fer

<mediawiki xmlns="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/ http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11.xsd" version="0.11" xml:lang="ku">
  <siteinfo>
    <sitename>Wîkîferheng</sitename>
    <dbname>kuwiktionary</dbname>
    <base>https://ku.wiktionary.org/wiki/Destp%C3%AAk</base>
    <generator>MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.5</generator>
    <case>case-sensitive</case>
    <namespaces>
      <namespace key="-2" case="case-sensitive">Medya</namespace>
      <namespace key="-1" case="first-letter">Taybet</namespace>
      <namespace key="0" case="case-sensitive" />
      <namespace key="1" case="case-sensitive">Gotûbêj</namespace>
      <namespace key="2" case="first-letter">Bikarhêner</namespace>
      <namespace key="3" case="first-letter">Gotûbêja bikarhêner</namespace>
      <namespace key="4" case="case-sensitive">Wîkîferheng</namespace>
      <namespace key="5" case="case-sensitive">Gotûbêja Wîkîferhengê</namespace>
      <namespace key="6" case="case-sensitive">Wêne</namespace>
      <namespace key="7" case="case-sensitive">Gotûbêja wêneyî</namespace>
      <namespace key="8" case="first-letter">MediaWiki</namespace>
      <namespace key="9" case="first-letter">Gotûbêja MediaWiki</namespace>
      <namespace key="10" case="case-sensitive">Şablon</namespace>
      <namespace key="11" case="case-sensitive">Gotûbêja şablonê</namespace>
      <namespace key="12" case="case-sensitive">Alîkarî</namespace>
      <namespace key="13" case="case-sensitive">Gotûbêja alîkariyê</namespace>
      <namespace key="14" case="case-sensitive">Kategorî</namespace>
      <namespace key="15" case="case-sensitive">Gotûbêja kategoriyê</namespace>
      <namespace key="100" case="case-sensitive">Pêvek</namespace>
      <namespace key="101" case="case-sensitive">Gotûbêja pêvekê</namespace>
      <namespace key="102" case="case-sensitive">Nimînok</namespace>
      <namespace key="103" case="case-sensitive">Gotûbêja nimînokê</namespace>
      <namespace key="104" case="case-sensitive">Portal</namespace>
      <namespace key="105" case="case-sensitive">Gotûbêja portalê</namespace>
      <namespace key="106" case="case-sensitive">Tewandin</namespace>
      <namespace key="107" case="case-sensitive">Gotûbêja tewandinê</namespace>
      <namespace key="108" case="case-sensitive">Jinûvesazî</namespace>
      <namespace key="109" case="case-sensitive">Gotûbêja jinûvesaziyê</namespace>
      <namespace key="710" case="case-sensitive">TimedText</namespace>
      <namespace key="711" case="case-sensitive">TimedText talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="828" case="case-sensitive">Modul</namespace>
      <namespace key="829" case="case-sensitive">Gotûbêja modulê</namespace>
      <namespace key="1728" case="case-sensitive">Event</namespace>
      <namespace key="1729" case="case-sensitive">Event talk</namespace>
    </namespaces>
  </siteinfo>
  <page>
    <title>fer</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9102</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237255</id>
      <parentid>6096630</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T14:29:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bibliophile</username>
        <id>1215</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Navdêr */</comment>
      <origin>6237255</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4729" sha1="5urttj782yg5itv3tbn6y1slimjcf7a" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# [[kit]], [[lib]], &lt;br&gt;[[yek]] ji [[du]] tiştên [[bi hev re]], yek ji [[cot]]ekê, ne [[zo]]
#: {{nim|ku|'''Ferek''' pêlava min ne diyar e.}}
#* {{jêder-malper|ku|jêgirtin=Dibêjin gava bedewa Hollandayê Nezrî xanimê laşê yekî serbaz firkandiye, bêhemdî wê destê wê şemitîye nav doxîna ê serbaz û qêrînî bi wî ketiye. Tu nabê '''ferek''' gunê wî di nav destê Nezlî xanimê de perçiqîye, ê serbaz li kerê siwar kirine û berê wî dane nexweşxanê.|nivîskar=Şaron Kardo-|sernav=Lawo wijdan nemaye haa!|url=http://lotikxane.com/arsiv/arsiv%2039.htm|malper=lotikxane.com|dîrok=21.11.06}}
# [[ferd]], [[kes]], [[şexs]]
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}

==== Jê ====
{{kol3|ku|cure=Jê
|fer bûn&lt;pos:lêker&gt;
|fer kirin&lt;pos:lêker&gt;
|ferbûn&lt;pos:navdêr&gt;
|ferkirin&lt;pos:navdêr&gt;
|ferbûyî&lt;pos:rengdêr&gt;
|ferkirî&lt;pos:rengdêr&gt;
|ferî
}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{ji|ar|ku|فرد}}. D ji peyvê ketiye wek kirdin (Sorani) û kirin (Kurmanci).

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W|ar|فريد|guman=erê}}, {{W|ar|ماسة|guman=erê}}, {{W|ar|متحتم|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W|en|priority|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|tr}}:{{W|tr|fer|guman=erê}}, {{W|tr|harlaklık|guman=erê}}
{{werger-bin}}

=== Rengdêr ===
{{rengdêr|ku}}
# [[ferz]], [[muhim]], [[giring]], pêdviye, [[lazim]]
#: {{nim|ku|Ya '''fer''' e es evru biçim sîkê.}}
#: {{nim|ku|Ya '''fer''' e ez îro biçim sûkê.}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W|ar|أساسي}}, {{W|ar|مهم}}, {{W|ar|ضروري}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W|fa|فرد}}, {{W|fa|فرید}}, {{W|fa|لنگه}}, {{W|fa|تخته سنگی}}, {{W|fa|عددفرد}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W|en|azygous}}, {{W|en|essential}}, {{W|en|must}}, {{W|en|important}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W|tr|tek}}, {{W|tr|ünik}}, {{W|tr|yumurtalık}}, {{W|tr|biricik}}
{{werger-bin}}

== {{ziman|an}} ==

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|an}}
# [[kirin#ku|kirin]]
#* {{bêmînak|an}}

== {{ziman|fr}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{IPA|fr|/fɛʁ/}}
* {{deng|fr|Fr-fer.ogg|Deng (Parîs)}} &quot;du fer&quot;
* {{deng|fr|LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-fer.wav|Deng|dever=Parîs, Fransa}}
* {{deng|fr|LL-Q150 (fra)-Lyokoï-fer.wav|Deng|dever=Lyon, Fransa}}
* {{deng|fr|LL-Q150 (fra)-Poslovitch-fer.wav|Deng|dever=Cornimont, Fransa}}
* {{deng|fr|LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00-fer.wav|Deng|dever=Lyon, Fransa}}
* {{deng|fr|LL-Q150 (fra)-LoquaxFR-fer.wav|Deng|dever=Vosges, Fransa}}
* {{deng|fr|LL-Q150 (fra)-Lepticed7-fer.wav|Deng|dever=Aude, Fransa}}
=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|fr|z=n|p=fers}}
# {{f|fr|kîmya}} [[asin]], [[hesin]]
#* {{bêmînak|fr}}
# [[nal]]
#: {{mk|fr|'''fer''' à cheval|nala hespê|rêz=1}}
# [[ûtî]]
#: {{mk|fr|'''fer''' à repasser|utî|rêz=1}}
#: {{mk|fr|Aujourd′hui je n′ai pas pu repasser parce que mon '''fer''' ne fonctionne plus.|Îro min nekarî ûtî bikim lewra ûtîya min hêdihew kar nake.}}

== {{ziman|enm}} ==

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|enm}}
# {{g|ku|tirs}}
#* {{bêmînak|enm}}

=== Çavkanî ===
{{rûpela wergerê|enm|tirs}}

== {{ziman|en}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Wodencafe-fer.wav|Deng|dever=Teksas, DYA}}

=== Daçek ===
{{daçek|en}}
# {{bnr|for}}
#* {{bêmînak|en}}

== {{ziman|sga}} ==

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|sga|z=n}}
# {{f|sga|mirov}} {{g|ku|mêr}}, {{g|ku|zilam}}, {{g|ku|zelam}} (mirovê nêr yê mezinbûyî)
#* {{bêmînak|sga}}

== {{ziman|ca}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{deng|ca|LL-Q7026 (cat)-Unjoanqualsevol-fer.wav|Deng|dever=El Prat de Llobregat, Spanya}}

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|ca}}
# [[kirin]]
#* {{bêmînak|ca}}

== {{ziman|mfe}} ==

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|mfe}}
# [[kirin#ku|kirin]]
#* {{bêmînak|mfe}}

== {{ziman|lld}} ==

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|lld}}
# {{f|lld|element}} {{g|ku|hesin}}
#* {{bêmînak|lld}}

=== Çavkanî ===
{{rûpela wergerê|lld|hesin}}

== {{ziman|gv}} ==

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|gv|z=n}}
# {{f|gv|mirov}} {{g|ku|mêr}}, {{g|ku|zilam}}, {{g|ku|zelam}} (mirovê nêr yê mezinbûyî)
#* {{bêmînak|gv}}

== {{ziman|nrf}} ==

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|nrf|z=n}}
# {{f|nrf|element}} {{g|ku|hesin}}
#* {{bêmînak|nrf}}

=== Çavkanî ===
{{rûpela wergerê|nrf|hesin}}

== {{ziman|pms}} ==

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|pms}}
# {{f|pms|element}} {{g|ku|hesin}}
#* {{bêmînak|pms}}

=== Çavkanî ===
{{rûpela wergerê|pms|hesin}}

== {{ziman|tr}} ==

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|tr}}
# [[çirûsî]], [[ronayî]]
#* {{bêmînak|tr}}
# [[bînayî]], [[beysûs]], [[bêsûs]], [[ronî]], fer:
#: {{mk|fr|Gözümde '''fer''', ağzımda diş kalmamış.|Di çavê min de bînayî, di devê min de didan nemane.|rêz=1}}
#: {{mk|fr|Gözlerimin '''fer'''i azalmış.|Bînayên çavê min kêm bûne.|rêz=1}}</text>
      <sha1>5urttj782yg5itv3tbn6y1slimjcf7a</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>tûk</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>43116</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237296</id>
      <parentid>6135015</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T09:33:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>61</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replacing Climing_anchor.JPG with [[File:Climbing_anchor.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error)).</comment>
      <origin>6237296</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1364" sha1="1qso6kuk9fzlkvqzo8eg2v8z4taoned" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Navdêr 1 ===
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}, {{t-ya req}}, {{k-ya nerm}}
# [[tif]], [[av]]a [[dev]]î
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}

==== Bide ber ====
* [[tak]]
* [[tok]]
* [[tek]]
* [[tik]]
* [[tîk]]

==== Binêre herwiha ====
* [[bûk]]
* [[çûk]]
* [[sûk]]

==== Jê ====
* [[tûkandin]]
* [[tûkkirin]]

==== Etîmolojî ====
{{bêetîmolojî}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|Feder|f}}, {{W+|de|Speichel|m}}, {{W+|de|Spucke|f}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W+|fa|آب دهان}}, {{W+|fa|تف|guman=erê}}, {{W+|fa|خدو|guman=erê}}, {{W-|fa|نوعی پرنده|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|saliva}}, {{W+|en|film|guman=erê}}, {{W+|en|fluff|guman=erê}}, {{W+|en|skim|guman=erê}}, {{W+|en|spittle|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|tükürük}}, {{W+|tr|budak|guman=erê}}, {{W+|tr|tüy|guman=erê}}, {{W+|tr|zübde|guman=erê}}
{{werger-bin}}

=== Navdêr 2 ===
{{navdêr|ku|z=?}}
# (perdeya mastî) ''Binere'' '''[[sertûk]]'''

=== Navdêr 3 ===
[[Wêne:Climbing anchor.jpg|thumb|150px|Xeleka ku werîsê biserketinê digire.]]
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# [[xelek]], [[heleq]], [[gogir]], [[çember]]
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|تووک}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
{{bêetîmolojî}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|setting}}, {{W+|en|anchor}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>1qso6kuk9fzlkvqzo8eg2v8z4taoned</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>zo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>53849</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237290</id>
      <parentid>6137671</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T07:25:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bibliophile</username>
        <id>1215</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>6237290</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1828" sha1="kncuoroklbyxuusoqmidfimfwqr30xa" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Rengdêr ===
{{rengdêr|ku}}
# [[du|Du]] tişt yan kes [[bi hev re]], [[çift]]
#: ''Kevirên di destê min yê çepê de veşartî bêje: fer yan '''zo'''?''
#: {{hevmaneyên peyvê|ku|cot}}
# [[cêwî]], [[cêmik]], [[hevalcêmk]]
#* {{jêder|ku|jêgirtin=Em ji piştî şeş an deh rojên meha Remezanê re şeşek an dehek dibêjin. Bi wateya cêwî em &quot;'''zo'''&quot; bi kar tînin.|Abdurrahman Önen di koma &quot;Zimanê Kurdî&quot; ya [[Rûname]]yê de, 12/2011}}

==== Dijmane ====
* {{g|ku|fer}}
* {{g|ku|kit}}

==== Bide ber ====
* {{g|ku|zû}}
* {{g|ku|za}}

==== Jê ====
{{kol3|ku|cure=Jê
|zo bûn&lt;pos:lêker&gt;
|zo kirin&lt;pos:lêker&gt;
|zobûn&lt;pos:navdêr&gt;
|zokirin&lt;pos:navdêr&gt;
|zobûyî&lt;pos:rengdêr&gt;
|zokirî&lt;pos:rengdêr&gt;
}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{deyn|ar|ku|زوج}} (zewc: [[cot]]; [[mêr]], [[hevser]]), têkilî [[zewac]], [[zewc]], [[zewce]], [[izdiwac]], ji {{ji|arc|ku|זוגא}} (zewga: [[cot]]; [[hevser]], [[jin]] yan [[mêr]]) ji {{ji|el|ku|ζυγός}} (zugos: [[cot]], du tiştên li gel hev) ji {{ji|ine-pro|ku|-}} [[yeug-]] (bi hev ve [[girê]] dan) ku herwiha serekaniya [[cot]] ya kurdî ye jî. Bo guherîna &quot;-ew-&quot; bi &quot;-o-&quot; bide ber &quot;[[xox]]&quot; ji erebî &quot;xewx&quot;. Bo ketina &quot;c&quot; ji dawiya peyvê bide ber &quot;[[gazin]]&quot; ji &quot;gazinc / gazind&quot;.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|doppelt}}, {{W+|de|Pärchen}} {{nt}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W-|fa|یک جفت}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|pair}}, {{W+|en|double}}, {{W+|en|dyad}}, {{W+|en|twosome}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|çift}}, {{W+|tr|çifte}}
{{werger-bin}}

== {{ziman|lou}} ==

=== Cînav ===
{{cînav|lou}}
# {{g|ku|we}} ([[hûn]])
#* {{bêmînak|lou}}

== {{ziman|nl}} ==

=== Hoker ===
{{hoker|nl}}
# {{g|ku|zû}}, {{g|ku|bi lez}}
#* {{bêmînak|nl}}

=== Çavkanî ===
{{rûpela wergerê|nl|zû}}</text>
      <sha1>kncuoroklbyxuusoqmidfimfwqr30xa</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>diltêrbûn</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>263185</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237295</id>
      <parentid>6211109</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T08:50:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IbrahimKocher Duhok</username>
        <id>4280</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Werger: +îngilîzî : [[satisfaction]] (bi alîkarî)</comment>
      <origin>6237295</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="608" sha1="hp8n3yyhmzw4avw01jtwt2lv184ljhb" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-IPA}}
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{ku-tewîn-nav|diltêrbûn|mê}}
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# dil ji kare  mirovek yan xwarinekê têr bibit  ango êdî wî naxwazit  êdî nevêt bi bînit, dil jê re bûn,
#: ''Dilê min ji dinyayê '''têr bûye'''''
#:: ''ji her tiştî ez bêzar bûme''&lt;ref&gt;{{Ferhenga Kamêran}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji ''[[dil]] + [[têr]] + [[bûn]]''

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|satisfaction}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W|tr|tatmin}}
{{werger-bin}}

=== Çavkanî ===
{{çavkanî}}


=== Çavkanî ===
{{çavkanî}}</text>
      <sha1>hp8n3yyhmzw4avw01jtwt2lv184ljhb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>هموطن</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>370908</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237288</id>
      <parentid>5878284</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T06:01:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Atitarev</username>
        <id>702</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Atitarevî/ê navê [[هم وطن]] weke [[هموطن]] guhart</comment>
      <origin>5878284</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="120" sha1="pd2xfar6pykaae80n1ge5n0r0wegkf2" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|fa}} ==

=== Mane ===
{{bêcure|fa}}
# [[hemwelat]], [[hemwelatî]], [[hevwelatî]], [[welatî]], [[welatî]]</text>
      <sha1>pd2xfar6pykaae80n1ge5n0r0wegkf2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>têrbûnî</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>380455</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237294</id>
      <parentid>5887700</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T08:49:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IbrahimKocher Duhok</username>
        <id>4280</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Werger */</comment>
      <origin>6237294</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="300" sha1="tu6dbcw5yoyhjejjlkkbvdejwnu2w06" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-IPA}}
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# [[diltêrbûn]], [[tetmîn]]

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{qertaf|ku|têr|-bûnî}}.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|satisfaction}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|tatmin}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>tu6dbcw5yoyhjejjlkkbvdejwnu2w06</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>peristyar</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>440012</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237292</id>
      <parentid>6177304</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T08:46:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IbrahimKocher Duhok</username>
        <id>4280</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Werger */</comment>
      <origin>6237292</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="382" sha1="92ijwm0ro16gml8e94vl8q6b4patoeq" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# [[perest]], [[peristvan]], yê/a ku peristinê dike li [[der]]ek pîroz mîna [[mizgeft]] û [[kenîse|kenîs]]a
#: {{mk|ku|Gelek corên '''peristyar'''an hene.}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
* [[perist]] +[[-yar]]

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|worshipper}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>92ijwm0ro16gml8e94vl8q6b4patoeq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>tetmîn</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>450415</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237293</id>
      <parentid>5787879</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T08:49:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IbrahimKocher Duhok</username>
        <id>4280</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Werger: +îngilîzî : [[satisfaction]] (bi alîkarî)</comment>
      <origin>6237293</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="364" sha1="nxkpxnqub0y2iayzyjshks04ft2w6bi" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Mane ===
{{cure?|ku}}
# [[warestetî]], [[têrxwarî]], [[têrxwarîtî]], [[têrî]], [[têrbûnî]], [[diltêrbûn]]

==== Etîmolojî ====
{{bêetîmolojî}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|satisfaction}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|doygunluk}}, {{W+|tr|doyum}}, {{W+|tr|tatmin}}, {{W+|tr|tatmin}}
{{werger-bin}}
{{kontrol}}</text>
      <sha1>nxkpxnqub0y2iayzyjshks04ft2w6bi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>zûzûka</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>450519</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237291</id>
      <parentid>6180422</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T08:29:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bibliophile</username>
        <id>1215</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>6237291</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="974" sha1="sa1j20v8ys1slzkedqieoqoiz45zooj" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Hoker ===
{{hoker|ku}}
# [[bi ecele|Bi ecele]], [[bi lezûbez]], [[bi lezgînî]], [[bi lez]], [[heman]], [[derhal]], [[hanhanka]], [[lezelez]], leza beza, [[lezlezî]], zû zû, [[zûka]], [[çipçip]], [[çarçapik]], [[bi lezayî]], [[tavil]].

==== Etîmolojî ====
{{bêetîmolojî}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|hastig}}, {{W-|de|sehr schnell}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W-|fa|بی‌خبر}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|abrupt}}, {{W+|en|just yet}}, {{W+|en|on the nail}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|acilen}}, {{W+|tr|alâminüt}}, {{W+|tr|alelacele}}, {{W+|tr|apar topar}}, {{W+|tr|atıştırmak}}, {{W+|tr|bir hamlede}}, {{W+|tr|bir koşu}}, {{W+|tr|çabucacık}}, {{W+|tr|çabucak}}, {{W+|tr|çabuk çabuk}}, {{W+|tr|çabukça}}, {{W+|tr|çarçabuk}}, {{W+|tr|hemencecik}}, {{W+|tr|hızla}}, {{W+|tr|hızlı hızlı}}, {{W+|tr|lahzada}}, {{W+|tr|serian}}, {{W+|tr|tez beri}}, {{W-|tr|tez tez}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>sa1j20v8ys1slzkedqieoqoiz45zooj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Modul:ku-tewandin</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>628614</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237257</id>
      <parentid>6237223</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T14:37:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+ devoka rojhilatî ji bo rehê dema niha</comment>
      <origin>6237257</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="40837" sha1="02ivauwbzp7m2hqdv9ejh7qisa77cmz" xml:space="preserve">-- Modula tewandina lêkerên kurmancî

local export = {}

-- Load irregular forms table
-- local irreg = require('Module:ku-tewandin/dijrêzik')
local langKu = require(&quot;Modul:languages&quot;).getByCode(&quot;ku&quot;)
local link = require('Module:links').language_link
local shallowCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/shallowCopy&quot;)
local deepCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/deepCopy&quot;)

-- =============================================================================
-- Pronouns in Kurmanji
-- =============================================================================
export.order = {&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;, &quot;p2&quot;, &quot;p3&quot;}

export.pronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;ez&quot;,    p1 = &quot;em&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;tu&quot;,    p2 = &quot;hûn&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;ew&quot;,    p3 = &quot;ew&quot;
}

export.obliquePronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;min&quot;,      p1 = &quot;me&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;te&quot;,       p2 = &quot;we&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;wê/wî&quot;,    p3 = &quot;wan&quot;
}

export.agents = {
    s1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,            p1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,           p2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;,   p3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;
}

-- Oblique pronoun (green) 
export.obliquePronounsGreen = {
    s1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;min&lt;/span&gt;',
    s2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;te&lt;/span&gt;',
    s3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wê/wî&lt;/span&gt;',
    p1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;me&lt;/span&gt;',
    p2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;we&lt;/span&gt;',
    p3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wan&lt;/span&gt;'
}

-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-- 1) This function returns correct subject/agent pronoun, ergativity rule:
--   - Transitive verbs in past tenses → oblique pronoun (green) = agent
--   - All other cases                 → direct pronoun (no color) = subject
-- 2) Also add the subjunctive prefix &quot;(bila)&quot;
-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
function export.conjPronouns(stemType, mode, isTransitive)
    local pronouns = shallowCopy(export.pronouns)

    -- Ergativity in kurdish: transitive verbs that are conjugated with the past tense stem are
    -- conjugated according to the object, not the subject.
    -- Therefore, to have an ergative construction,
    -- the verb must be transitive and its stem must be the stem of the past tense.
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (stemType == 'past')

    -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
    -- If it's not ergative, we use normal pronouns: &quot;ez&quot;, &quot;tu&quot;, ...
    if isErgative then
        pronouns = shallowCopy(export.obliquePronounsGreen)
    end

    -- For the subjunctive mood, we add &quot;(bila)&quot; at the beginning.
    if mode == 'subjunctive' then
    	local subjPrefix = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(bila)&lt;/span&gt;'
        for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
            pronouns[pers] = subjPrefix .. ' ' .. pronouns[pers]
        end
    end
    return pronouns
end

-- =============================================================================
-- VERBAL STRUCTURE IN THE INFINITIVE:
-- Verbs in the infinitive appear in three main forms:
--  1) Simple verb (indivisible light verb):
--       - ex.:  &quot;kirin&quot;, &quot;çûn&quot;, &quot;xwarin&quot;, ...
--  2) Verbs with preverbs (preverb + simple verb):
--       - ex.: &quot;rakirin&quot; (ra- + kirin), &quot;çêkirin&quot; (çê- + kirin), &quot;vexwarin&quot; (ve- + xwarin), ...
--       - Preverb verbs don't use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê rakim , ew ê rake , ...)
--  3) Compound verbs, construction with non-verbal element (the noun is not attached to the verb):
--       - Left of the simple verb: &quot;hez kirin&quot; (&quot;hez&quot; + &quot;kirin&quot;), &quot;li dar xistin&quot; (&quot;li dar&quot; + &quot;xistin&quot;), ...
--       - Right of the simple verb: &quot;kirin der&quot; (&quot;kirin&quot; + &quot;der&quot;), &quot;girtin ser xwe&quot; (&quot;girtin&quot; + &quot;ser xwe&quot;), ...
--       - Compound verbs use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê hez bi-kim , ew ê hez bi-ke )

-- STRUCTURE:  preSimpleVerb + spacing + simpleVerb + postSimpleVerb
-- EX.     kirin: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       rakirin: preSimpleVerb='ra';  spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--     hez kirin: preSimpleVerb='hez'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       pev çûn: preSimpleVerb='pev'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='çûn';   postSimpleVerb=''
--     kirin der: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb='der'

-- WARNING: Conjugation can vary depending on the type of verb.
-- For example, in the future tense,the prefix &quot;bi&quot; is used for compound verbs,
-- but not for preverbal verbs, see the function that manages it  &quot;tenseRules&quot; table.
-- This table does not yet support the mixed case: a verb composed of a noun and a preverb verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)
    local struct

    if (preSimpleVerb and preSimpleVerb ~= '' and not isCompoundVerb) then
        struct = 'preverbVerb'
    elseif isCompoundVerb then
        struct = 'compoundVerb'
    else
        struct = 'simpleVerb'
    end

    return struct
end

-- ================================================================
-- INFLECTIONAL ENDINGS
-- Assigns verb inflectional endings (suffixes) to all tenses
-- ================================================================
local getEndings = {}

do
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ending using present stem
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['present'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends = {}
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends['std'] = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
            ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='m', s2='(y)', s3='t', p1='yn', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends['std'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='e', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
			ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='&lt;u&gt;it&lt;/u&gt;/ît', p1='în', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. preterite + ind. imperfect ending
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['past'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
		local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiouû]$') then
            ends = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, 'î$') then
           -- if self.name == 'indImperfect' then
           --     -- special indicative ind. imperfect rule
           --     ends = {s1='yam', s2='yayî', s3='ya', p1='yan', p2='yan', p3='yan'}
           -- end
            ends = {s1='m', s2='', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Compound endings with auxiliary &quot;bûn&quot;
    -- Inflectional endings are created by taking the different forms of the
    -- verb &quot;bûn&quot; (with present stem &quot;-b-&quot; and past stem &quot;-bû-&quot;) and
    -- adding an &quot;i-&quot; prefix before them: &quot;i-b-im&quot;, &quot;i-bû-m&quot;, &quot;i-bû-me&quot;, &quot;i-bû-ma&quot;.
    -- This &quot;i-&quot; varies according to the final letter of the verb stem.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    local function normalize_i(stem)
        local prfx_i = &quot;i&quot;
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;ya$&quot;) or
           mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;[îû]$&quot;) then -- cf. karîn (-karî-)
           	prfx_i = &quot;&quot;
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiou]$') then
            prfx_i = &quot;yi&quot;
        end
        return prfx_i
    end

    getEndings['ibim'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bim&quot;,   p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;be&quot;,    p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûm'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûm&quot;,     p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bû&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûme'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûme&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyiye&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûye&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûma'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûma&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyayî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûya&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;
        }
    end
    
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. perfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ime'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;me&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;ye&quot;, p1=&quot;ne&quot;, p2=&quot;ne&quot;, p3=&quot;ne&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ime&quot;, s2=&quot;iyî&quot;, s3=&quot;iye&quot;, p1=&quot;ine&quot;, p2=&quot;ine&quot;, p3=&quot;ine&quot;}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Subj. Imperfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ama'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        -- The doublet in &quot;-iyan&quot; of verbs in -&quot;în&quot; (gerîn/-geriya-, kenîn/-keniya-, ...),
        -- in the conditional and subjunctive moods, a doublet &quot;yaya&quot; appears; it's removed.
        -- -yayayî → -yayî; -yaya → -ya
		if mw.ustring.match(stem, '(ya)$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
		elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yayî&quot;, s3=&quot;ya&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ama&quot;, s2=&quot;ayî&quot;, s3=&quot;a&quot;, p1=&quot;ana&quot;, p2=&quot;ana&quot;, p3=&quot;ana&quot;}
        end
        return ends
    end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR PREVERBS: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;
-- There are two preverbs: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;. These preverbs can change form
-- depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getPreverb = {}

do
	getPreverb['bi'] = function (opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local verbStruct = opts.verbStruct
	    local overrideBi = opts.overrideBi
	
	    -- Preverb verbs don't use the preverb &quot;bi-&quot;: ra-kirin (ez ê rakim), ve-xwarin (ez ê vexwim) , ...
	    -- But compound verb and simple verbs use it: hez kirin (ez ê hez bi-kim), lê bigirin (ez ê lê bi-girim), ...
	    if (verbStruct == 'preverbVerb') then
	        return ''
	    end
	
	    if overrideBi then return overrideBi end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikBi[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikBi[stem] end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;bi-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[aeêiîouû]') then
	        return 'b'
	    end
	
	    return 'bi'
	end
	
	getPreverb['di'] = function (opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overrideDi = opts.overrideDi
	
	    if overrideDi then return overrideDi end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikDi[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikDi[stem] end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;di-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[ai]') then
	        return 'd'
	    end
	    -- Ex. hatin : stem = -ê- // ez têm
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[êî]') then
	        return 't'
	    end
	
	    return 'di'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR NEGATION PREFIXES: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;
-- There are two negation prefixes: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;. These preverbs can change
-- form depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getNegPrefix = {}

do
	getNegPrefix['na'] = function (opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overrideNa = opts.overrideNa
	
	    if overrideNa then return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNa .. '&lt;/b&gt;' end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] end
	
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;nay&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;n&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Tîpa duyem &quot;-a-&quot; ye (k-a-rîn, z-a-nîn, ...)
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^%wa') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;ni&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;na&lt;/b&gt;'
	end

	getNegPrefix['ne'] = function (opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local tenseName = opts.tenseName
	    local impNegForm = opts.impNegForm
	    local overrideNe = opts.overrideNe
	
	    if overrideNe then return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;' end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikNe[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikNe[stem] end
	
	    local negPrefix = 'ne'
	    -- There are two forms of construction of the imperative,
	    -- one with the prefix &quot;me-&quot; and the other with the prefix &quot;ne-&quot;.
	    if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
	        negPrefix = (impNegForm == 2) and 'ne' or 'me'
	    end
	
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. 'y&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        negPrefix = mw.ustring.sub(negPrefix, 1, -2)
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- Standardization of the PREVERBAL PARTICLE
-- The proverbial particle &quot;ê&quot; is placed after the personal pronoun.
-- =============================================================================
-- If there are no verbal preparticles, return empty table.
function export.getPreverbParticules(preverbParticle, typeStem, isTransitive)
    if not preverbParticle then
        return {s1='', s2='', s3='', p1='', p2='', p3=''}
    end

    if preverbParticle == 'ê' then
        local isErgative = isTransitive and (typeStem == 'past')

        -- When the personal pronoun ends in a vowel, a &quot;y-&quot; is added before &quot;ê&quot;.
        -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
        if isErgative then
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='yê/dê', p1='yê/dê', p2='yê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        else
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='ê/dê', p1='ê/dê', p2='ê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        end
    end

    -- If the verbal preparticle is identical for all pronouns,
    -- we create a table with the same value.
    local preverbParticles = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        preverbParticles[pers] = preverbParticle
    end

    return preverbParticles
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING EACH VERB TENSE
-- This table lists, for each verb tense, what elements are required to form it:
--   - Verb conjugation is built by placing either the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; or &quot;di-&quot; before
--     the verb stem (past or present), followed by a personal ending.
--   - For the negative form, one of the prefixes &quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot; is added as well.
--   - In some cases, a preverbal particle such as /ê/ or /dê/ is added before
--     the conjugated verb as well.
-- Not: - The &quot;negPreverb&quot; (preverb (bi-/di-) for negative tenses) parameter has a
--         value different from &quot;nil&quot; only for the Imperfect tense (&quot;negPreverb=di&quot;).
--      - The parameter &quot;negPrefix=na&quot; is used only for the present indicative.
--
-- Preverb &quot;di&quot;, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(present stem), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(past stem)
--                        - Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;IndImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
-- Preverb &quot;bi&quot;, used in: &quot;indFuture&quot;(present stem), &quot;subPresent&quot;(present stem),
--                         &quot;subImperfect&quot;(past stem) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(past stem)
--                        - The prefix &quot;bi-&quot; isn't used in negative forms.
--
-- Present stem, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(di)(na),
--                        &quot;indFuture&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;subPresent&quot;(bi)(ne)
--
-- Past stem, used in: &quot;indPreterite&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(di)(ne), &quot;indPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;indPerfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPreterite&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subImperfect&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(bi)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne) = &quot;condPreterite&quot;(-)(ne)
-- =============================================================================
-- Some conjugations are identical except that they differ only in the preverbal particle (/ê/, /dê/).
-- So, to avoid repeating the same information (and thus risking errors),
-- we establish the common part shared between these verbs.
local sharedTenseRules = {
    indFuture = {
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['present']
    },

    indFuturePerfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibim']
    },

    subImperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ama']
    },

    subPluperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûma']
    }
}

local mt = {
    __index = function(t, k)
        local commonRules = t._commonRules
        if commonRules then return commonRules[k] end
    end
}

-- TENSES CONJUGATION RULES
export.tenseRules = {
    -- IMPERATIVE MOOD
    impPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;impPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raweya fermanî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present imperative&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;imperative&quot;,
        _commonRules = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- INDICATIVE MOOD
    indPresent = {
        name         = &quot;indPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema niha&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['na'],
        endings      = getEndings['present'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPreterite = {
        name         = &quot;indPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya sade&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;simple past&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indImperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya berdest&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;Imperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = getPreverb['di'],
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPluperfect    = {
        name         = &quot;indPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûm'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indFuture = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuture&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema bê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    indFuturePerfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dahatiya pêş&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    -- In some books, the &quot;perfect&quot; and &quot;nonconfirmative pluperfect&quot; tenses
    -- are classified in the &quot;inferential mood&quot; (&quot;moda neşahidî&quot;).
    -- Currently we classify them using the indicative mood (at the end).
    indPerfect = {
        name         = &quot;indPerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ime'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indNwPluperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya boriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;non-witnessed pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûme'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    -- SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
    subjPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema nihaya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    subjPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjImperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;imperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjPluperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr a bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- CONDITIONAL MOOD
    condPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya dema nihaya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    condPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

}

-- =============================================================================
-- MAIN CONJUGATION FUNCTOIN
-- This function returns an array containing the conjugation table for a given
-- tense as well as other information about the conjugated verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugate(opts)
    opts = opts or {}
    -- Required parameters
    local tense          = opts.tense or error(&quot;'tense' required&quot;, 2)
    --One of the two parameters is required:
    --  - If the tense uses the present stem, indicate &quot;presentStem&quot;.
    --  - If it uses the past stem, indicate &quot;pastStem&quot;.
    local presentStem    = opts.presentStem
    local pastStem       = opts.pastStem
    -- Optional parameters
    local isTransitive   = opts.isTransitive or false   -- Indicate if the verb is transitive (true/false)
    local isNegative     = opts.isNegative or false     -- Indicate if it's the negative form (true/false)
    local isCompoundVerb = opts.isCompoundVerb or false -- Indicate if it's a compound verb (true/false)
    local preSimpleVerb  = opts.preSimpleVerb or ''     -- The part before the simple verb
    local postSimpleVerb = opts.postSimpleVerb or ''    -- The part after the simple verb
    -- These parameters are provided when the verb is irregular.
    -- Allows you to manually modify preverbs (&quot;bi-&quot;&quot; or &quot;di-&quot;)
    -- and negation prefixes (&quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot;)
    local overrideBi     = opts.overrideBi or nil
    local overrideDi     = opts.overrideDi or nil
    local overrideNa     = opts.overrideNa or nil
    local overrideNe     = opts.overrideNe or nil
    -- By default, the negation of the imperative is constructed from the prefix &quot;me-&quot;&quot;.
    -- To obtain the second variant, the prefix with &quot;ne-&quot;, you must specify &quot;impNegForm=2&quot;.
    local impNegForm     = opts.impNegForm or nil
	-- Accent/ Devok
    local accent = opts.accent
	
	-- If &quot;tags='na'&quot;, remove links/tags
	local tags = opts.tags or 'erê'
	-- If addPreverbParticles='na', remove preverb particles (ê/dê) before
	-- the conjugated verbs.
	local addPreverbParticles = opts.addPreverbParticles or 'erê'

	
	-- We add a space to the left of the &quot;postSimpleVerb&quot; because it shouldn't be attached
	-- to the simple verb.
	if (postSimpleVerb ~= '' and postSimpleVerb ~=nil) then
		postSimpleVerb = ' ' .. postSimpleVerb
	end

    -- Access to the classification table and retrieval of verb tense parameters
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if (not infoTense) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- We check that one of the two parameters of the stem is given
    if (infoTense.stem == 'present' and not presentStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;presentStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    elseif (infoTense.stem == 'past' and not pastStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;pasttStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- Choice between the present stem or past stem
    local stem = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStem or pastStem

    --────────────────────────────
    -- Conjugation construction --
    -- ───────────────────────────
    local preverb = ''
    local negPrefix = ''
    -- Ruturns the verb type: &quot;simpleVerb&quot; or &quot;preverbVerb&quot; or &quot;compoundVerb&quot;
    local verbStruct = export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)

    if isNegative then
        negPrefix = infoTense.negPrefix{stem=stem, tenseName=tense,
                                        impNegForm=impNegForm,
                                        overrideNa=overrideNa, overrideNe=overrideNe}
        if infoTense.negPreverb then
            preverb = infoTense.negPreverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                           overrideBi=overrideBi, overrideDi=overrideDi}
        end
    else
        if infoTense.preverb then
            preverb = infoTense.preverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                        overrideBi=overrideBi, overrideDi=overrideDi}
        end
    end

    infoTense.conj = {}
    local spacing = isCompoundVerb and ' ' or ''
	
    local endings = infoTense:endings(stem)
	-- 'rojhilatî' accent for present stem / devok
	if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then
		endings = endings['std']
		if (accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			endings = endings['rojhilatî']
		end
	end
	
    local preverbParticles = export.getPreverbParticules(infoTense.preverbParticle, infoTense.stem, isTransitive)
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (infoTense.stem == 'past')

    -- Creating the conjugation table for a given tense
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local ending
        local conjSimbleVerb
        local conjVerb

        if isErgative then
            ending = endings.s3
        else
            ending = endings[pers]
        end

        -- Adding space after the preverbal particle, and
		-- if &quot;addPreverbParticles='na'&quot;: remove preverb particles (ê/dê).
		local preverbParticle = ''
		if infoTense.preverbParticle and addPreverbParticles ~= 'na' then
	            preverbParticle = preverbParticles[pers] .. ' '
		end

        conjSimbleVerb = negPrefix  .. preverb .. stem .. ending
        -- Adding prefixe and suffixe
        conjVerb =  preSimpleVerb .. spacing .. conjSimbleVerb .. postSimpleVerb
        -- Spelling correction(îy -&gt; iy)
        conjVerb = mw.ustring.gsub(conjVerb, 'îy', 'iy')
        -- Add a link / if tags='na' no links
		if tags ~= 'na' then
        	conjVerb = link{term=conjVerb, lang=langKu}
		end
        -- Addition of the preverbal particle
        infoTense.conj[pers] = preverbParticle .. conjVerb
    end

    -- Imperative
    if (infoTense.name == 'impPresent') then
        infoTense.conj.s1 = nil
        infoTense.conj.s2 = infoTense.conj.s3
        infoTense.conj.s3 = nil
        infoTense.conj.p1 = nil
        -- infoTense.conj.p2 = infoTense.conj.p2
        infoTense.conj.p3 = nil
    end

    return infoTense
end

-- =============================================================================
--                               END
-- =============================================================================
-- Some useful tools
-- =============================================================================
-- Returns the list of verb tenses
export.tensesList = function()
	local list = {}
    for _, tense in pairs(export.tenseRules) do
        table.insert(list, tense.name)
    end
	return list
end

-- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
-- (for a given conjugate tense in all persons of that tense)
function export.concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjVerbs)
	local concatTab = {}
	for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
		concatTab[pers] = pronoms[pers] .. ' ' .. conjVerbs[pers]
	end

	return concatTab
end
-- =============================================================================
-- ADDITIONAL STEM OF THE PAST AND PRESENT (pastStem2, ... and presentStem2, ...)
-- This function does nothing more than add additional parameters for verb stems
-- in the past and present tenses.
-- Conjugations for the different stems will be separated by &quot;/&quot;
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems)
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
     opts.tense = tense or nil
     
    presentStems = presentStems or {}
	pastStems = pastStems or {}

    
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if not infoTense then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    local stems = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStems or pastStems

    -- For each verb stem, its conjugation table is calculated and stored in conjTabs.
    local conjTabs = {}
    for i = 1, #stems do
        if stems[i] then
            if (infoTense.stem == 'past') then opts.pastStem = stems[i] end
            if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then opts.presentStem = stems[i] end

            local conj = export.conjugate(opts).conj
            table.insert(conjTabs, conj)
        end
    end

