saw

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  <page>
    <title>saw</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16468</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237463</id>
      <parentid>6082131</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T16:15:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Bilêvkirin */</comment>
      <origin>6237463</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2676" sha1="d7nyhqyqv0rr9r77m8e7i9w7zy2bwps" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Navdêr ===
{{ku-tewîn-nav|saw|mê}}
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# [[fobî]]
#* {{jêder|ku|jêgirtin=Hingî ji van dengan û dîmenan '''saw''' girtîbû, keçika qerweş bêhiş ketibû.|{{Jêgirtin/Robert Louis Stevenson/Meseleya Seyr a Dr. Jekyll û Mr. Hyde|r=32}}}}
#* {{jêder|ku|jêgirtin=Dema weku bi pêçîyên xwe kerînekên guh bixijiqînin direyin ji bo xwe direyin û niha jî ew bû, ne ew dengê ku ew têxista nav hesaban û '''saw''' bi ser xista.|{{Jêgirtin/Îrfan Amîda/Şevek Şîzofren|r=6}}}}

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|ساو}}

==== Bide ber ====
* [[sawa]]

==== Etîmolojî ====
''Binere'': '''[[sam]]'''

==== Jê ====
{{stûn|
* [[bêsaw]]
* [[bêsawî]]
* [[bêsawîtî]]
* [[bêsawtî]]
* [[bisaw]]
* [[bisawî]]
* [[bisawîtî]]
* [[bisawtî]]
* [[sawdar]]
* [[sawdarî]]
* [[sawdarîtî]]
* [[sawdartî]]
* [[sawder]]
* [[sawderî]]
* [[sawderîtî]]
* [[sawdertî]]
* [[sawdêr]]
* [[sawdêrî]]
* [[sawdêrîtî]]
* [[sawdêrtî]]
* [[sawêr]]
* [[sawêrî]]
* [[sawî]]
}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|Angst}} {{m}}, {{W+|de|Entsetzen}} {{n}}, {{W+|de|Furcht}} {{m}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W-|ar|فزع}}, {{W-|ar|رهبة}}, {{W-|ar|ارتعاب}}, {{W-|ar|جزع}}, {{W-|ar|رعب}}, {{W-|ar|هلع}} 
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W+|fa|ترس|guman=erê}}, {{W+|fa|وحشت|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|terror}}, {{W+|en|direfulness}}, {{W+|en|direness}}, {{W+|en|dread}}, {{W-|en|great fear|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|birsam}}, {{W+|tr|fobi}}, {{W+|tr|haşyet}}, {{W+|tr|korku}}, {{W+|tr|sam}}, {{W+|tr|tedhiş}}, {{W+|tr|terör}}, {{W+|tr|ürküntü}}, {{W+|tr|vahşet}}, {{W+|tr|yılgı}}, {{W+|tr|nezle}}, {{W+|tr|dehşet}}, {{W+|tr|heybet}}, {{W+|tr|varsayım}}, {{W+|tr|faraziye}}
{{werger-bin}}

== {{ziman|en}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{IPA|en|\sɔː\}}
* {{deng|en|en-us-saw.ogg|dever=DYA}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Back ache-saw.wav|Deng|dever=London, QY}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Assorted-Interests-saw.wav|Deng|dever=New York City, DYA}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Wodencafe-saw.wav|Deng|dever=Teksas, DYA}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Grendelkhan-saw.wav|Deng|dever=Connecticut, DYA}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|en}}
# [[mişar]], [[birrek]]a [[dar]]an

=== Lêker ===
{{en-tewîn-lk|form=awarte|n3y=saws|b=sawed|pb=sawn|pb2=sawed|pn=sawing}}
{{lêker|en}}
# Bi [[mişar]]ê [[birîn]].

{{bend}}

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|en|form=erê}}
# ''[[form]]a [[dem]]a [[raborî]] ji lêkera '''{{g|en|see}}''' ([[dîtin]])
#: {{mk|en|I didn't see him.|Min ew nedît.|rêz=1}}

== {{ziman|za}} ==

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|za}}
# [[kitêb#ku|kitêb]], [[pirtûk#ku|pirtûk]]</text>
      <sha1>d7nyhqyqv0rr9r77m8e7i9w7zy2bwps</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237467</id>
      <parentid>6237463</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T16:23:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Formeke lêkerê */</comment>
      <origin>6237467</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2633" sha1="7kiavew8rwzit5acq68ou0q7pm5im4o" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Navdêr ===
{{ku-tewîn-nav|saw|mê}}
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# [[fobî]]
#* {{jêder|ku|jêgirtin=Hingî ji van dengan û dîmenan '''saw''' girtîbû, keçika qerweş bêhiş ketibû.|{{Jêgirtin/Robert Louis Stevenson/Meseleya Seyr a Dr. Jekyll û Mr. Hyde|r=32}}}}
#* {{jêder|ku|jêgirtin=Dema weku bi pêçîyên xwe kerînekên guh bixijiqînin direyin ji bo xwe direyin û niha jî ew bû, ne ew dengê ku ew têxista nav hesaban û '''saw''' bi ser xista.|{{Jêgirtin/Îrfan Amîda/Şevek Şîzofren|r=6}}}}

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|ساو}}

==== Bide ber ====
* [[sawa]]

==== Etîmolojî ====
''Binere'': '''[[sam]]'''

==== Jê ====
{{stûn|
* [[bêsaw]]
* [[bêsawî]]
* [[bêsawîtî]]
* [[bêsawtî]]
* [[bisaw]]
* [[bisawî]]
* [[bisawîtî]]
* [[bisawtî]]
* [[sawdar]]
* [[sawdarî]]
* [[sawdarîtî]]
* [[sawdartî]]
* [[sawder]]
* [[sawderî]]
* [[sawderîtî]]
* [[sawdertî]]
* [[sawdêr]]
* [[sawdêrî]]
* [[sawdêrîtî]]
* [[sawdêrtî]]
* [[sawêr]]
* [[sawêrî]]
* [[sawî]]
}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|Angst}} {{m}}, {{W+|de|Entsetzen}} {{n}}, {{W+|de|Furcht}} {{m}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W-|ar|فزع}}, {{W-|ar|رهبة}}, {{W-|ar|ارتعاب}}, {{W-|ar|جزع}}, {{W-|ar|رعب}}, {{W-|ar|هلع}} 
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W+|fa|ترس|guman=erê}}, {{W+|fa|وحشت|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|terror}}, {{W+|en|direfulness}}, {{W+|en|direness}}, {{W+|en|dread}}, {{W-|en|great fear|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|birsam}}, {{W+|tr|fobi}}, {{W+|tr|haşyet}}, {{W+|tr|korku}}, {{W+|tr|sam}}, {{W+|tr|tedhiş}}, {{W+|tr|terör}}, {{W+|tr|ürküntü}}, {{W+|tr|vahşet}}, {{W+|tr|yılgı}}, {{W+|tr|nezle}}, {{W+|tr|dehşet}}, {{W+|tr|heybet}}, {{W+|tr|varsayım}}, {{W+|tr|faraziye}}
{{werger-bin}}

== {{ziman|en}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{IPA|en|\sɔː\}}
* {{deng|en|en-us-saw.ogg|dever=DYA}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Back ache-saw.wav|Deng|dever=London, QY}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Assorted-Interests-saw.wav|Deng|dever=New York City, DYA}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Wodencafe-saw.wav|Deng|dever=Teksas, DYA}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Grendelkhan-saw.wav|Deng|dever=Connecticut, DYA}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|en}}
# [[mişar]], [[birrek]]a [[dar]]an

=== Lêker ===
{{en-tewîn-lk|form=awarte|n3y=saws|b=sawed|pb=sawn|pb2=sawed|pn=sawing}}
{{lêker|en}}
# Bi [[mişar]]ê [[birîn]].

{{bend}}

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|en|form=erê}}
# {{en-dema-borî-sade|see}}
#: {{mk|en|I didn't '''see''' him.|Min ew nedît.|rêz=1}}

== {{ziman|za}} ==

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|za}}
# [[kitêb#ku|kitêb]], [[pirtûk#ku|pirtûk]]</text>
      <sha1>7kiavew8rwzit5acq68ou0q7pm5im4o</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237470</id>
      <parentid>6237467</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T16:26:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Jê */</comment>
      <origin>6237470</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2542" sha1="0dfmybl7j457oog9bxsgvdlikh0derl" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Navdêr ===
{{ku-tewîn-nav|saw|mê}}
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# [[fobî]]
#* {{jêder|ku|jêgirtin=Hingî ji van dengan û dîmenan '''saw''' girtîbû, keçika qerweş bêhiş ketibû.|{{Jêgirtin/Robert Louis Stevenson/Meseleya Seyr a Dr. Jekyll û Mr. Hyde|r=32}}}}
#* {{jêder|ku|jêgirtin=Dema weku bi pêçîyên xwe kerînekên guh bixijiqînin direyin ji bo xwe direyin û niha jî ew bû, ne ew dengê ku ew têxista nav hesaban û '''saw''' bi ser xista.|{{Jêgirtin/Îrfan Amîda/Şevek Şîzofren|r=6}}}}

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|ساو}}

==== Bide ber ====
* [[sawa]]

==== Etîmolojî ====
''Binere'': '''[[sam]]'''

==== Jê ====
{{kol3|ku
| bêsaw
| bêsawî
| bêsawîtî
| bêsawtî
| bisaw
| bisawî
| bisawîtî
| bisawtî
| sawdar
| sawdarî
| sawdarîtî
| sawdartî
| sawder
| sawderî
| sawderîtî
| sawdertî
| sawdêr
| sawdêrî
| sawdêrîtî
| sawdêrtî
| sawêr
| sawêrî
| sawî
}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|Angst}} {{m}}, {{W+|de|Entsetzen}} {{n}}, {{W+|de|Furcht}} {{m}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W-|ar|فزع}}, {{W-|ar|رهبة}}, {{W-|ar|ارتعاب}}, {{W-|ar|جزع}}, {{W-|ar|رعب}}, {{W-|ar|هلع}} 
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W+|fa|ترس|guman=erê}}, {{W+|fa|وحشت|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|terror}}, {{W+|en|direfulness}}, {{W+|en|direness}}, {{W+|en|dread}}, {{W-|en|great fear|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|birsam}}, {{W+|tr|fobi}}, {{W+|tr|haşyet}}, {{W+|tr|korku}}, {{W+|tr|sam}}, {{W+|tr|tedhiş}}, {{W+|tr|terör}}, {{W+|tr|ürküntü}}, {{W+|tr|vahşet}}, {{W+|tr|yılgı}}, {{W+|tr|nezle}}, {{W+|tr|dehşet}}, {{W+|tr|heybet}}, {{W+|tr|varsayım}}, {{W+|tr|faraziye}}
{{werger-bin}}

== {{ziman|en}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{IPA|en|\sɔː\}}
* {{deng|en|en-us-saw.ogg|dever=DYA}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Back ache-saw.wav|Deng|dever=London, QY}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Assorted-Interests-saw.wav|Deng|dever=New York City, DYA}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Wodencafe-saw.wav|Deng|dever=Teksas, DYA}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Grendelkhan-saw.wav|Deng|dever=Connecticut, DYA}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|en}}
# [[mişar]], [[birrek]]a [[dar]]an

=== Lêker ===
{{en-tewîn-lk|form=awarte|n3y=saws|b=sawed|pb=sawn|pb2=sawed|pn=sawing}}
{{lêker|en}}
# Bi [[mişar]]ê [[birîn]].

{{bend}}

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|en|form=erê}}
# {{en-dema-borî-sade|see}}
#: {{mk|en|I didn't '''see''' him.|Min ew nedît.|rêz=1}}

== {{ziman|za}} ==

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|za}}
# [[kitêb#ku|kitêb]], [[pirtûk#ku|pirtûk]]</text>
      <sha1>0dfmybl7j457oog9bxsgvdlikh0derl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237471</id>
      <parentid>6237470</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T16:27:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Navdêr */</comment>
      <origin>6237471</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2544" sha1="708ry93xe1krw8e9emi4v6ozgkf20fu" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Navdêr ===
{{ku-tewîn-nav|saw|mê}}
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# [[fobî]]
#* {{jêder|ku|jêgirtin=Hingî ji van dengan û dîmenan '''saw''' girtîbû, keçika qerweş bêhiş ketibû.|{{Jêgirtin/Robert Louis Stevenson/Meseleya Seyr a Dr. Jekyll û Mr. Hyde|r=32}}}}
#* {{jêder|ku|jêgirtin=Dema weku bi pêçîyên xwe kerînekên guh bixijiqînin direyin ji bo xwe direyin û niha jî ew bû, ne ew dengê ku ew têxista nav hesaban û '''saw''' bi ser xista.|{{Jêgirtin/Îrfan Amîda/Şevek Şîzofren|r=6}}}}

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|ساو}}

==== Bide ber ====
* [[sawa]]

==== Jê ====
{{kol3|ku
| bêsaw
| bêsawî
| bêsawîtî
| bêsawtî
| bisaw
| bisawî
| bisawîtî
| bisawtî
| sawdar
| sawdarî
| sawdarîtî
| sawdartî
| sawder
| sawderî
| sawderîtî
| sawdertî
| sawdêr
| sawdêrî
| sawdêrîtî
| sawdêrtî
| sawêr
| sawêrî
| sawî
}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
''Binêre'': '''[[sam]]'''.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|Angst}} {{m}}, {{W+|de|Entsetzen}} {{n}}, {{W+|de|Furcht}} {{m}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W-|ar|فزع}}, {{W-|ar|رهبة}}, {{W-|ar|ارتعاب}}, {{W-|ar|جزع}}, {{W-|ar|رعب}}, {{W-|ar|هلع}} 
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W+|fa|ترس|guman=erê}}, {{W+|fa|وحشت|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|terror}}, {{W+|en|direfulness}}, {{W+|en|direness}}, {{W+|en|dread}}, {{W-|en|great fear|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|birsam}}, {{W+|tr|fobi}}, {{W+|tr|haşyet}}, {{W+|tr|korku}}, {{W+|tr|sam}}, {{W+|tr|tedhiş}}, {{W+|tr|terör}}, {{W+|tr|ürküntü}}, {{W+|tr|vahşet}}, {{W+|tr|yılgı}}, {{W+|tr|nezle}}, {{W+|tr|dehşet}}, {{W+|tr|heybet}}, {{W+|tr|varsayım}}, {{W+|tr|faraziye}}
{{werger-bin}}

== {{ziman|en}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{IPA|en|\sɔː\}}
* {{deng|en|en-us-saw.ogg|dever=DYA}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Back ache-saw.wav|Deng|dever=London, QY}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Assorted-Interests-saw.wav|Deng|dever=New York City, DYA}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Wodencafe-saw.wav|Deng|dever=Teksas, DYA}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Grendelkhan-saw.wav|Deng|dever=Connecticut, DYA}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|en}}
# [[mişar]], [[birrek]]a [[dar]]an

=== Lêker ===
{{en-tewîn-lk|form=awarte|n3y=saws|b=sawed|pb=sawn|pb2=sawed|pn=sawing}}
{{lêker|en}}
# Bi [[mişar]]ê [[birîn]].

{{bend}}

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|en|form=erê}}
# {{en-dema-borî-sade|see}}
#: {{mk|en|I didn't '''see''' him.|Min ew nedît.|rêz=1}}

== {{ziman|za}} ==

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|za}}
# [[kitêb#ku|kitêb]], [[pirtûk#ku|pirtûk]]</text>
      <sha1>708ry93xe1krw8e9emi4v6ozgkf20fu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237472</id>
      <parentid>6237471</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T16:31:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* {{ziman|en}} */</comment>
      <origin>6237472</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2559" sha1="brsutnvw2y1ymd3m64xoxpc5iy4nhdn" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Navdêr ===
{{ku-tewîn-nav|saw|mê}}
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# [[fobî]]
#* {{jêder|ku|jêgirtin=Hingî ji van dengan û dîmenan '''saw''' girtîbû, keçika qerweş bêhiş ketibû.|{{Jêgirtin/Robert Louis Stevenson/Meseleya Seyr a Dr. Jekyll û Mr. Hyde|r=32}}}}
#* {{jêder|ku|jêgirtin=Dema weku bi pêçîyên xwe kerînekên guh bixijiqînin direyin ji bo xwe direyin û niha jî ew bû, ne ew dengê ku ew têxista nav hesaban û '''saw''' bi ser xista.|{{Jêgirtin/Îrfan Amîda/Şevek Şîzofren|r=6}}}}

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|ساو}}

==== Bide ber ====
* [[sawa]]

==== Jê ====
{{kol3|ku
| bêsaw
| bêsawî
| bêsawîtî
| bêsawtî
| bisaw
| bisawî
| bisawîtî
| bisawtî
| sawdar
| sawdarî
| sawdarîtî
| sawdartî
| sawder
| sawderî
| sawderîtî
| sawdertî
| sawdêr
| sawdêrî
| sawdêrîtî
| sawdêrtî
| sawêr
| sawêrî
| sawî
}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
''Binêre'': '''[[sam]]'''.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|Angst}} {{m}}, {{W+|de|Entsetzen}} {{n}}, {{W+|de|Furcht}} {{m}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W-|ar|فزع}}, {{W-|ar|رهبة}}, {{W-|ar|ارتعاب}}, {{W-|ar|جزع}}, {{W-|ar|رعب}}, {{W-|ar|هلع}} 
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W+|fa|ترس|guman=erê}}, {{W+|fa|وحشت|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|terror}}, {{W+|en|direfulness}}, {{W+|en|direness}}, {{W+|en|dread}}, {{W-|en|great fear|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|birsam}}, {{W+|tr|fobi}}, {{W+|tr|haşyet}}, {{W+|tr|korku}}, {{W+|tr|sam}}, {{W+|tr|tedhiş}}, {{W+|tr|terör}}, {{W+|tr|ürküntü}}, {{W+|tr|vahşet}}, {{W+|tr|yılgı}}, {{W+|tr|nezle}}, {{W+|tr|dehşet}}, {{W+|tr|heybet}}, {{W+|tr|varsayım}}, {{W+|tr|faraziye}}
{{werger-bin}}

== {{ziman|en}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{IPA|en|\sɔː\}}
* {{deng|en|en-us-saw.ogg|dever=DYA}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Back ache-saw.wav|Deng|dever=London, QY}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Assorted-Interests-saw.wav|Deng|dever=New York City, DYA}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Wodencafe-saw.wav|Deng|dever=Teksas, DYA}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Grendelkhan-saw.wav|Deng|dever=Connecticut, DYA}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{en-navdêr}}
# {{f|en|amûr}} [[mişar]], [[birrek]]a [[dar]]an

=== Lêker ===
{{en-tewîn-lk|form=awarte|n3y=saws|b=sawed|pb=sawn|pb2=sawed|pn=sawing}}
{{lêker|en}}
# Bi [[mişar]]ê [[birîn]].

{{bend}}

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|en|form=erê}}
# {{en-dema-borî-sade|see}}
#: {{mk|en|I didn't '''see''' him.|Min ew nedît.|rêz=1}}

== {{ziman|za}} ==

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|za}}
# [[kitêb#ku|kitêb]], [[pirtûk#ku|pirtûk]]</text>
      <sha1>brsutnvw2y1ymd3m64xoxpc5iy4nhdn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wîkîferheng:ceribandin</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>23016</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237484</id>
      <parentid>6237381</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T22:33:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>6237484</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="554" sha1="dfr73hn4mypwzgr9ryhxqhoq18mhp9o" xml:space="preserve">: [[Modul:ku-tewandin/tablo/ceribandin]]

# [[Wîkîferheng:ceribandin#Gerguhêz|Gerguhêz]]
# [[Wîkîferheng:ceribandin#Negerguhêz|Negerguhêz]]

{{#invoke:ku-tewîn-nav|get_comma_separated_forms|heval|mê û nêr}}

{{#invoke:ku-tewandin|get_comma_separated_forms|niha=kev|borî=ket}}


{{ku-tewandin/ceribandin|emilandin|form=gerguhêz|niha=emilîn|borî=emiland|bi=bi|na=na|ne=ne}}

=== çûn ===
{{ku-tewandin/ceribandin|çûn|form=negerguhêz|niha=ç|borî=çû}}

=== hatin ===
{{ku-tewandin/ceribandin|hatin|form=negerguhêz|niha=ê|borî=hat}}</text>
      <sha1>dfr73hn4mypwzgr9ryhxqhoq18mhp9o</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237485</id>
      <parentid>6237484</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T22:34:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>6237485</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="565" sha1="azs7zhyuwnmew23xs8tjxi1xmo1lyf3" xml:space="preserve">: [[Modul:ku-tewandin/tablo/ceribandin]]

# [[Wîkîferheng:ceribandin#Gerguhêz|Gerguhêz]]
# [[Wîkîferheng:ceribandin#Negerguhêz|Negerguhêz]]

{{#invoke:ku-tewîn-nav|get_comma_separated_forms|heval|mê û nêr}}

{{#invoke:ku-tewandin/ceribandin|get_comma_separated_forms|niha=kev|borî=ket}}


{{ku-tewandin/ceribandin|emilandin|form=gerguhêz|niha=emilîn|borî=emiland|bi=bi|na=na|ne=ne}}

=== çûn ===
{{ku-tewandin/ceribandin|çûn|form=negerguhêz|niha=ç|borî=çû}}

=== hatin ===
{{ku-tewandin/ceribandin|hatin|form=negerguhêz|niha=ê|borî=hat}}</text>
      <sha1>azs7zhyuwnmew23xs8tjxi1xmo1lyf3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237504</id>
      <parentid>6237485</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T03:01:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>6237504</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="467" sha1="3kap6sjcnlywas2p5undvrmz134fgql" xml:space="preserve">: [[Modul:ku-tewandin/tablo/ceribandin]]

# [[Wîkîferheng:ceribandin#Gerguhêz|Gerguhêz]]
# [[Wîkîferheng:ceribandin#Negerguhêz|Negerguhêz]]

{{#invoke:ku-tewîn-nav|get_comma_separated_forms|heval|mê û nêr}}

{{#invoke:ku-tewandin/ceribandin|get_comma_separated_forms|niha=kev|borî=ket}}


=== çûn ===
{{ku-tewandin/ceribandin|çûn|form=negerguhêz|niha=ç|borî=çû}}

=== hatin ===
{{ku-tewandin/ceribandin|hatin|form=negerguhêz|niha=ê|borî=hat}}</text>
      <sha1>3kap6sjcnlywas2p5undvrmz134fgql</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237520</id>
      <parentid>6237504</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T08:17:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* hatin */</comment>
      <origin>6237520</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="466" sha1="80v2oeise3hg8bxp3wfqg1gm6zvfq8n" xml:space="preserve">: [[Modul:ku-tewandin/tablo/ceribandin]]

# [[Wîkîferheng:ceribandin#Gerguhêz|Gerguhêz]]
# [[Wîkîferheng:ceribandin#Negerguhêz|Negerguhêz]]

{{#invoke:ku-tewîn-nav|get_comma_separated_forms|heval|mê û nêr}}

{{#invoke:ku-tewandin/ceribandin|get_comma_separated_forms|niha=kev|borî=ket}}


=== çûn ===
{{ku-tewandin/ceribandin|çûn|form=negerguhêz|niha=ç|borî=çû}}

=== hatin ===
{{ku-tewandin|hatin|form=negerguhêz|niha=wer|niha2=ê|borî=hat}}</text>
      <sha1>80v2oeise3hg8bxp3wfqg1gm6zvfq8n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>see</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25368</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237461</id>
      <parentid>6082450</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T16:11:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Bilêvkirin */</comment>
      <origin>6237461</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1751" sha1="dwlm5ya92bbexpx1gz5gvgfv8c0gbed" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|af}} ==

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|af}}
# {{f|af|erdnîgarî}} {{g|ku|derya}}, {{g|ku|behr}}, {{g|ku|dengiz}}
#* {{bêmînak|af}}

=== Çavkanî ===
{{rûpela wergerê|af|derya}}

== {{ziman|et}} ==

=== Cînav ===
{{cînav|et}}
# {{g|ku|ev}} ([[yekjimar]], [[biker]])
#* {{bêmînak|et}}

== {{ziman|fur}} ==

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|fur|z=m}}
# {{mijar|fur|amûr}} {{g|ku|mişar}}
#* {{bêmînak|fur}}

=== Çavkanî ===
{{rûpela wergerê|fur|mişar}}

== {{ziman|frr}} ==

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|frr|z=n}}
# {{mijar|frr|av}} {{g|ku|gol}}, {{g|ku|deryaçe}}, {{g|ku|gol}}a {{g|ku|av}}ê
#* {{bêmînak|frr}}

=== Çavkanî ===
{{rûpela wergerê|frr|gol}}

== {{ziman|fy}} ==

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|fy|z=m}}
# {{f|fy|erdnîgarî}} {{g|ku|derya}}, {{g|ku|behr}}, {{g|ku|dengiz}}
#* {{bêmînak|fy}}

=== Çavkanî ===
{{rûpela wergerê|fy|derya}}

== {{ziman|enm}} ==

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|enm}}
# {{f|enm|erdnîgarî}} {{g|ku|derya}}, {{g|ku|behr}}, {{g|ku|dengiz}}
#* {{bêmînak|enm}}

=== Çavkanî ===
{{rûpela wergerê|enm|derya}}

== {{ziman|en}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
:{{ku-tîp|sî}}
* {{IPA|en|/siː/}}
* {{deng|en|en-uk-to see.ogg|Deng - 'to see'|dever=QY}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Back ache-see.wav|Deng|dever=London, QY}}
* {{deng|en|en-us-see.ogg|dever=DYA}}

=== Lêker ===
{{en-tewîn-lk|form=awarte|n3y=sees|b=saw|pb=seen|pn=seeing}}
{{lêker|en}}
# [[dîtin]]
#: {{mk|en|I cannot '''see''' you today.|Ez nikarim te îro bibînim.|rêz=1}}
# [[tê gihiştin]], [[fam|fam kirin]]
#: {{mk|en|I don't '''see''' why you cannot come.|Ez tê nagihim tu çima nikarî werî.}}

==== Bide ber ====
* {{g|en|sea}}

== {{ziman|jam}} ==

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|jam}}
# [[dîtin#ku|dîtin]]
#* {{bêmînak|jam}}</text>
      <sha1>dwlm5ya92bbexpx1gz5gvgfv8c0gbed</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>watch</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>29492</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237452</id>
      <parentid>6237369</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T15:42:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Navdêr */</comment>
      <origin>6237452</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="617" sha1="46qmgxjhdhe5mhw86yw9dzzqk200f4y" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|en}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{deng|en|en-gb-watch.ogg|dever=QY}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Back ache-watch.wav|Deng|dever=London, QY}}
* {{deng|en|en-us-watch.ogg|dever=DYA}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Wodencafe-watch.wav|Deng|dever=Teksas, DYA}}

=== Lêker ===
{{en-lêker}}
# [[nerîn]], [[temaşe]] kirin, [[mêzîn]], [[berê xwe danê]], [[seh|seh kirin]], [[fekirin]], [[hêv|hêv kirin]], [[mêze|mêze kirin]], [[mêzandin]], [[darî kirin]], [[çav lê gerandin]]
#* {{bêmînak|en}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{en-navdêr}}
# [[demjimêrk]], [[seet]] (bi taybetî yên [[zend]]an)
#* {{bêmînak|en}}</text>
      <sha1>46qmgxjhdhe5mhw86yw9dzzqk200f4y</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237458</id>
      <parentid>6237452</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T15:58:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Bilêvkirin */</comment>
      <origin>6237458</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="571" sha1="o55xzghnl1cvdeo6si6xffsaaz1yoic" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|en}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{IPA|en|/ˈwɒt͡ʃ/}}
* {{deng|en|en-gb-watch.ogg|dever=QY}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Back ache-watch.wav|Deng|dever=London, QY}}
* {{deng|en|en-us-watch.ogg|dever=DYA}}

=== Lêker ===
{{en-lêker}}
# [[nerîn]], [[temaşe]] kirin, [[mêzîn]], [[berê xwe danê]], [[seh|seh kirin]], [[fekirin]], [[hêv|hêv kirin]], [[mêze|mêze kirin]], [[mêzandin]], [[darî kirin]], [[çav lê gerandin]]
#* {{bêmînak|en}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{en-navdêr}}
# [[demjimêrk]], [[seet]] (bi taybetî yên [[zend]]an)
#* {{bêmînak|en}}</text>
      <sha1>o55xzghnl1cvdeo6si6xffsaaz1yoic</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>codex</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>38579</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237505</id>
      <parentid>6037904</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T03:21:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-34493-14</username>
        <id>15046</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>6237505</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="398" sha1="59my15ja8k2m7k7mqop2v8lumgh1htq" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|en}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Wodencafe-codex.wav|Deng|dever=Teksas, DYA}}
* {{deng|en|En-us-codex.ogg}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|en}}
# [[nexşe]] &lt;ref&gt;Ferhenga Kurdî-Îngîlîzî ya Salah Sadallah&lt;/ref&gt;
#* {{bêmînak|en}}

== {{ziman|la}} ==

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|la|z=}}
# [[pirtûk]], [[kitêb]]
#* {{bêmînak|la}}

=== Çavkanî ===
{{çavkanî}}</text>
      <sha1>59my15ja8k2m7k7mqop2v8lumgh1htq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>gerçi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>41301</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237424</id>
      <parentid>6233257</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T13:51:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rewiye tine</username>
        <id>7120</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Etîmolojî */</comment>
      <origin>6237424</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1746" sha1="6ww6ll8vtwdr5wk26geigcsewgdbfb6" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Hoker ===
{{hoker|ku}}
# [[welew]], [[tevî ku]], [[rexma]], [[rexmen]], [[çendî ku]], [[her çiqas ku]], [[çawa]] be jî, [[herçend e ku]], [[dîsan jî]], [[her çend]], ya rastî
#:'''''Gerçi''' ku wan zilm li me kiriye jî, divê em zilmê li wan nekin!''
#* {{jêder|ku|{{Jêgirtin/Melayê Cizîrî/Dîwana Melayê Cizirî}}|jêgirtin=Şerh-i halê min Mela narit beyadê hê temam&lt;/br&gt;Vê sewadê '''gerçi''' herdem jê birin sed intixab}}

==== Bide ber ====
* [[gerçî]]

==== Etîmolojî ====
ji {{pêk|ger|çi}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W|de|obwohl}}, {{W|de|obgleich}}, {{W|de|obschon}}, [[so]] (wenn auch, {{W|de|obwohl)}}, [[soviel]] (in wie großen Maß auch immer), [[wenn]] (konditional), {{W|de|wenngleich}}, {{W|de|wennschon}}, {{W|de|zwar|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W|ar|رغم}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W|fa|گرچه}}, {{W|fa|هر چند}}, {{W|fa|گوجه فرنگی}}
* {{Z|fi}}: {{W|fi|vaikka}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W|fr|quoique}}, {{W|fr|même si}}
* {{Z|nl}}: {{W|nl|}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W|en|albeit}}, {{W|en|although}}, {{W|en|though}}
* {{Z|it}}: {{W|it|benché}}, {{W|it|anche se}}, {{W|it|per quanto}}
* {{Z|ru}}: {{W|ru|несмотря на то}}, {{W|ru|что}}, {{W|ru|хотя}}
* {{Z|es}}: {{W|es|aunque}}, {{W|es|aun cuando}}, {{W|es|aun si}}
* {{Z|sv}}: {{W|sv|fastän}}, {{W|sv|fast}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W|tr|gerçi}}, [[her]] [[ne]] [[kadar]], [[ise]] [[de]], {{W|tr|rağmen}}, {{W|tr|vakia|guman=erê}}, {{W|tr|vakıa|guman=erê}}
{{werger-bin}}

== {{ziman|tr}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{deng|tr|LL-Q256 (tur)-ToprakM-gerçi.wav|Deng|dever=Îzmîr, Tirkiye}}

=== Hoker ===
{{hoker|tr}}
# [[çendî]], [[heçî]], [[gerçî]], [[rexma]], [[her çiqas]]
#* {{bêmînak|tr}}</text>
      <sha1>6ww6ll8vtwdr5wk26geigcsewgdbfb6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237425</id>
      <parentid>6237424</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T13:51:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rewiye tine</username>
        <id>7120</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Etîmolojî */</comment>
      <origin>6237425</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1749" sha1="ntpcq9nex6usldg02amy77xua4pgotx" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Hoker ===
{{hoker|ku}}
# [[welew]], [[tevî ku]], [[rexma]], [[rexmen]], [[çendî ku]], [[her çiqas ku]], [[çawa]] be jî, [[herçend e ku]], [[dîsan jî]], [[her çend]], ya rastî
#:'''''Gerçi''' ku wan zilm li me kiriye jî, divê em zilmê li wan nekin!''
#* {{jêder|ku|{{Jêgirtin/Melayê Cizîrî/Dîwana Melayê Cizirî}}|jêgirtin=Şerh-i halê min Mela narit beyadê hê temam&lt;/br&gt;Vê sewadê '''gerçi''' herdem jê birin sed intixab}}

==== Bide ber ====
* [[gerçî]]

==== Etîmolojî ====
ji {{pêk|ku|ger|çi}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W|de|obwohl}}, {{W|de|obgleich}}, {{W|de|obschon}}, [[so]] (wenn auch, {{W|de|obwohl)}}, [[soviel]] (in wie großen Maß auch immer), [[wenn]] (konditional), {{W|de|wenngleich}}, {{W|de|wennschon}}, {{W|de|zwar|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W|ar|رغم}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W|fa|گرچه}}, {{W|fa|هر چند}}, {{W|fa|گوجه فرنگی}}
* {{Z|fi}}: {{W|fi|vaikka}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W|fr|quoique}}, {{W|fr|même si}}
* {{Z|nl}}: {{W|nl|}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W|en|albeit}}, {{W|en|although}}, {{W|en|though}}
* {{Z|it}}: {{W|it|benché}}, {{W|it|anche se}}, {{W|it|per quanto}}
* {{Z|ru}}: {{W|ru|несмотря на то}}, {{W|ru|что}}, {{W|ru|хотя}}
* {{Z|es}}: {{W|es|aunque}}, {{W|es|aun cuando}}, {{W|es|aun si}}
* {{Z|sv}}: {{W|sv|fastän}}, {{W|sv|fast}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W|tr|gerçi}}, [[her]] [[ne]] [[kadar]], [[ise]] [[de]], {{W|tr|rağmen}}, {{W|tr|vakia|guman=erê}}, {{W|tr|vakıa|guman=erê}}
{{werger-bin}}

== {{ziman|tr}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{deng|tr|LL-Q256 (tur)-ToprakM-gerçi.wav|Deng|dever=Îzmîr, Tirkiye}}

=== Hoker ===
{{hoker|tr}}
# [[çendî]], [[heçî]], [[gerçî]], [[rexma]], [[her çiqas]]
#* {{bêmînak|tr}}</text>
      <sha1>ntpcq9nex6usldg02amy77xua4pgotx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>hêvên</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>45500</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237456</id>
      <parentid>6237402</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T15:50:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bikarhêner</username>
        <id>3719</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>6237456</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="78" sha1="av8pdf4k70wfe1lu0j4u9v0zqqmielc" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|ku|z=n}}
# {{guharto|ku|havên}}</text>
      <sha1>av8pdf4k70wfe1lu0j4u9v0zqqmielc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>sererast</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>45802</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237453</id>
      <parentid>6098515</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T15:44:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Rengdêr */</comment>
      <origin>6237453</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1092" sha1="n0bko4pre3zidj47jda4hiu53svv2cq" xml:space="preserve">{{ds|sererast|serrast}}

== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
&lt;!-- * {{ku-IPA}} --&gt;
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Rengdêr ===
{{ku-tewîn-rd|sererast}}
{{rengdêr|ku}}
# [[dirist|Dirist]], [[rast]]kirî, [[bêkêmasî]], [[bêşaşî]], [[bêçewtî]], [[bêxeletî]].
#: {{nim|ku|'''Sererast''' kirin.|kêmasiyên tiştekî jê derxistin|rêz=1}}

==== Herwiha ====
{{kol3|ku|cure=Herwiha
|serast
|serrast
}}

==== Jê ====
{{kol3|ku|cure=Jê
|sererast bûn&lt;pos:lêker&gt;
|sererast kirin&lt;pos:lêker&gt;
|sererastbûn&lt;pos:navdêr&gt;
|sererastkirin&lt;pos:navdêr&gt;
|sererastbûyî&lt;pos:rengdêr&gt;
|sererastkirî&lt;pos:rengdêr&gt;
|sererastî
}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{qertaf|ku|ser|-e-|rast}}.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|direkt}}, {{W+|de|ordentlich}}, {{W+|de|regelmäßig}}, {{W+|de|bestimmt}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W-|ar|مصحح}},{{W-|ar|منظم}},{{W-|ar|مرتب}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W+|fa|هماهنگ}}
* {{Z|fi}}: {{W+|fi|oikaistu}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|corrected}}, {{W+|en|orderly}}, {{W+|en|tidy}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|direkt}}, {{W+|tr|sağlıklı}}, {{W+|tr|düzgün}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>n0bko4pre3zidj47jda4hiu53svv2cq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237476</id>
      <parentid>6237453</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T17:40:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Werger */</comment>
      <origin>6237476</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1118" sha1="ak9jtonq2k2p8f7nwzd2097j2cn3yal" xml:space="preserve">{{ds|sererast|serrast}}

== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
&lt;!-- * {{ku-IPA}} --&gt;
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Rengdêr ===
{{ku-tewîn-rd|sererast}}
{{rengdêr|ku}}
# [[dirist|Dirist]], [[rast]]kirî, [[bêkêmasî]], [[bêşaşî]], [[bêçewtî]], [[bêxeletî]].
#: {{nim|ku|'''Sererast''' kirin.|kêmasiyên tiştekî jê derxistin|rêz=1}}

==== Herwiha ====
{{kol3|ku|cure=Herwiha
|serast
|serrast
}}

==== Jê ====
{{kol3|ku|cure=Jê
|sererast bûn&lt;pos:lêker&gt;
|sererast kirin&lt;pos:lêker&gt;
|sererastbûn&lt;pos:navdêr&gt;
|sererastkirin&lt;pos:navdêr&gt;
|sererastbûyî&lt;pos:rengdêr&gt;
|sererastkirî&lt;pos:rengdêr&gt;
|sererastî
}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{qertaf|ku|ser|-e-|rast}}.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|direkt}}, {{W+|de|ordentlich}}, {{W+|de|regelmäßig}}, {{W+|de|bestimmt}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W-|ar|مُصَحَّح}}, {{W-|ar|مُنَظَّم}}, {{W-|ar|مُرَتَّب}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W+|fa|هماهنگ}}
* {{Z|fi}}: {{W+|fi|oikaistu}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|corrected}}, {{W+|en|orderly}}, {{W+|en|tidy}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|direkt}}, {{W+|tr|sağlıklı}}, {{W+|tr|düzgün}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>ak9jtonq2k2p8f7nwzd2097j2cn3yal</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>angaşt</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>46382</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237416</id>
      <parentid>6120272</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T12:56:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-31809-51</username>
        <id>15005</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Etîmolojî */ Peyv warê zimanên Îranî ye. Nabe tenê bo zimanê farisî be.</comment>
      <origin>6237416</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1445" sha1="eib2os5e3uklog7zcuyn7fkbrx3f7es" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-IPA}}
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{ku-tewîn-nav|angaşt|mê}}
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# Tiştê ku kesek dibêje lê [[bêguman]] nayê [[zanîn]] ka [[rast]] e yan ne.
#: {{hevmaneyên peyvê|ku|îdia|tez|argument|ingir|dahk|tiwêj}}

==== Herwiha ====
{{kol3|ku|cure=Herwiha
|engaşt
}}

==== Jê ====
{{kol3|ku|cure=Jê
|angaşt kirin&lt;q:lêker&gt;
|angaştkirin&lt;q:navdêr&gt;
|angaştkirî&lt;q:rengdêr&gt;
|angaştin
|angaştî
}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ev peyv bingeha انگاشتن engaşten &quot;fikirîn, xeyal kirin, tesewir kirin, ferz kirin&quot; a farisî [[Peyva farisî çi ye KERO? Çawa bo te diyare ko ev peyv peyvek farisî ye? Nabe ku peyvek Tat, Taliş, Mazenderan, Pamîr, Peştûn, yan jî Avesta be?]] ye ku bi xeletî yaxud bi kêfî ji alîyê hin kesan ve manaya &quot;îdia&quot; lê hate barkirin.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|Behauptung|f}}, {{W+|de|Argument|n}}, {{W+|de|Claim|m|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W-|ar|ادعاء}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W+|fa|ادعا}}, {{W+|fa|شرط}}
* {{Z|fi}}: {{W+|fi|väite}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|thèse}}
* {{Z|he}}: {{W-|he|טענה|tr=t'a'na}}, [[טיעון]] (t'i'un)
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|claim}}, {{W+|en|argument}}, {{W+|en|thesis}}, {{W+|en|allegation}}
* {{Z|it}}: {{W+|it|dichiarazione|f}}, {{W+|it|affermazione|f}}
* {{Z|sv}}: {{W+|sv|påstående|n}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|iddia}}, {{W+|tr|av}}, {{W+|tr|tez}}, {{W+|tr|sav}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>eib2os5e3uklog7zcuyn7fkbrx3f7es</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237454</id>
      <parentid>6237416</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T15:44:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bikarhêner</username>
        <id>3719</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Guhartinên [[Special:Contributions/~2026-31809-51|~2026-31809-51]] ([[User talk:~2026-31809-51|gotûbêj]]) hatine betalkirin, vegerand guhartoya dawî ya [[User:Bikarhêner|Bikarhêner]]</comment>
      <origin>6120272</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1289" sha1="4y094u6qpyfb3nyggyk913tevdhffkz" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-IPA}}
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{ku-tewîn-nav|angaşt|mê}}
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# Tiştê ku kesek dibêje lê [[bêguman]] nayê [[zanîn]] ka [[rast]] e yan ne.
#: {{hevmaneyên peyvê|ku|îdia|tez|argument|ingir|dahk|tiwêj}}

==== Herwiha ====
{{kol3|ku|cure=Herwiha
|engaşt
}}

==== Jê ====
{{kol3|ku|cure=Jê
|angaşt kirin&lt;q:lêker&gt;
|angaştkirin&lt;q:navdêr&gt;
|angaştkirî&lt;q:rengdêr&gt;
|angaştin
|angaştî
}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ev peyv bingeha انگاشتن engaşten &quot;fikirîn, xeyal kirin, tesewir kirin, ferz kirin&quot; a farisî ye ku bi xeletî yaxud bi kêfî ji alîyê hin kesan ve manaya &quot;îdia&quot; lê hate barkirin. 

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|Behauptung|f}}, {{W+|de|Argument|n}}, {{W+|de|Claim|m|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W-|ar|ادعاء}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W+|fa|ادعا}}, {{W+|fa|شرط}}
* {{Z|fi}}: {{W+|fi|väite}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|thèse}}
* {{Z|he}}: {{W-|he|טענה|tr=t'a'na}}, [[טיעון]] (t'i'un)
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|claim}}, {{W+|en|argument}}, {{W+|en|thesis}}, {{W+|en|allegation}}
* {{Z|it}}: {{W+|it|dichiarazione|f}}, {{W+|it|affermazione|f}}
* {{Z|sv}}: {{W+|sv|påstående|n}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|iddia}}, {{W+|tr|av}}, {{W+|tr|tez}}, {{W+|tr|sav}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>4y094u6qpyfb3nyggyk913tevdhffkz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>take</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>47941</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237451</id>
      <parentid>6235743</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T15:40:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Bilêvkirin */</comment>
      <origin>6237451</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2352" sha1="qgpzyryhbfs9jxiaq9bhf7t835o4ibw" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|en}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
:{{ku-tîp|teyk}}
* {{IPA|en|/teɪk/|[tʰeɪ̯k]}}
{{stûn|h=2|
* {{deng|en|En-uk-to take.ogg|dever=QY}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Back ache-take.wav|Deng|dever=London, QY}}
* {{deng|en|en-us-take.ogg|dever=DYA}}
* {{deng|en|en-au-take.ogg|dever=Awistralya}}
}}

=== Lêker ===
{{en-tewîn-lk|form=awarte|n3y=takes|b=took|pb=taken|pn=taking}}
{{lêker|en}}
# [[girtin]], [[wergirtin]], [[hildan]], [[standin]]
#* {{bêmînak|en}}
# [[birin]]
#: {{mk|en|My friends '''took''' me to meet him.|Hevalên min ez birim ji bo wî nas kim.}}

{{bend}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|en|p=takes}}
# [[girtin#Navdêr|Girtin]].
#* {{bêmînak|en}}
# Tiştek ku tête [[birin]].
#* {{bêmînak|en}}
# [[miqdar|Miqdar]]a [[masî]], leyistik û hwd. di yek carî de girtin.
#* {{bêmînak|en}}
# [[raman|Raman]], [[nêrîn]] an [[nirxandin]]ek
#: {{mk|en|What's your '''take''' on the candidate?|Nerîna we li ser namzet çi ye?}}
# [[nêrîn|Nêrîn]]ek; [[çareser]]kirin
#: {{mk|en|A new '''take''' on an old idea.|Awireke nû li ser ramaneke kevn.}}
# {{f|en|nefermî}} [[dirav|Dirav]]ê ku tê [[standin]], bi taybetî jî [[qezenc]].
#* {{bêmînak|en}}
# {{f|en|rojnamevanî}} Beşek ji [[nusxe]]yê ku ji [[kargêr]] an [[afirîner]]ê Linotype re hatî teîn kirin, bi gelemperî beşek [[çîrok]] an [[gotar]]ek e.
#* {{bêmînak|en}}
# {{f|en|sînema}} Wêne kişandina [[dîmen]]ek, an perçeyek ji dîmenek, bêyî qutbûn û birîn.
#* {{bêmînak|en}}
## Mînakeke xebata domdar a [[kamera]]yê.
#* {{bêmînak|en}}
# {{f|en|nefermî}} [[berter|Bertekeke]] [[dîtbarî]] û [[derûnî]] ji tiştekê/î re bi gelemperî diyar kirin di starekê de ku vekêşîn an ecêbbûna tevahî îfade dike.
#: {{mk|en|She did a slow '''take''' on being asked by reporters the same question for the third time.|Wê girtinek hêdî kir li ser ku ji hêla nûçegihanan ve cara sêyem heman pirs tê pirsîn.}}
# [[tomarkirin|Tomarkirina]] performansa [[muzîkal]]ek.
#* {{bêmînak|en}}
# {{f|en|bijîşkî}} [[derzîn|Derzîn]]eke serketî.
#* {{bêmînak|en}}

=== Çavkanî ===
* {{malper|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/take|sernav=take|malper=dictionary.com}}

== {{ziman|mh}} ==

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|mh}}
# {{mijar|mh|heywan}} {{g|ku|elok}}
#* {{bêmînak|mh}}

=== Çavkanî ===
{{rûpela wergerê|mh|elok}}</text>
      <sha1>qgpzyryhbfs9jxiaq9bhf7t835o4ibw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>took</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>47942</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237446</id>
      <parentid>6083777</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T15:27:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Bilêvkirin */</comment>
      <origin>6237446</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="392" sha1="9sfz1ivmapqter80ab87v7aa2pl35k4" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|en}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
:{{ku-tîp|tuk}}
* {{IPA|en|/tʊk/}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Pvanp7-took.wav|QY}}
* {{deng|en|en-us-took.ogg|DYA}}

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|en|form=erê}}
# {{en-dema-borî-sade|take}}
## [[girt]]

== {{ziman|yua}} ==

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|yua}}
# {{g|ku|şewitîn}}, {{g|ku|sotin}}

=== Çavkanî ===
{{rûpela wergerê|yua|şewitîn}}</text>
      <sha1>9sfz1ivmapqter80ab87v7aa2pl35k4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237447</id>
      <parentid>6237446</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T15:30:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Bilêvkirin */</comment>
      <origin>6237447</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="404" sha1="d1fswfuamorqwofv0a72pbf3b688c91" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|en}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
:{{ku-tîp|tuk}}
* {{IPA|en|/tʊk/}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Pvanp7-took.wav|dever=QY}}
* {{deng|en|en-us-took.ogg|dever=DYA}}

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|en|form=erê}}
# {{en-dema-borî-sade|take}}
## [[girt]]

== {{ziman|yua}} ==

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|yua}}
# {{g|ku|şewitîn}}, {{g|ku|sotin}}

=== Çavkanî ===
{{rûpela wergerê|yua|şewitîn}}</text>
      <sha1>d1fswfuamorqwofv0a72pbf3b688c91</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>taken</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>47943</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237448</id>
      <parentid>6083778</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T15:34:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Bilêvkirin */</comment>
      <origin>6237448</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="280" sha1="0pumryy30vzg4cpuhzfimenz5qm61au" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|en}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
:{{ku-tîp|teykin}}
* {{IPA|en|/ˈteɪ.kn̩/}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Back ache-taken.wav|dever=UK}}
* {{deng|en|en-us-taken.ogg|dever=US}}

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|en|form=erê}}
#  {{partîsîpa borî|en|take}}
## [[girtî]]</text>
      <sha1>0pumryy30vzg4cpuhzfimenz5qm61au</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237449</id>
      <parentid>6237448</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T15:35:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Bilêvkirin */</comment>
      <origin>6237449</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="281" sha1="2058mn8z4pbs6dzq1oi2maamspdiggr" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|en}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
:{{ku-tîp|teykin}}
* {{IPA|en|/ˈteɪ.kn̩/}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Back ache-taken.wav|dever=QY}}
* {{deng|en|en-us-taken.ogg|dever=DYA}}

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|en|form=erê}}
#  {{partîsîpa borî|en|take}}
## [[girtî]]</text>
      <sha1>2058mn8z4pbs6dzq1oi2maamspdiggr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>seen</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>48245</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237464</id>
      <parentid>6083964</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T16:18:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* {{ziman|en}} */</comment>
      <origin>6237464</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="577" sha1="93nskk5xrlrya94x33f8xd3m2jxq0q0" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|en}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{IPA|en|/siːn/}}
* {{deng|en|en-us-seen.ogg|dever=DYA}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Back ache-seen.wav|Deng|dever=London, QY}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Assorted-Interests-seen.wav|Deng|dever=New York City, DYA}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Wodencafe-seen.wav|Deng|dever=Teksas, DYA}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Grendelkhan-seen.wav|Deng|dever=Connecticut, DYA}}

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|en|form=erê}}
#  {{partîsîpa borî|en|take}}
## [[dîtî]]

== {{ziman|nds}} ==

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|nds}}
# [[dîtin#ku|dîtin]]</text>
      <sha1>93nskk5xrlrya94x33f8xd3m2jxq0q0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237465</id>
      <parentid>6237464</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T16:19:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Formeke lêkerê */</comment>
      <origin>6237465</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="577" sha1="i8xe05415tdwnkzrrgpo5fz8kyebmew" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|en}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{IPA|en|/siːn/}}
* {{deng|en|en-us-seen.ogg|dever=DYA}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Back ache-seen.wav|Deng|dever=London, QY}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Assorted-Interests-seen.wav|Deng|dever=New York City, DYA}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Wodencafe-seen.wav|Deng|dever=Teksas, DYA}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Grendelkhan-seen.wav|Deng|dever=Connecticut, DYA}}

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|en|form=erê}}
#  {{partîsîpa borî|en|seen}}
## [[dîtî]]

== {{ziman|nds}} ==

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|nds}}
# [[dîtin#ku|dîtin]]</text>
      <sha1>i8xe05415tdwnkzrrgpo5fz8kyebmew</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237466</id>
      <parentid>6237465</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T16:19:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Formeke lêkerê */</comment>
      <origin>6237466</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="576" sha1="o5hn8nfmjul51h3gvkzrmqib6t1ob20" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|en}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{IPA|en|/siːn/}}
* {{deng|en|en-us-seen.ogg|dever=DYA}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Back ache-seen.wav|Deng|dever=London, QY}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Assorted-Interests-seen.wav|Deng|dever=New York City, DYA}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Wodencafe-seen.wav|Deng|dever=Teksas, DYA}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Grendelkhan-seen.wav|Deng|dever=Connecticut, DYA}}

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|en|form=erê}}
#  {{partîsîpa borî|en|see}}
## [[dîtî]]

== {{ziman|nds}} ==

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|nds}}
# [[dîtin#ku|dîtin]]</text>
      <sha1>o5hn8nfmjul51h3gvkzrmqib6t1ob20</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>taking</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>49233</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237450</id>
      <parentid>6084189</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T15:36:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* {{ziman|en}} */</comment>
      <origin>6237450</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="281" sha1="0fd8lnih8si3wyjrncityyswvkpvy7p" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|en}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
:{{ku-tîp|teyking}}
* {{IPA|en|/ˈteɪkɪŋ/}}
* {{deng|en|en-us-taking.ogg|dever=DYA}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Back ache-taking.wav|Deng|dever=London, QY}}

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|en|form=erê}}
# {{partîsîpa niha|en|take}}</text>
      <sha1>0fd8lnih8si3wyjrncityyswvkpvy7p</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>seeing</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>49258</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237468</id>
      <parentid>6084211</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T16:25:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Formeke lêkerê */</comment>
      <origin>6237468</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="334" sha1="7r67d4ydjm4ud6v6fx9w9gv0fk1m7z5" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|en}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
:{{ku-tîp|sîying}}
* {{deng|en|en-us-seeing.ogg|dever=DYA}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Wodencafe-seeing.wav|Deng|dever=Teksas, DYA}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Grendelkhan-seeing.wav|Deng|dever=Connecticut, DYA}}

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|en|form=erê}}
# {{partîsîpa niha|en|see}}</text>
      <sha1>7r67d4ydjm4ud6v6fx9w9gv0fk1m7z5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237469</id>
      <parentid>6237468</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T16:26:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Bilêvkirin */</comment>
      <origin>6237469</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="361" sha1="dn967yywx7heb55pr9yxt082df0sd4a" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|en}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
:{{ku-tîp|sîying}}
* {{IPA|en|/ˈsiː.ɪŋ/}}
* {{deng|en|en-us-seeing.ogg|dever=DYA}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Wodencafe-seeing.wav|Deng|dever=Teksas, DYA}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Grendelkhan-seeing.wav|Deng|dever=Connecticut, DYA}}

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|en|form=erê}}
# {{partîsîpa niha|en|see}}</text>
      <sha1>dn967yywx7heb55pr9yxt082df0sd4a</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>takes</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>49332</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237445</id>
      <parentid>6084265</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T15:21:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Bilêvkirin */</comment>
      <origin>6237445</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="409" sha1="k4q1klx5b3kh5ol1z8za3hu0xphyzcx" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|en}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{IPA|en|/teɪks/}}
* {{deng|en|en-us-takes.ogg|dever=DYA}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Wodencafe-takes.wav|Deng|dever=Teksas, DYA}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Back ache-takes.wav|Deng|dever=London, QY}}

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|en|form=erê}}
# {{en-dema-niha|take|sêyem|yekjimar}}

=== Formeke navdêrê ===
{{navdêr|en|form=erê}}
# {{pirjimar|en|take}}</text>
      <sha1>k4q1klx5b3kh5ol1z8za3hu0xphyzcx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>watched</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>49476</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237427</id>
      <parentid>6084378</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T14:32:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237427</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="265" sha1="qml2sbtla94tmvvohr9703391fif477" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|en}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
:{{ku-tîp|woçt}}
* {{deng|en|en-us-watched.ogg|dever=DYA}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Grendelkhan-watched.wav|Deng|dever=Connecticut, DYA}}

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|en}}
#  {{partîsîpa borî|en|watch}}
#* {{bêmînak|en}}</text>
      <sha1>qml2sbtla94tmvvohr9703391fif477</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237428</id>
      <parentid>6237427</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T14:38:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237428</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="275" sha1="etjtdyij6pl3147hepms5weig6oca1b" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|en}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
:{{ku-tîp|woçt}}
* {{deng|en|en-us-watched.ogg|dever=DYA}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Grendelkhan-watched.wav|Deng|dever=Connecticut, DYA}}

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|en}}
# {{en-dema-borî-sade|watch}}
# {{partîsîpa borî|en|watch}}</text>
      <sha1>etjtdyij6pl3147hepms5weig6oca1b</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237430</id>
      <parentid>6237428</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T14:42:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237430</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="295" sha1="7dx6v6bvkdkdicbgi42qztnn4wa5n5x" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|en}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
:{{ku-tîp|woçt}}
* {{deng|en|en-us-watched.ogg|dever=DYA}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Grendelkhan-watched.wav|Deng|dever=Connecticut, DYA}}

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|en|form=erê}}
# {{en-dema-borî-sade|watch}}
# {{partîsîpa borî|en|watch}}</text>
      <sha1>7dx6v6bvkdkdicbgi42qztnn4wa5n5x</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237444</id>
      <parentid>6237430</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T15:10:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Bilêvkirin */</comment>
      <origin>6237444</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="320" sha1="s91mlyz9qtyh011f72fekp4eho1tifm" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|en}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
:{{ku-tîp|woçt}}
* {{IPA|en|/wɑt͡ʃt/}}
* {{deng|en|en-us-watched.ogg|dever=DYA}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Grendelkhan-watched.wav|Deng|dever=Connecticut, DYA}}

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|en|form=erê}}
# {{en-dema-borî-sade|watch}}
# {{partîsîpa borî|en|watch}}</text>
      <sha1>s91mlyz9qtyh011f72fekp4eho1tifm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>havên</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>52090</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237457</id>
      <parentid>6237411</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T15:51:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bikarhêner</username>
        <id>3719</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>6237457</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2361" sha1="5zkyv23tawcn6c0s4fwpc53chs51gp8" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-IPA}}
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|ku|z=n}}
# [[mast|Mast]]ê ku [[têkil]]î nav [[şîr]]î tê kirin daku [[şîr]] [[meyîn|bimeye]] û bibe [[mast]].
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}
# Tiştê ku tiştek din jê çêdibe yan tê çêkirin.
#: {{hevmane|ku|tov}}
#* {{jêder|ku|jêgirtin=Lê ew hîç ne difikirî Jî ku dibe hin zilam jî hene ku zarûk ji '''havênê''' wan çênabin.|{{Jêgirtin/Zeynelabidîn Zinar/Balafira Jînê}}}}

==== Herwiha ====
{{stûn|
* {{hw|ku|hêvin||Ûrmiye}}
* {{hw|ku|aveyn}}
* {{hw|ku|avên}}
* {{hw|ku|haveyn}}
* {{hw|ku|heyvên}}
* {{hw|ku|hêvên}}
* {{hw|ku|heyvan}}
}}

==== Jê ====
{{stûn|
* {{mj|lêker}} [[havên kirin]]
* {{mj|navdêr}} [[havênkirin]]
* {{mj|rengdêr}} [[havênkirî]]
}}

==== Têkildar ====
* [[hevîrtirş]]

==== Etîmolojî ====
Hevreha soranî {{g|ckb|هه‌وێن|tr=hewên}}, zazakî {{q|zza|ameyn}} / {{q|zza|amên}} / {{q|zza|amîn}}, hewramî [[amyan]], farisî {{g|fa|مایه|tr=mayê}}, pehlewî ''madek'', ji {{ji|ira}} *ham-madu/a-ya-na- (*mad- &lt; IE *maǵ-).

==== Bi zaravayên din ====
* {{Z|zza}}: {{W-|zza|ameyn}}, {{W-|zza|amên}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W|de|Hefe|f}}, {{W|de|Sauerteig|m}}
* {{Z|cs}}: {{W|cs|kvasinka|f}}
* {{Z|zh}}: [[酵母]] xiào mǔ
* {{Z|da}}: {{W|da|gær|c}}
* {{Z|ar}}: [[خميرة]] (xemîre), {{W|ar|الخمرة|guman=erê}}, {{W|ar|خاثر|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|et}}: {{W+|et|pärm}}, {{W+|et|pärmseened}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W+|fa|مایه}}, {{W+|fa|خمیر مایه}}, {{W+|fa|مایه پنیر}}
* {{Z|fi}}: {{W+|fi|hiiva}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W|fr|levure|f}}
* {{Z|nl}}: {{W|nl|gist|m}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W-|en|yogurt starter}}, {{W-|en|starter culture}}, {{W+|en|yeast}}, {{W+|en|ferment}}, {{W+|en|atom}}, {{W+|en|leaven|guman=erê}}, {{W+|en|leavening|guman=erê}}, {{W|en|yeast ferment|guman=erê}}, {{W|en|sour dough|guman=erê}},  {{W+|en|seed}}
* {{Z|ga}}: {{W|ga|giosta|m}}
* {{Z|ja}}: [[酵母]] (kōbo)
* {{Z|ko}}: [[효모]] (hyomo)
* {{Z|pl}}: [[drożdże]] {{fpl}}
* {{Z|ru}}: [[дрожжи]] (dróžži) {{fpl}}
* {{Z|es}}: {{W|es|levadura|f}}
* {{Z|sv}}: {{W+|sv|jäst}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|maya}}, {{W+|tr|bel}}, {{W+|tr|cibiliyet}}, {{W|tr|damızlık|guman=erê}}, {{W|tr|döl|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|el}}: {{W|el|μαγιά|f}}, {{W|el|ζύμη|f}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>5zkyv23tawcn6c0s4fwpc53chs51gp8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ihtişam</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>52803</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237525</id>
      <parentid>6231595</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T10:35:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Wikihez</username>
        <id>7344</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/*  */ bi [[MediaWiki:Gadget-AjaxEdit.js|AjaxEdit]]ê re</comment>
      <origin>6237525</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2788" sha1="66btf0gqhykygj0rh9wxjdlr04w29p6" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{ku-tewîn-nav|ihtişam|mê}}
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# [[mezinahî]], [[ewrengî]], [[mirês]], [[wurşe]], [[şeml]], [[rewnaqî]], [[debdebe]], [[hişmet]], [[gewretî]], [[şiyan]], [[qewet]], [[qudret]], [[şan]], [[rûmet]], [[hêz]], [[hêzdarî]], [[qedir]], [[qîmet]], [[prestîj]]
#* {{jêder|ku|jêgirtin=Gerek em avahiyên saziyên din çêkin: Kurdî Der, Enstituya Kurdî, Akademiyên Kurdî û hin wekî din. Gerek bi '''îhtîşama''' wan zimanê kurdî li psîkolojiya xwe ya normal vegere.|xwendevanek bi navê Remezan di Amidakurd.com de, 8/2009}}

==== Herwiha ====
* [[îhtişam]]
* [[îhtîşam]]

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{ji|ar|ku|احتشام}}

==== Jê ====
* [[biihtişam]]
* [[bêihtişam]]
* [[ihtişamdar]]
* [[ihtişamî]]

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|af}}: {{W+|af|gesag}}, {{W+|af|beroemdheid}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|Blendwerk}}, {{W|de|Verdienst|n}}, {{W|de|Berühmtheit|f}}, {{W|de|Glorie|f}}, {{W|de|Pracht|f}}, {{W|de|Prunk}}, {{W|de|Glanz|m|guman=erê}}, {{W|de|Herrlichkeit|f|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|eo}}: {{W+|eo|gloro}}, {{W+|eo|merito}}, {{W+|eo|prestiĝo}}
* {{Z|fo}}: {{W+|fo|heiður}}
* {{Z|fi}}: {{W+|fi|mahti}}, {{W+|fi|mahtavuus}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|grandeur}}, {{W+|fr|gloire}}, {{W+|fr|splendeur}}
* {{Z|fy}}: {{W+|fy|gloarje}}
* {{Z|nl}}: {{W+|nl|autoriteit}}, {{W+|nl|gezag}}, {{W+|nl|prestige}}, {{W+|nl|verdienste}}, {{W+|nl|glorie}}, {{W+|nl|beroemdheid}}, {{W+|nl|lof}}, {{W+|nl|roem}}
* {{Z|io}}: {{W+|io|glorio}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|magnificence}}, {{W+|en|grandeur}}, {{W+|en|splendor}}, {{W+|en|glamour}}, {{W+|en|prestige}}, {{W+|en|merit}}, {{W+|en|worth}}, {{W+|en|fame}}, {{W+|en|glory}}, {{W+|en|renown}}, {{W+|en|flamboyance}}, {{W+|en|array}}, {{W+|en|bravery}}, {{W+|en|pomp}}, {{W+|en|pride}}, {{W+|en|effulgence}}, {{W+|en|lavishness}}, {{W+|en|luster}}, {{W+|en|resplendence}}, {{W+|en|stateliness}}, {{W+|en|sumptuousness}}, {{W+|en|magesty}}, {{W+|en|majesty}}, {{W+|en|splendour}}, {{W+|en|brilliancy}}, {{W+|en|resplendency}}
* {{Z|ca}}: {{W+|ca|glòria}}
* {{Z|la}}: {{W+|la|gloria}}
* {{Z|pap}}: {{W+|pap|mérito}}, {{W+|pap|gloria}}
* {{Z|pt}}: {{W+|pt|importância social}}, {{W+|pt|prestígio}}, {{W+|pt|merecimento}}, {{W+|pt|mérito}}, {{W+|pt|glória}}
* {{Z|ro}}: {{W+|ro|slavă}}
* {{Z|ru}}: {{W|ru|слава|R=slava}}
* {{Z|es}}: {{W+|es|prestigio}}, {{W+|es|mérito}}, {{W+|es|gloria}}, {{W+|es|fama}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|debdebe}}, {{W+|tr|ihtişam}}, {{W+|tr|şan}}, {{W+|tr|görkem}}, {{W+|tr|anıtsal}}
* {{Z|el}}: {{W|el|αίγλη|R=égli}}
{{werger-bin}}

== {{ziman|tr}} ==

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|tr}}
# [[semyan]], [[ewrengî]], [[mirês]], [[şeml]], [[wurşe]], [[mezinayî]], [[ihtîşam]]
#* {{bêmînak|tr}}</text>
      <sha1>66btf0gqhykygj0rh9wxjdlr04w29p6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>sees</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>57107</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237462</id>
      <parentid>6085810</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T16:12:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Bilêvkirin */</comment>
      <origin>6237462</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="464" sha1="9y0q5ua6njvkxtcljh2vbblzwyfxmgv" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|et}} ==

=== Daçek ===
{{daçek|et}}
# {{g|ku|di ... de}}

=== Çavkanî ===
{{rûpela wergerê|et|di ... de}}

== {{ziman|en}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{IPA|en|/siːz/}}
* {{deng|en|en-us-sees.ogg|dever=DYA}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Grendelkhan-sees.wav|Deng|dever=Connecticut, DYA}}

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|en|form=erê}}
# {{en-dema-niha|see|sêyem|yekjimar}}

=== Formeke navdêrê ===
{{navdêr|en|form=erê}}
# {{pirjimar|en|see}}</text>
      <sha1>9y0q5ua6njvkxtcljh2vbblzwyfxmgv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>edits</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>81061</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237433</id>
      <parentid>4999924</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T14:49:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* {{ziman|en}} */</comment>
      <origin>6237433</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="183" sha1="1tbrtf4253yydv9hwk4v2s385rf9ljw" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|en}} ==

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|en|form=erê}}
# {{en-dema-niha|edit|sêyem|yekjimar}}

=== Formeke navdêrê ===
{{navdêr|en|form=erê}}
# {{pirjimar|en|edit}}</text>
      <sha1>1tbrtf4253yydv9hwk4v2s385rf9ljw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237439</id>
      <parentid>6237433</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T15:03:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* {{ziman|en}} */</comment>
      <origin>6237439</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="229" sha1="fixllsl08f3r81p5nxppxu1wqrom555" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|en}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{IPA|en|/ˈɛdɪts/}}

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|en|form=erê}}
# {{en-dema-niha|edit|sêyem|yekjimar}}

=== Formeke navdêrê ===
{{navdêr|en|form=erê}}
# {{pirjimar|en|edit}}</text>
      <sha1>fixllsl08f3r81p5nxppxu1wqrom555</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>saws</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>102310</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237473</id>
      <parentid>4973047</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T16:33:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* {{ziman|en}} */</comment>
      <origin>6237473</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="181" sha1="bouidf2kr2lgc61hi9zuzfy31v0ubt3" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|en}} ==

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|en|form=erê}}
# {{en-dema-niha|saw|sêyem|yekjimar}}

=== Formeke navdêrê ===
{{navdêr|en|form=erê}}
# {{pirjimar|en|saw}}</text>
      <sha1>bouidf2kr2lgc61hi9zuzfy31v0ubt3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>watches</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>110009</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237435</id>
      <parentid>4986953</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T14:55:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* {{ziman|en}} */</comment>
      <origin>6237435</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="185" sha1="bfeknbaofpr79idej4xe6f526z9pi6i" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|en}} ==

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|en|form=erê}}
# {{en-dema-niha|watch|sêyem|yekjimar}}

=== Formeke navdêrê ===
{{navdêr|en|form=erê}}
# {{pirjimar|en|watch}}</text>
      <sha1>bfeknbaofpr79idej4xe6f526z9pi6i</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237436</id>
      <parentid>6237435</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T14:57:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* {{ziman|en}} */</comment>
      <origin>6237436</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="238" sha1="qdbh5gpgkko0ie8xxmanjdzmonvoc5r" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|en}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{IPA|en|ku|/ˈwɑt͡ʃɪz/}}

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|en|form=erê}}
# {{en-dema-niha|watch|sêyem|yekjimar}}

=== Formeke navdêrê ===
{{navdêr|en|form=erê}}
# {{pirjimar|en|watch}}</text>
      <sha1>qdbh5gpgkko0ie8xxmanjdzmonvoc5r</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237443</id>
      <parentid>6237436</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T15:09:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Bilêvkirin */</comment>
      <origin>6237443</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="235" sha1="brrzmq3dfelbnvgawgif2m141xdma2c" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|en}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{IPA|en|/ˈwɑt͡ʃɪz/}}

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|en|form=erê}}
# {{en-dema-niha|watch|sêyem|yekjimar}}

=== Formeke navdêrê ===
{{navdêr|en|form=erê}}
# {{pirjimar|en|watch}}</text>
      <sha1>brrzmq3dfelbnvgawgif2m141xdma2c</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>editing</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>312573</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237434</id>
      <parentid>6092272</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T14:52:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* {{ziman|en}} */</comment>
      <origin>6237434</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="235" sha1="j1xd7f02xow6s1zqfmjdcdhp9u9jntn" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|en}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{IPA|en|/ˈɛdɪtɪŋ/}}
* {{deng|en|en-us-editing.ogg|dever=DYA}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{en-navdêr}}
# [[montaj]]

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|en|form=erê}}
# {{partîsîpa niha|en|edit}}</text>
      <sha1>j1xd7f02xow6s1zqfmjdcdhp9u9jntn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>rûbirû</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>341488</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237418</id>
      <parentid>6120974</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T13:25:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rewiye tine</username>
        <id>7120</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Jê */</comment>
      <origin>6237418</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1189" sha1="7ize61bn11lwle7nz8mwc8u41x4w7t5" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
&lt;!-- * {{ku-IPA}} --&gt;
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Rengdêr ===
{{rengdêr|ku}}
# [[beramberî|Beramberî]], li [[hember]], li def êk.
#: {{nim|ku|Min nevêt bi telefonê digel te biaxivim, lê min divêt te '''rûbirû''' bibînim û bibêjim te.}}

==== Jê ====
{{kol3|ku|cure=Jê
|rûbirû kirin&lt;pos:lêker&gt;
|rûbirû bûn&lt;pos:lêker&gt;
|rûbirûbûn&lt;pos:navdêr&gt;
|rûbirûkirin&lt;pos:navdêr&gt;
}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{qertaf|ku|rû|bi|rû}}.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|frontal|guman=erê}}, {{W-|de|von Angesicht zu Angesicht|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W-|ar|وجهاً لوجه}}, {{W-|ar|شخصياً}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W+|fa|روبرو}}, {{W+|fa|مقایسه}}, {{W-|fa|روبرو مقایسه}}, {{W-|fa|روبه رو|guman=erê}}, {{W+|fa|رودررو|guman=erê}}, {{W+|fa|متقابل}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|face to face}}, {{W+|en|in person}}, {{W+|en|reciprocal|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|karşılıklı}}, {{W+|tr|karşı karşıya}}, {{W+|tr|yüz yüze}}, {{W+|tr|yüzleşmece|guman=erê}}, {{W+|tr|burun buruna|guman=erê}}, {{W+|tr|faça façaya|guman=erê}}, {{W-|tr|yüz be yüz|guman=erê}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>7ize61bn11lwle7nz8mwc8u41x4w7t5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237419</id>
      <parentid>6237418</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T13:28:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rewiye tine</username>
        <id>7120</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Jê */</comment>
      <origin>6237419</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1191" sha1="suzuhdhmai85zw7xm7vyxbw9k0to059" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
&lt;!-- * {{ku-IPA}} --&gt;
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Rengdêr ===
{{rengdêr|ku}}
# [[beramberî|Beramberî]], li [[hember]], li def êk.
#: {{nim|ku|Min nevêt bi telefonê digel te biaxivim, lê min divêt te '''rûbirû''' bibînim û bibêjim te.}}

==== Jê ====
{{kol3|ku|cure=Jê
|rûbirû kirin&lt;pos:lêker&gt;
|rû bi rû bûn&lt;pos:lêker&gt;
|rûbirûbûn&lt;pos:navdêr&gt;
|rûbirûkirin&lt;pos:navdêr&gt;
}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{qertaf|ku|rû|bi|rû}}.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|frontal|guman=erê}}, {{W-|de|von Angesicht zu Angesicht|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W-|ar|وجهاً لوجه}}, {{W-|ar|شخصياً}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W+|fa|روبرو}}, {{W+|fa|مقایسه}}, {{W-|fa|روبرو مقایسه}}, {{W-|fa|روبه رو|guman=erê}}, {{W+|fa|رودررو|guman=erê}}, {{W+|fa|متقابل}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|face to face}}, {{W+|en|in person}}, {{W+|en|reciprocal|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|karşılıklı}}, {{W+|tr|karşı karşıya}}, {{W+|tr|yüz yüze}}, {{W+|tr|yüzleşmece|guman=erê}}, {{W+|tr|burun buruna|guman=erê}}, {{W+|tr|faça façaya|guman=erê}}, {{W-|tr|yüz be yüz|guman=erê}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>suzuhdhmai85zw7xm7vyxbw9k0to059</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>serast kirin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>356895</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237440</id>
      <parentid>5672538</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T15:07:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237440</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="87" sha1="2wt1lu18p5w8g0y96neqrxe674z29zx" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|ku|c=h-gh}}
# {{guharto|ku|sererast kirin}}</text>
      <sha1>2wt1lu18p5w8g0y96neqrxe674z29zx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237441</id>
      <parentid>6237440</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T15:08:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>6237441</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="125" sha1="iows7b12ltej9gajpq27g81vrhs3mca" xml:space="preserve">{{bnr-h|serastkirin}}

== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|ku|c=h-gh|nd=serastkirin}}
# {{guharto|ku|sererast kirin}}</text>
      <sha1>iows7b12ltej9gajpq27g81vrhs3mca</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>serastkirin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>356896</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237442</id>
      <parentid>5672540</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T15:08:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>6237442</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="125" sha1="he6lb6i01lgzgcmdefgn1bqngsmtwm5" xml:space="preserve">{{bnr-h|serast kirin}}

== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|ku|z=m|lk=serast kirin}}
# {{guharto|ku|sererastkirin}}</text>
      <sha1>he6lb6i01lgzgcmdefgn1bqngsmtwm5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>هماهنگ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>364583</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237455</id>
      <parentid>4586608</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T15:45:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Rengdêr */</comment>
      <origin>6237455</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="104" sha1="okoehb1bg17cdjdw7pzcrg8gmx7h0yq" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|fa}} ==

=== Rengdêr ===
{{rengdêr|fa|tr=hamâhang}}
# [[cûr]], [[sererast]], [[sererast]]</text>
      <sha1>okoehb1bg17cdjdw7pzcrg8gmx7h0yq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>edit</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>390935</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237426</id>
      <parentid>6237403</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T14:29:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* {{ziman|en}} */</comment>
      <origin>6237426</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="454" sha1="n3aykm0c2idfx2ymo27pjd3umftwzf9" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|en}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{IPA|en|/ˈɛd.ɪt/}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Samuel Muldoon (Muldoonsamuel55)-edit.wav|Deng|dever=Aurora, DYA}}

=== Lêker ===
{{en-lêker}}
# [[nivîsîn]], [[bijare kirin]]&lt;ref&gt;Ferhenga Kurdî-Îngîlîzî ya Salah Sadallah&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[guherandin]], [[serastkirin]], [[rastvekirin]]

=== Navdêr ===
{{en-navdêr}}
# [[guherandin]], [[serastkirin]]
# {{i|fîlm}} [[montaj]]

=== Çavkanî ===
{{çavkanî}}</text>
      <sha1>n3aykm0c2idfx2ymo27pjd3umftwzf9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237432</id>
      <parentid>6237426</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T14:47:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>6237432</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="455" sha1="kr4iukfv4k7rrr67ejbgkoaivj9akmg" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|en}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{IPA|en|/ˈɛd.ɪt/}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Samuel Muldoon (Muldoonsamuel55)-edit.wav|Deng|dever=Aurora, DYA}}

=== Lêker ===
{{en-lêker}}
# [[nivîsîn]], [[bijare kirin]]&lt;ref&gt;Ferhenga Kurdî-Îngîlîzî ya Salah Sadallah&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[guherandin]], [[serast kirin]]

=== Navdêr ===
{{en-navdêr}}
# [[guherandin]], [[serastkirin]], [[rastvekirin]]
# {{i|fîlm}} [[montaj]]

=== Çavkanî ===
{{çavkanî}}</text>
      <sha1>kr4iukfv4k7rrr67ejbgkoaivj9akmg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237460</id>
      <parentid>6237432</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T16:04:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Bilêvkirin */</comment>
      <origin>6237460</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="532" sha1="3y413oy5keg8qmtguoadg4pfrjprrv3" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|en}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{IPA|en|/ˈɛd.ɪt/}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-edit.wav|dever=Başûrê Îngilistanê}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Samuel Muldoon (Muldoonsamuel55)-edit.wav|Deng|dever=Aurora, DYA}}

=== Lêker ===
{{en-lêker}}
# [[nivîsîn]], [[bijare kirin]]&lt;ref&gt;Ferhenga Kurdî-Îngîlîzî ya Salah Sadallah&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[guherandin]], [[serast kirin]]

=== Navdêr ===
{{en-navdêr}}
# [[guherandin]], [[serastkirin]], [[rastvekirin]]
# {{i|fîlm}} [[montaj]]

=== Çavkanî ===
{{çavkanî}}</text>
      <sha1>3y413oy5keg8qmtguoadg4pfrjprrv3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>li hemberî</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>435189</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237510</id>
      <parentid>6175487</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T06:45:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-34511-14</username>
        <id>15049</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Werger: +almanî : [[gegenüberliegend]] (bi alîkarî)</comment>
      <origin>6237510</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="482" sha1="th5v17rmvwbelrouprtx7bnlmdbvfjz" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# [[li ber]], [[li pêşberî]]

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|ل هه‌مبه‌ری}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{heve|ku|li hember|-î}}.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|gegenüberliegend}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W|ar|محاذي|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|karşısında}}, {{W+|tr|karşılık olarak|guman=erê}}, {{W+|tr|mukabilinde|guman=erê}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>th5v17rmvwbelrouprtx7bnlmdbvfjz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tewandin:hatin</title>
    <ns>106</ns>
    <id>608944</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237517</id>
      <parentid>6236988</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T08:12:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Tabloya tewandinê */</comment>
      <origin>6237517</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1895" sha1="6u9c0vs7kidsr1eipxemjer0tzyx6kd" xml:space="preserve">{{vegere|hatin}}

== Reh ==
Gelek caran hin kes dibêjin ku formên lêkera ”hatin” yên wek ”ez bêm/têm” formên kurtkirî ne û divê li cihê wan mirov binivîse ”ez dihêm”. Lê gelo bi rastî formên wek &quot;ew bên/neyên&quot; yan &quot;ew bihên/nehên&quot; bo zimanê nivîsînê çêtir in?

Di peyva &quot;hatin&quot; ya rader de &quot;h&quot; heye lê hem di pirraniya kurmancî û hem jî pirraniya soranî û herwiha farisî û zazakî de jî &quot;h&quot; di rehê dema niha de ne li kar e.
:- Bi soranî &quot;d-êm&quot; (ez têm) yan &quot;y-êm&quot; e, ne *de-hêm&quot; yan *e-hêm.
:- Bi zazakî: &quot;yena&quot; (ez têm), ne &quot;ez *hena&quot;
:- Bi farisî: &quot;men mî-ayem&quot; yan &quot;men mî-am&quot; (ne *mî-hayem yan mî-ham&quot;).

Di zazakî (ameyen), farisî (ameden), hewramî (amay), pehlewî (amd-), avestayî (agem-) de &quot;h&quot; li destpêka peyvê nîne. Di kurmancî û soranî de &quot;-m/ma-/me-&quot; ji nîva peyvê ketiye lê &quot;h&quot; li destpêka peyvê zêde bûye ji ber ku bi taybetî kurmancî ji herfên bideng li destpêkê hez nake.

Lê di kurmancî de jî di pirraniya devokan de &quot;h&quot; tenê li peyva xwerû &quot;hatin&quot; zêde bûye, ne li rehê dema niha -ê- (soranî -ê-, farisî -a- yan -ay-, zazakî -yen-).

Bi kurmancî ji Konyayê bigire heta Zaxo û ji Ermenistanê heta Efrînê &quot;ew t-ên&quot; û &quot;ew na(y)ên&quot; e. &quot;Ew di-hên&quot; û &quot;Ew na-hên&quot; bi Behdînan û Hekariyan ve sinordar e.

Loma zêdekirina &quot;h&quot; li rehê dema niha anku bikaranîna formên wek &quot;ez di-h-ê-m” hîperkorekt e anku mirov wisa zêde hewl dide sererast bike ku taliyê encama wê xelet derdikeve!

'''Rehên dema niha:'''
* {{g|ku|-ê-}}
* {{mj|devokî}} {{g|ku|-hê-}}

== Tabloya tewandinê ==
{{etîket tewandin
|etîket1  = Standard, kurmanciya navendî, rojavayî û serhedî
|naverok1 = {{ku-tewandin|hatin|form=negerguhêz|niha=wer|niha2=ê|borî=hat}}

|etîket2  = Kurmanciya rojhilatî
|naverok2 = {{ku-tewandin|hatin|form=negerguhêz|niha=wer|niha2=hê|borî=hat}}

}}</text>
      <sha1>6u9c0vs7kidsr1eipxemjer0tzyx6kd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237518</id>
      <parentid>6237517</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T08:14:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Tabloya tewandinê */</comment>
      <origin>6237518</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1885" sha1="czna3cei7edrqs1lfvk34k2px6uif3q" xml:space="preserve">{{vegere|hatin}}

== Reh ==
Gelek caran hin kes dibêjin ku formên lêkera ”hatin” yên wek ”ez bêm/têm” formên kurtkirî ne û divê li cihê wan mirov binivîse ”ez dihêm”. Lê gelo bi rastî formên wek &quot;ew bên/neyên&quot; yan &quot;ew bihên/nehên&quot; bo zimanê nivîsînê çêtir in?

Di peyva &quot;hatin&quot; ya rader de &quot;h&quot; heye lê hem di pirraniya kurmancî û hem jî pirraniya soranî û herwiha farisî û zazakî de jî &quot;h&quot; di rehê dema niha de ne li kar e.
:- Bi soranî &quot;d-êm&quot; (ez têm) yan &quot;y-êm&quot; e, ne *de-hêm&quot; yan *e-hêm.
:- Bi zazakî: &quot;yena&quot; (ez têm), ne &quot;ez *hena&quot;
:- Bi farisî: &quot;men mî-ayem&quot; yan &quot;men mî-am&quot; (ne *mî-hayem yan mî-ham&quot;).

Di zazakî (ameyen), farisî (ameden), hewramî (amay), pehlewî (amd-), avestayî (agem-) de &quot;h&quot; li destpêka peyvê nîne. Di kurmancî û soranî de &quot;-m/ma-/me-&quot; ji nîva peyvê ketiye lê &quot;h&quot; li destpêka peyvê zêde bûye ji ber ku bi taybetî kurmancî ji herfên bideng li destpêkê hez nake.

Lê di kurmancî de jî di pirraniya devokan de &quot;h&quot; tenê li peyva xwerû &quot;hatin&quot; zêde bûye, ne li rehê dema niha -ê- (soranî -ê-, farisî -a- yan -ay-, zazakî -yen-).

Bi kurmancî ji Konyayê bigire heta Zaxo û ji Ermenistanê heta Efrînê &quot;ew t-ên&quot; û &quot;ew na(y)ên&quot; e. &quot;Ew di-hên&quot; û &quot;Ew na-hên&quot; bi Behdînan û Hekariyan ve sinordar e.

Loma zêdekirina &quot;h&quot; li rehê dema niha anku bikaranîna formên wek &quot;ez di-h-ê-m” hîperkorekt e anku mirov wisa zêde hewl dide sererast bike ku taliyê encama wê xelet derdikeve!

'''Rehên dema niha:'''
* {{g|ku|-ê-}}
* {{mj|devokî}} {{g|ku|-hê-}}

== Tabloya tewandinê ==
{{etîket tewandin
|etîket1  = Standard, kurmanciya navendî, rojavayî û serhedî
|naverok1 = {{ku-tewandin|hatin|form=negerguhêz|niha=wer|niha2=ê|borî=hat}}

|etîket2  = Kurmanciya rojhilatî
|naverok2 = {{ku-tewandin|hatin|form=negerguhêz|niha=hê|borî=hat}}

}}</text>
      <sha1>czna3cei7edrqs1lfvk34k2px6uif3q</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237519</id>
      <parentid>6237518</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T08:16:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>bt.</comment>
      <origin>6237519</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1875" sha1="jfsqnt4nm6rtfbpkn6l5vf6d8nju8f9" xml:space="preserve">{{vegere|hatin}}

== Reh ==
Gelek caran hin kes dibêjin ku formên lêkera ”hatin” yên wek ”ez bêm/têm” formên kurtkirî ne û divê li cihê wan mirov binivîse ”ez dihêm”. Lê gelo bi rastî formên wek &quot;ew bên/neyên&quot; yan &quot;ew bihên/nehên&quot; bo zimanê nivîsînê çêtir in?

