Wikipedia kwwiki https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folen_dre MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.16 first-letter Media Arbennek Keskows Devnydhyer Keskows Devnydhyer Wikipedia Keskows Wikipedia Restren Keskows Restren MediaWiki Keskows MediaWiki Skantlyn Keskows Skantlyn Gweres Keskows Gweres Klass Keskows Klass Porth Keskows Porth TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk Breten Veur 0 729 228838 219556 2026-08-23T16:07:06Z Flynn Peck 18125 228838 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tyller|caption=Imaj NASA a Vreten Veur (ha rann est a [[Iwerdhon]])}} [[Ynys|Enys]] veur yn [[Europa]] yw '''Breten Veur'''. Yma ynni peswar a bymp pow an [[Ruwvaneth Unys|Ruvaneth Unys]]: [[Alban]], [[Kembra]], ha [[Pow Sows]]. Pow an Ruvaneth Unys yw [[Kledhbarth Wordhon|Wordhen Gledh]] ynwedh, mes rann a [[Ynys Wordhon|Enys Wordhen]] yw. Konna tir yn soth-west an enys yw [[Kernow]]; y prederir nep-prys mayth yw Kernow an peswara pow a Vreten Veur. {{stokk-dor}} [[Klass:Breten Veur]] tjgmc2yjxh0b4wrwcjdf4o8y8oh4wak 228839 228838 2026-08-23T16:07:24Z Flynn Peck 18125 228839 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tyller|caption=Imaj NASA a Vreten Veur (ha rann est a [[Iwerdhon]])}} [[Enys]] veur yn [[Europa]] yw '''Breten Veur'''. Yma ynni peswar a bymp pow an [[Ruwvaneth Unys|Ruvaneth Unys]]: [[Alban]], [[Kembra]], ha [[Pow Sows]]. Pow an Ruvaneth Unys yw [[Kledhbarth Wordhon|Wordhen Gledh]] ynwedh, mes rann a [[Ynys Wordhon|Enys Wordhen]] yw. Konna tir yn soth-west an enys yw [[Kernow]]; y prederir nep-prys mayth yw Kernow an peswara pow a Vreten Veur. {{stokk-dor}} [[Klass:Breten Veur]] 5oiektnzlkr66v968sqx1qvunfhyhj9 Jeffri a Venow 0 837 228873 223450 2026-08-23T16:28:27Z Flynn Peck 18125 228873 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Den|fetchwikidata=ALL}} '''Jeffri a Venow''' (a-dro dhe [[12ves kansblydhen|1100 bys 1154]] [[OK]]) o skrifer yn [[Latin|yeth latin]] a ''[[Historia Regum Britanniae]]'', ''Vita Merlini'', hag oberow erell. [[Kembra|Kembro]] a dhevedhyans [[Frynkek]] ha [[Breten Vyghan|Bretonek]] o ev. Geoffroi o kloerek a dheuth ha bos epskop [[Lannelwy]] yn [[Kembra]]. Yma "Sita an Lyjyons" (Caerllion, yn Konteth [[Menow|Menow]]) ow kwari rann boesek y'n ''Historia''. ==Oberow lyennek== *''Prophetiae Merlini *''Historia Regum Britanniae *''Vita Merlini {{stokk-tus}} [[Klass:Dinethyansow an 11ves kansvledhen]] [[Klass:Istorioryon]] [[Klass:Kembrion]] [[Klass:Mernansow an 12ves kansvledhen]] [[Klass:Prydydhyon]] [[Klass:Skriforyon yn Latin]] [[Klass:Sowson]] [[Klass:Tus yn relyjyon]] hudyz7z4v04avsko4z5uhjnaubirz87 Aberplymm 0 1000 228825 223874 2026-08-23T15:57:39Z Flynn Peck 18125 228825 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tyller}} [[Restren:South east Cornish Rivers Kernoweg.gif|thumb|Dowr Tamer]] '''Aberplymm''' (yn [[Kernewek Kemmyn]]) po '''Plymouth''' (yn [[Sowsnek]] ha nepprys yn [[Kernewek]]) yw sita boesek yn soth west [[Breten Veur]]. An sita yw rann hengovek a [[Dewnans|Dhewnans]], mes [[awtorita unnik]] yw hi a-dhia [[1998]]. Yma Aberplymm a-dreus an [[Tamer]] a [[Essa]] ha [[Penntorr]] yn Pow [[Kernow]]. Poblans an awtorita unnik o 240&nbsp;467 a drigoryon yn [[2002]]; henn yw ogas ha hanter a boblans Kernow oll. Krev yw hengovyow morek an dre ma, port sows poesek orth an [[Chanel]]. Gras dhe Bons Tamer, Aberplymm yw onan a'n chyf fordhow rag entra Kernow. Universita Aberplymm yw an vrassa yn Soth West Breten Veur; moy es 30&nbsp;000 skollik a wra studhya ena. Warbarth gans [[Bristol]], Aberplymm yw onan a bennsitys an [[Rannvro Soth West]]. [[Restren:Aberplymm_Mappa.png|left|]] {{stokk-powsows}} [[Klass:Citys yn Europa]] [[Klass:Dewnans]] [[Klass:Trevow yn Pow Sows]] rcd850wd7ifwc3v6mcbv72ilizwzjf0 Colin Breed 0 1873 228857 218609 2026-08-23T16:18:13Z Flynn Peck 18125 228857 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Den|fetchwikidata=ALL}} '''Colin Breed''' yw [[Senedh an Rywvaneth Unys|Esel an Senedh]] [[LivWer]] rag [[Soth-Est Kernow]] a-dhia [[1997]]. Genys yn [[Loundres]] yn [[1947]], y hevis ev y adhyskas yn [[Dewnans]]. Ev yw kyns dyghtyer a Midland Bank ha wosa henna Mer a [[Essa]]. Y kwithas Breed y esedh senedhek orth dewisyansow [[2001]] ha [[2005]]. Pregowther [[Methodek]] yw ev ynwedh. ==Gwiasva== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190822213016/https://www.colinbreed.org.uk/ Y wiasva soedhogel] {{stokk-tus-kernow}} {{Porth Kernow}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Breed, Colin}} [[Klass:Dinethyansow 1947]] [[Klass:Mernansow 2024]] [[Klass:Parti Livrel Werinel]] [[Klass:Politegoryon a Bow Sows]] [[Klass:Politegoryon a Gernow]] m9tsgzo959wrg74blhtzouiqa7epebo Elisabeth I a Bow Sows 0 2781 228829 223750 2026-08-23T15:59:41Z Flynn Peck 18125 228829 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Den|fetchwikidata=ALL}} '''Elisabeth I<sup>a</sup>''' o Myghternes a [[Pow Sows|Bow Sows]] (hag yn titel a [[Wordhon]] ha [[Pow Frynk]] ynwedh) a-dhia [[16ves kansblydhen|1558]] bys termyn hy mernans yn [[17ves kansblydhen|1603]]. Genys yn [[1533]], myrgh [[Henry VIII a Bow Sows]] hag [[Ann Boleyn]] o hi; mes wosa dibennans hy mamm, y tiskleryas hy bos bastardh. Reyn Elisabeth yw kevys hwath rag splannder gonisogeth sowsnek an oes na. An skriforyon [[William Shakespeare]], [[Ben Johnson]] ha [[Christopher Marlowe]] a lavurya y'n termyn na; [[Francis Drake]] a worhemmynna morlu Pow Sows; ha [[Walter Raleigh]] ha [[Humphrey Gilbert]] a dhallathas trevesigethow yn [[Amerika]]. Ny dhemmedhis Elisabeth bythkweth – rag henna yth aswonni hi avel an 'Vyghternes Wyrgh'. Hy henderow, [[Jamys VI a Alban|Jamys Stuart]] a Alban, a gemmeras an gurun war hy lergh. {{sequence| prev=[[Maria I a Bow Sows|Maria Tudur]]| list=[[Myghternedh Pow Sows|Myghternes Pow Sows]]'''<br />1558—1603| next=[[Jamys VI a Alban|Jamys I]] }} [[Klass:Dinethyansow 1533]] [[Klass:Mernansow 1603]] [[Klass:Myghternedh yn Europa]] [[Klass:Prydydhesow]] [[Klass:Skriforesow sowsnek]] [[Klass:Ynkleudhyansow yn Loundres]] ebczpwllvyvn2vdzv9v0cileg5ra8b4 Pryv 0 4203 228865 203941 2026-08-23T16:23:12Z Flynn Peck 18125 228865 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Restren:Nerr0328.jpg|right|thumb|Pryv goos, ''Glycera sp.'']] '''Preves''' yw [[Divellkeynek|divellkeynoges]], ha gansa korfow hir heb garrow na lagasow. Sensys yn bagasow pryv usi niver veur a enyvales pur dhihaval aga gwreydh genenek: * [[Acanthocephala]] * [[Annelida]] * [[Chaetognatha]] * [[Entoprocta]] * [[Gnathostomulida]] * [[Hemichordata]] * [[Nematod|Nematoda]] * [[Nematomorpha]] * [[Nemertea]] * [[Phoronida]] * [[Platyhelminthes]] * [[Priapulida]] * [[Sipuncula]] {{unn k}} {{stokk}} [[Klass:Enyvales]] euii8xsaro1iwouc5xf4wdguppqgu7y Malabo 0 5896 228843 226685 2026-08-23T16:09:38Z Flynn Peck 18125 228843 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tyller}} '''Malabo''' yw pencita [[Gyni Ekwadoriel]]. {{stokk-dor}} [[Klass:Citys yn Afrika]] bq2pk6sm8jra10rao49wreiku3uatzn Edward VII 0 6618 228826 226730 2026-08-23T15:58:05Z Flynn Peck 18125 228826 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Den|fetchwikidata=ALL}} '''Edward VII''' (''Albert Edward''; 9 [[Mis Du|Du]] [[1841]]—6 [[Mis Me|Me]] [[1910]]) o Myghtern a'n [[Rywvaneth Unys]] a-dhia [[1901]] bys termyn hy mernans yn [[1910]]. Ev a veu genys yn Buckingham Palace, [[Westminster]], [[Loundres]]. Mamm Edward o [[Viktorya a'n Rywvaneth Unys|Prynses Viktorya]] ha'y tas o Pryns Albert an Saxe-Coburg ha Gotha. {{commons|Edward VII of the United Kingdom|Edward VII, Myghtern a'n Rywvaneth Unys}} {{sequence| prev=[[Viktorya a'n Rywvaneth Unys|Viktorya]]| list=[[Myghternedh an Rywvaneth Unys|Myghtern a'n<br />Rywvaneth Unys]]'''<br />1901—1910| next=[[Jori V a'n Rywvaneth Unys|Jori V]] }} {{Stock-tus-RU}} [[Klass:Dinethyansow an 19ves kansvledhen]] [[Klass:Emperours]] [[Klass:Lyjyon a Enor]] [[Klass:Marghogyon a’n Garget]] [[Klass:Masons Rydh]] [[Klass:Mernansow 1910]] [[Klass:Mernansow awos kleves klevesus]] [[Klass:Myghternedh yn Asi]] [[Klass:Myghternedh yn Europa]] [[Klass:Ynkleudhyansow yn Europa]] gl22f2s0v1gt504fb0spuu4jl2jfv6g Tampere 0 6728 228837 220156 2026-08-23T16:05:54Z Flynn Peck 18125 228837 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tyller}} '''Tampere''' yw sita yn [[Pow Finn]]. Yn 2010, poblans an sita o 211,691. An sita a veu fondys yn [[1775]]. == Gwiasva == * [http://www.tampere.fi www.tampere.fi] {{Stokk-europa}} [[Klass:Citys yn Europa]] [[Klass:Leow peblys yn Fynndir]] 8hl1cgkgfk3901guppwq56h1kzuoefc San Diego, Kaliforni 0 6790 228862 222325 2026-08-23T16:20:29Z Flynn Peck 18125 228862 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tyller|suppressfields=kod_post}} '''San Diego''' yw cita ha se konteth Konteth San Diego, [[Kaliforni]], [[Statys Unys]]. Henwys rag {{ill|Diego de Alkalá|en|Didacus of Alcalá}}, an cita a veu fondys yn 1769 hag ynkorforys yn 1850. Poblans an cita yn niveryans 2020 o 1,386,932. == Gwiasva == * [http://www.sandiego.gov www.sandiego.gov] {{stokk-su}} [[Klass:Citys yn Kaliforni]] [[Klass:Seow konteth yn Kaliforni]] [[Klass:Spayn Nowydh]] 5urkdl90txsx96p0ksp0zksthb7f6g7 Eskilstuna 0 6813 228867 219160 2026-08-23T16:24:55Z Flynn Peck 18125 228867 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tyller}} '''Eskilstuna''' yw sita yn [[Swedherwyk]]. Yn 2005, poblans an sita o 60,185. An sita a veu fondys yn [[1658]]. == Gwiasva == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070502135457/http://eskilstuna.se/templates/Page____16256.aspx www.eskilstuna.se] {{Stokk-swedherwyk}} [[Klass:Citys yn Europa]] [[Klass:Leow peblys yn Sweden]] b2wkdehhy8sbwq5wv0ek46jbzfgecs4 Härnösand 0 6858 228855 218528 2026-08-23T16:17:12Z Flynn Peck 18125 228855 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tyller}} '''Härnösand''' yw sita yn [[Swedherwyk]]. Yn 2015, poblans an sita o 18 426. An sita a veu fondys yn [[1585]]. == Gwiasva == * [http://www.harnosand.se/ www.harnosand.se] {{Stokk-swedherwyk}} [[Klass:Citys yn Europa]] [[Klass:Leow peblys yn Sweden]] hwjo2cinhjpa7tyxs455pe8z6l71r6a Lafayette, Louisiana 0 7466 228852 218636 2026-08-23T16:15:11Z Flynn Peck 18125 228852 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tyller}} '''Lafayette''' yw cita ha se pluw Pluw Lafayette, [[Louisiana]], [[Statys Unys]]. Desedhys yw an cita war Dhowr Vermilion. Poblans an cita yn niveryans 2020 o 121,374. An cita a veu fondys yn [[1821]]. == Gwiasva == * [http://www.lafayettela.gov/ www.lafayettela.gov] {{stokk-su}} [[Klass:Citys yn Louisiana]] [[Klass:Seow pluw yn Louisiana]] eb3s4rlfxmfgk9l51lz7kwxkxbb3nki Rockville, Tir Maria 0 7486 228844 222144 2026-08-23T16:10:02Z Flynn Peck 18125 228844 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tyller}} '''Rockville''' yw cita ha se konteth [[Konteth Montgomery, Tir Maria|Konteth Montgomery]], [[Tir Maria]], [[Statys Unys]]. An cita a veu fondys yn 1803 hag ynkorforys yn 1860. Poblans an cita yn niveryans 2020 o 67,117. == Gwiasva == * [http://www.rockvillemd.gov/ www.rockvillemd.gov] {{stokk-su}} [[Klass:Citys yn Tir Maria]] [[Klass:Gorcita Washington]] [[Klass:Seow konteth yn Tir Maria]] avh6rotojt7enxv1wobft4re5rxgsxy Scottsdale, Arisona 0 7544 228832 226484 2026-08-23T16:02:58Z Flynn Peck 18125 228832 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tyller}} '''Scottsdale''' yw cita yn [[Konteth Maricopa, Arisona|Konteth Maricopa]], [[Arisona]], [[Statys Unys]]. Henwys rag {{ill|Winfield Scott|en|Winfield Scott (chaplain)}}, an cita a veu ynkorforys yn 1951. Poblans an cita yn niveryans 2020 o 241,361. == Gwiasva == * [http://www.scottsdaleaz.gov/ www.scottsdaleaz.gov] {{stokk-su}} [[Klass:Citys yn Arisona]] [[Klass:Gorcita Phoenix]] injju69qyzuc054uk45u1vcmtq6fz7d Gwydh krabbys 0 8033 228870 227907 2026-08-23T16:26:31Z Flynn Peck 18125 228870 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Boks klassans|hanow=Gwydh krabbys|regnum=[[Plantae]]|ordo=[[Rosales]]|familia=[[Rosaceae]]|subfamilia=[[Amygdaloideae]]|tribus=[[Maleae]]|subtribus=[[Malinae]]|genus=''[[Malus]]''|species='''''M. sylvestris'''''|dewhenwek=''Malus sylvestris''|imach=Malus sylvestris 005.JPG|isskrifik_imach=[[Frooth]] an gwydh}} '''Gwydh krabbys''' (unnplek '''gwydhen krabbys''', [[Latin|Lat.]] ''Malus sylvestris''), po '''aval krabbys''', yw [[eghen]] a [[Gwydh|wydhen]] vyhan yn teylu [[Rosaceae]] (kinda [[Malus]]). Aval krabbys henwys yw an frooth gwydh krabbys. {{stock}} [[Klass:Frooth]] [[Klass:Malus]] lkzypiah2vavssqqzs1bm09z300g1q2 Conrad Bain 0 8089 228848 208954 2026-08-23T16:11:32Z Flynn Peck 18125 228848 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Den|fetchwikidata=ALL}} '''Conrad Stafford Bain''' (4 Whevrer 1923 &ndash; 14 Genver 2013) o gwarier [[Pobel Statys Unys|amerikan]] geryes da. {{Stock-tus-sua}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bain, Conrad}} [[Klass:Dinethyansow 1923]] [[Klass:Gwarioryon bellwolok amerikanek]] [[Klass:Gwarioryon fylm amerikanek]] [[Klass:Gwarioryon ganadek]] [[Klass:Gwarioryon lev amerikanek]] [[Klass:Mernansow 2013]] fe97y6ukf773cjyqppmbfki9o5owo7y Vincent Price 0 8099 228831 227968 2026-08-23T16:00:39Z Flynn Peck 18125 228831 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Den|fetchwikidata=ALL}} '''Vincent Leonard Price, Jr.''' (27 Me 1911 &ndash; 25 Hedra 1993) o gwarier [[Pobel Statys Unys|amerikan]] geryes da. {{Stock-tus-sua}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Price, Vincent}} [[Klass:Amerikanyon a dhevedhyans sowsnek]] [[Klass:Amerikanyon LKDT]] [[Klass:Demokratyon]] [[Klass:Dinethyansow 1911]] [[Klass:Gwarioryon bellwolok amerikanek]] [[Klass:Gwarioryon fylm amerikanek]] [[Klass:Gwarioryon lev amerikanek]] [[Klass:Gwarioryon LKDT]] [[Klass:Gwarioryon radyo]] [[Klass:Gwarioryon wariva amerikanek]] [[Klass:Gweythresoryon amerikanek]] [[Klass:Gweythresoryon gwiryow LKDT]] [[Klass:Istorioryon]] [[Klass:Mernansow 1993]] [[Klass:Mernansow awos kanker]] [[Klass:Skriforyon amerikanek]] [[Klass:Skriforyon LKDT]] [[Klass:Ynkleudhyansow yn mor]] az9s02hn42mt4is0q80wk29dg57eibd Llangybi 0 8589 228856 217313 2026-08-23T16:17:50Z Flynn Peck 18125 228856 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tyller}} '''Llangybi''' yw tre yn [[Ceredigion]], [[Kembra]]; (SN65SW16).<ref>[http://www.e-gymraeg.org/enwaucymru/chwilio.aspx Enwau Lleoedd; Canolfan Bedwyr]</ref> Yma hi 59.5 mildir (95.8 km) dhiworth [[Kardydh]] ha 172.8 m (278.1 km) dhiworth [[Loundres]]. 639 o braster an poblans yn [[2011]], ha 356 (55.7%) a wodhya kewsel [[Kembrek]]. == Devynnow == {{Reflist}} {{stokk-kembra}} [[Klass:Gwigow yn Kembra]] [[Klass:Kemenethow Kembra]] 1bawjgd5637r9jfgm2vnxn3h4oqtrzf Betws-y-Coed 0 8611 228866 228204 2026-08-23T16:24:15Z Flynn Peck 18125 228866 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tyller}} '''Betws-y-Coed''' yw tre yn [[Conwy]], [[Kembra]]; (SH75NE82).<ref>[http://www.e-gymraeg.org/enwaucymru/chwilio.aspx Enwau Lleoedd; Canolfan Bedwyr]</ref> Yma hi 114.4 mildir (184.1 km) dhiworth [[Kardydh]] ha 189.9 m (305.6 km) dhiworth [[Loundres]]. 542 o braster an poblans yn 2011, ha 252 (46.5%) a wodhya kewsel [[Kembrek]]. == Devynnow == {{Reflist}} {{stokk-kembra}} [[Klass:Gwigow yn Kembra]] [[Klass:Kemenethow Kembra]] 1b4n304snpzyuust9uefinrdi1k4cgy Llanycil 0 8683 228875 219106 2026-08-23T16:31:32Z Flynn Peck 18125 228875 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tyller}} '''Llanycil''' yw tre yn [[Gwynedd]], [[Kembra]]; (SH93SW29).<ref>[http://www.e-gymraeg.org/enwaucymru/chwilio.aspx Enwau Lleoedd; Canolfan Bedwyr]</ref> Yma hi 99.9 mildir (160.7 km) dhiworth [[Kardydh]] ha 176.2 m (283.6 km) dhiworth [[Loundres]]. 404 o braster an poblans yn 2011, ha 325 (80.4%) a wodhya kewsel [[Kembrek]]. == Devynnow == {{Reflist}} {{stokk-kembra}} [[Klass:Gwigow yn Kembra]] [[Klass:Kemenethow Kembra]] szsv50jkr7m1aftv471i5u4wla8sx15 Llanbadarn Fynydd 0 8748 228868 222985 2026-08-23T16:25:17Z Flynn Peck 18125 228868 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tyller}} '''Llanbadarn Fynydd''' yw tre yn [[Powys]], [[Kembra]]; (SO07NE95).<ref>[http://www.e-gymraeg.org/enwaucymru/chwilio.aspx Enwau Lleoedd; Canolfan Bedwyr]</ref> Yma hi 63.2 mildir (101.7 km) dhiworth [[Kardydh]] ha 149.3 m (240.2 km) dhiworth [[Loundres]]. 295 o braster an poblans yn 2011, ha 26 (8.8%) a wodhya kewsel [[Kembrek]]. == Devynnow == {{Reflist}} {{stokk-kembra}} [[Klass:Gwigow yn Kembra]] [[Klass:Kemenethow Kembra]] 9mrxnz739ee3w0y903pzwxtw75m1ubl Y Cymer 0 8827 228859 219748 2026-08-23T16:18:58Z Flynn Peck 18125 228859 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tyller}} '''Y Cymer''' yw tre yn [[Rhondda Cynon Taf]], [[Kembra]]; (ST09SW41).<ref>[http://www.e-gymraeg.org/enwaucymru/chwilio.aspx Enwau Lleoedd; Canolfan Bedwyr]</ref> Yma hi 13.3 mildir (21.4 km) dhiworth [[Kardydh]] ha 141.1 m (227.1 km) dhiworth [[Loundres]]. 4605 o braster an poblans yn 2011, ha 423 (9.2%) a wodhya kewsel [[Kembrek]]. == Devynnow == {{Reflist}} {{stokk-kembra}} [[Klass:Gwigow yn Kembra]] [[Klass:Kemenethow Kembra]] 60fsnsb2elwm6omwdddwf7715q8evr0 Freystrop 0 8859 228827 222404 2026-08-23T15:58:46Z Flynn Peck 18125 228827 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tyller}} '''Freystrop''' yw tre yn [[Sir Benfro]], [[Kembra]]; (SM91SE12).<ref>[http://www.e-gymraeg.org/enwaucymru/chwilio.aspx Enwau Lleoedd; Canolfan Bedwyr]</ref> Yma hi 79 mildir (127.2 km) dhiworth [[Kardydh]] ha 207.9 m (334.6 km) dhiworth [[Loundres]]. 607 o braster an poblans yn 2011, ha 84 (13.8%) a wodhya kewsel [[Kembrek]]. == Devynnow == {{Reflist}} {{stokk-kembra}} [[Klass:Gwigow yn Kembra]] [[Klass:Kemenethow Kembra]] svy7vnu6fo18wuentsurhc7ocg9pzo9 Jeffreyston 0 8864 228854 219263 2026-08-23T16:16:57Z Flynn Peck 18125 228854 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tyller}} '''Jeffreyston''' yw tre yn [[Sir Benfro]], [[Kembra]]; (SN00NE73).<ref>[http://www.e-gymraeg.org/enwaucymru/chwilio.aspx Enwau Lleoedd; Canolfan Bedwyr]</ref> Yma hi 70.4 mildir (113.3 km) dhiworth [[Kardydh]] ha 199.6 m (321.2 km) dhiworth [[Loundres]]. 560 o braster an poblans yn 2011, ha 69 (12.3%) a wodhya kewsel [[Kembrek]]. == Devynnow == {{Reflist}} {{stokk-kembra}} [[Klass:Gwigow yn Kembra]] [[Klass:Kemenethow Kembra]] aqryvjw3zr85pmgoea9v2k1p72ktk3q Rhuddlan 0 8932 228876 219154 2026-08-23T16:32:01Z Flynn Peck 18125 228876 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tyller}} '''Rhuddlan''' yw tre yn [[Sir Ddinbych]], [[Kembra]]; (SJ07NW46).<ref>[http://www.e-gymraeg.org/enwaucymru/chwilio.aspx Enwau Lleoedd; Canolfan Bedwyr]</ref> Yma hi 125.8 mildir (202.5 km) dhiworth [[Kardydh]] ha 187.1 m (301.1 km) dhiworth [[Loundres]]. 3597 o braster an poblans yn [[2011]], ha 712 (19.8%) a wodhya kewsel [[Kembrek]]. == Devynnow == {{Reflist}} {{stokk-kembra}} [[Klass:Kemenethow Kembra]] [[Klass:Trevow yn Sir Ddinbych]] tfp1le6xi50ndb8uh2uml3xso863xj6 Llangennech 0 9000 228863 219081 2026-08-23T16:20:54Z Flynn Peck 18125 228863 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tyller}} '''Llangennech''' yw tre yn [[Sir Gaerfyrddin]], [[Kembra]]; (SN50SE23).<ref>[http://www.e-gymraeg.org/enwaucymru/chwilio.aspx Enwau Lleoedd; Canolfan Bedwyr]</ref> Yma hi 41.7 mildir (67.1 km) dhiworth [[Kardydh]] ha 170.2 m (273.9 km) dhiworth [[Loundres]]. 4786 o braster an poblans yn 2011, ha 1912 (39.9%) a wodhya kewsel [[Kembrek]]. == Devynnow == {{Reflist}} {{stokk-kembra}} [[Klass:Gwigow yn Kembra]] [[Klass:Kemenethow Kembra]] dqhs9jj9bogbozu1cqhfu24nmdiy81a Llanpumsaint 0 9008 228871 217325 2026-08-23T16:27:49Z Flynn Peck 18125 228871 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tyller}} '''Llanpumsaint''' yw tre yn [[Sir Gaerfyrddin]], [[Kembra]]; (SN42NW29).<ref>[http://www.e-gymraeg.org/enwaucymru/chwilio.aspx Enwau Lleoedd; Canolfan Bedwyr]</ref> Yma hi 58 mildir (93.4 km) dhiworth [[Kardydh]] ha 181.4 m (291.8 km) dhiworth [[Loundres]]. 719 o braster an poblans yn 2011, ha 383 (53.3%) a wodhya kewsel [[Kembrek]]. == Devynnow == {{Reflist}} {{stokk-kembra}} [[Klass:Gwigow yn Kembra]] 98fo46x3xnsd140bpxdh8zju47pupbi 228872 228871 2026-08-23T16:28:00Z Flynn Peck 18125 228872 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tyller}} '''Llanpumsaint''' yw tre yn [[Sir Gaerfyrddin]], [[Kembra]]; (SN42NW29).<ref>[http://www.e-gymraeg.org/enwaucymru/chwilio.aspx Enwau Lleoedd; Canolfan Bedwyr]</ref> Yma hi 58 mildir (93.4 km) dhiworth [[Kardydh]] ha 181.4 m (291.8 km) dhiworth [[Loundres]]. 719 o braster an poblans yn 2011, ha 383 (53.3%) a wodhya kewsel [[Kembrek]]. == Devynnow == {{Reflist}} {{stokk-kembra}} [[Klass:Gwigow yn Kembra]] [[Klass:Kemenethow Kembra]] kqapd1o2dxb9mqtjaiug8kv625i5caz Mechell 0 9119 228835 219130 2026-08-23T16:03:59Z Flynn Peck 18125 228835 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tyller}} '''Mechell''' yw tre yn [[Ynys Môn]], [[Kembra]]; (SH38NE19).