    -- We concatenate each row of the conjugation tables.
    local concatConjTabs = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local frag = {}
        for i = 1, #conjTabs do
            local val = conjTabs[i][pers]
            if val then table.insert(frag, tostring(val)) end
        end
        concatConjTabs[pers] = table.concat(frag, &quot; / &quot;)
    end

    infoTense.conj = concatConjTabs

    return infoTense
end

-- ====================================================================================
--  VERB CONUGATION IN ALL TENSES WITH OR WITHOUT PRONOUMS
-- ====================================================================================
function export.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems, negation, concatPrs)
	-- &quot;concatPrs=false&quot; table without pronouns
	
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
    
    if negation == 'negative' then opts.isNegative = true end

    -- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
	local concatPronomsVerbs = export.concatPronomsVerbs

    -- Tenses list
    local tensesList = export.tensesList()

    -- Conjugation in all tenses
    local conjTab = {}
    for _, tense in ipairs(tensesList) do
        local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy')

		-- We create the conjugation table without the pronouns.
        conjTab[tense] = deepCopy(export.conjugateLong(opts, tense, presentStems, pastStems), 'copy')
		
        -- We concatenate the pronouns and the verbs if &quot;concatPrs&quot; is different of &quot;false&quot;
		-- No pronouns for the imperative mood
		if (tense ~= 'impPresent' and concatPrs ~= false) then
			local pronoms = deepCopy(export.conjPronouns(infoTense.stem, infoTense.mode, opts.isTransitive))
        	conjTab[tense].conj = concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjTab[tense].conj)
        end
    end

    return conjTab
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- Allows you to obtain a given conjugation from a model.
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|tew|dem=indPresent|kes=s1}}
-- See {{ku-tewîn-lk-niha}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.tew(frame)
   local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isNegative     = frame.args['neyînî'] or false,
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or nil,
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or nil,
		accent         = args['devok'] or 'std',
		tags           = args['lînk'] or 'erê',
        overrideBi     = args['bi'] or nil,
        overrideDi     = args['di'] or nil,
        overrideNa     = args['na'] or nil,
        overrideNe     = args['ne'] or nil,
        impNegForm     = nil
    }
	
	local tense        = frame.args['dem'] or nil
	local pers         = frame.args['kes'] or nil
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems    = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}

    -- A few checks
    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerguhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    if (baseOpts.isNegative == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isNegative = true
    end

	local tabConj = export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems).conj
	
    return tabConj[pers]
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- GET COMMMA SEPARED FORMS
-- Bnr. [[MediaWiki:Gadget-QQ.js]]
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|get_comma_separated_forms|niha=kev|borî=ket}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.get_comma_separated_forms(frame)
    local opts = {
        presentStem    = frame.args['niha'],
        pastStem       = frame.args['borî'],
        isTransitive   = false,
        isNegative     = false,
        isCompoundVerb = frame['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = frame['pêşgir'] or '',
        postSimpleVerb = frame['paşgir'] or '',
        overrideBi     = frame['bi'] or nil,
        overrideDi     = frame['di'] or nil,
        overrideNa     = frame['na'] or nil,
        overrideNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
        impNegForm     = nil,
		tags           = 'na', -- Remove links/tags
		addPreverbParticles = 'na' -- Remove preverb particles (ê/dê)
    }

   local function concateList(tenseList)
        local concatList = {}
        for _, pers in ipairs({&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;}) do
        	local tense = tenseList[pers]
            table.insert(concatList, tense)
        end

        return table.concat(concatList, &quot;,&quot;)
   end

   	local tenseList = {'indPresent','indPreterite','indImperfect',
                      'indPluperfect','indPerfect','indNwPluperfect',
                      'indFuture','indFuturePerfect',
                      'subjImperfect','subjPluperfect'
                    }
                    
    local concatAllTense = {}
    
    for  i = 1, #tenseList do
        local tense = tenseList[i]
        if export.tenseRules[tense] then
            opts.tense = tense
            local conj = shallowCopy(export.conjugate(opts).conj)
            local concatTense = concateList(conj)
            table.insert(concatAllTense, concatTense)
        end
    end
    
    return table.concat(concatAllTense, &quot;,&quot;)
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>02ivauwbzp7m2hqdv9ejh7qisa77cmz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237258</id>
      <parentid>6237257</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T15:18:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>6237258</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="40855" sha1="r3v2cwpf4rpsb113yor9js3vnbk69rb" xml:space="preserve">-- Modula tewandina lêkerên kurmancî

local export = {}

-- Load irregular forms table
-- local irreg = require('Module:ku-tewandin/dijrêzik')
local langKu = require(&quot;Modul:languages&quot;).getByCode(&quot;ku&quot;)
local link = require('Module:links').language_link
local shallowCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/shallowCopy&quot;)
local deepCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/deepCopy&quot;)

-- =============================================================================
-- Pronouns in Kurmanji
-- =============================================================================
export.order = {&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;, &quot;p2&quot;, &quot;p3&quot;}

export.pronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;ez&quot;,    p1 = &quot;em&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;tu&quot;,    p2 = &quot;hûn&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;ew&quot;,    p3 = &quot;ew&quot;
}

export.obliquePronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;min&quot;,      p1 = &quot;me&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;te&quot;,       p2 = &quot;we&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;wê/wî&quot;,    p3 = &quot;wan&quot;
}

export.agents = {
    s1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,            p1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,           p2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;,   p3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;
}

-- Oblique pronoun (green) 
export.obliquePronounsGreen = {
    s1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;min&lt;/span&gt;',
    s2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;te&lt;/span&gt;',
    s3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wê/wî&lt;/span&gt;',
    p1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;me&lt;/span&gt;',
    p2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;we&lt;/span&gt;',
    p3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wan&lt;/span&gt;'
}

-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-- 1) This function returns correct subject/agent pronoun, ergativity rule:
--   - Transitive verbs in past tenses → oblique pronoun (green) = agent
--   - All other cases                 → direct pronoun (no color) = subject
-- 2) Also add the subjunctive prefix &quot;(bila)&quot;
-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
function export.conjPronouns(stemType, mode, isTransitive)
    local pronouns = shallowCopy(export.pronouns)

    -- Ergativity in kurdish: transitive verbs that are conjugated with the past tense stem are
    -- conjugated according to the object, not the subject.
    -- Therefore, to have an ergative construction,
    -- the verb must be transitive and its stem must be the stem of the past tense.
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (stemType == 'past')

    -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
    -- If it's not ergative, we use normal pronouns: &quot;ez&quot;, &quot;tu&quot;, ...
    if isErgative then
        pronouns = shallowCopy(export.obliquePronounsGreen)
    end

    -- For the subjunctive mood, we add &quot;(bila)&quot; at the beginning.
    if mode == 'subjunctive' then
    	local subjPrefix = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(bila)&lt;/span&gt;'
        for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
            pronouns[pers] = subjPrefix .. ' ' .. pronouns[pers]
        end
    end
    return pronouns
end

-- =============================================================================
-- VERBAL STRUCTURE IN THE INFINITIVE:
-- Verbs in the infinitive appear in three main forms:
--  1) Simple verb (indivisible light verb):
--       - ex.:  &quot;kirin&quot;, &quot;çûn&quot;, &quot;xwarin&quot;, ...
--  2) Verbs with preverbs (preverb + simple verb):
--       - ex.: &quot;rakirin&quot; (ra- + kirin), &quot;çêkirin&quot; (çê- + kirin), &quot;vexwarin&quot; (ve- + xwarin), ...
--       - Preverb verbs don't use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê rakim , ew ê rake , ...)
--  3) Compound verbs, construction with non-verbal element (the noun is not attached to the verb):
--       - Left of the simple verb: &quot;hez kirin&quot; (&quot;hez&quot; + &quot;kirin&quot;), &quot;li dar xistin&quot; (&quot;li dar&quot; + &quot;xistin&quot;), ...
--       - Right of the simple verb: &quot;kirin der&quot; (&quot;kirin&quot; + &quot;der&quot;), &quot;girtin ser xwe&quot; (&quot;girtin&quot; + &quot;ser xwe&quot;), ...
--       - Compound verbs use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê hez bi-kim , ew ê hez bi-ke )

-- STRUCTURE:  preSimpleVerb + spacing + simpleVerb + postSimpleVerb
-- EX.     kirin: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       rakirin: preSimpleVerb='ra';  spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--     hez kirin: preSimpleVerb='hez'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       pev çûn: preSimpleVerb='pev'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='çûn';   postSimpleVerb=''
--     kirin der: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb='der'

-- WARNING: Conjugation can vary depending on the type of verb.
-- For example, in the future tense,the prefix &quot;bi&quot; is used for compound verbs,
-- but not for preverbal verbs, see the function that manages it  &quot;tenseRules&quot; table.
-- This table does not yet support the mixed case: a verb composed of a noun and a preverb verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)
    local struct

    if (preSimpleVerb and preSimpleVerb ~= '' and not isCompoundVerb) then
        struct = 'preverbVerb'
    elseif isCompoundVerb then
        struct = 'compoundVerb'
    else
        struct = 'simpleVerb'
    end

    return struct
end

-- ================================================================
-- INFLECTIONAL ENDINGS
-- Assigns verb inflectional endings (suffixes) to all tenses
-- ================================================================
local getEndings = {}

do
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ending using present stem
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['present'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends = {}
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends['std'] = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
            ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='m', s2='(y)', s3='t', p1='yn', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends['std'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='e', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
			ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='&lt;u&gt;it&lt;/u&gt;/ît', p1='în', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. preterite + ind. imperfect ending
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['past'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
		local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiouû]$') then
            ends = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, 'î$') then
           -- if self.name == 'indImperfect' then
           --     -- special indicative ind. imperfect rule
           --     ends = {s1='yam', s2='yayî', s3='ya', p1='yan', p2='yan', p3='yan'}
           -- end
            ends = {s1='m', s2='', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Compound endings with auxiliary &quot;bûn&quot;
    -- Inflectional endings are created by taking the different forms of the
    -- verb &quot;bûn&quot; (with present stem &quot;-b-&quot; and past stem &quot;-bû-&quot;) and
    -- adding an &quot;i-&quot; prefix before them: &quot;i-b-im&quot;, &quot;i-bû-m&quot;, &quot;i-bû-me&quot;, &quot;i-bû-ma&quot;.
    -- This &quot;i-&quot; varies according to the final letter of the verb stem.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    local function normalize_i(stem)
        local prfx_i = &quot;i&quot;
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;ya$&quot;) or
           mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;[îû]$&quot;) then -- cf. karîn (-karî-)
           	prfx_i = &quot;&quot;
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiou]$') then
            prfx_i = &quot;yi&quot;
        end
        return prfx_i
    end

    getEndings['ibim'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bim&quot;,   p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;be&quot;,    p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûm'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûm&quot;,     p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bû&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûme'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûme&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyiye&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûye&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûma'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûma&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyayî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûya&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;
        }
    end
    
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. perfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ime'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;me&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;ye&quot;, p1=&quot;ne&quot;, p2=&quot;ne&quot;, p3=&quot;ne&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ime&quot;, s2=&quot;iyî&quot;, s3=&quot;iye&quot;, p1=&quot;ine&quot;, p2=&quot;ine&quot;, p3=&quot;ine&quot;}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Subj. Imperfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ama'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        -- The doublet in &quot;-iyan&quot; of verbs in -&quot;în&quot; (gerîn/-geriya-, kenîn/-keniya-, ...),
        -- in the conditional and subjunctive moods, a doublet &quot;yaya&quot; appears; it's removed.
        -- -yayayî → -yayî; -yaya → -ya
		if mw.ustring.match(stem, '(ya)$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
		elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yayî&quot;, s3=&quot;ya&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ama&quot;, s2=&quot;ayî&quot;, s3=&quot;a&quot;, p1=&quot;ana&quot;, p2=&quot;ana&quot;, p3=&quot;ana&quot;}
        end
        return ends
    end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR PREVERBS: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;
-- There are two preverbs: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;. These preverbs can change form
-- depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getPreverb = {}

do
	getPreverb['bi'] = function (opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local verbStruct = opts.verbStruct
	    local overrideBi = opts.overrideBi
	
	    -- Preverb verbs don't use the preverb &quot;bi-&quot;: ra-kirin (ez ê rakim), ve-xwarin (ez ê vexwim) , ...
	    -- But compound verb and simple verbs use it: hez kirin (ez ê hez bi-kim), lê bigirin (ez ê lê bi-girim), ...
	    if (verbStruct == 'preverbVerb') then
	        return ''
	    end
	
	    if overrideBi then return overrideBi end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikBi[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikBi[stem] end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;bi-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[aeêiîouû]') then
	        return 'b'
	    end
	
	    return 'bi'
	end
	
	getPreverb['di'] = function (opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overrideDi = opts.overrideDi
	
	    if overrideDi then return overrideDi end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikDi[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikDi[stem] end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;di-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[ai]') then
	        return 'd'
	    end
	    -- Ex. hatin : stem = -ê- // ez têm
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[êî]') then
	        return 't'
	    end
	
	    return 'di'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR NEGATION PREFIXES: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;
-- There are two negation prefixes: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;. These preverbs can change
-- form depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getNegPrefix = {}

do
	getNegPrefix['na'] = function (opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overrideNa = opts.overrideNa
	
	    if overrideNa then return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNa .. '&lt;/b&gt;' end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] end
	
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;nay&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;n&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Tîpa duyem &quot;-a-&quot; ye (k-a-rîn, z-a-nîn, ...)
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^%wa') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;ni&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;na&lt;/b&gt;'
	end

	getNegPrefix['ne'] = function (opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local tenseName = opts.tenseName
	    local impNegForm = opts.impNegForm
	    local overrideNe = opts.overrideNe
	
	    if overrideNe then return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;' end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikNe[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikNe[stem] end
	
	    local negPrefix = 'ne'
	    -- There are two forms of construction of the imperative,
	    -- one with the prefix &quot;me-&quot; and the other with the prefix &quot;ne-&quot;.
	    if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
	        negPrefix = (impNegForm == 2) and 'ne' or 'me'
	    end
	
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. 'y&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        negPrefix = mw.ustring.sub(negPrefix, 1, -2)
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- Standardization of the PREVERBAL PARTICLE
-- The proverbial particle &quot;ê&quot; is placed after the personal pronoun.
-- =============================================================================
-- If there are no verbal preparticles, return empty table.
function export.getPreverbParticules(preverbParticle, typeStem, isTransitive)
    if not preverbParticle then
        return {s1='', s2='', s3='', p1='', p2='', p3=''}
    end

    if preverbParticle == 'ê' then
        local isErgative = isTransitive and (typeStem == 'past')

        -- When the personal pronoun ends in a vowel, a &quot;y-&quot; is added before &quot;ê&quot;.
        -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
        if isErgative then
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='yê/dê', p1='yê/dê', p2='yê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        else
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='ê/dê', p1='ê/dê', p2='ê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        end
    end

    -- If the verbal preparticle is identical for all pronouns,
    -- we create a table with the same value.
    local preverbParticles = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        preverbParticles[pers] = preverbParticle
    end

    return preverbParticles
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING EACH VERB TENSE
-- This table lists, for each verb tense, what elements are required to form it:
--   - Verb conjugation is built by placing either the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; or &quot;di-&quot; before
--     the verb stem (past or present), followed by a personal ending.
--   - For the negative form, one of the prefixes &quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot; is added as well.
--   - In some cases, a preverbal particle such as /ê/ or /dê/ is added before
--     the conjugated verb as well.
-- Not: - The &quot;negPreverb&quot; (preverb (bi-/di-) for negative tenses) parameter has a
--         value different from &quot;nil&quot; only for the Imperfect tense (&quot;negPreverb=di&quot;).
--      - The parameter &quot;negPrefix=na&quot; is used only for the present indicative.
--
-- Preverb &quot;di&quot;, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(present stem), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(past stem)
--                        - Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;IndImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
-- Preverb &quot;bi&quot;, used in: &quot;indFuture&quot;(present stem), &quot;subPresent&quot;(present stem),
--                         &quot;subImperfect&quot;(past stem) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(past stem)
--                        - The prefix &quot;bi-&quot; isn't used in negative forms.
--
-- Present stem, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(di)(na),
--                        &quot;indFuture&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;subPresent&quot;(bi)(ne)
--
-- Past stem, used in: &quot;indPreterite&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(di)(ne), &quot;indPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;indPerfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPreterite&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subImperfect&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(bi)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne) = &quot;condPreterite&quot;(-)(ne)
-- =============================================================================
-- Some conjugations are identical except that they differ only in the preverbal particle (/ê/, /dê/).
-- So, to avoid repeating the same information (and thus risking errors),
-- we establish the common part shared between these verbs.
local sharedTenseRules = {
    indFuture = {
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['present']
    },

    indFuturePerfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibim']
    },

    subImperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ama']
    },

    subPluperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûma']
    }
}

local mt = {
    __index = function(t, k)
        local commonRules = t._commonRules
        if commonRules then return commonRules[k] end
    end
}

-- TENSES CONJUGATION RULES
export.tenseRules = {
    -- IMPERATIVE MOOD
    impPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;impPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raweya fermanî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present imperative&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;imperative&quot;,
        _commonRules = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- INDICATIVE MOOD
    indPresent = {
        name         = &quot;indPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema niha&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['na'],
        endings      = getEndings['present'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPreterite = {
        name         = &quot;indPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya sade&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;simple past&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indImperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya berdest&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;Imperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = getPreverb['di'],
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPluperfect    = {
        name         = &quot;indPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûm'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indFuture = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuture&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema bê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    indFuturePerfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dahatiya pêş&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    -- In some books, the &quot;perfect&quot; and &quot;nonconfirmative pluperfect&quot; tenses
    -- are classified in the &quot;inferential mood&quot; (&quot;moda neşahidî&quot;).
    -- Currently we classify them using the indicative mood (at the end).
    indPerfect = {
        name         = &quot;indPerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ime'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indNwPluperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya boriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;non-witnessed pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûme'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    -- SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
    subjPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema nihaya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    subjPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjImperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;imperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjPluperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr a bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- CONDITIONAL MOOD
    condPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya dema nihaya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    condPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

}

-- =============================================================================
-- MAIN CONJUGATION FUNCTOIN
-- This function returns an array containing the conjugation table for a given
-- tense as well as other information about the conjugated verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugate(opts)
    opts = opts or {}
    -- Required parameters
    local tense          = opts.tense or error(&quot;'tense' required&quot;, 2)
    --One of the two parameters is required:
    --  - If the tense uses the present stem, indicate &quot;presentStem&quot;.
    --  - If it uses the past stem, indicate &quot;pastStem&quot;.
    local presentStem    = opts.presentStem
    local pastStem       = opts.pastStem
    -- Optional parameters
    local isTransitive   = opts.isTransitive or false   -- Indicate if the verb is transitive (true/false)
    local isNegative     = opts.isNegative or false     -- Indicate if it's the negative form (true/false)
    local isCompoundVerb = opts.isCompoundVerb or false -- Indicate if it's a compound verb (true/false)
    local preSimpleVerb  = opts.preSimpleVerb or ''     -- The part before the simple verb
    local postSimpleVerb = opts.postSimpleVerb or ''    -- The part after the simple verb
    -- These parameters are provided when the verb is irregular.
    -- Allows you to manually modify preverbs (&quot;bi-&quot;&quot; or &quot;di-&quot;)
    -- and negation prefixes (&quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot;)
    local overrideBi     = opts.overrideBi or nil
    local overrideDi     = opts.overrideDi or nil
    local overrideNa     = opts.overrideNa or nil
    local overrideNe     = opts.overrideNe or nil
    -- By default, the negation of the imperative is constructed from the prefix &quot;me-&quot;&quot;.
    -- To obtain the second variant, the prefix with &quot;ne-&quot;, you must specify &quot;impNegForm=2&quot;.
    local impNegForm     = opts.impNegForm or nil
	-- Accent/ Devok
    local accent = opts.accent or 'std'
	
	-- If &quot;tags='na'&quot;, remove links/tags
	local tags = opts.tags or 'erê'
	-- If addPreverbParticles='na', remove preverb particles (ê/dê) before
	-- the conjugated verbs.
	local addPreverbParticles = opts.addPreverbParticles or 'erê'

	
	-- We add a space to the left of the &quot;postSimpleVerb&quot; because it shouldn't be attached
	-- to the simple verb.
	if (postSimpleVerb ~= '' and postSimpleVerb ~=nil) then
		postSimpleVerb = ' ' .. postSimpleVerb
	end

    -- Access to the classification table and retrieval of verb tense parameters
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if (not infoTense) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- We check that one of the two parameters of the stem is given
    if (infoTense.stem == 'present' and not presentStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;presentStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    elseif (infoTense.stem == 'past' and not pastStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;pasttStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- Choice between the present stem or past stem
    local stem = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStem or pastStem

    --────────────────────────────
    -- Conjugation construction --
    -- ───────────────────────────
    local preverb = ''
    local negPrefix = ''
    -- Ruturns the verb type: &quot;simpleVerb&quot; or &quot;preverbVerb&quot; or &quot;compoundVerb&quot;
    local verbStruct = export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)

    if isNegative then
        negPrefix = infoTense.negPrefix{stem=stem, tenseName=tense,
                                        impNegForm=impNegForm,
                                        overrideNa=overrideNa, overrideNe=overrideNe}
        if infoTense.negPreverb then
            preverb = infoTense.negPreverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                           overrideBi=overrideBi, overrideDi=overrideDi}
        end
    else
        if infoTense.preverb then
            preverb = infoTense.preverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                        overrideBi=overrideBi, overrideDi=overrideDi}
        end
    end

    infoTense.conj = {}
    local spacing = isCompoundVerb and ' ' or ''
    local endings = infoTense:endings(stem)
	
	-- 'rojhilatî' accent (devok) for present stem
	if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then
		if (accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			endings = endings['rojhilatî']
		else
			endings = endings['std']
		end

	end
	
    local preverbParticles = export.getPreverbParticules(infoTense.preverbParticle, infoTense.stem, isTransitive)
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (infoTense.stem == 'past')

    -- Creating the conjugation table for a given tense
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local ending
        local conjSimbleVerb
        local conjVerb

        if isErgative then
            ending = endings.s3
        else
            ending = endings[pers]
        end

        -- Adding space after the preverbal particle, and
		-- if &quot;addPreverbParticles='na'&quot;: remove preverb particles (ê/dê).
		local preverbParticle = ''
		if infoTense.preverbParticle and addPreverbParticles ~= 'na' then
	            preverbParticle = preverbParticles[pers] .. ' '
		end

        conjSimbleVerb = negPrefix  .. preverb .. stem .. ending
        -- Adding prefixe and suffixe
        conjVerb =  preSimpleVerb .. spacing .. conjSimbleVerb .. postSimpleVerb
        -- Spelling correction(îy -&gt; iy)
        conjVerb = mw.ustring.gsub(conjVerb, 'îy', 'iy')
        -- Add a link / if tags='na' no links
		if tags ~= 'na' then
        	conjVerb = link{term=conjVerb, lang=langKu}
		end
        -- Addition of the preverbal particle
        infoTense.conj[pers] = preverbParticle .. conjVerb
    end

    -- Imperative
    if (infoTense.name == 'impPresent') then
        infoTense.conj.s1 = nil
        infoTense.conj.s2 = infoTense.conj.s3
        infoTense.conj.s3 = nil
        infoTense.conj.p1 = nil
        -- infoTense.conj.p2 = infoTense.conj.p2
        infoTense.conj.p3 = nil
    end

    return infoTense
end

-- =============================================================================
--                               END
-- =============================================================================
-- Some useful tools
-- =============================================================================
-- Returns the list of verb tenses
export.tensesList = function()
	local list = {}
    for _, tense in pairs(export.tenseRules) do
        table.insert(list, tense.name)
    end
	return list
end

-- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
-- (for a given conjugate tense in all persons of that tense)
function export.concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjVerbs)
	local concatTab = {}
	for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
		concatTab[pers] = pronoms[pers] .. ' ' .. conjVerbs[pers]
	end

	return concatTab
end
-- =============================================================================
-- ADDITIONAL STEM OF THE PAST AND PRESENT (pastStem2, ... and presentStem2, ...)
-- This function does nothing more than add additional parameters for verb stems
-- in the past and present tenses.
-- Conjugations for the different stems will be separated by &quot;/&quot;
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems)
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
     opts.tense = tense or nil
     
    presentStems = presentStems or {}
	pastStems = pastStems or {}

    
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if not infoTense then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    local stems = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStems or pastStems

    -- For each verb stem, its conjugation table is calculated and stored in conjTabs.
    local conjTabs = {}
    for i = 1, #stems do
        if stems[i] then
            if (infoTense.stem == 'past') then opts.pastStem = stems[i] end
            if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then opts.presentStem = stems[i] end

            local conj = export.conjugate(opts).conj
            table.insert(conjTabs, conj)
        end
    end

    -- We concatenate each row of the conjugation tables.
    local concatConjTabs = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local frag = {}
        for i = 1, #conjTabs do
            local val = conjTabs[i][pers]
            if val then table.insert(frag, tostring(val)) end
        end
        concatConjTabs[pers] = table.concat(frag, &quot; / &quot;)
    end

    infoTense.conj = concatConjTabs

    return infoTense
end

-- ====================================================================================
--  VERB CONUGATION IN ALL TENSES WITH OR WITHOUT PRONOUMS
-- ====================================================================================
function export.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems, negation, concatPrs)
	-- &quot;concatPrs=false&quot; table without pronouns
	
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
    
    if negation == 'negative' then opts.isNegative = true end

    -- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
	local concatPronomsVerbs = export.concatPronomsVerbs

    -- Tenses list
    local tensesList = export.tensesList()

    -- Conjugation in all tenses
    local conjTab = {}
    for _, tense in ipairs(tensesList) do
        local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy')

		-- We create the conjugation table without the pronouns.
        conjTab[tense] = deepCopy(export.conjugateLong(opts, tense, presentStems, pastStems), 'copy')
		
        -- We concatenate the pronouns and the verbs if &quot;concatPrs&quot; is different of &quot;false&quot;
		-- No pronouns for the imperative mood
		if (tense ~= 'impPresent' and concatPrs ~= false) then
			local pronoms = deepCopy(export.conjPronouns(infoTense.stem, infoTense.mode, opts.isTransitive))
        	conjTab[tense].conj = concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjTab[tense].conj)
        end
    end

    return conjTab
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- Allows you to obtain a given conjugation from a model.
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|tew|dem=indPresent|kes=s1}}
-- See {{ku-tewîn-lk-niha}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.tew(frame)
   local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isNegative     = frame.args['neyînî'] or false,
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or nil,
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or nil,
		accent         = args['devok'] or 'std',
		tags           = args['lînk'] or 'erê',
        overrideBi     = args['bi'] or nil,
        overrideDi     = args['di'] or nil,
        overrideNa     = args['na'] or nil,
        overrideNe     = args['ne'] or nil,
        impNegForm     = nil
    }
	
	local tense        = frame.args['dem'] or nil
	local pers         = frame.args['kes'] or nil
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems    = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}

    -- A few checks
    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerguhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    if (baseOpts.isNegative == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isNegative = true
    end

	local tabConj = export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems).conj
	
    return tabConj[pers]
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- GET COMMMA SEPARED FORMS
-- Bnr. [[MediaWiki:Gadget-QQ.js]]
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|get_comma_separated_forms|niha=kev|borî=ket}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.get_comma_separated_forms(frame)
    local opts = {
        presentStem    = frame.args['niha'],
        pastStem       = frame.args['borî'],
        isTransitive   = false,
        isNegative     = false,
        isCompoundVerb = frame['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = frame['pêşgir'] or '',
        postSimpleVerb = frame['paşgir'] or '',
        overrideBi     = frame['bi'] or nil,
        overrideDi     = frame['di'] or nil,
        overrideNa     = frame['na'] or nil,
        overrideNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
        impNegForm     = nil,
		tags           = 'na', -- Remove links/tags
		addPreverbParticles = 'na' -- Remove preverb particles (ê/dê)
    }

   local function concateList(tenseList)
        local concatList = {}
        for _, pers in ipairs({&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;}) do
        	local tense = tenseList[pers]
            table.insert(concatList, tense)
        end

        return table.concat(concatList, &quot;,&quot;)
   end

   	local tenseList = {'indPresent','indPreterite','indImperfect',
                      'indPluperfect','indPerfect','indNwPluperfect',
                      'indFuture','indFuturePerfect',
                      'subjImperfect','subjPluperfect'
                    }
                    
    local concatAllTense = {}
    
    for  i = 1, #tenseList do
        local tense = tenseList[i]
        if export.tenseRules[tense] then
            opts.tense = tense
            local conj = shallowCopy(export.conjugate(opts).conj)
            local concatTense = concateList(conj)
            table.insert(concatAllTense, concatTense)
        end
    end
    
    return table.concat(concatAllTense, &quot;,&quot;)
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>r3v2cwpf4rpsb113yor9js3vnbk69rb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237270</id>
      <parentid>6237258</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T01:21:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>6237270</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="41163" sha1="87ta9dekahp0lk2z6vrk01vg6e2wicm" xml:space="preserve">-- Modula tewandina lêkerên kurmancî

local export = {}

-- Load irregular forms table
-- local irreg = require('Module:ku-tewandin/dijrêzik')
local langKu = require(&quot;Modul:languages&quot;).getByCode(&quot;ku&quot;)
local link = require('Module:links').language_link
local shallowCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/shallowCopy&quot;)
local deepCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/deepCopy&quot;)

-- =============================================================================
-- Pronouns in Kurmanji
-- =============================================================================
export.order = {&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;, &quot;p2&quot;, &quot;p3&quot;}

export.pronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;ez&quot;,    p1 = &quot;em&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;tu&quot;,    p2 = &quot;hûn&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;ew&quot;,    p3 = &quot;ew&quot;
}

export.obliquePronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;min&quot;,      p1 = &quot;me&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;te&quot;,       p2 = &quot;we&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;wê/wî&quot;,    p3 = &quot;wan&quot;
}

export.agents = {
    s1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,            p1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,           p2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;,   p3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;
}

-- Oblique pronoun (green) 
export.obliquePronounsGreen = {
    s1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;min&lt;/span&gt;',
    s2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;te&lt;/span&gt;',
    s3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wê/wî&lt;/span&gt;',
    p1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;me&lt;/span&gt;',
    p2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;we&lt;/span&gt;',
    p3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wan&lt;/span&gt;'
}

-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-- 1) This function returns correct subject/agent pronoun, ergativity rule:
--   - Transitive verbs in past tenses → oblique pronoun (green) = agent
--   - All other cases                 → direct pronoun (no color) = subject
-- 2) Also add the subjunctive prefix &quot;(bila)&quot;
-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
function export.conjPronouns(stemType, mode, isTransitive)
    local pronouns = shallowCopy(export.pronouns)

    -- Ergativity in kurdish: transitive verbs that are conjugated with the past tense stem are
    -- conjugated according to the object, not the subject.
    -- Therefore, to have an ergative construction,
    -- the verb must be transitive and its stem must be the stem of the past tense.
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (stemType == 'past')

    -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
    -- If it's not ergative, we use normal pronouns: &quot;ez&quot;, &quot;tu&quot;, ...
    if isErgative then
        pronouns = shallowCopy(export.obliquePronounsGreen)
    end

    -- For the subjunctive mood, we add &quot;(bila)&quot; at the beginning.
    if mode == 'subjunctive' then
    	local subjPrefix = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(bila)&lt;/span&gt;'
        for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
            pronouns[pers] = subjPrefix .. ' ' .. pronouns[pers]
        end
    end
    return pronouns
end

-- =============================================================================
-- VERBAL STRUCTURE IN THE INFINITIVE:
-- Verbs in the infinitive appear in three main forms:
--  1) Simple verb (indivisible light verb):
--       - ex.:  &quot;kirin&quot;, &quot;çûn&quot;, &quot;xwarin&quot;, ...
--  2) Verbs with preverbs (preverb + simple verb):
--       - ex.: &quot;rakirin&quot; (ra- + kirin), &quot;çêkirin&quot; (çê- + kirin), &quot;vexwarin&quot; (ve- + xwarin), ...
--       - Preverb verbs don't use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê rakim , ew ê rake , ...)
--  3) Compound verbs, construction with non-verbal element (the noun is not attached to the verb):
--       - Left of the simple verb: &quot;hez kirin&quot; (&quot;hez&quot; + &quot;kirin&quot;), &quot;li dar xistin&quot; (&quot;li dar&quot; + &quot;xistin&quot;), ...
--       - Right of the simple verb: &quot;kirin der&quot; (&quot;kirin&quot; + &quot;der&quot;), &quot;girtin ser xwe&quot; (&quot;girtin&quot; + &quot;ser xwe&quot;), ...
--       - Compound verbs use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê hez bi-kim , ew ê hez bi-ke )

-- STRUCTURE:  preSimpleVerb + spacing + simpleVerb + postSimpleVerb
-- EX.     kirin: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       rakirin: preSimpleVerb='ra';  spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--     hez kirin: preSimpleVerb='hez'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       pev çûn: preSimpleVerb='pev'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='çûn';   postSimpleVerb=''
--     kirin der: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb='der'

-- WARNING: Conjugation can vary depending on the type of verb.
-- For example, in the future tense,the prefix &quot;bi&quot; is used for compound verbs,
-- but not for preverbal verbs, see the function that manages it  &quot;tenseRules&quot; table.
-- This table does not yet support the mixed case: a verb composed of a noun and a preverb verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)
    local struct

    if (preSimpleVerb and preSimpleVerb ~= '' and not isCompoundVerb) then
        struct = 'preverbVerb'
    elseif isCompoundVerb then
        struct = 'compoundVerb'
    else
        struct = 'simpleVerb'
    end

    return struct
end

-- ================================================================
-- INFLECTIONAL ENDINGS
-- Assigns verb inflectional endings (suffixes) to all tenses
-- ================================================================
local getEndings = {}

do
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ending using present stem
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['present'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends = {}
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends['std'] = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
            ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='m', s2='(y)', s3='t', p1='yn', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends['std'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='e', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
			ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='&lt;u&gt;it&lt;/u&gt;/ît', p1='în', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. preterite + ind. imperfect ending
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['past'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
		local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiouû]$') then
            ends = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, 'î$') then
           -- if self.name == 'indImperfect' then
           --     -- special indicative ind. imperfect rule
           --     ends = {s1='yam', s2='yayî', s3='ya', p1='yan', p2='yan', p3='yan'}
           -- end
            ends = {s1='m', s2='', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Compound endings with auxiliary &quot;bûn&quot;
    -- Inflectional endings are created by taking the different forms of the
    -- verb &quot;bûn&quot; (with present stem &quot;-b-&quot; and past stem &quot;-bû-&quot;) and
    -- adding an &quot;i-&quot; prefix before them: &quot;i-b-im&quot;, &quot;i-bû-m&quot;, &quot;i-bû-me&quot;, &quot;i-bû-ma&quot;.
    -- This &quot;i-&quot; varies according to the final letter of the verb stem.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    local function normalize_i(stem)
        local prfx_i = &quot;i&quot;
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;ya$&quot;) or
           mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;[îû]$&quot;) then -- cf. karîn (-karî-)
           	prfx_i = &quot;&quot;
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiou]$') then
            prfx_i = &quot;yi&quot;
        end
        return prfx_i
    end

    getEndings['ibim'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bim&quot;,   p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;be&quot;,    p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûm'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûm&quot;,     p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bû&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûme'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûme&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyiye&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûye&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûma'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûma&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyayî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûya&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;
        }
    end
    
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. perfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ime'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;me&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;ye&quot;, p1=&quot;ne&quot;, p2=&quot;ne&quot;, p3=&quot;ne&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ime&quot;, s2=&quot;iyî&quot;, s3=&quot;iye&quot;, p1=&quot;ine&quot;, p2=&quot;ine&quot;, p3=&quot;ine&quot;}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Subj. Imperfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ama'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        -- The doublet in &quot;-iyan&quot; of verbs in -&quot;în&quot; (gerîn/-geriya-, kenîn/-keniya-, ...),
        -- in the conditional and subjunctive moods, a doublet &quot;yaya&quot; appears; it's removed.
        -- -yayayî → -yayî; -yaya → -ya
		if mw.ustring.match(stem, '(ya)$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
		elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yayî&quot;, s3=&quot;ya&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ama&quot;, s2=&quot;ayî&quot;, s3=&quot;a&quot;, p1=&quot;ana&quot;, p2=&quot;ana&quot;, p3=&quot;ana&quot;}
        end
        return ends
    end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR PREVERBS: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;
-- There are two preverbs: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;. These preverbs can change form
-- depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getPreverb = {}

do
	getPreverb['bi'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local verbStruct = opts.verbStruct
	    local overrideBi = opts.overrideBi
		
		-- @Ferhengvan: Dema bêt bi lêkera alîkar &quot;ê / dê&quot; û bi rehê lêkerê yê
		-- dema niha û pêşgirên kesî tê çêkirin. Pêşgira &quot;bi-&quot; li destpêka lêkera
		-- serekî nîne: - ez ê / dê xw-im (standard: ez ê/dê bi-xw-im).
		if (self.name == 'indFuture') then
			return ''
		end
	
	    -- Preverb verbs don't use the preverb &quot;bi-&quot;: ra-kirin (ez ê rakim), ve-xwarin (ez ê vexwim) , ...
	    -- But compound verb and simple verbs use it: hez kirin (ez ê hez bi-kim), lê bigirin (ez ê lê bi-girim), ...
	    if (verbStruct == 'preverbVerb') then
	        return ''
	    end
	
	    if overrideBi then return overrideBi end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikBi[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikBi[stem] end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;bi-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[aeêiîouû]') then
	        return 'b'
	    end
	
	    return 'bi'
	end
	
	getPreverb['di'] = function (opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overrideDi = opts.overrideDi
	
	    if overrideDi then return overrideDi end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikDi[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikDi[stem] end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;di-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[ai]') then
	        return 'd'
	    end
	    -- Ex. hatin : stem = -ê- // ez têm
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[êî]') then
	        return 't'
	    end
	
	    return 'di'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR NEGATION PREFIXES: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;
-- There are two negation prefixes: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;. These preverbs can change
-- form depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getNegPrefix = {}

do
	getNegPrefix['na'] = function (opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overrideNa = opts.overrideNa
	
	    if overrideNa then return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNa .. '&lt;/b&gt;' end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] end
	
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;nay&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;n&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Tîpa duyem &quot;-a-&quot; ye (k-a-rîn, z-a-nîn, ...)
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^%wa') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;ni&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;na&lt;/b&gt;'
	end

	getNegPrefix['ne'] = function (opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local tenseName = opts.tenseName
	    local impNegForm = opts.impNegForm
	    local overrideNe = opts.overrideNe
	
	    if overrideNe then return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;' end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikNe[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikNe[stem] end
	
	    local negPrefix = 'ne'
	    -- There are two forms of construction of the imperative,
	    -- one with the prefix &quot;me-&quot; and the other with the prefix &quot;ne-&quot;.
	    if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
	        negPrefix = (impNegForm == 2) and 'ne' or 'me'
	    end
	
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. 'y&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        negPrefix = mw.ustring.sub(negPrefix, 1, -2)
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- Standardization of the PREVERBAL PARTICLE
-- The proverbial particle &quot;ê&quot; is placed after the personal pronoun.
-- =============================================================================
-- If there are no verbal preparticles, return empty table.
function export.getPreverbParticules(preverbParticle, typeStem, isTransitive)
    if not preverbParticle then
        return {s1='', s2='', s3='', p1='', p2='', p3=''}
    end

    if preverbParticle == 'ê' then
        local isErgative = isTransitive and (typeStem == 'past')

        -- When the personal pronoun ends in a vowel, a &quot;y-&quot; is added before &quot;ê&quot;.
        -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
        if isErgative then
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='yê/dê', p1='yê/dê', p2='yê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        else
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='ê/dê', p1='ê/dê', p2='ê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        end
    end

    -- If the verbal preparticle is identical for all pronouns,
    -- we create a table with the same value.
    local preverbParticles = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        preverbParticles[pers] = preverbParticle
    end

    return preverbParticles
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING EACH VERB TENSE
-- This table lists, for each verb tense, what elements are required to form it:
--   - Verb conjugation is built by placing either the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; or &quot;di-&quot; before
--     the verb stem (past or present), followed by a personal ending.
--   - For the negative form, one of the prefixes &quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot; is added as well.
--   - In some cases, a preverbal particle such as /ê/ or /dê/ is added before
--     the conjugated verb as well.
-- Not: - The &quot;negPreverb&quot; (preverb (bi-/di-) for negative tenses) parameter has a
--         value different from &quot;nil&quot; only for the Imperfect tense (&quot;negPreverb=di&quot;).
--      - The parameter &quot;negPrefix=na&quot; is used only for the present indicative.
--
-- Preverb &quot;di&quot;, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(present stem), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(past stem)
--                        - Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;IndImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
-- Preverb &quot;bi&quot;, used in: &quot;indFuture&quot;(present stem), &quot;subPresent&quot;(present stem),
--                         &quot;subImperfect&quot;(past stem) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(past stem)
--                        - The prefix &quot;bi-&quot; isn't used in negative forms.
--
-- Present stem, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(di)(na),
--                        &quot;indFuture&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;subPresent&quot;(bi)(ne)
--
-- Past stem, used in: &quot;indPreterite&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(di)(ne), &quot;indPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;indPerfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPreterite&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subImperfect&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(bi)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne) = &quot;condPreterite&quot;(-)(ne)
-- =============================================================================
-- Some conjugations are identical except that they differ only in the preverbal particle (/ê/, /dê/).
-- So, to avoid repeating the same information (and thus risking errors),
-- we establish the common part shared between these verbs.
local sharedTenseRules = {
    indFuture = {
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['present']
    },

    indFuturePerfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibim']
    },

    subImperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ama']
    },

    subPluperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûma']
    }
}

local mt = {
    __index = function(t, k)
        local commonRules = t._commonRules
        if commonRules then return commonRules[k] end
    end
}