Di peyva &quot;hatin&quot; ya rader de &quot;h&quot; heye lê hem di pirraniya kurmancî û hem jî pirraniya soranî û herwiha farisî û zazakî de jî &quot;h&quot; di rehê dema niha de ne li kar e.
:- Bi soranî &quot;d-êm&quot; (ez têm) yan &quot;y-êm&quot; e, ne *de-hêm&quot; yan *e-hêm.
:- Bi zazakî: &quot;yena&quot; (ez têm), ne &quot;ez *hena&quot;
:- Bi farisî: &quot;men mî-ayem&quot; yan &quot;men mî-am&quot; (ne *mî-hayem yan mî-ham&quot;).

Di zazakî (ameyen), farisî (ameden), hewramî (amay), pehlewî (amd-), avestayî (agem-) de &quot;h&quot; li destpêka peyvê nîne. Di kurmancî û soranî de &quot;-m/ma-/me-&quot; ji nîva peyvê ketiye lê &quot;h&quot; li destpêka peyvê zêde bûye ji ber ku bi taybetî kurmancî ji herfên bideng li destpêkê hez nake.

Lê di kurmancî de jî di pirraniya devokan de &quot;h&quot; tenê li peyva xwerû &quot;hatin&quot; zêde bûye, ne li rehê dema niha -ê- (soranî -ê-, farisî -a- yan -ay-, zazakî -yen-).

Bi kurmancî ji Konyayê bigire heta Zaxo û ji Ermenistanê heta Efrînê &quot;ew t-ên&quot; û &quot;ew na(y)ên&quot; e. &quot;Ew di-hên&quot; û &quot;Ew na-hên&quot; bi Behdînan û Hekariyan ve sinordar e.

Loma zêdekirina &quot;h&quot; li rehê dema niha anku bikaranîna formên wek &quot;ez di-h-ê-m” hîperkorekt e anku mirov wisa zêde hewl dide sererast bike ku taliyê encama wê xelet derdikeve!

'''Rehên dema niha:'''
* {{g|ku|-ê-}}
* {{mj|devokî}} {{g|ku|-hê-}}

== Tabloya tewandinê ==
{{etîket tewandin
|etîket1  = Standard, kurmanciya navendî, rojavayî û serhedî
|naverok1 = {{ku-tewandin|hatin|form=negerguhêz|niha=ê|borî=hat}}

|etîket2  = Kurmanciya rojhilatî
|naverok2 = {{ku-tewandin|hatin|form=negerguhêz|niha=hê|borî=hat}}

}}</text>
      <sha1>jfsqnt4nm6rtfbpkn6l5vf6d8nju8f9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237523</id>
      <parentid>6237519</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T09:22:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Tabloya tewandinê */</comment>
      <origin>6237523</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1884" sha1="4tiu2q4uy2r082z3x24n1furcl6osid" xml:space="preserve">{{vegere|hatin}}

== Reh ==
Gelek caran hin kes dibêjin ku formên lêkera ”hatin” yên wek ”ez bêm/têm” formên kurtkirî ne û divê li cihê wan mirov binivîse ”ez dihêm”. Lê gelo bi rastî formên wek &quot;ew bên/neyên&quot; yan &quot;ew bihên/nehên&quot; bo zimanê nivîsînê çêtir in?

Di peyva &quot;hatin&quot; ya rader de &quot;h&quot; heye lê hem di pirraniya kurmancî û hem jî pirraniya soranî û herwiha farisî û zazakî de jî &quot;h&quot; di rehê dema niha de ne li kar e.
:- Bi soranî &quot;d-êm&quot; (ez têm) yan &quot;y-êm&quot; e, ne *de-hêm&quot; yan *e-hêm.
:- Bi zazakî: &quot;yena&quot; (ez têm), ne &quot;ez *hena&quot;
:- Bi farisî: &quot;men mî-ayem&quot; yan &quot;men mî-am&quot; (ne *mî-hayem yan mî-ham&quot;).

Di zazakî (ameyen), farisî (ameden), hewramî (amay), pehlewî (amd-), avestayî (agem-) de &quot;h&quot; li destpêka peyvê nîne. Di kurmancî û soranî de &quot;-m/ma-/me-&quot; ji nîva peyvê ketiye lê &quot;h&quot; li destpêka peyvê zêde bûye ji ber ku bi taybetî kurmancî ji herfên bideng li destpêkê hez nake.

Lê di kurmancî de jî di pirraniya devokan de &quot;h&quot; tenê li peyva xwerû &quot;hatin&quot; zêde bûye, ne li rehê dema niha -ê- (soranî -ê-, farisî -a- yan -ay-, zazakî -yen-).

Bi kurmancî ji Konyayê bigire heta Zaxo û ji Ermenistanê heta Efrînê &quot;ew t-ên&quot; û &quot;ew na(y)ên&quot; e. &quot;Ew di-hên&quot; û &quot;Ew na-hên&quot; bi Behdînan û Hekariyan ve sinordar e.

Loma zêdekirina &quot;h&quot; li rehê dema niha anku bikaranîna formên wek &quot;ez di-h-ê-m” hîperkorekt e anku mirov wisa zêde hewl dide sererast bike ku taliyê encama wê xelet derdikeve!

'''Rehên dema niha:'''
* {{g|ku|-ê-}}
* {{mj|devokî}} {{g|ku|-hê-}}

== Tabloya tewandinê ==
{{etîket tewandin
|etîket1  = Standard, kurmanciya navendî, rojavayî û serhedî
|naverok1 = {{ku-tewandin|hatin|form=negerguhêz|niha=wer|niha2=ê|borî=hat}}

|etîket2  = Kurmanciya rojhilatî
|naverok2 = {{ku-tewandin|hatin|form=negerguhêz|niha=hê|borî=hat}}
}}</text>
      <sha1>4tiu2q4uy2r082z3x24n1furcl6osid</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tewandin:çûn</title>
    <ns>106</ns>
    <id>608951</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237514</id>
      <parentid>6237298</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T07:54:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Tabloya tewandinê */</comment>
      <origin>6237514</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="818" sha1="iu8tfsg0kfd88qaretiwtnv6mjddzjo" xml:space="preserve">
== Reh ==
;Rehên demên niha
* [[-ç-]]
* [[-her-]]
* [[-er-]]

== Tabloya tewandinê ==
&lt;!--
{{agadarî}} Tablo tenê li formên ji rehê '''-ç-''' avakirî dide û lê formên ji rehên '''-her-''', '''-er-''' û '''-r-''' jî berbelav in, bo nimûne:
* {{i|fermanî, erênî}}: [[here]], [[herin]]
*: {{i|fermanî, neyînî}}: [[mere]]/[[nere]], [[merin]]/[[nerin]]
* {{i|îndîkatîv, erênî}}: ez [[terim]], tu [[terî]], ew [[tere]], em/hûn/ew [[terin]]
*: {{i|îndîkatîv, neyînî}}: ez [[narim]], tu [[narî]], ew [[nare]], em/hûn/ew [[narin]]
* {{i|subjunktîv, erênî}}: ez [[herim]], tu [[herî]], ew [[here]], em/hûn/ew [[herin]]
*: {{i|subjunktîv, neyînî}}: ez [[nerim]], tu [[nerî]], ew [[nere]], em/hûn/ew [[nerin]]
--&gt;

{{ku-tewandin|çûn|form=negerguhêz|niha=ç|niha2=her|borî=çû}}</text>
      <sha1>iu8tfsg0kfd88qaretiwtnv6mjddzjo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237515</id>
      <parentid>6237514</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T07:55:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Tabloya tewandinê */</comment>
      <origin>6237515</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="818" sha1="4q70mjiwegvnm3ewgp7989tzc6wmhki" xml:space="preserve">
== Reh ==
;Rehên demên niha
* [[-ç-]]
* [[-her-]]
* [[-er-]]

== Tabloya tewandinê ==
&lt;!--
{{agadarî}} Tablo tenê li formên ji rehê '''-ç-''' avakirî dide û lê formên ji rehên '''-her-''', '''-er-''' û '''-r-''' jî berbelav in, bo nimûne:
* {{i|fermanî, erênî}}: [[here]], [[herin]]
*: {{i|fermanî, neyînî}}: [[mere]]/[[nere]], [[merin]]/[[nerin]]
* {{i|îndîkatîv, erênî}}: ez [[terim]], tu [[terî]], ew [[tere]], em/hûn/ew [[terin]]
*: {{i|îndîkatîv, neyînî}}: ez [[narim]], tu [[narî]], ew [[nare]], em/hûn/ew [[narin]]
* {{i|subjunktîv, erênî}}: ez [[herim]], tu [[herî]], ew [[here]], em/hûn/ew [[herin]]
*: {{i|subjunktîv, neyînî}}: ez [[nerim]], tu [[nerî]], ew [[nere]], em/hûn/ew [[nerin]]
--&gt;

{{ku-tewandin|çûn|form=negerguhêz|niha=her|niha2=ç|borî=çû}}</text>
      <sha1>4q70mjiwegvnm3ewgp7989tzc6wmhki</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Şablon:ku-tewandin/belge</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>608996</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237492</id>
      <parentid>6078025</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T01:54:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Bikaranîn */</comment>
      <origin>6237492</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7614" sha1="9c43v3897loelzaex8pdvk558xd2ffb" xml:space="preserve">{{Lua bikartîne|Modul:ku-tewandin}}
{{Lua bikartîne|Modul:ku-tewandin/tablo}}
{{TemplateStyles|Şablon:ku-tewandin/style.css}}
== Bikaranîn ==

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
→ Lêkerên xwerû:
{{ku-tewandin|lêker|form=gerguhêz/negerguhêz|niha=|niha2=|niha3=|borî=|borî2=}}

→ Lêkerên pêkhatî:
{{ku-tewandin|lêker|form=gerguhêz/negerguhêz|pêşgir=|paşgir=|niha=|niha2=|niha3=|borî=|borî2=}}

→ Lêkerên hevedudanî:
{{ku-tewandin|lêker|form=gerguhêz/negerguhêz|pêşgir=|paşgir=|valahî=erê|niha=|niha2=|niha3=|borî=|borî2=}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== Parametre ===
* {{param2|form}} &quot;&lt;u&gt;gerguhêz&lt;/u&gt;&quot; an &quot;&lt;u&gt;negerguhêz&lt;/u&gt;&quot;
* {{param2|niha}} rehê dema niha ('''mînak''': {{param2|niha|kev}} bo lêkerên ''ketin'', ''raketin'', ''lê_ketin'', ...)
* {{param2|borî}} rehê dema borî ('''mînak''': {{param2|borî|ket}} bo lêkerên ''ketin'', ''raketin'', ''lê_ketin'', ...)
* {{param2|pêşgir}} bo lêkerên [[pêkhatî]] û [[hevedudanî]] ('''mînak''': ''{{reng2|blue|ra}}kirin'' {{param2|pêşgir|ra}}, ''{{reng2|blue|bang}} kirin'' {{param2|pêşgir|bang}}, ''{{reng2|blue|lê}} gerîn'' ({{param2|pêşgir|jê}}, ...)
** {{param2|valahî|erê}} bo lêkerên [[hevedudanî]] ('''mînak''': ''{{reng2|blue|bang}} kirin'', ''{{reng2|blue|lê}} gerîn'', ...)
* {{param2|paşgir}} bo lêkerên [[hevedudanî]] ('''mînak''': ''[[dan dû]]'', ''[[girtin ser xwe]]'')

;Parametre bo pêşgirên {{nobold|(''bi-/di-/na-/ne-/me-'')}} ku ne standard in
* {{param2|bi}} {{param2|nihaBi}} {{param2|borîBi}}
* {{param2|di}} {{param2|nihaDi}} {{param2|borîDi}}
* {{param2|ne}} {{param2|nihaNe}} {{param2|borîNe}}
* {{param2|me}}
* {{param2|na}} 

: → ''Mînak ([[Tewandin:emilîn]])'':
:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;
{{ku-tewandin|emilîn|form=negerguhêz|niha=emil|borî=emilî|bi=bi|na=na|ne=ne}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

;Parametreyên din:
: {{param2|niha2}}, {{param2|niha3}} bo tewandinên din.
: {{param2|borî2}} bo tewandinên din.

== Mînak ==
;Lêkerên gerguhêz:
* [[Tewandin:kirin]] → Lêkera xwerû: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''ku-tewandin'''|kirin|'''{{reng2|olive|form}}'''=gerguhêz|'''{{reng2|olive|niha}}'''=k|'''{{reng2|olive|borî}}'''=kir}}&lt;/code&gt;
* [[Tewandin:rakirin]] → Lêkera pêkhatî: ''{{reng2|blue|ra}}'' + ''kirin'' → &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''ku-tewandin'''|{{reng2|blue|ra}}kirin|'''{{reng2|olive|form}}'''=gerguhêz|'''{{reng2|olive|niha}}'''=k|'''{{reng2|olive|borî}}'''=kir|'''{{reng2|olive|pêşgir}}'''={{reng2|blue|ra}}}}&lt;/code&gt;
* [[Tewandin:pîroz kirin]] → Lêkera hevedudanî: ''{{reng2|blue|bang}}'' + ''kirin'' → &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''ku-tewandin'''|{{reng2|blue|bang}} kirin|'''{{reng2|olive|form}}'''=gerguhêz|'''{{reng2|olive|niha}}'''=k|'''{{reng2|olive|borî}}'''=kir|'''{{reng2|olive|pêşgir}}'''={{reng2|blue|bang}}|'''{{reng2|olive|valahî}}'''={{reng2|brown|erê}}}}&lt;/code&gt;
*: &lt;code&gt;|'''{{reng2|olive|valahî}}'''={{reng2|brown|erê}}&lt;/code&gt;:  &quot;{{reng2|blue|bang}}&quot; û &quot;kirin&quot; du parçe ne (valahiyek di navbera her du da heye)
* [[Tewandin:gotin]] → Lêkera xwerû: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''ku-tewandin'''|gotin|'''{{reng2|olive|form}}'''=gerguhêz|'''{{reng2|olive|niha}}'''=bêj|'''{{reng2|olive|niha2}}'''=vê|'''{{reng2|olive|niha3}}'''=wê|'''{{reng2|olive|borî}}'''=got}}&lt;/code&gt;

;Lêkerên negerguhêz:
* [[Tewandin:ketin ]] → Lêkera xwerû: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''ku-tewandin'''|ketin|'''{{reng2|olive|form}}'''=negerguhêz|'''{{reng2|olive|niha}}'''=kev|'''{{reng2|olive|borî}}'''=ket}}&lt;/code&gt;
* [[Tewandin:daketin]] → Lêkera pêkhatî: ''{{reng2|blue|da}}'' + ''ketin'' → &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''ku-tewandin'''|{{reng2|blue|ra}}ketin|'''{{reng2|olive|form}}'''=negerguhêz|'''{{reng2|olive|niha}}'''=kev|'''{{reng2|olive|borî}}'''=ket|'''{{reng2|olive|pêşgir}}'''={{reng2|blue|da}}}}&lt;/code&gt;
* [[Tewandin:lê gerîn]] → Lêkera hevedudanî: ''{{reng2|blue|lê}}'' + ''gerîn'' → &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''ku-tewandin'''|{{reng2|blue|lê}} gerîn|'''{{reng2|olive|form}}'''=gerguhêz|'''{{reng2|olive|niha}}'''=b|'''{{reng2|olive|borî}}'''=bir|'''{{reng2|olive|pêşgir}}'''={{reng2|blue|jê}}|'''{{reng2|olive|valahî}}'''={{reng2|brown|erê}}}}&lt;/code&gt;
*: &lt;code&gt;|'''{{reng2|olive|valahî}}'''={{reng2|brown|erê}}&lt;/code&gt;:  &quot;{{reng2|blue|lê}}&quot; û &quot;gerîn&quot; du parçe ne (valahiyek di navbera her du da heye)
*  [[Tewandin:kenîn]] → &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''ku-tewandin'''|kenîn|'''{{reng2|olive|form}}'''=negerguhêz|'''{{reng2|olive|niha}}'''=ken|'''{{reng2|olive|borî}}'''=kenî|'''{{reng2|olive|borî2}}'''=keniya}}&lt;/code&gt;

;Lêkerên dijrêzik:
* [[Modul:ku-tewandin/dijrêzik]]

;Binêrin:
* [[:Kategorî:Tewandin:lêker ({{navê zimanî|ku}})]]

== Mijarên têkildar ==
* [[Modul:ku-tewandin]]
** [[Modul:ku-tewandin/tablo]]
** '''[[Modul:ku-tewandin/dijrêzik]]'''
* {{ş|ku-tewîn-lk}}
* {{ş|ku-tewîn-lk-niha}}

;Çend çavkanî
* [http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&amp;q=cache:Ys6yRjKm2SEJ:www.kurdigeh.com/rwdx/sitepdf/ibrahimseydo-demenkurdi-ZEND.pdf+Di+kurmanciy%C3%AA+de+s%C3%AEstema+deman&amp;hl=fr&amp;gl=fr&amp;pid=bl&amp;srcid=ADGEEShCfRxplfM7NxKmaVEW50KjPrsOEZ31JXlN12Q2mdRo95TnGsn5B7YtsYTxgyTy4-hLVmuiiyvlbKOYB_4O1e1FbcA6SSBnr-L3Iu2jWzSWvEKohNp1rQjgiAIg3ll-BsbcOybD&amp;sig=AHIEtbQOd1wFWTX8Qh4JFFwtbqg2itgruQ Di kurmanciyê de sîstema deman] (ku)
* [http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&amp;q=cache:LkERbEhkNSMJ:www.institutkurde.org/publications/kurmanci/telechargement/ku12.pdf+Raboriya+d%C3%BBr+a+bilaniy%C3%AA&amp;hl=fr&amp;gl=fr&amp;pid=bl&amp;srcid=ADGEESgkAOze54EwkWmhYNoaQp7FDnv0QHQrj2CNgHM8TYLD2CSi8sVmWkEm-q0C1dnU5x9Ya_rtJAjbSu_oeahBnlzb1IjRY7vUMpSUkKMosTSDFOyAO7GAIZMTqXLXHOZ67AQx5RN8&amp;sig=AHIEtbQ_4vMTwA37fjran9QEuVo3LX_3Mw KurmancÎ (kovar), hejmar 12, 1993] (ku)
* [http://www.institutkurde.org/en/conferences/kurdish_studies_irbil_2006/Ibrahim+Seydo+AYDOGAN.html Identification des temps verbaux dans les grammaires kurdes] (fr)
* Binêrin jî: [http://www.mesopotamia-ita.com/leker/Minak_.htm#a17 ''KÊŞANA LÊKERAN'' (Brahîm Xelîl TAŞ)] (bo navên demên lêkeran + tewandinên çend lêkeran)
* ''Rêzimanên kurdî û termînolojiya wan ya zimannasiyê'', Îbrahîm Seydo AYDOGAN, INALCO / CNU 15
* [https://books.openedition.org/ifeagd/2229?lang=fr ''Le médiatif en kurde-kurmandji résurgence ou renouveau du système verbal ?''], Ibrahim Seydo Aydoğan (ji bo dema &quot;Çîrokiya boriya dûdar&quot;, bnr. ''[[:w:en:Inferential mood|Inferential mood]]'')  (fr)

== TemplateData ==
&lt;templatedata&gt;
{
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Şablona tewandinên lêkerên kurmancî&quot;,
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;1&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Navê lêkerê&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;form&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Cure&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;\&quot;gerguhêz\&quot; an jî \&quot;negerguhêz\&quot;&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;pêşgir&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Pêşgir&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;bo lêkerên pêkhatî û hevedudanî: raketin = 'ra' + 'ketin' (pêşgir = 'ra')&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;
		},
		&quot;valahî&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Valahî&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;erê (bo lêkerên hevedudanî: bang_kirin, jê_birin)&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;
		},
		&quot;niha&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;rehê dema niha&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot; 'kev' bo lêkerên 'ketin', 'rakatin', 'lê_ketin'&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;niha2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;rehê dema niha 2&quot;
		},
		&quot;niha3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;rehê dema niha 3&quot;
		},
		&quot;borî&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;rehê dema borî&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot; 'ket' bo lêkerên 'ketin', 'rakatin', 'lê_ketin'&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;borî2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;rehê dema borî 2&quot;
		}
	}
}
&lt;/templatedata&gt;

&lt;includeonly&gt;
[[Kategorî:Şablonên lêkeran ({{navê zimanî|ku}})| ]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>9c43v3897loelzaex8pdvk558xd2ffb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237493</id>
      <parentid>6237492</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T01:55:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Mijarên têkildar */</comment>
      <origin>6237493</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7616" sha1="sbwujz1jael7polgky3fsq2ixvwqdxb" xml:space="preserve">{{Lua bikartîne|Modul:ku-tewandin}}
{{Lua bikartîne|Modul:ku-tewandin/tablo}}
{{TemplateStyles|Şablon:ku-tewandin/style.css}}
== Bikaranîn ==

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
→ Lêkerên xwerû:
{{ku-tewandin|lêker|form=gerguhêz/negerguhêz|niha=|niha2=|niha3=|borî=|borî2=}}

→ Lêkerên pêkhatî:
{{ku-tewandin|lêker|form=gerguhêz/negerguhêz|pêşgir=|paşgir=|niha=|niha2=|niha3=|borî=|borî2=}}

→ Lêkerên hevedudanî:
{{ku-tewandin|lêker|form=gerguhêz/negerguhêz|pêşgir=|paşgir=|valahî=erê|niha=|niha2=|niha3=|borî=|borî2=}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== Parametre ===
* {{param2|form}} &quot;&lt;u&gt;gerguhêz&lt;/u&gt;&quot; an &quot;&lt;u&gt;negerguhêz&lt;/u&gt;&quot;
* {{param2|niha}} rehê dema niha ('''mînak''': {{param2|niha|kev}} bo lêkerên ''ketin'', ''raketin'', ''lê_ketin'', ...)
* {{param2|borî}} rehê dema borî ('''mînak''': {{param2|borî|ket}} bo lêkerên ''ketin'', ''raketin'', ''lê_ketin'', ...)
* {{param2|pêşgir}} bo lêkerên [[pêkhatî]] û [[hevedudanî]] ('''mînak''': ''{{reng2|blue|ra}}kirin'' {{param2|pêşgir|ra}}, ''{{reng2|blue|bang}} kirin'' {{param2|pêşgir|bang}}, ''{{reng2|blue|lê}} gerîn'' ({{param2|pêşgir|jê}}, ...)
** {{param2|valahî|erê}} bo lêkerên [[hevedudanî]] ('''mînak''': ''{{reng2|blue|bang}} kirin'', ''{{reng2|blue|lê}} gerîn'', ...)
* {{param2|paşgir}} bo lêkerên [[hevedudanî]] ('''mînak''': ''[[dan dû]]'', ''[[girtin ser xwe]]'')

;Parametre bo pêşgirên {{nobold|(''bi-/di-/na-/ne-/me-'')}} ku ne standard in
* {{param2|bi}} {{param2|nihaBi}} {{param2|borîBi}}
* {{param2|di}} {{param2|nihaDi}} {{param2|borîDi}}
* {{param2|ne}} {{param2|nihaNe}} {{param2|borîNe}}
* {{param2|me}}
* {{param2|na}} 

: → ''Mînak ([[Tewandin:emilîn]])'':
:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;
{{ku-tewandin|emilîn|form=negerguhêz|niha=emil|borî=emilî|bi=bi|na=na|ne=ne}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

;Parametreyên din:
: {{param2|niha2}}, {{param2|niha3}} bo tewandinên din.
: {{param2|borî2}} bo tewandinên din.

== Mînak ==
;Lêkerên gerguhêz:
* [[Tewandin:kirin]] → Lêkera xwerû: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''ku-tewandin'''|kirin|'''{{reng2|olive|form}}'''=gerguhêz|'''{{reng2|olive|niha}}'''=k|'''{{reng2|olive|borî}}'''=kir}}&lt;/code&gt;
* [[Tewandin:rakirin]] → Lêkera pêkhatî: ''{{reng2|blue|ra}}'' + ''kirin'' → &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''ku-tewandin'''|{{reng2|blue|ra}}kirin|'''{{reng2|olive|form}}'''=gerguhêz|'''{{reng2|olive|niha}}'''=k|'''{{reng2|olive|borî}}'''=kir|'''{{reng2|olive|pêşgir}}'''={{reng2|blue|ra}}}}&lt;/code&gt;
* [[Tewandin:pîroz kirin]] → Lêkera hevedudanî: ''{{reng2|blue|bang}}'' + ''kirin'' → &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''ku-tewandin'''|{{reng2|blue|bang}} kirin|'''{{reng2|olive|form}}'''=gerguhêz|'''{{reng2|olive|niha}}'''=k|'''{{reng2|olive|borî}}'''=kir|'''{{reng2|olive|pêşgir}}'''={{reng2|blue|bang}}|'''{{reng2|olive|valahî}}'''={{reng2|brown|erê}}}}&lt;/code&gt;
*: &lt;code&gt;|'''{{reng2|olive|valahî}}'''={{reng2|brown|erê}}&lt;/code&gt;:  &quot;{{reng2|blue|bang}}&quot; û &quot;kirin&quot; du parçe ne (valahiyek di navbera her du da heye)
* [[Tewandin:gotin]] → Lêkera xwerû: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''ku-tewandin'''|gotin|'''{{reng2|olive|form}}'''=gerguhêz|'''{{reng2|olive|niha}}'''=bêj|'''{{reng2|olive|niha2}}'''=vê|'''{{reng2|olive|niha3}}'''=wê|'''{{reng2|olive|borî}}'''=got}}&lt;/code&gt;

;Lêkerên negerguhêz:
* [[Tewandin:ketin ]] → Lêkera xwerû: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''ku-tewandin'''|ketin|'''{{reng2|olive|form}}'''=negerguhêz|'''{{reng2|olive|niha}}'''=kev|'''{{reng2|olive|borî}}'''=ket}}&lt;/code&gt;
* [[Tewandin:daketin]] → Lêkera pêkhatî: ''{{reng2|blue|da}}'' + ''ketin'' → &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''ku-tewandin'''|{{reng2|blue|ra}}ketin|'''{{reng2|olive|form}}'''=negerguhêz|'''{{reng2|olive|niha}}'''=kev|'''{{reng2|olive|borî}}'''=ket|'''{{reng2|olive|pêşgir}}'''={{reng2|blue|da}}}}&lt;/code&gt;
* [[Tewandin:lê gerîn]] → Lêkera hevedudanî: ''{{reng2|blue|lê}}'' + ''gerîn'' → &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''ku-tewandin'''|{{reng2|blue|lê}} gerîn|'''{{reng2|olive|form}}'''=gerguhêz|'''{{reng2|olive|niha}}'''=b|'''{{reng2|olive|borî}}'''=bir|'''{{reng2|olive|pêşgir}}'''={{reng2|blue|jê}}|'''{{reng2|olive|valahî}}'''={{reng2|brown|erê}}}}&lt;/code&gt;
*: &lt;code&gt;|'''{{reng2|olive|valahî}}'''={{reng2|brown|erê}}&lt;/code&gt;:  &quot;{{reng2|blue|lê}}&quot; û &quot;gerîn&quot; du parçe ne (valahiyek di navbera her du da heye)
*  [[Tewandin:kenîn]] → &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''ku-tewandin'''|kenîn|'''{{reng2|olive|form}}'''=negerguhêz|'''{{reng2|olive|niha}}'''=ken|'''{{reng2|olive|borî}}'''=kenî|'''{{reng2|olive|borî2}}'''=keniya}}&lt;/code&gt;

;Lêkerên dijrêzik:
* [[Modul:ku-tewandin/dijrêzik]]

;Binêrin:
* [[:Kategorî:Tewandin:lêker ({{navê zimanî|ku}})]]

== Mijarên têkildar ==
* [[Modul:ku-tewandin]]
** [[Modul:ku-tewandin/tablo]]
** &lt;u&gt;[[Modul:ku-tewandin/nestandard]]&lt;/u&gt;
* {{ş|ku-tewîn-lk}}
* {{ş|ku-tewîn-lk-niha}}

;Çend çavkanî
* [http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&amp;q=cache:Ys6yRjKm2SEJ:www.kurdigeh.com/rwdx/sitepdf/ibrahimseydo-demenkurdi-ZEND.pdf+Di+kurmanciy%C3%AA+de+s%C3%AEstema+deman&amp;hl=fr&amp;gl=fr&amp;pid=bl&amp;srcid=ADGEEShCfRxplfM7NxKmaVEW50KjPrsOEZ31JXlN12Q2mdRo95TnGsn5B7YtsYTxgyTy4-hLVmuiiyvlbKOYB_4O1e1FbcA6SSBnr-L3Iu2jWzSWvEKohNp1rQjgiAIg3ll-BsbcOybD&amp;sig=AHIEtbQOd1wFWTX8Qh4JFFwtbqg2itgruQ Di kurmanciyê de sîstema deman] (ku)
* [http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&amp;q=cache:LkERbEhkNSMJ:www.institutkurde.org/publications/kurmanci/telechargement/ku12.pdf+Raboriya+d%C3%BBr+a+bilaniy%C3%AA&amp;hl=fr&amp;gl=fr&amp;pid=bl&amp;srcid=ADGEESgkAOze54EwkWmhYNoaQp7FDnv0QHQrj2CNgHM8TYLD2CSi8sVmWkEm-q0C1dnU5x9Ya_rtJAjbSu_oeahBnlzb1IjRY7vUMpSUkKMosTSDFOyAO7GAIZMTqXLXHOZ67AQx5RN8&amp;sig=AHIEtbQ_4vMTwA37fjran9QEuVo3LX_3Mw KurmancÎ (kovar), hejmar 12, 1993] (ku)
* [http://www.institutkurde.org/en/conferences/kurdish_studies_irbil_2006/Ibrahim+Seydo+AYDOGAN.html Identification des temps verbaux dans les grammaires kurdes] (fr)
* Binêrin jî: [http://www.mesopotamia-ita.com/leker/Minak_.htm#a17 ''KÊŞANA LÊKERAN'' (Brahîm Xelîl TAŞ)] (bo navên demên lêkeran + tewandinên çend lêkeran)
* ''Rêzimanên kurdî û termînolojiya wan ya zimannasiyê'', Îbrahîm Seydo AYDOGAN, INALCO / CNU 15
* [https://books.openedition.org/ifeagd/2229?lang=fr ''Le médiatif en kurde-kurmandji résurgence ou renouveau du système verbal ?''], Ibrahim Seydo Aydoğan (ji bo dema &quot;Çîrokiya boriya dûdar&quot;, bnr. ''[[:w:en:Inferential mood|Inferential mood]]'')  (fr)

== TemplateData ==
&lt;templatedata&gt;
{
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Şablona tewandinên lêkerên kurmancî&quot;,
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;1&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Navê lêkerê&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;form&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Cure&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;\&quot;gerguhêz\&quot; an jî \&quot;negerguhêz\&quot;&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;pêşgir&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Pêşgir&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;bo lêkerên pêkhatî û hevedudanî: raketin = 'ra' + 'ketin' (pêşgir = 'ra')&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;
		},
		&quot;valahî&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Valahî&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;erê (bo lêkerên hevedudanî: bang_kirin, jê_birin)&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;
		},
		&quot;niha&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;rehê dema niha&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot; 'kev' bo lêkerên 'ketin', 'rakatin', 'lê_ketin'&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;niha2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;rehê dema niha 2&quot;
		},
		&quot;niha3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;rehê dema niha 3&quot;
		},
		&quot;borî&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;rehê dema borî&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot; 'ket' bo lêkerên 'ketin', 'rakatin', 'lê_ketin'&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;borî2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;rehê dema borî 2&quot;
		}
	}
}
&lt;/templatedata&gt;

&lt;includeonly&gt;
[[Kategorî:Şablonên lêkeran ({{navê zimanî|ku}})| ]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>sbwujz1jael7polgky3fsq2ixvwqdxb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237494</id>
      <parentid>6237493</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T01:56:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Mijarên têkildar */</comment>
      <origin>6237494</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7616" sha1="p2xbtx9sp5qpsdclwcmj2h06urgfkh6" xml:space="preserve">{{Lua bikartîne|Modul:ku-tewandin}}
{{Lua bikartîne|Modul:ku-tewandin/tablo}}
{{TemplateStyles|Şablon:ku-tewandin/style.css}}
== Bikaranîn ==

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
→ Lêkerên xwerû:
{{ku-tewandin|lêker|form=gerguhêz/negerguhêz|niha=|niha2=|niha3=|borî=|borî2=}}

→ Lêkerên pêkhatî:
{{ku-tewandin|lêker|form=gerguhêz/negerguhêz|pêşgir=|paşgir=|niha=|niha2=|niha3=|borî=|borî2=}}

→ Lêkerên hevedudanî:
{{ku-tewandin|lêker|form=gerguhêz/negerguhêz|pêşgir=|paşgir=|valahî=erê|niha=|niha2=|niha3=|borî=|borî2=}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== Parametre ===
* {{param2|form}} &quot;&lt;u&gt;gerguhêz&lt;/u&gt;&quot; an &quot;&lt;u&gt;negerguhêz&lt;/u&gt;&quot;
* {{param2|niha}} rehê dema niha ('''mînak''': {{param2|niha|kev}} bo lêkerên ''ketin'', ''raketin'', ''lê_ketin'', ...)
* {{param2|borî}} rehê dema borî ('''mînak''': {{param2|borî|ket}} bo lêkerên ''ketin'', ''raketin'', ''lê_ketin'', ...)
* {{param2|pêşgir}} bo lêkerên [[pêkhatî]] û [[hevedudanî]] ('''mînak''': ''{{reng2|blue|ra}}kirin'' {{param2|pêşgir|ra}}, ''{{reng2|blue|bang}} kirin'' {{param2|pêşgir|bang}}, ''{{reng2|blue|lê}} gerîn'' ({{param2|pêşgir|jê}}, ...)
** {{param2|valahî|erê}} bo lêkerên [[hevedudanî]] ('''mînak''': ''{{reng2|blue|bang}} kirin'', ''{{reng2|blue|lê}} gerîn'', ...)
* {{param2|paşgir}} bo lêkerên [[hevedudanî]] ('''mînak''': ''[[dan dû]]'', ''[[girtin ser xwe]]'')

;Parametre bo pêşgirên {{nobold|(''bi-/di-/na-/ne-/me-'')}} ku ne standard in
* {{param2|bi}} {{param2|nihaBi}} {{param2|borîBi}}
* {{param2|di}} {{param2|nihaDi}} {{param2|borîDi}}
* {{param2|ne}} {{param2|nihaNe}} {{param2|borîNe}}
* {{param2|me}}
* {{param2|na}} 

: → ''Mînak ([[Tewandin:emilîn]])'':
:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;
{{ku-tewandin|emilîn|form=negerguhêz|niha=emil|borî=emilî|bi=bi|na=na|ne=ne}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

;Parametreyên din:
: {{param2|niha2}}, {{param2|niha3}} bo tewandinên din.
: {{param2|borî2}} bo tewandinên din.

== Mînak ==
;Lêkerên gerguhêz:
* [[Tewandin:kirin]] → Lêkera xwerû: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''ku-tewandin'''|kirin|'''{{reng2|olive|form}}'''=gerguhêz|'''{{reng2|olive|niha}}'''=k|'''{{reng2|olive|borî}}'''=kir}}&lt;/code&gt;
* [[Tewandin:rakirin]] → Lêkera pêkhatî: ''{{reng2|blue|ra}}'' + ''kirin'' → &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''ku-tewandin'''|{{reng2|blue|ra}}kirin|'''{{reng2|olive|form}}'''=gerguhêz|'''{{reng2|olive|niha}}'''=k|'''{{reng2|olive|borî}}'''=kir|'''{{reng2|olive|pêşgir}}'''={{reng2|blue|ra}}}}&lt;/code&gt;
* [[Tewandin:pîroz kirin]] → Lêkera hevedudanî: ''{{reng2|blue|bang}}'' + ''kirin'' → &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''ku-tewandin'''|{{reng2|blue|bang}} kirin|'''{{reng2|olive|form}}'''=gerguhêz|'''{{reng2|olive|niha}}'''=k|'''{{reng2|olive|borî}}'''=kir|'''{{reng2|olive|pêşgir}}'''={{reng2|blue|bang}}|'''{{reng2|olive|valahî}}'''={{reng2|brown|erê}}}}&lt;/code&gt;
*: &lt;code&gt;|'''{{reng2|olive|valahî}}'''={{reng2|brown|erê}}&lt;/code&gt;:  &quot;{{reng2|blue|bang}}&quot; û &quot;kirin&quot; du parçe ne (valahiyek di navbera her du da heye)
* [[Tewandin:gotin]] → Lêkera xwerû: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''ku-tewandin'''|gotin|'''{{reng2|olive|form}}'''=gerguhêz|'''{{reng2|olive|niha}}'''=bêj|'''{{reng2|olive|niha2}}'''=vê|'''{{reng2|olive|niha3}}'''=wê|'''{{reng2|olive|borî}}'''=got}}&lt;/code&gt;

;Lêkerên negerguhêz:
* [[Tewandin:ketin ]] → Lêkera xwerû: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''ku-tewandin'''|ketin|'''{{reng2|olive|form}}'''=negerguhêz|'''{{reng2|olive|niha}}'''=kev|'''{{reng2|olive|borî}}'''=ket}}&lt;/code&gt;
* [[Tewandin:daketin]] → Lêkera pêkhatî: ''{{reng2|blue|da}}'' + ''ketin'' → &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''ku-tewandin'''|{{reng2|blue|ra}}ketin|'''{{reng2|olive|form}}'''=negerguhêz|'''{{reng2|olive|niha}}'''=kev|'''{{reng2|olive|borî}}'''=ket|'''{{reng2|olive|pêşgir}}'''={{reng2|blue|da}}}}&lt;/code&gt;
* [[Tewandin:lê gerîn]] → Lêkera hevedudanî: ''{{reng2|blue|lê}}'' + ''gerîn'' → &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''ku-tewandin'''|{{reng2|blue|lê}} gerîn|'''{{reng2|olive|form}}'''=gerguhêz|'''{{reng2|olive|niha}}'''=b|'''{{reng2|olive|borî}}'''=bir|'''{{reng2|olive|pêşgir}}'''={{reng2|blue|jê}}|'''{{reng2|olive|valahî}}'''={{reng2|brown|erê}}}}&lt;/code&gt;
*: &lt;code&gt;|'''{{reng2|olive|valahî}}'''={{reng2|brown|erê}}&lt;/code&gt;:  &quot;{{reng2|blue|lê}}&quot; û &quot;gerîn&quot; du parçe ne (valahiyek di navbera her du da heye)
*  [[Tewandin:kenîn]] → &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''ku-tewandin'''|kenîn|'''{{reng2|olive|form}}'''=negerguhêz|'''{{reng2|olive|niha}}'''=ken|'''{{reng2|olive|borî}}'''=kenî|'''{{reng2|olive|borî2}}'''=keniya}}&lt;/code&gt;

;Lêkerên dijrêzik:
* [[Modul:ku-tewandin/dijrêzik]]

;Binêrin:
* [[:Kategorî:Tewandin:lêker ({{navê zimanî|ku}})]]

== Mijarên têkildar ==
* [[Modul:ku-tewandin]]
** [[Modul:ku-tewandin/tablo]]
** &lt;s&gt;[[Modul:ku-tewandin/nestandard]]&lt;/s&gt;
* {{ş|ku-tewîn-lk}}
* {{ş|ku-tewîn-lk-niha}}

;Çend çavkanî
* [http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&amp;q=cache:Ys6yRjKm2SEJ:www.kurdigeh.com/rwdx/sitepdf/ibrahimseydo-demenkurdi-ZEND.pdf+Di+kurmanciy%C3%AA+de+s%C3%AEstema+deman&amp;hl=fr&amp;gl=fr&amp;pid=bl&amp;srcid=ADGEEShCfRxplfM7NxKmaVEW50KjPrsOEZ31JXlN12Q2mdRo95TnGsn5B7YtsYTxgyTy4-hLVmuiiyvlbKOYB_4O1e1FbcA6SSBnr-L3Iu2jWzSWvEKohNp1rQjgiAIg3ll-BsbcOybD&amp;sig=AHIEtbQOd1wFWTX8Qh4JFFwtbqg2itgruQ Di kurmanciyê de sîstema deman] (ku)
* [http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&amp;q=cache:LkERbEhkNSMJ:www.institutkurde.org/publications/kurmanci/telechargement/ku12.pdf+Raboriya+d%C3%BBr+a+bilaniy%C3%AA&amp;hl=fr&amp;gl=fr&amp;pid=bl&amp;srcid=ADGEESgkAOze54EwkWmhYNoaQp7FDnv0QHQrj2CNgHM8TYLD2CSi8sVmWkEm-q0C1dnU5x9Ya_rtJAjbSu_oeahBnlzb1IjRY7vUMpSUkKMosTSDFOyAO7GAIZMTqXLXHOZ67AQx5RN8&amp;sig=AHIEtbQ_4vMTwA37fjran9QEuVo3LX_3Mw KurmancÎ (kovar), hejmar 12, 1993] (ku)
* [http://www.institutkurde.org/en/conferences/kurdish_studies_irbil_2006/Ibrahim+Seydo+AYDOGAN.html Identification des temps verbaux dans les grammaires kurdes] (fr)
* Binêrin jî: [http://www.mesopotamia-ita.com/leker/Minak_.htm#a17 ''KÊŞANA LÊKERAN'' (Brahîm Xelîl TAŞ)] (bo navên demên lêkeran + tewandinên çend lêkeran)
* ''Rêzimanên kurdî û termînolojiya wan ya zimannasiyê'', Îbrahîm Seydo AYDOGAN, INALCO / CNU 15
* [https://books.openedition.org/ifeagd/2229?lang=fr ''Le médiatif en kurde-kurmandji résurgence ou renouveau du système verbal ?''], Ibrahim Seydo Aydoğan (ji bo dema &quot;Çîrokiya boriya dûdar&quot;, bnr. ''[[:w:en:Inferential mood|Inferential mood]]'')  (fr)

== TemplateData ==
&lt;templatedata&gt;
{
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Şablona tewandinên lêkerên kurmancî&quot;,
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;1&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Navê lêkerê&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;form&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Cure&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;\&quot;gerguhêz\&quot; an jî \&quot;negerguhêz\&quot;&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;pêşgir&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Pêşgir&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;bo lêkerên pêkhatî û hevedudanî: raketin = 'ra' + 'ketin' (pêşgir = 'ra')&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;
		},
		&quot;valahî&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Valahî&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;erê (bo lêkerên hevedudanî: bang_kirin, jê_birin)&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;
		},
		&quot;niha&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;rehê dema niha&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot; 'kev' bo lêkerên 'ketin', 'rakatin', 'lê_ketin'&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;niha2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;rehê dema niha 2&quot;
		},
		&quot;niha3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;rehê dema niha 3&quot;
		},
		&quot;borî&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;rehê dema borî&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot; 'ket' bo lêkerên 'ketin', 'rakatin', 'lê_ketin'&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;borî2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;rehê dema borî 2&quot;
		}
	}
}
&lt;/templatedata&gt;

&lt;includeonly&gt;
[[Kategorî:Şablonên lêkeran ({{navê zimanî|ku}})| ]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>p2xbtx9sp5qpsdclwcmj2h06urgfkh6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237495</id>
      <parentid>6237494</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T01:57:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Mînak */</comment>
      <origin>6237495</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7624" sha1="d4s5mi9fc63603m3ahl6c8ro54p7flw" xml:space="preserve">{{Lua bikartîne|Modul:ku-tewandin}}
{{Lua bikartîne|Modul:ku-tewandin/tablo}}
{{TemplateStyles|Şablon:ku-tewandin/style.css}}
== Bikaranîn ==

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
→ Lêkerên xwerû:
{{ku-tewandin|lêker|form=gerguhêz/negerguhêz|niha=|niha2=|niha3=|borî=|borî2=}}

→ Lêkerên pêkhatî:
{{ku-tewandin|lêker|form=gerguhêz/negerguhêz|pêşgir=|paşgir=|niha=|niha2=|niha3=|borî=|borî2=}}

→ Lêkerên hevedudanî:
{{ku-tewandin|lêker|form=gerguhêz/negerguhêz|pêşgir=|paşgir=|valahî=erê|niha=|niha2=|niha3=|borî=|borî2=}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== Parametre ===
* {{param2|form}} &quot;&lt;u&gt;gerguhêz&lt;/u&gt;&quot; an &quot;&lt;u&gt;negerguhêz&lt;/u&gt;&quot;
* {{param2|niha}} rehê dema niha ('''mînak''': {{param2|niha|kev}} bo lêkerên ''ketin'', ''raketin'', ''lê_ketin'', ...)
* {{param2|borî}} rehê dema borî ('''mînak''': {{param2|borî|ket}} bo lêkerên ''ketin'', ''raketin'', ''lê_ketin'', ...)
* {{param2|pêşgir}} bo lêkerên [[pêkhatî]] û [[hevedudanî]] ('''mînak''': ''{{reng2|blue|ra}}kirin'' {{param2|pêşgir|ra}}, ''{{reng2|blue|bang}} kirin'' {{param2|pêşgir|bang}}, ''{{reng2|blue|lê}} gerîn'' ({{param2|pêşgir|jê}}, ...)
** {{param2|valahî|erê}} bo lêkerên [[hevedudanî]] ('''mînak''': ''{{reng2|blue|bang}} kirin'', ''{{reng2|blue|lê}} gerîn'', ...)
* {{param2|paşgir}} bo lêkerên [[hevedudanî]] ('''mînak''': ''[[dan dû]]'', ''[[girtin ser xwe]]'')

;Parametre bo pêşgirên {{nobold|(''bi-/di-/na-/ne-/me-'')}} ku ne standard in
* {{param2|bi}} {{param2|nihaBi}} {{param2|borîBi}}
* {{param2|di}} {{param2|nihaDi}} {{param2|borîDi}}
* {{param2|ne}} {{param2|nihaNe}} {{param2|borîNe}}
* {{param2|me}}
* {{param2|na}} 

: → ''Mînak ([[Tewandin:emilîn]])'':
:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;
{{ku-tewandin|emilîn|form=negerguhêz|niha=emil|borî=emilî|bi=bi|na=na|ne=ne}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

;Parametreyên din:
: {{param2|niha2}}, {{param2|niha3}} bo tewandinên din.
: {{param2|borî2}} bo tewandinên din.

== Mînak ==
;Lêkerên gerguhêz:
* [[Tewandin:kirin]] → Lêkera xwerû: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''ku-tewandin'''|kirin|'''{{reng2|olive|form}}'''=gerguhêz|'''{{reng2|olive|niha}}'''=k|'''{{reng2|olive|borî}}'''=kir}}&lt;/code&gt;
* [[Tewandin:rakirin]] → Lêkera pêkhatî: ''{{reng2|blue|ra}}'' + ''kirin'' → &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''ku-tewandin'''|{{reng2|blue|ra}}kirin|'''{{reng2|olive|form}}'''=gerguhêz|'''{{reng2|olive|niha}}'''=k|'''{{reng2|olive|borî}}'''=kir|'''{{reng2|olive|pêşgir}}'''={{reng2|blue|ra}}}}&lt;/code&gt;
* [[Tewandin:pîroz kirin]] → Lêkera hevedudanî: ''{{reng2|blue|bang}}'' + ''kirin'' → &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''ku-tewandin'''|{{reng2|blue|bang}} kirin|'''{{reng2|olive|form}}'''=gerguhêz|'''{{reng2|olive|niha}}'''=k|'''{{reng2|olive|borî}}'''=kir|'''{{reng2|olive|pêşgir}}'''={{reng2|blue|bang}}|'''{{reng2|olive|valahî}}'''={{reng2|brown|erê}}}}&lt;/code&gt;
*: &lt;code&gt;|'''{{reng2|olive|valahî}}'''={{reng2|brown|erê}}&lt;/code&gt;:  &quot;{{reng2|blue|bang}}&quot; û &quot;kirin&quot; du parçe ne (valahiyek di navbera her du da heye)
* [[Tewandin:gotin]] → Lêkera xwerû: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''ku-tewandin'''|gotin|'''{{reng2|olive|form}}'''=gerguhêz|'''{{reng2|olive|niha}}'''=bêj|'''{{reng2|olive|niha2}}'''=vê|'''{{reng2|olive|niha3}}'''=wê|'''{{reng2|olive|borî}}'''=got}}&lt;/code&gt;

;Lêkerên negerguhêz:
* [[Tewandin:ketin ]] → Lêkera xwerû: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''ku-tewandin'''|ketin|'''{{reng2|olive|form}}'''=negerguhêz|'''{{reng2|olive|niha}}'''=kev|'''{{reng2|olive|borî}}'''=ket}}&lt;/code&gt;
* [[Tewandin:daketin]] → Lêkera pêkhatî: ''{{reng2|blue|da}}'' + ''ketin'' → &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''ku-tewandin'''|{{reng2|blue|ra}}ketin|'''{{reng2|olive|form}}'''=negerguhêz|'''{{reng2|olive|niha}}'''=kev|'''{{reng2|olive|borî}}'''=ket|'''{{reng2|olive|pêşgir}}'''={{reng2|blue|da}}}}&lt;/code&gt;
* [[Tewandin:lê gerîn]] → Lêkera hevedudanî: ''{{reng2|blue|lê}}'' + ''gerîn'' → &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''ku-tewandin'''|{{reng2|blue|lê}} gerîn|'''{{reng2|olive|form}}'''=gerguhêz|'''{{reng2|olive|niha}}'''=b|'''{{reng2|olive|borî}}'''=bir|'''{{reng2|olive|pêşgir}}'''={{reng2|blue|jê}}|'''{{reng2|olive|valahî}}'''={{reng2|brown|erê}}}}&lt;/code&gt;
*: &lt;code&gt;|'''{{reng2|olive|valahî}}'''={{reng2|brown|erê}}&lt;/code&gt;:  &quot;{{reng2|blue|lê}}&quot; û &quot;gerîn&quot; du parçe ne (valahiyek di navbera her du da heye)
*  [[Tewandin:kenîn]] → &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''ku-tewandin'''|kenîn|'''{{reng2|olive|form}}'''=negerguhêz|'''{{reng2|olive|niha}}'''=ken|'''{{reng2|olive|borî}}'''=kenî|'''{{reng2|olive|borî2}}'''=keniya}}&lt;/code&gt;

;Lêkerên dijrêzik:
* &lt;s&gt;[[Modul:ku-tewandin/nestandard]]&lt;/s&gt;

;Binêrin:
* [[:Kategorî:Tewandin:lêker ({{navê zimanî|ku}})]]

== Mijarên têkildar ==
* [[Modul:ku-tewandin]]
** [[Modul:ku-tewandin/tablo]]
** &lt;s&gt;[[Modul:ku-tewandin/nestandard]]&lt;/s&gt;
* {{ş|ku-tewîn-lk}}
* {{ş|ku-tewîn-lk-niha}}

;Çend çavkanî
* [http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&amp;q=cache:Ys6yRjKm2SEJ:www.kurdigeh.com/rwdx/sitepdf/ibrahimseydo-demenkurdi-ZEND.pdf+Di+kurmanciy%C3%AA+de+s%C3%AEstema+deman&amp;hl=fr&amp;gl=fr&amp;pid=bl&amp;srcid=ADGEEShCfRxplfM7NxKmaVEW50KjPrsOEZ31JXlN12Q2mdRo95TnGsn5B7YtsYTxgyTy4-hLVmuiiyvlbKOYB_4O1e1FbcA6SSBnr-L3Iu2jWzSWvEKohNp1rQjgiAIg3ll-BsbcOybD&amp;sig=AHIEtbQOd1wFWTX8Qh4JFFwtbqg2itgruQ Di kurmanciyê de sîstema deman] (ku)
* [http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&amp;q=cache:LkERbEhkNSMJ:www.institutkurde.org/publications/kurmanci/telechargement/ku12.pdf+Raboriya+d%C3%BBr+a+bilaniy%C3%AA&amp;hl=fr&amp;gl=fr&amp;pid=bl&amp;srcid=ADGEESgkAOze54EwkWmhYNoaQp7FDnv0QHQrj2CNgHM8TYLD2CSi8sVmWkEm-q0C1dnU5x9Ya_rtJAjbSu_oeahBnlzb1IjRY7vUMpSUkKMosTSDFOyAO7GAIZMTqXLXHOZ67AQx5RN8&amp;sig=AHIEtbQ_4vMTwA37fjran9QEuVo3LX_3Mw KurmancÎ (kovar), hejmar 12, 1993] (ku)
* [http://www.institutkurde.org/en/conferences/kurdish_studies_irbil_2006/Ibrahim+Seydo+AYDOGAN.html Identification des temps verbaux dans les grammaires kurdes] (fr)
* Binêrin jî: [http://www.mesopotamia-ita.com/leker/Minak_.htm#a17 ''KÊŞANA LÊKERAN'' (Brahîm Xelîl TAŞ)] (bo navên demên lêkeran + tewandinên çend lêkeran)
* ''Rêzimanên kurdî û termînolojiya wan ya zimannasiyê'', Îbrahîm Seydo AYDOGAN, INALCO / CNU 15
* [https://books.openedition.org/ifeagd/2229?lang=fr ''Le médiatif en kurde-kurmandji résurgence ou renouveau du système verbal ?''], Ibrahim Seydo Aydoğan (ji bo dema &quot;Çîrokiya boriya dûdar&quot;, bnr. ''[[:w:en:Inferential mood|Inferential mood]]'')  (fr)

== TemplateData ==
&lt;templatedata&gt;
{
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Şablona tewandinên lêkerên kurmancî&quot;,
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;1&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Navê lêkerê&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;form&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Cure&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;\&quot;gerguhêz\&quot; an jî \&quot;negerguhêz\&quot;&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;pêşgir&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Pêşgir&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;bo lêkerên pêkhatî û hevedudanî: raketin = 'ra' + 'ketin' (pêşgir = 'ra')&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;
		},
		&quot;valahî&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Valahî&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;erê (bo lêkerên hevedudanî: bang_kirin, jê_birin)&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;
		},
		&quot;niha&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;rehê dema niha&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot; 'kev' bo lêkerên 'ketin', 'rakatin', 'lê_ketin'&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;niha2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;rehê dema niha 2&quot;
		},
		&quot;niha3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;rehê dema niha 3&quot;
		},
		&quot;borî&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;rehê dema borî&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot; 'ket' bo lêkerên 'ketin', 'rakatin', 'lê_ketin'&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;borî2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;rehê dema borî 2&quot;
		}
	}
}
&lt;/templatedata&gt;

&lt;includeonly&gt;
[[Kategorî:Şablonên lêkeran ({{navê zimanî|ku}})| ]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>d4s5mi9fc63603m3ahl6c8ro54p7flw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237508</id>
      <parentid>6237495</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T03:52:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Parametre */</comment>
      <origin>6237508</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7675" sha1="c4wg15sp2g6ajyuga7n5ayyjarpyej3" xml:space="preserve">{{Lua bikartîne|Modul:ku-tewandin}}
{{Lua bikartîne|Modul:ku-tewandin/tablo}}
{{TemplateStyles|Şablon:ku-tewandin/style.css}}
== Bikaranîn ==

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
→ Lêkerên xwerû:
{{ku-tewandin|lêker|form=gerguhêz/negerguhêz|niha=|niha2=|niha3=|borî=|borî2=}}

→ Lêkerên pêkhatî:
{{ku-tewandin|lêker|form=gerguhêz/negerguhêz|pêşgir=|paşgir=|niha=|niha2=|niha3=|borî=|borî2=}}

→ Lêkerên hevedudanî:
{{ku-tewandin|lêker|form=gerguhêz/negerguhêz|pêşgir=|paşgir=|valahî=erê|niha=|niha2=|niha3=|borî=|borî2=}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== Parametre ===
* {{param2|form}} &quot;&lt;u&gt;gerguhêz&lt;/u&gt;&quot; an &quot;&lt;u&gt;negerguhêz&lt;/u&gt;&quot;
* {{param2|niha}} rehê dema niha ('''mînak''': {{param2|niha|kev}} bo lêkerên ''ketin'', ''raketin'', ''lê_ketin'', ...)
* {{param2|borî}} rehê dema borî ('''mînak''': {{param2|borî|ket}} bo lêkerên ''ketin'', ''raketin'', ''lê_ketin'', ...)
* {{param2|pêşgir}} bo lêkerên [[pêkhatî]] û [[hevedudanî]] ('''mînak''': ''{{reng2|blue|ra}}kirin'' {{param2|pêşgir|ra}}, ''{{reng2|blue|bang}} kirin'' {{param2|pêşgir|bang}}, ''{{reng2|blue|lê}} gerîn'' ({{param2|pêşgir|jê}}, ...)
** {{param2|valahî|erê}} bo lêkerên [[hevedudanî]] ('''mînak''': ''{{reng2|blue|bang}} kirin'', ''{{reng2|blue|lê}} gerîn'', ...)
* {{param2|paşgir}} bo lêkerên [[hevedudanî]] ('''mînak''': ''[[dan dû]]'', ''[[girtin ser xwe]]'')

;Parametre bo pêşgirên {{nobold|(''bi-/di-/na-/ne-/me-'')}} ku ne standard in
* {{param2|bi}} {{param2|nihaBi}} {{param2|borîBi}}
* {{param2|di}} {{param2|nihaDi}} {{param2|borîDi}}
* {{param2|ne}} {{param2|nihaNe}} {{param2|borîNe}}
* {{param2|me}}
* {{param2|na}} 

: → ''Mînak ([[Tewandin:emilîn]])'':
:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;
{{ku-tewandin|emilîn|form=negerguhêz|niha=emil|borî=emilî|bi=bi|na=na|ne=ne}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

;Parametreyên din:
: {{param2|niha2}}, {{param2|niha3}} bo tewandinên din.
: {{param2|borî2}}, {{param2|borî3}} bo tewandinên din.
: {{param2|devok}} &quot;rojhilatî&quot;

== Mînak ==
;Lêkerên gerguhêz:
* [[Tewandin:kirin]] → Lêkera xwerû: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''ku-tewandin'''|kirin|'''{{reng2|olive|form}}'''=gerguhêz|'''{{reng2|olive|niha}}'''=k|'''{{reng2|olive|borî}}'''=kir}}&lt;/code&gt;
* [[Tewandin:rakirin]] → Lêkera pêkhatî: ''{{reng2|blue|ra}}'' + ''kirin'' → &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''ku-tewandin'''|{{reng2|blue|ra}}kirin|'''{{reng2|olive|form}}'''=gerguhêz|'''{{reng2|olive|niha}}'''=k|'''{{reng2|olive|borî}}'''=kir|'''{{reng2|olive|pêşgir}}'''={{reng2|blue|ra}}}}&lt;/code&gt;
* [[Tewandin:pîroz kirin]] → Lêkera hevedudanî: ''{{reng2|blue|bang}}'' + ''kirin'' → &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''ku-tewandin'''|{{reng2|blue|bang}} kirin|'''{{reng2|olive|form}}'''=gerguhêz|'''{{reng2|olive|niha}}'''=k|'''{{reng2|olive|borî}}'''=kir|'''{{reng2|olive|pêşgir}}'''={{reng2|blue|bang}}|'''{{reng2|olive|valahî}}'''={{reng2|brown|erê}}}}&lt;/code&gt;
*: &lt;code&gt;|'''{{reng2|olive|valahî}}'''={{reng2|brown|erê}}&lt;/code&gt;:  &quot;{{reng2|blue|bang}}&quot; û &quot;kirin&quot; du parçe ne (valahiyek di navbera her du da heye)
* [[Tewandin:gotin]] → Lêkera xwerû: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''ku-tewandin'''|gotin|'''{{reng2|olive|form}}'''=gerguhêz|'''{{reng2|olive|niha}}'''=bêj|'''{{reng2|olive|niha2}}'''=vê|'''{{reng2|olive|niha3}}'''=wê|'''{{reng2|olive|borî}}'''=got}}&lt;/code&gt;

;Lêkerên negerguhêz:
* [[Tewandin:ketin ]] → Lêkera xwerû: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''ku-tewandin'''|ketin|'''{{reng2|olive|form}}'''=negerguhêz|'''{{reng2|olive|niha}}'''=kev|'''{{reng2|olive|borî}}'''=ket}}&lt;/code&gt;
* [[Tewandin:daketin]] → Lêkera pêkhatî: ''{{reng2|blue|da}}'' + ''ketin'' → &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''ku-tewandin'''|{{reng2|blue|ra}}ketin|'''{{reng2|olive|form}}'''=negerguhêz|'''{{reng2|olive|niha}}'''=kev|'''{{reng2|olive|borî}}'''=ket|'''{{reng2|olive|pêşgir}}'''={{reng2|blue|da}}}}&lt;/code&gt;
* [[Tewandin:lê gerîn]] → Lêkera hevedudanî: ''{{reng2|blue|lê}}'' + ''gerîn'' → &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''ku-tewandin'''|{{reng2|blue|lê}} gerîn|'''{{reng2|olive|form}}'''=gerguhêz|'''{{reng2|olive|niha}}'''=b|'''{{reng2|olive|borî}}'''=bir|'''{{reng2|olive|pêşgir}}'''={{reng2|blue|jê}}|'''{{reng2|olive|valahî}}'''={{reng2|brown|erê}}}}&lt;/code&gt;
*: &lt;code&gt;|'''{{reng2|olive|valahî}}'''={{reng2|brown|erê}}&lt;/code&gt;:  &quot;{{reng2|blue|lê}}&quot; û &quot;gerîn&quot; du parçe ne (valahiyek di navbera her du da heye)
*  [[Tewandin:kenîn]] → &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''ku-tewandin'''|kenîn|'''{{reng2|olive|form}}'''=negerguhêz|'''{{reng2|olive|niha}}'''=ken|'''{{reng2|olive|borî}}'''=kenî|'''{{reng2|olive|borî2}}'''=keniya}}&lt;/code&gt;

;Lêkerên dijrêzik:
* &lt;s&gt;[[Modul:ku-tewandin/nestandard]]&lt;/s&gt;

;Binêrin:
* [[:Kategorî:Tewandin:lêker ({{navê zimanî|ku}})]]

== Mijarên têkildar ==
* [[Modul:ku-tewandin]]
** [[Modul:ku-tewandin/tablo]]
** &lt;s&gt;[[Modul:ku-tewandin/nestandard]]&lt;/s&gt;
* {{ş|ku-tewîn-lk}}
* {{ş|ku-tewîn-lk-niha}}

;Çend çavkanî
* [http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&amp;q=cache:Ys6yRjKm2SEJ:www.kurdigeh.com/rwdx/sitepdf/ibrahimseydo-demenkurdi-ZEND.pdf+Di+kurmanciy%C3%AA+de+s%C3%AEstema+deman&amp;hl=fr&amp;gl=fr&amp;pid=bl&amp;srcid=ADGEEShCfRxplfM7NxKmaVEW50KjPrsOEZ31JXlN12Q2mdRo95TnGsn5B7YtsYTxgyTy4-hLVmuiiyvlbKOYB_4O1e1FbcA6SSBnr-L3Iu2jWzSWvEKohNp1rQjgiAIg3ll-BsbcOybD&amp;sig=AHIEtbQOd1wFWTX8Qh4JFFwtbqg2itgruQ Di kurmanciyê de sîstema deman] (ku)
* [http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&amp;q=cache:LkERbEhkNSMJ:www.institutkurde.org/publications/kurmanci/telechargement/ku12.pdf+Raboriya+d%C3%BBr+a+bilaniy%C3%AA&amp;hl=fr&amp;gl=fr&amp;pid=bl&amp;srcid=ADGEESgkAOze54EwkWmhYNoaQp7FDnv0QHQrj2CNgHM8TYLD2CSi8sVmWkEm-q0C1dnU5x9Ya_rtJAjbSu_oeahBnlzb1IjRY7vUMpSUkKMosTSDFOyAO7GAIZMTqXLXHOZ67AQx5RN8&amp;sig=AHIEtbQ_4vMTwA37fjran9QEuVo3LX_3Mw KurmancÎ (kovar), hejmar 12, 1993] (ku)
* [http://www.institutkurde.org/en/conferences/kurdish_studies_irbil_2006/Ibrahim+Seydo+AYDOGAN.html Identification des temps verbaux dans les grammaires kurdes] (fr)
* Binêrin jî: [http://www.mesopotamia-ita.com/leker/Minak_.htm#a17 ''KÊŞANA LÊKERAN'' (Brahîm Xelîl TAŞ)] (bo navên demên lêkeran + tewandinên çend lêkeran)
* ''Rêzimanên kurdî û termînolojiya wan ya zimannasiyê'', Îbrahîm Seydo AYDOGAN, INALCO / CNU 15
* [https://books.openedition.org/ifeagd/2229?lang=fr ''Le médiatif en kurde-kurmandji résurgence ou renouveau du système verbal ?''], Ibrahim Seydo Aydoğan (ji bo dema &quot;Çîrokiya boriya dûdar&quot;, bnr. ''[[:w:en:Inferential mood|Inferential mood]]'')  (fr)

== TemplateData ==
&lt;templatedata&gt;
{
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Şablona tewandinên lêkerên kurmancî&quot;,
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;1&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Navê lêkerê&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;form&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Cure&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;\&quot;gerguhêz\&quot; an jî \&quot;negerguhêz\&quot;&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;pêşgir&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Pêşgir&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;bo lêkerên pêkhatî û hevedudanî: raketin = 'ra' + 'ketin' (pêşgir = 'ra')&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;
		},
		&quot;valahî&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Valahî&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;erê (bo lêkerên hevedudanî: bang_kirin, jê_birin)&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;
		},
		&quot;niha&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;rehê dema niha&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot; 'kev' bo lêkerên 'ketin', 'rakatin', 'lê_ketin'&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;niha2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;rehê dema niha 2&quot;
		},
		&quot;niha3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;rehê dema niha 3&quot;
		},
		&quot;borî&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;rehê dema borî&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot; 'ket' bo lêkerên 'ketin', 'rakatin', 'lê_ketin'&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;borî2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;rehê dema borî 2&quot;
		}
	}
}
&lt;/templatedata&gt;

&lt;includeonly&gt;
[[Kategorî:Şablonên lêkeran ({{navê zimanî|ku}})| ]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>c4wg15sp2g6ajyuga7n5ayyjarpyej3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Şablon:ku-tewîn-lk/belge</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>612382</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237496</id>
      <parentid>6236927</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T01:58:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Bikaranîn */</comment>
      <origin>6237496</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3857" sha1="nw2eqkoqh5ay4xa8kwgdhimwpmzpa5w" xml:space="preserve">{{Lua bikartîne|Modul:ku-tewandin|Modul:ku-tewandin/tabloGotar}}
{{TemplateStyles|Şablon:ku-tewîn/style.css}}
{{agahdarî}} {{bilezkirî}}

== Bikaranîn ==

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
→ Lêkerên xwerû:
{{ku-tewîn-lk|lêker|form=gerguhêz/negerguhêz|niha=|niha2=|niha3=|borî=|borî2=}}

→ Lêkerên pêkhatî:
{{ku-tewîn-lk|lêker|form=gerguhêz/negerguhêz|pêşgir=|paşgir=|niha=|niha2=|niha3=|borî=|borî2=}}

→ Lêkerên hevedudanî:
{{ku-tewîn-lk|lêker|form=gerguhêz/negerguhêz|pêşgir=|paşgir=|valahî=erê|niha=|niha2=|niha3=|borî=|borî2=}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== Parametre ===
* {{param2|form}} &quot;&lt;u&gt;gerguhêz&lt;/u&gt;&quot; an &quot;&lt;u&gt;negerguhêz&lt;/u&gt;&quot;
* {{param2|niha}} rehê dema niha ('''mînak''': {{param2|niha|kev}} bo lêkerên ''ketin'', ''raketin'', ''lê_ketin'', ...)
* {{param2|borî}} rehê dema borî ('''mînak''': {{param2|borî|ket}} bo lêkerên ''ketin'', ''raketin'', ''lê_ketin'', ...)
* {{param2|pêşgir}} bo lêkerên [[pêkhatî]] û [[hevedudanî]] ('''mînak''': ''{{reng2|blue|ra}}kirin'' {{param2|pêşgir|ra}}, ''{{reng2|blue|bang}} kirin'' {{param2|pêşgir|bang}}, ''{{reng2|blue|lê}} gerîn'' ({{param2|pêşgir|jê}}, ...)
** {{param2|valahî|erê}} bo lêkerên [[hevedudanî]] ('''mînak''': ''{{reng2|blue|bang}} kirin'', ''{{reng2|blue|lê}} gerîn'', ...)
* {{param2|paşgir}} bo lêkerên [[hevedudanî]] ('''mînak''': ''[[dan dû]]'', ''[[girtin ser xwe]]'')

;Parametre bo pêşgirên {{nobold|(''bi-/di-/na-/ne-/me-'')}} ku ne standard in
* {{param2|bi}} {{param2|nihaBi}} {{param2|borîBi}}
* {{param2|di}} {{param2|nihaDi}} {{param2|borîDi}}
* {{param2|ne}} {{param2|nihaNe}} {{param2|borîNe}}
* {{param2|me}}
* {{param2|na}}

: → ''Mînak ([[Tewandin:emilîn]])'':
:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;
{{ku-tewîn-lk|emilîn|form=negerguhêz|niha=emil|borî=emilî|bi=bi|na=na|ne=ne}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== Mînak ==
:→ [[Şablon:ku-tewandin#Mînak]] (şûnda &lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''ku-tewandin'''| → &lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''ku-tewîn-lk'''| binivîsin)

* Lêkera pêkhatî ({{g|ku|raketin}} = {{reng2|blue|ra}} + ketin):

:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;
{{ku-tewîn-lk|raketin|form=negerguhêz|pêşgir=ra|niha=kev|borî=ket}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;float:left&quot;&gt;
{{ku-tewîn-lk|raketin|form=negerguhêz|pêşgir=ra|niha=kev|borî=ket}}
&lt;/div&gt;

{{bend}}

== Binêre ==
* {{şl|ku-tewandin}}
* {{şl|ku-tewîn-reh}}
* {{şl|tewandin}}
* {{şl|ku-tewîn-nav}}, {{şl|ku-tewîn-navForm}}
* {{şl|ku-tewîn-rd}}
* [[:Kategorî:Tewandin:lêker ({{navê zimanî|ku}})]]

== TemplateData ==

&lt;templatedata&gt;
{
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Şablona tewandinên lêkerên kurmancî&quot;,
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;1&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Navê lêkerê&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true,
			&quot;autovalue&quot;: &quot;{{subst:PAGENAME}}&quot;
		},
		&quot;form&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Cure&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;\&quot;gerguhêz\&quot; an jî \&quot;negerguhêz\&quot;&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true,
			&quot;suggestedvalues&quot;: [
				&quot;gerguhêz&quot;,
				&quot;negerguhêz&quot;
			]
		},
		&quot;pêşgir&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Pêşgir&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;bo lêkerên pêkhatî û hevedudanî: raketin = 'ra' + 'ketin' (pêşgir = 'ra')&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;
		},
		&quot;valahî&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Valahî&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;erê (bo lêkerên hevedudanî: bang_kirin, jê_birin)&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;
		},
		&quot;niha&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;rehê dema niha&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot; 'kev' bo lêkerên 'ketin', 'rakatin', 'lê_ketin'&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;niha2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;rehê dema niha 2&quot;
		},
		&quot;niha3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;rehê dema niha 3&quot;
		},
		&quot;borî&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;rehê dema borî&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot; 'ket' bo lêkerên 'ketin', 'rakatin', 'lê_ketin'&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;borî2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;rehê dema borî 2&quot;
		}
	}
}
&lt;/templatedata&gt;

&lt;includeonly&gt;
[[Kategorî:Şablonên lêkeran ({{navê zimanî|ku}})| ]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>nw2eqkoqh5ay4xa8kwgdhimwpmzpa5w</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237509</id>
      <parentid>6237496</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T03:53:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Parametre */</comment>
      <origin>6237509</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3889" sha1="83b9g4ris5xqlcl7at6pyipgf3m30f3" xml:space="preserve">{{Lua bikartîne|Modul:ku-tewandin|Modul:ku-tewandin/tabloGotar}}
{{TemplateStyles|Şablon:ku-tewîn/style.css}}
{{agahdarî}} {{bilezkirî}}

== Bikaranîn ==

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
→ Lêkerên xwerû:
{{ku-tewîn-lk|lêker|form=gerguhêz/negerguhêz|niha=|niha2=|niha3=|borî=|borî2=}}

→ Lêkerên pêkhatî:
{{ku-tewîn-lk|lêker|form=gerguhêz/negerguhêz|pêşgir=|paşgir=|niha=|niha2=|niha3=|borî=|borî2=}}

→ Lêkerên hevedudanî:
{{ku-tewîn-lk|lêker|form=gerguhêz/negerguhêz|pêşgir=|paşgir=|valahî=erê|niha=|niha2=|niha3=|borî=|borî2=}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== Parametre ===
* {{param2|form}} &quot;&lt;u&gt;gerguhêz&lt;/u&gt;&quot; an &quot;&lt;u&gt;negerguhêz&lt;/u&gt;&quot;
* {{param2|niha}} rehê dema niha ('''mînak''': {{param2|niha|kev}} bo lêkerên ''ketin'', ''raketin'', ''lê_ketin'', ...)
* {{param2|borî}} rehê dema borî ('''mînak''': {{param2|borî|ket}} bo lêkerên ''ketin'', ''raketin'', ''lê_ketin'', ...)
* {{param2|pêşgir}} bo lêkerên [[pêkhatî]] û [[hevedudanî]] ('''mînak''': ''{{reng2|blue|ra}}kirin'' {{param2|pêşgir|ra}}, ''{{reng2|blue|bang}} kirin'' {{param2|pêşgir|bang}}, ''{{reng2|blue|lê}} gerîn'' ({{param2|pêşgir|jê}}, ...)
** {{param2|valahî|erê}} bo lêkerên [[hevedudanî]] ('''mînak''': ''{{reng2|blue|bang}} kirin'', ''{{reng2|blue|lê}} gerîn'', ...)
* {{param2|paşgir}} bo lêkerên [[hevedudanî]] ('''mînak''': ''[[dan dû]]'', ''[[girtin ser xwe]]'')
: {{param2|devok}} &quot;rojhilatî&quot;

;Parametre bo pêşgirên {{nobold|(''bi-/di-/na-/ne-/me-'')}} ku ne standard in
* {{param2|bi}} {{param2|nihaBi}} {{param2|borîBi}}
* {{param2|di}} {{param2|nihaDi}} {{param2|borîDi}}
* {{param2|ne}} {{param2|nihaNe}} {{param2|borîNe}}
* {{param2|me}}
* {{param2|na}}

: → ''Mînak ([[Tewandin:emilîn]])'':
:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;
{{ku-tewîn-lk|emilîn|form=negerguhêz|niha=emil|borî=emilî|bi=bi|na=na|ne=ne}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== Mînak ==
:→ [[Şablon:ku-tewandin#Mînak]] (şûnda &lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''ku-tewandin'''| → &lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''ku-tewîn-lk'''| binivîsin)

* Lêkera pêkhatî ({{g|ku|raketin}} = {{reng2|blue|ra}} + ketin):

:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;
{{ku-tewîn-lk|raketin|form=negerguhêz|pêşgir=ra|niha=kev|borî=ket}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;float:left&quot;&gt;
{{ku-tewîn-lk|raketin|form=negerguhêz|pêşgir=ra|niha=kev|borî=ket}}
&lt;/div&gt;

{{bend}}

== Binêre ==
* {{şl|ku-tewandin}}
* {{şl|ku-tewîn-reh}}
* {{şl|tewandin}}
* {{şl|ku-tewîn-nav}}, {{şl|ku-tewîn-navForm}}
* {{şl|ku-tewîn-rd}}
* [[:Kategorî:Tewandin:lêker ({{navê zimanî|ku}})]]

== TemplateData ==

&lt;templatedata&gt;
{
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Şablona tewandinên lêkerên kurmancî&quot;,
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;1&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Navê lêkerê&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true,
			&quot;autovalue&quot;: &quot;{{subst:PAGENAME}}&quot;
		},
		&quot;form&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Cure&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;\&quot;gerguhêz\&quot; an jî \&quot;negerguhêz\&quot;&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true,
			&quot;suggestedvalues&quot;: [
				&quot;gerguhêz&quot;,
				&quot;negerguhêz&quot;
			]
		},
		&quot;pêşgir&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Pêşgir&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;bo lêkerên pêkhatî û hevedudanî: raketin = 'ra' + 'ketin' (pêşgir = 'ra')&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;
		},
		&quot;valahî&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Valahî&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;erê (bo lêkerên hevedudanî: bang_kirin, jê_birin)&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;
		},
		&quot;niha&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;rehê dema niha&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot; 'kev' bo lêkerên 'ketin', 'rakatin', 'lê_ketin'&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;niha2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;rehê dema niha 2&quot;
		},
		&quot;niha3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;rehê dema niha 3&quot;
		},
		&quot;borî&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;rehê dema borî&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot; 'ket' bo lêkerên 'ketin', 'rakatin', 'lê_ketin'&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;borî2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;rehê dema borî 2&quot;
		}
	}
}
&lt;/templatedata&gt;

&lt;includeonly&gt;
[[Kategorî:Şablonên lêkeran ({{navê zimanî|ku}})| ]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>83b9g4ris5xqlcl7at6pyipgf3m30f3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Modul:ku-tewandin</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>628614</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237502</id>
      <parentid>6237384</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T02:54:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+</comment>
      <origin>6237502</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="44540" sha1="41e6dsdzgpli8b2xxuwp2l6paa69bcn" xml:space="preserve">-- Modula tewandina lêkerên kurmancî

local export = {}

-- Load irregular forms table
-- local irreg = require('Module:ku-tewandin/nestandard')
local langKu = require(&quot;Modul:languages&quot;).getByCode(&quot;ku&quot;)
local link = require('Module:links').language_link
local shallowCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/shallowCopy&quot;)
local deepCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/deepCopy&quot;)

local gsub = mw.ustring.gsub
local find = mw.ustring.find

-- =============================================================================
-- Pronouns in Kurmanji
-- =============================================================================
export.order = {&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;, &quot;p2&quot;, &quot;p3&quot;}

export.pronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;ez&quot;,    p1 = &quot;em&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;tu&quot;,    p2 = &quot;hûn&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;ew&quot;,    p3 = &quot;ew&quot;
}

export.obliquePronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;min&quot;,      p1 = &quot;me&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;te&quot;,       p2 = &quot;we&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;wê/wî&quot;,    p3 = &quot;wan&quot;
}

export.agents = {
    s1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,            p1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,           p2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;,   p3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;
}

-- Oblique pronoun (green) 
export.obliquePronounsGreen = {
    s1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;min&lt;/span&gt;',
    s2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;te&lt;/span&gt;',
    s3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wê/wî&lt;/span&gt;',
    p1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;me&lt;/span&gt;',
    p2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;we&lt;/span&gt;',
    p3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wan&lt;/span&gt;'
}

-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-- 1) This function returns correct subject/agent pronoun, ergativity rule:
--   - Transitive verbs in past tenses → oblique pronoun (green) = agent
--   - All other cases                 → direct pronoun (no color) = subject
-- 2) Also add the subjunctive prefix &quot;(bila)&quot;
-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
function export.conjPronouns(stemType, mode, isTransitive)
    local pronouns = shallowCopy(export.pronouns)

    -- Ergativity in kurdish: transitive verbs that are conjugated with the past tense stem are
    -- conjugated according to the object, not the subject.
    -- Therefore, to have an ergative construction,
    -- the verb must be transitive and its stem must be the stem of the past tense.
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (stemType == 'past')

    -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
    -- If it's not ergative, we use normal pronouns: &quot;ez&quot;, &quot;tu&quot;, ...
    if isErgative then
        pronouns = shallowCopy(export.obliquePronounsGreen)
    end

    -- For the subjunctive mood, we add &quot;(bila)&quot; at the beginning.
    if mode == 'subjunctive' then
    	local subjPrefix = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(bila)&lt;/span&gt;'
        for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
            pronouns[pers] = subjPrefix .. ' ' .. pronouns[pers]
        end
    end
    return pronouns
end

-- =============================================================================
-- VERBAL STRUCTURE IN THE INFINITIVE:
-- Verbs in the infinitive appear in three main forms:
--  1) Simple verb (indivisible light verb):
--       - ex.:  &quot;kirin&quot;, &quot;çûn&quot;, &quot;xwarin&quot;, ...
--  2) Verbs with preverbs (preverb + simple verb):
--       - ex.: &quot;rakirin&quot; (ra- + kirin), &quot;çêkirin&quot; (çê- + kirin), &quot;vexwarin&quot; (ve- + xwarin), ...
--       - Preverb verbs don't use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê rakim , ew ê rake , ...)
--  3) Compound verbs, construction with non-verbal element (the noun is not attached to the verb):
--       - Left of the simple verb: &quot;hez kirin&quot; (&quot;hez&quot; + &quot;kirin&quot;), &quot;li dar xistin&quot; (&quot;li dar&quot; + &quot;xistin&quot;), ...
--       - Right of the simple verb: &quot;kirin der&quot; (&quot;kirin&quot; + &quot;der&quot;), &quot;girtin ser xwe&quot; (&quot;girtin&quot; + &quot;ser xwe&quot;), ...
--       - Compound verbs use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê hez bi-kim , ew ê hez bi-ke )

-- STRUCTURE:  preSimpleVerb + spacing + simpleVerb + postSimpleVerb
-- EX.     kirin: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       rakirin: preSimpleVerb='ra';  spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--     hez kirin: preSimpleVerb='hez'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       pev çûn: preSimpleVerb='pev'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='çûn';   postSimpleVerb=''
--     kirin der: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb='der'

-- WARNING: Conjugation can vary depending on the type of verb.
-- For example, in the future tense,the prefix &quot;bi&quot; is used for compound verbs,
-- but not for preverbal verbs, see the function that manages it  &quot;tenseRules&quot; table.
-- This table does not yet support the mixed case: a verb composed of a noun and a preverb verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)
    local struct

    if (preSimpleVerb and preSimpleVerb ~= '' and not isCompoundVerb) then
        struct = 'preverbVerb'
    elseif isCompoundVerb then
        struct = 'compoundVerb'
    else
        struct = 'simpleVerb'
    end

    return struct
end

-- ================================================================
-- INFLECTIONAL ENDINGS
-- Assigns verb inflectional endings (suffixes) to all tenses
-- ================================================================
local getEndings = {}

do
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ending using present stem
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['present'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends = {}
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends['std'] = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
            ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='m', s2='(y)', s3='t', p1='yn', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends['std'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='e', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
			ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='&lt;u&gt;it&lt;/u&gt;/ît', p1='în', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. preterite + ind. imperfect ending
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['past'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
		local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiouû]$') then
            ends = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, 'î$') then
           -- if self.name == 'indImperfect' then
           --     -- special indicative ind. imperfect rule
           --     ends = {s1='yam', s2='yayî', s3='ya', p1='yan', p2='yan', p3='yan'}
           -- end
            ends = {s1='m', s2='', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Compound endings with auxiliary &quot;bûn&quot;
    -- Inflectional endings are created by taking the different forms of the
    -- verb &quot;bûn&quot; (with present stem &quot;-b-&quot; and past stem &quot;-bû-&quot;) and
    -- adding an &quot;i-&quot; prefix before them: &quot;i-b-im&quot;, &quot;i-bû-m&quot;, &quot;i-bû-me&quot;, &quot;i-bû-ma&quot;.
    -- This &quot;i-&quot; varies according to the final letter of the verb stem.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    local function normalize_i(stem)
        local prfx_i = &quot;i&quot;
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;ya$&quot;) or
           mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;[îû]$&quot;) then -- cf. karîn (-karî-)
           	prfx_i = &quot;&quot;
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiou]$') then
            prfx_i = &quot;yi&quot;
        end
        return prfx_i
    end

    getEndings['ibim'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bim&quot;,   p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;be&quot;,    p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûm'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûm&quot;,     p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bû&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûme'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûme&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyiye&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûye&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûma'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûma&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyayî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûya&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;
        }
    end
    
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. perfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ime'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;me&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;ye&quot;, p1=&quot;ne&quot;, p2=&quot;ne&quot;, p3=&quot;ne&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ime&quot;, s2=&quot;iyî&quot;, s3=&quot;iye&quot;, p1=&quot;ine&quot;, p2=&quot;ine&quot;, p3=&quot;ine&quot;}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Subj. Imperfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ama'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        -- The doublet in &quot;-iyan&quot; of verbs in -&quot;în&quot; (gerîn/-geriya-, kenîn/-keniya-, ...),
        -- in the conditional and subjunctive moods, a doublet &quot;yaya&quot; appears; it's removed.
        -- -yayayî → -yayî; -yaya → -ya
		if mw.ustring.match(stem, '(ya)$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
		elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yayî&quot;, s3=&quot;ya&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ama&quot;, s2=&quot;ayî&quot;, s3=&quot;a&quot;, p1=&quot;ana&quot;, p2=&quot;ana&quot;, p3=&quot;ana&quot;}
        end
        return ends
    end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR PREVERBS: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;
-- There are two preverbs: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;. These preverbs can change form
-- depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getPreverb = {}

do
	getPreverb['bi'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local verbStruct = opts.verbStruct
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
		local accent     = opts.accent

		-- Devoka rojhilatî:
		-- @Ferhengvan: Dema bêt bi lêkera alîkar &quot;ê / dê&quot; û bi rehê lêkerê yê
		-- dema niha û pêşgirên kesî tê çêkirin. Pêşgira &quot;bi-&quot; li destpêka lêkera
		-- serekî nîne: - ez ê / dê xw-im (standard: ez ê/dê bi-xw-im).
		if (self.name == 'indFuture' and accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			return ''
		end
	
