar, the only Berkshire on the farm, not much of a talker, but
with a reputation for getting his own way. Snowball was a more vivacious
pig than Napoleon, quicker in speech and more inventive, but was not
considered to have the same depth of character. All the other male pigs on
the farm were porkers. The best known among them was a small fat pig named
Squealer, with very round cheeks, twinkling eyes, nimble movements, and a
shrill voice. He was a brilliant talker, and when he was arguing some
difficult point he had a way of skipping from side to side and whisking
his tail which was somehow very persuasive. The others said of Squealer
that he could turn black into white.&lt;br&gt;
이것은 3월 초순이었다. 다음 3달 동안에는 많은 비밀스러운 활동이 있었다. 메이저의 연설은 농장에서 더 똑똑한 동물들에게 삶에 대한 완전히 새로운 관점을 주었다. 그들은 메이저에 의해 예언된 그 반란이 언제 일어날지 알지 못했고, 그것이 그들 자신의 생애 내에 있을 것이라고 생각할 아무런 이유도 없었지만, 그러나 그들은 그것을 준비하는 것이 자신들의 의무라는 것을 명확히 보았다(알았다). 다른 동물들을 가르치고 조직하는 일은 자연스럽게 돼지들에게 떨어졌는데(맡겨졌는데), 그들은 일반적으로 동물들 중에서 가장 영리한 것으로 인정받고 있었다. 돼지들 중에서 탁월한 이들은 스노볼과 나폴레옹이라는 이름의 두 마리 젊은 수컷씨돼지들이었는데, 존스 씨가 판매를 위해 기르고 있는 중이었다. 나폴레옹은 크고, 다소 사납게 생겼으며, 농장에서 유일한 버크셔 종 수멧돼지였는데, 말수가 많지 않았지만, 자기 방식대로 해내고야 만다는(고집을 관철한다는) 평판을 가지고 있었다. 스노볼은 나폴레옹보다 더 활기 넘치는 돼지였고, 말이 더 빨랐으며 더 독창적이었지만, 성격의 깊이가 똑같이 깊다고는 여겨지지 않았다. 농장의 다른 모든 수컷 돼지들은 (살을 찌운) 식육용 돼지들이었다. 그들 중에서 가장 잘 알려진 이는 스퀼러라는 이름의 작고 뚱뚱한 돼지였는데, 매우 둥근 뺨, 반짝이는 눈, 민첩한 움직임, 그리고 날카로운 목소리를 가지고 있었다. 그는 뛰어난 달변가였고, 그가 어떤 어려운 논점을 논쟁하고 있을 때, 그는 이쪽저쪽으로 깡충깡충 뛰며 그의 꼬리를 휙휙 흔드는 방식을 가지고 있었는데, 그것은 어쩐지 매우 설득력이 있었다. 다른 동물들은 스퀼러에 대해 그가 검은 것을 흰 것으로 바꿀 수도 있다고 말했다.

These three had elaborated old Major's teachings into a complete system of
thought, to which they gave the name of Animalism. Several nights a week,
after Mr. Jones was asleep, they held secret meetings in the barn and
expounded the principles of Animalism to the others. At the beginning they
met with much stupidity and apathy. Some of the animals talked of the duty
of loyalty to Mr. Jones, whom they referred to as &quot;Master,&quot; or made
elementary remarks such as &quot;Mr. Jones feeds us. If he were gone, we should
starve to death.&quot; Others asked such questions as &quot;Why should we care what
happens after we are dead?&quot; or &quot;If this Rebellion is to happen anyway,
what difference does it make whether we work for it or not?&quot;, and the pigs
had great difficulty in making them see that this was contrary to the
spirit of Animalism. The stupidest questions of all were asked by Mollie,
the white mare. The very first question she asked Snowball was: &quot;Will
there still be sugar after the Rebellion?&quot;
&lt;br&gt;
이들 세 마리는 늙은 메이저의 가르침들을 하나의 완전한 사상 체계로 정교하게 발전시켰으며, 그것에 '동물주의(Animalism)'라는 이름을 부여했다. 일주일에 몇 번씩 밤마다, 존스 씨가 잠든 후에, 그들은 헛간에서 비밀 집회를 열었고 다른 동물들에게 동물주의의 원칙들을 상세히 설명했다. 시작 단계에서 그들은 많은 어리석음과 냉담함에 부딪혔다. 동물들 중 일부는 자신들이 &quot;주인님&quot;이라고 부르는 존스 씨에 대한 충성의 의무를 말하거나, &quot;존스 씨는 우리를 먹여 살려준다. 만약 그가 사라진다면, 우리는 굶어 죽을 것이다&quot;와 같은 초보적인 발언을 했다. 다른 동물들은 &quot;우리가 죽은 후에 무슨 일이 일어나든 우리가 왜 신경 써야 하지?&quot;라거나 &quot;만약 이 반란이 어차피 일어날 운명이라면, 우리가 그것을 위해 일하든 안 하든 무슨 차이가 있지?&quot;와 같은 질문들을 던졌고, 돼지들은 이것이 동물주의의 정신에 어긋나는 것임을 그들에게 이해시키는 데 큰 어려움을 겪었다. 모든 질문 중에서 가장 어리석은 질문들은 흰색 암말인 몰리에 의해 질문되었다. 그녀가 스노볼에게 던진 아주 첫 번째 질문은 &quot;반란 후에도 여전히 설탕이 있을까요?&quot;였다.

&quot;No,&quot; said Snowball firmly. &quot;We have no means of making sugar on this
farm. Besides, you do not need sugar. You will have all the oats and hay
you want.&quot;
&lt;br&gt;
&quot;아니오,&quot; 스노볼이 단호하게 말했다. &quot; 우리는 이 농장에서 설탕을 만들 수 있는 수단을 가지고 있지 않소. 게다가, 당신은 설탕이 필요하지 않소. 당신은 당신이 원하는 모든 귀리와 건초를 가지게 될 것이오.&quot;

&quot;And shall I still be allowed to wear ribbons in my mane?&quot; asked Mollie.
&lt;br&gt;
&quot;그리고 내가 내 갈기에 여전히 리본을 착용하는 것이 허용될까요?&quot; 몰리가 물었다.

&quot;Comrade,&quot; said Snowball, &quot;those ribbons that you are so devoted to are
the badge of slavery. Can you not understand that liberty is worth more
than ribbons?&quot;
&lt;br&gt;
&quot;동무,&quot; 스노볼이 말했다, &quot;당신이 그토록 애지중지하는 그 리본들은 노예 제도의 상징(징표)이오. 자유가 리본들보다 더 가치 있다는 것을 당신은 이해하지 못하겠소?&quot;

Mollie agreed, but she did not sound very convinced.
&lt;br&gt;
몰리는 동의했지만, 그녀의 목소리는 그리 납득한 것처럼 들리지 않았다.

The pigs had an even harder struggle to counteract the lies put about by
Moses, the tame raven. Moses, who was Mr. Jones's especial pet, was a spy
and a tale-bearer, but he was also a clever talker. He claimed to know of
the existence of a mysterious country called Sugarcandy Mountain, to which
all animals went when they died. It was situated somewhere up in the sky,
a little distance beyond the clouds, Moses said. In Sugarcandy Mountain it
was Sunday seven days a week, clover was in season all the year round, and
lump sugar and linseed cake grew on the hedges. The animals hated Moses
because he told tales and did no work, but some of them believed in
Sugarcandy Mountain, and the pigs had to argue very hard to persuade them
that there was no such place.
&lt;br&gt;
돼지들은 길들여진 까마귀인 모세에 의해 유포되는 거짓말들에 대응하기 위해 훨씬 더 힘든 투쟁을 해야 했다. 존스 씨의 특별한 애완동물이었던 모세는 스파이이자 밀고자였지만, 그는 또한 똑똑한 달변가였다. 그는 모든 동물들이 죽었을 때 가는 '설탕과자 산(Sugarcandy Mountain)'이라고 불리는 신비한 나라의 존재를 알고 있다고 주장했다. 모세의 말에 따르면, 그곳은 하늘 위 어딘가, 구름 너머로 조금 떨어진 곳에 위치해 있었다. 설탕과자 산에서는 일주일 중 7일이 모두 일요일이었고, 클로버(토끼풀)가 일년 내내 제철이었으며, 각설탕과 아마인박(linseed cake)&lt;ref&gt;아마인박亞麻仁粕 아마의 씨로 기름을 짜고 남은 찌꺼기. 사료로 쓴다.&lt;/ref&gt;이 울타리에서 자랐다. 동물들은 모세가 밀고를 하고 아무런 일도 하지 않았기 때문에 그를 미워했지만, 그들 중 일부는 설탕과자 산을 믿었고, 돼지들은 그러한 장소는 없다는 것을 그들에게 설득하기 위해 매우 열심히 논쟁해야 했다.

Their most faithful disciples were the two cart-horses, Boxer and Clover.
These two had great difficulty in thinking anything out for themselves,
but having once accepted the pigs as their teachers, they absorbed
everything that they were told, and passed it on to the other animals by
simple arguments. They were unfailing in their attendance at the secret
meetings in the barn, and led the singing of 'Beasts of England', with
which the meetings always ended.
&lt;br&gt;
그들의 가장 충실한 제자들은 두 마리의 짐마차 말인 복서와 클로버였다. 이들 두 마리는 스스로 무언가를 생각해 내는 데 큰 어려움을 겪었지만, 일단 돼지들을 자신들의 스승으로 받아들인 후에는, 자신들이 들은 모든 것을 흡수했고, 그것을 단순한 논거들을 통해 다른 동물들에게 전달했다. 그들은 헛간에서 열리는 비밀 집회에 변함없이 참석했으며, 집회가 항상 그것으로 끝을 맺는 '영국의 동물들(Beasts of England)'의 제창을 이끌었다.

Now, as it turned out, the Rebellion was achieved much earlier and more
easily than anyone had expected. In past years Mr. Jones, although a hard
master, had been a capable farmer, but of late he had fallen on evil days.
He had become much disheartened after losing money in a lawsuit, and had
taken to drinking more than was good for him. For whole days at a time he
would lounge in his Windsor chair in the kitchen, reading the newspapers,
drinking, and occasionally feeding Moses on crusts of bread soaked in
beer. His men were idle and dishonest, the fields were full of weeds, the
buildings wanted roofing, the hedges were neglected, and the animals were
underfed.&lt;br&gt;
이제, 밝혀진 바와 같이, 그 반란은 어느 누구가 예상했던 것보다 훨씬 더 일찍 그리고 더 쉽게 성취되었다. 지난 수년 동안 존스 씨는, 비록 가혹한 주인이었을지라도, 유능한 농부였으나, 최근에 그는 불행한 나날들 속에 빠져 있었다. 그는 한 소송에서 돈을 잃은 후 크게 낙담하게 되었고, 그에게 이로울 것보다 더 많이 술을 마시기 시작했다. 한 번에 온종일 동안 그는 부엌에 있는 그의 윈저 의자(Windsor chair)에 털썩 앉아, 신문들을 읽고, 술을 마시며, 가끔 모세에게 맥주에 적신 빵 껍질들을 먹이곤 했다. 그의 일꾼들은 게으르고 부정직했으며, 밭들은 잡초로 가득 찼고, 건물들은 지붕 수리가 필요했으며, 울타리들은 방치되었고, 동물들은 먹이를 제대로 공급받지 못했다.

June came and the hay was almost ready for cutting. On Midsummer's Eve,
which was a Saturday, Mr. Jones went into Willingdon and got so drunk at
the Red Lion that he did not come back till midday on Sunday. The men had
milked the cows in the early morning and then had gone out rabbiting,
without bothering to feed the animals. When Mr. Jones got back he
immediately went to sleep on the drawing-room sofa with the News of the
World over his face, so that when evening came, the animals were still
unfed. At last they could stand it no longer. One of the cows broke in the
door of the store-shed with her horn and all the animals began to help
themselves from the bins. It was just then that Mr. Jones woke up. The
next moment he and his four men were in the store-shed with whips in their
hands, lashing out in all directions. This was more than the hungry
animals could bear. With one accord, though nothing of the kind had been
planned beforehand, they flung themselves upon their tormentors. Jones and
his men suddenly found themselves being butted and kicked from all sides.
The situation was quite out of their control. They had never seen animals
behave like this before, and this sudden uprising of creatures whom they
were used to thrashing and maltreating just as they chose, frightened them
almost out of their wits. After only a moment or two they gave up trying
to defend themselves and took to their heels. A minute later all five of
them were in full flight down the cart-track that led to the main road,
with the animals pursuing them in triumph.
&lt;br&gt;
6월이 왔고 건초는 거의 베어낼 준비가 되어 있었다. 토요일이었던 하지 전날 밤(Midsummer's Eve), 존스 씨는 윌링던(Willingdon) 시내로 갔고, '레드 라이언(Red Lion)' 주막에서 너무 취해서 일요일 정오가 될 때까지 돌아오지 않았다. 일꾼들은 이른 아침에 소들의 젖을 짰고, 그러고는 동물들에게 먹이를 주는 것은 신경 쓰지도 않은 채 토끼 사냥을 나갔다. 존스 씨가 돌아왔을 때, 그는 곧바로 거실 소파에 누워 그의 얼굴 위에 '뉴스 오브 더 월드(News of the World)' 신문을 덮은 채 잠이 들었고, 그리하여 저녁이 왔을 때도 동물들은 여전히 먹이를 공급받지 못한 상태였다.

마침내 그들은 더 이상 그것을 견딜 수 없었다. 암소들 중 한 마리가 그녀의 뿔로 사료 창고의 문을 부수어 열었고, 모든 동물들은 보관함으로부터 마음껏 먹기 시작했다. 존스 씨가 깨어난 것은 바로 그때였다. 다음 순간, 그와 그의 일꾼 네 명은 손에 채찍을 든 채 사료 창고 안에 있었고, 사방으로 채찍을 휘둘렀다. 이것은 굶주린 동물들이 참을 수 있는 것 이상이었다. 비록 그런 종류의 일이 사전에 전혀 계획되지 않았음에도 불구하고, 그들은 일제히 자신들을 괴롭히는 자들 위로 자신들을 던졌다(덤벼들었다). 존스 씨와 그의 일꾼들은 갑자기 자신들이 모든 방향으로부터 들이받히고 걷어차이고 있는 것을 발견했다.

상황은 완전히 그들의 통제를 벗어났다. 그들은 동물들이 이전에 이처럼 행동하는 것을 결코 본 적이 없었으며, 자신들이 마음먹은 대로 채찍질하고 학대하는 데 익숙해져 있던 생명체들의 이 갑작스러운 봉기는 그들을 거의 정신이 나갈 정도로 겁먹게 했다. 불과 1~2분 후에 그들은 자신들을 방어하려는 노력을 포기하고 도망쳤다. 1분 후, 그들 다섯 명 모두는 동물들이 승리감에 도취되어 그들을 추격하는 가운데, 큰길로 이어지는 짐마차 길을 따라 완전히 도망치고 있는 중이었다.

Mrs. Jones looked out of the bedroom window, saw what was happening,
hurriedly flung a few possessions into a carpet bag, and slipped out of
the farm by another way. Moses sprang off his perch and flapped after her,
croaking loudly. Meanwhile the animals had chased Jones and his men out on
to the road and slammed the five-barred gate behind them. And so, almost
before they knew what was happening, the Rebellion had been successfully
carried through: Jones was expelled, and the Manor Farm was theirs.
&lt;br&gt;
존스 부인은 침실 창문 밖을 내다보았고, 무슨 일이 일어나고 있는지 보았으며, 서둘러 몇 가지 소지품을 카펫 가방(여행용 가방)에 집어 던져 넣고는, 다른 길로 농장을 빠져나갔다. 모세는 그의 홰에서 뛰어내려 큰 소리로 까악까악 울며 그녀의 뒤를 파닥거리며 쫓아갔다. 그 와중에 동물들은 존스와 그의 일꾼들을 도로 위로 쫓아냈고 그들의 뒤로 다섯 가닥 가로대(가로 막대가 5개 있는) 대문을 쾅 닫았다. 그리하여, 그들이 무슨 일이 일어나고 있는지 거의 알기도 전에, 반란은 성공적으로 완수되었다. 존스는 쫓겨났고, '매너 농장(Manor Farm)'은 그들의 것이었다.

For the first few minutes the animals could hardly believe in their good
fortune. Their first act was to gallop in a body right round the
boundaries of the farm, as though to make quite sure that no human being
was hiding anywhere upon it; then they raced back to the farm buildings to
wipe out the last traces of Jones's hated reign. The harness-room at the
end of the stables was broken open; the bits, the nose-rings, the
dog-chains, the cruel knives with which Mr. Jones had been used to
castrate the pigs and lambs, were all flung down the well. The reins, the
halters, the blinkers, the degrading nosebags, were thrown on to the
rubbish fire which was burning in the yard. So were the whips. All the
animals capered with joy when they saw the whips going up in flames.
Snowball also threw on to the fire the ribbons with which the horses'
manes and tails had usually been decorated on market days.
&lt;br&gt;
첫 몇 분 동안 동물들은 자신들의 좋은 운(행운)을 거의 믿을 수 없었다. 그들의 첫 번째 행동은 농장 전체에 그 어떤 인간도 숨어 있지 않다는 것을 완전히 확실히 하기라도 하려는 듯이, 농장의 경계선들을 따라 다 함께 무리 지어 전속력으로 달린 것이었다. 그러고 나서 그들은 존스의 증오스러운 통치의 마지막 흔적들을 지워버리기 위해 농장 건물들로 다시 질주했다.

마구간 끝에 있는 마구 보관실이 부서져 열렸다. 재갈들, 코걸이들, 개 사슬들, 그리고 존스 씨가 돼지들과 어린 양들을 거세하는 데 사용하곤 했던 잔인한 칼들이 모두 우물 아래로 던져졌다. 고삐들, 굴레들, 눈가림 가죽(차안대)들, 굴욕적인 먹이 자루들은 마당에서 불타오르고 있던 쓰레기 불 속에 던져졌다. 채찍들도 마찬가지였다. 모든 동물들은 채찍들이 불길 속에서 타오르는 것을 보았을 때 기쁨으로 깡충깡충 뛰었다. 스노볼은 또한 장날에 말들의 갈기와 꼬리를 장식하는 데 보통 사용되곤 했던 리본들도 불 속에 던져 넣었다.

&quot;Ribbons,&quot; he said, &quot;should be considered as clothes, which are the mark
of a human being. All animals should go naked.&quot;
&lt;br&gt;
&quot;리본은,&quot; 그가 말했다, &quot;인간의 표식인 옷으로 간주되어야 하오. 모든 동물들은 벌거벗고 다녀야 하오.&quot;

When Boxer heard this he fetched the small straw hat which he wore in
summer to keep the flies out of his ears, and flung it on to the fire with
the rest.
&lt;br&gt;
복서가 이 말을 들었을 때, 그는 파리들이 그의 귀에 꼬이지 않도록 여름에 쓰던 작은 밀짚모자를 가져와서, 그것을 나머지 것들과 함께 불 속에 던져 버렸다.

In a very little while the animals had destroyed everything that reminded
them of Mr. Jones. Napoleon then led them back to the store-shed and
served out a double ration of corn to everybody, with two biscuits for
each dog. Then they sang 'Beasts of England' from end to end seven times
running, and after that they settled down for the night and slept as they
had never slept before.
&lt;br&gt;
아주 짧은 시간 만에 동물들은 존스 씨를 상상하게 만드는(떠올리게 하는) 모든 것을 파괴했다. 그러고 나서 나폴레옹은 그들을 다시 사료 창고로 이끌었고, 모든 동물에게 두 배의 곡물 배급량을, 그리고 각 개들에게는 비스킷 두 개씩을 나누어 주었다. 그러고 나서 그들은 '영국의 동물들(Beasts of England)'을 처음부터 끝까지 연이어 일곱 번 불렀고, 그 후 그들은 밤을 보내기 위해 자리를 잡았으며 이전에 결코 자본 적이 없을 정도로 (깊이) 잠들었다.

But they woke at dawn as usual, and suddenly remembering the glorious
thing that had happened, they all raced out into the pasture together. A
little way down the pasture there was a knoll that commanded a view of
most of the farm. The animals rushed to the top of it and gazed round them
in the clear morning light. Yes, it was theirs--everything that they could
see was theirs! In the ecstasy of that thought they gambolled round and
round, they hurled themselves into the air in great leaps of excitement.
They rolled in the dew, they cropped mouthfuls of the sweet summer grass,
they kicked up clods of the black earth and snuffed its rich scent. Then
they made a tour of inspection of the whole farm and surveyed with
speechless admiration the ploughland, the hayfield, the orchard, the pool,
the spinney. It was as though they had never seen these things before, and
even now they could hardly believe that it was all their own.&lt;br&gt;
그러나 그들은 평소처럼 새벽에 깨어났고, 갑자기 일어났었던 그 영광스러운 일을 기억해 내고는, 그들 모두 함께 목초지 속으로 전속력으로 달려 나갔다. 목초지 아래로 조금 떨어진 곳에는 농장의 대부분을 바라볼 수 있는(전망할 수 있는) 작은 언덕이 있었다. 동물들은 그 꼭대기로 돌진했고 맑은 아침 햇빛 속에서 그들 주변을 둘러보았다. 그렇다, 그것은 그들의 것이었다—그들이 볼 수 있는 모든 것이 그들의 것이었다! 그 생각의 황홀경 속에서 그들은 뱅글뱅글 돌며 깡충깡충 뛰었고, 큰 흥분의 도약으로 공중으로 자신들을 던졌다(뛰어올랐다).

그들은 이슬 속에서 굴렀고, 달콤한 여름 풀을 입안 가득 뜯어 먹었으며, 검은 흙덩이들을 걷어찼고 그것의 풍부한 향기를 코로 들이마셨다. 그러고 나서 그들은 농장 전체의 점검 투어를 정식으로 했으며(둘러보았으며), 말문이 막히는 감탄과 함께 경작지, 건초밭, 과수원, 웅덩이, 작은 숲을 살폈다. 그것은 마치 그들이 이전에 이것들을 결코 본 적이 없는 것 같았고, 심지어 지금도 그들은 그것이 모두 자신들만의 것이라는 것을 거의 믿을 수 없었다.

Then they filed back to the farm buildings and halted in silence outside
the door of the farmhouse. That was theirs too, but they were frightened
to go inside. After a moment, however, Snowball and Napoleon butted the
door open with their shoulders and the animals entered in single file,
walking with the utmost care for fear of disturbing anything. They tiptoed
from room to room, afraid to speak above a whisper and gazing with a kind
of awe at the unbelievable luxury, at the beds with their feather
mattresses, the looking-glasses, the horsehair sofa, the Brussels carpet,
the lithograph of Queen Victoria over the drawing-room mantelpiece. They
were just coming down the stairs when Mollie was discovered to be missing.
Going back, the others found that she had remained behind in the best
bedroom. She had taken a piece of blue ribbon from Mrs. Jones's
dressing-table, and was holding it against her shoulder and admiring
herself in the glass in a very foolish manner. The others reproached her
sharply, and they went outside. Some hams hanging in the kitchen were
taken out for burial, and the barrel of beer in the scullery was stove in
with a kick from Boxer's hoof, otherwise nothing in the house was touched.
A unanimous resolution was passed on the spot that the farmhouse should be
preserved as a museum. All were agreed that no animal must ever live there.
&lt;br&gt;
그러고 나서 그들은 줄을 지어 농장 건물들로 돌아왔고 농가(본채) 문밖에서 침묵 속에 멈춰 섰다. 그것 역시 그들의 것이었지만, 그들은 안으로 들어가기를 두려워했다. 그러나 잠시 후, 스노볼과 나폴레옹이 그들의 어깨로 문을 받아 열었고 동물들은 무언가를 흐트러뜨릴까 봐 두려워 극도의 주의를 기울여 걸으며 한 줄로 들어갔다. 그들은 속삭임보다 크게 말하기를 두려워하며 방에서 방으로 발걸음을 살짝 옮겼고, 믿을 수 없는 사치, 즉 깃털 매트리스가 깔린 침대들, 거울들, 말총 소파, 브뤼셀 카펫, 거실 벽난로 선반 위의 빅토리아 여왕 석판화를 일종의 경외심을 가지고 바라보았다.

그들이 막 계단을 내려오고 있을 때 몰리가 사라진 것이 발견되었다. 되돌아가서, 다른 동물들은 그녀가 가장 좋은 침실에 뒤처져 남아 있었다는 것을 발견했다. 그녀는 존스 부인의 화장대에서 푸른색 리본 한 조각을 취해(집어 들어), 그것을 그녀의 어깨에 대어 보며 매우 어리석은 방식으로 거울 속의 자신을 감탄하며 바라보고 있었다. 다른 동물들은 그녀를 날카롭게(호되게) 비난했고, 그들은 밖으로 나왔다.

부엌에 걸려 있던 몇 개의 햄은 매장을 위해 밖으로 꺼내졌고, 설거지방(뒷부엌)에 있던 맥주 통은 복서의 발굽에서 나온 발길질 한 번으로 부서져 열렸으나, 그 외에는 집 안의 그 어떤 것도 손대지 않았다. 농가는 박물관으로 보존되어야 한다는 만장일치의 결의가 그 자리에서 통과되었다. 그 누구도(어떤 동물도) 결코 그곳에서 살아서는 안 된다는 것에 모두가 동의했다.

The animals had their breakfast, and then Snowball and Napoleon called
them together again.
&lt;br&gt;
동물들은 자신들의 아침 식사를 먹었고, 그러고 나서 스노볼과 나폴레옹은 그들을 다시 함께 불러 모았다.

&quot;Comrades,&quot; said Snowball, &quot;it is half-past six and we have a long day
before us. Today we begin the hay harvest. But there is another matter
that must be attended to first.&quot;
&lt;br&gt;
&quot;동무들,&quot; 스노볼이 말했다, &quot;지금은 6시 반이고 우리 앞에는 긴 하루가 있소. 오늘 우리는 건초 수확을 시작하오. 그러나 먼저 처리되어야(돌보아져야) 하는 또 다른 문제가 있소.&quot;

The pigs now revealed that during the past three months they had taught
themselves to read and write from an old spelling book which had belonged
to Mr. Jones's children and which had been thrown on the rubbish heap.
Napoleon sent for pots of black and white paint and led the way down to
the five-barred gate that gave on to the main road. Then Snowball (for it
was Snowball who was best at writing) took a brush between the two
knuckles of his trotter, painted out MANOR FARM from the top bar of the
gate and in its place painted ANIMAL FARM. This was to be the name of the
farm from now onwards. After this they went back to the farm buildings,
where Snowball and Napoleon sent for a ladder which they caused to be set
against the end wall of the big barn. They explained that by their studies
of the past three months the pigs had succeeded in reducing the principles
of Animalism to Seven Commandments. These Seven Commandments would now be
inscribed on the wall; they would form an unalterable law by which all the
animals on Animal Farm must live for ever after. With some difficulty
(for it is not easy for a pig to balance himself on a ladder) Snowball
climbed up and set to work, with Squealer a few rungs below him holding
the paint-pot. The Commandments were written on the tarred wall in great
white letters that could be read thirty yards away. They ran thus:
&lt;br&gt;
돼지들은 이제 지난 3개월 동안 자신들이 존스 씨의 아이들의 소유였으며 쓰레기 더미에 던져져 있었던 낡은 철자 교본(spelling book)으로부터 읽고 쓰는 법을 독학했다는 것을 밝혔다. 나폴레옹은 검은색과 흰색 페인트 통들을 가져오게 했고 큰길로 통하는 다섯 가닥 가로대 대문으로 앞장서 내려갔다. 그러고 나서 스노볼이 (왜냐하면 글쓰기를 가장 잘하는 사람은 스노볼이었기 때문에) 그의 앞발의 두 마디 사이에 붓을 쥐고, 대문의 맨 위 가로대로부터 '매너 농장(MANOR FARM)'을 페인트로 지워버렸고, 그 자리에 '동물 농장(ANIMAL FARM)'을 페인트로 썼다. 이것이 이제부터 앞으로 농장의 이름이 될 것이었다.

이 일이 끝난 후 그들은 농장 건물들로 돌아왔고, 그곳에서 스노볼과 나폴레옹은 사다리를 가져오게 하여 그것을 큰 헛간의 끝 쪽 벽면에 세우도록 했다. 그들은 지난 3개월 동안의 자신들의 연구에 의해 돼지들이 동물주의의 원칙들을 '7계명(Seven Commandments)'으로 축약하는 데 성공했다고 설명했다. 이 7계명은 이제 벽에 새겨질 것이며, 그것들은 앞으로 영원히 동물 농장의 모든 동물들이 그에 따라 살아야만 하는 변경할 수 없는 법을 형성할 것이었다.

약간의 어려움을 겪으며 (왜냐하면 돼지가 사다리 위에서 스스로 균형을 잡는 것은 쉽지 않기 때문에) 스노볼이 기어 올라가 작업에 착수했고, 스퀼러는 그의 몇 칸 아래에서 페인트 통을 들고 있었다. 그 계명들은 30야드 떨어진 곳에서도 읽을 수 있는 커다란 흰색 글씨로 타르가 칠해진 벽 위에 쓰였다. 그것들은 다음과 같았다.

THE SEVEN COMMANDMENTS

1. Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy.
2. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend.
3. No animal shall wear clothes.
4. No animal shall sleep in a bed.
5. No animal shall drink alcohol.
6. No animal shall kill any other animal.
7. All animals are equal.&lt;br&gt;

동물 7계명

1. 두 다리로 걷는 것은 무엇이든 적이다.

2. 네 다리로 걷거나, 날개를 가진 것은 무엇이든 친구다.

3. 어떤 동물도 옷을 입어서는 안 된다.

4. 어떤 동물도 침대에서 잠을 자서는 안 된다.

5. 어떤 동물도 술을 마셔서는 안 된다.

6. 어떤 동물도 다른 어떤 동물을 죽여서는 안 된다.

7. 모든 동물은 평등하다.

It was very neatly written, and except that &quot;friend&quot; was written &quot;freind&quot;
and one of the &quot;S's&quot; was the wrong way round, the spelling was correct all
the way through. Snowball read it aloud for the benefit of the others. All
the animals nodded in complete agreement, and the cleverer ones at once
began to learn the Commandments by heart.&lt;br&gt;
그것은 매우 깔끔하게 쓰였고, &quot;friend&quot;가 &quot;freind&quot;로 쓰인 것과 &quot;S&quot;자들 중 하나가 반대 방향으로 돌아가 있었던 것을 제외하고는, 철자가 처음부터 끝까지 정확했다. 스노볼은 다른 동물들을 위하여 그것을 소리 내어 읽었다. 모든 동물들이 완전한 동의 속에서 고개를 끄덕였고, 더 영리한 동물들은 즉시 그 계명들을 암기하기 시작했다.

&quot;Now, comrades,&quot; cried Snowball, throwing down the paint-brush, &quot;to the
hayfield! Let us make it a point of honour to get in the harvest more
quickly than Jones and his men could do.&quot;
&lt;br&gt;
&quot;자, 동무들,&quot; 스노볼이 페인트 붓을 던져 내려놓으며 외쳤다, &quot;건초밭으로(갑시다)! 존스와 그의 일꾼들이 할 수 있었던 것보다 더 신속하게 수확을 거두는 것을 명예의 문제로 삼읍시다.&quot;

But at this moment the three cows, who had seemed uneasy for some time
past, set up a loud lowing. They had not been milked for twenty-four
hours, and their udders were almost bursting. After a little thought, the
pigs sent for buckets and milked the cows fairly successfully, their
trotters being well adapted to this task. Soon there were five buckets of
frothing creamy milk at which many of the animals looked with considerable
interest.&lt;br&gt;
그러나 바로 이 순간, 얼마 전부터 불안해 보였던 세 마리의 암소들이 큰 소리로 음매 하고 울기 시작했다. 그들은 24시간 동안 젖을 짜지 못한 상태였고, 그들의 젖통은 거의 터질 듯했다. 약간의 생각 후에, 돼지들은 양동이들을 가져오게 했고 꽤 성공적으로 소들의 젖을 짰는데, 그들의 앞발이 이 작업에 잘 맞았던(적응되었던) 것이다. 곧 거품이 일어나는 크림 같은 우유가 담긴 다섯 개의 양동이가 생겼고, 많은 동물들이 상당한 관심을 가지고 그것을 바라보았다.

&quot;What is going to happen to all that milk?&quot; said someone.

&quot;Jones used sometimes to mix some of it in our mash,&quot; said one of the hens.

&quot;Never mind the milk, comrades!&quot; cried Napoleon, placing himself in front
of the buckets. &quot;That will be attended to. The harvest is more important.
Comrade Snowball will lead the way. I shall follow in a few minutes.
Forward, comrades! The hay is waiting.&quot;
&lt;br&gt;
&quot;그 모든 우유에 무슨 일이 일어날(어떻게 처리할) 예정인가요?&quot; 누군가가 말했다.

&quot;존스 씨는 가끔 그중 일부를 우리의 사료(mash)에 섞어 주곤 했어요,&quot; 암탉들 중 한 마리가 말했다.

&quot;우유는 신경 쓰지 마시오, 동무들!&quot; 나폴레옹이 양동이들의 앞에 자신을 위치시키며(가로막아 서며) 외쳤다. &quot;그것은 처리될 것이오. 수확이 더 중요하오. 스노볼 동무가 앞장설 것이오. 나는 몇 분 후에 뒤따라가겠소. 앞으로(나아가시오.), 동무들! 건초가 기다리고 있소.&quot;

So the animals trooped down to the hayfield to begin the harvest, and when
they came back in the evening it was noticed that the milk had disappeared.
&lt;br&gt;
그리하여 동물들은 수확을 시작하기 위해 건초밭으로 무리를 지어 내려갔고, 그들이 저녁에 돌아왔을 때 그 우유가 사라졌다는 것이 주목되었다(눈에 띄었다).


Chapter III
제3장


How they toiled and sweated to get the hay in! But their efforts were
rewarded, for the harvest was an even bigger success than they had hoped.
&lt;br&gt;
그들이 건초를 거두어들이기 위해 얼마나 열심히 일하고 땀을 흘렸던가! 그러나 그들의 노력들은 보상을 받았으니, 왜냐하면 그 수확은 그들이 희망했던 것보다 훨씬 더 큰 성공이었기 때문이다.

Sometimes the work was hard; the implements had been designed for human
beings and not for animals, and it was a great drawback that no animal was
able to use any tool that involved standing on his hind legs. But the pigs
were so clever that they could think of a way round every difficulty. As
for the horses, they knew every inch of the field, and in fact understood
the business of mowing and raking far better than Jones and his men had
ever done. The pigs did not actually work, but directed and supervised the
others. With their superior knowledge it was natural that they should
assume the leadership. Boxer and Clover would harness themselves to the
cutter or the horse-rake (no bits or reins were needed in these days, of
course) and tramp steadily round and round the field with a pig walking
behind and calling out &quot;Gee up, comrade!&quot; or &quot;Whoa back, comrade!&quot; as the
case might be. And every animal down to the humblest worked at turning the
hay and gathering it. Even the ducks and hens toiled to and fro all day in
the sun, carrying tiny wisps of hay in their beaks. In the end they
finished the harvest in two days' less time than it had usually taken
Jones and his men. Moreover, it was the biggest harvest that the farm had
ever seen. There was no wastage whatever; the hens and ducks with their
sharp eyes had gathered up the very last stalk. And not an animal on the
farm had stolen so much as a mouthful.
&lt;br&gt;
때때로 그 일은 힘들었다. 도구들은 동물이 아니라 인간을 위해 고안된 것이었고, 어떤 동물도 뒷다리로 서야 하는 도구를 사용할 수 없다는 것이 큰 결점(장애)이었다.
하지만 돼지들은 너무나 영리해서 모든 어려움을 헤쳐 나갈 방법을 생각해 낼 수 있었다.
말들로 말하자면, 그들은 들판의 모든 인치를 알고 있었고, 사실 그것은 잔디를 베고 갈퀴질하는 일을 존스와 그의 일꾼들이 과거에 했던 것보다 훨씬 더 잘 이해하고 있었다.
돼지들은 실제로 일하지는 않았고, 다른 동물들을 지시하고 감독했다. 그들의 우월한 지식을 가지고 그들이 지도력을 맡는 것은 자연스러운 일이었다.
복서와 클로버는 그들 자신을 절단기나 말 갈퀴에 묶고(물론 요즘에는 재갈이나 고삐가 필요 없었다), 뒤에서 걸어오며 상황에 따라 &quot;이랴, 동무!&quot; 또는 &quot;워, 동무!&quot;라고 외치는 돼지와 함께 들판을 빙빙 꾸준히 걸어 다녔다.
그리고 가장 비천한 동물에 이르기까지 모든 동물이 건초를 뒤집고 그것을 모으는 일을 했다. 심지어 오리와 암탉들도 부리에 아주 작은 건초 더미를 물고 나르며 하루 종일 태양 아래에서 이리저리 힘들게 일했다.
결국 그들은 존스와 그의 부하들이 보통 걸렸던 것보다 이틀 더 적은 시간 안에 수확을 마쳤다.
게다가, 그것은 그 농장이 그때까지 보았던 가장 큰 수확이었다.
낭비는 전혀 없었다. 암탉들과 오리들은 그들의 날카로운 눈으로 아주 마지막 줄기까지 주워 모았다.
그리고 농장의 어떤 동물도 한 입 거리만큼도 훔치지 않았다.

All through that summer the work of the farm went like clockwork. The
animals were happy as they had never conceived it possible to be. Every
mouthful of food was an acute positive pleasure, now that it was truly
their own food, produced by themselves and for themselves, not doled out
to them by a grudging master. With the worthless parasitical human beings
gone, there was more for everyone to eat. There was more leisure too,
inexperienced though the animals were. They met with many difficulties--for
instance, later in the year, when they harvested the corn, they had to
tread it out in the ancient style and blow away the chaff with their
breath, since the farm possessed no threshing machine--but the pigs with
their cleverness and Boxer with his tremendous muscles always pulled them
through. Boxer was the admiration of everybody. He had been a hard worker
even in Jones's time, but now he seemed more like three horses than one;
there were days when the entire work of the farm seemed to rest on his
mighty shoulders. From morning to night he was pushing and pulling, always
at the spot where the work was hardest. He had made an arrangement with
one of the cockerels to call him in the mornings half an hour earlier than
anyone else, and would put in some volunteer labour at whatever seemed to
be most needed, before the regular day's work began. His answer to every
problem, every setback, was &quot;I will work harder!&quot;--which he had adopted as
his personal motto.

But everyone worked according to his capacity. The hens and ducks, for
instance, saved five bushels of corn at the harvest by gathering up the
stray grains. Nobody stole, nobody grumbled over his rations, the
quarrelling and biting and jealousy which had been normal features of life
in the old days had almost disappeared. Nobody shirked--or almost nobody.
Mollie, it was true, was not good at getting up in the mornings, and had a
way of leaving work early on the ground that there was a stone in her
hoof. And the behaviour of the cat was somewhat peculiar. It was soon
noticed that when there was work to be done the cat could never be found.
She would vanish for hours on end, and then reappear at meal-times, or in
the evening after work was over, as though nothing had happened. But she
always made such excellent excuses, and purred so affectionately, that it
was impossible not to believe in her good intentions. Old Benjamin, the
donkey, seemed quite unchanged since the Rebellion. He did his work in the
same slow obstinate way as he had done it in Jones's time, never shirking
and never volunteering for extra work either. About the Rebellion and its
results he would express no opinion. When asked whether he was not happier
now that Jones was gone, he would say only &quot;Donkeys live a long time. None
of you has ever seen a dead donkey,&quot; and the others had to be content with
this cryptic answer.

On Sundays there was no work. Breakfast was an hour later than usual, and
after breakfast there was a ceremony which was observed every week without
fail. First came the hoisting of the flag. Snowball had found in the
harness-room an old green tablecloth of Mrs. Jones's and had painted on it
a hoof and a horn in white. This was run up the flagstaff in the farmhouse
garden every Sunday morning. The flag was green, Snowball explained, to
represent the green fields of England, while the hoof and horn signified
the future Republic of the Animals which would arise when the human race
had been finally overthrown. After the hoisting of the flag all the
animals trooped into the big barn for a general assembly which was known
as the Meeting. Here the work of the coming week was planned out and
resolutions were put forward and debated. It was always the pigs who put
forward the resolutions. The other animals understood how to vote, but
could never think of any resolutions of their own. Snowball and Napoleon
were by far the most active in the debates. But it was noticed that these
two were never in agreement: whatever suggestion either of them made, the
other could be counted on to oppose it. Even when it was resolved--a thing
no one could object to in itself--to set aside the small paddock behind
the orchard as a home of rest for animals who were past work, there was a
stormy debate over the correct retiring age for each class of animal. The
Meeting always ended with the singing of 'Beasts of England', and the
afternoon was given up to recreation.

The pigs had set aside the harness-room as a headquarters for themselves.
Here, in the evenings, they studied blacksmithing, carpentering, and other
necessary arts from books which they had brought out of the farmhouse.
Snowball also busied himself with organising the other animals into what
he called Animal Committees. He was indefatigable at this. He formed the
Egg Production Committee for the hens, the Clean Tails League for the
cows, the Wild Comrades' Re-education Committee (the object of this was to
tame the rats and rabbits), the Whiter Wool Movement for the sheep, and
various others, besides instituting classes in reading and writing. On the
whole, these projects were a failure. The attempt to tame the wild
creatures, for instance, broke down almost immediately. They continued to
behave very much as before, and when treated with generosity, simply took
advantage of it. The cat joined the Re-education Committee and was very
active in it for some days. She was seen one day sitting on a roof and
talking to some sparrows who were just out of her reach. She was telling
them that all animals were now comrades and that any sparrow who chose
could come and perch on her paw; but the sparrows kept their distance.

The reading and writing classes, however, were a great success. By the
autumn almost every animal on the farm was literate in some degree.

As for the pigs, they could already read and write perfectly. The dogs
learned to read fairly well, but were not interested in reading anything
except the Seven Commandments. Muriel, the goat, could read somewhat
better than the dogs, and sometimes used to read to the others in the
evenings from scraps of newspaper which she found on the rubbish heap.
Benjamin could read as well as any pig, but never exercised his faculty.
So far as he knew, he said, there was nothing worth reading. Clover learnt
the whole alphabet, but could not put words together. Boxer could not get
beyond the letter D. He would trace out A, B, C, D, in the dust with his
great hoof, and then would stand staring at the letters with his ears
back, sometimes shaking his forelock, trying with all his might to
remember what came next and never succeeding. On several occasions,
indeed, he did learn E, F, G, H, but by the time he knew them, it was
always discovered that he had forgotten A, B, C, and D. Finally he decided
to be content with the first four letters, and used to write them out once
or twice every day to refresh his memory. Mollie refused to learn any but
the six letters which spelt her own name. She would form these very neatly
out of pieces of twig, and would then decorate them with a flower or two
and walk round them admiring them.