<ref>[http://www.e-gymraeg.org/enwaucymru/chwilio.aspx Enwau Lleoedd; Canolfan Bedwyr]</ref> Yma hi 141.9 mildir (228.4 km) dhiworth [[Kardydh]] ha 223.8 m (360.2 km) dhiworth [[Loundres]]. 1253 o braster an poblans yn 2011, ha 768 (61.3%) a wodhya kewsel [[Kembrek]]. == Devynnow == {{Reflist}} {{stokk-kembra}} [[Klass:Kemenethow Kembra]] oq716bgravrzk5n1dnf9l89ere35sru Karl Marx 0 9323 228830 227391 2026-08-23T16:00:00Z Flynn Peck 18125 228830 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Den|fetchwikidata=ALL}} '''Karl Heinrich Marx''' (leveryans [[Almaynek]]: [ˈkaɐ̯l ˈhaɪnʀɪç ˈmaɐ̯ks]; 5 mis Me [[1818]] – 14 mis Meurth [[1883]]) o filosofer, ekonomydh, socyologydh, istorior, jornalyas ha socyalydh domhwelus [[Almayn|Almaynek]]. Oberow Marx yn erbysieth a ros an grond konvedhes lavur ha fatel yw junys orth chatel, hag yth awedh y ober tybyans erbysiek iskevresek.<ref>Joseph Schumpeter Ten Great Economists: From Marx to Keynes, 4a dyllans, Taylor & Francis Group, 1952 ISBN 0415110785, 9780415110785</ref> Ev a dhyllo meur a lyvrow der y vewnans; aswonnys yn arbenik yw ''Derivadow an Gemynegoryon'' (dyllys 1848) ha ''Das Kapital'' ('Chatal', dyllys 1867-1894). == Devynnow == {{reflist}} {{Stokk-tus-europa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Marx, Karl}} [[Klass:Almanyon]] [[Klass:Benolegoryon]] [[Klass:Dinethyansow 1818]] [[Klass:Domhweloryon]] [[Klass:Filosofers adhyskans]] [[Klass:Filosofers istori]] [[Klass:Filosofers lagha]] [[Klass:Gweythresoryon didhuwieth]] [[Klass:Kemynegoryon]] [[Klass:Mernansow 1883]] [[Klass:Mernansow awos kleves klevesus]] [[Klass:Ynkleudhyansow yn Loundres]] qnxvd1agrv78o6bbntehksk0m33zru2 Hunros an Ewnter 0 9393 228847 168564 2026-08-23T16:11:16Z Flynn Peck 18125 228847 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taklow}} '''Hunros an Ewnter''' ([[Russek]]: Дядюшкин сон, Dyadushkin son) yw [[romansik]] gans [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]]. Dyllys veu an lyver ma yn 1859 kynsa. {{stock}} [[Klass:Romansigow Dostoevsky]] 31z0wcxf8hq3le4157y7kkd9fpihzzp John de Lancie 0 10154 228850 227385 2026-08-23T16:13:12Z Flynn Peck 18125 228850 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tyller}} '''John Sherwood de Lancie, Jr.''' ([[20 Meurth]], [[1948]]) o gwarier [[Pobel an Statys Unys|amerikan]] geryes da. {{stock-tus-sua}} {{DEFAULTSORT:de Lancie, John}} [[Klass:Dinethyansow 1948]] [[Klass:Gesyoryon]] [[Klass:Gweythresoryon didhuwieth]] [[Klass:Gwarioryon bellwolok amerikanek]] [[Klass:Gwarioryon fylm amerikanek]] [[Klass:Gwarioryon lev amerikanek]] [[Klass:Gwarioryon wari gwydhyow amerikanek]] [[Klass:Gwarioryon wariva amerikanek]] [[Klass:Kanoryon amerikanek]] [[Klass:Skriforyon fugieth amerikanek]] [[Klass:Tus gans dysleksia]] [[Klass:Vali Delaware]] cglzqc033tmdu61b4tlqvzdzx44pchx 228851 228850 2026-08-23T16:13:33Z Flynn Peck 18125 228851 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Den|fetchwikidata=ALL}} '''John Sherwood de Lancie, Jr.''' ([[20 Meurth]], [[1948]]) o gwarier [[Pobel an Statys Unys|amerikan]] geryes da. {{stock-tus-sua}} {{DEFAULTSORT:de Lancie, John}} [[Klass:Dinethyansow 1948]] [[Klass:Gesyoryon]] [[Klass:Gweythresoryon didhuwieth]] [[Klass:Gwarioryon bellwolok amerikanek]] [[Klass:Gwarioryon fylm amerikanek]] [[Klass:Gwarioryon lev amerikanek]] [[Klass:Gwarioryon wari gwydhyow amerikanek]] [[Klass:Gwarioryon wariva amerikanek]] [[Klass:Kanoryon amerikanek]] [[Klass:Skriforyon fugieth amerikanek]] [[Klass:Tus gans dysleksia]] [[Klass:Vali Delaware]] 5y5wsu3lqo10zg50yfyn5b04g7gpahg Kath 0 10575 228858 189194 2026-08-23T16:18:28Z Flynn Peck 18125 228858 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Boks klassans | hanow = Kath | imach = Collage of Six Cats-01.jpg | les_imach = 200px | isskrifik_imach = Eghennow divers a gath a-bervedh | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Mammalia]] | ordo = [[Carnivora]] | familia = [[Felidae]] | genus = ''[[Felis]]'' | species = '''''F. silvestris''''' |trihenwek=Felis silvestris catus|awtorita_trihenwek=[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758}} '''Kathes''', henwys ynwedh '''kathes dov''' (''Felis catus'')'','' yw [[Bronnvil|bronnviles]] [[kigdevoryer]] (ow tybri kig) a'n teylu [[Felidae]]. {{stock}} [[Klass:Kathek]] ro34qrat9ugh0trffwtzrbj20u1yb6u Hagia Sophia 0 11007 228853 188335 2026-08-23T16:15:38Z Flynn Peck 18125 228853 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tyller}} '''Hagia Sophia''' o eglos [[Kristoneth]] a-varr ha diwettha eglos Ewngryjyk a'n Est. Ev a veu drehevys yn 537 OK le may hwrug kowlleski diw eglos kyns. Wosa dorgrys, Trdat an Pennser a worfennas y dhassevel arta yn 994 OK. Rewloryon Ottoman a'n chanjyas dhe vosk yn 1453. Ev a dheuth ha bos gwithti yn 1935. Yma Hagia Sophia yn [[Istanbul]], [[Turki]]. Yn fenowgh, Hagia Sophia yw gelwys onan a'n moyha ha'n tekka drehevyansow yn istori. Rann yw Hagia Sophia a [[Ertachva an Bys UNESCO]] Ranndiryow Istorek Istanbul, apoyntys yn 1985. {{unn k}} {{stokk}} {{Posek 1,000}} [[Klass:Eglosyow]] [[Klass:Ertachva an Bys UNESCO]] [[Klass:Gwithtiow]] [[Klass:Moskow]] [[Klass:Turki]] 6p6hg5qc3jbdtr1dpdv2067v5y2fyie Keskows Devnydhyer:Gazamp 3 11297 228823 200260 2026-08-23T15:44:47Z Flynn Peck 18125 /* Gweres gans chart hogen ha data */ tregh nowyth 228823 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Corrections #1, April 2020== In many articles you have written: Yw esel a parti demokratek. If you start with 'yw' you are asking a question, not making a statement. You've written 'Is a member of a democratic party?' You also reallyl need '''an'' parti demokratek', '''the'' Democratic Party'. Two options: Ev/Hi yw esel a'n parti demokratek Esel a'n parti demodrated yw (ev/hi) (adding 'ev' or 'hi' is optional in this case) You've also written esel a chi kanasedhoryon In Cornish 'the house of representatives' is 'chi an ganasedhow' (the usual plural, but, if you prefer, 'chi an ganasedhoryon'). When you have 'esel a' before that it becomes 'esel a ji an ganasedhow'. However, if you want 'Georgia's house of representatives' the 'an' between 'chi' and 'kanasedhow' is deleted, giving 'esel a ji kanasedhow Jeorji', or if it's the US house of representatives' you need 'esel a ji kanasedhow an Statys . A number of articles need amending along these lines. :Thank you for telling me! I'll fix them all later today. [[Devnydhyer:Gazamp|Gazamp]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Gazamp|keskows]]) 20 Ebr 2020 da 09:17 (UTC) {{Devnydhyer:Gazamp/done}}I've fixed [[Andrew Cuomo]], [[Stacey Abrams]], [[Nicola Sturgeon]] and [[Chuck Schumer]]. [[Jay Inslee]] was fixed by yourself and [[Gretchen Whitmer]] by another user (I think). If there's anything else I can do, please let me know. Thanks once again for telling me! [[Devnydhyer:Gazamp|Gazamp]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Gazamp|keskows]]) 20 Ebr 2020 da 17:17 (UTC) == Infoboxes == Hi Gazamp, do you have any experience in creating new infoboxes in Cornish. I want to create an infobox for chemical elements. I don't know how to create them or link them to wikidata. Grateful for any input you can give, [[Devnydhyer:Brwynog|Brwynog]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Brwynog|keskows]]) 23:21, 8 Kevardhu 2020 (UTC)Brwynog :{{ping|Brwynog}} I'm guessing you're looking for something like [[:en:Template:Infobox element]]? Let me know which/how much of the template(s) you need, and I can try and translate them over when I get a moment. Meur ras, [[Devnydhyer:Gazamp|Gazamp]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Gazamp|keskows]]) 00:19, 9 Kevardhu 2020 (UTC) Hi Gazamp, thanks for the message re. Welsh articles on Cornish wikipedia. One already exists in Welsh, the other is a long translation of little worth. To be honest, they don't inspire me to translate them. I suggest we delete them. [[Devnydhyer:Brwynog|Brwynog]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Brwynog|keskows]]) 21.09, 19 Genver 2021 (UTC) :Hi, I figured this would be the case - they don't seem to be on the most interesting topics! Thanks for having a look though, I'll file a deletion request on metawiki when I get a chance. Oll an gwella, [[Devnydhyer:Gazamp|Gazamp]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Gazamp|keskows]]) 21:32, 19 Genver 2021 (UTC) == Election graphs == Hi Gazamp, I know you've had more experience than me in creating wikipedia pages about elections. I had trouble in a recent article about Mary Robinson (https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson) in incorporating the graphs from this article - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Irish_presidential_election . If you compare the two articles, you can see what I managed and failed to do. Are you able to help? Meur ras [[Devnydhyer:Brwynog|Brwynog]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Brwynog|keskows]]) 19.13, 05 Gwynngala 2022 (UTC) :{{ping|Brwynog}} Hi! I think the trouble is the bars just don't have any colour at the moment. In a similar template on [[Etholans lewydhek an Statys Unys, 2020]], you can see that where the party name is, there is actually a string like this: "{{Parti Repoblikanek/meta/color}}". This string tells the bar template what colour it should use by basically substituting it in from [[Skantlyn:Parti Repoblikanek/meta/color]]. I haven't done these templates for any Irish parties, so they probably don't exist yet. :Enwiki doesn't use these any more, so you have to go and track the hexcode on the [[en:Module:Political party]] - there's an alphabetical contents at the bottom of the documentation section. Then that hexcode can be put on the template page here so it looks something like this: {{tag|nowiki|content=#E81B23}}. The nowiki tags just stop the hash symbol from turning into a numbered list. Then you can use it to get the party colours on anything you need. Hopefully that helps, let me know if anything's unclear! Meur ras, [[Devnydhyer:Gazamp|Gazamp]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Gazamp|keskows]]) 17:51, 5 Gwynngala 2022 (UTC) :Thanks Gazamp, I've given it a go, and I can get the bars for the colours, but it doesn't seem to recognise the command for bar percent. I've tried a straight translation, to no avail. Any ideas? Here is the article as it is now - https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson [[Devnydhyer:Brwynog|Brwynog]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Brwynog|keskows]]) 20:05, 15 Gwynngala 2022 (UTC) ::{{ping|Brwynog}} It was just because the party names were in the space that the template looks for the percentage in - I've fixed it, so you should be able to just copy that if you need to in future. Let me know if you need anything though! Oll an gwella, [[Devnydhyer:Gazamp|Gazamp]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Gazamp|keskows]]) 23:46, 15 Gwynngala 2022 (UTC) :::Thanks for the help - gromerci dhis rag an gweres.[[Devnydhyer:Brwynog|Brwynog]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Brwynog|keskows]]) 13:20, 16 Gwynngala 2022 (UTC) == Gweres gans chart hogen ha data == Dydh da, Yth esov ow skrifa erthygel a-dro dhe lava hag yma tregh ow tiskwedhes data ha ''chart hogen'' ow tochya komposyans kymygiethel an lava. Byttegyns, ny allav vy ewnhe an tregh rag diskwedhes yn ta an data. Mars eus termyn rydh genes, a yll'ta ow gweres gans henna? Meur ras! An erthygel: [[Devnydhyer:Flynn Peck/sandbox#Alkaliek]] [[Devnydhyer:Flynn Peck|Flynn 🩷]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Flynn Peck|keskows]]) 15:44, 23 Est 2026 (UTC) 2yqt5xiab4jnvjpw942a6h7bh3ye4uv 228878 228823 2026-08-23T16:33:23Z Gazamp 9824 /* Gweres gans chart hogen ha data */ Gorthyp 228878 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Corrections #1, April 2020== In many articles you have written: Yw esel a parti demokratek. If you start with 'yw' you are asking a question, not making a statement. You've written 'Is a member of a democratic party?' You also reallyl need '''an'' parti demokratek', '''the'' Democratic Party'. Two options: Ev/Hi yw esel a'n parti demokratek Esel a'n parti demodrated yw (ev/hi) (adding 'ev' or 'hi' is optional in this case) You've also written esel a chi kanasedhoryon In Cornish 'the house of representatives' is 'chi an ganasedhow' (the usual plural, but, if you prefer, 'chi an ganasedhoryon'). When you have 'esel a' before that it becomes 'esel a ji an ganasedhow'. However, if you want 'Georgia's house of representatives' the 'an' between 'chi' and 'kanasedhow' is deleted, giving 'esel a ji kanasedhow Jeorji', or if it's the US house of representatives' you need 'esel a ji kanasedhow an Statys . A number of articles need amending along these lines. :Thank you for telling me! I'll fix them all later today. [[Devnydhyer:Gazamp|Gazamp]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Gazamp|keskows]]) 20 Ebr 2020 da 09:17 (UTC) {{Devnydhyer:Gazamp/done}}I've fixed [[Andrew Cuomo]], [[Stacey Abrams]], [[Nicola Sturgeon]] and [[Chuck Schumer]]. [[Jay Inslee]] was fixed by yourself and [[Gretchen Whitmer]] by another user (I think). If there's anything else I can do, please let me know. Thanks once again for telling me! [[Devnydhyer:Gazamp|Gazamp]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Gazamp|keskows]]) 20 Ebr 2020 da 17:17 (UTC) == Infoboxes == Hi Gazamp, do you have any experience in creating new infoboxes in Cornish. I want to create an infobox for chemical elements. I don't know how to create them or link them to wikidata. Grateful for any input you can give, [[Devnydhyer:Brwynog|Brwynog]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Brwynog|keskows]]) 23:21, 8 Kevardhu 2020 (UTC)Brwynog :{{ping|Brwynog}} I'm guessing you're looking for something like [[:en:Template:Infobox element]]? Let me know which/how much of the template(s) you need, and I can try and translate them over when I get a moment. Meur ras, [[Devnydhyer:Gazamp|Gazamp]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Gazamp|keskows]]) 00:19, 9 Kevardhu 2020 (UTC) Hi Gazamp, thanks for the message re. Welsh articles on Cornish wikipedia. One already exists in Welsh, the other is a long translation of little worth. To be honest, they don't inspire me to translate them. I suggest we delete them. [[Devnydhyer:Brwynog|Brwynog]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Brwynog|keskows]]) 21.09, 19 Genver 2021 (UTC) :Hi, I figured this would be the case - they don't seem to be on the most interesting topics! Thanks for having a look though, I'll file a deletion request on metawiki when I get a chance. Oll an gwella, [[Devnydhyer:Gazamp|Gazamp]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Gazamp|keskows]]) 21:32, 19 Genver 2021 (UTC) == Election graphs == Hi Gazamp, I know you've had more experience than me in creating wikipedia pages about elections. I had trouble in a recent article about Mary Robinson (https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson) in incorporating the graphs from this article - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Irish_presidential_election . If you compare the two articles, you can see what I managed and failed to do. Are you able to help? Meur ras [[Devnydhyer:Brwynog|Brwynog]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Brwynog|keskows]]) 19.13, 05 Gwynngala 2022 (UTC) :{{ping|Brwynog}} Hi! I think the trouble is the bars just don't have any colour at the moment. In a similar template on [[Etholans lewydhek an Statys Unys, 2020]], you can see that where the party name is, there is actually a string like this: "{{Parti Repoblikanek/meta/color}}". This string tells the bar template what colour it should use by basically substituting it in from [[Skantlyn:Parti Repoblikanek/meta/color]]. I haven't done these templates for any Irish parties, so they probably don't exist yet. :Enwiki doesn't use these any more, so you have to go and track the hexcode on the [[en:Module:Political party]] - there's an alphabetical contents at the bottom of the documentation section. Then that hexcode can be put on the template page here so it looks something like this: {{tag|nowiki|content=#E81B23}}. The nowiki tags just stop the hash symbol from turning into a numbered list. Then you can use it to get the party colours on anything you need. Hopefully that helps, let me know if anything's unclear! Meur ras, [[Devnydhyer:Gazamp|Gazamp]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Gazamp|keskows]]) 17:51, 5 Gwynngala 2022 (UTC) :Thanks Gazamp, I've given it a go, and I can get the bars for the colours, but it doesn't seem to recognise the command for bar percent. I've tried a straight translation, to no avail. Any ideas? Here is the article as it is now - https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson [[Devnydhyer:Brwynog|Brwynog]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Brwynog|keskows]]) 20:05, 15 Gwynngala 2022 (UTC) ::{{ping|Brwynog}} It was just because the party names were in the space that the template looks for the percentage in - I've fixed it, so you should be able to just copy that if you need to in future. Let me know if you need anything though! Oll an gwella, [[Devnydhyer:Gazamp|Gazamp]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Gazamp|keskows]]) 23:46, 15 Gwynngala 2022 (UTC) :::Thanks for the help - gromerci dhis rag an gweres.[[Devnydhyer:Brwynog|Brwynog]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Brwynog|keskows]]) 13:20, 16 Gwynngala 2022 (UTC) == Gweres gans chart hogen ha data == Dydh da, Yth esov ow skrifa erthygel a-dro dhe lava hag yma tregh ow tiskwedhes data ha ''chart hogen'' ow tochya komposyans kymygiethel an lava. Byttegyns, ny allav vy ewnhe an tregh rag diskwedhes yn ta an data. Mars eus termyn rydh genes, a yll'ta ow gweres gans henna? Meur ras! An erthygel: [[Devnydhyer:Flynn Peck/sandbox#Alkaliek]] [[Devnydhyer:Flynn Peck|Flynn 🩷]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Flynn Peck|keskows]]) 15:44, 23 Est 2026 (UTC) :Yew! Res yw dhis deklarya an liw rag pub tregh an hogen (gans "| color1 =", "| color2 =" hag erel), dell grysav. Ty a yll usya hexcodes ("#FF00FF") po [[en:Web colors#HTML color names|hanow an liwyow giwas]] ("Magenta") - mir orth [[Devnydhyer:Gazamp/sandbox3]] rag ow ensampel pur sempel. An liwyow defowt yn [[en:Template:Pie_chart#Thumb_(floating)|Wikipedia Sowsnek]] yw da rag accessibility mar nyns yw posek an liwyow. Lavar dhymm mars eus kudynnow dhis! [[Devnydhyer:Gazamp|Gazamp]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Gazamp|keskows]]; <small>I'm learning! Let me know if I make mistakes</small>) 16:33, 23 Est 2026 (UTC) 20z2mv5m1zuq84766ow40wvs4sis67q 228879 228878 2026-08-23T16:35:42Z Gazamp 9824 /* Gweres gans chart hogen ha data */ 228879 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Corrections #1, April 2020== In many articles you have written: Yw esel a parti demokratek. If you start with 'yw' you are asking a question, not making a statement. You've written 'Is a member of a democratic party?' You also reallyl need '''an'' parti demokratek', '''the'' Democratic Party'. Two options: Ev/Hi yw esel a'n parti demokratek Esel a'n parti demodrated yw (ev/hi) (adding 'ev' or 'hi' is optional in this case) You've also written esel a chi kanasedhoryon In Cornish 'the house of representatives' is 'chi an ganasedhow' (the usual plural, but, if you prefer, 'chi an ganasedhoryon'). When you have 'esel a' before that it becomes 'esel a ji an ganasedhow'. However, if you want 'Georgia's house of representatives' the 'an' between 'chi' and 'kanasedhow' is deleted, giving 'esel a ji kanasedhow Jeorji', or if it's the US house of representatives' you need 'esel a ji kanasedhow an Statys . A number of articles need amending along these lines. :Thank you for telling me! I'll fix them all later today. [[Devnydhyer:Gazamp|Gazamp]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Gazamp|keskows]]) 20 Ebr 2020 da 09:17 (UTC) {{Devnydhyer:Gazamp/done}}I've fixed [[Andrew Cuomo]], [[Stacey Abrams]], [[Nicola Sturgeon]] and [[Chuck Schumer]]. [[Jay Inslee]] was fixed by yourself and [[Gretchen Whitmer]] by another user (I think). If there's anything else I can do, please let me know. Thanks once again for telling me! [[Devnydhyer:Gazamp|Gazamp]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Gazamp|keskows]]) 20 Ebr 2020 da 17:17 (UTC) == Infoboxes == Hi Gazamp, do you have any experience in creating new infoboxes in Cornish. I want to create an infobox for chemical elements. I don't know how to create them or link them to wikidata. Grateful for any input you can give, [[Devnydhyer:Brwynog|Brwynog]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Brwynog|keskows]]) 23:21, 8 Kevardhu 2020 (UTC)Brwynog :{{ping|Brwynog}} I'm guessing you're looking for something like [[:en:Template:Infobox element]]? Let