	    -- Preverb verbs don't use the preverb &quot;bi-&quot;: ra-kirin (ez ê rakim), ve-xwarin (ez ê vexwim) , ...
	    -- But compound verb and simple verbs use it: hez kirin (ez ê hez bi-kim), lê bigirin (ez ê lê bi-girim), ...
	    if (verbStruct == 'preverbVerb') then
	        return ''
	    end
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stem == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentBi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentBi
		elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastBi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastBi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameBi then
			return overridePreverb.sameBi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;bi-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[aeêiîouû]') then
	        return 'b'
	    end
	
	    return 'bi'
	end

	getPreverb['di'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;di&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stem == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentDi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentDi
		elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastDi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastDi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameDi then
			return overridePreverb.sameDi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;di-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[ai]') then
	        return 'd'
	    end
	    -- Ex. hatin : stem = -ê- // ez têm
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[êî]') then
	        return 't'
	    end
	
	    return 'di'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR NEGATION PREFIXES: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;
-- There are two negation prefixes: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;. These preverbs can change
-- form depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getNegPrefix = {}

do
	getNegPrefix['na'] = function (self, opts)
		-- self: reserved for future use
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overrideNa = opts.overrideNegPrefix.presentNa
	
	    if overrideNa then return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNa .. '&lt;/b&gt;' end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] end
	
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;nay&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;n&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Tîpa duyem &quot;-a-&quot; ye (k-a-rîn, z-a-nîn, ...)
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^%wa') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;ni&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;na&lt;/b&gt;'
	end

	getNegPrefix['ne'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local tenseName = self.name
	    local impNegForm = opts.impNegForm -- form &quot;1&quot; or &quot;2&quot; of imp.
		local overrideNegPrefix = opts.overrideNegPrefix

        local negPrefix = 'ne'

		-- Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;indImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
		-- ji ber vê yekê 'negPrefix' hertim (?) 'ne' ye ji ber ku dikeve pêş 
		-- pêşgira &quot;di-&quot;: wê/wî ne-di-elimand (elimandin)
	    if (tenseName == 'indImperfect') then
	         return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end

		-- Override		
		if (overrideNegPrefix.impMe or overrideNegPrefix.presentNe
									or overrideNegPrefix.pastNe
				                    or overrideNegPrefix.sameNe) then
			-- Ovverride imp.
			if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
				if (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.impMe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.impMe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe and 
					find(overrideNegPrefix.presentNe, '^n')) then
					--For the &quot;me-&quot; form, we replace the &quot;n&quot; with an &quot;m&quot;.
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. gsub(overrideNegPrefix.presentNe, '^(.)', 'm') .. '&lt;/b&gt;'	
				elseif (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.sameNe and 
					find(overrideNegPrefix.sameNe, '^n')) then
					--For the &quot;me-&quot; form, we replace the &quot;n&quot; with an &quot;m&quot;.
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. gsub(overrideNegPrefix.sameNe, '^(.)', 'm') .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 2 and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 2 and overrideNegPrefix.sameNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				end
			else
				-- For other tenses besides the imperative
				if (self.stem == 'present' and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
			    elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overrideNegPrefix.pastNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.pastNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif overrideNegPrefix.sameNe then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				end
			end
		end
	
	    -- There are two forms of construction of the imperative,
	    -- one with the prefix &quot;me-&quot; (1) and the other (2) with the prefix &quot;ne-&quot;.
	    if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
	        negPrefix = (impNegForm == 2) and 'ne' or 'me'
	    end
		
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. 'y&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        negPrefix = mw.ustring.sub(negPrefix, 1, -2)
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- Standardization of the PREVERBAL PARTICLE
-- The proverbial particle &quot;ê&quot; is placed after the personal pronoun.
-- =============================================================================
-- If there are no verbal preparticles, return empty table.
function export.getPreverbParticules(preverbParticle, typeStem, isTransitive)
    if not preverbParticle then
        return {s1='', s2='', s3='', p1='', p2='', p3=''}
    end

    if preverbParticle == 'ê' then
        local isErgative = isTransitive and (typeStem == 'past')

        -- When the personal pronoun ends in a vowel, a &quot;y-&quot; is added before &quot;ê&quot;.
        -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
        if isErgative then
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='yê/dê', p1='yê/dê', p2='yê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        else
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='ê/dê', p1='ê/dê', p2='ê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        end
    end

    -- If the verbal preparticle is identical for all pronouns,
    -- we create a table with the same value.
    local preverbParticles = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        preverbParticles[pers] = preverbParticle
    end

    return preverbParticles
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING EACH VERB TENSE
-- This table lists, for each verb tense, what elements are required to form it:
--   - Verb conjugation is built by placing either the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; or &quot;di-&quot; before
--     the verb stem (past or present), followed by a personal ending.
--   - For the negative form, one of the prefixes &quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot; is added as well.
--   - In some cases, a preverbal particle such as /ê/ or /dê/ is added before
--     the conjugated verb as well.
-- Not: - The &quot;negPreverb&quot; (preverb (bi-/di-) for negative tenses) parameter has a
--         value different from &quot;nil&quot; only for the Imperfect tense (&quot;negPreverb=di&quot;).
--      - The parameter &quot;negPrefix=na&quot; is used only for the present indicative.
--
-- Preverb &quot;di&quot;, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(present stem), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(past stem)
--                        - Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;IndImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
-- Preverb &quot;bi&quot;, used in: &quot;indFuture&quot;(present stem), &quot;subPresent&quot;(present stem),
--                         &quot;subImperfect&quot;(past stem) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(past stem)
--                        - The prefix &quot;bi-&quot; isn't used in negative forms.
--
-- Present stem, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(di)(na),
--                        &quot;indFuture&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;subPresent&quot;(bi)(ne)
--
-- Past stem, used in: &quot;indPreterite&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(di)(ne), &quot;indPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;indPerfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPreterite&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subImperfect&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(bi)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne) = &quot;condPreterite&quot;(-)(ne)
-- =============================================================================
-- Some conjugations are identical except that they differ only in the preverbal particle (/ê/, /dê/).
-- So, to avoid repeating the same information (and thus risking errors),
-- we establish the common part shared between these verbs.
local sharedTenseRules = {
    indFuture = {
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['present']
    },

    indFuturePerfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibim']
    },

    subImperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ama']
    },

    subPluperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûma']
    }
}

local mt = {
    __index = function(t, k)
        local commonRules = t._commonRules
        if commonRules then return commonRules[k] end
    end
}

-- TENSES CONJUGATION RULES
export.tenseRules = {
    -- IMPERATIVE MOOD
    impPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;impPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raweya fermanî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present imperative&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;imperative&quot;,
        _commonRules = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- INDICATIVE MOOD
    indPresent = {
        name         = &quot;indPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema niha&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['na'],
        endings      = getEndings['present'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPreterite = {
        name         = &quot;indPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya sade&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;simple past&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indImperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya berdest&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;Imperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = getPreverb['di'],
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPluperfect    = {
        name         = &quot;indPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûm'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indFuture = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuture&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema bê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    indFuturePerfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dahatiya pêş&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    -- In some books, the &quot;perfect&quot; and &quot;nonconfirmative pluperfect&quot; tenses
    -- are classified in the &quot;inferential mood&quot; (&quot;moda neşahidî&quot;).
    -- Currently we classify them using the indicative mood (at the end).
    indPerfect = {
        name         = &quot;indPerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ime'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indNwPluperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya boriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;non-witnessed pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûme'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    -- SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
    subjPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema nihaya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    subjPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjImperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;imperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjPluperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr a bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- CONDITIONAL MOOD
    condPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya dema nihaya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    condPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

}

-- =============================================================================
-- MAIN CONJUGATION FUNCTOIN
-- This function returns an array containing the conjugation table for a given
-- tense as well as other information about the conjugated verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugate(opts)
    opts = opts or {}
    -- Required parameters
    local tense          = opts.tense or error(&quot;'tense' required&quot;, 2)
    --One of the two parameters is required:
    --  - If the tense uses the present stem, indicate &quot;presentStem&quot;.
    --  - If it uses the past stem, indicate &quot;pastStem&quot;.
    local presentStem    = opts.presentStem
    local pastStem       = opts.pastStem
    -- Optional parameters
    local isTransitive   = opts.isTransitive or false   -- Indicate if the verb is transitive (true/false)
    local isNegative     = opts.isNegative or false     -- Indicate if it's the negative form (true/false)
    local isCompoundVerb = opts.isCompoundVerb or false -- Indicate if it's a compound verb (true/false)
    local preSimpleVerb  = opts.preSimpleVerb or ''     -- The part before the simple verb
    local postSimpleVerb = opts.postSimpleVerb or ''    -- The part after the simple verb
    -- These parameters are provided when the verb is irregular.
    -- Allows you to manually modify preverbs (&quot;bi-&quot;&quot; or &quot;di-&quot;)
    -- and negation prefixes (&quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot;)
	local overridePreverb = {
		-- Preverbs (bi-, di)
	    presentBi = opts.presentBi or nil,
	    presentDi = opts.presentDi or nil,
	    pastBi    = opts.pastBi or nil,
	    pastDi    = opts.pastDi or nil,
		-- Same preverbs (&quot;past&quot; and &quot;present&quot; stem)
	    sameBi     = opts.sameBi or nil,
	    sameDi     = opts.sameDi or nil,
	}
	local overrideNegPrefix = {
		-- Neg. prefix (na-, ne-)
	    presentNa  = opts.presentNa or nil,
	    presentNe  = opts.presentNe or nil,
	    pastNe     = opts.pastNe or nil,
		-- same neg. prefix (for past and present stem)
	    sameNe     = opts.sameNe or nil,
		impMe      = opts.impMe or nil,
	}
    -- By default, the negation of the imperative is constructed from the prefix &quot;me-&quot;&quot;.
    -- To obtain the second variant, the prefix with &quot;ne-&quot;, you must specify &quot;impNegForm=2&quot;.
    local impNegForm     = opts.impNegForm or 1
	-- Accent/ Devok
    local accent = opts.accent or 'std'
	
	-- If &quot;tags='na'&quot;, remove links/tags
	local tags = opts.tags or 'erê'
	-- If addPreverbParticles='na', remove preverb particles (ê/dê) before
	-- the conjugated verbs.
	local addPreverbParticles = opts.addPreverbParticles or 'erê'

	
	-- We add a space to the left of the &quot;postSimpleVerb&quot; because it shouldn't be attached
	-- to the simple verb.
	if (postSimpleVerb ~= '' and postSimpleVerb ~=nil) then
		postSimpleVerb = ' ' .. postSimpleVerb
	end

    -- Access to the classification table and retrieval of verb tense parameters
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if (not infoTense) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- We check that one of the two parameters of the stem is given
    if (infoTense.stem == 'present' and not presentStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;presentStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    elseif (infoTense.stem == 'past' and not pastStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;pasttStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- Choice between the present stem or past stem
    local stem = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStem or pastStem

    --────────────────────────────
    -- Conjugation construction --
    -- ───────────────────────────
    local preverb = ''
    local negPrefix = ''
    -- Ruturns the verb type: &quot;simpleVerb&quot; or &quot;preverbVerb&quot; or &quot;compoundVerb&quot;
    local verbStruct = export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)

    if isNegative then
        negPrefix = infoTense:negPrefix{stem=stem,
                                        impNegForm=impNegForm,
                                        overrideNegPrefix=overrideNegPrefix}
        if infoTense.negPreverb then
            preverb = infoTense:negPreverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                           overridePreverb=overridePreverb}
        end
    else
        if infoTense.preverb then
            preverb = infoTense:preverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                        overridePreverb=overridePreverb,
										accent=accent}
        end
    end

    infoTense.conj = {}
    local spacing = isCompoundVerb and ' ' or ''
    local endings = infoTense:endings(stem)
	
	-- 'rojhilatî' accent (devok) for present stem
	if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then
		if (accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			endings = endings['rojhilatî']
		else
			endings = endings['std']
		end

	end
	
    local preverbParticles = export.getPreverbParticules(infoTense.preverbParticle, infoTense.stem, isTransitive)
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (infoTense.stem == 'past')

    -- Creating the conjugation table for a given tense
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local ending
        local conjSimbleVerb
        local conjVerb

        if isErgative then
            ending = endings.s3
        else
            ending = endings[pers]
        end

        -- Adding space after the preverbal particle, and
		-- if &quot;addPreverbParticles='na'&quot;: remove preverb particles (ê/dê).
		local preverbParticle = ''
		if infoTense.preverbParticle and addPreverbParticles ~= 'na' then
	            preverbParticle = preverbParticles[pers] .. ' '
		end

        conjSimbleVerb = negPrefix  .. preverb .. stem .. ending
        -- Adding prefixe and suffixe
        conjVerb =  preSimpleVerb .. spacing .. conjSimbleVerb .. postSimpleVerb
        -- Spelling correction(îy -&gt; iy)
        conjVerb = gsub(conjVerb, 'îy', 'iy')
        -- Add a link / if tags='na' no links
		if tags ~= 'na' then
        	conjVerb = link{term=conjVerb, lang=langKu}
		end
        -- Addition of the preverbal particle
        infoTense.conj[pers] = preverbParticle .. conjVerb
    end

    -- Imperative
    if (infoTense.name == 'impPresent') then
        infoTense.conj.s1 = nil
        infoTense.conj.s2 = infoTense.conj.s3
        infoTense.conj.s3 = nil
        infoTense.conj.p1 = nil
        -- infoTense.conj.p2 = infoTense.conj.p2
        infoTense.conj.p3 = nil
    end

    return infoTense
end

-- =============================================================================
--                               END
-- =============================================================================
-- Some useful tools
-- =============================================================================
-- Returns the list of verb tenses
export.tensesList = function()
	local list = {}
    for _, tense in pairs(export.tenseRules) do
        table.insert(list, tense.name)
    end
	return list
end

-- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
-- (for a given conjugate tense in all persons of that tense)
function export.concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjVerbs)
	local concatTab = {}
	for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
		concatTab[pers] = pronoms[pers] .. ' ' .. conjVerbs[pers]
	end

	return concatTab
end
-- =============================================================================
-- ADDITIONAL STEM OF THE PAST AND PRESENT (pastStem2, ... and presentStem2, ...)
-- This function does nothing more than add additional parameters for verb stems
-- in the past and present tenses.
-- Conjugations for the different stems will be separated by &quot;/&quot;
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems)
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
     opts.tense = tense or nil
     
    presentStems = presentStems or {}
	pastStems = pastStems or {}

    
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if not infoTense then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    local stems = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStems or pastStems

    -- For each verb stem, its conjugation table is calculated and stored in conjTabs.
    local conjTabs = {}
    for i = 1, #stems do
        if stems[i] then
            if (infoTense.stem == 'past') then opts.pastStem = stems[i] end
            if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then opts.presentStem = stems[i] end

            local conj = export.conjugate(opts).conj
            table.insert(conjTabs, conj)
        end
    end

    -- We concatenate each row of the conjugation tables.
    local concatConjTabs = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local frag = {}
        for i = 1, #conjTabs do
            local val = conjTabs[i][pers]
            if val then table.insert(frag, tostring(val)) end
        end
        concatConjTabs[pers] = table.concat(frag, &quot; / &quot;)
    end

    infoTense.conj = concatConjTabs

    return infoTense
end

-- ====================================================================================
--  VERB CONUGATION IN ALL TENSES WITH OR WITHOUT PRONOUMS
-- ====================================================================================
function export.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems, negation, concatPrs)
	-- &quot;concatPrs=false&quot; table without pronouns
	
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
    
    if negation == 'negative' then opts.isNegative = true end

    -- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
	local concatPronomsVerbs = export.concatPronomsVerbs

    -- Tenses list
    local tensesList = export.tensesList()

    -- Conjugation in all tenses
    local conjTab = {}
    for _, tense in ipairs(tensesList) do
        local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy')

		-- We create the conjugation table without the pronouns.
        conjTab[tense] = deepCopy(export.conjugateLong(opts, tense, presentStems, pastStems), 'copy')
		
        -- We concatenate the pronouns and the verbs if &quot;concatPrs&quot; is different of &quot;false&quot;
		-- No pronouns for the imperative mood
		if (tense ~= 'impPresent' and concatPrs ~= false) then
			local pronoms = deepCopy(export.conjPronouns(infoTense.stem, infoTense.mode, opts.isTransitive))
        	conjTab[tense].conj = concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjTab[tense].conj)
        end
    end

    return conjTab
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- Allows you to obtain a given conjugation from a model.
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|tew|dem=indPresent|kes=s1}}
-- See {{ku-tewîn-lk-niha}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.tew(frame)
   local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isNegative     = frame.args['neyînî'] or false,
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or nil,
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or nil,
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		impMe      = frame['me'] or nil,
		
        impNegForm     = 1,
		tags           = args['lînk'] or 'erê',
		accent         = args['devok'] or 'std',
    }
	
	local tense        = frame.args['dem'] or nil
	local pers         = frame.args['kes'] or nil
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems    = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}

    -- A few checks
    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerguhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    if (baseOpts.isNegative == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isNegative = true
    end

	local tabConj = export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems).conj
	
    return tabConj[pers]
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- GET COMMMA SEPARED FORMS
-- Bnr. [[MediaWiki:Gadget-QQ.js]]
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|get_comma_separated_forms|niha=kev|borî=ket}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.get_comma_separated_forms(frame)
    local opts = {
        presentStem     = frame.args['niha'],
        pastStem        = frame.args['borî'],
        isTransitive    = false,
        isNegative      = false,
        isCompoundVerb  = frame['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb   = frame['pêşgir'] or '',
        postSimpleVerb  = frame['paşgir'] or '',
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		impMe      = frame['me'] or nil,
		
        impNegForm     = 1,
		tags           = 'na', -- Remove links/tags
		addPreverbParticles = 'na' -- Remove preverb particles (ê/dê)
    }

   local function concateList(tenseList)
        local concatList = {}
        for _, pers in ipairs({&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;}) do
        	local tense = tenseList[pers]
            table.insert(concatList, tense)
        end

        return table.concat(concatList, &quot;,&quot;)
   end

   	local tenseList = {'indPresent','indPreterite','indImperfect',
                      'indPluperfect','indPerfect','indNwPluperfect',
                      'indFuture','indFuturePerfect',
                      'subjImperfect','subjPluperfect'
                    }
                    
    local concatAllTense = {}
    
    for  i = 1, #tenseList do
        local tense = tenseList[i]
        if export.tenseRules[tense] then
            opts.tense = tense
            local conj = shallowCopy(export.conjugate(opts).conj)
            local concatTense = concateList(conj)
            table.insert(concatAllTense, concatTense)
        end
    end
    
    return table.concat(concatAllTense, &quot;,&quot;)
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>41e6dsdzgpli8b2xxuwp2l6paa69bcn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237512</id>
      <parentid>6237502</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T07:50:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+ çûn / hatin (form2)</comment>
      <origin>6237512</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="45294" sha1="9dqiss9yh1agovm3zx1erytoeogxb9p" xml:space="preserve">-- Modula tewandina lêkerên kurmancî

local export = {}

-- Load irregular forms table
-- local irreg = require('Module:ku-tewandin/nestandard')
local langKu = require(&quot;Modul:languages&quot;).getByCode(&quot;ku&quot;)
local link = require('Module:links').language_link
local shallowCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/shallowCopy&quot;)
local deepCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/deepCopy&quot;)

local gsub = mw.ustring.gsub
local find = mw.ustring.find

-- =============================================================================
-- Pronouns in Kurmanji
-- =============================================================================
export.order = {&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;, &quot;p2&quot;, &quot;p3&quot;}

export.pronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;ez&quot;,    p1 = &quot;em&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;tu&quot;,    p2 = &quot;hûn&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;ew&quot;,    p3 = &quot;ew&quot;
}

export.obliquePronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;min&quot;,      p1 = &quot;me&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;te&quot;,       p2 = &quot;we&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;wê/wî&quot;,    p3 = &quot;wan&quot;
}

export.agents = {
    s1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,            p1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,           p2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;,   p3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;
}

-- Oblique pronoun (green) 
export.obliquePronounsGreen = {
    s1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;min&lt;/span&gt;',
    s2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;te&lt;/span&gt;',
    s3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wê/wî&lt;/span&gt;',
    p1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;me&lt;/span&gt;',
    p2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;we&lt;/span&gt;',
    p3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wan&lt;/span&gt;'
}

-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-- 1) This function returns correct subject/agent pronoun, ergativity rule:
--   - Transitive verbs in past tenses → oblique pronoun (green) = agent
--   - All other cases                 → direct pronoun (no color) = subject
-- 2) Also add the subjunctive prefix &quot;(bila)&quot;
-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
function export.conjPronouns(stemType, mode, isTransitive)
    local pronouns = shallowCopy(export.pronouns)

    -- Ergativity in kurdish: transitive verbs that are conjugated with the past tense stem are
    -- conjugated according to the object, not the subject.
    -- Therefore, to have an ergative construction,
    -- the verb must be transitive and its stem must be the stem of the past tense.
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (stemType == 'past')

    -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
    -- If it's not ergative, we use normal pronouns: &quot;ez&quot;, &quot;tu&quot;, ...
    if isErgative then
        pronouns = shallowCopy(export.obliquePronounsGreen)
    end

    -- For the subjunctive mood, we add &quot;(bila)&quot; at the beginning.
    if mode == 'subjunctive' then
    	local subjPrefix = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(bila)&lt;/span&gt;'
        for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
            pronouns[pers] = subjPrefix .. ' ' .. pronouns[pers]
        end
    end
    return pronouns
end

-- =============================================================================
-- VERBAL STRUCTURE IN THE INFINITIVE:
-- Verbs in the infinitive appear in three main forms:
--  1) Simple verb (indivisible light verb):
--       - ex.:  &quot;kirin&quot;, &quot;çûn&quot;, &quot;xwarin&quot;, ...
--  2) Verbs with preverbs (preverb + simple verb):
--       - ex.: &quot;rakirin&quot; (ra- + kirin), &quot;çêkirin&quot; (çê- + kirin), &quot;vexwarin&quot; (ve- + xwarin), ...
--       - Preverb verbs don't use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê rakim , ew ê rake , ...)
--  3) Compound verbs, construction with non-verbal element (the noun is not attached to the verb):
--       - Left of the simple verb: &quot;hez kirin&quot; (&quot;hez&quot; + &quot;kirin&quot;), &quot;li dar xistin&quot; (&quot;li dar&quot; + &quot;xistin&quot;), ...
--       - Right of the simple verb: &quot;kirin der&quot; (&quot;kirin&quot; + &quot;der&quot;), &quot;girtin ser xwe&quot; (&quot;girtin&quot; + &quot;ser xwe&quot;), ...
--       - Compound verbs use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê hez bi-kim , ew ê hez bi-ke )

-- STRUCTURE:  preSimpleVerb + spacing + simpleVerb + postSimpleVerb
-- EX.     kirin: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       rakirin: preSimpleVerb='ra';  spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--     hez kirin: preSimpleVerb='hez'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       pev çûn: preSimpleVerb='pev'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='çûn';   postSimpleVerb=''
--     kirin der: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb='der'

-- WARNING: Conjugation can vary depending on the type of verb.
-- For example, in the future tense,the prefix &quot;bi&quot; is used for compound verbs,
-- but not for preverbal verbs, see the function that manages it  &quot;tenseRules&quot; table.
-- This table does not yet support the mixed case: a verb composed of a noun and a preverb verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)
    local struct

    if (preSimpleVerb and preSimpleVerb ~= '' and not isCompoundVerb) then
        struct = 'preverbVerb'
    elseif isCompoundVerb then
        struct = 'compoundVerb'
    else
        struct = 'simpleVerb'
    end

    return struct
end

-- ================================================================
-- INFLECTIONAL ENDINGS
-- Assigns verb inflectional endings (suffixes) to all tenses
-- ================================================================
local getEndings = {}

do
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ending using present stem
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['present'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends = {}
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends['std'] = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
            ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='m', s2='(y)', s3='t', p1='yn', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends['std'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='e', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
			ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='&lt;u&gt;it&lt;/u&gt;/ît', p1='în', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. preterite + ind. imperfect ending
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['past'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
		local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiouû]$') then
            ends = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, 'î$') then
           -- if self.name == 'indImperfect' then
           --     -- special indicative ind. imperfect rule
           --     ends = {s1='yam', s2='yayî', s3='ya', p1='yan', p2='yan', p3='yan'}
           -- end
            ends = {s1='m', s2='', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Compound endings with auxiliary &quot;bûn&quot;
    -- Inflectional endings are created by taking the different forms of the
    -- verb &quot;bûn&quot; (with present stem &quot;-b-&quot; and past stem &quot;-bû-&quot;) and
    -- adding an &quot;i-&quot; prefix before them: &quot;i-b-im&quot;, &quot;i-bû-m&quot;, &quot;i-bû-me&quot;, &quot;i-bû-ma&quot;.
    -- This &quot;i-&quot; varies according to the final letter of the verb stem.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    local function normalize_i(stem)
        local prfx_i = &quot;i&quot;
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;ya$&quot;) or
           mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;[îû]$&quot;) then -- cf. karîn (-karî-)
           	prfx_i = &quot;&quot;
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiou]$') then
            prfx_i = &quot;yi&quot;
        end
        return prfx_i
    end

    getEndings['ibim'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bim&quot;,   p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;be&quot;,    p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûm'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûm&quot;,     p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bû&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûme'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûme&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyiye&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûye&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûma'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûma&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyayî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûya&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;
        }
    end
    
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. perfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ime'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;me&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;ye&quot;, p1=&quot;ne&quot;, p2=&quot;ne&quot;, p3=&quot;ne&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ime&quot;, s2=&quot;iyî&quot;, s3=&quot;iye&quot;, p1=&quot;ine&quot;, p2=&quot;ine&quot;, p3=&quot;ine&quot;}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Subj. Imperfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ama'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        -- The doublet in &quot;-iyan&quot; of verbs in -&quot;în&quot; (gerîn/-geriya-, kenîn/-keniya-, ...),
        -- in the conditional and subjunctive moods, a doublet &quot;yaya&quot; appears; it's removed.
        -- -yayayî → -yayî; -yaya → -ya
		if mw.ustring.match(stem, '(ya)$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
		elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yayî&quot;, s3=&quot;ya&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ama&quot;, s2=&quot;ayî&quot;, s3=&quot;a&quot;, p1=&quot;ana&quot;, p2=&quot;ana&quot;, p3=&quot;ana&quot;}
        end
        return ends
    end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR PREVERBS: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;
-- There are two preverbs: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;. These preverbs can change form
-- depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getPreverb = {}

do
	getPreverb['bi'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local verbStruct = opts.verbStruct
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
		local accent     = opts.accent

		-- Devoka rojhilatî:
		-- @Ferhengvan: Dema bêt bi lêkera alîkar &quot;ê / dê&quot; û bi rehê lêkerê yê
		-- dema niha û pêşgirên kesî tê çêkirin. Pêşgira &quot;bi-&quot; li destpêka lêkera
		-- serekî nîne: - ez ê / dê xw-im (standard: ez ê/dê bi-xw-im).
		if (self.name == 'indFuture' and accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			return ''
		end
	
	    -- Preverb verbs don't use the preverb &quot;bi-&quot;: ra-kirin (ez ê rakim), ve-xwarin (ez ê vexwim) , ...
	    -- But compound verb and simple verbs use it: hez kirin (ez ê hez bi-kim), lê bigirin (ez ê lê bi-girim), ...
	    if (verbStruct == 'preverbVerb') then
	        return ''
	    end
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stem == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentBi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentBi
		elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastBi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastBi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameBi then
			return overridePreverb.sameBi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;bi-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[aeêiîouû]') then
	        return 'b'
	    end
	
	    return 'bi'
	end

	getPreverb['di'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;di&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stem == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentDi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentDi
		elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastDi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastDi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameDi then
			return overridePreverb.sameDi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;di-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[ai]') then
	        return 'd'
	    end
	    -- Ex. hatin : stem = -ê- // ez têm
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[êî]') then
	        return 't'
	    end
	
	    return 'di'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR NEGATION PREFIXES: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;
-- There are two negation prefixes: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;. These preverbs can change
-- form depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getNegPrefix = {}

do
	getNegPrefix['na'] = function (self, opts)
		-- self: reserved for future use
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overrideNa = opts.overrideNegPrefix.presentNa
	
	    if overrideNa then return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNa .. '&lt;/b&gt;' end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] end
	
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;nay&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;n&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Tîpa duyem &quot;-a-&quot; ye (k-a-rîn, z-a-nîn, ...)
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^%wa') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;ni&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;na&lt;/b&gt;'
	end

	getNegPrefix['ne'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local tenseName = self.name
	    local impNegForm = opts.impNegForm -- form &quot;1&quot; or &quot;2&quot; of imp.
		local overrideNegPrefix = opts.overrideNegPrefix

        local negPrefix = 'ne'

		-- Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;indImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
		-- ji ber vê yekê 'negPrefix' hertim (?) 'ne' ye ji ber ku dikeve pêş 
		-- pêşgira &quot;di-&quot;: wê/wî ne-di-elimand (elimandin)
	    if (tenseName == 'indImperfect') then
	         return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end

		-- Override		
		if (overrideNegPrefix.impMe or overrideNegPrefix.presentNe
									or overrideNegPrefix.pastNe
				                    or overrideNegPrefix.sameNe) then
			-- Ovverride imp.
			if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
				if (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.impMe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.impMe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe and 
					find(overrideNegPrefix.presentNe, '^n')) then
					--For the &quot;me-&quot; form, we replace the &quot;n&quot; with an &quot;m&quot;.
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. gsub(overrideNegPrefix.presentNe, '^(.)', 'm') .. '&lt;/b&gt;'	
				elseif (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.sameNe and 
					find(overrideNegPrefix.sameNe, '^n')) then
					--For the &quot;me-&quot; form, we replace the &quot;n&quot; with an &quot;m&quot;.
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. gsub(overrideNegPrefix.sameNe, '^(.)', 'm') .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 2 and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 2 and overrideNegPrefix.sameNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				end
			else
				-- For other tenses besides the imperative
				if (self.stem == 'present' and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
			    elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overrideNegPrefix.pastNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.pastNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif overrideNegPrefix.sameNe then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				end
			end
		end
	
	    -- There are two forms of construction of the imperative,
	    -- one with the prefix &quot;me-&quot; (1) and the other (2) with the prefix &quot;ne-&quot;.
	    if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
	        negPrefix = (impNegForm == 2) and 'ne' or 'me'
	    end
		
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. 'y&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        negPrefix = mw.ustring.sub(negPrefix, 1, -2)
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- Standardization of the PREVERBAL PARTICLE
-- The proverbial particle &quot;ê&quot; is placed after the personal pronoun.
-- =============================================================================
-- If there are no verbal preparticles, return empty table.
function export.getPreverbParticules(preverbParticle, typeStem, isTransitive)
    if not preverbParticle then
        return {s1='', s2='', s3='', p1='', p2='', p3=''}
    end

    if preverbParticle == 'ê' then
        local isErgative = isTransitive and (typeStem == 'past')

        -- When the personal pronoun ends in a vowel, a &quot;y-&quot; is added before &quot;ê&quot;.
        -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
        if isErgative then
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='yê/dê', p1='yê/dê', p2='yê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        else
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='ê/dê', p1='ê/dê', p2='ê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        end
    end

    -- If the verbal preparticle is identical for all pronouns,
    -- we create a table with the same value.
    local preverbParticles = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        preverbParticles[pers] = preverbParticle
    end

    return preverbParticles
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING EACH VERB TENSE
-- This table lists, for each verb tense, what elements are required to form it:
--   - Verb conjugation is built by placing either the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; or &quot;di-&quot; before
--     the verb stem (past or present), followed by a personal ending.
--   - For the negative form, one of the prefixes &quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot; is added as well.
--   - In some cases, a preverbal particle such as /ê/ or /dê/ is added before
--     the conjugated verb as well.
-- Not: - The &quot;negPreverb&quot; (preverb (bi-/di-) for negative tenses) parameter has a
--         value different from &quot;nil&quot; only for the Imperfect tense (&quot;negPreverb=di&quot;).
--      - The parameter &quot;negPrefix=na&quot; is used only for the present indicative.
--
-- Preverb &quot;di&quot;, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(present stem), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(past stem)
--                        - Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;IndImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
-- Preverb &quot;bi&quot;, used in: &quot;indFuture&quot;(present stem), &quot;subPresent&quot;(present stem),
--                         &quot;subImperfect&quot;(past stem) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(past stem)
--                        - The prefix &quot;bi-&quot; isn't used in negative forms.
--
-- Present stem, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(di)(na),
--                        &quot;indFuture&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;subPresent&quot;(bi)(ne)
--
-- Past stem, used in: &quot;indPreterite&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(di)(ne), &quot;indPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;indPerfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPreterite&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subImperfect&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(bi)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne) = &quot;condPreterite&quot;(-)(ne)
-- =============================================================================
-- Some conjugations are identical except that they differ only in the preverbal particle (/ê/, /dê/).
-- So, to avoid repeating the same information (and thus risking errors),
-- we establish the common part shared between these verbs.
local sharedTenseRules = {
    indFuture = {
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['present']
    },

    indFuturePerfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibim']
    },

    subImperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ama']
    },

    subPluperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûma']
    }
}

local mt = {
    __index = function(t, k)
        local commonRules = t._commonRules
        if commonRules then return commonRules[k] end
    end
}

-- TENSES CONJUGATION RULES
export.tenseRules = {
    -- IMPERATIVE MOOD
    impPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;impPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raweya fermanî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present imperative&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;imperative&quot;,
        _commonRules = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- INDICATIVE MOOD
    indPresent = {
        name         = &quot;indPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema niha&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['na'],
        endings      = getEndings['present'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPreterite = {
        name         = &quot;indPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya sade&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;simple past&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indImperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya berdest&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;Imperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = getPreverb['di'],
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPluperfect    = {
        name         = &quot;indPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûm'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indFuture = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuture&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema bê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    indFuturePerfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dahatiya pêş&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    -- In some books, the &quot;perfect&quot; and &quot;nonconfirmative pluperfect&quot; tenses
    -- are classified in the &quot;inferential mood&quot; (&quot;moda neşahidî&quot;).
    -- Currently we classify them using the indicative mood (at the end).
    indPerfect = {
        name         = &quot;indPerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ime'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indNwPluperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya boriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;non-witnessed pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûme'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    -- SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
    subjPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema nihaya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    subjPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjImperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;imperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjPluperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr a bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- CONDITIONAL MOOD
    condPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya dema nihaya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    condPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

}

-- =============================================================================
-- MAIN CONJUGATION FUNCTOIN
-- This function returns an array containing the conjugation table for a given
-- tense as well as other information about the conjugated verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugate(opts)
    opts = opts or {}
    -- Required parameters
    local tense          = opts.tense or error(&quot;'tense' required&quot;, 2)
    --One of the two parameters is required:
    --  - If the tense uses the present stem, indicate &quot;presentStem&quot;.
    --  - If it uses the past stem, indicate &quot;pastStem&quot;.
    local presentStem    = opts.presentStem
    local pastStem       = opts.pastStem
    -- Optional parameters
    local isTransitive   = opts.isTransitive or false   -- Indicate if the verb is transitive (true/false)
    local isNegative     = opts.isNegative or false     -- Indicate if it's the negative form (true/false)
    local isCompoundVerb = opts.isCompoundVerb or false -- Indicate if it's a compound verb (true/false)
    local preSimpleVerb  = opts.preSimpleVerb or ''     -- The part before the simple verb
    local postSimpleVerb = opts.postSimpleVerb or ''    -- The part after the simple verb
    -- These parameters are provided when the verb is irregular.
    -- Allows you to manually modify preverbs (&quot;bi-&quot;&quot; or &quot;di-&quot;)
    -- and negation prefixes (&quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot;)
	local overridePreverb = {
		-- Preverbs (bi-, di)
	    presentBi = opts.presentBi or nil,
	    presentDi = opts.presentDi or nil,
	    pastBi    = opts.pastBi or nil,
	    pastDi    = opts.pastDi or nil,
		-- Same preverbs (&quot;past&quot; and &quot;present&quot; stem)
	    sameBi     = opts.sameBi or nil,
	    sameDi     = opts.sameDi or nil,
	}
	local overrideNegPrefix = {
		-- Neg. prefix (na-, ne-)
	    presentNa  = opts.presentNa or nil,
	    presentNe  = opts.presentNe or nil,
	    pastNe     = opts.pastNe or nil,
		-- same neg. prefix (for past and present stem)
	    sameNe     = opts.sameNe or nil,
		impMe      = opts.impMe or nil,
	}
    -- By default, the negation of the imperative is constructed from the prefix &quot;me-&quot;&quot;.
    -- To obtain the second variant, the prefix with &quot;ne-&quot;, you must specify &quot;impNegForm=2&quot;.
    local impNegForm     = opts.impNegForm or 1
	-- Accent/ Devok
    local accent = opts.accent or 'std'
	
	-- If &quot;tags='na'&quot;, remove links/tags
	local tags = opts.tags or 'erê'
	-- If addPreverbParticles='na', remove preverb particles (ê/dê) before
	-- the conjugated verbs.
	local addPreverbParticles = opts.addPreverbParticles or 'erê'

	
	-- We add a space to the left of the &quot;postSimpleVerb&quot; because it shouldn't be attached
	-- to the simple verb.
	if (postSimpleVerb ~= '' and postSimpleVerb ~=nil) then
		postSimpleVerb = ' ' .. postSimpleVerb
	end

    -- Access to the classification table and retrieval of verb tense parameters
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if (not infoTense) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- We check that one of the two parameters of the stem is given
    if (infoTense.stem == 'present' and not presentStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;presentStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    elseif (infoTense.stem == 'past' and not pastStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;pasttStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- Choice between the present stem or past stem
    local stem = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStem or pastStem

    --────────────────────────────
    -- Conjugation construction --
    -- ───────────────────────────
    local preverb = ''
    local negPrefix = ''
    -- Ruturns the verb type: &quot;simpleVerb&quot; or &quot;preverbVerb&quot; or &quot;compoundVerb&quot;
    local verbStruct = export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)

    if isNegative then
        negPrefix = infoTense:negPrefix{stem=stem,
                                        impNegForm=impNegForm,
                                        overrideNegPrefix=overrideNegPrefix}
        if infoTense.negPreverb then
            preverb = infoTense:negPreverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                           overridePreverb=overridePreverb}
        end
    else
        if infoTense.preverb then
            preverb = infoTense:preverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                        overridePreverb=overridePreverb,
										accent=accent}
        end
    end

    infoTense.conj = {}
    local spacing = isCompoundVerb and ' ' or ''
    local endings = infoTense:endings(stem)
	
	-- 'rojhilatî' accent (devok) for present stem
	if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then
		if (accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			endings = endings['rojhilatî']
		else
			endings = endings['std']
		end

	end

    -- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
    -- Lêkerin nestandard --
    -- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
	-- çûn
	if (stem == 'her' and pastStem == 'çû') then
		if tense == 'indPresent' then
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'r'
			else
				stem = 'er'
				preverb = 't'
			end
		elseif ({impPresent=true, indFuture=true, subjPresent=true})[tense] then
			preverb = ''
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'r'
			else
				stem = 'her'
			end
		end
	end

	-- hatin
	if (stem == 'wer'  and pastStem == 'hat') then
		if ({impPresent=true, indFuture=true, subjPresent=true})[tense] then
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'ê'
			else
				preverb = ''
				stem = 'wer'
			end
		end
	end
	-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
	
    local preverbParticles = export.getPreverbParticules(infoTense.preverbParticle, infoTense.stem, isTransitive)
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (infoTense.stem == 'past')

    -- Creating the conjugation table for a given tense
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local ending
        local conjSimbleVerb
        local conjVerb

        if isErgative then
            ending = endings.s3
        else
            ending = endings[pers]
        end

        -- Adding space after the preverbal particle, and
		-- if &quot;addPreverbParticles='na'&quot;: remove preverb particles (ê/dê).
		local preverbParticle = ''
		if infoTense.preverbParticle and addPreverbParticles ~= 'na' then
	            preverbParticle = preverbParticles[pers] .. ' '
		end

        conjSimbleVerb = negPrefix  .. preverb .. stem .. ending
        -- Adding prefixe and suffixe
        conjVerb =  preSimpleVerb .. spacing .. conjSimbleVerb .. postSimpleVerb
        -- Spelling correction(îy -&gt; iy)
        conjVerb = gsub(conjVerb, 'îy', 'iy')
        -- Add a link / if tags='na' no links
		if tags ~= 'na' then
        	conjVerb = link{term=conjVerb, lang=langKu}
		end
        -- Addition of the preverbal particle
        infoTense.conj[pers] = preverbParticle .. conjVerb
    end

    -- Imperative
    if (infoTense.name == 'impPresent') then
        infoTense.conj.s1 = nil
        infoTense.conj.s2 = infoTense.conj.s3
        infoTense.conj.s3 = nil
        infoTense.conj.p1 = nil
        -- infoTense.conj.p2 = infoTense.conj.p2
        infoTense.conj.p3 = nil
    end

    return infoTense
end

-- =============================================================================
--                               END
-- =============================================================================
-- Some useful tools
-- =============================================================================
-- Returns the list of verb tenses
export.tensesList = function()
	local list = {}
    for _, tense in pairs(export.tenseRules) do
        table.insert(list, tense.name)
    end
	return list
end

-- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
-- (for a given conjugate tense in all persons of that tense)
function export.concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjVerbs)
	local concatTab = {}
	for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
		concatTab[pers] = pronoms[pers] .. ' ' .. conjVerbs[pers]
	end

	return concatTab
end
-- =============================================================================
-- ADDITIONAL STEM OF THE PAST AND PRESENT (pastStem2, ... and presentStem2, ...)
-- This function does nothing more than add additional parameters for verb stems
-- in the past and present tenses.
-- Conjugations for the different stems will be separated by &quot;/&quot;
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems)
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
     opts.tense = tense or nil
     
    presentStems = presentStems or {}
	pastStems = pastStems or {}

    
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if not infoTense then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    local stems = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStems or pastStems

    -- For each verb stem, its conjugation table is calculated and stored in conjTabs.
    local conjTabs = {}
    for i = 1, #stems do
        if stems[i] then
            if (infoTense.stem == 'past') then opts.pastStem = stems[i] end
            if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then opts.presentStem = stems[i] end

            local conj = export.conjugate(opts).conj
            table.insert(conjTabs, conj)
        end
    end

    -- We concatenate each row of the conjugation tables.
    local concatConjTabs = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local frag = {}
        for i = 1, #conjTabs do
            local val = conjTabs[i][pers]
            if val then table.insert(frag, tostring(val)) end
        end
        concatConjTabs[pers] = table.concat(frag, &quot; / &quot;)
    end

    infoTense.conj = concatConjTabs

    return infoTense
end

-- ====================================================================================
--  VERB CONUGATION IN ALL TENSES WITH OR WITHOUT PRONOUMS
-- ====================================================================================
function export.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems, negation, concatPrs)
	-- &quot;concatPrs=false&quot; table without pronouns
	
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
    
    if negation == 'negative' then opts.isNegative = true end

    -- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
	local concatPronomsVerbs = export.concatPronomsVerbs

    -- Tenses list
    local tensesList = export.tensesList()

    -- Conjugation in all tenses
    local conjTab = {}
    for _, tense in ipairs(tensesList) do
        local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy')

		-- We create the conjugation table without the pronouns.
        conjTab[tense] = deepCopy(export.conjugateLong(opts, tense, presentStems, pastStems), 'copy')
		
        -- We concatenate the pronouns and the verbs if &quot;concatPrs&quot; is different of &quot;false&quot;
		-- No pronouns for the imperative mood
		if (tense ~= 'impPresent' and concatPrs ~= false) then
			local pronoms = deepCopy(export.conjPronouns(infoTense.stem, infoTense.mode, opts.isTransitive))
        	conjTab[tense].conj = concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjTab[tense].conj)
        end
    end

    return conjTab
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- Allows you to obtain a given conjugation from a model.
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|tew|dem=indPresent|kes=s1}}
-- See {{ku-tewîn-lk-niha}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.tew(frame)
   local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isNegative     = frame.args['neyînî'] or false,
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or nil,
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or nil,
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		impMe      = frame['me'] or nil,
		
        impNegForm     = 1,
		tags           = args['lînk'] or 'erê',
		accent         = args['devok'] or 'std',
    }
	
	local tense        = frame.args['dem'] or nil
	local pers         = frame.args['kes'] or nil
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems    = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}

    -- A few checks
    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerguhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    if (baseOpts.isNegative == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isNegative = true
    end

	local tabConj = export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems).conj
	
    return tabConj[pers]
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- GET COMMMA SEPARED FORMS
-- Bnr. [[MediaWiki:Gadget-QQ.js]]
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|get_comma_separated_forms|niha=kev|borî=ket}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.get_comma_separated_forms(frame)
    local opts = {
        presentStem     = frame.args['niha'],
        pastStem        = frame.args['borî'],
        isTransitive    = false,
        isNegative      = false,
        isCompoundVerb  = frame['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb   = frame['pêşgir'] or '',
        postSimpleVerb  = frame['paşgir'] or '',
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		impMe      = frame['me'] or nil,
		
        impNegForm     = 1,
		tags           = 'na', -- Remove links/tags
		addPreverbParticles = 'na' -- Remove preverb particles (ê/dê)
    }

   local function concateList(tenseList)
        local concatList = {}
        for _, pers in ipairs({&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;}) do
        	local tense = tenseList[pers]
            table.insert(concatList, tense)
        end

        return table.concat(concatList, &quot;,&quot;)
   end

   	local tenseList = {'indPresent','indPreterite','indImperfect',
                      'indPluperfect','indPerfect','indNwPluperfect',
                      'indFuture','indFuturePerfect',
                      'subjImperfect','subjPluperfect'
                    }
                    
    local concatAllTense = {}
    
    for  i = 1, #tenseList do
        local tense = tenseList[i]
        if export.tenseRules[tense] then
            opts.tense = tense
            local conj = shallowCopy(export.conjugate(opts).conj)
            local concatTense = concateList(conj)
            table.insert(concatAllTense, concatTense)
        end
    end
    
    return table.concat(concatAllTense, &quot;,&quot;)
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>9dqiss9yh1agovm3zx1erytoeogxb9p</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237513</id>
      <parentid>6237512</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T07:52:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>sep=&lt;br&gt;</comment>
      <origin>6237513</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="45295" sha1="4jcsqzktrfjbe8k9cny3frvwolbuiiz" xml:space="preserve">-- Modula tewandina lêkerên kurmancî

local export = {}

-- Load irregular forms table
-- local irreg = require('Module:ku-tewandin/nestandard')
local langKu = require(&quot;Modul:languages&quot;).getByCode(&quot;ku&quot;)
local link = require('Module:links').language_link
local shallowCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/shallowCopy&quot;)
local deepCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/deepCopy&quot;)

local gsub = mw.ustring.gsub
local find = mw.ustring.find

-- =============================================================================
-- Pronouns in Kurmanji
-- =============================================================================
export.order = {&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;, &quot;p2&quot;, &quot;p3&quot;}

export.pronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;ez&quot;,    p1 = &quot;em&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;tu&quot;,    p2 = &quot;hûn&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;ew&quot;,    p3 = &quot;ew&quot;
}

export.obliquePronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;min&quot;,      p1 = &quot;me&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;te&quot;,       p2 = &quot;we&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;wê/wî&quot;,    p3 = &quot;wan&quot;
}

export.agents = {
    s1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,            p1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,           p2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;,   p3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;
}

-- Oblique pronoun (green) 
export.obliquePronounsGreen = {
    s1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;min&lt;/span&gt;',
    s2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;te&lt;/span&gt;',
    s3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wê/wî&lt;/span&gt;',
    p1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;me&lt;/span&gt;',
    p2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;we&lt;/span&gt;',
    p3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wan&lt;/span&gt;'
}

-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-- 1) This function returns correct subject/agent pronoun, ergativity rule:
--   - Transitive verbs in past tenses → oblique pronoun (green) = agent
--   - All other cases                 → direct pronoun (no color) = subject
-- 2) Also add the subjunctive prefix &quot;(bila)&quot;
-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
function export.conjPronouns(stemType, mode, isTransitive)
    local pronouns = shallowCopy(export.pronouns)

    -- Ergativity in kurdish: transitive verbs that are conjugated with the past tense stem are
    -- conjugated according to the object, not the subject.
    -- Therefore, to have an ergative construction,
    -- the verb must be transitive and its stem must be the stem of the past tense.
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (stemType == 'past')

    -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
    -- If it's not ergative, we use normal pronouns: &quot;ez&quot;, &quot;tu&quot;, ...
    if isErgative then
        pronouns = shallowCopy(export.obliquePronounsGreen)
    end

    -- For the subjunctive mood, we add &quot;(bila)&quot; at the beginning.
    if mode == 'subjunctive' then
    	local subjPrefix = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(bila)&lt;/span&gt;'
        for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
            pronouns[pers] = subjPrefix .. ' ' .. pronouns[pers]
        end
    end
    return pronouns
end

-- =============================================================================
-- VERBAL STRUCTURE IN THE INFINITIVE:
-- Verbs in the infinitive appear in three main forms:
--  1) Simple verb (indivisible light verb):
--       - ex.:  &quot;kirin&quot;, &quot;çûn&quot;, &quot;xwarin&quot;, ...
--  2) Verbs with preverbs (preverb + simple verb):
--       - ex.: &quot;rakirin&quot; (ra- + kirin), &quot;çêkirin&quot; (çê- + kirin), &quot;vexwarin&quot; (ve- + xwarin), ...
--       - Preverb verbs don't use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê rakim , ew ê rake , ...)
--  3) Compound verbs, construction with non-verbal element (the noun is not attached to the verb):
--       - Left of the simple verb: &quot;hez kirin&quot; (&quot;hez&quot; + &quot;kirin&quot;), &quot;li dar xistin&quot; (&quot;li dar&quot; + &quot;xistin&quot;), ...
--       - Right of the simple verb: &quot;kirin der&quot; (&quot;kirin&quot; + &quot;der&quot;), &quot;girtin ser xwe&quot; (&quot;girtin&quot; + &quot;ser xwe&quot;), ...
--       - Compound verbs use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê hez bi-kim , ew ê hez bi-ke )

-- STRUCTURE:  preSimpleVerb + spacing + simpleVerb + postSimpleVerb
-- EX.     kirin: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       rakirin: preSimpleVerb='ra';  spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--     hez kirin: preSimpleVerb='hez'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       pev çûn: preSimpleVerb='pev'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='çûn';   postSimpleVerb=''
--     kirin der: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb='der'

-- WARNING: Conjugation can vary depending on the type of verb.
-- For example, in the future tense,the prefix &quot;bi&quot; is used for compound verbs,
-- but not for preverbal verbs, see the function that manages it  &quot;tenseRules&quot; table.
-- This table does not yet support the mixed case: a verb composed of a noun and a preverb verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)
    local struct

    if (preSimpleVerb and preSimpleVerb ~= '' and not isCompoundVerb) then
        struct = 'preverbVerb'
    elseif isCompoundVerb then
        struct = 'compoundVerb'
    else
        struct = 'simpleVerb'
    end

    return struct
end

-- ================================================================
-- INFLECTIONAL ENDINGS
-- Assigns verb inflectional endings (suffixes) to all tenses
-- ================================================================
local getEndings = {}

do
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ending using present stem
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['present'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends = {}
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends['std'] = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
            ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='m', s2='(y)', s3='t', p1='yn', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends['std'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='e', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
			ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='&lt;u&gt;it&lt;/u&gt;/ît', p1='în', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. preterite + ind. imperfect ending
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['past'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
		local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiouû]$') then
            ends = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, 'î$') then
           -- if self.name == 'indImperfect' then
           --     -- special indicative ind. imperfect rule
           --     ends = {s1='yam', s2='yayî', s3='ya', p1='yan', p2='yan', p3='yan'}
           -- end
            ends = {s1='m', s2='', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Compound endings with auxiliary &quot;bûn&quot;
    -- Inflectional endings are created by taking the different forms of the
    -- verb &quot;bûn&quot; (with present stem &quot;-b-&quot; and past stem &quot;-bû-&quot;) and
    -- adding an &quot;i-&quot; prefix before them: &quot;i-b-im&quot;, &quot;i-bû-m&quot;, &quot;i-bû-me&quot;, &quot;i-bû-ma&quot;.
    -- This &quot;i-&quot; varies according to the final letter of the verb stem.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    local function normalize_i(stem)
        local prfx_i = &quot;i&quot;
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;ya$&quot;) or
           mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;[îû]$&quot;) then -- cf. karîn (-karî-)
           	prfx_i = &quot;&quot;
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiou]$') then
            prfx_i = &quot;yi&quot;
        end
        return prfx_i
    end

    getEndings['ibim'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bim&quot;,   p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;be&quot;,    p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûm'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûm&quot;,     p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bû&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûme'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûme&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyiye&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûye&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûma'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûma&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyayî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûya&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;
        }
    end
    
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. perfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ime'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;me&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;ye&quot;, p1=&quot;ne&quot;, p2=&quot;ne&quot;, p3=&quot;ne&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ime&quot;, s2=&quot;iyî&quot;, s3=&quot;iye&quot;, p1=&quot;ine&quot;, p2=&quot;ine&quot;, p3=&quot;ine&quot;}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Subj. Imperfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ama'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        -- The doublet in &quot;-iyan&quot; of verbs in -&quot;în&quot; (gerîn/-geriya-, kenîn/-keniya-, ...),
        -- in the conditional and subjunctive moods, a doublet &quot;yaya&quot; appears; it's removed.
        -- -yayayî → -yayî; -yaya → -ya
		if mw.ustring.match(stem, '(ya)$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
		elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yayî&quot;, s3=&quot;ya&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ama&quot;, s2=&quot;ayî&quot;, s3=&quot;a&quot;, p1=&quot;ana&quot;, p2=&quot;ana&quot;, p3=&quot;ana&quot;}
        end
        return ends
    end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR PREVERBS: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;
-- There are two preverbs: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;. These preverbs can change form
-- depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getPreverb = {}

do
	getPreverb['bi'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local verbStruct = opts.verbStruct
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
		local accent     = opts.accent

		-- Devoka rojhilatî:
		-- @Ferhengvan: Dema bêt bi lêkera alîkar &quot;ê / dê&quot; û bi rehê lêkerê yê
		-- dema niha û pêşgirên kesî tê çêkirin. Pêşgira &quot;bi-&quot; li destpêka lêkera
		-- serekî nîne: - ez ê / dê xw-im (standard: ez ê/dê bi-xw-im).
		if (self.name == 'indFuture' and accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			return ''
		end
	
	    -- Preverb verbs don't use the preverb &quot;bi-&quot;: ra-kirin (ez ê rakim), ve-xwarin (ez ê vexwim) , ...
	    -- But compound verb and simple verbs use it: hez kirin (ez ê hez bi-kim), lê bigirin (ez ê lê bi-girim), ...
	    if (verbStruct == 'preverbVerb') then
	        return ''
	    end
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stem == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentBi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentBi
		elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastBi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastBi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameBi then
			return overridePreverb.sameBi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;bi-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[aeêiîouû]') then
	        return 'b'
	    end
	
	    return 'bi'
	end

	getPreverb['di'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;di&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stem == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentDi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentDi
		elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastDi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastDi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameDi then
			return overridePreverb.sameDi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;di-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[ai]') then
	        return 'd'
	    end
	    -- Ex. hatin : stem = -ê- // ez têm
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[êî]') then
	        return 't'
	    end
	
	    return 'di'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR NEGATION PREFIXES: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;
-- There are two negation prefixes: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;. These preverbs can change
-- form depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getNegPrefix = {}

do
	getNegPrefix['na'] = function (self, opts)
		-- self: reserved for future use
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overrideNa = opts.overrideNegPrefix.presentNa
	
	    if overrideNa then return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNa .. '&lt;/b&gt;' end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] end
	
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;nay&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;n&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Tîpa duyem &quot;-a-&quot; ye (k-a-rîn, z-a-nîn, ...)
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^%wa') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;ni&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;na&lt;/b&gt;'
	end

	getNegPrefix['ne'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local tenseName = self.name
	    local impNegForm = opts.impNegForm -- form &quot;1&quot; or &quot;2&quot; of imp.
		local overrideNegPrefix = opts.overrideNegPrefix

        local negPrefix = 'ne'

		-- Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;indImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
		-- ji ber vê yekê 'negPrefix' hertim (?) 'ne' ye ji ber ku dikeve pêş 
		-- pêşgira &quot;di-&quot;: wê/wî ne-di-elimand (elimandin)
	    if (tenseName == 'indImperfect') then
	         return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end

		-- Override		
		if (overrideNegPrefix.impMe or overrideNegPrefix.presentNe
									or overrideNegPrefix.pastNe
				                    or overrideNegPrefix.sameNe) then
			-- Ovverride imp.
			if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
				if (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.impMe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.impMe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe and 
					find(overrideNegPrefix.presentNe, '^n')) then
					--For the &quot;me-&quot; form, we replace the &quot;n&quot; with an &quot;m&quot;.
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. gsub(overrideNegPrefix.presentNe, '^(.)', 'm') .. '&lt;/b&gt;'	
				elseif (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.sameNe and 
					find(overrideNegPrefix.sameNe, '^n')) then
					--For the &quot;me-&quot; form, we replace the &quot;n&quot; with an &quot;m&quot;.
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. gsub(overrideNegPrefix.sameNe, '^(.)', 'm') .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 2 and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 2 and overrideNegPrefix.sameNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				end
			else
				-- For other tenses besides the imperative
				if (self.stem == 'present' and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
			    elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overrideNegPrefix.pastNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.pastNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif overrideNegPrefix.sameNe then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				end
			end
		end
	
	    -- There are two forms of construction of the imperative,
	    -- one with the prefix &quot;me-&quot; (1) and the other (2) with the prefix &quot;ne-&quot;.
	    if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
	        negPrefix = (impNegForm == 2) and 'ne' or 'me'
	    end
		
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. 'y&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        negPrefix = mw.ustring.sub(negPrefix, 1, -2)
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- Standardization of the PREVERBAL PARTICLE
-- The proverbial particle &quot;ê&quot; is placed after the personal pronoun.
-- =============================================================================
-- If there are no verbal preparticles, return empty table.
function export.getPreverbParticules(preverbParticle, typeStem, isTransitive)
    if not preverbParticle then
        return {s1='', s2='', s3='', p1='', p2='', p3=''}
    end

    if preverbParticle == 'ê' then
        local isErgative = isTransitive and (typeStem == 'past')

        -- When the personal pronoun ends in a vowel, a &quot;y-&quot; is added before &quot;ê&quot;.
        -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
        if isErgative then
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='yê/dê', p1='yê/dê', p2='yê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        else
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='ê/dê', p1='ê/dê', p2='ê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        end
    end

    -- If the verbal preparticle is identical for all pronouns,
    -- we create a table with the same value.
    local preverbParticles = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        preverbParticles[pers] = preverbParticle
    end

    return preverbParticles
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING EACH VERB TENSE
-- This table lists, for each verb tense, what elements are required to form it:
--   - Verb conjugation is built by placing either the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; or &quot;di-&quot; before
--     the verb stem (past or present), followed by a personal ending.
--   - For the negative form, one of the prefixes &quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot; is added as well.
--   - In some cases, a preverbal particle such as /ê/ or /dê/ is added before
--     the conjugated verb as well.
-- Not: - The &quot;negPreverb&quot; (preverb (bi-/di-) for negative tenses) parameter has a
--         value different from &quot;nil&quot; only for the Imperfect tense (&quot;negPreverb=di&quot;).
--      - The parameter &quot;negPrefix=na&quot; is used only for the present indicative.
--
-- Preverb &quot;di&quot;, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(present stem), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(past stem)
--                        - Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;IndImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
-- Preverb &quot;bi&quot;, used in: &quot;indFuture&quot;(present stem), &quot;subPresent&quot;(present stem),
--                         &quot;subImperfect&quot;(past stem) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(past stem)
--                        - The prefix &quot;bi-&quot; isn't used in negative forms.
--
-- Present stem, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(di)(na),
--                        &quot;indFuture&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;subPresent&quot;(bi)(ne)
--
-- Past stem, used in: &quot;indPreterite&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(di)(ne), &quot;indPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;indPerfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPreterite&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subImperfect&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(bi)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne) = &quot;condPreterite&quot;(-)(ne)
-- =============================================================================
-- Some conjugations are identical except that they differ only in the preverbal particle (/ê/, /dê/).
-- So, to avoid repeating the same information (and thus risking errors),
-- we establish the common part shared between these verbs.
local sharedTenseRules = {
    indFuture = {
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['present']
    },

    indFuturePerfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibim']
    },

    subImperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ama']
    },

    subPluperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûma']
    }
}

local mt = {
    __index = function(t, k)
        local commonRules = t._commonRules
        if commonRules then return commonRules[k] end
    end
}

-- TENSES CONJUGATION RULES
export.tenseRules = {
    -- IMPERATIVE MOOD
    impPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;impPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raweya fermanî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present imperative&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;imperative&quot;,
        _commonRules = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- INDICATIVE MOOD
    indPresent = {
        name         = &quot;indPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema niha&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['na'],
        endings      = getEndings['present'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPreterite = {
        name         = &quot;indPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya sade&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;simple past&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indImperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya berdest&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;Imperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = getPreverb['di'],
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPluperfect    = {
        name         = &quot;indPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûm'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indFuture = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuture&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema bê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    indFuturePerfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dahatiya pêş&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    -- In some books, the &quot;perfect&quot; and &quot;nonconfirmative pluperfect&quot; tenses
    -- are classified in the &quot;inferential mood&quot; (&quot;moda neşahidî&quot;).
    -- Currently we classify them using the indicative mood (at the end).
    indPerfect = {
        name         = &quot;indPerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ime'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indNwPluperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya boriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;non-witnessed pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûme'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    -- SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
    subjPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema nihaya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    subjPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjImperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;imperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjPluperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr a bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- CONDITIONAL MOOD
    condPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya dema nihaya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    condPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

}

-- =============================================================================
-- MAIN CONJUGATION FUNCTOIN
-- This function returns an array containing the conjugation table for a given
-- tense as well as other information about the conjugated verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugate(opts)
    opts = opts or {}
    -- Required parameters
    local tense          = opts.tense or error(&quot;'tense' required&quot;, 2)
    --One of the two parameters is required:
    --  - If the tense uses the present stem, indicate &quot;presentStem&quot;.
    --  - If it uses the past stem, indicate &quot;pastStem&quot;.
    local presentStem    = opts.presentStem
    local pastStem       = opts.pastStem
    -- Optional parameters
    local isTransitive   = opts.isTransitive or false   -- Indicate if the verb is transitive (true/false)
    local isNegative     = opts.isNegative or false     -- Indicate if it's the negative form (true/false)
    local isCompoundVerb = opts.isCompoundVerb or false -- Indicate if it's a compound verb (true/false)
    local preSimpleVerb  = opts.preSimpleVerb or ''     -- The part before the simple verb
    local postSimpleVerb = opts.postSimpleVerb or ''    -- The part after the simple verb
    -- These parameters are provided when the verb is irregular.
    -- Allows you to manually modify preverbs (&quot;bi-&quot;&quot; or &quot;di-&quot;)
    -- and negation prefixes (&quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot;)
	local overridePreverb = {
		-- Preverbs (bi-, di)
	    presentBi = opts.presentBi or nil,
	    presentDi = opts.presentDi or nil,
	    pastBi    = opts.pastBi or nil,
	    pastDi    = opts.pastDi or nil,
		-- Same preverbs (&quot;past&quot; and &quot;present&quot; stem)
	    sameBi     = opts.sameBi or nil,
	    sameDi     = opts.sameDi or nil,
	}
	local overrideNegPrefix = {
		-- Neg. prefix (na-, ne-)
	    presentNa  = opts.presentNa or nil,
	    presentNe  = opts.presentNe or nil,
	    pastNe     = opts.pastNe or nil,
		-- same neg. prefix (for past and present stem)
	    sameNe     = opts.sameNe or nil,
		impMe      = opts.impMe or nil,
	}
    -- By default, the negation of the imperative is constructed from the prefix &quot;me-&quot;&quot;.
    -- To obtain the second variant, the prefix with &quot;ne-&quot;, you must specify &quot;impNegForm=2&quot;.
    local impNegForm     = opts.impNegForm or 1
	-- Accent/ Devok
    local accent = opts.accent or 'std'
	
	-- If &quot;tags='na'&quot;, remove links/tags
	local tags = opts.tags or 'erê'
	-- If addPreverbParticles='na', remove preverb particles (ê/dê) before
	-- the conjugated verbs.
	local addPreverbParticles = opts.addPreverbParticles or 'erê'

	
	-- We add a space to the left of the &quot;postSimpleVerb&quot; because it shouldn't be attached
	-- to the simple verb.
	if (postSimpleVerb ~= '' and postSimpleVerb ~=nil) then
		postSimpleVerb = ' ' .. postSimpleVerb
	end

    -- Access to the classification table and retrieval of verb tense parameters
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if (not infoTense) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- We check that one of the two parameters of the stem is given
    if (infoTense.stem == 'present' and not presentStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;presentStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    elseif (infoTense.stem == 'past' and not pastStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;pasttStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- Choice between the present stem or past stem
    local stem = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStem or pastStem

    --────────────────────────────
    -- Conjugation construction --
    -- ───────────────────────────
    local preverb = ''
    local negPrefix = ''
    -- Ruturns the verb type: &quot;simpleVerb&quot; or &quot;preverbVerb&quot; or &quot;compoundVerb&quot;
    local verbStruct = export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)

    if isNegative then
        negPrefix = infoTense:negPrefix{stem=stem,
                                        impNegForm=impNegForm,
                                        overrideNegPrefix=overrideNegPrefix}
        if infoTense.negPreverb then
            preverb = infoTense:negPreverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                           overridePreverb=overridePreverb}
        end
    else
        if infoTense.preverb then
            preverb = infoTense:preverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                        overridePreverb=overridePreverb,
										accent=accent}
        end
    end

    infoTense.conj = {}
    local spacing = isCompoundVerb and ' ' or ''
    local endings = infoTense:endings(stem)
	
	-- 'rojhilatî' accent (devok) for present stem
	if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then
		if (accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			endings = endings['rojhilatî']
		else
			endings = endings['std']
		end

	end

    -- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
    -- Lêkerin nestandard --
    -- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
	-- çûn
	if (stem == 'her' and pastStem == 'çû') then
		if tense == 'indPresent' then
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'r'
			else
				stem = 'er'
				preverb = 't'
			end
		elseif ({impPresent=true, indFuture=true, subjPresent=true})[tense] then
			preverb = ''
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'r'
			else
				stem = 'her'
			end
		end
	end

	-- hatin
	if (stem == 'wer'  and pastStem == 'hat') then
		if ({impPresent=true, indFuture=true, subjPresent=true})[tense] then
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'ê'
			else
				preverb = ''
				stem = 'wer'
			end
		end
	end
	-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
	
    local preverbParticles = export.getPreverbParticules(infoTense.preverbParticle, infoTense.stem, isTransitive)
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (infoTense.stem == 'past')

    -- Creating the conjugation table for a given tense
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local ending
        local conjSimbleVerb
        local conjVerb

        if isErgative then
            ending = endings.s3
        else
            ending = endings[pers]
        end

        -- Adding space after the preverbal particle, and
		-- if &quot;addPreverbParticles='na'&quot;: remove preverb particles (ê/dê).
		local preverbParticle = ''
		if infoTense.preverbParticle and addPreverbParticles ~= 'na' then
	            preverbParticle = preverbParticles[pers] .. ' '
		end

        conjSimbleVerb = negPrefix  .. preverb .. stem .. ending
        -- Adding prefixe and suffixe
        conjVerb =  preSimpleVerb .. spacing .. conjSimbleVerb .. postSimpleVerb
        -- Spelling correction(îy -&gt; iy)
        conjVerb = gsub(conjVerb, 'îy', 'iy')
        -- Add a link / if tags='na' no links
		if tags ~= 'na' then
        	conjVerb = link{term=conjVerb, lang=langKu}
		end
        -- Addition of the preverbal particle
        infoTense.conj[pers] = preverbParticle .. conjVerb
    end

    -- Imperative
    if (infoTense.name == 'impPresent') then
        infoTense.conj.s1 = nil
        infoTense.conj.s2 = infoTense.conj.s3
        infoTense.conj.s3 = nil
        infoTense.conj.p1 = nil
        -- infoTense.conj.p2 = infoTense.conj.p2
        infoTense.conj.p3 = nil
    end

    return infoTense
end

-- =============================================================================
--                               END
-- =============================================================================
-- Some useful tools
-- =============================================================================
-- Returns the list of verb tenses
export.tensesList = function()
	local list = {}
    for _, tense in pairs(export.tenseRules) do
        table.insert(list, tense.name)
    end
	return list
end

-- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
-- (for a given conjugate tense in all persons of that tense)
function export.concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjVerbs)
	local concatTab = {}
	for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
		concatTab[pers] = pronoms[pers] .. ' ' .. conjVerbs[pers]
	end

	return concatTab
end
-- =============================================================================
-- ADDITIONAL STEM OF THE PAST AND PRESENT (pastStem2, ... and presentStem2, ...)
-- This function does nothing more than add additional parameters for verb stems
-- in the past and present tenses.
-- Conjugations for the different stems will be separated by &quot;/&quot;
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems)
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
     opts.tense = tense or nil
     
    presentStems = presentStems or {}
	pastStems = pastStems or {}

    
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if not infoTense then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    local stems = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStems or pastStems

    -- For each verb stem, its conjugation table is calculated and stored in conjTabs.
    local conjTabs = {}
    for i = 1, #stems do
        if stems[i] then
            if (infoTense.stem == 'past') then opts.pastStem = stems[i] end
            if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then opts.presentStem = stems[i] end

            local conj = export.conjugate(opts).conj
            table.insert(conjTabs, conj)
        end
    end

    -- We concatenate each row of the conjugation tables.
    local concatConjTabs = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local frag = {}
        for i = 1, #conjTabs do
            local val = conjTabs[i][pers]
            if val then table.insert(frag, tostring(val)) end
        end
        concatConjTabs[pers] = table.concat(frag, &quot;&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
    end

    infoTense.conj = concatConjTabs

    return infoTense
end

-- ====================================================================================
--  VERB CONUGATION IN ALL TENSES WITH OR WITHOUT PRONOUMS
-- ====================================================================================
function export.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems, negation, concatPrs)
	-- &quot;concatPrs=false&quot; table without pronouns
	
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
    
    if negation == 'negative' then opts.isNegative = true end

    -- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
	local concatPronomsVerbs = export.concatPronomsVerbs

    -- Tenses list
    local tensesList = export.tensesList()

    -- Conjugation in all tenses
    local conjTab = {}
    for _, tense in ipairs(tensesList) do
        local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy')

		-- We create the conjugation table without the pronouns.
        conjTab[tense] = deepCopy(export.conjugateLong(opts, tense, presentStems, pastStems), 'copy')
		
        -- We concatenate the pronouns and the verbs if &quot;concatPrs&quot; is different of &quot;false&quot;
		-- No pronouns for the imperative mood
		if (tense ~= 'impPresent' and concatPrs ~= false) then
			local pronoms = deepCopy(export.conjPronouns(infoTense.stem, infoTense.mode, opts.isTransitive))
        	conjTab[tense].conj = concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjTab[tense].conj)
        end
    end

    return conjTab
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- Allows you to obtain a given conjugation from a model.
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|tew|dem=indPresent|kes=s1}}
-- See {{ku-tewîn-lk-niha}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.tew(frame)
   local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isNegative     = frame.args['neyînî'] or false,
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or nil,
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or nil,
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		impMe      = frame['me'] or nil,
		
        impNegForm     = 1,
		tags           = args['lînk'] or 'erê',
		accent         = args['devok'] or 'std',
    }
	
	local tense        = frame.args['dem'] or nil
	local pers         = frame.args['kes'] or nil
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems    = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}

    -- A few checks
    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerguhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    if (baseOpts.isNegative == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isNegative = true
    end

	local tabConj = export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems).conj
	
    return tabConj[pers]
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- GET COMMMA SEPARED FORMS
-- Bnr. [[MediaWiki:Gadget-QQ.js]]
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|get_comma_separated_forms|niha=kev|borî=ket}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.get_comma_separated_forms(frame)
    local opts = {
        presentStem     = frame.args['niha'],
        pastStem        = frame.args['borî'],
        isTransitive    = false,
        isNegative      = false,
        isCompoundVerb  = frame['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb   = frame['pêşgir'] or '',
        postSimpleVerb  = frame['paşgir'] or '',
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		impMe      = frame['me'] or nil,
		
        impNegForm     = 1,
		tags           = 'na', -- Remove links/tags
		addPreverbParticles = 'na' -- Remove preverb particles (ê/dê)
    }

   local function concateList(tenseList)
        local concatList = {}
        for _, pers in ipairs({&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;}) do
        	local tense = tenseList[pers]
            table.insert(concatList, tense)
        end

        return table.concat(concatList, &quot;,&quot;)
   end

   	local tenseList = {'indPresent','indPreterite','indImperfect',
                      'indPluperfect','indPerfect','indNwPluperfect',
                      'indFuture','indFuturePerfect',
                      'subjImperfect','subjPluperfect'
                    }
                    
    local concatAllTense = {}
    
    for  i = 1, #tenseList do
        local tense = tenseList[i]
        if export.tenseRules[tense] then
            opts.tense = tense
            local conj = shallowCopy(export.conjugate(opts).conj)
            local concatTense = concateList(conj)
            table.insert(concatAllTense, concatTense)
        end
    end
    
    return table.concat(concatAllTense, &quot;,&quot;)
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>4jcsqzktrfjbe8k9cny3frvwolbuiiz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237516</id>
      <parentid>6237513</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T08:02:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>—</comment>
      <origin>6237516</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="45296" sha1="j4qod0osrsu6kn55g5stnk4sg01too5" xml:space="preserve">-- Modula tewandina lêkerên kurmancî

local export = {}

-- Load irregular forms table
-- local irreg = require('Module:ku-tewandin/nestandard')
local langKu = require(&quot;Modul:languages&quot;).getByCode(&quot;ku&quot;)
local link = require('Module:links').language_link
local shallowCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/shallowCopy&quot;)
local deepCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/deepCopy&quot;)

local gsub = mw.ustring.gsub
local find = mw.ustring.find

-- =============================================================================
-- Pronouns in Kurmanji
-- =============================================================================
export.order = {&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;, &quot;p2&quot;, &quot;p3&quot;}

export.pronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;ez&quot;,    p1 = &quot;em&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;tu&quot;,    p2 = &quot;hûn&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;ew&quot;,    p3 = &quot;ew&quot;
}

export.obliquePronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;min&quot;,      p1 = &quot;me&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;te&quot;,       p2 = &quot;we&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;wê/wî&quot;,    p3 = &quot;wan&quot;
}

export.agents = {
    s1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,            p1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,           p2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;,   p3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;
}

-- Oblique pronoun (green) 
export.obliquePronounsGreen = {
    s1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;min&lt;/span&gt;',
    s2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;te&lt;/span&gt;',
    s3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wê/wî&lt;/span&gt;',
    p1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;me&lt;/span&gt;',
    p2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;we&lt;/span&gt;',
    p3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wan&lt;/span&gt;'
}

-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-- 1) This function returns correct subject/agent pronoun, ergativity rule:
--   - Transitive verbs in past tenses → oblique pronoun (green) = agent
--   - All other cases                 → direct pronoun (no color) = subject
-- 2) Also add the subjunctive prefix &quot;(bila)&quot;
-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
function export.conjPronouns(stemType, mode, isTransitive)
    local pronouns = shallowCopy(export.pronouns)

    -- Ergativity in kurdish: transitive verbs that are conjugated with the past tense stem are
    -- conjugated according to the object, not the subject.
    -- Therefore, to have an ergative construction,
    -- the verb must be transitive and its stem must be the stem of the past tense.
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (stemType == 'past')

    -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
    -- If it's not ergative, we use normal pronouns: &quot;ez&quot;, &quot;tu&quot;, ...
    if isErgative then
        pronouns = shallowCopy(export.obliquePronounsGreen)
    end

    -- For the subjunctive mood, we add &quot;(bila)&quot; at the beginning.
    if mode == 'subjunctive' then
    	local subjPrefix = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(bila)&lt;/span&gt;'
        for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
            pronouns[pers] = subjPrefix .. ' ' .. pronouns[pers]
        end
    end
    return pronouns
end

-- =============================================================================
-- VERBAL STRUCTURE IN THE INFINITIVE:
-- Verbs in the infinitive appear in three main forms:
--  1) Simple verb (indivisible light verb):
--       - ex.:  &quot;kirin&quot;, &quot;çûn&quot;, &quot;xwarin&quot;, ...
--  2) Verbs with preverbs (preverb + simple verb):
--       - ex.: &quot;rakirin&quot; (ra- + kirin), &quot;çêkirin&quot; (çê- + kirin), &quot;vexwarin&quot; (ve- + xwarin), ...
--       - Preverb verbs don't use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê rakim , ew ê rake , ...)
--  3) Compound verbs, construction with non-verbal element (the noun is not attached to the verb):
--       - Left of the simple verb: &quot;hez kirin&quot; (&quot;hez&quot; + &quot;kirin&quot;), &quot;li dar xistin&quot; (&quot;li dar&quot; + &quot;xistin&quot;), ...
--       - Right of the simple verb: &quot;kirin der&quot; (&quot;kirin&quot; + &quot;der&quot;), &quot;girtin ser xwe&quot; (&quot;girtin&quot; + &quot;ser xwe&quot;), ...
--       - Compound verbs use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê hez bi-kim , ew ê hez bi-ke )

-- STRUCTURE:  preSimpleVerb + spacing + simpleVerb + postSimpleVerb
-- EX.     kirin: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       rakirin: preSimpleVerb='ra';  spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--     hez kirin: preSimpleVerb='hez'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       pev çûn: preSimpleVerb='pev'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='çûn';   postSimpleVerb=''
--     kirin der: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb='der'

-- WARNING: Conjugation can vary depending on the type of verb.
-- For example, in the future tense,the prefix &quot;bi&quot; is used for compound verbs,
-- but not for preverbal verbs, see the function that manages it  &quot;tenseRules&quot; table.
-- This table does not yet support the mixed case: a verb composed of a noun and a preverb verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)
    local struct

    if (preSimpleVerb and preSimpleVerb ~= '' and not isCompoundVerb) then
        struct = 'preverbVerb'
    elseif isCompoundVerb then
        struct = 'compoundVerb'
    else
        struct = 'simpleVerb'
    end

    return struct
end

-- ================================================================
-- INFLECTIONAL ENDINGS
-- Assigns verb inflectional endings (suffixes) to all tenses
-- ================================================================
local getEndings = {}

do
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ending using present stem
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['present'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends = {}
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends['std'] = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
            ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='m', s2='(y)', s3='t', p1='yn', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends['std'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='e', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
			ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='&lt;u&gt;it&lt;/u&gt;/ît', p1='în', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. preterite + ind. imperfect ending
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['past'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
		local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiouû]$') then
            ends = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, 'î$') then
           -- if self.name == 'indImperfect' then
           --     -- special indicative ind. imperfect rule
           --     ends = {s1='yam', s2='yayî', s3='ya', p1='yan', p2='yan', p3='yan'}
           -- end
            ends = {s1='m', s2='', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Compound endings with auxiliary &quot;bûn&quot;
    -- Inflectional endings are created by taking the different forms of the
    -- verb &quot;bûn&quot; (with present stem &quot;-b-&quot; and past stem &quot;-bû-&quot;) and
    -- adding an &quot;i-&quot; prefix before them: &quot;i-b-im&quot;, &quot;i-bû-m&quot;, &quot;i-bû-me&quot;, &quot;i-bû-ma&quot;.
    -- This &quot;i-&quot; varies according to the final letter of the verb stem.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    local function normalize_i(stem)
        local prfx_i = &quot;i&quot;
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;ya$&quot;) or
           mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;[îû]$&quot;) then -- cf. karîn (-karî-)
           	prfx_i = &quot;&quot;
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiou]$') then
            prfx_i = &quot;yi&quot;
        end
        return prfx_i
    end

    getEndings['ibim'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bim&quot;,   p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;be&quot;,    p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûm'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûm&quot;,     p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bû&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûme'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûme&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyiye&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûye&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûma'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûma&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyayî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûya&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;
        }
    end
    
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. perfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ime'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;me&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;ye&quot;, p1=&quot;ne&quot;, p2=&quot;ne&quot;, p3=&quot;ne&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ime&quot;, s2=&quot;iyî&quot;, s3=&quot;iye&quot;, p1=&quot;ine&quot;, p2=&quot;ine&quot;, p3=&quot;ine&quot;}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Subj. Imperfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ama'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        -- The doublet in &quot;-iyan&quot; of verbs in -&quot;în&quot; (gerîn/-geriya-, kenîn/-keniya-, ...),
        -- in the conditional and subjunctive moods, a doublet &quot;yaya&quot; appears; it's removed.
        -- -yayayî → -yayî; -yaya → -ya
		if mw.ustring.match(stem, '(ya)$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
		elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yayî&quot;, s3=&quot;ya&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ama&quot;, s2=&quot;ayî&quot;, s3=&quot;a&quot;, p1=&quot;ana&quot;, p2=&quot;ana&quot;, p3=&quot;ana&quot;}
        end
        return ends
    end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR PREVERBS: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;
-- There are two preverbs: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;. These preverbs can change form
-- depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getPreverb = {}

do
	getPreverb['bi'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local verbStruct = opts.verbStruct
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
		local accent     = opts.accent

		-- Devoka rojhilatî:
		-- @Ferhengvan: Dema bêt bi lêkera alîkar &quot;ê / dê&quot; û bi rehê lêkerê yê
		-- dema niha û pêşgirên kesî tê çêkirin. Pêşgira &quot;bi-&quot; li destpêka lêkera
		-- serekî nîne: - ez ê / dê xw-im (standard: ez ê/dê bi-xw-im).
		if (self.name == 'indFuture' and accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			return ''
		end
	
	    -- Preverb verbs don't use the preverb &quot;bi-&quot;: ra-kirin (ez ê rakim), ve-xwarin (ez ê vexwim) , ...
	    -- But compound verb and simple verbs use it: hez kirin (ez ê hez bi-kim), lê bigirin (ez ê lê bi-girim), ...
	    if (verbStruct == 'preverbVerb') then
	        return ''
	    end
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stem == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentBi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentBi
		elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastBi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastBi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameBi then
			return overridePreverb.sameBi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;bi-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[aeêiîouû]') then
	        return 'b'
	    end
	
	    return 'bi'
	end

	getPreverb['di'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;di&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stem == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentDi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentDi
		elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastDi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastDi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameDi then
			return overridePreverb.sameDi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;di-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[ai]') then
	        return 'd'
	    end
	    -- Ex. hatin : stem = -ê- // ez têm
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[êî]') then
	        return 't'
	    end
	
	    return 'di'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR NEGATION PREFIXES: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;
-- There are two negation prefixes: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;. These preverbs can change
-- form depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getNegPrefix = {}

do
	getNegPrefix['na'] = function (self, opts)
		-- self: reserved for future use
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overrideNa = opts.overrideNegPrefix.presentNa
	
	    if overrideNa then return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNa .. '&lt;/b&gt;' end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] end
	
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;nay&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;n&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Tîpa duyem &quot;-a-&quot; ye (k-a-rîn, z-a-nîn, ...)
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^%wa') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;ni&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;na&lt;/b&gt;'
	end

	getNegPrefix['ne'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local tenseName = self.name
	    local impNegForm = opts.impNegForm -- form &quot;1&quot; or &quot;2&quot; of imp.
		local overrideNegPrefix = opts.overrideNegPrefix

        local negPrefix = 'ne'

		-- Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;indImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
		-- ji ber vê yekê 'negPrefix' hertim (?) 'ne' ye ji ber ku dikeve pêş 
		-- pêşgira &quot;di-&quot;: wê/wî ne-di-elimand (elimandin)
	    if (tenseName == 'indImperfect') then
	         return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end

		-- Override		
		if (overrideNegPrefix.impMe or overrideNegPrefix.presentNe
									or overrideNegPrefix.pastNe
				                    or overrideNegPrefix.sameNe) then
			-- Ovverride imp.
			if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
				if (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.impMe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.impMe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe and 
					find(overrideNegPrefix.presentNe, '^n')) then
					--For the &quot;me-&quot; form, we replace the &quot;n&quot; with an &quot;m&quot;.
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. gsub(overrideNegPrefix.presentNe, '^(.)', 'm') .. '&lt;/b&gt;'	
				elseif (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.sameNe and 
					find(overrideNegPrefix.sameNe, '^n')) then
					--For the &quot;me-&quot; form, we replace the &quot;n&quot; with an &quot;m&quot;.
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. gsub(overrideNegPrefix.sameNe, '^(.)', 'm') .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 2 and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 2 and overrideNegPrefix.sameNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				end
			else
				-- For other tenses besides the imperative
				if (self.stem == 'present' and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
			    elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overrideNegPrefix.pastNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.pastNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif overrideNegPrefix.sameNe then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				end
			end
		end
	
	    -- There are two forms of construction of the imperative,
	    -- one with the prefix &quot;me-&quot; (1) and the other (2) with the prefix &quot;ne-&quot;.
	    if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
	        negPrefix = (impNegForm == 2) and 'ne' or 'me'
	    end
		