None of the other animals on the farm could get further than the letter A.
It was also found that the stupider animals, such as the sheep, hens, and
ducks, were unable to learn the Seven Commandments by heart. After much
thought Snowball declared that the Seven Commandments could in effect be
reduced to a single maxim, namely: &quot;Four legs good, two legs bad.&quot; This,
he said, contained the essential principle of Animalism. Whoever had
thoroughly grasped it would be safe from human influences. The birds at
first objected, since it seemed to them that they also had two legs, but
Snowball proved to them that this was not so.

&quot;A bird's wing, comrades,&quot; he said, &quot;is an organ of propulsion and not of
manipulation. It should therefore be regarded as a leg. The distinguishing
mark of man is the HAND, the instrument with which he does all his
mischief.&quot;

The birds did not understand Snowball's long words, but they accepted his
explanation, and all the humbler animals set to work to learn the new
maxim by heart. FOUR LEGS GOOD, TWO LEGS BAD, was inscribed on the end
wall of the barn, above the Seven Commandments and in bigger letters. When
they had once got it by heart, the sheep developed a great liking for this
maxim, and often as they lay in the field they would all start bleating
&quot;Four legs good, two legs bad! Four legs good, two legs bad!&quot; and keep it
up for hours on end, never growing tired of it.

Napoleon took no interest in Snowball's committees. He said that the
education of the young was more important than anything that could be done
for those who were already grown up. It happened that Jessie and Bluebell
had both whelped soon after the hay harvest, giving birth between them to
nine sturdy puppies. As soon as they were weaned, Napoleon took them away
from their mothers, saying that he would make himself responsible for
their education. He took them up into a loft which could only be reached
by a ladder from the harness-room, and there kept them in such seclusion
that the rest of the farm soon forgot their existence.

The mystery of where the milk went to was soon cleared up. It was mixed
every day into the pigs' mash. The early apples were now ripening, and the
grass of the orchard was littered with windfalls. The animals had assumed
as a matter of course that these would be shared out equally; one day,
however, the order went forth that all the windfalls were to be collected
and brought to the harness-room for the use of the pigs. At this some of
the other animals murmured, but it was no use. All the pigs were in full
agreement on this point, even Snowball and Napoleon. Squealer was sent to
make the necessary explanations to the others.

&quot;Comrades!&quot; he cried. &quot;You do not imagine, I hope, that we pigs are doing
this in a spirit of selfishness and privilege? Many of us actually dislike
milk and apples. I dislike them myself. Our sole object in taking these
things is to preserve our health. Milk and apples (this has been proved by
Science, comrades) contain substances absolutely necessary to the
well-being of a pig. We pigs are brainworkers. The whole management and
organisation of this farm depend on us. Day and night we are watching over
your welfare. It is for YOUR sake that we drink that milk and eat those
apples. Do you know what would happen if we pigs failed in our duty? Jones
would come back! Yes, Jones would come back! Surely, comrades,&quot; cried
Squealer almost pleadingly, skipping from side to side and whisking his
tail, &quot;surely there is no one among you who wants to see Jones come back?&quot;

Now if there was one thing that the animals were completely certain of, it
was that they did not want Jones back. When it was put to them in this
light, they had no more to say. The importance of keeping the pigs in good
health was all too obvious. So it was agreed without further argument that
the milk and the windfall apples (and also the main crop of apples when
they ripened) should be reserved for the pigs alone.


Chapter IV
제4장


By the late summer the news of what had happened on Animal Farm had spread
across half the county. Every day Snowball and Napoleon sent out flights
of pigeons whose instructions were to mingle with the animals on
neighbouring farms, tell them the story of the Rebellion, and teach them
the tune of 'Beasts of England'.

Most of this time Mr. Jones had spent sitting in the taproom of the Red
Lion at Willingdon, complaining to anyone who would listen of the
monstrous injustice he had suffered in being turned out of his property by
a pack of good-for-nothing animals. The other farmers sympathised in
principle, but they did not at first give him much help. At heart, each of
them was secretly wondering whether he could not somehow turn Jones's
misfortune to his own advantage. It was lucky that the owners of the two
farms which adjoined Animal Farm were on permanently bad terms. One of
them, which was named Foxwood, was a large, neglected, old-fashioned farm,
much overgrown by woodland, with all its pastures worn out and its hedges
in a disgraceful condition. Its owner, Mr. Pilkington, was an easy-going
gentleman farmer who spent most of his time in fishing or hunting
according to the season. The other farm, which was called Pinchfield, was
smaller and better kept. Its owner was a Mr. Frederick, a tough, shrewd
man, perpetually involved in lawsuits and with a name for driving hard
bargains. These two disliked each other so much that it was difficult for
them to come to any agreement, even in defence of their own interests.

Nevertheless, they were both thoroughly frightened by the rebellion on
Animal Farm, and very anxious to prevent their own animals from learning
too much about it. At first they pretended to laugh to scorn the idea of
animals managing a farm for themselves. The whole thing would be over in a
fortnight, they said. They put it about that the animals on the Manor Farm
(they insisted on calling it the Manor Farm; they would not tolerate the
name &quot;Animal Farm&quot;) were perpetually fighting among themselves and were
also rapidly starving to death. When time passed and the animals had
evidently not starved to death, Frederick and Pilkington changed their
tune and began to talk of the terrible wickedness that now flourished on
Animal Farm. It was given out that the animals there practised cannibalism,
tortured one another with red-hot horseshoes, and had their females in
common. This was what came of rebelling against the laws of Nature,
Frederick and Pilkington said.

However, these stories were never fully believed. Rumours of a wonderful
farm, where the human beings had been turned out and the animals managed
their own affairs, continued to circulate in vague and distorted forms,
and throughout that year a wave of rebelliousness ran through the
countryside. Bulls which had always been tractable suddenly turned savage,
sheep broke down hedges and devoured the clover, cows kicked the pail
over, hunters refused their fences and shot their riders on to the other
side. Above all, the tune and even the words of 'Beasts of England' were
known everywhere. It had spread with astonishing speed. The human beings
could not contain their rage when they heard this song, though they
pretended to think it merely ridiculous. They could not understand, they
said, how even animals could bring themselves to sing such contemptible
rubbish. Any animal caught singing it was given a flogging on the spot.
And yet the song was irrepressible. The blackbirds whistled it in the
hedges, the pigeons cooed it in the elms, it got into the din of the
smithies and the tune of the church bells. And when the human beings
listened to it, they secretly trembled, hearing in it a prophecy of their
future doom.

Early in October, when the corn was cut and stacked and some of it was
already threshed, a flight of pigeons came whirling through the air and
alighted in the yard of Animal Farm in the wildest excitement. Jones and
all his men, with half a dozen others from Foxwood and Pinchfield, had
entered the five-barred gate and were coming up the cart-track that led to
the farm. They were all carrying sticks, except Jones, who was marching
ahead with a gun in his hands. Obviously they were going to attempt the
recapture of the farm.

This had long been expected, and all preparations had been made. Snowball,
who had studied an old book of Julius Caesar's campaigns which he had
found in the farmhouse, was in charge of the defensive operations. He gave
his orders quickly, and in a couple of minutes every animal was at his
post.

As the human beings approached the farm buildings, Snowball launched his
first attack. All the pigeons, to the number of thirty-five, flew to and
fro over the men's heads and muted upon them from mid-air; and while the
men were dealing with this, the geese, who had been hiding behind the
hedge, rushed out and pecked viciously at the calves of their legs.
However, this was only a light skirmishing manoeuvre, intended to create a
little disorder, and the men easily drove the geese off with their sticks.
Snowball now launched his second line of attack. Muriel, Benjamin, and all
the sheep, with Snowball at the head of them, rushed forward and prodded
and butted the men from every side, while Benjamin turned around and
lashed at them with his small hoofs. But once again the men, with their
sticks and their hobnailed boots, were too strong for them; and suddenly,
at a squeal from Snowball, which was the signal for retreat, all the
animals turned and fled through the gateway into the yard.

The men gave a shout of triumph. They saw, as they imagined, their enemies
in flight, and they rushed after them in disorder. This was just what
Snowball had intended. As soon as they were well inside the yard, the
three horses, the three cows, and the rest of the pigs, who had been lying
in ambush in the cowshed, suddenly emerged in their rear, cutting them
off. Snowball now gave the signal for the charge. He himself dashed
straight for Jones. Jones saw him coming, raised his gun and fired. The
pellets scored bloody streaks along Snowball's back, and a sheep dropped
dead. Without halting for an instant, Snowball flung his fifteen stone
against Jones's legs. Jones was hurled into a pile of dung and his gun
flew out of his hands. But the most terrifying spectacle of all was Boxer,
rearing up on his hind legs and striking out with his great iron-shod
hoofs like a stallion. His very first blow took a stable-lad from Foxwood
on the skull and stretched him lifeless in the mud. At the sight, several
men dropped their sticks and tried to run. Panic overtook them, and the
next moment all the animals together were chasing them round and round the
yard. They were gored, kicked, bitten, trampled on. There was not an
animal on the farm that did not take vengeance on them after his own
fashion. Even the cat suddenly leapt off a roof onto a cowman's shoulders
and sank her claws in his neck, at which he yelled horribly. At a moment
when the opening was clear, the men were glad enough to rush out of the
yard and make a bolt for the main road. And so within five minutes of
their invasion they were in ignominious retreat by the same way as they
had come, with a flock of geese hissing after them and pecking at their
calves all the way.

All the men were gone except one. Back in the yard Boxer was pawing with
his hoof at the stable-lad who lay face down in the mud, trying to turn
him over. The boy did not stir.

&quot;He is dead,&quot; said Boxer sorrowfully. &quot;I had no intention of doing that.
I forgot that I was wearing iron shoes. Who will believe that I did not do
this on purpose?&quot;

&quot;No sentimentality, comrade!&quot; cried Snowball from whose wounds the blood
was still dripping. &quot;War is war. The only good human being is a dead one.&quot;

&quot;I have no wish to take life, not even human life,&quot; repeated Boxer, and
his eyes were full of tears.

&quot;Where is Mollie?&quot; exclaimed somebody.

Mollie in fact was missing. For a moment there was great alarm; it was
feared that the men might have harmed her in some way, or even carried her
off with them. In the end, however, she was found hiding in her stall with
her head buried among the hay in the manger. She had taken to flight as
soon as the gun went off. And when the others came back from looking for
her, it was to find that the stable-lad, who in fact was only stunned, had
already recovered and made off.

The animals had now reassembled in the wildest excitement, each recounting
his own exploits in the battle at the top of his voice. An impromptu
celebration of the victory was held immediately. The flag was run up and
'Beasts of England' was sung a number of times, then the sheep who had been
killed was given a solemn funeral, a hawthorn bush being planted on her
grave. At the graveside Snowball made a little speech, emphasising the
need for all animals to be ready to die for Animal Farm if need be.

The animals decided unanimously to create a military decoration, &quot;Animal
Hero, First Class,&quot; which was conferred there and then on Snowball and
Boxer. It consisted of a brass medal (they were really some old
horse-brasses which had been found in the harness-room), to be worn on
Sundays and holidays. There was also &quot;Animal Hero, Second Class,&quot; which
was conferred posthumously on the dead sheep.

There was much discussion as to what the battle should be called. In the
end, it was named the Battle of the Cowshed, since that was where the
ambush had been sprung. Mr. Jones's gun had been found lying in the mud,
and it was known that there was a supply of cartridges in the farmhouse.
It was decided to set the gun up at the foot of the Flagstaff, like a
piece of artillery, and to fire it twice a year--once on October the
twelfth, the anniversary of the Battle of the Cowshed, and once on
Midsummer Day, the anniversary of the Rebellion.


Chapter V
제5장


As winter drew on, Mollie became more and more troublesome. She was late
for work every morning and excused herself by saying that she had
overslept, and she complained of mysterious pains, although her appetite
was excellent. On every kind of pretext she would run away from work and
go to the drinking pool, where she would stand foolishly gazing at her own
reflection in the water. But there were also rumours of something more
serious. One day, as Mollie strolled blithely into the yard, flirting her
long tail and chewing at a stalk of hay, Clover took her aside.

&quot;Mollie,&quot; she said, &quot;I have something very serious to say to you. This
morning I saw you looking over the hedge that divides Animal Farm from
Foxwood. One of Mr. Pilkington's men was standing on the other side of the
hedge. And--I was a long way away, but I am almost certain I saw this--he
was talking to you and you were allowing him to stroke your nose. What
does that mean, Mollie?&quot;

&quot;He didn't! I wasn't! It isn't true!&quot; cried Mollie, beginning to prance
about and paw the ground.

&quot;Mollie! Look me in the face. Do you give me your word of honour that that
man was not stroking your nose?&quot;

&quot;It isn't true!&quot; repeated Mollie, but she could not look Clover in the
face, and the next moment she took to her heels and galloped away into the
field.

A thought struck Clover. Without saying anything to the others, she went
to Mollie's stall and turned over the straw with her hoof. Hidden under
the straw was a little pile of lump sugar and several bunches of ribbon of
different colours.

Three days later Mollie disappeared. For some weeks nothing was known of
her whereabouts, then the pigeons reported that they had seen her on the
other side of Willingdon. She was between the shafts of a smart dogcart
painted red and black, which was standing outside a public-house. A fat
red-faced man in check breeches and gaiters, who looked like a publican,
was stroking her nose and feeding her with sugar. Her coat was newly
clipped and she wore a scarlet ribbon round her forelock. She appeared to
be enjoying herself, so the pigeons said. None of the animals ever
mentioned Mollie again.

In January there came bitterly hard weather. The earth was like iron, and
nothing could be done in the fields. Many meetings were held in the big
barn, and the pigs occupied themselves with planning out the work of the
coming season. It had come to be accepted that the pigs, who were
manifestly cleverer than the other animals, should decide all questions of
farm policy, though their decisions had to be ratified by a majority vote.
This arrangement would have worked well enough if it had not been for the
disputes between Snowball and Napoleon. These two disagreed at every point
where disagreement was possible. If one of them suggested sowing a bigger
acreage with barley, the other was certain to demand a bigger acreage of
oats, and if one of them said that such and such a field was just right
for cabbages, the other would declare that it was useless for anything
except roots. Each had his own following, and there were some violent
debates. At the Meetings Snowball often won over the majority by his
brilliant speeches, but Napoleon was better at canvassing support for
himself in between times. He was especially successful with the sheep. Of
late the sheep had taken to bleating &quot;Four legs good, two legs bad&quot; both
in and out of season, and they often interrupted the Meeting with this. It
was noticed that they were especially liable to break into &quot;Four legs
good, two legs bad&quot; at crucial moments in Snowball's speeches. Snowball
had made a close study of some back numbers of the 'Farmer and
Stockbreeder' which he had found in the farmhouse, and was full of plans
for innovations and improvements. He talked learnedly about field drains,
silage, and basic slag, and had worked out a complicated scheme for all
the animals to drop their dung directly in the fields, at a different spot
every day, to save the labour of cartage. Napoleon produced no schemes of
his own, but said quietly that Snowball's would come to nothing, and
seemed to be biding his time. But of all their controversies, none was so
bitter as the one that took place over the windmill.

In the long pasture, not far from the farm buildings, there was a small
knoll which was the highest point on the farm. After surveying the ground,
Snowball declared that this was just the place for a windmill, which could
be made to operate a dynamo and supply the farm with electrical power.
This would light the stalls and warm them in winter, and would also run a
circular saw, a chaff-cutter, a mangel-slicer, and an electric milking
machine. The animals had never heard of anything of this kind before
(for the farm was an old-fashioned one and had only the most primitive
machinery), and they listened in astonishment while Snowball conjured up
pictures of fantastic machines which would do their work for them while
they grazed at their ease in the fields or improved their minds with
reading and conversation.

Within a few weeks Snowball's plans for the windmill were fully worked
out. The mechanical details came mostly from three books which had
belonged to Mr. Jones--'One Thousand Useful Things to Do About the House',
'Every Man His Own Bricklayer', and 'Electricity for Beginners'. Snowball
used as his study a shed which had once been used for incubators and had a
smooth wooden floor, suitable for drawing on. He was closeted there for
hours at a time. With his books held open by a stone, and with a piece of
chalk gripped between the knuckles of his trotter, he would move rapidly
to and fro, drawing in line after line and uttering little whimpers of
excitement. Gradually the plans grew into a complicated mass of cranks and
cog-wheels, covering more than half the floor, which the other animals
found completely unintelligible but very impressive. All of them came to
look at Snowball's drawings at least once a day. Even the hens and ducks
came, and were at pains not to tread on the chalk marks. Only Napoleon
held aloof. He had declared himself against the windmill from the start.
One day, however, he arrived unexpectedly to examine the plans. He walked
heavily round the shed, looked closely at every detail of the plans and
snuffed at them once or twice, then stood for a little while contemplating
them out of the corner of his eye; then suddenly he lifted his leg,
urinated over the plans, and walked out without uttering a word.

The whole farm was deeply divided on the subject of the windmill. Snowball
did not deny that to build it would be a difficult business. Stone would
have to be carried and built up into walls, then the sails would have to
be made and after that there would be need for dynamos and cables. (How
these were to be procured, Snowball did not say.) But he maintained that
it could all be done in a year. And thereafter, he declared, so much
labour would be saved that the animals would only need to work three days
a week. Napoleon, on the other hand, argued that the great need of the
moment was to increase food production, and that if they wasted time on
the windmill they would all starve to death. The animals formed themselves
into two factions under the slogan, &quot;Vote for Snowball and the three-day
week&quot; and &quot;Vote for Napoleon and the full manger.&quot; Benjamin was the only
animal who did not side with either faction. He refused to believe either
that food would become more plentiful or that the windmill would save
work. Windmill or no windmill, he said, life would go on as it had always
gone on--that is, badly.

Apart from the disputes over the windmill, there was the question of the
defence of the farm. It was fully realised that though the human beings
had been defeated in the Battle of the Cowshed they might make another and
more determined attempt to recapture the farm and reinstate Mr. Jones.
They had all the more reason for doing so because the news of their defeat
had spread across the countryside and made the animals on the neighbouring
farms more restive than ever. As usual, Snowball and Napoleon were in
disagreement. According to Napoleon, what the animals must do was to
procure firearms and train themselves in the use of them. According to
Snowball, they must send out more and more pigeons and stir up rebellion
among the animals on the other farms. The one argued that if they could
not defend themselves they were bound to be conquered, the other argued
that if rebellions happened everywhere they would have no need to defend
themselves. The animals listened first to Napoleon, then to Snowball, and
could not make up their minds which was right; indeed, they always found
themselves in agreement with the one who was speaking at the moment.

At last the day came when Snowball's plans were completed. At the Meeting
on the following Sunday the question of whether or not to begin work on
the windmill was to be put to the vote. When the animals had assembled in
the big barn, Snowball stood up and, though occasionally interrupted by
bleating from the sheep, set forth his reasons for advocating the building
of the windmill. Then Napoleon stood up to reply. He said very quietly
that the windmill was nonsense and that he advised nobody to vote for it,
and promptly sat down again; he had spoken for barely thirty seconds, and
seemed almost indifferent as to the effect he produced. At this Snowball
sprang to his feet, and shouting down the sheep, who had begun bleating
again, broke into a passionate appeal in favour of the windmill. Until now
the animals had been about equally divided in their sympathies, but in a
moment Snowball's eloquence had carried them away. In glowing sentences he
painted a picture of Animal Farm as it might be when sordid labour was
lifted from the animals' backs. His imagination had now run far beyond
chaff-cutters and turnip-slicers. Electricity, he said, could operate
threshing machines, ploughs, harrows, rollers, and reapers and binders,
besides supplying every stall with its own electric light, hot and cold
water, and an electric heater. By the time he had finished speaking, there
was no doubt as to which way the vote would go. But just at this moment
Napoleon stood up and, casting a peculiar sidelong look at Snowball,
uttered a high-pitched whimper of a kind no one had ever heard him utter
before.

At this there was a terrible baying sound outside, and nine enormous dogs
wearing brass-studded collars came bounding into the barn. They dashed
straight for Snowball, who only sprang from his place just in time to
escape their snapping jaws. In a moment he was out of the door and they
were after him. Too amazed and frightened to speak, all the animals
crowded through the door to watch the chase. Snowball was racing across
the long pasture that led to the road. He was running as only a pig can
run, but the dogs were close on his heels. Suddenly he slipped and it
seemed certain that they had him. Then he was up again, running faster
than ever, then the dogs were gaining on him again. One of them all but
closed his jaws on Snowball's tail, but Snowball whisked it free just in
time. Then he put on an extra spurt and, with a few inches to spare,
slipped through a hole in the hedge and was seen no more.

Silent and terrified, the animals crept back into the barn. In a moment
the dogs came bounding back. At first no one had been able to imagine
where these creatures came from, but the problem was soon solved: they
were the puppies whom Napoleon had taken away from their mothers and
reared privately. Though not yet full-grown, they were huge dogs, and as
fierce-looking as wolves. They kept close to Napoleon. It was noticed that
they wagged their tails to him in the same way as the other dogs had been
used to do to Mr. Jones.

Napoleon, with the dogs following him, now mounted on to the raised
portion of the floor where Major had previously stood to deliver his
speech. He announced that from now on the Sunday-morning Meetings would
come to an end. They were unnecessary, he said, and wasted time. In future
all questions relating to the working of the farm would be settled by a
special committee of pigs, presided over by himself. These would meet in
private and afterwards communicate their decisions to the others. The
animals would still assemble on Sunday mornings to salute the flag, sing
'Beasts of England', and receive their orders for the week; but there would
be no more debates.

In spite of the shock that Snowball's expulsion had given them, the
animals were dismayed by this announcement. Several of them would have
protested if they could have found the right arguments. Even Boxer was
vaguely troubled. He set his ears back, shook his forelock several times,
and tried hard to marshal his thoughts; but in the end he could not think
of anything to say. Some of the pigs themselves, however, were more
articulate. Four young porkers in the front row uttered shrill squeals of
disapproval, and all four of them sprang to their feet and began speaking
at once. But suddenly the dogs sitting round Napoleon let out deep,
menacing growls, and the pigs fell silent and sat down again. Then the
sheep broke out into a tremendous bleating of &quot;Four legs good, two legs
bad!&quot; which went on for nearly a quarter of an hour and put an end to any
chance of discussion.

Afterwards Squealer was sent round the farm to explain the new arrangement
to the others.

&quot;Comrades,&quot; he said, &quot;I trust that every animal here appreciates the
sacrifice that Comrade Napoleon has made in taking this extra labour upon
himself. Do not imagine, comrades, that leadership is a pleasure! On the
contrary, it is a deep and heavy responsibility. No one believes more
firmly than Comrade Napoleon that all animals are equal. He would be only
too happy to let you make your decisions for yourselves. But sometimes you
might make the wrong decisions, comrades, and then where should we be?
Suppose you had decided to follow Snowball, with his moonshine of
windmills--Snowball, who, as we now know, was no better than a criminal?&quot;

&quot;He fought bravely at the Battle of the Cowshed,&quot; said somebody.

&quot;Bravery is not enough,&quot; said Squealer. &quot;Loyalty and obedience are more
important. And as to the Battle of the Cowshed, I believe the time will
come when we shall find that Snowball's part in it was much exaggerated.
Discipline, comrades, iron discipline! That is the watchword for today.
One false step, and our enemies would be upon us. Surely, comrades, you do
not want Jones back?&quot;

Once again this argument was unanswerable. Certainly the animals did not
want Jones back; if the holding of debates on Sunday mornings was liable
to bring him back, then the debates must stop. Boxer, who had now had time
to think things over, voiced the general feeling by saying: &quot;If Comrade
Napoleon says it, it must be right.&quot; And from then on he adopted the
maxim, &quot;Napoleon is always right,&quot; in addition to his private motto of &quot;I
will work harder.&quot;

By this time the weather had broken and the spring ploughing had begun.
The shed where Snowball had drawn his plans of the windmill had been shut
up and it was assumed that the plans had been rubbed off the floor. Every
Sunday morning at ten o'clock the animals assembled in the big barn to
receive their orders for the week. The skull of old Major, now clean of
flesh, had been disinterred from the orchard and set up on a stump at the
foot of the flagstaff, beside the gun. After the hoisting of the flag, the
animals were required to file past the skull in a reverent manner before
entering the barn. Nowadays they did not sit all together as they had done
in the past. Napoleon, with Squealer and another pig named Minimus, who
had a remarkable gift for composing songs and poems, sat on the front of
the raised platform, with the nine young dogs forming a semicircle round
them, and the other pigs sitting behind. The rest of the animals sat
facing them in the main body of the barn. Napoleon read out the orders for
the week in a gruff soldierly style, and after a single singing of 'Beasts
of England', all the animals dispersed.

On the third Sunday after Snowball's expulsion, the animals were somewhat
surprised to hear Napoleon announce that the windmill was to be built
after all. He did not give any reason for having changed his mind, but
merely warned the animals that this extra task would mean very hard work,
it might even be necessary to reduce their rations. The plans, however,
had all been prepared, down to the last detail. A special committee of
pigs had been at work upon them for the past three weeks. The building of
the windmill, with various other improvements, was expected to take two
years.

That evening Squealer explained privately to the other animals that
Napoleon had never in reality been opposed to the windmill. On the
contrary, it was he who had advocated it in the beginning, and the plan
which Snowball had drawn on the floor of the incubator shed had actually
been stolen from among Napoleon's papers. The windmill was, in fact,
Napoleon's own creation. Why, then, asked somebody, had he spoken so
strongly against it? Here Squealer looked very sly. That, he said, was
Comrade Napoleon's cunning. He had SEEMED to oppose the windmill, simply
as a manoeuvre to get rid of Snowball, who was a dangerous character and a
bad influence. Now that Snowball was out of the way, the plan could go
forward without his interference. This, said Squealer, was something
called tactics. He repeated a number of times, &quot;Tactics, comrades,
tactics!&quot; skipping round and whisking his tail with a merry laugh. The
animals were not certain what the word meant, but Squealer spoke so
persuasively, and the three dogs who happened to be with him growled so
threateningly, that they accepted his explanation without further
questions.


Chapter VI
제6장 


All that year the animals worked like slaves. But they were happy in their
work; they grudged no effort or sacrifice, well aware that everything that
they did was for the benefit of themselves and those of their kind who
would come after them, and not for a pack of idle, thieving human beings.

Throughout the spring and summer they worked a sixty-hour week, and in
August Napoleon announced that there would be work on Sunday afternoons
as well. This work was strictly voluntary, but any animal who absented
himself from it would have his rations reduced by half. Even so, it was
found necessary to leave certain tasks undone. The harvest was a little
less successful than in the previous year, and two fields which should
have been sown with roots in the early summer were not sown because the
ploughing had not been completed early enough. It was possible to foresee
that the coming winter would be a hard one.

The windmill presented unexpected difficulties. There was a good quarry of
limestone on the farm, and plenty of sand and cement had been found in one
of the outhouses, so that all the materials for building were at hand. But
the problem the animals could not at first solve was how to break up the
stone into pieces of suitable size. There seemed no way of doing this
except with picks and crowbars, which no animal could use, because no
animal could stand on his hind legs. Only after weeks of vain effort did
the right idea occur to somebody-namely, to utilise the force of gravity.
Huge boulders, far too big to be used as they were, were lying all over
the bed of the quarry. The animals lashed ropes round these, and then all
together, cows, horses, sheep, any animal that could lay hold of the
rope--even the pigs sometimes joined in at critical moments--they dragged
them with desperate slowness up the slope to the top of the quarry, where
they were toppled over the edge, to shatter to pieces below. Transporting
the stone when it was once broken was comparatively simple. The horses
carried it off in cart-loads, the sheep dragged single blocks, even Muriel
and Benjamin yoked themselves into an old governess-cart and did their
share. By late summer a sufficient store of stone had accumulated, and
then the building began, under the superintendence of the pigs.

But it was a slow, laborious process. Frequently it took a whole day of
exhausting effort to drag a single boulder to the top of the quarry, and
sometimes when it was pushed over the edge it failed to break. Nothing
could have been achieved without Boxer, whose strength seemed equal to
that of all the rest of the animals put together. When the boulder began
to slip and the animals cried out in despair at finding themselves dragged
down the hill, it was always Boxer who strained himself against the rope
and brought the boulder to a stop. To see him toiling up the slope inch by
inch, his breath coming fast, the tips of his hoofs clawing at the ground,
and his great sides matted with sweat, filled everyone with admiration.
Clover warned him sometimes to be careful not to overstrain himself, but
Boxer would never listen to her. His two slogans, &quot;I will work harder&quot;
and &quot;Napoleon is always right,&quot; seemed to him a sufficient answer to all
problems. He had made arrangements with the cockerel to call him
three-quarters of an hour earlier in the mornings instead of half an hour.
And in his spare moments, of which there were not many nowadays, he would
go alone to the quarry, collect a load of broken stone, and drag it down
to the site of the windmill unassisted.

The animals were not badly off throughout that summer, in spite of the
hardness of their work. If they had no more food than they had had in
Jones's day, at least they did not have less. The advantage of only having
to feed themselves, and not having to support five extravagant human
beings as well, was so great that it would have taken a lot of failures to
outweigh it. And in many ways the animal method of doing things was more
efficient and saved labour. Such jobs as weeding, for instance, could be
done with a thoroughness impossible to human beings. And again, since no
animal now stole, it was unnecessary to fence off pasture from arable
land, which saved a lot of labour on the upkeep of hedges and gates.
Nevertheless, as the summer wore on, various unforeseen shortages began to
make them selves felt. There was need of paraffin oil, nails, string, dog
biscuits, and iron for the horses' shoes, none of which could be produced
on the farm. Later there would also be need for seeds and artificial
manures, besides various tools and, finally, the machinery for the
windmill. How these were to be procured, no one was able to imagine.

One Sunday morning, when the animals assembled to receive their orders,
Napoleon announced that he had decided upon a new policy. From now onwards
Animal Farm would engage in trade with the neighbouring farms: not, of
course, for any commercial purpose, but simply in order to obtain certain
materials which were urgently necessary. The needs of the windmill must
override everything else, he said. He was therefore making arrangements to
sell a stack of hay and part of the current year's wheat crop, and later
on, if more money were needed, it would have to be made up by the sale of
eggs, for which there was always a market in Willingdon. The hens, said
Napoleon, should welcome this sacrifice as their own special contribution
towards the building of the windmill.

Once again the animals were conscious of a vague uneasiness. Never to have
any dealings with human beings, never to engage in trade, never to make
use of money--had not these been among the earliest resolutions passed at
that first triumphant Meeting after Jones was expelled? All the animals
remembered passing such resolutions: or at least they thought that they
remembered it. The four young pigs who had protested when Napoleon
abolished the Meetings raised their voices timidly, but they were promptly
silenced by a tremendous growling from the dogs. Then, as usual, the sheep
broke into &quot;Four legs good, two legs bad!&quot; and the momentary awkwardness
was smoothed over. Finally Napoleon raised his trotter for silence and
announced that he had already made all the arrangements. There would be no
need for any of the animals to come in contact with human beings, which
would clearly be most undesirable. He intended to take the whole burden
upon his own shoulders. A Mr. Whymper, a solicitor living in Willingdon,
had agreed to act as intermediary between Animal Farm and the outside
world, and would visit the farm every Monday morning to receive his
instructions. Napoleon ended his speech with his usual cry of &quot;Long live
Animal Farm!&quot; and after the singing of 'Beasts of England' the animals
were dismissed.

Afterwards Squealer made a round of the farm and set the animals' minds at
rest. He assured them that the resolution against engaging in trade and
using money had never been passed, or even suggested. It was pure
imagination, probably traceable in the beginning to lies circulated by
Snowball. A few animals still felt faintly doubtful, but Squealer asked
them shrewdly, &quot;Are you certain that this is not something that you have
dreamed, comrades? Have you any record of such a resolution? Is it written
down anywhere?&quot; And since it was certainly true that nothing of the kind
existed in writing, the animals were satisfied that they had been mistaken.

Every Monday Mr. Whymper visited the farm as had been arranged. He was a
sly-looking little man with side whiskers, a solicitor in a very small way
of business, but sharp enough to have realised earlier than anyone else
that Animal Farm would need a broker and that the commissions would be
worth having. The animals watched his coming and going with a kind of
dread, and avoided him as much as possible. Nevertheless, the sight of
Napoleon, on all fours, delivering orders to Whymper, who stood on two
legs, roused their pride and partly reconciled them to the new
arrangement. Their relations with the human race were now not quite the
same as they had been before. The human beings did not hate Animal Farm
any less now that it was prospering; indeed, they hated it more than ever.
Every human being held it as an article of faith that the farm would go
bankrupt sooner or later, and, above all, that the windmill would be a
failure. They would meet in the public-houses and prove to one another by
means of diagrams that the windmill was bound to fall down, or that if it
did stand up, then that it would never work. And yet, against their will,
they had developed a certain respect for the efficiency with which the
animals were managing their own affairs. One symptom of this was that they
had begun to call Animal Farm by its proper name and ceased to pretend
that it was called the Manor Farm. They had also dropped their championship
of Jones, who had given up hope of getting his farm back and gone to live
in another part of the county. Except through Whymper, there was as yet no
contact between Animal Farm and the outside world, but there were constant
rumours that Napoleon was about to enter into a definite business agreement
either with Mr. Pilkington of Foxwood or with Mr. Frederick of
Pinchfield--but never, it was noticed, with both simultaneously.

It was about this time that the pigs suddenly moved into the farmhouse and
took up their residence there. Again the animals seemed to remember that a
resolution against this had been passed in the early days, and again
Squealer was able to convince them that this was not the case. It was
absolutely necessary, he said, that the pigs, who were the brains of the
farm, should have a quiet place to work in. It was also more suited to the
dignity of the Leader (for of late he had taken to speaking of Napoleon
under the title of &quot;Leader&quot;) to live in a house than in a mere sty.
Nevertheless, some of the animals were disturbed when they heard that the
pigs not only took their meals in the kitchen and used the drawing-room
as a recreation room, but also slept in the beds. Boxer passed it off as
usual with &quot;Napoleon is always right!&quot;, but Clover, who thought she
remembered a definite ruling against beds, went to the end of the barn and
tried to puzzle out the Seven Commandments which were inscribed there.
Finding herself unable to read more than individual letters, she fetched
Muriel.

&quot;Muriel,&quot; she said, &quot;read me the Fourth Commandment. Does it not say
something about never sleeping in a bed?&quot;

With some difficulty Muriel spelt it out.

&quot;It says, 'No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets,&quot;' she announced
finally.

Curiously enough, Clover had not remembered that the Fourth Commandment
mentioned sheets; but as it was there on the wall, it must have done so.
And Squealer, who happened to be passing at this moment, attended by two
or three dogs, was able to put the whole matter in its proper perspective.

&quot;You have heard then, comrades,&quot; he said, &quot;that we pigs now sleep in the
beds of the farmhouse? And why not? You did not suppose, surely, that
there was ever a ruling against beds? A bed merely means a place to sleep
in. A pile of straw in a stall is a bed, properly regarded. The rule was
against sheets, which are a human invention. We have removed the sheets
from the farmhouse beds, and sleep between blankets. And very comfortable
beds they are too! But not more comfortable than we need, I can tell you,
comrades, with all the brainwork we have to do nowadays. You would not rob
us of our repose, would you, comrades? You would not have us too tired to
carry out our duties? Surely none of you wishes to see Jones back?&quot;

The animals reassured him on this point immediately, and no more was said
about the pigs sleeping in the farmhouse beds. And when, some days
afterwards, it was announced that from now on the pigs would get up an
hour later in the mornings than the other animals, no complaint was made
about that either.

By the autumn the animals were tired but happy. They had had a hard year,
and after the sale of part of the hay and corn, the stores of food for the
winter were none too plentiful, but the windmill compensated for
everything. It was almost half built now. After the harvest there was a
stretch of clear dry weather, and the animals toiled harder than ever,
thinking it well worth while to plod to and fro all day with blocks of
stone if by doing so they could raise the walls another foot. Boxer would
even come out at nights and work for an hour or two on his own by the
light of the harvest moon. In their spare moments the animals would walk
round and round the half-finished mill, admiring the strength and
perpendicularity of its walls and marvelling that they should ever have
been able to build anything so imposing. Only old Benjamin refused to grow
enthusiastic about the windmill, though, as usual, he would utter nothing
beyond the cryptic remark that donkeys live a long time.

November came, with raging south-west winds. Building had to stop because
it was now too wet to mix the cement. Finally there came a night when the
gale was so violent that the farm buildings rocked on their foundations
and several tiles were blown off the roof of the barn. The hens woke up
squawking with terror because they had all dreamed simultaneously of
hearing a gun go off in the distance. In the morning the animals came out
of their stalls to find that the flagstaff had been blown down and an elm
tree at the foot of the orchard had been plucked up like a radish. They
had just noticed this when a cry of despair broke from every animal's
throat. A terrible sight had met their eyes. The windmill was in ruins.

With one accord they dashed down to the spot. Napoleon, who seldom moved
out of a walk, raced ahead of them all. Yes, there it lay, the fruit of
all their struggles, levelled to its foundations, the stones they had
broken and carried so laboriously scattered all around. Unable at first to
speak, they stood gazing mournfully at the litter of fallen stone. Napoleon
paced to and fro in silence, occasionally snuffing at the ground. His tail
had grown rigid and twitched sharply from side to side, a sign in him of
intense mental activity. Suddenly he halted as though his mind were
made up.

&quot;Comrades,&quot; he said quietly, &quot;do you know who is responsible for this? Do
you know the enemy who has come in the night and overthrown our windmill?
SNOWBALL!&quot; he suddenly roared in a voice of thunder. &quot;Snowball has done
this thing! In sheer malignity, thinking to set back our plans and avenge
himself for his ignominious expulsion, this traitor has crept here under
cover of night and destroyed our work of nearly a year. Comrades, here
and now I pronounce the death sentence upon Snowball. 'Animal Hero, Second
Class,' and half a bushel of apples to any animal who brings him to
justice. A full bushel to anyone who captures him alive!&quot;

The animals were shocked beyond measure to learn that even Snowball could
be guilty of such an action. There was a cry of indignation, and everyone
began thinking out ways of catching Snowball if he should ever come back.
Almost immediately the footprints of a pig were discovered in the grass at
a little distance from the knoll. They could only be traced for a few
yards, but appeared to lead to a hole in the hedge. Napoleon snuffed
deeply at them and pronounced them to be Snowball's. He gave it as his
opinion that Snowball had probably come from the direction of Foxwood Farm.

&quot;No more delays, comrades!&quot; cried Napoleon when the footprints had been
examined. &quot;There is work to be done. This very morning we begin rebuilding
the windmill, and we will build all through the winter, rain or shine. We
will teach this miserable traitor that he cannot undo our work so easily.
Remember, comrades, there must be no alteration in our plans: they shall
be carried out to the day. Forward, comrades! Long live the windmill! Long
live Animal Farm!&quot;


Chapter VII
제7장


It was a bitter winter. The stormy weather was followed by sleet and snow,
and then by a hard frost which did not break till well into February. The
animals carried on as best they could with the rebuilding of the windmill,
well knowing that the outside world was watching them and that the envious
human beings would rejoice and triumph if the mill were not finished
on time.

Out of spite, the human beings pretended not to believe that it was
Snowball who had destroyed the windmill: they said that it had fallen down
because the walls were too thin. The animals knew that this was not the
case. Still, it had been decided to build the walls three feet thick this
time instead of eighteen inches as before, which meant collecting much
larger quantities of stone. For a long time the quarry was full of
snowdrifts and nothing could be done. Some progress was made in the dry
frosty weather that followed, but it was cruel work, and the animals could
not feel so hopeful about it as they had felt before. They were always
cold, and usually hungry as well. Only Boxer and Clover never lost heart.
Squealer made excellent speeches on the joy of service and the dignity of
labour, but the other animals found more inspiration in Boxer's strength
and his never-failing cry of &quot;I will work harder!&quot;

In January food fell short. The corn ration was drastically reduced, and
it was announced that an extra potato ration would be issued to make up
for it. Then it was discovered that the greater part of the potato crop
had been frosted in the clamps, which had not been covered thickly enough.
The potatoes had become soft and discoloured, and only a few were edible.
For days at a time the animals had nothing to eat but chaff and mangels.
Starvation seemed to stare them in the face.

It was vitally necessary to conceal this fact from the outside world.
Emboldened by the collapse of the windmill, the human beings were
inventing fresh lies about Animal Farm. Once again it was being put about
that all the animals were dying of famine and disease, and that they were
continually fighting among themselves and had resorted to cannibalism and
infanticide. Napoleon was well aware of the bad results that might follow
if the real facts of the food situation were known, and he decided to make
use of Mr. Whymper to spread a contrary impression. Hitherto the animals
had had little or no contact with Whymper on his weekly visits: now,
however, a few selected animals, mostly sheep, were instructed to remark
casually in his hearing that rations had been increased. In addition,
Napoleon ordered the almost empty bins in the store-shed to be filled
nearly to the brim with sand, which was then covered up with what remained
of the grain and meal. On some suitable pretext Whymper was led through
the store-shed and allowed to catch a glimpse of the bins. He was
deceived, and continued to report to the outside world that there was no
food shortage on Animal Farm.

Nevertheless, towards the end of January it became obvious that it would
be necessary to procure some more grain from somewhere. In these days
Napoleon rarely appeared in public, but spent all his time in the
farmhouse, which was guarded at each door by fierce-looking dogs. When he
did emerge, it was in a ceremonial manner, with an escort of six dogs who
closely surrounded him and growled if anyone came too near. Frequently he
did not even appear on Sunday mornings, but issued his orders through one
of the other pigs, usually Squealer.

One Sunday morning Squealer announced that the hens, who had just come in
to lay again, must surrender their eggs. Napoleon had accepted, through
Whymper, a contract for four hundred eggs a week. The price of these would
pay for enough grain and meal to keep the farm going till summer came on
and conditions were easier.

When the hens heard this, they raised a terrible outcry. They had been
warned earlier that this sacrifice might be necessary, but had not
believed that it would really happen. They were just getting their
clutches ready for the spring sitting, and they protested that to take the
eggs away now was murder. For the first time since the expulsion of Jones,
there was something resembling a rebellion. Led by three young Black
Minorca pullets, the hens made a determined effort to thwart Napoleon's
wishes. Their method was to fly up to the rafters and there lay their
eggs, which smashed to pieces on the floor. Napoleon acted swiftly and
ruthlessly. He ordered the hens' rations to be stopped, and decreed that
any animal giving so much as a grain of corn to a hen should be punished
by death. The dogs saw to it that these orders were carried out. For five
days the hens held out, then they capitulated and went back to their
nesting boxes. Nine hens had died in the meantime. Their bodies were
buried in the orchard, and it was given out that they had died of
coccidiosis. Whymper heard nothing of this affair, and the eggs were duly
delivered, a grocer's van driving up to the farm once a week to take them
away.