-- TENSES CONJUGATION RULES
export.tenseRules = {
    -- IMPERATIVE MOOD
    impPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;impPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raweya fermanî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present imperative&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;imperative&quot;,
        _commonRules = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- INDICATIVE MOOD
    indPresent = {
        name         = &quot;indPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema niha&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['na'],
        endings      = getEndings['present'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPreterite = {
        name         = &quot;indPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya sade&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;simple past&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indImperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya berdest&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;Imperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = getPreverb['di'],
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPluperfect    = {
        name         = &quot;indPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûm'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indFuture = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuture&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema bê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    indFuturePerfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dahatiya pêş&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    -- In some books, the &quot;perfect&quot; and &quot;nonconfirmative pluperfect&quot; tenses
    -- are classified in the &quot;inferential mood&quot; (&quot;moda neşahidî&quot;).
    -- Currently we classify them using the indicative mood (at the end).
    indPerfect = {
        name         = &quot;indPerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ime'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indNwPluperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya boriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;non-witnessed pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûme'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    -- SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
    subjPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema nihaya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    subjPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjImperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;imperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjPluperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr a bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- CONDITIONAL MOOD
    condPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya dema nihaya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    condPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

}

-- =============================================================================
-- MAIN CONJUGATION FUNCTOIN
-- This function returns an array containing the conjugation table for a given
-- tense as well as other information about the conjugated verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugate(opts)
    opts = opts or {}
    -- Required parameters
    local tense          = opts.tense or error(&quot;'tense' required&quot;, 2)
    --One of the two parameters is required:
    --  - If the tense uses the present stem, indicate &quot;presentStem&quot;.
    --  - If it uses the past stem, indicate &quot;pastStem&quot;.
    local presentStem    = opts.presentStem
    local pastStem       = opts.pastStem
    -- Optional parameters
    local isTransitive   = opts.isTransitive or false   -- Indicate if the verb is transitive (true/false)
    local isNegative     = opts.isNegative or false     -- Indicate if it's the negative form (true/false)
    local isCompoundVerb = opts.isCompoundVerb or false -- Indicate if it's a compound verb (true/false)
    local preSimpleVerb  = opts.preSimpleVerb or ''     -- The part before the simple verb
    local postSimpleVerb = opts.postSimpleVerb or ''    -- The part after the simple verb
    -- These parameters are provided when the verb is irregular.
    -- Allows you to manually modify preverbs (&quot;bi-&quot;&quot; or &quot;di-&quot;)
    -- and negation prefixes (&quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot;)
    local overrideBi     = opts.overrideBi or nil
    local overrideDi     = opts.overrideDi or nil
    local overrideNa     = opts.overrideNa or nil
    local overrideNe     = opts.overrideNe or nil
    -- By default, the negation of the imperative is constructed from the prefix &quot;me-&quot;&quot;.
    -- To obtain the second variant, the prefix with &quot;ne-&quot;, you must specify &quot;impNegForm=2&quot;.
    local impNegForm     = opts.impNegForm or nil
	-- Accent/ Devok
    local accent = opts.accent or 'std'
	
	-- If &quot;tags='na'&quot;, remove links/tags
	local tags = opts.tags or 'erê'
	-- If addPreverbParticles='na', remove preverb particles (ê/dê) before
	-- the conjugated verbs.
	local addPreverbParticles = opts.addPreverbParticles or 'erê'

	
	-- We add a space to the left of the &quot;postSimpleVerb&quot; because it shouldn't be attached
	-- to the simple verb.
	if (postSimpleVerb ~= '' and postSimpleVerb ~=nil) then
		postSimpleVerb = ' ' .. postSimpleVerb
	end

    -- Access to the classification table and retrieval of verb tense parameters
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if (not infoTense) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- We check that one of the two parameters of the stem is given
    if (infoTense.stem == 'present' and not presentStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;presentStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    elseif (infoTense.stem == 'past' and not pastStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;pasttStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- Choice between the present stem or past stem
    local stem = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStem or pastStem

    --────────────────────────────
    -- Conjugation construction --
    -- ───────────────────────────
    local preverb = ''
    local negPrefix = ''
    -- Ruturns the verb type: &quot;simpleVerb&quot; or &quot;preverbVerb&quot; or &quot;compoundVerb&quot;
    local verbStruct = export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)

    if isNegative then
        negPrefix = infoTense.negPrefix{stem=stem, tenseName=tense,
                                        impNegForm=impNegForm,
                                        overrideNa=overrideNa, overrideNe=overrideNe}
        if infoTense.negPreverb then
            preverb = infoTense.negPreverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                           overrideBi=overrideBi, overrideDi=overrideDi}
        end
    else
        if infoTense.preverb then
            preverb = infoTense:preverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                        overrideBi=overrideBi, overrideDi=overrideDi}
        end
    end

    infoTense.conj = {}
    local spacing = isCompoundVerb and ' ' or ''
    local endings = infoTense:endings(stem)
	
	-- 'rojhilatî' accent (devok) for present stem
	if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then
		if (accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			endings = endings['rojhilatî']
		else
			endings = endings['std']
		end

	end
	
    local preverbParticles = export.getPreverbParticules(infoTense.preverbParticle, infoTense.stem, isTransitive)
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (infoTense.stem == 'past')

    -- Creating the conjugation table for a given tense
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local ending
        local conjSimbleVerb
        local conjVerb

        if isErgative then
            ending = endings.s3
        else
            ending = endings[pers]
        end

        -- Adding space after the preverbal particle, and
		-- if &quot;addPreverbParticles='na'&quot;: remove preverb particles (ê/dê).
		local preverbParticle = ''
		if infoTense.preverbParticle and addPreverbParticles ~= 'na' then
	            preverbParticle = preverbParticles[pers] .. ' '
		end

        conjSimbleVerb = negPrefix  .. preverb .. stem .. ending
        -- Adding prefixe and suffixe
        conjVerb =  preSimpleVerb .. spacing .. conjSimbleVerb .. postSimpleVerb
        -- Spelling correction(îy -&gt; iy)
        conjVerb = mw.ustring.gsub(conjVerb, 'îy', 'iy')
        -- Add a link / if tags='na' no links
		if tags ~= 'na' then
        	conjVerb = link{term=conjVerb, lang=langKu}
		end
        -- Addition of the preverbal particle
        infoTense.conj[pers] = preverbParticle .. conjVerb
    end

    -- Imperative
    if (infoTense.name == 'impPresent') then
        infoTense.conj.s1 = nil
        infoTense.conj.s2 = infoTense.conj.s3
        infoTense.conj.s3 = nil
        infoTense.conj.p1 = nil
        -- infoTense.conj.p2 = infoTense.conj.p2
        infoTense.conj.p3 = nil
    end

    return infoTense
end

-- =============================================================================
--                               END
-- =============================================================================
-- Some useful tools
-- =============================================================================
-- Returns the list of verb tenses
export.tensesList = function()
	local list = {}
    for _, tense in pairs(export.tenseRules) do
        table.insert(list, tense.name)
    end
	return list
end

-- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
-- (for a given conjugate tense in all persons of that tense)
function export.concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjVerbs)
	local concatTab = {}
	for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
		concatTab[pers] = pronoms[pers] .. ' ' .. conjVerbs[pers]
	end

	return concatTab
end
-- =============================================================================
-- ADDITIONAL STEM OF THE PAST AND PRESENT (pastStem2, ... and presentStem2, ...)
-- This function does nothing more than add additional parameters for verb stems
-- in the past and present tenses.
-- Conjugations for the different stems will be separated by &quot;/&quot;
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems)
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
     opts.tense = tense or nil
     
    presentStems = presentStems or {}
	pastStems = pastStems or {}

    
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if not infoTense then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    local stems = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStems or pastStems

    -- For each verb stem, its conjugation table is calculated and stored in conjTabs.
    local conjTabs = {}
    for i = 1, #stems do
        if stems[i] then
            if (infoTense.stem == 'past') then opts.pastStem = stems[i] end
            if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then opts.presentStem = stems[i] end

            local conj = export.conjugate(opts).conj
            table.insert(conjTabs, conj)
        end
    end

    -- We concatenate each row of the conjugation tables.
    local concatConjTabs = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local frag = {}
        for i = 1, #conjTabs do
            local val = conjTabs[i][pers]
            if val then table.insert(frag, tostring(val)) end
        end
        concatConjTabs[pers] = table.concat(frag, &quot; / &quot;)
    end

    infoTense.conj = concatConjTabs

    return infoTense
end

-- ====================================================================================
--  VERB CONUGATION IN ALL TENSES WITH OR WITHOUT PRONOUMS
-- ====================================================================================
function export.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems, negation, concatPrs)
	-- &quot;concatPrs=false&quot; table without pronouns
	
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
    
    if negation == 'negative' then opts.isNegative = true end

    -- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
	local concatPronomsVerbs = export.concatPronomsVerbs

    -- Tenses list
    local tensesList = export.tensesList()

    -- Conjugation in all tenses
    local conjTab = {}
    for _, tense in ipairs(tensesList) do
        local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy')

		-- We create the conjugation table without the pronouns.
        conjTab[tense] = deepCopy(export.conjugateLong(opts, tense, presentStems, pastStems), 'copy')
		
        -- We concatenate the pronouns and the verbs if &quot;concatPrs&quot; is different of &quot;false&quot;
		-- No pronouns for the imperative mood
		if (tense ~= 'impPresent' and concatPrs ~= false) then
			local pronoms = deepCopy(export.conjPronouns(infoTense.stem, infoTense.mode, opts.isTransitive))
        	conjTab[tense].conj = concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjTab[tense].conj)
        end
    end

    return conjTab
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- Allows you to obtain a given conjugation from a model.
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|tew|dem=indPresent|kes=s1}}
-- See {{ku-tewîn-lk-niha}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.tew(frame)
   local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isNegative     = frame.args['neyînî'] or false,
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or nil,
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or nil,
		accent         = args['devok'] or 'std',
		tags           = args['lînk'] or 'erê',
        overrideBi     = args['bi'] or nil,
        overrideDi     = args['di'] or nil,
        overrideNa     = args['na'] or nil,
        overrideNe     = args['ne'] or nil,
        impNegForm     = nil
    }
	
	local tense        = frame.args['dem'] or nil
	local pers         = frame.args['kes'] or nil
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems    = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}

    -- A few checks
    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerguhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    if (baseOpts.isNegative == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isNegative = true
    end

	local tabConj = export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems).conj
	
    return tabConj[pers]
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- GET COMMMA SEPARED FORMS
-- Bnr. [[MediaWiki:Gadget-QQ.js]]
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|get_comma_separated_forms|niha=kev|borî=ket}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.get_comma_separated_forms(frame)
    local opts = {
        presentStem    = frame.args['niha'],
        pastStem       = frame.args['borî'],
        isTransitive   = false,
        isNegative     = false,
        isCompoundVerb = frame['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = frame['pêşgir'] or '',
        postSimpleVerb = frame['paşgir'] or '',
        overrideBi     = frame['bi'] or nil,
        overrideDi     = frame['di'] or nil,
        overrideNa     = frame['na'] or nil,
        overrideNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
        impNegForm     = nil,
		tags           = 'na', -- Remove links/tags
		addPreverbParticles = 'na' -- Remove preverb particles (ê/dê)
    }

   local function concateList(tenseList)
        local concatList = {}
        for _, pers in ipairs({&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;}) do
        	local tense = tenseList[pers]
            table.insert(concatList, tense)
        end

        return table.concat(concatList, &quot;,&quot;)
   end

   	local tenseList = {'indPresent','indPreterite','indImperfect',
                      'indPluperfect','indPerfect','indNwPluperfect',
                      'indFuture','indFuturePerfect',
                      'subjImperfect','subjPluperfect'
                    }
                    
    local concatAllTense = {}
    
    for  i = 1, #tenseList do
        local tense = tenseList[i]
        if export.tenseRules[tense] then
            opts.tense = tense
            local conj = shallowCopy(export.conjugate(opts).conj)
            local concatTense = concateList(conj)
            table.insert(concatAllTense, concatTense)
        end
    end
    
    return table.concat(concatAllTense, &quot;,&quot;)
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>87ta9dekahp0lk2z6vrk01vg6e2wicm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237276</id>
      <parentid>6237270</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T02:06:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>6237276</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="41248" sha1="2xn4uky6v8z7z4nb3ujdpy7kykp4uws" xml:space="preserve">-- Modula tewandina lêkerên kurmancî

local export = {}

-- Load irregular forms table
-- local irreg = require('Module:ku-tewandin/dijrêzik')
local langKu = require(&quot;Modul:languages&quot;).getByCode(&quot;ku&quot;)
local link = require('Module:links').language_link
local shallowCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/shallowCopy&quot;)
local deepCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/deepCopy&quot;)

-- =============================================================================
-- Pronouns in Kurmanji
-- =============================================================================
export.order = {&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;, &quot;p2&quot;, &quot;p3&quot;}

export.pronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;ez&quot;,    p1 = &quot;em&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;tu&quot;,    p2 = &quot;hûn&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;ew&quot;,    p3 = &quot;ew&quot;
}

export.obliquePronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;min&quot;,      p1 = &quot;me&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;te&quot;,       p2 = &quot;we&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;wê/wî&quot;,    p3 = &quot;wan&quot;
}

export.agents = {
    s1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,            p1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,           p2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;,   p3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;
}

-- Oblique pronoun (green) 
export.obliquePronounsGreen = {
    s1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;min&lt;/span&gt;',
    s2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;te&lt;/span&gt;',
    s3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wê/wî&lt;/span&gt;',
    p1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;me&lt;/span&gt;',
    p2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;we&lt;/span&gt;',
    p3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wan&lt;/span&gt;'
}

-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-- 1) This function returns correct subject/agent pronoun, ergativity rule:
--   - Transitive verbs in past tenses → oblique pronoun (green) = agent
--   - All other cases                 → direct pronoun (no color) = subject
-- 2) Also add the subjunctive prefix &quot;(bila)&quot;
-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
function export.conjPronouns(stemType, mode, isTransitive)
    local pronouns = shallowCopy(export.pronouns)

    -- Ergativity in kurdish: transitive verbs that are conjugated with the past tense stem are
    -- conjugated according to the object, not the subject.
    -- Therefore, to have an ergative construction,
    -- the verb must be transitive and its stem must be the stem of the past tense.
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (stemType == 'past')

    -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
    -- If it's not ergative, we use normal pronouns: &quot;ez&quot;, &quot;tu&quot;, ...
    if isErgative then
        pronouns = shallowCopy(export.obliquePronounsGreen)
    end

    -- For the subjunctive mood, we add &quot;(bila)&quot; at the beginning.
    if mode == 'subjunctive' then
    	local subjPrefix = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(bila)&lt;/span&gt;'
        for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
            pronouns[pers] = subjPrefix .. ' ' .. pronouns[pers]
        end
    end
    return pronouns
end

-- =============================================================================
-- VERBAL STRUCTURE IN THE INFINITIVE:
-- Verbs in the infinitive appear in three main forms:
--  1) Simple verb (indivisible light verb):
--       - ex.:  &quot;kirin&quot;, &quot;çûn&quot;, &quot;xwarin&quot;, ...
--  2) Verbs with preverbs (preverb + simple verb):
--       - ex.: &quot;rakirin&quot; (ra- + kirin), &quot;çêkirin&quot; (çê- + kirin), &quot;vexwarin&quot; (ve- + xwarin), ...
--       - Preverb verbs don't use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê rakim , ew ê rake , ...)
--  3) Compound verbs, construction with non-verbal element (the noun is not attached to the verb):
--       - Left of the simple verb: &quot;hez kirin&quot; (&quot;hez&quot; + &quot;kirin&quot;), &quot;li dar xistin&quot; (&quot;li dar&quot; + &quot;xistin&quot;), ...
--       - Right of the simple verb: &quot;kirin der&quot; (&quot;kirin&quot; + &quot;der&quot;), &quot;girtin ser xwe&quot; (&quot;girtin&quot; + &quot;ser xwe&quot;), ...
--       - Compound verbs use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê hez bi-kim , ew ê hez bi-ke )

-- STRUCTURE:  preSimpleVerb + spacing + simpleVerb + postSimpleVerb
-- EX.     kirin: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       rakirin: preSimpleVerb='ra';  spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--     hez kirin: preSimpleVerb='hez'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       pev çûn: preSimpleVerb='pev'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='çûn';   postSimpleVerb=''
--     kirin der: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb='der'

-- WARNING: Conjugation can vary depending on the type of verb.
-- For example, in the future tense,the prefix &quot;bi&quot; is used for compound verbs,
-- but not for preverbal verbs, see the function that manages it  &quot;tenseRules&quot; table.
-- This table does not yet support the mixed case: a verb composed of a noun and a preverb verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)
    local struct

    if (preSimpleVerb and preSimpleVerb ~= '' and not isCompoundVerb) then
        struct = 'preverbVerb'
    elseif isCompoundVerb then
        struct = 'compoundVerb'
    else
        struct = 'simpleVerb'
    end

    return struct
end

-- ================================================================
-- INFLECTIONAL ENDINGS
-- Assigns verb inflectional endings (suffixes) to all tenses
-- ================================================================
local getEndings = {}

do
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ending using present stem
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['present'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends = {}
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends['std'] = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
            ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='m', s2='(y)', s3='t', p1='yn', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends['std'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='e', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
			ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='&lt;u&gt;it&lt;/u&gt;/ît', p1='în', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. preterite + ind. imperfect ending
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['past'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
		local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiouû]$') then
            ends = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, 'î$') then
           -- if self.name == 'indImperfect' then
           --     -- special indicative ind. imperfect rule
           --     ends = {s1='yam', s2='yayî', s3='ya', p1='yan', p2='yan', p3='yan'}
           -- end
            ends = {s1='m', s2='', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Compound endings with auxiliary &quot;bûn&quot;
    -- Inflectional endings are created by taking the different forms of the
    -- verb &quot;bûn&quot; (with present stem &quot;-b-&quot; and past stem &quot;-bû-&quot;) and
    -- adding an &quot;i-&quot; prefix before them: &quot;i-b-im&quot;, &quot;i-bû-m&quot;, &quot;i-bû-me&quot;, &quot;i-bû-ma&quot;.
    -- This &quot;i-&quot; varies according to the final letter of the verb stem.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    local function normalize_i(stem)
        local prfx_i = &quot;i&quot;
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;ya$&quot;) or
           mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;[îû]$&quot;) then -- cf. karîn (-karî-)
           	prfx_i = &quot;&quot;
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiou]$') then
            prfx_i = &quot;yi&quot;
        end
        return prfx_i
    end

    getEndings['ibim'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bim&quot;,   p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;be&quot;,    p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûm'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûm&quot;,     p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bû&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûme'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûme&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyiye&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûye&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûma'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûma&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyayî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûya&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;
        }
    end
    
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. perfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ime'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;me&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;ye&quot;, p1=&quot;ne&quot;, p2=&quot;ne&quot;, p3=&quot;ne&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ime&quot;, s2=&quot;iyî&quot;, s3=&quot;iye&quot;, p1=&quot;ine&quot;, p2=&quot;ine&quot;, p3=&quot;ine&quot;}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Subj. Imperfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ama'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        -- The doublet in &quot;-iyan&quot; of verbs in -&quot;în&quot; (gerîn/-geriya-, kenîn/-keniya-, ...),
        -- in the conditional and subjunctive moods, a doublet &quot;yaya&quot; appears; it's removed.
        -- -yayayî → -yayî; -yaya → -ya
		if mw.ustring.match(stem, '(ya)$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
		elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yayî&quot;, s3=&quot;ya&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ama&quot;, s2=&quot;ayî&quot;, s3=&quot;a&quot;, p1=&quot;ana&quot;, p2=&quot;ana&quot;, p3=&quot;ana&quot;}
        end
        return ends
    end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR PREVERBS: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;
-- There are two preverbs: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;. These preverbs can change form
-- depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getPreverb = {}

do
	getPreverb['bi'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local verbStruct = opts.verbStruct
	    local overrideBi = opts.overrideBi
		local accent     = opts.accent
		
		-- @Ferhengvan: Dema bêt bi lêkera alîkar &quot;ê / dê&quot; û bi rehê lêkerê yê
		-- dema niha û pêşgirên kesî tê çêkirin. Pêşgira &quot;bi-&quot; li destpêka lêkera
		-- serekî nîne: - ez ê / dê xw-im (standard: ez ê/dê bi-xw-im).
		if (self.name == 'indFuture' and accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			return ''
		end
	
	    -- Preverb verbs don't use the preverb &quot;bi-&quot;: ra-kirin (ez ê rakim), ve-xwarin (ez ê vexwim) , ...
	    -- But compound verb and simple verbs use it: hez kirin (ez ê hez bi-kim), lê bigirin (ez ê lê bi-girim), ...
	    if (verbStruct == 'preverbVerb') then
	        return ''
	    end
	
	    if overrideBi then return overrideBi end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikBi[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikBi[stem] end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;bi-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[aeêiîouû]') then
	        return 'b'
	    end
	
	    return 'bi'
	end
	
	getPreverb['di'] = function (opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overrideDi = opts.overrideDi
	
	    if overrideDi then return overrideDi end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikDi[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikDi[stem] end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;di-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[ai]') then
	        return 'd'
	    end
	    -- Ex. hatin : stem = -ê- // ez têm
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[êî]') then
	        return 't'
	    end
	
	    return 'di'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR NEGATION PREFIXES: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;
-- There are two negation prefixes: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;. These preverbs can change
-- form depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getNegPrefix = {}

do
	getNegPrefix['na'] = function (opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overrideNa = opts.overrideNa
	
	    if overrideNa then return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNa .. '&lt;/b&gt;' end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] end
	
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;nay&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;n&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Tîpa duyem &quot;-a-&quot; ye (k-a-rîn, z-a-nîn, ...)
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^%wa') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;ni&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;na&lt;/b&gt;'
	end

	getNegPrefix['ne'] = function (opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local tenseName = opts.tenseName
	    local impNegForm = opts.impNegForm
	    local overrideNe = opts.overrideNe
	
	    if overrideNe then return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;' end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikNe[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikNe[stem] end
	
	    local negPrefix = 'ne'
	    -- There are two forms of construction of the imperative,
	    -- one with the prefix &quot;me-&quot; and the other with the prefix &quot;ne-&quot;.
	    if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
	        negPrefix = (impNegForm == 2) and 'ne' or 'me'
	    end
	
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. 'y&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        negPrefix = mw.ustring.sub(negPrefix, 1, -2)
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- Standardization of the PREVERBAL PARTICLE
-- The proverbial particle &quot;ê&quot; is placed after the personal pronoun.
-- =============================================================================
-- If there are no verbal preparticles, return empty table.
function export.getPreverbParticules(preverbParticle, typeStem, isTransitive)
    if not preverbParticle then
        return {s1='', s2='', s3='', p1='', p2='', p3=''}
    end

    if preverbParticle == 'ê' then
        local isErgative = isTransitive and (typeStem == 'past')

        -- When the personal pronoun ends in a vowel, a &quot;y-&quot; is added before &quot;ê&quot;.
        -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
        if isErgative then
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='yê/dê', p1='yê/dê', p2='yê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        else
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='ê/dê', p1='ê/dê', p2='ê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        end
    end

    -- If the verbal preparticle is identical for all pronouns,
    -- we create a table with the same value.
    local preverbParticles = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        preverbParticles[pers] = preverbParticle
    end

    return preverbParticles
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING EACH VERB TENSE
-- This table lists, for each verb tense, what elements are required to form it:
--   - Verb conjugation is built by placing either the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; or &quot;di-&quot; before
--     the verb stem (past or present), followed by a personal ending.
--   - For the negative form, one of the prefixes &quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot; is added as well.
--   - In some cases, a preverbal particle such as /ê/ or /dê/ is added before
--     the conjugated verb as well.
-- Not: - The &quot;negPreverb&quot; (preverb (bi-/di-) for negative tenses) parameter has a
--         value different from &quot;nil&quot; only for the Imperfect tense (&quot;negPreverb=di&quot;).
--      - The parameter &quot;negPrefix=na&quot; is used only for the present indicative.
--
-- Preverb &quot;di&quot;, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(present stem), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(past stem)
--                        - Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;IndImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
-- Preverb &quot;bi&quot;, used in: &quot;indFuture&quot;(present stem), &quot;subPresent&quot;(present stem),
--                         &quot;subImperfect&quot;(past stem) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(past stem)
--                        - The prefix &quot;bi-&quot; isn't used in negative forms.
--
-- Present stem, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(di)(na),
--                        &quot;indFuture&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;subPresent&quot;(bi)(ne)
--
-- Past stem, used in: &quot;indPreterite&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(di)(ne), &quot;indPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;indPerfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPreterite&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subImperfect&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(bi)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne) = &quot;condPreterite&quot;(-)(ne)
-- =============================================================================
-- Some conjugations are identical except that they differ only in the preverbal particle (/ê/, /dê/).
-- So, to avoid repeating the same information (and thus risking errors),
-- we establish the common part shared between these verbs.
local sharedTenseRules = {
    indFuture = {
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['present']
    },

    indFuturePerfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibim']
    },

    subImperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ama']
    },

    subPluperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûma']
    }
}

local mt = {
    __index = function(t, k)
        local commonRules = t._commonRules
        if commonRules then return commonRules[k] end
    end
}

-- TENSES CONJUGATION RULES
export.tenseRules = {
    -- IMPERATIVE MOOD
    impPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;impPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raweya fermanî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present imperative&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;imperative&quot;,
        _commonRules = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- INDICATIVE MOOD
    indPresent = {
        name         = &quot;indPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema niha&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['na'],
        endings      = getEndings['present'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPreterite = {
        name         = &quot;indPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya sade&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;simple past&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indImperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya berdest&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;Imperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = getPreverb['di'],
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPluperfect    = {
        name         = &quot;indPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûm'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indFuture = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuture&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema bê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    indFuturePerfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dahatiya pêş&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    -- In some books, the &quot;perfect&quot; and &quot;nonconfirmative pluperfect&quot; tenses
    -- are classified in the &quot;inferential mood&quot; (&quot;moda neşahidî&quot;).
    -- Currently we classify them using the indicative mood (at the end).
    indPerfect = {
        name         = &quot;indPerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ime'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indNwPluperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya boriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;non-witnessed pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûme'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    -- SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
    subjPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema nihaya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    subjPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjImperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;imperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjPluperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr a bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- CONDITIONAL MOOD
    condPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya dema nihaya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    condPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

}

-- =============================================================================
-- MAIN CONJUGATION FUNCTOIN
-- This function returns an array containing the conjugation table for a given
-- tense as well as other information about the conjugated verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugate(opts)
    opts = opts or {}
    -- Required parameters
    local tense          = opts.tense or error(&quot;'tense' required&quot;, 2)
    --One of the two parameters is required:
    --  - If the tense uses the present stem, indicate &quot;presentStem&quot;.
    --  - If it uses the past stem, indicate &quot;pastStem&quot;.
    local presentStem    = opts.presentStem
    local pastStem       = opts.pastStem
    -- Optional parameters
    local isTransitive   = opts.isTransitive or false   -- Indicate if the verb is transitive (true/false)
    local isNegative     = opts.isNegative or false     -- Indicate if it's the negative form (true/false)
    local isCompoundVerb = opts.isCompoundVerb or false -- Indicate if it's a compound verb (true/false)
    local preSimpleVerb  = opts.preSimpleVerb or ''     -- The part before the simple verb
    local postSimpleVerb = opts.postSimpleVerb or ''    -- The part after the simple verb
    -- These parameters are provided when the verb is irregular.
    -- Allows you to manually modify preverbs (&quot;bi-&quot;&quot; or &quot;di-&quot;)
    -- and negation prefixes (&quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot;)
    local overrideBi     = opts.overrideBi or nil
    local overrideDi     = opts.overrideDi or nil
    local overrideNa     = opts.overrideNa or nil
    local overrideNe     = opts.overrideNe or nil
    -- By default, the negation of the imperative is constructed from the prefix &quot;me-&quot;&quot;.
    -- To obtain the second variant, the prefix with &quot;ne-&quot;, you must specify &quot;impNegForm=2&quot;.
    local impNegForm     = opts.impNegForm or nil
	-- Accent/ Devok
    local accent = opts.accent or 'std'
	
	-- If &quot;tags='na'&quot;, remove links/tags
	local tags = opts.tags or 'erê'
	-- If addPreverbParticles='na', remove preverb particles (ê/dê) before
	-- the conjugated verbs.
	local addPreverbParticles = opts.addPreverbParticles or 'erê'

	
	-- We add a space to the left of the &quot;postSimpleVerb&quot; because it shouldn't be attached
	-- to the simple verb.
	if (postSimpleVerb ~= '' and postSimpleVerb ~=nil) then
		postSimpleVerb = ' ' .. postSimpleVerb
	end

    -- Access to the classification table and retrieval of verb tense parameters
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if (not infoTense) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- We check that one of the two parameters of the stem is given
    if (infoTense.stem == 'present' and not presentStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;presentStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    elseif (infoTense.stem == 'past' and not pastStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;pasttStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- Choice between the present stem or past stem
    local stem = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStem or pastStem

    --────────────────────────────
    -- Conjugation construction --
    -- ───────────────────────────
    local preverb = ''
    local negPrefix = ''
    -- Ruturns the verb type: &quot;simpleVerb&quot; or &quot;preverbVerb&quot; or &quot;compoundVerb&quot;
    local verbStruct = export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)

    if isNegative then
        negPrefix = infoTense.negPrefix{stem=stem, tenseName=tense,
                                        impNegForm=impNegForm,
                                        overrideNa=overrideNa, overrideNe=overrideNe}
        if infoTense.negPreverb then
            preverb = infoTense.negPreverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                           overrideBi=overrideBi, overrideDi=overrideDi}
        end
    else
        if infoTense.preverb then
            preverb = infoTense:preverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                        overrideBi=overrideBi, overrideDi=overrideDi,
										accent=accent}
        end
    end

    infoTense.conj = {}
    local spacing = isCompoundVerb and ' ' or ''
    local endings = infoTense:endings(stem)
	
	-- 'rojhilatî' accent (devok) for present stem
	if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then
		if (accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			endings = endings['rojhilatî']
		else
			endings = endings['std']
		end

	end
	
    local preverbParticles = export.getPreverbParticules(infoTense.preverbParticle, infoTense.stem, isTransitive)
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (infoTense.stem == 'past')

    -- Creating the conjugation table for a given tense
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local ending
        local conjSimbleVerb
        local conjVerb

        if isErgative then
            ending = endings.s3
        else
            ending = endings[pers]
        end

        -- Adding space after the preverbal particle, and
		-- if &quot;addPreverbParticles='na'&quot;: remove preverb particles (ê/dê).
		local preverbParticle = ''
		if infoTense.preverbParticle and addPreverbParticles ~= 'na' then
	            preverbParticle = preverbParticles[pers] .. ' '
		end

        conjSimbleVerb = negPrefix  .. preverb .. stem .. ending
        -- Adding prefixe and suffixe
        conjVerb =  preSimpleVerb .. spacing .. conjSimbleVerb .. postSimpleVerb
        -- Spelling correction(îy -&gt; iy)
        conjVerb = mw.ustring.gsub(conjVerb, 'îy', 'iy')
        -- Add a link / if tags='na' no links
		if tags ~= 'na' then
        	conjVerb = link{term=conjVerb, lang=langKu}
		end
        -- Addition of the preverbal particle
        infoTense.conj[pers] = preverbParticle .. conjVerb
    end

    -- Imperative
    if (infoTense.name == 'impPresent') then
        infoTense.conj.s1 = nil
        infoTense.conj.s2 = infoTense.conj.s3
        infoTense.conj.s3 = nil
        infoTense.conj.p1 = nil
        -- infoTense.conj.p2 = infoTense.conj.p2
        infoTense.conj.p3 = nil
    end

    return infoTense
end

-- =============================================================================
--                               END
-- =============================================================================
-- Some useful tools
-- =============================================================================
-- Returns the list of verb tenses
export.tensesList = function()
	local list = {}
    for _, tense in pairs(export.tenseRules) do
        table.insert(list, tense.name)
    end
	return list
end

-- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
-- (for a given conjugate tense in all persons of that tense)
function export.concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjVerbs)
	local concatTab = {}
	for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
		concatTab[pers] = pronoms[pers] .. ' ' .. conjVerbs[pers]
	end

	return concatTab
end
-- =============================================================================
-- ADDITIONAL STEM OF THE PAST AND PRESENT (pastStem2, ... and presentStem2, ...)
-- This function does nothing more than add additional parameters for verb stems
-- in the past and present tenses.
-- Conjugations for the different stems will be separated by &quot;/&quot;
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems)
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
     opts.tense = tense or nil
     
    presentStems = presentStems or {}
	pastStems = pastStems or {}

    
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if not infoTense then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    local stems = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStems or pastStems

    -- For each verb stem, its conjugation table is calculated and stored in conjTabs.
    local conjTabs = {}
    for i = 1, #stems do
        if stems[i] then
            if (infoTense.stem == 'past') then opts.pastStem = stems[i] end
            if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then opts.presentStem = stems[i] end

            local conj = export.conjugate(opts).conj
            table.insert(conjTabs, conj)
        end
    end

    -- We concatenate each row of the conjugation tables.
    local concatConjTabs = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local frag = {}
        for i = 1, #conjTabs do
            local val = conjTabs[i][pers]
            if val then table.insert(frag, tostring(val)) end
        end
        concatConjTabs[pers] = table.concat(frag, &quot; / &quot;)
    end

    infoTense.conj = concatConjTabs

    return infoTense
end

-- ====================================================================================
--  VERB CONUGATION IN ALL TENSES WITH OR WITHOUT PRONOUMS
-- ====================================================================================
function export.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems, negation, concatPrs)
	-- &quot;concatPrs=false&quot; table without pronouns
	
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
    
    if negation == 'negative' then opts.isNegative = true end

    -- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
	local concatPronomsVerbs = export.concatPronomsVerbs

    -- Tenses list
    local tensesList = export.tensesList()

    -- Conjugation in all tenses
    local conjTab = {}
    for _, tense in ipairs(tensesList) do
        local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy')

		-- We create the conjugation table without the pronouns.
        conjTab[tense] = deepCopy(export.conjugateLong(opts, tense, presentStems, pastStems), 'copy')
		
        -- We concatenate the pronouns and the verbs if &quot;concatPrs&quot; is different of &quot;false&quot;
		-- No pronouns for the imperative mood
		if (tense ~= 'impPresent' and concatPrs ~= false) then
			local pronoms = deepCopy(export.conjPronouns(infoTense.stem, infoTense.mode, opts.isTransitive))
        	conjTab[tense].conj = concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjTab[tense].conj)
        end
    end

    return conjTab
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- Allows you to obtain a given conjugation from a model.
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|tew|dem=indPresent|kes=s1}}
-- See {{ku-tewîn-lk-niha}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.tew(frame)
   local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isNegative     = frame.args['neyînî'] or false,
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or nil,
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or nil,
		accent         = args['devok'] or 'std',
		tags           = args['lînk'] or 'erê',
        overrideBi     = args['bi'] or nil,
        overrideDi     = args['di'] or nil,
        overrideNa     = args['na'] or nil,
        overrideNe     = args['ne'] or nil,
        impNegForm     = nil
    }
	
	local tense        = frame.args['dem'] or nil
	local pers         = frame.args['kes'] or nil
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems    = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}

    -- A few checks
    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerguhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    if (baseOpts.isNegative == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isNegative = true
    end

	local tabConj = export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems).conj
	
    return tabConj[pers]
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- GET COMMMA SEPARED FORMS
-- Bnr. [[MediaWiki:Gadget-QQ.js]]
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|get_comma_separated_forms|niha=kev|borî=ket}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.get_comma_separated_forms(frame)
    local opts = {
        presentStem    = frame.args['niha'],
        pastStem       = frame.args['borî'],
        isTransitive   = false,
        isNegative     = false,
        isCompoundVerb = frame['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = frame['pêşgir'] or '',
        postSimpleVerb = frame['paşgir'] or '',
        overrideBi     = frame['bi'] or nil,
        overrideDi     = frame['di'] or nil,
        overrideNa     = frame['na'] or nil,
        overrideNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
        impNegForm     = nil,
		tags           = 'na', -- Remove links/tags
		addPreverbParticles = 'na' -- Remove preverb particles (ê/dê)
    }

   local function concateList(tenseList)
        local concatList = {}
        for _, pers in ipairs({&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;}) do
        	local tense = tenseList[pers]
            table.insert(concatList, tense)
        end

        return table.concat(concatList, &quot;,&quot;)
   end

   	local tenseList = {'indPresent','indPreterite','indImperfect',
                      'indPluperfect','indPerfect','indNwPluperfect',
                      'indFuture','indFuturePerfect',
                      'subjImperfect','subjPluperfect'
                    }
                    
    local concatAllTense = {}
    
    for  i = 1, #tenseList do
        local tense = tenseList[i]
        if export.tenseRules[tense] then
            opts.tense = tense
            local conj = shallowCopy(export.conjugate(opts).conj)
            local concatTense = concateList(conj)
            table.insert(concatAllTense, concatTense)
        end
    end
    
    return table.concat(concatAllTense, &quot;,&quot;)
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>2xn4uky6v8z7z4nb3ujdpy7kykp4uws</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237277</id>
      <parentid>6237276</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T02:12:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>6237277</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="41270" sha1="t7ghcj2t86c2ggnxh34rgyrx5mmtgrd" xml:space="preserve">-- Modula tewandina lêkerên kurmancî

local export = {}

-- Load irregular forms table
-- local irreg = require('Module:ku-tewandin/dijrêzik')
local langKu = require(&quot;Modul:languages&quot;).getByCode(&quot;ku&quot;)
local link = require('Module:links').language_link
local shallowCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/shallowCopy&quot;)
local deepCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/deepCopy&quot;)

-- =============================================================================
-- Pronouns in Kurmanji
-- =============================================================================
export.order = {&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;, &quot;p2&quot;, &quot;p3&quot;}

export.pronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;ez&quot;,    p1 = &quot;em&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;tu&quot;,    p2 = &quot;hûn&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;ew&quot;,    p3 = &quot;ew&quot;
}

export.obliquePronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;min&quot;,      p1 = &quot;me&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;te&quot;,       p2 = &quot;we&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;wê/wî&quot;,    p3 = &quot;wan&quot;
}

export.agents = {
    s1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,            p1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,           p2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;,   p3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;
}

-- Oblique pronoun (green) 
export.obliquePronounsGreen = {
    s1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;min&lt;/span&gt;',
    s2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;te&lt;/span&gt;',
    s3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wê/wî&lt;/span&gt;',
    p1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;me&lt;/span&gt;',
    p2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;we&lt;/span&gt;',
    p3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wan&lt;/span&gt;'
}

-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-- 1) This function returns correct subject/agent pronoun, ergativity rule:
--   - Transitive verbs in past tenses → oblique pronoun (green) = agent
--   - All other cases                 → direct pronoun (no color) = subject
-- 2) Also add the subjunctive prefix &quot;(bila)&quot;
-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
function export.conjPronouns(stemType, mode, isTransitive)
    local pronouns = shallowCopy(export.pronouns)

    -- Ergativity in kurdish: transitive verbs that are conjugated with the past tense stem are
    -- conjugated according to the object, not the subject.
    -- Therefore, to have an ergative construction,
    -- the verb must be transitive and its stem must be the stem of the past tense.
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (stemType == 'past')

    -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
    -- If it's not ergative, we use normal pronouns: &quot;ez&quot;, &quot;tu&quot;, ...
    if isErgative then
        pronouns = shallowCopy(export.obliquePronounsGreen)
    end

    -- For the subjunctive mood, we add &quot;(bila)&quot; at the beginning.
    if mode == 'subjunctive' then
    	local subjPrefix = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(bila)&lt;/span&gt;'
        for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
            pronouns[pers] = subjPrefix .. ' ' .. pronouns[pers]
        end
    end
    return pronouns
end