me know which/how much of the template(s) you need, and I can try and translate them over when I get a moment. Meur ras, [[Devnydhyer:Gazamp|Gazamp]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Gazamp|keskows]]) 00:19, 9 Kevardhu 2020 (UTC) Hi Gazamp, thanks for the message re. Welsh articles on Cornish wikipedia. One already exists in Welsh, the other is a long translation of little worth. To be honest, they don't inspire me to translate them. I suggest we delete them. [[Devnydhyer:Brwynog|Brwynog]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Brwynog|keskows]]) 21.09, 19 Genver 2021 (UTC) :Hi, I figured this would be the case - they don't seem to be on the most interesting topics! Thanks for having a look though, I'll file a deletion request on metawiki when I get a chance. Oll an gwella, [[Devnydhyer:Gazamp|Gazamp]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Gazamp|keskows]]) 21:32, 19 Genver 2021 (UTC) == Election graphs == Hi Gazamp, I know you've had more experience than me in creating wikipedia pages about elections. I had trouble in a recent article about Mary Robinson (https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson) in incorporating the graphs from this article - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Irish_presidential_election . If you compare the two articles, you can see what I managed and failed to do. Are you able to help? Meur ras [[Devnydhyer:Brwynog|Brwynog]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Brwynog|keskows]]) 19.13, 05 Gwynngala 2022 (UTC) :{{ping|Brwynog}} Hi! I think the trouble is the bars just don't have any colour at the moment. In a similar template on [[Etholans lewydhek an Statys Unys, 2020]], you can see that where the party name is, there is actually a string like this: "{{Parti Repoblikanek/meta/color}}". This string tells the bar template what colour it should use by basically substituting it in from [[Skantlyn:Parti Repoblikanek/meta/color]]. I haven't done these templates for any Irish parties, so they probably don't exist yet. :Enwiki doesn't use these any more, so you have to go and track the hexcode on the [[en:Module:Political party]] - there's an alphabetical contents at the bottom of the documentation section. Then that hexcode can be put on the template page here so it looks something like this: {{tag|nowiki|content=#E81B23}}. The nowiki tags just stop the hash symbol from turning into a numbered list. Then you can use it to get the party colours on anything you need. Hopefully that helps, let me know if anything's unclear! Meur ras, [[Devnydhyer:Gazamp|Gazamp]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Gazamp|keskows]]) 17:51, 5 Gwynngala 2022 (UTC) :Thanks Gazamp, I've given it a go, and I can get the bars for the colours, but it doesn't seem to recognise the command for bar percent. I've tried a straight translation, to no avail. Any ideas? Here is the article as it is now - https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson [[Devnydhyer:Brwynog|Brwynog]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Brwynog|keskows]]) 20:05, 15 Gwynngala 2022 (UTC) ::{{ping|Brwynog}} It was just because the party names were in the space that the template looks for the percentage in - I've fixed it, so you should be able to just copy that if you need to in future. Let me know if you need anything though! Oll an gwella, [[Devnydhyer:Gazamp|Gazamp]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Gazamp|keskows]]) 23:46, 15 Gwynngala 2022 (UTC) :::Thanks for the help - gromerci dhis rag an gweres.[[Devnydhyer:Brwynog|Brwynog]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Brwynog|keskows]]) 13:20, 16 Gwynngala 2022 (UTC) == Gweres gans chart hogen ha data == Dydh da, Yth esov ow skrifa erthygel a-dro dhe lava hag yma tregh ow tiskwedhes data ha ''chart hogen'' ow tochya komposyans kymygiethel an lava. Byttegyns, ny allav vy ewnhe an tregh rag diskwedhes yn ta an data. Mars eus termyn rydh genes, a yll'ta ow gweres gans henna? Meur ras! An erthygel: [[Devnydhyer:Flynn Peck/sandbox#Alkaliek]] [[Devnydhyer:Flynn Peck|Flynn 🩷]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Flynn Peck|keskows]]) 15:44, 23 Est 2026 (UTC) :Yew! Res yw dhis deklarya an liw rag pub tregh an hogen (gans "| color1 =", "| color2 =" hag erel), dell grysav. Ty a yll usya hexcodes ("#FF00FF") po [[en:Web colors#HTML color names|hanow an liwyow giwas]] ("Magenta") - mir orth [[Devnydhyer:Gazamp/sandbox3]] rag ow ensampel pur sempel. An liwyow defowt yn [[en:Template:Pie_chart#Thumb_(floating)|Wikipedia Sowsnek]] yw da rag accessibility mar nyns yw posek an liwyow dhis. Lavar dhymm mars eus kudynnow dhis! [[Devnydhyer:Gazamp|Gazamp]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Gazamp|keskows]]; <small>I'm learning! Let me know if I make mistakes</small>) 16:33, 23 Est 2026 (UTC) szixi4zak1kdso13j2bvahfbamtekk0 228882 228879 2026-08-23T16:42:30Z Flynn Peck 18125 /* Gweres gans chart hogen ha data */ Gorthyp 228882 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Corrections #1, April 2020== In many articles you have written: Yw esel a parti demokratek. If you start with 'yw' you are asking a question, not making a statement. You've written 'Is a member of a democratic party?' You also reallyl need '''an'' parti demokratek', '''the'' Democratic Party'. Two options: Ev/Hi yw esel a'n parti demokratek Esel a'n parti demodrated yw (ev/hi) (adding 'ev' or 'hi' is optional in this case) You've also written esel a chi kanasedhoryon In Cornish 'the house of representatives' is 'chi an ganasedhow' (the usual plural, but, if you prefer, 'chi an ganasedhoryon'). When you have 'esel a' before that it becomes 'esel a ji an ganasedhow'. However, if you want 'Georgia's house of representatives' the 'an' between 'chi' and 'kanasedhow' is deleted, giving 'esel a ji kanasedhow Jeorji', or if it's the US house of representatives' you need 'esel a ji kanasedhow an Statys . A number of articles need amending along these lines. :Thank you for telling me! I'll fix them all later today. [[Devnydhyer:Gazamp|Gazamp]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Gazamp|keskows]]) 20 Ebr 2020 da 09:17 (UTC) {{Devnydhyer:Gazamp/done}}I've fixed [[Andrew Cuomo]], [[Stacey Abrams]], [[Nicola Sturgeon]] and [[Chuck Schumer]]. [[Jay Inslee]] was fixed by yourself and [[Gretchen Whitmer]] by another user (I think). If there's anything else I can do, please let me know. Thanks once again for telling me! [[Devnydhyer:Gazamp|Gazamp]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Gazamp|keskows]]) 20 Ebr 2020 da 17:17 (UTC) == Infoboxes == Hi Gazamp, do you have any experience in creating new infoboxes in Cornish. I want to create an infobox for chemical elements. I don't know how to create them or link them to wikidata. Grateful for any input you can give, [[Devnydhyer:Brwynog|Brwynog]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Brwynog|keskows]]) 23:21, 8 Kevardhu 2020 (UTC)Brwynog :{{ping|Brwynog}} I'm guessing you're looking for something like [[:en:Template:Infobox element]]? Let me know which/how much of the template(s) you need, and I can try and translate them over when I get a moment. Meur ras, [[Devnydhyer:Gazamp|Gazamp]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Gazamp|keskows]]) 00:19, 9 Kevardhu 2020 (UTC) Hi Gazamp, thanks for the message re. Welsh articles on Cornish wikipedia. One already exists in Welsh, the other is a long translation of little worth. To be honest, they don't inspire me to translate them. I suggest we delete them. [[Devnydhyer:Brwynog|Brwynog]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Brwynog|keskows]]) 21.09, 19 Genver 2021 (UTC) :Hi, I figured this would be the case - they don't seem to be on the most interesting topics! Thanks for having a look though, I'll file a deletion request on metawiki when I get a chance. Oll an gwella, [[Devnydhyer:Gazamp|Gazamp]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Gazamp|keskows]]) 21:32, 19 Genver 2021 (UTC) == Election graphs == Hi Gazamp, I know you've had more experience than me in creating wikipedia pages about elections. I had trouble in a recent article about Mary Robinson (https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson) in incorporating the graphs from this article - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Irish_presidential_election . If you compare the two articles, you can see what I managed and failed to do. Are you able to help? Meur ras [[Devnydhyer:Brwynog|Brwynog]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Brwynog|keskows]]) 19.13, 05 Gwynngala 2022 (UTC) :{{ping|Brwynog}} Hi! I think the trouble is the bars just don't have any colour at the moment. In a similar template on [[Etholans lewydhek an Statys Unys, 2020]], you can see that where the party name is, there is actually a string like this: "{{Parti Repoblikanek/meta/color}}". This string tells the bar template what colour it should use by basically substituting it in from [[Skantlyn:Parti Repoblikanek/meta/color]]. I haven't done these templates for any Irish parties, so they probably don't exist yet. :Enwiki doesn't use these any more, so you have to go and track the hexcode on the [[en:Module:Political party]] - there's an alphabetical contents at the bottom of the documentation section. Then that hexcode can be put on the template page here so it looks something like this: {{tag|nowiki|content=#E81B23}}. The nowiki tags just stop the hash symbol from turning into a numbered list. Then you can use it to get the party colours on anything you need. Hopefully that helps, let me know if anything's unclear! Meur ras, [[Devnydhyer:Gazamp|Gazamp]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Gazamp|keskows]]) 17:51, 5 Gwynngala 2022 (UTC) :Thanks Gazamp, I've given it a go, and I can get the bars for the colours, but it doesn't seem to recognise the command for bar percent. I've tried a straight translation, to no avail. Any ideas? Here is the article as it is now - https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson [[Devnydhyer:Brwynog|Brwynog]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Brwynog|keskows]]) 20:05, 15 Gwynngala 2022 (UTC) ::{{ping|Brwynog}} It was just because the party names were in the space that the template looks for the percentage in - I've fixed it, so you should be able to just copy that if you need to in future. Let me know if you need anything though! Oll an gwella, [[Devnydhyer:Gazamp|Gazamp]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Gazamp|keskows]]) 23:46, 15 Gwynngala 2022 (UTC) :::Thanks for the help - gromerci dhis rag an gweres.[[Devnydhyer:Brwynog|Brwynog]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Brwynog|keskows]]) 13:20, 16 Gwynngala 2022 (UTC) == Gweres gans chart hogen ha data == Dydh da, Yth esov ow skrifa erthygel a-dro dhe lava hag yma tregh ow tiskwedhes data ha ''chart hogen'' ow tochya komposyans kymygiethel an lava. Byttegyns, ny allav vy ewnhe an tregh rag diskwedhes yn ta an data. Mars eus termyn rydh genes, a yll'ta ow gweres gans henna? Meur ras! An erthygel: [[Devnydhyer:Flynn Peck/sandbox#Alkaliek]] [[Devnydhyer:Flynn Peck|Flynn 🩷]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Flynn Peck|keskows]]) 15:44, 23 Est 2026 (UTC) :Yew! Res yw dhis deklarya an liw rag pub tregh an hogen (gans "| color1 =", "| color2 =" hag erel), dell grysav. Ty a yll usya hexcodes ("#FF00FF") po [[en:Web colors#HTML color names|hanow an liwyow giwas]] ("Magenta") - mir orth [[Devnydhyer:Gazamp/sandbox3]] rag ow ensampel pur sempel. An liwyow defowt yn [[en:Template:Pie_chart#Thumb_(floating)|Wikipedia Sowsnek]] yw da rag accessibility mar nyns yw posek an liwyow dhis. Lavar dhymm mars eus kudynnow dhis! [[Devnydhyer:Gazamp|Gazamp]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Gazamp|keskows]]; <small>I'm learning! Let me know if I make mistakes</small>) 16:33, 23 Est 2026 (UTC) ::Meur ras bras dhis! Yma'n tregh na owth oberi yn ta lemmyn, yth en vy displegyer gwi yn termyn eus passys ytho my a wor liwyow gwias mes ny wonn hwath yn ta skantlyns Wikimedia. Meur ras arta :) [[Devnydhyer:Flynn Peck|Flynn 🩷]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Flynn Peck|keskows]]) 16:42, 23 Est 2026 (UTC) 5v1h7a7yemmu0wysmscodkivcc16xko 228883 228882 2026-08-23T17:11:03Z Gazamp 9824 /* Gweres gans chart hogen ha data */ Gorthyp 228883 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Corrections #1, April 2020== In many articles you have written: Yw esel a parti demokratek. If you start with 'yw' you are asking a question, not making a statement. You've written 'Is a member of a democratic party?' You also reallyl need '''an'' parti demokratek', '''the'' Democratic Party'. Two options: Ev/Hi yw esel a'n parti demokratek Esel a'n parti demodrated yw (ev/hi) (adding 'ev' or 'hi' is optional in this case) You've also written esel a chi kanasedhoryon In Cornish 'the house of representatives' is 'chi an ganasedhow' (the usual plural, but, if you prefer, 'chi an ganasedhoryon'). When you have 'esel a' before that it becomes 'esel a ji an ganasedhow'. However, if you want 'Georgia's house of representatives' the 'an' between 'chi' and 'kanasedhow' is deleted, giving 'esel a ji kanasedhow Jeorji', or if it's the US house of representatives' you need 'esel a ji kanasedhow an Statys . A number of articles need amending along these lines. :Thank you for telling me! I'll fix them all later today. [[Devnydhyer:Gazamp|Gazamp]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Gazamp|keskows]]) 20 Ebr 2020 da 09:17 (UTC) {{Devnydhyer:Gazamp/done}}I've fixed [[Andrew Cuomo]], [[Stacey Abrams]], [[Nicola Sturgeon]] and [[Chuck Schumer]]. [[Jay Inslee]] was fixed by yourself and [[Gretchen Whitmer]] by another user (I think). If there's anything else I can do, please let me know. Thanks once again for telling me! [[Devnydhyer:Gazamp|Gazamp]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Gazamp|keskows]]) 20 Ebr 2020 da 17:17 (UTC) == Infoboxes == Hi Gazamp, do you have any experience in creating new infoboxes in Cornish. I want to create an infobox for chemical elements. I don't know how to create them or link them to wikidata. Grateful for any input you can give, [[Devnydhyer:Brwynog|Brwynog]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Brwynog|keskows]]) 23:21, 8 Kevardhu 2020 (UTC)Brwynog :{{ping|Brwynog}} I'm guessing you're looking for something like [[:en:Template:Infobox element]]? Let me know which/how much of the template(s) you need, and I can try and translate them over when I get a moment. Meur ras, [[Devnydhyer:Gazamp|Gazamp]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Gazamp|keskows]]) 00:19, 9 Kevardhu 2020 (UTC) Hi Gazamp, thanks for the message re. Welsh articles on Cornish wikipedia. One already exists in Welsh, the other is a long translation of little worth. To be honest, they don't inspire me to translate them. I suggest we delete them. [[Devnydhyer:Brwynog|Brwynog]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Brwynog|keskows]]) 21.09, 19 Genver 2021 (UTC) :Hi, I figured this would be the case - they don't seem to be on the most interesting topics! Thanks for having a look though, I'll file a deletion request on metawiki when I get a chance. Oll an gwella, [[Devnydhyer:Gazamp|Gazamp]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Gazamp|keskows]]) 21:32, 19 Genver 2021 (UTC) == Election graphs == Hi Gazamp, I know you've had more experience than me in creating wikipedia pages about elections. I had trouble in a recent article about Mary Robinson (https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson) in incorporating the graphs from this article - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Irish_presidential_election . If you compare the two articles, you can see what I managed and failed to do. Are you able to help? Meur ras [[Devnydhyer:Brwynog|Brwynog]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Brwynog|keskows]]) 19.13, 05 Gwynngala 2022 (UTC) :{{ping|Brwynog}} Hi! I think the trouble is the bars just don't have any colour at the moment. In a similar template on [[Etholans lewydhek an Statys Unys, 2020]], you can see that where the party name is, there is actually a string like this: "{{Parti Repoblikanek/meta/color}}". This string tells the bar template what colour it should use by basically substituting it in from [[Skantlyn:Parti Repoblikanek/meta/color]]. I haven't done these templates for any Irish parties, so they probably don't exist yet. :Enwiki doesn't use these any more, so you have to go and track the hexcode on the [[en:Module:Political party]] - there's an alphabetical contents at the bottom of the documentation section. Then that hexcode can be put on the template page here so it looks something like this: {{tag|nowiki|content=#E81B23}}. The nowiki tags just stop the hash symbol from turning into a numbered list. Then you can use it to get the party colours on anything you need. Hopefully that helps, let me know if anything's unclear! Meur ras, [[Devnydhyer:Gazamp|Gazamp]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Gazamp|keskows]]) 17:51, 5 Gwynngala 2022 (UTC) :Thanks Gazamp, I've given it a go, and I can get the bars for the colours, but it doesn't seem to recognise the command for bar percent. I've tried a straight translation, to no avail. Any ideas? Here is the article as it is now - https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson [[Devnydhyer:Brwynog|Brwynog]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Brwynog|keskows]]) 20:05, 15 Gwynngala 2022 (UTC) ::{{ping|Brwynog}} It was just because the party names were in the space that the template looks for the percentage in - I've fixed it, so you should be able to just copy that if you need to in future. Let me know if you need anything though! Oll an gwella, [[Devnydhyer:Gazamp|Gazamp]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Gazamp|keskows]]) 23:46, 15 Gwynngala 2022 (UTC) :::Thanks for the help - gromerci dhis rag an gweres.[[Devnydhyer:Brwynog|Brwynog]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Brwynog|keskows]]) 13:20, 16 Gwynngala 2022 (UTC) == Gweres gans chart hogen ha data == Dydh da, Yth esov ow skrifa erthygel a-dro dhe lava hag yma tregh ow tiskwedhes data ha ''chart hogen'' ow tochya komposyans kymygiethel an lava. Byttegyns, ny allav vy ewnhe an tregh rag diskwedhes yn ta an data. Mars eus termyn rydh genes, a yll'ta ow gweres gans henna? Meur ras! An erthygel: [[Devnydhyer:Flynn Peck/sandbox#Alkaliek]] [[Devnydhyer:Flynn Peck|Flynn 🩷]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Flynn Peck|keskows]]) 15:44, 23 Est 2026 (UTC) :Yew! Res yw dhis deklarya an liw rag pub tregh an hogen (gans "| color1 =", "| color2 =" hag erel), dell grysav. Ty a yll usya hexcodes ("#FF00FF") po [[en:Web colors#HTML color names|hanow an liwyow giwas]] ("Magenta") - mir orth [[Devnydhyer:Gazamp/sandbox3]] rag ow ensampel pur sempel. An liwyow defowt yn [[en:Template:Pie_chart#Thumb_(floating)|Wikipedia Sowsnek]] yw da rag accessibility mar nyns yw posek an liwyow dhis. Lavar dhymm mars eus kudynnow dhis! [[Devnydhyer:Gazamp|Gazamp]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Gazamp|keskows]]; <small>I'm learning! Let me know if I make mistakes</small>) 16:33, 23 Est 2026 (UTC) ::Meur ras bras dhis! Yma'n tregh na owth oberi yn ta lemmyn, yth en vy displegyer gwi yn termyn eus passys ytho my a wor liwyow gwias mes ny wonn hwath yn ta skantlyns Wikimedia. Meur ras arta :) [[Devnydhyer:Flynn Peck|Flynn 🩷]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Flynn Peck|keskows]]) 16:42, 23 Est 2026 (UTC) :::Ah splann, edhom vyth dhe styrya liwyow gwias! 