All this while no more had been seen of Snowball. He was rumoured to be
hiding on one of the neighbouring farms, either Foxwood or Pinchfield.
Napoleon was by this time on slightly better terms with the other farmers
than before. It happened that there was in the yard a pile of timber which
had been stacked there ten years earlier when a beech spinney was cleared.
It was well seasoned, and Whymper had advised Napoleon to sell it; both
Mr. Pilkington and Mr. Frederick were anxious to buy it. Napoleon was
hesitating between the two, unable to make up his mind. It was noticed
that whenever he seemed on the point of coming to an agreement with
Frederick, Snowball was declared to be in hiding at Foxwood, while, when
he inclined toward Pilkington, Snowball was said to be at Pinchfield.

Suddenly, early in the spring, an alarming thing was discovered. Snowball
was secretly frequenting the farm by night! The animals were so disturbed
that they could hardly sleep in their stalls. Every night, it was said, he
came creeping in under cover of darkness and performed all kinds of
mischief. He stole the corn, he upset the milk-pails, he broke the eggs,
he trampled the seedbeds, he gnawed the bark off the fruit trees. Whenever
anything went wrong it became usual to attribute it to Snowball. If a
window was broken or a drain was blocked up, someone was certain to say
that Snowball had come in the night and done it, and when the key of the
store-shed was lost, the whole farm was convinced that Snowball had thrown
it down the well. Curiously enough, they went on believing this even after
the mislaid key was found under a sack of meal. The cows declared
unanimously that Snowball crept into their stalls and milked them in their
sleep. The rats, which had been troublesome that winter, were also said to
be in league with Snowball.

Napoleon decreed that there should be a full investigation into Snowball's
activities. With his dogs in attendance he set out and made a careful tour
of inspection of the farm buildings, the other animals following at a
respectful distance. At every few steps Napoleon stopped and snuffed the
ground for traces of Snowball's footsteps, which, he said, he could detect
by the smell. He snuffed in every corner, in the barn, in the cow-shed,
in the henhouses, in the vegetable garden, and found traces of Snowball
almost everywhere. He would put his snout to the ground, give several deep
sniffs, ad exclaim in a terrible voice, &quot;Snowball! He has been here! I can
smell him distinctly!&quot; and at the word &quot;Snowball&quot; all the dogs let out
blood-curdling growls and showed their side teeth.

The animals were thoroughly frightened. It seemed to them as though
Snowball were some kind of invisible influence, pervading the air about
them and menacing them with all kinds of dangers. In the evening Squealer
called them together, and with an alarmed expression on his face told
them that he had some serious news to report.

&quot;Comrades!&quot; cried Squealer, making little nervous skips, &quot;a most terrible
thing has been discovered. Snowball has sold himself to Frederick of
Pinchfield Farm, who is even now plotting to attack us and take our farm
away from us! Snowball is to act as his guide when the attack begins. But
there is worse than that. We had thought that Snowball's rebellion was
caused simply by his vanity and ambition. But we were wrong, comrades. Do
you know what the real reason was? Snowball was in league with Jones from
the very start! He was Jones's secret agent all the time. It has all been
proved by documents which he left behind him and which we have only just
discovered. To my mind this explains a great deal, comrades. Did we not
see for ourselves how he attempted--fortunately without success--to get us
defeated and destroyed at the Battle of the Cowshed?&quot;

The animals were stupefied. This was a wickedness far outdoing Snowball's
destruction of the windmill. But it was some minutes before they could
fully take it in. They all remembered, or thought they remembered, how
they had seen Snowball charging ahead of them at the Battle of the
Cowshed, how he had rallied and encouraged them at every turn, and how he
had not paused for an instant even when the pellets from Jones's gun had
wounded his back. At first it was a little difficult to see how this
fitted in with his being on Jones's side. Even Boxer, who seldom asked
questions, was puzzled. He lay down, tucked his fore hoofs beneath him,
shut his eyes, and with a hard effort managed to formulate his thoughts.

&quot;I do not believe that,&quot; he said. &quot;Snowball fought bravely at the Battle
of the Cowshed. I saw him myself. Did we not give him 'Animal Hero, first
Class,' immediately afterwards?&quot;

&quot;That was our mistake, comrade. For we know now--it is all written down in
the secret documents that we have found--that in reality he was trying to
lure us to our doom.&quot;

&quot;But he was wounded,&quot; said Boxer. &quot;We all saw him running with blood.&quot;

&quot;That was part of the arrangement!&quot; cried Squealer. &quot;Jones's shot only
grazed him. I could show you this in his own writing, if you were able to
read it. The plot was for Snowball, at the critical moment, to give the
signal for flight and leave the field to the enemy. And he very nearly
succeeded--I will even say, comrades, he WOULD have succeeded if it had
not been for our heroic Leader, Comrade Napoleon. Do you not remember how,
just at the moment when Jones and his men had got inside the yard,
Snowball suddenly turned and fled, and many animals followed him? And do
you not remember, too, that it was just at that moment, when panic was
spreading and all seemed lost, that Comrade Napoleon sprang forward with a
cry of 'Death to Humanity!' and sank his teeth in Jones's leg? Surely you
remember THAT, comrades?&quot; exclaimed Squealer, frisking from side to side.

Now when Squealer described the scene so graphically, it seemed to the
animals that they did remember it. At any rate, they remembered that at
the critical moment of the battle Snowball had turned to flee. But Boxer
was still a little uneasy.

&quot;I do not believe that Snowball was a traitor at the beginning,&quot; he said
finally. &quot;What he has done since is different. But I believe that at the
Battle of the Cowshed he was a good comrade.&quot;

&quot;Our Leader, Comrade Napoleon,&quot; announced Squealer, speaking very slowly
and firmly, &quot;has stated categorically--categorically, comrade--that
Snowball was Jones's agent from the very beginning--yes, and from long
before the Rebellion was ever thought of.&quot;

&quot;Ah, that is different!&quot; said Boxer. &quot;If Comrade Napoleon says it, it must
be right.&quot;

&quot;That is the true spirit, comrade!&quot; cried Squealer, but it was noticed he
cast a very ugly look at Boxer with his little twinkling eyes. He turned
to go, then paused and added impressively: &quot;I warn every animal on this
farm to keep his eyes very wide open. For we have reason to think that
some of Snowball's secret agents are lurking among us at this moment!&quot;

Four days later, in the late afternoon, Napoleon ordered all the animals
to assemble in the yard. When they were all gathered together, Napoleon
emerged from the farmhouse, wearing both his medals (for he had recently
awarded himself &quot;Animal Hero, First Class&quot;, and &quot;Animal Hero, Second
Class&quot;), with his nine huge dogs frisking round him and uttering growls
that sent shivers down all the animals' spines. They all cowered silently
in their places, seeming to know in advance that some terrible thing was
about to happen.

Napoleon stood sternly surveying his audience; then he uttered a
high-pitched whimper. Immediately the dogs bounded forward, seized four of
the pigs by the ear and dragged them, squealing with pain and terror, to
Napoleon's feet. The pigs' ears were bleeding, the dogs had tasted blood,
and for a few moments they appeared to go quite mad. To the amazement of
everybody, three of them flung themselves upon Boxer. Boxer saw them
coming and put out his great hoof, caught a dog in mid-air, and pinned
him to the ground. The dog shrieked for mercy and the other two fled with
their tails between their legs. Boxer looked at Napoleon to know whether
he should crush the dog to death or let it go. Napoleon appeared to change
countenance, and sharply ordered Boxer to let the dog go, whereat Boxer
lifted his hoof, and the dog slunk away, bruised and howling.

Presently the tumult died down. The four pigs waited, trembling, with
guilt written on every line of their countenances. Napoleon now called
upon them to confess their crimes. They were the same four pigs as had
protested when Napoleon abolished the Sunday Meetings. Without any further
prompting they confessed that they had been secretly in touch with
Snowball ever since his expulsion, that they had collaborated with him in
destroying the windmill, and that they had entered into an agreement with
him to hand over Animal Farm to Mr. Frederick. They added that Snowball
had privately admitted to them that he had been Jones's secret agent for
years past. When they had finished their confession, the dogs promptly
tore their throats out, and in a terrible voice Napoleon demanded whether
any other animal had anything to confess.

The three hens who had been the ringleaders in the attempted rebellion
over the eggs now came forward and stated that Snowball had appeared to
them in a dream and incited them to disobey Napoleon's orders. They, too,
were slaughtered. Then a goose came forward and confessed to having
secreted six ears of corn during the last year's harvest and eaten them in
the night. Then a sheep confessed to having urinated in the drinking
pool--urged to do this, so she said, by Snowball--and two other sheep
confessed to having murdered an old ram, an especially devoted follower of
Napoleon, by chasing him round and round a bonfire when he was suffering
from a cough. They were all slain on the spot. And so the tale of
confessions and executions went on, until there was a pile of corpses
lying before Napoleon's feet and the air was heavy with the smell of
blood, which had been unknown there since the expulsion of Jones.

When it was all over, the remaining animals, except for the pigs and dogs,
crept away in a body. They were shaken and miserable. They did not know
which was more shocking--the treachery of the animals who had leagued
themselves with Snowball, or the cruel retribution they had just
witnessed. In the old days there had often been scenes of bloodshed
equally terrible, but it seemed to all of them that it was far worse now
that it was happening among themselves. Since Jones had left the farm,
until today, no animal had killed another animal. Not even a rat had been
killed. They had made their way on to the little knoll where the
half-finished windmill stood, and with one accord they all lay down as
though huddling together for warmth--Clover, Muriel, Benjamin, the cows,
the sheep, and a whole flock of geese and hens--everyone, indeed, except
the cat, who had suddenly disappeared just before Napoleon ordered the
animals to assemble. For some time nobody spoke. Only Boxer remained on
his feet. He fidgeted to and fro, swishing his long black tail against his
sides and occasionally uttering a little whinny of surprise. Finally he
said:

&quot;I do not understand it. I would not have believed that such things could
happen on our farm. It must be due to some fault in ourselves. The
solution, as I see it, is to work harder. From now onwards I shall get up
a full hour earlier in the mornings.&quot;

And he moved off at his lumbering trot and made for the quarry. Having got
there, he collected two successive loads of stone and dragged them down to
the windmill before retiring for the night.

The animals huddled about Clover, not speaking. The knoll where they were
lying gave them a wide prospect across the countryside. Most of Animal
Farm was within their view--the long pasture stretching down to the main
road, the hayfield, the spinney, the drinking pool, the ploughed fields
where the young wheat was thick and green, and the red roofs of the farm
buildings with the smoke curling from the chimneys. It was a clear spring
evening. The grass and the bursting hedges were gilded by the level rays
of the sun. Never had the farm--and with a kind of surprise they
remembered that it was their own farm, every inch of it their own
property--appeared to the animals so desirable a place. As Clover looked
down the hillside her eyes filled with tears. If she could have spoken her
thoughts, it would have been to say that this was not what they had aimed
at when they had set themselves years ago to work for the overthrow of the
human race. These scenes of terror and slaughter were not what they had
looked forward to on that night when old Major first stirred them to
rebellion. If she herself had had any picture of the future, it had been
of a society of animals set free from hunger and the whip, all equal, each
working according to his capacity, the strong protecting the weak, as she
had protected the lost brood of ducklings with her foreleg on the night of
Major's speech. Instead--she did not know why--they had come to a time
when no one dared speak his mind, when fierce, growling dogs roamed
everywhere, and when you had to watch your comrades torn to pieces after
confessing to shocking crimes. There was no thought of rebellion or
disobedience in her mind. She knew that, even as things were, they were
far better off than they had been in the days of Jones, and that before
all else it was needful to prevent the return of the human beings.
Whatever happened she would remain faithful, work hard, carry out the
orders that were given to her, and accept the leadership of Napoleon. But
still, it was not for this that she and all the other animals had hoped
and toiled. It was not for this that they had built the windmill and faced
the bullets of Jones's gun. Such were her thoughts, though she lacked the
words to express them.

At last, feeling this to be in some way a substitute for the words she was
unable to find, she began to sing 'Beasts of England'. The other animals
sitting round her took it up, and they sang it three times over--very
tunefully, but slowly and mournfully, in a way they had never sung it
before.

They had just finished singing it for the third time when Squealer,
attended by two dogs, approached them with the air of having something
important to say. He announced that, by a special decree of Comrade
Napoleon, 'Beasts of England' had been abolished. From now onwards it was
forbidden to sing it.

The animals were taken aback.

&quot;Why?&quot; cried Muriel.

&quot;It's no longer needed, comrade,&quot; said Squealer stiffly. &quot;'Beasts of
England' was the song of the Rebellion. But the Rebellion is now
completed. The execution of the traitors this afternoon was the final act.
The enemy both external and internal has been defeated. In 'Beasts of
England' we expressed our longing for a better society in days to come.
But that society has now been established. Clearly this song has no longer
any purpose.&quot;

Frightened though they were, some of the animals might possibly have
protested, but at this moment the sheep set up their usual bleating of
&quot;Four legs good, two legs bad,&quot; which went on for several minutes and put
an end to the discussion.

So 'Beasts of England' was heard no more. In its place Minimus, the poet,
had composed another song which began:


Animal Farm, Animal Farm,
Never through me shalt thou come to harm!


and this was sung every Sunday morning after the hoisting of the flag.
But somehow neither the words nor the tune ever seemed to the animals to
come up to 'Beasts of England'.


Chapter VIII
제8장


A few days later, when the terror caused by the executions had died down,
some of the animals remembered--or thought they remembered--that the Sixth
Commandment decreed &quot;No animal shall kill any other animal.&quot; And though no
one cared to mention it in the hearing of the pigs or the dogs, it was
felt that the killings which had taken place did not square with this.
Clover asked Benjamin to read her the Sixth Commandment, and when
Benjamin, as usual, said that he refused to meddle in such matters, she
fetched Muriel. Muriel read the Commandment for her. It ran: &quot;No animal
shall kill any other animal WITHOUT CAUSE.&quot; Somehow or other, the last two
words had slipped out of the animals' memory. But they saw now that the
Commandment had not been violated; for clearly there was good reason for
killing the traitors who had leagued themselves with Snowball.

Throughout the year the animals worked even harder than they had worked in
the previous year. To rebuild the windmill, with walls twice as thick as
before, and to finish it by the appointed date, together with the regular
work of the farm, was a tremendous labour. There were times when it seemed
to the animals that they worked longer hours and fed no better than they
had done in Jones's day. On Sunday mornings Squealer, holding down a long
strip of paper with his trotter, would read out to them lists of figures
proving that the production of every class of foodstuff had increased by
two hundred per cent, three hundred per cent, or five hundred per cent,
as the case might be. The animals saw no reason to disbelieve him,
especially as they could no longer remember very clearly what conditions
had been like before the Rebellion. All the same, there were days when
they felt that they would sooner have had less figures and more food.

All orders were now issued through Squealer or one of the other pigs.
Napoleon himself was not seen in public as often as once in a fortnight.
When he did appear, he was attended not only by his retinue of dogs but by
a black cockerel who marched in front of him and acted as a kind of
trumpeter, letting out a loud &quot;cock-a-doodle-doo&quot; before Napoleon spoke.
Even in the farmhouse, it was said, Napoleon inhabited separate apartments
from the others. He took his meals alone, with two dogs to wait upon him,
and always ate from the Crown Derby dinner service which had been in the
glass cupboard in the drawing-room. It was also announced that the gun
would be fired every year on Napoleon's birthday, as well as on the other
two anniversaries.

Napoleon was now never spoken of simply as &quot;Napoleon.&quot; He was always
referred to in formal style as &quot;our Leader, Comrade Napoleon,&quot; and this
pigs liked to invent for him such titles as Father of All Animals, Terror
of Mankind, Protector of the Sheep-fold, Ducklings' Friend, and the like.
In his speeches, Squealer would talk with the tears rolling down his
cheeks of Napoleon's wisdom the goodness of his heart, and the deep love
he bore to all animals everywhere, even and especially the unhappy animals
who still lived in ignorance and slavery on other farms. It had become
usual to give Napoleon the credit for every successful achievement and
every stroke of good fortune. You would often hear one hen remark to
another, &quot;Under the guidance of our Leader, Comrade Napoleon, I have laid
five eggs in six days&quot;; or two cows, enjoying a drink at the pool, would
exclaim, &quot;Thanks to the leadership of Comrade Napoleon, how excellent this
water tastes!&quot; The general feeling on the farm was well expressed in a
poem entitled Comrade Napoleon, which was composed by Minimus and which
ran as follows:


Friend of fatherless!
Fountain of happiness!
Lord of the swill-bucket! Oh, how my soul is on
Fire when I gaze at thy
Calm and commanding eye,
Like the sun in the sky,
Comrade Napoleon!

Thou are the giver of
All that thy creatures love,
Full belly twice a day, clean straw to roll upon;
Every beast great or small
Sleeps at peace in his stall,
Thou watchest over all,
Comrade Napoleon!

Had I a sucking-pig,
Ere he had grown as big
Even as a pint bottle or as a rolling-pin,
He should have learned to be
Faithful and true to thee,
Yes, his first squeak should be
&quot;Comrade Napoleon!&quot;


Napoleon approved of this poem and caused it to be inscribed on the wall
of the big barn, at the opposite end from the Seven Commandments. It was
surmounted by a portrait of Napoleon, in profile, executed by Squealer in
white paint.

Meanwhile, through the agency of Whymper, Napoleon was engaged in
complicated negotiations with Frederick and Pilkington. The pile of timber
was still unsold. Of the two, Frederick was the more anxious to get hold
of it, but he would not offer a reasonable price. At the same time there
were renewed rumours that Frederick and his men were plotting to attack
Animal Farm and to destroy the windmill, the building of which had aroused
furious jealousy in him. Snowball was known to be still skulking on
Pinchfield Farm. In the middle of the summer the animals were alarmed to
hear that three hens had come forward and confessed that, inspired by
Snowball, they had entered into a plot to murder Napoleon. They were
executed immediately, and fresh precautions for Napoleon's safety were
taken. Four dogs guarded his bed at night, one at each corner, and a young
pig named Pinkeye was given the task of tasting all his food before he ate
it, lest it should be poisoned.

At about the same time it was given out that Napoleon had arranged to sell
the pile of timber to Mr. Pilkington; he was also going to enter into a
regular agreement for the exchange of certain products between Animal Farm
and Foxwood. The relations between Napoleon and Pilkington, though they
were only conducted through Whymper, were now almost friendly. The animals
distrusted Pilkington, as a human being, but greatly preferred him to
Frederick, whom they both feared and hated. As the summer wore on, and the
windmill neared completion, the rumours of an impending treacherous attack
grew stronger and stronger. Frederick, it was said, intended to bring
against them twenty men all armed with guns, and he had already bribed the
magistrates and police, so that if he could once get hold of the
title-deeds of Animal Farm they would ask no questions. Moreover, terrible
stories were leaking out from Pinchfield about the cruelties that
Frederick practised upon his animals. He had flogged an old horse to
death, he starved his cows, he had killed a dog by throwing it into the
furnace, he amused himself in the evenings by making cocks fight with
splinters of razor-blade tied to their spurs. The animals' blood boiled
with rage when they heard of these things being done to their comrades,
and sometimes they clamoured to be allowed to go out in a body and attack
Pinchfield Farm, drive out the humans, and set the animals free. But
Squealer counselled them to avoid rash actions and trust in Comrade
Napoleon's strategy.

Nevertheless, feeling against Frederick continued to run high. One Sunday
morning Napoleon appeared in the barn and explained that he had never at
any time contemplated selling the pile of timber to Frederick; he
considered it beneath his dignity, he said, to have dealings with
scoundrels of that description. The pigeons who were still sent out to
spread tidings of the Rebellion were forbidden to set foot anywhere on
Foxwood, and were also ordered to drop their former slogan of &quot;Death to
Humanity&quot; in favour of &quot;Death to Frederick.&quot; In the late summer yet
another of Snowball's machinations was laid bare. The wheat crop was full
of weeds, and it was discovered that on one of his nocturnal visits
Snowball had mixed weed seeds with the seed corn. A gander who had been
privy to the plot had confessed his guilt to Squealer and immediately
committed suicide by swallowing deadly nightshade berries. The animals
now also learned that Snowball had never--as many of them had believed
hitherto--received the order of &quot;Animal Hero, First Class.&quot; This was
merely a legend which had been spread some time after the Battle of the
Cowshed by Snowball himself. So far from being decorated, he had been
censured for showing cowardice in the battle. Once again some of the
animals heard this with a certain bewilderment, but Squealer was soon able
to convince them that their memories had been at fault.

In the autumn, by a tremendous, exhausting effort--for the harvest had to
be gathered at almost the same time--the windmill was finished. The
machinery had still to be installed, and Whymper was negotiating the
purchase of it, but the structure was completed. In the teeth of every
difficulty, in spite of inexperience, of primitive implements, of bad luck
and of Snowball's treachery, the work had been finished punctually to the
very day! Tired out but proud, the animals walked round and round their
masterpiece, which appeared even more beautiful in their eyes than when it
had been built the first time. Moreover, the walls were twice as thick as
before. Nothing short of explosives would lay them low this time! And when
they thought of how they had laboured, what discouragements they had
overcome, and the enormous difference that would be made in their lives
when the sails were turning and the dynamos running--when they thought of
all this, their tiredness forsook them and they gambolled round and round
the windmill, uttering cries of triumph. Napoleon himself, attended by his
dogs and his cockerel, came down to inspect the completed work; he
personally congratulated the animals on their achievement, and announced
that the mill would be named Napoleon Mill.

Two days later the animals were called together for a special meeting in
the barn. They were struck dumb with surprise when Napoleon announced that
he had sold the pile of timber to Frederick. Tomorrow Frederick's wagons
would arrive and begin carting it away. Throughout the whole period of his
seeming friendship with Pilkington, Napoleon had really been in secret
agreement with Frederick.

All relations with Foxwood had been broken off; insulting messages had
been sent to Pilkington. The pigeons had been told to avoid Pinchfield
Farm and to alter their slogan from &quot;Death to Frederick&quot; to &quot;Death to
Pilkington.&quot; At the same time Napoleon assured the animals that the
stories of an impending attack on Animal Farm were completely untrue, and
that the tales about Frederick's cruelty to his own animals had been
greatly exaggerated. All these rumours had probably originated with
Snowball and his agents. It now appeared that Snowball was not, after all,
hiding on Pinchfield Farm, and in fact had never been there in his life:
he was living--in considerable luxury, so it was said--at Foxwood, and had
in reality been a pensioner of Pilkington for years past.

The pigs were in ecstasies over Napoleon's cunning. By seeming to be
friendly with Pilkington he had forced Frederick to raise his price by
twelve pounds. But the superior quality of Napoleon's mind, said Squealer,
was shown in the fact that he trusted nobody, not even Frederick.
Frederick had wanted to pay for the timber with something called a cheque,
which, it seemed, was a piece of paper with a promise to pay written upon
it. But Napoleon was too clever for him. He had demanded payment in real
five-pound notes, which were to be handed over before the timber was
removed. Already Frederick had paid up; and the sum he had paid was just
enough to buy the machinery for the windmill.

Meanwhile the timber was being carted away at high speed. When it was all
gone, another special meeting was held in the barn for the animals to
inspect Frederick's bank-notes. Smiling beatifically, and wearing both his
decorations, Napoleon reposed on a bed of straw on the platform, with the
money at his side, neatly piled on a china dish from the farmhouse
kitchen. The animals filed slowly past, and each gazed his fill. And Boxer
put out his nose to sniff at the bank-notes, and the flimsy white things
stirred and rustled in his breath.

Three days later there was a terrible hullabaloo. Whymper, his face deadly
pale, came racing up the path on his bicycle, flung it down in the yard
and rushed straight into the farmhouse. The next moment a choking roar of
rage sounded from Napoleon's apartments. The news of what had happened
sped round the farm like wildfire. The banknotes were forgeries! Frederick
had got the timber for nothing!

Napoleon called the animals together immediately and in a terrible voice
pronounced the death sentence upon Frederick. When captured, he said,
Frederick should be boiled alive. At the same time he warned them that
after this treacherous deed the worst was to be expected. Frederick and
his men might make their long-expected attack at any moment. Sentinels
were placed at all the approaches to the farm. In addition, four pigeons
were sent to Foxwood with a conciliatory message, which it was hoped might
re-establish good relations with Pilkington.

The very next morning the attack came. The animals were at breakfast when
the look-outs came racing in with the news that Frederick and his
followers had already come through the five-barred gate. Boldly enough the
animals sallied forth to meet them, but this time they did not have the
easy victory that they had had in the Battle of the Cowshed. There were
fifteen men, with half a dozen guns between them, and they opened fire as
soon as they got within fifty yards. The animals could not face the
terrible explosions and the stinging pellets, and in spite of the efforts
of Napoleon and Boxer to rally them, they were soon driven back. A number
of them were already wounded. They took refuge in the farm buildings and
peeped cautiously out from chinks and knot-holes. The whole of the big
pasture, including the windmill, was in the hands of the enemy. For the
moment even Napoleon seemed at a loss. He paced up and down without a
word, his tail rigid and twitching. Wistful glances were sent in the
direction of Foxwood. If Pilkington and his men would help them, the day
might yet be won. But at this moment the four pigeons, who had been sent
out on the day before, returned, one of them bearing a scrap of paper from
Pilkington. On it was pencilled the words: &quot;Serves you right.&quot;

Meanwhile Frederick and his men had halted about the windmill. The animals
watched them, and a murmur of dismay went round. Two of the men had
produced a crowbar and a sledge hammer. They were going to knock the
windmill down.

&quot;Impossible!&quot; cried Napoleon. &quot;We have built the walls far too thick for
that. They could not knock it down in a week. Courage, comrades!&quot;

But Benjamin was watching the movements of the men intently. The two with
the hammer and the crowbar were drilling a hole near the base of the
windmill. Slowly, and with an air almost of amusement, Benjamin nodded his
long muzzle.

&quot;I thought so,&quot; he said. &quot;Do you not see what they are doing? In another
moment they are going to pack blasting powder into that hole.&quot;

Terrified, the animals waited. It was impossible now to venture out of the
shelter of the buildings. After a few minutes the men were seen to be
running in all directions. Then there was a deafening roar. The pigeons
swirled into the air, and all the animals, except Napoleon, flung
themselves flat on their bellies and hid their faces. When they got up
again, a huge cloud of black smoke was hanging where the windmill had
been. Slowly the breeze drifted it away. The windmill had ceased to exist!

At this sight the animals' courage returned to them. The fear and despair
they had felt a moment earlier were drowned in their rage against this
vile, contemptible act. A mighty cry for vengeance went up, and without
waiting for further orders they charged forth in a body and made straight
for the enemy. This time they did not heed the cruel pellets that swept
over them like hail. It was a savage, bitter battle. The men fired again
and again, and, when the animals got to close quarters, lashed out with
their sticks and their heavy boots. A cow, three sheep, and two geese were
killed, and nearly everyone was wounded. Even Napoleon, who was directing
operations from the rear, had the tip of his tail chipped by a pellet. But
the men did not go unscathed either. Three of them had their heads broken
by blows from Boxer's hoofs; another was gored in the belly by a cow's
horn; another had his trousers nearly torn off by Jessie and Bluebell. And
when the nine dogs of Napoleon's own bodyguard, whom he had instructed to
make a detour under cover of the hedge, suddenly appeared on the men's
flank, baying ferociously, panic overtook them. They saw that they were in
danger of being surrounded. Frederick shouted to his men to get out while
the going was good, and the next moment the cowardly enemy was running for
dear life. The animals chased them right down to the bottom of the field,
and got in some last kicks at them as they forced their way through the
thorn hedge.

They had won, but they were weary and bleeding. Slowly they began to limp
back towards the farm. The sight of their dead comrades stretched upon the
grass moved some of them to tears. And for a little while they halted in
sorrowful silence at the place where the windmill had once stood. Yes, it
was gone; almost the last trace of their labour was gone! Even the
foundations were partially destroyed. And in rebuilding it they could not
this time, as before, make use of the fallen stones. This time the stones
had vanished too. The force of the explosion had flung them to distances
of hundreds of yards. It was as though the windmill had never been.

As they approached the farm Squealer, who had unaccountably been absent
during the fighting, came skipping towards them, whisking his tail and
beaming with satisfaction. And the animals heard, from the direction of
the farm buildings, the solemn booming of a gun.

&quot;What is that gun firing for?&quot; said Boxer.

&quot;To celebrate our victory!&quot; cried Squealer.

&quot;What victory?&quot; said Boxer. His knees were bleeding, he had lost a shoe
and split his hoof, and a dozen pellets had lodged themselves in his hind
leg.

&quot;What victory, comrade? Have we not driven the enemy off our soil--the
sacred soil of Animal Farm?&quot;

&quot;But they have destroyed the windmill. And we had worked on it for two
years!&quot;

&quot;What matter? We will build another windmill. We will build six windmills
if we feel like it. You do not appreciate, comrade, the mighty thing that
we have done. The enemy was in occupation of this very ground that we
stand upon. And now--thanks to the leadership of Comrade Napoleon--we have
won every inch of it back again!&quot;

&quot;Then we have won back what we had before,&quot; said Boxer.

&quot;That is our victory,&quot; said Squealer.

They limped into the yard. The pellets under the skin of Boxer's leg
smarted painfully. He saw ahead of him the heavy labour of rebuilding the
windmill from the foundations, and already in imagination he braced
himself for the task. But for the first time it occurred to him that he
was eleven years old and that perhaps his great muscles were not quite
what they had once been.

But when the animals saw the green flag flying, and heard the gun firing
again--seven times it was fired in all--and heard the speech that Napoleon
made, congratulating them on their conduct, it did seem to them after all
that they had won a great victory. The animals slain in the battle were
given a solemn funeral. Boxer and Clover pulled the wagon which served as
a hearse, and Napoleon himself walked at the head of the procession. Two
whole days were given over to celebrations. There were songs, speeches,
and more firing of the gun, and a special gift of an apple was bestowed on
every animal, with two ounces of corn for each bird and three biscuits for
each dog. It was announced that the battle would be called the Battle of
the Windmill, and that Napoleon had created a new decoration, the Order
of the Green Banner, which he had conferred upon himself. In the general
rejoicings the unfortunate affair of the banknotes was forgotten.

It was a few days later than this that the pigs came upon a case of whisky
in the cellars of the farmhouse. It had been overlooked at the time when
the house was first occupied. That night there came from the farmhouse the
sound of loud singing, in which, to everyone's surprise, the strains of
'Beasts of England' were mixed up. At about half past nine Napoleon,
wearing an old bowler hat of Mr. Jones's, was distinctly seen to emerge
from the back door, gallop rapidly round the yard, and disappear indoors
again. But in the morning a deep silence hung over the farmhouse. Not a
pig appeared to be stirring. It was nearly nine o'clock when Squealer made
his appearance, walking slowly and dejectedly, his eyes dull, his tail
hanging limply behind him, and with every appearance of being seriously
ill. He called the animals together and told them that he had a terrible
piece of news to impart. Comrade Napoleon was dying!

A cry of lamentation went up. Straw was laid down outside the doors of the
farmhouse, and the animals walked on tiptoe. With tears in their eyes they
asked one another what they should do if their Leader were taken away from
them. A rumour went round that Snowball had after all contrived to
introduce poison into Napoleon's food. At eleven o'clock Squealer came
out to make another announcement. As his last act upon earth, Comrade
Napoleon had pronounced a solemn decree: the drinking of alcohol was to be
punished by death.

By the evening, however, Napoleon appeared to be somewhat better, and the
following morning Squealer was able to tell them that he was well on the
way to recovery. By the evening of that day Napoleon was back at work, and
on the next day it was learned that he had instructed Whymper to purchase
in Willingdon some booklets on brewing and distilling. A week later
Napoleon gave orders that the small paddock beyond the orchard, which it
had previously been intended to set aside as a grazing-ground for animals
who were past work, was to be ploughed up. It was given out that the
pasture was exhausted and needed re-seeding; but it soon became known that
Napoleon intended to sow it with barley.

About this time there occurred a strange incident which hardly anyone was
able to understand. One night at about twelve o'clock there was a loud
crash in the yard, and the animals rushed out of their stalls. It was a
moonlit night. At the foot of the end wall of the big barn, where the
Seven Commandments were written, there lay a ladder broken in two pieces.
Squealer, temporarily stunned, was sprawling beside it, and near at hand
there lay a lantern, a paint-brush, and an overturned pot of white paint.
The dogs immediately made a ring round Squealer, and escorted him back to
the farmhouse as soon as he was able to walk. None of the animals could
form any idea as to what this meant, except old Benjamin, who nodded his
muzzle with a knowing air, and seemed to understand, but would say nothing.

But a few days later Muriel, reading over the Seven Commandments to
herself, noticed that there was yet another of them which the animals had
remembered wrong. They had thought the Fifth Commandment was &quot;No animal
shall drink alcohol,&quot; but there were two words that they had forgotten.
Actually the Commandment read: &quot;No animal shall drink alcohol TO EXCESS.&quot;


Chapter IX
제9장


Boxer's split hoof was a long time in healing. They had started the
rebuilding of the windmill the day after the victory celebrations were
ended. Boxer refused to take even a day off work, and made it a point of
honour not to let it be seen that he was in pain. In the evenings he would
admit privately to Clover that the hoof troubled him a great deal. Clover
treated the hoof with poultices of herbs which she prepared by chewing
them, and both she and Benjamin urged Boxer to work less hard. &quot;A horse's
lungs do not last for ever,&quot; she said to him. But Boxer would not listen.
He had, he said, only one real ambition left--to see the windmill well
under way before he reached the age for retirement.

At the beginning, when the laws of Animal Farm were first formulated,
the retiring age had been fixed for horses and pigs at twelve, for cows at
fourteen, for dogs at nine, for sheep at seven, and for hens and geese at
five. Liberal old-age pensions had been agreed upon. As yet no animal had
actually retired on pension, but of late the subject had been discussed
more and more. Now that the small field beyond the orchard had been set
aside for barley, it was rumoured that a corner of the large pasture was
to be fenced off and turned into a grazing-ground for superannuated
animals. For a horse, it was said, the pension would be five pounds of
corn a day and, in winter, fifteen pounds of hay, with a carrot or
possibly an apple on public holidays. Boxer's twelfth birthday was due in
the late summer of the following year.

Meanwhile life was hard. The winter was as cold as the last one had been,
and food was even shorter. Once again all rations were reduced, except
those of the pigs and the dogs. A too rigid equality in rations, Squealer
explained, would have been contrary to the principles of Animalism. In any
case he had no difficulty in proving to the other animals that they were
NOT in reality short of food, whatever the appearances might be. For the
time being, certainly, it had been found necessary to make a readjustment
of rations (Squealer always spoke of it as a &quot;readjustment,&quot; never as a
&quot;reduction&quot;), but in comparison with the days of Jones, the improvement
was enormous. Reading out the figures in a shrill, rapid voice, he proved
to them in detail that they had more oats, more hay, more turnips than
they had had in Jones's day, that they worked shorter hours, that their
drinking water was of better quality, that they lived longer, that a
larger proportion of their young ones survived infancy, and that they had
more straw in their stalls and suffered less from fleas. The animals
believed every word of it. Truth to tell, Jones and all he stood for had
almost faded out of their memories. They knew that life nowadays was harsh
and bare, that they were often hungry and often cold, and that they were
usually working when they were not asleep. But doubtless it had been worse
in the old days. They were glad to believe so. Besides, in those days they
had been slaves and now they were free, and that made all the difference,
as Squealer did not fail to point out.

There were many more mouths to feed now. In the autumn the four sows had
all littered about simultaneously, producing thirty-one young pigs between
them. The young pigs were piebald, and as Napoleon was the only boar on
the farm, it was possible to guess at their parentage. It was announced
that later, when bricks and timber had been purchased, a schoolroom would
be built in the farmhouse garden. For the time being, the young pigs were
given their instruction by Napoleon himself in the farmhouse kitchen. They
took their exercise in the garden, and were discouraged from playing with
the other young animals. About this time, too, it was laid down as a rule
that when a pig and any other animal met on the path, the other animal
must stand aside: and also that all pigs, of whatever degree, were to have
the privilege of wearing green ribbons on their tails on Sundays.

The farm had had a fairly successful year, but was still short of money.
There were the bricks, sand, and lime for the schoolroom to be purchased,
and it would also be necessary to begin saving up again for the machinery
for the windmill. Then there were lamp oil and candles for the house,
sugar for Napoleon's own table (he forbade this to the other pigs, on the
ground that it made them fat), and all the usual replacements such as
tools, nails, string, coal, wire, scrap-iron, and dog biscuits. A stump of
hay and part of the potato crop were sold off, and the contract for eggs
was increased to six hundred a week, so that that year the hens barely
hatched enough chicks to keep their numbers at the same level. Rations,
reduced in December, were reduced again in February, and lanterns in the
stalls were forbidden to save oil. But the pigs seemed comfortable enough,
and in fact were putting on weight if anything. One afternoon in late
February a warm, rich, appetising scent, such as the animals had never
smelt before, wafted itself across the yard from the little brew-house,
which had been disused in Jones's time, and which stood beyond the
kitchen. Someone said it was the smell of cooking barley. The animals
sniffed the air hungrily and wondered whether a warm mash was being
prepared for their supper. But no warm mash appeared, and on the following
Sunday it was announced that from now onwards all barley would be reserved
for the pigs. The field beyond the orchard had already been sown with
barley. And the news soon leaked out that every pig was now receiving a
ration of a pint of beer daily, with half a gallon for Napoleon himself,
which was always served to him in the Crown Derby soup tureen.

But if there were hardships to be borne, they were partly offset by the
fact that life nowadays had a greater dignity than it had had before.
There were more songs, more speeches, more processions. Napoleon had
commanded that once a week there should be held something called a
Spontaneous Demonstration, the object of which was to celebrate the
struggles and triumphs of Animal Farm. At the appointed time the animals
would leave their work and march round the precincts of the farm in
military formation, with the pigs leading, then the horses, then the cows,
then the sheep, and then the poultry. The dogs flanked the procession and
at the head of all marched Napoleon's black cockerel. Boxer and Clover
always carried between them a green banner marked with the hoof and the
horn and the caption, &quot;Long live Comrade Napoleon!&quot; Afterwards there were
recitations of poems composed in Napoleon's honour, and a speech by
Squealer giving particulars of the latest increases in the production of
foodstuffs, and on occasion a shot was fired from the gun. The sheep were
the greatest devotees of the Spontaneous Demonstration, and if anyone
complained (as a few animals sometimes did, when no pigs or dogs were near)
that they wasted time and meant a lot of standing about in the cold, the
sheep were sure to silence him with a tremendous bleating of &quot;Four legs
good, two legs bad!&quot; But by and large the animals enjoyed these
celebrations. They found it comforting to be reminded that, after all,
they were truly their own masters and that the work they did was for their
own benefit. So that, what with the songs, the processions, Squealer's
lists of figures, the thunder of the gun, the crowing of the cockerel,
and the fluttering of the flag, they were able to forget that their
bellies were empty, at least part of the time.

In April, Animal Farm was proclaimed a Republic, and it became necessary
to elect a President. There was only one candidate, Napoleon, who was
elected unanimously. On the same day it was given out that fresh documents
had been discovered which revealed further details about Snowball's
complicity with Jones. It now appeared that Snowball had not, as the
animals had previously imagined, merely attempted to lose the Battle of
the Cowshed by means of a stratagem, but had been openly fighting on
Jones's side. In fact, it was he who had actually been the leader of the
human forces, and had charged into battle with the words &quot;Long live
Humanity!&quot; on his lips. The wounds on Snowball's back, which a few of the
animals still remembered to have seen, had been inflicted by Napoleon's
teeth.

In the middle of the summer Moses the raven suddenly reappeared on the
farm, after an absence of several years. He was quite unchanged, still did
no work, and talked in the same strain as ever about Sugarcandy Mountain.
He would perch on a stump, flap his black wings, and talk by the hour to
anyone who would listen. &quot;Up there, comrades,&quot; he would say solemnly,
pointing to the sky with his large beak--&quot;up there, just on the other side
of that dark cloud that you can see--there it lies, Sugarcandy Mountain,
that happy country where we poor animals shall rest for ever from our
labours!&quot; He even claimed to have been there on one of his higher flights,
and to have seen the everlasting fields of clover and the linseed cake and
lump sugar growing on the hedges. Many of the animals believed him. Their
lives now, they reasoned, were hungry and laborious; was it not right and
just that a better world should exist somewhere else? A thing that was
difficult to determine was the attitude of the pigs towards Moses. They
all declared contemptuously that his stories about Sugarcandy Mountain
were lies, and yet they allowed him to remain on the farm, not working,
with an allowance of a gill of beer a day.

After his hoof had healed up, Boxer worked harder than ever. Indeed, all
the animals worked like slaves that year. Apart from the regular work of
the farm, and the rebuilding of the windmill, there was the schoolhouse
for the young pigs, which was started in March. Sometimes the long hours
on insufficient food were hard to bear, but Boxer never faltered. In
nothing that he said or did was there any sign that his strength was not
what it had been. It was only his appearance that was a little altered;
his hide was less shiny than it had used to be, and his great haunches
seemed to have shrunken. The others said, &quot;Boxer will pick up when the
spring grass comes on&quot;; but the spring came and Boxer grew no fatter.
Sometimes on the slope leading to the top of the quarry, when he braced
his muscles against the weight of some vast boulder, it seemed that
nothing kept him on his feet except the will to continue. At such times
his lips were seen to form the words, &quot;I will work harder&quot;; he had no
voice left. Once again Clover and Benjamin warned him to take care of his
health, but Boxer paid no attention. His twelfth birthday was approaching.
He did not care what happened so long as a good store of stone was
accumulated before he went on pension.

Late one evening in the summer, a sudden rumour ran round the farm that
something had happened to Boxer. He had gone out alone to drag a load of
stone down to the windmill. And sure enough, the rumour was true. A few
minutes later two pigeons came racing in with the news; &quot;Boxer has fallen!
He is lying on his side and can't get up!&quot;

About half the animals on the farm rushed out to the knoll where the
windmill stood. There lay Boxer, between the shafts of the cart, his neck
stretched out, unable even to raise his head. His eyes were glazed, his
sides matted with sweat. A thin stream of blood had trickled out of his
mouth. Clover dropped to her knees at his side.