-- =============================================================================
-- VERBAL STRUCTURE IN THE INFINITIVE:
-- Verbs in the infinitive appear in three main forms:
--  1) Simple verb (indivisible light verb):
--       - ex.:  &quot;kirin&quot;, &quot;çûn&quot;, &quot;xwarin&quot;, ...
--  2) Verbs with preverbs (preverb + simple verb):
--       - ex.: &quot;rakirin&quot; (ra- + kirin), &quot;çêkirin&quot; (çê- + kirin), &quot;vexwarin&quot; (ve- + xwarin), ...
--       - Preverb verbs don't use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê rakim , ew ê rake , ...)
--  3) Compound verbs, construction with non-verbal element (the noun is not attached to the verb):
--       - Left of the simple verb: &quot;hez kirin&quot; (&quot;hez&quot; + &quot;kirin&quot;), &quot;li dar xistin&quot; (&quot;li dar&quot; + &quot;xistin&quot;), ...
--       - Right of the simple verb: &quot;kirin der&quot; (&quot;kirin&quot; + &quot;der&quot;), &quot;girtin ser xwe&quot; (&quot;girtin&quot; + &quot;ser xwe&quot;), ...
--       - Compound verbs use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê hez bi-kim , ew ê hez bi-ke )

-- STRUCTURE:  preSimpleVerb + spacing + simpleVerb + postSimpleVerb
-- EX.     kirin: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       rakirin: preSimpleVerb='ra';  spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--     hez kirin: preSimpleVerb='hez'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       pev çûn: preSimpleVerb='pev'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='çûn';   postSimpleVerb=''
--     kirin der: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb='der'

-- WARNING: Conjugation can vary depending on the type of verb.
-- For example, in the future tense,the prefix &quot;bi&quot; is used for compound verbs,
-- but not for preverbal verbs, see the function that manages it  &quot;tenseRules&quot; table.
-- This table does not yet support the mixed case: a verb composed of a noun and a preverb verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)
    local struct

    if (preSimpleVerb and preSimpleVerb ~= '' and not isCompoundVerb) then
        struct = 'preverbVerb'
    elseif isCompoundVerb then
        struct = 'compoundVerb'
    else
        struct = 'simpleVerb'
    end

    return struct
end

-- ================================================================
-- INFLECTIONAL ENDINGS
-- Assigns verb inflectional endings (suffixes) to all tenses
-- ================================================================
local getEndings = {}

do
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ending using present stem
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['present'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends = {}
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends['std'] = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
            ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='m', s2='(y)', s3='t', p1='yn', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends['std'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='e', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
			ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='&lt;u&gt;it&lt;/u&gt;/ît', p1='în', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. preterite + ind. imperfect ending
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['past'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
		local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiouû]$') then
            ends = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, 'î$') then
           -- if self.name == 'indImperfect' then
           --     -- special indicative ind. imperfect rule
           --     ends = {s1='yam', s2='yayî', s3='ya', p1='yan', p2='yan', p3='yan'}
           -- end
            ends = {s1='m', s2='', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Compound endings with auxiliary &quot;bûn&quot;
    -- Inflectional endings are created by taking the different forms of the
    -- verb &quot;bûn&quot; (with present stem &quot;-b-&quot; and past stem &quot;-bû-&quot;) and
    -- adding an &quot;i-&quot; prefix before them: &quot;i-b-im&quot;, &quot;i-bû-m&quot;, &quot;i-bû-me&quot;, &quot;i-bû-ma&quot;.
    -- This &quot;i-&quot; varies according to the final letter of the verb stem.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    local function normalize_i(stem)
        local prfx_i = &quot;i&quot;
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;ya$&quot;) or
           mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;[îû]$&quot;) then -- cf. karîn (-karî-)
           	prfx_i = &quot;&quot;
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiou]$') then
            prfx_i = &quot;yi&quot;
        end
        return prfx_i
    end

    getEndings['ibim'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bim&quot;,   p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;be&quot;,    p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûm'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûm&quot;,     p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bû&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûme'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûme&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyiye&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûye&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûma'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûma&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyayî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûya&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;
        }
    end
    
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. perfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ime'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;me&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;ye&quot;, p1=&quot;ne&quot;, p2=&quot;ne&quot;, p3=&quot;ne&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ime&quot;, s2=&quot;iyî&quot;, s3=&quot;iye&quot;, p1=&quot;ine&quot;, p2=&quot;ine&quot;, p3=&quot;ine&quot;}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Subj. Imperfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ama'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        -- The doublet in &quot;-iyan&quot; of verbs in -&quot;în&quot; (gerîn/-geriya-, kenîn/-keniya-, ...),
        -- in the conditional and subjunctive moods, a doublet &quot;yaya&quot; appears; it's removed.
        -- -yayayî → -yayî; -yaya → -ya
		if mw.ustring.match(stem, '(ya)$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
		elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yayî&quot;, s3=&quot;ya&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ama&quot;, s2=&quot;ayî&quot;, s3=&quot;a&quot;, p1=&quot;ana&quot;, p2=&quot;ana&quot;, p3=&quot;ana&quot;}
        end
        return ends
    end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR PREVERBS: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;
-- There are two preverbs: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;. These preverbs can change form
-- depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getPreverb = {}

do
	getPreverb['bi'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local verbStruct = opts.verbStruct
	    local overrideBi = opts.overrideBi
		local accent     = opts.accent

		-- Devoka rojhilatî:
		-- @Ferhengvan: Dema bêt bi lêkera alîkar &quot;ê / dê&quot; û bi rehê lêkerê yê
		-- dema niha û pêşgirên kesî tê çêkirin. Pêşgira &quot;bi-&quot; li destpêka lêkera
		-- serekî nîne: - ez ê / dê xw-im (standard: ez ê/dê bi-xw-im).
		if (self.name == 'indFuture' and accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			return ''
		end
	
	    -- Preverb verbs don't use the preverb &quot;bi-&quot;: ra-kirin (ez ê rakim), ve-xwarin (ez ê vexwim) , ...
	    -- But compound verb and simple verbs use it: hez kirin (ez ê hez bi-kim), lê bigirin (ez ê lê bi-girim), ...
	    if (verbStruct == 'preverbVerb') then
	        return ''
	    end
	
	    if overrideBi then return overrideBi end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikBi[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikBi[stem] end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;bi-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[aeêiîouû]') then
	        return 'b'
	    end
	
	    return 'bi'
	end
	
	getPreverb['di'] = function (opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overrideDi = opts.overrideDi
	
	    if overrideDi then return overrideDi end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikDi[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikDi[stem] end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;di-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[ai]') then
	        return 'd'
	    end
	    -- Ex. hatin : stem = -ê- // ez têm
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[êî]') then
	        return 't'
	    end
	
	    return 'di'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR NEGATION PREFIXES: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;
-- There are two negation prefixes: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;. These preverbs can change
-- form depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getNegPrefix = {}

do
	getNegPrefix['na'] = function (opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overrideNa = opts.overrideNa
	
	    if overrideNa then return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNa .. '&lt;/b&gt;' end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] end
	
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;nay&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;n&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Tîpa duyem &quot;-a-&quot; ye (k-a-rîn, z-a-nîn, ...)
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^%wa') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;ni&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;na&lt;/b&gt;'
	end

	getNegPrefix['ne'] = function (opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local tenseName = opts.tenseName
	    local impNegForm = opts.impNegForm
	    local overrideNe = opts.overrideNe
	
	    if overrideNe then return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;' end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikNe[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikNe[stem] end
	
	    local negPrefix = 'ne'
	    -- There are two forms of construction of the imperative,
	    -- one with the prefix &quot;me-&quot; and the other with the prefix &quot;ne-&quot;.
	    if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
	        negPrefix = (impNegForm == 2) and 'ne' or 'me'
	    end
	
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. 'y&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        negPrefix = mw.ustring.sub(negPrefix, 1, -2)
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- Standardization of the PREVERBAL PARTICLE
-- The proverbial particle &quot;ê&quot; is placed after the personal pronoun.
-- =============================================================================
-- If there are no verbal preparticles, return empty table.
function export.getPreverbParticules(preverbParticle, typeStem, isTransitive)
    if not preverbParticle then
        return {s1='', s2='', s3='', p1='', p2='', p3=''}
    end

    if preverbParticle == 'ê' then
        local isErgative = isTransitive and (typeStem == 'past')

        -- When the personal pronoun ends in a vowel, a &quot;y-&quot; is added before &quot;ê&quot;.
        -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
        if isErgative then
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='yê/dê', p1='yê/dê', p2='yê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        else
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='ê/dê', p1='ê/dê', p2='ê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        end
    end

    -- If the verbal preparticle is identical for all pronouns,
    -- we create a table with the same value.
    local preverbParticles = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        preverbParticles[pers] = preverbParticle
    end

    return preverbParticles
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING EACH VERB TENSE
-- This table lists, for each verb tense, what elements are required to form it:
--   - Verb conjugation is built by placing either the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; or &quot;di-&quot; before
--     the verb stem (past or present), followed by a personal ending.
--   - For the negative form, one of the prefixes &quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot; is added as well.
--   - In some cases, a preverbal particle such as /ê/ or /dê/ is added before
--     the conjugated verb as well.
-- Not: - The &quot;negPreverb&quot; (preverb (bi-/di-) for negative tenses) parameter has a
--         value different from &quot;nil&quot; only for the Imperfect tense (&quot;negPreverb=di&quot;).
--      - The parameter &quot;negPrefix=na&quot; is used only for the present indicative.
--
-- Preverb &quot;di&quot;, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(present stem), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(past stem)
--                        - Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;IndImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
-- Preverb &quot;bi&quot;, used in: &quot;indFuture&quot;(present stem), &quot;subPresent&quot;(present stem),
--                         &quot;subImperfect&quot;(past stem) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(past stem)
--                        - The prefix &quot;bi-&quot; isn't used in negative forms.
--
-- Present stem, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(di)(na),
--                        &quot;indFuture&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;subPresent&quot;(bi)(ne)
--
-- Past stem, used in: &quot;indPreterite&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(di)(ne), &quot;indPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;indPerfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPreterite&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subImperfect&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(bi)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne) = &quot;condPreterite&quot;(-)(ne)
-- =============================================================================
-- Some conjugations are identical except that they differ only in the preverbal particle (/ê/, /dê/).
-- So, to avoid repeating the same information (and thus risking errors),
-- we establish the common part shared between these verbs.
local sharedTenseRules = {
    indFuture = {
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['present']
    },

    indFuturePerfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibim']
    },

    subImperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ama']
    },

    subPluperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûma']
    }
}

local mt = {
    __index = function(t, k)
        local commonRules = t._commonRules
        if commonRules then return commonRules[k] end
    end
}

-- TENSES CONJUGATION RULES
export.tenseRules = {
    -- IMPERATIVE MOOD
    impPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;impPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raweya fermanî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present imperative&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;imperative&quot;,
        _commonRules = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- INDICATIVE MOOD
    indPresent = {
        name         = &quot;indPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema niha&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['na'],
        endings      = getEndings['present'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPreterite = {
        name         = &quot;indPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya sade&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;simple past&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indImperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya berdest&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;Imperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = getPreverb['di'],
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPluperfect    = {
        name         = &quot;indPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûm'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indFuture = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuture&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema bê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    indFuturePerfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dahatiya pêş&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    -- In some books, the &quot;perfect&quot; and &quot;nonconfirmative pluperfect&quot; tenses
    -- are classified in the &quot;inferential mood&quot; (&quot;moda neşahidî&quot;).
    -- Currently we classify them using the indicative mood (at the end).
    indPerfect = {
        name         = &quot;indPerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ime'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indNwPluperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya boriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;non-witnessed pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûme'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    -- SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
    subjPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema nihaya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    subjPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjImperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;imperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjPluperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr a bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- CONDITIONAL MOOD
    condPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya dema nihaya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    condPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

}

-- =============================================================================
-- MAIN CONJUGATION FUNCTOIN
-- This function returns an array containing the conjugation table for a given
-- tense as well as other information about the conjugated verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugate(opts)
    opts = opts or {}
    -- Required parameters
    local tense          = opts.tense or error(&quot;'tense' required&quot;, 2)
    --One of the two parameters is required:
    --  - If the tense uses the present stem, indicate &quot;presentStem&quot;.
    --  - If it uses the past stem, indicate &quot;pastStem&quot;.
    local presentStem    = opts.presentStem
    local pastStem       = opts.pastStem
    -- Optional parameters
    local isTransitive   = opts.isTransitive or false   -- Indicate if the verb is transitive (true/false)
    local isNegative     = opts.isNegative or false     -- Indicate if it's the negative form (true/false)
    local isCompoundVerb = opts.isCompoundVerb or false -- Indicate if it's a compound verb (true/false)
    local preSimpleVerb  = opts.preSimpleVerb or ''     -- The part before the simple verb
    local postSimpleVerb = opts.postSimpleVerb or ''    -- The part after the simple verb
    -- These parameters are provided when the verb is irregular.
    -- Allows you to manually modify preverbs (&quot;bi-&quot;&quot; or &quot;di-&quot;)
    -- and negation prefixes (&quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot;)
    local overrideBi     = opts.overrideBi or nil
    local overrideDi     = opts.overrideDi or nil
    local overrideNa     = opts.overrideNa or nil
    local overrideNe     = opts.overrideNe or nil
    -- By default, the negation of the imperative is constructed from the prefix &quot;me-&quot;&quot;.
    -- To obtain the second variant, the prefix with &quot;ne-&quot;, you must specify &quot;impNegForm=2&quot;.
    local impNegForm     = opts.impNegForm or nil
	-- Accent/ Devok
    local accent = opts.accent or 'std'
	
	-- If &quot;tags='na'&quot;, remove links/tags
	local tags = opts.tags or 'erê'
	-- If addPreverbParticles='na', remove preverb particles (ê/dê) before
	-- the conjugated verbs.
	local addPreverbParticles = opts.addPreverbParticles or 'erê'

	
	-- We add a space to the left of the &quot;postSimpleVerb&quot; because it shouldn't be attached
	-- to the simple verb.
	if (postSimpleVerb ~= '' and postSimpleVerb ~=nil) then
		postSimpleVerb = ' ' .. postSimpleVerb
	end

    -- Access to the classification table and retrieval of verb tense parameters
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if (not infoTense) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- We check that one of the two parameters of the stem is given
    if (infoTense.stem == 'present' and not presentStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;presentStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    elseif (infoTense.stem == 'past' and not pastStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;pasttStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- Choice between the present stem or past stem
    local stem = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStem or pastStem

    --────────────────────────────
    -- Conjugation construction --
    -- ───────────────────────────
    local preverb = ''
    local negPrefix = ''
    -- Ruturns the verb type: &quot;simpleVerb&quot; or &quot;preverbVerb&quot; or &quot;compoundVerb&quot;
    local verbStruct = export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)

    if isNegative then
        negPrefix = infoTense.negPrefix{stem=stem, tenseName=tense,
                                        impNegForm=impNegForm,
                                        overrideNa=overrideNa, overrideNe=overrideNe}
        if infoTense.negPreverb then
            preverb = infoTense.negPreverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                           overrideBi=overrideBi, overrideDi=overrideDi}
        end
    else
        if infoTense.preverb then
            preverb = infoTense:preverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                        overrideBi=overrideBi, overrideDi=overrideDi,
										accent=accent}
        end
    end

    infoTense.conj = {}
    local spacing = isCompoundVerb and ' ' or ''
    local endings = infoTense:endings(stem)
	
	-- 'rojhilatî' accent (devok) for present stem
	if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then
		if (accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			endings = endings['rojhilatî']
		else
			endings = endings['std']
		end

	end
	
    local preverbParticles = export.getPreverbParticules(infoTense.preverbParticle, infoTense.stem, isTransitive)
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (infoTense.stem == 'past')

    -- Creating the conjugation table for a given tense
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local ending
        local conjSimbleVerb
        local conjVerb

        if isErgative then
            ending = endings.s3
        else
            ending = endings[pers]
        end

        -- Adding space after the preverbal particle, and
		-- if &quot;addPreverbParticles='na'&quot;: remove preverb particles (ê/dê).
		local preverbParticle = ''
		if infoTense.preverbParticle and addPreverbParticles ~= 'na' then
	            preverbParticle = preverbParticles[pers] .. ' '
		end

        conjSimbleVerb = negPrefix  .. preverb .. stem .. ending
        -- Adding prefixe and suffixe
        conjVerb =  preSimpleVerb .. spacing .. conjSimbleVerb .. postSimpleVerb
        -- Spelling correction(îy -&gt; iy)
        conjVerb = mw.ustring.gsub(conjVerb, 'îy', 'iy')
        -- Add a link / if tags='na' no links
		if tags ~= 'na' then
        	conjVerb = link{term=conjVerb, lang=langKu}
		end
        -- Addition of the preverbal particle
        infoTense.conj[pers] = preverbParticle .. conjVerb
    end

    -- Imperative
    if (infoTense.name == 'impPresent') then
        infoTense.conj.s1 = nil
        infoTense.conj.s2 = infoTense.conj.s3
        infoTense.conj.s3 = nil
        infoTense.conj.p1 = nil
        -- infoTense.conj.p2 = infoTense.conj.p2
        infoTense.conj.p3 = nil
    end

    return infoTense
end

-- =============================================================================
--                               END
-- =============================================================================
-- Some useful tools
-- =============================================================================
-- Returns the list of verb tenses
export.tensesList = function()
	local list = {}
    for _, tense in pairs(export.tenseRules) do
        table.insert(list, tense.name)
    end
	return list
end

-- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
-- (for a given conjugate tense in all persons of that tense)
function export.concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjVerbs)
	local concatTab = {}
	for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
		concatTab[pers] = pronoms[pers] .. ' ' .. conjVerbs[pers]
	end

	return concatTab
end
-- =============================================================================
-- ADDITIONAL STEM OF THE PAST AND PRESENT (pastStem2, ... and presentStem2, ...)
-- This function does nothing more than add additional parameters for verb stems
-- in the past and present tenses.
-- Conjugations for the different stems will be separated by &quot;/&quot;
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems)
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
     opts.tense = tense or nil
     
    presentStems = presentStems or {}
	pastStems = pastStems or {}

    
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if not infoTense then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    local stems = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStems or pastStems

    -- For each verb stem, its conjugation table is calculated and stored in conjTabs.
    local conjTabs = {}
    for i = 1, #stems do
        if stems[i] then
            if (infoTense.stem == 'past') then opts.pastStem = stems[i] end
            if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then opts.presentStem = stems[i] end

            local conj = export.conjugate(opts).conj
            table.insert(conjTabs, conj)
        end
    end

    -- We concatenate each row of the conjugation tables.
    local concatConjTabs = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local frag = {}
        for i = 1, #conjTabs do
            local val = conjTabs[i][pers]
            if val then table.insert(frag, tostring(val)) end
        end
        concatConjTabs[pers] = table.concat(frag, &quot; / &quot;)
    end

    infoTense.conj = concatConjTabs

    return infoTense
end

-- ====================================================================================
--  VERB CONUGATION IN ALL TENSES WITH OR WITHOUT PRONOUMS
-- ====================================================================================
function export.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems, negation, concatPrs)
	-- &quot;concatPrs=false&quot; table without pronouns
	
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
    
    if negation == 'negative' then opts.isNegative = true end

    -- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
	local concatPronomsVerbs = export.concatPronomsVerbs

    -- Tenses list
    local tensesList = export.tensesList()

    -- Conjugation in all tenses
    local conjTab = {}
    for _, tense in ipairs(tensesList) do
        local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy')

		-- We create the conjugation table without the pronouns.
        conjTab[tense] = deepCopy(export.conjugateLong(opts, tense, presentStems, pastStems), 'copy')
		
        -- We concatenate the pronouns and the verbs if &quot;concatPrs&quot; is different of &quot;false&quot;
		-- No pronouns for the imperative mood
		if (tense ~= 'impPresent' and concatPrs ~= false) then
			local pronoms = deepCopy(export.conjPronouns(infoTense.stem, infoTense.mode, opts.isTransitive))
        	conjTab[tense].conj = concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjTab[tense].conj)
        end
    end

    return conjTab
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- Allows you to obtain a given conjugation from a model.
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|tew|dem=indPresent|kes=s1}}
-- See {{ku-tewîn-lk-niha}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.tew(frame)
   local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isNegative     = frame.args['neyînî'] or false,
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or nil,
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or nil,
		accent         = args['devok'] or 'std',
		tags           = args['lînk'] or 'erê',
        overrideBi     = args['bi'] or nil,
        overrideDi     = args['di'] or nil,
        overrideNa     = args['na'] or nil,
        overrideNe     = args['ne'] or nil,
        impNegForm     = nil
    }
	
	local tense        = frame.args['dem'] or nil
	local pers         = frame.args['kes'] or nil
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems    = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}

    -- A few checks
    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerguhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    if (baseOpts.isNegative == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isNegative = true
    end

	local tabConj = export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems).conj
	
    return tabConj[pers]
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- GET COMMMA SEPARED FORMS
-- Bnr. [[MediaWiki:Gadget-QQ.js]]
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|get_comma_separated_forms|niha=kev|borî=ket}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.get_comma_separated_forms(frame)
    local opts = {
        presentStem    = frame.args['niha'],
        pastStem       = frame.args['borî'],
        isTransitive   = false,
        isNegative     = false,
        isCompoundVerb = frame['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = frame['pêşgir'] or '',
        postSimpleVerb = frame['paşgir'] or '',
        overrideBi     = frame['bi'] or nil,
        overrideDi     = frame['di'] or nil,
        overrideNa     = frame['na'] or nil,
        overrideNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
        impNegForm     = nil,
		tags           = 'na', -- Remove links/tags
		addPreverbParticles = 'na' -- Remove preverb particles (ê/dê)
    }

   local function concateList(tenseList)
        local concatList = {}
        for _, pers in ipairs({&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;}) do
        	local tense = tenseList[pers]
            table.insert(concatList, tense)
        end

        return table.concat(concatList, &quot;,&quot;)
   end

   	local tenseList = {'indPresent','indPreterite','indImperfect',
                      'indPluperfect','indPerfect','indNwPluperfect',
                      'indFuture','indFuturePerfect',
                      'subjImperfect','subjPluperfect'
                    }
                    
    local concatAllTense = {}
    
    for  i = 1, #tenseList do
        local tense = tenseList[i]
        if export.tenseRules[tense] then
            opts.tense = tense
            local conj = shallowCopy(export.conjugate(opts).conj)
            local concatTense = concateList(conj)
            table.insert(concatAllTense, concatTense)
        end
    end
    
    return table.concat(concatAllTense, &quot;,&quot;)
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>t7ghcj2t86c2ggnxh34rgyrx5mmtgrd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237283</id>
      <parentid>6237277</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T03:21:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>6237283</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="41271" sha1="97yzfd94xkc575fnt6vz5oty9kv2oj7" xml:space="preserve">-- Modula tewandina lêkerên kurmancî

local export = {}

-- Load irregular forms table
-- local irreg = require('Module:ku-tewandin/nestandard')
local langKu = require(&quot;Modul:languages&quot;).getByCode(&quot;ku&quot;)
local link = require('Module:links').language_link
local shallowCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/shallowCopy&quot;)
local deepCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/deepCopy&quot;)

-- =============================================================================
-- Pronouns in Kurmanji
-- =============================================================================
export.order = {&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;, &quot;p2&quot;, &quot;p3&quot;}

export.pronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;ez&quot;,    p1 = &quot;em&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;tu&quot;,    p2 = &quot;hûn&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;ew&quot;,    p3 = &quot;ew&quot;
}

export.obliquePronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;min&quot;,      p1 = &quot;me&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;te&quot;,       p2 = &quot;we&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;wê/wî&quot;,    p3 = &quot;wan&quot;
}

export.agents = {
    s1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,            p1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,           p2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;,   p3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;
}

-- Oblique pronoun (green) 
export.obliquePronounsGreen = {
    s1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;min&lt;/span&gt;',
    s2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;te&lt;/span&gt;',
    s3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wê/wî&lt;/span&gt;',
    p1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;me&lt;/span&gt;',
    p2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;we&lt;/span&gt;',
    p3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wan&lt;/span&gt;'
}

-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-- 1) This function returns correct subject/agent pronoun, ergativity rule:
--   - Transitive verbs in past tenses → oblique pronoun (green) = agent
--   - All other cases                 → direct pronoun (no color) = subject
-- 2) Also add the subjunctive prefix &quot;(bila)&quot;
-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
function export.conjPronouns(stemType, mode, isTransitive)
    local pronouns = shallowCopy(export.pronouns)

    -- Ergativity in kurdish: transitive verbs that are conjugated with the past tense stem are
    -- conjugated according to the object, not the subject.
    -- Therefore, to have an ergative construction,
    -- the verb must be transitive and its stem must be the stem of the past tense.
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (stemType == 'past')

    -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
    -- If it's not ergative, we use normal pronouns: &quot;ez&quot;, &quot;tu&quot;, ...
    if isErgative then
        pronouns = shallowCopy(export.obliquePronounsGreen)
    end

    -- For the subjunctive mood, we add &quot;(bila)&quot; at the beginning.
    if mode == 'subjunctive' then
    	local subjPrefix = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(bila)&lt;/span&gt;'
        for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
            pronouns[pers] = subjPrefix .. ' ' .. pronouns[pers]
        end
    end
    return pronouns
end

-- =============================================================================
-- VERBAL STRUCTURE IN THE INFINITIVE:
-- Verbs in the infinitive appear in three main forms:
--  1) Simple verb (indivisible light verb):
--       - ex.:  &quot;kirin&quot;, &quot;çûn&quot;, &quot;xwarin&quot;, ...
--  2) Verbs with preverbs (preverb + simple verb):
--       - ex.: &quot;rakirin&quot; (ra- + kirin), &quot;çêkirin&quot; (çê- + kirin), &quot;vexwarin&quot; (ve- + xwarin), ...
--       - Preverb verbs don't use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê rakim , ew ê rake , ...)
--  3) Compound verbs, construction with non-verbal element (the noun is not attached to the verb):
--       - Left of the simple verb: &quot;hez kirin&quot; (&quot;hez&quot; + &quot;kirin&quot;), &quot;li dar xistin&quot; (&quot;li dar&quot; + &quot;xistin&quot;), ...
--       - Right of the simple verb: &quot;kirin der&quot; (&quot;kirin&quot; + &quot;der&quot;), &quot;girtin ser xwe&quot; (&quot;girtin&quot; + &quot;ser xwe&quot;), ...
--       - Compound verbs use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê hez bi-kim , ew ê hez bi-ke )

-- STRUCTURE:  preSimpleVerb + spacing + simpleVerb + postSimpleVerb
-- EX.     kirin: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       rakirin: preSimpleVerb='ra';  spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--     hez kirin: preSimpleVerb='hez'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       pev çûn: preSimpleVerb='pev'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='çûn';   postSimpleVerb=''
--     kirin der: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb='der'

-- WARNING: Conjugation can vary depending on the type of verb.
-- For example, in the future tense,the prefix &quot;bi&quot; is used for compound verbs,
-- but not for preverbal verbs, see the function that manages it  &quot;tenseRules&quot; table.
-- This table does not yet support the mixed case: a verb composed of a noun and a preverb verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)
    local struct

    if (preSimpleVerb and preSimpleVerb ~= '' and not isCompoundVerb) then
        struct = 'preverbVerb'
    elseif isCompoundVerb then
        struct = 'compoundVerb'
    else
        struct = 'simpleVerb'
    end

    return struct
end

-- ================================================================
-- INFLECTIONAL ENDINGS
-- Assigns verb inflectional endings (suffixes) to all tenses
-- ================================================================
local getEndings = {}

do
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ending using present stem
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['present'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends = {}
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends['std'] = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
            ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='m', s2='(y)', s3='t', p1='yn', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends['std'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='e', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
			ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='&lt;u&gt;it&lt;/u&gt;/ît', p1='în', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. preterite + ind. imperfect ending
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['past'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
		local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiouû]$') then
            ends = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, 'î$') then
           -- if self.name == 'indImperfect' then
           --     -- special indicative ind. imperfect rule
           --     ends = {s1='yam', s2='yayî', s3='ya', p1='yan', p2='yan', p3='yan'}
           -- end
            ends = {s1='m', s2='', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Compound endings with auxiliary &quot;bûn&quot;
    -- Inflectional endings are created by taking the different forms of the
    -- verb &quot;bûn&quot; (with present stem &quot;-b-&quot; and past stem &quot;-bû-&quot;) and
    -- adding an &quot;i-&quot; prefix before them: &quot;i-b-im&quot;, &quot;i-bû-m&quot;, &quot;i-bû-me&quot;, &quot;i-bû-ma&quot;.
    -- This &quot;i-&quot; varies according to the final letter of the verb stem.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    local function normalize_i(stem)
        local prfx_i = &quot;i&quot;
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;ya$&quot;) or
           mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;[îû]$&quot;) then -- cf. karîn (-karî-)
           	prfx_i = &quot;&quot;
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiou]$') then
            prfx_i = &quot;yi&quot;
        end
        return prfx_i
    end

    getEndings['ibim'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bim&quot;,   p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;be&quot;,    p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûm'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûm&quot;,     p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bû&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûme'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûme&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyiye&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûye&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûma'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûma&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyayî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûya&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;
        }
    end
    
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. perfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ime'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;me&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;ye&quot;, p1=&quot;ne&quot;, p2=&quot;ne&quot;, p3=&quot;ne&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ime&quot;, s2=&quot;iyî&quot;, s3=&quot;iye&quot;, p1=&quot;ine&quot;, p2=&quot;ine&quot;, p3=&quot;ine&quot;}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Subj. Imperfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ama'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        -- The doublet in &quot;-iyan&quot; of verbs in -&quot;în&quot; (gerîn/-geriya-, kenîn/-keniya-, ...),
        -- in the conditional and subjunctive moods, a doublet &quot;yaya&quot; appears; it's removed.
        -- -yayayî → -yayî; -yaya → -ya
		if mw.ustring.match(stem, '(ya)$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
		elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yayî&quot;, s3=&quot;ya&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ama&quot;, s2=&quot;ayî&quot;, s3=&quot;a&quot;, p1=&quot;ana&quot;, p2=&quot;ana&quot;, p3=&quot;ana&quot;}
        end
        return ends
    end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR PREVERBS: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;
-- There are two preverbs: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;. These preverbs can change form
-- depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getPreverb = {}

do
	getPreverb['bi'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local verbStruct = opts.verbStruct
	    local overrideBi = opts.overrideBi
		local accent     = opts.accent

		-- Devoka rojhilatî:
		-- @Ferhengvan: Dema bêt bi lêkera alîkar &quot;ê / dê&quot; û bi rehê lêkerê yê
		-- dema niha û pêşgirên kesî tê çêkirin. Pêşgira &quot;bi-&quot; li destpêka lêkera
		-- serekî nîne: - ez ê / dê xw-im (standard: ez ê/dê bi-xw-im).
		if (self.name == 'indFuture' and accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			return ''
		end
	
	    -- Preverb verbs don't use the preverb &quot;bi-&quot;: ra-kirin (ez ê rakim), ve-xwarin (ez ê vexwim) , ...
	    -- But compound verb and simple verbs use it: hez kirin (ez ê hez bi-kim), lê bigirin (ez ê lê bi-girim), ...
	    if (verbStruct == 'preverbVerb') then
	        return ''
	    end
	
	    if overrideBi then return overrideBi end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikBi[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikBi[stem] end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;bi-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[aeêiîouû]') then
	        return 'b'
	    end
	
	    return 'bi'
	end
	
	getPreverb['di'] = function (opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overrideDi = opts.overrideDi
	
	    if overrideDi then return overrideDi end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikDi[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikDi[stem] end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;di-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[ai]') then
	        return 'd'
	    end
	    -- Ex. hatin : stem = -ê- // ez têm
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[êî]') then
	        return 't'
	    end
	
	    return 'di'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR NEGATION PREFIXES: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;
-- There are two negation prefixes: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;. These preverbs can change
-- form depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getNegPrefix = {}

do
	getNegPrefix['na'] = function (opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overrideNa = opts.overrideNa
	
	    if overrideNa then return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNa .. '&lt;/b&gt;' end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] end
	
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;nay&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;n&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Tîpa duyem &quot;-a-&quot; ye (k-a-rîn, z-a-nîn, ...)
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^%wa') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;ni&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;na&lt;/b&gt;'
	end

	getNegPrefix['ne'] = function (opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local tenseName = opts.tenseName
	    local impNegForm = opts.impNegForm
	    local overrideNe = opts.overrideNe
	
	    if overrideNe then return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;' end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikNe[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikNe[stem] end
	
	    local negPrefix = 'ne'
	    -- There are two forms of construction of the imperative,
	    -- one with the prefix &quot;me-&quot; and the other with the prefix &quot;ne-&quot;.
	    if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
	        negPrefix = (impNegForm == 2) and 'ne' or 'me'
	    end
	
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. 'y&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        negPrefix = mw.ustring.sub(negPrefix, 1, -2)
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- Standardization of the PREVERBAL PARTICLE
-- The proverbial particle &quot;ê&quot; is placed after the personal pronoun.
-- =============================================================================
-- If there are no verbal preparticles, return empty table.
function export.getPreverbParticules(preverbParticle, typeStem, isTransitive)
    if not preverbParticle then
        return {s1='', s2='', s3='', p1='', p2='', p3=''}
    end

    if preverbParticle == 'ê' then
        local isErgative = isTransitive and (typeStem == 'past')

        -- When the personal pronoun ends in a vowel, a &quot;y-&quot; is added before &quot;ê&quot;.
        -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
        if isErgative then
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='yê/dê', p1='yê/dê', p2='yê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        else
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='ê/dê', p1='ê/dê', p2='ê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        end
    end

    -- If the verbal preparticle is identical for all pronouns,
    -- we create a table with the same value.
    local preverbParticles = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        preverbParticles[pers] = preverbParticle
    end

    return preverbParticles
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING EACH VERB TENSE
-- This table lists, for each verb tense, what elements are required to form it:
--   - Verb conjugation is built by placing either the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; or &quot;di-&quot; before
--     the verb stem (past or present), followed by a personal ending.
--   - For the negative form, one of the prefixes &quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot; is added as well.
--   - In some cases, a preverbal particle such as /ê/ or /dê/ is added before
--     the conjugated verb as well.
-- Not: - The &quot;negPreverb&quot; (preverb (bi-/di-) for negative tenses) parameter has a
--         value different from &quot;nil&quot; only for the Imperfect tense (&quot;negPreverb=di&quot;).
--      - The parameter &quot;negPrefix=na&quot; is used only for the present indicative.
--
-- Preverb &quot;di&quot;, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(present stem), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(past stem)
--                        - Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;IndImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
-- Preverb &quot;bi&quot;, used in: &quot;indFuture&quot;(present stem), &quot;subPresent&quot;(present stem),
--                         &quot;subImperfect&quot;(past stem) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(past stem)
--                        - The prefix &quot;bi-&quot; isn't used in negative forms.
--
-- Present stem, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(di)(na),
--                        &quot;indFuture&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;subPresent&quot;(bi)(ne)
--
-- Past stem, used in: &quot;indPreterite&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(di)(ne), &quot;indPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;indPerfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPreterite&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subImperfect&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(bi)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne) = &quot;condPreterite&quot;(-)(ne)
-- =============================================================================
-- Some conjugations are identical except that they differ only in the preverbal particle (/ê/, /dê/).
-- So, to avoid repeating the same information (and thus risking errors),
-- we establish the common part shared between these verbs.
local sharedTenseRules = {
    indFuture = {
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['present']
    },

    indFuturePerfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibim']
    },

    subImperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ama']
    },

    subPluperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûma']
    }
}

local mt = {
    __index = function(t, k)
        local commonRules = t._commonRules
        if commonRules then return commonRules[k] end
    end
}

-- TENSES CONJUGATION RULES
export.tenseRules = {
    -- IMPERATIVE MOOD
    impPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;impPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raweya fermanî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present imperative&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;imperative&quot;,
        _commonRules = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- INDICATIVE MOOD
    indPresent = {
        name         = &quot;indPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema niha&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['na'],
        endings      = getEndings['present'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPreterite = {
        name         = &quot;indPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya sade&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;simple past&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indImperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya berdest&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;Imperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = getPreverb['di'],
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPluperfect    = {
        name         = &quot;indPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûm'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indFuture = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuture&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema bê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    indFuturePerfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dahatiya pêş&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    -- In some books, the &quot;perfect&quot; and &quot;nonconfirmative pluperfect&quot; tenses
    -- are classified in the &quot;inferential mood&quot; (&quot;moda neşahidî&quot;).
    -- Currently we classify them using the indicative mood (at the end).
    indPerfect = {
        name         = &quot;indPerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ime'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indNwPluperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya boriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;non-witnessed pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûme'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    -- SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
    subjPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema nihaya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    subjPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjImperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;imperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjPluperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr a bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- CONDITIONAL MOOD
    condPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya dema nihaya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    condPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

}

-- =============================================================================
-- MAIN CONJUGATION FUNCTOIN
-- This function returns an array containing the conjugation table for a given
-- tense as well as other information about the conjugated verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugate(opts)
    opts = opts or {}
    -- Required parameters
    local tense          = opts.tense or error(&quot;'tense' required&quot;, 2)
    --One of the two parameters is required:
    --  - If the tense uses the present stem, indicate &quot;presentStem&quot;.
    --  - If it uses the past stem, indicate &quot;pastStem&quot;.
    local presentStem    = opts.presentStem
    local pastStem       = opts.pastStem
    -- Optional parameters
    local isTransitive   = opts.isTransitive or false   -- Indicate if the verb is transitive (true/false)
    local isNegative     = opts.isNegative or false     -- Indicate if it's the negative form (true/false)
    local isCompoundVerb = opts.isCompoundVerb or false -- Indicate if it's a compound verb (true/false)
    local preSimpleVerb  = opts.preSimpleVerb or ''     -- The part before the simple verb
    local postSimpleVerb = opts.postSimpleVerb or ''    -- The part after the simple verb
    -- These parameters are provided when the verb is irregular.
    -- Allows you to manually modify preverbs (&quot;bi-&quot;&quot; or &quot;di-&quot;)
    -- and negation prefixes (&quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot;)
    local overrideBi     = opts.overrideBi or nil
    local overrideDi     = opts.overrideDi or nil
    local overrideNa     = opts.overrideNa or nil
    local overrideNe     = opts.overrideNe or nil
    -- By default, the negation of the imperative is constructed from the prefix &quot;me-&quot;&quot;.
    -- To obtain the second variant, the prefix with &quot;ne-&quot;, you must specify &quot;impNegForm=2&quot;.
    local impNegForm     = opts.impNegForm or nil
	-- Accent/ Devok
    local accent = opts.accent or 'std'
	
	-- If &quot;tags='na'&quot;, remove links/tags
	local tags = opts.tags or 'erê'
	-- If addPreverbParticles='na', remove preverb particles (ê/dê) before
	-- the conjugated verbs.
	local addPreverbParticles = opts.addPreverbParticles or 'erê'

	
	-- We add a space to the left of the &quot;postSimpleVerb&quot; because it shouldn't be attached
	-- to the simple verb.
	if (postSimpleVerb ~= '' and postSimpleVerb ~=nil) then
		postSimpleVerb = ' ' .. postSimpleVerb
	end

    -- Access to the classification table and retrieval of verb tense parameters
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if (not infoTense) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- We check that one of the two parameters of the stem is given
    if (infoTense.stem == 'present' and not presentStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;presentStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    elseif (infoTense.stem == 'past' and not pastStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;pasttStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- Choice between the present stem or past stem
    local stem = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStem or pastStem

    --────────────────────────────
    -- Conjugation construction --
    -- ───────────────────────────
    local preverb = ''
    local negPrefix = ''
    -- Ruturns the verb type: &quot;simpleVerb&quot; or &quot;preverbVerb&quot; or &quot;compoundVerb&quot;
    local verbStruct = export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)

    if isNegative then
        negPrefix = infoTense.negPrefix{stem=stem, tenseName=tense,
                                        impNegForm=impNegForm,
                                        overrideNa=overrideNa, overrideNe=overrideNe}
        if infoTense.negPreverb then
            preverb = infoTense.negPreverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                           overrideBi=overrideBi, overrideDi=overrideDi}
        end
    else
        if infoTense.preverb then
            preverb = infoTense:preverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                        overrideBi=overrideBi, overrideDi=overrideDi,
										accent=accent}
        end
    end

    infoTense.conj = {}
    local spacing = isCompoundVerb and ' ' or ''
    local endings = infoTense:endings(stem)
	
	-- 'rojhilatî' accent (devok) for present stem
	if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then
		if (accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			endings = endings['rojhilatî']
		else
			endings = endings['std']
		end

	end
	
    local preverbParticles = export.getPreverbParticules(infoTense.preverbParticle, infoTense.stem, isTransitive)
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (infoTense.stem == 'past')

    -- Creating the conjugation table for a given tense
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local ending
        local conjSimbleVerb
        local conjVerb

        if isErgative then
            ending = endings.s3
        else
            ending = endings[pers]
        end