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. 'y&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        negPrefix = mw.ustring.sub(negPrefix, 1, -2)
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- Standardization of the PREVERBAL PARTICLE
-- The proverbial particle &quot;ê&quot; is placed after the personal pronoun.
-- =============================================================================
-- If there are no verbal preparticles, return empty table.
function export.getPreverbParticules(preverbParticle, typeStem, isTransitive)
    if not preverbParticle then
        return {s1='', s2='', s3='', p1='', p2='', p3=''}
    end

    if preverbParticle == 'ê' then
        local isErgative = isTransitive and (typeStem == 'past')

        -- When the personal pronoun ends in a vowel, a &quot;y-&quot; is added before &quot;ê&quot;.
        -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
        if isErgative then
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='yê/dê', p1='yê/dê', p2='yê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        else
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='ê/dê', p1='ê/dê', p2='ê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        end
    end

    -- If the verbal preparticle is identical for all pronouns,
    -- we create a table with the same value.
    local preverbParticles = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        preverbParticles[pers] = preverbParticle
    end

    return preverbParticles
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING EACH VERB TENSE
-- This table lists, for each verb tense, what elements are required to form it:
--   - Verb conjugation is built by placing either the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; or &quot;di-&quot; before
--     the verb stem (past or present), followed by a personal ending.
--   - For the negative form, one of the prefixes &quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot; is added as well.
--   - In some cases, a preverbal particle such as /ê/ or /dê/ is added before
--     the conjugated verb as well.
-- Not: - The &quot;negPreverb&quot; (preverb (bi-/di-) for negative tenses) parameter has a
--         value different from &quot;nil&quot; only for the Imperfect tense (&quot;negPreverb=di&quot;).
--      - The parameter &quot;negPrefix=na&quot; is used only for the present indicative.
--
-- Preverb &quot;di&quot;, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(present stem), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(past stem)
--                        - Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;IndImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
-- Preverb &quot;bi&quot;, used in: &quot;indFuture&quot;(present stem), &quot;subPresent&quot;(present stem),
--                         &quot;subImperfect&quot;(past stem) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(past stem)
--                        - The prefix &quot;bi-&quot; isn't used in negative forms.
--
-- Present stem, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(di)(na),
--                        &quot;indFuture&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;subPresent&quot;(bi)(ne)
--
-- Past stem, used in: &quot;indPreterite&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(di)(ne), &quot;indPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;indPerfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPreterite&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subImperfect&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(bi)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne) = &quot;condPreterite&quot;(-)(ne)
-- =============================================================================
-- Some conjugations are identical except that they differ only in the preverbal particle (/ê/, /dê/).
-- So, to avoid repeating the same information (and thus risking errors),
-- we establish the common part shared between these verbs.
local sharedTenseRules = {
    indFuture = {
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['present']
    },

    indFuturePerfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibim']
    },

    subImperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ama']
    },

    subPluperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûma']
    }
}

local mt = {
    __index = function(t, k)
        local commonRules = t._commonRules
        if commonRules then return commonRules[k] end
    end
}

-- TENSES CONJUGATION RULES
export.tenseRules = {
    -- IMPERATIVE MOOD
    impPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;impPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raweya fermanî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present imperative&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;imperative&quot;,
        _commonRules = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- INDICATIVE MOOD
    indPresent = {
        name         = &quot;indPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema niha&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['na'],
        endings      = getEndings['present'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPreterite = {
        name         = &quot;indPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya sade&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;simple past&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indImperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya berdest&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;Imperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = getPreverb['di'],
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPluperfect    = {
        name         = &quot;indPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûm'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indFuture = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuture&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema bê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    indFuturePerfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dahatiya pêş&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    -- In some books, the &quot;perfect&quot; and &quot;nonconfirmative pluperfect&quot; tenses
    -- are classified in the &quot;inferential mood&quot; (&quot;moda neşahidî&quot;).
    -- Currently we classify them using the indicative mood (at the end).
    indPerfect = {
        name         = &quot;indPerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ime'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indNwPluperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya boriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;non-witnessed pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûme'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    -- SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
    subjPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema nihaya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    subjPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjImperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;imperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjPluperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr a bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- CONDITIONAL MOOD
    condPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya dema nihaya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    condPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

}

-- =============================================================================
-- MAIN CONJUGATION FUNCTOIN
-- This function returns an array containing the conjugation table for a given
-- tense as well as other information about the conjugated verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugate(opts)
    opts = opts or {}
    -- Required parameters
    local tense          = opts.tense or error(&quot;'tense' required&quot;, 2)
    --One of the two parameters is required:
    --  - If the tense uses the present stem, indicate &quot;presentStem&quot;.
    --  - If it uses the past stem, indicate &quot;pastStem&quot;.
    local presentStem    = opts.presentStem
    local pastStem       = opts.pastStem
    -- Optional parameters
    local isTransitive   = opts.isTransitive or false   -- Indicate if the verb is transitive (true/false)
    local isNegative     = opts.isNegative or false     -- Indicate if it's the negative form (true/false)
    local isCompoundVerb = opts.isCompoundVerb or false -- Indicate if it's a compound verb (true/false)
    local preSimpleVerb  = opts.preSimpleVerb or ''     -- The part before the simple verb
    local postSimpleVerb = opts.postSimpleVerb or ''    -- The part after the simple verb
    -- These parameters are provided when the verb is irregular.
    -- Allows you to manually modify preverbs (&quot;bi-&quot;&quot; or &quot;di-&quot;)
    -- and negation prefixes (&quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot;)
	local overridePreverb = {
		-- Preverbs (bi-, di)
	    presentBi = opts.presentBi or nil,
	    presentDi = opts.presentDi or nil,
	    pastBi    = opts.pastBi or nil,
	    pastDi    = opts.pastDi or nil,
		-- Same preverbs (&quot;past&quot; and &quot;present&quot; stem)
	    sameBi     = opts.sameBi or nil,
	    sameDi     = opts.sameDi or nil,
	}
	local overrideNegPrefix = {
		-- Neg. prefix (na-, ne-)
	    presentNa  = opts.presentNa or nil,
	    presentNe  = opts.presentNe or nil,
	    pastNe     = opts.pastNe or nil,
		-- same neg. prefix (for past and present stem)
	    sameNe     = opts.sameNe or nil,
		impMe      = opts.impMe or nil,
	}
    -- By default, the negation of the imperative is constructed from the prefix &quot;me-&quot;&quot;.
    -- To obtain the second variant, the prefix with &quot;ne-&quot;, you must specify &quot;impNegForm=2&quot;.
    local impNegForm     = opts.impNegForm or 1
	-- Accent/ Devok
    local accent = opts.accent or 'std'
	
	-- If &quot;tags='na'&quot;, remove links/tags
	local tags = opts.tags or 'erê'
	-- If addPreverbParticles='na', remove preverb particles (ê/dê) before
	-- the conjugated verbs.
	local addPreverbParticles = opts.addPreverbParticles or 'erê'

	
	-- We add a space to the left of the &quot;postSimpleVerb&quot; because it shouldn't be attached
	-- to the simple verb.
	if (postSimpleVerb ~= '' and postSimpleVerb ~=nil) then
		postSimpleVerb = ' ' .. postSimpleVerb
	end

    -- Access to the classification table and retrieval of verb tense parameters
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if (not infoTense) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- We check that one of the two parameters of the stem is given
    if (infoTense.stem == 'present' and not presentStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;presentStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    elseif (infoTense.stem == 'past' and not pastStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;pasttStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- Choice between the present stem or past stem
    local stem = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStem or pastStem

    --────────────────────────────
    -- Conjugation construction --
    -- ───────────────────────────
    local preverb = ''
    local negPrefix = ''
    -- Ruturns the verb type: &quot;simpleVerb&quot; or &quot;preverbVerb&quot; or &quot;compoundVerb&quot;
    local verbStruct = export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)

    if isNegative then
        negPrefix = infoTense:negPrefix{stem=stem,
                                        impNegForm=impNegForm,
                                        overrideNegPrefix=overrideNegPrefix}
        if infoTense.negPreverb then
            preverb = infoTense:negPreverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                           overridePreverb=overridePreverb}
        end
    else
        if infoTense.preverb then
            preverb = infoTense:preverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                        overridePreverb=overridePreverb,
										accent=accent}
        end
    end

    infoTense.conj = {}
    local spacing = isCompoundVerb and ' ' or ''
    local endings = infoTense:endings(stem)
	
	-- 'rojhilatî' accent (devok) for present stem
	if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then
		if (accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			endings = endings['rojhilatî']
		else
			endings = endings['std']
		end

	end

    -- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
    -- Lêkerin nestandard --
    -- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
	-- çûn
	if (stem == 'her' and pastStem == 'çû') then
		if tense == 'indPresent' then
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'r'
			else
				stem = 'er'
				preverb = 't'
			end
		elseif ({impPresent=true, indFuture=true, subjPresent=true})[tense] then
			preverb = ''
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'r'
			else
				stem = 'her'
			end
		end
	end

	-- hatin
	if (stem == 'wer'  and pastStem == 'hat') then
		if ({impPresent=true, indFuture=true, subjPresent=true})[tense] then
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'ê'
			else
				preverb = ''
				stem = 'wer'
			end
		end
	end
	-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
	
    local preverbParticles = export.getPreverbParticules(infoTense.preverbParticle, infoTense.stem, isTransitive)
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (infoTense.stem == 'past')

    -- Creating the conjugation table for a given tense
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local ending
        local conjSimbleVerb
        local conjVerb

        if isErgative then
            ending = endings.s3
        else
            ending = endings[pers]
        end

        -- Adding space after the preverbal particle, and
		-- if &quot;addPreverbParticles='na'&quot;: remove preverb particles (ê/dê).
		local preverbParticle = ''
		if infoTense.preverbParticle and addPreverbParticles ~= 'na' then
	            preverbParticle = preverbParticles[pers] .. ' '
		end

        conjSimbleVerb = negPrefix  .. preverb .. stem .. ending
        -- Adding prefixe and suffixe
        conjVerb =  preSimpleVerb .. spacing .. conjSimbleVerb .. postSimpleVerb
        -- Spelling correction(îy -&gt; iy)
        conjVerb = gsub(conjVerb, 'îy', 'iy')
        -- Add a link / if tags='na' no links
		if tags ~= 'na' then
        	conjVerb = link{term=conjVerb, lang=langKu}
		end
        -- Addition of the preverbal particle
        infoTense.conj[pers] = preverbParticle .. conjVerb
    end

    -- Imperative
    if (infoTense.name == 'impPresent') then
        infoTense.conj.s1 = nil
        infoTense.conj.s2 = infoTense.conj.s3
        infoTense.conj.s3 = nil
        infoTense.conj.p1 = nil
        -- infoTense.conj.p2 = infoTense.conj.p2
        infoTense.conj.p3 = nil
    end

    return infoTense
end

-- =============================================================================
--                               END
-- =============================================================================
-- Some useful tools
-- =============================================================================
-- Returns the list of verb tenses
export.tensesList = function()
	local list = {}
    for _, tense in pairs(export.tenseRules) do
        table.insert(list, tense.name)
    end
	return list
end

-- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
-- (for a given conjugate tense in all persons of that tense)
function export.concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjVerbs)
	local concatTab = {}
	for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
		concatTab[pers] = pronoms[pers] .. ' ' .. conjVerbs[pers]
	end

	return concatTab
end
-- =============================================================================
-- ADDITIONAL STEM OF THE PAST AND PRESENT (pastStem2, ... and presentStem2, ...)
-- This function does nothing more than add additional parameters for verb stems
-- in the past and present tenses.
-- Conjugations for the different stems will be separated by &quot;/&quot;
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems)
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
     opts.tense = tense or nil
     
    presentStems = presentStems or {}
	pastStems = pastStems or {}

    
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if not infoTense then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    local stems = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStems or pastStems

    -- For each verb stem, its conjugation table is calculated and stored in conjTabs.
    local conjTabs = {}
    for i = 1, #stems do
        if stems[i] then
            if (infoTense.stem == 'past') then opts.pastStem = stems[i] end
            if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then opts.presentStem = stems[i] end

            local conj = export.conjugate(opts).conj
            table.insert(conjTabs, conj)
        end
    end

    -- We concatenate each row of the conjugation tables.
    local concatConjTabs = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local frag = {}
        for i = 1, #conjTabs do
            local val = conjTabs[i][pers]
            if val then table.insert(frag, tostring(val)) end
        end
        concatConjTabs[pers] = table.concat(frag, ' — ')
    end

    infoTense.conj = concatConjTabs

    return infoTense
end

-- ====================================================================================
--  VERB CONUGATION IN ALL TENSES WITH OR WITHOUT PRONOUMS
-- ====================================================================================
function export.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems, negation, concatPrs)
	-- &quot;concatPrs=false&quot; table without pronouns
	
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
    
    if negation == 'negative' then opts.isNegative = true end

    -- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
	local concatPronomsVerbs = export.concatPronomsVerbs

    -- Tenses list
    local tensesList = export.tensesList()

    -- Conjugation in all tenses
    local conjTab = {}
    for _, tense in ipairs(tensesList) do
        local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy')

		-- We create the conjugation table without the pronouns.
        conjTab[tense] = deepCopy(export.conjugateLong(opts, tense, presentStems, pastStems), 'copy')
		
        -- We concatenate the pronouns and the verbs if &quot;concatPrs&quot; is different of &quot;false&quot;
		-- No pronouns for the imperative mood
		if (tense ~= 'impPresent' and concatPrs ~= false) then
			local pronoms = deepCopy(export.conjPronouns(infoTense.stem, infoTense.mode, opts.isTransitive))
        	conjTab[tense].conj = concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjTab[tense].conj)
        end
    end

    return conjTab
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- Allows you to obtain a given conjugation from a model.
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|tew|dem=indPresent|kes=s1}}
-- See {{ku-tewîn-lk-niha}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.tew(frame)
   local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isNegative     = frame.args['neyînî'] or false,
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or nil,
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or nil,
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		impMe      = frame['me'] or nil,
		
        impNegForm     = 1,
		tags           = args['lînk'] or 'erê',
		accent         = args['devok'] or 'std',
    }
	
	local tense        = frame.args['dem'] or nil
	local pers         = frame.args['kes'] or nil
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems    = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}

    -- A few checks
    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerguhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    if (baseOpts.isNegative == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isNegative = true
    end

	local tabConj = export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems).conj
	
    return tabConj[pers]
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- GET COMMMA SEPARED FORMS
-- Bnr. [[MediaWiki:Gadget-QQ.js]]
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|get_comma_separated_forms|niha=kev|borî=ket}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.get_comma_separated_forms(frame)
    local opts = {
        presentStem     = frame.args['niha'],
        pastStem        = frame.args['borî'],
        isTransitive    = false,
        isNegative      = false,
        isCompoundVerb  = frame['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb   = frame['pêşgir'] or '',
        postSimpleVerb  = frame['paşgir'] or '',
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		impMe      = frame['me'] or nil,
		
        impNegForm     = 1,
		tags           = 'na', -- Remove links/tags
		addPreverbParticles = 'na' -- Remove preverb particles (ê/dê)
    }

   local function concateList(tenseList)
        local concatList = {}
        for _, pers in ipairs({&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;}) do
        	local tense = tenseList[pers]
            table.insert(concatList, tense)
        end

        return table.concat(concatList, &quot;,&quot;)
   end

   	local tenseList = {'indPresent','indPreterite','indImperfect',
                      'indPluperfect','indPerfect','indNwPluperfect',
                      'indFuture','indFuturePerfect',
                      'subjImperfect','subjPluperfect'
                    }
                    
    local concatAllTense = {}
    
    for  i = 1, #tenseList do
        local tense = tenseList[i]
        if export.tenseRules[tense] then
            opts.tense = tense
            local conj = shallowCopy(export.conjugate(opts).conj)
            local concatTense = concateList(conj)
            table.insert(concatAllTense, concatTense)
        end
    end
    
    return table.concat(concatAllTense, &quot;,&quot;)
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>j4qod0osrsu6kn55g5stnk4sg01too5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237521</id>
      <parentid>6237516</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T08:57:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>6237521</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="45366" sha1="7mk75q416jhutlviv152duhhs4oc9sx" xml:space="preserve">-- Modula tewandina lêkerên kurmancî

local export = {}

-- Load irregular forms table
-- local irreg = require('Module:ku-tewandin/nestandard')
local langKu = require(&quot;Modul:languages&quot;).getByCode(&quot;ku&quot;)
local link = require('Module:links').language_link
local shallowCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/shallowCopy&quot;)
local deepCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/deepCopy&quot;)

local gsub = mw.ustring.gsub
local find = mw.ustring.find

-- =============================================================================
-- Pronouns in Kurmanji
-- =============================================================================
export.order = {&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;, &quot;p2&quot;, &quot;p3&quot;}

export.pronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;ez&quot;,    p1 = &quot;em&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;tu&quot;,    p2 = &quot;hûn&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;ew&quot;,    p3 = &quot;ew&quot;
}

export.obliquePronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;min&quot;,      p1 = &quot;me&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;te&quot;,       p2 = &quot;we&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;wê/wî&quot;,    p3 = &quot;wan&quot;
}

export.agents = {
    s1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,            p1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,           p2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;,   p3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;
}

-- Oblique pronoun (green) 
export.obliquePronounsGreen = {
    s1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;min&lt;/span&gt;',
    s2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;te&lt;/span&gt;',
    s3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wê/wî&lt;/span&gt;',
    p1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;me&lt;/span&gt;',
    p2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;we&lt;/span&gt;',
    p3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wan&lt;/span&gt;'
}

-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-- 1) This function returns correct subject/agent pronoun, ergativity rule:
--   - Transitive verbs in past tenses → oblique pronoun (green) = agent
--   - All other cases                 → direct pronoun (no color) = subject
-- 2) Also add the subjunctive prefix &quot;(bila)&quot;
-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
function export.conjPronouns(stemType, mode, isTransitive)
    local pronouns = shallowCopy(export.pronouns)

    -- Ergativity in kurdish: transitive verbs that are conjugated with the past tense stem are
    -- conjugated according to the object, not the subject.
    -- Therefore, to have an ergative construction,
    -- the verb must be transitive and its stem must be the stem of the past tense.
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (stemType == 'past')

    -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
    -- If it's not ergative, we use normal pronouns: &quot;ez&quot;, &quot;tu&quot;, ...
    if isErgative then
        pronouns = shallowCopy(export.obliquePronounsGreen)
    end

    -- For the subjunctive mood, we add &quot;(bila)&quot; at the beginning.
    if mode == 'subjunctive' then
    	local subjPrefix = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(bila)&lt;/span&gt;'
        for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
            pronouns[pers] = subjPrefix .. ' ' .. pronouns[pers]
        end
    end
    return pronouns
end

-- =============================================================================
-- VERBAL STRUCTURE IN THE INFINITIVE:
-- Verbs in the infinitive appear in three main forms:
--  1) Simple verb (indivisible light verb):
--       - ex.:  &quot;kirin&quot;, &quot;çûn&quot;, &quot;xwarin&quot;, ...
--  2) Verbs with preverbs (preverb + simple verb):
--       - ex.: &quot;rakirin&quot; (ra- + kirin), &quot;çêkirin&quot; (çê- + kirin), &quot;vexwarin&quot; (ve- + xwarin), ...
--       - Preverb verbs don't use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê rakim , ew ê rake , ...)
--  3) Compound verbs, construction with non-verbal element (the noun is not attached to the verb):
--       - Left of the simple verb: &quot;hez kirin&quot; (&quot;hez&quot; + &quot;kirin&quot;), &quot;li dar xistin&quot; (&quot;li dar&quot; + &quot;xistin&quot;), ...
--       - Right of the simple verb: &quot;kirin der&quot; (&quot;kirin&quot; + &quot;der&quot;), &quot;girtin ser xwe&quot; (&quot;girtin&quot; + &quot;ser xwe&quot;), ...
--       - Compound verbs use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê hez bi-kim , ew ê hez bi-ke )

-- STRUCTURE:  preSimpleVerb + spacing + simpleVerb + postSimpleVerb
-- EX.     kirin: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       rakirin: preSimpleVerb='ra';  spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--     hez kirin: preSimpleVerb='hez'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       pev çûn: preSimpleVerb='pev'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='çûn';   postSimpleVerb=''
--     kirin der: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb='der'

-- WARNING: Conjugation can vary depending on the type of verb.
-- For example, in the future tense,the prefix &quot;bi&quot; is used for compound verbs,
-- but not for preverbal verbs, see the function that manages it  &quot;tenseRules&quot; table.
-- This table does not yet support the mixed case: a verb composed of a noun and a preverb verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)
    local struct

    if (preSimpleVerb and preSimpleVerb ~= '' and not isCompoundVerb) then
        struct = 'preverbVerb'
    elseif isCompoundVerb then
        struct = 'compoundVerb'
    else
        struct = 'simpleVerb'
    end

    return struct
end

-- ================================================================
-- INFLECTIONAL ENDINGS
-- Assigns verb inflectional endings (suffixes) to all tenses
-- ================================================================
local getEndings = {}

do
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ending using present stem
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['present'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends = {}
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends['std'] = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
            ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='m', s2='(y)', s3='t', p1='yn', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends['std'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='e', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
			ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='&lt;u&gt;it&lt;/u&gt;/ît', p1='în', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. preterite + ind. imperfect ending
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['past'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
		local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiouû]$') then
            ends = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, 'î$') then
           -- if self.name == 'indImperfect' then
           --     -- special indicative ind. imperfect rule
           --     ends = {s1='yam', s2='yayî', s3='ya', p1='yan', p2='yan', p3='yan'}
           -- end
            ends = {s1='m', s2='', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Compound endings with auxiliary &quot;bûn&quot;
    -- Inflectional endings are created by taking the different forms of the
    -- verb &quot;bûn&quot; (with present stem &quot;-b-&quot; and past stem &quot;-bû-&quot;) and
    -- adding an &quot;i-&quot; prefix before them: &quot;i-b-im&quot;, &quot;i-bû-m&quot;, &quot;i-bû-me&quot;, &quot;i-bû-ma&quot;.
    -- This &quot;i-&quot; varies according to the final letter of the verb stem.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    local function normalize_i(stem)
        local prfx_i = &quot;i&quot;
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;ya$&quot;) or
           mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;[îû]$&quot;) then -- cf. karîn (-karî-)
           	prfx_i = &quot;&quot;
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiou]$') then
            prfx_i = &quot;yi&quot;
        end
        return prfx_i
    end

    getEndings['ibim'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bim&quot;,   p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;be&quot;,    p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûm'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûm&quot;,     p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bû&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûme'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûme&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyiye&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûye&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûma'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûma&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyayî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûya&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;
        }
    end
    
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. perfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ime'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;me&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;ye&quot;, p1=&quot;ne&quot;, p2=&quot;ne&quot;, p3=&quot;ne&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ime&quot;, s2=&quot;iyî&quot;, s3=&quot;iye&quot;, p1=&quot;ine&quot;, p2=&quot;ine&quot;, p3=&quot;ine&quot;}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Subj. Imperfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ama'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        -- The doublet in &quot;-iyan&quot; of verbs in -&quot;în&quot; (gerîn/-geriya-, kenîn/-keniya-, ...),
        -- in the conditional and subjunctive moods, a doublet &quot;yaya&quot; appears; it's removed.
        -- -yayayî → -yayî; -yaya → -ya
		if mw.ustring.match(stem, '(ya)$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
		elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yayî&quot;, s3=&quot;ya&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ama&quot;, s2=&quot;ayî&quot;, s3=&quot;a&quot;, p1=&quot;ana&quot;, p2=&quot;ana&quot;, p3=&quot;ana&quot;}
        end
        return ends
    end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR PREVERBS: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;
-- There are two preverbs: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;. These preverbs can change form
-- depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getPreverb = {}

do
	getPreverb['bi'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local verbStruct = opts.verbStruct
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
		local accent     = opts.accent

		-- Devoka rojhilatî:
		-- @Ferhengvan: Dema bêt bi lêkera alîkar &quot;ê / dê&quot; û bi rehê lêkerê yê
		-- dema niha û pêşgirên kesî tê çêkirin. Pêşgira &quot;bi-&quot; li destpêka lêkera
		-- serekî nîne: - ez ê / dê xw-im (standard: ez ê/dê bi-xw-im).
		if (self.name == 'indFuture' and accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			return ''
		end
	
	    -- Preverb verbs don't use the preverb &quot;bi-&quot;: ra-kirin (ez ê rakim), ve-xwarin (ez ê vexwim) , ...
	    -- But compound verb and simple verbs use it: hez kirin (ez ê hez bi-kim), lê bigirin (ez ê lê bi-girim), ...
	    if (verbStruct == 'preverbVerb') then
	        return ''
	    end
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stem == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentBi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentBi
		elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastBi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastBi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameBi then
			return overridePreverb.sameBi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;bi-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[aeêiîouû]') then
	        return 'b'
	    end
	
	    return 'bi'
	end

	getPreverb['di'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;di&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stem == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentDi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentDi
		elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastDi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastDi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameDi then
			return overridePreverb.sameDi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;di-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[ai]') then
	        return 'd'
	    end
	    -- Ex. hatin : stem = -ê- // ez têm
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[êî]') then
	        return 't'
	    end
	
	    return 'di'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR NEGATION PREFIXES: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;
-- There are two negation prefixes: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;. These preverbs can change
-- form depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getNegPrefix = {}

do
	getNegPrefix['na'] = function (self, opts)
		-- self: reserved for future use
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overrideNa = opts.overrideNegPrefix.presentNa
	
	    if overrideNa then return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNa .. '&lt;/b&gt;' end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] end
	
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;nay&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;n&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Tîpa duyem &quot;-a-&quot; ye (k-a-rîn, z-a-nîn, ...)
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^%wa') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;ni&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;na&lt;/b&gt;'
	end

	getNegPrefix['ne'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local tenseName = self.name
	    local impNegForm = opts.impNegForm -- form &quot;1&quot; or &quot;2&quot; of imp.
		local overrideNegPrefix = opts.overrideNegPrefix

        local negPrefix = 'ne'

		-- Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;indImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
		-- ji ber vê yekê 'negPrefix' hertim (?) 'ne' ye ji ber ku dikeve pêş 
		-- pêşgira &quot;di-&quot;: wê/wî ne-di-elimand (elimandin)
	    if (tenseName == 'indImperfect') then
	         return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end

		-- Override		
		if (overrideNegPrefix.impMe or overrideNegPrefix.presentNe
									or overrideNegPrefix.pastNe
				                    or overrideNegPrefix.sameNe) then
			-- Ovverride imp.
			if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
				if (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.impMe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.impMe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe and 
					find(overrideNegPrefix.presentNe, '^n')) then
					--For the &quot;me-&quot; form, we replace the &quot;n&quot; with an &quot;m&quot;.
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. gsub(overrideNegPrefix.presentNe, '^(.)', 'm') .. '&lt;/b&gt;'	
				elseif (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.sameNe and 
					find(overrideNegPrefix.sameNe, '^n')) then
					--For the &quot;me-&quot; form, we replace the &quot;n&quot; with an &quot;m&quot;.
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. gsub(overrideNegPrefix.sameNe, '^(.)', 'm') .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 2 and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 2 and overrideNegPrefix.sameNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				end
			else
				-- For other tenses besides the imperative
				if (self.stem == 'present' and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
			    elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overrideNegPrefix.pastNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.pastNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif overrideNegPrefix.sameNe then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				end
			end
		end
	
	    -- There are two forms of construction of the imperative,
	    -- one with the prefix &quot;me-&quot; (1) and the other (2) with the prefix &quot;ne-&quot;.
	    if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
	        negPrefix = (impNegForm == 2) and 'ne' or 'me'
	    end
		
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. 'y&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        negPrefix = mw.ustring.sub(negPrefix, 1, -2)
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- Standardization of the PREVERBAL PARTICLE
-- The proverbial particle &quot;ê&quot; is placed after the personal pronoun.
-- =============================================================================
-- If there are no verbal preparticles, return empty table.
function export.getPreverbParticules(preverbParticle, typeStem, isTransitive)
    if not preverbParticle then
        return {s1='', s2='', s3='', p1='', p2='', p3=''}
    end

    if preverbParticle == 'ê' then
        local isErgative = isTransitive and (typeStem == 'past')

        -- When the personal pronoun ends in a vowel, a &quot;y-&quot; is added before &quot;ê&quot;.
        -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
        if isErgative then
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='yê/dê', p1='yê/dê', p2='yê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        else
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='ê/dê', p1='ê/dê', p2='ê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        end
    end

    -- If the verbal preparticle is identical for all pronouns,
    -- we create a table with the same value.
    local preverbParticles = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        preverbParticles[pers] = preverbParticle
    end

    return preverbParticles
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING EACH VERB TENSE
-- This table lists, for each verb tense, what elements are required to form it:
--   - Verb conjugation is built by placing either the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; or &quot;di-&quot; before
--     the verb stem (past or present), followed by a personal ending.
--   - For the negative form, one of the prefixes &quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot; is added as well.
--   - In some cases, a preverbal particle such as /ê/ or /dê/ is added before
--     the conjugated verb as well.
-- Not: - The &quot;negPreverb&quot; (preverb (bi-/di-) for negative tenses) parameter has a
--         value different from &quot;nil&quot; only for the Imperfect tense (&quot;negPreverb=di&quot;).
--      - The parameter &quot;negPrefix=na&quot; is used only for the present indicative.
--
-- Preverb &quot;di&quot;, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(present stem), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(past stem)
--                        - Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;IndImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
-- Preverb &quot;bi&quot;, used in: &quot;indFuture&quot;(present stem), &quot;subPresent&quot;(present stem),
--                         &quot;subImperfect&quot;(past stem) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(past stem)
--                        - The prefix &quot;bi-&quot; isn't used in negative forms.
--
-- Present stem, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(di)(na),
--                        &quot;indFuture&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;subPresent&quot;(bi)(ne)
--
-- Past stem, used in: &quot;indPreterite&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(di)(ne), &quot;indPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;indPerfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPreterite&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subImperfect&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(bi)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne) = &quot;condPreterite&quot;(-)(ne)
-- =============================================================================
-- Some conjugations are identical except that they differ only in the preverbal particle (/ê/, /dê/).
-- So, to avoid repeating the same information (and thus risking errors),
-- we establish the common part shared between these verbs.
local sharedTenseRules = {
    indFuture = {
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['present']
    },

    indFuturePerfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibim']
    },

    subImperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ama']
    },

    subPluperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûma']
    }
}

local mt = {
    __index = function(t, k)
        local commonRules = t._commonRules
        if commonRules then return commonRules[k] end
    end
}

-- TENSES CONJUGATION RULES
export.tenseRules = {
    -- IMPERATIVE MOOD
    impPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;impPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raweya fermanî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present imperative&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;imperative&quot;,
        _commonRules = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- INDICATIVE MOOD
    indPresent = {
        name         = &quot;indPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema niha&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['na'],
        endings      = getEndings['present'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPreterite = {
        name         = &quot;indPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya sade&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;simple past&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indImperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya berdest&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;Imperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = getPreverb['di'],
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPluperfect    = {
        name         = &quot;indPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûm'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indFuture = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuture&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema bê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    indFuturePerfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dahatiya pêş&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    -- In some books, the &quot;perfect&quot; and &quot;nonconfirmative pluperfect&quot; tenses
    -- are classified in the &quot;inferential mood&quot; (&quot;moda neşahidî&quot;).
    -- Currently we classify them using the indicative mood (at the end).
    indPerfect = {
        name         = &quot;indPerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ime'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indNwPluperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya boriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;non-witnessed pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûme'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    -- SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
    subjPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema nihaya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    subjPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjImperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;imperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjPluperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr a bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- CONDITIONAL MOOD
    condPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya dema nihaya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    condPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

}

-- =============================================================================
-- MAIN CONJUGATION FUNCTOIN
-- This function returns an array containing the conjugation table for a given
-- tense as well as other information about the conjugated verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugate(opts)
    opts = opts or {}
    -- Required parameters
    local tense          = opts.tense or error(&quot;'tense' required&quot;, 2)
    --One of the two parameters is required:
    --  - If the tense uses the present stem, indicate &quot;presentStem&quot;.
    --  - If it uses the past stem, indicate &quot;pastStem&quot;.
    local presentStem    = opts.presentStem
    local pastStem       = opts.pastStem
    -- Optional parameters
    local isTransitive   = opts.isTransitive or false   -- Indicate if the verb is transitive (true/false)
    local isNegative     = opts.isNegative or false     -- Indicate if it's the negative form (true/false)
    local isCompoundVerb = opts.isCompoundVerb or false -- Indicate if it's a compound verb (true/false)
    local preSimpleVerb  = opts.preSimpleVerb or ''     -- The part before the simple verb
    local postSimpleVerb = opts.postSimpleVerb or ''    -- The part after the simple verb
    -- These parameters are provided when the verb is irregular.
    -- Allows you to manually modify preverbs (&quot;bi-&quot;&quot; or &quot;di-&quot;)
    -- and negation prefixes (&quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot;)
	local overridePreverb = {
		-- Preverbs (bi-, di)
	    presentBi = opts.presentBi or nil,
	    presentDi = opts.presentDi or nil,
	    pastBi    = opts.pastBi or nil,
	    pastDi    = opts.pastDi or nil,
		-- Same preverbs (&quot;past&quot; and &quot;present&quot; stem)
	    sameBi     = opts.sameBi or nil,
	    sameDi     = opts.sameDi or nil,
	}
	local overrideNegPrefix = {
		-- Neg. prefix (na-, ne-)
	    presentNa  = opts.presentNa or nil,
	    presentNe  = opts.presentNe or nil,
	    pastNe     = opts.pastNe or nil,
		-- same neg. prefix (for past and present stem)
	    sameNe     = opts.sameNe or nil,
		impMe      = opts.impMe or nil,
	}
    -- By default, the negation of the imperative is constructed from the prefix &quot;me-&quot;&quot;.
    -- To obtain the second variant, the prefix with &quot;ne-&quot;, you must specify &quot;impNegForm=2&quot;.
    local impNegForm     = opts.impNegForm or 1
	-- Accent/ Devok
    local accent = opts.accent or 'std'
	
	-- If &quot;tags='na'&quot;, remove links/tags
	local tags = opts.tags or 'erê'
	-- If addPreverbParticles='na', remove preverb particles (ê/dê) before
	-- the conjugated verbs.
	local addPreverbParticles = opts.addPreverbParticles or 'erê'

	
	-- We add a space to the left of the &quot;postSimpleVerb&quot; because it shouldn't be attached
	-- to the simple verb.
	if (postSimpleVerb ~= '' and postSimpleVerb ~=nil) then
		postSimpleVerb = ' ' .. postSimpleVerb
	end

    -- Access to the classification table and retrieval of verb tense parameters
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if (not infoTense) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- We check that one of the two parameters of the stem is given
    if (infoTense.stem == 'present' and not presentStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;presentStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    elseif (infoTense.stem == 'past' and not pastStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;pasttStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- Choice between the present stem or past stem
    local stem = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStem or pastStem

    --────────────────────────────
    -- Conjugation construction --
    -- ───────────────────────────
    local preverb = ''
    local negPrefix = ''

	-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
    -- Lêkerin nestandard --
    -- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
	-- çûn
	if (stem == 'her' and pastStem == 'çû') then
		if tense == 'indPresent' then
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'r'
			else
				stem = 'er'
				preverb = 't'
			end
		elseif ({impPresent=true, indFuture=true, subjPresent=true})[tense] then
			preverb = ''
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'r'
			else
				stem = 'her'
			end
		end
	end

	-- hatin
	if (stem == 'wer'  and pastStem == 'hat') then
		if ({impPresent=true, indFuture=true, subjPresent=true})[tense] then
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'ê'
			else
				overridePreverb.presentBi = ''
				stem = 'wer'
			end
		elseif (tense == 'indPresent') then
			stem = 'ê'
		end
	end
	-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
	
    -- Ruturns the verb type: &quot;simpleVerb&quot; or &quot;preverbVerb&quot; or &quot;compoundVerb&quot;
    local verbStruct = export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)

    if isNegative then
        negPrefix = infoTense:negPrefix{stem=stem,
                                        impNegForm=impNegForm,
                                        overrideNegPrefix=overrideNegPrefix}
        if infoTense.negPreverb then
            preverb = infoTense:negPreverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                           overridePreverb=overridePreverb}
        end
    else
        if infoTense.preverb then
            preverb = infoTense:preverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                        overridePreverb=overridePreverb,
										accent=accent}
        end
    end

    infoTense.conj = {}
    local spacing = isCompoundVerb and ' ' or ''
    local endings = infoTense:endings(stem)
	
	-- 'rojhilatî' accent (devok) for present stem
	if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then
		if (accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			endings = endings['rojhilatî']
		else
			endings = endings['std']
		end

	end
	
    local preverbParticles = export.getPreverbParticules(infoTense.preverbParticle, infoTense.stem, isTransitive)
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (infoTense.stem == 'past')

    -- Creating the conjugation table for a given tense
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local ending
        local conjSimbleVerb
        local conjVerb

        if isErgative then
            ending = endings.s3
        else
            ending = endings[pers]
        end

        -- Adding space after the preverbal particle, and
		-- if &quot;addPreverbParticles='na'&quot;: remove preverb particles (ê/dê).
		local preverbParticle = ''
		if infoTense.preverbParticle and addPreverbParticles ~= 'na' then
	            preverbParticle = preverbParticles[pers] .. ' '
		end

        conjSimbleVerb = negPrefix  .. preverb .. stem .. ending
        -- Adding prefixe and suffixe
        conjVerb =  preSimpleVerb .. spacing .. conjSimbleVerb .. postSimpleVerb
        -- Spelling correction(îy -&gt; iy)
        conjVerb = gsub(conjVerb, 'îy', 'iy')
        -- Add a link / if tags='na' no links
		if tags ~= 'na' then
        	conjVerb = link{term=conjVerb, lang=langKu}
		end
        -- Addition of the preverbal particle
        infoTense.conj[pers] = preverbParticle .. conjVerb
    end

    -- Imperative
    if (infoTense.name == 'impPresent') then
        infoTense.conj.s1 = nil
        infoTense.conj.s2 = infoTense.conj.s3
        infoTense.conj.s3 = nil
        infoTense.conj.p1 = nil
        -- infoTense.conj.p2 = infoTense.conj.p2
        infoTense.conj.p3 = nil
    end

    return infoTense
end

-- =============================================================================
--                               END
-- =============================================================================
-- Some useful tools
-- =============================================================================
-- Returns the list of verb tenses
export.tensesList = function()
	local list = {}
    for _, tense in pairs(export.tenseRules) do
        table.insert(list, tense.name)
    end
	return list
end

-- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
-- (for a given conjugate tense in all persons of that tense)
function export.concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjVerbs)
	local concatTab = {}
	for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
		concatTab[pers] = pronoms[pers] .. ' ' .. conjVerbs[pers]
	end

	return concatTab
end
-- =============================================================================
-- ADDITIONAL STEM OF THE PAST AND PRESENT (pastStem2, ... and presentStem2, ...)
-- This function does nothing more than add additional parameters for verb stems
-- in the past and present tenses.
-- Conjugations for the different stems will be separated by &quot;/&quot;
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems)
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
     opts.tense = tense or nil
     
    presentStems = presentStems or {}
	pastStems = pastStems or {}

    
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if not infoTense then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    local stems = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStems or pastStems

    -- For each verb stem, its conjugation table is calculated and stored in conjTabs.
    local conjTabs = {}
    for i = 1, #stems do
        if stems[i] then
            if (infoTense.stem == 'past') then opts.pastStem = stems[i] end
            if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then opts.presentStem = stems[i] end

            local conj = export.conjugate(opts).conj
            table.insert(conjTabs, conj)
        end
    end

    -- We concatenate each row of the conjugation tables.
    local concatConjTabs = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local frag = {}
        for i = 1, #conjTabs do
            local val = conjTabs[i][pers]
            if val then table.insert(frag, tostring(val)) end
        end
        concatConjTabs[pers] = table.concat(frag, ' — ')
    end

    infoTense.conj = concatConjTabs

    return infoTense
end

-- ====================================================================================
--  VERB CONUGATION IN ALL TENSES WITH OR WITHOUT PRONOUMS
-- ====================================================================================
function export.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems, negation, concatPrs)
	-- &quot;concatPrs=false&quot; table without pronouns
	
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
    
    if negation == 'negative' then opts.isNegative = true end

    -- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
	local concatPronomsVerbs = export.concatPronomsVerbs

    -- Tenses list
    local tensesList = export.tensesList()

    -- Conjugation in all tenses
    local conjTab = {}
    for _, tense in ipairs(tensesList) do
        local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy')

		-- We create the conjugation table without the pronouns.
        conjTab[tense] = deepCopy(export.conjugateLong(opts, tense, presentStems, pastStems), 'copy')
		
        -- We concatenate the pronouns and the verbs if &quot;concatPrs&quot; is different of &quot;false&quot;
		-- No pronouns for the imperative mood
		if (tense ~= 'impPresent' and concatPrs ~= false) then
			local pronoms = deepCopy(export.conjPronouns(infoTense.stem, infoTense.mode, opts.isTransitive))
        	conjTab[tense].conj = concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjTab[tense].conj)
        end
    end

    return conjTab
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- Allows you to obtain a given conjugation from a model.
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|tew|dem=indPresent|kes=s1}}
-- See {{ku-tewîn-lk-niha}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.tew(frame)
   local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isNegative     = frame.args['neyînî'] or false,
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or nil,
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or nil,
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		impMe      = frame['me'] or nil,
		
        impNegForm     = 1,
		tags           = args['lînk'] or 'erê',
		accent         = args['devok'] or 'std',
    }
	
	local tense        = frame.args['dem'] or nil
	local pers         = frame.args['kes'] or nil
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems    = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}

    -- A few checks
    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerguhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    if (baseOpts.isNegative == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isNegative = true
    end

	local tabConj = export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems).conj
	
    return tabConj[pers]
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- GET COMMMA SEPARED FORMS
-- Bnr. [[MediaWiki:Gadget-QQ.js]]
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|get_comma_separated_forms|niha=kev|borî=ket}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.get_comma_separated_forms(frame)
    local opts = {
        presentStem     = frame.args['niha'],
        pastStem        = frame.args['borî'],
        isTransitive    = false,
        isNegative      = false,
        isCompoundVerb  = frame['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb   = frame['pêşgir'] or '',
        postSimpleVerb  = frame['paşgir'] or '',
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		impMe      = frame['me'] or nil,
		
        impNegForm     = 1,
		tags           = 'na', -- Remove links/tags
		addPreverbParticles = 'na' -- Remove preverb particles (ê/dê)
    }

   local function concateList(tenseList)
        local concatList = {}
        for _, pers in ipairs({&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;}) do
        	local tense = tenseList[pers]
            table.insert(concatList, tense)
        end

        return table.concat(concatList, &quot;,&quot;)
   end

   	local tenseList = {'indPresent','indPreterite','indImperfect',
                      'indPluperfect','indPerfect','indNwPluperfect',
                      'indFuture','indFuturePerfect',
                      'subjImperfect','subjPluperfect'
                    }
                    
    local concatAllTense = {}
    
    for  i = 1, #tenseList do
        local tense = tenseList[i]
        if export.tenseRules[tense] then
            opts.tense = tense
            local conj = shallowCopy(export.conjugate(opts).conj)
            local concatTense = concateList(conj)
            table.insert(concatAllTense, concatTense)
        end
    end
    
    return table.concat(concatAllTense, &quot;,&quot;)
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>7mk75q416jhutlviv152duhhs4oc9sx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237522</id>
      <parentid>6237521</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T09:20:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>6237522</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="45641" sha1="hym9j6qmgaukdd57i3ixak07gbzbrb6" xml:space="preserve">-- Modula tewandina lêkerên kurmancî

local export = {}

-- Load irregular forms table
-- local irreg = require('Module:ku-tewandin/nestandard')
local langKu = require(&quot;Modul:languages&quot;).getByCode(&quot;ku&quot;)
local link = require('Module:links').language_link
local shallowCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/shallowCopy&quot;)
local deepCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/deepCopy&quot;)

local gsub = mw.ustring.gsub
local find = mw.ustring.find

-- =============================================================================
-- Pronouns in Kurmanji
-- =============================================================================
export.order = {&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;, &quot;p2&quot;, &quot;p3&quot;}

export.pronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;ez&quot;,    p1 = &quot;em&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;tu&quot;,    p2 = &quot;hûn&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;ew&quot;,    p3 = &quot;ew&quot;
}

export.obliquePronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;min&quot;,      p1 = &quot;me&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;te&quot;,       p2 = &quot;we&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;wê/wî&quot;,    p3 = &quot;wan&quot;
}

export.agents = {
    s1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,            p1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,           p2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;,   p3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;
}

-- Oblique pronoun (green) 
export.obliquePronounsGreen = {
    s1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;min&lt;/span&gt;',
    s2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;te&lt;/span&gt;',
    s3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wê/wî&lt;/span&gt;',
    p1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;me&lt;/span&gt;',
    p2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;we&lt;/span&gt;',
    p3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wan&lt;/span&gt;'
}

-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-- 1) This function returns correct subject/agent pronoun, ergativity rule:
--   - Transitive verbs in past tenses → oblique pronoun (green) = agent
--   - All other cases                 → direct pronoun (no color) = subject
-- 2) Also add the subjunctive prefix &quot;(bila)&quot;
-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
function export.conjPronouns(stemType, mode, isTransitive)
    local pronouns = shallowCopy(export.pronouns)

    -- Ergativity in kurdish: transitive verbs that are conjugated with the past tense stem are
    -- conjugated according to the object, not the subject.
    -- Therefore, to have an ergative construction,
    -- the verb must be transitive and its stem must be the stem of the past tense.
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (stemType == 'past')

    -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
    -- If it's not ergative, we use normal pronouns: &quot;ez&quot;, &quot;tu&quot;, ...
    if isErgative then
        pronouns = shallowCopy(export.obliquePronounsGreen)
    end

    -- For the subjunctive mood, we add &quot;(bila)&quot; at the beginning.
    if mode == 'subjunctive' then
    	local subjPrefix = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(bila)&lt;/span&gt;'
        for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
            pronouns[pers] = subjPrefix .. ' ' .. pronouns[pers]
        end
    end
    return pronouns
end

-- =============================================================================
-- VERBAL STRUCTURE IN THE INFINITIVE:
-- Verbs in the infinitive appear in three main forms:
--  1) Simple verb (indivisible light verb):
--       - ex.:  &quot;kirin&quot;, &quot;çûn&quot;, &quot;xwarin&quot;, ...
--  2) Verbs with preverbs (preverb + simple verb):
--       - ex.: &quot;rakirin&quot; (ra- + kirin), &quot;çêkirin&quot; (çê- + kirin), &quot;vexwarin&quot; (ve- + xwarin), ...
--       - Preverb verbs don't use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê rakim , ew ê rake , ...)
--  3) Compound verbs, construction with non-verbal element (the noun is not attached to the verb):
--       - Left of the simple verb: &quot;hez kirin&quot; (&quot;hez&quot; + &quot;kirin&quot;), &quot;li dar xistin&quot; (&quot;li dar&quot; + &quot;xistin&quot;), ...
--       - Right of the simple verb: &quot;kirin der&quot; (&quot;kirin&quot; + &quot;der&quot;), &quot;girtin ser xwe&quot; (&quot;girtin&quot; + &quot;ser xwe&quot;), ...
--       - Compound verbs use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê hez bi-kim , ew ê hez bi-ke )

-- STRUCTURE:  preSimpleVerb + spacing + simpleVerb + postSimpleVerb
-- EX.     kirin: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       rakirin: preSimpleVerb='ra';  spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--     hez kirin: preSimpleVerb='hez'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       pev çûn: preSimpleVerb='pev'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='çûn';   postSimpleVerb=''
--     kirin der: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb='der'

-- WARNING: Conjugation can vary depending on the type of verb.
-- For example, in the future tense,the prefix &quot;bi&quot; is used for compound verbs,
-- but not for preverbal verbs, see the function that manages it  &quot;tenseRules&quot; table.
-- This table does not yet support the mixed case: a verb composed of a noun and a preverb verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)
    local struct

    if (preSimpleVerb and preSimpleVerb ~= '' and not isCompoundVerb) then
        struct = 'preverbVerb'
    elseif isCompoundVerb then
        struct = 'compoundVerb'
    else
        struct = 'simpleVerb'
    end

    return struct
end

-- ================================================================
-- INFLECTIONAL ENDINGS
-- Assigns verb inflectional endings (suffixes) to all tenses
-- ================================================================
local getEndings = {}

do
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ending using present stem
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['present'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends = {}
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends['std'] = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
            ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='m', s2='(y)', s3='t', p1='yn', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends['std'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='e', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
			ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='&lt;u&gt;it&lt;/u&gt;/ît', p1='în', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. preterite + ind. imperfect ending
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['past'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
		local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiouû]$') then
            ends = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, 'î$') then
           -- if self.name == 'indImperfect' then
           --     -- special indicative ind. imperfect rule
           --     ends = {s1='yam', s2='yayî', s3='ya', p1='yan', p2='yan', p3='yan'}
           -- end
            ends = {s1='m', s2='', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Compound endings with auxiliary &quot;bûn&quot;
    -- Inflectional endings are created by taking the different forms of the
    -- verb &quot;bûn&quot; (with present stem &quot;-b-&quot; and past stem &quot;-bû-&quot;) and
    -- adding an &quot;i-&quot; prefix before them: &quot;i-b-im&quot;, &quot;i-bû-m&quot;, &quot;i-bû-me&quot;, &quot;i-bû-ma&quot;.
    -- This &quot;i-&quot; varies according to the final letter of the verb stem.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    local function normalize_i(stem)
        local prfx_i = &quot;i&quot;
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;ya$&quot;) or
           mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;[îû]$&quot;) then -- cf. karîn (-karî-)
           	prfx_i = &quot;&quot;
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiou]$') then
            prfx_i = &quot;yi&quot;
        end
        return prfx_i
    end

    getEndings['ibim'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bim&quot;,   p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;be&quot;,    p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûm'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûm&quot;,     p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bû&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûme'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûme&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyiye&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûye&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûma'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûma&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyayî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûya&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;
        }
    end
    
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. perfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ime'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;me&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;ye&quot;, p1=&quot;ne&quot;, p2=&quot;ne&quot;, p3=&quot;ne&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ime&quot;, s2=&quot;iyî&quot;, s3=&quot;iye&quot;, p1=&quot;ine&quot;, p2=&quot;ine&quot;, p3=&quot;ine&quot;}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Subj. Imperfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ama'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        -- The doublet in &quot;-iyan&quot; of verbs in -&quot;în&quot; (gerîn/-geriya-, kenîn/-keniya-, ...),
        -- in the conditional and subjunctive moods, a doublet &quot;yaya&quot; appears; it's removed.
        -- -yayayî → -yayî; -yaya → -ya
		if mw.ustring.match(stem, '(ya)$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
		elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yayî&quot;, s3=&quot;ya&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ama&quot;, s2=&quot;ayî&quot;, s3=&quot;a&quot;, p1=&quot;ana&quot;, p2=&quot;ana&quot;, p3=&quot;ana&quot;}
        end
        return ends
    end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR PREVERBS: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;
-- There are two preverbs: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;. These preverbs can change form
-- depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getPreverb = {}

do
	getPreverb['bi'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local verbStruct = opts.verbStruct
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
		local accent     = opts.accent

		-- Devoka rojhilatî:
		-- @Ferhengvan: Dema bêt bi lêkera alîkar &quot;ê / dê&quot; û bi rehê lêkerê yê
		-- dema niha û pêşgirên kesî tê çêkirin. Pêşgira &quot;bi-&quot; li destpêka lêkera
		-- serekî nîne: - ez ê / dê xw-im (standard: ez ê/dê bi-xw-im).
		if (self.name == 'indFuture' and accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			return ''
		end
	
	    -- Preverb verbs don't use the preverb &quot;bi-&quot;: ra-kirin (ez ê rakim), ve-xwarin (ez ê vexwim) , ...
	    -- But compound verb and simple verbs use it: hez kirin (ez ê hez bi-kim), lê bigirin (ez ê lê bi-girim), ...
	    if (verbStruct == 'preverbVerb') then
	        return ''
	    end
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stem == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentBi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentBi
		elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastBi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastBi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameBi then
			return overridePreverb.sameBi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;bi-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[aeêiîouû]') then
	        return 'b'
	    end
	
	    return 'bi'
	end

	getPreverb['di'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;di&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stem == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentDi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentDi
		elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastDi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastDi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameDi then
			return overridePreverb.sameDi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;di-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[ai]') then
	        return 'd'
	    end
	    -- Ex. hatin : stem = -ê- // ez têm
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[êî]') then
	        return 't'
	    end
	
	    return 'di'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR NEGATION PREFIXES: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;
-- There are two negation prefixes: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;. These preverbs can change
-- form depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getNegPrefix = {}

do
	getNegPrefix['na'] = function (self, opts)
		-- self: reserved for future use
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overrideNa = opts.overrideNegPrefix.presentNa
	
	    if overrideNa then return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNa .. '&lt;/b&gt;' end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] end
	
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;nay&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;n&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Tîpa duyem &quot;-a-&quot; ye (k-a-rîn, z-a-nîn, ...)
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^%wa') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;ni&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;na&lt;/b&gt;'
	end

	getNegPrefix['ne'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local tenseName = self.name
	    local impNegForm = opts.impNegForm -- form &quot;1&quot; or &quot;2&quot; of imp.
		local overrideNegPrefix = opts.overrideNegPrefix

        local negPrefix = 'ne'

		-- Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;indImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
		-- ji ber vê yekê 'negPrefix' hertim (?) 'ne' ye ji ber ku dikeve pêş 
		-- pêşgira &quot;di-&quot;: wê/wî ne-di-elimand (elimandin)
	    if (tenseName == 'indImperfect') then
	         return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end

		-- Override		
		if (overrideNegPrefix.impMe or overrideNegPrefix.presentNe
									or overrideNegPrefix.pastNe
				                    or overrideNegPrefix.sameNe) then
			-- Ovverride imp.
			if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
				if (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.impMe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.impMe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe and 
					find(overrideNegPrefix.presentNe, '^n')) then
					--For the &quot;me-&quot; form, we replace the &quot;n&quot; with an &quot;m&quot;.
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. gsub(overrideNegPrefix.presentNe, '^(.)', 'm') .. '&lt;/b&gt;'	
				elseif (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.sameNe and 
					find(overrideNegPrefix.sameNe, '^n')) then
					--For the &quot;me-&quot; form, we replace the &quot;n&quot; with an &quot;m&quot;.
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. gsub(overrideNegPrefix.sameNe, '^(.)', 'm') .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 2 and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 2 and overrideNegPrefix.sameNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				end
			else
				-- For other tenses besides the imperative
				if (self.stem == 'present' and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
			    elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overrideNegPrefix.pastNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.pastNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif overrideNegPrefix.sameNe then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				end
			end
		end
	
	    -- There are two forms of construction of the imperative,
	    -- one with the prefix &quot;me-&quot; (1) and the other (2) with the prefix &quot;ne-&quot;.
	    if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
	        negPrefix = (impNegForm == 2) and 'ne' or 'me'
	    end
		
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. 'y&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        negPrefix = mw.ustring.sub(negPrefix, 1, -2)
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- Standardization of the PREVERBAL PARTICLE
-- The proverbial particle &quot;ê&quot; is placed after the personal pronoun.
-- =============================================================================
-- If there are no verbal preparticles, return empty table.
function export.getPreverbParticules(preverbParticle, typeStem, isTransitive)
    if not preverbParticle then
        return {s1='', s2='', s3='', p1='', p2='', p3=''}
    end

    if preverbParticle == 'ê' then
        local isErgative = isTransitive and (typeStem == 'past')

        -- When the personal pronoun ends in a vowel, a &quot;y-&quot; is added before &quot;ê&quot;.
        -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
        if isErgative then
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='yê/dê', p1='yê/dê', p2='yê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        else
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='ê/dê', p1='ê/dê', p2='ê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        end
    end

    -- If the verbal preparticle is identical for all pronouns,
    -- we create a table with the same value.
    local preverbParticles = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        preverbParticles[pers] = preverbParticle
    end

    return preverbParticles
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING EACH VERB TENSE
-- This table lists, for each verb tense, what elements are required to form it:
--   - Verb conjugation is built by placing either the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; or &quot;di-&quot; before
--     the verb stem (past or present), followed by a personal ending.
--   - For the negative form, one of the prefixes &quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot; is added as well.
--   - In some cases, a preverbal particle such as /ê/ or /dê/ is added before
--     the conjugated verb as well.
-- Not: - The &quot;negPreverb&quot; (preverb (bi-/di-) for negative tenses) parameter has a
--         value different from &quot;nil&quot; only for the Imperfect tense (&quot;negPreverb=di&quot;).
--      - The parameter &quot;negPrefix=na&quot; is used only for the present indicative.
--
-- Preverb &quot;di&quot;, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(present stem), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(past stem)
--                        - Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;IndImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
-- Preverb &quot;bi&quot;, used in: &quot;indFuture&quot;(present stem), &quot;subPresent&quot;(present stem),
--                         &quot;subImperfect&quot;(past stem) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(past stem)
--                        - The prefix &quot;bi-&quot; isn't used in negative forms.
--
-- Present stem, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(di)(na),
--                        &quot;indFuture&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;subPresent&quot;(bi)(ne)
--
-- Past stem, used in: &quot;indPreterite&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(di)(ne), &quot;indPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;indPerfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPreterite&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subImperfect&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(bi)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne) = &quot;condPreterite&quot;(-)(ne)
-- =============================================================================
-- Some conjugations are identical except that they differ only in the preverbal particle (/ê/, /dê/).
-- So, to avoid repeating the same information (and thus risking errors),
-- we establish the common part shared between these verbs.
local sharedTenseRules = {
    indFuture = {
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['present']
    },

    indFuturePerfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibim']
    },

    subImperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ama']
    },

    subPluperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûma']
    }
}

local mt = {
    __index = function(t, k)
        local commonRules = t._commonRules
        if commonRules then return commonRules[k] end
    end
}

-- TENSES CONJUGATION RULES
export.tenseRules = {
    -- IMPERATIVE MOOD
    impPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;impPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raweya fermanî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present imperative&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;imperative&quot;,
        _commonRules = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- INDICATIVE MOOD
    indPresent = {
        name         = &quot;indPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema niha&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['na'],
        endings      = getEndings['present'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPreterite = {
        name         = &quot;indPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya sade&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;simple past&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indImperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya berdest&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;Imperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = getPreverb['di'],
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPluperfect    = {
        name         = &quot;indPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûm'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indFuture = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuture&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema bê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    indFuturePerfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dahatiya pêş&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    -- In some books, the &quot;perfect&quot; and &quot;nonconfirmative pluperfect&quot; tenses
    -- are classified in the &quot;inferential mood&quot; (&quot;moda neşahidî&quot;).
    -- Currently we classify them using the indicative mood (at the end).
    indPerfect = {
        name         = &quot;indPerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ime'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indNwPluperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya boriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;non-witnessed pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûme'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    -- SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
    subjPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema nihaya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    subjPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjImperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;imperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjPluperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr a bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- CONDITIONAL MOOD
    condPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya dema nihaya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    condPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

}

-- =============================================================================
-- MAIN CONJUGATION FUNCTOIN
-- This function returns an array containing the conjugation table for a given
-- tense as well as other information about the conjugated verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugate(opts)
    opts = opts or {}
    -- Required parameters
    local tense          = opts.tense or error(&quot;'tense' required&quot;, 2)
    --One of the two parameters is required:
    --  - If the tense uses the present stem, indicate &quot;presentStem&quot;.
    --  - If it uses the past stem, indicate &quot;pastStem&quot;.
    local presentStem    = opts.presentStem
    local pastStem       = opts.pastStem
    -- Optional parameters
    local isTransitive   = opts.isTransitive or false   -- Indicate if the verb is transitive (true/false)
    local isNegative     = opts.isNegative or false     -- Indicate if it's the negative form (true/false)
    local isCompoundVerb = opts.isCompoundVerb or false -- Indicate if it's a compound verb (true/false)
    local preSimpleVerb  = opts.preSimpleVerb or ''     -- The part before the simple verb
    local postSimpleVerb = opts.postSimpleVerb or ''    -- The part after the simple verb
    -- These parameters are provided when the verb is irregular.
    -- Allows you to manually modify preverbs (&quot;bi-&quot;&quot; or &quot;di-&quot;)
    -- and negation prefixes (&quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot;)
	local overridePreverb = {
		-- Preverbs (bi-, di)
	    presentBi = opts.presentBi or nil,
	    presentDi = opts.presentDi or nil,
	    pastBi    = opts.pastBi or nil,
	    pastDi    = opts.pastDi or nil,
		-- Same preverbs (&quot;past&quot; and &quot;present&quot; stem)
	    sameBi     = opts.sameBi or nil,
	    sameDi     = opts.sameDi or nil,
	}
	local overrideNegPrefix = {
		-- Neg. prefix (na-, ne-)
	    presentNa  = opts.presentNa or nil,
	    presentNe  = opts.presentNe or nil,
	    pastNe     = opts.pastNe or nil,
		-- same neg. prefix (for past and present stem)
	    sameNe     = opts.sameNe or nil,
		impMe      = opts.impMe or nil,
	}
    -- By default, the negation of the imperative is constructed from the prefix &quot;me-&quot;&quot;.
    -- To obtain the second variant, the prefix with &quot;ne-&quot;, you must specify &quot;impNegForm=2&quot;.
    local impNegForm     = opts.impNegForm or 1
	-- Accent/ Devok
    local accent = opts.accent or 'std'
	
	-- If &quot;tags='na'&quot;, remove links/tags
	local tags = opts.tags or 'erê'
	-- If addPreverbParticles='na', remove preverb particles (ê/dê) before
	-- the conjugated verbs.
	local addPreverbParticles = opts.addPreverbParticles or 'erê'

	
	-- We add a space to the left of the &quot;postSimpleVerb&quot; because it shouldn't be attached
	-- to the simple verb.
	if (postSimpleVerb ~= '' and postSimpleVerb ~=nil) then
		postSimpleVerb = ' ' .. postSimpleVerb
	end

    -- Access to the classification table and retrieval of verb tense parameters
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if (not infoTense) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- We check that one of the two parameters of the stem is given
    if (infoTense.stem == 'present' and not presentStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;presentStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    elseif (infoTense.stem == 'past' and not pastStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;pasttStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- Choice between the present stem or past stem
    local stem = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStem or pastStem

    --────────────────────────────
    -- Conjugation construction --
    -- ───────────────────────────
    local preverb = ''
    local negPrefix = ''

	-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
    -- Lêkerin nestandard --
    -- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
	-- çûn
	if (stem == 'her' and pastStem == 'çû') then
		if tense == 'indPresent' then
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'r'
			else
				stem = 'er'
				preverb = 't'
			end
		elseif ({impPresent=true, indFuture=true, subjPresent=true})[tense] then
			preverb = ''
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'r'
			else
				stem = 'her'
			end
		end
	end

	-- hatin
	if (stem == 'wer'  and pastStem == 'hat') then
		if ({impPresent=true, indFuture=true, subjPresent=true})[tense] then
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'ê'
			else
				overridePreverb.presentBi = ''
				stem = 'wer'
			end
		elseif (tense == 'indPresent') then
			stem = 'ê'
		end
	end
	-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
	
    -- Ruturns the verb type: &quot;simpleVerb&quot; or &quot;preverbVerb&quot; or &quot;compoundVerb&quot;
    local verbStruct = export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)

    if isNegative then
        negPrefix = infoTense:negPrefix{stem=stem,
                                        impNegForm=impNegForm,
                                        overrideNegPrefix=overrideNegPrefix}
        if infoTense.negPreverb then
            preverb = infoTense:negPreverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                           overridePreverb=overridePreverb}
        end
    else
        if infoTense.preverb then
            preverb = infoTense:preverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                        overridePreverb=overridePreverb,
										accent=accent}
        end
    end

    infoTense.conj = {}
    local spacing = isCompoundVerb and ' ' or ''
    local endings = infoTense:endings(stem)
	
	-- 'rojhilatî' accent (devok) for present stem
	if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then
		if (accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			endings = endings['rojhilatî']
		else
			endings = endings['std']
		end

	end
	
    local preverbParticles = export.getPreverbParticules(infoTense.preverbParticle, infoTense.stem, isTransitive)
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (infoTense.stem == 'past')

    -- Creating the conjugation table for a given tense
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local ending
        local conjSimbleVerb
        local conjVerb

        if isErgative then
            ending = endings.s3
        else
            ending = endings[pers]
        end

        -- Adding space after the preverbal particle, and
		-- if &quot;addPreverbParticles='na'&quot;: remove preverb particles (ê/dê).
		local preverbParticle = ''
		if infoTense.preverbParticle and addPreverbParticles ~= 'na' then
	            preverbParticle = preverbParticles[pers] .. ' '
		end

        conjSimbleVerb = negPrefix  .. preverb .. stem .. ending
        -- Adding prefixe and suffixe
        conjVerb =  preSimpleVerb .. spacing .. conjSimbleVerb .. postSimpleVerb
        -- Spelling correction(îy -&gt; iy)
        conjVerb = gsub(conjVerb, 'îy', 'iy')
        -- Add a link / if tags='na' no links
		if tags ~= 'na' then
        	conjVerb = link{term=conjVerb, lang=langKu}
		end
        -- Addition of the preverbal particle
        infoTense.conj[pers] = preverbParticle .. conjVerb
    end

    -- Imperative
    if (infoTense.name == 'impPresent') then
        infoTense.conj.s1 = nil
        infoTense.conj.s2 = infoTense.conj.s3
        infoTense.conj.s3 = nil
        infoTense.conj.p1 = nil
        -- infoTense.conj.p2 = infoTense.conj.p2
        infoTense.conj.p3 = nil
    end

    return infoTense
end

-- =============================================================================
--                               END
-- =============================================================================
-- Some useful tools
-- =============================================================================
-- Returns the list of verb tenses
export.tensesList = function()
	local list = {}
    for _, tense in pairs(export.tenseRules) do
        table.insert(list, tense.name)
    end
	return list
end

-- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
-- (for a given conjugate tense in all persons of that tense)
function export.concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjVerbs)
	local concatTab = {}
	for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
		concatTab[pers] = pronoms[pers] .. ' ' .. conjVerbs[pers]
	end

	return concatTab
end

-- Remove duplicates
local function removeDuplicates(list)
	local seen = {}
	local result = {}
	
	for _, value in ipairs(list) do
		if not seen[value] then
			seen[value] = true
			table.insert(result, value)
		end
	end
	
	return result
end

-- =============================================================================
-- ADDITIONAL STEM OF THE PAST AND PRESENT (pastStem2, ... and presentStem2, ...)
-- This function does nothing more than add additional parameters for verb stems
-- in the past and present tenses.
-- Conjugations for the different stems will be separated by &quot;/&quot;
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems)
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
     opts.tense = tense or nil
     
    presentStems = presentStems or {}
	pastStems = pastStems or {}

    
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if not infoTense then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    local stems = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStems or pastStems

    -- For each verb stem, its conjugation table is calculated and stored in conjTabs.
    local conjTabs = {}
    for i = 1, #stems do
        if stems[i] then
            if (infoTense.stem == 'past') then opts.pastStem = stems[i] end
            if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then opts.presentStem = stems[i] end

            local conj = export.conjugate(opts).conj
            table.insert(conjTabs, conj)
        end
    end

    -- We concatenate each row of the conjugation tables.
    local concatConjTabs = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local frag = {}
        for i = 1, #conjTabs do
            local val = conjTabs[i][pers]
            if val then table.insert(frag, tostring(val)) end
        end
		frag = removeDuplicates(frag)
        concatConjTabs[pers] = table.concat(frag, ' — ')
    end

    infoTense.conj = concatConjTabs

    return infoTense
end

-- ====================================================================================
--  VERB CONUGATION IN ALL TENSES WITH OR WITHOUT PRONOUMS
-- ====================================================================================
function export.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems, negation, concatPrs)
	-- &quot;concatPrs=false&quot; table without pronouns
	
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
    
    if negation == 'negative' then opts.isNegative = true end

    -- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
	local concatPronomsVerbs = export.concatPronomsVerbs

    -- Tenses list
    local tensesList = export.tensesList()

    -- Conjugation in all tenses
    local conjTab = {}
    for _, tense in ipairs(tensesList) do
        local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy')

		-- We create the conjugation table without the pronouns.
        conjTab[tense] = deepCopy(export.conjugateLong(opts, tense, presentStems, pastStems), 'copy')
		
        -- We concatenate the pronouns and the verbs if &quot;concatPrs&quot; is different of &quot;false&quot;
		-- No pronouns for the imperative mood
		if (tense ~= 'impPresent' and concatPrs ~= false) then
			local pronoms = deepCopy(export.conjPronouns(infoTense.stem, infoTense.mode, opts.isTransitive))
        	conjTab[tense].conj = concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjTab[tense].conj)
        end
    end

    return conjTab
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- Allows you to obtain a given conjugation from a model.
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|tew|dem=indPresent|kes=s1}}
-- See {{ku-tewîn-lk-niha}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.tew(frame)
   local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isNegative     = frame.args['neyînî'] or false,
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or nil,
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or nil,
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		impMe      = frame['me'] or nil,
		
        impNegForm     = 1,
		tags           = args['lînk'] or 'erê',
		accent         = args['devok'] or 'std',
    }
	
	local tense        = frame.args['dem'] or nil
	local pers         = frame.args['kes'] or nil
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems    = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}

    -- A few checks
    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerguhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    if (baseOpts.isNegative == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isNegative = true
    end

	local tabConj = export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems).conj
	
    return tabConj[pers]
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- GET COMMMA SEPARED FORMS
-- Bnr. [[MediaWiki:Gadget-QQ.js]]
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|get_comma_separated_forms|niha=kev|borî=ket}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.get_comma_separated_forms(frame)
    local opts = {
        presentStem     = frame.args['niha'],
        pastStem        = frame.args['borî'],
        isTransitive    = false,
        isNegative      = false,
        isCompoundVerb  = frame['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb   = frame['pêşgir'] or '',
        postSimpleVerb  = frame['paşgir'] or '',
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		impMe      = frame['me'] or nil,
		
        impNegForm     = 1,
		tags           = 'na', -- Remove links/tags
		addPreverbParticles = 'na' -- Remove preverb particles (ê/dê)
    }

   local function concateList(tenseList)
        local concatList = {}
        for _, pers in ipairs({&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;}) do
        	local tense = tenseList[pers]
            table.insert(concatList, tense)
        end

        return table.concat(concatList, &quot;,&quot;)
   end

   	local tenseList = {'indPresent','indPreterite','indImperfect',
                      'indPluperfect','indPerfect','indNwPluperfect',
                      'indFuture','indFuturePerfect',
                      'subjImperfect','subjPluperfect'
                    }
                    
    local concatAllTense = {}
    
    for  i = 1, #tenseList do
        local tense = tenseList[i]
        if export.tenseRules[tense] then
            opts.tense = tense
            local conj = shallowCopy(export.conjugate(opts).conj)
            local concatTense = concateList(conj)
            table.insert(concatAllTense, concatTense)
        end
    end
    
    return table.concat(concatAllTense, &quot;,&quot;)
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>hym9j6qmgaukdd57i3ixak07gbzbrb6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237524</id>
      <parentid>6237522</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T09:31:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>6237524</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="45677" sha1="at1m4sz3j4bvfea4ip4qitiiprvk3tb" xml:space="preserve">-- Modula tewandina lêkerên kurmancî

local export = {}

-- Load irregular forms table
-- local irreg = require('Module:ku-tewandin/nestandard')
local langKu = require(&quot;Modul:languages&quot;).getByCode(&quot;ku&quot;)
local link = require('Module:links').language_link
local shallowCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/shallowCopy&quot;)
local deepCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/deepCopy&quot;)

local gsub = mw.ustring.gsub
local find = mw.ustring.find

-- =============================================================================
-- Pronouns in Kurmanji
-- =============================================================================
export.order = {&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;, &quot;p2&quot;, &quot;p3&quot;}

export.pronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;ez&quot;,    p1 = &quot;em&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;tu&quot;,    p2 = &quot;hûn&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;ew&quot;,    p3 = &quot;ew&quot;
}

export.obliquePronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;min&quot;,      p1 = &quot;me&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;te&quot;,       p2 = &quot;we&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;wê/wî&quot;,    p3 = &quot;wan&quot;
}

export.agents = {
    s1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,            p1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,           p2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;,   p3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;
}

-- Oblique pronoun (green) 
export.obliquePronounsGreen = {
    s1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;min&lt;/span&gt;',
    s2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;te&lt;/span&gt;',
    s3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wê/wî&lt;/span&gt;',
    p1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;me&lt;/span&gt;',
    p2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;we&lt;/span&gt;',
    p3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wan&lt;/span&gt;'
}

-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-- 1) This function returns correct subject/agent pronoun, ergativity rule:
--   - Transitive verbs in past tenses → oblique pronoun (green) = agent
--   - All other cases                 → direct pronoun (no color) = subject
-- 2) Also add the subjunctive prefix &quot;(bila)&quot;
-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
function export.conjPronouns(stemType, mode, isTransitive)
    local pronouns = shallowCopy(export.pronouns)

    -- Ergativity in kurdish: transitive verbs that are conjugated with the past tense stem are
    -- conjugated according to the object, not the subject.
    -- Therefore, to have an ergative construction,
    -- the verb must be transitive and its stem must be the stem of the past tense.
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (stemType == 'past')

    -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
    -- If it's not ergative, we use normal pronouns: &quot;ez&quot;, &quot;tu&quot;, ...
    if isErgative then
        pronouns = shallowCopy(export.obliquePronounsGreen)
    end

    -- For the subjunctive mood, we add &quot;(bila)&quot; at the beginning.
    if mode == 'subjunctive' then
    	local subjPrefix = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(bila)&lt;/span&gt;'
        for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
            pronouns[pers] = subjPrefix .. ' ' .. pronouns[pers]
        end
    end
    return pronouns
end

-- =============================================================================
-- VERBAL STRUCTURE IN THE INFINITIVE:
-- Verbs in the infinitive appear in three main forms:
--  1) Simple verb (indivisible light verb):
--       - ex.:  &quot;kirin&quot;, &quot;çûn&quot;, &quot;xwarin&quot;, ...
--  2) Verbs with preverbs (preverb + simple verb):
--       - ex.: &quot;rakirin&quot; (ra- + kirin), &quot;çêkirin&quot; (çê- + kirin), &quot;vexwarin&quot; (ve- + xwarin), ...
--       - Preverb verbs don't use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê rakim , ew ê rake , ...)
--  3) Compound verbs, construction with non-verbal element (the noun is not attached to the verb):
--       - Left of the simple verb: &quot;hez kirin&quot; (&quot;hez&quot; + &quot;kirin&quot;), &quot;li dar xistin&quot; (&quot;li dar&quot; + &quot;xistin&quot;), ...
--       - Right of the simple verb: &quot;kirin der&quot; (&quot;kirin&quot; + &quot;der&quot;), &quot;girtin ser xwe&quot; (&quot;girtin&quot; + &quot;ser xwe&quot;), ...
--       - Compound verbs use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê hez bi-kim , ew ê hez bi-ke )

-- STRUCTURE:  preSimpleVerb + spacing + simpleVerb + postSimpleVerb
-- EX.     kirin: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       rakirin: preSimpleVerb='ra';  spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--     hez kirin: preSimpleVerb='hez'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       pev çûn: preSimpleVerb='pev'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='çûn';   postSimpleVerb=''
--     kirin der: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb='der'

-- WARNING: Conjugation can vary depending on the type of verb.
-- For example, in the future tense,the prefix &quot;bi&quot; is used for compound verbs,
-- but not for preverbal verbs, see the function that manages it  &quot;tenseRules&quot; table.
-- This table does not yet support the mixed case: a verb composed of a noun and a preverb verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)
    local struct

    if (preSimpleVerb and preSimpleVerb ~= '' and not isCompoundVerb) then
        struct = 'preverbVerb'
    elseif isCompoundVerb then
        struct = 'compoundVerb'
    else
        struct = 'simpleVerb'
    end

    return struct
end

-- ================================================================
-- INFLECTIONAL ENDINGS
-- Assigns verb inflectional endings (suffixes) to all tenses
-- ================================================================
local getEndings = {}

do
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ending using present stem
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['present'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends = {}
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends['std'] = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
            ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='m', s2='(y)', s3='t', p1='yn', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends['std'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='e', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
			ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='&lt;u&gt;it&lt;/u&gt;/ît', p1='în', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. preterite + ind. imperfect ending
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['past'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
		local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiouû]$') then
            ends = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, 'î$') then
           -- if self.name == 'indImperfect' then
           --     -- special indicative ind. imperfect rule
           --     ends = {s1='yam', s2='yayî', s3='ya', p1='yan', p2='yan', p3='yan'}
           -- end
            ends = {s1='m', s2='', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Compound endings with auxiliary &quot;bûn&quot;
    -- Inflectional endings are created by taking the different forms of the
    -- verb &quot;bûn&quot; (with present stem &quot;-b-&quot; and past stem &quot;-bû-&quot;) and
    -- adding an &quot;i-&quot; prefix before them: &quot;i-b-im&quot;, &quot;i-bû-m&quot;, &quot;i-bû-me&quot;, &quot;i-bû-ma&quot;.
    -- This &quot;i-&quot; varies according to the final letter of the verb stem.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    local function normalize_i(stem)
        local prfx_i = &quot;i&quot;
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;ya$&quot;) or
           mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;[îû]$&quot;) then -- cf. karîn (-karî-)
           	prfx_i = &quot;&quot;
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiou]$') then
            prfx_i = &quot;yi&quot;
        end
        return prfx_i
    end

    getEndings['ibim'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bim&quot;,   p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;be&quot;,    p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûm'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûm&quot;,     p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bû&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûme'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûme&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyiye&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûye&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûma'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûma&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyayî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûya&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;
        }
    end
    
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. perfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ime'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;me&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;ye&quot;, p1=&quot;ne&quot;, p2=&quot;ne&quot;, p3=&quot;ne&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ime&quot;, s2=&quot;iyî&quot;, s3=&quot;iye&quot;, p1=&quot;ine&quot;, p2=&quot;ine&quot;, p3=&quot;ine&quot;}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Subj. Imperfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ama'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        -- The doublet in &quot;-iyan&quot; of verbs in -&quot;în&quot; (gerîn/-geriya-, kenîn/-keniya-, ...),
        -- in the conditional and subjunctive moods, a doublet &quot;yaya&quot; appears; it's removed.
        -- -yayayî → -yayî; -yaya → -ya
		if mw.ustring.match(stem, '(ya)$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
		elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yayî&quot;, s3=&quot;ya&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ama&quot;, s2=&quot;ayî&quot;, s3=&quot;a&quot;, p1=&quot;ana&quot;, p2=&quot;ana&quot;, p3=&quot;ana&quot;}
        end
        return ends
    end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR PREVERBS: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;
-- There are two preverbs: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;. These preverbs can change form
-- depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getPreverb = {}

do
	getPreverb['bi'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local verbStruct = opts.verbStruct
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
		local accent     = opts.accent

		-- Devoka rojhilatî:
		-- @Ferhengvan: Dema bêt bi lêkera alîkar &quot;ê / dê&quot; û bi rehê lêkerê yê
		-- dema niha û pêşgirên kesî tê çêkirin. Pêşgira &quot;bi-&quot; li destpêka lêkera
		-- serekî nîne: - ez ê / dê xw-im (standard: ez ê/dê bi-xw-im).
		if (self.name == 'indFuture' and accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			return ''
		end
	
	    -- Preverb verbs don't use the preverb &quot;bi-&quot;: ra-kirin (ez ê rakim), ve-xwarin (ez ê vexwim) , ...
	    -- But compound verb and simple verbs use it: hez kirin (ez ê hez bi-kim), lê bigirin (ez ê lê bi-girim), ...
	    if (verbStruct == 'preverbVerb') then
	        return ''
	    end
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stem == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentBi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentBi
		elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastBi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastBi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameBi then
			return overridePreverb.sameBi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;bi-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[aeêiîouû]') then
	        return 'b'
	    end
	
	    return 'bi'
	end

	getPreverb['di'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;di&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stem == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentDi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentDi
		elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastDi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastDi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameDi then
			return overridePreverb.sameDi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;di-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[ai]') then
	        return 'd'
	    end
	    -- Ex. hatin : stem = -ê- // ez têm
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[êî]') then
	        return 't'
	    end
	
	    return 'di'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR NEGATION PREFIXES: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;
-- There are two negation prefixes: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;. These preverbs can change
-- form depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getNegPrefix = {}

do
	getNegPrefix['na'] = function (self, opts)
		-- self: reserved for future use
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overrideNa = opts.overrideNegPrefix.presentNa
	
	    if overrideNa then return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNa .. '&lt;/b&gt;' end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] end
	
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;nay&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;n&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Tîpa duyem &quot;-a-&quot; ye (k-a-rîn, z-a-nîn, ...)
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^%wa') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;ni&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;na&lt;/b&gt;'
	end

	getNegPrefix['ne'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local tenseName = self.name
	    local impNegForm = opts.impNegForm -- form &quot;1&quot; or &quot;2&quot; of imp.
		local overrideNegPrefix = opts.overrideNegPrefix

        local negPrefix = 'ne'

		-- Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;indImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
		-- ji ber vê yekê 'negPrefix' hertim (?) 'ne' ye ji ber ku dikeve pêş 
		-- pêşgira &quot;di-&quot;: wê/wî ne-di-elimand (elimandin)
	    if (tenseName == 'indImperfect') then
	         return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end

		-- Override		
		if (overrideNegPrefix.impMe or overrideNegPrefix.presentNe
									or overrideNegPrefix.pastNe
				                    or overrideNegPrefix.sameNe) then
			-- Ovverride imp.
			if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
				if (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.impMe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.impMe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe and 
					find(overrideNegPrefix.presentNe, '^n')) then
					--For the &quot;me-&quot; form, we replace the &quot;n&quot; with an &quot;m&quot;.
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. gsub(overrideNegPrefix.presentNe, '^(.)', 'm') .. '&lt;/b&gt;'	
				elseif (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.sameNe and 
					find(overrideNegPrefix.sameNe, '^n')) then
					--For the &quot;me-&quot; form, we replace the &quot;n&quot; with an &quot;m&quot;.
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. gsub(overrideNegPrefix.sameNe, '^(.)', 'm') .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 2 and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 2 and overrideNegPrefix.sameNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				end
			else
				-- For other tenses besides the imperative
				if (self.stem == 'present' and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
			    elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overrideNegPrefix.pastNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.pastNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif overrideNegPrefix.sameNe then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				end
			end
		end
	
	    -- There are two forms of construction of the imperative,
	    -- one with the prefix &quot;me-&quot; (1) and the other (2) with the prefix &quot;ne-&quot;.
	    if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
	        negPrefix = (impNegForm == 2) and 'ne' or 'me'
	    end
		
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. 'y&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        negPrefix = mw.ustring.sub(negPrefix, 1, -2)
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- Standardization of the PREVERBAL PARTICLE
-- The proverbial particle &quot;ê&quot; is placed after the personal pronoun.
-- =============================================================================
-- If there are no verbal preparticles, return empty table.
function export.getPreverbParticules(preverbParticle, typeStem, isTransitive)
    if not preverbParticle then
        return {s1='', s2='', s3='', p1='', p2='', p3=''}
    end

    if preverbParticle == 'ê' then
        local isErgative = isTransitive and (typeStem == 'past')

        -- When the personal pronoun ends in a vowel, a &quot;y-&quot; is added before &quot;ê&quot;.
        -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
        if isErgative then
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='yê/dê', p1='yê/dê', p2='yê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        else
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='ê/dê', p1='ê/dê', p2='ê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        end
    end

    -- If the verbal preparticle is identical for all pronouns,
    -- we create a table with the same value.
    local preverbParticles = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        preverbParticles[pers] = preverbParticle
    end

    return preverbParticles
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING EACH VERB TENSE
-- This table lists, for each verb tense, what elements are required to form it:
--   - Verb conjugation is built by placing either the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; or &quot;di-&quot; before
--     the verb stem (past or present), followed by a personal ending.
--   - For the negative form, one of the prefixes &quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot; is added as well.
--   - In some cases, a preverbal particle such as /ê/ or /dê/ is added before
--     the conjugated verb as well.
-- Not: - The &quot;negPreverb&quot; (preverb (bi-/di-) for negative tenses) parameter has a
--         value different from &quot;nil&quot; only for the Imperfect tense (&quot;negPreverb=di&quot;).
--      - The parameter &quot;negPrefix=na&quot; is used only for the present indicative.
--
-- Preverb &quot;di&quot;, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(present stem), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(past stem)
--                        - Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;IndImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
-- Preverb &quot;bi&quot;, used in: &quot;indFuture&quot;(present stem), &quot;subPresent&quot;(present stem),
--                         &quot;subImperfect&quot;(past stem) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(past stem)
--                        - The prefix &quot;bi-&quot; isn't used in negative forms.
--
-- Present stem, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(di)(na),
--                        &quot;indFuture&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;subPresent&quot;(bi)(ne)
--
-- Past stem, used in: &quot;indPreterite&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(di)(ne), &quot;indPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;indPerfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPreterite&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subImperfect&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(bi)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne) = &quot;condPreterite&quot;(-)(ne)
-- =============================================================================
-- Some conjugations are identical except that they differ only in the preverbal particle (/ê/, /dê/).
-- So, to avoid repeating the same information (and thus risking errors),
-- we establish the common part shared between these verbs.
local sharedTenseRules = {
    indFuture = {
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['present']
    },

    indFuturePerfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibim']
    },

    subImperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ama']
    },

    subPluperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûma']
    }
}

local mt = {
    __index = function(t, k)
        local commonRules = t._commonRules
        if commonRules then return commonRules[k] end
    end
}