😅 [[Devnydhyer:Gazamp|Gazamp]] ([[Keskows Devnydhyer:Gazamp|keskows]]; <small>I'm learning! Let me know if I make mistakes</small>) 17:11, 23 Est 2026 (UTC) 3u90dpzlib82tt66fh27htq83r4i1e7 Devnydhyer:Gazamp/sandbox3 2 12007 228861 200014 2026-08-23T16:20:27Z Gazamp 9824 228861 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixkw|date=mis Est 2022}} '''Annie Lorrain Smith''' (23 mis Hedra 1854 - 7 mis Gwynngala 1937) o [[skiens]]ydh [[fongalgi]] ha mykologydh a [[Ruwvaneth Unys|Vreten]]. Hy lyver ''Lichens'' (yn [[Kernewek]]: ''Fongalgi'') o dysklyver posek rag lies degvledhen. Lorrain Smith o esel fondya Kowethas Mykologieth Breten Veur ha hi a serv gans y Lewydh yn 1907 ha 1917. ==Bywskrif== Lorrain Smith o genys yn [[Liverpool]] yn 1854, mes hi o trigys yn Dumfriesshire. Hi a studhyas [[losonieth]] yn a-dro dhe 1878 orth an [[Kolji Skiens Riel]] yn [[Loundres]], dyskys Lorrain Smith a oberis y'n [[Gwithti Istori Naturel, Loundres|Gwithti Istori Naturel]]. Hi a ledyas arhwithrans fongalgi a Enys Clare, [[Iwerdhon]] yn 1910 ha 1911. {{stock-tus-ru} {{Pie chart |thumb = |caption = Lava basalt tholeiitek |other = |label1 = Glas |value1 = 55 |color1 = Blue |label2 = Purpur |value2 = 45 |color2 = DarkOrchid }} kzztv06gq0ou94wovril5vqi51kz5wp Raphael Warnock 0 12714 228834 227502 2026-08-23T16:03:41Z Flynn Peck 18125 228834 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixkw|date=mis Genver 2021}} {{Den|fetchwikidata=ALL}} '''Raphael Gamaliel Warnock''' (genys 23 mis Gortheren [[1969]], [[Savannah, Jeorji|Savannah]], [[Jeorji]]) yw pronter ha politegor a'n Statys Unys. Esel [[Senedh Statys Unys|Senedh]] [[Parti an Dhemokratyon|demokrat]] rag [[Jeorji]] a-dhia mis Genver [[2021]] yw. Ev a fethas [[Kelly Loeffler]] dos ha bos an kynsa esel Senedh demokratek rag Jeorji a-dhia [[2000]],<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/warnock-loeffler-ossoff-perdue-georgia-senate.html Warnock Beats Loeffler in Georgia Senate Race], ''The New York Times'' (yn Sowsnek), kyrgys 6 mis Genver 2021</ref> a-barth [[Jon Ossoff]], an gwaynyer demokrat yn etholans Jeorji aral an Senedh. ==Devynnow== {{reflist}} {{Start box}} {{s-bef|before=[[Kelly Loeffler]] ([[Parti Repoblikanek|R]])}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Senedh Statys Unys|Esel Senedh]] rag [[Jeorji]]|years=2021-|with=[[Jon Ossoff]] 2021-}} {{s-aft|after=''Yn offis a-dhia mis Genver 2021''}} {{End box}} {{stock-tus-sua}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Warnock, Raphael}} [[Klass:Demokratyon]] [[Klass:Dinethyansow 1969]] [[Klass:Eseli Senedh an Statys Unys]] [[Klass:Gweythresoryon amerikanek]] [[Klass:Gweythresoryon gwiryow civil]] [[Klass:Skriforyon amerikanek]] [[Klass:Tus yn relyjyon]] 9q24cg5wiln0kuce37z5ktmop0hldnm Gwarak 0 13918 228849 197503 2026-08-23T16:12:37Z Flynn Peck 18125 228849 wikitext text/x-wiki {{hatnote|Rag usyansow erel dhe'n ger gwarak, y hweller [[Gwarak (klerheans)]].}} {{Taklow}} [[Restren:Royal Albert Bridge 2009.jpg|skeusennik|Skeusen Pons Albert Riel, Ynter Kernow ha Pow Dewnens]] '''Gwarak''' yw kesweyth serth ha kromm. Gwaregow a drehedh a-dreus spassow ughelhys. Nebes gwaregow a skoodh an poos a-ugha, rag ensampel ponsyow hyns horn. Gans dorgel, y hyllir gul devnydh gwarak didorr rag formya to. Gwaregow a yll bos kevys mar a-varr avel 2000 [[KOK]] yn penserneth bryck Mesopotamek. {{stock}} [[Klass:Pennserneth]] [[Klass:Ynjinorieth]] 1gpvwhd55z6drm9q0keplv0dxp63bh1 Prenn 0 14513 228845 196157 2026-08-23T16:10:31Z Flynn Peck 18125 228845 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taklow}} '''Prenn''' yw an substans yn gwrydh. {{stock}} mikt87qzqgs3lhwd5n3m7hwybfcemw4 Aaron Burr 0 14985 228841 226234 2026-08-23T16:08:32Z Flynn Peck 18125 228841 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Den|fetchwikidata=ALL}} '''Aaron Burr''' '''''Jr.''''' (an Yowynka) (6 mis Hwevrer [[1756]] yn [[Newark, Jersi Nowydh]] – 14 mis Gwynngala [[1836]] yn [[Port Richmond]], [[Enys Staten]], [[Evrek Nowydh]]) o Is-Lewydh an [[Statys Unys]]. {{stokk-tus-sua}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Burr, Aaron}} [[Klass:Amerikanyon a dhevedhyans sowsnek]] [[Klass:Dinethyansow 1756]] [[Klass:Domhweloryon]] [[Klass:Eseli Senedh an Statys Unys]] [[Klass:Islewydhyon an Statys Unys]] [[Klass:Masons Rydh]] [[Klass:Mernansow 1836]] [[Klass:Perghennow kethyon amerikanek]] [[Klass:Soudoryon]] [[Klass:Tredhek Trevesigeth]] [[Klass:Ynkleudhyansow yn Jersi Nowydh]] 55vfas3yoamaug0fyiid3klgi3if9jn Winston Graham 0 14988 228869 228006 2026-08-23T16:26:17Z Flynn Peck 18125 228869 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Den|fetchwikidata=ALL}} '''Winston Graham''' (30 mis [[Metheven]] [[1908]] - 10 mis [[Gortheren]] [[2003]]) o romanser sowsnek (kevres ''Poldark''). {{stokk-tus-ru}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Graham, Winston}} [[Klass:Chevalri]] [[Klass:Dinethyansow 1908]] [[Klass:Istorioryon]] [[Klass:Mernansow 2003]] [[Klass:Skriforyon a Gernow]] [[Klass:Skriforyon fugieth]] [[Klass:Sowson]] tkfdg940xn7p40eml99dgn89pxzsii9 Ted Hughes 0 15020 228840 209880 2026-08-23T16:08:10Z Flynn Peck 18125 228840 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Den|fetchwikidata=ALL}} '''Edward James "Ted" Hughes''' ([[1930]] - [[1998]]) o prydydh sowsnek. {{stokk-tus-ru}} [[Klass:Mernansow 1998]] [[Klass:Prydydhyon]] [[Klass:Skriforyon fugieth]] [[Klass:Skriforyon lien fleghes]] [[Klass:Sowson]] [[Klass:Dinethyansow 1930]] t3xv5uivv0wsqdbgqbudeycjfazm2e6 William Holman Hunt 0 15307 228877 223854 2026-08-23T16:32:37Z Flynn Peck 18125 228877 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Den|fetchwikidata=ALL}} '''William Holman Hunt''' (2 mis [[Ebrel]] [[1827]] - 7 mis [[Gwynngala]] [[1910]]) o lymner sowsnek. {{stock-tus-ru}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hunt, William Holman}} [[Klass:Dinethyansow an 19ves kansvledhen]] [[Klass:Lymnoryon]] [[Klass:Mernansow 1910]] [[Klass:Sowson]] [[Klass:Ynkleudhyansow yn Loundres]] 28bd2r9j1ivi6boa7mibyaeepctogws William Jennings Bryan 0 15367 228842 225140 2026-08-23T16:09:13Z Flynn Peck 18125 228842 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Den|fetchwikidata=ALL}} '''William Jennings Bryan''' (19 mis Meurth [[1860]] – 26 mis Gortheren [[1925]]) o laghyas, arethor ha politeger amerikanek. {{stock-tus-sua}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bryan, William Jennings}} [[Klass:Amerikanyon a dhevedhyans sowsnek]] [[Klass:Demokratyon]] [[Klass:Dinethyansow 1860]] [[Klass:Eseli Chi Kanasedhoryon an Statys Unys]] [[Klass:Gorcita Washington]] [[Klass:Kresydhyon]] [[Klass:Mernansow 1925]] [[Klass:Ynkleudhyansow yn Vyrjyni]] k4ae8g1a9bbj36gopszjdi80c1ivh7a Timothée Chalamet 0 15419 228864 223899 2026-08-23T16:21:35Z Flynn Peck 18125 228864 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Den|fetchwikidata=ALL}} '''Timothée Hal Chalamet''' (genys 27 mis Kevardhu [[1995]]) yw gwarier amerikanek. {{stock-tus-sua}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chalamet, Timothee}} [[Klass:Dinethyansow 1995]] [[Klass:Frynkyon]] [[Klass:Gwarioryon bellwolok amerikanek]] [[Klass:Gwarioryon flogh]] [[Klass:Gwarioryon fylm amerikanek]] [[Klass:Gwarioryon lev amerikanek]] [[Klass:Gwarioryon wariva amerikanek]] 6qiwj8wdlfwk7nuzmkjd1o8g6cdvtj4 Clive Barker 0 15885 228836 213046 2026-08-23T16:04:48Z Flynn Peck 18125 228836 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Den|fetchwikidata=ALL}} '''Clive Barker''' (genys 5 mis Hedra [[1952]] yn [[Liverpool]]) yw skrifer hag artydh sowsnek. (''Books of Blood'', ''The Scarlet Gospels''). [[Klass:Dinethyansow 1952]] [[Klass:Kevarwodhoryon fylm euth]] [[Klass:Lymnoryon]] [[Klass:Skriforyon euth]] [[Klass:Skriforyon LKDT]] [[Klass:Sowson]] [[Klass:Tus yn medhelweyth]] {{stokk-tus-ru}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Barker, Clive}} 0rvulxklnqjlw4307fimadjari0c3u3 David Bowie 0 16010 228874 227154 2026-08-23T16:29:43Z Flynn Peck 18125 228874 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Den|fetchwikidata=ALL}} '''David Robert Jones''' (8 mis Genver [[1947]]{{Spaced en dash}}10 mis Genver [[2016]]), awsonys a-sankshyon avel '''David Bowie''' (/ˈboʊi/ BOH-ee),<ref name="saybowe">{{Cite web|title=How to say: Bowie|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/magazinemonitor/2007/01/how_to_say_bowie.shtml|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=8 January 2008|access-date=16 September 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308185641/https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/magazinemonitor/2007/01/how_to_say_bowie.shtml|archivedate=8 March 2021}}</ref> o ilewydh ha gwarier sowsnek. == Devynnow == {{Reflist}} {{stock-tus-ru}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bowie, David}} [[Klass:Dinethyansow 1947]] [[Klass:Evredhyon]] [[Klass:Gwarioryon fylm]] [[Klass:Gwarioryon LKDT]] [[Klass:Gwarioryon sowsnek]] [[Klass:Kanoryon]] [[Klass:Mernansow 2016]] [[Klass:Mernansow awos kanker]] [[Klass:Rock]] gtzjqjrgfafm1656sj79s8ojfurr5wj Thomas Babington Macaulay 0 16458 228824 227327 2026-08-23T15:56:57Z Flynn Peck 18125 228824 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Den|fetchwikidata=ALL|suppressfields=soodh}} '''Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1a Baron Macaulay''', PC, FRS, FRSE (/ˈbæbɪŋtən məˈkɔːli/; 25 mis Hedra [[1800]] – 28 mis Kevardhu [[1859]]) o istorek ha politeger bretennek. {{stock-tus-ru}} [[Klass:Dinethyansow 1800]] [[Klass:Gweythresoryon gwiryow denel]] [[Klass:Hilgasieth]] [[Klass:Istorioryon]] [[Klass:Mernansow 1859]] [[Klass:Politegoryon a Alban]] [[Klass:Politegoryon a Bow Sows]] [[Klass:Prydydhyon]] [[Klass:Ynkleudhyansow yn Loundres]] 5kkwsdlql6hxt1c3vwkubu7lleiii7g Pornainen 0 16623 228833 218313 2026-08-23T16:03:27Z Flynn Peck 18125 228833 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tyller}} '''Pornainen''' ([[Swedek]]: ''Borgnäs'') yw sita yn [[Pow Finn]]. Yn 2010, poblans an sita o 5,107. An sita a veu fondys yn [[1869]]. == Gwiasva == * [https://pornainen.fi/ www.pornainen.fi] {{Stokk-europa}} [[Klass:Leow peblys yn Fynndir]] k3toaustlus4gkjqs1u8xaktb3h5ery Ed Skrein 0 18652 228860 223880 2026-08-23T16:19:46Z Flynn Peck 18125 228860 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Den|fetchwikidata=ALL}} '''Edward George Skrein''' ({{IPA|/skraɪn/}}; genys 29 a vis Meurth [[1983]] yn [[Camden]], [[Loundres]], [[Pow Sows]]) yw gwarier, gwrier fylm ha ''rapper'' sowsnek. {{stock-tus-ru}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Skrein, Ed}} [[Klass:Dinethyansow 1983]] [[Klass:Gwarioryon bellwolok]] [[Klass:Gwarioryon fylm]] [[Klass:Gwarioryon sowsnek]] jra16ylja1ys93rt9l5vlj0aeaerhsg Mres Lovett Cameron 0 18704 228846 220457 2026-08-23T16:10:51Z Flynn Peck 18125 228846 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Den|fetchwikidata=ALL}} '''Mres Lovett Cameron''' po '''Caroline "Emily" Sharp''' (a-dro. [[1844]] – [[1921]]) o awtoures fugieth romansek a [[Ruvaneth Unys|Vreten]]. {{stock-tus-ru}} [[Klass:Dinethyansow an 19ves kansvledhen]] [[Klass:Mernansow 1921]] [[Klass:Skriforesow sowsnek]] [[Klass:Skriforyon fugieth]] 0zgus2ppnzlipfjqofnvtmfvvo9sk9v My Neighbor Totoro 0 19065 228828 225907 2026-08-23T15:59:06Z Flynn Peck 18125 228828 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titel italiek}} {{Taklow}} '''''My Neighbor Totoro''''' ([[Kernewek]]: '''''Ow Hentrevek Totoro''''') yw [[fylm]] fantasi bywhes [[Nihon|nihonek]], skrifys ha kevarwodhys gans [[Hayao Miyazaki]] ha dyllys yn [[1988]]. An fylm o bywhes gans [[Studio Ghibli]] rag Tokuma Shoten ha'n levow Noriko Hidaka, Chika Sakamoto hag Hitoshi Takagi a apper. An stori a fogell war diw hwor yowynk ha'ga kesgwriansow<!--interactions--> gans spyrysyon koos kowethek yn Nihon powek [[Eyl Bresel an Bys|wosa-bresel]]. ''My Neighbor Totoro'' a gwaynyas lies pewasow, y'ga mysk an Gwella Fylm y'n Pewasow ''Kinema Junpo'' (lyver termyn cinema nihonek) ha'n Pewasow Fylm Mainichi (presentys gans ''Mainichi Shimbun'', [[paper nowodhow]] nihonek) yn 1988.<ref>Dennis Chua (10 mis Gwynngala 2016), [https://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/09/172214/other-worldly-neighbour An other-worldly neighbour], ''New Straits Times'' (yn [[Sowsnek]]), kyrghys 17 mis Me 2025</ref> Ev yw aswonys avel onan a'n gwella fylmow bywhes, gans an fylm ha'n gwarier Totoro re dheuth ha bos ikonys gonisogethel.<ref>Jez Stewart (28 mis Est 2012), [https://www.bfi.org.uk/lists/greatest-animated-films-all-time The greatest animated films of all time?], ''British Film Institute'' (yn [[Sowsnek]]), kyrghys 17 mis Me 2025</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924050809/http://www.empireonline.com/features/100-greatest-world-cinema-films/default.asp?film=41 The 100 Best Films of World Cinema: 41 - My Neighbour Totoro], ''Empire'' (yn [[Sowsnek]]), kovskrifys a'[http://www.empireonline.com/features/100-greatest-world-cinema-films/default.asp?film=41 n derowel] war 24 mis Gwynngala 2015, kyrghys 17 mis Me 2025</ref> ==Aswiwans gwari== {{anchor|Gwari}} An fylm o aswiwys avel gwari yn 2022, ow performya rag kynsa prys y'n Gwariva Barbican, [[Loundres]] war 8 mis Hedra.<ref name=SM>Ella Feldman (7 November 2022), [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/totoro-finds-a-new-neighborhood-londons-west-end-180981079/ Totoro Finds New Neighbors at London’s West End], ''Smithsonian Magazine'' (yn [[Sowsnek]]), kyrghys 21 mis Me 2025</ref> Tom Morton-Smith yw an skrifer ha Joe Hisaishi (an komposydh rag an fylm) yw an komposydh hag askorrer gweythresek.<ref name=SM /> An kevarwodher rag an askorrans Barbican o Phelim McDermott.<ref name=SM /> Nessa resegva a waras y'n Gwariva Barbican yn 2023 hag yth esa resegva war'n Penn West y'n Gwariva Gillian Lyne yn 2025.<ref>Dominique Sisley (19 mis Meurth 2025), [https://www.dazeddigital.com/film-tv/article/66342/1/completely-unstageable-studio-ghibli-theatre-my-neighbour-totoro-london-west-end My Neighbour Totoro: How the cult classic finally made it to the stage], ''Dazed'' (yn [[Sowsnek]]), kyrghys 21 mis Me 2025</ref> An gwari o lawdys gans barnoryon,<ref>Arifa Akbar (19 mis Hedra 2022), [https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2022/oct/19/my-neighbour-totoro-review-barbican-london My Neighbour Totoro review – dazzling staging of the Studio Ghibli classic], ''[[The Guardian]]'' (yn [[Sowsnek]]), kyrghys 21 mis Me 2025</ref><ref>David Benedict (20 mis Hedra 2022), [https://variety.com/2022/legit/reviews/my-neighbor-totoro-review-play-royal-shakespeare-company-1235409806/ ‘My Neighbor Totoro’ Review: An Inventive, Visually Thrilling Adaptation of the Studio Ghibli Favorite], ''Variety'' (yn [[Sowsnek]]), kyrghys 21 mis Me 2025</ref> hag y'n [[Pewasow Laurence Olivier 2023]], ev o ombrofyer rag naw pewasow, ow kwaynya hwegh.<ref>Chris Wiegand (2 mis Ebrel 2023), [https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2023/apr/02/my-neighbour-totoro-triumphs-at-olivier-awards My Neighbour Totoro triumphs at Olivier awards], ''[[The Guardian]]'' (yn [[Sowsnek]]), kyrghys 21 mis Me 2025</ref> ==Devynnow== {{reflist}} [[Klass:Fylmow vywhes japanek]] [[Klass:1988]] fa0m1lnc88axe4q7ip9y0epmi4kl6h9 Devnydhyer:Flynn Peck/sandbox 2 19432 228822 228690 2026-08-23T14:47:23Z Flynn Peck 18125 228822 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixkw}} '''Lava''' yw [[magma]] tardhys dhyworth an pervedh a [[Planet norvysel|blanet norvysel]] (kepar ha[[Dor|'n Nor]]) po loor war y arenep. Lava a yll bos tardhys yn [[loskvenydh]] po dre dorr y'n [[Krestennen (dororieth)|kresten]], yn tir po yn-dann dhowr, dell yw usys yn tempredhow a 800 dhe 1,200 °C. Lava a yll bos tardhys yn tidro war arenep an tir po war [[leur an mor]] po i a yll bos estewlys y'n ayrgylgh kyns omhweles. An [[Karrek loskvenydhyek|garrek loskvenydhyek]] solyd gwrys dre woyeynheans an stoff teudhys yw henwys yn fenowgh ''lava''. [[Restren:001 Volcano eruption of Litli-Hrútur in Iceland in 2023 Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|skeusennik|Lava yr a'n tardhans [[Fagradalsfjall]] yn [[Rewenys]], 2023]] '''Fros lava''' yw diveryans a lava yn [[tardhans diverek]]. ([[Tardhans hedardh]] a askorr kemyskans a [[lusu loskvenydhyek]] ha darnow erel henwys [[tefra]], nyns yw frosow lava.) An glusekter an brassa rann a lava teudhys yw a-dro dhe'n glusekter a [[Kechap|gechap]], a-dro dhe 10,000 dhe 100,000weyth moy glusek es dowr (an stoffys kampollys diwettha musurys yn 25°C yn 1 [[Ayrgylgh savonek (unsys)|ayr]]). Hwath, lava a yll resek yn hirbel kyns goyeynheans a's solydhe, dre reson lava diskwedhys dhe ayr a dhispleg snell kresten solyd neb a eneseg an lava linyel remenant, hag a's gwitha tomm hag anlusek lowr rag pesya frosa.<ref>Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009). ''Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology'' (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 53–55. ISBN 978-0-521-88006-0.</ref> == Styronieth == An ger ''lava'' a dheu a [[Italek]] (dre [[Sowsnek]]) ha, dell hevel, a dheu dhyworth an ger [[Latin]] ''labes'', ow styrya 'kodh' po 'slynk'.<ref>http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/lava</ref><ref>http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/lava</ref> Yma devnydh a-varr an ger (yn-kever esherdhyans a vagma a-woles dhe'n arenep) kevys yn derivas kott an tardhans 1737 a [[Menydh Vesuvius|Vesuvius]], skrifys gans [[Francesco Serao]], neb a dheskrifas "fros a lava tanek" avel analogieth rag an fros a dhowr ha leys yn-nans tenwennnow an loskvenydh ([[lahar]]) wosa [[glaw]] poos.<ref>https://archive.org/details/istoriadellincen00sera/page/n3/mode/2up</ref><ref>https://vulcan.lindahall.org/9.shtml</ref> == Teythi == === Komposyans === [[Restren:007 Volcano eruption of Litli-Hrútur in Iceland in 2023 Video by Giles Laurent.webm|skeusennik|Gwydhyow a lava amovys ha hwythfyek y'n tardhans Litli-Hrútur yn 2023]] Lava solydhys war [[Kresten an Nor|gresten an Nor]] yw dre vras [[Moon silikat|monyow silikat]]: dre vras [[Gwrysven|gwrysveyn]], [[Fugwrysven|fugwrysveyn]], [[Olyvin|olyvinyow]], [[Pyroksyn|pyroksynyow]], [[Amfybol|amfybolyow]], [[Mika|mikas]], ha [[kanndir]].<ref name=":0">Philpotts & Ague 2009, p. 19.</ref> Lava ansilikat treweythus a yll bos furvys dre deudhans leel a voon ansilikat<ref name=":3">https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12371-011-0045-x</ref> po dre dhibarth a vagma yn gwedhow silikat [[Kemyskadewder|angemyskadow]] hag ansilikat linyel.<ref name=":4">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0009-2541%2802%2900148-1</ref> ==== Silikat ==== Lava sylysasek yw kemyskyansow teudhys gwarthevys gans [[oksyjen]] ha [[silikon]], [[Palsedh a elvennow yn kresten an Nor|moyha pals elvennow a gresten an Nor]], gans mynsow byghanna a [[aluminiom]], [[kalgh]], [[magnesiom]], [[horn]], [[sodiom]], ha [[potassiom]] ha mynsow le a veur a elvennow erel.<ref name=":0" /> [[Karrekonieth|Karrekonydhyon]] a gampoll yn usadow an komposyans a lava silikat dre vayn a rannriv poos po [[gronnedh molekulek]] a'n oksidys a'n elvennow chif (saw [[oksyjen]]) y'n lava.<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, pp. 132–133.</ref> An rann silika a warthev an fara fisegel a vagmaow silikat. Ions silikon yn lava a omgelm yn fen dhe beswar ion oksyjen yn aray pedrfurvek. Mars eus ion oksyjen omgelmys dhe dhew ions silikon y'n teudhas, deskrifys yw avel oksyjen ponsek, ha lava gans meur a vonniow po kadonyow a ions silikon junys gans oksyjen ponsek yw deskrifys avel liesrannelhys yn rannel. Aluminiom yn kesunyans gans oksidys alkan alkali (sodiom ha potassiom) a deudh ynwedh dhe liesrannelhe an lava.<ref name=":1">Philpotts & Ague 2009, p. 25.</ref> Kations erel, kepar ha horn hornus, kalciom, ha magnesiom, a omgelm moy yn hwann dhe oksyjen hag a iselha an tuedh dhe liesrannelhe.<ref>Schmincke, Hans-Ulrich (2003). ''Volcanism''. Berlin: Springer. p. 38. ISBN 978-3-540-43650-8.</ref> Liesrannelheans rannel a lusekha an lava, ytho lava gans meur a silika yw moy glusek es lava isel yn silika.<ref name=":1" /> Awos an rann a silika rag determya glusekter hag awos meur a deythiennow erel a lava (kepar hag aga thempredh) yw aswonys dhe omdhesedha orth synsas silika, lava silikat yw rannys yn peswar eghennow kymygiethel war-lergh synsas silika: ''felsek'', ''kres'', ''mafek'', ha ''gorvafek''.<ref>Casq, R.A.F.; Wright, J.V. (1987). ''Volcanic Successions''. Unwin Hyman Inc. p. 528. ISBN 978-0-04-552022-0.</ref> ==== Felsek ==== Lava felsek po [[Silika|silikek]] a's teves synsas silika moy es 63%. I a gomprehend lava [[ryolit]] ha [[dacit]]. Gans synsas silika mar ughel, an lava ma yw pur lusek, a 0<sup>8</sup> cP (10<sup>5</sup> Pa⋅s) rag lava ryolit tomm yn 1,200 °C dhe 10<sup>11</sup> cP (10<sup>8</sup> Pa⋅s) rag lava ryolit goyeyn yn 800°C.<ref name=":2">Philpotts & Ague 2009, p. 23.</ref> Rag kehevelyans, dowr a'n jeves glusekter a-dro dhe 1 cP (0.001 Pa⋅s). Rag an glusekter fest ughel ma, lava felsek a dardh dell yw usys yn hedardh rag askorra godhes (dernigel) [[Karrek byroklastek|pyroklastek]]. Byttegyns, lava ryolit a dardh yn tiverek treweythyow rag furvya [[Mell keyn lava|mellow keyn lava]], [[Krommdo lava|krommdohow lava]] po "''coulees''" (frosow lava kott ha tew).<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, pp. 70–77.</ref> An lava a omvrew yn tipek hag esherdhyons, owth askorra frosow lava stockek. An re ma a yssyns yn fenowgh [[gwederdu]].<ref>Schmincke 2003, p. 132.</ref> Magmaow felsek a yll tardha yn tempredhow mar ughel avel 800 °C.<ref name=":5">Philpotts & Ague 2009, p. 20.</ref> Lava ryolit tomm yn anusadow (>950 °C), byttegyns, a yll frosa rag meur a gilometrow, kepar hag y'n [[Playn Snake River]] a worlewin an Statys Unys.<ref>Bonnichsen, B.; Kauffman, D.F. (1987). "Physical features of rhyolite lava flows in the Snake River Plain volcanic province, southwestern Idaho". ''The Emplacement of Silicic Domes and Lava Flows''. Geological Society of America Special Papers. Vol. 212. Geological Society of America. pp. 119–145. doi:10.1130/SPE212-p119. ISBN 0-8137-2212-8.