&quot;Boxer!&quot; she cried, &quot;how are you?&quot;

&quot;It is my lung,&quot; said Boxer in a weak voice. &quot;It does not matter. I think
you will be able to finish the windmill without me. There is a pretty good
store of stone accumulated. I had only another month to go in any case.
To tell you the truth, I had been looking forward to my retirement. And
perhaps, as Benjamin is growing old too, they will let him retire at the
same time and be a companion to me.&quot;

&quot;We must get help at once,&quot; said Clover. &quot;Run, somebody, and tell Squealer
what has happened.&quot;

All the other animals immediately raced back to the farmhouse to give
Squealer the news. Only Clover remained, and Benjamin who lay down at
Boxer's side, and, without speaking, kept the flies off him with his long
tail. After about a quarter of an hour Squealer appeared, full of sympathy
and concern. He said that Comrade Napoleon had learned with the very
deepest distress of this misfortune to one of the most loyal workers on
the farm, and was already making arrangements to send Boxer to be treated
in the hospital at Willingdon. The animals felt a little uneasy at this.
Except for Mollie and Snowball, no other animal had ever left the farm,
and they did not like to think of their sick comrade in the hands of human
beings. However, Squealer easily convinced them that the veterinary
surgeon in Willingdon could treat Boxer's case more satisfactorily than
could be done on the farm. And about half an hour later, when Boxer had
somewhat recovered, he was with difficulty got on to his feet, and managed
to limp back to his stall, where Clover and Benjamin had prepared a good
bed of straw for him.

For the next two days Boxer remained in his stall. The pigs had sent out a
large bottle of pink medicine which they had found in the medicine chest
in the bathroom, and Clover administered it to Boxer twice a day after
meals. In the evenings she lay in his stall and talked to him, while
Benjamin kept the flies off him. Boxer professed not to be sorry for what
had happened. If he made a good recovery, he might expect to live another
three years, and he looked forward to the peaceful days that he would
spend in the corner of the big pasture. It would be the first time that he
had had leisure to study and improve his mind. He intended, he said, to
devote the rest of his life to learning the remaining twenty-two letters
of the alphabet.

However, Benjamin and Clover could only be with Boxer after working hours,
and it was in the middle of the day when the van came to take him away.
The animals were all at work weeding turnips under the supervision of a
pig, when they were astonished to see Benjamin come galloping from the
direction of the farm buildings, braying at the top of his voice. It was
the first time that they had ever seen Benjamin excited--indeed, it was
the first time that anyone had ever seen him gallop. &quot;Quick, quick!&quot; he
shouted. &quot;Come at once! They're taking Boxer away!&quot; Without waiting for
orders from the pig, the animals broke off work and raced back to the farm
buildings. Sure enough, there in the yard was a large closed van, drawn by
two horses, with lettering on its side and a sly-looking man in a
low-crowned bowler hat sitting on the driver's seat. And Boxer's stall was
empty.

The animals crowded round the van. &quot;Good-bye, Boxer!&quot; they chorused,
&quot;good-bye!&quot;

&quot;Fools! Fools!&quot; shouted Benjamin, prancing round them and stamping the
earth with his small hoofs. &quot;Fools! Do you not see what is written on the
side of that van?&quot;

That gave the animals pause, and there was a hush. Muriel began to spell
out the words. But Benjamin pushed her aside and in the midst of a deadly
silence he read:

&quot;'Alfred Simmonds, Horse Slaughterer and Glue Boiler, Willingdon. Dealer
in Hides and Bone-Meal. Kennels Supplied.' Do you not understand what that
means? They are taking Boxer to the knacker's!&quot;

A cry of horror burst from all the animals. At this moment the man on the
box whipped up his horses and the van moved out of the yard at a smart
trot. All the animals followed, crying out at the tops of their voices.
Clover forced her way to the front. The van began to gather speed. Clover
tried to stir her stout limbs to a gallop, and achieved a canter. &quot;Boxer!&quot;
she cried. &quot;Boxer! Boxer! Boxer!&quot; And just at this moment, as though he
had heard the uproar outside, Boxer's face, with the white stripe down his
nose, appeared at the small window at the back of the van.

&quot;Boxer!&quot; cried Clover in a terrible voice. &quot;Boxer! Get out! Get out
quickly! They're taking you to your death!&quot;

All the animals took up the cry of &quot;Get out, Boxer, get out!&quot; But the van
was already gathering speed and drawing away from them. It was uncertain
whether Boxer had understood what Clover had said. But a moment later his
face disappeared from the window and there was the sound of a tremendous
drumming of hoofs inside the van. He was trying to kick his way out. The
time had been when a few kicks from Boxer's hoofs would have smashed the
van to matchwood. But alas! his strength had left him; and in a few
moments the sound of drumming hoofs grew fainter and died away. In
desperation the animals began appealing to the two horses which drew the
van to stop. &quot;Comrades, comrades!&quot; they shouted. &quot;Don't take your own
brother to his death!&quot; But the stupid brutes, too ignorant to realise
what was happening, merely set back their ears and quickened their pace.
Boxer's face did not reappear at the window. Too late, someone thought of
racing ahead and shutting the five-barred gate; but in another moment the
van was through it and rapidly disappearing down the road. Boxer was never
seen again.

Three days later it was announced that he had died in the hospital at
Willingdon, in spite of receiving every attention a horse could have.
Squealer came to announce the news to the others. He had, he said, been
present during Boxer's last hours.

&quot;It was the most affecting sight I have ever seen!&quot; said Squealer, lifting
his trotter and wiping away a tear. &quot;I was at his bedside at the very
last. And at the end, almost too weak to speak, he whispered in my ear
that his sole sorrow was to have passed on before the windmill was
finished. 'Forward, comrades!' he whispered. 'Forward in the name of the
Rebellion. Long live Animal Farm! Long live Comrade Napoleon! Napoleon is
always right.' Those were his very last words, comrades.&quot;

Here Squealer's demeanour suddenly changed. He fell silent for a moment,
and his little eyes darted suspicious glances from side to side before he
proceeded.

It had come to his knowledge, he said, that a foolish and wicked rumour
had been circulated at the time of Boxer's removal. Some of the animals
had noticed that the van which took Boxer away was marked &quot;Horse
Slaughterer,&quot; and had actually jumped to the conclusion that Boxer was
being sent to the knacker's. It was almost unbelievable, said Squealer,
that any animal could be so stupid. Surely, he cried indignantly, whisking
his tail and skipping from side to side, surely they knew their beloved
Leader, Comrade Napoleon, better than that? But the explanation was really
very simple. The van had previously been the property of the knacker, and
had been bought by the veterinary surgeon, who had not yet painted the old
name out. That was how the mistake had arisen.

The animals were enormously relieved to hear this. And when Squealer went
on to give further graphic details of Boxer's death-bed, the admirable
care he had received, and the expensive medicines for which Napoleon had
paid without a thought as to the cost, their last doubts disappeared and
the sorrow that they felt for their comrade's death was tempered by the
thought that at least he had died happy.

Napoleon himself appeared at the meeting on the following Sunday morning
and pronounced a short oration in Boxer's honour. It had not been
possible, he said, to bring back their lamented comrade's remains for
interment on the farm, but he had ordered a large wreath to be made from
the laurels in the farmhouse garden and sent down to be placed on Boxer's
grave. And in a few days' time the pigs intended to hold a memorial
banquet in Boxer's honour. Napoleon ended his speech with a reminder of
Boxer's two favourite maxims, &quot;I will work harder&quot; and &quot;Comrade Napoleon
is always right&quot;--maxims, he said, which every animal would do well to
adopt as his own.

On the day appointed for the banquet, a grocer's van drove up from
Willingdon and delivered a large wooden crate at the farmhouse. That night
there was the sound of uproarious singing, which was followed by what
sounded like a violent quarrel and ended at about eleven o'clock with a
tremendous crash of glass. No one stirred in the farmhouse before noon on
the following day, and the word went round that from somewhere or other
the pigs had acquired the money to buy themselves another case of whisky.


Chapter X
제10장


Years passed. The seasons came and went, the short animal lives fled by.
A time came when there was no one who remembered the old days before the
Rebellion, except Clover, Benjamin, Moses the raven, and a number of the
pigs.

Muriel was dead; Bluebell, Jessie, and Pincher were dead. Jones too was
dead--he had died in an inebriates' home in another part of the country.
Snowball was forgotten. Boxer was forgotten, except by the few who had
known him. Clover was an old stout mare now, stiff in the joints and with
a tendency to rheumy eyes. She was two years past the retiring age, but in
fact no animal had ever actually retired. The talk of setting aside a
corner of the pasture for superannuated animals had long since been
dropped. Napoleon was now a mature boar of twenty-four stone. Squealer was
so fat that he could with difficulty see out of his eyes. Only old
Benjamin was much the same as ever, except for being a little greyer about
the muzzle, and, since Boxer's death, more morose and taciturn than ever.

There were many more creatures on the farm now, though the increase was
not so great as had been expected in earlier years. Many animals had been
born to whom the Rebellion was only a dim tradition, passed on by word of
mouth, and others had been bought who had never heard mention of such a
thing before their arrival. The farm possessed three horses now besides
Clover. They were fine upstanding beasts, willing workers and good
comrades, but very stupid. None of them proved able to learn the alphabet
beyond the letter B. They accepted everything that they were told about
the Rebellion and the principles of Animalism, especially from Clover, for
whom they had an almost filial respect; but it was doubtful whether they
understood very much of it.

The farm was more prosperous now, and better organised: it had even been
enlarged by two fields which had been bought from Mr. Pilkington. The
windmill had been successfully completed at last, and the farm possessed a
threshing machine and a hay elevator of its own, and various new buildings
had been added to it. Whymper had bought himself a dogcart. The windmill,
however, had not after all been used for generating electrical power. It
was used for milling corn, and brought in a handsome money profit. The
animals were hard at work building yet another windmill; when that one was
finished, so it was said, the dynamos would be installed. But the luxuries
of which Snowball had once taught the animals to dream, the stalls with
electric light and hot and cold water, and the three-day week, were no
longer talked about. Napoleon had denounced such ideas as contrary to the
spirit of Animalism. The truest happiness, he said, lay in working hard
and living frugally.

Somehow it seemed as though the farm had grown richer without making the
animals themselves any richer-except, of course, for the pigs and the
dogs. Perhaps this was partly because there were so many pigs and so many
dogs. It was not that these creatures did not work, after their fashion.
There was, as Squealer was never tired of explaining, endless work in the
supervision and organisation of the farm. Much of this work was of a kind
that the other animals were too ignorant to understand. For example,
Squealer told them that the pigs had to expend enormous labours every day
upon mysterious things called &quot;files,&quot; &quot;reports,&quot; &quot;minutes,&quot; and
&quot;memoranda&quot;. These were large sheets of paper which had to be closely
covered with writing, and as soon as they were so covered, they were burnt
in the furnace. This was of the highest importance for the welfare of the
farm, Squealer said. But still, neither pigs nor dogs produced any food by
their own labour; and there were very many of them, and their appetites
were always good.

As for the others, their life, so far as they knew, was as it had always
been. They were generally hungry, they slept on straw, they drank from the
pool, they laboured in the fields; in winter they were troubled by the
cold, and in summer by the flies. Sometimes the older ones among them
racked their dim memories and tried to determine whether in the early
days of the Rebellion, when Jones's expulsion was still recent, things had
been better or worse than now. They could not remember. There was nothing
with which they could compare their present lives: they had nothing to go
upon except Squealer's lists of figures, which invariably demonstrated
that everything was getting better and better. The animals found the
problem insoluble; in any case, they had little time for speculating on
such things now. Only old Benjamin professed to remember every detail of
his long life and to know that things never had been, nor ever could be
much better or much worse--hunger, hardship, and disappointment being, so
he said, the unalterable law of life.

And yet the animals never gave up hope. More, they never lost, even for an
instant, their sense of honour and privilege in being members of Animal
Farm. They were still the only farm in the whole county--in all
England!--owned and operated by animals. Not one of them, not even the
youngest, not even the newcomers who had been brought from farms ten or
twenty miles away, ever ceased to marvel at that. And when they heard the
gun booming and saw the green flag fluttering at the masthead, their
hearts swelled with imperishable pride, and the talk turned always towards
the old heroic days, the expulsion of Jones, the writing of the Seven
Commandments, the great battles in which the human invaders had been
defeated. None of the old dreams had been abandoned. The Republic of the
Animals which Major had foretold, when the green fields of England should
be untrodden by human feet, was still believed in. Some day it was coming:
it might not be soon, it might not be with in the lifetime of any animal
now living, but still it was coming. Even the tune of 'Beasts of England'
was perhaps hummed secretly here and there: at any rate, it was a fact
that every animal on the farm knew it, though no one would have dared to
sing it aloud. It might be that their lives were hard and that not all of
their hopes had been fulfilled; but they were conscious that they were not
as other animals. If they went hungry, it was not from feeding tyrannical
human beings; if they worked hard, at least they worked for themselves.
No creature among them went upon two legs. No creature called any other
creature &quot;Master.&quot; All animals were equal.

One day in early summer Squealer ordered the sheep to follow him, and led
them out to a piece of waste ground at the other end of the farm, which
had become overgrown with birch saplings. The sheep spent the whole day
there browsing at the leaves under Squealer's supervision. In the evening
he returned to the farmhouse himself, but, as it was warm weather, told
the sheep to stay where they were. It ended by their remaining there for a
whole week, during which time the other animals saw nothing of them.
Squealer was with them for the greater part of every day. He was, he said,
teaching them to sing a new song, for which privacy was needed.

It was just after the sheep had returned, on a pleasant evening when the
animals had finished work and were making their way back to the farm
buildings, that the terrified neighing of a horse sounded from the yard.
Startled, the animals stopped in their tracks. It was Clover's voice. She
neighed again, and all the animals broke into a gallop and rushed into the
yard. Then they saw what Clover had seen.

It was a pig walking on his hind legs.

Yes, it was Squealer. A little awkwardly, as though not quite used to
supporting his considerable bulk in that position, but with perfect
balance, he was strolling across the yard. And a moment later, out from
the door of the farmhouse came a long file of pigs, all walking on their
hind legs. Some did it better than others, one or two were even a trifle
unsteady and looked as though they would have liked the support of a
stick, but every one of them made his way right round the yard
successfully. And finally there was a tremendous baying of dogs and a
shrill crowing from the black cockerel, and out came Napoleon himself,
majestically upright, casting haughty glances from side to side, and with
his dogs gambolling round him.

He carried a whip in his trotter.

There was a deadly silence. Amazed, terrified, huddling together, the
animals watched the long line of pigs march slowly round the yard. It was
as though the world had turned upside-down. Then there came a moment when
the first shock had worn off and when, in spite of everything-in spite of
their terror of the dogs, and of the habit, developed through long years,
of never complaining, never criticising, no matter what happened--they
might have uttered some word of protest. But just at that moment, as
though at a signal, all the sheep burst out into a tremendous bleating of--

&quot;Four legs good, two legs BETTER! Four legs good, two legs BETTER! Four
legs good, two legs BETTER!&quot;

It went on for five minutes without stopping. And by the time the sheep
had quieted down, the chance to utter any protest had passed, for the pigs
had marched back into the farmhouse.

Benjamin felt a nose nuzzling at his shoulder. He looked round. It was
Clover. Her old eyes looked dimmer than ever. Without saying anything, she
tugged gently at his mane and led him round to the end of the big barn,
where the Seven Commandments were written. For a minute or two they stood
gazing at the tatted wall with its white lettering.

&quot;My sight is failing,&quot; she said finally. &quot;Even when I was young I could
not have read what was written there. But it appears to me that that wall
looks different. Are the Seven Commandments the same as they used to be,
Benjamin?&quot;

For once Benjamin consented to break his rule, and he read out to her what
was written on the wall. There was nothing there now except a single
Commandment. It ran:

ALL ANIMALS ARE EQUAL
BUT SOME ANIMALS ARE MORE EQUAL THAN OTHERS

After that it did not seem strange when next day the pigs who were
supervising the work of the farm all carried whips in their trotters. It
did not seem strange to learn that the pigs had bought themselves a
wireless set, were arranging to install a telephone, and had taken out
subscriptions to 'John Bull', 'Tit-Bits', and the 'Daily Mirror'. It did
not seem strange when Napoleon was seen strolling in the farmhouse garden
with a pipe in his mouth--no, not even when the pigs took Mr. Jones's
clothes out of the wardrobes and put them on, Napoleon himself appearing
in a black coat, ratcatcher breeches, and leather leggings, while his
favourite sow appeared in the watered silk dress which Mrs. Jones had been
used to wearing on Sundays.

A week later, in the afternoon, a number of dog-carts drove up to the farm.
A deputation of neighbouring farmers had been invited to make a tour of
inspection. They were shown all over the farm, and expressed great
admiration for everything they saw, especially the windmill. The animals
were weeding the turnip field. They worked diligently hardly raising their
faces from the ground, and not knowing whether to be more frightened of
the pigs or of the human visitors.

That evening loud laughter and bursts of singing came from the farmhouse.
And suddenly, at the sound of the mingled voices, the animals were
stricken with curiosity. What could be happening in there, now that for
the first time animals and human beings were meeting on terms of equality?
With one accord they began to creep as quietly as possible into the
farmhouse garden.

At the gate they paused, half frightened to go on but Clover led the way
in. They tiptoed up to the house, and such animals as were tall enough
peered in at the dining-room window. There, round the long table, sat half
a dozen farmers and half a dozen of the more eminent pigs, Napoleon
himself occupying the seat of honour at the head of the table. The pigs
appeared completely at ease in their chairs. The company had been enjoying
a game of cards but had broken off for the moment, evidently in order to
drink a toast. A large jug was circulating, and the mugs were being
refilled with beer. No one noticed the wondering faces of the animals that
gazed in at the window.

Mr. Pilkington, of Foxwood, had stood up, his mug in his hand. In a
moment, he said, he would ask the present company to drink a toast. But
before doing so, there were a few words that he felt it incumbent upon him
to say.

It was a source of great satisfaction to him, he said--and, he was sure,
to all others present--to feel that a long period of mistrust and
misunderstanding had now come to an end. There had been a time--not that
he, or any of the present company, had shared such sentiments--but there
had been a time when the respected proprietors of Animal Farm had been
regarded, he would not say with hostility, but perhaps with a certain
measure of misgiving, by their human neighbours. Unfortunate incidents had
occurred, mistaken ideas had been current. It had been felt that the
existence of a farm owned and operated by pigs was somehow abnormal and
was liable to have an unsettling effect in the neighbourhood. Too many
farmers had assumed, without due enquiry, that on such a farm a spirit of
licence and indiscipline would prevail. They had been nervous about the
effects upon their own animals, or even upon their human employees. But
all such doubts were now dispelled. Today he and his friends had visited
Animal Farm and inspected every inch of it with their own eyes, and what
did they find? Not only the most up-to-date methods, but a discipline and
an orderliness which should be an example to all farmers everywhere. He
believed that he was right in saying that the lower animals on Animal Farm
did more work and received less food than any animals in the county.
Indeed, he and his fellow-visitors today had observed many features which
they intended to introduce on their own farms immediately.

He would end his remarks, he said, by emphasising once again the friendly
feelings that subsisted, and ought to subsist, between Animal Farm and its
neighbours. Between pigs and human beings there was not, and there need
not be, any clash of interests whatever. Their struggles and their
difficulties were one. Was not the labour problem the same everywhere?
Here it became apparent that Mr. Pilkington was about to spring some
carefully prepared witticism on the company, but for a moment he was too
overcome by amusement to be able to utter it. After much choking, during
which his various chins turned purple, he managed to get it out: &quot;If you
have your lower animals to contend with,&quot; he said, &quot;we have our lower
classes!&quot; This BON MOT set the table in a roar; and Mr. Pilkington once
again congratulated the pigs on the low rations, the long working hours,
and the general absence of pampering which he had observed on Animal Farm.

And now, he said finally, he would ask the company to rise to their feet
and make certain that their glasses were full. &quot;Gentlemen,&quot; concluded
Mr. Pilkington, &quot;gentlemen, I give you a toast: To the prosperity of
Animal Farm!&quot;

There was enthusiastic cheering and stamping of feet. Napoleon was so
gratified that he left his place and came round the table to clink his
mug against Mr. Pilkington's before emptying it. When the cheering had
died down, Napoleon, who had remained on his feet, intimated that he too
had a few words to say.

Like all of Napoleon's speeches, it was short and to the point. He too,
he said, was happy that the period of misunderstanding was at an end. For
a long time there had been rumours--circulated, he had reason to think,
by some malignant enemy--that there was something subversive and even
revolutionary in the outlook of himself and his colleagues. They had been
credited with attempting to stir up rebellion among the animals on
neighbouring farms. Nothing could be further from the truth! Their sole
wish, now and in the past, was to live at peace and in normal business
relations with their neighbours. This farm which he had the honour to
control, he added, was a co-operative enterprise. The title-deeds, which
were in his own possession, were owned by the pigs jointly.

He did not believe, he said, that any of the old suspicions still
lingered, but certain changes had been made recently in the routine of the
farm which should have the effect of promoting confidence still further.
Hitherto the animals on the farm had had a rather foolish custom of
addressing one another as &quot;Comrade.&quot; This was to be suppressed. There had
also been a very strange custom, whose origin was unknown, of marching
every Sunday morning past a boar's skull which was nailed to a post in the
garden. This, too, would be suppressed, and the skull had already been
buried. His visitors might have observed, too, the green flag which flew
from the masthead. If so, they would perhaps have noted that the white
hoof and horn with which it had previously been marked had now been
removed. It would be a plain green flag from now onwards.

He had only one criticism, he said, to make of Mr. Pilkington's excellent
and neighbourly speech. Mr. Pilkington had referred throughout to
&quot;Animal Farm.&quot; He could not of course know--for he, Napoleon, was only
now for the first time announcing it--that the name &quot;Animal Farm&quot;
had been abolished. Henceforward the farm was to be known as &quot;The Manor
Farm&quot;--which, he believed, was its correct and original name.

&quot;Gentlemen,&quot; concluded Napoleon, &quot;I will give you the same toast as
before, but in a different form. Fill your glasses to the brim. Gentlemen,
here is my toast: To the prosperity of The Manor Farm!&quot;

There was the same hearty cheering as before, and the mugs were emptied to
the dregs. But as the animals outside gazed at the scene, it seemed to
them that some strange thing was happening. What was it that had altered
in the faces of the pigs? Clover's old dim eyes flitted from one face to
another. Some of them had five chins, some had four, some had three. But
what was it that seemed to be melting and changing? Then, the applause
having come to an end, the company took up their cards and continued the
game that had been interrupted, and the animals crept silently away.

But they had not gone twenty yards when they stopped short. An uproar of
voices was coming from the farmhouse. They rushed back and looked through
the window again. Yes, a violent quarrel was in progress. There were
shoutings, bangings on the table, sharp suspicious glances, furious
denials. The source of the trouble appeared to be that Napoleon and
Mr. Pilkington had each played an ace of spades simultaneously.

Twelve voices were shouting in anger, and they were all alike. No question,
now, what had happened to the faces of the pigs. The creatures outside
looked from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man again;
but already it was impossible to say which was which.


November 1943-February 1944


THE END
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| 제목 = 동물농장  &lt;ref&gt;[https://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks01/0100011.txt|#] 프로젝트 구텐베르그(Project Gutenberg) 호주 지부(Australia) 영문판&lt;/ref&gt;
| 다른 표기 = Animal Farm
| 부제 = 
| 부제 다른 표기 =
| 저자 = [[저자:조지 오웰|조지 오웰]]
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Chapter I&lt;br&gt;
제1장

Mr. Jones, of the Manor Farm, had locked the hen-houses for the night, but
was too drunk to remember to shut the pop-holes. With the ring of light
from his lantern dancing from side to side, he lurched across the yard,
kicked off his boots at the back door, drew himself a last glass of beer
from the barrel in the scullery, and made his way up to bed, where
Mrs. Jones was already snoring.&lt;br&gt;
매너 농장의 존스 씨는 밤을 맞아 닭장을 잠갔지만,
너무 취해서 닭들이 드나드는 구멍을 닫는 것을 잊어버렸습니다. 등불의 불빛이 좌우로 흔들리는 가운데, 그는 비틀거리며 마당을 가로질러,
뒷문에서 부츠를 벗어 던지고, 부엌 찬장에 있는 맥주통에서 마지막 맥주 한 잔을 따라 마신 후,
존스 부인이 이미 코를 골며 자고 있는 침실로 올라갔습니다.

As soon as the light in the bedroom went out there was a stirring and a
fluttering all through the farm buildings. Word had gone round during the
day that old Major, the prize Middle White boar, had had a strange dream
on the previous night and wished to communicate it to the other animals.
It had been agreed that they should all meet in the big barn as soon as
Mr. Jones was safely out of the way. Old Major (so he was always called,
though the name under which he had been exhibited was Willingdon Beauty)
was so highly regarded on the farm that everyone was quite ready to lose
an hour's sleep in order to hear what he had to say.
&lt;br&gt;
침실의 불이 꺼지자마자, 농장 건물 전체에 걸쳐 (동물들의) 소란과 분주함이 감돌았습니다. 낮 동안에 그 상급 '미들 화이트' 종 수퇘지인 늙은 메이저가 지난밤 이상한 꿈을 꾸었으며, 그것을 다른 동물들에게 전달하고 싶어 한다는 말이 돌았습니다. 존스 씨가 확실히 방해되지 않는 곳으로 가자마자 그들 모두가 큰 창고에서 만나기로 합의되었습니다. 늙은 메이저(그가 가축전시회에 나갔을 때의 이름은 '윌링던의 미남'이였지만, 그는 항상 그렇게 불렸습니다)는 농장에서 매우 높게 평가받고 있었기에, 모두가 그가 할 말을 듣기 위해 기꺼이 한 시간의 잠을 포기할 준비가 되어 있었습니다.

At one end of the big barn, on a sort of raised platform, Major was
already ensconced on his bed of straw, under a lantern which hung from a
beam. He was twelve years old and had lately grown rather stout, but he
was still a majestic-looking pig, with a wise and benevolent appearance in
spite of the fact that his tushes had never been cut. Before long the
other animals began to arrive and make themselves comfortable after their
different fashions. First came the three dogs, Bluebell, Jessie, and
Pincher, and then the pigs, who settled down in the straw immediately in
front of the platform. The hens perched themselves on the window-sills,
the pigeons fluttered up to the rafters, the sheep and cows lay down
behind the pigs and began to chew the cud. The two cart-horses, Boxer and
Clover, came in together, walking very slowly and setting down their vast
hairy hoofs with great care lest there should be some small animal
concealed in the straw. Clover was a stout motherly mare approaching
middle life, who had never quite got her figure back after her fourth foal.
Boxer was an enormous beast, nearly eighteen hands high, and as strong as
any two ordinary horses put together. A white stripe down his nose gave
him a somewhat stupid appearance, and in fact he was not of first-rate
intelligence, but he was universally respected for his steadiness of
character and tremendous powers of work. After the horses came Muriel,
the white goat, and Benjamin, the donkey. Benjamin was the oldest animal
on the farm, and the worst tempered. He seldom talked, and when he did, it
was usually to make some cynical remark--for instance, he would say that
God had given him a tail to keep the flies off, but that he would sooner
have had no tail and no flies. Alone among the animals on the farm he
never laughed. If asked why, he would say that he saw nothing to laugh at.
Nevertheless, without openly admitting it, he was devoted to Boxer; the
two of them usually spent their Sundays together in the small paddock
beyond the orchard, grazing side by side and never speaking.&lt;br&gt;
큰 창고의 한쪽 끝, 일종의 높여진 플랫폼(무대) 위에, 메이저는 들보로부터 매달려 있는 랜턴 아래의 그의 짚 침대 위에 이미 편안하게 자리를 잡고 있었습니다. 그는 12살이었고 최근에 다소 뚱뚱해졌지만, 그의 엄니가 한 번도 잘린 적이 없다는 사실에도 불구하고, 그는 여전히 지혜롭고 자애로운 외모를 가진 위엄 있어 보이는 돼지였습니다. 오래지 않아 다른 동물들이 도착하기 시작했고 그들의 서로 다른 방식에 따라 스스로를 편안하게 만들었습니다(자리를 잡았습니다). 먼저 블루벨, 제시, 핀처라는 세 마리의 개가 왔고, 그다음에는 돼지들이 왔는데, 그들은 플랫폼 바로 앞의 짚 속에 정착했습니다. 암탉들은 창문 턱 위에 스스로를 앉혔고, 비둘기들은 서까래 위로 파닥거리며 올라갔으며, 양들과 소들은 돼지들 뒤에 누워 되새김질을 하기 시작했습니다. 두 마리의 짐수레 말인 복서와 클로버가 함께 들어왔는데, 짚 속에 숨어 있는 어떤 작은 동물이라도 있을까 봐 매우 천천히 걸으며 그들의 거대하고 털이 많은 발굽을 엄청난 주의를 기울여 내디뎠습니다. 클로버는 중년에 접어드는 뚱뚱하고 어머니 같은 암말이었는데, 그녀의 네 번째 망아지를 낳은 이후 그녀의 몸매를 결코 완전히 되찾지 못했습니다. 복서는 거의 18핸드(약 183cm) 높이에 이르는 거대한 짐승이었고, 합쳐진 어떤 평범한 말 두 마리만큼이나 힘이 셌습니다. 코를 따라 내려오는 흰색 줄무늬는 그에게 다소 어리석은 외모를 주었고, 사실 그는 일류의( 뛰어난) 지능은 아니었지만, 그의 성격의 꾸준함과 엄청난 작업 능력으로 인해 보편적으로(모두에게) 존경받았습니다. 말들 다음에는 흰 염소인 뮤리엘과 당나귀인 벤자민이 왔습니다. 벤자민은 농장에서 가장 나이가 많은 동물이었고, 성격이 가장 나빴습니다. 그는 좀처럼 말하지 않았고, 그가 말을 할 때는 대개 어떤 냉소적인 발언을 하기 위해서였습니다. 예를 들어, 그는 신이 그에게 파리를 쫓아내라고 꼬리를 주셨지만, 차라리 꼬리도 없고 파리도 없는 것이 더 좋았겠다고 말하곤 했습니다. 농장의 동물들 중에서 홀로 그는 결코 웃지 않았습니다. 왜냐고 질문을 받으면, 그는 웃을 만한 것을 아무것도 보지 못했다고 말하곤 했습니다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 그것을 공개적으로 인정하지는 않으면서도, 그는 복서에게 헌신적이었습니다. 그들 둘은 대개 과수원 너머의 작은 방목지에서 그들의 일요일을 함께 보냈는데, 나란히 풀을 뜯으며 결코 말하지 않았습니다.

The two horses had just lain down when a brood of ducklings, which had
lost their mother, filed into the barn, cheeping feebly and wandering from
side to side to find some place where they would not be trodden on. Clover
made a sort of wall round them with her great foreleg, and the ducklings
nestled down inside it and promptly fell asleep. At the last moment
Mollie, the foolish, pretty white mare who drew Mr. Jones's trap, came
mincing daintily in, chewing at a lump of sugar. She took a place near the
front and began flirting her white mane, hoping to draw attention to the
red ribbons it was plaited with. Last of all came the cat, who looked
round, as usual, for the warmest place, and finally squeezed herself in
between Boxer and Clover; there she purred contentedly throughout Major's
speech without listening to a word of what he was saying.&lt;br&gt;
그 두 마리의 말이 막 누웠을 때, 그들의 엄마를 잃어버린 오리 새끼 한 무리가, 힘없이 삐약거리고 그들이 밟히지 않을 어떤 장소를 찾기 위해 이리저리 헤매며 창고 안으로 줄을 지어 들어왔습니다. 클로버는 그녀의 거대한 앞다리로 그들 주위에 일종의 벽을 만들어 주었고, 오리 새끼들은 그 안에 아늑하게 자리를 잡고 즉시 잠이 들었습니다. 마지막 순간에, 존스 씨의 이인승 마차를 끌던 어리석고 예쁜 흰색 암말인 몰리가 설탕 덩어리를 씹으며 얌전 빼며 우아하게 걸어 들어왔습니다. 그녀는 앞쪽 근처에 자리를 잡았고, 그것(갈기)에 땋아져 있는 빨간 리본들로 주의를 끌기를 희망하면서 그녀의 하얀 갈기를 살랑거리기 시작했습니다. 가장 마지막으로 고양이가 왔는데, 그녀는 늘 그렇듯 가장 따뜻한 장소를 찾아 주위를 둘러보았고, 마침내 복서와 클로버 사이에 스스로를 밀어 넣었습니다. 거기서 그녀는 메이저가 말하고 있는 것의 단 한 단어도 듣지 않으면서, 메이저의 연설 내내 만족스럽게 갸르릉거렸습니다.

All the animals were now present except Moses, the tame raven, who slept
on a perch behind the back door. When Major saw that they had all made
themselves comfortable and were waiting attentively, he cleared his throat
and began:
&lt;br&gt;
뒷문 뒤의 홰 위에서 잠을 자는 길들여진 까마귀인 모세를 제외하고는 모든 동물들이 이제 참석해 있었습니다. 메이저가 그들 모두가 스스로를 편안하게 만들고(자리를 잡고) 주의 깊게 기다리고 있는 것을 보았을 때, 그는 그의 목청을 가다듬고 시작했습니다:

&quot;Comrades, you have heard already about the strange dream that I had last
night. But I will come to the dream later. I have something else to say
first. I do not think, comrades, that I shall be with you for many months
longer, and before I die, I feel it my duty to pass on to you such wisdom
as I have acquired. I have had a long life, I have had much time for
thought as I lay alone in my stall, and I think I may say that I
understand the nature of life on this earth as well as any animal now
living. It is about this that I wish to speak to you.
&lt;br&gt;
&quot;동지들, 여러분은 내가 지난밤에 꾸었던 이상한 꿈에 대해 이미 들었습니다. 하지만 나는 그 꿈에 대해서는 나중에 이야기하겠습니다. 나는 먼저 말해야 할 다른 어떤 것을 가지고 있습니다. 동지들, 나는 내가 여러 달 더 이상 여러분과 함께하지 못할 것이라고 생각하며, 내가 죽기 전에, 내가 습득해 온 그러한 지혜를 여러분에게 전달하는 것이 나의 의무라고 느낍니다. 나는 긴 삶을 살았고, 나의 축사 안에 홀로 누워 있을 때 생각할 많은 시간을 가졌으며, 나는 내가 현재 살고 있는 어떤 동물 못지않게 이 지구상에서의 삶의 본질을 이해하고 있다고 말할 수 있다고 생각합니다. 내가 여러분에게 말하고자 희망하는 것은 바로 이것에 대해서입니다.

&quot;Now, comrades, what is the nature of this life of ours? Let us face it:
our lives are miserable, laborious, and short. We are born, we are given
just so much food as will keep the breath in our bodies, and those of us
who are capable of it are forced to work to the last atom of our strength;
and the very instant that our usefulness has come to an end we are
slaughtered with hideous cruelty. No animal in England knows the meaning
of happiness or leisure after he is a year old. No animal in England is
free. The life of an animal is misery and slavery: that is the plain truth.&lt;br&gt;
&quot;이제, 동지들, 우리들의 이 삶의 본질은 무엇입니까? 그것을 직시합시다. 우리의 삶은 비참하고, 힘들며, 짧습니다. 우리는 태어나고, 우리의 몸속에 숨이 붙어 있게 유지해 줄 딱 그만큼의 음식만을 받으며, 그것(노동)을 할 능력이 있는 우리들 중의 이들은 우리의 힘의 마지막 한 원자(한 방울)까지 짜내어 일하도록 강요받습니다. 그리고 우리의 유용성이 끝에 다다르는 바로 그 순간에, 우리는 끔찍한 잔인함과 함께 도살당합니다. 영국의 어떤 동물도 그가 한 살이 된 이후에는 행복이나 여가의 의미를 알지 못합니다. 영국의 어떤 동물도 자유롭지 않습니다. 동물의 삶은 비참함과 노예 상태입니다. 그것이 명백한 진실입니다.

&quot;But is this simply part of the order of nature? Is it because this land
of ours is so poor that it cannot afford a decent life to those who dwell
upon it? No, comrades, a thousand times no! The soil of England is
fertile, its climate is good, it is capable of affording food in abundance
to an enormously greater number of animals than now inhabit it. This
single farm of ours would support a dozen horses, twenty cows, hundreds of
sheep--and all of them living in a comfort and a dignity that are now
almost beyond our imagining. Why then do we continue in this miserable
condition? Because nearly the whole of the produce of our labour is stolen
from us by human beings. There, comrades, is the answer to all our
problems. It is summed up in a single word--Man. Man is the only real
enemy we have. Remove Man from the scene, and the root cause of hunger and
overwork is abolished for ever.&lt;br&gt;
&quot;그러나 이것은 단순히 자연의 질서의 일부입니까? 그것은 우리들의 이 땅이 너무 가난해서 그 위에 거주하는 이들에게 괜찮은(품위 있는) 삶을 제공할 여유가 없기 때문입니까? 아닙니다, 동지들, 천 번이고 아닙니다! 영국의 토양은 비옥하고, 그것의 기후는 좋으며, 그것은 현재 그것에 서식하는 것보다 훨씬 더 엄청나게 많은 수의 동물들에게 풍부한 음식을 제공할 능력이 있습니다. 우리들의 이 단 하나의 농장만으로도 열두 마리의 말, 스무 마리의 소, 수백 마리의 양을 부양할 수 있을 것이며—그리고 그들 모두는 지금은 우리의 상상을 거의 초월하는 편안함과 존엄함 속에서 살아가게 될 것입니다. 그렇다면 왜 우리는 이 비참한 상태를 지속하고 있습니까? 왜냐하면 우리 노동의 생산물의 거의 전부가 인간들에 의해 우리로부터 도둑맞고 있기 때문입니다. 동지들, 거기에 우리 모든 문제에 대한 답이 있습니다. 그것은 단 하나의 단어로 요약됩니다—인간. 인간은 우리가 가진 유일한 진짜 적입니다. 장면(무대)에서 인간을 제거하십시오, 그러면 굶주림과 과로의 근본 원인은 영원히 폐지됩니다.

&quot;Man is the only creature that consumes without producing. He does not
give milk, he does not lay eggs, he is too weak to pull the plough, he
cannot run fast enough to catch rabbits. Yet he is lord of all the
animals. He sets them to work, he gives back to them the bare minimum that
will prevent them from starving, and the rest he keeps for himself. Our
labour tills the soil, our dung fertilises it, and yet there is not one of
us that owns more than his bare skin. You cows that I see before me, how
many thousands of gallons of milk have you given during this last year?
And what has happened to that milk which should have been breeding up
sturdy calves? Every drop of it has gone down the throats of our enemies.
And you hens, how many eggs have you laid in this last year, and how many
of those eggs ever hatched into chickens? The rest have all gone to market
to bring in money for Jones and his men. And you, Clover, where are those
four foals you bore, who should have been the support and pleasure of your
old age? Each was sold at a year old--you will never see one of them
again. In return for your four confinements and all your labour in the
fields, what have you ever had except your bare rations and a stall?&lt;br&gt;
&quot;인간은 생산하지 않으면서 소비하는 유일한 생명체입니다. 그는 우유를 주지도 않고, 알을 낳지도 않으며, 쟁기를 끌기에는 너무 약하고, 토끼를 잡을 만큼 충분히 빠르게 달릴 수도 없습니다. 하지만 그는 모든 동물들의 주인입니다. 그는 그들에게 일을 시키고, 그들에게 그들이 굶어 죽는 것을 방지할 간신히의 최소한(최저한도)만을 돌려주며, 나머지는 자신을 위해 보관합니다. 우리의 노동이 토양을 갈고, 우리의 배설물이 그것을 비옥하게 하지만, 그럼에도 우리들 중 그의 맨살(가진 것 없는 몸뚱이)보다 더 많은 것을 소유한 이는 단 하나도 없습니다. 내 앞에 보이는 당신들 암소들, 당신들은 이 지난 한 해 동안 얼마나 많은 수천 갤런의 우유를 주었습니까? 그리고 튼튼한 송아지들을 길러내고 있었어야 마땅한 그 우유에 무슨 일이 일어났습니까? 그것의 모든 한 방울은 우리 원수들의 목구멍 아래로 내려갔습니다. 그리고 당신들 암탉들, 당신들은 이 지난 한 해 동안 얼마나 많은 알을 낳았으며, 그 알들 중 얼마나 많은 수가 단 한 번이라도 병아리로 부화했습니까? 나머지는 모두 존스와 그의 부하들을 위한 돈을 가져오기 위해 시장으로 갔습니다. 그리고 당신, 클로버, 당신의 노년의 부양과 기쁨이 되었어야 마땅한, 당신이 낳은 그 네 마리의 망아지들은 어디에 있습니까? 각각은 한 살 때 팔렸습니다—당신은 결코 그들 중 단 한 마리도 다시는 보지 못할 것입니다. 당신의 네 번의 출산과 들판에서의 당신의 모든 노동에 대한 대가로, 당신의 간신히의 배급량과 축사 한 칸을 제외하고 당신이 가져본 것이 도대체 무엇이 있습니까?

&quot;And even the miserable lives we lead are not allowed to reach their
natural span. For myself I do not grumble, for I am one of the lucky ones.
I am twelve years old and have had over four hundred children. Such is the
natural life of a pig. But no animal escapes the cruel knife in the end.
You young porkers who are sitting in front of me, every one of you will
scream your lives out at the block within a year. To that horror we all
must come--cows, pigs, hens, sheep, everyone. Even the horses and the dogs
have no better fate. You, Boxer, the very day that those great muscles of
yours lose their power, Jones will sell you to the knacker, who will cut
your throat and boil you down for the foxhounds. As for the dogs, when
they grow old and toothless, Jones ties a brick round their necks and
drowns them in the nearest pond.
&lt;br&gt;
&quot;그리고 심지어 우리가 이끄는(영위하는) 비참한 삶들조차 그것들의 자연적인 수명에 도달하도록 허용되지 않습니다. 내 자신으로 말하자면 나는 불평하지 않는데, 왜냐하면 내가 운이 좋은 자들 중 하나이기 때문입니다. 나는 12살이고 400마리가 넘는 자식들을 가졌습니다. 그러한 것이 돼지의 자연적인 삶입니다. 그러나 결국 그 어떤 동물도 잔인한 칼날을 피하지 못합니다. 내 앞에 앉아 있는 당신들 젊은 육용돈(젊은 돼지)들, 당신들 모두는 1년 이내에 도살대 위에서 당신들의 생명이 다하도록 비명을 지르게 될 것입니다. 우리 모두는 그 공포로 나아가야만 합니다—암소들, 돼지들, 암탉들, 양들, 모두가 말입니다. 심지어 말들과 개들조차 더 나은 운명을 가지지 못합니다. 당신, 복서, 당신의 그 거대한 근육들이 그것들의 힘을 잃는 바로 그날, 존스는 당신을 도축업자(폐마 도축업자)에게 팔아넘길 것이고, 그는 당신의 목을 자르고 여우 사냥개들을 위해 당신을 삶아 버릴 것입니다. 개들로 말하자면, 그들이 늙고 이빨이 빠질 때, 존스는 그들의 목 주위에 벽돌을 묶고 가장 가까운 연못에 그들을 익사시킵니다.