-- TENSES CONJUGATION RULES
export.tenseRules = {
    -- IMPERATIVE MOOD
    impPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;impPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raweya fermanî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present imperative&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;imperative&quot;,
        _commonRules = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- INDICATIVE MOOD
    indPresent = {
        name         = &quot;indPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema niha&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['na'],
        endings      = getEndings['present'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPreterite = {
        name         = &quot;indPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya sade&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;simple past&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indImperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya berdest&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;Imperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = getPreverb['di'],
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPluperfect    = {
        name         = &quot;indPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûm'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indFuture = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuture&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema bê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    indFuturePerfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dahatiya pêş&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    -- In some books, the &quot;perfect&quot; and &quot;nonconfirmative pluperfect&quot; tenses
    -- are classified in the &quot;inferential mood&quot; (&quot;moda neşahidî&quot;).
    -- Currently we classify them using the indicative mood (at the end).
    indPerfect = {
        name         = &quot;indPerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ime'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indNwPluperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya boriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;non-witnessed pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûme'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    -- SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
    subjPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema nihaya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    subjPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjImperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;imperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjPluperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr a bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- CONDITIONAL MOOD
    condPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya dema nihaya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    condPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

}

-- =============================================================================
-- MAIN CONJUGATION FUNCTOIN
-- This function returns an array containing the conjugation table for a given
-- tense as well as other information about the conjugated verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugate(opts)
    opts = opts or {}
    -- Required parameters
    local tense          = opts.tense or error(&quot;'tense' required&quot;, 2)
    --One of the two parameters is required:
    --  - If the tense uses the present stem, indicate &quot;presentStem&quot;.
    --  - If it uses the past stem, indicate &quot;pastStem&quot;.
    local presentStem    = opts.presentStem
    local pastStem       = opts.pastStem
    -- Optional parameters
    local isTransitive   = opts.isTransitive or false   -- Indicate if the verb is transitive (true/false)
    local isNegative     = opts.isNegative or false     -- Indicate if it's the negative form (true/false)
    local isCompoundVerb = opts.isCompoundVerb or false -- Indicate if it's a compound verb (true/false)
    local preSimpleVerb  = opts.preSimpleVerb or ''     -- The part before the simple verb
    local postSimpleVerb = opts.postSimpleVerb or ''    -- The part after the simple verb
    -- These parameters are provided when the verb is irregular.
    -- Allows you to manually modify preverbs (&quot;bi-&quot;&quot; or &quot;di-&quot;)
    -- and negation prefixes (&quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot;)
	local overridePreverb = {
		-- Preverbs (bi-, di)
	    presentBi = opts.presentBi or nil,
	    presentDi = opts.presentDi or nil,
	    pastBi    = opts.pastBi or nil,
	    pastDi    = opts.pastDi or nil,
		-- Same preverbs (&quot;past&quot; and &quot;present&quot; stem)
	    sameBi     = opts.sameBi or nil,
	    sameDi     = opts.sameDi or nil,
	}
	local overrideNegPrefix = {
		-- Neg. prefix (na-, ne-)
	    presentNa  = opts.presentNa or nil,
	    presentNe  = opts.presentNe or nil,
	    pastNe     = opts.pastNe or nil,
		-- same neg. prefix (for past and present stem)
	    sameNe     = opts.sameNe or nil,
		impMe      = opts.impMe or nil,
	}
    -- By default, the negation of the imperative is constructed from the prefix &quot;me-&quot;&quot;.
    -- To obtain the second variant, the prefix with &quot;ne-&quot;, you must specify &quot;impNegForm=2&quot;.
    local impNegForm     = opts.impNegForm or 1
	-- Accent/ Devok
    local accent = opts.accent or 'std'
	
	-- If &quot;tags='na'&quot;, remove links/tags
	local tags = opts.tags or 'erê'
	-- If addPreverbParticles='na', remove preverb particles (ê/dê) before
	-- the conjugated verbs.
	local addPreverbParticles = opts.addPreverbParticles or 'erê'

	
	-- We add a space to the left of the &quot;postSimpleVerb&quot; because it shouldn't be attached
	-- to the simple verb.
	if (postSimpleVerb ~= '' and postSimpleVerb ~=nil) then
		postSimpleVerb = ' ' .. postSimpleVerb
	end

    -- Access to the classification table and retrieval of verb tense parameters
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if (not infoTense) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- We check that one of the two parameters of the stem is given
    if (infoTense.stem == 'present' and not presentStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;presentStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    elseif (infoTense.stem == 'past' and not pastStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;pasttStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- Choice between the present stem or past stem
    local stem = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStem or pastStem

    --────────────────────────────
    -- Conjugation construction --
    -- ───────────────────────────
    local preverb = ''
    local negPrefix = ''

	-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
    -- Lêkerin nestandard --
    -- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
	-- çûn
	if (stem == 'her' and pastStem == 'çû') then
		if tense == 'indPresent' then
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'r'
			else
				stem = 'er'
				overridePreverb.presentDi = 't'
			end
		elseif ({impPresent=true, indFuture=true, subjPresent=true})[tense] then
			overridePreverb.presentBi = ''
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'r'
			else
				stem = 'her'
			end
		end
	end

	-- hatin
	if (stem == 'wer'  and pastStem == 'hat') then
		if ({impPresent=true, indFuture=true, subjPresent=true})[tense] then
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'ê'
			else
				overridePreverb.presentBi = ''
				stem = 'wer'
			end
		elseif (tense == 'indPresent') then
			stem = 'ê'
		end
	end
	-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
	
    -- Ruturns the verb type: &quot;simpleVerb&quot; or &quot;preverbVerb&quot; or &quot;compoundVerb&quot;
    local verbStruct = export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)

    if isNegative then
        negPrefix = infoTense:negPrefix{stem=stem,
                                        impNegForm=impNegForm,
                                        overrideNegPrefix=overrideNegPrefix}
        if infoTense.negPreverb then
            preverb = infoTense:negPreverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                           overridePreverb=overridePreverb}
        end
    else
        if infoTense.preverb then
            preverb = infoTense:preverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                        overridePreverb=overridePreverb,
										accent=accent}
        end
    end

    infoTense.conj = {}
    local spacing = isCompoundVerb and ' ' or ''
    local endings = infoTense:endings(stem)
	
	-- 'rojhilatî' accent (devok) for present stem
	if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then
		if (accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			endings = endings['rojhilatî']
		else
			endings = endings['std']
		end

	end
	
    local preverbParticles = export.getPreverbParticules(infoTense.preverbParticle, infoTense.stem, isTransitive)
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (infoTense.stem == 'past')

    -- Creating the conjugation table for a given tense
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local ending
        local conjSimbleVerb
        local conjVerb

        if isErgative then
            ending = endings.s3
        else
            ending = endings[pers]
        end

        -- Adding space after the preverbal particle, and
		-- if &quot;addPreverbParticles='na'&quot;: remove preverb particles (ê/dê).
		local preverbParticle = ''
		if infoTense.preverbParticle and addPreverbParticles ~= 'na' then
	            preverbParticle = preverbParticles[pers] .. ' '
		end

        conjSimbleVerb = negPrefix  .. preverb .. stem .. ending
        -- Adding prefixe and suffixe
        conjVerb =  preSimpleVerb .. spacing .. conjSimbleVerb .. postSimpleVerb
        -- Spelling correction(îy -&gt; iy)
        conjVerb = gsub(conjVerb, 'îy', 'iy')
        -- Add a link / if tags='na' no links
		if tags ~= 'na' then
        	conjVerb = link{term=conjVerb, lang=langKu}
		end
        -- Addition of the preverbal particle
        infoTense.conj[pers] = preverbParticle .. conjVerb
    end

    -- Imperative
    if (infoTense.name == 'impPresent') then
        infoTense.conj.s1 = nil
        infoTense.conj.s2 = infoTense.conj.s3
        infoTense.conj.s3 = nil
        infoTense.conj.p1 = nil
        -- infoTense.conj.p2 = infoTense.conj.p2
        infoTense.conj.p3 = nil
    end

    return infoTense
end

-- =============================================================================
--                               END
-- =============================================================================
-- Some useful tools
-- =============================================================================
-- Returns the list of verb tenses
export.tensesList = function()
	local list = {}
    for _, tense in pairs(export.tenseRules) do
        table.insert(list, tense.name)
    end
	return list
end

-- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
-- (for a given conjugate tense in all persons of that tense)
function export.concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjVerbs)
	local concatTab = {}
	for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
		concatTab[pers] = pronoms[pers] .. ' ' .. conjVerbs[pers]
	end

	return concatTab
end

-- Remove duplicates
local function removeDuplicates(list)
	local seen = {}
	local result = {}
	
	for _, value in ipairs(list) do
		if not seen[value] then
			seen[value] = true
			table.insert(result, value)
		end
	end
	
	return result
end

-- =============================================================================
-- ADDITIONAL STEM OF THE PAST AND PRESENT (pastStem2, ... and presentStem2, ...)
-- This function does nothing more than add additional parameters for verb stems
-- in the past and present tenses.
-- Conjugations for the different stems will be separated by &quot;/&quot;
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems)
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
     opts.tense = tense or nil
     
    presentStems = presentStems or {}
	pastStems = pastStems or {}

    
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if not infoTense then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    local stems = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStems or pastStems

    -- For each verb stem, its conjugation table is calculated and stored in conjTabs.
    local conjTabs = {}
    for i = 1, #stems do
        if stems[i] then
            if (infoTense.stem == 'past') then opts.pastStem = stems[i] end
            if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then opts.presentStem = stems[i] end

            local conj = export.conjugate(opts).conj
            table.insert(conjTabs, conj)
        end
    end

    -- We concatenate each row of the conjugation tables.
    local concatConjTabs = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local frag = {}
        for i = 1, #conjTabs do
            local val = conjTabs[i][pers]
            if val then table.insert(frag, tostring(val)) end
        end
		frag = removeDuplicates(frag)
        concatConjTabs[pers] = table.concat(frag, ' — ')
    end

    infoTense.conj = concatConjTabs

    return infoTense
end

-- ====================================================================================
--  VERB CONUGATION IN ALL TENSES WITH OR WITHOUT PRONOUMS
-- ====================================================================================
function export.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems, negation, concatPrs)
	-- &quot;concatPrs=false&quot; table without pronouns
	
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
    
    if negation == 'negative' then opts.isNegative = true end

    -- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
	local concatPronomsVerbs = export.concatPronomsVerbs

    -- Tenses list
    local tensesList = export.tensesList()

    -- Conjugation in all tenses
    local conjTab = {}
    for _, tense in ipairs(tensesList) do
        local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy')

		-- We create the conjugation table without the pronouns.
        conjTab[tense] = deepCopy(export.conjugateLong(opts, tense, presentStems, pastStems), 'copy')
		
        -- We concatenate the pronouns and the verbs if &quot;concatPrs&quot; is different of &quot;false&quot;
		-- No pronouns for the imperative mood
		if (tense ~= 'impPresent' and concatPrs ~= false) then
			local pronoms = deepCopy(export.conjPronouns(infoTense.stem, infoTense.mode, opts.isTransitive))
        	conjTab[tense].conj = concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjTab[tense].conj)
        end
    end

    return conjTab
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- Allows you to obtain a given conjugation from a model.
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|tew|dem=indPresent|kes=s1}}
-- See {{ku-tewîn-lk-niha}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.tew(frame)
   local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isNegative     = frame.args['neyînî'] or false,
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or nil,
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or nil,
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		impMe      = frame['me'] or nil,
		
        impNegForm     = 1,
		tags           = args['lînk'] or 'erê',
		accent         = args['devok'] or 'std',
    }
	
	local tense        = frame.args['dem'] or nil
	local pers         = frame.args['kes'] or nil
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems    = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}

    -- A few checks
    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerguhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    if (baseOpts.isNegative == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isNegative = true
    end

	local tabConj = export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems).conj
	
    return tabConj[pers]
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- GET COMMMA SEPARED FORMS
-- Bnr. [[MediaWiki:Gadget-QQ.js]]
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|get_comma_separated_forms|niha=kev|borî=ket}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.get_comma_separated_forms(frame)
    local opts = {
        presentStem     = frame.args['niha'],
        pastStem        = frame.args['borî'],
        isTransitive    = false,
        isNegative      = false,
        isCompoundVerb  = frame['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb   = frame['pêşgir'] or '',
        postSimpleVerb  = frame['paşgir'] or '',
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		impMe      = frame['me'] or nil,
		
        impNegForm     = 1,
		tags           = 'na', -- Remove links/tags
		addPreverbParticles = 'na' -- Remove preverb particles (ê/dê)
    }

   local function concateList(tenseList)
        local concatList = {}
        for _, pers in ipairs({&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;}) do
        	local tense = tenseList[pers]
            table.insert(concatList, tense)
        end

        return table.concat(concatList, &quot;,&quot;)
   end

   	local tenseList = {'indPresent','indPreterite','indImperfect',
                      'indPluperfect','indPerfect','indNwPluperfect',
                      'indFuture','indFuturePerfect',
                      'subjImperfect','subjPluperfect'
                    }
                    
    local concatAllTense = {}
    
    for  i = 1, #tenseList do
        local tense = tenseList[i]
        if export.tenseRules[tense] then
            opts.tense = tense
            local conj = shallowCopy(export.conjugate(opts).conj)
            local concatTense = concateList(conj)
            table.insert(concatAllTense, concatTense)
        end
    end
    
    return table.concat(concatAllTense, &quot;,&quot;)
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>at1m4sz3j4bvfea4ip4qitiiprvk3tb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Modul:ku-tewandin/tablo</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>628615</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237501</id>
      <parentid>6237259</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T02:52:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>+</comment>
      <origin>6237501</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="7294" sha1="ilbe206lzczbs21kaz2xk17s9136z83" xml:space="preserve">local export = {}

local conj = require('Modul:ku-tewandin')
local lang = mw.getContentLanguage()

function export.tablo(frame)
    local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or '',
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or '',
		accent         = args['devok'] or 'std',
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi      = args['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi      = args['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi         = args['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi         = args['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi         = args['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi         = args['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa      = args['na'] or nil,
		presentNe      = args['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe         = args['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe         = args['ne'] or nil,
		impMe          = args['me'] or nil,
		
        -- impNegForm     = 1, -- By default negative form with 'me' (1).
		-- tags           = 'erê',
		-- addPreverbParticles = 'erê',
    }
	
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems    = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}
	
    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerghuhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end
	
    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    -- Conjugation table in all tenses
    local infoTense = conj.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems)
    -- Negatives conjugations table
    local negInfoTense = conj.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems, 'negative')
	-- Imperatrive form '2'; negative form with 'ne'
	baseOpts.impNegForm = 2
	local impNegForm2 = conj.conjugateLong(baseOpts, 'impPresent', presentStems, pastStems, 'negative').conj

	-- Creation of internal conjugation tables for the different tenses
    local function conjugateTable(tense)
		local nameKu = lang:ucfirst(infoTense[tense].nameKu) -- Kurdish name
		local nameEn = lang:ucfirst(infoTense[tense].nameEn) -- English name
		local idName = infoTense[tense].name -- 'tenseRules' name (indPresent, ...)
		local classStem = infoTense[tense].stem -- 'present' or 'past'
		
		-- First, create the table header.
		local tabHeader = '\n! colspan=&quot;2&quot; id=&quot;' .. idName .. '&quot;'
			.. 'class=&quot;' .. classStem .. '-stem tense-table-title&quot; |'
			.. nameKu .. ' - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;-{'.. nameEn ..'}-&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
			.. '\n|-'
			.. '\n! class=&quot;negative&quot; | Erênî'
			.. '\n! class=&quot;positive&quot; | Neyînî'
			.. '\n|-'
		
		-- Create the table body.		
        local tabBody = ''
        for _, pers in ipairs(conj.order) do
            tabBody = tabBody .. '\n|' .. infoTense[tense].conj[pers]
                              .. '\n|' .. negInfoTense[tense].conj[pers]
                              .. '\n|-'
        end
		
		-- Create the table (header + body).	
		local tab = '\n{| cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;tense-table&quot;' 
					.. '\n|-'
		            .. tabHeader
		            .. tabBody
		       .. '\n|}'
        return tab
    end

	--Retrieving some parameters for creating the main table header
	local verb = args[1]
    local transitivity = args['form']
    local preSimpleVerb = args['pêşgir'] or ''
    local postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or ''
	
	-- Cureyê lêkerê
	local verbStruc =  conj.verbStruct(baseOpts.isCompoundVerb, baseOpts.preSimpleVerb)
	if (verbStruc == 'preverbVerb') then
		verbStruc = 'pêkhatî'
	elseif (verbStruc == 'compoundVerb') then
		verbStruc = 'hevedudanî'
	else
		verbStruc = 'xwerû'
	end

	local prsStemsFormat = {}
	for _, stem in ipairs(presentStems) do
	    if stem then prsStemsFormat[#prsStemsFormat+1] = preSimpleVerb .. '-' .. stem ..'-' end
	end
	local pstStemsFormat = {}
	for _, stem in ipairs(pastStems) do
	    if stem then pstStemsFormat[#pstStemsFormat+1] = preSimpleVerb .. '-' .. stem ..'-' end
	end
	local prsStems = table.concat(prsStemsFormat, ' / ') .. postSimpleVerb
	local pstStems = table.concat(pstStemsFormat, ' / ') .. postSimpleVerb


   return
'{| align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;conj-table&quot;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; class=&quot;title&quot; | Tewandina lêkera [[' .. verb .. ']]&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal;&quot;&gt;(' .. verbStruc .. ', ' .. transitivity .. ')&lt;/span&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;present-stem&quot; | Rehê dema niha'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;font-weight:normal; text-align:center; border-bottom:dotted 1px grey;&quot; | ' .. prsStems
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;past-stem&quot; | Rehê dema borî'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;&quot; | ' .. pstStems
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n|'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; id=&quot;imp&quot; class=&quot;mood&quot; | Raweya fermanî - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Imperative&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' 
	.. '\n{| cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;tense-table&quot;'
		.. '\n|-'
		.. '\n| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;present-stem&quot; style=&quot;border-top:1px dotted grey; border-bottom:1px dotted grey&quot;| '
		.. '\n|-'
		.. '\n! class=&quot;negative&quot; | Erênî'
		.. '\n! class=&quot;positive&quot; | Neyînî'
		.. '\n|-'
		.. '\n| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(tû)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. infoTense.impPresent.conj.s2
		.. '\n| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(tû)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. negInfoTense.impPresent.conj.s2
	                  .. '&lt;br&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(tû)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. impNegForm2.s2
		.. '\n|-'
		.. '\n| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(hûn)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. infoTense.impPresent.conj.p2
		.. '\n| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(hûn)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. negInfoTense.impPresent.conj.p2
	                  .. '&lt;br&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(hûn)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. impNegForm2.p2
	..'\n|}'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; id=&quot;ind&quot; class=&quot;mood&quot; | Raweya pêşkerî - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Indicative&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indPresent')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indPreterite')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indImperfect')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indPluperfect')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indFuture')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indFuturePerfect')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indPerfect')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indNwPluperfect')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; id=&quot;subj&quot; class=&quot;mood&quot; | Raweya xwestekî - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Subjunctive&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('subjPresent')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('subjPreterite')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('subjImperfect')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('subjPluperfect')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; id=&quot;cond&quot; class=&quot;mood&quot; | Raweya mercî - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conditional&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('condPresent')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('condPreterite')
.. '\n|}'
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>ilbe206lzczbs21kaz2xk17s9136z83</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Modul:ku-tewandin/nestandard</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>628616</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237511</id>
      <parentid>6237377</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T07:13:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>6237511</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="1582" sha1="qpxxgyltv00lkjqcno4bbpqgs3l7gmj" xml:space="preserve">local reh = {}

reh['ê'] = {
	'hatin',
	stem = 'present',
    impPresent = {pos={s1='were', s2='werin'},
		   		  neg1={s1='meyê', s2='meyên'},
		          neg2={s1='neyê', s2='neyên'}
        		},
	indFuture = {pos={s1='werim', s2='werî', s3='were',
                      p1 ='werin', p2='werin', p3='werin'},
				 neg={s1='neyêm', s2='neyêyî', s3='neyê',
			      	  p1='neyên', p2='neyên', p3='neyên'}
				},
}

reh['ç'] = {
	'çûn',
	stem = 'present',
	impPresent = {pos = {s1='here', s2='herin'},
		         neg1= {s1='mere', s2='merin'},
		         neg2= {s1='nere', s2='nerin'},
          },
	indPresent = {pos={s1='terim', s2='terî', s3='tere',
			      	   p1 ='terin', p2='terin', p3='terin'},
				  neg={s1='narim', s2='nerî', s3='nare',
			      	   p1='narin', p2='narin', p3='narin'}
				},
	indFuture = {pos={s1='herim', s2='herî', s3='here',
                      p1 ='herin', p2='herin', p3='herin'},
		    	 neg={s1='nerim', s2='nerî', s3='nere',
			      	  p1='nerin', p2='nerin', p3='nerin'}
				},
}

reh['anî'] = {
	'anîn',
	stem = 'borî',
	di = 'di', -- (d → di)
}

reh['axiv'] = {
	'axivîn',
	stem = 'present',
	bi = 'bi', -- (b → di)
	di = 'di', -- (d → di)
}

reh['axivî'] = {
	'axivîn',
	stem ='borî',
	bi = 'bi',
	di = 'di',
}

reh['afirîn'] = {
	'afirîn',
	stem = 'present',
	di = 'di',
}

reh['şêr'] = {
	'veşartin',
	stem = 'present',
	bi = '',
}

reh['nas'] = {
	'nasîn',
	stem='present',
	na = 'na', -- (ni → na)
}


reh['vavêr'] = {
	'vavartin',
	stem = 'present',
	na = 'na', -- (ni → na)
}


return reh</text>
      <sha1>qpxxgyltv00lkjqcno4bbpqgs3l7gmj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Modul:ku-tewandin/tablo/ceribandin</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>1325207</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237478</id>
      <parentid>6237323</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T21:59:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>6237478</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="7282" sha1="phtyhfld3f173lhcjz5e0t2eb1fqnwo" xml:space="preserve">local export = {}

local conj = require('Modul:ku-tewandin/ceribandin')
local lang = mw.getContentLanguage()

function export.tablo(frame)
    local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or '',
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or '',
		accent         = args['devok'] or 'std',
		overridePreverb = {
		    presentBi = frame['presentBi'] or nil,
		    presentDi = frame['presentDi'] or nil,
		    pastBi    = frame['pastBi'] or nil,
		    pastDi    = frame['pastDi'] or nil,
		    sameBi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		    sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		},
		overrideNegPrefix = {
		    presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		    presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		    pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		    sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		},
        -- impNegForm     = 1, -- By default negative form with 'me' (1).
		-- tags           = 'erê',
		-- addPreverbParticles = 'erê',
    }
	
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems    = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}
	
    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerghuhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end
	
    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    -- Conjugation table in all tenses
    local infoTense = conj.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems)
    -- Negatives conjugations table
    local negInfoTense = conj.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems, 'negative')
	-- Imperatrive form '2'; negative form with 'ne'
	baseOpts.impNegForm = 2
	local impNegForm2 = conj.conjugateLong(baseOpts, 'impPresent', presentStems, pastStems, 'negative').conj

	-- Creation of internal conjugation tables for the different tenses
    local function conjugateTable(tense)
		local nameKu = lang:ucfirst(infoTense[tense].nameKu) -- Kurdish name
		local nameEn = lang:ucfirst(infoTense[tense].nameEn) -- English name
		local idName = infoTense[tense].name -- 'tenseRules' name (indPresent, ...)
		local classStem = infoTense[tense].stem -- 'present' or 'past'
		
		-- First, create the table header.
		local tabHeader = '\n! colspan=&quot;2&quot; id=&quot;' .. idName .. '&quot;'
			.. 'class=&quot;' .. classStem .. '-stem tense-table-title&quot; |'
			.. nameKu .. ' - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;-{'.. nameEn ..'}-&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
			.. '\n|-'
			.. '\n! class=&quot;negative&quot; | Erênî'
			.. '\n! class=&quot;positive&quot; | Neyînî'
			.. '\n|-'
		
		-- Create the table body.		
        local tabBody = ''
        for _, pers in ipairs(conj.order) do
            tabBody = tabBody .. '\n|' .. infoTense[tense].conj[pers]
                              .. '\n|' .. negInfoTense[tense].conj[pers]
                              .. '\n|-'
        end
		
		-- Create the table (header + body).	
		local tab = '\n{| cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;tense-table&quot;' 
					.. '\n|-'
		            .. tabHeader
		            .. tabBody
		       .. '\n|}'
        return tab
    end

	--Retrieving some parameters for creating the main table header
	local verb = args[1]
    local transitivity = args['form']
    local preSimpleVerb = args['pêşgir'] or ''
    local postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or ''
	
	-- Cureyê lêkerê
	local verbStruc =  conj.verbStruct(baseOpts.isCompoundVerb, baseOpts.preSimpleVerb)
	if (verbStruc == 'preverbVerb') then
		verbStruc = 'pêkhatî'
	elseif (verbStruc == 'compoundVerb') then
		verbStruc = 'hevedudanî'
	else
		verbStruc = 'xwerû'
	end

	local prsStemsFormat = {}
	for _, stem in ipairs(presentStems) do
	    if stem then prsStemsFormat[#prsStemsFormat+1] = preSimpleVerb .. '-' .. stem ..'-' end
	end
	local pstStemsFormat = {}
	for _, stem in ipairs(pastStems) do
	    if stem then pstStemsFormat[#pstStemsFormat+1] = preSimpleVerb .. '-' .. stem ..'-' end
	end
	local prsStems = table.concat(prsStemsFormat, ' / ') .. postSimpleVerb
	local pstStems = table.concat(pstStemsFormat, ' / ') .. postSimpleVerb


   return
'{| align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;conj-table&quot;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; class=&quot;title&quot; | Tewandina lêkera [[' .. verb .. ']]&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal;&quot;&gt;(' .. verbStruc .. ', ' .. transitivity .. ')&lt;/span&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;present-stem&quot; | Rehê dema niha'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;font-weight:normal; text-align:center; border-bottom:dotted 1px grey;&quot; | ' .. prsStems
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;past-stem&quot; | Rehê dema borî'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;&quot; | ' .. pstStems
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n|'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; id=&quot;imp&quot; class=&quot;mood&quot; | Raweya fermanî - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Imperative&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' 
	.. '\n{| cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;tense-table&quot;'
		.. '\n|-'
		.. '\n| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;present-stem&quot; style=&quot;border-top:1px dotted grey; border-bottom:1px dotted grey&quot;| '
		.. '\n|-'
		.. '\n! class=&quot;negative&quot; | Erênî'
		.. '\n! class=&quot;positive&quot; | Neyînî'
		.. '\n|-'
		.. '\n| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(tû)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. infoTense.impPresent.conj.s2
		.. '\n| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(tû)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. negInfoTense.impPresent.conj.s2
	                  .. '&lt;br&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(tû)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. impNegForm2.s2
		.. '\n|-'
		.. '\n| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(hûn)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. infoTense.impPresent.conj.p2
		.. '\n| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(hûn)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. negInfoTense.impPresent.conj.p2
	                  .. '&lt;br&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(hûn)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. impNegForm2.p2
	..'\n|}'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; id=&quot;ind&quot; class=&quot;mood&quot; | Raweya pêşkerî - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Indicative&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indPresent')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indPreterite')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indImperfect')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indPluperfect')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indFuture')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indFuturePerfect')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indPerfect')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indNwPluperfect')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; id=&quot;subj&quot; class=&quot;mood&quot; | Raweya xwestekî - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Subjunctive&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('subjPresent')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('subjPreterite')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('subjImperfect')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('subjPluperfect')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; id=&quot;cond&quot; class=&quot;mood&quot; | Raweya mercî - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conditional&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('condPresent')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('condPreterite')
.. '\n|}'
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>phtyhfld3f173lhcjz5e0t2eb1fqnwo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237479</id>
      <parentid>6237478</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T22:00:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>6237479</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="7282" sha1="9gzge2id1wkwppyrxvfkf3ep18t38xi" xml:space="preserve">local export = {}

local conj = require('Modul:ku-tewandin/ceribandin')
local lang = mw.getContentLanguage()

function export.tablo(frame)
    local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or '',
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or '',
		accent         = args['devok'] or 'std',
		overridePreverb = {
		    presentBi = frame['presentBi'] or nil,
		    presentDi = frame['presentDi'] or nil,
		    pastBi    = frame['pastBi'] or nil,
		    pastDi    = frame['pastDi'] or nil,
		    sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		    sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		},
		overrideNegPrefix = {
		    presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		    presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		    pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		    sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		},
        -- impNegForm     = 1, -- By default negative form with 'me' (1).
		-- tags           = 'erê',
		-- addPreverbParticles = 'erê',
    }
	
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems    = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}
	
    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerghuhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end
	
    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    -- Conjugation table in all tenses
    local infoTense = conj.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems)
    -- Negatives conjugations table
    local negInfoTense = conj.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems, 'negative')
	-- Imperatrive form '2'; negative form with 'ne'
	baseOpts.impNegForm = 2
	local impNegForm2 = conj.conjugateLong(baseOpts, 'impPresent', presentStems, pastStems, 'negative').conj

	-- Creation of internal conjugation tables for the different tenses
    local function conjugateTable(tense)
		local nameKu = lang:ucfirst(infoTense[tense].nameKu) -- Kurdish name
		local nameEn = lang:ucfirst(infoTense[tense].nameEn) -- English name
		local idName = infoTense[tense].name -- 'tenseRules' name (indPresent, ...)
		local classStem = infoTense[tense].stem -- 'present' or 'past'
		
		-- First, create the table header.
		local tabHeader = '\n! colspan=&quot;2&quot; id=&quot;' .. idName .. '&quot;'
			.. 'class=&quot;' .. classStem .. '-stem tense-table-title&quot; |'
			.. nameKu .. ' - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;-{'.. nameEn ..'}-&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
			.. '\n|-'
			.. '\n! class=&quot;negative&quot; | Erênî'
			.. '\n! class=&quot;positive&quot; | Neyînî'
			.. '\n|-'
		
		-- Create the table body.		
        local tabBody = ''
        for _, pers in ipairs(conj.order) do
            tabBody = tabBody .. '\n|' .. infoTense[tense].conj[pers]
                              .. '\n|' .. negInfoTense[tense].conj[pers]
                              .. '\n|-'
        end
		
		-- Create the table (header + body).	
		local tab = '\n{| cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;tense-table&quot;' 
					.. '\n|-'
		            .. tabHeader
		            .. tabBody
		       .. '\n|}'
        return tab
    end

	--Retrieving some parameters for creating the main table header
	local verb = args[1]
    local transitivity = args['form']
    local preSimpleVerb = args['pêşgir'] or ''
    local postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or ''
	
	-- Cureyê lêkerê
	local verbStruc =  conj.verbStruct(baseOpts.isCompoundVerb, baseOpts.preSimpleVerb)
	if (verbStruc == 'preverbVerb') then
		verbStruc = 'pêkhatî'
	elseif (verbStruc == 'compoundVerb') then
		verbStruc = 'hevedudanî'
	else
		verbStruc = 'xwerû'
	end

	local prsStemsFormat = {}
	for _, stem in ipairs(presentStems) do
	    if stem then prsStemsFormat[#prsStemsFormat+1] = preSimpleVerb .. '-' .. stem ..'-' end
	end
	local pstStemsFormat = {}
	for _, stem in ipairs(pastStems) do
	    if stem then pstStemsFormat[#pstStemsFormat+1] = preSimpleVerb .. '-' .. stem ..'-' end
	end
	local prsStems = table.concat(prsStemsFormat, ' / ') .. postSimpleVerb
	local pstStems = table.concat(pstStemsFormat, ' / ') .. postSimpleVerb


   return
'{| align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;conj-table&quot;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; class=&quot;title&quot; | Tewandina lêkera [[' .. verb .. ']]&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal;&quot;&gt;(' .. verbStruc .. ', ' .. transitivity .. ')&lt;/span&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;present-stem&quot; | Rehê dema niha'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;font-weight:normal; text-align:center; border-bottom:dotted 1px grey;&quot; | ' .. prsStems
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;past-stem&quot; | Rehê dema borî'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;&quot; | ' .. pstStems
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n|'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; id=&quot;imp&quot; class=&quot;mood&quot; | Raweya fermanî - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Imperative&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' 
	.. '\n{| cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;tense-table&quot;'
		.. '\n|-'
		.. '\n| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;present-stem&quot; style=&quot;border-top:1px dotted grey; border-bottom:1px dotted grey&quot;| '
		.. '\n|-'
		.. '\n! class=&quot;negative&quot; | Erênî'
		.. '\n! class=&quot;positive&quot; | Neyînî'
		.. '\n|-'
		.. '\n| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(tû)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. infoTense.impPresent.conj.s2
		.. '\n| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(tû)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. negInfoTense.impPresent.conj.s2
	                  .. '&lt;br&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(tû)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. impNegForm2.s2
		.. '\n|-'
		.. '\n| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(hûn)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. infoTense.impPresent.conj.p2
		.. '\n| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(hûn)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. negInfoTense.impPresent.conj.p2
	                  .. '&lt;br&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(hûn)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. impNegForm2.p2
	..'\n|}'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; id=&quot;ind&quot; class=&quot;mood&quot; | Raweya pêşkerî - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Indicative&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indPresent')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indPreterite')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indImperfect')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indPluperfect')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indFuture')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indFuturePerfect')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indPerfect')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indNwPluperfect')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; id=&quot;subj&quot; class=&quot;mood&quot; | Raweya xwestekî - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Subjunctive&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('subjPresent')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('subjPreterite')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('subjImperfect')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('subjPluperfect')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; id=&quot;cond&quot; class=&quot;mood&quot; | Raweya mercî - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conditional&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('condPresent')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('condPreterite')
.. '\n|}'
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>9gzge2id1wkwppyrxvfkf3ep18t38xi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237480</id>
      <parentid>6237479</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T22:02:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>6237480</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="7278" sha1="ikcwezttbj653x0sdf745cd2de8ze4o" xml:space="preserve">local export = {}

local conj = require('Modul:ku-tewandin/ceribandin')
local lang = mw.getContentLanguage()

function export.tablo(frame)
    local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or '',
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or '',
		accent         = args['devok'] or 'std',
		overridePreverb = {
		    presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		    presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		    pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		    pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		    sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		    sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		},
		overrideNegPrefix = {
		    presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		    presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		    pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		    sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		},
        -- impNegForm     = 1, -- By default negative form with 'me' (1).
		-- tags           = 'erê',
		-- addPreverbParticles = 'erê',
    }
	
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems    = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}
	
    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerghuhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end
	
    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    -- Conjugation table in all tenses
    local infoTense = conj.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems)
    -- Negatives conjugations table
    local negInfoTense = conj.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems, 'negative')
	-- Imperatrive form '2'; negative form with 'ne'
	baseOpts.impNegForm = 2
	local impNegForm2 = conj.conjugateLong(baseOpts, 'impPresent', presentStems, pastStems, 'negative').conj

	-- Creation of internal conjugation tables for the different tenses
    local function conjugateTable(tense)
		local nameKu = lang:ucfirst(infoTense[tense].nameKu) -- Kurdish name
		local nameEn = lang:ucfirst(infoTense[tense].nameEn) -- English name
		local idName = infoTense[tense].name -- 'tenseRules' name (indPresent, ...)
		local classStem = infoTense[tense].stem -- 'present' or 'past'
		
		-- First, create the table header.
		local tabHeader = '\n! colspan=&quot;2&quot; id=&quot;' .. idName .. '&quot;'
			.. 'class=&quot;' .. classStem .. '-stem tense-table-title&quot; |'
			.. nameKu .. ' - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;-{'.. nameEn ..'}-&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
			.. '\n|-'
			.. '\n! class=&quot;negative&quot; | Erênî'
			.. '\n! class=&quot;positive&quot; | Neyînî'
			.. '\n|-'
		
		-- Create the table body.		
        local tabBody = ''
        for _, pers in ipairs(conj.order) do
            tabBody = tabBody .. '\n|' .. infoTense[tense].conj[pers]
                              .. '\n|' .. negInfoTense[tense].conj[pers]
                              .. '\n|-'
        end
		
		-- Create the table (header + body).	
		local tab = '\n{| cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;tense-table&quot;' 
					.. '\n|-'
		            .. tabHeader
		            .. tabBody
		       .. '\n|}'
        return tab
    end

	--Retrieving some parameters for creating the main table header
	local verb = args[1]
    local transitivity = args['form']
    local preSimpleVerb = args['pêşgir'] or ''
    local postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or ''
	
	-- Cureyê lêkerê
	local verbStruc =  conj.verbStruct(baseOpts.isCompoundVerb, baseOpts.preSimpleVerb)
	if (verbStruc == 'preverbVerb') then
		verbStruc = 'pêkhatî'
	elseif (verbStruc == 'compoundVerb') then
		verbStruc = 'hevedudanî'
	else
		verbStruc = 'xwerû'
	end

	local prsStemsFormat = {}
	for _, stem in ipairs(presentStems) do
	    if stem then prsStemsFormat[#prsStemsFormat+1] = preSimpleVerb .. '-' .. stem ..'-' end
	end
	local pstStemsFormat = {}
	for _, stem in ipairs(pastStems) do
	    if stem then pstStemsFormat[#pstStemsFormat+1] = preSimpleVerb .. '-' .. stem ..'-' end
	end
	local prsStems = table.concat(prsStemsFormat, ' / ') .. postSimpleVerb
	local pstStems = table.concat(pstStemsFormat, ' / ') .. postSimpleVerb


   return
'{| align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;conj-table&quot;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; class=&quot;title&quot; | Tewandina lêkera [[' .. verb .. ']]&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal;&quot;&gt;(' .. verbStruc .. ', ' .. transitivity .. ')&lt;/span&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;present-stem&quot; | Rehê dema niha'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;font-weight:normal; text-align:center; border-bottom:dotted 1px grey;&quot; | ' .. prsStems
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;past-stem&quot; | Rehê dema borî'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;&quot; | ' .. pstStems
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n|'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; id=&quot;imp&quot; class=&quot;mood&quot; | Raweya fermanî - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Imperative&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' 
	.. '\n{| cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;tense-table&quot;'
		.. '\n|-'
		.. '\n| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;present-stem&quot; style=&quot;border-top:1px dotted grey; border-bottom:1px dotted grey&quot;| '
		.. '\n|-'
		.. '\n! class=&quot;negative&quot; | Erênî'
		.. '\n! class=&quot;positive&quot; | Neyînî'
		.. '\n|-'
		.. '\n| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(tû)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. infoTense.impPresent.conj.s2
		.. '\n| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(tû)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. negInfoTense.impPresent.conj.s2
	                  .. '&lt;br&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(tû)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. impNegForm2.s2
		.. '\n|-'
		.. '\n| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(hûn)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. infoTense.impPresent.conj.p2
		.. '\n| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(hûn)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. negInfoTense.impPresent.conj.p2
	                  .. '&lt;br&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(hûn)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. impNegForm2.p2
	..'\n|}'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; id=&quot;ind&quot; class=&quot;mood&quot; | Raweya pêşkerî - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Indicative&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indPresent')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indPreterite')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indImperfect')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indPluperfect')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indFuture')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indFuturePerfect')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indPerfect')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indNwPluperfect')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; id=&quot;subj&quot; class=&quot;mood&quot; | Raweya xwestekî - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Subjunctive&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('subjPresent')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('subjPreterite')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('subjImperfect')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('subjPluperfect')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; id=&quot;cond&quot; class=&quot;mood&quot; | Raweya mercî - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conditional&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('condPresent')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('condPreterite')
.. '\n|}'
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>ikcwezttbj653x0sdf745cd2de8ze4o</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237482</id>
      <parentid>6237480</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T22:24:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>6237482</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="7231" sha1="9xuxhtxauw6x319wz8uoa54nuldojbp" xml:space="preserve">local export = {}

local conj = require('Modul:ku-tewandin/ceribandin')
local lang = mw.getContentLanguage()

function export.tablo(frame)
    local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or '',
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or '',
		accent         = args['devok'] or 'std',
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		
        -- impNegForm     = 1, -- By default negative form with 'me' (1).
		-- tags           = 'erê',
		-- addPreverbParticles = 'erê',
    }
	
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems    = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}
	
    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerghuhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end
	
    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    -- Conjugation table in all tenses
    local infoTense = conj.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems)
    -- Negatives conjugations table
    local negInfoTense = conj.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems, 'negative')
	-- Imperatrive form '2'; negative form with 'ne'
	baseOpts.impNegForm = 2
	local impNegForm2 = conj.conjugateLong(baseOpts, 'impPresent', presentStems, pastStems, 'negative').conj

	-- Creation of internal conjugation tables for the different tenses
    local function conjugateTable(tense)
		local nameKu = lang:ucfirst(infoTense[tense].nameKu) -- Kurdish name
		local nameEn = lang:ucfirst(infoTense[tense].nameEn) -- English name
		local idName = infoTense[tense].name -- 'tenseRules' name (indPresent, ...)
		local classStem = infoTense[tense].stem -- 'present' or 'past'
		
		-- First, create the table header.
		local tabHeader = '\n! colspan=&quot;2&quot; id=&quot;' .. idName .. '&quot;'
			.. 'class=&quot;' .. classStem .. '-stem tense-table-title&quot; |'
			.. nameKu .. ' - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;-{'.. nameEn ..'}-&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
			.. '\n|-'
			.. '\n! class=&quot;negative&quot; | Erênî'
			.. '\n! class=&quot;positive&quot; | Neyînî'
			.. '\n|-'
		
		-- Create the table body.		
        local tabBody = ''
        for _, pers in ipairs(conj.order) do
            tabBody = tabBody .. '\n|' .. infoTense[tense].conj[pers]
                              .. '\n|' .. negInfoTense[tense].conj[pers]
                              .. '\n|-'
        end
		
		-- Create the table (header + body).	
		local tab = '\n{| cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;tense-table&quot;' 
					.. '\n|-'
		            .. tabHeader
		            .. tabBody
		       .. '\n|}'
        return tab
    end

	--Retrieving some parameters for creating the main table header
	local verb = args[1]
    local transitivity = args['form']
    local preSimpleVerb = args['pêşgir'] or ''
    local postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or ''
	
	-- Cureyê lêkerê
	local verbStruc =  conj.verbStruct(baseOpts.isCompoundVerb, baseOpts.preSimpleVerb)
	if (verbStruc == 'preverbVerb') then
		verbStruc = 'pêkhatî'
	elseif (verbStruc == 'compoundVerb') then
		verbStruc = 'hevedudanî'
	else
		verbStruc = 'xwerû'
	end

	local prsStemsFormat = {}
	for _, stem in ipairs(presentStems) do
	    if stem then prsStemsFormat[#prsStemsFormat+1] = preSimpleVerb .. '-' .. stem ..'-' end
	end
	local pstStemsFormat = {}
	for _, stem in ipairs(pastStems) do
	    if stem then pstStemsFormat[#pstStemsFormat+1] = preSimpleVerb .. '-' .. stem ..'-' end
	end
	local prsStems = table.concat(prsStemsFormat, ' / ') .. postSimpleVerb
	local pstStems = table.concat(pstStemsFormat, ' / ') .. postSimpleVerb


   return
'{| align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;conj-table&quot;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; class=&quot;title&quot; | Tewandina lêkera [[' .. verb .. ']]&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal;&quot;&gt;(' .. verbStruc .. ', ' .. transitivity .. ')&lt;/span&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;present-stem&quot; | Rehê dema niha'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;font-weight:normal; text-align:center; border-bottom:dotted 1px grey;&quot; | ' .. prsStems
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;past-stem&quot; | Rehê dema borî'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;&quot; | ' .. pstStems
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n|'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; id=&quot;imp&quot; class=&quot;mood&quot; | Raweya fermanî - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Imperative&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' 
	.. '\n{| cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;tense-table&quot;'
		.. '\n|-'
		.. '\n| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;present-stem&quot; style=&quot;border-top:1px dotted grey; border-bottom:1px dotted grey&quot;| '
		.. '\n|-'
		.. '\n! class=&quot;negative&quot; | Erênî'
		.. '\n! class=&quot;positive&quot; | Neyînî'
		.. '\n|-'
		.. '\n| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(tû)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. infoTense.impPresent.conj.s2
		.. '\n| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(tû)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. negInfoTense.impPresent.conj.s2
	                  .. '&lt;br&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(tû)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. impNegForm2.s2
		.. '\n|-'
		.. '\n| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(hûn)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. infoTense.impPresent.conj.p2
		.. '\n| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(hûn)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. negInfoTense.impPresent.conj.p2
	                  .. '&lt;br&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(hûn)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. impNegForm2.p2
	..'\n|}'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; id=&quot;ind&quot; class=&quot;mood&quot; | Raweya pêşkerî - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Indicative&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indPresent')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indPreterite')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indImperfect')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indPluperfect')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indFuture')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indFuturePerfect')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indPerfect')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indNwPluperfect')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; id=&quot;subj&quot; class=&quot;mood&quot; | Raweya xwestekî - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Subjunctive&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('subjPresent')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('subjPreterite')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('subjImperfect')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('subjPluperfect')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; id=&quot;cond&quot; class=&quot;mood&quot; | Raweya mercî - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conditional&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('condPresent')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('condPreterite')
.. '\n|}'
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>9xuxhtxauw6x319wz8uoa54nuldojbp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237487</id>
      <parentid>6237482</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T22:57:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>6237487</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="7184" sha1="5qmywx5oeweyzh1vtlr6eih8kr1kirs" xml:space="preserve">local export = {}

local conj = require('Modul:ku-tewandin/ceribandin')
local lang = mw.getContentLanguage()

function export.tablo(frame)
    local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or '',
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or '',
		accent         = args['devok'] or 'std',
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = args['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = args['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = args['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = args['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = args['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = args['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = args['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = args['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = args['ne'] or nil,
		
        -- impNegForm     = 1, -- By default negative form with 'me' (1).
		-- tags           = 'erê',
		-- addPreverbParticles = 'erê',
    }
	
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems    = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}
	
    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerghuhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end
	
    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    -- Conjugation table in all tenses
    local infoTense = conj.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems)
    -- Negatives conjugations table
    local negInfoTense = conj.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems, 'negative')
	-- Imperatrive form '2'; negative form with 'ne'
	baseOpts.impNegForm = 2
	local impNegForm2 = conj.conjugateLong(baseOpts, 'impPresent', presentStems, pastStems, 'negative').conj

	-- Creation of internal conjugation tables for the different tenses
    local function conjugateTable(tense)
		local nameKu = lang:ucfirst(infoTense[tense].nameKu) -- Kurdish name
		local nameEn = lang:ucfirst(infoTense[tense].nameEn) -- English name
		local idName = infoTense[tense].name -- 'tenseRules' name (indPresent, ...)
		local classStem = infoTense[tense].stem -- 'present' or 'past'
		
		-- First, create the table header.
		local tabHeader = '\n! colspan=&quot;2&quot; id=&quot;' .. idName .. '&quot;'
			.. 'class=&quot;' .. classStem .. '-stem tense-table-title&quot; |'
			.. nameKu .. ' - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;-{'.. nameEn ..'}-&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
			.. '\n|-'
			.. '\n! class=&quot;negative&quot; | Erênî'
			.. '\n! class=&quot;positive&quot; | Neyînî'
			.. '\n|-'
		
		-- Create the table body.		
        local tabBody = ''
        for _, pers in ipairs(conj.order) do
            tabBody = tabBody .. '\n|' .. infoTense[tense].conj[pers]
                              .. '\n|' .. negInfoTense[tense].conj[pers]
                              .. '\n|-'
        end
		
		-- Create the table (header + body).	
		local tab = '\n{| cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;tense-table&quot;' 
					.. '\n|-'
		            .. tabHeader
		            .. tabBody
		       .. '\n|}'
        return tab
    end

	--Retrieving some parameters for creating the main table header
	local verb = args[1]
    local transitivity = args['form']
    local preSimpleVerb = args['pêşgir'] or ''
    local postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or ''
	
	-- Cureyê lêkerê
	local verbStruc =  conj.verbStruct(baseOpts.isCompoundVerb, baseOpts.preSimpleVerb)
	if (verbStruc == 'preverbVerb') then
		verbStruc = 'pêkhatî'
	elseif (verbStruc == 'compoundVerb') then
		verbStruc = 'hevedudanî'
	else
		verbStruc = 'xwerû'
	end

	local prsStemsFormat = {}
	for _, stem in ipairs(presentStems) do
	    if stem then prsStemsFormat[#prsStemsFormat+1] = preSimpleVerb .. '-' .. stem ..'-' end
	end
	local pstStemsFormat = {}
	for _, stem in ipairs(pastStems) do
	    if stem then pstStemsFormat[#pstStemsFormat+1] = preSimpleVerb .. '-' .. stem ..'-' end
	end
	local prsStems = table.concat(prsStemsFormat, ' / ') .. postSimpleVerb
	local pstStems = table.concat(pstStemsFormat, ' / ') .. postSimpleVerb


   return
'{| align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;conj-table&quot;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; class=&quot;title&quot; | Tewandina lêkera [[' .. verb .. ']]&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal;&quot;&gt;(' .. verbStruc .. ', ' .. transitivity .. ')&lt;/span&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;present-stem&quot; | Rehê dema niha'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;font-weight:normal; text-align:center; border-bottom:dotted 1px grey;&quot; | ' .. prsStems
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;past-stem&quot; | Rehê dema borî'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;&quot; | ' .. pstStems
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n|'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; id=&quot;imp&quot; class=&quot;mood&quot; | Raweya fermanî - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Imperative&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' 
	.. '\n{| cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;tense-table&quot;'
		.. '\n|-'
		.. '\n| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;present-stem&quot; style=&quot;border-top:1px dotted grey; border-bottom:1px dotted grey&quot;| '
		.. '\n|-'
		.. '\n! class=&quot;negative&quot; | Erênî'
		.. '\n! class=&quot;positive&quot; | Neyînî'
		.. '\n|-'
		.. '\n| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(tû)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. infoTense.impPresent.conj.s2
		.. '\n| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(tû)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. negInfoTense.impPresent.conj.s2
	                  .. '&lt;br&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(tû)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. impNegForm2.s2
		.. '\n|-'
		.. '\n| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(hûn)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. infoTense.impPresent.conj.p2
		.. '\n| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(hûn)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. negInfoTense.impPresent.conj.p2
	                  .. '&lt;br&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(hûn)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. impNegForm2.p2
	..'\n|}'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; id=&quot;ind&quot; class=&quot;mood&quot; | Raweya pêşkerî - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Indicative&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indPresent')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indPreterite')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indImperfect')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indPluperfect')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indFuture')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indFuturePerfect')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indPerfect')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indNwPluperfect')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; id=&quot;subj&quot; class=&quot;mood&quot; | Raweya xwestekî - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Subjunctive&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('subjPresent')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('subjPreterite')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('subjImperfect')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('subjPluperfect')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; id=&quot;cond&quot; class=&quot;mood&quot; | Raweya mercî - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conditional&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('condPresent')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('condPreterite')
.. '\n|}'
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>5qmywx5oeweyzh1vtlr6eih8kr1kirs</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237490</id>
      <parentid>6237487</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T01:16:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>6237490</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="7217" sha1="bfwmehphnl4qlmm13mniu8urkdfffvl" xml:space="preserve">local export = {}

local conj = require('Modul:ku-tewandin/ceribandin')
local lang = mw.getContentLanguage()

function export.tablo(frame)
    local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or '',
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or '',
		accent         = args['devok'] or 'std',
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = args['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = args['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = args['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = args['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = args['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = args['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = args['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = args['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = args['ne'] or nil,
		impMe     = args['me'] or nil,
		
        -- impNegForm     = 1, -- By default negative form with 'me' (1).
		-- tags           = 'erê',
		-- addPreverbParticles = 'erê',
    }
	
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems    = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}
	
    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerghuhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end
	
    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    -- Conjugation table in all tenses
    local infoTense = conj.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems)
    -- Negatives conjugations table
    local negInfoTense = conj.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems, 'negative')
	-- Imperatrive form '2'; negative form with 'ne'
	baseOpts.impNegForm = 2
	local impNegForm2 = conj.conjugateLong(baseOpts, 'impPresent', presentStems, pastStems, 'negative').conj

	-- Creation of internal conjugation tables for the different tenses
    local function conjugateTable(tense)
		local nameKu = lang:ucfirst(infoTense[tense].nameKu) -- Kurdish name
		local nameEn = lang:ucfirst(infoTense[tense].nameEn) -- English name
		local idName = infoTense[tense].name -- 'tenseRules' name (indPresent, ...)
		local classStem = infoTense[tense].stem -- 'present' or 'past'
		
		-- First, create the table header.
		local tabHeader = '\n! colspan=&quot;2&quot; id=&quot;' .. idName .. '&quot;'
			.. 'class=&quot;' .. classStem .. '-stem tense-table-title&quot; |'
			.. nameKu .. ' - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;-{'.. nameEn ..'}-&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
			.. '\n|-'
			.. '\n! class=&quot;negative&quot; | Erênî'
			.. '\n! class=&quot;positive&quot; | Neyînî'
			.. '\n|-'
		
		-- Create the table body.		
        local tabBody = ''
        for _, pers in ipairs(conj.order) do
            tabBody = tabBody .. '\n|' .. infoTense[tense].conj[pers]
                              .. '\n|' .. negInfoTense[tense].conj[pers]
                              .. '\n|-'
        end
		
		-- Create the table (header + body).	
		local tab = '\n{| cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;tense-table&quot;' 
					.. '\n|-'
		            .. tabHeader
		            .. tabBody
		       .. '\n|}'
        return tab
    end

	--Retrieving some parameters for creating the main table header
	local verb = args[1]
    local transitivity = args['form']
    local preSimpleVerb = args['pêşgir'] or ''
    local postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or ''
	
	-- Cureyê lêkerê
	local verbStruc =  conj.verbStruct(baseOpts.isCompoundVerb, baseOpts.preSimpleVerb)
	if (verbStruc == 'preverbVerb') then
		verbStruc = 'pêkhatî'
	elseif (verbStruc == 'compoundVerb') then
		verbStruc = 'hevedudanî'
	else
		verbStruc = 'xwerû'
	end

	local prsStemsFormat = {}
	for _, stem in ipairs(presentStems) do
	    if stem then prsStemsFormat[#prsStemsFormat+1] = preSimpleVerb .. '-' .. stem ..'-' end
	end
	local pstStemsFormat = {}
	for _, stem in ipairs(pastStems) do
	    if stem then pstStemsFormat[#pstStemsFormat+1] = preSimpleVerb .. '-' .. stem ..'-' end
	end
	local prsStems = table.concat(prsStemsFormat, ' / ') .. postSimpleVerb
	local pstStems = table.concat(pstStemsFormat, ' / ') .. postSimpleVerb


   return
'{| align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;conj-table&quot;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; class=&quot;title&quot; | Tewandina lêkera [[' .. verb .. ']]&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal;&quot;&gt;(' .. verbStruc .. ', ' .. transitivity .. ')&lt;/span&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;present-stem&quot; | Rehê dema niha'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;font-weight:normal; text-align:center; border-bottom:dotted 1px grey;&quot; | ' .. prsStems
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;past-stem&quot; | Rehê dema borî'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;&quot; | ' .. pstStems
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n|'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; id=&quot;imp&quot; class=&quot;mood&quot; | Raweya fermanî - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Imperative&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' 
	.. '\n{| cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;tense-table&quot;'
		.. '\n|-'
		.. '\n| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;present-stem&quot; style=&quot;border-top:1px dotted grey; border-bottom:1px dotted grey&quot;| '
		.. '\n|-'
		.. '\n! class=&quot;negative&quot; | Erênî'
		.. '\n! class=&quot;positive&quot; | Neyînî'
		.. '\n|-'
		.. '\n| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(tû)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. infoTense.impPresent.conj.s2
		.. '\n| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(tû)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. negInfoTense.impPresent.conj.s2
	                  .. '&lt;br&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(tû)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. impNegForm2.s2
		.. '\n|-'
		.. '\n| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(hûn)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. infoTense.impPresent.conj.p2
		.. '\n| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(hûn)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. negInfoTense.impPresent.conj.p2
	                  .. '&lt;br&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(hûn)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. impNegForm2.p2
	..'\n|}'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; id=&quot;ind&quot; class=&quot;mood&quot; | Raweya pêşkerî - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Indicative&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indPresent')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indPreterite')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indImperfect')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indPluperfect')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indFuture')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indFuturePerfect')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indPerfect')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indNwPluperfect')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; id=&quot;subj&quot; class=&quot;mood&quot; | Raweya xwestekî - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Subjunctive&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('subjPresent')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('subjPreterite')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('subjImperfect')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('subjPluperfect')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; id=&quot;cond&quot; class=&quot;mood&quot; | Raweya mercî - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conditional&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('condPresent')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('condPreterite')
.. '\n|}'
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>bfwmehphnl4qlmm13mniu8urkdfffvl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237499</id>
      <parentid>6237490</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T02:43:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>6237499</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="7305" sha1="jkf9w7agkq5yuxzfpqxqv9rdrvukbnc" xml:space="preserve">local export = {}

local conj = require('Modul:ku-tewandin/ceribandin')
local lang = mw.getContentLanguage()

function export.tablo(frame)
    local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or '',
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or '',
		accent         = args['devok'] or 'std',
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi      = args['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi      = args['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi         = args['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi         = args['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi         = args['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi         = args['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa      = args['na'] or nil,
		presentNe      = args['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe         = args['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe         = args['ne'] or nil,
		impMe          = args['me'] or nil,
		
        -- impNegForm     = 1, -- By default negative form with 'me' (1).
		-- tags           = 'erê',
		-- addPreverbParticles = 'erê',
    }
	
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems    = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}
	
    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerghuhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end
	
    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    -- Conjugation table in all tenses
    local infoTense = conj.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems)
    -- Negatives conjugations table
    local negInfoTense = conj.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems, 'negative')
	-- Imperatrive form '2'; negative form with 'ne'
	baseOpts.impNegForm = 2
	local impNegForm2 = conj.conjugateLong(baseOpts, 'impPresent', presentStems, pastStems, 'negative').conj

	-- Creation of internal conjugation tables for the different tenses
    local function conjugateTable(tense)
		local nameKu = lang:ucfirst(infoTense[tense].nameKu) -- Kurdish name
		local nameEn = lang:ucfirst(infoTense[tense].nameEn) -- English name
		local idName = infoTense[tense].name -- 'tenseRules' name (indPresent, ...)
		local classStem = infoTense[tense].stem -- 'present' or 'past'
		
		-- First, create the table header.
		local tabHeader = '\n! colspan=&quot;2&quot; id=&quot;' .. idName .. '&quot;'
			.. 'class=&quot;' .. classStem .. '-stem tense-table-title&quot; |'
			.. nameKu .. ' - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;-{'.. nameEn ..'}-&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
			.. '\n|-'
			.. '\n! class=&quot;negative&quot; | Erênî'
			.. '\n! class=&quot;positive&quot; | Neyînî'
			.. '\n|-'
		
		-- Create the table body.		
        local tabBody = ''
        for _, pers in ipairs(conj.order) do
            tabBody = tabBody .. '\n|' .. infoTense[tense].conj[pers]
                              .. '\n|' .. negInfoTense[tense].conj[pers]
                              .. '\n|-'
        end
		
		-- Create the table (header + body).	
		local tab = '\n{| cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;tense-table&quot;' 
					.. '\n|-'
		            .. tabHeader
		            .. tabBody
		       .. '\n|}'
        return tab
    end

	--Retrieving some parameters for creating the main table header
	local verb = args[1]
    local transitivity = args['form']
    local preSimpleVerb = args['pêşgir'] or ''
    local postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or ''
	
	-- Cureyê lêkerê
	local verbStruc =  conj.verbStruct(baseOpts.isCompoundVerb, baseOpts.preSimpleVerb)
	if (verbStruc == 'preverbVerb') then
		verbStruc = 'pêkhatî'
	elseif (verbStruc == 'compoundVerb') then
		verbStruc = 'hevedudanî'
	else
		verbStruc = 'xwerû'
	end

	local prsStemsFormat = {}
	for _, stem in ipairs(presentStems) do
	    if stem then prsStemsFormat[#prsStemsFormat+1] = preSimpleVerb .. '-' .. stem ..'-' end
	end
	local pstStemsFormat = {}
	for _, stem in ipairs(pastStems) do
	    if stem then pstStemsFormat[#pstStemsFormat+1] = preSimpleVerb .. '-' .. stem ..'-' end
	end
	local prsStems = table.concat(prsStemsFormat, ' / ') .. postSimpleVerb
	local pstStems = table.concat(pstStemsFormat, ' / ') .. postSimpleVerb


   return
'{| align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;conj-table&quot;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; class=&quot;title&quot; | Tewandina lêkera [[' .. verb .. ']]&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal;&quot;&gt;(' .. verbStruc .. ', ' .. transitivity .. ')&lt;/span&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;present-stem&quot; | Rehê dema niha'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;font-weight:normal; text-align:center; border-bottom:dotted 1px grey;&quot; | ' .. prsStems
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;past-stem&quot; | Rehê dema borî'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;&quot; | ' .. pstStems
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n|'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; id=&quot;imp&quot; class=&quot;mood&quot; | Raweya fermanî - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Imperative&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' 
	.. '\n{| cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;tense-table&quot;'
		.. '\n|-'
		.. '\n| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;present-stem&quot; style=&quot;border-top:1px dotted grey; border-bottom:1px dotted grey&quot;| '
		.. '\n|-'
		.. '\n! class=&quot;negative&quot; | Erênî'
		.. '\n! class=&quot;positive&quot; | Neyînî'
		.. '\n|-'
		.. '\n| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(tû)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. infoTense.impPresent.conj.s2
		.. '\n| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(tû)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. negInfoTense.impPresent.conj.s2
	                  .. '&lt;br&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(tû)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. impNegForm2.s2
		.. '\n|-'
		.. '\n| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(hûn)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. infoTense.impPresent.conj.p2
		.. '\n| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(hûn)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. negInfoTense.impPresent.conj.p2
	                  .. '&lt;br&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(hûn)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. impNegForm2.p2
	..'\n|}'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; id=&quot;ind&quot; class=&quot;mood&quot; | Raweya pêşkerî - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Indicative&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indPresent')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indPreterite')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indImperfect')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indPluperfect')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indFuture')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indFuturePerfect')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indPerfect')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indNwPluperfect')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; id=&quot;subj&quot; class=&quot;mood&quot; | Raweya xwestekî - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Subjunctive&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('subjPresent')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('subjPreterite')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('subjImperfect')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('subjPluperfect')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; id=&quot;cond&quot; class=&quot;mood&quot; | Raweya mercî - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conditional&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('condPresent')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('condPreterite')
.. '\n|}'
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>jkf9w7agkq5yuxzfpqxqv9rdrvukbnc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Modul:ku-tewandin/ceribandin</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>1356654</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237477</id>
      <parentid>6237383</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T21:52:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>---</comment>
      <origin>6237477</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="43099" sha1="76uwqtrdaxq1iodka3avflax8s8eqnc" xml:space="preserve">-- Modula tewandina lêkerên kurmancî

local export = {}

-- Load irregular forms table
-- local irreg = require('Module:ku-tewandin/nestandard')
local langKu = require(&quot;Modul:languages&quot;).getByCode(&quot;ku&quot;)
local link = require('Module:links').language_link
local shallowCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/shallowCopy&quot;)
local deepCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/deepCopy&quot;)

-- =============================================================================
-- Pronouns in Kurmanji
-- =============================================================================
export.order = {&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;, &quot;p2&quot;, &quot;p3&quot;}

export.pronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;ez&quot;,    p1 = &quot;em&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;tu&quot;,    p2 = &quot;hûn&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;ew&quot;,    p3 = &quot;ew&quot;
}

export.obliquePronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;min&quot;,      p1 = &quot;me&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;te&quot;,       p2 = &quot;we&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;wê/wî&quot;,    p3 = &quot;wan&quot;
}

export.agents = {
    s1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,            p1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,           p2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;,   p3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;
}

-- Oblique pronoun (green) 
export.obliquePronounsGreen = {
    s1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;min&lt;/span&gt;',
    s2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;te&lt;/span&gt;',
    s3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wê/wî&lt;/span&gt;',
    p1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;me&lt;/span&gt;',
    p2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;we&lt;/span&gt;',
    p3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wan&lt;/span&gt;'
}

-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-- 1) This function returns correct subject/agent pronoun, ergativity rule:
--   - Transitive verbs in past tenses → oblique pronoun (green) = agent
--   - All other cases                 → direct pronoun (no color) = subject
-- 2) Also add the subjunctive prefix &quot;(bila)&quot;
-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
function export.conjPronouns(stemType, mode, isTransitive)
    local pronouns = shallowCopy(export.pronouns)

    -- Ergativity in kurdish: transitive verbs that are conjugated with the past tense stem are
    -- conjugated according to the object, not the subject.
    -- Therefore, to have an ergative construction,
    -- the verb must be transitive and its stem must be the stem of the past tense.
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (stemType == 'past')

    -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
    -- If it's not ergative, we use normal pronouns: &quot;ez&quot;, &quot;tu&quot;, ...
    if isErgative then
        pronouns = shallowCopy(export.obliquePronounsGreen)
    end

    -- For the subjunctive mood, we add &quot;(bila)&quot; at the beginning.
    if mode == 'subjunctive' then
    	local subjPrefix = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(bila)&lt;/span&gt;'
        for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
            pronouns[pers] = subjPrefix .. ' ' .. pronouns[pers]
        end
    end
    return pronouns
end

-- =============================================================================
-- VERBAL STRUCTURE IN THE INFINITIVE:
-- Verbs in the infinitive appear in three main forms:
--  1) Simple verb (indivisible light verb):
--       - ex.:  &quot;kirin&quot;, &quot;çûn&quot;, &quot;xwarin&quot;, ...
--  2) Verbs with preverbs (preverb + simple verb):
--       - ex.: &quot;rakirin&quot; (ra- + kirin), &quot;çêkirin&quot; (çê- + kirin), &quot;vexwarin&quot; (ve- + xwarin), ...
--       - Preverb verbs don't use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê rakim , ew ê rake , ...)
--  3) Compound verbs, construction with non-verbal element (the noun is not attached to the verb):
--       - Left of the simple verb: &quot;hez kirin&quot; (&quot;hez&quot; + &quot;kirin&quot;), &quot;li dar xistin&quot; (&quot;li dar&quot; + &quot;xistin&quot;), ...
--       - Right of the simple verb: &quot;kirin der&quot; (&quot;kirin&quot; + &quot;der&quot;), &quot;girtin ser xwe&quot; (&quot;girtin&quot; + &quot;ser xwe&quot;), ...
--       - Compound verbs use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê hez bi-kim , ew ê hez bi-ke )

-- STRUCTURE:  preSimpleVerb + spacing + simpleVerb + postSimpleVerb
-- EX.     kirin: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       rakirin: preSimpleVerb='ra';  spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--     hez kirin: preSimpleVerb='hez'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       pev çûn: preSimpleVerb='pev'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='çûn';   postSimpleVerb=''
--     kirin der: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb='der'

-- WARNING: Conjugation can vary depending on the type of verb.
-- For example, in the future tense,the prefix &quot;bi&quot; is used for compound verbs,
-- but not for preverbal verbs, see the function that manages it  &quot;tenseRules&quot; table.
-- This table does not yet support the mixed case: a verb composed of a noun and a preverb verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)
    local struct

    if (preSimpleVerb and preSimpleVerb ~= '' and not isCompoundVerb) then
        struct = 'preverbVerb'
    elseif isCompoundVerb then
        struct = 'compoundVerb'
    else
        struct = 'simpleVerb'
    end

    return struct
end

-- ================================================================
-- INFLECTIONAL ENDINGS
-- Assigns verb inflectional endings (suffixes) to all tenses
-- ================================================================
local getEndings = {}

do
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ending using present stem
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['present'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends = {}
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends['std'] = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
            ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='m', s2='(y)', s3='t', p1='yn', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends['std'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='e', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
			ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='&lt;u&gt;it&lt;/u&gt;/ît', p1='în', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. preterite + ind. imperfect ending
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['past'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
		local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiouû]$') then
            ends = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, 'î$') then
           -- if self.name == 'indImperfect' then
           --     -- special indicative ind. imperfect rule
           --     ends = {s1='yam', s2='yayî', s3='ya', p1='yan', p2='yan', p3='yan'}
           -- end
            ends = {s1='m', s2='', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Compound endings with auxiliary &quot;bûn&quot;
    -- Inflectional endings are created by taking the different forms of the
    -- verb &quot;bûn&quot; (with present stem &quot;-b-&quot; and past stem &quot;-bû-&quot;) and
    -- adding an &quot;i-&quot; prefix before them: &quot;i-b-im&quot;, &quot;i-bû-m&quot;, &quot;i-bû-me&quot;, &quot;i-bû-ma&quot;.
    -- This &quot;i-&quot; varies according to the final letter of the verb stem.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    local function normalize_i(stem)
        local prfx_i = &quot;i&quot;
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;ya$&quot;) or
           mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;[îû]$&quot;) then -- cf. karîn (-karî-)
           	prfx_i = &quot;&quot;
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiou]$') then
            prfx_i = &quot;yi&quot;
        end
        return prfx_i
    end

    getEndings['ibim'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bim&quot;,   p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;be&quot;,    p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûm'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûm&quot;,     p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bû&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûme'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûme&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyiye&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûye&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûma'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûma&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyayî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûya&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;
        }
    end
    
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. perfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ime'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;me&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;ye&quot;, p1=&quot;ne&quot;, p2=&quot;ne&quot;, p3=&quot;ne&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ime&quot;, s2=&quot;iyî&quot;, s3=&quot;iye&quot;, p1=&quot;ine&quot;, p2=&quot;ine&quot;, p3=&quot;ine&quot;}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Subj. Imperfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ama'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        -- The doublet in &quot;-iyan&quot; of verbs in -&quot;în&quot; (gerîn/-geriya-, kenîn/-keniya-, ...),
        -- in the conditional and subjunctive moods, a doublet &quot;yaya&quot; appears; it's removed.
        -- -yayayî → -yayî; -yaya → -ya
		if mw.ustring.match(stem, '(ya)$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
		elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yayî&quot;, s3=&quot;ya&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ama&quot;, s2=&quot;ayî&quot;, s3=&quot;a&quot;, p1=&quot;ana&quot;, p2=&quot;ana&quot;, p3=&quot;ana&quot;}
        end
        return ends
    end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR PREVERBS: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;
-- There are two preverbs: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;. These preverbs can change form
-- depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getPreverb = {}

do
	getPreverb['bi'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local verbStruct = opts.verbStruct
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
		local accent     = opts.accent

		-- Devoka rojhilatî:
		-- @Ferhengvan: Dema bêt bi lêkera alîkar &quot;ê / dê&quot; û bi rehê lêkerê yê
		-- dema niha û pêşgirên kesî tê çêkirin. Pêşgira &quot;bi-&quot; li destpêka lêkera
		-- serekî nîne: - ez ê / dê xw-im (standard: ez ê/dê bi-xw-im).
		if (self.name == 'indFuture' and accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			return ''
		end
	
	    -- Preverb verbs don't use the preverb &quot;bi-&quot;: ra-kirin (ez ê rakim), ve-xwarin (ez ê vexwim) , ...
	    -- But compound verb and simple verbs use it: hez kirin (ez ê hez bi-kim), lê bigirin (ez ê lê bi-girim), ...
	    if (verbStruct == 'preverbVerb') then
	        return ''
	    end
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;bi&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stem == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentBi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentBi
		elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastBi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastBi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameBi then
			return overridePreverb.sameBi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;bi-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[aeêiîouû]') then
	        return 'b'
	    end
	
	    return 'bi'
	end

	getPreverb['di'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;di&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stem == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentDi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentDi
		elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastDi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastDi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameDi then
			return overridePreverb.sameDi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;di-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[ai]') then
	        return 'd'
	    end
	    -- Ex. hatin : stem = -ê- // ez têm
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[êî]') then
	        return 't'
	    end
	
	    return 'di'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR NEGATION PREFIXES: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;
-- There are two negation prefixes: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;. These preverbs can change
-- form depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getNegPrefix = {}

do
	getNegPrefix['na'] = function (self, opts)
		-- self: reserved for future use
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overrideNa = opts.overrideNegPrefix.presentNa
	
	    if overrideNa then return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNa .. '&lt;/b&gt;' end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] end
	
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;nay&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;n&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Tîpa duyem &quot;-a-&quot; ye (k-a-rîn, z-a-nîn, ...)
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^%wa') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;ni&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;na&lt;/b&gt;'
	end

	getNegPrefix['ne'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local tenseName = self.name
	    local impNegForm = opts.impNegForm -- form &quot;1&quot; or &quot;2&quot; of imp.
		local overrideNegPrefix = opts.overrideNegPrefix
	
		-- If the neg. prefix &quot;di&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stem == 'present' and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
			return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
		elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overrideNegPrefix.pastNe) then
			return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.pastNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
		elseif overrideNegPrefix.sameNe then
			return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
		end
		
        local negPrefix = 'ne'
		
		-- Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;indImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
		-- ji ber vê yekê 'negPrefix' hertim (?) 'ne' ye ji ber ku dikeve pêş 
		-- pêşgira &quot;di-&quot;: wê/wî ne-di-elimand (elimandin)
	    if (tenseName == 'indImperfect') then
	         return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- There are two forms of construction of the imperative,
	    -- one with the prefix &quot;me-&quot; and the other with the prefix &quot;ne-&quot;.
	    if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
	        negPrefix = (impNegForm == 2) and 'ne' or 'me'
	    end
		
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. 'y&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        negPrefix = mw.ustring.sub(negPrefix, 1, -2)
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- Standardization of the PREVERBAL PARTICLE
-- The proverbial particle &quot;ê&quot; is placed after the personal pronoun.
-- =============================================================================
-- If there are no verbal preparticles, return empty table.
function export.getPreverbParticules(preverbParticle, typeStem, isTransitive)
    if not preverbParticle then
        return {s1='', s2='', s3='', p1='', p2='', p3=''}
    end

    if preverbParticle == 'ê' then
        local isErgative = isTransitive and (typeStem == 'past')

        -- When the personal pronoun ends in a vowel, a &quot;y-&quot; is added before &quot;ê&quot;.
        -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
        if isErgative then
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='yê/dê', p1='yê/dê', p2='yê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        else
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='ê/dê', p1='ê/dê', p2='ê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        end
    end

    -- If the verbal preparticle is identical for all pronouns,
    -- we create a table with the same value.
    local preverbParticles = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        preverbParticles[pers] = preverbParticle
    end

    return preverbParticles
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING EACH VERB TENSE
-- This table lists, for each verb tense, what elements are required to form it:
--   - Verb conjugation is built by placing either the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; or &quot;di-&quot; before
--     the verb stem (past or present), followed by a personal ending.
--   - For the negative form, one of the prefixes &quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot; is added as well.
--   - In some cases, a preverbal particle such as /ê/ or /dê/ is added before
--     the conjugated verb as well.
-- Not: - The &quot;negPreverb&quot; (preverb (bi-/di-) for negative tenses) parameter has a
--         value different from &quot;nil&quot; only for the Imperfect tense (&quot;negPreverb=di&quot;).
--      - The parameter &quot;negPrefix=na&quot; is used only for the present indicative.
--
-- Preverb &quot;di&quot;, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(present stem), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(past stem)
--                        - Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;IndImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
-- Preverb &quot;bi&quot;, used in: &quot;indFuture&quot;(present stem), &quot;subPresent&quot;(present stem),
--                         &quot;subImperfect&quot;(past stem) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(past stem)
--                        - The prefix &quot;bi-&quot; isn't used in negative forms.
--
-- Present stem, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(di)(na),
--                        &quot;indFuture&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;subPresent&quot;(bi)(ne)
--
-- Past stem, used in: &quot;indPreterite&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(di)(ne), &quot;indPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;indPerfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPreterite&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subImperfect&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(bi)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne) = &quot;condPreterite&quot;(-)(ne)
-- =============================================================================
-- Some conjugations are identical except that they differ only in the preverbal particle (/ê/, /dê/).
-- So, to avoid repeating the same information (and thus risking errors),
-- we establish the common part shared between these verbs.
local sharedTenseRules = {
    indFuture = {
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['present']
    },

    indFuturePerfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibim']
    },

    subImperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ama']
    },

    subPluperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûma']
    }
}

local mt = {
    __index = function(t, k)
        local commonRules = t._commonRules
        if commonRules then return commonRules[k] end
    end
}

-- TENSES CONJUGATION RULES
export.tenseRules = {
    -- IMPERATIVE MOOD
    impPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;impPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raweya fermanî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present imperative&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;imperative&quot;,
        _commonRules = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- INDICATIVE MOOD
    indPresent = {
        name         = &quot;indPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema niha&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['na'],
        endings      = getEndings['present'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPreterite = {
        name         = &quot;indPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya sade&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;simple past&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indImperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya berdest&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;Imperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = getPreverb['di'],
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPluperfect    = {
        name         = &quot;indPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûm'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indFuture = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuture&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema bê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    indFuturePerfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dahatiya pêş&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    -- In some books, the &quot;perfect&quot; and &quot;nonconfirmative pluperfect&quot; tenses
    -- are classified in the &quot;inferential mood&quot; (&quot;moda neşahidî&quot;).
    -- Currently we classify them using the indicative mood (at the end).
    indPerfect = {
        name         = &quot;indPerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ime'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indNwPluperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya boriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;non-witnessed pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûme'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    -- SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
    subjPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema nihaya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    subjPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjImperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;imperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjPluperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr a bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- CONDITIONAL MOOD
    condPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya dema nihaya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    condPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

}

-- =============================================================================
-- MAIN CONJUGATION FUNCTOIN
-- This function returns an array containing the conjugation table for a given
-- tense as well as other information about the conjugated verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugate(opts)
    opts = opts or {}
    -- Required parameters
    local tense          = opts.tense or error(&quot;'tense' required&quot;, 2)
    --One of the two parameters is required:
    --  - If the tense uses the present stem, indicate &quot;presentStem&quot;.
    --  - If it uses the past stem, indicate &quot;pastStem&quot;.
    local presentStem    = opts.presentStem
    local pastStem       = opts.pastStem
    -- Optional parameters
    local isTransitive   = opts.isTransitive or false   -- Indicate if the verb is transitive (true/false)
    local isNegative     = opts.isNegative or false     -- Indicate if it's the negative form (true/false)
    local isCompoundVerb = opts.isCompoundVerb or false -- Indicate if it's a compound verb (true/false)
    local preSimpleVerb  = opts.preSimpleVerb or ''     -- The part before the simple verb
    local postSimpleVerb = opts.postSimpleVerb or ''    -- The part after the simple verb
    -- These parameters are provided when the verb is irregular.
    -- Allows you to manually modify preverbs (&quot;bi-&quot;&quot; or &quot;di-&quot;)
    -- and negation prefixes (&quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot;)
	local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb {
		-- Preverb (bi-, di)
	    presentBi = opts.presentBi or nil,
	    presentDi = opts.presentDi or nil,
	    pastBi    = opts.pastBi or nil,
	    pastDi    = opts.pastDi or nil,
		-- same preverb (for past and present stem)
	    sameBi     = opts.sameBi or nil,
	    sameDi     = opts.sameDi or nil,
	}
	local overrideNegPrefix = opts.overrideNegPrefix{
		-- Neg. prefix (na-, ne-)
	    presentNa  = opts.presentNa or nil,
	    presentNe  = opts.presentNe or nil,
	    pastNe     = opts.pastNe or nil,
		-- same neg. prefix (for past and present stem)
	    sameNe     = opts.sameNe or nil,
	}
    -- By default, the negation of the imperative is constructed from the prefix &quot;me-&quot;&quot;.
    -- To obtain the second variant, the prefix with &quot;ne-&quot;, you must specify &quot;impNegForm=2&quot;.
    local impNegForm     = opts.impNegForm or nil
	-- Accent/ Devok
    local accent = opts.accent or 'std'
	
	-- If &quot;tags='na'&quot;, remove links/tags
	local tags = opts.tags or 'erê'
	-- If addPreverbParticles='na', remove preverb particles (ê/dê) before
	-- the conjugated verbs.
	local addPreverbParticles = opts.addPreverbParticles or 'erê'

	
	-- We add a space to the left of the &quot;postSimpleVerb&quot; because it shouldn't be attached
	-- to the simple verb.
	if (postSimpleVerb ~= '' and postSimpleVerb ~=nil) then
		postSimpleVerb = ' ' .. postSimpleVerb
	end

    -- Access to the classification table and retrieval of verb tense parameters
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if (not infoTense) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- We check that one of the two parameters of the stem is given
    if (infoTense.stem == 'present' and not presentStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;presentStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    elseif (infoTense.stem == 'past' and not pastStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;pasttStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- Choice between the present stem or past stem
    local stem = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStem or pastStem

    --────────────────────────────
    -- Conjugation construction --
    -- ───────────────────────────
    local preverb = ''
    local negPrefix = ''
    -- Ruturns the verb type: &quot;simpleVerb&quot; or &quot;preverbVerb&quot; or &quot;compoundVerb&quot;
    local verbStruct = export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)

    if isNegative then
        negPrefix = infoTense:negPrefix{stem=stem,
                                        impNegForm=impNegForm,
                                        overrideNegPrefix=overrideNegPrefix}
        if infoTense.negPreverb then
            preverb = infoTense:negPreverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                           overridePreverb=overridePreverb}
        end
    else
        if infoTense.preverb then
            preverb = infoTense:preverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                        overridePreverb=overridePreverb,
										accent=accent}
        end
    end

    infoTense.conj = {}
    local spacing = isCompoundVerb and ' ' or ''
    local endings = infoTense:endings(stem)
	
	-- 'rojhilatî' accent (devok) for present stem
	if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then
		if (accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			endings = endings['rojhilatî']
		else
			endings = endings['std']
		end

	end
	
    local preverbParticles = export.getPreverbParticules(infoTense.preverbParticle, infoTense.stem, isTransitive)
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (infoTense.stem == 'past')

    -- Creating the conjugation table for a given tense
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local ending
        local conjSimbleVerb
        local conjVerb

        if isErgative then
            ending = endings.s3
        else
            ending = endings[pers]
        end

        -- Adding space after the preverbal particle, and
		-- if &quot;addPreverbParticles='na'&quot;: remove preverb particles (ê/dê).
		local preverbParticle = ''
		if infoTense.preverbParticle and addPreverbParticles ~= 'na' then
	            preverbParticle = preverbParticles[pers] .. ' '
		end

        conjSimbleVerb = negPrefix  .. preverb .. stem .. ending
        -- Adding prefixe and suffixe
        conjVerb =  preSimpleVerb .. spacing .. conjSimbleVerb .. postSimpleVerb
        -- Spelling correction(îy -&gt; iy)
        conjVerb = mw.ustring.gsub(conjVerb, 'îy', 'iy')
        -- Add a link / if tags='na' no links
		if tags ~= 'na' then
        	conjVerb = link{term=conjVerb, lang=langKu}
		end
        -- Addition of the preverbal particle
        infoTense.conj[pers] = preverbParticle .. conjVerb
    end

    -- Imperative
    if (infoTense.name == 'impPresent') then
        infoTense.conj.s1 = nil
        infoTense.conj.s2 = infoTense.conj.s3
        infoTense.conj.s3 = nil
        infoTense.conj.p1 = nil
        -- infoTense.conj.p2 = infoTense.conj.p2
        infoTense.conj.p3 = nil
    end

    return infoTense
end

-- =============================================================================
--                               END
-- =============================================================================
-- Some useful tools
-- =============================================================================
-- Returns the list of verb tenses
export.tensesList = function()
	local list = {}
    for _, tense in pairs(export.tenseRules) do
        table.insert(list, tense.name)
    end
	return list
end

-- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
-- (for a given conjugate tense in all persons of that tense)
function export.concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjVerbs)
	local concatTab = {}
	for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
		concatTab[pers] = pronoms[pers] .. ' ' .. conjVerbs[pers]
	end

	return concatTab
end
-- =============================================================================
-- ADDITIONAL STEM OF THE PAST AND PRESENT (pastStem2, ... and presentStem2, ...)
-- This function does nothing more than add additional parameters for verb stems
-- in the past and present tenses.
-- Conjugations for the different stems will be separated by &quot;/&quot;
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems)
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
     opts.tense = tense or nil
     
    presentStems = presentStems or {}
	pastStems = pastStems or {}

    
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if not infoTense then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    local stems = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStems or pastStems

    -- For each verb stem, its conjugation table is calculated and stored in conjTabs.
    local conjTabs = {}
    for i = 1, #stems do
        if stems[i] then
            if (infoTense.stem == 'past') then opts.pastStem = stems[i] end
            if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then opts.presentStem = stems[i] end

            local conj = export.conjugate(opts).conj
            table.insert(conjTabs, conj)
        end
    end

    -- We concatenate each row of the conjugation tables.
    local concatConjTabs = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local frag = {}
        for i = 1, #conjTabs do
            local val = conjTabs[i][pers]
            if val then table.insert(frag, tostring(val)) end
        end
        concatConjTabs[pers] = table.concat(frag, &quot; / &quot;)
    end

    infoTense.conj = concatConjTabs

    return infoTense
end

-- ====================================================================================
--  VERB CONUGATION IN ALL TENSES WITH OR WITHOUT PRONOUMS
-- ====================================================================================
function export.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems, negation, concatPrs)
	-- &quot;concatPrs=false&quot; table without pronouns
	
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
    
    if negation == 'negative' then opts.isNegative = true end

    -- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
	local concatPronomsVerbs = export.concatPronomsVerbs

    -- Tenses list
    local tensesList = export.tensesList()

    -- Conjugation in all tenses
    local conjTab = {}
    for _, tense in ipairs(tensesList) do
        local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy')