</ref> ==== Kres ==== Lava kres po [[Andesit|andesitek]] a yssyns 52% dhe 63% silika, hag yw isella yn aluminiom ha, dell yw usys, nebes rychha yn [[magnesiom]] ha [[horn]] es lava felsek. Lava kres a furv krommdohow andesitek ha lava stockek hag a yll hwarvos yn [[Loskvenydh gweliek|loskvenydhyow gweliek]] serth, kepar hag y'n [[Andes]].<ref>Schmincke 2003, pp. 21–24, 132, 143.</ref> Tommha yns yn kemmyn es lava felsek, yntra 850 dhe 1,100 °C. Awos aga synsas silika isella ha tempredhow-tardha ughella, i a duedh dhe vos le glusek, gans glusekter tipek a 3.5 million cP (3,500 Pa⋅s) yn {{cvt|1200|C||}}. Hemm yw boghes moy es an glusekter a [[amanyn know dhor]] smodh.<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, pp. 23–611.</ref> Lava kres a dhiskwedh tuedh moyha dhe furvya [[Fenokryst|fenokrystyow]].<ref>https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2011JB008243</ref> Magnesiom ha horn ughella a duedh dhe omapertya avel [[Mammek (dororieth)|mammek]] moy du, ow komprehendya amfibol po fenokrystyow pyroksin.<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, pp. 1376–377.</ref> ==== Mafek ==== Tipek yw synsas magnesiom oksid ha horn oksid (dhe biw an furvellow molekulek a brovi an kessonennow yn mafek) yn lava mafek po [[Basalt|basaltek]], hag yma synsas silika strothys yntra 52% dhe 45%. I a dardh dre vras yn tempredhow a 1,100 dhe 1,200 °C hag yn glusekteryow isella, a-dro dhe 10<sup>4</sup> to 10<sup>5</sup> cP (10 to 100 Pa⋅s). Haval yw hemma dhe'n glusekter a [[Kechap|gechap]],<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, pp. 23–25.</ref> kyn pur ughella yw es an glusekter a dhowr. Lava mafek a duedh dhe askorra [[Loskvenydh skoos|loskvenydhyow skoos]] kott po [[Basalt liv|basaltys liv]], dre reson an lava le glusek a yll frosa yn hirbel a'n dardhell. An tewder a fros lava basaltek solydhys, dres oll war run isel, a yll bos moy es an tewder an fros lava teudhys usi ow kwaya yn neb eur, dre reson lava basaltek a yll "hwytha" dre brovians sad a lava hag y waskedh war gresten solydhys.<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, p. 53–55, 59–64.</ref> An brassa rann a lava basaltek yw a eghennow ʻaʻā po pāhoehoe, a-der lava stockek. Yn-dann dhowr, i a yll furvya [[lava pluvek]], haval dhe lava pahoehoe war'n tir.<ref>Schmincke 2003, pp. 128–132.</ref> ==== Gorvafek ==== Lava gorvafek, kepar ha [[komatiit]] ha magmaow pur vagnesiek neb a furv [[boninit]], a gemmer an komposyans ha tempredhow a dardhans dhe'n penn. Oll a's teves synsas silika a-woles dhe 45%. Komatiitys a yssyns moy es 18% magnesiom oksid hag yw krysys dhe dardha yn tempredhow a {{convert|1600|°C}}. Y'n tempredh ma, nyns eus liesrannelheans an kesunyansow moon, ow kwruthyl lin pur wayadow.<ref>Arndt, N.T. (1994). "Archean komatiites". In Condie, K.C. (ed.). ''Archean Crustal Evolution''. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-444-81621-4.</ref> Glusekteryow a vagmaow komatiit yw krysys dhe vos mar isel avel 100 dhe 1000 cP (0.1 dhe 1 Pa⋅s), haval dhe'n glusekter a oyl jynn skav.<ref name=":2" /> Nyns yw an brassa rann a vagmaow gorvafek yowynkha es an [[Proterozoek]], gans nebes magmaow gorvafek aswonys dhe vos a'n [[Fanerosoek]] yn [[Amerika Gres]] askrifys dhe [[ughres pall]] tomm. Nyns eus lava komatiit arnowydh aswonys, drefen re woyeynhys veu [[pall an Nor]] rag askorra magmaow magnesiek ughella.<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, pp. 399–400.</ref> ==== Alkaliek ==== Yma dhe nebes lava silikat synsas ughellhys a [[Rol a oksidys alkan alkali|oksidys alkan alkali]] (sodiom ha potassiom), dres oll yn tylleryow a [[Fols|folsans brastiryel]], arenebedhow neb a wrowedh war [[Tektonieth plattys|blattys]] [[Istennans|istennys]], po yn [[Tyller tomm (dororieth)|tylleryow tomm]] isblatt.<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, pp. 139–148.</ref> Aga synsas silika a yll bos yntra gorvafek ([[nefelinit]], [[basanit]], ha [[tefrit]]) dhe felsek ([[trakit]]). I a duedh dhe vos dinythys yn dowderyow brassa y'n pall es magmaow isalkaliek.<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, pp. 606–607.</ref> Lava [[nefelinit]] olivin yw an dhew gorvafek ha fest alkaliek, hag yw krysys dhe dos a dhownha yn [[Pall (dororieth)|pall]] an [[Dor|Nor]] es lava erel.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20090307140121/http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/feature_volcano_e.php</ref> {| style="border:0px solid black;" |+ !valign="top" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;" |+Ensamplys a gomposyansow lava (poos%)<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, p. 145.</ref> ! Component ! [[Nefelinit]] ! [[Pikrit]] [[Kevres magma tholeiitek|tholeiitek]] ! [[Basalt tholeiitek]] ! [[Andesit]] ! [[Ryolit]] |- | Silika |[[SiO2|SiO<sub>2</sub>]] | 39.7 | 46.4 | 53.8 | 60.0 | 73.2 |- | [[TiO2|TiO<sub>2</sub>]] | 2.8 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 0.2 |- | [[Al2O3|Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>]] | 11.4 | 8.5 | 13.9 | 16.0 | 14.0 |- | [[Fe2O3|Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>]] | 5.3 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 1.9 | 0.6 |- | [[FeO]] | 8.2 | 9.8 | 9.3 | 6.2 | 1.7 |- | [[MnO]] | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.0 |- | [[MgO]] | 12.1 | 20.8 | 4.1 | 3.9 | 0.4 |- | [[CaO]] | 12.8 | 7.4 | 7.9 | 5.9 | 1.3 |- | [[Na2O|Na<sub>2</sub>O]] | 3.8 | 1.6 | 3.0 | 3.9 | 3.9 |- | [[K2O|K<sub>2</sub>O]] | 1.2 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 4.1 |- | [[P2O5|P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>]] | 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.0 |} ! valign="top" | {{Pie chart | radius = 100 | thumb = | caption = Lava basalt tholeiitek | other = | label1 = SiO<sub>2</sub> | value1 = 53.8 | label2 = Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> | value2 =13.9 | label3 =FeO | value3 =9.3 | label4 =CaO | value4 =7.9 | label5 =MgO | value5 =4.1 | label6 =Na<sub>2</sub>O | value6 =3.0 | label7 = Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> | value7=2.6 | label8 = TiO<sub>2</sub> | value8=2.0 | label9 = K<sub>2</sub>O | value9 = 1.5 | label10 = P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> | value10 = 0.4 | label11 = MnO | value11 = 0.2 }} ! valign="top" |{{Pie chart | radius = 100 | thumb = | caption = Lava ryolit | other = | label1 = SiO<sub>2</sub> | value1 = 73.2 | label2 = Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> | value2 = 14 | label9 =K<sub>2</sub>O | value9 = 4.1 | label6 =Na<sub>2</sub>O | value6 = 3.9 | label3 =FeO | value3 = 1.7 | label4 = CaO | value4 = 1.3 | label7 = Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> | value7= 0.6 | label5 = MgO | value5= 0.4 | label8 = TiO<sub>2</sub> | value8 = 0.2 | label10 = P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> | value10 = 0. | label11 = MnO | value11 = 0. }} |} ==== Ansilikat ==== Re beu nebes lava a gomposyans anusadow tardhys war arenep an Nor. An re ma a gomprehend: * Lava [[karbonatit]] ha [[natrokarbonatit]] yw aswonys dhyworth loskvenydh [[Ol Doinyo Lengai]] yn [[Tanzani]], an ensampel unnik a loskvenydh karbonatit byw.<ref>http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/Unusual%20lava.html</ref> Karbonatitys y'n kovadh dororiethel yw yn tipek 75% monyow karbonat, gans mynsow le a vonyow silikat (kepar ha [[mika]] hag olivin), [[apatit]], [[magnetit]], ha [[pyroklor]]. Ny dhiskwedh hemma komposyans gwreydhek an lava, neb a alla yssynsi [[sodiom karbonat]] dileys wosa henna der aktivita dowrdesel, kynth yma arbrovow yn brovji ow tiskwedhes magma rych yn kalcit yw galladow. Lava karbonatit a dhiskwedh [[Komparriv isotop fast|komparrivow isotop fast]] neb a sin yth ymons dhyworth an lava silikek fest alkaliek, dres lycklod dre dhibarth a wedh angemyskadow.<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, pp. 396–397.</ref> Lava natrokarbonatit a Ol Doinyo Lengai yw komposys dre vras a sodiom karbonat, gans a-dro dhe hanter an myns na a botassiom karbonat, ha mynsow le a halidys, fluoridys, ha sulfatys. Pur linyel yw an lava, gans glusekteryow boghes moy es dowr. Ynwedh pur woyeyn yns gans tempredhow musurys a 91 dhe 544 °C.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00301213</ref> * Lava [[horn oksid]] yw krysys dhe vos pennfenten an godhesow horn yn [[Kiruna]], [[Sweden]] neb a furvyas y'n [[Proterozoek]].<ref name=":4" /> Yma lava horn oksid a'n oos [[Pliocin]] y'n komplek loskvenydh [[El Laco]] war'n amal [[Chile]]-[[Arghantina]].<ref name=":3" /> Krysys yw lava horn oksid dhe vos an sewyans a dhibarth [[Angemyskadewder|angemyskadow]] a vagma horn oksid rag magma kerensel a gomposyans [[Kevres magma kalc-alkaliek|kalc-alkaliek]] po alkaliek.<ref name=":4" /> Byttegyns, yma neb dororydhyon ow styrya an kerrek horn oksid El Laco avel frosow lava silikat chanjys yn towrdesel wosa aga thardhans.<ref>https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUSM.V12A..04M/abstract</ref> * Yma frosow lava [[sulfur]] bys dhe 250 meter hir ha 10 meter ledan yn loskvenydh [[Lastarria]] yn Chile. Yth ens i furvys der an teudhans a wodhesow sulfur yn tempredhow mar isel avel 113°C.<ref name=":3" /> An term "lava" a yll bos devnydhys ynwedh rag "kemyskansow rew" teudhys yn tardhansow war loryow rewys an [[planetow kowrek]] yn [[System howlek|kevreyth an Howl]].<ref>McBride; Gilmore, eds. (2007). ''An introduction to the Solar System''. Cambridge University Press. p. 392.</ref> === Frosonieth === [[Restren:PahoehoeLava.jpg|skeusennik|Besies troos a avonsyans pāhoehoe a-dreus dhe fordh yn [[Kalapana, Hawaii|Kalapana]] war'n folsva est a [[Kīlauea|Gīlauea]] yn [[Hawaii]]]] Dre vras, glusekter an lava a dheterm an fara a frosow lava. Yma an tempredh a lava silikat kemmyn a-dro dhe 800 °C rag lava felsek dhe 1,200 °C rag lava mafek,<ref name=":5" /> mes yma an glusekter moy chanjus a 10<sup>11</sup> cP (10<sup>8</sup> Pa⋅s) rag lava felsek dhe 10<sup>4</sup> cP (10 Pa⋅s) rag lava mafek.<ref name=":5" /> Gluskter a lava yw determys dre vras gans komposyans mes a greg ynwedh war dempredh<ref name=":2" /> ha kevradh difurvyans.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2005GL024240</ref> Glusekter a lava a dheterm an [[Tardhans loskvenydhyek|eghen a aktivita loskvenydhyek]] usi pan dardhys yw lava. An moy yw an glusekter, an moy yw an tuedh dhe dardhansow dhe vos hedardh yn-dar diverek. Awos hemma, an brassa rann a frosow lava war'n Nor, Meurth, ha Gwener yw komposys a lava basalt.<ref>Schmincke 2003, p. 128.</ref> War'n Nor, 90% a frosow lava yw mafek po gorvafek, ha lava kres ow furvya 8% a frosow, ha lava felsek ow furvya mar 2% a frosow.<ref name=":6">http://www.geo.umass.edu/courses/volcanology/Lava%20Flows.pdf</ref> Glusekter a dheterm ynwedh an wedh (tewder perthynek orth kehesedh tenewen) a frosow, an tooth a frosow, ha gnas arenebel an frosow.<ref name=":2" /><ref>https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0377-0273%2880%2990033-5</ref> Pan vo tardhys lava fest glusek yn tiverek yn-dar yn hedardh, i a dardh ogas ha pupprys avel frosow gwedh-ughel po krommdohow. An frosow ma a furv lava stockek yn-dar ʻaʻā po pāhoehoe. Kemmyn yw frosow gwederdu.<ref>Schmincke 2003, pp. 132–138.</ref> Lava kres a duedh dhe furvya loskvenydhyow gweliek serth, gans gweliow tereylyek a lava dhyworth tardhansow diverek ha tefra dhyworth tardhansow hedardh.<ref>Schmincke 2003, pp. 143–144.</ref> Lava mafek a furv frosow moon neb a yll gwaya yn hirbel, hag ow furvya loskvenydhyow skoos gans runyow jentyl.<ref>Schmincke 2003, pp. 127–128.</ref> Yn keworransel ha karrek deudhys, an brassa rann a lava a yssyns gwrysow solyd a vonyow dyffrans, darnow a gerrek eksotek henwys [[Esven|esveyn]], ha darnow a lava solydhys kyns ena. An synsas gwrys a'n brassa rann a lava a'ga re teythi [[Tavatropikieth|tavatropik]] ha [[tanowheans-difurvya]].<ref>https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0377-0273%2803%2900341-x</ref> Yn geryow erel, nyns usi an brassa rann a lava ow fara avel linyow Newtonek, le mayth an kevradh-frosa yw kemusurel orth an [[Gwask difurvyans|wask difurvyans]]. Yn le, [[Plastek Bingham|lin Bingham]] yw lava tipek, neb a dhiskwedh sprallansedh mynsek dhe fros bys dhe dreudhow gwask, henwys an wask blegya.<ref>Schmincke 2003, pp. 39–40.</ref> Hemm a sew yn [[fros stoppyer]] a lava gwrysek yn rannel. Ensampel aswonys a fros stoppyer yw past dens strothys yn-mes a biben. An past dens a dheu yn-mes avel stoppyer hantersolyd, dre reson yma difurvyans keskreunys yn gwiskas tanow y'n past dens ryb an biben hag y'n tyller na yn unnik eus past dens ow fara avel lin. Fara tavatropik a lett ynwedh gwrysow rag godhesa a-ves dhe'n lava.<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, p. 40.</ref> Pan vo drehedhys a-dro dhe 60% an synsas gwrys, an lava a astel fara avel lin hag a dhalleth fara avel solyd. Kemyskans an par ma a wrysow gans karrek deudhys a yll bos deskrifys avel ''crystal mush''.<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, p. 16.</ref> Tooth a frosow lava a var dre vras war-lergh glusekter ha run. Dre vras, lava a fros yn lent, gans tooth tipek rag frosow basaltek hawaiiek a 0.40 km/e ha tooth ughboyntyel a 10 dhe 48 km/e yn runyow serth.<ref name=":6" /> Tooth mes an rewl a 37 dhe 97 km/e o rekordys wosa an diskar a lynn lava yn [[Menydh Nyiragongo]].<ref name=":6" /> An perthynyans-kressya rag lava yw hag yma'n tooth kresek a fros ow kressya hag yma'n wreydhen bedrek a'ga thewder rannys orth aga glusekter.<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, p. 71.</ref> Hemm a brof y fia res dhe fros ryolit dhe vos a-dro dhe vilweyth moy tew es fros basalt rag frosa yn tooth haval. === Tempredh === [[Restren:Giant's Causeway 2006 08.jpg|skeusennik|Kesjunyans kolovennek y'n [[Kons Kewri]] yn [[Wordhen Gledh|Iwerdhon Gledh]]]] Yma an tempredh a'n brassa rann a lava teudhys a-dro dhe 800 °C dhe 1,200 °C<ref name=":5" /> ow kregi war gomposyans kymygiethel an lava. An efander tempredh ma yw haval dhe'n tommha tempredh hedhadow gans fog glowbren ayr-yniys.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.apenergy.2015.09.095</ref> Lava yw an moyha linyel kyns neppell wosa tardhans, ow tos ha bos moy glusek hag iselhe an tempredh.<ref name=":2" /> Frosow lava a dhispleg snell kresten-enesega a garrek solyd avel sewyans a goll dewynnyek a domder. Wosa henna, an lava a woyeynha dre gendegyans fest lent a domder dres karrek an kresten. Rag ensampel, dororydhyon an [[Arhwithrans Dororiethel an Statys Unys]] a dardras yn fenowgh y'n lynn lava Kilauea Iki, furvys yn tardhans 1959. Wosa teyr bledhen, an kresten arenep solyd, yth esa an ben 1,065 °C, o hwath mar 14 meter tew, spit dhe'n lynn ow pos a-dro dhe 100 meter down. Yth esa hwath lin remenantel yn downderyow a-dro dhe 80 meter nownsek bledhen wosa an tardhans.<ref name=":5" /> == Devynnow == <references /> d1bk64scv9cltktt82bajhlk8gvjv3l 228880 228822 2026-08-23T16:38:39Z Flynn Peck 18125 /* Alkaliek */ 228880 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixkw}} '''Lava''' yw [[magma]] tardhys dhyworth an pervedh a [[Planet norvysel|blanet norvysel]] (kepar ha[[Dor|'n Nor]]) po loor war y arenep. Lava a yll bos tardhys yn [[loskvenydh]] po dre dorr y'n [[Krestennen (dororieth)|kresten]], yn tir po yn-dann dhowr, dell yw usys yn tempredhow a 800 dhe 1,200 °C. Lava a yll bos tardhys yn tidro war arenep an tir po war [[leur an mor]] po i a yll bos estewlys y'n ayrgylgh kyns omhweles. An [[Karrek loskvenydhyek|garrek loskvenydhyek]] solyd gwrys dre woyeynheans an stoff teudhys yw henwys yn fenowgh ''lava''. [[Restren:001 Volcano eruption of Litli-Hrútur in Iceland in 2023 Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|skeusennik|Lava yr a'n tardhans [[Fagradalsfjall]] yn [[Rewenys]], 2023]] '''Fros lava''' yw diveryans a lava yn [[tardhans diverek]]. ([[Tardhans hedardh]] a askorr kemyskans a [[lusu loskvenydhyek]] ha darnow erel henwys [[tefra]], nyns yw frosow lava.) An glusekter an brassa rann a lava teudhys yw a-dro dhe'n glusekter a [[Kechap|gechap]], a-dro dhe 10,000 dhe 100,000weyth moy glusek es dowr (an stoffys kampollys diwettha musurys yn 25°C yn 1 [[Ayrgylgh savonek (unsys)|ayr]]). Hwath, lava a yll resek yn hirbel kyns goyeynheans a's solydhe, dre reson lava diskwedhys dhe ayr a dhispleg snell kresten solyd neb a eneseg an lava linyel remenant, hag a's gwitha tomm hag anlusek lowr rag pesya frosa.<ref>Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009). ''Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology'' (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 53–55. ISBN 978-0-521-88006-0.</ref> == Styronieth == An ger ''lava'' a dheu a [[Italek]] (dre [[Sowsnek]]) ha, dell hevel, a dheu dhyworth an ger [[Latin]] ''labes'', ow styrya 'kodh' po 'slynk'.<ref>http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/lava</ref><ref>http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/lava</ref> Yma devnydh a-varr an ger (yn-kever esherdhyans a vagma a-woles dhe'n arenep) kevys yn derivas kott an tardhans 1737 a [[Menydh Vesuvius|Vesuvius]], skrifys gans [[Francesco Serao]], neb a dheskrifas "fros a lava tanek" avel analogieth rag an fros a dhowr ha leys yn-nans tenwennnow an loskvenydh ([[lahar]]) wosa [[glaw]] poos.<ref>https://archive.org/details/istoriadellincen00sera/page/n3/mode/2up</ref><ref>https://vulcan.lindahall.org/9.shtml</ref> == Teythi == === Komposyans === [[Restren:007 Volcano eruption of Litli-Hrútur in Iceland in 2023 Video by Giles Laurent.webm|skeusennik|Gwydhyow a lava amovys ha hwythfyek y'n tardhans Litli-Hrútur yn 2023]] Lava solydhys war [[Kresten an Nor|gresten an Nor]] yw dre vras [[Moon silikat|monyow silikat]]: dre vras [[Gwrysven|gwrysveyn]], [[Fugwrysven|fugwrysveyn]], [[Olyvin|olyvinyow]], [[Pyroksyn|pyroksynyow]], [[Amfybol|amfybolyow]], [[Mika|mikas]], ha [[kanndir]].<ref name=":0">Philpotts & Ague 2009, p. 19.</ref> Lava ansilikat treweythus a yll bos furvys dre deudhans leel a voon ansilikat<ref name=":3">https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12371-011-0045-x</ref> po dre dhibarth a vagma yn gwedhow silikat [[Kemyskadewder|angemyskadow]] hag ansilikat linyel.<ref name=":4">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0009-2541%2802%2900148-1</ref> ==== Silikat ==== Lava sylysasek yw kemyskyansow teudhys gwarthevys gans [[oksyjen]] ha [[silikon]], [[Palsedh a elvennow yn kresten an Nor|moyha pals elvennow a gresten an Nor]], gans mynsow byghanna a [[aluminiom]], [[kalgh]], [[magnesiom]], [[horn]], [[sodiom]], ha [[potassiom]] ha mynsow le a veur a elvennow erel.<ref name=":0" /> [[Karrekonieth|Karrekonydhyon]] a gampoll yn usadow an komposyans a lava silikat dre vayn a rannriv poos po [[gronnedh molekulek]] a'n oksidys a'n elvennow chif (saw [[oksyjen]]) y'n lava.<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, pp. 132–133.</ref> An rann silika a warthev an fara fisegel a vagmaow silikat. Ions silikon yn lava a omgelm yn fen dhe beswar ion oksyjen yn aray pedrfurvek. Mars eus ion oksyjen omgelmys dhe dhew ions silikon y'n teudhas, deskrifys yw avel oksyjen ponsek, ha lava gans meur a vonniow po kadonyow a ions silikon junys gans oksyjen ponsek yw deskrifys avel liesrannelhys yn rannel. Aluminiom yn kesunyans gans oksidys alkan alkali (sodiom ha potassiom) a deudh ynwedh dhe liesrannelhe an lava.<ref name=":1">Philpotts & Ague 2009, p. 25.</ref> Kations erel, kepar ha horn hornus, kalciom, ha magnesiom, a omgelm moy yn hwann dhe oksyjen hag a iselha an tuedh dhe liesrannelhe.<ref>Schmincke, Hans-Ulrich (2003). ''Volcanism''. Berlin: Springer. p. 38. ISBN 978-3-540-43650-8.</ref> Liesrannelheans rannel a lusekha an lava, ytho lava gans meur a silika yw moy glusek es lava isel yn silika.<ref name=":1" /> Awos an rann a silika rag determya glusekter hag awos meur a deythiennow erel a lava (kepar hag aga thempredh) yw aswonys dhe omdhesedha orth synsas silika, lava silikat yw rannys yn peswar eghennow kymygiethel war-lergh synsas silika: ''felsek'', ''kres'', ''mafek'', ha ''gorvafek''.<ref>Casq, R.A.F.; Wright, J.V. (1987). ''Volcanic Successions''. Unwin Hyman Inc. p. 528. ISBN 978-0-04-552022-0.</ref> ==== Felsek ==== Lava felsek po [[Silika|silikek]] a's teves synsas silika moy es 63%. I a gomprehend lava [[ryolit]] ha [[dacit]]. Gans synsas silika mar ughel, an lava ma yw pur lusek, a 0<sup>8</sup> cP (10<sup>5</sup> Pa⋅s) rag lava ryolit tomm yn 1,200 °C dhe 10<sup>11</sup> cP (10<sup>8</sup> Pa⋅s) rag lava ryolit goyeyn yn 800°C.<ref name=":2">Philpotts & Ague 2009, p. 23.</ref> Rag kehevelyans, dowr a'n jeves glusekter a-dro dhe 1 cP (0.001 Pa⋅s). Rag an glusekter fest ughel ma, lava felsek a dardh dell yw usys yn hedardh rag askorra godhes (dernigel) [[Karrek byroklastek|pyroklastek]]. Byttegyns, lava ryolit a dardh yn tiverek treweythyow rag furvya [[Mell keyn lava|mellow keyn lava]], [[Krommdo lava|krommdohow lava]] po "''coulees''" (frosow lava kott ha tew).