        -- Adding space after the preverbal particle, and
		-- if &quot;addPreverbParticles='na'&quot;: remove preverb particles (ê/dê).
		local preverbParticle = ''
		if infoTense.preverbParticle and addPreverbParticles ~= 'na' then
	            preverbParticle = preverbParticles[pers] .. ' '
		end

        conjSimbleVerb = negPrefix  .. preverb .. stem .. ending
        -- Adding prefixe and suffixe
        conjVerb =  preSimpleVerb .. spacing .. conjSimbleVerb .. postSimpleVerb
        -- Spelling correction(îy -&gt; iy)
        conjVerb = mw.ustring.gsub(conjVerb, 'îy', 'iy')
        -- Add a link / if tags='na' no links
		if tags ~= 'na' then
        	conjVerb = link{term=conjVerb, lang=langKu}
		end
        -- Addition of the preverbal particle
        infoTense.conj[pers] = preverbParticle .. conjVerb
    end

    -- Imperative
    if (infoTense.name == 'impPresent') then
        infoTense.conj.s1 = nil
        infoTense.conj.s2 = infoTense.conj.s3
        infoTense.conj.s3 = nil
        infoTense.conj.p1 = nil
        -- infoTense.conj.p2 = infoTense.conj.p2
        infoTense.conj.p3 = nil
    end

    return infoTense
end

-- =============================================================================
--                               END
-- =============================================================================
-- Some useful tools
-- =============================================================================
-- Returns the list of verb tenses
export.tensesList = function()
	local list = {}
    for _, tense in pairs(export.tenseRules) do
        table.insert(list, tense.name)
    end
	return list
end

-- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
-- (for a given conjugate tense in all persons of that tense)
function export.concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjVerbs)
	local concatTab = {}
	for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
		concatTab[pers] = pronoms[pers] .. ' ' .. conjVerbs[pers]
	end

	return concatTab
end
-- =============================================================================
-- ADDITIONAL STEM OF THE PAST AND PRESENT (pastStem2, ... and presentStem2, ...)
-- This function does nothing more than add additional parameters for verb stems
-- in the past and present tenses.
-- Conjugations for the different stems will be separated by &quot;/&quot;
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems)
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
     opts.tense = tense or nil
     
    presentStems = presentStems or {}
	pastStems = pastStems or {}

    
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if not infoTense then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    local stems = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStems or pastStems

    -- For each verb stem, its conjugation table is calculated and stored in conjTabs.
    local conjTabs = {}
    for i = 1, #stems do
        if stems[i] then
            if (infoTense.stem == 'past') then opts.pastStem = stems[i] end
            if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then opts.presentStem = stems[i] end

            local conj = export.conjugate(opts).conj
            table.insert(conjTabs, conj)
        end
    end

    -- We concatenate each row of the conjugation tables.
    local concatConjTabs = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local frag = {}
        for i = 1, #conjTabs do
            local val = conjTabs[i][pers]
            if val then table.insert(frag, tostring(val)) end
        end
        concatConjTabs[pers] = table.concat(frag, &quot; / &quot;)
    end

    infoTense.conj = concatConjTabs

    return infoTense
end

-- ====================================================================================
--  VERB CONUGATION IN ALL TENSES WITH OR WITHOUT PRONOUMS
-- ====================================================================================
function export.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems, negation, concatPrs)
	-- &quot;concatPrs=false&quot; table without pronouns
	
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
    
    if negation == 'negative' then opts.isNegative = true end

    -- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
	local concatPronomsVerbs = export.concatPronomsVerbs

    -- Tenses list
    local tensesList = export.tensesList()

    -- Conjugation in all tenses
    local conjTab = {}
    for _, tense in ipairs(tensesList) do
        local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy')

		-- We create the conjugation table without the pronouns.
        conjTab[tense] = deepCopy(export.conjugateLong(opts, tense, presentStems, pastStems), 'copy')
		
        -- We concatenate the pronouns and the verbs if &quot;concatPrs&quot; is different of &quot;false&quot;
		-- No pronouns for the imperative mood
		if (tense ~= 'impPresent' and concatPrs ~= false) then
			local pronoms = deepCopy(export.conjPronouns(infoTense.stem, infoTense.mode, opts.isTransitive))
        	conjTab[tense].conj = concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjTab[tense].conj)
        end
    end

    return conjTab
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- Allows you to obtain a given conjugation from a model.
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|tew|dem=indPresent|kes=s1}}
-- See {{ku-tewîn-lk-niha}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.tew(frame)
   local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isNegative     = frame.args['neyînî'] or false,
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or nil,
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or nil,
		accent         = args['devok'] or 'std',
		tags           = args['lînk'] or 'erê',
        overrideBi     = args['bi'] or nil,
        overrideDi     = args['di'] or nil,
        overrideNa     = args['na'] or nil,
        overrideNe     = args['ne'] or nil,
        impNegForm     = nil
    }
	
	local tense        = frame.args['dem'] or nil
	local pers         = frame.args['kes'] or nil
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems    = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}

    -- A few checks
    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerguhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    if (baseOpts.isNegative == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isNegative = true
    end

	local tabConj = export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems).conj
	
    return tabConj[pers]
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- GET COMMMA SEPARED FORMS
-- Bnr. [[MediaWiki:Gadget-QQ.js]]
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|get_comma_separated_forms|niha=kev|borî=ket}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.get_comma_separated_forms(frame)
    local opts = {
        presentStem    = frame.args['niha'],
        pastStem       = frame.args['borî'],
        isTransitive   = false,
        isNegative     = false,
        isCompoundVerb = frame['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = frame['pêşgir'] or '',
        postSimpleVerb = frame['paşgir'] or '',
        overrideBi     = frame['bi'] or nil,
        overrideDi     = frame['di'] or nil,
        overrideNa     = frame['na'] or nil,
        overrideNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
        impNegForm     = nil,
		tags           = 'na', -- Remove links/tags
		addPreverbParticles = 'na' -- Remove preverb particles (ê/dê)
    }

   local function concateList(tenseList)
        local concatList = {}
        for _, pers in ipairs({&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;}) do
        	local tense = tenseList[pers]
            table.insert(concatList, tense)
        end

        return table.concat(concatList, &quot;,&quot;)
   end

   	local tenseList = {'indPresent','indPreterite','indImperfect',
                      'indPluperfect','indPerfect','indNwPluperfect',
                      'indFuture','indFuturePerfect',
                      'subjImperfect','subjPluperfect'
                    }
                    
    local concatAllTense = {}
    
    for  i = 1, #tenseList do
        local tense = tenseList[i]
        if export.tenseRules[tense] then
            opts.tense = tense
            local conj = shallowCopy(export.conjugate(opts).conj)
            local concatTense = concateList(conj)
            table.insert(concatAllTense, concatTense)
        end
    end
    
    return table.concat(concatAllTense, &quot;,&quot;)
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>97yzfd94xkc575fnt6vz5oty9kv2oj7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237284</id>
      <parentid>6237283</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T03:43:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>6237284</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="41375" sha1="trs1pn9705709s1lzoifj8x4oy6vuvh" xml:space="preserve">-- Modula tewandina lêkerên kurmancî

local export = {}

-- Load irregular forms table
-- local irreg = require('Module:ku-tewandin/nestandard')
local langKu = require(&quot;Modul:languages&quot;).getByCode(&quot;ku&quot;)
local link = require('Module:links').language_link
local shallowCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/shallowCopy&quot;)
local deepCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/deepCopy&quot;)

-- =============================================================================
-- Pronouns in Kurmanji
-- =============================================================================
export.order = {&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;, &quot;p2&quot;, &quot;p3&quot;}

export.pronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;ez&quot;,    p1 = &quot;em&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;tu&quot;,    p2 = &quot;hûn&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;ew&quot;,    p3 = &quot;ew&quot;
}

export.obliquePronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;min&quot;,      p1 = &quot;me&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;te&quot;,       p2 = &quot;we&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;wê/wî&quot;,    p3 = &quot;wan&quot;
}

export.agents = {
    s1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,            p1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,           p2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;,   p3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;
}

-- Oblique pronoun (green) 
export.obliquePronounsGreen = {
    s1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;min&lt;/span&gt;',
    s2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;te&lt;/span&gt;',
    s3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wê/wî&lt;/span&gt;',
    p1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;me&lt;/span&gt;',
    p2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;we&lt;/span&gt;',
    p3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wan&lt;/span&gt;'
}

-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-- 1) This function returns correct subject/agent pronoun, ergativity rule:
--   - Transitive verbs in past tenses → oblique pronoun (green) = agent
--   - All other cases                 → direct pronoun (no color) = subject
-- 2) Also add the subjunctive prefix &quot;(bila)&quot;
-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
function export.conjPronouns(stemType, mode, isTransitive)
    local pronouns = shallowCopy(export.pronouns)

    -- Ergativity in kurdish: transitive verbs that are conjugated with the past tense stem are
    -- conjugated according to the object, not the subject.
    -- Therefore, to have an ergative construction,
    -- the verb must be transitive and its stem must be the stem of the past tense.
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (stemType == 'past')

    -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
    -- If it's not ergative, we use normal pronouns: &quot;ez&quot;, &quot;tu&quot;, ...
    if isErgative then
        pronouns = shallowCopy(export.obliquePronounsGreen)
    end

    -- For the subjunctive mood, we add &quot;(bila)&quot; at the beginning.
    if mode == 'subjunctive' then
    	local subjPrefix = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(bila)&lt;/span&gt;'
        for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
            pronouns[pers] = subjPrefix .. ' ' .. pronouns[pers]
        end
    end
    return pronouns
end

-- =============================================================================
-- VERBAL STRUCTURE IN THE INFINITIVE:
-- Verbs in the infinitive appear in three main forms:
--  1) Simple verb (indivisible light verb):
--       - ex.:  &quot;kirin&quot;, &quot;çûn&quot;, &quot;xwarin&quot;, ...
--  2) Verbs with preverbs (preverb + simple verb):
--       - ex.: &quot;rakirin&quot; (ra- + kirin), &quot;çêkirin&quot; (çê- + kirin), &quot;vexwarin&quot; (ve- + xwarin), ...
--       - Preverb verbs don't use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê rakim , ew ê rake , ...)
--  3) Compound verbs, construction with non-verbal element (the noun is not attached to the verb):
--       - Left of the simple verb: &quot;hez kirin&quot; (&quot;hez&quot; + &quot;kirin&quot;), &quot;li dar xistin&quot; (&quot;li dar&quot; + &quot;xistin&quot;), ...
--       - Right of the simple verb: &quot;kirin der&quot; (&quot;kirin&quot; + &quot;der&quot;), &quot;girtin ser xwe&quot; (&quot;girtin&quot; + &quot;ser xwe&quot;), ...
--       - Compound verbs use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê hez bi-kim , ew ê hez bi-ke )

-- STRUCTURE:  preSimpleVerb + spacing + simpleVerb + postSimpleVerb
-- EX.     kirin: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       rakirin: preSimpleVerb='ra';  spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--     hez kirin: preSimpleVerb='hez'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       pev çûn: preSimpleVerb='pev'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='çûn';   postSimpleVerb=''
--     kirin der: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb='der'

-- WARNING: Conjugation can vary depending on the type of verb.
-- For example, in the future tense,the prefix &quot;bi&quot; is used for compound verbs,
-- but not for preverbal verbs, see the function that manages it  &quot;tenseRules&quot; table.
-- This table does not yet support the mixed case: a verb composed of a noun and a preverb verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)
    local struct

    if (preSimpleVerb and preSimpleVerb ~= '' and not isCompoundVerb) then
        struct = 'preverbVerb'
    elseif isCompoundVerb then
        struct = 'compoundVerb'
    else
        struct = 'simpleVerb'
    end

    return struct
end

-- ================================================================
-- INFLECTIONAL ENDINGS
-- Assigns verb inflectional endings (suffixes) to all tenses
-- ================================================================
local getEndings = {}

do
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ending using present stem
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['present'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends = {}
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends['std'] = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
            ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='m', s2='(y)', s3='t', p1='yn', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends['std'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='e', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
			ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='&lt;u&gt;it&lt;/u&gt;/ît', p1='în', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. preterite + ind. imperfect ending
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['past'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
		local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiouû]$') then
            ends = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, 'î$') then
           -- if self.name == 'indImperfect' then
           --     -- special indicative ind. imperfect rule
           --     ends = {s1='yam', s2='yayî', s3='ya', p1='yan', p2='yan', p3='yan'}
           -- end
            ends = {s1='m', s2='', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Compound endings with auxiliary &quot;bûn&quot;
    -- Inflectional endings are created by taking the different forms of the
    -- verb &quot;bûn&quot; (with present stem &quot;-b-&quot; and past stem &quot;-bû-&quot;) and
    -- adding an &quot;i-&quot; prefix before them: &quot;i-b-im&quot;, &quot;i-bû-m&quot;, &quot;i-bû-me&quot;, &quot;i-bû-ma&quot;.
    -- This &quot;i-&quot; varies according to the final letter of the verb stem.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    local function normalize_i(stem)
        local prfx_i = &quot;i&quot;
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;ya$&quot;) or
           mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;[îû]$&quot;) then -- cf. karîn (-karî-)
           	prfx_i = &quot;&quot;
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiou]$') then
            prfx_i = &quot;yi&quot;
        end
        return prfx_i
    end

    getEndings['ibim'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bim&quot;,   p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;be&quot;,    p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûm'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûm&quot;,     p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bû&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûme'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûme&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyiye&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûye&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûma'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûma&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyayî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûya&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;
        }
    end
    
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. perfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ime'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;me&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;ye&quot;, p1=&quot;ne&quot;, p2=&quot;ne&quot;, p3=&quot;ne&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ime&quot;, s2=&quot;iyî&quot;, s3=&quot;iye&quot;, p1=&quot;ine&quot;, p2=&quot;ine&quot;, p3=&quot;ine&quot;}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Subj. Imperfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ama'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        -- The doublet in &quot;-iyan&quot; of verbs in -&quot;în&quot; (gerîn/-geriya-, kenîn/-keniya-, ...),
        -- in the conditional and subjunctive moods, a doublet &quot;yaya&quot; appears; it's removed.
        -- -yayayî → -yayî; -yaya → -ya
		if mw.ustring.match(stem, '(ya)$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
		elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yayî&quot;, s3=&quot;ya&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ama&quot;, s2=&quot;ayî&quot;, s3=&quot;a&quot;, p1=&quot;ana&quot;, p2=&quot;ana&quot;, p3=&quot;ana&quot;}
        end
        return ends
    end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR PREVERBS: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;
-- There are two preverbs: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;. These preverbs can change form
-- depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getPreverb = {}

do
	getPreverb['bi'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local verbStruct = opts.verbStruct
	    local overrideBi = opts.overrideBi
		local accent     = opts.accent

		-- Devoka rojhilatî:
		-- @Ferhengvan: Dema bêt bi lêkera alîkar &quot;ê / dê&quot; û bi rehê lêkerê yê
		-- dema niha û pêşgirên kesî tê çêkirin. Pêşgira &quot;bi-&quot; li destpêka lêkera
		-- serekî nîne: - ez ê / dê xw-im (standard: ez ê/dê bi-xw-im).
		if (self.name == 'indFuture' and accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			return ''
		end
	
	    -- Preverb verbs don't use the preverb &quot;bi-&quot;: ra-kirin (ez ê rakim), ve-xwarin (ez ê vexwim) , ...
	    -- But compound verb and simple verbs use it: hez kirin (ez ê hez bi-kim), lê bigirin (ez ê lê bi-girim), ...
	    if (verbStruct == 'preverbVerb') then
	        return ''
	    end
	
	    if overrideBi then return overrideBi end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikBi[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikBi[stem] end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;bi-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[aeêiîouû]') then
	        return 'b'
	    end
	
	    return 'bi'
	end
	
	getPreverb['di'] = function (self, opts)
		-- self: reserved for future use
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overrideDi = opts.overrideDi
	
	    if overrideDi then return overrideDi end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikDi[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikDi[stem] end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;di-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[ai]') then
	        return 'd'
	    end
	    -- Ex. hatin : stem = -ê- // ez têm
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[êî]') then
	        return 't'
	    end
	
	    return 'di'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR NEGATION PREFIXES: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;
-- There are two negation prefixes: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;. These preverbs can change
-- form depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getNegPrefix = {}

do
	getNegPrefix['na'] = function (opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overrideNa = opts.overrideNa
	
	    if overrideNa then return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNa .. '&lt;/b&gt;' end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] end
	
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;nay&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;n&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Tîpa duyem &quot;-a-&quot; ye (k-a-rîn, z-a-nîn, ...)
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^%wa') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;ni&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;na&lt;/b&gt;'
	end

	getNegPrefix['ne'] = function (opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local tenseName = opts.tenseName
	    local impNegForm = opts.impNegForm
	    local overrideNe = opts.overrideNe
	
	    if overrideNe then return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;' end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikNe[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikNe[stem] end
	
	    local negPrefix = 'ne'
	    -- There are two forms of construction of the imperative,
	    -- one with the prefix &quot;me-&quot; and the other with the prefix &quot;ne-&quot;.
	    if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
	        negPrefix = (impNegForm == 2) and 'ne' or 'me'
	    end
	
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. 'y&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        negPrefix = mw.ustring.sub(negPrefix, 1, -2)
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- Standardization of the PREVERBAL PARTICLE
-- The proverbial particle &quot;ê&quot; is placed after the personal pronoun.
-- =============================================================================
-- If there are no verbal preparticles, return empty table.
function export.getPreverbParticules(preverbParticle, typeStem, isTransitive)
    if not preverbParticle then
        return {s1='', s2='', s3='', p1='', p2='', p3=''}
    end

    if preverbParticle == 'ê' then
        local isErgative = isTransitive and (typeStem == 'past')

        -- When the personal pronoun ends in a vowel, a &quot;y-&quot; is added before &quot;ê&quot;.
        -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
        if isErgative then
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='yê/dê', p1='yê/dê', p2='yê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        else
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='ê/dê', p1='ê/dê', p2='ê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        end
    end

    -- If the verbal preparticle is identical for all pronouns,
    -- we create a table with the same value.
    local preverbParticles = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        preverbParticles[pers] = preverbParticle
    end

    return preverbParticles
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING EACH VERB TENSE
-- This table lists, for each verb tense, what elements are required to form it:
--   - Verb conjugation is built by placing either the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; or &quot;di-&quot; before
--     the verb stem (past or present), followed by a personal ending.
--   - For the negative form, one of the prefixes &quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot; is added as well.
--   - In some cases, a preverbal particle such as /ê/ or /dê/ is added before
--     the conjugated verb as well.
-- Not: - The &quot;negPreverb&quot; (preverb (bi-/di-) for negative tenses) parameter has a
--         value different from &quot;nil&quot; only for the Imperfect tense (&quot;negPreverb=di&quot;).
--      - The parameter &quot;negPrefix=na&quot; is used only for the present indicative.
--
-- Preverb &quot;di&quot;, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(present stem), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(past stem)
--                        - Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;IndImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
-- Preverb &quot;bi&quot;, used in: &quot;indFuture&quot;(present stem), &quot;subPresent&quot;(present stem),
--                         &quot;subImperfect&quot;(past stem) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(past stem)
--                        - The prefix &quot;bi-&quot; isn't used in negative forms.
--
-- Present stem, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(di)(na),
--                        &quot;indFuture&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;subPresent&quot;(bi)(ne)
--
-- Past stem, used in: &quot;indPreterite&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(di)(ne), &quot;indPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;indPerfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPreterite&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subImperfect&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(bi)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne) = &quot;condPreterite&quot;(-)(ne)
-- =============================================================================
-- Some conjugations are identical except that they differ only in the preverbal particle (/ê/, /dê/).
-- So, to avoid repeating the same information (and thus risking errors),
-- we establish the common part shared between these verbs.
local sharedTenseRules = {
    indFuture = {
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['present']
    },

    indFuturePerfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibim']
    },

    subImperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ama']
    },

    subPluperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûma']
    }
}

local mt = {
    __index = function(t, k)
        local commonRules = t._commonRules
        if commonRules then return commonRules[k] end
    end
}

-- TENSES CONJUGATION RULES
export.tenseRules = {
    -- IMPERATIVE MOOD
    impPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;impPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raweya fermanî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present imperative&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;imperative&quot;,
        _commonRules = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- INDICATIVE MOOD
    indPresent = {
        name         = &quot;indPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema niha&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['na'],
        endings      = getEndings['present'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPreterite = {
        name         = &quot;indPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya sade&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;simple past&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indImperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya berdest&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;Imperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = getPreverb['di'],
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPluperfect    = {
        name         = &quot;indPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûm'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indFuture = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuture&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema bê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    indFuturePerfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dahatiya pêş&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    -- In some books, the &quot;perfect&quot; and &quot;nonconfirmative pluperfect&quot; tenses
    -- are classified in the &quot;inferential mood&quot; (&quot;moda neşahidî&quot;).
    -- Currently we classify them using the indicative mood (at the end).
    indPerfect = {
        name         = &quot;indPerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ime'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indNwPluperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya boriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;non-witnessed pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûme'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    -- SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
    subjPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema nihaya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    subjPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjImperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;imperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjPluperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr a bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- CONDITIONAL MOOD
    condPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya dema nihaya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    condPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

}

-- =============================================================================
-- MAIN CONJUGATION FUNCTOIN
-- This function returns an array containing the conjugation table for a given
-- tense as well as other information about the conjugated verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugate(opts)
    opts = opts or {}
    -- Required parameters
    local tense          = opts.tense or error(&quot;'tense' required&quot;, 2)
    --One of the two parameters is required:
    --  - If the tense uses the present stem, indicate &quot;presentStem&quot;.
    --  - If it uses the past stem, indicate &quot;pastStem&quot;.
    local presentStem    = opts.presentStem
    local pastStem       = opts.pastStem
    -- Optional parameters
    local isTransitive   = opts.isTransitive or false   -- Indicate if the verb is transitive (true/false)
    local isNegative     = opts.isNegative or false     -- Indicate if it's the negative form (true/false)
    local isCompoundVerb = opts.isCompoundVerb or false -- Indicate if it's a compound verb (true/false)
    local preSimpleVerb  = opts.preSimpleVerb or ''     -- The part before the simple verb
    local postSimpleVerb = opts.postSimpleVerb or ''    -- The part after the simple verb
    -- These parameters are provided when the verb is irregular.
    -- Allows you to manually modify preverbs (&quot;bi-&quot;&quot; or &quot;di-&quot;)
    -- and negation prefixes (&quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot;)
    local overrideBi     = opts.overrideBi or nil
    local overrideDi     = opts.overrideDi or nil
    local overrideNa     = opts.overrideNa or nil
    local overrideNe     = opts.overrideNe or nil
    -- By default, the negation of the imperative is constructed from the prefix &quot;me-&quot;&quot;.
    -- To obtain the second variant, the prefix with &quot;ne-&quot;, you must specify &quot;impNegForm=2&quot;.
    local impNegForm     = opts.impNegForm or nil
	-- Accent/ Devok
    local accent = opts.accent or 'std'
	
	-- If &quot;tags='na'&quot;, remove links/tags
	local tags = opts.tags or 'erê'
	-- If addPreverbParticles='na', remove preverb particles (ê/dê) before
	-- the conjugated verbs.
	local addPreverbParticles = opts.addPreverbParticles or 'erê'

	
	-- We add a space to the left of the &quot;postSimpleVerb&quot; because it shouldn't be attached
	-- to the simple verb.
	if (postSimpleVerb ~= '' and postSimpleVerb ~=nil) then
		postSimpleVerb = ' ' .. postSimpleVerb
	end

    -- Access to the classification table and retrieval of verb tense parameters
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if (not infoTense) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- We check that one of the two parameters of the stem is given
    if (infoTense.stem == 'present' and not presentStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;presentStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    elseif (infoTense.stem == 'past' and not pastStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;pasttStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- Choice between the present stem or past stem
    local stem = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStem or pastStem

    --────────────────────────────
    -- Conjugation construction --
    -- ───────────────────────────
    local preverb = ''
    local negPrefix = ''
    -- Ruturns the verb type: &quot;simpleVerb&quot; or &quot;preverbVerb&quot; or &quot;compoundVerb&quot;
    local verbStruct = export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)

    if isNegative then
        negPrefix = infoTense.negPrefix{stem=stem, tenseName=tense,
                                        impNegForm=impNegForm,
                                        overrideNa=overrideNa, overrideNe=overrideNe}
        if infoTense.negPreverb then
            preverb = infoTense.negPreverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                           overrideBi=overrideBi, overrideDi=overrideDi}
        end
    else
        if infoTense.preverb then
            preverb = infoTense:preverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                        overrideBi=overrideBi, overrideDi=overrideDi,
										accent=accent}
        end
    end

    infoTense.conj = {}
    local spacing = isCompoundVerb and ' ' or ''
    local endings = infoTense:endings(stem)
	
	-- 'rojhilatî' accent (devok) for present stem
	if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then
		if (accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			endings = endings['rojhilatî']
		else
			endings = endings['std']
		end

	end
	
    local preverbParticles = export.getPreverbParticules(infoTense.preverbParticle, infoTense.stem, isTransitive)
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (infoTense.stem == 'past')

    -- Creating the conjugation table for a given tense
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local ending
        local conjSimbleVerb
        local conjVerb

        if isErgative then
            ending = endings.s3
        else
            ending = endings[pers]
        end

        -- Adding space after the preverbal particle, and
		-- if &quot;addPreverbParticles='na'&quot;: remove preverb particles (ê/dê).
		local preverbParticle = ''
		if infoTense.preverbParticle and addPreverbParticles ~= 'na' then
	            preverbParticle = preverbParticles[pers] .. ' '
		end

        conjSimbleVerb = negPrefix  .. preverb .. stem .. ending
        -- Adding prefixe and suffixe
        conjVerb =  preSimpleVerb .. spacing .. conjSimbleVerb .. postSimpleVerb
        -- Spelling correction(îy -&gt; iy)
        conjVerb = mw.ustring.gsub(conjVerb, 'îy', 'iy')
        -- Add a link / if tags='na' no links
		if tags ~= 'na' then
        	conjVerb = link{term=conjVerb, lang=langKu}
		end
        -- Addition of the preverbal particle
        infoTense.conj[pers] = preverbParticle .. conjVerb
    end

    -- Imperative
    if (infoTense.name == 'impPresent') then
        infoTense.conj.s1 = nil
        infoTense.conj.s2 = infoTense.conj.s3
        infoTense.conj.s3 = nil
        infoTense.conj.p1 = nil
        -- infoTense.conj.p2 = infoTense.conj.p2
        infoTense.conj.p3 = nil
    end

    return infoTense
end

-- =============================================================================
--                               END
-- =============================================================================
-- Some useful tools
-- =============================================================================
-- Returns the list of verb tenses
export.tensesList = function()
	local list = {}
    for _, tense in pairs(export.tenseRules) do
        table.insert(list, tense.name)
    end
	return list
end

-- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
-- (for a given conjugate tense in all persons of that tense)
function export.concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjVerbs)
	local concatTab = {}
	for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
		concatTab[pers] = pronoms[pers] .. ' ' .. conjVerbs[pers]
	end

	return concatTab
end
-- =============================================================================
-- ADDITIONAL STEM OF THE PAST AND PRESENT (pastStem2, ... and presentStem2, ...)
-- This function does nothing more than add additional parameters for verb stems
-- in the past and present tenses.
-- Conjugations for the different stems will be separated by &quot;/&quot;
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems)
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
     opts.tense = tense or nil
     
    presentStems = presentStems or {}
	pastStems = pastStems or {}

    
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if not infoTense then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    local stems = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStems or pastStems

    -- For each verb stem, its conjugation table is calculated and stored in conjTabs.
    local conjTabs = {}
    for i = 1, #stems do
        if stems[i] then
            if (infoTense.stem == 'past') then opts.pastStem = stems[i] end
            if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then opts.presentStem = stems[i] end

            local conj = export.conjugate(opts).conj
            table.insert(conjTabs, conj)
        end
    end

    -- We concatenate each row of the conjugation tables.
    local concatConjTabs = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local frag = {}
        for i = 1, #conjTabs do
            local val = conjTabs[i][pers]
            if val then table.insert(frag, tostring(val)) end
        end
        concatConjTabs[pers] = table.concat(frag, &quot; / &quot;)
    end

    infoTense.conj = concatConjTabs

    return infoTense
end

-- ====================================================================================
--  VERB CONUGATION IN ALL TENSES WITH OR WITHOUT PRONOUMS
-- ====================================================================================
function export.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems, negation, concatPrs)
	-- &quot;concatPrs=false&quot; table without pronouns
	
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
    
    if negation == 'negative' then opts.isNegative = true end

    -- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
	local concatPronomsVerbs = export.concatPronomsVerbs

    -- Tenses list
    local tensesList = export.tensesList()

    -- Conjugation in all tenses
    local conjTab = {}
    for _, tense in ipairs(tensesList) do
        local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy')

		-- We create the conjugation table without the pronouns.
        conjTab[tense] = deepCopy(export.conjugateLong(opts, tense, presentStems, pastStems), 'copy')
		
        -- We concatenate the pronouns and the verbs if &quot;concatPrs&quot; is different of &quot;false&quot;
		-- No pronouns for the imperative mood
		if (tense ~= 'impPresent' and concatPrs ~= false) then
			local pronoms = deepCopy(export.conjPronouns(infoTense.stem, infoTense.mode, opts.isTransitive))
        	conjTab[tense].conj = concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjTab[tense].conj)
        end
    end

    return conjTab
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- Allows you to obtain a given conjugation from a model.
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|tew|dem=indPresent|kes=s1}}
-- See {{ku-tewîn-lk-niha}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.tew(frame)
   local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isNegative     = frame.args['neyînî'] or false,
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or nil,
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or nil,
		accent         = args['devok'] or 'std',
		tags           = args['lînk'] or 'erê',
        overrideBi     = args['bi'] or nil,
        overrideDi     = args['di'] or nil,
        overrideNa     = args['na'] or nil,
        overrideNe     = args['ne'] or nil,
        impNegForm     = nil
    }
	
	local tense        = frame.args['dem'] or nil
	local pers         = frame.args['kes'] or nil
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems    = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}

    -- A few checks
    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerguhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    if (baseOpts.isNegative == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isNegative = true
    end

	local tabConj = export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems).conj
	
    return tabConj[pers]
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- GET COMMMA SEPARED FORMS
-- Bnr. [[MediaWiki:Gadget-QQ.js]]
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|get_comma_separated_forms|niha=kev|borî=ket}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.get_comma_separated_forms(frame)
    local opts = {
        presentStem    = frame.args['niha'],
        pastStem       = frame.args['borî'],
        isTransitive   = false,
        isNegative     = false,
        isCompoundVerb = frame['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = frame['pêşgir'] or '',
        postSimpleVerb = frame['paşgir'] or '',
        overrideBi     = frame['bi'] or nil,
        overrideDi     = frame['di'] or nil,
        overrideNa     = frame['na'] or nil,
        overrideNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
        impNegForm     = nil,
		tags           = 'na', -- Remove links/tags
		addPreverbParticles = 'na' -- Remove preverb particles (ê/dê)
    }

   local function concateList(tenseList)
        local concatList = {}
        for _, pers in ipairs({&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;}) do
        	local tense = tenseList[pers]
            table.insert(concatList, tense)
        end

        return table.concat(concatList, &quot;,&quot;)
   end

   	local tenseList = {'indPresent','indPreterite','indImperfect',
                      'indPluperfect','indPerfect','indNwPluperfect',
                      'indFuture','indFuturePerfect',
                      'subjImperfect','subjPluperfect'
                    }
                    
    local concatAllTense = {}
    
    for  i = 1, #tenseList do
        local tense = tenseList[i]
        if export.tenseRules[tense] then
            opts.tense = tense
            local conj = shallowCopy(export.conjugate(opts).conj)
            local concatTense = concateList(conj)
            table.insert(concatAllTense, concatTense)
        end
    end
    
    return table.concat(concatAllTense, &quot;,&quot;)
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>trs1pn9705709s1lzoifj8x4oy6vuvh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237285</id>
      <parentid>6237284</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T04:23:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>6237285</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="41375" sha1="2pjjvwb3sly1uu5y5u14bu61uuxvjfq" xml:space="preserve">-- Modula tewandina lêkerên kurmancî

local export = {}

-- Load irregular forms table
-- local irreg = require('Module:ku-tewandin/nestandard')
local langKu = require(&quot;Modul:languages&quot;).getByCode(&quot;ku&quot;)
local link = require('Module:links').language_link
local shallowCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/shallowCopy&quot;)
local deepCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/deepCopy&quot;)

-- =============================================================================
-- Pronouns in Kurmanji
-- =============================================================================
export.order = {&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;, &quot;p2&quot;, &quot;p3&quot;}

export.pronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;ez&quot;,    p1 = &quot;em&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;tu&quot;,    p2 = &quot;hûn&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;ew&quot;,    p3 = &quot;ew&quot;
}

export.obliquePronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;min&quot;,      p1 = &quot;me&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;te&quot;,       p2 = &quot;we&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;wê/wî&quot;,    p3 = &quot;wan&quot;
}

export.agents = {
    s1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,            p1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,           p2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;,   p3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;
}

-- Oblique pronoun (green) 
export.obliquePronounsGreen = {
    s1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;min&lt;/span&gt;',
    s2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;te&lt;/span&gt;',
    s3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wê/wî&lt;/span&gt;',
    p1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;me&lt;/span&gt;',
    p2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;we&lt;/span&gt;',
    p3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wan&lt;/span&gt;'
}

-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-- 1) This function returns correct subject/agent pronoun, ergativity rule:
--   - Transitive verbs in past tenses → oblique pronoun (green) = agent
--   - All other cases                 → direct pronoun (no color) = subject
-- 2) Also add the subjunctive prefix &quot;(bila)&quot;
-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
function export.conjPronouns(stemType, mode, isTransitive)
    local pronouns = shallowCopy(export.pronouns)

    -- Ergativity in kurdish: transitive verbs that are conjugated with the past tense stem are
    -- conjugated according to the object, not the subject.
    -- Therefore, to have an ergative construction,
    -- the verb must be transitive and its stem must be the stem of the past tense.
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (stemType == 'past')

    -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
    -- If it's not ergative, we use normal pronouns: &quot;ez&quot;, &quot;tu&quot;, ...
    if isErgative then
        pronouns = shallowCopy(export.obliquePronounsGreen)
    end

    -- For the subjunctive mood, we add &quot;(bila)&quot; at the beginning.
    if mode == 'subjunctive' then
    	local subjPrefix = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(bila)&lt;/span&gt;'
        for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
            pronouns[pers] = subjPrefix .. ' ' .. pronouns[pers]
        end
    end
    return pronouns
end

-- =============================================================================
-- VERBAL STRUCTURE IN THE INFINITIVE:
-- Verbs in the infinitive appear in three main forms:
--  1) Simple verb (indivisible light verb):
--       - ex.:  &quot;kirin&quot;, &quot;çûn&quot;, &quot;xwarin&quot;, ...
--  2) Verbs with preverbs (preverb + simple verb):
--       - ex.: &quot;rakirin&quot; (ra- + kirin), &quot;çêkirin&quot; (çê- + kirin), &quot;vexwarin&quot; (ve- + xwarin), ...
--       - Preverb verbs don't use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê rakim , ew ê rake , ...)
--  3) Compound verbs, construction with non-verbal element (the noun is not attached to the verb):
--       - Left of the simple verb: &quot;hez kirin&quot; (&quot;hez&quot; + &quot;kirin&quot;), &quot;li dar xistin&quot; (&quot;li dar&quot; + &quot;xistin&quot;), ...
--       - Right of the simple verb: &quot;kirin der&quot; (&quot;kirin&quot; + &quot;der&quot;), &quot;girtin ser xwe&quot; (&quot;girtin&quot; + &quot;ser xwe&quot;), ...
--       - Compound verbs use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê hez bi-kim , ew ê hez bi-ke )

-- STRUCTURE:  preSimpleVerb + spacing + simpleVerb + postSimpleVerb
-- EX.     kirin: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       rakirin: preSimpleVerb='ra';  spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--     hez kirin: preSimpleVerb='hez'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       pev çûn: preSimpleVerb='pev'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='çûn';   postSimpleVerb=''
--     kirin der: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb='der'

-- WARNING: Conjugation can vary depending on the type of verb.
-- For example, in the future tense,the prefix &quot;bi&quot; is used for compound verbs,
-- but not for preverbal verbs, see the function that manages it  &quot;tenseRules&quot; table.
-- This table does not yet support the mixed case: a verb composed of a noun and a preverb verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)
    local struct

    if (preSimpleVerb and preSimpleVerb ~= '' and not isCompoundVerb) then
        struct = 'preverbVerb'
    elseif isCompoundVerb then
        struct = 'compoundVerb'
    else
        struct = 'simpleVerb'
    end

    return struct
end

-- ================================================================
-- INFLECTIONAL ENDINGS
-- Assigns verb inflectional endings (suffixes) to all tenses
-- ================================================================
local getEndings = {}

do
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ending using present stem
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['present'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends = {}
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends['std'] = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
            ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='m', s2='(y)', s3='t', p1='yn', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends['std'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='e', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
			ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='&lt;u&gt;it&lt;/u&gt;/ît', p1='în', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. preterite + ind. imperfect ending
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['past'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
		local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiouû]$') then
            ends = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, 'î$') then
           -- if self.name == 'indImperfect' then
           --     -- special indicative ind. imperfect rule
           --     ends = {s1='yam', s2='yayî', s3='ya', p1='yan', p2='yan', p3='yan'}
           -- end
            ends = {s1='m', s2='', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Compound endings with auxiliary &quot;bûn&quot;
    -- Inflectional endings are created by taking the different forms of the
    -- verb &quot;bûn&quot; (with present stem &quot;-b-&quot; and past stem &quot;-bû-&quot;) and
    -- adding an &quot;i-&quot; prefix before them: &quot;i-b-im&quot;, &quot;i-bû-m&quot;, &quot;i-bû-me&quot;, &quot;i-bû-ma&quot;.
    -- This &quot;i-&quot; varies according to the final letter of the verb stem.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    local function normalize_i(stem)
        local prfx_i = &quot;i&quot;
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;ya$&quot;) or
           mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;[îû]$&quot;) then -- cf. karîn (-karî-)
           	prfx_i = &quot;&quot;
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiou]$') then
            prfx_i = &quot;yi&quot;
        end
        return prfx_i
    end

    getEndings['ibim'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bim&quot;,   p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;be&quot;,    p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûm'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûm&quot;,     p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bû&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûme'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûme&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyiye&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûye&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûma'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûma&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyayî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûya&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;
        }
    end
    
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. perfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ime'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;me&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;ye&quot;, p1=&quot;ne&quot;, p2=&quot;ne&quot;, p3=&quot;ne&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ime&quot;, s2=&quot;iyî&quot;, s3=&quot;iye&quot;, p1=&quot;ine&quot;, p2=&quot;ine&quot;, p3=&quot;ine&quot;}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Subj. Imperfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ama'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        -- The doublet in &quot;-iyan&quot; of verbs in -&quot;în&quot; (gerîn/-geriya-, kenîn/-keniya-, ...),
        -- in the conditional and subjunctive moods, a doublet &quot;yaya&quot; appears; it's removed.
        -- -yayayî → -yayî; -yaya → -ya
		if mw.ustring.match(stem, '(ya)$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
		elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yayî&quot;, s3=&quot;ya&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ama&quot;, s2=&quot;ayî&quot;, s3=&quot;a&quot;, p1=&quot;ana&quot;, p2=&quot;ana&quot;, p3=&quot;ana&quot;}
        end
        return ends
    end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR PREVERBS: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;
-- There are two preverbs: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;. These preverbs can change form
-- depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getPreverb = {}

do
	getPreverb['bi'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local verbStruct = opts.verbStruct
	    local overrideBi = opts.overrideBi
		local accent     = opts.accent

		-- Devoka rojhilatî:
		-- @Ferhengvan: Dema bêt bi lêkera alîkar &quot;ê / dê&quot; û bi rehê lêkerê yê
		-- dema niha û pêşgirên kesî tê çêkirin. Pêşgira &quot;bi-&quot; li destpêka lêkera
		-- serekî nîne: - ez ê / dê xw-im (standard: ez ê/dê bi-xw-im).
		if (self.name == 'indFuture' and accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			return ''
		end
	
	    -- Preverb verbs don't use the preverb &quot;bi-&quot;: ra-kirin (ez ê rakim), ve-xwarin (ez ê vexwim) , ...
	    -- But compound verb and simple verbs use it: hez kirin (ez ê hez bi-kim), lê bigirin (ez ê lê bi-girim), ...
	    if (verbStruct == 'preverbVerb') then
	        return ''
	    end
	
	    if overrideBi then return overrideBi end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikBi[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikBi[stem] end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;bi-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[aeêiîouû]') then
	        return 'b'
	    end
	
	    return 'bi'
	end
	
	getPreverb['di'] = function (self, opts)
		-- self: reserved for future use
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overrideDi = opts.overrideDi
	
	    if overrideDi then return overrideDi end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikDi[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikDi[stem] end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;di-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[ai]') then
	        return 'd'
	    end
	    -- Ex. hatin : stem = -ê- // ez têm
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[êî]') then
	        return 't'
	    end
	
	    return 'di'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR NEGATION PREFIXES: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;
-- There are two negation prefixes: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;. These preverbs can change
-- form depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getNegPrefix = {}

do
	getNegPrefix['na'] = function (opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overrideNa = opts.overrideNa
	
	    if overrideNa then return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNa .. '&lt;/b&gt;' end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] end
	