		-- We create the conjugation table without the pronouns.
        conjTab[tense] = deepCopy(export.conjugateLong(opts, tense, presentStems, pastStems), 'copy')
		
        -- We concatenate the pronouns and the verbs if &quot;concatPrs&quot; is different of &quot;false&quot;
		-- No pronouns for the imperative mood
		if (tense ~= 'impPresent' and concatPrs ~= false) then
			local pronoms = deepCopy(export.conjPronouns(infoTense.stem, infoTense.mode, opts.isTransitive))
        	conjTab[tense].conj = concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjTab[tense].conj)
        end
    end

    return conjTab
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- Allows you to obtain a given conjugation from a model.
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|tew|dem=indPresent|kes=s1}}
-- See {{ku-tewîn-lk-niha}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.tew(frame)
   local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isNegative     = frame.args['neyînî'] or false,
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or nil,
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or nil,
		accent         = args['devok'] or 'std',
		tags           = args['lînk'] or 'erê',
        overrideBi     = args['bi'] or nil,
        overrideDi     = args['di'] or nil,
        overrideNa     = args['na'] or nil,
        overrideNe     = args['ne'] or nil,
        impNegForm     = nil
    }
	
	local tense        = frame.args['dem'] or nil
	local pers         = frame.args['kes'] or nil
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems    = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}

    -- A few checks
    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerguhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    if (baseOpts.isNegative == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isNegative = true
    end

	local tabConj = export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems).conj
	
    return tabConj[pers]
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- GET COMMMA SEPARED FORMS
-- Bnr. [[MediaWiki:Gadget-QQ.js]]
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|get_comma_separated_forms|niha=kev|borî=ket}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.get_comma_separated_forms(frame)
    local opts = {
        presentStem     = frame.args['niha'],
        pastStem        = frame.args['borî'],
        isTransitive    = false,
        isNegative      = false,
        isCompoundVerb  = frame['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb   = frame['pêşgir'] or '',
        postSimpleVerb  = frame['paşgir'] or '',
		overridePreverb = {
		    presentBi = frame['presentBi'] or nil,
		    presentDi = frame['presentDi'] or nil,
		    pastBi    = frame['pastBi'] or nil,
		    pastDi    = frame['pastDi'] or nil,
		    sameBi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		    sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		},
		overrideNegPrefix = {
		    presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		    presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		    pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		    sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		},
        impNegForm     = nil,
		tags           = 'na', -- Remove links/tags
		addPreverbParticles = 'na' -- Remove preverb particles (ê/dê)
    }

   local function concateList(tenseList)
        local concatList = {}
        for _, pers in ipairs({&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;}) do
        	local tense = tenseList[pers]
            table.insert(concatList, tense)
        end

        return table.concat(concatList, &quot;,&quot;)
   end

   	local tenseList = {'indPresent','indPreterite','indImperfect',
                      'indPluperfect','indPerfect','indNwPluperfect',
                      'indFuture','indFuturePerfect',
                      'subjImperfect','subjPluperfect'
                    }
                    
    local concatAllTense = {}
    
    for  i = 1, #tenseList do
        local tense = tenseList[i]
        if export.tenseRules[tense] then
            opts.tense = tense
            local conj = shallowCopy(export.conjugate(opts).conj)
            local concatTense = concateList(conj)
            table.insert(concatAllTense, concatTense)
        end
    end
    
    return table.concat(concatAllTense, &quot;,&quot;)
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>76uwqtrdaxq1iodka3avflax8s8eqnc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237481</id>
      <parentid>6237477</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T22:02:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>6237481</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="43095" sha1="e3rvbd6iv9tf7ccq0306eksdmyix9xn" xml:space="preserve">-- Modula tewandina lêkerên kurmancî

local export = {}

-- Load irregular forms table
-- local irreg = require('Module:ku-tewandin/nestandard')
local langKu = require(&quot;Modul:languages&quot;).getByCode(&quot;ku&quot;)
local link = require('Module:links').language_link
local shallowCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/shallowCopy&quot;)
local deepCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/deepCopy&quot;)

-- =============================================================================
-- Pronouns in Kurmanji
-- =============================================================================
export.order = {&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;, &quot;p2&quot;, &quot;p3&quot;}

export.pronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;ez&quot;,    p1 = &quot;em&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;tu&quot;,    p2 = &quot;hûn&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;ew&quot;,    p3 = &quot;ew&quot;
}

export.obliquePronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;min&quot;,      p1 = &quot;me&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;te&quot;,       p2 = &quot;we&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;wê/wî&quot;,    p3 = &quot;wan&quot;
}

export.agents = {
    s1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,            p1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,           p2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;,   p3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;
}

-- Oblique pronoun (green) 
export.obliquePronounsGreen = {
    s1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;min&lt;/span&gt;',
    s2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;te&lt;/span&gt;',
    s3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wê/wî&lt;/span&gt;',
    p1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;me&lt;/span&gt;',
    p2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;we&lt;/span&gt;',
    p3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wan&lt;/span&gt;'
}

-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-- 1) This function returns correct subject/agent pronoun, ergativity rule:
--   - Transitive verbs in past tenses → oblique pronoun (green) = agent
--   - All other cases                 → direct pronoun (no color) = subject
-- 2) Also add the subjunctive prefix &quot;(bila)&quot;
-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
function export.conjPronouns(stemType, mode, isTransitive)
    local pronouns = shallowCopy(export.pronouns)

    -- Ergativity in kurdish: transitive verbs that are conjugated with the past tense stem are
    -- conjugated according to the object, not the subject.
    -- Therefore, to have an ergative construction,
    -- the verb must be transitive and its stem must be the stem of the past tense.
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (stemType == 'past')

    -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
    -- If it's not ergative, we use normal pronouns: &quot;ez&quot;, &quot;tu&quot;, ...
    if isErgative then
        pronouns = shallowCopy(export.obliquePronounsGreen)
    end

    -- For the subjunctive mood, we add &quot;(bila)&quot; at the beginning.
    if mode == 'subjunctive' then
    	local subjPrefix = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(bila)&lt;/span&gt;'
        for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
            pronouns[pers] = subjPrefix .. ' ' .. pronouns[pers]
        end
    end
    return pronouns
end

-- =============================================================================
-- VERBAL STRUCTURE IN THE INFINITIVE:
-- Verbs in the infinitive appear in three main forms:
--  1) Simple verb (indivisible light verb):
--       - ex.:  &quot;kirin&quot;, &quot;çûn&quot;, &quot;xwarin&quot;, ...
--  2) Verbs with preverbs (preverb + simple verb):
--       - ex.: &quot;rakirin&quot; (ra- + kirin), &quot;çêkirin&quot; (çê- + kirin), &quot;vexwarin&quot; (ve- + xwarin), ...
--       - Preverb verbs don't use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê rakim , ew ê rake , ...)
--  3) Compound verbs, construction with non-verbal element (the noun is not attached to the verb):
--       - Left of the simple verb: &quot;hez kirin&quot; (&quot;hez&quot; + &quot;kirin&quot;), &quot;li dar xistin&quot; (&quot;li dar&quot; + &quot;xistin&quot;), ...
--       - Right of the simple verb: &quot;kirin der&quot; (&quot;kirin&quot; + &quot;der&quot;), &quot;girtin ser xwe&quot; (&quot;girtin&quot; + &quot;ser xwe&quot;), ...
--       - Compound verbs use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê hez bi-kim , ew ê hez bi-ke )

-- STRUCTURE:  preSimpleVerb + spacing + simpleVerb + postSimpleVerb
-- EX.     kirin: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       rakirin: preSimpleVerb='ra';  spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--     hez kirin: preSimpleVerb='hez'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       pev çûn: preSimpleVerb='pev'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='çûn';   postSimpleVerb=''
--     kirin der: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb='der'

-- WARNING: Conjugation can vary depending on the type of verb.
-- For example, in the future tense,the prefix &quot;bi&quot; is used for compound verbs,
-- but not for preverbal verbs, see the function that manages it  &quot;tenseRules&quot; table.
-- This table does not yet support the mixed case: a verb composed of a noun and a preverb verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)
    local struct

    if (preSimpleVerb and preSimpleVerb ~= '' and not isCompoundVerb) then
        struct = 'preverbVerb'
    elseif isCompoundVerb then
        struct = 'compoundVerb'
    else
        struct = 'simpleVerb'
    end

    return struct
end

-- ================================================================
-- INFLECTIONAL ENDINGS
-- Assigns verb inflectional endings (suffixes) to all tenses
-- ================================================================
local getEndings = {}

do
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ending using present stem
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['present'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends = {}
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends['std'] = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
            ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='m', s2='(y)', s3='t', p1='yn', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends['std'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='e', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
			ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='&lt;u&gt;it&lt;/u&gt;/ît', p1='în', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. preterite + ind. imperfect ending
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['past'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
		local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiouû]$') then
            ends = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, 'î$') then
           -- if self.name == 'indImperfect' then
           --     -- special indicative ind. imperfect rule
           --     ends = {s1='yam', s2='yayî', s3='ya', p1='yan', p2='yan', p3='yan'}
           -- end
            ends = {s1='m', s2='', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Compound endings with auxiliary &quot;bûn&quot;
    -- Inflectional endings are created by taking the different forms of the
    -- verb &quot;bûn&quot; (with present stem &quot;-b-&quot; and past stem &quot;-bû-&quot;) and
    -- adding an &quot;i-&quot; prefix before them: &quot;i-b-im&quot;, &quot;i-bû-m&quot;, &quot;i-bû-me&quot;, &quot;i-bû-ma&quot;.
    -- This &quot;i-&quot; varies according to the final letter of the verb stem.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    local function normalize_i(stem)
        local prfx_i = &quot;i&quot;
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;ya$&quot;) or
           mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;[îû]$&quot;) then -- cf. karîn (-karî-)
           	prfx_i = &quot;&quot;
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiou]$') then
            prfx_i = &quot;yi&quot;
        end
        return prfx_i
    end

    getEndings['ibim'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bim&quot;,   p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;be&quot;,    p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûm'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûm&quot;,     p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bû&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûme'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûme&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyiye&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûye&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûma'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûma&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyayî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûya&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;
        }
    end
    
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. perfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ime'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;me&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;ye&quot;, p1=&quot;ne&quot;, p2=&quot;ne&quot;, p3=&quot;ne&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ime&quot;, s2=&quot;iyî&quot;, s3=&quot;iye&quot;, p1=&quot;ine&quot;, p2=&quot;ine&quot;, p3=&quot;ine&quot;}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Subj. Imperfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ama'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        -- The doublet in &quot;-iyan&quot; of verbs in -&quot;în&quot; (gerîn/-geriya-, kenîn/-keniya-, ...),
        -- in the conditional and subjunctive moods, a doublet &quot;yaya&quot; appears; it's removed.
        -- -yayayî → -yayî; -yaya → -ya
		if mw.ustring.match(stem, '(ya)$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
		elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yayî&quot;, s3=&quot;ya&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ama&quot;, s2=&quot;ayî&quot;, s3=&quot;a&quot;, p1=&quot;ana&quot;, p2=&quot;ana&quot;, p3=&quot;ana&quot;}
        end
        return ends
    end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR PREVERBS: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;
-- There are two preverbs: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;. These preverbs can change form
-- depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getPreverb = {}

do
	getPreverb['bi'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local verbStruct = opts.verbStruct
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
		local accent     = opts.accent

		-- Devoka rojhilatî:
		-- @Ferhengvan: Dema bêt bi lêkera alîkar &quot;ê / dê&quot; û bi rehê lêkerê yê
		-- dema niha û pêşgirên kesî tê çêkirin. Pêşgira &quot;bi-&quot; li destpêka lêkera
		-- serekî nîne: - ez ê / dê xw-im (standard: ez ê/dê bi-xw-im).
		if (self.name == 'indFuture' and accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			return ''
		end
	
	    -- Preverb verbs don't use the preverb &quot;bi-&quot;: ra-kirin (ez ê rakim), ve-xwarin (ez ê vexwim) , ...
	    -- But compound verb and simple verbs use it: hez kirin (ez ê hez bi-kim), lê bigirin (ez ê lê bi-girim), ...
	    if (verbStruct == 'preverbVerb') then
	        return ''
	    end
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;bi&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stem == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentBi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentBi
		elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastBi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastBi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameBi then
			return overridePreverb.sameBi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;bi-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[aeêiîouû]') then
	        return 'b'
	    end
	
	    return 'bi'
	end

	getPreverb['di'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;di&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stem == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentDi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentDi
		elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastDi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastDi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameDi then
			return overridePreverb.sameDi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;di-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[ai]') then
	        return 'd'
	    end
	    -- Ex. hatin : stem = -ê- // ez têm
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[êî]') then
	        return 't'
	    end
	
	    return 'di'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR NEGATION PREFIXES: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;
-- There are two negation prefixes: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;. These preverbs can change
-- form depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getNegPrefix = {}

do
	getNegPrefix['na'] = function (self, opts)
		-- self: reserved for future use
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overrideNa = opts.overrideNegPrefix.presentNa
	
	    if overrideNa then return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNa .. '&lt;/b&gt;' end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] end
	
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;nay&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;n&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Tîpa duyem &quot;-a-&quot; ye (k-a-rîn, z-a-nîn, ...)
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^%wa') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;ni&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;na&lt;/b&gt;'
	end

	getNegPrefix['ne'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local tenseName = self.name
	    local impNegForm = opts.impNegForm -- form &quot;1&quot; or &quot;2&quot; of imp.
		local overrideNegPrefix = opts.overrideNegPrefix
	
		-- If the neg. prefix &quot;di&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stem == 'present' and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
			return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
		elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overrideNegPrefix.pastNe) then
			return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.pastNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
		elseif overrideNegPrefix.sameNe then
			return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
		end
		
        local negPrefix = 'ne'
		
		-- Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;indImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
		-- ji ber vê yekê 'negPrefix' hertim (?) 'ne' ye ji ber ku dikeve pêş 
		-- pêşgira &quot;di-&quot;: wê/wî ne-di-elimand (elimandin)
	    if (tenseName == 'indImperfect') then
	         return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- There are two forms of construction of the imperative,
	    -- one with the prefix &quot;me-&quot; and the other with the prefix &quot;ne-&quot;.
	    if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
	        negPrefix = (impNegForm == 2) and 'ne' or 'me'
	    end
		
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. 'y&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        negPrefix = mw.ustring.sub(negPrefix, 1, -2)
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- Standardization of the PREVERBAL PARTICLE
-- The proverbial particle &quot;ê&quot; is placed after the personal pronoun.
-- =============================================================================
-- If there are no verbal preparticles, return empty table.
function export.getPreverbParticules(preverbParticle, typeStem, isTransitive)
    if not preverbParticle then
        return {s1='', s2='', s3='', p1='', p2='', p3=''}
    end

    if preverbParticle == 'ê' then
        local isErgative = isTransitive and (typeStem == 'past')

        -- When the personal pronoun ends in a vowel, a &quot;y-&quot; is added before &quot;ê&quot;.
        -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
        if isErgative then
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='yê/dê', p1='yê/dê', p2='yê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        else
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='ê/dê', p1='ê/dê', p2='ê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        end
    end

    -- If the verbal preparticle is identical for all pronouns,
    -- we create a table with the same value.
    local preverbParticles = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        preverbParticles[pers] = preverbParticle
    end

    return preverbParticles
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING EACH VERB TENSE
-- This table lists, for each verb tense, what elements are required to form it:
--   - Verb conjugation is built by placing either the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; or &quot;di-&quot; before
--     the verb stem (past or present), followed by a personal ending.
--   - For the negative form, one of the prefixes &quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot; is added as well.
--   - In some cases, a preverbal particle such as /ê/ or /dê/ is added before
--     the conjugated verb as well.
-- Not: - The &quot;negPreverb&quot; (preverb (bi-/di-) for negative tenses) parameter has a
--         value different from &quot;nil&quot; only for the Imperfect tense (&quot;negPreverb=di&quot;).
--      - The parameter &quot;negPrefix=na&quot; is used only for the present indicative.
--
-- Preverb &quot;di&quot;, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(present stem), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(past stem)
--                        - Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;IndImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
-- Preverb &quot;bi&quot;, used in: &quot;indFuture&quot;(present stem), &quot;subPresent&quot;(present stem),
--                         &quot;subImperfect&quot;(past stem) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(past stem)
--                        - The prefix &quot;bi-&quot; isn't used in negative forms.
--
-- Present stem, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(di)(na),
--                        &quot;indFuture&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;subPresent&quot;(bi)(ne)
--
-- Past stem, used in: &quot;indPreterite&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(di)(ne), &quot;indPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;indPerfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPreterite&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subImperfect&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(bi)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne) = &quot;condPreterite&quot;(-)(ne)
-- =============================================================================
-- Some conjugations are identical except that they differ only in the preverbal particle (/ê/, /dê/).
-- So, to avoid repeating the same information (and thus risking errors),
-- we establish the common part shared between these verbs.
local sharedTenseRules = {
    indFuture = {
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['present']
    },

    indFuturePerfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibim']
    },

    subImperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ama']
    },

    subPluperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûma']
    }
}

local mt = {
    __index = function(t, k)
        local commonRules = t._commonRules
        if commonRules then return commonRules[k] end
    end
}

-- TENSES CONJUGATION RULES
export.tenseRules = {
    -- IMPERATIVE MOOD
    impPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;impPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raweya fermanî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present imperative&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;imperative&quot;,
        _commonRules = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- INDICATIVE MOOD
    indPresent = {
        name         = &quot;indPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema niha&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['na'],
        endings      = getEndings['present'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPreterite = {
        name         = &quot;indPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya sade&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;simple past&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indImperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya berdest&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;Imperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = getPreverb['di'],
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPluperfect    = {
        name         = &quot;indPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûm'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indFuture = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuture&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema bê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    indFuturePerfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dahatiya pêş&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    -- In some books, the &quot;perfect&quot; and &quot;nonconfirmative pluperfect&quot; tenses
    -- are classified in the &quot;inferential mood&quot; (&quot;moda neşahidî&quot;).
    -- Currently we classify them using the indicative mood (at the end).
    indPerfect = {
        name         = &quot;indPerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ime'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indNwPluperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya boriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;non-witnessed pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûme'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    -- SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
    subjPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema nihaya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    subjPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjImperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;imperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjPluperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr a bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- CONDITIONAL MOOD
    condPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya dema nihaya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    condPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

}

-- =============================================================================
-- MAIN CONJUGATION FUNCTOIN
-- This function returns an array containing the conjugation table for a given
-- tense as well as other information about the conjugated verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugate(opts)
    opts = opts or {}
    -- Required parameters
    local tense          = opts.tense or error(&quot;'tense' required&quot;, 2)
    --One of the two parameters is required:
    --  - If the tense uses the present stem, indicate &quot;presentStem&quot;.
    --  - If it uses the past stem, indicate &quot;pastStem&quot;.
    local presentStem    = opts.presentStem
    local pastStem       = opts.pastStem
    -- Optional parameters
    local isTransitive   = opts.isTransitive or false   -- Indicate if the verb is transitive (true/false)
    local isNegative     = opts.isNegative or false     -- Indicate if it's the negative form (true/false)
    local isCompoundVerb = opts.isCompoundVerb or false -- Indicate if it's a compound verb (true/false)
    local preSimpleVerb  = opts.preSimpleVerb or ''     -- The part before the simple verb
    local postSimpleVerb = opts.postSimpleVerb or ''    -- The part after the simple verb
    -- These parameters are provided when the verb is irregular.
    -- Allows you to manually modify preverbs (&quot;bi-&quot;&quot; or &quot;di-&quot;)
    -- and negation prefixes (&quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot;)
	local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb {
		-- Preverb (bi-, di)
	    presentBi = opts.presentBi or nil,
	    presentDi = opts.presentDi or nil,
	    pastBi    = opts.pastBi or nil,
	    pastDi    = opts.pastDi or nil,
		-- same preverb (for past and present stem)
	    sameBi     = opts.sameBi or nil,
	    sameDi     = opts.sameDi or nil,
	}
	local overrideNegPrefix = opts.overrideNegPrefix{
		-- Neg. prefix (na-, ne-)
	    presentNa  = opts.presentNa or nil,
	    presentNe  = opts.presentNe or nil,
	    pastNe     = opts.pastNe or nil,
		-- same neg. prefix (for past and present stem)
	    sameNe     = opts.sameNe or nil,
	}
    -- By default, the negation of the imperative is constructed from the prefix &quot;me-&quot;&quot;.
    -- To obtain the second variant, the prefix with &quot;ne-&quot;, you must specify &quot;impNegForm=2&quot;.
    local impNegForm     = opts.impNegForm or nil
	-- Accent/ Devok
    local accent = opts.accent or 'std'
	
	-- If &quot;tags='na'&quot;, remove links/tags
	local tags = opts.tags or 'erê'
	-- If addPreverbParticles='na', remove preverb particles (ê/dê) before
	-- the conjugated verbs.
	local addPreverbParticles = opts.addPreverbParticles or 'erê'

	
	-- We add a space to the left of the &quot;postSimpleVerb&quot; because it shouldn't be attached
	-- to the simple verb.
	if (postSimpleVerb ~= '' and postSimpleVerb ~=nil) then
		postSimpleVerb = ' ' .. postSimpleVerb
	end

    -- Access to the classification table and retrieval of verb tense parameters
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if (not infoTense) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- We check that one of the two parameters of the stem is given
    if (infoTense.stem == 'present' and not presentStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;presentStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    elseif (infoTense.stem == 'past' and not pastStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;pasttStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- Choice between the present stem or past stem
    local stem = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStem or pastStem

    --────────────────────────────
    -- Conjugation construction --
    -- ───────────────────────────
    local preverb = ''
    local negPrefix = ''
    -- Ruturns the verb type: &quot;simpleVerb&quot; or &quot;preverbVerb&quot; or &quot;compoundVerb&quot;
    local verbStruct = export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)

    if isNegative then
        negPrefix = infoTense:negPrefix{stem=stem,
                                        impNegForm=impNegForm,
                                        overrideNegPrefix=overrideNegPrefix}
        if infoTense.negPreverb then
            preverb = infoTense:negPreverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                           overridePreverb=overridePreverb}
        end
    else
        if infoTense.preverb then
            preverb = infoTense:preverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                        overridePreverb=overridePreverb,
										accent=accent}
        end
    end

    infoTense.conj = {}
    local spacing = isCompoundVerb and ' ' or ''
    local endings = infoTense:endings(stem)
	
	-- 'rojhilatî' accent (devok) for present stem
	if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then
		if (accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			endings = endings['rojhilatî']
		else
			endings = endings['std']
		end

	end
	
    local preverbParticles = export.getPreverbParticules(infoTense.preverbParticle, infoTense.stem, isTransitive)
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (infoTense.stem == 'past')

    -- Creating the conjugation table for a given tense
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local ending
        local conjSimbleVerb
        local conjVerb

        if isErgative then
            ending = endings.s3
        else
            ending = endings[pers]
        end

        -- Adding space after the preverbal particle, and
		-- if &quot;addPreverbParticles='na'&quot;: remove preverb particles (ê/dê).
		local preverbParticle = ''
		if infoTense.preverbParticle and addPreverbParticles ~= 'na' then
	            preverbParticle = preverbParticles[pers] .. ' '
		end

        conjSimbleVerb = negPrefix  .. preverb .. stem .. ending
        -- Adding prefixe and suffixe
        conjVerb =  preSimpleVerb .. spacing .. conjSimbleVerb .. postSimpleVerb
        -- Spelling correction(îy -&gt; iy)
        conjVerb = mw.ustring.gsub(conjVerb, 'îy', 'iy')
        -- Add a link / if tags='na' no links
		if tags ~= 'na' then
        	conjVerb = link{term=conjVerb, lang=langKu}
		end
        -- Addition of the preverbal particle
        infoTense.conj[pers] = preverbParticle .. conjVerb
    end

    -- Imperative
    if (infoTense.name == 'impPresent') then
        infoTense.conj.s1 = nil
        infoTense.conj.s2 = infoTense.conj.s3
        infoTense.conj.s3 = nil
        infoTense.conj.p1 = nil
        -- infoTense.conj.p2 = infoTense.conj.p2
        infoTense.conj.p3 = nil
    end

    return infoTense
end

-- =============================================================================
--                               END
-- =============================================================================
-- Some useful tools
-- =============================================================================
-- Returns the list of verb tenses
export.tensesList = function()
	local list = {}
    for _, tense in pairs(export.tenseRules) do
        table.insert(list, tense.name)
    end
	return list
end

-- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
-- (for a given conjugate tense in all persons of that tense)
function export.concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjVerbs)
	local concatTab = {}
	for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
		concatTab[pers] = pronoms[pers] .. ' ' .. conjVerbs[pers]
	end

	return concatTab
end
-- =============================================================================
-- ADDITIONAL STEM OF THE PAST AND PRESENT (pastStem2, ... and presentStem2, ...)
-- This function does nothing more than add additional parameters for verb stems
-- in the past and present tenses.
-- Conjugations for the different stems will be separated by &quot;/&quot;
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems)
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
     opts.tense = tense or nil
     
    presentStems = presentStems or {}
	pastStems = pastStems or {}

    
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if not infoTense then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    local stems = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStems or pastStems

    -- For each verb stem, its conjugation table is calculated and stored in conjTabs.
    local conjTabs = {}
    for i = 1, #stems do
        if stems[i] then
            if (infoTense.stem == 'past') then opts.pastStem = stems[i] end
            if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then opts.presentStem = stems[i] end

            local conj = export.conjugate(opts).conj
            table.insert(conjTabs, conj)
        end
    end

    -- We concatenate each row of the conjugation tables.
    local concatConjTabs = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local frag = {}
        for i = 1, #conjTabs do
            local val = conjTabs[i][pers]
            if val then table.insert(frag, tostring(val)) end
        end
        concatConjTabs[pers] = table.concat(frag, &quot; / &quot;)
    end

    infoTense.conj = concatConjTabs

    return infoTense
end

-- ====================================================================================
--  VERB CONUGATION IN ALL TENSES WITH OR WITHOUT PRONOUMS
-- ====================================================================================
function export.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems, negation, concatPrs)
	-- &quot;concatPrs=false&quot; table without pronouns
	
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
    
    if negation == 'negative' then opts.isNegative = true end

    -- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
	local concatPronomsVerbs = export.concatPronomsVerbs

    -- Tenses list
    local tensesList = export.tensesList()

    -- Conjugation in all tenses
    local conjTab = {}
    for _, tense in ipairs(tensesList) do
        local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy')

		-- We create the conjugation table without the pronouns.
        conjTab[tense] = deepCopy(export.conjugateLong(opts, tense, presentStems, pastStems), 'copy')
		
        -- We concatenate the pronouns and the verbs if &quot;concatPrs&quot; is different of &quot;false&quot;
		-- No pronouns for the imperative mood
		if (tense ~= 'impPresent' and concatPrs ~= false) then
			local pronoms = deepCopy(export.conjPronouns(infoTense.stem, infoTense.mode, opts.isTransitive))
        	conjTab[tense].conj = concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjTab[tense].conj)
        end
    end

    return conjTab
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- Allows you to obtain a given conjugation from a model.
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|tew|dem=indPresent|kes=s1}}
-- See {{ku-tewîn-lk-niha}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.tew(frame)
   local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isNegative     = frame.args['neyînî'] or false,
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or nil,
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or nil,
		accent         = args['devok'] or 'std',
		tags           = args['lînk'] or 'erê',
        overrideBi     = args['bi'] or nil,
        overrideDi     = args['di'] or nil,
        overrideNa     = args['na'] or nil,
        overrideNe     = args['ne'] or nil,
        impNegForm     = nil
    }
	
	local tense        = frame.args['dem'] or nil
	local pers         = frame.args['kes'] or nil
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems    = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}

    -- A few checks
    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerguhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    if (baseOpts.isNegative == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isNegative = true
    end

	local tabConj = export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems).conj
	
    return tabConj[pers]
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- GET COMMMA SEPARED FORMS
-- Bnr. [[MediaWiki:Gadget-QQ.js]]
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|get_comma_separated_forms|niha=kev|borî=ket}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.get_comma_separated_forms(frame)
    local opts = {
        presentStem     = frame.args['niha'],
        pastStem        = frame.args['borî'],
        isTransitive    = false,
        isNegative      = false,
        isCompoundVerb  = frame['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb   = frame['pêşgir'] or '',
        postSimpleVerb  = frame['paşgir'] or '',
		overridePreverb = {
		    presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		    presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		    pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		    pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		    sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		    sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		},
		overrideNegPrefix = {
		    presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		    presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		    pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		    sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		},
        impNegForm     = nil,
		tags           = 'na', -- Remove links/tags
		addPreverbParticles = 'na' -- Remove preverb particles (ê/dê)
    }

   local function concateList(tenseList)
        local concatList = {}
        for _, pers in ipairs({&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;}) do
        	local tense = tenseList[pers]
            table.insert(concatList, tense)
        end

        return table.concat(concatList, &quot;,&quot;)
   end

   	local tenseList = {'indPresent','indPreterite','indImperfect',
                      'indPluperfect','indPerfect','indNwPluperfect',
                      'indFuture','indFuturePerfect',
                      'subjImperfect','subjPluperfect'
                    }
                    
    local concatAllTense = {}
    
    for  i = 1, #tenseList do
        local tense = tenseList[i]
        if export.tenseRules[tense] then
            opts.tense = tense
            local conj = shallowCopy(export.conjugate(opts).conj)
            local concatTense = concateList(conj)
            table.insert(concatAllTense, concatTense)
        end
    end
    
    return table.concat(concatAllTense, &quot;,&quot;)
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>e3rvbd6iv9tf7ccq0306eksdmyix9xn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237483</id>
      <parentid>6237481</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T22:24:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>6237483</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="43005" sha1="jzx45hd1eg3pjqnhukdz9hnq4992kz0" xml:space="preserve">-- Modula tewandina lêkerên kurmancî

local export = {}

-- Load irregular forms table
-- local irreg = require('Module:ku-tewandin/nestandard')
local langKu = require(&quot;Modul:languages&quot;).getByCode(&quot;ku&quot;)
local link = require('Module:links').language_link
local shallowCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/shallowCopy&quot;)
local deepCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/deepCopy&quot;)

-- =============================================================================
-- Pronouns in Kurmanji
-- =============================================================================
export.order = {&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;, &quot;p2&quot;, &quot;p3&quot;}

export.pronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;ez&quot;,    p1 = &quot;em&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;tu&quot;,    p2 = &quot;hûn&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;ew&quot;,    p3 = &quot;ew&quot;
}

export.obliquePronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;min&quot;,      p1 = &quot;me&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;te&quot;,       p2 = &quot;we&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;wê/wî&quot;,    p3 = &quot;wan&quot;
}

export.agents = {
    s1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,            p1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,           p2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;,   p3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;
}

-- Oblique pronoun (green) 
export.obliquePronounsGreen = {
    s1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;min&lt;/span&gt;',
    s2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;te&lt;/span&gt;',
    s3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wê/wî&lt;/span&gt;',
    p1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;me&lt;/span&gt;',
    p2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;we&lt;/span&gt;',
    p3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wan&lt;/span&gt;'
}

-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-- 1) This function returns correct subject/agent pronoun, ergativity rule:
--   - Transitive verbs in past tenses → oblique pronoun (green) = agent
--   - All other cases                 → direct pronoun (no color) = subject
-- 2) Also add the subjunctive prefix &quot;(bila)&quot;
-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
function export.conjPronouns(stemType, mode, isTransitive)
    local pronouns = shallowCopy(export.pronouns)

    -- Ergativity in kurdish: transitive verbs that are conjugated with the past tense stem are
    -- conjugated according to the object, not the subject.
    -- Therefore, to have an ergative construction,
    -- the verb must be transitive and its stem must be the stem of the past tense.
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (stemType == 'past')

    -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
    -- If it's not ergative, we use normal pronouns: &quot;ez&quot;, &quot;tu&quot;, ...
    if isErgative then
        pronouns = shallowCopy(export.obliquePronounsGreen)
    end

    -- For the subjunctive mood, we add &quot;(bila)&quot; at the beginning.
    if mode == 'subjunctive' then
    	local subjPrefix = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(bila)&lt;/span&gt;'
        for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
            pronouns[pers] = subjPrefix .. ' ' .. pronouns[pers]
        end
    end
    return pronouns
end

-- =============================================================================
-- VERBAL STRUCTURE IN THE INFINITIVE:
-- Verbs in the infinitive appear in three main forms:
--  1) Simple verb (indivisible light verb):
--       - ex.:  &quot;kirin&quot;, &quot;çûn&quot;, &quot;xwarin&quot;, ...
--  2) Verbs with preverbs (preverb + simple verb):
--       - ex.: &quot;rakirin&quot; (ra- + kirin), &quot;çêkirin&quot; (çê- + kirin), &quot;vexwarin&quot; (ve- + xwarin), ...
--       - Preverb verbs don't use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê rakim , ew ê rake , ...)
--  3) Compound verbs, construction with non-verbal element (the noun is not attached to the verb):
--       - Left of the simple verb: &quot;hez kirin&quot; (&quot;hez&quot; + &quot;kirin&quot;), &quot;li dar xistin&quot; (&quot;li dar&quot; + &quot;xistin&quot;), ...
--       - Right of the simple verb: &quot;kirin der&quot; (&quot;kirin&quot; + &quot;der&quot;), &quot;girtin ser xwe&quot; (&quot;girtin&quot; + &quot;ser xwe&quot;), ...
--       - Compound verbs use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê hez bi-kim , ew ê hez bi-ke )

-- STRUCTURE:  preSimpleVerb + spacing + simpleVerb + postSimpleVerb
-- EX.     kirin: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       rakirin: preSimpleVerb='ra';  spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--     hez kirin: preSimpleVerb='hez'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       pev çûn: preSimpleVerb='pev'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='çûn';   postSimpleVerb=''
--     kirin der: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb='der'

-- WARNING: Conjugation can vary depending on the type of verb.
-- For example, in the future tense,the prefix &quot;bi&quot; is used for compound verbs,
-- but not for preverbal verbs, see the function that manages it  &quot;tenseRules&quot; table.
-- This table does not yet support the mixed case: a verb composed of a noun and a preverb verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)
    local struct

    if (preSimpleVerb and preSimpleVerb ~= '' and not isCompoundVerb) then
        struct = 'preverbVerb'
    elseif isCompoundVerb then
        struct = 'compoundVerb'
    else
        struct = 'simpleVerb'
    end

    return struct
end

-- ================================================================
-- INFLECTIONAL ENDINGS
-- Assigns verb inflectional endings (suffixes) to all tenses
-- ================================================================
local getEndings = {}

do
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ending using present stem
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['present'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends = {}
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends['std'] = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
            ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='m', s2='(y)', s3='t', p1='yn', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends['std'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='e', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
			ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='&lt;u&gt;it&lt;/u&gt;/ît', p1='în', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. preterite + ind. imperfect ending
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['past'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
		local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiouû]$') then
            ends = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, 'î$') then
           -- if self.name == 'indImperfect' then
           --     -- special indicative ind. imperfect rule
           --     ends = {s1='yam', s2='yayî', s3='ya', p1='yan', p2='yan', p3='yan'}
           -- end
            ends = {s1='m', s2='', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Compound endings with auxiliary &quot;bûn&quot;
    -- Inflectional endings are created by taking the different forms of the
    -- verb &quot;bûn&quot; (with present stem &quot;-b-&quot; and past stem &quot;-bû-&quot;) and
    -- adding an &quot;i-&quot; prefix before them: &quot;i-b-im&quot;, &quot;i-bû-m&quot;, &quot;i-bû-me&quot;, &quot;i-bû-ma&quot;.
    -- This &quot;i-&quot; varies according to the final letter of the verb stem.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    local function normalize_i(stem)
        local prfx_i = &quot;i&quot;
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;ya$&quot;) or
           mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;[îû]$&quot;) then -- cf. karîn (-karî-)
           	prfx_i = &quot;&quot;
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiou]$') then
            prfx_i = &quot;yi&quot;
        end
        return prfx_i
    end

    getEndings['ibim'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bim&quot;,   p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;be&quot;,    p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûm'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûm&quot;,     p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bû&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûme'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûme&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyiye&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûye&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûma'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûma&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyayî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûya&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;
        }
    end
    
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. perfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ime'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;me&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;ye&quot;, p1=&quot;ne&quot;, p2=&quot;ne&quot;, p3=&quot;ne&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ime&quot;, s2=&quot;iyî&quot;, s3=&quot;iye&quot;, p1=&quot;ine&quot;, p2=&quot;ine&quot;, p3=&quot;ine&quot;}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Subj. Imperfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ama'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        -- The doublet in &quot;-iyan&quot; of verbs in -&quot;în&quot; (gerîn/-geriya-, kenîn/-keniya-, ...),
        -- in the conditional and subjunctive moods, a doublet &quot;yaya&quot; appears; it's removed.
        -- -yayayî → -yayî; -yaya → -ya
		if mw.ustring.match(stem, '(ya)$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
		elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yayî&quot;, s3=&quot;ya&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ama&quot;, s2=&quot;ayî&quot;, s3=&quot;a&quot;, p1=&quot;ana&quot;, p2=&quot;ana&quot;, p3=&quot;ana&quot;}
        end
        return ends
    end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR PREVERBS: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;
-- There are two preverbs: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;. These preverbs can change form
-- depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getPreverb = {}

do
	getPreverb['bi'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local verbStruct = opts.verbStruct
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
		local accent     = opts.accent

		-- Devoka rojhilatî:
		-- @Ferhengvan: Dema bêt bi lêkera alîkar &quot;ê / dê&quot; û bi rehê lêkerê yê
		-- dema niha û pêşgirên kesî tê çêkirin. Pêşgira &quot;bi-&quot; li destpêka lêkera
		-- serekî nîne: - ez ê / dê xw-im (standard: ez ê/dê bi-xw-im).
		if (self.name == 'indFuture' and accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			return ''
		end
	
	    -- Preverb verbs don't use the preverb &quot;bi-&quot;: ra-kirin (ez ê rakim), ve-xwarin (ez ê vexwim) , ...
	    -- But compound verb and simple verbs use it: hez kirin (ez ê hez bi-kim), lê bigirin (ez ê lê bi-girim), ...
	    if (verbStruct == 'preverbVerb') then
	        return ''
	    end
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;bi&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stem == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentBi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentBi
		elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastBi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastBi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameBi then
			return overridePreverb.sameBi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;bi-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[aeêiîouû]') then
	        return 'b'
	    end
	
	    return 'bi'
	end

	getPreverb['di'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;di&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stem == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentDi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentDi
		elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastDi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastDi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameDi then
			return overridePreverb.sameDi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;di-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[ai]') then
	        return 'd'
	    end
	    -- Ex. hatin : stem = -ê- // ez têm
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[êî]') then
	        return 't'
	    end
	
	    return 'di'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR NEGATION PREFIXES: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;
-- There are two negation prefixes: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;. These preverbs can change
-- form depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getNegPrefix = {}

do
	getNegPrefix['na'] = function (self, opts)
		-- self: reserved for future use
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overrideNa = opts.overrideNegPrefix.presentNa
	
	    if overrideNa then return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNa .. '&lt;/b&gt;' end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] end
	
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;nay&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;n&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Tîpa duyem &quot;-a-&quot; ye (k-a-rîn, z-a-nîn, ...)
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^%wa') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;ni&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;na&lt;/b&gt;'
	end

	getNegPrefix['ne'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local tenseName = self.name
	    local impNegForm = opts.impNegForm -- form &quot;1&quot; or &quot;2&quot; of imp.
		local overrideNegPrefix = opts.overrideNegPrefix
	
		-- If the neg. prefix &quot;di&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stem == 'present' and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
			return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
		elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overrideNegPrefix.pastNe) then
			return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.pastNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
		elseif overrideNegPrefix.sameNe then
			return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
		end
		
        local negPrefix = 'ne'
		
		-- Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;indImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
		-- ji ber vê yekê 'negPrefix' hertim (?) 'ne' ye ji ber ku dikeve pêş 
		-- pêşgira &quot;di-&quot;: wê/wî ne-di-elimand (elimandin)
	    if (tenseName == 'indImperfect') then
	         return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- There are two forms of construction of the imperative,
	    -- one with the prefix &quot;me-&quot; and the other with the prefix &quot;ne-&quot;.
	    if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
	        negPrefix = (impNegForm == 2) and 'ne' or 'me'
	    end
		
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. 'y&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        negPrefix = mw.ustring.sub(negPrefix, 1, -2)
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- Standardization of the PREVERBAL PARTICLE
-- The proverbial particle &quot;ê&quot; is placed after the personal pronoun.
-- =============================================================================
-- If there are no verbal preparticles, return empty table.
function export.getPreverbParticules(preverbParticle, typeStem, isTransitive)
    if not preverbParticle then
        return {s1='', s2='', s3='', p1='', p2='', p3=''}
    end

    if preverbParticle == 'ê' then
        local isErgative = isTransitive and (typeStem == 'past')

        -- When the personal pronoun ends in a vowel, a &quot;y-&quot; is added before &quot;ê&quot;.
        -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
        if isErgative then
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='yê/dê', p1='yê/dê', p2='yê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        else
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='ê/dê', p1='ê/dê', p2='ê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        end
    end

    -- If the verbal preparticle is identical for all pronouns,
    -- we create a table with the same value.
    local preverbParticles = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        preverbParticles[pers] = preverbParticle
    end

    return preverbParticles
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING EACH VERB TENSE
-- This table lists, for each verb tense, what elements are required to form it:
--   - Verb conjugation is built by placing either the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; or &quot;di-&quot; before
--     the verb stem (past or present), followed by a personal ending.
--   - For the negative form, one of the prefixes &quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot; is added as well.
--   - In some cases, a preverbal particle such as /ê/ or /dê/ is added before
--     the conjugated verb as well.
-- Not: - The &quot;negPreverb&quot; (preverb (bi-/di-) for negative tenses) parameter has a
--         value different from &quot;nil&quot; only for the Imperfect tense (&quot;negPreverb=di&quot;).
--      - The parameter &quot;negPrefix=na&quot; is used only for the present indicative.
--
-- Preverb &quot;di&quot;, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(present stem), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(past stem)
--                        - Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;IndImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
-- Preverb &quot;bi&quot;, used in: &quot;indFuture&quot;(present stem), &quot;subPresent&quot;(present stem),
--                         &quot;subImperfect&quot;(past stem) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(past stem)
--                        - The prefix &quot;bi-&quot; isn't used in negative forms.
--
-- Present stem, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(di)(na),
--                        &quot;indFuture&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;subPresent&quot;(bi)(ne)
--
-- Past stem, used in: &quot;indPreterite&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(di)(ne), &quot;indPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;indPerfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPreterite&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subImperfect&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(bi)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne) = &quot;condPreterite&quot;(-)(ne)
-- =============================================================================
-- Some conjugations are identical except that they differ only in the preverbal particle (/ê/, /dê/).
-- So, to avoid repeating the same information (and thus risking errors),
-- we establish the common part shared between these verbs.
local sharedTenseRules = {
    indFuture = {
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['present']
    },

    indFuturePerfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibim']
    },

    subImperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ama']
    },

    subPluperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûma']
    }
}

local mt = {
    __index = function(t, k)
        local commonRules = t._commonRules
        if commonRules then return commonRules[k] end
    end
}

-- TENSES CONJUGATION RULES
export.tenseRules = {
    -- IMPERATIVE MOOD
    impPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;impPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raweya fermanî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present imperative&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;imperative&quot;,
        _commonRules = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- INDICATIVE MOOD
    indPresent = {
        name         = &quot;indPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema niha&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['na'],
        endings      = getEndings['present'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPreterite = {
        name         = &quot;indPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya sade&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;simple past&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indImperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya berdest&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;Imperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = getPreverb['di'],
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPluperfect    = {
        name         = &quot;indPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûm'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indFuture = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuture&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema bê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    indFuturePerfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dahatiya pêş&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    -- In some books, the &quot;perfect&quot; and &quot;nonconfirmative pluperfect&quot; tenses
    -- are classified in the &quot;inferential mood&quot; (&quot;moda neşahidî&quot;).
    -- Currently we classify them using the indicative mood (at the end).
    indPerfect = {
        name         = &quot;indPerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ime'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indNwPluperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya boriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;non-witnessed pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûme'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    -- SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
    subjPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema nihaya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    subjPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjImperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;imperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjPluperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr a bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- CONDITIONAL MOOD
    condPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya dema nihaya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    condPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

}

-- =============================================================================
-- MAIN CONJUGATION FUNCTOIN
-- This function returns an array containing the conjugation table for a given
-- tense as well as other information about the conjugated verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugate(opts)
    opts = opts or {}
    -- Required parameters
    local tense          = opts.tense or error(&quot;'tense' required&quot;, 2)
    --One of the two parameters is required:
    --  - If the tense uses the present stem, indicate &quot;presentStem&quot;.
    --  - If it uses the past stem, indicate &quot;pastStem&quot;.
    local presentStem    = opts.presentStem
    local pastStem       = opts.pastStem
    -- Optional parameters
    local isTransitive   = opts.isTransitive or false   -- Indicate if the verb is transitive (true/false)
    local isNegative     = opts.isNegative or false     -- Indicate if it's the negative form (true/false)
    local isCompoundVerb = opts.isCompoundVerb or false -- Indicate if it's a compound verb (true/false)
    local preSimpleVerb  = opts.preSimpleVerb or ''     -- The part before the simple verb
    local postSimpleVerb = opts.postSimpleVerb or ''    -- The part after the simple verb
    -- These parameters are provided when the verb is irregular.
    -- Allows you to manually modify preverbs (&quot;bi-&quot;&quot; or &quot;di-&quot;)
    -- and negation prefixes (&quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot;)
	local overridePreverb = {
		-- Preverb (bi-, di)
	    presentBi = opts.presentBi or nil,
	    presentDi = opts.presentDi or nil,
	    pastBi    = opts.pastBi or nil,
	    pastDi    = opts.pastDi or nil,
		-- same preverb (for past and present stem)
	    sameBi     = opts.sameBi or nil,
	    sameDi     = opts.sameDi or nil,
	}
	local overrideNegPrefix = {
		-- Neg. prefix (na-, ne-)
	    presentNa  = opts.presentNa or nil,
	    presentNe  = opts.presentNe or nil,
	    pastNe     = opts.pastNe or nil,
		-- same neg. prefix (for past and present stem)
	    sameNe     = opts.sameNe or nil,
	}
    -- By default, the negation of the imperative is constructed from the prefix &quot;me-&quot;&quot;.
    -- To obtain the second variant, the prefix with &quot;ne-&quot;, you must specify &quot;impNegForm=2&quot;.
    local impNegForm     = opts.impNegForm or nil
	-- Accent/ Devok
    local accent = opts.accent or 'std'
	
	-- If &quot;tags='na'&quot;, remove links/tags
	local tags = opts.tags or 'erê'
	-- If addPreverbParticles='na', remove preverb particles (ê/dê) before
	-- the conjugated verbs.
	local addPreverbParticles = opts.addPreverbParticles or 'erê'

	
	-- We add a space to the left of the &quot;postSimpleVerb&quot; because it shouldn't be attached
	-- to the simple verb.
	if (postSimpleVerb ~= '' and postSimpleVerb ~=nil) then
		postSimpleVerb = ' ' .. postSimpleVerb
	end

    -- Access to the classification table and retrieval of verb tense parameters
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if (not infoTense) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- We check that one of the two parameters of the stem is given
    if (infoTense.stem == 'present' and not presentStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;presentStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    elseif (infoTense.stem == 'past' and not pastStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;pasttStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- Choice between the present stem or past stem
    local stem = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStem or pastStem

    --────────────────────────────
    -- Conjugation construction --
    -- ───────────────────────────
    local preverb = ''
    local negPrefix = ''
    -- Ruturns the verb type: &quot;simpleVerb&quot; or &quot;preverbVerb&quot; or &quot;compoundVerb&quot;
    local verbStruct = export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)

    if isNegative then
        negPrefix = infoTense:negPrefix{stem=stem,
                                        impNegForm=impNegForm,
                                        overrideNegPrefix=overrideNegPrefix}
        if infoTense.negPreverb then
            preverb = infoTense:negPreverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                           overridePreverb=overridePreverb}
        end
    else
        if infoTense.preverb then
            preverb = infoTense:preverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                        overridePreverb=overridePreverb,
										accent=accent}
        end
    end

    infoTense.conj = {}
    local spacing = isCompoundVerb and ' ' or ''
    local endings = infoTense:endings(stem)
	
	-- 'rojhilatî' accent (devok) for present stem
	if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then
		if (accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			endings = endings['rojhilatî']
		else
			endings = endings['std']
		end

	end
	
    local preverbParticles = export.getPreverbParticules(infoTense.preverbParticle, infoTense.stem, isTransitive)
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (infoTense.stem == 'past')

    -- Creating the conjugation table for a given tense
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local ending
        local conjSimbleVerb
        local conjVerb

        if isErgative then
            ending = endings.s3
        else
            ending = endings[pers]
        end

        -- Adding space after the preverbal particle, and
		-- if &quot;addPreverbParticles='na'&quot;: remove preverb particles (ê/dê).
		local preverbParticle = ''
		if infoTense.preverbParticle and addPreverbParticles ~= 'na' then
	            preverbParticle = preverbParticles[pers] .. ' '
		end

        conjSimbleVerb = negPrefix  .. preverb .. stem .. ending
        -- Adding prefixe and suffixe
        conjVerb =  preSimpleVerb .. spacing .. conjSimbleVerb .. postSimpleVerb
        -- Spelling correction(îy -&gt; iy)
        conjVerb = mw.ustring.gsub(conjVerb, 'îy', 'iy')
        -- Add a link / if tags='na' no links
		if tags ~= 'na' then
        	conjVerb = link{term=conjVerb, lang=langKu}
		end
        -- Addition of the preverbal particle
        infoTense.conj[pers] = preverbParticle .. conjVerb
    end

    -- Imperative
    if (infoTense.name == 'impPresent') then
        infoTense.conj.s1 = nil
        infoTense.conj.s2 = infoTense.conj.s3
        infoTense.conj.s3 = nil
        infoTense.conj.p1 = nil
        -- infoTense.conj.p2 = infoTense.conj.p2
        infoTense.conj.p3 = nil
    end

    return infoTense
end

-- =============================================================================
--                               END
-- =============================================================================
-- Some useful tools
-- =============================================================================
-- Returns the list of verb tenses
export.tensesList = function()
	local list = {}
    for _, tense in pairs(export.tenseRules) do
        table.insert(list, tense.name)
    end
	return list
end

-- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
-- (for a given conjugate tense in all persons of that tense)
function export.concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjVerbs)
	local concatTab = {}
	for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
		concatTab[pers] = pronoms[pers] .. ' ' .. conjVerbs[pers]
	end

	return concatTab
end
-- =============================================================================
-- ADDITIONAL STEM OF THE PAST AND PRESENT (pastStem2, ... and presentStem2, ...)
-- This function does nothing more than add additional parameters for verb stems
-- in the past and present tenses.
-- Conjugations for the different stems will be separated by &quot;/&quot;
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems)
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
     opts.tense = tense or nil
     
    presentStems = presentStems or {}
	pastStems = pastStems or {}

    
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if not infoTense then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    local stems = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStems or pastStems

    -- For each verb stem, its conjugation table is calculated and stored in conjTabs.
    local conjTabs = {}
    for i = 1, #stems do
        if stems[i] then
            if (infoTense.stem == 'past') then opts.pastStem = stems[i] end
            if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then opts.presentStem = stems[i] end

            local conj = export.conjugate(opts).conj
            table.insert(conjTabs, conj)
        end
    end

    -- We concatenate each row of the conjugation tables.
    local concatConjTabs = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local frag = {}
        for i = 1, #conjTabs do
            local val = conjTabs[i][pers]
            if val then table.insert(frag, tostring(val)) end
        end
        concatConjTabs[pers] = table.concat(frag, &quot; / &quot;)
    end

    infoTense.conj = concatConjTabs

    return infoTense
end

-- ====================================================================================
--  VERB CONUGATION IN ALL TENSES WITH OR WITHOUT PRONOUMS
-- ====================================================================================
function export.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems, negation, concatPrs)
	-- &quot;concatPrs=false&quot; table without pronouns
	
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
    
    if negation == 'negative' then opts.isNegative = true end

    -- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
	local concatPronomsVerbs = export.concatPronomsVerbs

    -- Tenses list
    local tensesList = export.tensesList()

    -- Conjugation in all tenses
    local conjTab = {}
    for _, tense in ipairs(tensesList) do
        local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy')

		-- We create the conjugation table without the pronouns.
        conjTab[tense] = deepCopy(export.conjugateLong(opts, tense, presentStems, pastStems), 'copy')
		
        -- We concatenate the pronouns and the verbs if &quot;concatPrs&quot; is different of &quot;false&quot;
		-- No pronouns for the imperative mood
		if (tense ~= 'impPresent' and concatPrs ~= false) then
			local pronoms = deepCopy(export.conjPronouns(infoTense.stem, infoTense.mode, opts.isTransitive))
        	conjTab[tense].conj = concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjTab[tense].conj)
        end
    end

    return conjTab
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- Allows you to obtain a given conjugation from a model.
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|tew|dem=indPresent|kes=s1}}
-- See {{ku-tewîn-lk-niha}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.tew(frame)
   local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isNegative     = frame.args['neyînî'] or false,
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or nil,
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or nil,
		accent         = args['devok'] or 'std',
		tags           = args['lînk'] or 'erê',
        overrideBi     = args['bi'] or nil,
        overrideDi     = args['di'] or nil,
        overrideNa     = args['na'] or nil,
        overrideNe     = args['ne'] or nil,
        impNegForm     = nil
    }
	
	local tense        = frame.args['dem'] or nil
	local pers         = frame.args['kes'] or nil
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems    = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}

    -- A few checks
    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerguhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    if (baseOpts.isNegative == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isNegative = true
    end

	local tabConj = export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems).conj
	
    return tabConj[pers]
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- GET COMMMA SEPARED FORMS
-- Bnr. [[MediaWiki:Gadget-QQ.js]]
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|get_comma_separated_forms|niha=kev|borî=ket}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.get_comma_separated_forms(frame)
    local opts = {
        presentStem     = frame.args['niha'],
        pastStem        = frame.args['borî'],
        isTransitive    = false,
        isNegative      = false,
        isCompoundVerb  = frame['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb   = frame['pêşgir'] or '',
        postSimpleVerb  = frame['paşgir'] or '',
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		
        impNegForm     = nil,
		tags           = 'na', -- Remove links/tags
		addPreverbParticles = 'na' -- Remove preverb particles (ê/dê)
    }

   local function concateList(tenseList)
        local concatList = {}
        for _, pers in ipairs({&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;}) do
        	local tense = tenseList[pers]
            table.insert(concatList, tense)
        end

        return table.concat(concatList, &quot;,&quot;)
   end

   	local tenseList = {'indPresent','indPreterite','indImperfect',
                      'indPluperfect','indPerfect','indNwPluperfect',
                      'indFuture','indFuturePerfect',
                      'subjImperfect','subjPluperfect'
                    }
                    
    local concatAllTense = {}
    
    for  i = 1, #tenseList do
        local tense = tenseList[i]
        if export.tenseRules[tense] then
            opts.tense = tense
            local conj = shallowCopy(export.conjugate(opts).conj)
            local concatTense = concateList(conj)
            table.insert(concatAllTense, concatTense)
        end
    end
    
    return table.concat(concatAllTense, &quot;,&quot;)
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>jzx45hd1eg3pjqnhukdz9hnq4992kz0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237486</id>
      <parentid>6237483</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T22:45:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>---</comment>
      <origin>6237486</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="43007" sha1="92y5m7otgotfpaarkuuttl75dr9mm6z" xml:space="preserve">-- Modula tewandina lêkerên kurmancî

local export = {}

-- Load irregular forms table
-- local irreg = require('Module:ku-tewandin/nestandard')
local langKu = require(&quot;Modul:languages&quot;).getByCode(&quot;ku&quot;)
local link = require('Module:links').language_link
local shallowCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/shallowCopy&quot;)
local deepCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/deepCopy&quot;)

-- =============================================================================
-- Pronouns in Kurmanji
-- =============================================================================
export.order = {&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;, &quot;p2&quot;, &quot;p3&quot;}

export.pronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;ez&quot;,    p1 = &quot;em&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;tu&quot;,    p2 = &quot;hûn&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;ew&quot;,    p3 = &quot;ew&quot;
}

export.obliquePronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;min&quot;,      p1 = &quot;me&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;te&quot;,       p2 = &quot;we&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;wê/wî&quot;,    p3 = &quot;wan&quot;
}

export.agents = {
    s1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,            p1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,           p2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;,   p3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;
}

-- Oblique pronoun (green) 
export.obliquePronounsGreen = {
    s1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;min&lt;/span&gt;',
    s2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;te&lt;/span&gt;',
    s3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wê/wî&lt;/span&gt;',
    p1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;me&lt;/span&gt;',
    p2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;we&lt;/span&gt;',
    p3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wan&lt;/span&gt;'
}

-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-- 1) This function returns correct subject/agent pronoun, ergativity rule:
--   - Transitive verbs in past tenses → oblique pronoun (green) = agent
--   - All other cases                 → direct pronoun (no color) = subject
-- 2) Also add the subjunctive prefix &quot;(bila)&quot;
-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
function export.conjPronouns(stemType, mode, isTransitive)
    local pronouns = shallowCopy(export.pronouns)

    -- Ergativity in kurdish: transitive verbs that are conjugated with the past tense stem are
    -- conjugated according to the object, not the subject.
    -- Therefore, to have an ergative construction,
    -- the verb must be transitive and its stem must be the stem of the past tense.
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (stemType == 'past')

    -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
    -- If it's not ergative, we use normal pronouns: &quot;ez&quot;, &quot;tu&quot;, ...
    if isErgative then
        pronouns = shallowCopy(export.obliquePronounsGreen)
    end

    -- For the subjunctive mood, we add &quot;(bila)&quot; at the beginning.
    if mode == 'subjunctive' then
    	local subjPrefix = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(bila)&lt;/span&gt;'
        for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
            pronouns[pers] = subjPrefix .. ' ' .. pronouns[pers]
        end
    end
    return pronouns
end

-- =============================================================================
-- VERBAL STRUCTURE IN THE INFINITIVE:
-- Verbs in the infinitive appear in three main forms:
--  1) Simple verb (indivisible light verb):
--       - ex.:  &quot;kirin&quot;, &quot;çûn&quot;, &quot;xwarin&quot;, ...
--  2) Verbs with preverbs (preverb + simple verb):
--       - ex.: &quot;rakirin&quot; (ra- + kirin), &quot;çêkirin&quot; (çê- + kirin), &quot;vexwarin&quot; (ve- + xwarin), ...
--       - Preverb verbs don't use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê rakim , ew ê rake , ...)
--  3) Compound verbs, construction with non-verbal element (the noun is not attached to the verb):
--       - Left of the simple verb: &quot;hez kirin&quot; (&quot;hez&quot; + &quot;kirin&quot;), &quot;li dar xistin&quot; (&quot;li dar&quot; + &quot;xistin&quot;), ...
--       - Right of the simple verb: &quot;kirin der&quot; (&quot;kirin&quot; + &quot;der&quot;), &quot;girtin ser xwe&quot; (&quot;girtin&quot; + &quot;ser xwe&quot;), ...
--       - Compound verbs use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê hez bi-kim , ew ê hez bi-ke )

-- STRUCTURE:  preSimpleVerb + spacing + simpleVerb + postSimpleVerb
-- EX.     kirin: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       rakirin: preSimpleVerb='ra';  spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--     hez kirin: preSimpleVerb='hez'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       pev çûn: preSimpleVerb='pev'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='çûn';   postSimpleVerb=''
--     kirin der: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb='der'

-- WARNING: Conjugation can vary depending on the type of verb.
-- For example, in the future tense,the prefix &quot;bi&quot; is used for compound verbs,
-- but not for preverbal verbs, see the function that manages it  &quot;tenseRules&quot; table.
-- This table does not yet support the mixed case: a verb composed of a noun and a preverb verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)
    local struct

    if (preSimpleVerb and preSimpleVerb ~= '' and not isCompoundVerb) then
        struct = 'preverbVerb'
    elseif isCompoundVerb then
        struct = 'compoundVerb'
    else
        struct = 'simpleVerb'
    end

    return struct
end

-- ================================================================
-- INFLECTIONAL ENDINGS
-- Assigns verb inflectional endings (suffixes) to all tenses
-- ================================================================
local getEndings = {}

do
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ending using present stem
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['present'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends = {}
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends['std'] = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
            ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='m', s2='(y)', s3='t', p1='yn', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends['std'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='e', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
			ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='&lt;u&gt;it&lt;/u&gt;/ît', p1='în', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. preterite + ind. imperfect ending
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['past'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
		local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiouû]$') then
            ends = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, 'î$') then
           -- if self.name == 'indImperfect' then
           --     -- special indicative ind. imperfect rule
           --     ends = {s1='yam', s2='yayî', s3='ya', p1='yan', p2='yan', p3='yan'}
           -- end
            ends = {s1='m', s2='', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Compound endings with auxiliary &quot;bûn&quot;
    -- Inflectional endings are created by taking the different forms of the
    -- verb &quot;bûn&quot; (with present stem &quot;-b-&quot; and past stem &quot;-bû-&quot;) and
    -- adding an &quot;i-&quot; prefix before them: &quot;i-b-im&quot;, &quot;i-bû-m&quot;, &quot;i-bû-me&quot;, &quot;i-bû-ma&quot;.
    -- This &quot;i-&quot; varies according to the final letter of the verb stem.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    local function normalize_i(stem)
        local prfx_i = &quot;i&quot;
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;ya$&quot;) or
           mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;[îû]$&quot;) then -- cf. karîn (-karî-)
           	prfx_i = &quot;&quot;
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiou]$') then
            prfx_i = &quot;yi&quot;
        end
        return prfx_i
    end

    getEndings['ibim'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bim&quot;,   p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;be&quot;,    p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûm'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûm&quot;,     p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bû&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûme'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûme&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyiye&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûye&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûma'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûma&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyayî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûya&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;
        }
    end
    
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. perfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ime'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;me&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;ye&quot;, p1=&quot;ne&quot;, p2=&quot;ne&quot;, p3=&quot;ne&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ime&quot;, s2=&quot;iyî&quot;, s3=&quot;iye&quot;, p1=&quot;ine&quot;, p2=&quot;ine&quot;, p3=&quot;ine&quot;}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Subj. Imperfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ama'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        -- The doublet in &quot;-iyan&quot; of verbs in -&quot;în&quot; (gerîn/-geriya-, kenîn/-keniya-, ...),
        -- in the conditional and subjunctive moods, a doublet &quot;yaya&quot; appears; it's removed.
        -- -yayayî → -yayî; -yaya → -ya
		if mw.ustring.match(stem, '(ya)$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
		elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yayî&quot;, s3=&quot;ya&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ama&quot;, s2=&quot;ayî&quot;, s3=&quot;a&quot;, p1=&quot;ana&quot;, p2=&quot;ana&quot;, p3=&quot;ana&quot;}
        end
        return ends
    end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR PREVERBS: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;
-- There are two preverbs: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;. These preverbs can change form
-- depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getPreverb = {}

do
	getPreverb['bi'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local verbStruct = opts.verbStruct
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
		local accent     = opts.accent

		-- Devoka rojhilatî:
		-- @Ferhengvan: Dema bêt bi lêkera alîkar &quot;ê / dê&quot; û bi rehê lêkerê yê
		-- dema niha û pêşgirên kesî tê çêkirin. Pêşgira &quot;bi-&quot; li destpêka lêkera
		-- serekî nîne: - ez ê / dê xw-im (standard: ez ê/dê bi-xw-im).
		if (self.name == 'indFuture' and accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			return ''
		end
	
	    -- Preverb verbs don't use the preverb &quot;bi-&quot;: ra-kirin (ez ê rakim), ve-xwarin (ez ê vexwim) , ...
	    -- But compound verb and simple verbs use it: hez kirin (ez ê hez bi-kim), lê bigirin (ez ê lê bi-girim), ...
	    if (verbStruct == 'preverbVerb') then
	        return ''
	    end
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;bi&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stem == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentBi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentBi
		elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastBi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastBi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameBi then
			return overridePreverb.sameBi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;bi-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[aeêiîouû]') then
	        return 'b'
	    end
	
	    return 'bi'
	end

	getPreverb['di'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;di&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stem == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentDi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentDi
		elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastDi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastDi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameDi then
			return overridePreverb.sameDi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;di-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[ai]') then
	        return 'd'
	    end
	    -- Ex. hatin : stem = -ê- // ez têm
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[êî]') then
	        return 't'
	    end
	
	    return 'di'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR NEGATION PREFIXES: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;
-- There are two negation prefixes: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;. These preverbs can change
-- form depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getNegPrefix = {}

do
	getNegPrefix['na'] = function (self, opts)
		-- self: reserved for future use
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overrideNa = opts.overrideNegPrefix.presentNa
	
	    if overrideNa then return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNa .. '&lt;/b&gt;' end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] end
	
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;nay&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;n&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Tîpa duyem &quot;-a-&quot; ye (k-a-rîn, z-a-nîn, ...)
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^%wa') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;ni&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;na&lt;/b&gt;'
	end

	getNegPrefix['ne'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local tenseName = self.name
	    local impNegForm = opts.impNegForm -- form &quot;1&quot; or &quot;2&quot; of imp.
		local overrideNegPrefix = opts.overrideNegPrefix
	
		-- If the neg. prefix &quot;di&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stem == 'present' and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
			return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
		elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overrideNegPrefix.pastNe) then
			return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.pastNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
		elseif overrideNegPrefix.sameNe then
			return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
		end
		
        local negPrefix = 'ne'
		
		-- Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;indImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
		-- ji ber vê yekê 'negPrefix' hertim (?) 'ne' ye ji ber ku dikeve pêş 
		-- pêşgira &quot;di-&quot;: wê/wî ne-di-elimand (elimandin)
	    if (tenseName == 'indImperfect') then
	         return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- There are two forms of construction of the imperative,
	    -- one with the prefix &quot;me-&quot; and the other with the prefix &quot;ne-&quot;.
	    if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
	        negPrefix = (impNegForm == 2) and 'ne' or 'me'
	    end
		
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. 'y&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        negPrefix = mw.ustring.sub(negPrefix, 1, -2)
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- Standardization of the PREVERBAL PARTICLE
-- The proverbial particle &quot;ê&quot; is placed after the personal pronoun.
-- =============================================================================
-- If there are no verbal preparticles, return empty table.
function export.getPreverbParticules(preverbParticle, typeStem, isTransitive)
    if not preverbParticle then
        return {s1='', s2='', s3='', p1='', p2='', p3=''}
    end

    if preverbParticle == 'ê' then
        local isErgative = isTransitive and (typeStem == 'past')

        -- When the personal pronoun ends in a vowel, a &quot;y-&quot; is added before &quot;ê&quot;.
        -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
        if isErgative then
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='yê/dê', p1='yê/dê', p2='yê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        else
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='ê/dê', p1='ê/dê', p2='ê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        end
    end

    -- If the verbal preparticle is identical for all pronouns,
    -- we create a table with the same value.
    local preverbParticles = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        preverbParticles[pers] = preverbParticle
    end

    return preverbParticles
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING EACH VERB TENSE
-- This table lists, for each verb tense, what elements are required to form it:
--   - Verb conjugation is built by placing either the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; or &quot;di-&quot; before
--     the verb stem (past or present), followed by a personal ending.
--   - For the negative form, one of the prefixes &quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot; is added as well.
--   - In some cases, a preverbal particle such as /ê/ or /dê/ is added before
--     the conjugated verb as well.
-- Not: - The &quot;negPreverb&quot; (preverb (bi-/di-) for negative tenses) parameter has a
--         value different from &quot;nil&quot; only for the Imperfect tense (&quot;negPreverb=di&quot;).
--      - The parameter &quot;negPrefix=na&quot; is used only for the present indicative.
--
-- Preverb &quot;di&quot;, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(present stem), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(past stem)
--                        - Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;IndImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
-- Preverb &quot;bi&quot;, used in: &quot;indFuture&quot;(present stem), &quot;subPresent&quot;(present stem),
--                         &quot;subImperfect&quot;(past stem) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(past stem)
--                        - The prefix &quot;bi-&quot; isn't used in negative forms.
--
-- Present stem, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(di)(na),
--                        &quot;indFuture&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;subPresent&quot;(bi)(ne)
--
-- Past stem, used in: &quot;indPreterite&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(di)(ne), &quot;indPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;indPerfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPreterite&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subImperfect&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(bi)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne) = &quot;condPreterite&quot;(-)(ne)
-- =============================================================================
-- Some conjugations are identical except that they differ only in the preverbal particle (/ê/, /dê/).
-- So, to avoid repeating the same information (and thus risking errors),
-- we establish the common part shared between these verbs.
local sharedTenseRules = {
    indFuture = {
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['present']
    },

    indFuturePerfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibim']
    },

    subImperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ama']
    },

    subPluperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûma']
    }
}

local mt = {
    __index = function(t, k)
        local commonRules = t._commonRules
        if commonRules then return commonRules[k] end
    end
}

-- TENSES CONJUGATION RULES
export.tenseRules = {
    -- IMPERATIVE MOOD
    impPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;impPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raweya fermanî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present imperative&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;imperative&quot;,
        _commonRules = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- INDICATIVE MOOD
    indPresent = {
        name         = &quot;indPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema niha&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['na'],
        endings      = getEndings['present'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPreterite = {
        name         = &quot;indPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya sade&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;simple past&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indImperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya berdest&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;Imperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = getPreverb['di'],
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPluperfect    = {
        name         = &quot;indPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûm'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indFuture = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuture&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema bê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    indFuturePerfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dahatiya pêş&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    -- In some books, the &quot;perfect&quot; and &quot;nonconfirmative pluperfect&quot; tenses
    -- are classified in the &quot;inferential mood&quot; (&quot;moda neşahidî&quot;).
    -- Currently we classify them using the indicative mood (at the end).
    indPerfect = {
        name         = &quot;indPerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ime'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indNwPluperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya boriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;non-witnessed pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûme'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    -- SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
    subjPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema nihaya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    subjPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjImperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;imperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjPluperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr a bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- CONDITIONAL MOOD
    condPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya dema nihaya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    condPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

}

-- =============================================================================
-- MAIN CONJUGATION FUNCTOIN
-- This function returns an array containing the conjugation table for a given
-- tense as well as other information about the conjugated verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugate(opts)
    opts = opts or {}
    -- Required parameters
    local tense          = opts.tense or error(&quot;'tense' required&quot;, 2)
    --One of the two parameters is required:
    --  - If the tense uses the present stem, indicate &quot;presentStem&quot;.
    --  - If it uses the past stem, indicate &quot;pastStem&quot;.
    local presentStem    = opts.presentStem
    local pastStem       = opts.pastStem
    -- Optional parameters
    local isTransitive   = opts.isTransitive or false   -- Indicate if the verb is transitive (true/false)
    local isNegative     = opts.isNegative or false     -- Indicate if it's the negative form (true/false)
    local isCompoundVerb = opts.isCompoundVerb or false -- Indicate if it's a compound verb (true/false)
    local preSimpleVerb  = opts.preSimpleVerb or ''     -- The part before the simple verb
    local postSimpleVerb = opts.postSimpleVerb or ''    -- The part after the simple verb
    -- These parameters are provided when the verb is irregular.
    -- Allows you to manually modify preverbs (&quot;bi-&quot;&quot; or &quot;di-&quot;)
    -- and negation prefixes (&quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot;)
	local overridePreverb = {
		-- Preverbs (bi-, di)
	    presentBi = opts.presentBi or nil,
	    presentDi = opts.presentDi or nil,
	    pastBi    = opts.pastBi or nil,
	    pastDi    = opts.pastDi or nil,
		-- Same preverbs (&quot;past&quot; and &quot;present&quot; stem)
	    sameBi     = opts.sameBi or nil,
	    sameDi     = opts.sameDi or nil,
	}
	local overrideNegPrefix = {
		-- Neg. prefix (na-, ne-)
	    presentNa  = opts.presentNa or nil,
	    presentNe  = opts.presentNe or nil,
	    pastNe     = opts.pastNe or nil,
		-- same neg. prefix (for past and present stem)
	    sameNe     = opts.sameNe or nil,
	}
    -- By default, the negation of the imperative is constructed from the prefix &quot;me-&quot;&quot;.
    -- To obtain the second variant, the prefix with &quot;ne-&quot;, you must specify &quot;impNegForm=2&quot;.
    local impNegForm     = opts.impNegForm or nil
	-- Accent/ Devok
    local accent = opts.accent or 'std'
	
	-- If &quot;tags='na'&quot;, remove links/tags
	local tags = opts.tags or 'erê'
	-- If addPreverbParticles='na', remove preverb particles (ê/dê) before
	-- the conjugated verbs.
	local addPreverbParticles = opts.addPreverbParticles or 'erê'

	
	-- We add a space to the left of the &quot;postSimpleVerb&quot; because it shouldn't be attached
	-- to the simple verb.
	if (postSimpleVerb ~= '' and postSimpleVerb ~=nil) then
		postSimpleVerb = ' ' .. postSimpleVerb
	end

    -- Access to the classification table and retrieval of verb tense parameters
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if (not infoTense) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- We check that one of the two parameters of the stem is given
    if (infoTense.stem == 'present' and not presentStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;presentStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    elseif (infoTense.stem == 'past' and not pastStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;pasttStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- Choice between the present stem or past stem
    local stem = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStem or pastStem

    --────────────────────────────
    -- Conjugation construction --
    -- ───────────────────────────
    local preverb = ''
    local negPrefix = ''
    -- Ruturns the verb type: &quot;simpleVerb&quot; or &quot;preverbVerb&quot; or &quot;compoundVerb&quot;
    local verbStruct = export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)

    if isNegative then
        negPrefix = infoTense:negPrefix{stem=stem,
                                        impNegForm=impNegForm,
                                        overrideNegPrefix=overrideNegPrefix}
        if infoTense.negPreverb then
            preverb = infoTense:negPreverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                           overridePreverb=overridePreverb}
        end
    else
        if infoTense.preverb then
            preverb = infoTense:preverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                        overridePreverb=overridePreverb,
										accent=accent}
        end
    end

    infoTense.conj = {}
    local spacing = isCompoundVerb and ' ' or ''
    local endings = infoTense:endings(stem)
	
	-- 'rojhilatî' accent (devok) for present stem
	if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then
		if (accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			endings = endings['rojhilatî']
		else
			endings = endings['std']
		end

	end
	
    local preverbParticles = export.getPreverbParticules(infoTense.preverbParticle, infoTense.stem, isTransitive)
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (infoTense.stem == 'past')

    -- Creating the conjugation table for a given tense
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local ending
        local conjSimbleVerb
        local conjVerb

        if isErgative then
            ending = endings.s3
        else
            ending = endings[pers]
        end

        -- Adding space after the preverbal particle, and
		-- if &quot;addPreverbParticles='na'&quot;: remove preverb particles (ê/dê).
		local preverbParticle = ''
		if infoTense.preverbParticle and addPreverbParticles ~= 'na' then
	            preverbParticle = preverbParticles[pers] .. ' '
		end

        conjSimbleVerb = negPrefix  .. preverb .. stem .. ending
        -- Adding prefixe and suffixe
        conjVerb =  preSimpleVerb .. spacing .. conjSimbleVerb .. postSimpleVerb
        -- Spelling correction(îy -&gt; iy)
        conjVerb = mw.ustring.gsub(conjVerb, 'îy', 'iy')
        -- Add a link / if tags='na' no links
		if tags ~= 'na' then
        	conjVerb = link{term=conjVerb, lang=langKu}
		end
        -- Addition of the preverbal particle
        infoTense.conj[pers] = preverbParticle .. conjVerb
    end

    -- Imperative
    if (infoTense.name == 'impPresent') then
        infoTense.conj.s1 = nil
        infoTense.conj.s2 = infoTense.conj.s3
        infoTense.conj.s3 = nil
        infoTense.conj.p1 = nil
        -- infoTense.conj.p2 = infoTense.conj.p2
        infoTense.conj.p3 = nil
    end

    return infoTense
end

-- =============================================================================
--                               END
-- =============================================================================
-- Some useful tools
-- =============================================================================
-- Returns the list of verb tenses
export.tensesList = function()
	local list = {}
    for _, tense in pairs(export.tenseRules) do
        table.insert(list, tense.name)
    end
	return list
end

-- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
-- (for a given conjugate tense in all persons of that tense)
function export.concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjVerbs)
	local concatTab = {}
	for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
		concatTab[pers] = pronoms[pers] .. ' ' .. conjVerbs[pers]
	end

	return concatTab
end
-- =============================================================================
-- ADDITIONAL STEM OF THE PAST AND PRESENT (pastStem2, ... and presentStem2, ...)
-- This function does nothing more than add additional parameters for verb stems
-- in the past and present tenses.
-- Conjugations for the different stems will be separated by &quot;/&quot;
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems)
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
     opts.tense = tense or nil
     
    presentStems = presentStems or {}
	pastStems = pastStems or {}

    
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if not infoTense then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    local stems = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStems or pastStems

    -- For each verb stem, its conjugation table is calculated and stored in conjTabs.
    local conjTabs = {}
    for i = 1, #stems do
        if stems[i] then
            if (infoTense.stem == 'past') then opts.pastStem = stems[i] end
            if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then opts.presentStem = stems[i] end

            local conj = export.conjugate(opts).conj
            table.insert(conjTabs, conj)
        end
    end

    -- We concatenate each row of the conjugation tables.
    local concatConjTabs = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local frag = {}
        for i = 1, #conjTabs do
            local val = conjTabs[i][pers]
            if val then table.insert(frag, tostring(val)) end
        end
        concatConjTabs[pers] = table.concat(frag, &quot; / &quot;)
    end

    infoTense.conj = concatConjTabs

    return infoTense
end

-- ====================================================================================
--  VERB CONUGATION IN ALL TENSES WITH OR WITHOUT PRONOUMS
-- ====================================================================================
function export.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems, negation, concatPrs)
	-- &quot;concatPrs=false&quot; table without pronouns
	
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
    
    if negation == 'negative' then opts.isNegative = true end

    -- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
	local concatPronomsVerbs = export.concatPronomsVerbs

    -- Tenses list
    local tensesList = export.tensesList()

    -- Conjugation in all tenses
    local conjTab = {}
    for _, tense in ipairs(tensesList) do
        local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy')

		-- We create the conjugation table without the pronouns.
        conjTab[tense] = deepCopy(export.conjugateLong(opts, tense, presentStems, pastStems), 'copy')
		
        -- We concatenate the pronouns and the verbs if &quot;concatPrs&quot; is different of &quot;false&quot;
		-- No pronouns for the imperative mood
		if (tense ~= 'impPresent' and concatPrs ~= false) then
			local pronoms = deepCopy(export.conjPronouns(infoTense.stem, infoTense.mode, opts.isTransitive))
        	conjTab[tense].conj = concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjTab[tense].conj)
        end
    end

    return conjTab
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- Allows you to obtain a given conjugation from a model.
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|tew|dem=indPresent|kes=s1}}
-- See {{ku-tewîn-lk-niha}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.tew(frame)
   local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isNegative     = frame.args['neyînî'] or false,
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or nil,
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or nil,
		accent         = args['devok'] or 'std',
		tags           = args['lînk'] or 'erê',
        overrideBi     = args['bi'] or nil,
        overrideDi     = args['di'] or nil,
        overrideNa     = args['na'] or nil,
        overrideNe     = args['ne'] or nil,
        impNegForm     = nil
    }
	
	local tense        = frame.args['dem'] or nil
	local pers         = frame.args['kes'] or nil
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems    = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}

    -- A few checks
    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerguhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    if (baseOpts.isNegative == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isNegative = true
    end

	local tabConj = export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems).conj
	
    return tabConj[pers]
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- GET COMMMA SEPARED FORMS
-- Bnr. [[MediaWiki:Gadget-QQ.js]]
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|get_comma_separated_forms|niha=kev|borî=ket}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.get_comma_separated_forms(frame)
    local opts = {
        presentStem     = frame.args['niha'],
        pastStem        = frame.args['borî'],
        isTransitive    = false,
        isNegative      = false,
        isCompoundVerb  = frame['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb   = frame['pêşgir'] or '',
        postSimpleVerb  = frame['paşgir'] or '',
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		
        impNegForm     = nil,
		tags           = 'na', -- Remove links/tags
		addPreverbParticles = 'na' -- Remove preverb particles (ê/dê)
    }

   local function concateList(tenseList)
        local concatList = {}
        for _, pers in ipairs({&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;}) do
        	local tense = tenseList[pers]
            table.insert(concatList, tense)
        end

        return table.concat(concatList, &quot;,&quot;)
   end

   	local tenseList = {'indPresent','indPreterite','indImperfect',
                      'indPluperfect','indPerfect','indNwPluperfect',
                      'indFuture','indFuturePerfect',
                      'subjImperfect','subjPluperfect'
                    }
                    
    local concatAllTense = {}
    
    for  i = 1, #tenseList do
        local tense = tenseList[i]
        if export.tenseRules[tense] then
            opts.tense = tense
            local conj = shallowCopy(export.conjugate(opts).conj)
            local concatTense = concateList(conj)
            table.insert(concatAllTense, concatTense)
        end
    end
    
    return table.concat(concatAllTense, &quot;,&quot;)
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>92y5m7otgotfpaarkuuttl75dr9mm6z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237488</id>
      <parentid>6237486</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T00:59:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>6237488</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="43893" sha1="ldszz8z6ie40sgb7dy4l15878e2d05t" xml:space="preserve">-- Modula tewandina lêkerên kurmancî

local export = {}

-- Load irregular forms table
-- local irreg = require('Module:ku-tewandin/nestandard')
local langKu = require(&quot;Modul:languages&quot;).getByCode(&quot;ku&quot;)
local link = require('Module:links').language_link
local shallowCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/shallowCopy&quot;)
local deepCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/deepCopy&quot;)

-- =============================================================================
-- Pronouns in Kurmanji
-- =============================================================================
export.order = {&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;, &quot;p2&quot;, &quot;p3&quot;}

export.pronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;ez&quot;,    p1 = &quot;em&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;tu&quot;,    p2 = &quot;hûn&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;ew&quot;,    p3 = &quot;ew&quot;
}

export.obliquePronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;min&quot;,      p1 = &quot;me&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;te&quot;,       p2 = &quot;we&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;wê/wî&quot;,    p3 = &quot;wan&quot;
}

export.agents = {
    s1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,            p1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,           p2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;,   p3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;
}

-- Oblique pronoun (green) 
export.obliquePronounsGreen = {
    s1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;min&lt;/span&gt;',
    s2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;te&lt;/span&gt;',
    s3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wê/wî&lt;/span&gt;',
    p1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;me&lt;/span&gt;',
    p2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;we&lt;/span&gt;',
    p3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wan&lt;/span&gt;'
}

-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-- 1) This function returns correct subject/agent pronoun, ergativity rule:
--   - Transitive verbs in past tenses → oblique pronoun (green) = agent
--   - All other cases                 → direct pronoun (no color) = subject
-- 2) Also add the subjunctive prefix &quot;(bila)&quot;
-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
function export.conjPronouns(stemType, mode, isTransitive)
    local pronouns = shallowCopy(export.pronouns)

    -- Ergativity in kurdish: transitive verbs that are conjugated with the past tense stem are
    -- conjugated according to the object, not the subject.
    -- Therefore, to have an ergative construction,
    -- the verb must be transitive and its stem must be the stem of the past tense.
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (stemType == 'past')

    -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
    -- If it's not ergative, we use normal pronouns: &quot;ez&quot;, &quot;tu&quot;, ...
    if isErgative then
        pronouns = shallowCopy(export.obliquePronounsGreen)
    end

    -- For the subjunctive mood, we add &quot;(bila)&quot; at the beginning.
    if mode == 'subjunctive' then
    	local subjPrefix = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(bila)&lt;/span&gt;'
        for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
            pronouns[pers] = subjPrefix .. ' ' .. pronouns[pers]
        end
    end
    return pronouns
end

-- =============================================================================
-- VERBAL STRUCTURE IN THE INFINITIVE:
-- Verbs in the infinitive appear in three main forms:
--  1) Simple verb (indivisible light verb):
--       - ex.:  &quot;kirin&quot;, &quot;çûn&quot;, &quot;xwarin&quot;, ...
--  2) Verbs with preverbs (preverb + simple verb):
--       - ex.: &quot;rakirin&quot; (ra- + kirin), &quot;çêkirin&quot; (çê- + kirin), &quot;vexwarin&quot; (ve- + xwarin), ...
--       - Preverb verbs don't use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê rakim , ew ê rake , ...)
--  3) Compound verbs, construction with non-verbal element (the noun is not attached to the verb):
--       - Left of the simple verb: &quot;hez kirin&quot; (&quot;hez&quot; + &quot;kirin&quot;), &quot;li dar xistin&quot; (&quot;li dar&quot; + &quot;xistin&quot;), ...
--       - Right of the simple verb: &quot;kirin der&quot; (&quot;kirin&quot; + &quot;der&quot;), &quot;girtin ser xwe&quot; (&quot;girtin&quot; + &quot;ser xwe&quot;), ...
--       - Compound verbs use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê hez bi-kim , ew ê hez bi-ke )

-- STRUCTURE:  preSimpleVerb + spacing + simpleVerb + postSimpleVerb
-- EX.     kirin: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       rakirin: preSimpleVerb='ra';  spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--     hez kirin: preSimpleVerb='hez'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       pev çûn: preSimpleVerb='pev'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='çûn';   postSimpleVerb=''
--     kirin der: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb='der'