<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, pp. 70–77.</ref> An lava a omvrew yn tipek hag esherdhyons, owth askorra frosow lava stockek. An re ma a yssyns yn fenowgh [[gwederdu]].<ref>Schmincke 2003, p. 132.</ref> Magmaow felsek a yll tardha yn tempredhow mar ughel avel 800 °C.<ref name=":5">Philpotts & Ague 2009, p. 20.</ref> Lava ryolit tomm yn anusadow (>950 °C), byttegyns, a yll frosa rag meur a gilometrow, kepar hag y'n [[Playn Snake River]] a worlewin an Statys Unys.<ref>Bonnichsen, B.; Kauffman, D.F. (1987). "Physical features of rhyolite lava flows in the Snake River Plain volcanic province, southwestern Idaho". ''The Emplacement of Silicic Domes and Lava Flows''. Geological Society of America Special Papers. Vol. 212. Geological Society of America. pp. 119–145. doi:10.1130/SPE212-p119. ISBN 0-8137-2212-8.</ref> ==== Kres ==== Lava kres po [[Andesit|andesitek]] a yssyns 52% dhe 63% silika, hag yw isella yn aluminiom ha, dell yw usys, nebes rychha yn [[magnesiom]] ha [[horn]] es lava felsek. Lava kres a furv krommdohow andesitek ha lava stockek hag a yll hwarvos yn [[Loskvenydh gweliek|loskvenydhyow gweliek]] serth, kepar hag y'n [[Andes]].<ref>Schmincke 2003, pp. 21–24, 132, 143.</ref> Tommha yns yn kemmyn es lava felsek, yntra 850 dhe 1,100 °C. Awos aga synsas silika isella ha tempredhow-tardha ughella, i a duedh dhe vos le glusek, gans glusekter tipek a 3.5 million cP (3,500 Pa⋅s) yn {{cvt|1200|C||}}. Hemm yw boghes moy es an glusekter a [[amanyn know dhor]] smodh.<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, pp. 23–611.</ref> Lava kres a dhiskwedh tuedh moyha dhe furvya [[Fenokryst|fenokrystyow]].<ref>https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2011JB008243</ref> Magnesiom ha horn ughella a duedh dhe omapertya avel [[Mammek (dororieth)|mammek]] moy du, ow komprehendya amfibol po fenokrystyow pyroksin.<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, pp. 1376–377.</ref> ==== Mafek ==== Tipek yw synsas magnesiom oksid ha horn oksid (dhe biw an furvellow molekulek a brovi an kessonennow yn mafek) yn lava mafek po [[Basalt|basaltek]], hag yma synsas silika strothys yntra 52% dhe 45%. I a dardh dre vras yn tempredhow a 1,100 dhe 1,200 °C hag yn glusekteryow isella, a-dro dhe 10<sup>4</sup> to 10<sup>5</sup> cP (10 to 100 Pa⋅s). Haval yw hemma dhe'n glusekter a [[Kechap|gechap]],<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, pp. 23–25.</ref> kyn pur ughella yw es an glusekter a dhowr. Lava mafek a duedh dhe askorra [[Loskvenydh skoos|loskvenydhyow skoos]] kott po [[Basalt liv|basaltys liv]], dre reson an lava le glusek a yll frosa yn hirbel a'n dardhell. An tewder a fros lava basaltek solydhys, dres oll war run isel, a yll bos moy es an tewder an fros lava teudhys usi ow kwaya yn neb eur, dre reson lava basaltek a yll "hwytha" dre brovians sad a lava hag y waskedh war gresten solydhys.<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, p. 53–55, 59–64.</ref> An brassa rann a lava basaltek yw a eghennow ʻaʻā po pāhoehoe, a-der lava stockek. Yn-dann dhowr, i a yll furvya [[lava pluvek]], haval dhe lava pahoehoe war'n tir.<ref>Schmincke 2003, pp. 128–132.</ref> ==== Gorvafek ==== Lava gorvafek, kepar ha [[komatiit]] ha magmaow pur vagnesiek neb a furv [[boninit]], a gemmer an komposyans ha tempredhow a dardhans dhe'n penn. Oll a's teves synsas silika a-woles dhe 45%. Komatiitys a yssyns moy es 18% magnesiom oksid hag yw krysys dhe dardha yn tempredhow a {{convert|1600|°C}}. Y'n tempredh ma, nyns eus liesrannelheans an kesunyansow moon, ow kwruthyl lin pur wayadow.<ref>Arndt, N.T. (1994). "Archean komatiites". In Condie, K.C. (ed.). ''Archean Crustal Evolution''. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-444-81621-4.</ref> Glusekteryow a vagmaow komatiit yw krysys dhe vos mar isel avel 100 dhe 1000 cP (0.1 dhe 1 Pa⋅s), haval dhe'n glusekter a oyl jynn skav.<ref name=":2" /> Nyns yw an brassa rann a vagmaow gorvafek yowynkha es an [[Proterozoek]], gans nebes magmaow gorvafek aswonys dhe vos a'n [[Fanerosoek]] yn [[Amerika Gres]] askrifys dhe [[ughres pall]] tomm. Nyns eus lava komatiit arnowydh aswonys, drefen re woyeynhys veu [[pall an Nor]] rag askorra magmaow magnesiek ughella.<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, pp. 399–400.</ref> ==== Alkaliek ==== Yma dhe nebes lava silikat synsas ughellhys a [[Rol a oksidys alkan alkali|oksidys alkan alkali]] (sodiom ha potassiom), dres oll yn tylleryow a [[Fols|folsans brastiryel]], arenebedhow neb a wrowedh war [[Tektonieth plattys|blattys]] [[Istennans|istennys]], po yn [[Tyller tomm (dororieth)|tylleryow tomm]] isblatt.<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, pp. 139–148.</ref> Aga synsas silika a yll bos yntra gorvafek ([[nefelinit]], [[basanit]], ha [[tefrit]]) dhe felsek ([[trakit]]). I a duedh dhe vos dinythys yn dowderyow brassa y'n pall es magmaow isalkaliek.<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, pp. 606–607.</ref> Lava [[nefelinit]] olivin yw an dhew gorvafek ha fest alkaliek, hag yw krysys dhe dos a dhownha yn [[Pall (dororieth)|pall]] an [[Dor|Nor]] es lava erel.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20090307140121/http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/feature_volcano_e.php</ref> {| style="border:0px solid black;" |+ !valign="top" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;" |+Ensamplys a gomposyansow lava (poos%)<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, p. 145.</ref> ! Component ! [[Nefelinit]] ! [[Pikrit]] [[Kevres magma tholeiitek|tholeiitek]] ! [[Basalt tholeiitek]] ! [[Andesit]] ! [[Ryolit]] |- | Silika |[[SiO2|SiO<sub>2</sub>]] | 39.7 | 46.4 | 53.8 | 60.0 | 73.2 |- | [[TiO2|TiO<sub>2</sub>]] | 2.8 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 0.2 |- | [[Al2O3|Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>]] | 11.4 | 8.5 | 13.9 | 16.0 | 14.0 |- | [[Fe2O3|Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>]] | 5.3 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 1.9 | 0.6 |- | [[FeO]] | 8.2 | 9.8 | 9.3 | 6.2 | 1.7 |- | [[MnO]] | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.0 |- | [[MgO]] | 12.1 | 20.8 | 4.1 | 3.9 | 0.4 |- | [[CaO]] | 12.8 | 7.4 | 7.9 | 5.9 | 1.3 |- | [[Na2O|Na<sub>2</sub>O]] | 3.8 | 1.6 | 3.0 | 3.9 | 3.9 |- | [[K2O|K<sub>2</sub>O]] | 1.2 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 4.1 |- | [[P2O5|P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>]] | 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.0 |} ! valign="top" | {{Pie chart | radius = 100 | thumb = | caption = Lava basalt tholeiitek | other = | label1 = SiO<sub>2</sub> | value1 = 53.8 | label2 = Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> | value2 =13.9 | label3 =FeO | value3 =9.3 | label4 =CaO | value4 =7.9 | label5 =MgO | value5 =4.1 | label6 =Na<sub>2</sub>O | value6 =3.0 | label7 = Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> | value7=2.6 | label8 = TiO<sub>2</sub> | value8=2.0 | label9 = K<sub>2</sub>O | value9 = 1.5 | label10 = P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> | value10 = 0.4 | label11 = MnO | value11 = 0.2 | color1 = #1B7837 | color2 = #7FBF7B | color3 = #D9F0D3 | color4 = #762A83 | color5 = #AF8DC3 | color6 = #E7D4E8 | color7 = #D73027 | color8 = #FC8D59 | color9 = #FEE090 | color10 = #4575B4 | color11 = #91BFDB }} ! valign="top" |{{Pie chart | radius = 100 | thumb = | caption = Lava ryolit | other = | label1 = SiO<sub>2</sub> | value1 = 73.2 | label2 = Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> | value2 = 14 | label9 =K<sub>2</sub>O | value9 = 4.1 | label6 =Na<sub>2</sub>O | value6 = 3.9 | label3 =FeO | value3 = 1.7 | label4 = CaO | value4 = 1.3 | label7 = Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> | value7= 0.6 | label5 = MgO | value5= 0.4 | label8 = TiO<sub>2</sub> | value8 = 0.2 | label10 = P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> | value10 = 0. | label11 = MnO | value11 = 0. | color1 = #1B7837 | color2 = #7FBF7B | color3 = #D9F0D3 | color4 = #762A83 | color5 = #AF8DC3 | color6 = #E7D4E8 | color7 = #D73027 | color8 = #FC8D59 | color9 = #FEE090 | color10 = #4575B4 | color11 = #91BFDB }} |} ==== Ansilikat ==== Re beu nebes lava a gomposyans anusadow tardhys war arenep an Nor. An re ma a gomprehend: * Lava [[karbonatit]] ha [[natrokarbonatit]] yw aswonys dhyworth loskvenydh [[Ol Doinyo Lengai]] yn [[Tanzani]], an ensampel unnik a loskvenydh karbonatit byw.<ref>http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/Unusual%20lava.html</ref> Karbonatitys y'n kovadh dororiethel yw yn tipek 75% monyow karbonat, gans mynsow le a vonyow silikat (kepar ha [[mika]] hag olivin), [[apatit]], [[magnetit]], ha [[pyroklor]]. Ny dhiskwedh hemma komposyans gwreydhek an lava, neb a alla yssynsi [[sodiom karbonat]] dileys wosa henna der aktivita dowrdesel, kynth yma arbrovow yn brovji ow tiskwedhes magma rych yn kalcit yw galladow. Lava karbonatit a dhiskwedh [[Komparriv isotop fast|komparrivow isotop fast]] neb a sin yth ymons dhyworth an lava silikek fest alkaliek, dres lycklod dre dhibarth a wedh angemyskadow.<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, pp. 396–397.</ref> Lava natrokarbonatit a Ol Doinyo Lengai yw komposys dre vras a sodiom karbonat, gans a-dro dhe hanter an myns na a botassiom karbonat, ha mynsow le a halidys, fluoridys, ha sulfatys. Pur linyel yw an lava, gans glusekteryow boghes moy es dowr. Ynwedh pur woyeyn yns gans tempredhow musurys a 91 dhe 544 °C.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00301213</ref> * Lava [[horn oksid]] yw krysys dhe vos pennfenten an godhesow horn yn [[Kiruna]], [[Sweden]] neb a furvyas y'n [[Proterozoek]].<ref name=":4" /> Yma lava horn oksid a'n oos [[Pliocin]] y'n komplek loskvenydh [[El Laco]] war'n amal [[Chile]]-[[Arghantina]].<ref name=":3" /> Krysys yw lava horn oksid dhe vos an sewyans a dhibarth [[Angemyskadewder|angemyskadow]] a vagma horn oksid rag magma kerensel a gomposyans [[Kevres magma kalc-alkaliek|kalc-alkaliek]] po alkaliek.<ref name=":4" /> Byttegyns, yma neb dororydhyon ow styrya an kerrek horn oksid El Laco avel frosow lava silikat chanjys yn towrdesel wosa aga thardhans.<ref>https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUSM.V12A..04M/abstract</ref> * Yma frosow lava [[sulfur]] bys dhe 250 meter hir ha 10 meter ledan yn loskvenydh [[Lastarria]] yn Chile. Yth ens i furvys der an teudhans a wodhesow sulfur yn tempredhow mar isel avel 113°C.<ref name=":3" /> An term "lava" a yll bos devnydhys ynwedh rag "kemyskansow rew" teudhys yn tardhansow war loryow rewys an [[planetow kowrek]] yn [[System howlek|kevreyth an Howl]].<ref>McBride; Gilmore, eds. (2007). ''An introduction to the Solar System''. Cambridge University Press. p. 392.</ref> === Frosonieth === [[Restren:PahoehoeLava.jpg|skeusennik|Besies troos a avonsyans pāhoehoe a-dreus dhe fordh yn [[Kalapana, Hawaii|Kalapana]] war'n folsva est a [[Kīlauea|Gīlauea]] yn [[Hawaii]]]] Dre vras, glusekter an lava a dheterm an fara a frosow lava. Yma an tempredh a lava silikat kemmyn a-dro dhe 800 °C rag lava felsek dhe 1,200 °C rag lava mafek,<ref name=":5" /> mes yma an glusekter moy chanjus a 10<sup>11</sup> cP (10<sup>8</sup> Pa⋅s) rag lava felsek dhe 10<sup>4</sup> cP (10 Pa⋅s) rag lava mafek.<ref name=":5" /> Gluskter a lava yw determys dre vras gans komposyans mes a greg ynwedh war dempredh<ref name=":2" /> ha kevradh difurvyans.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2005GL024240</ref> Glusekter a lava a dheterm an [[Tardhans loskvenydhyek|eghen a aktivita loskvenydhyek]] usi pan dardhys yw lava. An moy yw an glusekter, an moy yw an tuedh dhe dardhansow dhe vos hedardh yn-dar diverek. Awos hemma, an brassa rann a frosow lava war'n Nor, Meurth, ha Gwener yw komposys a lava basalt.<ref>Schmincke 2003, p. 128.</ref> War'n Nor, 90% a frosow lava yw mafek po gorvafek, ha lava kres ow furvya 8% a frosow, ha lava felsek ow furvya mar 2% a frosow.<ref name=":6">http://www.geo.umass.edu/courses/volcanology/Lava%20Flows.pdf</ref> Glusekter a dheterm ynwedh an wedh (tewder perthynek orth kehesedh tenewen) a frosow, an tooth a frosow, ha gnas arenebel an frosow.<ref name=":2" /><ref>https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0377-0273%2880%2990033-5</ref> Pan vo tardhys lava fest glusek yn tiverek yn-dar yn hedardh, i a dardh ogas ha pupprys avel frosow gwedh-ughel po krommdohow. An frosow ma a furv lava stockek yn-dar ʻaʻā po pāhoehoe. Kemmyn yw frosow gwederdu.<ref>Schmincke 2003, pp. 132–138.</ref> Lava kres a duedh dhe furvya loskvenydhyow gweliek serth, gans gweliow tereylyek a lava dhyworth tardhansow diverek ha tefra dhyworth tardhansow hedardh.<ref>Schmincke 2003, pp. 143–144.</ref> Lava mafek a furv frosow moon neb a yll gwaya yn hirbel, hag ow furvya loskvenydhyow skoos gans runyow jentyl.<ref>Schmincke 2003, pp. 127–128.</ref> Yn keworransel ha karrek deudhys, an brassa rann a lava a yssyns gwrysow solyd a vonyow dyffrans, darnow a gerrek eksotek henwys [[Esven|esveyn]], ha darnow a lava solydhys kyns ena. An synsas gwrys a'n brassa rann a lava a'ga re teythi [[Tavatropikieth|tavatropik]] ha [[tanowheans-difurvya]].<ref>https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0377-0273%2803%2900341-x</ref> Yn geryow erel, nyns usi an brassa rann a lava ow fara avel linyow Newtonek, le mayth an kevradh-frosa yw kemusurel orth an [[Gwask difurvyans|wask difurvyans]]. Yn le, [[Plastek Bingham|lin Bingham]] yw lava tipek, neb a dhiskwedh sprallansedh mynsek dhe fros bys dhe dreudhow gwask, henwys an wask blegya.<ref>Schmincke 2003, pp. 39–40.</ref> Hemm a sew yn [[fros stoppyer]] a lava gwrysek yn rannel. Ensampel aswonys a fros stoppyer yw past dens strothys yn-mes a biben. An past dens a dheu yn-mes avel stoppyer hantersolyd, dre reson yma difurvyans keskreunys yn gwiskas tanow y'n past dens ryb an biben hag y'n tyller na yn unnik eus past dens ow fara avel lin. Fara tavatropik a lett ynwedh gwrysow rag godhesa a-ves dhe'n lava.<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, p. 40.</ref> Pan vo drehedhys a-dro dhe 60% an synsas gwrys, an lava a astel fara avel lin hag a dhalleth fara avel solyd. Kemyskans an par ma a wrysow gans karrek deudhys a yll bos deskrifys avel ''crystal mush''.<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, p. 16.</ref> Tooth a frosow lava a var dre vras war-lergh glusekter ha run. Dre vras, lava a fros yn lent, gans tooth tipek rag frosow basaltek hawaiiek a 0.40 km/e ha tooth ughboyntyel a 10 dhe 48 km/e yn runyow serth.<ref name=":6" /> Tooth mes an rewl a 37 dhe 97 km/e o rekordys wosa an diskar a lynn lava yn [[Menydh Nyiragongo]].<ref name=":6" /> An perthynyans-kressya rag lava yw hag yma'n tooth kresek a fros ow kressya hag yma'n wreydhen bedrek a'ga thewder rannys orth aga glusekter.<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, p. 71.</ref> Hemm a brof y fia res dhe fros ryolit dhe vos a-dro dhe vilweyth moy tew es fros basalt rag frosa yn tooth haval. === Tempredh === [[Restren:Giant's Causeway 2006 08.jpg|skeusennik|Kesjunyans kolovennek y'n [[Kons Kewri]] yn [[Wordhen Gledh|Iwerdhon Gledh]]]] Yma an tempredh a'n brassa rann a lava teudhys a-dro dhe 800 °C dhe 1,200 °C<ref name=":5" /> ow kregi war gomposyans kymygiethel an lava. An efander tempredh ma yw haval dhe'n tommha tempredh hedhadow gans fog glowbren ayr-yniys.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.apenergy.2015.09.095</ref> Lava yw an moyha linyel kyns neppell wosa tardhans, ow tos ha bos moy glusek hag iselhe an tempredh.<ref name=":2" /> Frosow lava a dhispleg snell kresten-enesega a garrek solyd avel sewyans a goll dewynnyek a domder. Wosa henna, an lava a woyeynha dre gendegyans fest lent a domder dres karrek an kresten. Rag ensampel, dororydhyon an [[Arhwithrans Dororiethel an Statys Unys]] a dardras yn fenowgh y'n lynn lava Kilauea Iki, furvys yn tardhans 1959. Wosa teyr bledhen, an kresten arenep solyd, yth esa an ben 1,065 °C, o hwath mar 14 meter tew, spit dhe'n lynn ow pos a-dro dhe 100 meter down. Yth esa hwath lin remenantel yn downderyow a-dro dhe 80 meter nownsek bledhen wosa an tardhans.<ref name=":5" /> == Devynnow == <references /> 9xuy8nr2gppyuhc9i9uihwk9dxmniir 228881 228880 2026-08-23T16:41:07Z Flynn Peck 18125 /* Alkaliek */ 228881 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixkw}} '''Lava''' yw [[magma]] tardhys dhyworth an pervedh a [[Planet norvysel|blanet norvysel]] (kepar ha[[Dor|'n Nor]]) po loor war y arenep. Lava a yll bos tardhys yn [[loskvenydh]] po dre dorr y'n [[Krestennen (dororieth)|kresten]], yn tir po yn-dann dhowr, dell yw usys yn tempredhow a 800 dhe 1,200 °C. Lava a yll bos tardhys yn tidro war arenep an tir po war [[leur an mor]] po i a yll bos estewlys y'n ayrgylgh kyns omhweles. An [[Karrek loskvenydhyek|garrek loskvenydhyek]] solyd gwrys dre woyeynheans an stoff teudhys yw henwys yn fenowgh ''lava''. [[Restren:001 Volcano eruption of Litli-Hrútur in Iceland in 2023 Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|skeusennik|Lava yr a'n tardhans [[Fagradalsfjall]] yn [[Rewenys]], 2023]] '''Fros lava''' yw diveryans a lava yn [[tardhans diverek]]. ([[Tardhans hedardh]] a askorr kemyskans a [[lusu loskvenydhyek]] ha darnow erel henwys [[tefra]], nyns yw frosow lava.) An glusekter an brassa rann a lava teudhys yw a-dro dhe'n glusekter a [[Kechap|gechap]], a-dro dhe 10,000 dhe 100,000weyth moy glusek es dowr (an stoffys kampollys diwettha musurys yn 25°C yn 1 [[Ayrgylgh savonek (unsys)|ayr]]). Hwath, lava a yll resek yn hirbel kyns goyeynheans a's solydhe, dre reson lava diskwedhys dhe ayr a dhispleg snell kresten solyd neb a eneseg an lava linyel remenant, hag a's gwitha tomm hag anlusek lowr rag pesya frosa.<ref>Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009). ''Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology'' (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 53–55. ISBN 978-0-521-88006-0.</ref> == Styronieth == An ger ''lava'' a dheu a [[Italek]] (dre [[Sowsnek]]) ha, dell hevel, a dheu dhyworth an ger [[Latin]] ''labes'', ow styrya 'kodh' po 'slynk'.<ref>http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/lava</ref><ref>http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/lava</ref> Yma devnydh a-varr an ger (yn-kever esherdhyans a vagma a-woles dhe'n arenep) kevys yn derivas kott an tardhans 1737 a [[Menydh Vesuvius|Vesuvius]], skrifys gans [[Francesco Serao]], neb a dheskrifas "fros a lava tanek" avel analogieth rag an fros a dhowr ha leys yn-nans tenwennnow an loskvenydh ([[lahar]]) wosa [[glaw]] poos.<ref>https://archive.org/details/istoriadellincen00sera/page/n3/mode/2up</ref><ref>https://vulcan.lindahall.org/9.shtml</ref> == Teythi == === Komposyans === [[Restren:007 Volcano eruption of Litli-Hrútur in Iceland in 2023 Video by Giles Laurent.webm|skeusennik|Gwydhyow a lava amovys ha hwythfyek y'n tardhans Litli-Hrútur yn 2023]] Lava solydhys war [[Kresten an Nor|gresten an Nor]] yw dre vras [[Moon silikat|monyow silikat]]: dre vras [[Gwrysven|gwrysveyn]], [[Fugwrysven|fugwrysveyn]], [[Olyvin|olyvinyow]], [[Pyroksyn|pyroksynyow]], [[Amfybol|amfybolyow]], [[Mika|mikas]], ha [[kanndir]].<ref name=":0">Philpotts & Ague 2009, p. 19.</ref> Lava ansilikat treweythus a yll bos furvys dre deudhans leel a voon ansilikat<ref name=":3">https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12371-011-0045-x</ref> po dre dhibarth a vagma yn gwedhow silikat [[Kemyskadewder|angemyskadow]] hag ansilikat linyel.<ref name=":4">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0009-2541%2802%2900148-1</ref> ==== Silikat ==== Lava sylysasek yw kemyskyansow teudhys gwarthevys gans [[oksyjen]] ha [[silikon]], [[Palsedh a elvennow yn kresten an Nor|moyha pals elvennow a gresten an Nor]], gans mynsow byghanna a [[aluminiom]], [[kalgh]], [[magnesiom]], [[horn]], [[sodiom]], ha [[potassiom]] ha mynsow le a veur a elvennow erel.<ref name=":0" /> [[Karrekonieth|Karrekonydhyon]] a gampoll yn usadow an komposyans a lava silikat dre vayn a rannriv poos po [[gronnedh molekulek]] a'n oksidys a'n elvennow chif (saw [[oksyjen]]) y'n lava.<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, pp. 132–133.</ref> An rann silika a warthev an fara fisegel a vagmaow silikat. Ions silikon yn lava a omgelm yn fen dhe beswar ion oksyjen yn aray pedrfurvek. Mars eus ion oksyjen omgelmys dhe dhew ions silikon y'n teudhas, deskrifys yw avel oksyjen ponsek, ha lava gans meur a vonniow po kadonyow a ions silikon junys gans oksyjen ponsek yw deskrifys avel liesrannelhys yn rannel. Aluminiom yn kesunyans gans oksidys alkan alkali (sodiom ha potassiom) a deudh ynwedh dhe liesrannelhe an lava.<ref name=":1">Philpotts & Ague 2009, p. 25.