&quot;Is it not crystal clear, then, comrades, that all the evils of this life
of ours spring from the tyranny of human beings? Only get rid of Man, and
the produce of our labour would be our own. Almost overnight we could
become rich and free. What then must we do? Why, work night and day, body
and soul, for the overthrow of the human race! That is my message to you,
comrades: Rebellion! I do not know when that Rebellion will come, it might
be in a week or in a hundred years, but I know, as surely as I see this
straw beneath my feet, that sooner or later justice will be done. Fix your
eyes on that, comrades, throughout the short remainder of your lives! And
above all, pass on this message of mine to those who come after you, so
that future generations shall carry on the struggle until it is victorious.&lt;br&gt;
&quot;그렇다면 동지들, 우리들의 이 삶의 모든 악이 인간들의 폭정으로부터 솟아난다는(비롯된다는) 것이 수정처럼 투명하게 명백하지(명약관화하지) 않습니까? 오직 인간만을 제거하십시오, 그러면 우리 노동의 생산물은 우리 자신의 것이 될 것입니다. 거의 하룻밤 사이에 우리는 부유해지고 자유로워질 수 있습니다. 그렇다면 우리는 무엇을 해야 합니까? 자, 인류의 타도를 위해 밤낮으로, 몸과 영혼을 바쳐 일하십시오! 동지들, 그것이 여러분에게 보내는 나의 메시지입니다. 바로 반란입니다! 나는 그 반란이 언제 올지 알지 못하며, 그것은 일주일 뒤일 수도 있고 백 년 뒤일 수도 있지만, 내가 내 발아래에 있는 이 짚을 보는 것만큼이나 확실하게, 머지않아 정의가 실현될 것임을 나는 압니다. 동지들, 여러분의 짧은 남은 삶 동안 그것에 여러분의 눈을 고정하십시오! 그리고 무엇보다도, 미래의 세대들이 그것이 승리할 때까지 그 투쟁을 계속해 나갈 수 있도록, 나의 이 메시지를 여러분 뒤에 오는 이들에게 전달하십시오.

&quot;And remember, comrades, your resolution must never falter. No argument
must lead you astray. Never listen when they tell you that Man and the
animals have a common interest, that the prosperity of the one is the
prosperity of the others. It is all lies. Man serves the interests of no
creature except himself. And among us animals let there be perfect unity,
perfect comradeship in the struggle. All men are enemies. All animals are
comrades.&quot;
&lt;br&gt;
&quot;그리고 기억하십시오, 동지들, 여러분의 결의는 결코 흔들려서 안 됩니다. 어떤 주장도 여러분을 타락한 길로(잘못된 길로) 이끌어서는 안 됩니다. 인간과 동물이 공통의 이익을 가지고 있으며, 한쪽의 번영이 다른 쪽들의 번영이라고 그들이 여러분에게 말할 때 결코 듣지 마십시오. 그것은 모두 거짓말입니다. 인간은 자신을 제외하고는 그 어떤 생명체의 이익도 돌보지 않습니다. 그리고 우리 동물들 사이에는 투쟁 속에서 완벽한 단결, 완벽한 동지애가 있게 하십시오. 모든 인간은 원수입니다. 모든 동물은 동지입니다.&quot;

At this moment there was a tremendous uproar. While Major was speaking
four large rats had crept out of their holes and were sitting on their
hindquarters, listening to him. The dogs had suddenly caught sight of
them, and it was only by a swift dash for their holes that the rats saved
their lives. Major raised his trotter for silence.&lt;br&gt;
이 순간에 엄청난 소란이 있었습니다. 메이저가 말하고 있는 동안 네 마리의 거대한 쥐들이 그들의 구멍 밖으로 살금살금 기어 나와 그들의 뒷동서리를 대고 앉아, 그(의 말)를 듣고 있었습니다. 개들이 갑자기 그들을 포착했고, 쥐들이 그들의 생명을 구한 것은 오직 그들의 구멍을 향한 빠른 돌진에 의해서였습니다. 메이저는 침묵을 위해 그의 앞발을 들어 올렸습니다.

&quot;Comrades,&quot; he said, &quot;here is a point that must be settled. The wild
creatures, such as rats and rabbits--are they our friends or our enemies?
Let us put it to the vote. I propose this question to the meeting: Are
rats comrades?&quot;
&lt;br&gt;
&quot;동지들,&quot; 그가 말했습니다, &quot;여기 해결되어야만 하는 한 가지 논점이 있습니다. 쥐들과 토끼들 같은 야생의 생명체들—그들은 우리의 친구입니까 아니면 우리의 원수입니까? 그것을 투표에 부칩시다. 나는 회의에 이 질문을 제안합니다: 쥐들은 동지입니까?&quot;

The vote was taken at once, and it was agreed by an overwhelming majority
that rats were comrades. There were only four dissentients, the three dogs
and the cat, who was afterwards discovered to have voted on both sides.
Major continued:
&lt;br&gt;
투표는 즉시 취해졌고(실시되었고), 쥐들은 동지라는 것이 압도적인 대다수에 의해 합의되었습니다. 오직 네 마리의 반대자들만 있었는데, 세 마리의 개와 고양이였으며, 고양이는 나중에 양쪽 모두에 투표했던 것으로 발견되었습니다(밝혀졌습니다). 메이저는 계속했습니다:

&quot;I have little more to say. I merely repeat, remember always your duty of
enmity towards Man and all his ways. Whatever goes upon two legs is an
enemy. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend. And
remember also that in fighting against Man, we must not come to resemble
him. Even when you have conquered him, do not adopt his vices. No animal
must ever live in a house, or sleep in a bed, or wear clothes, or drink
alcohol, or smoke tobacco, or touch money, or engage in trade. All the
habits of Man are evil. And, above all, no animal must ever tyrannise over
his own kind. Weak or strong, clever or simple, we are all brothers. No
animal must ever kill any other animal. All animals are equal.
&lt;br&gt;
&quot;나는 더 말할 것이 거의 없습니다. 나는 단지 되풀이할 뿐이니, 인간과 그의 모든 방식들을 향한 여러분의 원수다움(적대감)의 의무를 항상 기억하십시오. 두 다리로 걷는 것은 무엇이든 적입니다. 네 다리로 걷거나, 날개를 가진 것은 무엇이든 친구입니다. 그리고 인간을 대항하여 싸우는 와중에, 우리가 그를 닮아가지 말아야 한다는 것 또한 기억하십시오. 심지어 여러분이 그를 정복했을 때라도, 그의 악덕들을 채택(모방)하지 마십시오. 어떤 동물도 결코 집 안에서 살아서는 안 되며, 침대에서 잠을 자서도 안 되고, 옷을 입어서도 안 되며, 술을 마셔서도 안 되고, 담배를 피워서도 안 되며, 돈을 만져서도 안 되고, 무역(상거래)에 종사해서도 안 됩니다. 인간의 모든 습관들은 악합니다. 그리고, 무엇보다도, 어떤 동물도 결코 그의 동족 위에서 폭정을 휘둘러서는 안 됩니다. 약하든 강하든, 똑똑하든 단순(어리석든)하든, 우리는 모두 형제들입니다. 어떤 동물도 결코 다른 어떤 동물을 죽여서는 안 됩니다. 모든 동물들은 평등합니다.

&quot;And now, comrades, I will tell you about my dream of last night. I cannot
describe that dream to you. It was a dream of the earth as it will be when
Man has vanished. But it reminded me of something that I had long
forgotten. Many years ago, when I was a little pig, my mother and the
other sows used to sing an old song of which they knew only the tune and
the first three words. I had known that tune in my infancy, but it had
long since passed out of my mind. Last night, however, it came back to me
in my dream. And what is more, the words of the song also came back-words,
I am certain, which were sung by the animals of long ago and have been
lost to memory for generations. I will sing you that song now, comrades.
I am old and my voice is hoarse, but when I have taught you the tune, you
can sing it better for yourselves. It is called 'Beasts of England'.&quot;
&lt;br&gt;
&quot;그리고 이제, 동지들, 나는 여러분에게 나의 지난밤의 꿈에 대해 말하겠습니다. 나는 그 꿈을 여러분에게 묘사할 수 없습니다. 그것은 인간이 사라졌을 때의 있을 바와 같은 지구에 대한 꿈이었습니다. 그러나 그것은 내가 오랫동안 잊고 있었던 어떤 것을 나에게 상기시켜 주었습니다. 수년 전, 내가 작은 돼지였을 때, 나의 어머니와 다른 씨돼지(암돼지)들은 그들이 오직 그것의 곡조와 첫 세 단어만을 알고 있었던 한 오래된 노래를 부르곤 했습니다. 나는 나의 유아기에 그 곡조를 알고 있었지만, 그것은 오래전에 나의 마음 밖으로 지나가 버렸습니다(잊혀졌습니다). 그러나 지난밤, 그것이 나의 꿈속에서 나에게 다시 돌아왔습니다. 그리고 더욱이, 그 노래의 가사들 또한 돌아왔는데—내가 확신하건대, 아주 옛날의 동물들에 의해 불렸고 세대 동안 기억에서 사라졌던 그러한 가사들입니다. 동지들, 나는 지금 여러분에게 그 노래를 불러 주겠습니다. 나는 늙었고 나의 목소리는 쉰 목소리이지만, 내가 여러분에게 그 곡조를 가르쳐 주고 나면, 여러분 스스로가 그것을 더 잘 부를 수 있습니다. 그것은 '영국의 동물들'이라고 불립니다.&quot;

Old Major cleared his throat and began to sing. As he had said, his voice
was hoarse, but he sang well enough, and it was a stirring tune, something
between 'Clementine' and 'La Cucaracha'. The words ran:
&lt;br&gt;
늙은 메이저는 그의 목청을 가다듬고 노래하기 시작했습니다. 그가 말했었던 것처럼, 그의 목소리는 쉰 목소리였지만, 그는 충분히 잘 불렀고, 그것은 '클레멘타인'과 '라 쿠카라차' 사이의 어떤 것과 같은, 마음을 뒤흔드는 곡조였습니다. 가사는 다음과 같이 흘러갔습니다:

&lt;table&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;
Beasts of England, beasts of Ireland,
Beasts of every land and clime,
Hearken to my joyful tidings
Of the golden future time.

Soon or late the day is coming,
Tyrant Man shall be o'erthrown,
And the fruitful fields of England
Shall be trod by beasts alone.

Rings shall vanish from our noses,
And the harness from our back,
Bit and spur shall rust forever,
Cruel whips no more shall crack.

Riches more than mind can picture,
Wheat and barley, oats and hay,
Clover, beans, and mangel-wurzels
Shall be ours upon that day.

Bright will shine the fields of England,
Purer shall its waters be,
Sweeter yet shall blow its breezes
On the day that sets us free.

For that day we all must labour,
Though we die before it break;
Cows and horses, geese and turkeys,
All must toil for freedom's sake.

Beasts of England, beasts of Ireland,
Beasts of every land and clime,
Hearken well and spread my tidings
Of the golden future time.
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;
영국의 동물들이여, 아일랜드의 동물들이여,
모든 땅과 기후의 동물들이여,
황금빛 미래 시대에 대한
나의 기쁜 소식에 귀를 기울이십시오.

조만간 그날이 오고 있으니,
폭군 인간은 타도될 것이요,
그리고 영국의 결실 가득한 들판은
오직 동물들에 의해서만 밟힐 것입니다.

고리들은 우리의 코에서 사라질 것이요,
그리고 마구는 우리의 등에서 (사라질 것입니다),
재갈과 박차는 영원히 녹슬 것이며,
잔인한 채찍은 더 이상 소리를 내지 못할 것입니다.

마음이 상상할 수 있는 것보다 더 많은 부,
밀과 보리, 귀리와 건초,
클로버, 콩, 그리고 사탕무가
바로 그날에 우리의 것이 될 것입니다.

영국의 들판은 밝게 빛날 것이요,
그것의 물은 더 맑아질 것이며,
그것의 산들바람은 더욱 달콤하게 불어올 것입니다,
우리를 자유롭게 해 주는 바로 그날에.

그날을 위해 우리 모두는 노동해야만 합니다,
비록 그것이 밝아오기 전에 우리가 죽을지라도.
암소들과 말들, 거위들과 칠면조들,
모두가 자유를 위해 힘들게 일해야만 합니다.

영국의 동물들이여, 아일랜드의 동물들이여,
모든 땅과 기후의 동물들이여,
잘 귀를 기울이고 나의 소식을 퍼뜨리십시오,
황금빛 미래 시대에 대한 (소식을).
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

The singing of this song threw the animals into the wildest excitement.
Almost before Major had reached the end, they had begun singing it for
themselves. Even the stupidest of them had already picked up the tune and
a few of the words, and as for the clever ones, such as the pigs and dogs,
they had the entire song by heart within a few minutes. And then, after a
few preliminary tries, the whole farm burst out into 'Beasts of England' in
tremendous unison. The cows lowed it, the dogs whined it, the sheep
bleated it, the horses whinnied it, the ducks quacked it. They were so
delighted with the song that they sang it right through five times in
succession, and might have continued singing it all night if they had not
been interrupted.
&lt;br&gt;
이 노래의 가창은 동물들을 가장 격렬한 흥분 속으로 몰아넣었습니다. 메이저가 끝에 도달하기 거의 전에, 그들은 그것을 그들 스스로 부르기 시작했었습니다. 그들 중 가장 어리석은 이들조차 이미 그 곡조와 몇 개의 단어들을 익혔고, 돼지들과 개들 같은 영리한 이들로 말하자면, 그들은 몇 분 안에 노래 전체를 마음으로(암기하여) 가졌습니다. 그러고 나서, 몇 번의 예비적인 시도 후에, 온 농장이 엄청난 일제히(제창) 속에서 '영국의 동물들'로 터져 나왔습니다. 암소들은 그것을 음매하고 울었고, 개들은 깽깽하며 울었으며, 양들은 매애하고 울었고, 말들은 히힝하고 울었고, 오리들은 꽥꽥하며 울었습니다. 그들은 그 노래에 너무나 기뻐서 그것을 연속으로 바로 다섯 번 통틀어 불렀고, 만약 그들이 방해받지 않았었더라면 밤새도록 그것을 계속 불렀을지도 모릅니다.

Unfortunately, the uproar awoke Mr. Jones, who sprang out of bed, making
sure that there was a fox in the yard. He seized the gun which always
stood in a corner of his bedroom, and let fly a charge of number 6 shot
into the darkness. The pellets buried themselves in the wall of the barn
and the meeting broke up hurriedly. Everyone fled to his own
sleeping-place. The birds jumped on to their perches, the animals settled
down in the straw, and the whole farm was asleep in a moment.
&lt;br&gt;
불행하게도, 그 소란이 존스 씨를 깨웠고, 그는 마당에 여우가 있다고 확신하면서 침대 밖으로 튀어 올랐습니다. 그는 그의 침실 구석에 항상 서 있던 총을 붙잡았고, 어둠 속으로 6호 산탄 한 발을 날려 보냈습니다. 그 산탄 알갱이들은 창고 벽속에 박혔고 회의는 서둘러 해산되었습니다. 모두가 그 자신의 잠자리로 도망쳤습니다. 새들은 그들의 홰 위로 뛰어올랐고, 동물들은 짚 속에 자리를 잡았으며, 온 농장은 순식간에 잠들었습니다.


Chapter II
제2장


Three nights later old Major died peacefully in his sleep. His body was
buried at the foot of the orchard.
&lt;br&gt;
사흘 밤 뒤에 늙은 메이저는 그의 잠 속에서 평화롭게 죽었습니다. 그의 몸은 과수원의 기슭에 묻혔습니다.

This was early in March. During the next three months there was much
secret activity. Major's speech had given to the more intelligent animals
on the farm a completely new outlook on life. They did not know when the
Rebellion predicted by Major would take place, they had no reason for
thinking that it would be within their own lifetime, but they saw clearly
that it was their duty to prepare for it. The work of teaching and
organising the others fell naturally upon the pigs, who were generally
recognised as being the cleverest of the animals. Pre-eminent among the
pigs were two young boars named Snowball and Napoleon, whom Mr. Jones was
breeding up for sale. Napoleon was a large, rather fierce-looking
Berkshire boar, the only Berkshire on the farm, not much of a talker, but
with a reputation for getting his own way. Snowball was a more vivacious
pig than Napoleon, quicker in speech and more inventive, but was not
considered to have the same depth of character. All the other male pigs on
the farm were porkers. The best known among them was a small fat pig named
Squealer, with very round cheeks, twinkling eyes, nimble movements, and a
shrill voice. He was a brilliant talker, and when he was arguing some
difficult point he had a way of skipping from side to side and whisking
his tail which was somehow very persuasive. The others said of Squealer
that he could turn black into white.&lt;br&gt;
이것은 3월 초순이었다. 다음 3달 동안에는 많은 비밀스러운 활동이 있었다. 메이저의 연설은 농장에서 더 똑똑한 동물들에게 삶에 대한 완전히 새로운 관점을 주었다. 그들은 메이저에 의해 예언된 그 반란이 언제 일어날지 알지 못했고, 그것이 그들 자신의 생애 내에 있을 것이라고 생각할 아무런 이유도 없었지만, 그러나 그들은 그것을 준비하는 것이 자신들의 의무라는 것을 명확히 보았다(알았다). 다른 동물들을 가르치고 조직하는 일은 자연스럽게 돼지들에게 떨어졌는데(맡겨졌는데), 그들은 일반적으로 동물들 중에서 가장 영리한 것으로 인정받고 있었다. 돼지들 중에서 탁월한 이들은 스노볼과 나폴레옹이라는 이름의 두 마리 젊은 수컷씨돼지들이었는데, 존스 씨가 판매를 위해 기르고 있는 중이었다. 나폴레옹은 크고, 다소 사납게 생겼으며, 농장에서 유일한 버크셔 종 수멧돼지였는데, 말수가 많지 않았지만, 자기 방식대로 해내고야 만다는(고집을 관철한다는) 평판을 가지고 있었다. 스노볼은 나폴레옹보다 더 활기 넘치는 돼지였고, 말이 더 빨랐으며 더 독창적이었지만, 성격의 깊이가 똑같이 깊다고는 여겨지지 않았다. 농장의 다른 모든 수컷 돼지들은 (살을 찌운) 식육용 돼지들이었다. 그들 중에서 가장 잘 알려진 이는 스퀼러라는 이름의 작고 뚱뚱한 돼지였는데, 매우 둥근 뺨, 반짝이는 눈, 민첩한 움직임, 그리고 날카로운 목소리를 가지고 있었다. 그는 뛰어난 달변가였고, 그가 어떤 어려운 논점을 논쟁하고 있을 때, 그는 이쪽저쪽으로 깡충깡충 뛰며 그의 꼬리를 휙휙 흔드는 방식을 가지고 있었는데, 그것은 어쩐지 매우 설득력이 있었다. 다른 동물들은 스퀼러에 대해 그가 검은 것을 흰 것으로 바꿀 수도 있다고 말했다.

These three had elaborated old Major's teachings into a complete system of
thought, to which they gave the name of Animalism. Several nights a week,
after Mr. Jones was asleep, they held secret meetings in the barn and
expounded the principles of Animalism to the others. At the beginning they
met with much stupidity and apathy. Some of the animals talked of the duty
of loyalty to Mr. Jones, whom they referred to as &quot;Master,&quot; or made
elementary remarks such as &quot;Mr. Jones feeds us. If he were gone, we should
starve to death.&quot; Others asked such questions as &quot;Why should we care what
happens after we are dead?&quot; or &quot;If this Rebellion is to happen anyway,
what difference does it make whether we work for it or not?&quot;, and the pigs
had great difficulty in making them see that this was contrary to the
spirit of Animalism. The stupidest questions of all were asked by Mollie,
the white mare. The very first question she asked Snowball was: &quot;Will
there still be sugar after the Rebellion?&quot;
&lt;br&gt;
이들 세 마리는 늙은 메이저의 가르침들을 하나의 완전한 사상 체계로 정교하게 발전시켰으며, 그것에 '동물주의(Animalism)'라는 이름을 부여했다. 일주일에 몇 번씩 밤마다, 존스 씨가 잠든 후에, 그들은 헛간에서 비밀 집회를 열었고 다른 동물들에게 동물주의의 원칙들을 상세히 설명했다. 시작 단계에서 그들은 많은 어리석음과 냉담함에 부딪혔다. 동물들 중 일부는 자신들이 &quot;주인님&quot;이라고 부르는 존스 씨에 대한 충성의 의무를 말하거나, &quot;존스 씨는 우리를 먹여 살려준다. 만약 그가 사라진다면, 우리는 굶어 죽을 것이다&quot;와 같은 초보적인 발언을 했다. 다른 동물들은 &quot;우리가 죽은 후에 무슨 일이 일어나든 우리가 왜 신경 써야 하지?&quot;라거나 &quot;만약 이 반란이 어차피 일어날 운명이라면, 우리가 그것을 위해 일하든 안 하든 무슨 차이가 있지?&quot;와 같은 질문들을 던졌고, 돼지들은 이것이 동물주의의 정신에 어긋나는 것임을 그들에게 이해시키는 데 큰 어려움을 겪었다. 모든 질문 중에서 가장 어리석은 질문들은 흰색 암말인 몰리에 의해 질문되었다. 그녀가 스노볼에게 던진 아주 첫 번째 질문은 &quot;반란 후에도 여전히 설탕이 있을까요?&quot;였다.

&quot;No,&quot; said Snowball firmly. &quot;We have no means of making sugar on this
farm. Besides, you do not need sugar. You will have all the oats and hay
you want.&quot;
&lt;br&gt;
&quot;아니오,&quot; 스노볼이 단호하게 말했다. &quot; 우리는 이 농장에서 설탕을 만들 수 있는 수단을 가지고 있지 않소. 게다가, 당신은 설탕이 필요하지 않소. 당신은 당신이 원하는 모든 귀리와 건초를 가지게 될 것이오.&quot;

&quot;And shall I still be allowed to wear ribbons in my mane?&quot; asked Mollie.
&lt;br&gt;
&quot;그리고 내가 내 갈기에 여전히 리본을 착용하는 것이 허용될까요?&quot; 몰리가 물었다.

&quot;Comrade,&quot; said Snowball, &quot;those ribbons that you are so devoted to are
the badge of slavery. Can you not understand that liberty is worth more
than ribbons?&quot;
&lt;br&gt;
&quot;동무,&quot; 스노볼이 말했다, &quot;당신이 그토록 애지중지하는 그 리본들은 노예 제도의 상징(징표)이오. 자유가 리본들보다 더 가치 있다는 것을 당신은 이해하지 못하겠소?&quot;

Mollie agreed, but she did not sound very convinced.
&lt;br&gt;
몰리는 동의했지만, 그녀의 목소리는 그리 납득한 것처럼 들리지 않았다.

The pigs had an even harder struggle to counteract the lies put about by
Moses, the tame raven. Moses, who was Mr. Jones's especial pet, was a spy
and a tale-bearer, but he was also a clever talker. He claimed to know of
the existence of a mysterious country called Sugarcandy Mountain, to which
all animals went when they died. It was situated somewhere up in the sky,
a little distance beyond the clouds, Moses said. In Sugarcandy Mountain it
was Sunday seven days a week, clover was in season all the year round, and
lump sugar and linseed cake grew on the hedges. The animals hated Moses
because he told tales and did no work, but some of them believed in
Sugarcandy Mountain, and the pigs had to argue very hard to persuade them
that there was no such place.
&lt;br&gt;
돼지들은 길들여진 까마귀인 모세에 의해 유포되는 거짓말들에 대응하기 위해 훨씬 더 힘든 투쟁을 해야 했다. 존스 씨의 특별한 애완동물이었던 모세는 스파이이자 밀고자였지만, 그는 또한 똑똑한 달변가였다. 그는 모든 동물들이 죽었을 때 가는 '설탕과자 산(Sugarcandy Mountain)'이라고 불리는 신비한 나라의 존재를 알고 있다고 주장했다. 모세의 말에 따르면, 그곳은 하늘 위 어딘가, 구름 너머로 조금 떨어진 곳에 위치해 있었다. 설탕과자 산에서는 일주일 중 7일이 모두 일요일이었고, 클로버(토끼풀)가 일년 내내 제철이었으며, 각설탕과 아마인박(linseed cake)&lt;ref&gt;아마인박亞麻仁粕 아마의 씨로 기름을 짜고 남은 찌꺼기. 사료로 쓴다.&lt;/ref&gt;이 울타리에서 자랐다. 동물들은 모세가 밀고를 하고 아무런 일도 하지 않았기 때문에 그를 미워했지만, 그들 중 일부는 설탕과자 산을 믿었고, 돼지들은 그러한 장소는 없다는 것을 그들에게 설득하기 위해 매우 열심히 논쟁해야 했다.

Their most faithful disciples were the two cart-horses, Boxer and Clover.
These two had great difficulty in thinking anything out for themselves,
but having once accepted the pigs as their teachers, they absorbed
everything that they were told, and passed it on to the other animals by
simple arguments. They were unfailing in their attendance at the secret
meetings in the barn, and led the singing of 'Beasts of England', with
which the meetings always ended.
&lt;br&gt;
그들의 가장 충실한 제자들은 두 마리의 짐마차 말인 복서와 클로버였다. 이들 두 마리는 스스로 무언가를 생각해 내는 데 큰 어려움을 겪었지만, 일단 돼지들을 자신들의 스승으로 받아들인 후에는, 자신들이 들은 모든 것을 흡수했고, 그것을 단순한 논거들을 통해 다른 동물들에게 전달했다. 그들은 헛간에서 열리는 비밀 집회에 변함없이 참석했으며, 집회가 항상 그것으로 끝을 맺는 '영국의 동물들(Beasts of England)'의 제창을 이끌었다.

Now, as it turned out, the Rebellion was achieved much earlier and more
easily than anyone had expected. In past years Mr. Jones, although a hard
master, had been a capable farmer, but of late he had fallen on evil days.
He had become much disheartened after losing money in a lawsuit, and had
taken to drinking more than was good for him. For whole days at a time he
would lounge in his Windsor chair in the kitchen, reading the newspapers,
drinking, and occasionally feeding Moses on crusts of bread soaked in
beer. His men were idle and dishonest, the fields were full of weeds, the
buildings wanted roofing, the hedges were neglected, and the animals were
underfed.&lt;br&gt;
이제, 밝혀진 바와 같이, 그 반란은 어느 누구가 예상했던 것보다 훨씬 더 일찍 그리고 더 쉽게 성취되었다. 지난 수년 동안 존스 씨는, 비록 가혹한 주인이었을지라도, 유능한 농부였으나, 최근에 그는 불행한 나날들 속에 빠져 있었다. 그는 한 소송에서 돈을 잃은 후 크게 낙담하게 되었고, 그에게 이로울 것보다 더 많이 술을 마시기 시작했다. 한 번에 온종일 동안 그는 부엌에 있는 그의 윈저 의자(Windsor chair)에 털썩 앉아, 신문들을 읽고, 술을 마시며, 가끔 모세에게 맥주에 적신 빵 껍질들을 먹이곤 했다. 그의 일꾼들은 게으르고 부정직했으며, 밭들은 잡초로 가득 찼고, 건물들은 지붕 수리가 필요했으며, 울타리들은 방치되었고, 동물들은 먹이를 제대로 공급받지 못했다.

June came and the hay was almost ready for cutting. On Midsummer's Eve,
which was a Saturday, Mr. Jones went into Willingdon and got so drunk at
the Red Lion that he did not come back till midday on Sunday. The men had
milked the cows in the early morning and then had gone out rabbiting,
without bothering to feed the animals. When Mr. Jones got back he
immediately went to sleep on the drawing-room sofa with the News of the
World over his face, so that when evening came, the animals were still
unfed. At last they could stand it no longer. One of the cows broke in the
door of the store-shed with her horn and all the animals began to help
themselves from the bins. It was just then that Mr. Jones woke up. The
next moment he and his four men were in the store-shed with whips in their
hands, lashing out in all directions. This was more than the hungry
animals could bear. With one accord, though nothing of the kind had been
planned beforehand, they flung themselves upon their tormentors. Jones and
his men suddenly found themselves being butted and kicked from all sides.
The situation was quite out of their control. They had never seen animals
behave like this before, and this sudden uprising of creatures whom they
were used to thrashing and maltreating just as they chose, frightened them
almost out of their wits. After only a moment or two they gave up trying
to defend themselves and took to their heels. A minute later all five of
them were in full flight down the cart-track that led to the main road,
with the animals pursuing them in triumph.
&lt;br&gt;
6월이 왔고 건초는 거의 베어낼 준비가 되어 있었다. 토요일이었던 하지 전날 밤(Midsummer's Eve), 존스 씨는 윌링던(Willingdon) 시내로 갔고, '레드 라이언(Red Lion)' 주막에서 너무 취해서 일요일 정오가 될 때까지 돌아오지 않았다. 일꾼들은 이른 아침에 소들의 젖을 짰고, 그러고는 동물들에게 먹이를 주는 것은 신경 쓰지도 않은 채 토끼 사냥을 나갔다. 존스 씨가 돌아왔을 때, 그는 곧바로 거실 소파에 누워 그의 얼굴 위에 '뉴스 오브 더 월드(News of the World)' 신문을 덮은 채 잠이 들었고, 그리하여 저녁이 왔을 때도 동물들은 여전히 먹이를 공급받지 못한 상태였다.

마침내 그들은 더 이상 그것을 견딜 수 없었다. 암소들 중 한 마리가 그녀의 뿔로 사료 창고의 문을 부수어 열었고, 모든 동물들은 보관함으로부터 마음껏 먹기 시작했다. 존스 씨가 깨어난 것은 바로 그때였다. 다음 순간, 그와 그의 일꾼 네 명은 손에 채찍을 든 채 사료 창고 안에 있었고, 사방으로 채찍을 휘둘렀다. 이것은 굶주린 동물들이 참을 수 있는 것 이상이었다. 비록 그런 종류의 일이 사전에 전혀 계획되지 않았음에도 불구하고, 그들은 일제히 자신들을 괴롭히는 자들 위로 자신들을 던졌다(덤벼들었다). 존스 씨와 그의 일꾼들은 갑자기 자신들이 모든 방향으로부터 들이받히고 걷어차이고 있는 것을 발견했다.

상황은 완전히 그들의 통제를 벗어났다. 그들은 동물들이 이전에 이처럼 행동하는 것을 결코 본 적이 없었으며, 자신들이 마음먹은 대로 채찍질하고 학대하는 데 익숙해져 있던 생명체들의 이 갑작스러운 봉기는 그들을 거의 정신이 나갈 정도로 겁먹게 했다. 불과 1~2분 후에 그들은 자신들을 방어하려는 노력을 포기하고 도망쳤다. 1분 후, 그들 다섯 명 모두는 동물들이 승리감에 도취되어 그들을 추격하는 가운데, 큰길로 이어지는 짐마차 길을 따라 완전히 도망치고 있는 중이었다.

Mrs. Jones looked out of the bedroom window, saw what was happening,
hurriedly flung a few possessions into a carpet bag, and slipped out of
the farm by another way. Moses sprang off his perch and flapped after her,
croaking loudly. Meanwhile the animals had chased Jones and his men out on
to the road and slammed the five-barred gate behind them. And so, almost
before they knew what was happening, the Rebellion had been successfully
carried through: Jones was expelled, and the Manor Farm was theirs.
&lt;br&gt;
존스 부인은 침실 창문 밖을 내다보았고, 무슨 일이 일어나고 있는지 보았으며, 서둘러 몇 가지 소지품을 카펫 가방(여행용 가방)에 집어 던져 넣고는, 다른 길로 농장을 빠져나갔다. 모세는 그의 홰에서 뛰어내려 큰 소리로 까악까악 울며 그녀의 뒤를 파닥거리며 쫓아갔다. 그 와중에 동물들은 존스와 그의 일꾼들을 도로 위로 쫓아냈고 그들의 뒤로 다섯 가닥 가로대(가로 막대가 5개 있는) 대문을 쾅 닫았다. 그리하여, 그들이 무슨 일이 일어나고 있는지 거의 알기도 전에, 반란은 성공적으로 완수되었다. 존스는 쫓겨났고, '매너 농장(Manor Farm)'은 그들의 것이었다.

For the first few minutes the animals could hardly believe in their good
fortune. Their first act was to gallop in a body right round the
boundaries of the farm, as though to make quite sure that no human being
was hiding anywhere upon it; then they raced back to the farm buildings to
wipe out the last traces of Jones's hated reign. The harness-room at the
end of the stables was broken open; the bits, the nose-rings, the
dog-chains, the cruel knives with which Mr. Jones had been used to
castrate the pigs and lambs, were all flung down the well. The reins, the
halters, the blinkers, the degrading nosebags, were thrown on to the
rubbish fire which was burning in the yard. So were the whips. All the
animals capered with joy when they saw the whips going up in flames.
Snowball also threw on to the fire the ribbons with which the horses'
manes and tails had usually been decorated on market days.
&lt;br&gt;
첫 몇 분 동안 동물들은 자신들의 좋은 운(행운)을 거의 믿을 수 없었다. 그들의 첫 번째 행동은 농장 전체에 그 어떤 인간도 숨어 있지 않다는 것을 완전히 확실히 하기라도 하려는 듯이, 농장의 경계선들을 따라 다 함께 무리 지어 전속력으로 달린 것이었다. 그러고 나서 그들은 존스의 증오스러운 통치의 마지막 흔적들을 지워버리기 위해 농장 건물들로 다시 질주했다.

마구간 끝에 있는 마구 보관실이 부서져 열렸다. 재갈들, 코걸이들, 개 사슬들, 그리고 존스 씨가 돼지들과 어린 양들을 거세하는 데 사용하곤 했던 잔인한 칼들이 모두 우물 아래로 던져졌다. 고삐들, 굴레들, 눈가림 가죽(차안대)들, 굴욕적인 먹이 자루들은 마당에서 불타오르고 있던 쓰레기 불 속에 던져졌다. 채찍들도 마찬가지였다. 모든 동물들은 채찍들이 불길 속에서 타오르는 것을 보았을 때 기쁨으로 깡충깡충 뛰었다. 스노볼은 또한 장날에 말들의 갈기와 꼬리를 장식하는 데 보통 사용되곤 했던 리본들도 불 속에 던져 넣었다.

&quot;Ribbons,&quot; he said, &quot;should be considered as clothes, which are the mark
of a human being. All animals should go naked.&quot;
&lt;br&gt;
&quot;리본은,&quot; 그가 말했다, &quot;인간의 표식인 옷으로 간주되어야 하오. 모든 동물들은 벌거벗고 다녀야 하오.&quot;

When Boxer heard this he fetched the small straw hat which he wore in
summer to keep the flies out of his ears, and flung it on to the fire with
the rest.
&lt;br&gt;
복서가 이 말을 들었을 때, 그는 파리들이 그의 귀에 꼬이지 않도록 여름에 쓰던 작은 밀짚모자를 가져와서, 그것을 나머지 것들과 함께 불 속에 던져 버렸다.

In a very little while the animals had destroyed everything that reminded
them of Mr. Jones. Napoleon then led them back to the store-shed and
served out a double ration of corn to everybody, with two biscuits for
each dog. Then they sang 'Beasts of England' from end to end seven times
running, and after that they settled down for the night and slept as they
had never slept before.
&lt;br&gt;
아주 짧은 시간 만에 동물들은 존스 씨를 상상하게 만드는(떠올리게 하는) 모든 것을 파괴했다. 그러고 나서 나폴레옹은 그들을 다시 사료 창고로 이끌었고, 모든 동물에게 두 배의 곡물 배급량을, 그리고 각 개들에게는 비스킷 두 개씩을 나누어 주었다. 그러고 나서 그들은 '영국의 동물들(Beasts of England)'을 처음부터 끝까지 연이어 일곱 번 불렀고, 그 후 그들은 밤을 보내기 위해 자리를 잡았으며 이전에 결코 자본 적이 없을 정도로 (깊이) 잠들었다.

But they woke at dawn as usual, and suddenly remembering the glorious
thing that had happened, they all raced out into the pasture together. A
little way down the pasture there was a knoll that commanded a view of
most of the farm. The animals rushed to the top of it and gazed round them
in the clear morning light. Yes, it was theirs--everything that they could
see was theirs! In the ecstasy of that thought they gambolled round and
round, they hurled themselves into the air in great leaps of excitement.
They rolled in the dew, they cropped mouthfuls of the sweet summer grass,
they kicked up clods of the black earth and snuffed its rich scent. Then
they made a tour of inspection of the whole farm and surveyed with
speechless admiration the ploughland, the hayfield, the orchard, the pool,
the spinney. It was as though they had never seen these things before, and
even now they could hardly believe that it was all their own.&lt;br&gt;
그러나 그들은 평소처럼 새벽에 깨어났고, 갑자기 일어났었던 그 영광스러운 일을 기억해 내고는, 그들 모두 함께 목초지 속으로 전속력으로 달려 나갔다. 목초지 아래로 조금 떨어진 곳에는 농장의 대부분을 바라볼 수 있는(전망할 수 있는) 작은 언덕이 있었다. 동물들은 그 꼭대기로 돌진했고 맑은 아침 햇빛 속에서 그들 주변을 둘러보았다. 그렇다, 그것은 그들의 것이었다—그들이 볼 수 있는 모든 것이 그들의 것이었다! 그 생각의 황홀경 속에서 그들은 뱅글뱅글 돌며 깡충깡충 뛰었고, 큰 흥분의 도약으로 공중으로 자신들을 던졌다(뛰어올랐다).

그들은 이슬 속에서 굴렀고, 달콤한 여름 풀을 입안 가득 뜯어 먹었으며, 검은 흙덩이들을 걷어찼고 그것의 풍부한 향기를 코로 들이마셨다. 그러고 나서 그들은 농장 전체의 점검 투어를 정식으로 했으며(둘러보았으며), 말문이 막히는 감탄과 함께 경작지, 건초밭, 과수원, 웅덩이, 작은 숲을 살폈다. 그것은 마치 그들이 이전에 이것들을 결코 본 적이 없는 것 같았고, 심지어 지금도 그들은 그것이 모두 자신들만의 것이라는 것을 거의 믿을 수 없었다.

Then they filed back to the farm buildings and halted in silence outside
the door of the farmhouse. That was theirs too, but they were frightened
to go inside. After a moment, however, Snowball and Napoleon butted the
door open with their shoulders and the animals entered in single file,
walking with the utmost care for fear of disturbing anything. They tiptoed
from room to room, afraid to speak above a whisper and gazing with a kind
of awe at the unbelievable luxury, at the beds with their feather
mattresses, the looking-glasses, the horsehair sofa, the Brussels carpet,
the lithograph of Queen Victoria over the drawing-room mantelpiece. They
were just coming down the stairs when Mollie was discovered to be missing.
Going back, the others found that she had remained behind in the best
bedroom. She had taken a piece of blue ribbon from Mrs. Jones's
dressing-table, and was holding it against her shoulder and admiring
herself in the glass in a very foolish manner. The others reproached her
sharply, and they went outside. Some hams hanging in the kitchen were
taken out for burial, and the barrel of beer in the scullery was stove in
with a kick from Boxer's hoof, otherwise nothing in the house was touched.
A unanimous resolution was passed on the spot that the farmhouse should be
preserved as a museum. All were agreed that no animal must ever live there.
&lt;br&gt;
그러고 나서 그들은 줄을 지어 농장 건물들로 돌아왔고 농가(본채) 문밖에서 침묵 속에 멈춰 섰다. 그것 역시 그들의 것이었지만, 그들은 안으로 들어가기를 두려워했다. 그러나 잠시 후, 스노볼과 나폴레옹이 그들의 어깨로 문을 받아 열었고 동물들은 무언가를 흐트러뜨릴까 봐 두려워 극도의 주의를 기울여 걸으며 한 줄로 들어갔다. 그들은 속삭임보다 크게 말하기를 두려워하며 방에서 방으로 발걸음을 살짝 옮겼고, 믿을 수 없는 사치, 즉 깃털 매트리스가 깔린 침대들, 거울들, 말총 소파, 브뤼셀 카펫, 거실 벽난로 선반 위의 빅토리아 여왕 석판화를 일종의 경외심을 가지고 바라보았다.

그들이 막 계단을 내려오고 있을 때 몰리가 사라진 것이 발견되었다. 되돌아가서, 다른 동물들은 그녀가 가장 좋은 침실에 뒤처져 남아 있었다는 것을 발견했다. 그녀는 존스 부인의 화장대에서 푸른색 리본 한 조각을 취해(집어 들어), 그것을 그녀의 어깨에 대어 보며 매우 어리석은 방식으로 거울 속의 자신을 감탄하며 바라보고 있었다. 다른 동물들은 그녀를 날카롭게(호되게) 비난했고, 그들은 밖으로 나왔다.

부엌에 걸려 있던 몇 개의 햄은 매장을 위해 밖으로 꺼내졌고, 설거지방(뒷부엌)에 있던 맥주 통은 복서의 발굽에서 나온 발길질 한 번으로 부서져 열렸으나, 그 외에는 집 안의 그 어떤 것도 손대지 않았다. 농가는 박물관으로 보존되어야 한다는 만장일치의 결의가 그 자리에서 통과되었다. 그 누구도(어떤 동물도) 결코 그곳에서 살아서는 안 된다는 것에 모두가 동의했다.

The animals had their breakfast, and then Snowball and Napoleon called
them together again.
&lt;br&gt;
동물들은 자신들의 아침 식사를 먹었고, 그러고 나서 스노볼과 나폴레옹은 그들을 다시 함께 불러 모았다.

&quot;Comrades,&quot; said Snowball, &quot;it is half-past six and we have a long day
before us. Today we begin the hay harvest. But there is another matter
that must be attended to first.&quot;
&lt;br&gt;
&quot;동무들,&quot; 스노볼이 말했다, &quot;지금은 6시 반이고 우리 앞에는 긴 하루가 있소. 오늘 우리는 건초 수확을 시작하오. 그러나 먼저 처리되어야(돌보아져야) 하는 또 다른 문제가 있소.&quot;

The pigs now revealed that during the past three months they had taught
themselves to read and write from an old spelling book which had belonged
to Mr. Jones's children and which had been thrown on the rubbish heap.
Napoleon sent for pots of black and white paint and led the way down to
the five-barred gate that gave on to the main road. Then Snowball (for it
was Snowball who was best at writing) took a brush between the two
knuckles of his trotter, painted out MANOR FARM from the top bar of the
gate and in its place painted ANIMAL FARM. This was to be the name of the
farm from now onwards. After this they went back to the farm buildings,
where Snowball and Napoleon sent for a ladder which they caused to be set
against the end wall of the big barn. They explained that by their studies
of the past three months the pigs had succeeded in reducing the principles
of Animalism to Seven Commandments. These Seven Commandments would now be
inscribed on the wall; they would form an unalterable law by which all the
animals on Animal Farm must live for ever after. With some difficulty
(for it is not easy for a pig to balance himself on a ladder) Snowball
climbed up and set to work, with Squealer a few rungs below him holding
the paint-pot. The Commandments were written on the tarred wall in great
white letters that could be read thirty yards away. They ran thus:
&lt;br&gt;
돼지들은 이제 지난 3개월 동안 자신들이 존스 씨의 아이들의 소유였으며 쓰레기 더미에 던져져 있었던 낡은 철자 교본(spelling book)으로부터 읽고 쓰는 법을 독학했다는 것을 밝혔다. 나폴레옹은 검은색과 흰색 페인트 통들을 가져오게 했고 큰길로 통하는 다섯 가닥 가로대 대문으로 앞장서 내려갔다. 그러고 나서 스노볼이 (왜냐하면 글쓰기를 가장 잘하는 사람은 스노볼이었기 때문에) 그의 앞발의 두 마디 사이에 붓을 쥐고, 대문의 맨 위 가로대로부터 '매너 농장(MANOR FARM)'을 페인트로 지워버렸고, 그 자리에 '동물 농장(ANIMAL FARM)'을 페인트로 썼다. 이것이 이제부터 앞으로 농장의 이름이 될 것이었다.