-- WARNING: Conjugation can vary depending on the type of verb.
-- For example, in the future tense,the prefix &quot;bi&quot; is used for compound verbs,
-- but not for preverbal verbs, see the function that manages it  &quot;tenseRules&quot; table.
-- This table does not yet support the mixed case: a verb composed of a noun and a preverb verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)
    local struct

    if (preSimpleVerb and preSimpleVerb ~= '' and not isCompoundVerb) then
        struct = 'preverbVerb'
    elseif isCompoundVerb then
        struct = 'compoundVerb'
    else
        struct = 'simpleVerb'
    end

    return struct
end

-- ================================================================
-- INFLECTIONAL ENDINGS
-- Assigns verb inflectional endings (suffixes) to all tenses
-- ================================================================
local getEndings = {}

do
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ending using present stem
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['present'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends = {}
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends['std'] = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
            ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='m', s2='(y)', s3='t', p1='yn', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends['std'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='e', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
			ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='&lt;u&gt;it&lt;/u&gt;/ît', p1='în', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. preterite + ind. imperfect ending
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['past'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
		local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiouû]$') then
            ends = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, 'î$') then
           -- if self.name == 'indImperfect' then
           --     -- special indicative ind. imperfect rule
           --     ends = {s1='yam', s2='yayî', s3='ya', p1='yan', p2='yan', p3='yan'}
           -- end
            ends = {s1='m', s2='', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Compound endings with auxiliary &quot;bûn&quot;
    -- Inflectional endings are created by taking the different forms of the
    -- verb &quot;bûn&quot; (with present stem &quot;-b-&quot; and past stem &quot;-bû-&quot;) and
    -- adding an &quot;i-&quot; prefix before them: &quot;i-b-im&quot;, &quot;i-bû-m&quot;, &quot;i-bû-me&quot;, &quot;i-bû-ma&quot;.
    -- This &quot;i-&quot; varies according to the final letter of the verb stem.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    local function normalize_i(stem)
        local prfx_i = &quot;i&quot;
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;ya$&quot;) or
           mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;[îû]$&quot;) then -- cf. karîn (-karî-)
           	prfx_i = &quot;&quot;
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiou]$') then
            prfx_i = &quot;yi&quot;
        end
        return prfx_i
    end

    getEndings['ibim'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bim&quot;,   p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;be&quot;,    p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûm'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûm&quot;,     p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bû&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûme'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûme&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyiye&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûye&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûma'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûma&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyayî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûya&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;
        }
    end
    
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. perfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ime'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;me&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;ye&quot;, p1=&quot;ne&quot;, p2=&quot;ne&quot;, p3=&quot;ne&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ime&quot;, s2=&quot;iyî&quot;, s3=&quot;iye&quot;, p1=&quot;ine&quot;, p2=&quot;ine&quot;, p3=&quot;ine&quot;}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Subj. Imperfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ama'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        -- The doublet in &quot;-iyan&quot; of verbs in -&quot;în&quot; (gerîn/-geriya-, kenîn/-keniya-, ...),
        -- in the conditional and subjunctive moods, a doublet &quot;yaya&quot; appears; it's removed.
        -- -yayayî → -yayî; -yaya → -ya
		if mw.ustring.match(stem, '(ya)$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
		elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yayî&quot;, s3=&quot;ya&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ama&quot;, s2=&quot;ayî&quot;, s3=&quot;a&quot;, p1=&quot;ana&quot;, p2=&quot;ana&quot;, p3=&quot;ana&quot;}
        end
        return ends
    end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR PREVERBS: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;
-- There are two preverbs: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;. These preverbs can change form
-- depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getPreverb = {}

do
	getPreverb['bi'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local verbStruct = opts.verbStruct
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
		local accent     = opts.accent

		-- Devoka rojhilatî:
		-- @Ferhengvan: Dema bêt bi lêkera alîkar &quot;ê / dê&quot; û bi rehê lêkerê yê
		-- dema niha û pêşgirên kesî tê çêkirin. Pêşgira &quot;bi-&quot; li destpêka lêkera
		-- serekî nîne: - ez ê / dê xw-im (standard: ez ê/dê bi-xw-im).
		if (self.name == 'indFuture' and accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			return ''
		end
	
	    -- Preverb verbs don't use the preverb &quot;bi-&quot;: ra-kirin (ez ê rakim), ve-xwarin (ez ê vexwim) , ...
	    -- But compound verb and simple verbs use it: hez kirin (ez ê hez bi-kim), lê bigirin (ez ê lê bi-girim), ...
	    if (verbStruct == 'preverbVerb') then
	        return ''
	    end
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stem == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentBi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentBi
		elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastBi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastBi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameBi then
			return overridePreverb.sameBi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;bi-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[aeêiîouû]') then
	        return 'b'
	    end
	
	    return 'bi'
	end

	getPreverb['di'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;di&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stem == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentDi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentDi
		elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastDi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastDi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameDi then
			return overridePreverb.sameDi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;di-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[ai]') then
	        return 'd'
	    end
	    -- Ex. hatin : stem = -ê- // ez têm
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[êî]') then
	        return 't'
	    end
	
	    return 'di'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR NEGATION PREFIXES: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;
-- There are two negation prefixes: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;. These preverbs can change
-- form depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getNegPrefix = {}

do
	getNegPrefix['na'] = function (self, opts)
		-- self: reserved for future use
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overrideNa = opts.overrideNegPrefix.presentNa
	
	    if overrideNa then return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNa .. '&lt;/b&gt;' end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] end
	
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;nay&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;n&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Tîpa duyem &quot;-a-&quot; ye (k-a-rîn, z-a-nîn, ...)
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^%wa') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;ni&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;na&lt;/b&gt;'
	end

	getNegPrefix['ne'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local tenseName = self.name
	    local impNegForm = opts.impNegForm -- form &quot;1&quot; or &quot;2&quot; of imp.
		local overrideNegPrefix = opts.overrideNegPrefix

        local negPrefix = 'ne'

		-- Override
		if (overrideNegPrefix.impMe or overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
			-- Ovverride imp.
			if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
				if (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.impMe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.impMe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 2 and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 2 and overrideNegPrefix.sameNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				end
			end
			
			-- For other tenses besides the imperative
			if (self.stem == 'present' and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
				return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
		    elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overrideNegPrefix.pastNe) then
				return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.pastNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
			elseif overrideNegPrefix.sameNe then
				return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
			end
		end
		
		-- Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;indImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
		-- ji ber vê yekê 'negPrefix' hertim (?) 'ne' ye ji ber ku dikeve pêş 
		-- pêşgira &quot;di-&quot;: wê/wî ne-di-elimand (elimandin)
	    if (tenseName == 'indImperfect') then
	         return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- There are two forms of construction of the imperative,
	    -- one with the prefix &quot;me-&quot; (1) and the other (2) with the prefix &quot;ne-&quot;.
	    if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
	        negPrefix = (impNegForm == 2) and 'ne' or 'me'
	    end
		
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. 'y&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        negPrefix = mw.ustring.sub(negPrefix, 1, -2)
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- Standardization of the PREVERBAL PARTICLE
-- The proverbial particle &quot;ê&quot; is placed after the personal pronoun.
-- =============================================================================
-- If there are no verbal preparticles, return empty table.
function export.getPreverbParticules(preverbParticle, typeStem, isTransitive)
    if not preverbParticle then
        return {s1='', s2='', s3='', p1='', p2='', p3=''}
    end

    if preverbParticle == 'ê' then
        local isErgative = isTransitive and (typeStem == 'past')

        -- When the personal pronoun ends in a vowel, a &quot;y-&quot; is added before &quot;ê&quot;.
        -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
        if isErgative then
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='yê/dê', p1='yê/dê', p2='yê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        else
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='ê/dê', p1='ê/dê', p2='ê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        end
    end

    -- If the verbal preparticle is identical for all pronouns,
    -- we create a table with the same value.
    local preverbParticles = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        preverbParticles[pers] = preverbParticle
    end

    return preverbParticles
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING EACH VERB TENSE
-- This table lists, for each verb tense, what elements are required to form it:
--   - Verb conjugation is built by placing either the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; or &quot;di-&quot; before
--     the verb stem (past or present), followed by a personal ending.
--   - For the negative form, one of the prefixes &quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot; is added as well.
--   - In some cases, a preverbal particle such as /ê/ or /dê/ is added before
--     the conjugated verb as well.
-- Not: - The &quot;negPreverb&quot; (preverb (bi-/di-) for negative tenses) parameter has a
--         value different from &quot;nil&quot; only for the Imperfect tense (&quot;negPreverb=di&quot;).
--      - The parameter &quot;negPrefix=na&quot; is used only for the present indicative.
--
-- Preverb &quot;di&quot;, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(present stem), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(past stem)
--                        - Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;IndImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
-- Preverb &quot;bi&quot;, used in: &quot;indFuture&quot;(present stem), &quot;subPresent&quot;(present stem),
--                         &quot;subImperfect&quot;(past stem) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(past stem)
--                        - The prefix &quot;bi-&quot; isn't used in negative forms.
--
-- Present stem, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(di)(na),
--                        &quot;indFuture&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;subPresent&quot;(bi)(ne)
--
-- Past stem, used in: &quot;indPreterite&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(di)(ne), &quot;indPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;indPerfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPreterite&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subImperfect&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(bi)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne) = &quot;condPreterite&quot;(-)(ne)
-- =============================================================================
-- Some conjugations are identical except that they differ only in the preverbal particle (/ê/, /dê/).
-- So, to avoid repeating the same information (and thus risking errors),
-- we establish the common part shared between these verbs.
local sharedTenseRules = {
    indFuture = {
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['present']
    },

    indFuturePerfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibim']
    },

    subImperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ama']
    },

    subPluperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûma']
    }
}

local mt = {
    __index = function(t, k)
        local commonRules = t._commonRules
        if commonRules then return commonRules[k] end
    end
}

-- TENSES CONJUGATION RULES
export.tenseRules = {
    -- IMPERATIVE MOOD
    impPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;impPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raweya fermanî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present imperative&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;imperative&quot;,
        _commonRules = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- INDICATIVE MOOD
    indPresent = {
        name         = &quot;indPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema niha&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['na'],
        endings      = getEndings['present'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPreterite = {
        name         = &quot;indPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya sade&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;simple past&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indImperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya berdest&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;Imperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = getPreverb['di'],
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPluperfect    = {
        name         = &quot;indPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûm'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indFuture = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuture&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema bê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    indFuturePerfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dahatiya pêş&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    -- In some books, the &quot;perfect&quot; and &quot;nonconfirmative pluperfect&quot; tenses
    -- are classified in the &quot;inferential mood&quot; (&quot;moda neşahidî&quot;).
    -- Currently we classify them using the indicative mood (at the end).
    indPerfect = {
        name         = &quot;indPerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ime'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indNwPluperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya boriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;non-witnessed pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûme'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    -- SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
    subjPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema nihaya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    subjPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjImperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;imperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjPluperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr a bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- CONDITIONAL MOOD
    condPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya dema nihaya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    condPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

}

-- =============================================================================
-- MAIN CONJUGATION FUNCTOIN
-- This function returns an array containing the conjugation table for a given
-- tense as well as other information about the conjugated verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugate(opts)
    opts = opts or {}
    -- Required parameters
    local tense          = opts.tense or error(&quot;'tense' required&quot;, 2)
    --One of the two parameters is required:
    --  - If the tense uses the present stem, indicate &quot;presentStem&quot;.
    --  - If it uses the past stem, indicate &quot;pastStem&quot;.
    local presentStem    = opts.presentStem
    local pastStem       = opts.pastStem
    -- Optional parameters
    local isTransitive   = opts.isTransitive or false   -- Indicate if the verb is transitive (true/false)
    local isNegative     = opts.isNegative or false     -- Indicate if it's the negative form (true/false)
    local isCompoundVerb = opts.isCompoundVerb or false -- Indicate if it's a compound verb (true/false)
    local preSimpleVerb  = opts.preSimpleVerb or ''     -- The part before the simple verb
    local postSimpleVerb = opts.postSimpleVerb or ''    -- The part after the simple verb
    -- These parameters are provided when the verb is irregular.
    -- Allows you to manually modify preverbs (&quot;bi-&quot;&quot; or &quot;di-&quot;)
    -- and negation prefixes (&quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot;)
	local overridePreverb = {
		-- Preverbs (bi-, di)
	    presentBi = opts.presentBi or nil,
	    presentDi = opts.presentDi or nil,
	    pastBi    = opts.pastBi or nil,
	    pastDi    = opts.pastDi or nil,
		-- Same preverbs (&quot;past&quot; and &quot;present&quot; stem)
	    sameBi     = opts.sameBi or nil,
	    sameDi     = opts.sameDi or nil,
	}
	local overrideNegPrefix = {
		-- Neg. prefix (na-, ne-)
	    presentNa  = opts.presentNa or nil,
	    presentNe  = opts.presentNe or nil,
	    pastNe     = opts.pastNe or nil,
		-- same neg. prefix (for past and present stem)
	    sameNe     = opts.sameNe or nil,
		impMe      = opts.impMe or nil,
	}
    -- By default, the negation of the imperative is constructed from the prefix &quot;me-&quot;&quot;.
    -- To obtain the second variant, the prefix with &quot;ne-&quot;, you must specify &quot;impNegForm=2&quot;.
    local impNegForm     = opts.impNegForm or 1
	-- Accent/ Devok
    local accent = opts.accent or 'std'
	
	-- If &quot;tags='na'&quot;, remove links/tags
	local tags = opts.tags or 'erê'
	-- If addPreverbParticles='na', remove preverb particles (ê/dê) before
	-- the conjugated verbs.
	local addPreverbParticles = opts.addPreverbParticles or 'erê'

	
	-- We add a space to the left of the &quot;postSimpleVerb&quot; because it shouldn't be attached
	-- to the simple verb.
	if (postSimpleVerb ~= '' and postSimpleVerb ~=nil) then
		postSimpleVerb = ' ' .. postSimpleVerb
	end

    -- Access to the classification table and retrieval of verb tense parameters
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if (not infoTense) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- We check that one of the two parameters of the stem is given
    if (infoTense.stem == 'present' and not presentStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;presentStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    elseif (infoTense.stem == 'past' and not pastStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;pasttStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- Choice between the present stem or past stem
    local stem = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStem or pastStem

    --────────────────────────────
    -- Conjugation construction --
    -- ───────────────────────────
    local preverb = ''
    local negPrefix = ''
    -- Ruturns the verb type: &quot;simpleVerb&quot; or &quot;preverbVerb&quot; or &quot;compoundVerb&quot;
    local verbStruct = export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)

    if isNegative then
        negPrefix = infoTense:negPrefix{stem=stem,
                                        impNegForm=impNegForm,
                                        overrideNegPrefix=overrideNegPrefix}
        if infoTense.negPreverb then
            preverb = infoTense:negPreverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                           overridePreverb=overridePreverb}
        end
    else
        if infoTense.preverb then
            preverb = infoTense:preverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                        overridePreverb=overridePreverb,
										accent=accent}
        end
    end

    infoTense.conj = {}
    local spacing = isCompoundVerb and ' ' or ''
    local endings = infoTense:endings(stem)
	
	-- 'rojhilatî' accent (devok) for present stem
	if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then
		if (accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			endings = endings['rojhilatî']
		else
			endings = endings['std']
		end

	end
	
    local preverbParticles = export.getPreverbParticules(infoTense.preverbParticle, infoTense.stem, isTransitive)
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (infoTense.stem == 'past')

    -- Creating the conjugation table for a given tense
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local ending
        local conjSimbleVerb
        local conjVerb

        if isErgative then
            ending = endings.s3
        else
            ending = endings[pers]
        end

        -- Adding space after the preverbal particle, and
		-- if &quot;addPreverbParticles='na'&quot;: remove preverb particles (ê/dê).
		local preverbParticle = ''
		if infoTense.preverbParticle and addPreverbParticles ~= 'na' then
	            preverbParticle = preverbParticles[pers] .. ' '
		end

        conjSimbleVerb = negPrefix  .. preverb .. stem .. ending
        -- Adding prefixe and suffixe
        conjVerb =  preSimpleVerb .. spacing .. conjSimbleVerb .. postSimpleVerb
        -- Spelling correction(îy -&gt; iy)
        conjVerb = mw.ustring.gsub(conjVerb, 'îy', 'iy')
        -- Add a link / if tags='na' no links
		if tags ~= 'na' then
        	conjVerb = link{term=conjVerb, lang=langKu}
		end
        -- Addition of the preverbal particle
        infoTense.conj[pers] = preverbParticle .. conjVerb
    end

    -- Imperative
    if (infoTense.name == 'impPresent') then
        infoTense.conj.s1 = nil
        infoTense.conj.s2 = infoTense.conj.s3
        infoTense.conj.s3 = nil
        infoTense.conj.p1 = nil
        -- infoTense.conj.p2 = infoTense.conj.p2
        infoTense.conj.p3 = nil
    end

    return infoTense
end

-- =============================================================================
--                               END
-- =============================================================================
-- Some useful tools
-- =============================================================================
-- Returns the list of verb tenses
export.tensesList = function()
	local list = {}
    for _, tense in pairs(export.tenseRules) do
        table.insert(list, tense.name)
    end
	return list
end

-- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
-- (for a given conjugate tense in all persons of that tense)
function export.concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjVerbs)
	local concatTab = {}
	for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
		concatTab[pers] = pronoms[pers] .. ' ' .. conjVerbs[pers]
	end

	return concatTab
end
-- =============================================================================
-- ADDITIONAL STEM OF THE PAST AND PRESENT (pastStem2, ... and presentStem2, ...)
-- This function does nothing more than add additional parameters for verb stems
-- in the past and present tenses.
-- Conjugations for the different stems will be separated by &quot;/&quot;
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems)
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
     opts.tense = tense or nil
     
    presentStems = presentStems or {}
	pastStems = pastStems or {}

    
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if not infoTense then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    local stems = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStems or pastStems

    -- For each verb stem, its conjugation table is calculated and stored in conjTabs.
    local conjTabs = {}
    for i = 1, #stems do
        if stems[i] then
            if (infoTense.stem == 'past') then opts.pastStem = stems[i] end
            if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then opts.presentStem = stems[i] end

            local conj = export.conjugate(opts).conj
            table.insert(conjTabs, conj)
        end
    end

    -- We concatenate each row of the conjugation tables.
    local concatConjTabs = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local frag = {}
        for i = 1, #conjTabs do
            local val = conjTabs[i][pers]
            if val then table.insert(frag, tostring(val)) end
        end
        concatConjTabs[pers] = table.concat(frag, &quot; / &quot;)
    end

    infoTense.conj = concatConjTabs

    return infoTense
end

-- ====================================================================================
--  VERB CONUGATION IN ALL TENSES WITH OR WITHOUT PRONOUMS
-- ====================================================================================
function export.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems, negation, concatPrs)
	-- &quot;concatPrs=false&quot; table without pronouns
	
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
    
    if negation == 'negative' then opts.isNegative = true end

    -- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
	local concatPronomsVerbs = export.concatPronomsVerbs

    -- Tenses list
    local tensesList = export.tensesList()

    -- Conjugation in all tenses
    local conjTab = {}
    for _, tense in ipairs(tensesList) do
        local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy')

		-- We create the conjugation table without the pronouns.
        conjTab[tense] = deepCopy(export.conjugateLong(opts, tense, presentStems, pastStems), 'copy')
		
        -- We concatenate the pronouns and the verbs if &quot;concatPrs&quot; is different of &quot;false&quot;
		-- No pronouns for the imperative mood
		if (tense ~= 'impPresent' and concatPrs ~= false) then
			local pronoms = deepCopy(export.conjPronouns(infoTense.stem, infoTense.mode, opts.isTransitive))
        	conjTab[tense].conj = concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjTab[tense].conj)
        end
    end

    return conjTab
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- Allows you to obtain a given conjugation from a model.
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|tew|dem=indPresent|kes=s1}}
-- See {{ku-tewîn-lk-niha}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.tew(frame)
   local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isNegative     = frame.args['neyînî'] or false,
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or nil,
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or nil,
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		impMe      = frame['me'] or nil,
		
        impNegForm     = 1,
		tags           = args['lînk'] or 'erê',
		accent         = args['devok'] or 'std',
    }
	
	local tense        = frame.args['dem'] or nil
	local pers         = frame.args['kes'] or nil
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems    = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}

    -- A few checks
    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerguhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    if (baseOpts.isNegative == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isNegative = true
    end

	local tabConj = export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems).conj
	
    return tabConj[pers]
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- GET COMMMA SEPARED FORMS
-- Bnr. [[MediaWiki:Gadget-QQ.js]]
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|get_comma_separated_forms|niha=kev|borî=ket}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.get_comma_separated_forms(frame)
    local opts = {
        presentStem     = frame.args['niha'],
        pastStem        = frame.args['borî'],
        isTransitive    = false,
        isNegative      = false,
        isCompoundVerb  = frame['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb   = frame['pêşgir'] or '',
        postSimpleVerb  = frame['paşgir'] or '',
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		impMe      = frame['me'] or nil,
		
        impNegForm     = 1,
		tags           = 'na', -- Remove links/tags
		addPreverbParticles = 'na' -- Remove preverb particles (ê/dê)
    }

   local function concateList(tenseList)
        local concatList = {}
        for _, pers in ipairs({&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;}) do
        	local tense = tenseList[pers]
            table.insert(concatList, tense)
        end

        return table.concat(concatList, &quot;,&quot;)
   end

   	local tenseList = {'indPresent','indPreterite','indImperfect',
                      'indPluperfect','indPerfect','indNwPluperfect',
                      'indFuture','indFuturePerfect',
                      'subjImperfect','subjPluperfect'
                    }
                    
    local concatAllTense = {}
    
    for  i = 1, #tenseList do
        local tense = tenseList[i]
        if export.tenseRules[tense] then
            opts.tense = tense
            local conj = shallowCopy(export.conjugate(opts).conj)
            local concatTense = concateList(conj)
            table.insert(concatAllTense, concatTense)
        end
    end
    
    return table.concat(concatAllTense, &quot;,&quot;)
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>ldszz8z6ie40sgb7dy4l15878e2d05t</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237489</id>
      <parentid>6237488</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T01:15:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>6237489</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="43957" sha1="oteh1pt6uk65qgemqzwqemok4eipte0" xml:space="preserve">-- Modula tewandina lêkerên kurmancî

local export = {}

-- Load irregular forms table
-- local irreg = require('Module:ku-tewandin/nestandard')
local langKu = require(&quot;Modul:languages&quot;).getByCode(&quot;ku&quot;)
local link = require('Module:links').language_link
local shallowCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/shallowCopy&quot;)
local deepCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/deepCopy&quot;)

-- =============================================================================
-- Pronouns in Kurmanji
-- =============================================================================
export.order = {&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;, &quot;p2&quot;, &quot;p3&quot;}

export.pronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;ez&quot;,    p1 = &quot;em&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;tu&quot;,    p2 = &quot;hûn&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;ew&quot;,    p3 = &quot;ew&quot;
}

export.obliquePronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;min&quot;,      p1 = &quot;me&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;te&quot;,       p2 = &quot;we&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;wê/wî&quot;,    p3 = &quot;wan&quot;
}

export.agents = {
    s1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,            p1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,           p2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;,   p3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;
}

-- Oblique pronoun (green) 
export.obliquePronounsGreen = {
    s1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;min&lt;/span&gt;',
    s2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;te&lt;/span&gt;',
    s3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wê/wî&lt;/span&gt;',
    p1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;me&lt;/span&gt;',
    p2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;we&lt;/span&gt;',
    p3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wan&lt;/span&gt;'
}

-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-- 1) This function returns correct subject/agent pronoun, ergativity rule:
--   - Transitive verbs in past tenses → oblique pronoun (green) = agent
--   - All other cases                 → direct pronoun (no color) = subject
-- 2) Also add the subjunctive prefix &quot;(bila)&quot;
-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
function export.conjPronouns(stemType, mode, isTransitive)
    local pronouns = shallowCopy(export.pronouns)

    -- Ergativity in kurdish: transitive verbs that are conjugated with the past tense stem are
    -- conjugated according to the object, not the subject.
    -- Therefore, to have an ergative construction,
    -- the verb must be transitive and its stem must be the stem of the past tense.
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (stemType == 'past')

    -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
    -- If it's not ergative, we use normal pronouns: &quot;ez&quot;, &quot;tu&quot;, ...
    if isErgative then
        pronouns = shallowCopy(export.obliquePronounsGreen)
    end

    -- For the subjunctive mood, we add &quot;(bila)&quot; at the beginning.
    if mode == 'subjunctive' then
    	local subjPrefix = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(bila)&lt;/span&gt;'
        for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
            pronouns[pers] = subjPrefix .. ' ' .. pronouns[pers]
        end
    end
    return pronouns
end

-- =============================================================================
-- VERBAL STRUCTURE IN THE INFINITIVE:
-- Verbs in the infinitive appear in three main forms:
--  1) Simple verb (indivisible light verb):
--       - ex.:  &quot;kirin&quot;, &quot;çûn&quot;, &quot;xwarin&quot;, ...
--  2) Verbs with preverbs (preverb + simple verb):
--       - ex.: &quot;rakirin&quot; (ra- + kirin), &quot;çêkirin&quot; (çê- + kirin), &quot;vexwarin&quot; (ve- + xwarin), ...
--       - Preverb verbs don't use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê rakim , ew ê rake , ...)
--  3) Compound verbs, construction with non-verbal element (the noun is not attached to the verb):
--       - Left of the simple verb: &quot;hez kirin&quot; (&quot;hez&quot; + &quot;kirin&quot;), &quot;li dar xistin&quot; (&quot;li dar&quot; + &quot;xistin&quot;), ...
--       - Right of the simple verb: &quot;kirin der&quot; (&quot;kirin&quot; + &quot;der&quot;), &quot;girtin ser xwe&quot; (&quot;girtin&quot; + &quot;ser xwe&quot;), ...
--       - Compound verbs use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê hez bi-kim , ew ê hez bi-ke )

-- STRUCTURE:  preSimpleVerb + spacing + simpleVerb + postSimpleVerb
-- EX.     kirin: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       rakirin: preSimpleVerb='ra';  spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--     hez kirin: preSimpleVerb='hez'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       pev çûn: preSimpleVerb='pev'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='çûn';   postSimpleVerb=''
--     kirin der: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb='der'

-- WARNING: Conjugation can vary depending on the type of verb.
-- For example, in the future tense,the prefix &quot;bi&quot; is used for compound verbs,
-- but not for preverbal verbs, see the function that manages it  &quot;tenseRules&quot; table.
-- This table does not yet support the mixed case: a verb composed of a noun and a preverb verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)
    local struct

    if (preSimpleVerb and preSimpleVerb ~= '' and not isCompoundVerb) then
        struct = 'preverbVerb'
    elseif isCompoundVerb then
        struct = 'compoundVerb'
    else
        struct = 'simpleVerb'
    end

    return struct
end

-- ================================================================
-- INFLECTIONAL ENDINGS
-- Assigns verb inflectional endings (suffixes) to all tenses
-- ================================================================
local getEndings = {}

do
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ending using present stem
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['present'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends = {}
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends['std'] = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
            ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='m', s2='(y)', s3='t', p1='yn', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends['std'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='e', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
			ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='&lt;u&gt;it&lt;/u&gt;/ît', p1='în', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. preterite + ind. imperfect ending
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['past'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
		local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiouû]$') then
            ends = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, 'î$') then
           -- if self.name == 'indImperfect' then
           --     -- special indicative ind. imperfect rule
           --     ends = {s1='yam', s2='yayî', s3='ya', p1='yan', p2='yan', p3='yan'}
           -- end
            ends = {s1='m', s2='', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Compound endings with auxiliary &quot;bûn&quot;
    -- Inflectional endings are created by taking the different forms of the
    -- verb &quot;bûn&quot; (with present stem &quot;-b-&quot; and past stem &quot;-bû-&quot;) and
    -- adding an &quot;i-&quot; prefix before them: &quot;i-b-im&quot;, &quot;i-bû-m&quot;, &quot;i-bû-me&quot;, &quot;i-bû-ma&quot;.
    -- This &quot;i-&quot; varies according to the final letter of the verb stem.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    local function normalize_i(stem)
        local prfx_i = &quot;i&quot;
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;ya$&quot;) or
           mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;[îû]$&quot;) then -- cf. karîn (-karî-)
           	prfx_i = &quot;&quot;
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiou]$') then
            prfx_i = &quot;yi&quot;
        end
        return prfx_i
    end

    getEndings['ibim'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bim&quot;,   p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;be&quot;,    p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûm'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûm&quot;,     p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bû&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûme'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûme&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyiye&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûye&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûma'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûma&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyayî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûya&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;
        }
    end
    
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. perfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ime'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;me&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;ye&quot;, p1=&quot;ne&quot;, p2=&quot;ne&quot;, p3=&quot;ne&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ime&quot;, s2=&quot;iyî&quot;, s3=&quot;iye&quot;, p1=&quot;ine&quot;, p2=&quot;ine&quot;, p3=&quot;ine&quot;}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Subj. Imperfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ama'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        -- The doublet in &quot;-iyan&quot; of verbs in -&quot;în&quot; (gerîn/-geriya-, kenîn/-keniya-, ...),
        -- in the conditional and subjunctive moods, a doublet &quot;yaya&quot; appears; it's removed.
        -- -yayayî → -yayî; -yaya → -ya
		if mw.ustring.match(stem, '(ya)$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
		elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yayî&quot;, s3=&quot;ya&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ama&quot;, s2=&quot;ayî&quot;, s3=&quot;a&quot;, p1=&quot;ana&quot;, p2=&quot;ana&quot;, p3=&quot;ana&quot;}
        end
        return ends
    end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR PREVERBS: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;
-- There are two preverbs: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;. These preverbs can change form
-- depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getPreverb = {}

do
	getPreverb['bi'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local verbStruct = opts.verbStruct
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
		local accent     = opts.accent

		-- Devoka rojhilatî:
		-- @Ferhengvan: Dema bêt bi lêkera alîkar &quot;ê / dê&quot; û bi rehê lêkerê yê
		-- dema niha û pêşgirên kesî tê çêkirin. Pêşgira &quot;bi-&quot; li destpêka lêkera
		-- serekî nîne: - ez ê / dê xw-im (standard: ez ê/dê bi-xw-im).
		if (self.name == 'indFuture' and accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			return ''
		end
	
	    -- Preverb verbs don't use the preverb &quot;bi-&quot;: ra-kirin (ez ê rakim), ve-xwarin (ez ê vexwim) , ...
	    -- But compound verb and simple verbs use it: hez kirin (ez ê hez bi-kim), lê bigirin (ez ê lê bi-girim), ...
	    if (verbStruct == 'preverbVerb') then
	        return ''
	    end
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stem == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentBi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentBi
		elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastBi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastBi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameBi then
			return overridePreverb.sameBi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;bi-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[aeêiîouû]') then
	        return 'b'
	    end
	
	    return 'bi'
	end

	getPreverb['di'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;di&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stem == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentDi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentDi
		elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastDi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastDi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameDi then
			return overridePreverb.sameDi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;di-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[ai]') then
	        return 'd'
	    end
	    -- Ex. hatin : stem = -ê- // ez têm
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[êî]') then
	        return 't'
	    end
	
	    return 'di'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR NEGATION PREFIXES: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;
-- There are two negation prefixes: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;. These preverbs can change
-- form depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getNegPrefix = {}

do
	getNegPrefix['na'] = function (self, opts)
		-- self: reserved for future use
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overrideNa = opts.overrideNegPrefix.presentNa
	
	    if overrideNa then return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNa .. '&lt;/b&gt;' end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] end
	
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;nay&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;n&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Tîpa duyem &quot;-a-&quot; ye (k-a-rîn, z-a-nîn, ...)
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^%wa') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;ni&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;na&lt;/b&gt;'
	end

	getNegPrefix['ne'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local tenseName = self.name
	    local impNegForm = opts.impNegForm -- form &quot;1&quot; or &quot;2&quot; of imp.
		local overrideNegPrefix = opts.overrideNegPrefix

        local negPrefix = 'ne'

		-- Override
		if (overrideNegPrefix.impMe or overrideNegPrefix.presentNe
				                    or overrideNegPrefix.sameNe) then
			-- Ovverride imp.
			if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
				if (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.impMe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.impMe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 2 and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 2 and overrideNegPrefix.sameNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				end
			else
				-- For other tenses besides the imperative
				if (self.stem == 'present' and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
			    elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overrideNegPrefix.pastNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.pastNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif overrideNegPrefix.sameNe then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				end
			end
		end
		
		-- Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;indImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
		-- ji ber vê yekê 'negPrefix' hertim (?) 'ne' ye ji ber ku dikeve pêş 
		-- pêşgira &quot;di-&quot;: wê/wî ne-di-elimand (elimandin)
	    if (tenseName == 'indImperfect') then
	         return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- There are two forms of construction of the imperative,
	    -- one with the prefix &quot;me-&quot; (1) and the other (2) with the prefix &quot;ne-&quot;.
	    if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
	        negPrefix = (impNegForm == 2) and 'ne' or 'me'
	    end
		
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. 'y&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        negPrefix = mw.ustring.sub(negPrefix, 1, -2)
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- Standardization of the PREVERBAL PARTICLE
-- The proverbial particle &quot;ê&quot; is placed after the personal pronoun.
-- =============================================================================
-- If there are no verbal preparticles, return empty table.
function export.getPreverbParticules(preverbParticle, typeStem, isTransitive)
    if not preverbParticle then
        return {s1='', s2='', s3='', p1='', p2='', p3=''}
    end

    if preverbParticle == 'ê' then
        local isErgative = isTransitive and (typeStem == 'past')

        -- When the personal pronoun ends in a vowel, a &quot;y-&quot; is added before &quot;ê&quot;.
        -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
        if isErgative then
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='yê/dê', p1='yê/dê', p2='yê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        else
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='ê/dê', p1='ê/dê', p2='ê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        end
    end

    -- If the verbal preparticle is identical for all pronouns,
    -- we create a table with the same value.
    local preverbParticles = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        preverbParticles[pers] = preverbParticle
    end

    return preverbParticles
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING EACH VERB TENSE
-- This table lists, for each verb tense, what elements are required to form it:
--   - Verb conjugation is built by placing either the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; or &quot;di-&quot; before
--     the verb stem (past or present), followed by a personal ending.
--   - For the negative form, one of the prefixes &quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot; is added as well.
--   - In some cases, a preverbal particle such as /ê/ or /dê/ is added before
--     the conjugated verb as well.
-- Not: - The &quot;negPreverb&quot; (preverb (bi-/di-) for negative tenses) parameter has a
--         value different from &quot;nil&quot; only for the Imperfect tense (&quot;negPreverb=di&quot;).
--      - The parameter &quot;negPrefix=na&quot; is used only for the present indicative.
--
-- Preverb &quot;di&quot;, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(present stem), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(past stem)
--                        - Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;IndImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
-- Preverb &quot;bi&quot;, used in: &quot;indFuture&quot;(present stem), &quot;subPresent&quot;(present stem),
--                         &quot;subImperfect&quot;(past stem) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(past stem)
--                        - The prefix &quot;bi-&quot; isn't used in negative forms.
--
-- Present stem, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(di)(na),
--                        &quot;indFuture&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;subPresent&quot;(bi)(ne)
--
-- Past stem, used in: &quot;indPreterite&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(di)(ne), &quot;indPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;indPerfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPreterite&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subImperfect&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(bi)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne) = &quot;condPreterite&quot;(-)(ne)
-- =============================================================================
-- Some conjugations are identical except that they differ only in the preverbal particle (/ê/, /dê/).
-- So, to avoid repeating the same information (and thus risking errors),
-- we establish the common part shared between these verbs.
local sharedTenseRules = {
    indFuture = {
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['present']
    },

    indFuturePerfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibim']
    },

    subImperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ama']
    },

    subPluperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûma']
    }
}

local mt = {
    __index = function(t, k)
        local commonRules = t._commonRules
        if commonRules then return commonRules[k] end
    end
}

-- TENSES CONJUGATION RULES
export.tenseRules = {
    -- IMPERATIVE MOOD
    impPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;impPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raweya fermanî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present imperative&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;imperative&quot;,
        _commonRules = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- INDICATIVE MOOD
    indPresent = {
        name         = &quot;indPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema niha&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['na'],
        endings      = getEndings['present'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPreterite = {
        name         = &quot;indPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya sade&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;simple past&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indImperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya berdest&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;Imperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = getPreverb['di'],
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPluperfect    = {
        name         = &quot;indPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûm'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indFuture = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuture&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema bê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    indFuturePerfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dahatiya pêş&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    -- In some books, the &quot;perfect&quot; and &quot;nonconfirmative pluperfect&quot; tenses
    -- are classified in the &quot;inferential mood&quot; (&quot;moda neşahidî&quot;).
    -- Currently we classify them using the indicative mood (at the end).
    indPerfect = {
        name         = &quot;indPerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ime'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indNwPluperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya boriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;non-witnessed pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûme'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    -- SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
    subjPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema nihaya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    subjPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjImperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;imperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjPluperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr a bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- CONDITIONAL MOOD
    condPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya dema nihaya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    condPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

}

-- =============================================================================
-- MAIN CONJUGATION FUNCTOIN
-- This function returns an array containing the conjugation table for a given
-- tense as well as other information about the conjugated verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugate(opts)
    opts = opts or {}
    -- Required parameters
    local tense          = opts.tense or error(&quot;'tense' required&quot;, 2)
    --One of the two parameters is required:
    --  - If the tense uses the present stem, indicate &quot;presentStem&quot;.
    --  - If it uses the past stem, indicate &quot;pastStem&quot;.
    local presentStem    = opts.presentStem
    local pastStem       = opts.pastStem
    -- Optional parameters
    local isTransitive   = opts.isTransitive or false   -- Indicate if the verb is transitive (true/false)
    local isNegative     = opts.isNegative or false     -- Indicate if it's the negative form (true/false)
    local isCompoundVerb = opts.isCompoundVerb or false -- Indicate if it's a compound verb (true/false)
    local preSimpleVerb  = opts.preSimpleVerb or ''     -- The part before the simple verb
    local postSimpleVerb = opts.postSimpleVerb or ''    -- The part after the simple verb
    -- These parameters are provided when the verb is irregular.
    -- Allows you to manually modify preverbs (&quot;bi-&quot;&quot; or &quot;di-&quot;)
    -- and negation prefixes (&quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot;)
	local overridePreverb = {
		-- Preverbs (bi-, di)
	    presentBi = opts.presentBi or nil,
	    presentDi = opts.presentDi or nil,
	    pastBi    = opts.pastBi or nil,
	    pastDi    = opts.pastDi or nil,
		-- Same preverbs (&quot;past&quot; and &quot;present&quot; stem)
	    sameBi     = opts.sameBi or nil,
	    sameDi     = opts.sameDi or nil,
	}
	local overrideNegPrefix = {
		-- Neg. prefix (na-, ne-)
	    presentNa  = opts.presentNa or nil,
	    presentNe  = opts.presentNe or nil,
	    pastNe     = opts.pastNe or nil,
		-- same neg. prefix (for past and present stem)
	    sameNe     = opts.sameNe or nil,
		impMe      = opts.impMe or nil,
	}
    -- By default, the negation of the imperative is constructed from the prefix &quot;me-&quot;&quot;.
    -- To obtain the second variant, the prefix with &quot;ne-&quot;, you must specify &quot;impNegForm=2&quot;.
    local impNegForm     = opts.impNegForm or 1
	-- Accent/ Devok
    local accent = opts.accent or 'std'
	
	-- If &quot;tags='na'&quot;, remove links/tags
	local tags = opts.tags or 'erê'
	-- If addPreverbParticles='na', remove preverb particles (ê/dê) before
	-- the conjugated verbs.
	local addPreverbParticles = opts.addPreverbParticles or 'erê'

	
	-- We add a space to the left of the &quot;postSimpleVerb&quot; because it shouldn't be attached
	-- to the simple verb.
	if (postSimpleVerb ~= '' and postSimpleVerb ~=nil) then
		postSimpleVerb = ' ' .. postSimpleVerb
	end

    -- Access to the classification table and retrieval of verb tense parameters
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if (not infoTense) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- We check that one of the two parameters of the stem is given
    if (infoTense.stem == 'present' and not presentStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;presentStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    elseif (infoTense.stem == 'past' and not pastStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;pasttStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- Choice between the present stem or past stem
    local stem = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStem or pastStem

    --────────────────────────────
    -- Conjugation construction --
    -- ───────────────────────────
    local preverb = ''
    local negPrefix = ''
    -- Ruturns the verb type: &quot;simpleVerb&quot; or &quot;preverbVerb&quot; or &quot;compoundVerb&quot;
    local verbStruct = export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)

    if isNegative then
        negPrefix = infoTense:negPrefix{stem=stem,
                                        impNegForm=impNegForm,
                                        overrideNegPrefix=overrideNegPrefix}
        if infoTense.negPreverb then
            preverb = infoTense:negPreverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                           overridePreverb=overridePreverb}
        end
    else
        if infoTense.preverb then
            preverb = infoTense:preverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                        overridePreverb=overridePreverb,
										accent=accent}
        end
    end

    infoTense.conj = {}
    local spacing = isCompoundVerb and ' ' or ''
    local endings = infoTense:endings(stem)
	
	-- 'rojhilatî' accent (devok) for present stem
	if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then
		if (accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			endings = endings['rojhilatî']
		else
			endings = endings['std']
		end

	end
	
    local preverbParticles = export.getPreverbParticules(infoTense.preverbParticle, infoTense.stem, isTransitive)
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (infoTense.stem == 'past')

    -- Creating the conjugation table for a given tense
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local ending
        local conjSimbleVerb
        local conjVerb

        if isErgative then
            ending = endings.s3
        else
            ending = endings[pers]
        end

        -- Adding space after the preverbal particle, and
		-- if &quot;addPreverbParticles='na'&quot;: remove preverb particles (ê/dê).
		local preverbParticle = ''
		if infoTense.preverbParticle and addPreverbParticles ~= 'na' then
	            preverbParticle = preverbParticles[pers] .. ' '
		end

        conjSimbleVerb = negPrefix  .. preverb .. stem .. ending
        -- Adding prefixe and suffixe
        conjVerb =  preSimpleVerb .. spacing .. conjSimbleVerb .. postSimpleVerb
        -- Spelling correction(îy -&gt; iy)
        conjVerb = mw.ustring.gsub(conjVerb, 'îy', 'iy')
        -- Add a link / if tags='na' no links
		if tags ~= 'na' then
        	conjVerb = link{term=conjVerb, lang=langKu}
		end
        -- Addition of the preverbal particle
        infoTense.conj[pers] = preverbParticle .. conjVerb
    end

    -- Imperative
    if (infoTense.name == 'impPresent') then
        infoTense.conj.s1 = nil
        infoTense.conj.s2 = infoTense.conj.s3
        infoTense.conj.s3 = nil
        infoTense.conj.p1 = nil
        -- infoTense.conj.p2 = infoTense.conj.p2
        infoTense.conj.p3 = nil
    end

    return infoTense
end

-- =============================================================================
--                               END
-- =============================================================================
-- Some useful tools
-- =============================================================================
-- Returns the list of verb tenses
export.tensesList = function()
	local list = {}
    for _, tense in pairs(export.tenseRules) do
        table.insert(list, tense.name)
    end
	return list
end

-- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
-- (for a given conjugate tense in all persons of that tense)
function export.concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjVerbs)
	local concatTab = {}
	for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
		concatTab[pers] = pronoms[pers] .. ' ' .. conjVerbs[pers]
	end

	return concatTab
end
-- =============================================================================
-- ADDITIONAL STEM OF THE PAST AND PRESENT (pastStem2, ... and presentStem2, ...)
-- This function does nothing more than add additional parameters for verb stems
-- in the past and present tenses.
-- Conjugations for the different stems will be separated by &quot;/&quot;
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems)
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
     opts.tense = tense or nil
     
    presentStems = presentStems or {}
	pastStems = pastStems or {}

    
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if not infoTense then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    local stems = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStems or pastStems

    -- For each verb stem, its conjugation table is calculated and stored in conjTabs.
    local conjTabs = {}
    for i = 1, #stems do
        if stems[i] then
            if (infoTense.stem == 'past') then opts.pastStem = stems[i] end
            if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then opts.presentStem = stems[i] end

            local conj = export.conjugate(opts).conj
            table.insert(conjTabs, conj)
        end
    end

    -- We concatenate each row of the conjugation tables.
    local concatConjTabs = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local frag = {}
        for i = 1, #conjTabs do
            local val = conjTabs[i][pers]
            if val then table.insert(frag, tostring(val)) end
        end
        concatConjTabs[pers] = table.concat(frag, &quot; / &quot;)
    end

    infoTense.conj = concatConjTabs

    return infoTense
end

-- ====================================================================================
--  VERB CONUGATION IN ALL TENSES WITH OR WITHOUT PRONOUMS
-- ====================================================================================
function export.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems, negation, concatPrs)
	-- &quot;concatPrs=false&quot; table without pronouns
	
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
    
    if negation == 'negative' then opts.isNegative = true end

    -- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
	local concatPronomsVerbs = export.concatPronomsVerbs

    -- Tenses list
    local tensesList = export.tensesList()

    -- Conjugation in all tenses
    local conjTab = {}
    for _, tense in ipairs(tensesList) do
        local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy')

		-- We create the conjugation table without the pronouns.
        conjTab[tense] = deepCopy(export.conjugateLong(opts, tense, presentStems, pastStems), 'copy')
		
        -- We concatenate the pronouns and the verbs if &quot;concatPrs&quot; is different of &quot;false&quot;
		-- No pronouns for the imperative mood
		if (tense ~= 'impPresent' and concatPrs ~= false) then
			local pronoms = deepCopy(export.conjPronouns(infoTense.stem, infoTense.mode, opts.isTransitive))
        	conjTab[tense].conj = concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjTab[tense].conj)
        end
    end

    return conjTab
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- Allows you to obtain a given conjugation from a model.
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|tew|dem=indPresent|kes=s1}}
-- See {{ku-tewîn-lk-niha}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.tew(frame)
   local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isNegative     = frame.args['neyînî'] or false,
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or nil,
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or nil,
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		impMe      = frame['me'] or nil,
		
        impNegForm     = 1,
		tags           = args['lînk'] or 'erê',
		accent         = args['devok'] or 'std',
    }
	
	local tense        = frame.args['dem'] or nil
	local pers         = frame.args['kes'] or nil
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems    = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}

    -- A few checks
    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerguhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    if (baseOpts.isNegative == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isNegative = true
    end

	local tabConj = export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems).conj
	
    return tabConj[pers]
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- GET COMMMA SEPARED FORMS
-- Bnr. [[MediaWiki:Gadget-QQ.js]]
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|get_comma_separated_forms|niha=kev|borî=ket}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.get_comma_separated_forms(frame)
    local opts = {
        presentStem     = frame.args['niha'],
        pastStem        = frame.args['borî'],
        isTransitive    = false,
        isNegative      = false,
        isCompoundVerb  = frame['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb   = frame['pêşgir'] or '',
        postSimpleVerb  = frame['paşgir'] or '',
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		impMe      = frame['me'] or nil,
		
        impNegForm     = 1,
		tags           = 'na', -- Remove links/tags
		addPreverbParticles = 'na' -- Remove preverb particles (ê/dê)
    }

   local function concateList(tenseList)
        local concatList = {}
        for _, pers in ipairs({&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;}) do
        	local tense = tenseList[pers]
            table.insert(concatList, tense)
        end

        return table.concat(concatList, &quot;,&quot;)
   end

   	local tenseList = {'indPresent','indPreterite','indImperfect',
                      'indPluperfect','indPerfect','indNwPluperfect',
                      'indFuture','indFuturePerfect',
                      'subjImperfect','subjPluperfect'
                    }
                    
    local concatAllTense = {}
    
    for  i = 1, #tenseList do
        local tense = tenseList[i]
        if export.tenseRules[tense] then
            opts.tense = tense
            local conj = shallowCopy(export.conjugate(opts).conj)
            local concatTense = concateList(conj)
            table.insert(concatAllTense, concatTense)
        end
    end
    
    return table.concat(concatAllTense, &quot;,&quot;)
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>oteh1pt6uk65qgemqzwqemok4eipte0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237491</id>
      <parentid>6237489</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T01:45:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>6237491</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="44505" sha1="0bg3vj2ho2bx121f28j1kmorzm9jzyg" xml:space="preserve">-- Modula tewandina lêkerên kurmancî

local export = {}

-- Load irregular forms table
-- local irreg = require('Module:ku-tewandin/nestandard')
local langKu = require(&quot;Modul:languages&quot;).getByCode(&quot;ku&quot;)
local link = require('Module:links').language_link
local shallowCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/shallowCopy&quot;)
local deepCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/deepCopy&quot;)

local gsub = mw.ustring.gsub
local find = mw.ustring.find

-- =============================================================================
-- Pronouns in Kurmanji
-- =============================================================================
export.order = {&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;, &quot;p2&quot;, &quot;p3&quot;}

export.pronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;ez&quot;,    p1 = &quot;em&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;tu&quot;,    p2 = &quot;hûn&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;ew&quot;,    p3 = &quot;ew&quot;
}

export.obliquePronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;min&quot;,      p1 = &quot;me&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;te&quot;,       p2 = &quot;we&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;wê/wî&quot;,    p3 = &quot;wan&quot;
}

export.agents = {
    s1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,            p1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,           p2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;,   p3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;
}

-- Oblique pronoun (green) 
export.obliquePronounsGreen = {
    s1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;min&lt;/span&gt;',
    s2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;te&lt;/span&gt;',
    s3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wê/wî&lt;/span&gt;',
    p1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;me&lt;/span&gt;',
    p2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;we&lt;/span&gt;',
    p3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wan&lt;/span&gt;'
}

-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-- 1) This function returns correct subject/agent pronoun, ergativity rule:
--   - Transitive verbs in past tenses → oblique pronoun (green) = agent
--   - All other cases                 → direct pronoun (no color) = subject
-- 2) Also add the subjunctive prefix &quot;(bila)&quot;
-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
function export.conjPronouns(stemType, mode, isTransitive)
    local pronouns = shallowCopy(export.pronouns)

    -- Ergativity in kurdish: transitive verbs that are conjugated with the past tense stem are
    -- conjugated according to the object, not the subject.
    -- Therefore, to have an ergative construction,
    -- the verb must be transitive and its stem must be the stem of the past tense.
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (stemType == 'past')

    -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
    -- If it's not ergative, we use normal pronouns: &quot;ez&quot;, &quot;tu&quot;, ...
    if isErgative then
        pronouns = shallowCopy(export.obliquePronounsGreen)
    end

    -- For the subjunctive mood, we add &quot;(bila)&quot; at the beginning.
    if mode == 'subjunctive' then
    	local subjPrefix = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(bila)&lt;/span&gt;'
        for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
            pronouns[pers] = subjPrefix .. ' ' .. pronouns[pers]
        end
    end
    return pronouns
end

-- =============================================================================
-- VERBAL STRUCTURE IN THE INFINITIVE:
-- Verbs in the infinitive appear in three main forms:
--  1) Simple verb (indivisible light verb):
--       - ex.:  &quot;kirin&quot;, &quot;çûn&quot;, &quot;xwarin&quot;, ...
--  2) Verbs with preverbs (preverb + simple verb):
--       - ex.: &quot;rakirin&quot; (ra- + kirin), &quot;çêkirin&quot; (çê- + kirin), &quot;vexwarin&quot; (ve- + xwarin), ...
--       - Preverb verbs don't use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê rakim , ew ê rake , ...)
--  3) Compound verbs, construction with non-verbal element (the noun is not attached to the verb):
--       - Left of the simple verb: &quot;hez kirin&quot; (&quot;hez&quot; + &quot;kirin&quot;), &quot;li dar xistin&quot; (&quot;li dar&quot; + &quot;xistin&quot;), ...
--       - Right of the simple verb: &quot;kirin der&quot; (&quot;kirin&quot; + &quot;der&quot;), &quot;girtin ser xwe&quot; (&quot;girtin&quot; + &quot;ser xwe&quot;), ...
--       - Compound verbs use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê hez bi-kim , ew ê hez bi-ke )

-- STRUCTURE:  preSimpleVerb + spacing + simpleVerb + postSimpleVerb
-- EX.     kirin: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       rakirin: preSimpleVerb='ra';  spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--     hez kirin: preSimpleVerb='hez'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       pev çûn: preSimpleVerb='pev'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='çûn';   postSimpleVerb=''
--     kirin der: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb='der'

-- WARNING: Conjugation can vary depending on the type of verb.
-- For example, in the future tense,the prefix &quot;bi&quot; is used for compound verbs,
-- but not for preverbal verbs, see the function that manages it  &quot;tenseRules&quot; table.
-- This table does not yet support the mixed case: a verb composed of a noun and a preverb verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)
    local struct

    if (preSimpleVerb and preSimpleVerb ~= '' and not isCompoundVerb) then
        struct = 'preverbVerb'
    elseif isCompoundVerb then
        struct = 'compoundVerb'
    else
        struct = 'simpleVerb'
    end

    return struct
end

-- ================================================================
-- INFLECTIONAL ENDINGS
-- Assigns verb inflectional endings (suffixes) to all tenses
-- ================================================================
local getEndings = {}

do
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ending using present stem
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['present'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends = {}
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends['std'] = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
            ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='m', s2='(y)', s3='t', p1='yn', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends['std'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='e', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
			ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='&lt;u&gt;it&lt;/u&gt;/ît', p1='în', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. preterite + ind. imperfect ending
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['past'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
		local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiouû]$') then
            ends = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, 'î$') then
           -- if self.name == 'indImperfect' then
           --     -- special indicative ind. imperfect rule
           --     ends = {s1='yam', s2='yayî', s3='ya', p1='yan', p2='yan', p3='yan'}
           -- end
            ends = {s1='m', s2='', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Compound endings with auxiliary &quot;bûn&quot;
    -- Inflectional endings are created by taking the different forms of the
    -- verb &quot;bûn&quot; (with present stem &quot;-b-&quot; and past stem &quot;-bû-&quot;) and
    -- adding an &quot;i-&quot; prefix before them: &quot;i-b-im&quot;, &quot;i-bû-m&quot;, &quot;i-bû-me&quot;, &quot;i-bû-ma&quot;.
    -- This &quot;i-&quot; varies according to the final letter of the verb stem.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    local function normalize_i(stem)
        local prfx_i = &quot;i&quot;
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;ya$&quot;) or
           mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;[îû]$&quot;) then -- cf. karîn (-karî-)
           	prfx_i = &quot;&quot;
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiou]$') then
            prfx_i = &quot;yi&quot;
        end
        return prfx_i
    end

    getEndings['ibim'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bim&quot;,   p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;be&quot;,    p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûm'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûm&quot;,     p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bû&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûme'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûme&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyiye&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûye&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûma'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûma&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyayî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûya&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;
        }
    end
    
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. perfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ime'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;me&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;ye&quot;, p1=&quot;ne&quot;, p2=&quot;ne&quot;, p3=&quot;ne&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ime&quot;, s2=&quot;iyî&quot;, s3=&quot;iye&quot;, p1=&quot;ine&quot;, p2=&quot;ine&quot;, p3=&quot;ine&quot;}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Subj. Imperfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ama'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        -- The doublet in &quot;-iyan&quot; of verbs in -&quot;în&quot; (gerîn/-geriya-, kenîn/-keniya-, ...),
        -- in the conditional and subjunctive moods, a doublet &quot;yaya&quot; appears; it's removed.
        -- -yayayî → -yayî; -yaya → -ya
		if mw.ustring.match(stem, '(ya)$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
		elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yayî&quot;, s3=&quot;ya&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ama&quot;, s2=&quot;ayî&quot;, s3=&quot;a&quot;, p1=&quot;ana&quot;, p2=&quot;ana&quot;, p3=&quot;ana&quot;}
        end
        return ends
    end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR PREVERBS: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;
-- There are two preverbs: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;. These preverbs can change form
-- depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getPreverb = {}

do
	getPreverb['bi'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local verbStruct = opts.verbStruct
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
		local accent     = opts.accent

		-- Devoka rojhilatî:
		-- @Ferhengvan: Dema bêt bi lêkera alîkar &quot;ê / dê&quot; û bi rehê lêkerê yê
		-- dema niha û pêşgirên kesî tê çêkirin. Pêşgira &quot;bi-&quot; li destpêka lêkera
		-- serekî nîne: - ez ê / dê xw-im (standard: ez ê/dê bi-xw-im).
		if (self.name == 'indFuture' and accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			return ''
		end
	
	    -- Preverb verbs don't use the preverb &quot;bi-&quot;: ra-kirin (ez ê rakim), ve-xwarin (ez ê vexwim) , ...
	    -- But compound verb and simple verbs use it: hez kirin (ez ê hez bi-kim), lê bigirin (ez ê lê bi-girim), ...
	    if (verbStruct == 'preverbVerb') then
	        return ''
	    end
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stem == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentBi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentBi
		elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastBi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastBi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameBi then
			return overridePreverb.sameBi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;bi-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[aeêiîouû]') then
	        return 'b'
	    end
	
	    return 'bi'
	end

	getPreverb['di'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;di&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stem == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentDi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentDi
		elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastDi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastDi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameDi then
			return overridePreverb.sameDi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;di-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[ai]') then
	        return 'd'
	    end
	    -- Ex. hatin : stem = -ê- // ez têm
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[êî]') then
	        return 't'
	    end
	
	    return 'di'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR NEGATION PREFIXES: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;
-- There are two negation prefixes: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;. These preverbs can change
-- form depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getNegPrefix = {}

do
	getNegPrefix['na'] = function (self, opts)
		-- self: reserved for future use
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overrideNa = opts.overrideNegPrefix.presentNa
	
	    if overrideNa then return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNa .. '&lt;/b&gt;' end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] end
	
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;nay&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;n&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Tîpa duyem &quot;-a-&quot; ye (k-a-rîn, z-a-nîn, ...)
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^%wa') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;ni&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;na&lt;/b&gt;'
	end

	getNegPrefix['ne'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local tenseName = self.name
	    local impNegForm = opts.impNegForm -- form &quot;1&quot; or &quot;2&quot; of imp.
		local overrideNegPrefix = opts.overrideNegPrefix

        local negPrefix = 'ne'

		-- Override		
		if (overrideNegPrefix.impMe or overrideNegPrefix.presentNe
				                    or overrideNegPrefix.sameNe) then
			-- Ovverride imp.
			if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
				if (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.impMe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.impMe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe and 
					find(overrideNegPrefix.presentNe, '^n')) then
					--For the &quot;me-&quot; form, we replace the &quot;n&quot; with an &quot;m&quot;.
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. gsub(overrideNegPrefix.presentNe, '^(.)', 'm') .. '&lt;/b&gt;'	
				elseif (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.sameNe and 
					find(overrideNegPrefix.sameNe, '^n')) then
					--For the &quot;me-&quot; form, we replace the &quot;n&quot; with an &quot;m&quot;.
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. gsub(overrideNegPrefix.sameNe, '^(.)', 'm') .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 2 and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 2 and overrideNegPrefix.sameNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				end
			else
				-- For other tenses besides the imperative
				if (self.stem == 'present' and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
			    elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overrideNegPrefix.pastNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.pastNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif overrideNegPrefix.sameNe then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				end
			end
		end
		
		-- Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;indImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
		-- ji ber vê yekê 'negPrefix' hertim (?) 'ne' ye ji ber ku dikeve pêş 
		-- pêşgira &quot;di-&quot;: wê/wî ne-di-elimand (elimandin)
	    if (tenseName == 'indImperfect') then
	         return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- There are two forms of construction of the imperative,
	    -- one with the prefix &quot;me-&quot; (1) and the other (2) with the prefix &quot;ne-&quot;.
	    if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
	        negPrefix = (impNegForm == 2) and 'ne' or 'me'
	    end
		
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. 'y&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        negPrefix = mw.ustring.sub(negPrefix, 1, -2)
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- Standardization of the PREVERBAL PARTICLE
-- The proverbial particle &quot;ê&quot; is placed after the personal pronoun.
-- =============================================================================
-- If there are no verbal preparticles, return empty table.
function export.getPreverbParticules(preverbParticle, typeStem, isTransitive)
    if not preverbParticle then
        return {s1='', s2='', s3='', p1='', p2='', p3=''}
    end

    if preverbParticle == 'ê' then
        local isErgative = isTransitive and (typeStem == 'past')

        -- When the personal pronoun ends in a vowel, a &quot;y-&quot; is added before &quot;ê&quot;.
        -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
        if isErgative then
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='yê/dê', p1='yê/dê', p2='yê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        else
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='ê/dê', p1='ê/dê', p2='ê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        end
    end

    -- If the verbal preparticle is identical for all pronouns,
    -- we create a table with the same value.
    local preverbParticles = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        preverbParticles[pers] = preverbParticle
    end

    return preverbParticles
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING EACH VERB TENSE
-- This table lists, for each verb tense, what elements are required to form it:
--   - Verb conjugation is built by placing either the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; or &quot;di-&quot; before
--     the verb stem (past or present), followed by a personal ending.
--   - For the negative form, one of the prefixes &quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot; is added as well.
--   - In some cases, a preverbal particle such as /ê/ or /dê/ is added before
--     the conjugated verb as well.
-- Not: - The &quot;negPreverb&quot; (preverb (bi-/di-) for negative tenses) parameter has a
--         value different from &quot;nil&quot; only for the Imperfect tense (&quot;negPreverb=di&quot;).
--      - The parameter &quot;negPrefix=na&quot; is used only for the present indicative.
--
-- Preverb &quot;di&quot;, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(present stem), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(past stem)
--                        - Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;IndImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
-- Preverb &quot;bi&quot;, used in: &quot;indFuture&quot;(present stem), &quot;subPresent&quot;(present stem),
--                         &quot;subImperfect&quot;(past stem) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(past stem)
--                        - The prefix &quot;bi-&quot; isn't used in negative forms.
--
-- Present stem, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(di)(na),
--                        &quot;indFuture&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;subPresent&quot;(bi)(ne)
--
-- Past stem, used in: &quot;indPreterite&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(di)(ne), &quot;indPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;indPerfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPreterite&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subImperfect&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(bi)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne) = &quot;condPreterite&quot;(-)(ne)
-- =============================================================================
-- Some conjugations are identical except that they differ only in the preverbal particle (/ê/, /dê/).
-- So, to avoid repeating the same information (and thus risking errors),
-- we establish the common part shared between these verbs.
local sharedTenseRules = {
    indFuture = {
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['present']
    },

    indFuturePerfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibim']
    },

    subImperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ama']
    },

    subPluperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûma']
    }
}

local mt = {
    __index = function(t, k)
        local commonRules = t._commonRules
        if commonRules then return commonRules[k] end
    end
}

-- TENSES CONJUGATION RULES
export.tenseRules = {
    -- IMPERATIVE MOOD
    impPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;impPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raweya fermanî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present imperative&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;imperative&quot;,
        _commonRules = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- INDICATIVE MOOD
    indPresent = {
        name         = &quot;indPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema niha&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['na'],
        endings      = getEndings['present'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPreterite = {
        name         = &quot;indPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya sade&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;simple past&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indImperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya berdest&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;Imperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = getPreverb['di'],
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPluperfect    = {
        name         = &quot;indPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûm'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indFuture = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuture&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema bê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    indFuturePerfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dahatiya pêş&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    -- In some books, the &quot;perfect&quot; and &quot;nonconfirmative pluperfect&quot; tenses
    -- are classified in the &quot;inferential mood&quot; (&quot;moda neşahidî&quot;).
    -- Currently we classify them using the indicative mood (at the end).
    indPerfect = {
        name         = &quot;indPerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ime'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indNwPluperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya boriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;non-witnessed pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûme'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    -- SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
    subjPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema nihaya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    subjPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjImperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;imperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjPluperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr a bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- CONDITIONAL MOOD
    condPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya dema nihaya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    condPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

}

-- =============================================================================
-- MAIN CONJUGATION FUNCTOIN
-- This function returns an array containing the conjugation table for a given
-- tense as well as other information about the conjugated verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugate(opts)
    opts = opts or {}
    -- Required parameters
    local tense          = opts.tense or error(&quot;'tense' required&quot;, 2)
    --One of the two parameters is required:
    --  - If the tense uses the present stem, indicate &quot;presentStem&quot;.
    --  - If it uses the past stem, indicate &quot;pastStem&quot;.
    local presentStem    = opts.presentStem
    local pastStem       = opts.pastStem
    -- Optional parameters
    local isTransitive   = opts.isTransitive or false   -- Indicate if the verb is transitive (true/false)
    local isNegative     = opts.isNegative or false     -- Indicate if it's the negative form (true/false)
    local isCompoundVerb = opts.isCompoundVerb or false -- Indicate if it's a compound verb (true/false)
    local preSimpleVerb  = opts.preSimpleVerb or ''     -- The part before the simple verb
    local postSimpleVerb = opts.postSimpleVerb or ''    -- The part after the simple verb
    -- These parameters are provided when the verb is irregular.
    -- Allows you to manually modify preverbs (&quot;bi-&quot;&quot; or &quot;di-&quot;)
    -- and negation prefixes (&quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot;)
	local overridePreverb = {
		-- Preverbs (bi-, di)
	    presentBi = opts.presentBi or nil,
	    presentDi = opts.presentDi or nil,
	    pastBi    = opts.pastBi or nil,
	    pastDi    = opts.pastDi or nil,
		-- Same preverbs (&quot;past&quot; and &quot;present&quot; stem)
	    sameBi     = opts.sameBi or nil,
	    sameDi     = opts.sameDi or nil,
	}
	local overrideNegPrefix = {
		-- Neg. prefix (na-, ne-)
	    presentNa  = opts.presentNa or nil,
	    presentNe  = opts.presentNe or nil,
	    pastNe     = opts.pastNe or nil,
		-- same neg. prefix (for past and present stem)
	    sameNe     = opts.sameNe or nil,
		impMe      = opts.impMe or nil,
	}
    -- By default, the negation of the imperative is constructed from the prefix &quot;me-&quot;&quot;.
    -- To obtain the second variant, the prefix with &quot;ne-&quot;, you must specify &quot;impNegForm=2&quot;.
    local impNegForm     = opts.impNegForm or 1
	-- Accent/ Devok
    local accent = opts.accent or 'std'
	
	-- If &quot;tags='na'&quot;, remove links/tags
	local tags = opts.tags or 'erê'
	-- If addPreverbParticles='na', remove preverb particles (ê/dê) before
	-- the conjugated verbs.
	local addPreverbParticles = opts.addPreverbParticles or 'erê'

	
	-- We add a space to the left of the &quot;postSimpleVerb&quot; because it shouldn't be attached
	-- to the simple verb.
	if (postSimpleVerb ~= '' and postSimpleVerb ~=nil) then
		postSimpleVerb = ' ' .. postSimpleVerb
	end

    -- Access to the classification table and retrieval of verb tense parameters
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if (not infoTense) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- We check that one of the two parameters of the stem is given
    if (infoTense.stem == 'present' and not presentStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;presentStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    elseif (infoTense.stem == 'past' and not pastStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;pasttStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- Choice between the present stem or past stem
    local stem = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStem or pastStem

    --────────────────────────────
    -- Conjugation construction --
    -- ───────────────────────────
    local preverb = ''
    local negPrefix = ''
    -- Ruturns the verb type: &quot;simpleVerb&quot; or &quot;preverbVerb&quot; or &quot;compoundVerb&quot;
    local verbStruct = export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)

    if isNegative then
        negPrefix = infoTense:negPrefix{stem=stem,
                                        impNegForm=impNegForm,
                                        overrideNegPrefix=overrideNegPrefix}
        if infoTense.negPreverb then
            preverb = infoTense:negPreverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                           overridePreverb=overridePreverb}
        end
    else
        if infoTense.preverb then
            preverb = infoTense:preverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                        overridePreverb=overridePreverb,
										accent=accent}
        end
    end

    infoTense.conj = {}
    local spacing = isCompoundVerb and ' ' or ''
    local endings = infoTense:endings(stem)
	
	-- 'rojhilatî' accent (devok) for present stem
	if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then
		if (accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			endings = endings['rojhilatî']
		else
			endings = endings['std']
		end

	end
	
    local preverbParticles = export.getPreverbParticules(infoTense.preverbParticle, infoTense.stem, isTransitive)
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (infoTense.stem == 'past')

    -- Creating the conjugation table for a given tense
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local ending
        local conjSimbleVerb
        local conjVerb

        if isErgative then
            ending = endings.s3
        else
            ending = endings[pers]
        end

        -- Adding space after the preverbal particle, and
		-- if &quot;addPreverbParticles='na'&quot;: remove preverb particles (ê/dê).
		local preverbParticle = ''
		if infoTense.preverbParticle and addPreverbParticles ~= 'na' then
	            preverbParticle = preverbParticles[pers] .. ' '
		end

        conjSimbleVerb = negPrefix  .. preverb .. stem .. ending
        -- Adding prefixe and suffixe
        conjVerb =  preSimpleVerb .. spacing .. conjSimbleVerb .. postSimpleVerb
        -- Spelling correction(îy -&gt; iy)
        conjVerb = gsub(conjVerb, 'îy', 'iy')
        -- Add a link / if tags='na' no links
		if tags ~= 'na' then
        	conjVerb = link{term=conjVerb, lang=langKu}
		end
        -- Addition of the preverbal particle
        infoTense.conj[pers] = preverbParticle .. conjVerb
    end

    -- Imperative
    if (infoTense.name == 'impPresent') then
        infoTense.conj.s1 = nil
        infoTense.conj.s2 = infoTense.conj.s3
        infoTense.conj.s3 = nil
        infoTense.conj.p1 = nil
        -- infoTense.conj.p2 = infoTense.conj.p2
        infoTense.conj.p3 = nil
    end

    return infoTense
end

-- =============================================================================
--                               END
-- =============================================================================
-- Some useful tools
-- =============================================================================
-- Returns the list of verb tenses
export.tensesList = function()
	local list = {}
    for _, tense in pairs(export.tenseRules) do
        table.insert(list, tense.name)
    end
	return list
end

-- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
-- (for a given conjugate tense in all persons of that tense)
function export.concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjVerbs)
	local concatTab = {}
	for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
		concatTab[pers] = pronoms[pers] .. ' ' .. conjVerbs[pers]
	end

	return concatTab
end
-- =============================================================================
-- ADDITIONAL STEM OF THE PAST AND PRESENT (pastStem2, ... and presentStem2, ...)
-- This function does nothing more than add additional parameters for verb stems
-- in the past and present tenses.
-- Conjugations for the different stems will be separated by &quot;/&quot;
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems)
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
     opts.tense = tense or nil
     
    presentStems = presentStems or {}
	pastStems = pastStems or {}

    
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if not infoTense then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    local stems = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStems or pastStems

    -- For each verb stem, its conjugation table is calculated and stored in conjTabs.
    local conjTabs = {}
    for i = 1, #stems do
        if stems[i] then
            if (infoTense.stem == 'past') then opts.pastStem = stems[i] end
            if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then opts.presentStem = stems[i] end

            local conj = export.conjugate(opts).conj
            table.insert(conjTabs, conj)
        end
    end

    -- We concatenate each row of the conjugation tables.
    local concatConjTabs = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local frag = {}
        for i = 1, #conjTabs do
            local val = conjTabs[i][pers]
            if val then table.insert(frag, tostring(val)) end
        end
        concatConjTabs[pers] = table.concat(frag, &quot; / &quot;)
    end

    infoTense.conj = concatConjTabs

    return infoTense
end

-- ====================================================================================
--  VERB CONUGATION IN ALL TENSES WITH OR WITHOUT PRONOUMS
-- ====================================================================================
function export.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems, negation, concatPrs)
	-- &quot;concatPrs=false&quot; table without pronouns
	
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
    
    if negation == 'negative' then opts.isNegative = true end

    -- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
	local concatPronomsVerbs = export.concatPronomsVerbs

    -- Tenses list
    local tensesList = export.tensesList()

    -- Conjugation in all tenses
    local conjTab = {}
    for _, tense in ipairs(tensesList) do
        local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy')

		-- We create the conjugation table without the pronouns.
        conjTab[tense] = deepCopy(export.conjugateLong(opts, tense, presentStems, pastStems), 'copy')
		
        -- We concatenate the pronouns and the verbs if &quot;concatPrs&quot; is different of &quot;false&quot;
		-- No pronouns for the imperative mood
		if (tense ~= 'impPresent' and concatPrs ~= false) then
			local pronoms = deepCopy(export.conjPronouns(infoTense.stem, infoTense.mode, opts.isTransitive))
        	conjTab[tense].conj = concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjTab[tense].conj)
        end
    end

    return conjTab
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- Allows you to obtain a given conjugation from a model.
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|tew|dem=indPresent|kes=s1}}
-- See {{ku-tewîn-lk-niha}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.tew(frame)
   local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isNegative     = frame.args['neyînî'] or false,
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or nil,
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or nil,
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		impMe      = frame['me'] or nil,
		
        impNegForm     = 1,
		tags           = args['lînk'] or 'erê',
		accent         = args['devok'] or 'std',
    }
	
	local tense        = frame.args['dem'] or nil
	local pers         = frame.args['kes'] or nil
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems    = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}

    -- A few checks
    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerguhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    if (baseOpts.isNegative == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isNegative = true
    end

	local tabConj = export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems).conj
	
    return tabConj[pers]
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- GET COMMMA SEPARED FORMS
-- Bnr. [[MediaWiki:Gadget-QQ.js]]
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|get_comma_separated_forms|niha=kev|borî=ket}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.get_comma_separated_forms(frame)
    local opts = {
        presentStem     = frame.args['niha'],
        pastStem        = frame.args['borî'],
        isTransitive    = false,
        isNegative      = false,
        isCompoundVerb  = frame['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb   = frame['pêşgir'] or '',
        postSimpleVerb  = frame['paşgir'] or '',
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		impMe      = frame['me'] or nil,
		
        impNegForm     = 1,
		tags           = 'na', -- Remove links/tags
		addPreverbParticles = 'na' -- Remove preverb particles (ê/dê)
    }

   local function concateList(tenseList)
        local concatList = {}
        for _, pers in ipairs({&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;}) do
        	local tense = tenseList[pers]
            table.insert(concatList, tense)
        end

        return table.concat(concatList, &quot;,&quot;)
   end

   	local tenseList = {'indPresent','indPreterite','indImperfect',
                      'indPluperfect','indPerfect','indNwPluperfect',
                      'indFuture','indFuturePerfect',
                      'subjImperfect','subjPluperfect'
                    }
                    
    local concatAllTense = {}
    
    for  i = 1, #tenseList do
        local tense = tenseList[i]
        if export.tenseRules[tense] then
            opts.tense = tense
            local conj = shallowCopy(export.conjugate(opts).conj)
            local concatTense = concateList(conj)
            table.insert(concatAllTense, concatTense)
        end
    end
    
    return table.concat(concatAllTense, &quot;,&quot;)
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>0bg3vj2ho2bx121f28j1kmorzm9jzyg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237497</id>
      <parentid>6237491</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T02:11:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>6237497</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="44503" sha1="23b90v8qeyj2lrdamwz6c6c7dv607i2" xml:space="preserve">-- Modula tewandina lêkerên kurmancî

local export = {}

-- Load irregular forms table
-- local irreg = require('Module:ku-tewandin/nestandard')
local langKu = require(&quot;Modul:languages&quot;).getByCode(&quot;ku&quot;)
local link = require('Module:links').language_link
local shallowCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/shallowCopy&quot;)
local deepCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/deepCopy&quot;)

local gsub = mw.ustring.gsub
local find = mw.ustring.find

-- =============================================================================
-- Pronouns in Kurmanji
-- =============================================================================
export.order = {&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;, &quot;p2&quot;, &quot;p3&quot;}

export.pronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;ez&quot;,    p1 = &quot;em&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;tu&quot;,    p2 = &quot;hûn&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;ew&quot;,    p3 = &quot;ew&quot;
}

export.obliquePronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;min&quot;,      p1 = &quot;me&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;te&quot;,       p2 = &quot;we&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;wê/wî&quot;,    p3 = &quot;wan&quot;
}

export.agents = {
    s1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,            p1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,           p2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;,   p3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;
}

-- Oblique pronoun (green) 
export.obliquePronounsGreen = {
    s1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;min&lt;/span&gt;',
    s2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;te&lt;/span&gt;',
    s3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wê/wî&lt;/span&gt;',
    p1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;me&lt;/span&gt;',
    p2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;we&lt;/span&gt;',
    p3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wan&lt;/span&gt;'
}

-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-- 1) This function returns correct subject/agent pronoun, ergativity rule:
--   - Transitive verbs in past tenses → oblique pronoun (green) = agent
--   - All other cases                 → direct pronoun (no color) = subject
-- 2) Also add the subjunctive prefix &quot;(bila)&quot;
-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
function export.conjPronouns(stemType, mode, isTransitive)
    local pronouns = shallowCopy(export.pronouns)

    -- Ergativity in kurdish: transitive verbs that are conjugated with the past tense stem are
    -- conjugated according to the object, not the subject.
    -- Therefore, to have an ergative construction,
    -- the verb must be transitive and its stem must be the stem of the past tense.
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (stemType == 'past')

    -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
    -- If it's not ergative, we use normal pronouns: &quot;ez&quot;, &quot;tu&quot;, ...
    if isErgative then
        pronouns = shallowCopy(export.obliquePronounsGreen)
    end

    -- For the subjunctive mood, we add &quot;(bila)&quot; at the beginning.
    if mode == 'subjunctive' then
    	local subjPrefix = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(bila)&lt;/span&gt;'
        for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
            pronouns[pers] = subjPrefix .. ' ' .. pronouns[pers]
        end
    end
    return pronouns
end

-- =============================================================================
-- VERBAL STRUCTURE IN THE INFINITIVE:
-- Verbs in the infinitive appear in three main forms:
--  1) Simple verb (indivisible light verb):
--       - ex.:  &quot;kirin&quot;, &quot;çûn&quot;, &quot;xwarin&quot;, ...
--  2) Verbs with preverbs (preverb + simple verb):
--       - ex.: &quot;rakirin&quot; (ra- + kirin), &quot;çêkirin&quot; (çê- + kirin), &quot;vexwarin&quot; (ve- + xwarin), ...
--       - Preverb verbs don't use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê rakim , ew ê rake , ...)
--  3) Compound verbs, construction with non-verbal element (the noun is not attached to the verb):
--       - Left of the simple verb: &quot;hez kirin&quot; (&quot;hez&quot; + &quot;kirin&quot;), &quot;li dar xistin&quot; (&quot;li dar&quot; + &quot;xistin&quot;), ...
--       - Right of the simple verb: &quot;kirin der&quot; (&quot;kirin&quot; + &quot;der&quot;), &quot;girtin ser xwe&quot; (&quot;girtin&quot; + &quot;ser xwe&quot;), ...
--       - Compound verbs use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê hez bi-kim , ew ê hez bi-ke )

-- STRUCTURE:  preSimpleVerb + spacing + simpleVerb + postSimpleVerb
-- EX.     kirin: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       rakirin: preSimpleVerb='ra';  spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--     hez kirin: preSimpleVerb='hez'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       pev çûn: preSimpleVerb='pev'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='çûn';   postSimpleVerb=''
--     kirin der: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb='der'

-- WARNING: Conjugation can vary depending on the type of verb.
-- For example, in the future tense,the prefix &quot;bi&quot; is used for compound verbs,
-- but not for preverbal verbs, see the function that manages it  &quot;tenseRules&quot; table.
-- This table does not yet support the mixed case: a verb composed of a noun and a preverb verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)
    local struct

    if (preSimpleVerb and preSimpleVerb ~= '' and not isCompoundVerb) then
        struct = 'preverbVerb'
    elseif isCompoundVerb then
        struct = 'compoundVerb'
    else
        struct = 'simpleVerb'
    end

    return struct
end

-- ================================================================
-- INFLECTIONAL ENDINGS
-- Assigns verb inflectional endings (suffixes) to all tenses
-- ================================================================
local getEndings = {}

do
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ending using present stem
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['present'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends = {}
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends['std'] = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
            ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='m', s2='(y)', s3='t', p1='yn', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends['std'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='e', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
			ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='&lt;u&gt;it&lt;/u&gt;/ît', p1='în', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. preterite + ind. imperfect ending
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['past'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
		local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiouû]$') then
            ends = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, 'î$') then
           -- if self.name == 'indImperfect' then
           --     -- special indicative ind. imperfect rule
           --     ends = {s1='yam', s2='yayî', s3='ya', p1='yan', p2='yan', p3='yan'}
           -- end
            ends = {s1='m', s2='', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Compound endings with auxiliary &quot;bûn&quot;
    -- Inflectional endings are created by taking the different forms of the
    -- verb &quot;bûn&quot; (with present stem &quot;-b-&quot; and past stem &quot;-bû-&quot;) and
    -- adding an &quot;i-&quot; prefix before them: &quot;i-b-im&quot;, &quot;i-bû-m&quot;, &quot;i-bû-me&quot;, &quot;i-bû-ma&quot;.
    -- This &quot;i-&quot; varies according to the final letter of the verb stem.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    local function normalize_i(stem)
        local prfx_i = &quot;i&quot;
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;ya$&quot;) or
           mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;[îû]$&quot;) then -- cf. karîn (-karî-)
           	prfx_i = &quot;&quot;
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiou]$') then
            prfx_i = &quot;yi&quot;
        end
        return prfx_i
    end

    getEndings['ibim'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bim&quot;,   p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;be&quot;,    p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûm'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûm&quot;,     p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bû&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûme'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûme&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyiye&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûye&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûma'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûma&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyayî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûya&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;
        }
    end
    
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. perfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ime'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;me&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;ye&quot;, p1=&quot;ne&quot;, p2=&quot;ne&quot;, p3=&quot;ne&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ime&quot;, s2=&quot;iyî&quot;, s3=&quot;iye&quot;, p1=&quot;ine&quot;, p2=&quot;ine&quot;, p3=&quot;ine&quot;}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Subj. Imperfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ama'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        -- The doublet in &quot;-iyan&quot; of verbs in -&quot;în&quot; (gerîn/-geriya-, kenîn/-keniya-, ...),
        -- in the conditional and subjunctive moods, a doublet &quot;yaya&quot; appears; it's removed.
        -- -yayayî → -yayî; -yaya → -ya
		if mw.ustring.match(stem, '(ya)$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
		elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yayî&quot;, s3=&quot;ya&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ama&quot;, s2=&quot;ayî&quot;, s3=&quot;a&quot;, p1=&quot;ana&quot;, p2=&quot;ana&quot;, p3=&quot;ana&quot;}
        end
        return ends
    end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR PREVERBS: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;
-- There are two preverbs: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;. These preverbs can change form
-- depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getPreverb = {}

do
	getPreverb['bi'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local verbStruct = opts.verbStruct
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
		local accent     = opts.accent

		-- Devoka rojhilatî:
		-- @Ferhengvan: Dema bêt bi lêkera alîkar &quot;ê / dê&quot; û bi rehê lêkerê yê
		-- dema niha û pêşgirên kesî tê çêkirin. Pêşgira &quot;bi-&quot; li destpêka lêkera
		-- serekî nîne: - ez ê / dê xw-im (standard: ez ê/dê bi-xw-im).
		if (self.name == 'indFuture' and accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			return ''
		end
	
	    -- Preverb verbs don't use the preverb &quot;bi-&quot;: ra-kirin (ez ê rakim), ve-xwarin (ez ê vexwim) , ...
	    -- But compound verb and simple verbs use it: hez kirin (ez ê hez bi-kim), lê bigirin (ez ê lê bi-girim), ...
	    if (verbStruct == 'preverbVerb') then
	        return ''
	    end
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stem == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentBi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentBi
		elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastBi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastBi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameBi then
			return overridePreverb.sameBi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;bi-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[aeêiîouû]') then
	        return 'b'
	    end
	
	    return 'bi'
	end

	getPreverb['di'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;di&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stem == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentDi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentDi
		elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastDi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastDi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameDi then
			return overridePreverb.sameDi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;di-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[ai]') then
	        return 'd'
	    end
	    -- Ex. hatin : stem = -ê- // ez têm
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[êî]') then
	        return 't'
	    end
	
	    return 'di'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR NEGATION PREFIXES: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;
-- There are two negation prefixes: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;. These preverbs can change
-- form depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getNegPrefix = {}

do
	getNegPrefix['na'] = function (self, opts)
		-- self: reserved for future use
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overrideNa = opts.overrideNegPrefix.presentNa
	
	    if overrideNa then return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNa .. '&lt;/b&gt;' end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] end
	
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;nay&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;n&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Tîpa duyem &quot;-a-&quot; ye (k-a-rîn, z-a-nîn, ...)
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^%wa') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;ni&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;na&lt;/b&gt;'
	end

	getNegPrefix['ne'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local tenseName = self.name
	    local impNegForm = opts.impNegForm -- form &quot;1&quot; or &quot;2&quot; of imp.
		local overrideNegPrefix = opts.overrideNegPrefix

        local negPrefix = 'ne'

		-- Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;indImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
		-- ji ber vê yekê 'negPrefix' hertim (?) 'ne' ye ji ber ku dikeve pêş 
		-- pêşgira &quot;di-&quot;: wê/wî ne-di-elimand (elimandin)
	    if (tenseName == 'indImperfect') then
	         return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end