</ref> Kations erel, kepar ha horn hornus, kalciom, ha magnesiom, a omgelm moy yn hwann dhe oksyjen hag a iselha an tuedh dhe liesrannelhe.<ref>Schmincke, Hans-Ulrich (2003). ''Volcanism''. Berlin: Springer. p. 38. ISBN 978-3-540-43650-8.</ref> Liesrannelheans rannel a lusekha an lava, ytho lava gans meur a silika yw moy glusek es lava isel yn silika.<ref name=":1" /> Awos an rann a silika rag determya glusekter hag awos meur a deythiennow erel a lava (kepar hag aga thempredh) yw aswonys dhe omdhesedha orth synsas silika, lava silikat yw rannys yn peswar eghennow kymygiethel war-lergh synsas silika: ''felsek'', ''kres'', ''mafek'', ha ''gorvafek''.<ref>Casq, R.A.F.; Wright, J.V. (1987). ''Volcanic Successions''. Unwin Hyman Inc. p. 528. ISBN 978-0-04-552022-0.</ref> ==== Felsek ==== Lava felsek po [[Silika|silikek]] a's teves synsas silika moy es 63%. I a gomprehend lava [[ryolit]] ha [[dacit]]. Gans synsas silika mar ughel, an lava ma yw pur lusek, a 0<sup>8</sup> cP (10<sup>5</sup> Pa⋅s) rag lava ryolit tomm yn 1,200 °C dhe 10<sup>11</sup> cP (10<sup>8</sup> Pa⋅s) rag lava ryolit goyeyn yn 800°C.<ref name=":2">Philpotts & Ague 2009, p. 23.</ref> Rag kehevelyans, dowr a'n jeves glusekter a-dro dhe 1 cP (0.001 Pa⋅s). Rag an glusekter fest ughel ma, lava felsek a dardh dell yw usys yn hedardh rag askorra godhes (dernigel) [[Karrek byroklastek|pyroklastek]]. Byttegyns, lava ryolit a dardh yn tiverek treweythyow rag furvya [[Mell keyn lava|mellow keyn lava]], [[Krommdo lava|krommdohow lava]] po "''coulees''" (frosow lava kott ha tew).<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, pp. 70–77.</ref> An lava a omvrew yn tipek hag esherdhyons, owth askorra frosow lava stockek. An re ma a yssyns yn fenowgh [[gwederdu]].<ref>Schmincke 2003, p. 132.</ref> Magmaow felsek a yll tardha yn tempredhow mar ughel avel 800 °C.<ref name=":5">Philpotts & Ague 2009, p. 20.</ref> Lava ryolit tomm yn anusadow (>950 °C), byttegyns, a yll frosa rag meur a gilometrow, kepar hag y'n [[Playn Snake River]] a worlewin an Statys Unys.<ref>Bonnichsen, B.; Kauffman, D.F. (1987). "Physical features of rhyolite lava flows in the Snake River Plain volcanic province, southwestern Idaho". ''The Emplacement of Silicic Domes and Lava Flows''. Geological Society of America Special Papers. Vol. 212. Geological Society of America. pp. 119–145. doi:10.1130/SPE212-p119. ISBN 0-8137-2212-8.</ref> ==== Kres ==== Lava kres po [[Andesit|andesitek]] a yssyns 52% dhe 63% silika, hag yw isella yn aluminiom ha, dell yw usys, nebes rychha yn [[magnesiom]] ha [[horn]] es lava felsek. Lava kres a furv krommdohow andesitek ha lava stockek hag a yll hwarvos yn [[Loskvenydh gweliek|loskvenydhyow gweliek]] serth, kepar hag y'n [[Andes]].<ref>Schmincke 2003, pp. 21–24, 132, 143.</ref> Tommha yns yn kemmyn es lava felsek, yntra 850 dhe 1,100 °C. Awos aga synsas silika isella ha tempredhow-tardha ughella, i a duedh dhe vos le glusek, gans glusekter tipek a 3.5 million cP (3,500 Pa⋅s) yn {{cvt|1200|C||}}. Hemm yw boghes moy es an glusekter a [[amanyn know dhor]] smodh.<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, pp. 23–611.</ref> Lava kres a dhiskwedh tuedh moyha dhe furvya [[Fenokryst|fenokrystyow]].<ref>https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2011JB008243</ref> Magnesiom ha horn ughella a duedh dhe omapertya avel [[Mammek (dororieth)|mammek]] moy du, ow komprehendya amfibol po fenokrystyow pyroksin.<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, pp. 1376–377.</ref> ==== Mafek ==== Tipek yw synsas magnesiom oksid ha horn oksid (dhe biw an furvellow molekulek a brovi an kessonennow yn mafek) yn lava mafek po [[Basalt|basaltek]], hag yma synsas silika strothys yntra 52% dhe 45%. I a dardh dre vras yn tempredhow a 1,100 dhe 1,200 °C hag yn glusekteryow isella, a-dro dhe 10<sup>4</sup> to 10<sup>5</sup> cP (10 to 100 Pa⋅s). Haval yw hemma dhe'n glusekter a [[Kechap|gechap]],<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, pp. 23–25.</ref> kyn pur ughella yw es an glusekter a dhowr. Lava mafek a duedh dhe askorra [[Loskvenydh skoos|loskvenydhyow skoos]] kott po [[Basalt liv|basaltys liv]], dre reson an lava le glusek a yll frosa yn hirbel a'n dardhell. An tewder a fros lava basaltek solydhys, dres oll war run isel, a yll bos moy es an tewder an fros lava teudhys usi ow kwaya yn neb eur, dre reson lava basaltek a yll "hwytha" dre brovians sad a lava hag y waskedh war gresten solydhys.<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, p. 53–55, 59–64.</ref> An brassa rann a lava basaltek yw a eghennow ʻaʻā po pāhoehoe, a-der lava stockek. Yn-dann dhowr, i a yll furvya [[lava pluvek]], haval dhe lava pahoehoe war'n tir.<ref>Schmincke 2003, pp. 128–132.</ref> ==== Gorvafek ==== Lava gorvafek, kepar ha [[komatiit]] ha magmaow pur vagnesiek neb a furv [[boninit]], a gemmer an komposyans ha tempredhow a dardhans dhe'n penn. Oll a's teves synsas silika a-woles dhe 45%. Komatiitys a yssyns moy es 18% magnesiom oksid hag yw krysys dhe dardha yn tempredhow a {{convert|1600|°C}}. Y'n tempredh ma, nyns eus liesrannelheans an kesunyansow moon, ow kwruthyl lin pur wayadow.<ref>Arndt, N.T. (1994). "Archean komatiites". In Condie, K.C. (ed.). ''Archean Crustal Evolution''. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-444-81621-4.</ref> Glusekteryow a vagmaow komatiit yw krysys dhe vos mar isel avel 100 dhe 1000 cP (0.1 dhe 1 Pa⋅s), haval dhe'n glusekter a oyl jynn skav.<ref name=":2" /> Nyns yw an brassa rann a vagmaow gorvafek yowynkha es an [[Proterozoek]], gans nebes magmaow gorvafek aswonys dhe vos a'n [[Fanerosoek]] yn [[Amerika Gres]] askrifys dhe [[ughres pall]] tomm. Nyns eus lava komatiit arnowydh aswonys, drefen re woyeynhys veu [[pall an Nor]] rag askorra magmaow magnesiek ughella.<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, pp. 399–400.</ref> ==== Alkaliek ==== Yma dhe nebes lava silikat synsas ughellhys a [[Rol a oksidys alkan alkali|oksidys alkan alkali]] (sodiom ha potassiom), dres oll yn tylleryow a [[Fols|folsans brastiryel]], arenebedhow neb a wrowedh war [[Tektonieth plattys|blattys]] [[Istennans|istennys]], po yn [[Tyller tomm (dororieth)|tylleryow tomm]] isblatt.<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, pp. 139–148.</ref> Aga synsas silika a yll bos yntra gorvafek ([[nefelinit]], [[basanit]], ha [[tefrit]]) dhe felsek ([[trakit]]). I a duedh dhe vos dinythys yn dowderyow brassa y'n pall es magmaow isalkaliek.<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, pp. 606–607.</ref> Lava [[nefelinit]] olivin yw an dhew gorvafek ha fest alkaliek, hag yw krysys dhe dos a dhownha yn [[Pall (dororieth)|pall]] an [[Dor|Nor]] es lava erel.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20090307140121/http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/feature_volcano_e.php</ref> {| style="border:0px solid black;" |+ !valign="top" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;" |+Ensamplys a gomposyansow lava (poos%)<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, p. 145.</ref> ! Component ! [[Nefelinit]] ! [[Pikrit]] [[Kevres magma tholeiitek|tholeiitek]] ! [[Basalt tholeiitek]] ! [[Andesit]] ! [[Ryolit]] |- | Silika |[[SiO2|SiO<sub>2</sub>]] | 39.7 | 46.4 | 53.8 | 60.0 | 73.2 |- | [[TiO2|TiO<sub>2</sub>]] | 2.8 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 0.2 |- | [[Al2O3|Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>]] | 11.4 | 8.5 | 13.9 | 16.0 | 14.0 |- | [[Fe2O3|Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>]] | 5.3 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 1.9 | 0.6 |- | [[FeO]] | 8.2 | 9.8 | 9.3 | 6.2 | 1.7 |- | [[MnO]] | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.0 |- | [[MgO]] | 12.1 | 20.8 | 4.1 | 3.9 | 0.4 |- | [[CaO]] | 12.8 | 7.4 | 7.9 | 5.9 | 1.3 |- | [[Na2O|Na<sub>2</sub>O]] | 3.8 | 1.6 | 3.0 | 3.9 | 3.9 |- | [[K2O|K<sub>2</sub>O]] | 1.2 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 4.1 |- | [[P2O5|P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>]] | 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.0 |} ! valign="top" | {{Pie chart | radius = 100 | thumb = | caption = Lava basalt tholeiitek | other = | label1 = SiO<sub>2</sub> | value1 = 53.8 | label2 = Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> | value2 =13.9 | label3 =FeO | value3 =9.3 | label4 =CaO | value4 =7.9 | label5 =MgO | value5 =4.1 | label6 =Na<sub>2</sub>O | value6 =3.0 | label7 = Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> | value7=2.6 | label8 = TiO<sub>2</sub> | value8=2.0 | label9 = K<sub>2</sub>O | value9 = 1.5 | label10 = P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> | value10 = 0.4 | label11 = MnO | value11 = 0.2 | color1 = #1B7837 | color2 = #7FBF7B | color3 = #D9F0D3 | color4 = #762A83 | color5 = #AF8DC3 | color6 = #E7D4E8 | color7 = #D73027 | color8 = #FC8D59 | color9 = #FEE090 | color10 = #4575B4 | color11 = #91BFDB }} ! valign="top" |{{Pie chart | radius = 100 | thumb = | caption = Lava ryolit | other = | label1 = SiO<sub>2</sub> | value1 = 73.2 | label2 = Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> | value2 = 14 | label9 =K<sub>2</sub>O | value9 = 4.1 | label6 =Na<sub>2</sub>O | value6 = 3.9 | label3 =FeO | value3 = 1.7 | label4 = CaO | value4 = 1.3 | label7 = Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> | value7= 0.6 | label5 = MgO | value5= 0.4 | label8 = TiO<sub>2</sub> | value8 = 0.2 | label10 = P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> | value10 = 0.00 | label11 = MnO | value11 = 0.00 | color1 = #1B7837 | color2 = #7FBF7B | color3 = #D9F0D3 | color4 = #762A83 | color5 = #AF8DC3 | color6 = #E7D4E8 | color7 = #D73027 | color8 = #FC8D59 | color9 = #FEE090 | color10 = #4575B4 | color11 = #91BFDB }} |} ==== Ansilikat ==== Re beu nebes lava a gomposyans anusadow tardhys war arenep an Nor. An re ma a gomprehend: * Lava [[karbonatit]] ha [[natrokarbonatit]] yw aswonys dhyworth loskvenydh [[Ol Doinyo Lengai]] yn [[Tanzani]], an ensampel unnik a loskvenydh karbonatit byw.<ref>http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/Unusual%20lava.html</ref> Karbonatitys y'n kovadh dororiethel yw yn tipek 75% monyow karbonat, gans mynsow le a vonyow silikat (kepar ha [[mika]] hag olivin), [[apatit]], [[magnetit]], ha [[pyroklor]]. Ny dhiskwedh hemma komposyans gwreydhek an lava, neb a alla yssynsi [[sodiom karbonat]] dileys wosa henna der aktivita dowrdesel, kynth yma arbrovow yn brovji ow tiskwedhes magma rych yn kalcit yw galladow. Lava karbonatit a dhiskwedh [[Komparriv isotop fast|komparrivow isotop fast]] neb a sin yth ymons dhyworth an lava silikek fest alkaliek, dres lycklod dre dhibarth a wedh angemyskadow.<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, pp. 396–397.</ref> Lava natrokarbonatit a Ol Doinyo Lengai yw komposys dre vras a sodiom karbonat, gans a-dro dhe hanter an myns na a botassiom karbonat, ha mynsow le a halidys, fluoridys, ha sulfatys. Pur linyel yw an lava, gans glusekteryow boghes moy es dowr. Ynwedh pur woyeyn yns gans tempredhow musurys a 91 dhe 544 °C.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00301213</ref> * Lava [[horn oksid]] yw krysys dhe vos pennfenten an godhesow horn yn [[Kiruna]], [[Sweden]] neb a furvyas y'n [[Proterozoek]].<ref name=":4" /> Yma lava horn oksid a'n oos [[Pliocin]] y'n komplek loskvenydh [[El Laco]] war'n amal [[Chile]]-[[Arghantina]].<ref name=":3" /> Krysys yw lava horn oksid dhe vos an sewyans a dhibarth [[Angemyskadewder|angemyskadow]] a vagma horn oksid rag magma kerensel a gomposyans [[Kevres magma kalc-alkaliek|kalc-alkaliek]] po alkaliek.<ref name=":4" /> Byttegyns, yma neb dororydhyon ow styrya an kerrek horn oksid El Laco avel frosow lava silikat chanjys yn towrdesel wosa aga thardhans.<ref>https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUSM.V12A..04M/abstract</ref> * Yma frosow lava [[sulfur]] bys dhe 250 meter hir ha 10 meter ledan yn loskvenydh [[Lastarria]] yn Chile. Yth ens i furvys der an teudhans a wodhesow sulfur yn tempredhow mar isel avel 113°C.<ref name=":3" /> An term "lava" a yll bos devnydhys ynwedh rag "kemyskansow rew" teudhys yn tardhansow war loryow rewys an [[planetow kowrek]] yn [[System howlek|kevreyth an Howl]].<ref>McBride; Gilmore, eds. (2007). ''An introduction to the Solar System''. Cambridge University Press. p. 392.</ref> === Frosonieth === [[Restren:PahoehoeLava.jpg|skeusennik|Besies troos a avonsyans pāhoehoe a-dreus dhe fordh yn [[Kalapana, Hawaii|Kalapana]] war'n folsva est a [[Kīlauea|Gīlauea]] yn [[Hawaii]]]] Dre vras, glusekter an lava a dheterm an fara a frosow lava. Yma an tempredh a lava silikat kemmyn a-dro dhe 800 °C rag lava felsek dhe 1,200 °C rag lava mafek,<ref name=":5" /> mes yma an glusekter moy chanjus a 10<sup>11</sup> cP (10<sup>8</sup> Pa⋅s) rag lava felsek dhe 10<sup>4</sup> cP (10 Pa⋅s) rag lava mafek.<ref name=":5" /> Gluskter a lava yw determys dre vras gans komposyans mes a greg ynwedh war dempredh<ref name=":2" /> ha kevradh difurvyans.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2005GL024240</ref> Glusekter a lava a dheterm an [[Tardhans loskvenydhyek|eghen a aktivita loskvenydhyek]] usi pan dardhys yw lava. An moy yw an glusekter, an moy yw an tuedh dhe dardhansow dhe vos hedardh yn-dar diverek. Awos hemma, an brassa rann a frosow lava war'n Nor, Meurth, ha Gwener yw komposys a lava basalt.<ref>Schmincke 2003, p. 128.</ref> War'n Nor, 90% a frosow lava yw mafek po gorvafek, ha lava kres ow furvya 8% a frosow, ha lava felsek ow furvya mar 2% a frosow.<ref name=":6">http://www.geo.umass.edu/courses/volcanology/Lava%20Flows.pdf</ref> Glusekter a dheterm ynwedh an wedh (tewder perthynek orth kehesedh tenewen) a frosow, an tooth a frosow, ha gnas arenebel an frosow.<ref name=":2" /><ref>https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0377-0273%2880%2990033-5</ref> Pan vo tardhys lava fest glusek yn tiverek yn-dar yn hedardh, i a dardh ogas ha pupprys avel frosow gwedh-ughel po krommdohow. An frosow ma a furv lava stockek yn-dar ʻaʻā po pāhoehoe. Kemmyn yw frosow gwederdu.<ref>Schmincke 2003, pp. 132–138.</ref> Lava kres a duedh dhe furvya loskvenydhyow gweliek serth, gans gweliow tereylyek a lava dhyworth tardhansow diverek ha tefra dhyworth tardhansow hedardh.<ref>Schmincke 2003, pp. 143–144.</ref> Lava mafek a furv frosow moon neb a yll gwaya yn hirbel, hag ow furvya loskvenydhyow skoos gans runyow jentyl.<ref>Schmincke 2003, pp. 127–128.</ref> Yn keworransel ha karrek deudhys, an brassa rann a lava a yssyns gwrysow solyd a vonyow dyffrans, darnow a gerrek eksotek henwys [[Esven|esveyn]], ha darnow a lava solydhys kyns ena. An synsas gwrys a'n brassa rann a lava a'ga re teythi [[Tavatropikieth|tavatropik]] ha [[tanowheans-difurvya]].<ref>https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0377-0273%2803%2900341-x</ref> Yn geryow erel, nyns usi an brassa rann a lava ow fara avel linyow Newtonek, le mayth an kevradh-frosa yw kemusurel orth an [[Gwask difurvyans|wask difurvyans]]. Yn le, [[Plastek Bingham|lin Bingham]] yw lava tipek, neb a dhiskwedh sprallansedh mynsek dhe fros bys dhe dreudhow gwask, henwys an wask blegya.<ref>Schmincke 2003, pp. 39–40.</ref> Hemm a sew yn [[fros stoppyer]] a lava gwrysek yn rannel. Ensampel aswonys a fros stoppyer yw past dens strothys yn-mes a biben. An past dens a dheu yn-mes avel stoppyer hantersolyd, dre reson yma difurvyans keskreunys yn gwiskas tanow y'n past dens ryb an biben hag y'n tyller na yn unnik eus past dens ow fara avel lin. Fara tavatropik a lett ynwedh gwrysow rag godhesa a-ves dhe'n lava.<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, p. 40.</ref> Pan vo drehedhys a-dro dhe 60% an synsas gwrys, an lava a astel fara avel lin hag a dhalleth fara avel solyd. Kemyskans an par ma a wrysow gans karrek deudhys a yll bos deskrifys avel ''crystal mush''.<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, p. 16.</ref> Tooth a frosow lava a var dre vras war-lergh glusekter ha run. Dre vras, lava a fros yn lent, gans tooth tipek rag frosow basaltek hawaiiek a 0.40 km/e ha tooth ughboyntyel a 10 dhe 48 km/e yn runyow serth.<ref name=":6" /> Tooth mes an rewl a 37 dhe 97 km/e o rekordys wosa an diskar a lynn lava yn [[Menydh Nyiragongo]].<ref name=":6" /> An perthynyans-kressya rag lava yw hag yma'n tooth kresek a fros ow kressya hag yma'n wreydhen bedrek a'ga thewder rannys orth aga glusekter.<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, p. 71.</ref> Hemm a brof y fia res dhe fros ryolit dhe vos a-dro dhe vilweyth moy tew es fros basalt rag frosa yn tooth haval. === Tempredh === [[Restren:Giant's Causeway 2006 08.jpg|skeusennik|Kesjunyans kolovennek y'n [[Kons Kewri]] yn [[Wordhen Gledh|Iwerdhon Gledh]]]] Yma an tempredh a'n brassa rann a lava teudhys a-dro dhe 800 °C dhe 1,200 °C<ref name=":5" /> ow kregi war gomposyans kymygiethel an lava. An efander tempredh ma yw haval dhe'n tommha tempredh hedhadow gans fog glowbren ayr-yniys.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.apenergy.2015.09.095</ref> Lava yw an moyha linyel kyns neppell wosa tardhans, ow tos ha bos moy glusek hag iselhe an tempredh.<ref name=":2" /> Frosow lava a dhispleg snell kresten-enesega a garrek solyd avel sewyans a goll dewynnyek a domder. Wosa henna, an lava a woyeynha dre gendegyans fest lent a domder dres karrek an kresten. Rag ensampel, dororydhyon an [[Arhwithrans Dororiethel an Statys Unys]] a dardras yn fenowgh y'n lynn lava Kilauea Iki, furvys yn tardhans 1959. Wosa teyr bledhen, an kresten arenep solyd, yth esa an ben 1,065 °C, o hwath mar 14 meter tew, spit dhe'n lynn ow pos a-dro dhe 100 meter down. Yth esa hwath lin remenantel yn downderyow a-dro dhe 80 meter nownsek bledhen wosa an tardhans.<ref name=":5" /> == Devynnow == <references /> mai83go3hifb5p0f6t9mxgzw0p4uj0h 228884 228881 2026-08-23T17:15:34Z Flynn Peck 18125 228884 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixkw}} '''Lava''' yw [[magma]] tardhys dhyworth an pervedh a [[Planet norvysel|blanet norvysel]] (kepar ha[[Dor|'n Nor]]) po loor war y arenep. Lava a yll bos tardhys yn [[loskvenydh]] po dre dorr y'n [[Krestennen (dororieth)|kresten]], yn tir po yn-dann dhowr, dell yw usys yn tempredhow a 800 dhe 1,200 °C. Lava a yll bos tardhys yn tidro war arenep an tir po war [[leur an mor]] po i a yll bos estewlys y'n ayrgylgh kyns omhweles. An [[Karrek loskvenydhyek|garrek loskvenydhyek]] solyd gwrys dre woyeynheans an stoff teudhys yw henwys yn fenowgh ''lava''. [[Restren:001 Volcano eruption of Litli-Hrútur in Iceland in 2023 Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|skeusennik|Lava yr a'n tardhans [[Fagradalsfjall]] yn [[Rewenys]], 2023]] '''Fros lava''' yw diveryans a lava yn [[tardhans diverek]]. ([[Tardhans hedardh]] a askorr kemyskans a [[lusu loskvenydhyek]] ha darnow erel henwys [[tefra]], nyns yw frosow lava.) An glusekter an brassa rann a lava teudhys yw a-dro dhe'n glusekter a [[Kechap|gechap]], a-dro dhe 10,000 dhe 100,000weyth moy glusek es dowr (an stoffys kampollys diwettha musurys yn 25°C yn 1 [[Ayrgylgh savonek (unsys)|ayr]]). Hwath, lava a yll resek yn hirbel kyns goyeynheans a's solydhe, dre reson lava diskwedhys dhe ayr a dhispleg snell kresten solyd neb a eneseg an lava linyel remenant, hag a's gwitha tomm hag anlusek lowr rag pesya frosa.<ref>Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009). ''Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology'' (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 53–55. ISBN 978-0-521-88006-0.</ref> == Styronieth == An ger ''lava'' a dheu a [[Italek]] (dre [[Sowsnek]]) ha, dell hevel, a dheu dhyworth an ger [[Latin]] ''labes'', ow styrya 'kodh' po 'slynk'.<ref>http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/lava</ref><ref>http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/lava</ref> Yma devnydh a-varr an ger (yn-kever esherdhyans a vagma a-woles dhe'n arenep) kevys yn derivas kott an tardhans 1737 a [[Menydh Vesuvius|Vesuvius]], skrifys gans [[Francesco Serao]], neb a dheskrifas "fros a lava tanek" avel analogieth rag an fros a dhowr ha leys yn-nans tenwennnow an loskvenydh ([[lahar]]) wosa [[glaw]] poos.<ref>https://archive.org/details/istoriadellincen00sera/page/n3/mode/2up</ref><ref>https://vulcan.lindahall.org/9.shtml</ref> == Teythi == === Komposyans === [[Restren:007 Volcano eruption of Litli-Hrútur in Iceland in 2023 Video by Giles Laurent.webm|skeusennik|Gwydhyow a lava amovys ha hwythfyek y'n tardhans Litli-Hrútur yn 2023]] Lava solydhys war [[Kresten an Nor|gresten an Nor]] yw dre vras [[Moon silikat|monyow silikat]]: dre vras [[Gwrysven|gwrysveyn]], [[Fugwrysven|fugwrysveyn]], [[Olyvin|olyvinyow]], [[Pyroksyn|pyroksynyow]], [[Amfybol|amfybolyow]], [[Mika|mikas]], ha [[kanndir]].<ref name=":0">Philpotts & Ague 2009, p. 19.</ref> Lava ansilikat treweythus a yll bos furvys dre deudhans leel a voon ansilikat<ref name=":3">https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12371-011-0045-x</ref> po dre dhibarth a vagma yn gwedhow silikat [[Kemyskadewder|angemyskadow]] hag ansilikat linyel.