이 일이 끝난 후 그들은 농장 건물들로 돌아왔고, 그곳에서 스노볼과 나폴레옹은 사다리를 가져오게 하여 그것을 큰 헛간의 끝 쪽 벽면에 세우도록 했다. 그들은 지난 3개월 동안의 자신들의 연구에 의해 돼지들이 동물주의의 원칙들을 '7계명(Seven Commandments)'으로 축약하는 데 성공했다고 설명했다. 이 7계명은 이제 벽에 새겨질 것이며, 그것들은 앞으로 영원히 동물 농장의 모든 동물들이 그에 따라 살아야만 하는 변경할 수 없는 법을 형성할 것이었다.

약간의 어려움을 겪으며 (왜냐하면 돼지가 사다리 위에서 스스로 균형을 잡는 것은 쉽지 않기 때문에) 스노볼이 기어 올라가 작업에 착수했고, 스퀼러는 그의 몇 칸 아래에서 페인트 통을 들고 있었다. 그 계명들은 30야드 떨어진 곳에서도 읽을 수 있는 커다란 흰색 글씨로 타르가 칠해진 벽 위에 쓰였다. 그것들은 다음과 같았다.

THE SEVEN COMMANDMENTS

1. Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy.
2. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend.
3. No animal shall wear clothes.
4. No animal shall sleep in a bed.
5. No animal shall drink alcohol.
6. No animal shall kill any other animal.
7. All animals are equal.&lt;br&gt;

동물 7계명

1. 두 다리로 걷는 것은 무엇이든 적이다.

2. 네 다리로 걷거나, 날개를 가진 것은 무엇이든 친구다.

3. 어떤 동물도 옷을 입어서는 안 된다.

4. 어떤 동물도 침대에서 잠을 자서는 안 된다.

5. 어떤 동물도 술을 마셔서는 안 된다.

6. 어떤 동물도 다른 어떤 동물을 죽여서는 안 된다.

7. 모든 동물은 평등하다.

It was very neatly written, and except that &quot;friend&quot; was written &quot;freind&quot;
and one of the &quot;S's&quot; was the wrong way round, the spelling was correct all
the way through. Snowball read it aloud for the benefit of the others. All
the animals nodded in complete agreement, and the cleverer ones at once
began to learn the Commandments by heart.&lt;br&gt;
그것은 매우 깔끔하게 쓰였고, &quot;friend&quot;가 &quot;freind&quot;로 쓰인 것과 &quot;S&quot;자들 중 하나가 반대 방향으로 돌아가 있었던 것을 제외하고는, 철자가 처음부터 끝까지 정확했다. 스노볼은 다른 동물들을 위하여 그것을 소리 내어 읽었다. 모든 동물들이 완전한 동의 속에서 고개를 끄덕였고, 더 영리한 동물들은 즉시 그 계명들을 암기하기 시작했다.

&quot;Now, comrades,&quot; cried Snowball, throwing down the paint-brush, &quot;to the
hayfield! Let us make it a point of honour to get in the harvest more
quickly than Jones and his men could do.&quot;
&lt;br&gt;
&quot;자, 동무들,&quot; 스노볼이 페인트 붓을 던져 내려놓으며 외쳤다, &quot;건초밭으로(갑시다)! 존스와 그의 일꾼들이 할 수 있었던 것보다 더 신속하게 수확을 거두는 것을 명예의 문제로 삼읍시다.&quot;

But at this moment the three cows, who had seemed uneasy for some time
past, set up a loud lowing. They had not been milked for twenty-four
hours, and their udders were almost bursting. After a little thought, the
pigs sent for buckets and milked the cows fairly successfully, their
trotters being well adapted to this task. Soon there were five buckets of
frothing creamy milk at which many of the animals looked with considerable
interest.&lt;br&gt;
그러나 바로 이 순간, 얼마 전부터 불안해 보였던 세 마리의 암소들이 큰 소리로 음매 하고 울기 시작했다. 그들은 24시간 동안 젖을 짜지 못한 상태였고, 그들의 젖통은 거의 터질 듯했다. 약간의 생각 후에, 돼지들은 양동이들을 가져오게 했고 꽤 성공적으로 소들의 젖을 짰는데, 그들의 앞발이 이 작업에 잘 맞았던(적응되었던) 것이다. 곧 거품이 일어나는 크림 같은 우유가 담긴 다섯 개의 양동이가 생겼고, 많은 동물들이 상당한 관심을 가지고 그것을 바라보았다.

&quot;What is going to happen to all that milk?&quot; said someone.

&quot;Jones used sometimes to mix some of it in our mash,&quot; said one of the hens.

&quot;Never mind the milk, comrades!&quot; cried Napoleon, placing himself in front
of the buckets. &quot;That will be attended to. The harvest is more important.
Comrade Snowball will lead the way. I shall follow in a few minutes.
Forward, comrades! The hay is waiting.&quot;
&lt;br&gt;
&quot;그 모든 우유에 무슨 일이 일어날(어떻게 처리할) 예정인가요?&quot; 누군가가 말했다.

&quot;존스 씨는 가끔 그중 일부를 우리의 사료(mash)에 섞어 주곤 했어요,&quot; 암탉들 중 한 마리가 말했다.

&quot;우유는 신경 쓰지 마시오, 동무들!&quot; 나폴레옹이 양동이들의 앞에 자신을 위치시키며(가로막아 서며) 외쳤다. &quot;그것은 처리될 것이오. 수확이 더 중요하오. 스노볼 동무가 앞장설 것이오. 나는 몇 분 후에 뒤따라가겠소. 앞으로(나아가시오.), 동무들! 건초가 기다리고 있소.&quot;

So the animals trooped down to the hayfield to begin the harvest, and when
they came back in the evening it was noticed that the milk had disappeared.
&lt;br&gt;
그리하여 동물들은 수확을 시작하기 위해 건초밭으로 무리를 지어 내려갔고, 그들이 저녁에 돌아왔을 때 그 우유가 사라졌다는 것이 주목되었다(눈에 띄었다).


Chapter III
제3장


How they toiled and sweated to get the hay in! But their efforts were
rewarded, for the harvest was an even bigger success than they had hoped.
&lt;br&gt;
그들이 건초를 거두어들이기 위해 얼마나 열심히 일하고 땀을 흘렸던가! 그러나 그들의 노력들은 보상을 받았으니, 왜냐하면 그 수확은 그들이 희망했던 것보다 훨씬 더 큰 성공이었기 때문이다.

Sometimes the work was hard; the implements had been designed for human
beings and not for animals, and it was a great drawback that no animal was
able to use any tool that involved standing on his hind legs. But the pigs
were so clever that they could think of a way round every difficulty. As
for the horses, they knew every inch of the field, and in fact understood
the business of mowing and raking far better than Jones and his men had
ever done. The pigs did not actually work, but directed and supervised the
others. With their superior knowledge it was natural that they should
assume the leadership. Boxer and Clover would harness themselves to the
cutter or the horse-rake (no bits or reins were needed in these days, of
course) and tramp steadily round and round the field with a pig walking
behind and calling out &quot;Gee up, comrade!&quot; or &quot;Whoa back, comrade!&quot; as the
case might be. And every animal down to the humblest worked at turning the
hay and gathering it. Even the ducks and hens toiled to and fro all day in
the sun, carrying tiny wisps of hay in their beaks. In the end they
finished the harvest in two days' less time than it had usually taken
Jones and his men. Moreover, it was the biggest harvest that the farm had
ever seen. There was no wastage whatever; the hens and ducks with their
sharp eyes had gathered up the very last stalk. And not an animal on the
farm had stolen so much as a mouthful.
&lt;br&gt;
때때로 그 일은 힘들었다. 도구들은 동물이 아니라 인간을 위해 고안된 것이었고, 어떤 동물도 뒷다리로 서야 하는 도구를 사용할 수 없다는 것이 큰 결점(장애)이었다.
하지만 돼지들은 너무나 영리해서 모든 어려움을 헤쳐 나갈 방법을 생각해 낼 수 있었다.
말들로 말하자면, 그들은 들판의 모든 인치를 알고 있었고, 사실 그것은 잔디를 베고 갈퀴질하는 일을 존스와 그의 일꾼들이 과거에 했던 것보다 훨씬 더 잘 이해하고 있었다.
돼지들은 실제로 일하지는 않았고, 다른 동물들을 지시하고 감독했다. 그들의 우월한 지식을 가지고 그들이 지도력을 맡는 것은 자연스러운 일이었다.
복서와 클로버는 그들 자신을 절단기나 말 갈퀴에 묶고(물론 요즘에는 재갈이나 고삐가 필요 없었다), 뒤에서 걸어오며 상황에 따라 &quot;이랴, 동무!&quot; 또는 &quot;워, 동무!&quot;라고 외치는 돼지와 함께 들판을 빙빙 꾸준히 걸어 다녔다.
그리고 가장 비천한 동물에 이르기까지 모든 동물이 건초를 뒤집고 그것을 모으는 일을 했다. 심지어 오리와 암탉들도 부리에 아주 작은 건초 더미를 물고 나르며 하루 종일 태양 아래에서 이리저리 힘들게 일했다.
결국 그들은 존스와 그의 부하들이 보통 걸렸던 것보다 이틀 더 적은 시간 안에 수확을 마쳤다.
게다가, 그것은 그 농장이 그때까지 보았던 가장 큰 수확이었다.
낭비는 전혀 없었다. 암탉들과 오리들은 그들의 날카로운 눈으로 아주 마지막 줄기까지 주워 모았다.
그리고 농장의 어떤 동물도 한 입 거리만큼도 훔치지 않았다.

All through that summer the work of the farm went like clockwork. The
animals were happy as they had never conceived it possible to be. Every
mouthful of food was an acute positive pleasure, now that it was truly
their own food, produced by themselves and for themselves, not doled out
to them by a grudging master. With the worthless parasitical human beings
gone, there was more for everyone to eat. There was more leisure too,
inexperienced though the animals were. They met with many difficulties--for
instance, later in the year, when they harvested the corn, they had to
tread it out in the ancient style and blow away the chaff with their
breath, since the farm possessed no threshing machine--but the pigs with
their cleverness and Boxer with his tremendous muscles always pulled them
through. Boxer was the admiration of everybody. He had been a hard worker
even in Jones's time, but now he seemed more like three horses than one;
there were days when the entire work of the farm seemed to rest on his
mighty shoulders. From morning to night he was pushing and pulling, always
at the spot where the work was hardest. He had made an arrangement with
one of the cockerels to call him in the mornings half an hour earlier than
anyone else, and would put in some volunteer labour at whatever seemed to
be most needed, before the regular day's work began. His answer to every
problem, every setback, was &quot;I will work harder!&quot;--which he had adopted as
his personal motto.
&lt;br&gt;
그 여름 내내 농장의 일은 시계태엽처럼 정확하게 돌아갔다. 동물들은 자신들이 가능하다고 상상조차 못 했던 만큼 행복했다. 음식의 매 한 입 한 입이 강렬한 실질적 기쁨이었는데, 이제 그것이 인색한 주인에 의해 그들에게 배급되는 것이 아니라, 진정 그들 자신에 의해 그리고 그들 자신을 위해 생산된 그들 자신의 음식이었기 때문이다. 가치 없고 기생적인 인간들이 사라지니, 모두가 먹을 것이 더 많아졌다. 동물들이 경험은 부족했을지라도 여가 시간 또한 더 많아졌다. 그들은 많은 어려움에 부딪혔다——예를 들어, 그해 말에 옥수수를 수확했을 때, 농장에 탈곡기가 없었기 때문에 그들은 고대 방식으로 그것을 짓밟아 떨어내고 그들의 숨결로 왕겨를 날려 보내야 했다——하지만 돼지들은 그들의 영리함으로, 그리고 복서는 그의 엄청난 근육으로 항상 그들을(그들이 직면한것을) 헤쳐 나가게 해주었다. 복서는 모두의 감탄 대상이었다. 그는 존스의 시절에도 열심히 일하는 일꾼이었지만, 이제는 한 마리가 아니라 세 마리의 말 같아 보였다. 농장의 전체 일이 그의 강력한 어깨에 얹혀 있는 것처럼 보이는 날들도 있었다. 아침부터 밤까지 그는 항상 일이 가장 힘든 장소에서 밀고 당기고 있었다. 그는 수탉들 중 한 마리와 아침에 다른 누구보다도 30분 일찍 자신을 깨워 주도록 약속을 해두었고, 정규 하루 일과가 시작되기 전에 가장 필요해 보이는 유기적인 자원봉사 노동을 하곤 했다. 모든 문제, 모든 좌절에 대한 그의 답변은 &quot;내가 더 열심히 일하겠다!&quot;였는데——그는 이것을 그의 개인적 좌우명으로 채택했었다.

But everyone worked according to his capacity. The hens and ducks, for
instance, saved five bushels of corn at the harvest by gathering up the
stray grains. Nobody stole, nobody grumbled over his rations, the
quarrelling and biting and jealousy which had been normal features of life
in the old days had almost disappeared. Nobody shirked--or almost nobody.
Mollie, it was true, was not good at getting up in the mornings, and had a
way of leaving work early on the ground that there was a stone in her
hoof. And the behaviour of the cat was somewhat peculiar. It was soon
noticed that when there was work to be done the cat could never be found.
She would vanish for hours on end, and then reappear at meal-times, or in
the evening after work was over, as though nothing had happened. But she
always made such excellent excuses, and purred so affectionately, that it
was impossible not to believe in her good intentions. Old Benjamin, the
donkey, seemed quite unchanged since the Rebellion. He did his work in the
same slow obstinate way as he had done it in Jones's time, never shirking
and never volunteering for extra work either. About the Rebellion and its
results he would express no opinion. When asked whether he was not happier
now that Jones was gone, he would say only &quot;Donkeys live a long time. None
of you has ever seen a dead donkey,&quot; and the others had to be content with
this cryptic answer.

On Sundays there was no work. Breakfast was an hour later than usual, and
after breakfast there was a ceremony which was observed every week without
fail. First came the hoisting of the flag. Snowball had found in the
harness-room an old green tablecloth of Mrs. Jones's and had painted on it
a hoof and a horn in white. This was run up the flagstaff in the farmhouse
garden every Sunday morning. The flag was green, Snowball explained, to
represent the green fields of England, while the hoof and horn signified
the future Republic of the Animals which would arise when the human race
had been finally overthrown. After the hoisting of the flag all the
animals trooped into the big barn for a general assembly which was known
as the Meeting. Here the work of the coming week was planned out and
resolutions were put forward and debated. It was always the pigs who put
forward the resolutions. The other animals understood how to vote, but
could never think of any resolutions of their own. Snowball and Napoleon
were by far the most active in the debates. But it was noticed that these
two were never in agreement: whatever suggestion either of them made, the
other could be counted on to oppose it. Even when it was resolved--a thing
no one could object to in itself--to set aside the small paddock behind
the orchard as a home of rest for animals who were past work, there was a
stormy debate over the correct retiring age for each class of animal. The
Meeting always ended with the singing of 'Beasts of England', and the
afternoon was given up to recreation.

The pigs had set aside the harness-room as a headquarters for themselves.
Here, in the evenings, they studied blacksmithing, carpentering, and other
necessary arts from books which they had brought out of the farmhouse.
Snowball also busied himself with organising the other animals into what
he called Animal Committees. He was indefatigable at this. He formed the
Egg Production Committee for the hens, the Clean Tails League for the
cows, the Wild Comrades' Re-education Committee (the object of this was to
tame the rats and rabbits), the Whiter Wool Movement for the sheep, and
various others, besides instituting classes in reading and writing. On the
whole, these projects were a failure. The attempt to tame the wild
creatures, for instance, broke down almost immediately. They continued to
behave very much as before, and when treated with generosity, simply took
advantage of it. The cat joined the Re-education Committee and was very
active in it for some days. She was seen one day sitting on a roof and
talking to some sparrows who were just out of her reach. She was telling
them that all animals were now comrades and that any sparrow who chose
could come and perch on her paw; but the sparrows kept their distance.

The reading and writing classes, however, were a great success. By the
autumn almost every animal on the farm was literate in some degree.

As for the pigs, they could already read and write perfectly. The dogs
learned to read fairly well, but were not interested in reading anything
except the Seven Commandments. Muriel, the goat, could read somewhat
better than the dogs, and sometimes used to read to the others in the
evenings from scraps of newspaper which she found on the rubbish heap.
Benjamin could read as well as any pig, but never exercised his faculty.
So far as he knew, he said, there was nothing worth reading. Clover learnt
the whole alphabet, but could not put words together. Boxer could not get
beyond the letter D. He would trace out A, B, C, D, in the dust with his
great hoof, and then would stand staring at the letters with his ears
back, sometimes shaking his forelock, trying with all his might to
remember what came next and never succeeding. On several occasions,
indeed, he did learn E, F, G, H, but by the time he knew them, it was
always discovered that he had forgotten A, B, C, and D. Finally he decided
to be content with the first four letters, and used to write them out once
or twice every day to refresh his memory. Mollie refused to learn any but
the six letters which spelt her own name. She would form these very neatly
out of pieces of twig, and would then decorate them with a flower or two
and walk round them admiring them.

None of the other animals on the farm could get further than the letter A.
It was also found that the stupider animals, such as the sheep, hens, and
ducks, were unable to learn the Seven Commandments by heart. After much
thought Snowball declared that the Seven Commandments could in effect be
reduced to a single maxim, namely: &quot;Four legs good, two legs bad.&quot; This,
he said, contained the essential principle of Animalism. Whoever had
thoroughly grasped it would be safe from human influences. The birds at
first objected, since it seemed to them that they also had two legs, but
Snowball proved to them that this was not so.

&quot;A bird's wing, comrades,&quot; he said, &quot;is an organ of propulsion and not of
manipulation. It should therefore be regarded as a leg. The distinguishing
mark of man is the HAND, the instrument with which he does all his
mischief.&quot;

The birds did not understand Snowball's long words, but they accepted his
explanation, and all the humbler animals set to work to learn the new
maxim by heart. FOUR LEGS GOOD, TWO LEGS BAD, was inscribed on the end
wall of the barn, above the Seven Commandments and in bigger letters. When
they had once got it by heart, the sheep developed a great liking for this
maxim, and often as they lay in the field they would all start bleating
&quot;Four legs good, two legs bad! Four legs good, two legs bad!&quot; and keep it
up for hours on end, never growing tired of it.

Napoleon took no interest in Snowball's committees. He said that the
education of the young was more important than anything that could be done
for those who were already grown up. It happened that Jessie and Bluebell
had both whelped soon after the hay harvest, giving birth between them to
nine sturdy puppies. As soon as they were weaned, Napoleon took them away
from their mothers, saying that he would make himself responsible for
their education. He took them up into a loft which could only be reached
by a ladder from the harness-room, and there kept them in such seclusion
that the rest of the farm soon forgot their existence.

The mystery of where the milk went to was soon cleared up. It was mixed
every day into the pigs' mash. The early apples were now ripening, and the
grass of the orchard was littered with windfalls. The animals had assumed
as a matter of course that these would be shared out equally; one day,
however, the order went forth that all the windfalls were to be collected
and brought to the harness-room for the use of the pigs. At this some of
the other animals murmured, but it was no use. All the pigs were in full
agreement on this point, even Snowball and Napoleon. Squealer was sent to
make the necessary explanations to the others.

&quot;Comrades!&quot; he cried. &quot;You do not imagine, I hope, that we pigs are doing
this in a spirit of selfishness and privilege? Many of us actually dislike
milk and apples. I dislike them myself. Our sole object in taking these
things is to preserve our health. Milk and apples (this has been proved by
Science, comrades) contain substances absolutely necessary to the
well-being of a pig. We pigs are brainworkers. The whole management and
organisation of this farm depend on us. Day and night we are watching over
your welfare. It is for YOUR sake that we drink that milk and eat those
apples. Do you know what would happen if we pigs failed in our duty? Jones
would come back! Yes, Jones would come back! Surely, comrades,&quot; cried
Squealer almost pleadingly, skipping from side to side and whisking his
tail, &quot;surely there is no one among you who wants to see Jones come back?&quot;

Now if there was one thing that the animals were completely certain of, it
was that they did not want Jones back. When it was put to them in this
light, they had no more to say. The importance of keeping the pigs in good
health was all too obvious. So it was agreed without further argument that
the milk and the windfall apples (and also the main crop of apples when
they ripened) should be reserved for the pigs alone.


Chapter IV
제4장


By the late summer the news of what had happened on Animal Farm had spread
across half the county. Every day Snowball and Napoleon sent out flights
of pigeons whose instructions were to mingle with the animals on
neighbouring farms, tell them the story of the Rebellion, and teach them
the tune of 'Beasts of England'.

Most of this time Mr. Jones had spent sitting in the taproom of the Red
Lion at Willingdon, complaining to anyone who would listen of the
monstrous injustice he had suffered in being turned out of his property by
a pack of good-for-nothing animals. The other farmers sympathised in
principle, but they did not at first give him much help. At heart, each of
them was secretly wondering whether he could not somehow turn Jones's
misfortune to his own advantage. It was lucky that the owners of the two
farms which adjoined Animal Farm were on permanently bad terms. One of
them, which was named Foxwood, was a large, neglected, old-fashioned farm,
much overgrown by woodland, with all its pastures worn out and its hedges
in a disgraceful condition. Its owner, Mr. Pilkington, was an easy-going
gentleman farmer who spent most of his time in fishing or hunting
according to the season. The other farm, which was called Pinchfield, was
smaller and better kept. Its owner was a Mr. Frederick, a tough, shrewd
man, perpetually involved in lawsuits and with a name for driving hard
bargains. These two disliked each other so much that it was difficult for
them to come to any agreement, even in defence of their own interests.

Nevertheless, they were both thoroughly frightened by the rebellion on
Animal Farm, and very anxious to prevent their own animals from learning
too much about it. At first they pretended to laugh to scorn the idea of
animals managing a farm for themselves. The whole thing would be over in a
fortnight, they said. They put it about that the animals on the Manor Farm
(they insisted on calling it the Manor Farm; they would not tolerate the
name &quot;Animal Farm&quot;) were perpetually fighting among themselves and were
also rapidly starving to death. When time passed and the animals had
evidently not starved to death, Frederick and Pilkington changed their
tune and began to talk of the terrible wickedness that now flourished on
Animal Farm. It was given out that the animals there practised cannibalism,
tortured one another with red-hot horseshoes, and had their females in
common. This was what came of rebelling against the laws of Nature,
Frederick and Pilkington said.

However, these stories were never fully believed. Rumours of a wonderful
farm, where the human beings had been turned out and the animals managed
their own affairs, continued to circulate in vague and distorted forms,
and throughout that year a wave of rebelliousness ran through the
countryside. Bulls which had always been tractable suddenly turned savage,
sheep broke down hedges and devoured the clover, cows kicked the pail
over, hunters refused their fences and shot their riders on to the other
side. Above all, the tune and even the words of 'Beasts of England' were
known everywhere. It had spread with astonishing speed. The human beings
could not contain their rage when they heard this song, though they
pretended to think it merely ridiculous. They could not understand, they
said, how even animals could bring themselves to sing such contemptible
rubbish. Any animal caught singing it was given a flogging on the spot.
And yet the song was irrepressible. The blackbirds whistled it in the
hedges, the pigeons cooed it in the elms, it got into the din of the
smithies and the tune of the church bells. And when the human beings
listened to it, they secretly trembled, hearing in it a prophecy of their
future doom.

Early in October, when the corn was cut and stacked and some of it was
already threshed, a flight of pigeons came whirling through the air and
alighted in the yard of Animal Farm in the wildest excitement. Jones and
all his men, with half a dozen others from Foxwood and Pinchfield, had
entered the five-barred gate and were coming up the cart-track that led to
the farm. They were all carrying sticks, except Jones, who was marching
ahead with a gun in his hands. Obviously they were going to attempt the
recapture of the farm.

This had long been expected, and all preparations had been made. Snowball,
who had studied an old book of Julius Caesar's campaigns which he had
found in the farmhouse, was in charge of the defensive operations. He gave
his orders quickly, and in a couple of minutes every animal was at his
post.

As the human beings approached the farm buildings, Snowball launched his
first attack. All the pigeons, to the number of thirty-five, flew to and
fro over the men's heads and muted upon them from mid-air; and while the
men were dealing with this, the geese, who had been hiding behind the
hedge, rushed out and pecked viciously at the calves of their legs.
However, this was only a light skirmishing manoeuvre, intended to create a
little disorder, and the men easily drove the geese off with their sticks.
Snowball now launched his second line of attack. Muriel, Benjamin, and all
the sheep, with Snowball at the head of them, rushed forward and prodded
and butted the men from every side, while Benjamin turned around and
lashed at them with his small hoofs. But once again the men, with their
sticks and their hobnailed boots, were too strong for them; and suddenly,
at a squeal from Snowball, which was the signal for retreat, all the
animals turned and fled through the gateway into the yard.

The men gave a shout of triumph. They saw, as they imagined, their enemies
in flight, and they rushed after them in disorder. This was just what
Snowball had intended. As soon as they were well inside the yard, the
three horses, the three cows, and the rest of the pigs, who had been lying
in ambush in the cowshed, suddenly emerged in their rear, cutting them
off. Snowball now gave the signal for the charge. He himself dashed
straight for Jones. Jones saw him coming, raised his gun and fired. The
pellets scored bloody streaks along Snowball's back, and a sheep dropped
dead. Without halting for an instant, Snowball flung his fifteen stone
against Jones's legs. Jones was hurled into a pile of dung and his gun
flew out of his hands. But the most terrifying spectacle of all was Boxer,
rearing up on his hind legs and striking out with his great iron-shod
hoofs like a stallion. His very first blow took a stable-lad from Foxwood
on the skull and stretched him lifeless in the mud. At the sight, several
men dropped their sticks and tried to run. Panic overtook them, and the
next moment all the animals together were chasing them round and round the
yard. They were gored, kicked, bitten, trampled on. There was not an
animal on the farm that did not take vengeance on them after his own
fashion. Even the cat suddenly leapt off a roof onto a cowman's shoulders
and sank her claws in his neck, at which he yelled horribly. At a moment
when the opening was clear, the men were glad enough to rush out of the
yard and make a bolt for the main road. And so within five minutes of
their invasion they were in ignominious retreat by the same way as they
had come, with a flock of geese hissing after them and pecking at their
calves all the way.

All the men were gone except one. Back in the yard Boxer was pawing with
his hoof at the stable-lad who lay face down in the mud, trying to turn
him over. The boy did not stir.

&quot;He is dead,&quot; said Boxer sorrowfully. &quot;I had no intention of doing that.
I forgot that I was wearing iron shoes. Who will believe that I did not do
this on purpose?&quot;

&quot;No sentimentality, comrade!&quot; cried Snowball from whose wounds the blood
was still dripping. &quot;War is war. The only good human being is a dead one.&quot;

&quot;I have no wish to take life, not even human life,&quot; repeated Boxer, and
his eyes were full of tears.

&quot;Where is Mollie?&quot; exclaimed somebody.

Mollie in fact was missing. For a moment there was great alarm; it was
feared that the men might have harmed her in some way, or even carried her
off with them. In the end, however, she was found hiding in her stall with
her head buried among the hay in the manger. She had taken to flight as
soon as the gun went off. And when the others came back from looking for
her, it was to find that the stable-lad, who in fact was only stunned, had
already recovered and made off.

The animals had now reassembled in the wildest excitement, each recounting
his own exploits in the battle at the top of his voice. An impromptu
celebration of the victory was held immediately. The flag was run up and
'Beasts of England' was sung a number of times, then the sheep who had been
killed was given a solemn funeral, a hawthorn bush being planted on her
grave. At the graveside Snowball made a little speech, emphasising the
need for all animals to be ready to die for Animal Farm if need be.

The animals decided unanimously to create a military decoration, &quot;Animal
Hero, First Class,&quot; which was conferred there and then on Snowball and
Boxer. It consisted of a brass medal (they were really some old
horse-brasses which had been found in the harness-room), to be worn on
Sundays and holidays. There was also &quot;Animal Hero, Second Class,&quot; which
was conferred posthumously on the dead sheep.

There was much discussion as to what the battle should be called. In the
end, it was named the Battle of the Cowshed, since that was where the
ambush had been sprung. Mr. Jones's gun had been found lying in the mud,
and it was known that there was a supply of cartridges in the farmhouse.
It was decided to set the gun up at the foot of the Flagstaff, like a
piece of artillery, and to fire it twice a year--once on October the
twelfth, the anniversary of the Battle of the Cowshed, and once on
Midsummer Day, the anniversary of the Rebellion.


Chapter V
제5장


As winter drew on, Mollie became more and more troublesome. She was late
for work every morning and excused herself by saying that she had
overslept, and she complained of mysterious pains, although her appetite
was excellent. On every kind of pretext she would run away from work and
go to the drinking pool, where she would stand foolishly gazing at her own
reflection in the water. But there were also rumours of something more
serious. One day, as Mollie strolled blithely into the yard, flirting her
long tail and chewing at a stalk of hay, Clover took her aside.

&quot;Mollie,&quot; she said, &quot;I have something very serious to say to you. This
morning I saw you looking over the hedge that divides Animal Farm from
Foxwood. One of Mr. Pilkington's men was standing on the other side of the
hedge. And--I was a long way away, but I am almost certain I saw this--he
was talking to you and you were allowing him to stroke your nose. What
does that mean, Mollie?&quot;

&quot;He didn't! I wasn't! It isn't true!&quot; cried Mollie, beginning to prance
about and paw the ground.

&quot;Mollie! Look me in the face. Do you give me your word of honour that that
man was not stroking your nose?&quot;

&quot;It isn't true!&quot; repeated Mollie, but she could not look Clover in the
face, and the next moment she took to her heels and galloped away into the
field.

A thought struck Clover. Without saying anything to the others, she went
to Mollie's stall and turned over the straw with her hoof. Hidden under
the straw was a little pile of lump sugar and several bunches of ribbon of
different colours.

Three days later Mollie disappeared. For some weeks nothing was known of
her whereabouts, then the pigeons reported that they had seen her on the
other side of Willingdon. She was between the shafts of a smart dogcart
painted red and black, which was standing outside a public-house. A fat
red-faced man in check breeches and gaiters, who looked like a publican,
was stroking her nose and feeding her with sugar. Her coat was newly
clipped and she wore a scarlet ribbon round her forelock. She appeared to
be enjoying herself, so the pigeons said. None of the animals ever
mentioned Mollie again.

In January there came bitterly hard weather. The earth was like iron, and
nothing could be done in the fields. Many meetings were held in the big
barn, and the pigs occupied themselves with planning out the work of the
coming season. It had come to be accepted that the pigs, who were
manifestly cleverer than the other animals, should decide all questions of
farm policy, though their decisions had to be ratified by a majority vote.
This arrangement would have worked well enough if it had not been for the
disputes between Snowball and Napoleon. These two disagreed at every point
where disagreement was possible. If one of them suggested sowing a bigger
acreage with barley, the other was certain to demand a bigger acreage of
oats, and if one of them said that such and such a field was just right
for cabbages, the other would declare that it was useless for anything
except roots. Each had his own following, and there were some violent
debates. At the Meetings Snowball often won over the majority by his
brilliant speeches, but Napoleon was better at canvassing support for
himself in between times. He was especially successful with the sheep. Of
late the sheep had taken to bleating &quot;Four legs good, two legs bad&quot; both
in and out of season, and they often interrupted the Meeting with this. It
was noticed that they were especially liable to break into &quot;Four legs
good, two legs bad&quot; at crucial moments in Snowball's speeches. Snowball
had made a close study of some back numbers of the 'Farmer and
Stockbreeder' which he had found in the farmhouse, and was full of plans
for innovations and improvements. He talked learnedly about field drains,
silage, and basic slag, and had worked out a complicated scheme for all
the animals to drop their dung directly in the fields, at a different spot
every day, to save the labour of cartage. Napoleon produced no schemes of
his own, but said quietly that Snowball's would come to nothing, and
seemed to be biding his time. But of all their controversies, none was so
bitter as the one that took place over the windmill.

In the long pasture, not far from the farm buildings, there was a small
knoll which was the highest point on the farm. After surveying the ground,
Snowball declared that this was just the place for a windmill, which could
be made to operate a dynamo and supply the farm with electrical power.
This would light the stalls and warm them in winter, and would also run a
circular saw, a chaff-cutter, a mangel-slicer, and an electric milking
machine. The animals had never heard of anything of this kind before
(for the farm was an old-fashioned one and had only the most primitive
machinery), and they listened in astonishment while Snowball conjured up
pictures of fantastic machines which would do their work for them while
they grazed at their ease in the fields or improved their minds with
reading and conversation.

Within a few weeks Snowball's plans for the windmill were fully worked
out. The mechanical details came mostly from three books which had
belonged to Mr. Jones--'One Thousand Useful Things to Do About the House',
'Every Man His Own Bricklayer', and 'Electricity for Beginners'. Snowball
used as his study a shed which had once been used for incubators and had a
smooth wooden floor, suitable for drawing on. He was closeted there for
hours at a time. With his books held open by a stone, and with a piece of
chalk gripped between the knuckles of his trotter, he would move rapidly
to and fro, drawing in line after line and uttering little whimpers of
excitement. Gradually the plans grew into a complicated mass of cranks and
cog-wheels, covering more than half the floor, which the other animals
found completely unintelligible but very impressive. All of them came to
look at Snowball's drawings at least once a day. Even the hens and ducks
came, and were at pains not to tread on the chalk marks. Only Napoleon
held aloof. He had declared himself against the windmill from the start.
One day, however, he arrived unexpectedly to examine the plans. He walked
heavily round the shed, looked closely at every detail of the plans and
snuffed at them once or twice, then stood for a little while contemplating
them out of the corner of his eye; then suddenly he lifted his leg,
urinated over the plans, and walked out without uttering a word.

The whole farm was deeply divided on the subject of the windmill. Snowball
did not deny that to build it would be a difficult business. Stone would
have to be carried and built up into walls, then the sails would have to
be made and after that there would be need for dynamos and cables. (How
these were to be procured, Snowball did not say.) But he maintained that
it could all be done in a year. And thereafter, he declared, so much
labour would be saved that the animals would only need to work three days
a week. Napoleon, on the other hand, argued that the great need of the
moment was to increase food production, and that if they wasted time on
the windmill they would all starve to death. The animals formed themselves
into two factions under the slogan, &quot;Vote for Snowball and the three-day
week&quot; and &quot;Vote for Napoleon and the full manger.&quot; Benjamin was the only
animal who did not side with either faction. He refused to believe either
that food would become more plentiful or that the windmill would save
work. Windmill or no windmill, he said, life would go on as it had always
gone on--that is, badly.

Apart from the disputes over the windmill, there was the question of the
defence of the farm. It was fully realised that though the human beings
had been defeated in the Battle of the Cowshed they might make another and
more determined attempt to recapture the farm and reinstate Mr. Jones.
They had all the more reason for doing so because the news of their defeat
had spread across the countryside and made the animals on the neighbouring
farms more restive than ever. As usual, Snowball and Napoleon were in
disagreement. According to Napoleon, what the animals must do was to
procure firearms and train themselves in the use of them. According to
Snowball, they must send out more and more pigeons and stir up rebellion
among the animals on the other farms. The one argued that if they could
not defend themselves they were bound to be conquered, the other argued
that if rebellions happened everywhere they would have no need to defend
themselves. The animals listened first to Napoleon, then to Snowball, and
could not make up their minds which was right; indeed, they always found
themselves in agreement with the one who was speaking at the moment.

At last the day came when Snowball's plans were completed. At the Meeting
on the following Sunday the question of whether or not to begin work on
the windmill was to be put to the vote. When the animals had assembled in
the big barn, Snowball stood up and, though occasionally interrupted by
bleating from the sheep, set forth his reasons for advocating the building
of the windmill. Then Napoleon stood up to reply. He said very quietly
that the windmill was nonsense and that he advised nobody to vote for it,
and promptly sat down again; he had spoken for barely thirty seconds, and
seemed almost indifferent as to the effect he produced. At this Snowball
sprang to his feet, and shouting down the sheep, who had begun bleating
again, broke into a passionate appeal in favour of the windmill. Until now
the animals had been about equally divided in their sympathies, but in a
moment Snowball's eloquence had carried them away. In glowing sentences he
painted a picture of Animal Farm as it might be when sordid labour was
lifted from the animals' backs. His imagination had now run far beyond
chaff-cutters and turnip-slicers. Electricity, he said, could operate
threshing machines, ploughs, harrows, rollers, and reapers and binders,
besides supplying every stall with its own electric light, hot and cold
water, and an electric heater. By the time he had finished speaking, there
was no doubt as to which way the vote would go. But just at this moment
Napoleon stood up and, casting a peculiar sidelong look at Snowball,
uttered a high-pitched whimper of a kind no one had ever heard him utter
before.

At this there was a terrible baying sound outside, and nine enormous dogs
wearing brass-studded collars came bounding into the barn. They dashed
straight for Snowball, who only sprang from his place just in time to
escape their snapping jaws. In a moment he was out of the door and they
were after him. Too amazed and frightened to speak, all the animals
crowded through the door to watch the chase. Snowball was racing across
the long pasture that led to the road. He was running as only a pig can
run, but the dogs were close on his heels. Suddenly he slipped and it
seemed certain that they had him. Then he was up again, running faster
than ever, then the dogs were gaining on him again. One of them all but
closed his jaws on Snowball's tail, but Snowball whisked it free just in
time. Then he put on an extra spurt and, with a few inches to spare,
slipped through a hole in the hedge and was seen no more.

Silent and terrified, the animals crept back into the barn. In a moment
the dogs came bounding back. At first no one had been able to imagine
where these creatures came from, but the problem was soon solved: they
were the puppies whom Napoleon had taken away from their mothers and
reared privately. Though not yet full-grown, they were huge dogs, and as
fierce-looking as wolves. They kept close to Napoleon. It was noticed that
they wagged their tails to him in the same way as the other dogs had been
used to do to Mr. Jones.

Napoleon, with the dogs following him, now mounted on to the raised
portion of the floor where Major had previously stood to deliver his
speech. He announced that from now on the Sunday-morning Meetings would
come to an end. They were unnecessary, he said, and wasted time. In future
all questions relating to the working of the farm would be settled by a
special committee of pigs, presided over by himself. These would meet in
private and afterwards communicate their decisions to the others. The
animals would still assemble on Sunday mornings to salute the flag, sing
'Beasts of England', and receive their orders for the week; but there would
be no more debates.

In spite of the shock that Snowball's expulsion had given them, the
animals were dismayed by this announcement. Several of them would have
protested if they could have found the right arguments. Even Boxer was
vaguely troubled. He set his ears back, shook his forelock several times,
and tried hard to marshal his thoughts; but in the end he could not think
of anything to say. Some of the pigs themselves, however, were more
articulate. Four young porkers in the front row uttered shrill squeals of
disapproval, and all four of them sprang to their feet and began speaking
at once. But suddenly the dogs sitting round Napoleon let out deep,
menacing growls, and the pigs fell silent and sat down again. Then the
sheep broke out into a tremendous bleating of &quot;Four legs good, two legs
bad!&quot; which went on for nearly a quarter of an hour and put an end to any
chance of discussion.

Afterwards Squealer was sent round the farm to explain the new arrangement
to the others.

&quot;Comrades,&quot; he said, &quot;I trust that every animal here appreciates the
sacrifice that Comrade Napoleon has made in taking this extra labour upon
himself. Do not imagine, comrades, that leadership is a pleasure! On the
contrary, it is a deep and heavy responsibility. No one believes more
firmly than Comrade Napoleon that all animals are equal. He would be only
too happy to let you make your decisions for yourselves. But sometimes you
might make the wrong decisions, comrades, and then where should we be?
Suppose you had decided to follow Snowball, with his moonshine of
windmills--Snowball, who, as we now know, was no better than a criminal?&quot;

&quot;He fought bravely at the Battle of the Cowshed,&quot; said somebody.

&quot;Bravery is not enough,&quot; said Squealer. &quot;Loyalty and obedience are more
important. And as to the Battle of the Cowshed, I believe the time will
come when we shall find that Snowball's part in it was much exaggerated.
Discipline, comrades, iron discipline! That is the watchword for today.
One false step, and our enemies would be upon us. Surely, comrades, you do
not want Jones back?&quot;

Once again this argument was unanswerable. Certainly the animals did not
want Jones back; if the holding of debates on Sunday mornings was liable
to bring him back, then the debates must stop. Boxer, who had now had time
to think things over, voiced the general feeling by saying: &quot;If Comrade
Napoleon says it, it must be right.&quot; And from then on he adopted the
maxim, &quot;Napoleon is always right,&quot; in addition to his private motto of &quot;I
will work harder.&quot;

By this time the weather had broken and the spring ploughing had begun.
The shed where Snowball had drawn his plans of the windmill had been shut
up and it was assumed that the plans had been rubbed off the floor. Every
Sunday morning at ten o'clock the animals assembled in the big barn to
receive their orders for the week. The skull of old Major, now clean of
flesh, had been disinterred from the orchard and set up on a stump at the
foot of the flagstaff, beside the gun. After the hoisting of the flag, the
animals were required to file past the skull in a reverent manner before
entering the barn. Nowadays they did not sit all together as they had done
in the past. Napoleon, with Squealer and another pig named Minimus, who
had a remarkable gift for composing songs and poems, sat on the front of
the raised platform, with the nine young dogs forming a semicircle round
them, and the other pigs sitting behind. The rest of the animals sat
facing them in the main body of the barn. Napoleon read out the orders for
the week in a gruff soldierly style, and after a single singing of 'Beasts
of England', all the animals dispersed.

On the third Sunday after Snowball's expulsion, the animals were somewhat
surprised to hear Napoleon announce that the windmill was to be built
after all. He did not give any reason for having changed his mind, but
merely warned the animals that this extra task would mean very hard work,
it might even be necessary to reduce their rations. The plans, however,
had all been prepared, down to the last detail. A special committee of
pigs had been at work upon them for the past three weeks. The building of
the windmill, with various other improvements, was expected to take two
years.