		-- Override		
		if (overrideNegPrefix.impMe or overrideNegPrefix.presentNe
				                    or overrideNegPrefix.sameNe) then
			-- Ovverride imp.
			if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
				if (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.impMe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.impMe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe and 
					find(overrideNegPrefix.presentNe, '^n')) then
					--For the &quot;me-&quot; form, we replace the &quot;n&quot; with an &quot;m&quot;.
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. gsub(overrideNegPrefix.presentNe, '^(.)', 'm') .. '&lt;/b&gt;'	
				elseif (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.sameNe and 
					find(overrideNegPrefix.sameNe, '^n')) then
					--For the &quot;me-&quot; form, we replace the &quot;n&quot; with an &quot;m&quot;.
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. gsub(overrideNegPrefix.sameNe, '^(.)', 'm') .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 2 and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 2 and overrideNegPrefix.sameNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				end
			else
				-- For other tenses besides the imperative
				if (self.stem == 'present' and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
			    elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overrideNegPrefix.pastNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.pastNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif overrideNegPrefix.sameNe then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				end
			end
		end
	
	    -- There are two forms of construction of the imperative,
	    -- one with the prefix &quot;me-&quot; (1) and the other (2) with the prefix &quot;ne-&quot;.
	    if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
	        negPrefix = (impNegForm == 2) and 'ne' or 'me'
	    end
		
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. 'y&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        negPrefix = mw.ustring.sub(negPrefix, 1, -2)
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- Standardization of the PREVERBAL PARTICLE
-- The proverbial particle &quot;ê&quot; is placed after the personal pronoun.
-- =============================================================================
-- If there are no verbal preparticles, return empty table.
function export.getPreverbParticules(preverbParticle, typeStem, isTransitive)
    if not preverbParticle then
        return {s1='', s2='', s3='', p1='', p2='', p3=''}
    end

    if preverbParticle == 'ê' then
        local isErgative = isTransitive and (typeStem == 'past')

        -- When the personal pronoun ends in a vowel, a &quot;y-&quot; is added before &quot;ê&quot;.
        -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
        if isErgative then
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='yê/dê', p1='yê/dê', p2='yê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        else
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='ê/dê', p1='ê/dê', p2='ê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        end
    end

    -- If the verbal preparticle is identical for all pronouns,
    -- we create a table with the same value.
    local preverbParticles = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        preverbParticles[pers] = preverbParticle
    end

    return preverbParticles
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING EACH VERB TENSE
-- This table lists, for each verb tense, what elements are required to form it:
--   - Verb conjugation is built by placing either the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; or &quot;di-&quot; before
--     the verb stem (past or present), followed by a personal ending.
--   - For the negative form, one of the prefixes &quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot; is added as well.
--   - In some cases, a preverbal particle such as /ê/ or /dê/ is added before
--     the conjugated verb as well.
-- Not: - The &quot;negPreverb&quot; (preverb (bi-/di-) for negative tenses) parameter has a
--         value different from &quot;nil&quot; only for the Imperfect tense (&quot;negPreverb=di&quot;).
--      - The parameter &quot;negPrefix=na&quot; is used only for the present indicative.
--
-- Preverb &quot;di&quot;, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(present stem), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(past stem)
--                        - Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;IndImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
-- Preverb &quot;bi&quot;, used in: &quot;indFuture&quot;(present stem), &quot;subPresent&quot;(present stem),
--                         &quot;subImperfect&quot;(past stem) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(past stem)
--                        - The prefix &quot;bi-&quot; isn't used in negative forms.
--
-- Present stem, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(di)(na),
--                        &quot;indFuture&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;subPresent&quot;(bi)(ne)
--
-- Past stem, used in: &quot;indPreterite&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(di)(ne), &quot;indPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;indPerfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPreterite&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subImperfect&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(bi)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne) = &quot;condPreterite&quot;(-)(ne)
-- =============================================================================
-- Some conjugations are identical except that they differ only in the preverbal particle (/ê/, /dê/).
-- So, to avoid repeating the same information (and thus risking errors),
-- we establish the common part shared between these verbs.
local sharedTenseRules = {
    indFuture = {
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['present']
    },

    indFuturePerfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibim']
    },

    subImperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ama']
    },

    subPluperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûma']
    }
}

local mt = {
    __index = function(t, k)
        local commonRules = t._commonRules
        if commonRules then return commonRules[k] end
    end
}

-- TENSES CONJUGATION RULES
export.tenseRules = {
    -- IMPERATIVE MOOD
    impPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;impPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raweya fermanî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present imperative&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;imperative&quot;,
        _commonRules = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- INDICATIVE MOOD
    indPresent = {
        name         = &quot;indPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema niha&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['na'],
        endings      = getEndings['present'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPreterite = {
        name         = &quot;indPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya sade&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;simple past&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indImperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya berdest&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;Imperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = getPreverb['di'],
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPluperfect    = {
        name         = &quot;indPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûm'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indFuture = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuture&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema bê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    indFuturePerfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dahatiya pêş&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    -- In some books, the &quot;perfect&quot; and &quot;nonconfirmative pluperfect&quot; tenses
    -- are classified in the &quot;inferential mood&quot; (&quot;moda neşahidî&quot;).
    -- Currently we classify them using the indicative mood (at the end).
    indPerfect = {
        name         = &quot;indPerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ime'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indNwPluperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya boriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;non-witnessed pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûme'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    -- SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
    subjPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema nihaya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    subjPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjImperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;imperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjPluperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr a bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- CONDITIONAL MOOD
    condPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya dema nihaya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    condPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

}

-- =============================================================================
-- MAIN CONJUGATION FUNCTOIN
-- This function returns an array containing the conjugation table for a given
-- tense as well as other information about the conjugated verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugate(opts)
    opts = opts or {}
    -- Required parameters
    local tense          = opts.tense or error(&quot;'tense' required&quot;, 2)
    --One of the two parameters is required:
    --  - If the tense uses the present stem, indicate &quot;presentStem&quot;.
    --  - If it uses the past stem, indicate &quot;pastStem&quot;.
    local presentStem    = opts.presentStem
    local pastStem       = opts.pastStem
    -- Optional parameters
    local isTransitive   = opts.isTransitive or false   -- Indicate if the verb is transitive (true/false)
    local isNegative     = opts.isNegative or false     -- Indicate if it's the negative form (true/false)
    local isCompoundVerb = opts.isCompoundVerb or false -- Indicate if it's a compound verb (true/false)
    local preSimpleVerb  = opts.preSimpleVerb or ''     -- The part before the simple verb
    local postSimpleVerb = opts.postSimpleVerb or ''    -- The part after the simple verb
    -- These parameters are provided when the verb is irregular.
    -- Allows you to manually modify preverbs (&quot;bi-&quot;&quot; or &quot;di-&quot;)
    -- and negation prefixes (&quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot;)
	local overridePreverb = {
		-- Preverbs (bi-, di)
	    presentBi = opts.presentBi or nil,
	    presentDi = opts.presentDi or nil,
	    pastBi    = opts.pastBi or nil,
	    pastDi    = opts.pastDi or nil,
		-- Same preverbs (&quot;past&quot; and &quot;present&quot; stem)
	    sameBi     = opts.sameBi or nil,
	    sameDi     = opts.sameDi or nil,
	}
	local overrideNegPrefix = {
		-- Neg. prefix (na-, ne-)
	    presentNa  = opts.presentNa or nil,
	    presentNe  = opts.presentNe or nil,
	    pastNe     = opts.pastNe or nil,
		-- same neg. prefix (for past and present stem)
	    sameNe     = opts.sameNe or nil,
		impMe      = opts.impMe or nil,
	}
    -- By default, the negation of the imperative is constructed from the prefix &quot;me-&quot;&quot;.
    -- To obtain the second variant, the prefix with &quot;ne-&quot;, you must specify &quot;impNegForm=2&quot;.
    local impNegForm     = opts.impNegForm or 1
	-- Accent/ Devok
    local accent = opts.accent or 'std'
	
	-- If &quot;tags='na'&quot;, remove links/tags
	local tags = opts.tags or 'erê'
	-- If addPreverbParticles='na', remove preverb particles (ê/dê) before
	-- the conjugated verbs.
	local addPreverbParticles = opts.addPreverbParticles or 'erê'

	
	-- We add a space to the left of the &quot;postSimpleVerb&quot; because it shouldn't be attached
	-- to the simple verb.
	if (postSimpleVerb ~= '' and postSimpleVerb ~=nil) then
		postSimpleVerb = ' ' .. postSimpleVerb
	end

    -- Access to the classification table and retrieval of verb tense parameters
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if (not infoTense) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- We check that one of the two parameters of the stem is given
    if (infoTense.stem == 'present' and not presentStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;presentStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    elseif (infoTense.stem == 'past' and not pastStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;pasttStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- Choice between the present stem or past stem
    local stem = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStem or pastStem

    --────────────────────────────
    -- Conjugation construction --
    -- ───────────────────────────
    local preverb = ''
    local negPrefix = ''
    -- Ruturns the verb type: &quot;simpleVerb&quot; or &quot;preverbVerb&quot; or &quot;compoundVerb&quot;
    local verbStruct = export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)

    if isNegative then
        negPrefix = infoTense:negPrefix{stem=stem,
                                        impNegForm=impNegForm,
                                        overrideNegPrefix=overrideNegPrefix}
        if infoTense.negPreverb then
            preverb = infoTense:negPreverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                           overridePreverb=overridePreverb}
        end
    else
        if infoTense.preverb then
            preverb = infoTense:preverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                        overridePreverb=overridePreverb,
										accent=accent}
        end
    end

    infoTense.conj = {}
    local spacing = isCompoundVerb and ' ' or ''
    local endings = infoTense:endings(stem)
	
	-- 'rojhilatî' accent (devok) for present stem
	if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then
		if (accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			endings = endings['rojhilatî']
		else
			endings = endings['std']
		end

	end
	
    local preverbParticles = export.getPreverbParticules(infoTense.preverbParticle, infoTense.stem, isTransitive)
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (infoTense.stem == 'past')

    -- Creating the conjugation table for a given tense
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local ending
        local conjSimbleVerb
        local conjVerb

        if isErgative then
            ending = endings.s3
        else
            ending = endings[pers]
        end

        -- Adding space after the preverbal particle, and
		-- if &quot;addPreverbParticles='na'&quot;: remove preverb particles (ê/dê).
		local preverbParticle = ''
		if infoTense.preverbParticle and addPreverbParticles ~= 'na' then
	            preverbParticle = preverbParticles[pers] .. ' '
		end

        conjSimbleVerb = negPrefix  .. preverb .. stem .. ending
        -- Adding prefixe and suffixe
        conjVerb =  preSimpleVerb .. spacing .. conjSimbleVerb .. postSimpleVerb
        -- Spelling correction(îy -&gt; iy)
        conjVerb = gsub(conjVerb, 'îy', 'iy')
        -- Add a link / if tags='na' no links
		if tags ~= 'na' then
        	conjVerb = link{term=conjVerb, lang=langKu}
		end
        -- Addition of the preverbal particle
        infoTense.conj[pers] = preverbParticle .. conjVerb
    end

    -- Imperative
    if (infoTense.name == 'impPresent') then
        infoTense.conj.s1 = nil
        infoTense.conj.s2 = infoTense.conj.s3
        infoTense.conj.s3 = nil
        infoTense.conj.p1 = nil
        -- infoTense.conj.p2 = infoTense.conj.p2
        infoTense.conj.p3 = nil
    end

    return infoTense
end

-- =============================================================================
--                               END
-- =============================================================================
-- Some useful tools
-- =============================================================================
-- Returns the list of verb tenses
export.tensesList = function()
	local list = {}
    for _, tense in pairs(export.tenseRules) do
        table.insert(list, tense.name)
    end
	return list
end

-- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
-- (for a given conjugate tense in all persons of that tense)
function export.concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjVerbs)
	local concatTab = {}
	for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
		concatTab[pers] = pronoms[pers] .. ' ' .. conjVerbs[pers]
	end

	return concatTab
end
-- =============================================================================
-- ADDITIONAL STEM OF THE PAST AND PRESENT (pastStem2, ... and presentStem2, ...)
-- This function does nothing more than add additional parameters for verb stems
-- in the past and present tenses.
-- Conjugations for the different stems will be separated by &quot;/&quot;
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems)
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
     opts.tense = tense or nil
     
    presentStems = presentStems or {}
	pastStems = pastStems or {}

    
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if not infoTense then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    local stems = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStems or pastStems

    -- For each verb stem, its conjugation table is calculated and stored in conjTabs.
    local conjTabs = {}
    for i = 1, #stems do
        if stems[i] then
            if (infoTense.stem == 'past') then opts.pastStem = stems[i] end
            if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then opts.presentStem = stems[i] end

            local conj = export.conjugate(opts).conj
            table.insert(conjTabs, conj)
        end
    end

    -- We concatenate each row of the conjugation tables.
    local concatConjTabs = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local frag = {}
        for i = 1, #conjTabs do
            local val = conjTabs[i][pers]
            if val then table.insert(frag, tostring(val)) end
        end
        concatConjTabs[pers] = table.concat(frag, &quot; / &quot;)
    end

    infoTense.conj = concatConjTabs

    return infoTense
end

-- ====================================================================================
--  VERB CONUGATION IN ALL TENSES WITH OR WITHOUT PRONOUMS
-- ====================================================================================
function export.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems, negation, concatPrs)
	-- &quot;concatPrs=false&quot; table without pronouns
	
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
    
    if negation == 'negative' then opts.isNegative = true end

    -- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
	local concatPronomsVerbs = export.concatPronomsVerbs

    -- Tenses list
    local tensesList = export.tensesList()

    -- Conjugation in all tenses
    local conjTab = {}
    for _, tense in ipairs(tensesList) do
        local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy')

		-- We create the conjugation table without the pronouns.
        conjTab[tense] = deepCopy(export.conjugateLong(opts, tense, presentStems, pastStems), 'copy')
		
        -- We concatenate the pronouns and the verbs if &quot;concatPrs&quot; is different of &quot;false&quot;
		-- No pronouns for the imperative mood
		if (tense ~= 'impPresent' and concatPrs ~= false) then
			local pronoms = deepCopy(export.conjPronouns(infoTense.stem, infoTense.mode, opts.isTransitive))
        	conjTab[tense].conj = concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjTab[tense].conj)
        end
    end

    return conjTab
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- Allows you to obtain a given conjugation from a model.
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|tew|dem=indPresent|kes=s1}}
-- See {{ku-tewîn-lk-niha}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.tew(frame)
   local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isNegative     = frame.args['neyînî'] or false,
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or nil,
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or nil,
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		impMe      = frame['me'] or nil,
		
        impNegForm     = 1,
		tags           = args['lînk'] or 'erê',
		accent         = args['devok'] or 'std',
    }
	
	local tense        = frame.args['dem'] or nil
	local pers         = frame.args['kes'] or nil
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems    = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}

    -- A few checks
    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerguhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    if (baseOpts.isNegative == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isNegative = true
    end

	local tabConj = export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems).conj
	
    return tabConj[pers]
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- GET COMMMA SEPARED FORMS
-- Bnr. [[MediaWiki:Gadget-QQ.js]]
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|get_comma_separated_forms|niha=kev|borî=ket}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.get_comma_separated_forms(frame)
    local opts = {
        presentStem     = frame.args['niha'],
        pastStem        = frame.args['borî'],
        isTransitive    = false,
        isNegative      = false,
        isCompoundVerb  = frame['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb   = frame['pêşgir'] or '',
        postSimpleVerb  = frame['paşgir'] or '',
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		impMe      = frame['me'] or nil,
		
        impNegForm     = 1,
		tags           = 'na', -- Remove links/tags
		addPreverbParticles = 'na' -- Remove preverb particles (ê/dê)
    }

   local function concateList(tenseList)
        local concatList = {}
        for _, pers in ipairs({&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;}) do
        	local tense = tenseList[pers]
            table.insert(concatList, tense)
        end

        return table.concat(concatList, &quot;,&quot;)
   end

   	local tenseList = {'indPresent','indPreterite','indImperfect',
                      'indPluperfect','indPerfect','indNwPluperfect',
                      'indFuture','indFuturePerfect',
                      'subjImperfect','subjPluperfect'
                    }
                    
    local concatAllTense = {}
    
    for  i = 1, #tenseList do
        local tense = tenseList[i]
        if export.tenseRules[tense] then
            opts.tense = tense
            local conj = shallowCopy(export.conjugate(opts).conj)
            local concatTense = concateList(conj)
            table.insert(concatAllTense, concatTense)
        end
    end
    
    return table.concat(concatAllTense, &quot;,&quot;)
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>23b90v8qeyj2lrdamwz6c6c7dv607i2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237498</id>
      <parentid>6237497</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T02:35:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>6237498</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="44540" sha1="41e6dsdzgpli8b2xxuwp2l6paa69bcn" xml:space="preserve">-- Modula tewandina lêkerên kurmancî

local export = {}

-- Load irregular forms table
-- local irreg = require('Module:ku-tewandin/nestandard')
local langKu = require(&quot;Modul:languages&quot;).getByCode(&quot;ku&quot;)
local link = require('Module:links').language_link
local shallowCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/shallowCopy&quot;)
local deepCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/deepCopy&quot;)

local gsub = mw.ustring.gsub
local find = mw.ustring.find

-- =============================================================================
-- Pronouns in Kurmanji
-- =============================================================================
export.order = {&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;, &quot;p2&quot;, &quot;p3&quot;}

export.pronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;ez&quot;,    p1 = &quot;em&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;tu&quot;,    p2 = &quot;hûn&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;ew&quot;,    p3 = &quot;ew&quot;
}

export.obliquePronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;min&quot;,      p1 = &quot;me&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;te&quot;,       p2 = &quot;we&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;wê/wî&quot;,    p3 = &quot;wan&quot;
}

export.agents = {
    s1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,            p1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,           p2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;,   p3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;
}

-- Oblique pronoun (green) 
export.obliquePronounsGreen = {
    s1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;min&lt;/span&gt;',
    s2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;te&lt;/span&gt;',
    s3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wê/wî&lt;/span&gt;',
    p1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;me&lt;/span&gt;',
    p2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;we&lt;/span&gt;',
    p3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wan&lt;/span&gt;'
}

-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-- 1) This function returns correct subject/agent pronoun, ergativity rule:
--   - Transitive verbs in past tenses → oblique pronoun (green) = agent
--   - All other cases                 → direct pronoun (no color) = subject
-- 2) Also add the subjunctive prefix &quot;(bila)&quot;
-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
function export.conjPronouns(stemType, mode, isTransitive)
    local pronouns = shallowCopy(export.pronouns)

    -- Ergativity in kurdish: transitive verbs that are conjugated with the past tense stem are
    -- conjugated according to the object, not the subject.
    -- Therefore, to have an ergative construction,
    -- the verb must be transitive and its stem must be the stem of the past tense.
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (stemType == 'past')

    -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
    -- If it's not ergative, we use normal pronouns: &quot;ez&quot;, &quot;tu&quot;, ...
    if isErgative then
        pronouns = shallowCopy(export.obliquePronounsGreen)
    end

    -- For the subjunctive mood, we add &quot;(bila)&quot; at the beginning.
    if mode == 'subjunctive' then
    	local subjPrefix = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(bila)&lt;/span&gt;'
        for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
            pronouns[pers] = subjPrefix .. ' ' .. pronouns[pers]
        end
    end
    return pronouns
end

-- =============================================================================
-- VERBAL STRUCTURE IN THE INFINITIVE:
-- Verbs in the infinitive appear in three main forms:
--  1) Simple verb (indivisible light verb):
--       - ex.:  &quot;kirin&quot;, &quot;çûn&quot;, &quot;xwarin&quot;, ...
--  2) Verbs with preverbs (preverb + simple verb):
--       - ex.: &quot;rakirin&quot; (ra- + kirin), &quot;çêkirin&quot; (çê- + kirin), &quot;vexwarin&quot; (ve- + xwarin), ...
--       - Preverb verbs don't use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê rakim , ew ê rake , ...)
--  3) Compound verbs, construction with non-verbal element (the noun is not attached to the verb):
--       - Left of the simple verb: &quot;hez kirin&quot; (&quot;hez&quot; + &quot;kirin&quot;), &quot;li dar xistin&quot; (&quot;li dar&quot; + &quot;xistin&quot;), ...
--       - Right of the simple verb: &quot;kirin der&quot; (&quot;kirin&quot; + &quot;der&quot;), &quot;girtin ser xwe&quot; (&quot;girtin&quot; + &quot;ser xwe&quot;), ...
--       - Compound verbs use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê hez bi-kim , ew ê hez bi-ke )

-- STRUCTURE:  preSimpleVerb + spacing + simpleVerb + postSimpleVerb
-- EX.     kirin: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       rakirin: preSimpleVerb='ra';  spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--     hez kirin: preSimpleVerb='hez'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       pev çûn: preSimpleVerb='pev'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='çûn';   postSimpleVerb=''
--     kirin der: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb='der'

-- WARNING: Conjugation can vary depending on the type of verb.
-- For example, in the future tense,the prefix &quot;bi&quot; is used for compound verbs,
-- but not for preverbal verbs, see the function that manages it  &quot;tenseRules&quot; table.
-- This table does not yet support the mixed case: a verb composed of a noun and a preverb verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)
    local struct

    if (preSimpleVerb and preSimpleVerb ~= '' and not isCompoundVerb) then
        struct = 'preverbVerb'
    elseif isCompoundVerb then
        struct = 'compoundVerb'
    else
        struct = 'simpleVerb'
    end

    return struct
end

-- ================================================================
-- INFLECTIONAL ENDINGS
-- Assigns verb inflectional endings (suffixes) to all tenses
-- ================================================================
local getEndings = {}

do
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ending using present stem
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['present'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends = {}
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends['std'] = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
            ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='m', s2='(y)', s3='t', p1='yn', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends['std'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='e', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
			ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='&lt;u&gt;it&lt;/u&gt;/ît', p1='în', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. preterite + ind. imperfect ending
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['past'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
		local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiouû]$') then
            ends = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, 'î$') then
           -- if self.name == 'indImperfect' then
           --     -- special indicative ind. imperfect rule
           --     ends = {s1='yam', s2='yayî', s3='ya', p1='yan', p2='yan', p3='yan'}
           -- end
            ends = {s1='m', s2='', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Compound endings with auxiliary &quot;bûn&quot;
    -- Inflectional endings are created by taking the different forms of the
    -- verb &quot;bûn&quot; (with present stem &quot;-b-&quot; and past stem &quot;-bû-&quot;) and
    -- adding an &quot;i-&quot; prefix before them: &quot;i-b-im&quot;, &quot;i-bû-m&quot;, &quot;i-bû-me&quot;, &quot;i-bû-ma&quot;.
    -- This &quot;i-&quot; varies according to the final letter of the verb stem.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    local function normalize_i(stem)
        local prfx_i = &quot;i&quot;
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;ya$&quot;) or
           mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;[îû]$&quot;) then -- cf. karîn (-karî-)
           	prfx_i = &quot;&quot;
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiou]$') then
            prfx_i = &quot;yi&quot;
        end
        return prfx_i
    end

    getEndings['ibim'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bim&quot;,   p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;be&quot;,    p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûm'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûm&quot;,     p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bû&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûme'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûme&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyiye&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûye&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûma'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûma&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyayî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûya&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;
        }
    end
    
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. perfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ime'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;me&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;ye&quot;, p1=&quot;ne&quot;, p2=&quot;ne&quot;, p3=&quot;ne&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ime&quot;, s2=&quot;iyî&quot;, s3=&quot;iye&quot;, p1=&quot;ine&quot;, p2=&quot;ine&quot;, p3=&quot;ine&quot;}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Subj. Imperfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ama'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        -- The doublet in &quot;-iyan&quot; of verbs in -&quot;în&quot; (gerîn/-geriya-, kenîn/-keniya-, ...),
        -- in the conditional and subjunctive moods, a doublet &quot;yaya&quot; appears; it's removed.
        -- -yayayî → -yayî; -yaya → -ya
		if mw.ustring.match(stem, '(ya)$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
		elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yayî&quot;, s3=&quot;ya&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ama&quot;, s2=&quot;ayî&quot;, s3=&quot;a&quot;, p1=&quot;ana&quot;, p2=&quot;ana&quot;, p3=&quot;ana&quot;}
        end
        return ends
    end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR PREVERBS: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;
-- There are two preverbs: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;. These preverbs can change form
-- depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getPreverb = {}

do
	getPreverb['bi'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local verbStruct = opts.verbStruct
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
		local accent     = opts.accent

		-- Devoka rojhilatî:
		-- @Ferhengvan: Dema bêt bi lêkera alîkar &quot;ê / dê&quot; û bi rehê lêkerê yê
		-- dema niha û pêşgirên kesî tê çêkirin. Pêşgira &quot;bi-&quot; li destpêka lêkera
		-- serekî nîne: - ez ê / dê xw-im (standard: ez ê/dê bi-xw-im).
		if (self.name == 'indFuture' and accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			return ''
		end
	
	    -- Preverb verbs don't use the preverb &quot;bi-&quot;: ra-kirin (ez ê rakim), ve-xwarin (ez ê vexwim) , ...
	    -- But compound verb and simple verbs use it: hez kirin (ez ê hez bi-kim), lê bigirin (ez ê lê bi-girim), ...
	    if (verbStruct == 'preverbVerb') then
	        return ''
	    end
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stem == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentBi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentBi
		elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastBi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastBi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameBi then
			return overridePreverb.sameBi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;bi-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[aeêiîouû]') then
	        return 'b'
	    end
	
	    return 'bi'
	end

	getPreverb['di'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;di&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stem == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentDi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentDi
		elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastDi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastDi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameDi then
			return overridePreverb.sameDi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;di-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[ai]') then
	        return 'd'
	    end
	    -- Ex. hatin : stem = -ê- // ez têm
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[êî]') then
	        return 't'
	    end
	
	    return 'di'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR NEGATION PREFIXES: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;
-- There are two negation prefixes: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;. These preverbs can change
-- form depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getNegPrefix = {}

do
	getNegPrefix['na'] = function (self, opts)
		-- self: reserved for future use
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overrideNa = opts.overrideNegPrefix.presentNa
	
	    if overrideNa then return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNa .. '&lt;/b&gt;' end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] end
	
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;nay&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;n&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Tîpa duyem &quot;-a-&quot; ye (k-a-rîn, z-a-nîn, ...)
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^%wa') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;ni&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;na&lt;/b&gt;'
	end

	getNegPrefix['ne'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local tenseName = self.name
	    local impNegForm = opts.impNegForm -- form &quot;1&quot; or &quot;2&quot; of imp.
		local overrideNegPrefix = opts.overrideNegPrefix

        local negPrefix = 'ne'

		-- Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;indImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
		-- ji ber vê yekê 'negPrefix' hertim (?) 'ne' ye ji ber ku dikeve pêş 
		-- pêşgira &quot;di-&quot;: wê/wî ne-di-elimand (elimandin)
	    if (tenseName == 'indImperfect') then
	         return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end

		-- Override		
		if (overrideNegPrefix.impMe or overrideNegPrefix.presentNe
									or overrideNegPrefix.pastNe
				                    or overrideNegPrefix.sameNe) then
			-- Ovverride imp.
			if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
				if (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.impMe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.impMe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe and 
					find(overrideNegPrefix.presentNe, '^n')) then
					--For the &quot;me-&quot; form, we replace the &quot;n&quot; with an &quot;m&quot;.
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. gsub(overrideNegPrefix.presentNe, '^(.)', 'm') .. '&lt;/b&gt;'	
				elseif (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.sameNe and 
					find(overrideNegPrefix.sameNe, '^n')) then
					--For the &quot;me-&quot; form, we replace the &quot;n&quot; with an &quot;m&quot;.
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. gsub(overrideNegPrefix.sameNe, '^(.)', 'm') .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 2 and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 2 and overrideNegPrefix.sameNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				end
			else
				-- For other tenses besides the imperative
				if (self.stem == 'present' and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
			    elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overrideNegPrefix.pastNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.pastNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif overrideNegPrefix.sameNe then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				end
			end
		end
	
	    -- There are two forms of construction of the imperative,
	    -- one with the prefix &quot;me-&quot; (1) and the other (2) with the prefix &quot;ne-&quot;.
	    if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
	        negPrefix = (impNegForm == 2) and 'ne' or 'me'
	    end
		
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. 'y&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        negPrefix = mw.ustring.sub(negPrefix, 1, -2)
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- Standardization of the PREVERBAL PARTICLE
-- The proverbial particle &quot;ê&quot; is placed after the personal pronoun.
-- =============================================================================
-- If there are no verbal preparticles, return empty table.
function export.getPreverbParticules(preverbParticle, typeStem, isTransitive)
    if not preverbParticle then
        return {s1='', s2='', s3='', p1='', p2='', p3=''}
    end

    if preverbParticle == 'ê' then
        local isErgative = isTransitive and (typeStem == 'past')

        -- When the personal pronoun ends in a vowel, a &quot;y-&quot; is added before &quot;ê&quot;.
        -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
        if isErgative then
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='yê/dê', p1='yê/dê', p2='yê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        else
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='ê/dê', p1='ê/dê', p2='ê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        end
    end

    -- If the verbal preparticle is identical for all pronouns,
    -- we create a table with the same value.
    local preverbParticles = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        preverbParticles[pers] = preverbParticle
    end

    return preverbParticles
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING EACH VERB TENSE
-- This table lists, for each verb tense, what elements are required to form it:
--   - Verb conjugation is built by placing either the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; or &quot;di-&quot; before
--     the verb stem (past or present), followed by a personal ending.
--   - For the negative form, one of the prefixes &quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot; is added as well.
--   - In some cases, a preverbal particle such as /ê/ or /dê/ is added before
--     the conjugated verb as well.
-- Not: - The &quot;negPreverb&quot; (preverb (bi-/di-) for negative tenses) parameter has a
--         value different from &quot;nil&quot; only for the Imperfect tense (&quot;negPreverb=di&quot;).
--      - The parameter &quot;negPrefix=na&quot; is used only for the present indicative.
--
-- Preverb &quot;di&quot;, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(present stem), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(past stem)
--                        - Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;IndImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
-- Preverb &quot;bi&quot;, used in: &quot;indFuture&quot;(present stem), &quot;subPresent&quot;(present stem),
--                         &quot;subImperfect&quot;(past stem) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(past stem)
--                        - The prefix &quot;bi-&quot; isn't used in negative forms.
--
-- Present stem, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(di)(na),
--                        &quot;indFuture&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;subPresent&quot;(bi)(ne)
--
-- Past stem, used in: &quot;indPreterite&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(di)(ne), &quot;indPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;indPerfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPreterite&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subImperfect&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(bi)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne) = &quot;condPreterite&quot;(-)(ne)
-- =============================================================================
-- Some conjugations are identical except that they differ only in the preverbal particle (/ê/, /dê/).
-- So, to avoid repeating the same information (and thus risking errors),
-- we establish the common part shared between these verbs.
local sharedTenseRules = {
    indFuture = {
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['present']
    },

    indFuturePerfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibim']
    },

    subImperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ama']
    },

    subPluperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûma']
    }
}

local mt = {
    __index = function(t, k)
        local commonRules = t._commonRules
        if commonRules then return commonRules[k] end
    end
}

-- TENSES CONJUGATION RULES
export.tenseRules = {
    -- IMPERATIVE MOOD
    impPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;impPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raweya fermanî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present imperative&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;imperative&quot;,
        _commonRules = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- INDICATIVE MOOD
    indPresent = {
        name         = &quot;indPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema niha&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['na'],
        endings      = getEndings['present'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPreterite = {
        name         = &quot;indPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya sade&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;simple past&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indImperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya berdest&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;Imperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = getPreverb['di'],
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPluperfect    = {
        name         = &quot;indPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûm'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indFuture = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuture&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema bê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    indFuturePerfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dahatiya pêş&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    -- In some books, the &quot;perfect&quot; and &quot;nonconfirmative pluperfect&quot; tenses
    -- are classified in the &quot;inferential mood&quot; (&quot;moda neşahidî&quot;).
    -- Currently we classify them using the indicative mood (at the end).
    indPerfect = {
        name         = &quot;indPerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ime'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indNwPluperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya boriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;non-witnessed pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûme'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    -- SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
    subjPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema nihaya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    subjPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjImperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;imperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjPluperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr a bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- CONDITIONAL MOOD
    condPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya dema nihaya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    condPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

}

-- =============================================================================
-- MAIN CONJUGATION FUNCTOIN
-- This function returns an array containing the conjugation table for a given
-- tense as well as other information about the conjugated verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugate(opts)
    opts = opts or {}
    -- Required parameters
    local tense          = opts.tense or error(&quot;'tense' required&quot;, 2)
    --One of the two parameters is required:
    --  - If the tense uses the present stem, indicate &quot;presentStem&quot;.
    --  - If it uses the past stem, indicate &quot;pastStem&quot;.
    local presentStem    = opts.presentStem
    local pastStem       = opts.pastStem
    -- Optional parameters
    local isTransitive   = opts.isTransitive or false   -- Indicate if the verb is transitive (true/false)
    local isNegative     = opts.isNegative or false     -- Indicate if it's the negative form (true/false)
    local isCompoundVerb = opts.isCompoundVerb or false -- Indicate if it's a compound verb (true/false)
    local preSimpleVerb  = opts.preSimpleVerb or ''     -- The part before the simple verb
    local postSimpleVerb = opts.postSimpleVerb or ''    -- The part after the simple verb
    -- These parameters are provided when the verb is irregular.
    -- Allows you to manually modify preverbs (&quot;bi-&quot;&quot; or &quot;di-&quot;)
    -- and negation prefixes (&quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot;)
	local overridePreverb = {
		-- Preverbs (bi-, di)
	    presentBi = opts.presentBi or nil,
	    presentDi = opts.presentDi or nil,
	    pastBi    = opts.pastBi or nil,
	    pastDi    = opts.pastDi or nil,
		-- Same preverbs (&quot;past&quot; and &quot;present&quot; stem)
	    sameBi     = opts.sameBi or nil,
	    sameDi     = opts.sameDi or nil,
	}
	local overrideNegPrefix = {
		-- Neg. prefix (na-, ne-)
	    presentNa  = opts.presentNa or nil,
	    presentNe  = opts.presentNe or nil,
	    pastNe     = opts.pastNe or nil,
		-- same neg. prefix (for past and present stem)
	    sameNe     = opts.sameNe or nil,
		impMe      = opts.impMe or nil,
	}
    -- By default, the negation of the imperative is constructed from the prefix &quot;me-&quot;&quot;.
    -- To obtain the second variant, the prefix with &quot;ne-&quot;, you must specify &quot;impNegForm=2&quot;.
    local impNegForm     = opts.impNegForm or 1
	-- Accent/ Devok
    local accent = opts.accent or 'std'
	
	-- If &quot;tags='na'&quot;, remove links/tags
	local tags = opts.tags or 'erê'
	-- If addPreverbParticles='na', remove preverb particles (ê/dê) before
	-- the conjugated verbs.
	local addPreverbParticles = opts.addPreverbParticles or 'erê'

	
	-- We add a space to the left of the &quot;postSimpleVerb&quot; because it shouldn't be attached
	-- to the simple verb.
	if (postSimpleVerb ~= '' and postSimpleVerb ~=nil) then
		postSimpleVerb = ' ' .. postSimpleVerb
	end

    -- Access to the classification table and retrieval of verb tense parameters
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if (not infoTense) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- We check that one of the two parameters of the stem is given
    if (infoTense.stem == 'present' and not presentStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;presentStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    elseif (infoTense.stem == 'past' and not pastStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;pasttStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- Choice between the present stem or past stem
    local stem = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStem or pastStem

    --────────────────────────────
    -- Conjugation construction --
    -- ───────────────────────────
    local preverb = ''
    local negPrefix = ''
    -- Ruturns the verb type: &quot;simpleVerb&quot; or &quot;preverbVerb&quot; or &quot;compoundVerb&quot;
    local verbStruct = export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)

    if isNegative then
        negPrefix = infoTense:negPrefix{stem=stem,
                                        impNegForm=impNegForm,
                                        overrideNegPrefix=overrideNegPrefix}
        if infoTense.negPreverb then
            preverb = infoTense:negPreverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                           overridePreverb=overridePreverb}
        end
    else
        if infoTense.preverb then
            preverb = infoTense:preverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                        overridePreverb=overridePreverb,
										accent=accent}
        end
    end

    infoTense.conj = {}
    local spacing = isCompoundVerb and ' ' or ''
    local endings = infoTense:endings(stem)
	
	-- 'rojhilatî' accent (devok) for present stem
	if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then
		if (accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			endings = endings['rojhilatî']
		else
			endings = endings['std']
		end

	end
	
    local preverbParticles = export.getPreverbParticules(infoTense.preverbParticle, infoTense.stem, isTransitive)
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (infoTense.stem == 'past')

    -- Creating the conjugation table for a given tense
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local ending
        local conjSimbleVerb
        local conjVerb

        if isErgative then
            ending = endings.s3
        else
            ending = endings[pers]
        end

        -- Adding space after the preverbal particle, and
		-- if &quot;addPreverbParticles='na'&quot;: remove preverb particles (ê/dê).
		local preverbParticle = ''
		if infoTense.preverbParticle and addPreverbParticles ~= 'na' then
	            preverbParticle = preverbParticles[pers] .. ' '
		end

        conjSimbleVerb = negPrefix  .. preverb .. stem .. ending
        -- Adding prefixe and suffixe
        conjVerb =  preSimpleVerb .. spacing .. conjSimbleVerb .. postSimpleVerb
        -- Spelling correction(îy -&gt; iy)
        conjVerb = gsub(conjVerb, 'îy', 'iy')
        -- Add a link / if tags='na' no links
		if tags ~= 'na' then
        	conjVerb = link{term=conjVerb, lang=langKu}
		end
        -- Addition of the preverbal particle
        infoTense.conj[pers] = preverbParticle .. conjVerb
    end

    -- Imperative
    if (infoTense.name == 'impPresent') then
        infoTense.conj.s1 = nil
        infoTense.conj.s2 = infoTense.conj.s3
        infoTense.conj.s3 = nil
        infoTense.conj.p1 = nil
        -- infoTense.conj.p2 = infoTense.conj.p2
        infoTense.conj.p3 = nil
    end

    return infoTense
end

-- =============================================================================
--                               END
-- =============================================================================
-- Some useful tools
-- =============================================================================
-- Returns the list of verb tenses
export.tensesList = function()
	local list = {}
    for _, tense in pairs(export.tenseRules) do
        table.insert(list, tense.name)
    end
	return list
end

-- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
-- (for a given conjugate tense in all persons of that tense)
function export.concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjVerbs)
	local concatTab = {}
	for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
		concatTab[pers] = pronoms[pers] .. ' ' .. conjVerbs[pers]
	end

	return concatTab
end
-- =============================================================================
-- ADDITIONAL STEM OF THE PAST AND PRESENT (pastStem2, ... and presentStem2, ...)
-- This function does nothing more than add additional parameters for verb stems
-- in the past and present tenses.
-- Conjugations for the different stems will be separated by &quot;/&quot;
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems)
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
     opts.tense = tense or nil
     
    presentStems = presentStems or {}
	pastStems = pastStems or {}

    
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if not infoTense then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    local stems = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStems or pastStems

    -- For each verb stem, its conjugation table is calculated and stored in conjTabs.
    local conjTabs = {}
    for i = 1, #stems do
        if stems[i] then
            if (infoTense.stem == 'past') then opts.pastStem = stems[i] end
            if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then opts.presentStem = stems[i] end

            local conj = export.conjugate(opts).conj
            table.insert(conjTabs, conj)
        end
    end

    -- We concatenate each row of the conjugation tables.
    local concatConjTabs = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local frag = {}
        for i = 1, #conjTabs do
            local val = conjTabs[i][pers]
            if val then table.insert(frag, tostring(val)) end
        end
        concatConjTabs[pers] = table.concat(frag, &quot; / &quot;)
    end

    infoTense.conj = concatConjTabs

    return infoTense
end

-- ====================================================================================
--  VERB CONUGATION IN ALL TENSES WITH OR WITHOUT PRONOUMS
-- ====================================================================================
function export.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems, negation, concatPrs)
	-- &quot;concatPrs=false&quot; table without pronouns
	
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
    
    if negation == 'negative' then opts.isNegative = true end

    -- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
	local concatPronomsVerbs = export.concatPronomsVerbs

    -- Tenses list
    local tensesList = export.tensesList()

    -- Conjugation in all tenses
    local conjTab = {}
    for _, tense in ipairs(tensesList) do
        local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy')

		-- We create the conjugation table without the pronouns.
        conjTab[tense] = deepCopy(export.conjugateLong(opts, tense, presentStems, pastStems), 'copy')
		
        -- We concatenate the pronouns and the verbs if &quot;concatPrs&quot; is different of &quot;false&quot;
		-- No pronouns for the imperative mood
		if (tense ~= 'impPresent' and concatPrs ~= false) then
			local pronoms = deepCopy(export.conjPronouns(infoTense.stem, infoTense.mode, opts.isTransitive))
        	conjTab[tense].conj = concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjTab[tense].conj)
        end
    end

    return conjTab
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- Allows you to obtain a given conjugation from a model.
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|tew|dem=indPresent|kes=s1}}
-- See {{ku-tewîn-lk-niha}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.tew(frame)
   local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isNegative     = frame.args['neyînî'] or false,
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or nil,
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or nil,
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		impMe      = frame['me'] or nil,
		
        impNegForm     = 1,
		tags           = args['lînk'] or 'erê',
		accent         = args['devok'] or 'std',
    }
	
	local tense        = frame.args['dem'] or nil
	local pers         = frame.args['kes'] or nil
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems    = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}

    -- A few checks
    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerguhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    if (baseOpts.isNegative == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isNegative = true
    end

	local tabConj = export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems).conj
	
    return tabConj[pers]
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- GET COMMMA SEPARED FORMS
-- Bnr. [[MediaWiki:Gadget-QQ.js]]
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|get_comma_separated_forms|niha=kev|borî=ket}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.get_comma_separated_forms(frame)
    local opts = {
        presentStem     = frame.args['niha'],
        pastStem        = frame.args['borî'],
        isTransitive    = false,
        isNegative      = false,
        isCompoundVerb  = frame['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb   = frame['pêşgir'] or '',
        postSimpleVerb  = frame['paşgir'] or '',
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		impMe      = frame['me'] or nil,
		
        impNegForm     = 1,
		tags           = 'na', -- Remove links/tags
		addPreverbParticles = 'na' -- Remove preverb particles (ê/dê)
    }

   local function concateList(tenseList)
        local concatList = {}
        for _, pers in ipairs({&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;}) do
        	local tense = tenseList[pers]
            table.insert(concatList, tense)
        end

        return table.concat(concatList, &quot;,&quot;)
   end

   	local tenseList = {'indPresent','indPreterite','indImperfect',
                      'indPluperfect','indPerfect','indNwPluperfect',
                      'indFuture','indFuturePerfect',
                      'subjImperfect','subjPluperfect'
                    }
                    
    local concatAllTense = {}
    
    for  i = 1, #tenseList do
        local tense = tenseList[i]
        if export.tenseRules[tense] then
            opts.tense = tense
            local conj = shallowCopy(export.conjugate(opts).conj)
            local concatTense = concateList(conj)
            table.insert(concatAllTense, concatTense)
        end
    end
    
    return table.concat(concatAllTense, &quot;,&quot;)
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>41e6dsdzgpli8b2xxuwp2l6paa69bcn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237503</id>
      <parentid>6237498</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T03:00:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>6237503</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="45499" sha1="dv8ad0mq4y7ozsk9caa2mk8savbvrn1" xml:space="preserve">-- Modula tewandina lêkerên kurmancî

local export = {}

-- Load irregular forms table
-- local irreg = require('Module:ku-tewandin/nestandard')
local langKu = require(&quot;Modul:languages&quot;).getByCode(&quot;ku&quot;)
local link = require('Module:links').language_link
local shallowCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/shallowCopy&quot;)
local deepCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/deepCopy&quot;)

local gsub = mw.ustring.gsub
local find = mw.ustring.find

-- =============================================================================
-- Pronouns in Kurmanji
-- =============================================================================
export.order = {&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;, &quot;p2&quot;, &quot;p3&quot;}

export.pronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;ez&quot;,    p1 = &quot;em&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;tu&quot;,    p2 = &quot;hûn&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;ew&quot;,    p3 = &quot;ew&quot;
}

export.obliquePronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;min&quot;,      p1 = &quot;me&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;te&quot;,       p2 = &quot;we&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;wê/wî&quot;,    p3 = &quot;wan&quot;
}

export.agents = {
    s1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,            p1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,           p2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;,   p3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;
}

-- Oblique pronoun (green) 
export.obliquePronounsGreen = {
    s1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;min&lt;/span&gt;',
    s2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;te&lt;/span&gt;',
    s3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wê/wî&lt;/span&gt;',
    p1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;me&lt;/span&gt;',
    p2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;we&lt;/span&gt;',
    p3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wan&lt;/span&gt;'
}

-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-- 1) This function returns correct subject/agent pronoun, ergativity rule:
--   - Transitive verbs in past tenses → oblique pronoun (green) = agent
--   - All other cases                 → direct pronoun (no color) = subject
-- 2) Also add the subjunctive prefix &quot;(bila)&quot;
-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
function export.conjPronouns(stemType, mode, isTransitive)
    local pronouns = shallowCopy(export.pronouns)

    -- Ergativity in kurdish: transitive verbs that are conjugated with the past tense stem are
    -- conjugated according to the object, not the subject.
    -- Therefore, to have an ergative construction,
    -- the verb must be transitive and its stem must be the stem of the past tense.
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (stemType == 'past')

    -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
    -- If it's not ergative, we use normal pronouns: &quot;ez&quot;, &quot;tu&quot;, ...
    if isErgative then
        pronouns = shallowCopy(export.obliquePronounsGreen)
    end

    -- For the subjunctive mood, we add &quot;(bila)&quot; at the beginning.
    if mode == 'subjunctive' then
    	local subjPrefix = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(bila)&lt;/span&gt;'
        for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
            pronouns[pers] = subjPrefix .. ' ' .. pronouns[pers]
        end
    end
    return pronouns
end

-- =============================================================================
-- VERBAL STRUCTURE IN THE INFINITIVE:
-- Verbs in the infinitive appear in three main forms:
--  1) Simple verb (indivisible light verb):
--       - ex.:  &quot;kirin&quot;, &quot;çûn&quot;, &quot;xwarin&quot;, ...
--  2) Verbs with preverbs (preverb + simple verb):
--       - ex.: &quot;rakirin&quot; (ra- + kirin), &quot;çêkirin&quot; (çê- + kirin), &quot;vexwarin&quot; (ve- + xwarin), ...
--       - Preverb verbs don't use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê rakim , ew ê rake , ...)
--  3) Compound verbs, construction with non-verbal element (the noun is not attached to the verb):
--       - Left of the simple verb: &quot;hez kirin&quot; (&quot;hez&quot; + &quot;kirin&quot;), &quot;li dar xistin&quot; (&quot;li dar&quot; + &quot;xistin&quot;), ...
--       - Right of the simple verb: &quot;kirin der&quot; (&quot;kirin&quot; + &quot;der&quot;), &quot;girtin ser xwe&quot; (&quot;girtin&quot; + &quot;ser xwe&quot;), ...
--       - Compound verbs use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê hez bi-kim , ew ê hez bi-ke )

-- STRUCTURE:  preSimpleVerb + spacing + simpleVerb + postSimpleVerb
-- EX.     kirin: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       rakirin: preSimpleVerb='ra';  spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--     hez kirin: preSimpleVerb='hez'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       pev çûn: preSimpleVerb='pev'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='çûn';   postSimpleVerb=''
--     kirin der: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb='der'

-- WARNING: Conjugation can vary depending on the type of verb.
-- For example, in the future tense,the prefix &quot;bi&quot; is used for compound verbs,
-- but not for preverbal verbs, see the function that manages it  &quot;tenseRules&quot; table.
-- This table does not yet support the mixed case: a verb composed of a noun and a preverb verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)
    local struct

    if (preSimpleVerb and preSimpleVerb ~= '' and not isCompoundVerb) then
        struct = 'preverbVerb'
    elseif isCompoundVerb then
        struct = 'compoundVerb'
    else
        struct = 'simpleVerb'
    end

    return struct
end

-- ================================================================
-- INFLECTIONAL ENDINGS
-- Assigns verb inflectional endings (suffixes) to all tenses
-- ================================================================
local getEndings = {}

do
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ending using present stem
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['present'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends = {}
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends['std'] = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
            ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='m', s2='(y)', s3='t', p1='yn', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends['std'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='e', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
			ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='&lt;u&gt;it&lt;/u&gt;/ît', p1='în', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. preterite + ind. imperfect ending
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['past'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
		local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiouû]$') then
            ends = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, 'î$') then
           -- if self.name == 'indImperfect' then
           --     -- special indicative ind. imperfect rule
           --     ends = {s1='yam', s2='yayî', s3='ya', p1='yan', p2='yan', p3='yan'}
           -- end
            ends = {s1='m', s2='', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Compound endings with auxiliary &quot;bûn&quot;
    -- Inflectional endings are created by taking the different forms of the
    -- verb &quot;bûn&quot; (with present stem &quot;-b-&quot; and past stem &quot;-bû-&quot;) and
    -- adding an &quot;i-&quot; prefix before them: &quot;i-b-im&quot;, &quot;i-bû-m&quot;, &quot;i-bû-me&quot;, &quot;i-bû-ma&quot;.
    -- This &quot;i-&quot; varies according to the final letter of the verb stem.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    local function normalize_i(stem)
        local prfx_i = &quot;i&quot;
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;ya$&quot;) or
           mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;[îû]$&quot;) then -- cf. karîn (-karî-)
           	prfx_i = &quot;&quot;
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiou]$') then
            prfx_i = &quot;yi&quot;
        end
        return prfx_i
    end

    getEndings['ibim'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bim&quot;,   p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;be&quot;,    p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûm'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûm&quot;,     p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bû&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûme'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûme&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyiye&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûye&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûma'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûma&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyayî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûya&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;
        }
    end
    
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. perfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ime'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;me&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;ye&quot;, p1=&quot;ne&quot;, p2=&quot;ne&quot;, p3=&quot;ne&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ime&quot;, s2=&quot;iyî&quot;, s3=&quot;iye&quot;, p1=&quot;ine&quot;, p2=&quot;ine&quot;, p3=&quot;ine&quot;}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Subj. Imperfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ama'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        -- The doublet in &quot;-iyan&quot; of verbs in -&quot;în&quot; (gerîn/-geriya-, kenîn/-keniya-, ...),
        -- in the conditional and subjunctive moods, a doublet &quot;yaya&quot; appears; it's removed.
        -- -yayayî → -yayî; -yaya → -ya
		if mw.ustring.match(stem, '(ya)$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
		elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yayî&quot;, s3=&quot;ya&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ama&quot;, s2=&quot;ayî&quot;, s3=&quot;a&quot;, p1=&quot;ana&quot;, p2=&quot;ana&quot;, p3=&quot;ana&quot;}
        end
        return ends
    end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR PREVERBS: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;
-- There are two preverbs: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;. These preverbs can change form
-- depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getPreverb = {}

do
	getPreverb['bi'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local verbStruct = opts.verbStruct
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
		local accent     = opts.accent

		-- Devoka rojhilatî:
		-- @Ferhengvan: Dema bêt bi lêkera alîkar &quot;ê / dê&quot; û bi rehê lêkerê yê
		-- dema niha û pêşgirên kesî tê çêkirin. Pêşgira &quot;bi-&quot; li destpêka lêkera
		-- serekî nîne: - ez ê / dê xw-im (standard: ez ê/dê bi-xw-im).
		if (self.name == 'indFuture' and accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			return ''
		end
	
	    -- Preverb verbs don't use the preverb &quot;bi-&quot;: ra-kirin (ez ê rakim), ve-xwarin (ez ê vexwim) , ...
	    -- But compound verb and simple verbs use it: hez kirin (ez ê hez bi-kim), lê bigirin (ez ê lê bi-girim), ...
	    if (verbStruct == 'preverbVerb') then
	        return ''
	    end
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stem == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentBi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentBi
		elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastBi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastBi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameBi then
			return overridePreverb.sameBi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;bi-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[aeêiîouû]') then
	        return 'b'
	    end
	
	    return 'bi'
	end

	getPreverb['di'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;di&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stem == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentDi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentDi
		elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastDi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastDi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameDi then
			return overridePreverb.sameDi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;di-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[ai]') then
	        return 'd'
	    end
	    -- Ex. hatin : stem = -ê- // ez têm
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[êî]') then
	        return 't'
	    end
	
	    return 'di'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR NEGATION PREFIXES: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;
-- There are two negation prefixes: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;. These preverbs can change
-- form depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getNegPrefix = {}

do
	getNegPrefix['na'] = function (self, opts)
		-- self: reserved for future use
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overrideNa = opts.overrideNegPrefix.presentNa
	
	    if overrideNa then return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNa .. '&lt;/b&gt;' end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] end
	
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;nay&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;n&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Tîpa duyem &quot;-a-&quot; ye (k-a-rîn, z-a-nîn, ...)
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^%wa') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;ni&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;na&lt;/b&gt;'
	end

	getNegPrefix['ne'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local tenseName = self.name
	    local impNegForm = opts.impNegForm -- form &quot;1&quot; or &quot;2&quot; of imp.
		local overrideNegPrefix = opts.overrideNegPrefix

        local negPrefix = 'ne'

		-- Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;indImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
		-- ji ber vê yekê 'negPrefix' hertim (?) 'ne' ye ji ber ku dikeve pêş 
		-- pêşgira &quot;di-&quot;: wê/wî ne-di-elimand (elimandin)
	    if (tenseName == 'indImperfect') then
	         return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end

		-- Override		
		if (overrideNegPrefix.impMe or overrideNegPrefix.presentNe
									or overrideNegPrefix.pastNe
				                    or overrideNegPrefix.sameNe) then
			-- Ovverride imp.
			if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
				if (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.impMe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.impMe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe and 
					find(overrideNegPrefix.presentNe, '^n')) then
					--For the &quot;me-&quot; form, we replace the &quot;n&quot; with an &quot;m&quot;.
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. gsub(overrideNegPrefix.presentNe, '^(.)', 'm') .. '&lt;/b&gt;'	
				elseif (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.sameNe and 
					find(overrideNegPrefix.sameNe, '^n')) then
					--For the &quot;me-&quot; form, we replace the &quot;n&quot; with an &quot;m&quot;.
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. gsub(overrideNegPrefix.sameNe, '^(.)', 'm') .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 2 and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 2 and overrideNegPrefix.sameNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				end
			else
				-- For other tenses besides the imperative
				if (self.stem == 'present' and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
			    elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overrideNegPrefix.pastNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.pastNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif overrideNegPrefix.sameNe then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				end
			end
		end
	
	    -- There are two forms of construction of the imperative,
	    -- one with the prefix &quot;me-&quot; (1) and the other (2) with the prefix &quot;ne-&quot;.
	    if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
	        negPrefix = (impNegForm == 2) and 'ne' or 'me'
	    end
		
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. 'y&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        negPrefix = mw.ustring.sub(negPrefix, 1, -2)
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- Standardization of the PREVERBAL PARTICLE
-- The proverbial particle &quot;ê&quot; is placed after the personal pronoun.
-- =============================================================================
-- If there are no verbal preparticles, return empty table.
function export.getPreverbParticules(preverbParticle, typeStem, isTransitive)
    if not preverbParticle then
        return {s1='', s2='', s3='', p1='', p2='', p3=''}
    end

    if preverbParticle == 'ê' then
        local isErgative = isTransitive and (typeStem == 'past')

        -- When the personal pronoun ends in a vowel, a &quot;y-&quot; is added before &quot;ê&quot;.
        -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
        if isErgative then
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='yê/dê', p1='yê/dê', p2='yê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        else
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='ê/dê', p1='ê/dê', p2='ê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        end
    end

    -- If the verbal preparticle is identical for all pronouns,
    -- we create a table with the same value.
    local preverbParticles = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        preverbParticles[pers] = preverbParticle
    end

    return preverbParticles
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING EACH VERB TENSE
-- This table lists, for each verb tense, what elements are required to form it:
--   - Verb conjugation is built by placing either the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; or &quot;di-&quot; before
--     the verb stem (past or present), followed by a personal ending.
--   - For the negative form, one of the prefixes &quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot; is added as well.
--   - In some cases, a preverbal particle such as /ê/ or /dê/ is added before
--     the conjugated verb as well.
-- Not: - The &quot;negPreverb&quot; (preverb (bi-/di-) for negative tenses) parameter has a
--         value different from &quot;nil&quot; only for the Imperfect tense (&quot;negPreverb=di&quot;).
--      - The parameter &quot;negPrefix=na&quot; is used only for the present indicative.
--
-- Preverb &quot;di&quot;, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(present stem), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(past stem)
--                        - Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;IndImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
-- Preverb &quot;bi&quot;, used in: &quot;indFuture&quot;(present stem), &quot;subPresent&quot;(present stem),
--                         &quot;subImperfect&quot;(past stem) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(past stem)
--                        - The prefix &quot;bi-&quot; isn't used in negative forms.
--
-- Present stem, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(di)(na),
--                        &quot;indFuture&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;subPresent&quot;(bi)(ne)
--
-- Past stem, used in: &quot;indPreterite&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(di)(ne), &quot;indPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;indPerfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPreterite&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subImperfect&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(bi)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne) = &quot;condPreterite&quot;(-)(ne)
-- =============================================================================
-- Some conjugations are identical except that they differ only in the preverbal particle (/ê/, /dê/).
-- So, to avoid repeating the same information (and thus risking errors),
-- we establish the common part shared between these verbs.
local sharedTenseRules = {
    indFuture = {
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['present']
    },

    indFuturePerfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibim']
    },

    subImperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ama']
    },

    subPluperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûma']
    }
}

local mt = {
    __index = function(t, k)
        local commonRules = t._commonRules
        if commonRules then return commonRules[k] end
    end
}

-- TENSES CONJUGATION RULES
export.tenseRules = {
    -- IMPERATIVE MOOD
    impPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;impPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raweya fermanî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present imperative&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;imperative&quot;,
        _commonRules = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- INDICATIVE MOOD
    indPresent = {
        name         = &quot;indPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema niha&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['na'],
        endings      = getEndings['present'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPreterite = {
        name         = &quot;indPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya sade&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;simple past&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indImperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya berdest&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;Imperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = getPreverb['di'],
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPluperfect    = {
        name         = &quot;indPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûm'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indFuture = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuture&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema bê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    indFuturePerfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dahatiya pêş&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    -- In some books, the &quot;perfect&quot; and &quot;nonconfirmative pluperfect&quot; tenses
    -- are classified in the &quot;inferential mood&quot; (&quot;moda neşahidî&quot;).
    -- Currently we classify them using the indicative mood (at the end).
    indPerfect = {
        name         = &quot;indPerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ime'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indNwPluperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya boriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;non-witnessed pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûme'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    -- SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
    subjPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema nihaya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    subjPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjImperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;imperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjPluperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr a bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- CONDITIONAL MOOD
    condPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya dema nihaya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    condPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

}

-- =============================================================================
-- MAIN CONJUGATION FUNCTOIN
-- This function returns an array containing the conjugation table for a given
-- tense as well as other information about the conjugated verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugate(opts)
    opts = opts or {}
    -- Required parameters
    local tense          = opts.tense or error(&quot;'tense' required&quot;, 2)
    --One of the two parameters is required:
    --  - If the tense uses the present stem, indicate &quot;presentStem&quot;.
    --  - If it uses the past stem, indicate &quot;pastStem&quot;.
    local presentStem    = opts.presentStem
    local pastStem       = opts.pastStem
    -- Optional parameters
    local isTransitive   = opts.isTransitive or false   -- Indicate if the verb is transitive (true/false)
    local isNegative     = opts.isNegative or false     -- Indicate if it's the negative form (true/false)
    local isCompoundVerb = opts.isCompoundVerb or false -- Indicate if it's a compound verb (true/false)
    local preSimpleVerb  = opts.preSimpleVerb or ''     -- The part before the simple verb
    local postSimpleVerb = opts.postSimpleVerb or ''    -- The part after the simple verb
    -- These parameters are provided when the verb is irregular.
    -- Allows you to manually modify preverbs (&quot;bi-&quot;&quot; or &quot;di-&quot;)
    -- and negation prefixes (&quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot;)
	local overridePreverb = {
		-- Preverbs (bi-, di)
	    presentBi = opts.presentBi or nil,
	    presentDi = opts.presentDi or nil,
	    pastBi    = opts.pastBi or nil,
	    pastDi    = opts.pastDi or nil,
		-- Same preverbs (&quot;past&quot; and &quot;present&quot; stem)
	    sameBi     = opts.sameBi or nil,
	    sameDi     = opts.sameDi or nil,
	}
	local overrideNegPrefix = {
		-- Neg. prefix (na-, ne-)
	    presentNa  = opts.presentNa or nil,
	    presentNe  = opts.presentNe or nil,
	    pastNe     = opts.pastNe or nil,
		-- same neg. prefix (for past and present stem)
	    sameNe     = opts.sameNe or nil,
		impMe      = opts.impMe or nil,
	}
    -- By default, the negation of the imperative is constructed from the prefix &quot;me-&quot;&quot;.
    -- To obtain the second variant, the prefix with &quot;ne-&quot;, you must specify &quot;impNegForm=2&quot;.
    local impNegForm     = opts.impNegForm or 1
	-- Accent/ Devok
    local accent = opts.accent or 'std'
	
	-- If &quot;tags='na'&quot;, remove links/tags
	local tags = opts.tags or 'erê'
	-- If addPreverbParticles='na', remove preverb particles (ê/dê) before
	-- the conjugated verbs.
	local addPreverbParticles = opts.addPreverbParticles or 'erê'

	
	-- We add a space to the left of the &quot;postSimpleVerb&quot; because it shouldn't be attached
	-- to the simple verb.
	if (postSimpleVerb ~= '' and postSimpleVerb ~=nil) then
		postSimpleVerb = ' ' .. postSimpleVerb
	end

    -- Access to the classification table and retrieval of verb tense parameters
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if (not infoTense) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- We check that one of the two parameters of the stem is given
    if (infoTense.stem == 'present' and not presentStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;presentStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    elseif (infoTense.stem == 'past' and not pastStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;pasttStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- Choice between the present stem or past stem
    local stem = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStem or pastStem

    --────────────────────────────
    -- Conjugation construction --
    -- ───────────────────────────
    local preverb = ''
    local negPrefix = ''
    -- Ruturns the verb type: &quot;simpleVerb&quot; or &quot;preverbVerb&quot; or &quot;compoundVerb&quot;
    local verbStruct = export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)

    if isNegative then
        negPrefix = infoTense:negPrefix{stem=stem,
                                        impNegForm=impNegForm,
                                        overrideNegPrefix=overrideNegPrefix}
        if infoTense.negPreverb then
            preverb = infoTense:negPreverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                           overridePreverb=overridePreverb}
        end
    else
        if infoTense.preverb then
            preverb = infoTense:preverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                        overridePreverb=overridePreverb,
										accent=accent}
        end
    end

    --────────────────────────────
    -- Lêkerin nestandard --
    -- ───────────────────────────
	-- çûn
	if stem == 'ç' then
		if tense == 'indPresent' then
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'r'
			else
				stem = 'er'
				preverb = 't'
			end
		elseif ({impPresent=true, indFuture=true, subjPresent=true})[tense] then
			preverb = ''
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'r'
			else
				stem = 'her'
			end
		end
	end

	-- hatin
	if stem == 'ê' then
		if ({impPresent=true, indFuture=true, subjPresent=true})[tense] then
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'ê'
			else
				preverb = ''
				stem = 'wer'
			end
		end
	end
	-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
	
    infoTense.conj = {}
    local spacing = isCompoundVerb and ' ' or ''
    local endings = infoTense:endings(stem)
	
	-- 'rojhilatî' accent (devok) for present stem
	if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then
		if (accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			endings = endings['rojhilatî']
		else
			endings = endings['std']
		end

	end
	
    local preverbParticles = export.getPreverbParticules(infoTense.preverbParticle, infoTense.stem, isTransitive)
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (infoTense.stem == 'past')

    -- Creating the conjugation table for a given tense
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local ending
        local conjSimbleVerb
        local conjVerb

        if isErgative then
            ending = endings.s3
        else
            ending = endings[pers]
        end

        -- Adding space after the preverbal particle, and
		-- if &quot;addPreverbParticles='na'&quot;: remove preverb particles (ê/dê).
		local preverbParticle = ''
		if infoTense.preverbParticle and addPreverbParticles ~= 'na' then
	            preverbParticle = preverbParticles[pers] .. ' '
		end

        conjSimbleVerb = negPrefix  .. preverb .. stem .. ending
        -- Adding prefixe and suffixe
        conjVerb =  preSimpleVerb .. spacing .. conjSimbleVerb .. postSimpleVerb
        -- Spelling correction(îy -&gt; iy)
        conjVerb = gsub(conjVerb, 'îy', 'iy')
        -- Add a link / if tags='na' no links
		if tags ~= 'na' then
        	conjVerb = link{term=conjVerb, lang=langKu}
		end
        -- Addition of the preverbal particle
        infoTense.conj[pers] = preverbParticle .. conjVerb
    end

    -- Imperative
    if (infoTense.name == 'impPresent') then
        infoTense.conj.s1 = nil
        infoTense.conj.s2 = infoTense.conj.s3
        infoTense.conj.s3 = nil
        infoTense.conj.p1 = nil
        -- infoTense.conj.p2 = infoTense.conj.p2
        infoTense.conj.p3 = nil
    end

    return infoTense
end

-- =============================================================================
--                               END
-- =============================================================================
-- Some useful tools
-- =============================================================================
-- Returns the list of verb tenses
export.tensesList = function()
	local list = {}
    for _, tense in pairs(export.tenseRules) do
        table.insert(list, tense.name)
    end
	return list
end

-- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
-- (for a given conjugate tense in all persons of that tense)
function export.concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjVerbs)
	local concatTab = {}
	for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
		concatTab[pers] = pronoms[pers] .. ' ' .. conjVerbs[pers]
	end

	return concatTab
end
-- =============================================================================
-- ADDITIONAL STEM OF THE PAST AND PRESENT (pastStem2, ... and presentStem2, ...)
-- This function does nothing more than add additional parameters for verb stems
-- in the past and present tenses.
-- Conjugations for the different stems will be separated by &quot;/&quot;
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems)
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
     opts.tense = tense or nil
     
    presentStems = presentStems or {}
	pastStems = pastStems or {}

    
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if not infoTense then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    local stems = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStems or pastStems

    -- For each verb stem, its conjugation table is calculated and stored in conjTabs.
    local conjTabs = {}
    for i = 1, #stems do
        if stems[i] then
            if (infoTense.stem == 'past') then opts.pastStem = stems[i] end
            if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then opts.presentStem = stems[i] end

            local conj = export.conjugate(opts).conj
            table.insert(conjTabs, conj)
        end
    end

    -- We concatenate each row of the conjugation tables.
    local concatConjTabs = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local frag = {}
        for i = 1, #conjTabs do
            local val = conjTabs[i][pers]
            if val then table.insert(frag, tostring(val)) end
        end
        concatConjTabs[pers] = table.concat(frag, &quot; / &quot;)
    end

    infoTense.conj = concatConjTabs

    return infoTense
end

-- ====================================================================================
--  VERB CONUGATION IN ALL TENSES WITH OR WITHOUT PRONOUMS
-- ====================================================================================
function export.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems, negation, concatPrs)
	-- &quot;concatPrs=false&quot; table without pronouns
	
    local opts = baseOpts or {}
    
    if negation == 'negative' then opts.isNegative = true end

    -- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
	local concatPronomsVerbs = export.concatPronomsVerbs

    -- Tenses list
    local tensesList = export.tensesList()

    -- Conjugation in all tenses
    local conjTab = {}
    for _, tense in ipairs(tensesList) do
        local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy')

		-- We create the conjugation table without the pronouns.
        conjTab[tense] = deepCopy(export.conjugateLong(opts, tense, presentStems, pastStems), 'copy')
		
        -- We concatenate the pronouns and the verbs if &quot;concatPrs&quot; is different of &quot;false&quot;
		-- No pronouns for the imperative mood
		if (tense ~= 'impPresent' and concatPrs ~= false) then
			local pronoms = deepCopy(export.conjPronouns(infoTense.stem, infoTense.mode, opts.isTransitive))
        	conjTab[tense].conj = concatPronomsVerbs(pronoms, conjTab[tense].conj)
        end
    end

    return conjTab
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- Allows you to obtain a given conjugation from a model.
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|tew|dem=indPresent|kes=s1}}
-- See {{ku-tewîn-lk-niha}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.tew(frame)
   local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isNegative     = frame.args['neyînî'] or false,
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or nil,
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or nil,
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		impMe      = frame['me'] or nil,
		
        impNegForm     = 1,
		tags           = args['lînk'] or 'erê',
		accent         = args['devok'] or 'std',
    }
	
	local tense        = frame.args['dem'] or nil
	local pers         = frame.args['kes'] or nil
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems    = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}

    -- A few checks
    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerguhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    if (baseOpts.isNegative == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isNegative = true
    end

	local tabConj = export.conjugateLong(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems).conj
	
    return tabConj[pers]
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- GET COMMMA SEPARED FORMS
-- Bnr. [[MediaWiki:Gadget-QQ.js]]
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|get_comma_separated_forms|niha=kev|borî=ket}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.get_comma_separated_forms(frame)
    local opts = {
        presentStem     = frame.args['niha'],
        pastStem        = frame.args['borî'],
        isTransitive    = false,
        isNegative      = false,
        isCompoundVerb  = frame['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb   = frame['pêşgir'] or '',
        postSimpleVerb  = frame['paşgir'] or '',
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		impMe      = frame['me'] or nil,
		
        impNegForm     = 1,
		tags           = 'na', -- Remove links/tags
		addPreverbParticles = 'na' -- Remove preverb particles (ê/dê)
    }

   local function concateList(tenseList)
        local concatList = {}
        for _, pers in ipairs({&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;}) do
        	local tense = tenseList[pers]
            table.insert(concatList, tense)
        end

        return table.concat(concatList, &quot;,&quot;)
   end

   	local tenseList = {'indPresent','indPreterite','indImperfect',
                      'indPluperfect','indPerfect','indNwPluperfect',
                      'indFuture','indFuturePerfect',
                      'subjImperfect','subjPluperfect'
                    }
                    
    local concatAllTense = {}
    
    for  i = 1, #tenseList do
        local tense = tenseList[i]
        if export.tenseRules[tense] then
            opts.tense = tense
            local conj = shallowCopy(export.conjugate(opts).conj)
            local concatTense = concateList(conj)
            table.insert(concatAllTense, concatTense)
        end
    end
    
    return table.concat(concatAllTense, &quot;,&quot;)
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>dv8ad0mq4y7ozsk9caa2mk8savbvrn1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Modul:ku-tewandin/tabloGotar</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>1357097</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237500</id>
      <parentid>6237264</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T02:50:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>6237500</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="6272" sha1="2qpagj88xowdlejvo63j1vcs97rreet" xml:space="preserve">-- ====================================================================================
-- Modula tabloya gotaran, bikaranîn: {{ku-tewîn-lk}}
-- Ji bo tabloya mezin, bnr. [[Modul:ku-tewandin/tablo]]
-- Ji bo stîla vê tabloyê, bnr. {{ku-tewîn-nav/style.css}}
-- ====================================================================================
local export = {}

local conj = require('Modul:ku-tewandin')

function export.tew(frame)
   local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isNegative     = false,
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or nil,
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or nil,
        accent         = args['devok'] or 'std',
        impNegForm     = 1,
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi      = args['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi      = args['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi         = args['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi         = args['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi         = args['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi         = args['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa      = args['na'] or nil,
		presentNe      = args['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe         = args['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe         = args['ne'] or nil,
		impMe          = args['me'] or nil,
		
		-- tags           = 'erê',
		-- addPreverbParticles = 'erê'
    }
	
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}

    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerguhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    -- Retrieving conjugation tables for different tenses
	local indPresent = conj.conjugateLong(baseOpts, 'indPresent', presentStems, pastStems).conj
	local impPresent = conj.conjugateLong(baseOpts, 'impPresent', presentStems, pastStems).conj
	local indPreterite = conj.conjugateLong(baseOpts, 'indPreterite', presentStems, pastStems).conj
	
	-- Past pronouns for preterite tense
	local prtPronouns = conj.conjPronouns('past', 'indicative', baseOpts.isTransitive)
	
	-- =========================================================================
	-- TABLE
	-- =========================================================================
	-- Construction of the verbal stems for the table title (&quot;rehNiha&quot; and &quot;rehBori&quot;)
	local verb = args[1] or mw.title.getCurrentTitle().subpageText
    local transitivity = args['form']
	local preSimpleVerb = args['pêşgir'] or ''
	local postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or ''
	local sameConjAs = args['wekî'] or nil

	local prsStemsFormat = {}
	for _, stem in ipairs(presentStems) do
	    if stem then prsStemsFormat[#prsStemsFormat+1] = preSimpleVerb .. '-' .. stem ..'-' end
	end
	
	local pstStemsFormat = {}
	for _, stem in ipairs(pastStems) do
	    if stem then pstStemsFormat[#pstStemsFormat+1] = preSimpleVerb .. '-' .. stem ..'-' end
	end
	
	local prsStems = table.concat(prsStemsFormat, ' / ') .. postSimpleVerb
	local pstStems = table.concat(pstStemsFormat, ' / ') .. postSimpleVerb
	
	-- Formata &quot;Raweya pêşkerî&quot; (RP.)
	local indTitle = '&lt;span style=&quot;cursor:help;&quot; title=&quot;Raweya pêşkerî&quot;&gt;'
					.. '&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px dotted #555555; &quot;&gt;RP.&lt;/span&gt;'
				.. '&lt;/span&gt;'
	
	local function nobold(str)
		return '&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal;&quot;&gt; '.. str .. '&lt;/span&gt;'
	end

	-- Preloads [[Şablon:ku-tewandin/preload]]
	local function preloadUrl(title, preload)
	    local params = {
	    	args['form'],
	    	args['niha'],
	    	args['niha2'] or nil,
	    	args['niha3'] or nil,
	    	args['borî'],
	    	args['borî2'] or nil,
	    	args['pêşgir'] or nil,
	  		args['valahî'] or nil,
	    	args['paşgir'] or nil
	    }

		local query = {
			action = 'edit',
			preload = preload,
			['preloadparams'] = params
		}

	    local url = mw.uri.fullUrl(title, query)
	    url = '&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;['
		          .. tostring(url)
		          .. ' &lt;span style=&quot;color:#9f3526&quot;&gt;'.. title .. '&lt;/span&gt;'
              .. ']&lt;/span&gt;'
	    
	    return url
	end

	-- Formên din
	local otherConjForms
	if (mw.title.new(verb, 'Tewandin').exists == true) then
	    otherConjForms = '[['.. 'Tewandin:'.. verb ..']]'
	elseif sameConjAs then
		otherConjForms = 'wekî [['.. 'Tewandin:' .. sameConjAs ..']]'
	else
		otherConjForms = preloadUrl('Tewandin:' .. verb, 'Şablon:ku-tewandin/preload')
	end
	
   return 
'{| class=&quot;wikitable tablo-flip tewandin-tablo mw-collapsible&quot;'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;3&quot; class=&quot;row-flip tewandin-header&quot; |'
			..  verb .. ' ' .. nobold('('.. transitivity .. '&lt;/span&gt;)')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;3&quot; class=&quot;tewandin-header3&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot; |'
			.. nobold('Rehê dema niha:') .. ' ' .. prsStems
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n! rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |' .. indTitle .. '&lt;br&gt;Niha'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| width=&quot;60&quot; |ez'
.. '\n| width=&quot;100&quot; |' .. indPresent.s1
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| tu'
.. '\n|' ..  indPresent.s2
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| ew'
.. '\n|' ..  indPresent.s3
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| em, hûn, ew'
.. '\n| ' ..  indPresent.p1
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Fermanî'
.. '\n| width=&quot;60&quot;  | &lt;small&gt;Yekjimar&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n| width=&quot;100&quot; |' ..  impPresent.s2
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| width=&quot;60&quot;  | &lt;small&gt;Pirjimar&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n| width=&quot;100&quot; |' ..  impPresent.p2
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;3&quot; class=&quot;tewandin-header3&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot; |'
			.. nobold('Rehê dema borî:') .. ' ' .. pstStems
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n! rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |'.. indTitle ..'&lt;br&gt;Boriya&lt;br&gt;sade'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n|' .. prtPronouns.s1
.. '\n|' .. indPreterite.s1
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n|' .. prtPronouns.s2
.. '\n|' .. indPreterite.s2
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n|' .. prtPronouns.s3
.. '\n|' .. indPreterite.s3
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n|' .. prtPronouns.p1 .. ', ' ..  prtPronouns.p2 .. ', ' .. prtPronouns.p3
.. '\n|' .. indPreterite.p1
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background-color:#transparent;&quot; |'
			.. 'Formên din: [[Wêne:1rightarrow.png|15px|link=]]' .. otherConjForms
.. '\n|}'

end

return export</text>
      <sha1>2qpagj88xowdlejvo63j1vcs97rreet</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>alımlı olmak</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1357315</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237417</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T13:21:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rewiye tine</username>
        <id>7120</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>([[Mediawiki:Gadget-start.js|WF:Nû]]) +tr:lêker:# {{mane?|tr}}#* {{bêmînak|tr}}</comment>
      <origin>6237417</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="129" sha1="tidvp0hd72i9swiczn0rd6j9lell2pd" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|tr}} ==

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|tr}}
# [[dilkêş bûn]], [[kişînok bûn]], [[cazîbedar bûn]]
#* {{bêmînak|tr}}</text>
      <sha1>tidvp0hd72i9swiczn0rd6j9lell2pd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>be confident</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1357316</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237420</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T13:39:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rewiye tine</username>
        <id>7120</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>([[Mediawiki:Gadget-start.js|WF:Nû]]) +en:lêker:# {{mane?|en}}#* {{bêmînak|en}}</comment>
      <origin>6237420</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="92" sha1="gsaq32onv36qa79g3v9fiz9doeg837j" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|en}} ==

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|en}}
# [[ji xwe bawer bûn]]
#* {{bêmînak|en}}</text>
      <sha1>gsaq32onv36qa79g3v9fiz9doeg837j</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237474</id>
      <parentid>6237420</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T16:51:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bikarhêner</username>
        <id>3719</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[User:Rewiye tine|Rewiye tine]] Ev ne madeyeke muteber e. Em jê bibin.</comment>
      <origin>6237474</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="152" sha1="3dbpqxo90hz6lda5keyqsr0yssnnvc8" xml:space="preserve">{{jêbirin|Ev ne madeyeke muteber e (ji bo îngilîzî).}}

== {{ziman|en}} ==

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|en}}
# [[ji xwe bawer bûn]]
#* {{bêmînak|en}}</text>
      <sha1>3dbpqxo90hz6lda5keyqsr0yssnnvc8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ji xwe bawer bûn</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1357317</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237421</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T13:44:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rewiye tine</username>
        <id>7120</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>([[Mediawiki:Gadget-start.js|WF:Nû]]) +ku:lêker/ngh:# {{mane?|ku}}#* {{bêmînak|ku}}</comment>
      <origin>6237421</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="377" sha1="8x9sgtcv5nzdujdnnindv2uouxab1m0" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-IPA}}
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|ku|c=ngh}}
# Kesek ji xwe bawer bibe kar û berpirsyariyên xwe bi bawerî pêk tîne, dikare biryaran bide û li hember zehmetiyan bi hêvî û aramî raweste.
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
ji {{pêk|ku|ji|xwe|bawer|bûn}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>8x9sgtcv5nzdujdnnindv2uouxab1m0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237422</id>
      <parentid>6237421</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T13:46:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rewiye tine</username>
        <id>7120</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Werger: +îngilîzî : [[be confident]]; +îngilîzî : [[feel confident]]; +îngilîzî : [[be sure oneself]]; +tirkî : [[kendine güvenmek]] (bi alîkarî)</comment>
      <origin>6237422</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="505" sha1="haqy1czh5ame66cqe9dmfn9x6xtf6fu" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-IPA}}
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|ku|c=ngh}}
# Kesek ji xwe bawer bibe kar û berpirsyariyên xwe bi bawerî pêk tîne, dikare biryaran bide û li hember zehmetiyan bi hêvî û aramî raweste.
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
ji {{pêk|ku|ji|xwe|bawer|bûn}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W-|en|be confident}}, {{W-|en|feel confident}}, {{W-|en|be sure oneself}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W-|tr|kendine güvenmek}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>haqy1czh5ame66cqe9dmfn9x6xtf6fu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>kendine güvenmek</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1357318</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237423</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T13:47:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rewiye tine</username>
        <id>7120</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>([[Mediawiki:Gadget-start.js|WF:Nû]]) +tr:lêker:# {{mane?|tr}}#* {{bêmînak|tr}}</comment>
      <origin>6237423</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="92" sha1="1yxd2od140r9qn1ep6625ukaoihfnpf" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|tr}} ==

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|tr}}
# [[ji xwe bawer bûn]]
#* {{bêmînak|tr}}</text>
      <sha1>1yxd2od140r9qn1ep6625ukaoihfnpf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237475</id>
      <parentid>6237423</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T16:51:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bikarhêner</username>
        <id>3719</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[User:Rewiye tine|Rewiye tine]] Ev ne madeyeke muteber e. Em jê bibin.</comment>
      <origin>6237475</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="147" sha1="7e03xj4ltb01ml3nk31upvgehstfb3l" xml:space="preserve">{{jêbirin|Ev ne madeyeke muteber e (ji bo tirkî).}}

== {{ziman|tr}} ==

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|tr}}
# [[ji xwe bawer bûn]]
#* {{bêmînak|tr}}</text>
      <sha1>7e03xj4ltb01ml3nk31upvgehstfb3l</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>edited</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1357319</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237429</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T14:41:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rûpel bi &quot;== {{ziman|en}} ==  === Bilêvkirin === * {{IPA|en|/ˈɛdɪtɪd/}} * {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-edited.wav|Başûrê Îngilistanê}}  === Lêker === {{lêker|en}} # {{en-dema-borî-sade|edit}} # {{partîsîpa borî|en|edit}}&quot; hat çêkirin</comment>
      <origin>6237429</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="232" sha1="78cr2h9zfe83ecac7oyta3w0auptpm9" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|en}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{IPA|en|/ˈɛdɪtɪd/}}
* {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-edited.wav|Başûrê Îngilistanê}}

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|en}}
# {{en-dema-borî-sade|edit}}
# {{partîsîpa borî|en|edit}}</text>
      <sha1>78cr2h9zfe83ecac7oyta3w0auptpm9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237431</id>
      <parentid>6237429</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T14:43:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* {{ziman|en}} */</comment>
      <origin>6237431</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="252" sha1="sg3llrkcxxf4vng85yxxl0i9ep55t2l" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|en}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{IPA|en|/ˈɛdɪtɪd/}}
* {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-edited.wav|Başûrê Îngilistanê}}

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|en|form=erê}}
# {{en-dema-borî-sade|edit}}
# {{partîsîpa borî|en|edit}}</text>
      <sha1>sg3llrkcxxf4vng85yxxl0i9ep55t2l</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237459</id>
      <parentid>6237431</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T16:03:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Bilêvkirin */</comment>
      <origin>6237459</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="258" sha1="ngdpu4ngdpydgoq9b6zt6ddapsfw51c" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|en}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{IPA|en|/ˈɛdɪtɪd/}}
* {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-edited.wav|dever=Başûrê Îngilistanê}}

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|en|form=erê}}
# {{en-dema-borî-sade|edit}}
# {{partîsîpa borî|en|edit}}</text>
      <sha1>ngdpu4ngdpydgoq9b6zt6ddapsfw51c</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>watching</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1357320</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237437</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T15:01:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rûpel bi &quot;== {{ziman|en}} ==  === Bilêvkirin === * {{IPA|en|ˈwɑt͡ʃɪŋ}} * {{deng|en|en-us-watching.ogg|dever=DYA}}  === Formeke lêkerê === {{lêker|en|form=erê}} # {{partîsîpa niha|en|watch}}&quot; hat çêkirin</comment>
      <origin>6237437</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="192" sha1="5zjpxf6uhgva3rwj4g1tmbxmrdortt6" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|en}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{IPA|en|ˈwɑt͡ʃɪŋ}}
* {{deng|en|en-us-watching.ogg|dever=DYA}}

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|en|form=erê}}
# {{partîsîpa niha|en|watch}}</text>
      <sha1>5zjpxf6uhgva3rwj4g1tmbxmrdortt6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237438</id>
      <parentid>6237437</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-11T15:02:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Formeke lêkerê */</comment>
      <origin>6237438</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="241" sha1="k1h0n9v2s0cc6sfdyxqcggp5cd127u2" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|en}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{IPA|en|ˈwɑt͡ʃɪŋ}}
* {{deng|en|en-us-watching.ogg|dever=DYA}}

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|en|form=erê}}
# {{partîsîpa niha|en|watch}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{en-navdêr}}
# {{bêmane|ku}}</text>
      <sha1>k1h0n9v2s0cc6sfdyxqcggp5cd127u2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Şablon:ku-tewîn/style.js</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1357321</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237506</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T03:32:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ghybu created the page [[Şablon:ku-tewîn/style.js]] using a non-default content model &quot;JavaScript&quot;</comment>
      <origin>6237506</origin>
      <model>javascript</model>
      <format>text/javascript</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237507</id>
      <parentid>6237506</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T03:44:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>6237507</origin>
      <model>javascript</model>
      <format>text/javascript</format>
      <text bytes="12" sha1="mn31mov4vi76vjbr02oei11l4fghv1n" xml:space="preserve">{{jêbirin}}</text>
      <sha1>mn31mov4vi76vjbr02oei11l4fghv1n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>