Wikipedia kwwiki https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folen_dre MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.21 first-letter Media Arbennek Keskows Devnydhyer Keskows Devnydhyer Wikipedia Keskows Wikipedia Restren Keskows Restren MediaWiki Keskows MediaWiki Skantlyn Keskows Skantlyn Gweres Keskows Gweres Klass Keskows Klass Porth Keskows Porth TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 6949 229528 227742 2026-09-30T06:27:32Z Aqchampion 8099 klass 229528 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Lewydh Statys Unys | hanow = Ronald Reagan | skeusen = Official Portrait of President Reagan 1981.jpg | niver = 40ves | sodhans = 20 Genver 1981 - 20 Genver 1989 | islewydh = [[George H. W. Bush]] | kyns = [[Jimmy Carter]] | wosa = [[George H. W. Bush]] | parti = [[Parti Repoblikanek|Republican]] }} '''Ronald Wilson Reagan''' (6 Whevrer, 1911 – 5 Metheven, 2004) o 40ves [[Lywydhyon a'n Statys Unys Amerika|Lywydh]] an [[Statys Unys]]. Reagan a veu genys yn Tampico, [[Illinois]] yn 1911, mab John Edward Reagan ha Nelle Wilson Reagan. Ev o ombrofyer Republikan yn etholans 1980. Ev o Lywydh an Statys Unys a-dhia Genver 1981 bys Genver [[1989]]. == Kevrennow yn-mes == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090122181836/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/ronaldreagan/ Bywgrafi Ronald Reagan] {{commons}} {{Stock-tus-sua}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Reagan, Ronald}} [[Klass:Dinethyansow 1911]] [[Klass:Gwarioryon bel droos amerikanek]] [[Klass:Gwarioryon bellwolok amerikanek]] [[Klass:Gwarioryon fylm amerikanek]] [[Klass:Gweythresoryon amerikanek]] [[Klass:Gweythresoryon gwiryow denel]] [[Klass:Istorioryon]] [[Klass:Lewydhyon a'n Statys Unys]] [[Klass:Mernansow 2004]] [[Klass:Mernansow awos kleves neurologyl]] [[Klass:Mernansow awos niwmonia]] [[Klass:Ombrofyoryon]] [[Klass:Parti Repoblikanek]] [[Klass:Pennweythresogyon stat an Statys Unys]] [[Klass:Radyo]] [[Klass:Skriforyon amerikanek]] [[Klass:Soudoryon amerikanek]] [[Klass:Tus a’n Vresel Yeyn]] [[Klass:Ynkleudhyansow yn Kaliforni]] gtn0etveqd1s88n32vh8akbief85pyq 0 7075 229522 227686 2026-09-30T06:15:58Z Aqchampion 8099 klass 229522 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Restren:SHouston 2.jpg|thumb|Sam Houston]] '''Samuel Houston''' (2 a vis Meurth, 1793 – 26 a vis Gortheren, 1863) o kensa Lywydh [[Repoblek Texas]]. {{Stokk-tus-sua}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Houston, Sam}} [[Klass:Demokratyon]] [[Klass:Dinethyansow an 18ves kansvledhen]] [[Klass:Domhweloryon]] [[Klass:Eseli Senedh an Statys Unys‎]] [[Klass:Mernansow 1863]] [[Klass:Ombrofyoryon]] [[Klass:Pennweythresogyon stat an Statys Unys]] [[Klass:Perghennow kethyon amerikanek]] [[Klass:Soudoryon amerikanek]] [[Klass:Ynkleudhyansow yn Teksas]] dshizgg7mltaoih3dpyflunu6d6slu6 0 8071 229538 226153 2026-09-30T06:45:40Z Aqchampion 8099 klass 229538 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Restren:Hal Holbrook LF.jpg|thumb|Hal Holbrook]] '''Harold Rowe "Hal" Holbrook''' (genys 17 Whevrel 1925 - 2021) yw gwarier [[Pobel Statys Unys|amerikan]] geryes da. {{Stock-tus}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Holbrook, Hal}} [[Klass:Dinethyansow 1925]] [[Klass:Gwarioryon bellwolok amerikanek]] [[Klass:Gwarioryon fylm amerikanek]] [[Klass:Gwarioryon lev amerikanek]] [[Klass:Gwarioryon wariva amerikanek]] [[Klass:Mernansow 2021]] [[Klass:Skriforyon amerikanek]] [[Klass:Soudoryon amerikanek]] [[Klass:Ynkleudhyansow yn Tennessi]] jqpic78601hevhzho12f6hgsqhbhcg3 0 8081 229536 