That evening Squealer explained privately to the other animals that
Napoleon had never in reality been opposed to the windmill. On the
contrary, it was he who had advocated it in the beginning, and the plan
which Snowball had drawn on the floor of the incubator shed had actually
been stolen from among Napoleon's papers. The windmill was, in fact,
Napoleon's own creation. Why, then, asked somebody, had he spoken so
strongly against it? Here Squealer looked very sly. That, he said, was
Comrade Napoleon's cunning. He had SEEMED to oppose the windmill, simply
as a manoeuvre to get rid of Snowball, who was a dangerous character and a
bad influence. Now that Snowball was out of the way, the plan could go
forward without his interference. This, said Squealer, was something
called tactics. He repeated a number of times, &quot;Tactics, comrades,
tactics!&quot; skipping round and whisking his tail with a merry laugh. The
animals were not certain what the word meant, but Squealer spoke so
persuasively, and the three dogs who happened to be with him growled so
threateningly, that they accepted his explanation without further
questions.


Chapter VI
제6장 


All that year the animals worked like slaves. But they were happy in their
work; they grudged no effort or sacrifice, well aware that everything that
they did was for the benefit of themselves and those of their kind who
would come after them, and not for a pack of idle, thieving human beings.

Throughout the spring and summer they worked a sixty-hour week, and in
August Napoleon announced that there would be work on Sunday afternoons
as well. This work was strictly voluntary, but any animal who absented
himself from it would have his rations reduced by half. Even so, it was
found necessary to leave certain tasks undone. The harvest was a little
less successful than in the previous year, and two fields which should
have been sown with roots in the early summer were not sown because the
ploughing had not been completed early enough. It was possible to foresee
that the coming winter would be a hard one.

The windmill presented unexpected difficulties. There was a good quarry of
limestone on the farm, and plenty of sand and cement had been found in one
of the outhouses, so that all the materials for building were at hand. But
the problem the animals could not at first solve was how to break up the
stone into pieces of suitable size. There seemed no way of doing this
except with picks and crowbars, which no animal could use, because no
animal could stand on his hind legs. Only after weeks of vain effort did
the right idea occur to somebody-namely, to utilise the force of gravity.
Huge boulders, far too big to be used as they were, were lying all over
the bed of the quarry. The animals lashed ropes round these, and then all
together, cows, horses, sheep, any animal that could lay hold of the
rope--even the pigs sometimes joined in at critical moments--they dragged
them with desperate slowness up the slope to the top of the quarry, where
they were toppled over the edge, to shatter to pieces below. Transporting
the stone when it was once broken was comparatively simple. The horses
carried it off in cart-loads, the sheep dragged single blocks, even Muriel
and Benjamin yoked themselves into an old governess-cart and did their
share. By late summer a sufficient store of stone had accumulated, and
then the building began, under the superintendence of the pigs.

But it was a slow, laborious process. Frequently it took a whole day of
exhausting effort to drag a single boulder to the top of the quarry, and
sometimes when it was pushed over the edge it failed to break. Nothing
could have been achieved without Boxer, whose strength seemed equal to
that of all the rest of the animals put together. When the boulder began
to slip and the animals cried out in despair at finding themselves dragged
down the hill, it was always Boxer who strained himself against the rope
and brought the boulder to a stop. To see him toiling up the slope inch by
inch, his breath coming fast, the tips of his hoofs clawing at the ground,
and his great sides matted with sweat, filled everyone with admiration.
Clover warned him sometimes to be careful not to overstrain himself, but
Boxer would never listen to her. His two slogans, &quot;I will work harder&quot;
and &quot;Napoleon is always right,&quot; seemed to him a sufficient answer to all
problems. He had made arrangements with the cockerel to call him
three-quarters of an hour earlier in the mornings instead of half an hour.
And in his spare moments, of which there were not many nowadays, he would
go alone to the quarry, collect a load of broken stone, and drag it down
to the site of the windmill unassisted.

The animals were not badly off throughout that summer, in spite of the
hardness of their work. If they had no more food than they had had in
Jones's day, at least they did not have less. The advantage of only having
to feed themselves, and not having to support five extravagant human
beings as well, was so great that it would have taken a lot of failures to
outweigh it. And in many ways the animal method of doing things was more
efficient and saved labour. Such jobs as weeding, for instance, could be
done with a thoroughness impossible to human beings. And again, since no
animal now stole, it was unnecessary to fence off pasture from arable
land, which saved a lot of labour on the upkeep of hedges and gates.
Nevertheless, as the summer wore on, various unforeseen shortages began to
make them selves felt. There was need of paraffin oil, nails, string, dog
biscuits, and iron for the horses' shoes, none of which could be produced
on the farm. Later there would also be need for seeds and artificial
manures, besides various tools and, finally, the machinery for the
windmill. How these were to be procured, no one was able to imagine.

One Sunday morning, when the animals assembled to receive their orders,
Napoleon announced that he had decided upon a new policy. From now onwards
Animal Farm would engage in trade with the neighbouring farms: not, of
course, for any commercial purpose, but simply in order to obtain certain
materials which were urgently necessary. The needs of the windmill must
override everything else, he said. He was therefore making arrangements to
sell a stack of hay and part of the current year's wheat crop, and later
on, if more money were needed, it would have to be made up by the sale of
eggs, for which there was always a market in Willingdon. The hens, said
Napoleon, should welcome this sacrifice as their own special contribution
towards the building of the windmill.

Once again the animals were conscious of a vague uneasiness. Never to have
any dealings with human beings, never to engage in trade, never to make
use of money--had not these been among the earliest resolutions passed at
that first triumphant Meeting after Jones was expelled? All the animals
remembered passing such resolutions: or at least they thought that they
remembered it. The four young pigs who had protested when Napoleon
abolished the Meetings raised their voices timidly, but they were promptly
silenced by a tremendous growling from the dogs. Then, as usual, the sheep
broke into &quot;Four legs good, two legs bad!&quot; and the momentary awkwardness
was smoothed over. Finally Napoleon raised his trotter for silence and
announced that he had already made all the arrangements. There would be no
need for any of the animals to come in contact with human beings, which
would clearly be most undesirable. He intended to take the whole burden
upon his own shoulders. A Mr. Whymper, a solicitor living in Willingdon,
had agreed to act as intermediary between Animal Farm and the outside
world, and would visit the farm every Monday morning to receive his
instructions. Napoleon ended his speech with his usual cry of &quot;Long live
Animal Farm!&quot; and after the singing of 'Beasts of England' the animals
were dismissed.

Afterwards Squealer made a round of the farm and set the animals' minds at
rest. He assured them that the resolution against engaging in trade and
using money had never been passed, or even suggested. It was pure
imagination, probably traceable in the beginning to lies circulated by
Snowball. A few animals still felt faintly doubtful, but Squealer asked
them shrewdly, &quot;Are you certain that this is not something that you have
dreamed, comrades? Have you any record of such a resolution? Is it written
down anywhere?&quot; And since it was certainly true that nothing of the kind
existed in writing, the animals were satisfied that they had been mistaken.

Every Monday Mr. Whymper visited the farm as had been arranged. He was a
sly-looking little man with side whiskers, a solicitor in a very small way
of business, but sharp enough to have realised earlier than anyone else
that Animal Farm would need a broker and that the commissions would be
worth having. The animals watched his coming and going with a kind of
dread, and avoided him as much as possible. Nevertheless, the sight of
Napoleon, on all fours, delivering orders to Whymper, who stood on two
legs, roused their pride and partly reconciled them to the new
arrangement. Their relations with the human race were now not quite the
same as they had been before. The human beings did not hate Animal Farm
any less now that it was prospering; indeed, they hated it more than ever.
Every human being held it as an article of faith that the farm would go
bankrupt sooner or later, and, above all, that the windmill would be a
failure. They would meet in the public-houses and prove to one another by
means of diagrams that the windmill was bound to fall down, or that if it
did stand up, then that it would never work. And yet, against their will,
they had developed a certain respect for the efficiency with which the
animals were managing their own affairs. One symptom of this was that they
had begun to call Animal Farm by its proper name and ceased to pretend
that it was called the Manor Farm. They had also dropped their championship
of Jones, who had given up hope of getting his farm back and gone to live
in another part of the county. Except through Whymper, there was as yet no
contact between Animal Farm and the outside world, but there were constant
rumours that Napoleon was about to enter into a definite business agreement
either with Mr. Pilkington of Foxwood or with Mr. Frederick of
Pinchfield--but never, it was noticed, with both simultaneously.

It was about this time that the pigs suddenly moved into the farmhouse and
took up their residence there. Again the animals seemed to remember that a
resolution against this had been passed in the early days, and again
Squealer was able to convince them that this was not the case. It was
absolutely necessary, he said, that the pigs, who were the brains of the
farm, should have a quiet place to work in. It was also more suited to the
dignity of the Leader (for of late he had taken to speaking of Napoleon
under the title of &quot;Leader&quot;) to live in a house than in a mere sty.
Nevertheless, some of the animals were disturbed when they heard that the
pigs not only took their meals in the kitchen and used the drawing-room
as a recreation room, but also slept in the beds. Boxer passed it off as
usual with &quot;Napoleon is always right!&quot;, but Clover, who thought she
remembered a definite ruling against beds, went to the end of the barn and
tried to puzzle out the Seven Commandments which were inscribed there.
Finding herself unable to read more than individual letters, she fetched
Muriel.

&quot;Muriel,&quot; she said, &quot;read me the Fourth Commandment. Does it not say
something about never sleeping in a bed?&quot;

With some difficulty Muriel spelt it out.

&quot;It says, 'No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets,&quot;' she announced
finally.

Curiously enough, Clover had not remembered that the Fourth Commandment
mentioned sheets; but as it was there on the wall, it must have done so.
And Squealer, who happened to be passing at this moment, attended by two
or three dogs, was able to put the whole matter in its proper perspective.

&quot;You have heard then, comrades,&quot; he said, &quot;that we pigs now sleep in the
beds of the farmhouse? And why not? You did not suppose, surely, that
there was ever a ruling against beds? A bed merely means a place to sleep
in. A pile of straw in a stall is a bed, properly regarded. The rule was
against sheets, which are a human invention. We have removed the sheets
from the farmhouse beds, and sleep between blankets. And very comfortable
beds they are too! But not more comfortable than we need, I can tell you,
comrades, with all the brainwork we have to do nowadays. You would not rob
us of our repose, would you, comrades? You would not have us too tired to
carry out our duties? Surely none of you wishes to see Jones back?&quot;

The animals reassured him on this point immediately, and no more was said
about the pigs sleeping in the farmhouse beds. And when, some days
afterwards, it was announced that from now on the pigs would get up an
hour later in the mornings than the other animals, no complaint was made
about that either.

By the autumn the animals were tired but happy. They had had a hard year,
and after the sale of part of the hay and corn, the stores of food for the
winter were none too plentiful, but the windmill compensated for
everything. It was almost half built now. After the harvest there was a
stretch of clear dry weather, and the animals toiled harder than ever,
thinking it well worth while to plod to and fro all day with blocks of
stone if by doing so they could raise the walls another foot. Boxer would
even come out at nights and work for an hour or two on his own by the
light of the harvest moon. In their spare moments the animals would walk
round and round the half-finished mill, admiring the strength and
perpendicularity of its walls and marvelling that they should ever have
been able to build anything so imposing. Only old Benjamin refused to grow
enthusiastic about the windmill, though, as usual, he would utter nothing
beyond the cryptic remark that donkeys live a long time.

November came, with raging south-west winds. Building had to stop because
it was now too wet to mix the cement. Finally there came a night when the
gale was so violent that the farm buildings rocked on their foundations
and several tiles were blown off the roof of the barn. The hens woke up
squawking with terror because they had all dreamed simultaneously of
hearing a gun go off in the distance. In the morning the animals came out
of their stalls to find that the flagstaff had been blown down and an elm
tree at the foot of the orchard had been plucked up like a radish. They
had just noticed this when a cry of despair broke from every animal's
throat. A terrible sight had met their eyes. The windmill was in ruins.

With one accord they dashed down to the spot. Napoleon, who seldom moved
out of a walk, raced ahead of them all. Yes, there it lay, the fruit of
all their struggles, levelled to its foundations, the stones they had
broken and carried so laboriously scattered all around. Unable at first to
speak, they stood gazing mournfully at the litter of fallen stone. Napoleon
paced to and fro in silence, occasionally snuffing at the ground. His tail
had grown rigid and twitched sharply from side to side, a sign in him of
intense mental activity. Suddenly he halted as though his mind were
made up.

&quot;Comrades,&quot; he said quietly, &quot;do you know who is responsible for this? Do
you know the enemy who has come in the night and overthrown our windmill?
SNOWBALL!&quot; he suddenly roared in a voice of thunder. &quot;Snowball has done
this thing! In sheer malignity, thinking to set back our plans and avenge
himself for his ignominious expulsion, this traitor has crept here under
cover of night and destroyed our work of nearly a year. Comrades, here
and now I pronounce the death sentence upon Snowball. 'Animal Hero, Second
Class,' and half a bushel of apples to any animal who brings him to
justice. A full bushel to anyone who captures him alive!&quot;

The animals were shocked beyond measure to learn that even Snowball could
be guilty of such an action. There was a cry of indignation, and everyone
began thinking out ways of catching Snowball if he should ever come back.
Almost immediately the footprints of a pig were discovered in the grass at
a little distance from the knoll. They could only be traced for a few
yards, but appeared to lead to a hole in the hedge. Napoleon snuffed
deeply at them and pronounced them to be Snowball's. He gave it as his
opinion that Snowball had probably come from the direction of Foxwood Farm.

&quot;No more delays, comrades!&quot; cried Napoleon when the footprints had been
examined. &quot;There is work to be done. This very morning we begin rebuilding
the windmill, and we will build all through the winter, rain or shine. We
will teach this miserable traitor that he cannot undo our work so easily.
Remember, comrades, there must be no alteration in our plans: they shall
be carried out to the day. Forward, comrades! Long live the windmill! Long
live Animal Farm!&quot;


Chapter VII
제7장


It was a bitter winter. The stormy weather was followed by sleet and snow,
and then by a hard frost which did not break till well into February. The
animals carried on as best they could with the rebuilding of the windmill,
well knowing that the outside world was watching them and that the envious
human beings would rejoice and triumph if the mill were not finished
on time.

Out of spite, the human beings pretended not to believe that it was
Snowball who had destroyed the windmill: they said that it had fallen down
because the walls were too thin. The animals knew that this was not the
case. Still, it had been decided to build the walls three feet thick this
time instead of eighteen inches as before, which meant collecting much
larger quantities of stone. For a long time the quarry was full of
snowdrifts and nothing could be done. Some progress was made in the dry
frosty weather that followed, but it was cruel work, and the animals could
not feel so hopeful about it as they had felt before. They were always
cold, and usually hungry as well. Only Boxer and Clover never lost heart.
Squealer made excellent speeches on the joy of service and the dignity of
labour, but the other animals found more inspiration in Boxer's strength
and his never-failing cry of &quot;I will work harder!&quot;

In January food fell short. The corn ration was drastically reduced, and
it was announced that an extra potato ration would be issued to make up
for it. Then it was discovered that the greater part of the potato crop
had been frosted in the clamps, which had not been covered thickly enough.
The potatoes had become soft and discoloured, and only a few were edible.
For days at a time the animals had nothing to eat but chaff and mangels.
Starvation seemed to stare them in the face.

It was vitally necessary to conceal this fact from the outside world.
Emboldened by the collapse of the windmill, the human beings were
inventing fresh lies about Animal Farm. Once again it was being put about
that all the animals were dying of famine and disease, and that they were
continually fighting among themselves and had resorted to cannibalism and
infanticide. Napoleon was well aware of the bad results that might follow
if the real facts of the food situation were known, and he decided to make
use of Mr. Whymper to spread a contrary impression. Hitherto the animals
had had little or no contact with Whymper on his weekly visits: now,
however, a few selected animals, mostly sheep, were instructed to remark
casually in his hearing that rations had been increased. In addition,
Napoleon ordered the almost empty bins in the store-shed to be filled
nearly to the brim with sand, which was then covered up with what remained
of the grain and meal. On some suitable pretext Whymper was led through
the store-shed and allowed to catch a glimpse of the bins. He was
deceived, and continued to report to the outside world that there was no
food shortage on Animal Farm.

Nevertheless, towards the end of January it became obvious that it would
be necessary to procure some more grain from somewhere. In these days
Napoleon rarely appeared in public, but spent all his time in the
farmhouse, which was guarded at each door by fierce-looking dogs. When he
did emerge, it was in a ceremonial manner, with an escort of six dogs who
closely surrounded him and growled if anyone came too near. Frequently he
did not even appear on Sunday mornings, but issued his orders through one
of the other pigs, usually Squealer.

One Sunday morning Squealer announced that the hens, who had just come in
to lay again, must surrender their eggs. Napoleon had accepted, through
Whymper, a contract for four hundred eggs a week. The price of these would
pay for enough grain and meal to keep the farm going till summer came on
and conditions were easier.

When the hens heard this, they raised a terrible outcry. They had been
warned earlier that this sacrifice might be necessary, but had not
believed that it would really happen. They were just getting their
clutches ready for the spring sitting, and they protested that to take the
eggs away now was murder. For the first time since the expulsion of Jones,
there was something resembling a rebellion. Led by three young Black
Minorca pullets, the hens made a determined effort to thwart Napoleon's
wishes. Their method was to fly up to the rafters and there lay their
eggs, which smashed to pieces on the floor. Napoleon acted swiftly and
ruthlessly. He ordered the hens' rations to be stopped, and decreed that
any animal giving so much as a grain of corn to a hen should be punished
by death. The dogs saw to it that these orders were carried out. For five
days the hens held out, then they capitulated and went back to their
nesting boxes. Nine hens had died in the meantime. Their bodies were
buried in the orchard, and it was given out that they had died of
coccidiosis. Whymper heard nothing of this affair, and the eggs were duly
delivered, a grocer's van driving up to the farm once a week to take them
away.

All this while no more had been seen of Snowball. He was rumoured to be
hiding on one of the neighbouring farms, either Foxwood or Pinchfield.
Napoleon was by this time on slightly better terms with the other farmers
than before. It happened that there was in the yard a pile of timber which
had been stacked there ten years earlier when a beech spinney was cleared.
It was well seasoned, and Whymper had advised Napoleon to sell it; both
Mr. Pilkington and Mr. Frederick were anxious to buy it. Napoleon was
hesitating between the two, unable to make up his mind. It was noticed
that whenever he seemed on the point of coming to an agreement with
Frederick, Snowball was declared to be in hiding at Foxwood, while, when
he inclined toward Pilkington, Snowball was said to be at Pinchfield.

Suddenly, early in the spring, an alarming thing was discovered. Snowball
was secretly frequenting the farm by night! The animals were so disturbed
that they could hardly sleep in their stalls. Every night, it was said, he
came creeping in under cover of darkness and performed all kinds of
mischief. He stole the corn, he upset the milk-pails, he broke the eggs,
he trampled the seedbeds, he gnawed the bark off the fruit trees. Whenever
anything went wrong it became usual to attribute it to Snowball. If a
window was broken or a drain was blocked up, someone was certain to say
that Snowball had come in the night and done it, and when the key of the
store-shed was lost, the whole farm was convinced that Snowball had thrown
it down the well. Curiously enough, they went on believing this even after
the mislaid key was found under a sack of meal. The cows declared
unanimously that Snowball crept into their stalls and milked them in their
sleep. The rats, which had been troublesome that winter, were also said to
be in league with Snowball.

Napoleon decreed that there should be a full investigation into Snowball's
activities. With his dogs in attendance he set out and made a careful tour
of inspection of the farm buildings, the other animals following at a
respectful distance. At every few steps Napoleon stopped and snuffed the
ground for traces of Snowball's footsteps, which, he said, he could detect
by the smell. He snuffed in every corner, in the barn, in the cow-shed,
in the henhouses, in the vegetable garden, and found traces of Snowball
almost everywhere. He would put his snout to the ground, give several deep
sniffs, ad exclaim in a terrible voice, &quot;Snowball! He has been here! I can
smell him distinctly!&quot; and at the word &quot;Snowball&quot; all the dogs let out
blood-curdling growls and showed their side teeth.

The animals were thoroughly frightened. It seemed to them as though
Snowball were some kind of invisible influence, pervading the air about
them and menacing them with all kinds of dangers. In the evening Squealer
called them together, and with an alarmed expression on his face told
them that he had some serious news to report.

&quot;Comrades!&quot; cried Squealer, making little nervous skips, &quot;a most terrible
thing has been discovered. Snowball has sold himself to Frederick of
Pinchfield Farm, who is even now plotting to attack us and take our farm
away from us! Snowball is to act as his guide when the attack begins. But
there is worse than that. We had thought that Snowball's rebellion was
caused simply by his vanity and ambition. But we were wrong, comrades. Do
you know what the real reason was? Snowball was in league with Jones from
the very start! He was Jones's secret agent all the time. It has all been
proved by documents which he left behind him and which we have only just
discovered. To my mind this explains a great deal, comrades. Did we not
see for ourselves how he attempted--fortunately without success--to get us
defeated and destroyed at the Battle of the Cowshed?&quot;

The animals were stupefied. This was a wickedness far outdoing Snowball's
destruction of the windmill. But it was some minutes before they could
fully take it in. They all remembered, or thought they remembered, how
they had seen Snowball charging ahead of them at the Battle of the
Cowshed, how he had rallied and encouraged them at every turn, and how he
had not paused for an instant even when the pellets from Jones's gun had
wounded his back. At first it was a little difficult to see how this
fitted in with his being on Jones's side. Even Boxer, who seldom asked
questions, was puzzled. He lay down, tucked his fore hoofs beneath him,
shut his eyes, and with a hard effort managed to formulate his thoughts.

&quot;I do not believe that,&quot; he said. &quot;Snowball fought bravely at the Battle
of the Cowshed. I saw him myself. Did we not give him 'Animal Hero, first
Class,' immediately afterwards?&quot;

&quot;That was our mistake, comrade. For we know now--it is all written down in
the secret documents that we have found--that in reality he was trying to
lure us to our doom.&quot;

&quot;But he was wounded,&quot; said Boxer. &quot;We all saw him running with blood.&quot;

&quot;That was part of the arrangement!&quot; cried Squealer. &quot;Jones's shot only
grazed him. I could show you this in his own writing, if you were able to
read it. The plot was for Snowball, at the critical moment, to give the
signal for flight and leave the field to the enemy. And he very nearly
succeeded--I will even say, comrades, he WOULD have succeeded if it had
not been for our heroic Leader, Comrade Napoleon. Do you not remember how,
just at the moment when Jones and his men had got inside the yard,
Snowball suddenly turned and fled, and many animals followed him? And do
you not remember, too, that it was just at that moment, when panic was
spreading and all seemed lost, that Comrade Napoleon sprang forward with a
cry of 'Death to Humanity!' and sank his teeth in Jones's leg? Surely you
remember THAT, comrades?&quot; exclaimed Squealer, frisking from side to side.

Now when Squealer described the scene so graphically, it seemed to the
animals that they did remember it. At any rate, they remembered that at
the critical moment of the battle Snowball had turned to flee. But Boxer
was still a little uneasy.

&quot;I do not believe that Snowball was a traitor at the beginning,&quot; he said
finally. &quot;What he has done since is different. But I believe that at the
Battle of the Cowshed he was a good comrade.&quot;

&quot;Our Leader, Comrade Napoleon,&quot; announced Squealer, speaking very slowly
and firmly, &quot;has stated categorically--categorically, comrade--that
Snowball was Jones's agent from the very beginning--yes, and from long
before the Rebellion was ever thought of.&quot;

&quot;Ah, that is different!&quot; said Boxer. &quot;If Comrade Napoleon says it, it must
be right.&quot;

&quot;That is the true spirit, comrade!&quot; cried Squealer, but it was noticed he
cast a very ugly look at Boxer with his little twinkling eyes. He turned
to go, then paused and added impressively: &quot;I warn every animal on this
farm to keep his eyes very wide open. For we have reason to think that
some of Snowball's secret agents are lurking among us at this moment!&quot;

Four days later, in the late afternoon, Napoleon ordered all the animals
to assemble in the yard. When they were all gathered together, Napoleon
emerged from the farmhouse, wearing both his medals (for he had recently
awarded himself &quot;Animal Hero, First Class&quot;, and &quot;Animal Hero, Second
Class&quot;), with his nine huge dogs frisking round him and uttering growls
that sent shivers down all the animals' spines. They all cowered silently
in their places, seeming to know in advance that some terrible thing was
about to happen.

Napoleon stood sternly surveying his audience; then he uttered a
high-pitched whimper. Immediately the dogs bounded forward, seized four of
the pigs by the ear and dragged them, squealing with pain and terror, to
Napoleon's feet. The pigs' ears were bleeding, the dogs had tasted blood,
and for a few moments they appeared to go quite mad. To the amazement of
everybody, three of them flung themselves upon Boxer. Boxer saw them
coming and put out his great hoof, caught a dog in mid-air, and pinned
him to the ground. The dog shrieked for mercy and the other two fled with
their tails between their legs. Boxer looked at Napoleon to know whether
he should crush the dog to death or let it go. Napoleon appeared to change
countenance, and sharply ordered Boxer to let the dog go, whereat Boxer
lifted his hoof, and the dog slunk away, bruised and howling.

Presently the tumult died down. The four pigs waited, trembling, with
guilt written on every line of their countenances. Napoleon now called
upon them to confess their crimes. They were the same four pigs as had
protested when Napoleon abolished the Sunday Meetings. Without any further
prompting they confessed that they had been secretly in touch with
Snowball ever since his expulsion, that they had collaborated with him in
destroying the windmill, and that they had entered into an agreement with
him to hand over Animal Farm to Mr. Frederick. They added that Snowball
had privately admitted to them that he had been Jones's secret agent for
years past. When they had finished their confession, the dogs promptly
tore their throats out, and in a terrible voice Napoleon demanded whether
any other animal had anything to confess.

The three hens who had been the ringleaders in the attempted rebellion
over the eggs now came forward and stated that Snowball had appeared to
them in a dream and incited them to disobey Napoleon's orders. They, too,
were slaughtered. Then a goose came forward and confessed to having
secreted six ears of corn during the last year's harvest and eaten them in
the night. Then a sheep confessed to having urinated in the drinking
pool--urged to do this, so she said, by Snowball--and two other sheep
confessed to having murdered an old ram, an especially devoted follower of
Napoleon, by chasing him round and round a bonfire when he was suffering
from a cough. They were all slain on the spot. And so the tale of
confessions and executions went on, until there was a pile of corpses
lying before Napoleon's feet and the air was heavy with the smell of
blood, which had been unknown there since the expulsion of Jones.

When it was all over, the remaining animals, except for the pigs and dogs,
crept away in a body. They were shaken and miserable. They did not know
which was more shocking--the treachery of the animals who had leagued
themselves with Snowball, or the cruel retribution they had just
witnessed. In the old days there had often been scenes of bloodshed
equally terrible, but it seemed to all of them that it was far worse now
that it was happening among themselves. Since Jones had left the farm,
until today, no animal had killed another animal. Not even a rat had been
killed. They had made their way on to the little knoll where the
half-finished windmill stood, and with one accord they all lay down as
though huddling together for warmth--Clover, Muriel, Benjamin, the cows,
the sheep, and a whole flock of geese and hens--everyone, indeed, except
the cat, who had suddenly disappeared just before Napoleon ordered the
animals to assemble. For some time nobody spoke. Only Boxer remained on
his feet. He fidgeted to and fro, swishing his long black tail against his
sides and occasionally uttering a little whinny of surprise. Finally he
said:

&quot;I do not understand it. I would not have believed that such things could
happen on our farm. It must be due to some fault in ourselves. The
solution, as I see it, is to work harder. From now onwards I shall get up
a full hour earlier in the mornings.&quot;

And he moved off at his lumbering trot and made for the quarry. Having got
there, he collected two successive loads of stone and dragged them down to
the windmill before retiring for the night.

The animals huddled about Clover, not speaking. The knoll where they were
lying gave them a wide prospect across the countryside. Most of Animal
Farm was within their view--the long pasture stretching down to the main
road, the hayfield, the spinney, the drinking pool, the ploughed fields
where the young wheat was thick and green, and the red roofs of the farm
buildings with the smoke curling from the chimneys. It was a clear spring
evening. The grass and the bursting hedges were gilded by the level rays
of the sun. Never had the farm--and with a kind of surprise they
remembered that it was their own farm, every inch of it their own
property--appeared to the animals so desirable a place. As Clover looked
down the hillside her eyes filled with tears. If she could have spoken her
thoughts, it would have been to say that this was not what they had aimed
at when they had set themselves years ago to work for the overthrow of the
human race. These scenes of terror and slaughter were not what they had
looked forward to on that night when old Major first stirred them to
rebellion. If she herself had had any picture of the future, it had been
of a society of animals set free from hunger and the whip, all equal, each
working according to his capacity, the strong protecting the weak, as she
had protected the lost brood of ducklings with her foreleg on the night of
Major's speech. Instead--she did not know why--they had come to a time
when no one dared speak his mind, when fierce, growling dogs roamed
everywhere, and when you had to watch your comrades torn to pieces after
confessing to shocking crimes. There was no thought of rebellion or
disobedience in her mind. She knew that, even as things were, they were
far better off than they had been in the days of Jones, and that before
all else it was needful to prevent the return of the human beings.
Whatever happened she would remain faithful, work hard, carry out the
orders that were given to her, and accept the leadership of Napoleon. But
still, it was not for this that she and all the other animals had hoped
and toiled. It was not for this that they had built the windmill and faced
the bullets of Jones's gun. Such were her thoughts, though she lacked the
words to express them.

At last, feeling this to be in some way a substitute for the words she was
unable to find, she began to sing 'Beasts of England'. The other animals
sitting round her took it up, and they sang it three times over--very
tunefully, but slowly and mournfully, in a way they had never sung it
before.

They had just finished singing it for the third time when Squealer,
attended by two dogs, approached them with the air of having something
important to say. He announced that, by a special decree of Comrade
Napoleon, 'Beasts of England' had been abolished. From now onwards it was
forbidden to sing it.

The animals were taken aback.

&quot;Why?&quot; cried Muriel.

&quot;It's no longer needed, comrade,&quot; said Squealer stiffly. &quot;'Beasts of
England' was the song of the Rebellion. But the Rebellion is now
completed. The execution of the traitors this afternoon was the final act.
The enemy both external and internal has been defeated. In 'Beasts of
England' we expressed our longing for a better society in days to come.
But that society has now been established. Clearly this song has no longer
any purpose.&quot;

Frightened though they were, some of the animals might possibly have
protested, but at this moment the sheep set up their usual bleating of
&quot;Four legs good, two legs bad,&quot; which went on for several minutes and put
an end to the discussion.

So 'Beasts of England' was heard no more. In its place Minimus, the poet,
had composed another song which began:


Animal Farm, Animal Farm,
Never through me shalt thou come to harm!


and this was sung every Sunday morning after the hoisting of the flag.
But somehow neither the words nor the tune ever seemed to the animals to
come up to 'Beasts of England'.


Chapter VIII
제8장


A few days later, when the terror caused by the executions had died down,
some of the animals remembered--or thought they remembered--that the Sixth
Commandment decreed &quot;No animal shall kill any other animal.&quot; And though no
one cared to mention it in the hearing of the pigs or the dogs, it was
felt that the killings which had taken place did not square with this.
Clover asked Benjamin to read her the Sixth Commandment, and when
Benjamin, as usual, said that he refused to meddle in such matters, she
fetched Muriel. Muriel read the Commandment for her. It ran: &quot;No animal
shall kill any other animal WITHOUT CAUSE.&quot; Somehow or other, the last two
words had slipped out of the animals' memory. But they saw now that the
Commandment had not been violated; for clearly there was good reason for
killing the traitors who had leagued themselves with Snowball.

Throughout the year the animals worked even harder than they had worked in
the previous year. To rebuild the windmill, with walls twice as thick as
before, and to finish it by the appointed date, together with the regular
work of the farm, was a tremendous labour. There were times when it seemed
to the animals that they worked longer hours and fed no better than they
had done in Jones's day. On Sunday mornings Squealer, holding down a long
strip of paper with his trotter, would read out to them lists of figures
proving that the production of every class of foodstuff had increased by
two hundred per cent, three hundred per cent, or five hundred per cent,
as the case might be. The animals saw no reason to disbelieve him,
especially as they could no longer remember very clearly what conditions
had been like before the Rebellion. All the same, there were days when
they felt that they would sooner have had less figures and more food.

All orders were now issued through Squealer or one of the other pigs.
Napoleon himself was not seen in public as often as once in a fortnight.
When he did appear, he was attended not only by his retinue of dogs but by
a black cockerel who marched in front of him and acted as a kind of
trumpeter, letting out a loud &quot;cock-a-doodle-doo&quot; before Napoleon spoke.
Even in the farmhouse, it was said, Napoleon inhabited separate apartments
from the others. He took his meals alone, with two dogs to wait upon him,
and always ate from the Crown Derby dinner service which had been in the
glass cupboard in the drawing-room. It was also announced that the gun
would be fired every year on Napoleon's birthday, as well as on the other
two anniversaries.

Napoleon was now never spoken of simply as &quot;Napoleon.&quot; He was always
referred to in formal style as &quot;our Leader, Comrade Napoleon,&quot; and this
pigs liked to invent for him such titles as Father of All Animals, Terror
of Mankind, Protector of the Sheep-fold, Ducklings' Friend, and the like.
In his speeches, Squealer would talk with the tears rolling down his
cheeks of Napoleon's wisdom the goodness of his heart, and the deep love
he bore to all animals everywhere, even and especially the unhappy animals
who still lived in ignorance and slavery on other farms. It had become
usual to give Napoleon the credit for every successful achievement and
every stroke of good fortune. You would often hear one hen remark to
another, &quot;Under the guidance of our Leader, Comrade Napoleon, I have laid
five eggs in six days&quot;; or two cows, enjoying a drink at the pool, would
exclaim, &quot;Thanks to the leadership of Comrade Napoleon, how excellent this
water tastes!&quot; The general feeling on the farm was well expressed in a
poem entitled Comrade Napoleon, which was composed by Minimus and which
ran as follows:


Friend of fatherless!
Fountain of happiness!
Lord of the swill-bucket! Oh, how my soul is on
Fire when I gaze at thy
Calm and commanding eye,
Like the sun in the sky,
Comrade Napoleon!

Thou are the giver of
All that thy creatures love,
Full belly twice a day, clean straw to roll upon;
Every beast great or small
Sleeps at peace in his stall,
Thou watchest over all,
Comrade Napoleon!

Had I a sucking-pig,
Ere he had grown as big
Even as a pint bottle or as a rolling-pin,
He should have learned to be
Faithful and true to thee,
Yes, his first squeak should be
&quot;Comrade Napoleon!&quot;


Napoleon approved of this poem and caused it to be inscribed on the wall
of the big barn, at the opposite end from the Seven Commandments. It was
surmounted by a portrait of Napoleon, in profile, executed by Squealer in
white paint.

Meanwhile, through the agency of Whymper, Napoleon was engaged in
complicated negotiations with Frederick and Pilkington. The pile of timber
was still unsold. Of the two, Frederick was the more anxious to get hold
of it, but he would not offer a reasonable price. At the same time there
were renewed rumours that Frederick and his men were plotting to attack
Animal Farm and to destroy the windmill, the building of which had aroused
furious jealousy in him. Snowball was known to be still skulking on
Pinchfield Farm. In the middle of the summer the animals were alarmed to
hear that three hens had come forward and confessed that, inspired by
Snowball, they had entered into a plot to murder Napoleon. They were
executed immediately, and fresh precautions for Napoleon's safety were
taken. Four dogs guarded his bed at night, one at each corner, and a young
pig named Pinkeye was given the task of tasting all his food before he ate
it, lest it should be poisoned.

At about the same time it was given out that Napoleon had arranged to sell
the pile of timber to Mr. Pilkington; he was also going to enter into a
regular agreement for the exchange of certain products between Animal Farm
and Foxwood. The relations between Napoleon and Pilkington, though they
were only conducted through Whymper, were now almost friendly. The animals
distrusted Pilkington, as a human being, but greatly preferred him to
Frederick, whom they both feared and hated. As the summer wore on, and the
windmill neared completion, the rumours of an impending treacherous attack
grew stronger and stronger. Frederick, it was said, intended to bring
against them twenty men all armed with guns, and he had already bribed the
magistrates and police, so that if he could once get hold of the
title-deeds of Animal Farm they would ask no questions. Moreover, terrible
stories were leaking out from Pinchfield about the cruelties that
Frederick practised upon his animals. He had flogged an old horse to
death, he starved his cows, he had killed a dog by throwing it into the
furnace, he amused himself in the evenings by making cocks fight with
splinters of razor-blade tied to their spurs. The animals' blood boiled
with rage when they heard of these things being done to their comrades,
and sometimes they clamoured to be allowed to go out in a body and attack
Pinchfield Farm, drive out the humans, and set the animals free. But
Squealer counselled them to avoid rash actions and trust in Comrade
Napoleon's strategy.

Nevertheless, feeling against Frederick continued to run high. One Sunday
morning Napoleon appeared in the barn and explained that he had never at
any time contemplated selling the pile of timber to Frederick; he
considered it beneath his dignity, he said, to have dealings with
scoundrels of that description. The pigeons who were still sent out to
spread tidings of the Rebellion were forbidden to set foot anywhere on
Foxwood, and were also ordered to drop their former slogan of &quot;Death to
Humanity&quot; in favour of &quot;Death to Frederick.&quot; In the late summer yet
another of Snowball's machinations was laid bare. The wheat crop was full
of weeds, and it was discovered that on one of his nocturnal visits
Snowball had mixed weed seeds with the seed corn. A gander who had been
privy to the plot had confessed his guilt to Squealer and immediately
committed suicide by swallowing deadly nightshade berries. The animals
now also learned that Snowball had never--as many of them had believed
hitherto--received the order of &quot;Animal Hero, First Class.&quot; This was
merely a legend which had been spread some time after the Battle of the
Cowshed by Snowball himself. So far from being decorated, he had been
censured for showing cowardice in the battle. Once again some of the
animals heard this with a certain bewilderment, but Squealer was soon able
to convince them that their memories had been at fault.

In the autumn, by a tremendous, exhausting effort--for the harvest had to
be gathered at almost the same time--the windmill was finished. The
machinery had still to be installed, and Whymper was negotiating the
purchase of it, but the structure was completed. In the teeth of every
difficulty, in spite of inexperience, of primitive implements, of bad luck
and of Snowball's treachery, the work had been finished punctually to the
very day! Tired out but proud, the animals walked round and round their
masterpiece, which appeared even more beautiful in their eyes than when it
had been built the first time. Moreover, the walls were twice as thick as
before. Nothing short of explosives would lay them low this time! And when
they thought of how they had laboured, what discouragements they had
overcome, and the enormous difference that would be made in their lives
when the sails were turning and the dynamos running--when they thought of
all this, their tiredness forsook them and they gambolled round and round
the windmill, uttering cries of triumph. Napoleon himself, attended by his
dogs and his cockerel, came down to inspect the completed work; he
personally congratulated the animals on their achievement, and announced
that the mill would be named Napoleon Mill.

Two days later the animals were called together for a special meeting in
the barn. They were struck dumb with surprise when Napoleon announced that
he had sold the pile of timber to Frederick. Tomorrow Frederick's wagons
would arrive and begin carting it away. Throughout the whole period of his
seeming friendship with Pilkington, Napoleon had really been in secret
agreement with Frederick.

All relations with Foxwood had been broken off; insulting messages had
been sent to Pilkington. The pigeons had been told to avoid Pinchfield
Farm and to alter their slogan from &quot;Death to Frederick&quot; to &quot;Death to
Pilkington.&quot; At the same time Napoleon assured the animals that the
stories of an impending attack on Animal Farm were completely untrue, and
that the tales about Frederick's cruelty to his own animals had been
greatly exaggerated. All these rumours had probably originated with
Snowball and his agents. It now appeared that Snowball was not, after all,
hiding on Pinchfield Farm, and in fact had never been there in his life:
he was living--in considerable luxury, so it was said--at Foxwood, and had
in reality been a pensioner of Pilkington for years past.

The pigs were in ecstasies over Napoleon's cunning. By seeming to be
friendly with Pilkington he had forced Frederick to raise his price by
twelve pounds. But the superior quality of Napoleon's mind, said Squealer,
was shown in the fact that he trusted nobody, not even Frederick.
Frederick had wanted to pay for the timber with something called a cheque,
which, it seemed, was a piece of paper with a promise to pay written upon
it. But Napoleon was too clever for him. He had demanded payment in real
five-pound notes, which were to be handed over before the timber was
removed. Already Frederick had paid up; and the sum he had paid was just
enough to buy the machinery for the windmill.

Meanwhile the timber was being carted away at high speed. When it was all
gone, another special meeting was held in the barn for the animals to
inspect Frederick's bank-notes. Smiling beatifically, and wearing both his
decorations, Napoleon reposed on a bed of straw on the platform, with the
money at his side, neatly piled on a china dish from the farmhouse
kitchen. The animals filed slowly past, and each gazed his fill. And Boxer
put out his nose to sniff at the bank-notes, and the flimsy white things
stirred and rustled in his breath.

Three days later there was a terrible hullabaloo. Whymper, his face deadly
pale, came racing up the path on his bicycle, flung it down in the yard
and rushed straight into the farmhouse. The next moment a choking roar of
rage sounded from Napoleon's apartments. The news of what had happened
sped round the farm like wildfire. The banknotes were forgeries! Frederick
had got the timber for nothing!

Napoleon called the animals together immediately and in a terrible voice
pronounced the death sentence upon Frederick. When captured, he said,
Frederick should be boiled alive. At the same time he warned them that
after this treacherous deed the worst was to be expected. Frederick and
his men might make their long-expected attack at any moment. Sentinels
were placed at all the approaches to the farm. In addition, four pigeons
were sent to Foxwood with a conciliatory message, which it was hoped might
re-establish good relations with Pilkington.

The very next morning the attack came. The animals were at breakfast when
the look-outs came racing in with the news that Frederick and his
followers had already come through the five-barred gate. Boldly enough the
animals sallied forth to meet them, but this time they did not have the
easy victory that they had had in the Battle of the Cowshed. There were
fifteen men, with half a dozen guns between them, and they opened fire as
soon as they got within fifty yards. The animals could not face the
terrible explosions and the stinging pellets, and in spite of the efforts
of Napoleon and Boxer to rally them, they were soon driven back. A number
of them were already wounded. They took refuge in the farm buildings and
peeped cautiously out from chinks and knot-holes. The whole of the big
pasture, including the windmill, was in the hands of the enemy. For the
moment even Napoleon seemed at a loss. He paced up and down without a
word, his tail rigid and twitching. Wistful glances were sent in the
direction of Foxwood. If Pilkington and his men would help them, the day
might yet be won. But at this moment the four pigeons, who had been sent
out on the day before, returned, one of them bearing a scrap of paper from
Pilkington. On it was pencilled the words: &quot;Serves you right.&quot;

Meanwhile Frederick and his men had halted about the windmill. The animals
watched them, and a murmur of dismay went round. Two of the men had
produced a crowbar and a sledge hammer. They were going to knock the
windmill down.