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;nay&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;n&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Tîpa duyem &quot;-a-&quot; ye (k-a-rîn, z-a-nîn, ...)
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^%wa') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;ni&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;na&lt;/b&gt;'
	end

	getNegPrefix['ne'] = function (opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local tenseName = opts.tenseName
	    local impNegForm = opts.impNegForm
	    local overrideNe = opts.overrideNe
	
	    if overrideNe then return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;' end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikNe[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikNe[stem] end
	
	    local negPrefix = 'ne'
	    -- There are two forms of construction of the imperative,
	    -- one with the prefix &quot;me-&quot; and the other with the prefix &quot;ne-&quot;.
	    if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
	        negPrefix = (impNegForm == 2) and 'ne' or 'me'
	    end
	
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. 'y&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        negPrefix = mw.ustring.sub(negPrefix, 1, -2)
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- Standardization of the PREVERBAL PARTICLE
-- The proverbial particle &quot;ê&quot; is placed after the personal pronoun.
-- =============================================================================
-- If there are no verbal preparticles, return empty table.
function export.getPreverbParticules(preverbParticle, typeStem, isTransitive)
    if not preverbParticle then
        return {s1='', s2='', s3='', p1='', p2='', p3=''}
    end

    if preverbParticle == 'ê' then
        local isErgative = isTransitive and (typeStem == 'past')

        -- When the personal pronoun ends in a vowel, a &quot;y-&quot; is added before &quot;ê&quot;.
        -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
        if isErgative then
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='yê/dê', p1='yê/dê', p2='yê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        else
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='ê/dê', p1='ê/dê', p2='ê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        end
    end

    -- If the verbal preparticle is identical for all pronouns,
    -- we create a table with the same value.
    local preverbParticles = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        preverbParticles[pers] = preverbParticle
    end

    return preverbParticles
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING EACH VERB TENSE
-- This table lists, for each verb tense, what elements are required to form it:
--   - Verb conjugation is built by placing either the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; or &quot;di-&quot; before
--     the verb stem (past or present), followed by a personal ending.
--   - For the negative form, one of the prefixes &quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot; is added as well.
--   - In some cases, a preverbal particle such as /ê/ or /dê/ is added before
--     the conjugated verb as well.
-- Not: - The &quot;negPreverb&quot; (preverb (bi-/di-) for negative tenses) parameter has a
--         value different from &quot;nil&quot; only for the Imperfect tense (&quot;negPreverb=di&quot;).
--      - The parameter &quot;negPrefix=na&quot; is used only for the present indicative.
--
-- Preverb &quot;di&quot;, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(present stem), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(past stem)
--                        - Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;IndImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
-- Preverb &quot;bi&quot;, used in: &quot;indFuture&quot;(present stem), &quot;subPresent&quot;(present stem),
--                         &quot;subImperfect&quot;(past stem) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(past stem)
--                        - The prefix &quot;bi-&quot; isn't used in negative forms.
--
-- Present stem, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(di)(na),
--                        &quot;indFuture&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;subPresent&quot;(bi)(ne)
--
-- Past stem, used in: &quot;indPreterite&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(di)(ne), &quot;indPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;indPerfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPreterite&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subImperfect&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(bi)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne) = &quot;condPreterite&quot;(-)(ne)
-- =============================================================================
-- Some conjugations are identical except that they differ only in the preverbal particle (/ê/, /dê/).
-- So, to avoid repeating the same information (and thus risking errors),
-- we establish the common part shared between these verbs.
local sharedTenseRules = {
    indFuture = {
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['present']
    },

    indFuturePerfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibim']
    },

    subImperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ama']
    },

    subPluperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûma']
    }
}

local mt = {
    __index = function(t, k)
        local commonRules = t._commonRules
        if commonRules then return commonRules[k] end
    end
}

-- TENSES CONJUGATION RULES
export.tenseRules = {
    -- IMPERATIVE MOOD
    impPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;impPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raweya fermanî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present imperative&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;imperative&quot;,
        _commonRules = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- INDICATIVE MOOD
    indPresent = {
        name         = &quot;indPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema niha&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['na'],
        endings      = getEndings['present'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPreterite = {
        name         = &quot;indPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya sade&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;simple past&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indImperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya berdest&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;Imperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = getPreverb['di'],
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPluperfect    = {
        name         = &quot;indPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûm'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indFuture = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuture&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema bê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    indFuturePerfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dahatiya pêş&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    -- In some books, the &quot;perfect&quot; and &quot;nonconfirmative pluperfect&quot; tenses
    -- are classified in the &quot;inferential mood&quot; (&quot;moda neşahidî&quot;).
    -- Currently we classify them using the indicative mood (at the end).
    indPerfect = {
        name         = &quot;indPerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ime'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indNwPluperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya boriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;non-witnessed pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûme'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    -- SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
    subjPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema nihaya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    subjPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjImperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;imperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjPluperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr a bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- CONDITIONAL MOOD
    condPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya dema nihaya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    condPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

}

-- =============================================================================
-- MAIN CONJUGATION FUNCTOIN
-- This function returns an array containing the conjugation table for a given
-- tense as well as other information about the conjugated verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugate(opts)
    opts = opts or {}
    -- Required parameters
    local tense          = opts.tense or error(&quot;'tense' required&quot;, 2)
    --One of the two parameters is required:
    --  - If the tense uses the present stem, indicate &quot;presentStem&quot;.
    --  - If it uses the past stem, indicate &quot;pastStem&quot;.
    local presentStem    = opts.presentStem
    local pastStem       = opts.pastStem
    -- Optional parameters
    local isTransitive   = opts.isTransitive or false   -- Indicate if the verb is transitive (true/false)
    local isNegative     = opts.isNegative or false     -- Indicate if it's the negative form (true/false)
    local isCompoundVerb = opts.isCompoundVerb or false -- Indicate if it's a compound verb (true/false)
    local preSimpleVerb  = opts.preSimpleVerb or ''     -- The part before the simple verb
    local postSimpleVerb = opts.postSimpleVerb or ''    -- The part after the simple verb
    -- These parameters are provided when the verb is irregular.
    -- Allows you to manually modify preverbs (&quot;bi-&quot;&quot; or &quot;di-&quot;)
    -- and negation prefixes (&quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot;)
    local overrideBi     = opts.overrideBi or nil
    local overrideDi     = opts.overrideDi or nil
    local overrideNa     = opts.overrideNa or nil
    local overrideNe     = opts.overrideNe or nil
    -- By default, the negation of the imperative is constructed from the prefix &quot;me-&quot;&quot;.
    -- To obtain the second variant, the prefix with &quot;ne-&quot;, you must specify &quot;impNegForm=2&quot;.
    local impNegForm     = opts.impNegForm or nil
	-- Accent/ Devok
    local accent = opts.accent or 'std'
	
	-- If &quot;tags='na'&quot;, remove links/tags
	local tags = opts.tags or 'erê'
	-- If addPreverbParticles='na', remove preverb particles (ê/dê) before
	-- the conjugated verbs.
	local addPreverbParticles = opts.addPreverbParticles or 'erê'

	
	-- We add a space to the left of the &quot;postSimpleVerb&quot; because it shouldn't be attached
	-- to the simple verb.
	if (postSimpleVerb ~= '' and postSimpleVerb ~=nil) then
		postSimpleVerb = ' ' .. postSimpleVerb
	end

    -- Access to the classification table and retrieval of verb tense parameters
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if (not infoTense) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- We check that one of the two parameters of the stem is given
    if (infoTense.stem == 'present' and not presentStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;presentStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    elseif (infoTense.stem == 'past' and not pastStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;pasttStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- Choice between the present stem or past stem
    local stem = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStem or pastStem

    --────────────────────────────
    -- Conjugation construction --
    -- ───────────────────────────
    local preverb = ''
    local negPrefix = ''
    -- Ruturns the verb type: &quot;simpleVerb&quot; or &quot;preverbVerb&quot; or &quot;compoundVerb&quot;
    local verbStruct = export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)

    if isNegative then
        negPrefix = infoTense.negPrefix{stem=stem, tenseName=tense,
                                        impNegForm=impNegForm,
                                        overrideNa=overrideNa, overrideNe=overrideNe}
        if infoTense.negPreverb then
            preverb = infoTense:negPreverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                           overrideBi=overrideBi, overrideDi=overrideDi}
        end
    else
        if infoTense.preverb then
            preverb = infoTense:preverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                        overrideBi=overrideBi, overrideDi=overrideDi,
										accent=accent}
        end
    end

    infoTense.conj = {}
    local spacing = isCompoundVerb and ' ' or ''
    local endings = infoTense:endings(stem)
	
	-- 'rojhilatî' accent (devok) for present stem
	if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then
		if (accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			endings = endings['rojhilatî']
		else
			endings = endings['std']
		end

	end
	
    local preverbParticles = export.getPreverbParticules(infoTense.preverbParticle, infoTense.stem, isTransitive)
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (infoTense.stem == 'past')

    -- Creating the conjugation table for a given tense
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local ending
        local conjSimbleVerb
        local conjVerb

        if isErgative then
            ending = endings.s3
        else
            ending = endings[pers]
        end

        -- Adding space after the preverbal particle, and
		-- if &quot;addPreverbParticles='na'&quot;: remove preverb particles (ê/dê).
		local preverbParticle = ''
		if infoTense.preverbParticle and addPreverbParticles ~= 'na' then
	            preverbParticle = preverbParticles[pers] .. ' '
		end

        conjSimbleVerb = negPrefix  .. preverb .. stem .. ending
        -- Adding prefixe and suffixe
        conjVerb =  preSimpleVerb .. spacing .. conjSimbleVerb .. postSimpleVerb
        -- Spelling correction(îy -&gt; iy)
        conjVerb = mw.ustring.gsub(conjVerb, 'îy', 'iy')
        -- Add a link / if tags='na' no links
		if tags ~= 'na' then
        	conjVerb = link{term=conjVerb, lang=langKu}
		end
        -- Addition of the preverbal particle
        infoTense.conj[pers] = preverbParticle .. conjVerb
    end

    -- Imperative
    if (infoTense.name == 'impPresent') then
        infoTense.conj.s1 = nil
        infoTense.conj.s2 = infoTense.conj.s3
        infoTense.conj.s3 = nil
        infoTense.conj.p1 = nil
        -- infoTense.conj.p2 = infoTense.conj.p2
        infoTense.conj.p3 = nil
    end

    return infoTense
end

-- =============================================================================
--                               END
-- =============================================================================
-- Some useful tools
-- =============================================================================
-- Returns the list of verb tenses
export.tensesList = function()
	local list = {}
    for _, tense in pairs(export.tenseRules) do
        table.insert(list, tense.name)
    end
	return list
end

-- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
-- (for a given conjugate tense in all persons of that tense)
function export.concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjVerbs)
	local concatTab = {}
	for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
		concatTab[pers] = pronoms[pers] .. ' ' .. conjVerbs[pers]
	end

	return concatTab
end
-- =============================================================================
-- ADDITIONAL STEM OF THE PAST AND PRESENT (pastStem2, ... and presentStem2, ...)
-- This function does nothing more than add additional parameters for verb stems
-- in the past and present tenses.
-- Conjugations for the different stems will be separated by &quot;/&quot;
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems)
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
     opts.tense = tense or nil
     
    presentStems = presentStems or {}
	pastStems = pastStems or {}

    
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if not infoTense then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    local stems = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStems or pastStems

    -- For each verb stem, its conjugation table is calculated and stored in conjTabs.
    local conjTabs = {}
    for i = 1, #stems do
        if stems[i] then
            if (infoTense.stem == 'past') then opts.pastStem = stems[i] end
            if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then opts.presentStem = stems[i] end

            local conj = export.conjugate(opts).conj
            table.insert(conjTabs, conj)
        end
    end

    -- We concatenate each row of the conjugation tables.
    local concatConjTabs = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local frag = {}
        for i = 1, #conjTabs do
            local val = conjTabs[i][pers]
            if val then table.insert(frag, tostring(val)) end
        end
        concatConjTabs[pers] = table.concat(frag, &quot; / &quot;)
    end

    infoTense.conj = concatConjTabs

    return infoTense
end

-- ====================================================================================
--  VERB CONUGATION IN ALL TENSES WITH OR WITHOUT PRONOUMS
-- ====================================================================================
function export.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems, negation, concatPrs)
	-- &quot;concatPrs=false&quot; table without pronouns
	
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
    
    if negation == 'negative' then opts.isNegative = true end

    -- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
	local concatPronomsVerbs = export.concatPronomsVerbs

    -- Tenses list
    local tensesList = export.tensesList()

    -- Conjugation in all tenses
    local conjTab = {}
    for _, tense in ipairs(tensesList) do
        local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy')

		-- We create the conjugation table without the pronouns.
        conjTab[tense] = deepCopy(export.conjugateLong(opts, tense, presentStems, pastStems), 'copy')
		
        -- We concatenate the pronouns and the verbs if &quot;concatPrs&quot; is different of &quot;false&quot;
		-- No pronouns for the imperative mood
		if (tense ~= 'impPresent' and concatPrs ~= false) then
			local pronoms = deepCopy(export.conjPronouns(infoTense.stem, infoTense.mode, opts.isTransitive))
        	conjTab[tense].conj = concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjTab[tense].conj)
        end
    end

    return conjTab
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- Allows you to obtain a given conjugation from a model.
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|tew|dem=indPresent|kes=s1}}
-- See {{ku-tewîn-lk-niha}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.tew(frame)
   local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isNegative     = frame.args['neyînî'] or false,
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or nil,
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or nil,
		accent         = args['devok'] or 'std',
		tags           = args['lînk'] or 'erê',
        overrideBi     = args['bi'] or nil,
        overrideDi     = args['di'] or nil,
        overrideNa     = args['na'] or nil,
        overrideNe     = args['ne'] or nil,
        impNegForm     = nil
    }
	
	local tense        = frame.args['dem'] or nil
	local pers         = frame.args['kes'] or nil
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems    = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}

    -- A few checks
    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerguhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    if (baseOpts.isNegative == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isNegative = true
    end

	local tabConj = export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems).conj
	
    return tabConj[pers]
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- GET COMMMA SEPARED FORMS
-- Bnr. [[MediaWiki:Gadget-QQ.js]]
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|get_comma_separated_forms|niha=kev|borî=ket}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.get_comma_separated_forms(frame)
    local opts = {
        presentStem    = frame.args['niha'],
        pastStem       = frame.args['borî'],
        isTransitive   = false,
        isNegative     = false,
        isCompoundVerb = frame['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = frame['pêşgir'] or '',
        postSimpleVerb = frame['paşgir'] or '',
        overrideBi     = frame['bi'] or nil,
        overrideDi     = frame['di'] or nil,
        overrideNa     = frame['na'] or nil,
        overrideNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
        impNegForm     = nil,
		tags           = 'na', -- Remove links/tags
		addPreverbParticles = 'na' -- Remove preverb particles (ê/dê)
    }

   local function concateList(tenseList)
        local concatList = {}
        for _, pers in ipairs({&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;}) do
        	local tense = tenseList[pers]
            table.insert(concatList, tense)
        end

        return table.concat(concatList, &quot;,&quot;)
   end

   	local tenseList = {'indPresent','indPreterite','indImperfect',
                      'indPluperfect','indPerfect','indNwPluperfect',
                      'indFuture','indFuturePerfect',
                      'subjImperfect','subjPluperfect'
                    }
                    
    local concatAllTense = {}
    
    for  i = 1, #tenseList do
        local tense = tenseList[i]
        if export.tenseRules[tense] then
            opts.tense = tense
            local conj = shallowCopy(export.conjugate(opts).conj)
            local concatTense = concateList(conj)
            table.insert(concatAllTense, concatTense)
        end
    end
    
    return table.concat(concatAllTense, &quot;,&quot;)
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>2pjjvwb3sly1uu5y5u14bu61uuxvjfq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Modul:ku-tewandin/tablo</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>628615</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237259</id>
      <parentid>6237237</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T15:20:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>+ dovok</comment>
      <origin>6237259</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="6976" sha1="rgtd35mw9rof4p45pubx8xo38mashn7" xml:space="preserve">local export = {}

local conj = require('Modul:ku-tewandin')
local lang = mw.getContentLanguage()

function export.tablo(frame)
    local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or '',
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or '',
		accent         = args['devok'] or 'std',
        overrideBi     = args['bi'] or nil,
        overrideDi     = args['di'] or nil,
        overrideNa     = args['na'] or nil,
        overrideNe     = args['ne'] or nil,
        -- impNegForm     = 1, -- By default negative form with 'me' (1).
		-- tags           = 'erê',
		-- addPreverbParticles = 'erê',
    }
	
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems    = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}
	
    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerghuhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end
	
    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    -- Conjugation table in all tenses
    local infoTense = conj.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems)
    -- Negatives conjugations table
    local negInfoTense = conj.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems, 'negative')
	-- Imperatrive form '2'; negative form with 'ne'
	baseOpts.impNegForm = 2
	local impNegForm2 = conj.conjugateLong(baseOpts, 'impPresent', presentStems, pastStems, 'negative').conj

	-- Creation of internal conjugation tables for the different tenses
    local function conjugateTable(tense)
		local nameKu = lang:ucfirst(infoTense[tense].nameKu) -- Kurdish name
		local nameEn = lang:ucfirst(infoTense[tense].nameEn) -- English name
		local idName = infoTense[tense].name -- 'tenseRules' name (indPresent, ...)
		local classStem = infoTense[tense].stem -- 'present' or 'past'
		
		-- First, create the table header.
		local tabHeader = '\n! colspan=&quot;2&quot; id=&quot;' .. idName .. '&quot;'
			.. 'class=&quot;' .. classStem .. '-stem tense-table-title&quot; |'
			.. nameKu .. ' - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;-{'.. nameEn ..'}-&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
			.. '\n|-'
			.. '\n! class=&quot;negative&quot; | Erênî'
			.. '\n! class=&quot;positive&quot; | Neyînî'
			.. '\n|-'
		
		-- Create the table body.		
        local tabBody = ''
        for _, pers in ipairs(conj.order) do
            tabBody = tabBody .. '\n|' .. infoTense[tense].conj[pers]
                              .. '\n|' .. negInfoTense[tense].conj[pers]
                              .. '\n|-'
        end
		
		-- Create the table (header + body).	
		local tab = '\n{| cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;tense-table&quot;' 
					.. '\n|-'
		            .. tabHeader
		            .. tabBody
		       .. '\n|}'
        return tab
    end

	--Retrieving some parameters for creating the main table header
	local verb = args[1]
    local transitivity = args['form']
    local preSimpleVerb = args['pêşgir'] or ''
    local postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or ''
	
	-- Cureyê lêkerê
	local verbStruc =  conj.verbStruct(baseOpts.isCompoundVerb, baseOpts.preSimpleVerb)
	if (verbStruc == 'preverbVerb') then
		verbStruc = 'pêkhatî'
	elseif (verbStruc == 'compoundVerb') then
		verbStruc = 'hevedudanî'
	else
		verbStruc = 'xwerû'
	end

	local prsStemsFormat = {}
	for _, stem in ipairs(presentStems) do
	    if stem then prsStemsFormat[#prsStemsFormat+1] = preSimpleVerb .. '-' .. stem ..'-' end
	end
	local pstStemsFormat = {}
	for _, stem in ipairs(pastStems) do
	    if stem then pstStemsFormat[#pstStemsFormat+1] = preSimpleVerb .. '-' .. stem ..'-' end
	end
	local prsStems = table.concat(prsStemsFormat, ' / ') .. postSimpleVerb
	local pstStems = table.concat(pstStemsFormat, ' / ') .. postSimpleVerb


   return
'{| align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;conj-table&quot;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; class=&quot;title&quot; | Tewandina lêkera [[' .. verb .. ']]&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal;&quot;&gt;(' .. verbStruc .. ', ' .. transitivity .. ')&lt;/span&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;present-stem&quot; | Rehê dema niha'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;font-weight:normal; text-align:center; border-bottom:dotted 1px grey;&quot; | ' .. prsStems
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;past-stem&quot; | Rehê dema borî'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;&quot; | ' .. pstStems
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n|'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; id=&quot;imp&quot; class=&quot;mood&quot; | Raweya fermanî - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Imperative&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' 
	.. '\n{| cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;tense-table&quot;'
		.. '\n|-'
		.. '\n| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;present-stem&quot; style=&quot;border-top:1px dotted grey; border-bottom:1px dotted grey&quot;| '
		.. '\n|-'
		.. '\n! class=&quot;negative&quot; | Erênî'
		.. '\n! class=&quot;positive&quot; | Neyînî'
		.. '\n|-'
		.. '\n| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(tû)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. infoTense.impPresent.conj.s2
		.. '\n| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(tû)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. negInfoTense.impPresent.conj.s2
	                  .. '&lt;br&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(tû)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. impNegForm2.s2
		.. '\n|-'
		.. '\n| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(hûn)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. infoTense.impPresent.conj.p2
		.. '\n| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(hûn)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. negInfoTense.impPresent.conj.p2
	                  .. '&lt;br&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(hûn)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. impNegForm2.p2
	..'\n|}'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; id=&quot;ind&quot; class=&quot;mood&quot; | Raweya pêşkerî - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Indicative&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indPresent')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indPreterite')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indImperfect')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indPluperfect')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indFuture')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indFuturePerfect')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indPerfect')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indNwPluperfect')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; id=&quot;subj&quot; class=&quot;mood&quot; | Raweya xwestekî - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Subjunctive&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('subjPresent')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('subjPreterite')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('subjImperfect')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('subjPluperfect')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; id=&quot;cond&quot; class=&quot;mood&quot; | Raweya mercî - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conditional&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('condPresent')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('condPreterite')
.. '\n|}'
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>rgtd35mw9rof4p45pubx8xo38mashn7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Modul:ku-tewandin/nestandard</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>628616</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237279</id>
      <parentid>5156252</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T03:19:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Ghybuî/ê navê [[Modul:ku-tewandin/dijrêzik]] weke [[Modul:ku-tewandin/nestandard]] guhart</comment>
      <origin>5156252</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="776" sha1="p3e2yqv6kf5c3pufwgi8oeo5zwmmzii" xml:space="preserve">local p = {}

p.dijrezikDi = {
	[''] = '',
	['anî'] = 'di',   -- anîn (borî) (d → di)
	['axiv'] = 'di',  -- axivîn (niha) (d → di)
	['axivî'] = 'di', -- axivîn (borî) (d → di)
	['afirîn'] = 'di', -- afirîn (niha) (d → di)
}

p.dijrezikBi = {
	[''] = '',
    ['axiv'] = 'bi',  -- axivîn (niha) (b → bi)
    ['axivî'] = 'bi', -- axivîn (bori) (b → bi)
	['şêr'] = '',     -- veşartin (niha) (bi → '')
}

p.dijrezikNa = {
	['nas'] = 'na',   -- nasîn (niha) (ni → na)
	['vavêr'] = 'na', -- vavartin (niha) (ni → na)
}

p.dijrezikNe = {
	
}

p.dijrezikImp = {
	['ç'] = {'here / biçe', 'herin / biçin', 'nere / neçe', 'nerin /neçin'}, -- çûn
	['ê'] = {'were / bê', 'werin / bên', 'neyê', 'neyên'},                   -- hatin
}

return p</text>
      <sha1>p3e2yqv6kf5c3pufwgi8oeo5zwmmzii</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237286</id>
      <parentid>6237279</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T05:02:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>6237286</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="669" sha1="6171olf3ddckpjjfsovk16wqiwti8e9" xml:space="preserve">local reh = {}

reh['ê'] = {
	'hatin',
	imp = {s2={'were', 'meyê'}, p2={'werin', 'meyên'}}
}

reh['ç'] = {
	'çûn',
	imp = {s2={'here', 'mere'}, p2={'herin', 'merin'}}
}

reh['ç'] = {
	'çûn',
	imp = {s2={'here', 'mere'}, p2={'herin', 'merin'}}
}

reh['anî'] = {
	'anîn',
	di = 'di', -- (d → di)
}

reh['axiv'] = {
	'axivîn',
	bi = 'bi', -- (b → di)
	di = 'di', -- (d → di)
}

reh['axivî'] = {
	'axivîn',
	bi = 'bi',
	di = 'di',
}

reh['afirîn'] = {
	'afirîn',
	di = 'di',
}

reh['şêr'] = {
	'veşartin',
	bi = '',
}

reh['nas'] = {
	'nasîn',
	na = 'na', -- (ni → na)
}


reh['vavêr'] = {
	'vavartin',
	na = 'na', -- (ni → na)
}


return reh</text>
      <sha1>6171olf3ddckpjjfsovk16wqiwti8e9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237287</id>
      <parentid>6237286</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T05:19:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>6237287</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="700" sha1="2j035xh9wecsbndoau91w6cl6psf1w7" xml:space="preserve">local reh = {}

reh['ê'] = {
	'hatin',
	imp = {s2={pos='were', neg={'meyê', 'neyê'}},
		   p2={pos='werin', neg={'meyên', 'neyên'}}
          },
}

reh['ç'] = {
	'çûn',
	imp = {s2={pos='here', neg={'mere', 'nere'}},
		   p2={pos='herin', neg={'merin', 'nerin'}}
          },
}

reh['anî'] = {
	'anîn',
	di = 'di', -- (d → di)
}

reh['axiv'] = {
	'axivîn',
	bi = 'bi', -- (b → di)
	di = 'di', -- (d → di)
}

reh['axivî'] = {
	'axivîn',
	bi = 'bi',
	di = 'di',
}

reh['afirîn'] = {
	'afirîn',
	di = 'di',
}

reh['şêr'] = {
	'veşartin',
	bi = '',
}

reh['nas'] = {
	'nasîn',
	na = 'na', -- (ni → na)
}


reh['vavêr'] = {
	'vavartin',
	na = 'na', -- (ni → na)
}


return reh</text>
      <sha1>2j035xh9wecsbndoau91w6cl6psf1w7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Modul:ku-tewandin/belge</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>628617</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237282</id>
      <parentid>6236013</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T03:20:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>6237282</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="445" sha1="i9355rahdr1b1uho0tmtv831c78w78o" xml:space="preserve">* [[Modul:ku-tewandin/ceribandin|../ceribandin]]
* [[Modul:ku-tewandin/tablo/ceribandin|../tablo/ceribandin]]

Bikaranîn:
* {{ş|ku-tewandin}}
* {{ş|ku-tewîn-lk}}

Bin-modul:
* [[Modul:ku-tewandin/tablo|../tablo]] (tabloya mezin)
* [[Modul:ku-tewandin/tabloGotar|../tabloGotar]] (tabloya ku di nav gotaran de tê bikaranîn)
* &lt;s&gt;[[Modul:ku-tewandin/nestandard|../nestandard]]&lt;/s&gt; &lt;small&gt;(nayê bikaranîn)&lt;/small&gt;

Binêre:
{{ku-dem-lîste}}</text>
      <sha1>i9355rahdr1b1uho0tmtv831c78w78o</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gotûbêja modulê:ku-tewandin</title>
    <ns>829</ns>
    <id>628996</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237267</id>
      <parentid>6236094</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T00:22:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Paşgirên lêkeran di kurmanciya rojhilatî de */ beşeke nû</comment>
      <origin>6237267</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6440" sha1="n2yve1pp8zf4yhdgntjqjzbpwchw2wi" xml:space="preserve">{{arşîvkirin|1=
* [[Gotûbêja modulê:ku-tewandin/arşîv 1|Arşîv 1]]
}}

== Ergatîvî ==
; Lêkera ''[[Tewandin:kirin#indPreterite|kirin]]'' (dema borî):

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ {{reng2|green|Biker}} + Berkar {{nobold|(bireser/obje)}} + lêkera tewandî
|-
! {{reng2|green|Biker}} \ Berkar !! ez !! tu !! ew/– !! em !! hûn !! ew
|-
! {{reng2|green|min}}
| &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirim || kirî || style=&quot;background-color:#FFF9E0&quot;| kir || kirin || kirin || kirin
|-
! {{reng2|green|te}}
| kirim || &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirî || style=&quot;background-color:#FFF9E0&quot;| kir || kirin || kirin || kirin
|-
! {{reng2|green|wê/wî}}
| kirim || kirî || style=&quot;background-color:#FFF9E0&quot;| &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt;/– kir || kirin || kirin || kirin
|-
! {{reng2|green|me}}
| kirim || kirî || style=&quot;background-color:#FFF9E0&quot;| kir || &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirin || kirin || kirin
|-
! {{reng2|green|we}}
| kirim || kirî || style=&quot;background-color:#FFF9E0&quot;| kir || kirin || &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirin || kirin
|-
! {{reng2|green|wan}}
| kirim || kirî || style=&quot;background-color:#FFF9E0&quot;| kir || kirin || kirin || &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirin
|}

* &lt;u&gt;Xwandina tabloyê&lt;/u&gt; ({{reng2|green|Bik.}} + '''Berk.''' + ''L''):
*:stûn1 ('''Berk.'''=ez): {{reng2|green|min}} '''ez''' &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirim; {{reng2|green|te}} '''ez''' kirim; {{reng2|green|wê/wî}} '''ez''' kirim; {{reng2|green|me}} '''ez''' kirim; {{reng2|green|we}} '''ez''' kirim; {{reng2|green|hûn}} '''ez''' kirim
*:stûn2 ('''Berk.'''=tu): {{reng2|green|min}} '''tu''' kirî; {{reng2|green|te}} '''tu''' &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirî; {{reng2|green|wê/wî}} '''tu''' kirî; {{reng2|green|me}} '''tu''' kirî; ...
*:stûn3 ('''Berk.'''=ew/–): {{reng2|green|min}} '''(ew)''' kir; {{reng2|green|te}} '''(ew)''' kir; {{reng2|green|wê/wî}} '''(ew &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt;)''' kir; {{reng2|green|me}} '''(ew)''' kir; ...
*: ...

Silav, em tewandinên lêkerên gerguhêz wekî tabloya jor tevlî Tabloya tewandinê ([[Tewandin:kirin]]) bikin? {{ping|Ferhengvan|Bikarhêner|Keyomerd}} [[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 23:21, 11 gulan 2026 (UTC)

:Ê min ket serê min. Lê min beşên ko &quot;xwe&quot; dihewînin fam nekir. Divê bo nimûne &quot;min xwe kir&quot; be, an jî &quot;min ez kirim&quot; be lê jixwe tiştekî werê jî tune ye. [[Bikarhêner:Keyomerd|Keyomerd]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Keyomerd|gotûbêj]]) 08:36, 12 gulan 2026 (UTC)
::Bi vî awayî?

{| cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot; border-collapse:collapse;&quot; align=center
|+ {{{ser|}}}
|-style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px grey; border-top:solid 1px grey;&quot;
!id=&quot;11&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=#FFFFE0|[[Pêvek:Rastnivîsî/Lêker/Dema niha|Dema niha]] - &lt;small&gt;''Present''&lt;/small&gt;
!colspan=&quot;4&quot; bgcolor=#ececff|[[Pêvek:Rastnivîsî/Lêker/Dema borî ya sade|Raboriya sade]] - &lt;small&gt;''Preterite''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;Dema boriya têdeyî&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|bgcolor=#F4F4F4|Erênî
|bgcolor=#F4F4F4|Neyînî
|bgcolor=#e9e9e9|{{reng2|green|Biker}}
|bgcolor=#e9e9e9|{{reng2|blue|Berkar}}
|bgcolor=#F4F4F4|Erênî
|bgcolor=#F4F4F4|Neyînî
|-
|ez dikim
|ez '''na'''kim
|{{reng2|green|te, wî/wê, we, wan}}
|{{reng2|blue|ez}}
|kirim
|'''ne'''kirim
|-
|tu dikî
|tu '''na'''kî
|{{reng2|green|min, wî/wê, me, wan}}
|{{reng2|blue|tu}}
|kirî
|'''ne'''kirî
|-
|ew dike
|ew '''na'''ke
|{{reng2|green|min, te, wî/wê, me, we, wan}}
|{{reng2|blue|ew}}
|kir
|'''ne'''kir
|-
|em dikin
|em '''na'''kin
|{{reng2|green|te, wî/wê, we, wan}}
|{{reng2|blue|em}}
|kirin
|'''ne'''kirin
|-
|hûn dikin
|hûn '''na'''kin
|{{reng2|green|min, wî/wê, me, wan}}
|{{reng2|blue|hûn}}
|kirin
|'''ne'''kirin
|-
|ew dikin
|ew '''na'''kin
|{{reng2|green|min, te, wî/wê, me, we, wan}}
|{{reng2|blue|ew}}
|kirin
|'''ne'''kirin
|}
::--[[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 15:26, 20 gulan 2026 (UTC)
:::{{silav|Bikarhêner}}. Tu dikarî van rûpelan çêkî:
:::* [//ku.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Bikarh%C3%AAner:Ghybu/common.js&amp;oldid=6236001] → tevlî [[MediaWiki:Gadget-kuTewandin.js]] bike
:::* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Stûna bikerê (bireser/obje) di [[Şablon:ku-tewandin|tabloya tewandinê]] de berfire dike.&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; → [[MediaWiki:Gadget-kuTewandin]]
:::* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;* kuTewandin[ResourceLoader|default]|kuTewandin.js&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; → tevlî beşa &quot;Rû&quot; ([[MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition#Rû]]) bike.
:::* '''Encam''': [[Wîkîferheng:ceribandin]] / herwiha rûyê mobîlê û moda tarî jî hatin guherandin...
:::Spas! [[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 19:25, 24 gulan 2026 (UTC)
::::Çêbû? -- [[Bikarhêner:Bikarhêner|Bikarhêner]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Bikarhêner|gotûbêj]]) 09:25, 25 gulan 2026 (UTC)
:::::Vêga çêbû? -- [[Bikarhêner:Bikarhêner|Bikarhêner]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Bikarhêner|gotûbêj]]) 17:54, 25 gulan 2026 (UTC)
::::::{{çêbû}} Spas! [[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 19:50, 25 gulan 2026 (UTC)
:::::::Yên din (her dukên pêşîyê, eger bêkêr bin) jê bibim? -- [[Bikarhêner:Bikarhêner|Bikarhêner]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Bikarhêner|gotûbêj]]) 22:24, 25 gulan 2026 (UTC)
::::::::Erê, jê bibe. Spas! [[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 21:41, 26 gulan 2026 (UTC)

== Paşgirên lêkeran di kurmanciya rojhilatî de ==

: ''Binêre: [[Gotûbêja_modulê:ku-tewandin/arşîv_1#Paşgirên_lêkeran_di_kurmanciya_rojhilatî_de]]''
{{silav|Ferhengvan}}. Min paşgirên lêkeran çêkirin (kod li [[Modul:ku-tewandin#L-132|'''vira''']] ye) feqet kontrol kirin hewce ye, bnr. [[Tewandin:ketin/test]] û [[Tewandin:ajotin/test]].&lt;br&gt;Min hemû paşgirên demên niha guherand: ''[[Tewandin:ketin/test#indPresent|'''indPresent''']], [[Tewandin:ketin/test#indFuture|'''indFuture''']], [[Tewandin:ketin/test#subjPresent|'''subjPresent''']], [[Tewandin:ketin/test#imp|'''imperative''']]''

Çend pirsên min hene:
# Tenê dema hiha û dema bê tên guherandin an jî hemû (''indPresent, indFuture, subjPresent, imperative'') 
# Di devoka rojhilatê de raweya bangkirin çito tê çêkirin wekî  dema bê (kesî 3em)?&lt;br&gt; Di forma neyînî de kijan paşgir tê bikaranîn '''[[me-]]''' an '''[[ne-]]''' ?
# Paşgirên rojhilatî ji bo hemû rehan werin çêkirin an jî tenê yên ku di wê devokê de tên bikaranîn ? Niha bi parametreya {{param2|devok|rojhilatî}} tê çêkirin.
# Paşgirên demên borî?
[[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 00:22, 8 hezîran 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>n2yve1pp8zf4yhdgntjqjzbpwchw2wi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237268</id>
      <parentid>6237267</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T00:33:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Paşgirên lêkeran di kurmanciya rojhilatî de */</comment>
      <origin>6237268</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6491" sha1="4gtbk0y07nhlt47854148c4smxaz1vy" xml:space="preserve">{{arşîvkirin|1=
* [[Gotûbêja modulê:ku-tewandin/arşîv 1|Arşîv 1]]
}}

== Ergatîvî ==
; Lêkera ''[[Tewandin:kirin#indPreterite|kirin]]'' (dema borî):

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ {{reng2|green|Biker}} + Berkar {{nobold|(bireser/obje)}} + lêkera tewandî
|-
! {{reng2|green|Biker}} \ Berkar !! ez !! tu !! ew/– !! em !! hûn !! ew
|-
! {{reng2|green|min}}
| &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirim || kirî || style=&quot;background-color:#FFF9E0&quot;| kir || kirin || kirin || kirin
|-
! {{reng2|green|te}}
| kirim || &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirî || style=&quot;background-color:#FFF9E0&quot;| kir || kirin || kirin || kirin
|-
! {{reng2|green|wê/wî}}
| kirim || kirî || style=&quot;background-color:#FFF9E0&quot;| &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt;/– kir || kirin || kirin || kirin
|-
! {{reng2|green|me}}
| kirim || kirî || style=&quot;background-color:#FFF9E0&quot;| kir || &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirin || kirin || kirin
|-
! {{reng2|green|we}}
| kirim || kirî || style=&quot;background-color:#FFF9E0&quot;| kir || kirin || &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirin || kirin
|-
! {{reng2|green|wan}}
| kirim || kirî || style=&quot;background-color:#FFF9E0&quot;| kir || kirin || kirin || &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirin
|}

* &lt;u&gt;Xwandina tabloyê&lt;/u&gt; ({{reng2|green|Bik.}} + '''Berk.''' + ''L''):
*:stûn1 ('''Berk.'''=ez): {{reng2|green|min}} '''ez''' &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirim; {{reng2|green|te}} '''ez''' kirim; {{reng2|green|wê/wî}} '''ez''' kirim; {{reng2|green|me}} '''ez''' kirim; {{reng2|green|we}} '''ez''' kirim; {{reng2|green|hûn}} '''ez''' kirim
*:stûn2 ('''Berk.'''=tu): {{reng2|green|min}} '''tu''' kirî; {{reng2|green|te}} '''tu''' &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirî; {{reng2|green|wê/wî}} '''tu''' kirî; {{reng2|green|me}} '''tu''' kirî; ...
*:stûn3 ('''Berk.'''=ew/–): {{reng2|green|min}} '''(ew)''' kir; {{reng2|green|te}} '''(ew)''' kir; {{reng2|green|wê/wî}} '''(ew &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt;)''' kir; {{reng2|green|me}} '''(ew)''' kir; ...
*: ...

Silav, em tewandinên lêkerên gerguhêz wekî tabloya jor tevlî Tabloya tewandinê ([[Tewandin:kirin]]) bikin? {{ping|Ferhengvan|Bikarhêner|Keyomerd}} [[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 23:21, 11 gulan 2026 (UTC)

:Ê min ket serê min. Lê min beşên ko &quot;xwe&quot; dihewînin fam nekir. Divê bo nimûne &quot;min xwe kir&quot; be, an jî &quot;min ez kirim&quot; be lê jixwe tiştekî werê jî tune ye. [[Bikarhêner:Keyomerd|Keyomerd]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Keyomerd|gotûbêj]]) 08:36, 12 gulan 2026 (UTC)
::Bi vî awayî?

{| cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot; border-collapse:collapse;&quot; align=center
|+ {{{ser|}}}
|-style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px grey; border-top:solid 1px grey;&quot;
!id=&quot;11&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=#FFFFE0|[[Pêvek:Rastnivîsî/Lêker/Dema niha|Dema niha]] - &lt;small&gt;''Present''&lt;/small&gt;
!colspan=&quot;4&quot; bgcolor=#ececff|[[Pêvek:Rastnivîsî/Lêker/Dema borî ya sade|Raboriya sade]] - &lt;small&gt;''Preterite''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;Dema boriya têdeyî&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|bgcolor=#F4F4F4|Erênî
|bgcolor=#F4F4F4|Neyînî
|bgcolor=#e9e9e9|{{reng2|green|Biker}}
|bgcolor=#e9e9e9|{{reng2|blue|Berkar}}
|bgcolor=#F4F4F4|Erênî
|bgcolor=#F4F4F4|Neyînî
|-
|ez dikim
|ez '''na'''kim
|{{reng2|green|te, wî/wê, we, wan}}
|{{reng2|blue|ez}}
|kirim
|'''ne'''kirim
|-
|tu dikî
|tu '''na'''kî
|{{reng2|green|min, wî/wê, me, wan}}
|{{reng2|blue|tu}}
|kirî
|'''ne'''kirî
|-
|ew dike
|ew '''na'''ke
|{{reng2|green|min, te, wî/wê, me, we, wan}}
|{{reng2|blue|ew}}
|kir
|'''ne'''kir
|-
|em dikin
|em '''na'''kin
|{{reng2|green|te, wî/wê, we, wan}}
|{{reng2|blue|em}}
|kirin
|'''ne'''kirin
|-
|hûn dikin
|hûn '''na'''kin
|{{reng2|green|min, wî/wê, me, wan}}
|{{reng2|blue|hûn}}
|kirin
|'''ne'''kirin
|-
|ew dikin
|ew '''na'''kin
|{{reng2|green|min, te, wî/wê, me, we, wan}}
|{{reng2|blue|ew}}
|kirin
|'''ne'''kirin
|}
::--[[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 15:26, 20 gulan 2026 (UTC)
:::{{silav|Bikarhêner}}. Tu dikarî van rûpelan çêkî:
:::* [//ku.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Bikarh%C3%AAner:Ghybu/common.js&amp;oldid=6236001] → tevlî [[MediaWiki:Gadget-kuTewandin.js]] bike
:::* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Stûna bikerê (bireser/obje) di [[Şablon:ku-tewandin|tabloya tewandinê]] de berfire dike.&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; → [[MediaWiki:Gadget-kuTewandin]]
:::* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;* kuTewandin[ResourceLoader|default]|kuTewandin.js&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; → tevlî beşa &quot;Rû&quot; ([[MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition#Rû]]) bike.
:::* '''Encam''': [[Wîkîferheng:ceribandin]] / herwiha rûyê mobîlê û moda tarî jî hatin guherandin...
:::Spas! [[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 19:25, 24 gulan 2026 (UTC)
::::Çêbû? -- [[Bikarhêner:Bikarhêner|Bikarhêner]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Bikarhêner|gotûbêj]]) 09:25, 25 gulan 2026 (UTC)
:::::Vêga çêbû? -- [[Bikarhêner:Bikarhêner|Bikarhêner]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Bikarhêner|gotûbêj]]) 17:54, 25 gulan 2026 (UTC)
::::::{{çêbû}} Spas! [[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 19:50, 25 gulan 2026 (UTC)
:::::::Yên din (her dukên pêşîyê, eger bêkêr bin) jê bibim? -- [[Bikarhêner:Bikarhêner|Bikarhêner]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Bikarhêner|gotûbêj]]) 22:24, 25 gulan 2026 (UTC)
::::::::Erê, jê bibe. Spas! [[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 21:41, 26 gulan 2026 (UTC)

== Paşgirên lêkeran di kurmanciya rojhilatî de ==
:→ ''Binêre: [[Gotûbêja_modulê:ku-tewandin/arşîv_1#Paşgirên_lêkeran_di_kurmanciya_rojhilatî_de|Paşgirên_lêkeran_di_kurmanciya_rojhilatî_de]]''

{{silav|Ferhengvan}}. Min paşgirên lêkeran çêkirin (kod li [[Modul:ku-tewandin#L-132|'''vira''']] ye) feqet kontrol kirin hewce ye, bnr. [[Tewandin:ketin/test]] û [[Tewandin:ajotin/test]].&lt;br&gt;Min hemû paşgirên demên niha guherand: ''[[Tewandin:ketin/test#indPresent|'''indPresent''']], [[Tewandin:ketin/test#indFuture|'''indFuture''']], [[Tewandin:ketin/test#subjPresent|'''subjPresent''']], [[Tewandin:ketin/test#imp|'''imperative''']]''

Çend pirsên min hene:
# Tenê dema hiha û dema bê tên guherandin an jî hemû (''indPresent, indFuture, subjPresent, imperative'') 
# Di devoka rojhilatê de raweya bangkirin çito tê çêkirin wekî  dema bê (kesê 3em)?&lt;br&gt; Di forma neyînî de kijan paşgir tê bikaranîn '''[[me-]]''' an '''[[ne-]]''' ?
# Paşgirên rojhilatî ji bo hemû rehan werin çêkirin an jî tenê yên ku di wê devokê de tên bikaranîn ? Niha bi parametreya {{param2|devok|rojhilatî}} tê çêkirin.
# Paşgirên demên borî?
[[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 00:22, 8 hezîran 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>4gtbk0y07nhlt47854148c4smxaz1vy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237269</id>
      <parentid>6237268</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T00:36:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Paşgirên lêkeran di kurmanciya rojhilatî de */</comment>
      <origin>6237269</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6490" sha1="kzwdqs2htrwv3zz1jy2j1x9lsandex7" xml:space="preserve">{{arşîvkirin|1=
* [[Gotûbêja modulê:ku-tewandin/arşîv 1|Arşîv 1]]
}}

== Ergatîvî ==
; Lêkera ''[[Tewandin:kirin#indPreterite|kirin]]'' (dema borî):

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ {{reng2|green|Biker}} + Berkar {{nobold|(bireser/obje)}} + lêkera tewandî
|-
! {{reng2|green|Biker}} \ Berkar !! ez !! tu !! ew/– !! em !! hûn !! ew
|-
! {{reng2|green|min}}
| &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirim || kirî || style=&quot;background-color:#FFF9E0&quot;| kir || kirin || kirin || kirin
|-
! {{reng2|green|te}}
| kirim || &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirî || style=&quot;background-color:#FFF9E0&quot;| kir || kirin || kirin || kirin
|-
! {{reng2|green|wê/wî}}
| kirim || kirî || style=&quot;background-color:#FFF9E0&quot;| &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt;/– kir || kirin || kirin || kirin
|-
! {{reng2|green|me}}
| kirim || kirî || style=&quot;background-color:#FFF9E0&quot;| kir || &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirin || kirin || kirin
|-
! {{reng2|green|we}}
| kirim || kirî || style=&quot;background-color:#FFF9E0&quot;| kir || kirin || &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirin || kirin
|-
! {{reng2|green|wan}}
| kirim || kirî || style=&quot;background-color:#FFF9E0&quot;| kir || kirin || kirin || &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirin
|}

* &lt;u&gt;Xwandina tabloyê&lt;/u&gt; ({{reng2|green|Bik.}} + '''Berk.''' + ''L''):
*:stûn1 ('''Berk.'''=ez): {{reng2|green|min}} '''ez''' &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirim; {{reng2|green|te}} '''ez''' kirim; {{reng2|green|wê/wî}} '''ez''' kirim; {{reng2|green|me}} '''ez''' kirim; {{reng2|green|we}} '''ez''' kirim; {{reng2|green|hûn}} '''ez''' kirim
*:stûn2 ('''Berk.'''=tu): {{reng2|green|min}} '''tu''' kirî; {{reng2|green|te}} '''tu''' &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirî; {{reng2|green|wê/wî}} '''tu''' kirî; {{reng2|green|me}} '''tu''' kirî; ...
*:stûn3 ('''Berk.'''=ew/–): {{reng2|green|min}} '''(ew)''' kir; {{reng2|green|te}} '''(ew)''' kir; {{reng2|green|wê/wî}} '''(ew &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt;)''' kir; {{reng2|green|me}} '''(ew)''' kir; ...
*: ...

Silav, em tewandinên lêkerên gerguhêz wekî tabloya jor tevlî Tabloya tewandinê ([[Tewandin:kirin]]) bikin? {{ping|Ferhengvan|Bikarhêner|Keyomerd}} [[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 23:21, 11 gulan 2026 (UTC)

:Ê min ket serê min. Lê min beşên ko &quot;xwe&quot; dihewînin fam nekir. Divê bo nimûne &quot;min xwe kir&quot; be, an jî &quot;min ez kirim&quot; be lê jixwe tiştekî werê jî tune ye. [[Bikarhêner:Keyomerd|Keyomerd]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Keyomerd|gotûbêj]]) 08:36, 12 gulan 2026 (UTC)
::Bi vî awayî?

{| cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot; border-collapse:collapse;&quot; align=center
|+ {{{ser|}}}
|-style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px grey; border-top:solid 1px grey;&quot;
!id=&quot;11&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=#FFFFE0|[[Pêvek:Rastnivîsî/Lêker/Dema niha|Dema niha]] - &lt;small&gt;''Present''&lt;/small&gt;
!colspan=&quot;4&quot; bgcolor=#ececff|[[Pêvek:Rastnivîsî/Lêker/Dema borî ya sade|Raboriya sade]] - &lt;small&gt;''Preterite''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;Dema boriya têdeyî&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|bgcolor=#F4F4F4|Erênî
|bgcolor=#F4F4F4|Neyînî
|bgcolor=#e9e9e9|{{reng2|green|Biker}}
|bgcolor=#e9e9e9|{{reng2|blue|Berkar}}
|bgcolor=#F4F4F4|Erênî
|bgcolor=#F4F4F4|Neyînî
|-
|ez dikim
|ez '''na'''kim
|{{reng2|green|te, wî/wê, we, wan}}
|{{reng2|blue|ez}}
|kirim
|'''ne'''kirim
|-
|tu dikî
|tu '''na'''kî
|{{reng2|green|min, wî/wê, me, wan}}
|{{reng2|blue|tu}}
|kirî
|'''ne'''kirî
|-
|ew dike
|ew '''na'''ke
|{{reng2|green|min, te, wî/wê, me, we, wan}}
|{{reng2|blue|ew}}
|kir
|'''ne'''kir
|-
|em dikin
|em '''na'''kin
|{{reng2|green|te, wî/wê, we, wan}}
|{{reng2|blue|em}}
|kirin
|'''ne'''kirin
|-
|hûn dikin
|hûn '''na'''kin
|{{reng2|green|min, wî/wê, me, wan}}
|{{reng2|blue|hûn}}
|kirin
|'''ne'''kirin
|-
|ew dikin
|ew '''na'''kin
|{{reng2|green|min, te, wî/wê, me, we, wan}}
|{{reng2|blue|ew}}
|kirin
|'''ne'''kirin
|}
::--[[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 15:26, 20 gulan 2026 (UTC)
:::{{silav|Bikarhêner}}. Tu dikarî van rûpelan çêkî:
:::* [//ku.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Bikarh%C3%AAner:Ghybu/common.js&amp;oldid=6236001] → tevlî [[MediaWiki:Gadget-kuTewandin.js]] bike
:::* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Stûna bikerê (bireser/obje) di [[Şablon:ku-tewandin|tabloya tewandinê]] de berfire dike.&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; → [[MediaWiki:Gadget-kuTewandin]]
:::* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;* kuTewandin[ResourceLoader|default]|kuTewandin.js&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; → tevlî beşa &quot;Rû&quot; ([[MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition#Rû]]) bike.
:::* '''Encam''': [[Wîkîferheng:ceribandin]] / herwiha rûyê mobîlê û moda tarî jî hatin guherandin...
:::Spas! [[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 19:25, 24 gulan 2026 (UTC)
::::Çêbû? -- [[Bikarhêner:Bikarhêner|Bikarhêner]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Bikarhêner|gotûbêj]]) 09:25, 25 gulan 2026 (UTC)
:::::Vêga çêbû? -- [[Bikarhêner:Bikarhêner|Bikarhêner]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Bikarhêner|gotûbêj]]) 17:54, 25 gulan 2026 (UTC)
::::::{{çêbû}} Spas! [[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 19:50, 25 gulan 2026 (UTC)
:::::::Yên din (her dukên pêşîyê, eger bêkêr bin) jê bibim? -- [[Bikarhêner:Bikarhêner|Bikarhêner]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Bikarhêner|gotûbêj]]) 22:24, 25 gulan 2026 (UTC)
::::::::Erê, jê bibe. Spas! [[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 21:41, 26 gulan 2026 (UTC)

== Paşgirên lêkeran di kurmanciya rojhilatî de ==
:→ ''Binêre: [[Gotûbêja_modulê:ku-tewandin/arşîv_1#Paşgirên_lêkeran_di_kurmanciya_rojhilatî_de|Paşgirên_lêkeran_di_kurmanciya_rojhilatî_de]]''

{{silav|Ferhengvan}}. Min paşgirên lêkeran çêkirin (kod li [[Modul:ku-tewandin#L-132|'''vira''']] ye) feqet kontrol kirin hewce ye, bnr. [[Tewandin:ketin/test]] û [[Tewandin:ajotin/test]].&lt;br&gt;Min hemû paşgirên demên niha guherand: ''[[Tewandin:ketin/test#indPresent|'''indPresent''']], [[Tewandin:ketin/test#indFuture|'''indFuture''']], [[Tewandin:ketin/test#subjPresent|'''subjPresent''']], [[Tewandin:ketin/test#imp|'''imperative''']]''

Çend pirsên min hene:
# Tenê dema hiha û dema bê tên guherandin an jî hemû (''indPresent, indFuture, subjPresent, imperative'') 
# Di devoka rojhilatê de raweya fermanî çito tê çêkirin wekî  dema bê (kesê 3em)?&lt;br&gt; Di forma neyînî de kijan paşgir tê bikaranîn '''[[me-]]''' an '''[[ne-]]''' ?
# Paşgirên rojhilatî ji bo hemû rehan werin çêkirin an jî tenê yên ku di wê devokê de tên bikaranîn ? Niha bi parametreya {{param2|devok|rojhilatî}} tê çêkirin.
# Paşgirên demên borî?
[[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 00:22, 8 hezîran 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>kzwdqs2htrwv3zz1jy2j1x9lsandex7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237273</id>
      <parentid>6237269</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T01:55:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Paşgirên lêkeran di kurmanciya rojhilatî de */</comment>
      <origin>6237273</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6490" sha1="mw8wkim7vwf5qyksw9fjdwb6krpwao0" xml:space="preserve">{{arşîvkirin|1=
* [[Gotûbêja modulê:ku-tewandin/arşîv 1|Arşîv 1]]
}}

== Ergatîvî ==
; Lêkera ''[[Tewandin:kirin#indPreterite|kirin]]'' (dema borî):

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ {{reng2|green|Biker}} + Berkar {{nobold|(bireser/obje)}} + lêkera tewandî
|-
! {{reng2|green|Biker}} \ Berkar !! ez !! tu !! ew/– !! em !! hûn !! ew
|-
! {{reng2|green|min}}
| &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirim || kirî || style=&quot;background-color:#FFF9E0&quot;| kir || kirin || kirin || kirin
|-
! {{reng2|green|te}}
| kirim || &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirî || style=&quot;background-color:#FFF9E0&quot;| kir || kirin || kirin || kirin
|-
! {{reng2|green|wê/wî}}
| kirim || kirî || style=&quot;background-color:#FFF9E0&quot;| &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt;/– kir || kirin || kirin || kirin
|-
! {{reng2|green|me}}
| kirim || kirî || style=&quot;background-color:#FFF9E0&quot;| kir || &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirin || kirin || kirin
|-
! {{reng2|green|we}}
| kirim || kirî || style=&quot;background-color:#FFF9E0&quot;| kir || kirin || &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirin || kirin
|-
! {{reng2|green|wan}}
| kirim || kirî || style=&quot;background-color:#FFF9E0&quot;| kir || kirin || kirin || &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirin
|}

* &lt;u&gt;Xwandina tabloyê&lt;/u&gt; ({{reng2|green|Bik.}} + '''Berk.''' + ''L''):
*:stûn1 ('''Berk.'''=ez): {{reng2|green|min}} '''ez''' &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirim; {{reng2|green|te}} '''ez''' kirim; {{reng2|green|wê/wî}} '''ez''' kirim; {{reng2|green|me}} '''ez''' kirim; {{reng2|green|we}} '''ez''' kirim; {{reng2|green|hûn}} '''ez''' kirim
*:stûn2 ('''Berk.'''=tu): {{reng2|green|min}} '''tu''' kirî; {{reng2|green|te}} '''tu''' &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirî; {{reng2|green|wê/wî}} '''tu''' kirî; {{reng2|green|me}} '''tu''' kirî; ...
*:stûn3 ('''Berk.'''=ew/–): {{reng2|green|min}} '''(ew)''' kir; {{reng2|green|te}} '''(ew)''' kir; {{reng2|green|wê/wî}} '''(ew &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt;)''' kir; {{reng2|green|me}} '''(ew)''' kir; ...
*: ...

Silav, em tewandinên lêkerên gerguhêz wekî tabloya jor tevlî Tabloya tewandinê ([[Tewandin:kirin]]) bikin? {{ping|Ferhengvan|Bikarhêner|Keyomerd}} [[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 23:21, 11 gulan 2026 (UTC)

:Ê min ket serê min. Lê min beşên ko &quot;xwe&quot; dihewînin fam nekir. Divê bo nimûne &quot;min xwe kir&quot; be, an jî &quot;min ez kirim&quot; be lê jixwe tiştekî werê jî tune ye. [[Bikarhêner:Keyomerd|Keyomerd]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Keyomerd|gotûbêj]]) 08:36, 12 gulan 2026 (UTC)
::Bi vî awayî?

{| cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot; border-collapse:collapse;&quot; align=center
|+ {{{ser|}}}
|-style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px grey; border-top:solid 1px grey;&quot;
!id=&quot;11&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=#FFFFE0|[[Pêvek:Rastnivîsî/Lêker/Dema niha|Dema niha]] - &lt;small&gt;''Present''&lt;/small&gt;
!colspan=&quot;4&quot; bgcolor=#ececff|[[Pêvek:Rastnivîsî/Lêker/Dema borî ya sade|Raboriya sade]] - &lt;small&gt;''Preterite''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;Dema boriya têdeyî&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|bgcolor=#F4F4F4|Erênî
|bgcolor=#F4F4F4|Neyînî
|bgcolor=#e9e9e9|{{reng2|green|Biker}}
|bgcolor=#e9e9e9|{{reng2|blue|Berkar}}
|bgcolor=#F4F4F4|Erênî
|bgcolor=#F4F4F4|Neyînî
|-
|ez dikim
|ez '''na'''kim
|{{reng2|green|te, wî/wê, we, wan}}
|{{reng2|blue|ez}}
|kirim
|'''ne'''kirim
|-
|tu dikî
|tu '''na'''kî
|{{reng2|green|min, wî/wê, me, wan}}
|{{reng2|blue|tu}}
|kirî
|'''ne'''kirî
|-
|ew dike
|ew '''na'''ke
|{{reng2|green|min, te, wî/wê, me, we, wan}}
|{{reng2|blue|ew}}
|kir
|'''ne'''kir
|-
|em dikin
|em '''na'''kin
|{{reng2|green|te, wî/wê, we, wan}}
|{{reng2|blue|em}}
|kirin
|'''ne'''kirin
|-
|hûn dikin
|hûn '''na'''kin
|{{reng2|green|min, wî/wê, me, wan}}
|{{reng2|blue|hûn}}
|kirin
|'''ne'''kirin
|-
|ew dikin
|ew '''na'''kin
|{{reng2|green|min, te, wî/wê, me, we, wan}}
|{{reng2|blue|ew}}
|kirin
|'''ne'''kirin
|}
::--[[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 15:26, 20 gulan 2026 (UTC)
:::{{silav|Bikarhêner}}. Tu dikarî van rûpelan çêkî:
:::* [//ku.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Bikarh%C3%AAner:Ghybu/common.js&amp;oldid=6236001] → tevlî [[MediaWiki:Gadget-kuTewandin.js]] bike
:::* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Stûna bikerê (bireser/obje) di [[Şablon:ku-tewandin|tabloya tewandinê]] de berfire dike.&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; → [[MediaWiki:Gadget-kuTewandin]]
:::* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;* kuTewandin[ResourceLoader|default]|kuTewandin.js&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; → tevlî beşa &quot;Rû&quot; ([[MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition#Rû]]) bike.
:::* '''Encam''': [[Wîkîferheng:ceribandin]] / herwiha rûyê mobîlê û moda tarî jî hatin guherandin...
:::Spas! [[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 19:25, 24 gulan 2026 (UTC)
::::Çêbû? -- [[Bikarhêner:Bikarhêner|Bikarhêner]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Bikarhêner|gotûbêj]]) 09:25, 25 gulan 2026 (UTC)
:::::Vêga çêbû? -- [[Bikarhêner:Bikarhêner|Bikarhêner]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Bikarhêner|gotûbêj]]) 17:54, 25 gulan 2026 (UTC)
::::::{{çêbû}} Spas! [[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 19:50, 25 gulan 2026 (UTC)
:::::::Yên din (her dukên pêşîyê, eger bêkêr bin) jê bibim? -- [[Bikarhêner:Bikarhêner|Bikarhêner]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Bikarhêner|gotûbêj]]) 22:24, 25 gulan 2026 (UTC)
::::::::Erê, jê bibe. Spas! [[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 21:41, 26 gulan 2026 (UTC)

== Paşgirên lêkeran di kurmanciya rojhilatî de ==
:→ ''Binêre: [[Gotûbêja_modulê:ku-tewandin/arşîv_1#Paşgirên_lêkeran_di_kurmanciya_rojhilatî_de|Paşgirên_lêkeran_di_kurmanciya_rojhilatî_de]]''

{{silav|Ferhengvan}}. Min paşgirên lêkeran çêkirin (kod li [[Modul:ku-tewandin#L-132|'''vira''']] ye) feqet kontrol kirin hewce ye, bnr. [[Tewandin:kirin/test]] û [[Tewandin:xistin/test]].&lt;br&gt;Min hemû paşgirên demên niha guherand: ''[[Tewandin:kirin/test#indPresent|'''indPresent''']], [[Tewandin:kirin/test#indFuture|'''indFuture''']], [[Tewandin:kirin/test#subjPresent|'''subjPresent''']], [[Tewandin:kirin/test#imp|'''imperative''']]''

Çend pirsên min hene:
# Tenê dema hiha û dema bê tên guherandin an jî hemû (''indPresent, indFuture, subjPresent, imperative'') 
# Di devoka rojhilatê de raweya fermanî çito tê çêkirin wekî  dema bê (kesê 3em)?&lt;br&gt; Di forma neyînî de kijan paşgir tê bikaranîn '''[[me-]]''' an '''[[ne-]]''' ?
# Paşgirên rojhilatî ji bo hemû rehan werin çêkirin an jî tenê yên ku di wê devokê de tên bikaranîn ? Niha bi parametreya {{param2|devok|rojhilatî}} tê çêkirin.
# Paşgirên demên borî?
[[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 00:22, 8 hezîran 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>mw8wkim7vwf5qyksw9fjdwb6krpwao0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237278</id>
      <parentid>6237273</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T02:55:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Paşgirên lêkeran di kurmanciya rojhilatî de */</comment>
      <origin>6237278</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6524" sha1="470g2oph9xv0g6z57catdbyoqzp9ibi" xml:space="preserve">{{arşîvkirin|1=
* [[Gotûbêja modulê:ku-tewandin/arşîv 1|Arşîv 1]]
}}

== Ergatîvî ==
; Lêkera ''[[Tewandin:kirin#indPreterite|kirin]]'' (dema borî):

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ {{reng2|green|Biker}} + Berkar {{nobold|(bireser/obje)}} + lêkera tewandî
|-
! {{reng2|green|Biker}} \ Berkar !! ez !! tu !! ew/– !! em !! hûn !! ew
|-
! {{reng2|green|min}}
| &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirim || kirî || style=&quot;background-color:#FFF9E0&quot;| kir || kirin || kirin || kirin
|-
! {{reng2|green|te}}
| kirim || &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirî || style=&quot;background-color:#FFF9E0&quot;| kir || kirin || kirin || kirin
|-
! {{reng2|green|wê/wî}}
| kirim || kirî || style=&quot;background-color:#FFF9E0&quot;| &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt;/– kir || kirin || kirin || kirin
|-
! {{reng2|green|me}}
| kirim || kirî || style=&quot;background-color:#FFF9E0&quot;| kir || &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirin || kirin || kirin
|-
! {{reng2|green|we}}
| kirim || kirî || style=&quot;background-color:#FFF9E0&quot;| kir || kirin || &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirin || kirin
|-
! {{reng2|green|wan}}
| kirim || kirî || style=&quot;background-color:#FFF9E0&quot;| kir || kirin || kirin || &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirin
|}

* &lt;u&gt;Xwandina tabloyê&lt;/u&gt; ({{reng2|green|Bik.}} + '''Berk.''' + ''L''):
*:stûn1 ('''Berk.'''=ez): {{reng2|green|min}} '''ez''' &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirim; {{reng2|green|te}} '''ez''' kirim; {{reng2|green|wê/wî}} '''ez''' kirim; {{reng2|green|me}} '''ez''' kirim; {{reng2|green|we}} '''ez''' kirim; {{reng2|green|hûn}} '''ez''' kirim
*:stûn2 ('''Berk.'''=tu): {{reng2|green|min}} '''tu''' kirî; {{reng2|green|te}} '''tu''' &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirî; {{reng2|green|wê/wî}} '''tu''' kirî; {{reng2|green|me}} '''tu''' kirî; ...
*:stûn3 ('''Berk.'''=ew/–): {{reng2|green|min}} '''(ew)''' kir; {{reng2|green|te}} '''(ew)''' kir; {{reng2|green|wê/wî}} '''(ew &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt;)''' kir; {{reng2|green|me}} '''(ew)''' kir; ...
*: ...

Silav, em tewandinên lêkerên gerguhêz wekî tabloya jor tevlî Tabloya tewandinê ([[Tewandin:kirin]]) bikin? {{ping|Ferhengvan|Bikarhêner|Keyomerd}} [[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 23:21, 11 gulan 2026 (UTC)

:Ê min ket serê min. Lê min beşên ko &quot;xwe&quot; dihewînin fam nekir. Divê bo nimûne &quot;min xwe kir&quot; be, an jî &quot;min ez kirim&quot; be lê jixwe tiştekî werê jî tune ye. [[Bikarhêner:Keyomerd|Keyomerd]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Keyomerd|gotûbêj]]) 08:36, 12 gulan 2026 (UTC)
::Bi vî awayî?

{| cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot; border-collapse:collapse;&quot; align=center
|+ {{{ser|}}}
|-style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px grey; border-top:solid 1px grey;&quot;
!id=&quot;11&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=#FFFFE0|[[Pêvek:Rastnivîsî/Lêker/Dema niha|Dema niha]] - &lt;small&gt;''Present''&lt;/small&gt;
!colspan=&quot;4&quot; bgcolor=#ececff|[[Pêvek:Rastnivîsî/Lêker/Dema borî ya sade|Raboriya sade]] - &lt;small&gt;''Preterite''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;Dema boriya têdeyî&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|bgcolor=#F4F4F4|Erênî
|bgcolor=#F4F4F4|Neyînî
|bgcolor=#e9e9e9|{{reng2|green|Biker}}
|bgcolor=#e9e9e9|{{reng2|blue|Berkar}}
|bgcolor=#F4F4F4|Erênî
|bgcolor=#F4F4F4|Neyînî
|-
|ez dikim
|ez '''na'''kim
|{{reng2|green|te, wî/wê, we, wan}}
|{{reng2|blue|ez}}
|kirim
|'''ne'''kirim
|-
|tu dikî
|tu '''na'''kî
|{{reng2|green|min, wî/wê, me, wan}}
|{{reng2|blue|tu}}
|kirî
|'''ne'''kirî
|-
|ew dike
|ew '''na'''ke
|{{reng2|green|min, te, wî/wê, me, we, wan}}
|{{reng2|blue|ew}}
|kir
|'''ne'''kir
|-
|em dikin
|em '''na'''kin
|{{reng2|green|te, wî/wê, we, wan}}
|{{reng2|blue|em}}
|kirin
|'''ne'''kirin
|-
|hûn dikin
|hûn '''na'''kin
|{{reng2|green|min, wî/wê, me, wan}}
|{{reng2|blue|hûn}}
|kirin
|'''ne'''kirin
|-
|ew dikin
|ew '''na'''kin
|{{reng2|green|min, te, wî/wê, me, we, wan}}
|{{reng2|blue|ew}}
|kirin
|'''ne'''kirin
|}
::--[[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 15:26, 20 gulan 2026 (UTC)
:::{{silav|Bikarhêner}}. Tu dikarî van rûpelan çêkî:
:::* [//ku.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Bikarh%C3%AAner:Ghybu/common.js&amp;oldid=6236001] → tevlî [[MediaWiki:Gadget-kuTewandin.js]] bike
:::* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Stûna bikerê (bireser/obje) di [[Şablon:ku-tewandin|tabloya tewandinê]] de berfire dike.&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; → [[MediaWiki:Gadget-kuTewandin]]
:::* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;* kuTewandin[ResourceLoader|default]|kuTewandin.js&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; → tevlî beşa &quot;Rû&quot; ([[MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition#Rû]]) bike.
:::* '''Encam''': [[Wîkîferheng:ceribandin]] / herwiha rûyê mobîlê û moda tarî jî hatin guherandin...
:::Spas! [[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 19:25, 24 gulan 2026 (UTC)
::::Çêbû? -- [[Bikarhêner:Bikarhêner|Bikarhêner]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Bikarhêner|gotûbêj]]) 09:25, 25 gulan 2026 (UTC)
:::::Vêga çêbû? -- [[Bikarhêner:Bikarhêner|Bikarhêner]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Bikarhêner|gotûbêj]]) 17:54, 25 gulan 2026 (UTC)
::::::{{çêbû}} Spas! [[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 19:50, 25 gulan 2026 (UTC)
:::::::Yên din (her dukên pêşîyê, eger bêkêr bin) jê bibim? -- [[Bikarhêner:Bikarhêner|Bikarhêner]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Bikarhêner|gotûbêj]]) 22:24, 25 gulan 2026 (UTC)
::::::::Erê, jê bibe. Spas! [[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 21:41, 26 gulan 2026 (UTC)

== Paşgirên lêkeran di kurmanciya rojhilatî de ==
:→ ''Binêre: [[Gotûbêja_modulê:ku-tewandin/arşîv_1#Paşgirên_lêkeran_di_kurmanciya_rojhilatî_de|Paşgirên_lêkeran_di_kurmanciya_rojhilatî_de]]''

{{silav|Ferhengvan}}. Min paşgirên lêkeran çêkirin (kod li [[Modul:ku-tewandin#L-132|'''vira''']] ye / [[Modul:ku-tewandin#L-290|kod]]) feqet kontrol kirin hewce ye, bnr. [[Tewandin:kirin/test]] û [[Tewandin:xistin/test]].&lt;br&gt;Min hemû paşgirên demên niha guherand: ''[[Tewandin:kirin/test#indPresent|'''indPresent''']], [[Tewandin:kirin/test#indFuture|'''indFuture''']], [[Tewandin:kirin/test#subjPresent|'''subjPresent''']], [[Tewandin:kirin/test#imp|'''imperative''']]''

Çend pirsên min hene:
# Tenê dema hiha û dema bê tên guherandin an jî hemû (''indPresent, indFuture, subjPresent, imperative'') 
# Di devoka rojhilatê de raweya fermanî çito tê çêkirin wekî  dema bê (kesê 3em)?&lt;br&gt; Di forma neyînî de kijan paşgir tê bikaranîn '''[[me-]]''' an '''[[ne-]]''' ?
# Paşgirên rojhilatî ji bo hemû rehan werin çêkirin an jî tenê yên ku di wê devokê de tên bikaranîn ? Niha bi parametreya {{param2|devok|rojhilatî}} tê çêkirin.
# Paşgirên demên borî?
[[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 00:22, 8 hezîran 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>470g2oph9xv0g6z57catdbyoqzp9ibi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mohrrübe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>973267</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237261</id>
      <parentid>6056508</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T16:19:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denny</username>
        <id>7871</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>6237261</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="427" sha1="cvq3ziz0wp1jbd45bnwc0n3zwsde0bd" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|de}} ==
{{#function:Z29055|L859720|}}
=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{IPA|de|/ˈmoː(r)ˌryːbə/|[ˈmoː(ɐ̯)ˌʁyːbə]}}
* {{deng|de|De-Mohrrübe.ogg|Deng}}

=== Navdêr ===
[[Wêne:Mrkva.JPG|thumb|{{lang|de|Mohrrüben}}|upright=1.4]]
{{navdêr|de|z=m}}
# {{f|de|herêmî}} {{mijar|de|riwek}} {{g|ku|gêzer}}
#: {{hevmane|de|Karotte|Möhre|gelbe Rübe|Rüebli|Burkane}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{pêk|de|Mohre|Rübe}}.</text>
      <sha1>cvq3ziz0wp1jbd45bnwc0n3zwsde0bd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237262</id>
      <parentid>6237261</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T16:19:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denny</username>
        <id>7871</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Guhartoya [[Special:Diff/6237261|6237261]] yê [[Special:Contributions/Denny|Denny]] ([[User talk:Denny|gotûbêj]]) şûnde kir</comment>
      <origin>6237262</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="398" sha1="monyx6xb7y8ja2uj3zsbfqnvr5n8icm" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|de}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{IPA|de|/ˈmoː(r)ˌryːbə/|[ˈmoː(ɐ̯)ˌʁyːbə]}}
* {{deng|de|De-Mohrrübe.ogg|Deng}}

=== Navdêr ===
[[Wêne:Mrkva.JPG|thumb|{{lang|de|Mohrrüben}}|upright=1.4]]
{{navdêr|de|z=m}}
# {{f|de|herêmî}} {{mijar|de|riwek}} {{g|ku|gêzer}}
#: {{hevmane|de|Karotte|Möhre|gelbe Rübe|Rüebli|Burkane}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{pêk|de|Mohre|Rübe}}.</text>
      <sha1>monyx6xb7y8ja2uj3zsbfqnvr5n8icm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Modul:ku-tewandin/ceribandin</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>1356654</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237256</id>
      <parentid>6237224</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T14:34:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+ devoka rojhilatî ji bo rehê dema niha</comment>
      <origin>6237256</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="40746" sha1="99pnykdcaktnfrjb8wg8ghrh5e6z1r1" xml:space="preserve">-- Modula tewandina lêkerên kurmancî

local export = {}

-- Load irregular forms table
-- local irreg = require('Module:ku-tewandin/dijrêzik')
local langKu = require(&quot;Modul:languages&quot;).getByCode(&quot;ku&quot;)
local link = require('Module:links').language_link
local shallowCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/shallowCopy&quot;)
local deepCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/deepCopy&quot;)

-- =============================================================================
-- Pronouns in Kurmanji
-- =============================================================================
export.order = {&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;, &quot;p2&quot;, &quot;p3&quot;}

export.pronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;ez&quot;,    p1 = &quot;em&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;tu&quot;,    p2 = &quot;hûn&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;ew&quot;,    p3 = &quot;ew&quot;
}

export.obliquePronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;min&quot;,      p1 = &quot;me&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;te&quot;,       p2 = &quot;we&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;wê/wî&quot;,    p3 = &quot;wan&quot;
}

export.agents = {
    s1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,            p1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,           p2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;,   p3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;
}

-- Oblique pronoun (green) 
export.obliquePronounsGreen = {
    s1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;min&lt;/span&gt;',
    s2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;te&lt;/span&gt;',
    s3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wê/wî&lt;/span&gt;',
    p1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;me&lt;/span&gt;',
    p2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;we&lt;/span&gt;',
    p3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wan&lt;/span&gt;'
}

-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-- 1) This function returns correct subject/agent pronoun, ergativity rule:
--   - Transitive verbs in past tenses → oblique pronoun (green) = agent
--   - All other cases                 → direct pronoun (no color) = subject
-- 2) Also add the subjunctive prefix &quot;(bila)&quot;
-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
function export.conjPronouns(stemType, mode, isTransitive)
    local pronouns = shallowCopy(export.pronouns)

    -- Ergativity in kurdish: transitive verbs that are conjugated with the past tense stem are
    -- conjugated according to the object, not the subject.
    -- Therefore, to have an ergative construction,
    -- the verb must be transitive and its stem must be the stem of the past tense.
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (stemType == 'past')

    -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
    -- If it's not ergative, we use normal pronouns: &quot;ez&quot;, &quot;tu&quot;, ...
    if isErgative then
        pronouns = shallowCopy(export.obliquePronounsGreen)
    end

    -- For the subjunctive mood, we add &quot;(bila)&quot; at the beginning.
    if mode == 'subjunctive' then
    	local subjPrefix = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(bila)&lt;/span&gt;'
        for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
            pronouns[pers] = subjPrefix .. ' ' .. pronouns[pers]
        end
    end
    return pronouns
end

-- =============================================================================
-- VERBAL STRUCTURE IN THE INFINITIVE:
-- Verbs in the infinitive appear in three main forms:
--  1) Simple verb (indivisible light verb):
--       - ex.:  &quot;kirin&quot;, &quot;çûn&quot;, &quot;xwarin&quot;, ...
--  2) Verbs with preverbs (preverb + simple verb):
--       - ex.: &quot;rakirin&quot; (ra- + kirin), &quot;çêkirin&quot; (çê- + kirin), &quot;vexwarin&quot; (ve- + xwarin), ...
--       - Preverb verbs don't use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê rakim , ew ê rake , ...)
--  3) Compound verbs, construction with non-verbal element (the noun is not attached to the verb):
--       - Left of the simple verb: &quot;hez kirin&quot; (&quot;hez&quot; + &quot;kirin&quot;), &quot;li dar xistin&quot; (&quot;li dar&quot; + &quot;xistin&quot;), ...
--       - Right of the simple verb: &quot;kirin der&quot; (&quot;kirin&quot; + &quot;der&quot;), &quot;girtin ser xwe&quot; (&quot;girtin&quot; + &quot;ser xwe&quot;), ...
--       - Compound verbs use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê hez bi-kim , ew ê hez bi-ke )

-- STRUCTURE:  preSimpleVerb + spacing + simpleVerb + postSimpleVerb
-- EX.     kirin: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       rakirin: preSimpleVerb='ra';  spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--     hez kirin: preSimpleVerb='hez'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       pev çûn: preSimpleVerb='pev'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='çûn';   postSimpleVerb=''
--     kirin der: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb='der'

-- WARNING: Conjugation can vary depending on the type of verb.
-- For example, in the future tense,the prefix &quot;bi&quot; is used for compound verbs,
-- but not for preverbal verbs, see the function that manages it  &quot;tenseRules&quot; table.
-- This table does not yet support the mixed case: a verb composed of a noun and a preverb verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)
    local struct

    if (preSimpleVerb and preSimpleVerb ~= '' and not isCompoundVerb) then
        struct = 'preverbVerb'
    elseif isCompoundVerb then
        struct = 'compoundVerb'
    else
        struct = 'simpleVerb'
    end

    return struct
end

-- ================================================================
-- INFLECTIONAL ENDINGS
-- Assigns verb inflectional endings (suffixes) to all tenses
-- ================================================================
local getEndings = {}

do
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ending using present stem
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['present'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends = {}
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends['std'] = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
            ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='m', s2='(y)', s3='t', p1='yn', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends['std'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='e', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
			ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='&lt;u&gt;it&lt;/u&gt;/ît', p1='în', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. preterite + ind. imperfect ending
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['past'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
		local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiouû]$') then
            ends = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, 'î$') then
           -- if self.name == 'indImperfect' then
           --     -- special indicative ind. imperfect rule
           --     ends = {s1='yam', s2='yayî', s3='ya', p1='yan', p2='yan', p3='yan'}
           -- end
            ends = {s1='m', s2='', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Compound endings with auxiliary &quot;bûn&quot;
    -- Inflectional endings are created by taking the different forms of the
    -- verb &quot;bûn&quot; (with present stem &quot;-b-&quot; and past stem &quot;-bû-&quot;) and
    -- adding an &quot;i-&quot; prefix before them: &quot;i-b-im&quot;, &quot;i-bû-m&quot;, &quot;i-bû-me&quot;, &quot;i-bû-ma&quot;.
    -- This &quot;i-&quot; varies according to the final letter of the verb stem.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    local function normalize_i(stem)
        local prfx_i = &quot;i&quot;
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;ya$&quot;) or
           mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;[îû]$&quot;) then -- cf. karîn (-karî-)
           	prfx_i = &quot;&quot;
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiou]$') then
            prfx_i = &quot;yi&quot;
        end
        return prfx_i
    end

    getEndings['ibim'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bim&quot;,   p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;be&quot;,    p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûm'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûm&quot;,     p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bû&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûme'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûme&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyiye&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûye&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûma'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûma&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyayî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûya&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;
        }
    end
    
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. perfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ime'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;me&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;ye&quot;, p1=&quot;ne&quot;, p2=&quot;ne&quot;, p3=&quot;ne&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ime&quot;, s2=&quot;iyî&quot;, s3=&quot;iye&quot;, p1=&quot;ine&quot;, p2=&quot;ine&quot;, p3=&quot;ine&quot;}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Subj. Imperfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ama'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        -- The doublet in &quot;-iyan&quot; of verbs in -&quot;în&quot; (gerîn/-geriya-, kenîn/-keniya-, ...),
        -- in the conditional and subjunctive moods, a doublet &quot;yaya&quot; appears; it's removed.
        -- -yayayî → -yayî; -yaya → -ya
		if mw.ustring.match(stem, '(ya)$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
		elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yayî&quot;, s3=&quot;ya&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ama&quot;, s2=&quot;ayî&quot;, s3=&quot;a&quot;, p1=&quot;ana&quot;, p2=&quot;ana&quot;, p3=&quot;ana&quot;}
        end
        return ends
    end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR PREVERBS: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;
-- There are two preverbs: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;. These preverbs can change form
-- depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getPreverb = {}

do
	getPreverb['bi'] = function (opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local verbStruct = opts.verbStruct
	    local overrideBi = opts.overrideBi
	