229427 2026-09-30T06:40:49Z Aqchampion 8099 klass 229536 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Restren:Charles Bronson Cannes.jpg|thumb|Charles Bronson]] '''Charles Dennis Buchinsky''' (3 Du [[1921]] &ndash; 30 Est [[2003]]) o gwarier [[Pobel Statys Unys|amerikan]] geryes da. {{Stock-tus}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bronson, Charles}} [[Klass:Dinethyansow 1921]] [[Klass:Gorcita an Eledh]] [[Klass:Gwarioryon bellwolok amerikanek]] [[Klass:Gwarioryon fylm amerikanek]] [[Klass:Gwarioryon fylm bughwesyon]] [[Klass:Mernansow 2003]] [[Klass:Mernansow awos kanker y’n Statys Unys]] [[Klass:Mernansow awos kleves a’n skevens]] [[Klass:Mernansow awos kleves kardiovaskulek]] [[Klass:Soudoryon amerikanek]] [[Klass:Ynkleudhyansow yn Vermont]] e4jjl5pyyty7bdx5sx7uts9b5mkts0e 0 8083 229540 226587 2026-09-30T06:49:16Z Aqchampion 8099 klass 229540 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Restren:CharlesDurningMay2008.jpg|thumb|Charles Durning]] '''Charles Edward Durning''' (28 Whevrer 1923 &ndash; 24 Kevardhu 2012) o gwarier [[Pobel Statys Unys|amerikan]] geryes da. {{Stock-tus}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Durning, Charles}} [[Klass:Dinethyansow 1923]] [[Klass:Gorcita Washington]] [[Klass:Gwarioryon bellwolok amerikanek]] [[Klass:Gwarioryon fylm amerikanek]] [[Klass:Gwarioryon lev amerikanek]] [[Klass:Gwarioryon wariva amerikanek]] [[Klass:Mernansow 2012]] [[Klass:Soudoryon amerikanek]] [[Klass:Ynkleudhyansow yn Vyrjyni]] p2cmv9nrzwiijb1fp39h3ukwydv8m0i 0 8353 229534 226973 2026-09-30T06:36:53Z Aqchampion 8099 klass 229534 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Restren:Pete Seeger2 - 6-16-07 Photo by Anthony Pepitone.jpg|thumb|Pete Seeger]] '''Pete Seeger''' (3 May 1919 &ndash; 27 January 2014) o kaner [[Pobel Statys Unys|amerikan]] geryes da. {{Stock-tus}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Seeger, Pete}} [[Klass:Amerikanyon a dhevedhyans sowsnek]] [[Klass:Dinethyansow 1919]] [[Klass:Drogoberoryon]] [[Klass:Kanoryon amerikanek]] [[Klass:Kemynegoryon]] [[Klass:Kerghynedhoryon]] [[Klass:Kresydhyon]] [[Klass:Manhattan]] [[Klass:Mernansow 2014]] [[Klass:Soudoryon amerikanek]] 72plujrdyswuzgqlq92kzofsx0j7xsz 0 8430 229532 226092 2026-09-30T06:33:44Z Aqchampion 8099 klass 229532 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Restren:Efrem Zimbalist Jr. 1972.JPG|thumb|Zimbalist, Jr. (1972)]] '''Efrem Zimbalist, Jr,''' (30 Du 1918 &ndash; 2 Mayo 2014) o gwarier [[Pobel Statys Unys|amerikan]] geryes da. {{Stock-tus-sua}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zimbalist, Jr., Efrem}} [[Klass:Dinethyansow 1918]] [[Klass:Enys Hir]] [[Klass:Gwarioryon fylm amerikanek]] [[Klass:Gwarioryon lev amerikanek]] [[Klass:Mernansow 2014]] [[Klass:Parti Repoblikanek]] [[Klass:Soudoryon amerikanek]] [[Klass:Ynkleudhyansow yn Konnectikut]] boyizsl2j4ofhfq610dfnmadspt25qk 0 9252 229529 228136 2026-09-30T06:29:08Z Aqchampion 8099 klass 229529 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Lewydh Statys Unys | hanow =Theodore Roosevelt | skeusen =Theodore_Roosevelt_by_John_Singer_Sargent,_1903.jpg | niver =26ves | sodhans =14 Gwynngala 1901 – 4 Meurth 1909 | parti =Republican/Progressive | kyns = [[William McKinley]] | wosa = [[William Howard Taft|William H. Taft]] | islewydh =Gwag (1901-5) Charles W. Fairbanks (1905-9) }} '''Theodore "T.R." Roosevelt, Jr '''(27 mis Hedra 1858 – 6 Genver 1919) o [[Lywydhyon a'n Statys Unys Amerika|Lewydh]] [[Statys Unys|an Statys Unys]]. Ev o ombrofyer Republikan yn etholans 