<ref name=":4">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0009-2541%2802%2900148-1</ref> ==== Silikat ==== Lava sylysasek yw kemyskyansow teudhys gwarthevys gans [[oksyjen]] ha [[silikon]], [[Palsedh a elvennow yn kresten an Nor|moyha pals elvennow a gresten an Nor]], gans mynsow byghanna a [[aluminiom]], [[kalgh]], [[magnesiom]], [[horn]], [[sodiom]], ha [[potassiom]] ha mynsow le a veur a elvennow erel.<ref name=":0" /> [[Karrekonieth|Karrekonydhyon]] a gampoll yn usadow an komposyans a lava silikat dre vayn a rannriv poos po [[gronnedh molekulek]] a'n oksidys a'n elvennow chif (saw [[oksyjen]]) y'n lava.<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, pp. 132–133.</ref> An rann silika a warthev an fara fisegel a vagmaow silikat. Ions silikon yn lava a omgelm yn fen dhe beswar ion oksyjen yn aray pedrfurvek. Mars eus ion oksyjen omgelmys dhe dhew ions silikon y'n teudhas, deskrifys yw avel oksyjen ponsek, ha lava gans meur a vonniow po kadonyow a ions silikon junys gans oksyjen ponsek yw deskrifys avel liesrannelhys yn rannel. Aluminiom yn kesunyans gans oksidys alkan alkali (sodiom ha potassiom) a deudh ynwedh dhe liesrannelhe an lava.<ref name=":1">Philpotts & Ague 2009, p. 25.</ref> Kations erel, kepar ha horn hornus, kalciom, ha magnesiom, a omgelm moy yn hwann dhe oksyjen hag a iselha an tuedh dhe liesrannelhe.<ref>Schmincke, Hans-Ulrich (2003). ''Volcanism''. Berlin: Springer. p. 38. ISBN 978-3-540-43650-8.</ref> Liesrannelheans rannel a lusekha an lava, ytho lava gans meur a silika yw moy glusek es lava isel yn silika.<ref name=":1" /> Awos an rann a silika rag determya glusekter hag awos meur a deythiennow erel a lava (kepar hag aga thempredh) yw aswonys dhe omdhesedha orth synsas silika, lava silikat yw rannys yn peswar eghennow kymygiethel war-lergh synsas silika: ''felsek'', ''kres'', ''mafek'', ha ''gorvafek''.<ref>Casq, R.A.F.; Wright, J.V. (1987). ''Volcanic Successions''. Unwin Hyman Inc. p. 528. ISBN 978-0-04-552022-0.</ref> ==== Felsek ==== Lava felsek po [[Silika|silikek]] a's teves synsas silika moy es 63%. I a gomprehend lava [[ryolit]] ha [[dacit]]. Gans synsas silika mar ughel, an lava ma yw pur lusek, a 0<sup>8</sup> cP (10<sup>5</sup> Pa⋅s) rag lava ryolit tomm yn 1,200 °C dhe 10<sup>11</sup> cP (10<sup>8</sup> Pa⋅s) rag lava ryolit goyeyn yn 800°C.<ref name=":2">Philpotts & Ague 2009, p. 23.</ref> Rag kehevelyans, dowr a'n jeves glusekter a-dro dhe 1 cP (0.001 Pa⋅s). Rag an glusekter fest ughel ma, lava felsek a dardh dell yw usys yn hedardh rag askorra godhes (dernigel) [[Karrek byroklastek|pyroklastek]]. Byttegyns, lava ryolit a dardh yn tiverek treweythyow rag furvya [[Mell keyn lava|mellow keyn lava]], [[Krommdo lava|krommdohow lava]] po "''coulees''" (frosow lava kott ha tew).<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, pp. 70–77.</ref> An lava a omvrew yn tipek hag esherdhyons, owth askorra frosow lava stockek. An re ma a yssyns yn fenowgh [[gwederdu]].<ref>Schmincke 2003, p. 132.</ref> Magmaow felsek a yll tardha yn tempredhow mar ughel avel 800 °C.<ref name=":5">Philpotts & Ague 2009, p. 20.</ref> Lava ryolit tomm yn anusadow (>950 °C), byttegyns, a yll frosa rag meur a gilometrow, kepar hag y'n [[Playn Snake River]] a worlewin an Statys Unys.<ref>Bonnichsen, B.; Kauffman, D.F. (1987). "Physical features of rhyolite lava flows in the Snake River Plain volcanic province, southwestern Idaho". ''The Emplacement of Silicic Domes and Lava Flows''. Geological Society of America Special Papers. Vol. 212. Geological Society of America. pp. 119–145. doi:10.1130/SPE212-p119. ISBN 0-8137-2212-8.</ref> ==== Kres ==== Lava kres po [[Andesit|andesitek]] a yssyns 52% dhe 63% silika, hag yw isella yn aluminiom ha, dell yw usys, nebes rychha yn [[magnesiom]] ha [[horn]] es lava felsek. Lava kres a furv krommdohow andesitek ha lava stockek hag a yll hwarvos yn [[Loskvenydh gweliek|loskvenydhyow gweliek]] serth, kepar hag y'n [[Andes]].<ref>Schmincke 2003, pp. 21–24, 132, 143.</ref> Tommha yns yn kemmyn es lava felsek, yntra 850 dhe 1,100 °C. Awos aga synsas silika isella ha tempredhow-tardha ughella, i a duedh dhe vos le glusek, gans glusekter tipek a 3.5 million cP (3,500 Pa⋅s) yn {{cvt|1200|C||}}. Hemm yw boghes moy es an glusekter a [[amanyn know dhor]] smodh.<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, pp. 23–611.</ref> Lava kres a dhiskwedh tuedh moyha dhe furvya [[Fenokryst|fenokrystyow]].<ref>https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2011JB008243</ref> Magnesiom ha horn ughella a duedh dhe omapertya avel [[Mammek (dororieth)|mammek]] moy du, ow komprehendya amfibol po fenokrystyow pyroksin.<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, pp. 1376–377.</ref> ==== Mafek ==== Tipek yw synsas magnesiom oksid ha horn oksid (dhe biw an furvellow molekulek a brovi an kessonennow yn mafek) yn lava mafek po [[Basalt|basaltek]], hag yma synsas silika strothys yntra 52% dhe 45%. I a dardh dre vras yn tempredhow a 1,100 dhe 1,200 °C hag yn glusekteryow isella, a-dro dhe 10<sup>4</sup> to 10<sup>5</sup> cP (10 to 100 Pa⋅s). Haval yw hemma dhe'n glusekter a [[Kechap|gechap]],<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, pp. 23–25.</ref> kyn pur ughella yw es an glusekter a dhowr. Lava mafek a duedh dhe askorra [[Loskvenydh skoos|loskvenydhyow skoos]] kott po [[Basalt liv|basaltys liv]], dre reson an lava le glusek a yll frosa yn hirbel a'n dardhell. An tewder a fros lava basaltek solydhys, dres oll war run isel, a yll bos moy es an tewder an fros lava teudhys usi ow kwaya yn neb eur, dre reson lava basaltek a yll "hwytha" dre brovians sad a lava hag y waskedh war gresten solydhys.<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, p. 53–55, 59–64.</ref> An brassa rann a lava basaltek yw a eghennow ʻaʻā po pāhoehoe, a-der lava stockek. Yn-dann dhowr, i a yll furvya [[lava pluvek]], haval dhe lava pahoehoe war'n tir.<ref>Schmincke 2003, pp. 128–132.</ref> ==== Gorvafek ==== Lava gorvafek, kepar ha [[komatiit]] ha magmaow pur vagnesiek neb a furv [[boninit]], a gemmer an komposyans ha tempredhow a dardhans dhe'n penn. Oll a's teves synsas silika a-woles dhe 45%. Komatiitys a yssyns moy es 18% magnesiom oksid hag yw krysys dhe dardha yn tempredhow a {{convert|1600|°C}}. Y'n tempredh ma, nyns eus liesrannelheans an kesunyansow moon, ow kwruthyl lin pur wayadow.<ref>Arndt, N.T. (1994). "Archean komatiites". In Condie, K.C. (ed.). ''Archean Crustal Evolution''. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-444-81621-4.</ref> Glusekteryow a vagmaow komatiit yw krysys dhe vos mar isel avel 100 dhe 1000 cP (0.1 dhe 1 Pa⋅s), haval dhe'n glusekter a oyl jynn skav.<ref name=":2" /> Nyns yw an brassa rann a vagmaow gorvafek yowynkha es an [[Proterozoek]], gans nebes magmaow gorvafek aswonys dhe vos a'n [[Fanerosoek]] yn [[Amerika Gres]] askrifys dhe [[ughres pall]] tomm. Nyns eus lava komatiit arnowydh aswonys, drefen re woyeynhys veu [[pall an Nor]] rag askorra magmaow magnesiek ughella.<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, pp. 399–400.</ref> ==== Alkaliek ==== Yma dhe nebes lava silikat synsas ughellhys a [[Rol a oksidys alkan alkali|oksidys alkan alkali]] (sodiom ha potassiom), dres oll yn tylleryow a [[Fols|folsans brastiryel]], arenebedhow neb a wrowedh war [[Tektonieth plattys|blattys]] [[Istennans|istennys]], po yn [[Tyller tomm (dororieth)|tylleryow tomm]] isblatt.<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, pp. 139–148.</ref> Aga synsas silika a yll bos yntra gorvafek ([[nefelinit]], [[basanit]], ha [[tefrit]]) dhe felsek ([[trakit]]). I a duedh dhe vos dinythys yn dowderyow brassa y'n pall es magmaow isalkaliek.<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, pp. 606–607.</ref> Lava [[nefelinit]] olivin yw an dhew gorvafek ha fest alkaliek, hag yw krysys dhe dos a dhownha yn [[Pall (dororieth)|pall]] an [[Dor|Nor]] es lava erel.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20090307140121/http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/feature_volcano_e.php</ref> {| style="border:0px solid black;" |+ !valign="top" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;" |+Ensamplys a gomposyansow lava (poos%)<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, p. 145.</ref> ! Component ! [[Nefelinit]] ! [[Pikrit]] [[Kevres magma tholeiitek|tholeiitek]] ! [[Basalt tholeiitek]] ! [[Andesit]] ! [[Ryolit]] |- | Silika |[[SiO2|SiO<sub>2</sub>]] | 39.7 | 46.4 | 53.8 | 60.0 | 73.2 |- | [[TiO2|TiO<sub>2</sub>]] | 2.8 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 0.2 |- | [[Al2O3|Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>]] | 11.4 | 8.5 | 13.9 | 16.0 | 14.0 |- | [[Fe2O3|Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>]] | 5.3 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 1.9 | 0.6 |- | [[FeO]] | 8.2 | 9.8 | 9.3 | 6.2 | 1.7 |- | [[MnO]] | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.0 |- | [[MgO]] | 12.1 | 20.8 | 4.1 | 3.9 | 0.4 |- | [[CaO]] | 12.8 | 7.4 | 7.9 | 5.9 | 1.3 |- | [[Na2O|Na<sub>2</sub>O]] | 3.8 | 1.6 | 3.0 | 3.9 | 3.9 |- | [[K2O|K<sub>2</sub>O]] | 1.2 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 4.1 |- | [[P2O5|P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>]] | 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.0 |} ! valign="top" | {{Pie chart | radius = 100 | thumb = | caption = Lava basalt tholeiitek | other = | label1 = SiO<sub>2</sub> | value1 = 53.8 | label2 = Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> | value2 =13.9 | label3 =FeO | value3 =9.3 | label4 =CaO | value4 =7.9 | label5 =MgO | value5 =4.1 | label6 =Na<sub>2</sub>O | value6 =3.0 | label7 = Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> | value7=2.6 | label8 = TiO<sub>2</sub> | value8=2.0 | label9 = K<sub>2</sub>O | value9 = 1.5 | label10 = P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> | value10 = 0.4 | label11 = MnO | value11 = 0.2 | color1 = #1B7837 | color2 = #7FBF7B | color3 = #D9F0D3 | color4 = #762A83 | color5 = #AF8DC3 | color6 = #E7D4E8 | color7 = #D73027 | color8 = #FC8D59 | color9 = #FEE090 | color10 = #4575B4 | color11 = #91BFDB }} ! valign="top" |{{Pie chart | radius = 100 | thumb = | caption = Lava ryolit | other = | label1 = SiO<sub>2</sub> | value1 = 73.2 | label2 = Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> | value2 = 14 | label9 =K<sub>2</sub>O | value9 = 4.1 | label6 =Na<sub>2</sub>O | value6 = 3.9 | label3 =FeO | value3 = 1.7 | label4 = CaO | value4 = 1.3 | label7 = Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> | value7= 0.6 | label5 = MgO | value5= 0.4 | label8 = TiO<sub>2</sub> | value8 = 0.2 | label10 = P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> | value10 = 0.00 | label11 = MnO | value11 = 0.00 | color1 = #1B7837 | color2 = #7FBF7B | color3 = #D9F0D3 | color4 = #762A83 | color5 = #AF8DC3 | color6 = #E7D4E8 | color7 = #D73027 | color8 = #FC8D59 | color9 = #FEE090 | color10 = #4575B4 | color11 = #91BFDB }} |} ==== Ansilikat ==== Re beu nebes lava a gomposyans anusadow tardhys war arenep an Nor. An re ma a gomprehend: * Lava [[karbonatit]] ha [[natrokarbonatit]] yw aswonys dhyworth loskvenydh [[Ol Doinyo Lengai]] yn [[Tanzani]], an ensampel unnik a loskvenydh karbonatit byw.<ref>http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/Unusual%20lava.html</ref> Karbonatitys y'n kovadh dororiethel yw yn tipek 75% monyow karbonat, gans mynsow le a vonyow silikat (kepar ha [[mika]] hag olivin), [[apatit]], [[magnetit]], ha [[pyroklor]]. Ny dhiskwedh hemma komposyans gwreydhek an lava, neb a alla yssynsi [[sodiom karbonat]] dileys wosa henna der aktivita dowrdesel, kynth yma arbrovow yn brovji ow tiskwedhes magma rych yn kalcit yw galladow. Lava karbonatit a dhiskwedh [[Komparriv isotop fast|komparrivow isotop fast]] neb a sin yth ymons dhyworth an lava silikek fest alkaliek, dres lycklod dre dhibarth a wedh angemyskadow.<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, pp. 396–397.</ref> Lava natrokarbonatit a Ol Doinyo Lengai yw komposys dre vras a sodiom karbonat, gans a-dro dhe hanter an myns na a botassiom karbonat, ha mynsow le a halidys, fluoridys, ha sulfatys. Pur linyel yw an lava, gans glusekteryow boghes moy es dowr. Ynwedh pur woyeyn yns gans tempredhow musurys a 91 dhe 544 °C.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00301213</ref> * Lava [[horn oksid]] yw krysys dhe vos pennfenten an godhesow horn yn [[Kiruna]], [[Sweden]] neb a furvyas y'n [[Proterozoek]].<ref name=":4" /> Yma lava horn oksid a'n oos [[Pliocin]] y'n komplek loskvenydh [[El Laco]] war'n amal [[Chile]]-[[Arghantina]].<ref name=":3" /> Krysys yw lava horn oksid dhe vos an sewyans a dhibarth [[Angemyskadewder|angemyskadow]] a vagma horn oksid rag magma kerensel a gomposyans [[Kevres magma kalc-alkaliek|kalc-alkaliek]] po alkaliek.<ref name=":4" /> Byttegyns, yma neb dororydhyon ow styrya an kerrek horn oksid El Laco avel frosow lava silikat chanjys yn towrdesel wosa aga thardhans.<ref>https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUSM.V12A..04M/abstract</ref> * Yma frosow lava [[sulfur]] bys dhe 250 meter hir ha 10 meter ledan yn loskvenydh [[Lastarria]] yn Chile. Yth ens i furvys der an teudhans a wodhesow sulfur yn tempredhow mar isel avel 113°C.<ref name=":3" /> An term "lava" a yll bos devnydhys ynwedh rag "kemyskansow rew" teudhys yn tardhansow war loryow rewys an [[planetow kowrek]] yn [[System howlek|kevreyth an Howl]].<ref>McBride; Gilmore, eds. (2007). ''An introduction to the Solar System''. Cambridge University Press. p. 392.</ref> === Frosonieth === [[Restren:PahoehoeLava.jpg|skeusennik|Besies troos a avonsyans pāhoehoe a-dreus dhe fordh yn [[Kalapana, Hawaii|Kalapana]] war'n folsva est a [[Kīlauea|Gīlauea]] yn [[Hawaii]]]] Dre vras, glusekter an lava a dheterm an fara a frosow lava. Yma an tempredh a lava silikat kemmyn a-dro dhe 800 °C rag lava felsek dhe 1,200 °C rag lava mafek,<ref name=":5" /> mes yma an glusekter moy chanjus a 10<sup>11</sup> cP (10<sup>8</sup> Pa⋅s) rag lava felsek dhe 10<sup>4</sup> cP (10 Pa⋅s) rag lava mafek.<ref name=":5" /> Gluskter a lava yw determys dre vras gans komposyans mes a greg ynwedh war dempredh<ref name=":2" /> ha kevradh difurvyans.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2005GL024240</ref> Glusekter a lava a dheterm an [[Tardhans loskvenydhyek|eghen a aktivita loskvenydhyek]] usi pan dardhys yw lava. An moy yw an glusekter, an moy yw an tuedh dhe dardhansow dhe vos hedardh yn-dar diverek. Awos hemma, an brassa rann a frosow lava war'n Nor, Meurth, ha Gwener yw komposys a lava basalt.<ref>Schmincke 2003, p. 128.</ref> War'n Nor, 90% a frosow lava yw mafek po gorvafek, ha lava kres ow furvya 8% a frosow, ha lava felsek ow furvya mar 2% a frosow.<ref name=":6">http://www.geo.umass.edu/courses/volcanology/Lava%20Flows.pdf</ref> Glusekter a dheterm ynwedh an wedh (tewder perthynek orth kehesedh tenewen) a frosow, an tooth a frosow, ha gnas arenebel an frosow.<ref name=":2" /><ref>https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0377-0273%2880%2990033-5</ref> Pan vo tardhys lava fest glusek yn tiverek yn-dar yn hedardh, i a dardh ogas ha pupprys avel frosow gwedh-ughel po krommdohow. An frosow ma a furv lava stockek yn-dar ʻaʻā po pāhoehoe. Kemmyn yw frosow gwederdu.<ref>Schmincke 2003, pp. 132–138.</ref> Lava kres a duedh dhe furvya loskvenydhyow gweliek serth, gans gweliow tereylyek a lava dhyworth tardhansow diverek ha tefra dhyworth tardhansow hedardh.<ref>Schmincke 2003, pp. 143–144.</ref> Lava mafek a furv frosow moon neb a yll gwaya yn hirbel, hag ow furvya loskvenydhyow skoos gans runyow jentyl.<ref>Schmincke 2003, pp. 127–128.</ref> Yn keworransel ha karrek deudhys, an brassa rann a lava a yssyns gwrysow solyd a vonyow dyffrans, darnow a gerrek eksotek henwys [[Esven|esveyn]], ha darnow a lava solydhys kyns ena. An synsas gwrys a'n brassa rann a lava a'ga re teythi [[Tavatropikieth|tavatropik]] ha [[tanowheans-difurvya]].<ref>https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0377-0273%2803%2900341-x</ref> Yn geryow erel, nyns usi an brassa rann a lava ow fara avel linyow Newtonek, le mayth an kevradh-frosa yw kemusurel orth an [[Gwask difurvyans|wask difurvyans]]. Yn le, [[Plastek Bingham|lin Bingham]] yw lava tipek, neb a dhiskwedh sprallansedh mynsek dhe fros bys dhe dreudhow gwask, henwys an wask blegya.<ref>Schmincke 2003, pp. 39–40.</ref> Hemm a sew yn [[fros stoppyer]] a lava gwrysek yn rannel. Ensampel aswonys a fros stoppyer yw past dens strothys yn-mes a biben. An past dens a dheu yn-mes avel stoppyer hantersolyd, dre reson yma difurvyans keskreunys yn gwiskas tanow y'n past dens ryb an biben hag y'n tyller na yn unnik eus past dens ow fara avel lin. Fara tavatropik a lett ynwedh gwrysow rag godhesa a-ves dhe'n lava.<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, p. 40.</ref> Pan vo drehedhys a-dro dhe 60% an synsas gwrys, an lava a astel fara avel lin hag a dhalleth fara avel solyd. Kemyskans an par ma a wrysow gans karrek deudhys a yll bos deskrifys avel ''crystal mush''.<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, p. 16.</ref> Tooth a frosow lava a var dre vras war-lergh glusekter ha run. Dre vras, lava a fros yn lent, gans tooth tipek rag frosow basaltek hawaiiek a 0.40 km/e ha tooth ughboyntyel a 10 dhe 48 km/e yn runyow serth.<ref name=":6" /> Tooth mes an rewl a 37 dhe 97 km/e o rekordys wosa an diskar a lynn lava yn [[Menydh Nyiragongo]].<ref name=":6" /> An perthynyans-kressya rag lava yw hag yma'n tooth kresek a fros ow kressya hag yma'n wreydhen bedrek a'ga thewder rannys orth aga glusekter.<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, p. 71.</ref> Hemm a brof y fia res dhe fros ryolit dhe vos a-dro dhe vilweyth moy tew es fros basalt rag frosa yn tooth haval. === Tempredh === [[Restren:Giant's Causeway 2006 08.jpg|skeusennik|Kesjunyans kolovennek y'n [[Kons Kewri]] yn [[Wordhen Gledh|Iwerdhon Gledh]]]] Yma an tempredh a'n brassa rann a lava teudhys a-dro dhe 800 °C dhe 1,200 °C<ref name=":5" /> ow kregi war gomposyans kymygiethel an lava. An efander tempredh ma yw haval dhe'n tommha tempredh hedhadow gans fog glowbren ayr-yniys.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.apenergy.2015.09.095</ref> Lava yw an moyha linyel kyns neppell wosa tardhans, ow tos ha bos moy glusek hag iselhe an tempredh.<ref name=":2" /> Frosow lava a dhispleg snell kresten-enesega a garrek solyd avel sewyans a goll dewynnyek a domder. Wosa henna, an lava a woyeynha dre gendegyans fest lent a domder dres karrek an kresten. Rag ensampel, dororydhyon an [[Arhwithrans Dororiethel an Statys Unys]] a dardras yn fenowgh y'n lynn lava Kilauea Iki, furvys yn tardhans 1959. Wosa teyr bledhen, an kresten arenep solyd, yth esa an ben 1,065 °C, o hwath mar 14 meter tew, spit dhe'n lynn ow pos a-dro dhe 100 meter down. Yth esa hwath lin remenantel yn downderyow a-dro dhe 80 meter nownsek bledhen wosa an tardhans.<ref name=":5" /> Fros lava ow koyeynha a leha, ha hemm a derr an fros. Frosow basalt a dhiskwedh patron tipek a dorrvaow. An rannow gwartha a'n fros a dhiskwedh torrvaow war-nans anrewlys, hag an rann woles a'n fros a dhiskwedh patron fest rewlys a dorrvaow neb a rann an fros yn kolovennow gans pymp po hwegh tenwennow. An rann wartha anrewlys a'n fros solydhys yw henwys an ''entablature'', hag an rann woles neb a dhiskwedh [[kesjunyans kolovennek]] yw henwys an ''colonnade''. (An termys yw chevisys a bennserneth dempel grek.) Ynwedh, patronyow plommwedhek rewlys war'n tenwennow a golovennow, askorrys gans goyeynheans gans terryans periodek, yw deskrifys avel merkys genn. Yn despit dhe aga henwyn, nasyow naturel yns askorrys gans goyeynheans, kottheans tesel, ha terryans.<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, pp. 55–56.</ref> Ha goyeynhe an lava, ow kwrysa war-ji a'n emlow, y a estewl gassys rag furvya kellow y'n oryon woles ha gwartha. Deskrifys yns avel kellow-piben-ben. Linyow estewlys a'n ''crystal mush'' ow koyeynhe a sev war-vann y'n kres linyel a'n fros ow koyeynhe hag a askorr hirgrennennow kell plommwedhek. An le mayth usi an re ma ow kesunya yn penn an fros, i a furv folennow a vasalt kellek hag yw kappys treweythyow gans kowvaow gass neb a lenow treweythyow gans monyow nessa. An [[Amethyst|amethystyow]] kevys y'n basaltys liv a [[Amerika Dyghow]] a furvyas y'n maner ma.<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, pp. 58–59.</ref> Basaltys liv a wrysa boghes yn tipek kyns i a astel frosa, hag, avel sewyans, gwiasedhow fros yw ankemmyn yn frosow le silikek.<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, p. 48.</ref> Y'n kontrari part, [[bondans fros]] yw kemmyn yn frosow felsek.<ref>Philpotts & Ague 2009, p. 72.</ref> == Devynnow == <references /> 3fk0falppe4el4mjfwnqahnkw7ktwse