&quot;Impossible!&quot; cried Napoleon. &quot;We have built the walls far too thick for
that. They could not knock it down in a week. Courage, comrades!&quot;

But Benjamin was watching the movements of the men intently. The two with
the hammer and the crowbar were drilling a hole near the base of the
windmill. Slowly, and with an air almost of amusement, Benjamin nodded his
long muzzle.

&quot;I thought so,&quot; he said. &quot;Do you not see what they are doing? In another
moment they are going to pack blasting powder into that hole.&quot;

Terrified, the animals waited. It was impossible now to venture out of the
shelter of the buildings. After a few minutes the men were seen to be
running in all directions. Then there was a deafening roar. The pigeons
swirled into the air, and all the animals, except Napoleon, flung
themselves flat on their bellies and hid their faces. When they got up
again, a huge cloud of black smoke was hanging where the windmill had
been. Slowly the breeze drifted it away. The windmill had ceased to exist!

At this sight the animals' courage returned to them. The fear and despair
they had felt a moment earlier were drowned in their rage against this
vile, contemptible act. A mighty cry for vengeance went up, and without
waiting for further orders they charged forth in a body and made straight
for the enemy. This time they did not heed the cruel pellets that swept
over them like hail. It was a savage, bitter battle. The men fired again
and again, and, when the animals got to close quarters, lashed out with
their sticks and their heavy boots. A cow, three sheep, and two geese were
killed, and nearly everyone was wounded. Even Napoleon, who was directing
operations from the rear, had the tip of his tail chipped by a pellet. But
the men did not go unscathed either. Three of them had their heads broken
by blows from Boxer's hoofs; another was gored in the belly by a cow's
horn; another had his trousers nearly torn off by Jessie and Bluebell. And
when the nine dogs of Napoleon's own bodyguard, whom he had instructed to
make a detour under cover of the hedge, suddenly appeared on the men's
flank, baying ferociously, panic overtook them. They saw that they were in
danger of being surrounded. Frederick shouted to his men to get out while
the going was good, and the next moment the cowardly enemy was running for
dear life. The animals chased them right down to the bottom of the field,
and got in some last kicks at them as they forced their way through the
thorn hedge.

They had won, but they were weary and bleeding. Slowly they began to limp
back towards the farm. The sight of their dead comrades stretched upon the
grass moved some of them to tears. And for a little while they halted in
sorrowful silence at the place where the windmill had once stood. Yes, it
was gone; almost the last trace of their labour was gone! Even the
foundations were partially destroyed. And in rebuilding it they could not
this time, as before, make use of the fallen stones. This time the stones
had vanished too. The force of the explosion had flung them to distances
of hundreds of yards. It was as though the windmill had never been.

As they approached the farm Squealer, who had unaccountably been absent
during the fighting, came skipping towards them, whisking his tail and
beaming with satisfaction. And the animals heard, from the direction of
the farm buildings, the solemn booming of a gun.

&quot;What is that gun firing for?&quot; said Boxer.

&quot;To celebrate our victory!&quot; cried Squealer.

&quot;What victory?&quot; said Boxer. His knees were bleeding, he had lost a shoe
and split his hoof, and a dozen pellets had lodged themselves in his hind
leg.

&quot;What victory, comrade? Have we not driven the enemy off our soil--the
sacred soil of Animal Farm?&quot;

&quot;But they have destroyed the windmill. And we had worked on it for two
years!&quot;

&quot;What matter? We will build another windmill. We will build six windmills
if we feel like it. You do not appreciate, comrade, the mighty thing that
we have done. The enemy was in occupation of this very ground that we
stand upon. And now--thanks to the leadership of Comrade Napoleon--we have
won every inch of it back again!&quot;

&quot;Then we have won back what we had before,&quot; said Boxer.

&quot;That is our victory,&quot; said Squealer.

They limped into the yard. The pellets under the skin of Boxer's leg
smarted painfully. He saw ahead of him the heavy labour of rebuilding the
windmill from the foundations, and already in imagination he braced
himself for the task. But for the first time it occurred to him that he
was eleven years old and that perhaps his great muscles were not quite
what they had once been.

But when the animals saw the green flag flying, and heard the gun firing
again--seven times it was fired in all--and heard the speech that Napoleon
made, congratulating them on their conduct, it did seem to them after all
that they had won a great victory. The animals slain in the battle were
given a solemn funeral. Boxer and Clover pulled the wagon which served as
a hearse, and Napoleon himself walked at the head of the procession. Two
whole days were given over to celebrations. There were songs, speeches,
and more firing of the gun, and a special gift of an apple was bestowed on
every animal, with two ounces of corn for each bird and three biscuits for
each dog. It was announced that the battle would be called the Battle of
the Windmill, and that Napoleon had created a new decoration, the Order
of the Green Banner, which he had conferred upon himself. In the general
rejoicings the unfortunate affair of the banknotes was forgotten.

It was a few days later than this that the pigs came upon a case of whisky
in the cellars of the farmhouse. It had been overlooked at the time when
the house was first occupied. That night there came from the farmhouse the
sound of loud singing, in which, to everyone's surprise, the strains of
'Beasts of England' were mixed up. At about half past nine Napoleon,
wearing an old bowler hat of Mr. Jones's, was distinctly seen to emerge
from the back door, gallop rapidly round the yard, and disappear indoors
again. But in the morning a deep silence hung over the farmhouse. Not a
pig appeared to be stirring. It was nearly nine o'clock when Squealer made
his appearance, walking slowly and dejectedly, his eyes dull, his tail
hanging limply behind him, and with every appearance of being seriously
ill. He called the animals together and told them that he had a terrible
piece of news to impart. Comrade Napoleon was dying!

A cry of lamentation went up. Straw was laid down outside the doors of the
farmhouse, and the animals walked on tiptoe. With tears in their eyes they
asked one another what they should do if their Leader were taken away from
them. A rumour went round that Snowball had after all contrived to
introduce poison into Napoleon's food. At eleven o'clock Squealer came
out to make another announcement. As his last act upon earth, Comrade
Napoleon had pronounced a solemn decree: the drinking of alcohol was to be
punished by death.

By the evening, however, Napoleon appeared to be somewhat better, and the
following morning Squealer was able to tell them that he was well on the
way to recovery. By the evening of that day Napoleon was back at work, and
on the next day it was learned that he had instructed Whymper to purchase
in Willingdon some booklets on brewing and distilling. A week later
Napoleon gave orders that the small paddock beyond the orchard, which it
had previously been intended to set aside as a grazing-ground for animals
who were past work, was to be ploughed up. It was given out that the
pasture was exhausted and needed re-seeding; but it soon became known that
Napoleon intended to sow it with barley.

About this time there occurred a strange incident which hardly anyone was
able to understand. One night at about twelve o'clock there was a loud
crash in the yard, and the animals rushed out of their stalls. It was a
moonlit night. At the foot of the end wall of the big barn, where the
Seven Commandments were written, there lay a ladder broken in two pieces.
Squealer, temporarily stunned, was sprawling beside it, and near at hand
there lay a lantern, a paint-brush, and an overturned pot of white paint.
The dogs immediately made a ring round Squealer, and escorted him back to
the farmhouse as soon as he was able to walk. None of the animals could
form any idea as to what this meant, except old Benjamin, who nodded his
muzzle with a knowing air, and seemed to understand, but would say nothing.

But a few days later Muriel, reading over the Seven Commandments to
herself, noticed that there was yet another of them which the animals had
remembered wrong. They had thought the Fifth Commandment was &quot;No animal
shall drink alcohol,&quot; but there were two words that they had forgotten.
Actually the Commandment read: &quot;No animal shall drink alcohol TO EXCESS.&quot;


Chapter IX
제9장


Boxer's split hoof was a long time in healing. They had started the
rebuilding of the windmill the day after the victory celebrations were
ended. Boxer refused to take even a day off work, and made it a point of
honour not to let it be seen that he was in pain. In the evenings he would
admit privately to Clover that the hoof troubled him a great deal. Clover
treated the hoof with poultices of herbs which she prepared by chewing
them, and both she and Benjamin urged Boxer to work less hard. &quot;A horse's
lungs do not last for ever,&quot; she said to him. But Boxer would not listen.
He had, he said, only one real ambition left--to see the windmill well
under way before he reached the age for retirement.

At the beginning, when the laws of Animal Farm were first formulated,
the retiring age had been fixed for horses and pigs at twelve, for cows at
fourteen, for dogs at nine, for sheep at seven, and for hens and geese at
five. Liberal old-age pensions had been agreed upon. As yet no animal had
actually retired on pension, but of late the subject had been discussed
more and more. Now that the small field beyond the orchard had been set
aside for barley, it was rumoured that a corner of the large pasture was
to be fenced off and turned into a grazing-ground for superannuated
animals. For a horse, it was said, the pension would be five pounds of
corn a day and, in winter, fifteen pounds of hay, with a carrot or
possibly an apple on public holidays. Boxer's twelfth birthday was due in
the late summer of the following year.

Meanwhile life was hard. The winter was as cold as the last one had been,
and food was even shorter. Once again all rations were reduced, except
those of the pigs and the dogs. A too rigid equality in rations, Squealer
explained, would have been contrary to the principles of Animalism. In any
case he had no difficulty in proving to the other animals that they were
NOT in reality short of food, whatever the appearances might be. For the
time being, certainly, it had been found necessary to make a readjustment
of rations (Squealer always spoke of it as a &quot;readjustment,&quot; never as a
&quot;reduction&quot;), but in comparison with the days of Jones, the improvement
was enormous. Reading out the figures in a shrill, rapid voice, he proved
to them in detail that they had more oats, more hay, more turnips than
they had had in Jones's day, that they worked shorter hours, that their
drinking water was of better quality, that they lived longer, that a
larger proportion of their young ones survived infancy, and that they had
more straw in their stalls and suffered less from fleas. The animals
believed every word of it. Truth to tell, Jones and all he stood for had
almost faded out of their memories. They knew that life nowadays was harsh
and bare, that they were often hungry and often cold, and that they were
usually working when they were not asleep. But doubtless it had been worse
in the old days. They were glad to believe so. Besides, in those days they
had been slaves and now they were free, and that made all the difference,
as Squealer did not fail to point out.

There were many more mouths to feed now. In the autumn the four sows had
all littered about simultaneously, producing thirty-one young pigs between
them. The young pigs were piebald, and as Napoleon was the only boar on
the farm, it was possible to guess at their parentage. It was announced
that later, when bricks and timber had been purchased, a schoolroom would
be built in the farmhouse garden. For the time being, the young pigs were
given their instruction by Napoleon himself in the farmhouse kitchen. They
took their exercise in the garden, and were discouraged from playing with
the other young animals. About this time, too, it was laid down as a rule
that when a pig and any other animal met on the path, the other animal
must stand aside: and also that all pigs, of whatever degree, were to have
the privilege of wearing green ribbons on their tails on Sundays.

The farm had had a fairly successful year, but was still short of money.
There were the bricks, sand, and lime for the schoolroom to be purchased,
and it would also be necessary to begin saving up again for the machinery
for the windmill. Then there were lamp oil and candles for the house,
sugar for Napoleon's own table (he forbade this to the other pigs, on the
ground that it made them fat), and all the usual replacements such as
tools, nails, string, coal, wire, scrap-iron, and dog biscuits. A stump of
hay and part of the potato crop were sold off, and the contract for eggs
was increased to six hundred a week, so that that year the hens barely
hatched enough chicks to keep their numbers at the same level. Rations,
reduced in December, were reduced again in February, and lanterns in the
stalls were forbidden to save oil. But the pigs seemed comfortable enough,
and in fact were putting on weight if anything. One afternoon in late
February a warm, rich, appetising scent, such as the animals had never
smelt before, wafted itself across the yard from the little brew-house,
which had been disused in Jones's time, and which stood beyond the
kitchen. Someone said it was the smell of cooking barley. The animals
sniffed the air hungrily and wondered whether a warm mash was being
prepared for their supper. But no warm mash appeared, and on the following
Sunday it was announced that from now onwards all barley would be reserved
for the pigs. The field beyond the orchard had already been sown with
barley. And the news soon leaked out that every pig was now receiving a
ration of a pint of beer daily, with half a gallon for Napoleon himself,
which was always served to him in the Crown Derby soup tureen.

But if there were hardships to be borne, they were partly offset by the
fact that life nowadays had a greater dignity than it had had before.
There were more songs, more speeches, more processions. Napoleon had
commanded that once a week there should be held something called a
Spontaneous Demonstration, the object of which was to celebrate the
struggles and triumphs of Animal Farm. At the appointed time the animals
would leave their work and march round the precincts of the farm in
military formation, with the pigs leading, then the horses, then the cows,
then the sheep, and then the poultry. The dogs flanked the procession and
at the head of all marched Napoleon's black cockerel. Boxer and Clover
always carried between them a green banner marked with the hoof and the
horn and the caption, &quot;Long live Comrade Napoleon!&quot; Afterwards there were
recitations of poems composed in Napoleon's honour, and a speech by
Squealer giving particulars of the latest increases in the production of
foodstuffs, and on occasion a shot was fired from the gun. The sheep were
the greatest devotees of the Spontaneous Demonstration, and if anyone
complained (as a few animals sometimes did, when no pigs or dogs were near)
that they wasted time and meant a lot of standing about in the cold, the
sheep were sure to silence him with a tremendous bleating of &quot;Four legs
good, two legs bad!&quot; But by and large the animals enjoyed these
celebrations. They found it comforting to be reminded that, after all,
they were truly their own masters and that the work they did was for their
own benefit. So that, what with the songs, the processions, Squealer's
lists of figures, the thunder of the gun, the crowing of the cockerel,
and the fluttering of the flag, they were able to forget that their
bellies were empty, at least part of the time.

In April, Animal Farm was proclaimed a Republic, and it became necessary
to elect a President. There was only one candidate, Napoleon, who was
elected unanimously. On the same day it was given out that fresh documents
had been discovered which revealed further details about Snowball's
complicity with Jones. It now appeared that Snowball had not, as the
animals had previously imagined, merely attempted to lose the Battle of
the Cowshed by means of a stratagem, but had been openly fighting on
Jones's side. In fact, it was he who had actually been the leader of the
human forces, and had charged into battle with the words &quot;Long live
Humanity!&quot; on his lips. The wounds on Snowball's back, which a few of the
animals still remembered to have seen, had been inflicted by Napoleon's
teeth.

In the middle of the summer Moses the raven suddenly reappeared on the
farm, after an absence of several years. He was quite unchanged, still did
no work, and talked in the same strain as ever about Sugarcandy Mountain.
He would perch on a stump, flap his black wings, and talk by the hour to
anyone who would listen. &quot;Up there, comrades,&quot; he would say solemnly,
pointing to the sky with his large beak--&quot;up there, just on the other side
of that dark cloud that you can see--there it lies, Sugarcandy Mountain,
that happy country where we poor animals shall rest for ever from our
labours!&quot; He even claimed to have been there on one of his higher flights,
and to have seen the everlasting fields of clover and the linseed cake and
lump sugar growing on the hedges. Many of the animals believed him. Their
lives now, they reasoned, were hungry and laborious; was it not right and
just that a better world should exist somewhere else? A thing that was
difficult to determine was the attitude of the pigs towards Moses. They
all declared contemptuously that his stories about Sugarcandy Mountain
were lies, and yet they allowed him to remain on the farm, not working,
with an allowance of a gill of beer a day.

After his hoof had healed up, Boxer worked harder than ever. Indeed, all
the animals worked like slaves that year. Apart from the regular work of
the farm, and the rebuilding of the windmill, there was the schoolhouse
for the young pigs, which was started in March. Sometimes the long hours
on insufficient food were hard to bear, but Boxer never faltered. In
nothing that he said or did was there any sign that his strength was not
what it had been. It was only his appearance that was a little altered;
his hide was less shiny than it had used to be, and his great haunches
seemed to have shrunken. The others said, &quot;Boxer will pick up when the
spring grass comes on&quot;; but the spring came and Boxer grew no fatter.
Sometimes on the slope leading to the top of the quarry, when he braced
his muscles against the weight of some vast boulder, it seemed that
nothing kept him on his feet except the will to continue. At such times
his lips were seen to form the words, &quot;I will work harder&quot;; he had no
voice left. Once again Clover and Benjamin warned him to take care of his
health, but Boxer paid no attention. His twelfth birthday was approaching.
He did not care what happened so long as a good store of stone was
accumulated before he went on pension.

Late one evening in the summer, a sudden rumour ran round the farm that
something had happened to Boxer. He had gone out alone to drag a load of
stone down to the windmill. And sure enough, the rumour was true. A few
minutes later two pigeons came racing in with the news; &quot;Boxer has fallen!
He is lying on his side and can't get up!&quot;

About half the animals on the farm rushed out to the knoll where the
windmill stood. There lay Boxer, between the shafts of the cart, his neck
stretched out, unable even to raise his head. His eyes were glazed, his
sides matted with sweat. A thin stream of blood had trickled out of his
mouth. Clover dropped to her knees at his side.

&quot;Boxer!&quot; she cried, &quot;how are you?&quot;

&quot;It is my lung,&quot; said Boxer in a weak voice. &quot;It does not matter. I think
you will be able to finish the windmill without me. There is a pretty good
store of stone accumulated. I had only another month to go in any case.
To tell you the truth, I had been looking forward to my retirement. And
perhaps, as Benjamin is growing old too, they will let him retire at the
same time and be a companion to me.&quot;

&quot;We must get help at once,&quot; said Clover. &quot;Run, somebody, and tell Squealer
what has happened.&quot;

All the other animals immediately raced back to the farmhouse to give
Squealer the news. Only Clover remained, and Benjamin who lay down at
Boxer's side, and, without speaking, kept the flies off him with his long
tail. After about a quarter of an hour Squealer appeared, full of sympathy
and concern. He said that Comrade Napoleon had learned with the very
deepest distress of this misfortune to one of the most loyal workers on
the farm, and was already making arrangements to send Boxer to be treated
in the hospital at Willingdon. The animals felt a little uneasy at this.
Except for Mollie and Snowball, no other animal had ever left the farm,
and they did not like to think of their sick comrade in the hands of human
beings. However, Squealer easily convinced them that the veterinary
surgeon in Willingdon could treat Boxer's case more satisfactorily than
could be done on the farm. And about half an hour later, when Boxer had
somewhat recovered, he was with difficulty got on to his feet, and managed
to limp back to his stall, where Clover and Benjamin had prepared a good
bed of straw for him.

For the next two days Boxer remained in his stall. The pigs had sent out a
large bottle of pink medicine which they had found in the medicine chest
in the bathroom, and Clover administered it to Boxer twice a day after
meals. In the evenings she lay in his stall and talked to him, while
Benjamin kept the flies off him. Boxer professed not to be sorry for what
had happened. If he made a good recovery, he might expect to live another
three years, and he looked forward to the peaceful days that he would
spend in the corner of the big pasture. It would be the first time that he
had had leisure to study and improve his mind. He intended, he said, to
devote the rest of his life to learning the remaining twenty-two letters
of the alphabet.

However, Benjamin and Clover could only be with Boxer after working hours,
and it was in the middle of the day when the van came to take him away.
The animals were all at work weeding turnips under the supervision of a
pig, when they were astonished to see Benjamin come galloping from the
direction of the farm buildings, braying at the top of his voice. It was
the first time that they had ever seen Benjamin excited--indeed, it was
the first time that anyone had ever seen him gallop. &quot;Quick, quick!&quot; he
shouted. &quot;Come at once! They're taking Boxer away!&quot; Without waiting for
orders from the pig, the animals broke off work and raced back to the farm
buildings. Sure enough, there in the yard was a large closed van, drawn by
two horses, with lettering on its side and a sly-looking man in a
low-crowned bowler hat sitting on the driver's seat. And Boxer's stall was
empty.

The animals crowded round the van. &quot;Good-bye, Boxer!&quot; they chorused,
&quot;good-bye!&quot;

&quot;Fools! Fools!&quot; shouted Benjamin, prancing round them and stamping the
earth with his small hoofs. &quot;Fools! Do you not see what is written on the
side of that van?&quot;

That gave the animals pause, and there was a hush. Muriel began to spell
out the words. But Benjamin pushed her aside and in the midst of a deadly
silence he read:

&quot;'Alfred Simmonds, Horse Slaughterer and Glue Boiler, Willingdon. Dealer
in Hides and Bone-Meal. Kennels Supplied.' Do you not understand what that
means? They are taking Boxer to the knacker's!&quot;

A cry of horror burst from all the animals. At this moment the man on the
box whipped up his horses and the van moved out of the yard at a smart
trot. All the animals followed, crying out at the tops of their voices.
Clover forced her way to the front. The van began to gather speed. Clover
tried to stir her stout limbs to a gallop, and achieved a canter. &quot;Boxer!&quot;
she cried. &quot;Boxer! Boxer! Boxer!&quot; And just at this moment, as though he
had heard the uproar outside, Boxer's face, with the white stripe down his
nose, appeared at the small window at the back of the van.

&quot;Boxer!&quot; cried Clover in a terrible voice. &quot;Boxer! Get out! Get out
quickly! They're taking you to your death!&quot;

All the animals took up the cry of &quot;Get out, Boxer, get out!&quot; But the van
was already gathering speed and drawing away from them. It was uncertain
whether Boxer had understood what Clover had said. But a moment later his
face disappeared from the window and there was the sound of a tremendous
drumming of hoofs inside the van. He was trying to kick his way out. The
time had been when a few kicks from Boxer's hoofs would have smashed the
van to matchwood. But alas! his strength had left him; and in a few
moments the sound of drumming hoofs grew fainter and died away. In
desperation the animals began appealing to the two horses which drew the
van to stop. &quot;Comrades, comrades!&quot; they shouted. &quot;Don't take your own
brother to his death!&quot; But the stupid brutes, too ignorant to realise
what was happening, merely set back their ears and quickened their pace.
Boxer's face did not reappear at the window. Too late, someone thought of
racing ahead and shutting the five-barred gate; but in another moment the
van was through it and rapidly disappearing down the road. Boxer was never
seen again.

Three days later it was announced that he had died in the hospital at
Willingdon, in spite of receiving every attention a horse could have.
Squealer came to announce the news to the others. He had, he said, been
present during Boxer's last hours.

&quot;It was the most affecting sight I have ever seen!&quot; said Squealer, lifting
his trotter and wiping away a tear. &quot;I was at his bedside at the very
last. And at the end, almost too weak to speak, he whispered in my ear
that his sole sorrow was to have passed on before the windmill was
finished. 'Forward, comrades!' he whispered. 'Forward in the name of the
Rebellion. Long live Animal Farm! Long live Comrade Napoleon! Napoleon is
always right.' Those were his very last words, comrades.&quot;

Here Squealer's demeanour suddenly changed. He fell silent for a moment,
and his little eyes darted suspicious glances from side to side before he
proceeded.

It had come to his knowledge, he said, that a foolish and wicked rumour
had been circulated at the time of Boxer's removal. Some of the animals
had noticed that the van which took Boxer away was marked &quot;Horse
Slaughterer,&quot; and had actually jumped to the conclusion that Boxer was
being sent to the knacker's. It was almost unbelievable, said Squealer,
that any animal could be so stupid. Surely, he cried indignantly, whisking
his tail and skipping from side to side, surely they knew their beloved
Leader, Comrade Napoleon, better than that? But the explanation was really
very simple. The van had previously been the property of the knacker, and
had been bought by the veterinary surgeon, who had not yet painted the old
name out. That was how the mistake had arisen.

The animals were enormously relieved to hear this. And when Squealer went
on to give further graphic details of Boxer's death-bed, the admirable
care he had received, and the expensive medicines for which Napoleon had
paid without a thought as to the cost, their last doubts disappeared and
the sorrow that they felt for their comrade's death was tempered by the
thought that at least he had died happy.

Napoleon himself appeared at the meeting on the following Sunday morning
and pronounced a short oration in Boxer's honour. It had not been
possible, he said, to bring back their lamented comrade's remains for
interment on the farm, but he had ordered a large wreath to be made from
the laurels in the farmhouse garden and sent down to be placed on Boxer's
grave. And in a few days' time the pigs intended to hold a memorial
banquet in Boxer's honour. Napoleon ended his speech with a reminder of
Boxer's two favourite maxims, &quot;I will work harder&quot; and &quot;Comrade Napoleon
is always right&quot;--maxims, he said, which every animal would do well to
adopt as his own.

On the day appointed for the banquet, a grocer's van drove up from
Willingdon and delivered a large wooden crate at the farmhouse. That night
there was the sound of uproarious singing, which was followed by what
sounded like a violent quarrel and ended at about eleven o'clock with a
tremendous crash of glass. No one stirred in the farmhouse before noon on
the following day, and the word went round that from somewhere or other
the pigs had acquired the money to buy themselves another case of whisky.


Chapter X
제10장


Years passed. The seasons came and went, the short animal lives fled by.
A time came when there was no one who remembered the old days before the
Rebellion, except Clover, Benjamin, Moses the raven, and a number of the
pigs.

Muriel was dead; Bluebell, Jessie, and Pincher were dead. Jones too was
dead--he had died in an inebriates' home in another part of the country.
Snowball was forgotten. Boxer was forgotten, except by the few who had
known him. Clover was an old stout mare now, stiff in the joints and with
a tendency to rheumy eyes. She was two years past the retiring age, but in
fact no animal had ever actually retired. The talk of setting aside a
corner of the pasture for superannuated animals had long since been
dropped. Napoleon was now a mature boar of twenty-four stone. Squealer was
so fat that he could with difficulty see out of his eyes. Only old
Benjamin was much the same as ever, except for being a little greyer about
the muzzle, and, since Boxer's death, more morose and taciturn than ever.

There were many more creatures on the farm now, though the increase was
not so great as had been expected in earlier years. Many animals had been
born to whom the Rebellion was only a dim tradition, passed on by word of
mouth, and others had been bought who had never heard mention of such a
thing before their arrival. The farm possessed three horses now besides
Clover. They were fine upstanding beasts, willing workers and good
comrades, but very stupid. None of them proved able to learn the alphabet
beyond the letter B. They accepted everything that they were told about
the Rebellion and the principles of Animalism, especially from Clover, for
whom they had an almost filial respect; but it was doubtful whether they
understood very much of it.

The farm was more prosperous now, and better organised: it had even been
enlarged by two fields which had been bought from Mr. Pilkington. The
windmill had been successfully completed at last, and the farm possessed a
threshing machine and a hay elevator of its own, and various new buildings
had been added to it. Whymper had bought himself a dogcart. The windmill,
however, had not after all been used for generating electrical power. It
was used for milling corn, and brought in a handsome money profit. The
animals were hard at work building yet another windmill; when that one was
finished, so it was said, the dynamos would be installed. But the luxuries
of which Snowball had once taught the animals to dream, the stalls with
electric light and hot and cold water, and the three-day week, were no
longer talked about. Napoleon had denounced such ideas as contrary to the
spirit of Animalism. The truest happiness, he said, lay in working hard
and living frugally.

Somehow it seemed as though the farm had grown richer without making the
animals themselves any richer-except, of course, for the pigs and the
dogs. Perhaps this was partly because there were so many pigs and so many
dogs. It was not that these creatures did not work, after their fashion.
There was, as Squealer was never tired of explaining, endless work in the
supervision and organisation of the farm. Much of this work was of a kind
that the other animals were too ignorant to understand. For example,
Squealer told them that the pigs had to expend enormous labours every day
upon mysterious things called &quot;files,&quot; &quot;reports,&quot; &quot;minutes,&quot; and
&quot;memoranda&quot;. These were large sheets of paper which had to be closely
covered with writing, and as soon as they were so covered, they were burnt
in the furnace. This was of the highest importance for the welfare of the
farm, Squealer said. But still, neither pigs nor dogs produced any food by
their own labour; and there were very many of them, and their appetites
were always good.

As for the others, their life, so far as they knew, was as it had always
been. They were generally hungry, they slept on straw, they drank from the
pool, they laboured in the fields; in winter they were troubled by the
cold, and in summer by the flies. Sometimes the older ones among them
racked their dim memories and tried to determine whether in the early
days of the Rebellion, when Jones's expulsion was still recent, things had
been better or worse than now. They could not remember. There was nothing
with which they could compare their present lives: they had nothing to go
upon except Squealer's lists of figures, which invariably demonstrated
that everything was getting better and better. The animals found the
problem insoluble; in any case, they had little time for speculating on
such things now. Only old Benjamin professed to remember every detail of
his long life and to know that things never had been, nor ever could be
much better or much worse--hunger, hardship, and disappointment being, so
he said, the unalterable law of life.

And yet the animals never gave up hope. More, they never lost, even for an
instant, their sense of honour and privilege in being members of Animal
Farm. They were still the only farm in the whole county--in all
England!--owned and operated by animals. Not one of them, not even the
youngest, not even the newcomers who had been brought from farms ten or
twenty miles away, ever ceased to marvel at that. And when they heard the
gun booming and saw the green flag fluttering at the masthead, their
hearts swelled with imperishable pride, and the talk turned always towards
the old heroic days, the expulsion of Jones, the writing of the Seven
Commandments, the great battles in which the human invaders had been
defeated. None of the old dreams had been abandoned. The Republic of the
Animals which Major had foretold, when the green fields of England should
be untrodden by human feet, was still believed in. Some day it was coming:
it might not be soon, it might not be with in the lifetime of any animal
now living, but still it was coming. Even the tune of 'Beasts of England'
was perhaps hummed secretly here and there: at any rate, it was a fact
that every animal on the farm knew it, though no one would have dared to
sing it aloud. It might be that their lives were hard and that not all of
their hopes had been fulfilled; but they were conscious that they were not
as other animals. If they went hungry, it was not from feeding tyrannical
human beings; if they worked hard, at least they worked for themselves.
No creature among them went upon two legs. No creature called any other
creature &quot;Master.&quot; All animals were equal.

One day in early summer Squealer ordered the sheep to follow him, and led
them out to a piece of waste ground at the other end of the farm, which
had become overgrown with birch saplings. The sheep spent the whole day
there browsing at the leaves under Squealer's supervision. In the evening
he returned to the farmhouse himself, but, as it was warm weather, told
the sheep to stay where they were. It ended by their remaining there for a
whole week, during which time the other animals saw nothing of them.
Squealer was with them for the greater part of every day. He was, he said,
teaching them to sing a new song, for which privacy was needed.

It was just after the sheep had returned, on a pleasant evening when the
animals had finished work and were making their way back to the farm
buildings, that the terrified neighing of a horse sounded from the yard.
Startled, the animals stopped in their tracks. It was Clover's voice. She
neighed again, and all the animals broke into a gallop and rushed into the
yard. Then they saw what Clover had seen.

It was a pig walking on his hind legs.

Yes, it was Squealer. A little awkwardly, as though not quite used to
supporting his considerable bulk in that position, but with perfect
balance, he was strolling across the yard. And a moment later, out from
the door of the farmhouse came a long file of pigs, all walking on their
hind legs. Some did it better than others, one or two were even a trifle
unsteady and looked as though they would have liked the support of a
stick, but every one of them made his way right round the yard
successfully. And finally there was a tremendous baying of dogs and a
shrill crowing from the black cockerel, and out came Napoleon himself,
majestically upright, casting haughty glances from side to side, and with
his dogs gambolling round him.

He carried a whip in his trotter.

There was a deadly silence. Amazed, terrified, huddling together, the
animals watched the long line of pigs march slowly round the yard. It was
as though the world had turned upside-down. Then there came a moment when
the first shock had worn off and when, in spite of everything-in spite of
their terror of the dogs, and of the habit, developed through long years,
of never complaining, never criticising, no matter what happened--they
might have uttered some word of protest. But just at that moment, as
though at a signal, all the sheep burst out into a tremendous bleating of--

&quot;Four legs good, two legs BETTER! Four legs good, two legs BETTER! Four
legs good, two legs BETTER!&quot;

It went on for five minutes without stopping. And by the time the sheep
had quieted down, the chance to utter any protest had passed, for the pigs
had marched back into the farmhouse.

Benjamin felt a nose nuzzling at his shoulder. He looked round. It was
Clover. Her old eyes looked dimmer than ever. Without saying anything, she
tugged gently at his mane and led him round to the end of the big barn,
where the Seven Commandments were written. For a minute or two they stood
gazing at the tatted wall with its white lettering.

&quot;My sight is failing,&quot; she said finally. &quot;Even when I was young I could
not have read what was written there. But it appears to me that that wall
looks different. Are the Seven Commandments the same as they used to be,
Benjamin?&quot;

For once Benjamin consented to break his rule, and he read out to her what
was written on the wall. There was nothing there now except a single
Commandment. It ran:

ALL ANIMALS ARE EQUAL
BUT SOME ANIMALS ARE MORE EQUAL THAN OTHERS

After that it did not seem strange when next day the pigs who were
supervising the work of the farm all carried whips in their trotters. It
did not seem strange to learn that the pigs had bought themselves a
wireless set, were arranging to install a telephone, and had taken out
subscriptions to 'John Bull', 'Tit-Bits', and the 'Daily Mirror'. It did
not seem strange when Napoleon was seen strolling in the farmhouse garden
with a pipe in his mouth--no, not even when the pigs took Mr. Jones's
clothes out of the wardrobes and put them on, Napoleon himself appearing
in a black coat, ratcatcher breeches, and leather leggings, while his
favourite sow appeared in the watered silk dress which Mrs. Jones had been
used to wearing on Sundays.

A week later, in the afternoon, a number of dog-carts drove up to the farm.
A deputation of neighbouring farmers had been invited to make a tour of
inspection. They were shown all over the farm, and expressed great
admiration for everything they saw, especially the windmill. The animals
were weeding the turnip field. They worked diligently hardly raising their
faces from the ground, and not knowing whether to be more frightened of
the pigs or of the human visitors.

That evening loud laughter and bursts of singing came from the farmhouse.
And suddenly, at the sound of the mingled voices, the animals were
stricken with curiosity. What could be happening in there, now that for
the first time animals and human beings were meeting on terms of equality?
With one accord they began to creep as quietly as possible into the
farmhouse garden.

At the gate they paused, half frightened to go on but Clover led the way
in. They tiptoed up to the house, and such animals as were tall enough
peered in at the dining-room window. There, round the long table, sat half
a dozen farmers and half a dozen of the more eminent pigs, Napoleon
himself occupying the seat of honour at the head of the table. The pigs
appeared completely at ease in their chairs. The company had been enjoying
a game of cards but had broken off for the moment, evidently in order to
drink a toast. A large jug was circulating, and the mugs were being
refilled with beer. No one noticed the wondering faces of the animals that
gazed in at the window.

Mr. Pilkington, of Foxwood, had stood up, his mug in his hand. In a
moment, he said, he would ask the present company to drink a toast. But
before doing so, there were a few words that he felt it incumbent upon him
to say.

It was a source of great satisfaction to him, he said--and, he was sure,
to all others present--to feel that a long period of mistrust and
misunderstanding had now come to an end. There had been a time--not that
he, or any of the present company, had shared such sentiments--but there
had been a time when the respected proprietors of Animal Farm had been
regarded, he would not say with hostility, but perhaps with a certain
measure of misgiving, by their human neighbours. Unfortunate incidents had
occurred, mistaken ideas had been current. It had been felt that the
existence of a farm owned and operated by pigs was somehow abnormal and
was liable to have an unsettling effect in the neighbourhood. Too many
farmers had assumed, without due enquiry, that on such a farm a spirit of
licence and indiscipline would prevail. They had been nervous about the
effects upon their own animals, or even upon their human employees. But
all such doubts were now dispelled. Today he and his friends had visited
Animal Farm and inspected every inch of it with their own eyes, and what
did they find? Not only the most up-to-date methods, but a discipline and
an orderliness which should be an example to all farmers everywhere. He
believed that he was right in saying that the lower animals on Animal Farm
did more work and received less food than any animals in the county.
Indeed, he and his fellow-visitors today had observed many features which
they intended to introduce on their own farms immediately.

He would end his remarks, he said, by emphasising once again the friendly
feelings that subsisted, and ought to subsist, between Animal Farm and its
neighbours. Between pigs and human beings there was not, and there need
not be, any clash of interests whatever. Their struggles and their
difficulties were one. Was not the labour problem the same everywhere?
Here it became apparent that Mr. Pilkington was about to spring some
carefully prepared witticism on the company, but for a moment he was too
overcome by amusement to be able to utter it. After much choking, during
which his various chins turned purple, he managed to get it out: &quot;If you
have your lower animals to contend with,&quot; he said, &quot;we have our lower
classes!&quot; This BON MOT set the table in a roar; and Mr. Pilkington once
again congratulated the pigs on the low rations, the long working hours,
and the general absence of pampering which he had observed on Animal Farm.

And now, he said finally, he would ask the company to rise to their feet
and make certain that their glasses were full. &quot;Gentlemen,&quot; concluded
Mr. Pilkington, &quot;gentlemen, I give you a toast: To the prosperity of
Animal Farm!&quot;

There was enthusiastic cheering and stamping of feet. Napoleon was so
gratified that he left his place and came round the table to clink his
mug against Mr. Pilkington's before emptying it. When the cheering had
died down, Napoleon, who had remained on his feet, intimated that he too
had a few words to say.

Like all of Napoleon's speeches, it was short and to the point. He too,
he said, was happy that the period of misunderstanding was at an end. For
a long time there had been rumours--circulated, he had reason to think,
by some malignant enemy--that there was something subversive and even
revolutionary in the outlook of himself and his colleagues. They had been
credited with attempting to stir up rebellion among the animals on
neighbouring farms. Nothing could be further from the truth! Their sole
wish, now and in the past, was to live at peace and in normal business
relations with their neighbours. This farm which he had the honour to
control, he added, was a co-operative enterprise. The title-deeds, which
were in his own possession, were owned by the pigs jointly.

He did not believe, he said, that any of the old suspicions still
lingered, but certain changes had been made recently in the routine of the
farm which should have the effect of promoting confidence still further.
Hitherto the animals on the farm had had a rather foolish custom of
addressing one another as &quot;Comrade.&quot; This was to be suppressed. There had
also been a very strange custom, whose origin was unknown, of marching
every Sunday morning past a boar's skull which was nailed to a post in the
garden. This, too, would be suppressed, and the skull had already been
buried. His visitors might have observed, too, the green flag which flew
from the masthead. If so, they would perhaps have noted that the white
hoof and horn with which it had previously been marked had now been
removed. It would be a plain green flag from now onwards.

He had only one criticism, he said, to make of Mr. Pilkington's excellent
and neighbourly speech. Mr. Pilkington had referred throughout to
&quot;Animal Farm.&quot; He could not of course know--for he, Napoleon, was only
now for the first time announcing it--that the name &quot;Animal Farm&quot;
had been abolished. Henceforward the farm was to be known as &quot;The Manor
Farm&quot;--which, he believed, was its correct and original name.

&quot;Gentlemen,&quot; concluded Napoleon, &quot;I will give you the same toast as
before, but in a different form. Fill your glasses to the brim. Gentlemen,
here is my toast: To the prosperity of The Manor Farm!&quot;

There was the same hearty cheering as before, and the mugs were emptied to
the dregs. But as the animals outside gazed at the scene, it seemed to
them that some strange thing was happening. What was it that had altered
in the faces of the pigs? Clover's old dim eyes flitted from one face to
another. Some of them had five chins, some had four, some had three. But
what was it that seemed to be melting and changing? Then, the applause
having come to an end, the company took up their cards and continued the
game that had been interrupted, and the animals crept silently away.

But they had not gone twenty yards when they stopped short. An uproar of
voices was coming from the farmhouse. They rushed back and looked through
the window again. Yes, a violent quarrel was in progress. There were
shoutings, bangings on the table, sharp suspicious glances, furious
denials. The source of the trouble appeared to be that Napoleon and
Mr. Pilkington had each played an ace of spades simultaneously.

Twelve voices were shouting in anger, and they were all alike. No question,
now, what had happened to the faces of the pigs. The creatures outside
looked from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man again;
but already it was impossible to say which was which.


November 1943-February 1944


THE END
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    <title>페이지:셩경젼셔 구약 권2.pdf/402</title>
    <ns>250</ns>
    <id>112107</id>
    <revision>
      <id>427598</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-25T14:41:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <comment>/* 교정 안 됨 */</comment>
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      <text bytes="1213" sha1="lm7k6tqpspe3e73e8h6cf2huu12e2ml" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pagequality level=&quot;1&quot; user=&quot;Aspere&quot; /&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{절||八}} 원컨대 사ᄅᆞᆷ이 여호와의 ᄌᆞ비ᄒᆞ심과 밋 인죵들 즁에셔 베프신 긔이ᄒᆞᆫ 일을 인ᄒᆞ야 여호와를 찬양ᄒᆞᆯ지어다

{{절||九}} 대개 ᄉᆞ모ᄒᆞᄂᆞᆫ쟈의게 죡ᄒᆞ게 ᄒᆞ시고 주린쟈의게 됴흔 거스로 ᄇᆡ불니시도다

{{절||十}} 곳 어두옴과 ᄉᆞ망의 그늘에 안즌쟈들이 쇠사슬에 얽ᄆᆡ여 괴로옴을 밧은 거슨

{{절||十一}} 하ᄂᆞ님의 말ᄉᆞᆷ을 거역ᄒᆞ고 ᄯᅳᆺ을 어긤을 인ᄒᆞᆷ이오 지극히 놉흐신쟈의 ᄯᅳᆺ을 경홀히 녁임이로다

{{절||十二}} 그럼으로 괴롭게 ᄒᆞ야 뎌희의 ᄆᆞᄋᆞᆷ을 ᄂᆞᆺ초시니 뎌희가 업더지매 돕ᄂᆞᆫ이가 업도다

{{절||十三}} 그 ᄯᅢ에 뎌희가 환난 즁에셔 여호와ᄭᅴ 알외엿스니 그 환난에셔 구원ᄒᆞ셧도다

{{절||十四}} 어두옴과 ᄉᆞ망의 그늘에셔 나오게 ᄒᆞ시며 얽은 줄을 ᄭᅳᆫ흐셧도다

{{절||十五}} 원컨대 사ᄅᆞᆷ이 여호와의 ᄌᆞ비ᄒᆞ심과 밋 인죵들 즁에셔 베프신 긔이ᄒᆞᆫ 일을 인ᄒᆞ야 여호와를 찬양ᄒᆞᆯ지어다
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| 다른 표기 = 
| 부제 =
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* [[번역:동물 농장]] (위키문헌 자체 번역)</text>
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