	    -- Preverb verbs don't use the preverb &quot;bi-&quot;: ra-kirin (ez ê rakim), ve-xwarin (ez ê vexwim) , ...
	    -- But compound verb and simple verbs use it: hez kirin (ez ê hez bi-kim), lê bigirin (ez ê lê bi-girim), ...
	    if (verbStruct == 'preverbVerb') then
	        return ''
	    end
	
	    if overrideBi then return overrideBi end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikBi[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikBi[stem] end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;bi-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[aeêiîouû]') then
	        return 'b'
	    end
	
	    return 'bi'
	end
	
	getPreverb['di'] = function (opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overrideDi = opts.overrideDi
	
	    if overrideDi then return overrideDi end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikDi[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikDi[stem] end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;di-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[ai]') then
	        return 'd'
	    end
	    -- Ex. hatin : stem = -ê- // ez têm
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[êî]') then
	        return 't'
	    end
	
	    return 'di'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR NEGATION PREFIXES: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;
-- There are two negation prefixes: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;. These preverbs can change
-- form depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getNegPrefix = {}

do
	getNegPrefix['na'] = function (opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overrideNa = opts.overrideNa
	
	    if overrideNa then return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNa .. '&lt;/b&gt;' end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] end
	
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;nay&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;n&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Tîpa duyem &quot;-a-&quot; ye (k-a-rîn, z-a-nîn, ...)
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^%wa') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;ni&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;na&lt;/b&gt;'
	end

	getNegPrefix['ne'] = function (opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local tenseName = opts.tenseName
	    local impNegForm = opts.impNegForm
	    local overrideNe = opts.overrideNe
	
	    if overrideNe then return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;' end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikNe[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikNe[stem] end
	
	    local negPrefix = 'ne'
	    -- There are two forms of construction of the imperative,
	    -- one with the prefix &quot;me-&quot; and the other with the prefix &quot;ne-&quot;.
	    if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
	        negPrefix = (impNegForm == 2) and 'ne' or 'me'
	    end
	
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. 'y&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        negPrefix = mw.ustring.sub(negPrefix, 1, -2)
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- Standardization of the PREVERBAL PARTICLE
-- The proverbial particle &quot;ê&quot; is placed after the personal pronoun.
-- =============================================================================
-- If there are no verbal preparticles, return empty table.
function export.getPreverbParticules(preverbParticle, typeStem, isTransitive)
    if not preverbParticle then
        return {s1='', s2='', s3='', p1='', p2='', p3=''}
    end

    if preverbParticle == 'ê' then
        local isErgative = isTransitive and (typeStem == 'past')

        -- When the personal pronoun ends in a vowel, a &quot;y-&quot; is added before &quot;ê&quot;.
        -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
        if isErgative then
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='yê/dê', p1='yê/dê', p2='yê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        else
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='ê/dê', p1='ê/dê', p2='ê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        end
    end

    -- If the verbal preparticle is identical for all pronouns,
    -- we create a table with the same value.
    local preverbParticles = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        preverbParticles[pers] = preverbParticle
    end

    return preverbParticles
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING EACH VERB TENSE
-- This table lists, for each verb tense, what elements are required to form it:
--   - Verb conjugation is built by placing either the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; or &quot;di-&quot; before
--     the verb stem (past or present), followed by a personal ending.
--   - For the negative form, one of the prefixes &quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot; is added as well.
--   - In some cases, a preverbal particle such as /ê/ or /dê/ is added before
--     the conjugated verb as well.
-- Not: - The &quot;negPreverb&quot; (preverb (bi-/di-) for negative tenses) parameter has a
--         value different from &quot;nil&quot; only for the Imperfect tense (&quot;negPreverb=di&quot;).
--      - The parameter &quot;negPrefix=na&quot; is used only for the present indicative.
--
-- Preverb &quot;di&quot;, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(present stem), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(past stem)
--                        - Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;IndImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
-- Preverb &quot;bi&quot;, used in: &quot;indFuture&quot;(present stem), &quot;subPresent&quot;(present stem),
--                         &quot;subImperfect&quot;(past stem) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(past stem)
--                        - The prefix &quot;bi-&quot; isn't used in negative forms.
--
-- Present stem, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(di)(na),
--                        &quot;indFuture&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;subPresent&quot;(bi)(ne)
--
-- Past stem, used in: &quot;indPreterite&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(di)(ne), &quot;indPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;indPerfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPreterite&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subImperfect&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(bi)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne) = &quot;condPreterite&quot;(-)(ne)
-- =============================================================================
-- Some conjugations are identical except that they differ only in the preverbal particle (/ê/, /dê/).
-- So, to avoid repeating the same information (and thus risking errors),
-- we establish the common part shared between these verbs.
local sharedTenseRules = {
    indFuture = {
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['present']
    },

    indFuturePerfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibim']
    },

    subImperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ama']
    },

    subPluperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûma']
    }
}

local mt = {
    __index = function(t, k)
        local commonRules = t._commonRules
        if commonRules then return commonRules[k] end
    end
}

-- TENSES CONJUGATION RULES
export.tenseRules = {
    -- IMPERATIVE MOOD
    impPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;impPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raweya fermanî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present imperative&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;imperative&quot;,
        _commonRules = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- INDICATIVE MOOD
    indPresent = {
        name         = &quot;indPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema niha&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['na'],
        endings      = getEndings['present'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPreterite = {
        name         = &quot;indPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya sade&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;simple past&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indImperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya berdest&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;Imperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = getPreverb['di'],
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPluperfect    = {
        name         = &quot;indPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûm'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indFuture = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuture&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema bê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    indFuturePerfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dahatiya pêş&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    -- In some books, the &quot;perfect&quot; and &quot;nonconfirmative pluperfect&quot; tenses
    -- are classified in the &quot;inferential mood&quot; (&quot;moda neşahidî&quot;).
    -- Currently we classify them using the indicative mood (at the end).
    indPerfect = {
        name         = &quot;indPerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ime'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indNwPluperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya boriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;non-witnessed pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûme'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    -- SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
    subjPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema nihaya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    subjPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjImperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;imperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjPluperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr a bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- CONDITIONAL MOOD
    condPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya dema nihaya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    condPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

}

-- =============================================================================
-- MAIN CONJUGATION FUNCTOIN
-- This function returns an array containing the conjugation table for a given
-- tense as well as other information about the conjugated verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugate(opts)
    opts = opts or {}
    -- Required parameters
    local tense          = opts.tense or error(&quot;'tense' required&quot;, 2)
    --One of the two parameters is required:
    --  - If the tense uses the present stem, indicate &quot;presentStem&quot;.
    --  - If it uses the past stem, indicate &quot;pastStem&quot;.
    local presentStem    = opts.presentStem
    local pastStem       = opts.pastStem
    -- Optional parameters
    local isTransitive   = opts.isTransitive or false   -- Indicate if the verb is transitive (true/false)
    local isNegative     = opts.isNegative or false     -- Indicate if it's the negative form (true/false)
    local isCompoundVerb = opts.isCompoundVerb or false -- Indicate if it's a compound verb (true/false)
    local preSimpleVerb  = opts.preSimpleVerb or ''     -- The part before the simple verb
    local postSimpleVerb = opts.postSimpleVerb or ''    -- The part after the simple verb
    -- These parameters are provided when the verb is irregular.
    -- Allows you to manually modify preverbs (&quot;bi-&quot;&quot; or &quot;di-&quot;)
    -- and negation prefixes (&quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot;)
    local overrideBi     = opts.overrideBi or nil
    local overrideDi     = opts.overrideDi or nil
    local overrideNa     = opts.overrideNa or nil
    local overrideNe     = opts.overrideNe or nil
    -- By default, the negation of the imperative is constructed from the prefix &quot;me-&quot;&quot;.
    -- To obtain the second variant, the prefix with &quot;ne-&quot;, you must specify &quot;impNegForm=2&quot;.
    local impNegForm     = opts.impNegForm or nil
	
	-- If &quot;tags='na'&quot;, remove links/tags
	local tags = opts.tags or 'erê'
	-- If addPreverbParticles='na', remove preverb particles (ê/dê) before
	-- the conjugated verbs.
	local addPreverbParticles = opts.addPreverbParticles or 'erê'
	-- Accent/ Devok
    local accent = opts.accent
	
	-- We add a space to the left of the &quot;postSimpleVerb&quot; because it shouldn't be attached
	-- to the simple verb.
	if (postSimpleVerb ~= '' and postSimpleVerb ~=nil) then
		postSimpleVerb = ' ' .. postSimpleVerb
	end

    -- Access to the classification table and retrieval of verb tense parameters
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if (not infoTense) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- We check that one of the two parameters of the stem is given
    if (infoTense.stem == 'present' and not presentStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;presentStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    elseif (infoTense.stem == 'past' and not pastStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;pasttStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- Choice between the present stem or past stem
    local stem = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStem or pastStem

    --────────────────────────────
    -- Conjugation construction --
    -- ───────────────────────────
    local preverb = ''
    local negPrefix = ''
    -- Ruturns the verb type: &quot;simpleVerb&quot; or &quot;preverbVerb&quot; or &quot;compoundVerb&quot;
    local verbStruct = export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)

    if isNegative then
        negPrefix = infoTense.negPrefix{stem=stem, tenseName=tense,
                                        impNegForm=impNegForm,
                                        overrideNa=overrideNa, overrideNe=overrideNe}
        if infoTense.negPreverb then
            preverb = infoTense.negPreverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                           overrideBi=overrideBi, overrideDi=overrideDi}
        end
    else
        if infoTense.preverb then
            preverb = infoTense.preverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                        overrideBi=overrideBi, overrideDi=overrideDi}
        end
    end

    infoTense.conj = {}
    local spacing = isCompoundVerb and ' ' or ''
	
    local endings = infoTense:endings(stem)
	
	if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then
		endings = endings['std']
		if (accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			endings = endings['rojhilatî']
		end
	end
	
    local preverbParticles = export.getPreverbParticules(infoTense.preverbParticle, infoTense.stem, isTransitive)
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (infoTense.stem == 'past')

    -- Creating the conjugation table for a given tense
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local ending
        local conjSimbleVerb
        local conjVerb

        if isErgative then
            ending = endings.s3
        else
            ending = endings[pers]
        end

        -- Adding space after the preverbal particle, and
		-- if &quot;addPreverbParticles='na'&quot;: remove preverb particles (ê/dê).
		local preverbParticle = ''
		if infoTense.preverbParticle and addPreverbParticles ~= 'na' then
	            preverbParticle = preverbParticles[pers] .. ' '
		end

        conjSimbleVerb = negPrefix  .. preverb .. stem .. ending
        -- Adding prefixe and suffixe
        conjVerb =  preSimpleVerb .. spacing .. conjSimbleVerb .. postSimpleVerb
        -- Spelling correction(îy -&gt; iy)
        conjVerb = mw.ustring.gsub(conjVerb, 'îy', 'iy')
        -- Add a link / if tags='na' no links
		if tags ~= 'na' then
        	conjVerb = link{term=conjVerb, lang=langKu}
		end
        -- Addition of the preverbal particle
        infoTense.conj[pers] = preverbParticle .. conjVerb
    end

    -- Imperative
    if (infoTense.name == 'impPresent') then
        infoTense.conj.s1 = nil
        infoTense.conj.s2 = infoTense.conj.s3
        infoTense.conj.s3 = nil
        infoTense.conj.p1 = nil
        -- infoTense.conj.p2 = infoTense.conj.p2
        infoTense.conj.p3 = nil
    end

    return infoTense
end

-- =============================================================================
--                               END
-- =============================================================================
-- Some useful tools
-- =============================================================================
-- Returns the list of verb tenses
export.tensesList = function()
	local list = {}
    for _, tense in pairs(export.tenseRules) do
        table.insert(list, tense.name)
    end
	return list
end

-- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
-- (for a given conjugate tense in all persons of that tense)
function export.concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjVerbs)
	local concatTab = {}
	for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
		concatTab[pers] = pronoms[pers] .. ' ' .. conjVerbs[pers]
	end

	return concatTab
end
-- =============================================================================
-- ADDITIONAL STEM OF THE PAST AND PRESENT (pastStem2, ... and presentStem2, ...)
-- This function does nothing more than add additional parameters for verb stems
-- in the past and present tenses.
-- Conjugations for the different stems will be separated by &quot;/&quot;
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems)
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
     opts.tense = tense or nil
     
    presentStems = presentStems or {}
	pastStems = pastStems or {}

    
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if not infoTense then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    local stems = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStems or pastStems

    -- For each verb stem, its conjugation table is calculated and stored in conjTabs.
    local conjTabs = {}
    for i = 1, #stems do
        if stems[i] then
            if (infoTense.stem == 'past') then opts.pastStem = stems[i] end
            if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then opts.presentStem = stems[i] end

            local conj = export.conjugate(opts).conj
            table.insert(conjTabs, conj)
        end
    end

    -- We concatenate each row of the conjugation tables.
    local concatConjTabs = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local frag = {}
        for i = 1, #conjTabs do
            local val = conjTabs[i][pers]
            if val then table.insert(frag, tostring(val)) end
        end
        concatConjTabs[pers] = table.concat(frag, &quot; / &quot;)
    end

    infoTense.conj = concatConjTabs

    return infoTense
end

-- ====================================================================================
--  VERB CONUGATION IN ALL TENSES WITH OR WITHOUT PRONOUMS
-- ====================================================================================
function export.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems, negation, concatPrs)
	-- &quot;concatPrs=false&quot; table without pronouns
	
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
    
    if negation == 'negative' then opts.isNegative = true end

    -- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
	local concatPronomsVerbs = export.concatPronomsVerbs

    -- Tenses list
    local tensesList = export.tensesList()

    -- Conjugation in all tenses
    local conjTab = {}
    for _, tense in ipairs(tensesList) do
        local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy')

		-- We create the conjugation table without the pronouns.
        conjTab[tense] = deepCopy(export.conjugateLong(opts, tense, presentStems, pastStems), 'copy')
		
        -- We concatenate the pronouns and the verbs if &quot;concatPrs&quot; is different of &quot;false&quot;
		-- No pronouns for the imperative mood
		if (tense ~= 'impPresent' and concatPrs ~= false) then
			local pronoms = deepCopy(export.conjPronouns(infoTense.stem, infoTense.mode, opts.isTransitive))
        	conjTab[tense].conj = concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjTab[tense].conj)
        end
    end

    return conjTab
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- Allows you to obtain a given conjugation from a model.
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|tew|dem=indPresent|kes=s1}}
-- See {{ku-tewîn-lk-niha}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.tew(frame)
   local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isNegative     = frame.args['neyînî'] or false,
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or nil,
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or nil,
		tags           = args['lînk'] or 'erê',
        overrideBi     = args['bi'] or nil,
        overrideDi     = args['di'] or nil,
        overrideNa     = args['na'] or nil,
        overrideNe     = args['ne'] or nil,
        impNegForm     = nil
    }
	
	local tense        = frame.args['dem'] or nil
	local pers         = frame.args['kes'] or nil
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems    = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}

    -- A few checks
    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerguhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    if (baseOpts.isNegative == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isNegative = true
    end

	local tabConj = export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems).conj
	
    return tabConj[pers]
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- GET COMMMA SEPARED FORMS
-- Bnr. [[MediaWiki:Gadget-QQ.js]]
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|get_comma_separated_forms|niha=kev|borî=ket}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.get_comma_separated_forms(frame)
    local opts = {
        presentStem    = frame.args['niha'],
        pastStem       = frame.args['borî'],
        isTransitive   = false,
        isNegative     = false,
        isCompoundVerb = frame['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = frame['pêşgir'] or '',
        postSimpleVerb = frame['paşgir'] or '',
        overrideBi     = frame['bi'] or nil,
        overrideDi     = frame['di'] or nil,
        overrideNa     = frame['na'] or nil,
        overrideNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
        impNegForm     = nil,
		tags           = 'na', -- Remove links/tags
		addPreverbParticles = 'na' -- Remove preverb particles (ê/dê)
    }

   local function concateList(tenseList)
        local concatList = {}
        for _, pers in ipairs({&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;}) do
        	local tense = tenseList[pers]
            table.insert(concatList, tense)
        end

        return table.concat(concatList, &quot;,&quot;)
   end

   	local tenseList = {'indPresent','indPreterite','indImperfect',
                      'indPluperfect','indPerfect','indNwPluperfect',
                      'indFuture','indFuturePerfect',
                      'subjImperfect','subjPluperfect'
                    }
                    
    local concatAllTense = {}
    
    for  i = 1, #tenseList do
        local tense = tenseList[i]
        if export.tenseRules[tense] then
            opts.tense = tense
            local conj = shallowCopy(export.conjugate(opts).conj)
            local concatTense = concateList(conj)
            table.insert(concatAllTense, concatTense)
        end
    end
    
    return table.concat(concatAllTense, &quot;,&quot;)
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>99pnykdcaktnfrjb8wg8ghrh5e6z1r1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Modul:ku-tewandin/tabloGotar</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>1357097</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237260</id>
      <parentid>6237228</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T15:23:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>6237260</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="5956" sha1="4z5xo3sclt24l3y53u9f1rjnesqaaw1" xml:space="preserve">-- ====================================================================================
-- Modula tabloya gotaran, bikaranîn: {{ku-tewîn-lk}}
-- Ji bo tabloya mezin, bnr. [[Modul:ku-tewandin/tablo]]
-- Ji bo stîla vê tabloyê, bnr. {{ku-tewîn-nav/style.css}}
-- ====================================================================================
local export = {}

local conj = require('Modul:ku-tewandin')

function export.tew(frame)
   local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isNegative     = false,
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or nil,
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or nil,
        accent         = args['devok'] or 'std',
        overrideBi     = args['bi'] or nil,
        overrideDi     = args['di'] or nil,
        overrideNa     = args['na'] or nil,
        overrideNe     = args['ne'] or nil,
        impNegForm     = nil,
		-- tags           = 'erê',
		-- addPreverbParticles = 'erê'
    }
	
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}

    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerguhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    -- Retrieving conjugation tables for different tenses
	local indPresent = conj.conjugateLong(baseOpts, 'indPresent', presentStems, pastStems).conj
	local impPresent = conj.conjugateLong(baseOpts, 'impPresent', presentStems, pastStems).conj
	local indPreterite = conj.conjugateLong(baseOpts, 'indPreterite', presentStems, pastStems).conj
	
	-- Past pronouns for preterite tense
	local prtPronouns = conj.conjPronouns('past', 'indicative', baseOpts.isTransitive)
	
	-- =========================================================================
	-- TABLE
	-- =========================================================================
	-- Construction of the verbal stems for the table title (&quot;rehNiha&quot; and &quot;rehBori&quot;)
	local verb = args[1] or mw.title.getCurrentTitle().subpageText
    local transitivity = args['form']
	local preSimpleVerb = args['pêşgir'] or ''
	local postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or ''
	local sameConjAs = args['wekî'] or nil

	local prsStemsFormat = {}
	for _, stem in ipairs(presentStems) do
	    if stem then prsStemsFormat[#prsStemsFormat+1] = preSimpleVerb .. '-' .. stem ..'-' end
	end
	
	local pstStemsFormat = {}
	for _, stem in ipairs(pastStems) do
	    if stem then pstStemsFormat[#pstStemsFormat+1] = preSimpleVerb .. '-' .. stem ..'-' end
	end
	
	local prsStems = table.concat(prsStemsFormat, ' / ') .. postSimpleVerb
	local pstStems = table.concat(pstStemsFormat, ' / ') .. postSimpleVerb
	
	-- Formata &quot;Raweya pêşkerî&quot; (RP.)
	local indTitle = '&lt;span style=&quot;cursor:help;&quot; title=&quot;Raweya pêşkerî&quot;&gt;'
					.. '&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px dotted #555555; &quot;&gt;RP.&lt;/span&gt;'
				.. '&lt;/span&gt;'
	
	local function nobold(str)
		return '&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal;&quot;&gt; '.. str .. '&lt;/span&gt;'
	end

	-- Preloads [[Şablon:ku-tewandin/preload]]
	local function preloadUrl(title, preload)
	    local params = {
	    	args['form'],
	    	args['niha'],
	    	args['niha2'] or nil,
	    	args['niha3'] or nil,
	    	args['borî'],
	    	args['borî2'] or nil,
	    	args['pêşgir'] or nil,
	  		args['valahî'] or nil,
	    	args['paşgir'] or nil
	    }

		local query = {
			action = 'edit',
			preload = preload,
			['preloadparams'] = params
		}

	    local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(title, query)
	    url = '&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;['
		          .. tostring(url)
		          .. ' &lt;span style=&quot;color:#9f3526&quot;&gt;'.. title .. '&lt;/span&gt;'
              .. ']&lt;/span&gt;'
	    
	    return url
	end

	-- Formên din
	local otherConjForms
	if (mw.title.new(verb, 'Tewandin').exists == true) then
	    otherConjForms = '[['.. 'Tewandin:'.. verb ..']]'
	elseif sameConjAs then
		otherConjForms = 'wekî [['.. 'Tewandin:' .. sameConjAs ..']]'
	else
		otherConjForms = preloadUrl('Tewandin:' .. verb, 'Şablon:ku-tewandin/preload')
	end
	
   return 
'{| class=&quot;wikitable tablo-flip tewandin-tablo mw-collapsible&quot;'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;3&quot; class=&quot;row-flip tewandin-header&quot; |'
			..  verb .. ' ' .. nobold('('.. transitivity .. '&lt;/span&gt;)')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;3&quot; class=&quot;tewandin-header3&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot; |'
			.. nobold('Rehê dema niha:') .. ' ' .. prsStems
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n! rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |' .. indTitle .. '&lt;br&gt;Niha'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| width=&quot;60&quot; |ez'
.. '\n| width=&quot;100&quot; |' .. indPresent.s1
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| tu'
.. '\n|' ..  indPresent.s2
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| ew'
.. '\n|' ..  indPresent.s3
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| em, hûn, ew'
.. '\n| ' ..  indPresent.p1
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Fermanî'
.. '\n| width=&quot;60&quot;  | &lt;small&gt;Yekjimar&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n| width=&quot;100&quot; |' ..  impPresent.s2
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| width=&quot;60&quot;  | &lt;small&gt;Pirjimar&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n| width=&quot;100&quot; |' ..  impPresent.p2
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;3&quot; class=&quot;tewandin-header3&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot; |'
			.. nobold('Rehê dema borî:') .. ' ' .. pstStems
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n! rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |'.. indTitle ..'&lt;br&gt;Boriya&lt;br&gt;sade'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n|' .. prtPronouns.s1
.. '\n|' .. indPreterite.s1
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n|' .. prtPronouns.s2
.. '\n|' .. indPreterite.s2
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n|' .. prtPronouns.s3
.. '\n|' .. indPreterite.s3
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n|' .. prtPronouns.p1 .. ', ' ..  prtPronouns.p2 .. ', ' .. prtPronouns.p3
.. '\n|' .. indPreterite.p1
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background-color:#transparent;&quot; |'
			.. 'Formên din: [[Wêne:1rightarrow.png|15px|link=]]' .. otherConjForms
.. '\n|}'

end

return export</text>
      <sha1>4z5xo3sclt24l3y53u9f1rjnesqaaw1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237263</id>
      <parentid>6237260</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T17:41:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+ rojhilatî</comment>
      <origin>6237263</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="6689" sha1="fiuy0ijahvv77umtiy9f1zxc7br5eaa" xml:space="preserve">-- ====================================================================================
-- Modula tabloya gotaran, bikaranîn: {{ku-tewîn-lk}}
-- Ji bo tabloya mezin, bnr. [[Modul:ku-tewandin/tablo]]
-- Ji bo stîla vê tabloyê, bnr. {{ku-tewîn-nav/style.css}}
-- ====================================================================================
local export = {}

local conj = require('Modul:ku-tewandin')

function export.tew(frame)
   local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isNegative     = false,
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or nil,
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or nil,
        overrideBi     = args['bi'] or nil,
        overrideDi     = args['di'] or nil,
        overrideNa     = args['na'] or nil,
        overrideNe     = args['ne'] or nil,
        impNegForm     = nil,
		-- tags           = 'erê',
		-- addPreverbParticles = 'erê'
    }
	
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}

    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerguhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    -- Retrieving conjugation tables for different tenses
	local indPresent = conj.conjugateLong(baseOpts, 'indPresent', presentStems, pastStems).conj
	local impPresent = conj.conjugateLong(baseOpts, 'impPresent', presentStems, pastStems).conj
	local indPreterite = conj.conjugateLong(baseOpts, 'indPreterite', presentStems, pastStems).conj

	-- Devoka rojhilatî
	baseOpts.accent = 'rojhilatî'
	local indPresentRojhilati = conj.conjugateLong(baseOpts, 'indPresent', presentStems, pastStems).conj
	-- Past pronouns for preterite tense
	local prtPronouns = conj.conjPronouns('past', 'indicative', baseOpts.isTransitive)
	
	-- =========================================================================
	-- TABLE
	-- =========================================================================
	-- Construction of the verbal stems for the table title (&quot;rehNiha&quot; and &quot;rehBori&quot;)
	local verb = args[1] or mw.title.getCurrentTitle().subpageText
    local transitivity = args['form']
	local preSimpleVerb = args['pêşgir'] or ''
	local postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or ''
	local sameConjAs = args['wekî'] or nil

	local prsStemsFormat = {}
	for _, stem in ipairs(presentStems) do
	    if stem then prsStemsFormat[#prsStemsFormat+1] = preSimpleVerb .. '-' .. stem ..'-' end
	end
	
	local pstStemsFormat = {}
	for _, stem in ipairs(pastStems) do
	    if stem then pstStemsFormat[#pstStemsFormat+1] = preSimpleVerb .. '-' .. stem ..'-' end
	end
	
	local prsStems = table.concat(prsStemsFormat, ' / ') .. postSimpleVerb
	local pstStems = table.concat(pstStemsFormat, ' / ') .. postSimpleVerb

	-- The second person singular may or may not be identical depending
	-- on the last letter of the root
	local indPresent2 = indPresent.s2
	if indPresent.s2 ~= indPresentRojhilati.s2 then
		indPresent2 = indPresent.s2 .. '&lt;br&gt;' .. indPresentRojhilati.s2 .. '&lt;small style=&quot;color:gray;font-style:italic; font-weight:bold&quot;&gt; (rojh.)&lt;/small&gt;'
	end
	
	-- Formata &quot;Raweya pêşkerî&quot; (RP.)
	local indTitle = '&lt;span style=&quot;cursor:help;&quot; title=&quot;Raweya pêşkerî&quot;&gt;'
					.. '&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px dotted #555555; &quot;&gt;RP.&lt;/span&gt;'
				.. '&lt;/span&gt;'
	
	local function nobold(str)
		return '&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal;&quot;&gt; '.. str .. '&lt;/span&gt;'
	end

	-- Preloads [[Şablon:ku-tewandin/preload]]
	local function preloadUrl(title, preload)
	    local params = {
	    	args['form'],
	    	args['niha'],
	    	args['niha2'] or nil,
	    	args['niha3'] or nil,
	    	args['borî'],
	    	args['borî2'] or nil,
	    	args['pêşgir'] or nil,
	  		args['valahî'] or nil,
	    	args['paşgir'] or nil
	    }

		local query = {
			action = 'edit',
			preload = preload,
			['preloadparams'] = params
		}

	    local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(title, query)
	    url = '&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;['
		          .. tostring(url)
		          .. ' &lt;span style=&quot;color:#9f3526&quot;&gt;'.. title .. '&lt;/span&gt;'
              .. ']&lt;/span&gt;'
	    
	    return url
	end

	-- Formên din
	local otherConjForms
	if (mw.title.new(verb, 'Tewandin').exists == true) then
	    otherConjForms = '[['.. 'Tewandin:'.. verb ..']]'
	elseif sameConjAs then
		otherConjForms = 'wekî [['.. 'Tewandin:' .. sameConjAs ..']]'
	else
		otherConjForms = preloadUrl('Tewandin:' .. verb, 'Şablon:ku-tewandin/preload')
	end
	
   return 
'{| class=&quot;wikitable tablo-flip tewandin-tablo mw-collapsible&quot;'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;3&quot; class=&quot;row-flip tewandin-header&quot; |'
			..  verb .. ' ' .. nobold('('.. transitivity .. '&lt;/span&gt;)')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;3&quot; class=&quot;tewandin-header3&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot; |'
			.. nobold('Rehê dema niha:') .. ' ' .. prsStems
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n! rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |' .. indTitle .. '&lt;br&gt;Niha'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| width=&quot;60&quot; |ez'
.. '\n| width=&quot;100&quot; |' .. indPresent.s1
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| tu'
.. '\n|' ..  indPresent2
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| ew'
.. '\n|' ..  indPresent.s3 .. '&lt;br&gt;' .. indPresentRojhilati.s3.. '&lt;small style=&quot;color:gray;font-style:italic; font-weight:bold&quot;&gt; (rojh.)&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| em'
.. '\n| ' ..  indPresent.p1 .. '&lt;br&gt;' .. indPresentRojhilati.p1 .. '&lt;small style=&quot;color:gray;font-style:italic; font-weight:bold&quot;&gt; (rojh.)&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| hûn, ew'
.. '\n| ' ..  indPresent.p2
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Fermanî'
.. '\n| width=&quot;60&quot;  | &lt;small&gt;Yekjimar&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n| width=&quot;100&quot; |' ..  impPresent.s2
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| width=&quot;60&quot;  | &lt;small&gt;Pirjimar&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n| width=&quot;100&quot; |' ..  impPresent.p2
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;3&quot; class=&quot;tewandin-header3&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot; |'
			.. nobold('Rehê dema borî:') .. ' ' .. pstStems
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n! rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |'.. indTitle ..'&lt;br&gt;Boriya&lt;br&gt;sade'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n|' .. prtPronouns.s1
.. '\n|' .. indPreterite.s1
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n|' .. prtPronouns.s2
.. '\n|' .. indPreterite.s2
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n|' .. prtPronouns.s3
.. '\n|' .. indPreterite.s3
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n|' .. prtPronouns.p1 .. ', ' ..  prtPronouns.p2 .. ', ' .. prtPronouns.p3
.. '\n|' .. indPreterite.p1
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background-color:#transparent;&quot; |'
			.. 'Formên din: [[Wêne:1rightarrow.png|15px|link=]]' .. otherConjForms
.. '\n|}'

end

return export</text>
      <sha1>fiuy0ijahvv77umtiy9f1zxc7br5eaa</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237264</id>
      <parentid>6237263</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T23:44:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Guhartoya [[Special:Diff/6237263|6237263]] yê [[Special:Contributions/Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[User talk:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) şûnde kir</comment>
      <origin>6237264</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="5956" sha1="4z5xo3sclt24l3y53u9f1rjnesqaaw1" xml:space="preserve">-- ====================================================================================
-- Modula tabloya gotaran, bikaranîn: {{ku-tewîn-lk}}
-- Ji bo tabloya mezin, bnr. [[Modul:ku-tewandin/tablo]]
-- Ji bo stîla vê tabloyê, bnr. {{ku-tewîn-nav/style.css}}
-- ====================================================================================
local export = {}

local conj = require('Modul:ku-tewandin')

function export.tew(frame)
   local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isNegative     = false,
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or nil,
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or nil,
        accent         = args['devok'] or 'std',
        overrideBi     = args['bi'] or nil,
        overrideDi     = args['di'] or nil,
        overrideNa     = args['na'] or nil,
        overrideNe     = args['ne'] or nil,
        impNegForm     = nil,
		-- tags           = 'erê',
		-- addPreverbParticles = 'erê'
    }
	
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}

    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerguhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    -- Retrieving conjugation tables for different tenses
	local indPresent = conj.conjugateLong(baseOpts, 'indPresent', presentStems, pastStems).conj
	local impPresent = conj.conjugateLong(baseOpts, 'impPresent', presentStems, pastStems).conj
	local indPreterite = conj.conjugateLong(baseOpts, 'indPreterite', presentStems, pastStems).conj
	
	-- Past pronouns for preterite tense
	local prtPronouns = conj.conjPronouns('past', 'indicative', baseOpts.isTransitive)
	
	-- =========================================================================
	-- TABLE
	-- =========================================================================
	-- Construction of the verbal stems for the table title (&quot;rehNiha&quot; and &quot;rehBori&quot;)
	local verb = args[1] or mw.title.getCurrentTitle().subpageText
    local transitivity = args['form']
	local preSimpleVerb = args['pêşgir'] or ''
	local postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or ''
	local sameConjAs = args['wekî'] or nil

	local prsStemsFormat = {}
	for _, stem in ipairs(presentStems) do
	    if stem then prsStemsFormat[#prsStemsFormat+1] = preSimpleVerb .. '-' .. stem ..'-' end
	end
	
	local pstStemsFormat = {}
	for _, stem in ipairs(pastStems) do
	    if stem then pstStemsFormat[#pstStemsFormat+1] = preSimpleVerb .. '-' .. stem ..'-' end
	end
	
	local prsStems = table.concat(prsStemsFormat, ' / ') .. postSimpleVerb
	local pstStems = table.concat(pstStemsFormat, ' / ') .. postSimpleVerb
	
	-- Formata &quot;Raweya pêşkerî&quot; (RP.)
	local indTitle = '&lt;span style=&quot;cursor:help;&quot; title=&quot;Raweya pêşkerî&quot;&gt;'
					.. '&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px dotted #555555; &quot;&gt;RP.&lt;/span&gt;'
				.. '&lt;/span&gt;'
	
	local function nobold(str)
		return '&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal;&quot;&gt; '.. str .. '&lt;/span&gt;'
	end

	-- Preloads [[Şablon:ku-tewandin/preload]]
	local function preloadUrl(title, preload)
	    local params = {
	    	args['form'],
	    	args['niha'],
	    	args['niha2'] or nil,
	    	args['niha3'] or nil,
	    	args['borî'],
	    	args['borî2'] or nil,
	    	args['pêşgir'] or nil,
	  		args['valahî'] or nil,
	    	args['paşgir'] or nil
	    }

		local query = {
			action = 'edit',
			preload = preload,
			['preloadparams'] = params
		}

	    local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(title, query)
	    url = '&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;['
		          .. tostring(url)
		          .. ' &lt;span style=&quot;color:#9f3526&quot;&gt;'.. title .. '&lt;/span&gt;'
              .. ']&lt;/span&gt;'
	    
	    return url
	end

	-- Formên din
	local otherConjForms
	if (mw.title.new(verb, 'Tewandin').exists == true) then
	    otherConjForms = '[['.. 'Tewandin:'.. verb ..']]'
	elseif sameConjAs then
		otherConjForms = 'wekî [['.. 'Tewandin:' .. sameConjAs ..']]'
	else
		otherConjForms = preloadUrl('Tewandin:' .. verb, 'Şablon:ku-tewandin/preload')
	end
	
   return 
'{| class=&quot;wikitable tablo-flip tewandin-tablo mw-collapsible&quot;'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;3&quot; class=&quot;row-flip tewandin-header&quot; |'
			..  verb .. ' ' .. nobold('('.. transitivity .. '&lt;/span&gt;)')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;3&quot; class=&quot;tewandin-header3&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot; |'
			.. nobold('Rehê dema niha:') .. ' ' .. prsStems
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n! rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |' .. indTitle .. '&lt;br&gt;Niha'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| width=&quot;60&quot; |ez'
.. '\n| width=&quot;100&quot; |' .. indPresent.s1
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| tu'
.. '\n|' ..  indPresent.s2
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| ew'
.. '\n|' ..  indPresent.s3
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| em, hûn, ew'
.. '\n| ' ..  indPresent.p1
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Fermanî'
.. '\n| width=&quot;60&quot;  | &lt;small&gt;Yekjimar&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n| width=&quot;100&quot; |' ..  impPresent.s2
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| width=&quot;60&quot;  | &lt;small&gt;Pirjimar&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n| width=&quot;100&quot; |' ..  impPresent.p2
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;3&quot; class=&quot;tewandin-header3&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot; |'
			.. nobold('Rehê dema borî:') .. ' ' .. pstStems
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n! rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |'.. indTitle ..'&lt;br&gt;Boriya&lt;br&gt;sade'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n|' .. prtPronouns.s1
.. '\n|' .. indPreterite.s1
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n|' .. prtPronouns.s2
.. '\n|' .. indPreterite.s2
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n|' .. prtPronouns.s3
.. '\n|' .. indPreterite.s3
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n|' .. prtPronouns.p1 .. ', ' ..  prtPronouns.p2 .. ', ' .. prtPronouns.p3
.. '\n|' .. indPreterite.p1
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background-color:#transparent;&quot; |'
			.. 'Formên din: [[Wêne:1rightarrow.png|15px|link=]]' .. otherConjForms
.. '\n|}'

end

return export</text>
      <sha1>4z5xo3sclt24l3y53u9f1rjnesqaaw1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tewandin:ketin/test</title>
    <ns>106</ns>
    <id>1357306</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237265</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T23:46:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>test (devok=rojhilatî)</comment>
      <origin>6237265</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="74" sha1="e1lqxx8puxkf8evjl8a4b7jwx012ovd" xml:space="preserve">{{ku-tewandin|ketin|form=negerguhêz|niha=kev|borî=ket|devok=rojhilatî}}</text>
      <sha1>e1lqxx8puxkf8evjl8a4b7jwx012ovd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237275</id>
      <parentid>6237265</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T01:56:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>6237275</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12" sha1="mn31mov4vi76vjbr02oei11l4fghv1n" xml:space="preserve">{{jêbirin}}</text>
      <sha1>mn31mov4vi76vjbr02oei11l4fghv1n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tewandin:ajotin/test</title>
    <ns>106</ns>
    <id>1357307</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237266</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-07T23:48:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rûpel bi &quot;{{ku-tewandin|ajotin|form=gerguhêz|niha=ajo|borî=ajot|devok=rojhilatî}}&quot; hat çêkirin</comment>
      <origin>6237266</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="74" sha1="ge2cgvosgm1gk5d048e3dbqv77gsw4z" xml:space="preserve">{{ku-tewandin|ajotin|form=gerguhêz|niha=ajo|borî=ajot|devok=rojhilatî}}</text>
      <sha1>ge2cgvosgm1gk5d048e3dbqv77gsw4z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237274</id>
      <parentid>6237266</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T01:55:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>6237274</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12" sha1="mn31mov4vi76vjbr02oei11l4fghv1n" xml:space="preserve">{{jêbirin}}</text>
      <sha1>mn31mov4vi76vjbr02oei11l4fghv1n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tewandin:kirin/test</title>
    <ns>106</ns>
    <id>1357308</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237271</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T01:38:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rûpel bi &quot;{{ku-tewandin|kirin|form=gerguhêz|niha=ke|borî=kir|devok=rojhilatî}}&quot; hat çêkirin</comment>
      <origin>6237271</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="71" sha1="2azz6srdppu1sa240zgz7c9e7j251bs" xml:space="preserve">{{ku-tewandin|kirin|form=gerguhêz|niha=ke|borî=kir|devok=rojhilatî}}</text>
      <sha1>2azz6srdppu1sa240zgz7c9e7j251bs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tewandin:xistin/test</title>
    <ns>106</ns>
    <id>1357309</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237272</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T01:51:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>test (devok=rojhilatî)</comment>
      <origin>6237272</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="78" sha1="ly67gqmjm1r2stzgfav2psospmz8gzz" xml:space="preserve">{{ku-tewandin|êxistin|form=gerguhêz|niha=êx|borî=êxist|devok=rojhilatî}}</text>
      <sha1>ly67gqmjm1r2stzgfav2psospmz8gzz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Modul:ku-tewandin/dijrêzik</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>1357310</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237280</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T03:19:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ghybuî/ê navê [[Modul:ku-tewandin/dijrêzik]] weke [[Modul:ku-tewandin/nestandard]] guhart</comment>
      <origin>6237280</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="47" sha1="62eocbnefyuss25ixt5y8ap2ozxsjw4" xml:space="preserve">return require [[Modul:ku-tewandin/nestandard]]</text>
      <sha1>62eocbnefyuss25ixt5y8ap2ozxsjw4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237281</id>
      <parentid>6237280</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T03:19:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Beralîkirin ji bo [[Modul:ku-tewandin/nestandard]] hate jêbirin.</comment>
      <origin>6237281</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="62" sha1="ju0cobaoxw0kcfqdme7v4hta3h22b4i" xml:space="preserve">--{{jêbirin}}
return require [[Modul:ku-tewandin/nestandard]]</text>
      <sha1>ju0cobaoxw0kcfqdme7v4hta3h22b4i</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>هم وطن</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1357311</id>
    <redirect title="هموطن" />
    <revision>
      <id>6237289</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-08T06:01:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Atitarev</username>
        <id>702</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Atitarevî/ê navê [[هم وطن]] weke [[هموطن]] guhart</comment>
      <origin>6237289</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="28" sha1="nsrq3qz4927fkmma53rw7ikj7yej61f" xml:space="preserve">#BERALÎKIRIN [[هموطن]]</text>
      <sha1>nsrq3qz4927fkmma53rw7ikj7yej61f</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>