1904. {{DEFAULTSORT:Roosevelt, Theodore}} {{stock-tus-sua}} [[Klass:Dinethyansow 1858]] [[Klass:Enys Hir]] [[Klass:Gweythresoryon amerikanek]] [[Klass:Islewydhyon an Statys Unys]] [[Klass:Istorioryon]] [[Klass:Kenedhlogoryon]] [[Klass:Kerghynedhoryon]] [[Klass:Lewydhyon a'n Statys Unys]] [[Klass:Masons Rydh]] [[Klass:Mernansow 1919]] [[Klass:Mernansow awos kleves a’n skevens]] [[Klass:Ombrofyoryon]] [[Klass:Parti Repoblikanek]] [[Klass:Pennweythresogyon stat an Statys Unys]] [[Klass:Pewas Nobel]] [[Klass:Skriforyon amerikanek]] [[Klass:Soudoryon amerikanek]] [[Klass:Ynkleudhyansow yn Evrek Nowydh]] hyp5d76b340yzco40pfdm8r8r67vwfw 0 9255 229535 228242 2026-09-30T06:38:54Z Aqchampion 8099 klass 229535 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Lewydh Statys Unys | hanow =Chester A. Arthur | skeusen =20_Chester_Arthur_3x4.jpg | niver =21a | sodhans =19 mis Gwynngala 1881 – 4 Meurth 1885 | parti = [[Parti Repoblikanek|Republican]] | kyns = [[James Garfield]] | wosa = [[Grover Cleveland]] | islewydh =gwag }} '''Chester Alan Arthur '''(5 mis Hedra 1829 – 18 mis Du 1886) o [[Lywydhyon a'n Statys Unys Amerika|Lewydh]] [[Statys Unys|an Statys Unys]]. {{DEFAULTSORT:Arthur, Chester Alan}} {{stock-tus-sua}} [[Klass:Amerikanyon a dhevedhyans sowsnek]] [[Klass:Dinethyansow an 19ves kansvledhen]] [[Klass:Gweythresoryon amerikanek]] [[Klass:Islewydhyon an Statys Unys]] [[Klass:Lagha an Statys Unys]] [[Klass:Lewydhyon a'n Statys Unys]] [[Klass:Mernansow 1886]] [[Klass:Ombrofyoryon]] [[Klass:Parti Repoblikanek]] [[Klass:Soudoryon amerikanek]] [[Klass:Ynkleudhyansow yn Evrek Nowydh]] 2xeoqknq4h0ryshjopp17nfoeisw35v 0 9259 229524 229418 2026-09-30T06:19:37Z Aqchampion 8099 klass 229524 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Lewydh Statys Unys | hanow =Ulysses Grant | skeusen =Ulysses S. Grant 1870-1880.jpg | niver =18ves | sodhans =4 Meurth 1869 – 4 Meurth 1877 | parti = [[Parti Repoblikanek|Republican]] | kyns = [[Andrew Johnson]] | wosa = [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] | islewydh =Schuyler Colfax (1869-73)<br /> Henry Wilson (1873-1875)<br /> Gwag (1875-77) }} '''Ulysses S. Grant '''(genys Hiram Ulysses Grant; 27 mis Ebryl 1822 – 23 mis Gortheren 1885) o [[Lywydhyon a'n Statys Unys Amerika|Lewydh]] [[Statys Unys|an Statys Unys]]. Ev o ombrofyer Republikan yn etholansow 1868 ha 1872. {{DEFAULTSORT:Grant, Ulysses}} {{stock-tus-sua}} [[Klass:Dinethyansow 1822]] [[Klass:Istorioryon]] [[Klass:Lewydhyon a'n Statys Unys]] [[Klass:Mernansow 1885]] [[Klass:Mernansow awos kanker y’n Statys Unys]] [[Klass:Ombrofyoryon]] [[Klass:Parti Repoblikanek]] [[Klass:Perghennow kethyon amerikanek]] [[Klass:Skriforyon amerikanek]] [[Klass:Soudoryon amerikanek]] [[Klass:Ynkleudhyansow yn Evrek Nowydh]] 4madttgxrdnvkh0w1n5vgrvnkyz23kw 0 9261 229525 227718 2026-09-30T06:21:42Z Aqchampion 8099 klass 229525 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Lewydh Statys Unys | hanow =Abraham Lincoln | skeusen =Abrahamlincoln.jpg | niver =16ves | sodhans =4 Meurth 1861 – 15 Ebryl 1865 | parti = | kyns = [[James Buchanan]] | wosa = [[Andrew Johnson]] | islewydh =[[Hannibal Hamlin]] (1861-65)<br /> Andrew Johnson (1865) }} [[File:Lincoln assassination slide c1900.png|thumb|[[Ford's Theatre]]]] '''Abraham Lincoln '''(12 mis Hwevrer [[1809]] – 15 Ebryl [[1865]]) o [[Lywydhyon a'n Statys Unys Amerika|Lewydh]] [[Statys Unys|an Statys Unys]]. Ev o ombrofyer Republikan yn etholans 1860. Ev a veu denledhys gans [[John Wilkes Booth]]. {{DEFAULTSORT:Lincoln, Abraham}} {{stock-tus-sua}} [[Klass:Amerikanyon a dhevedhyans sowsnek]] [[Klass:Denladh]] [[Klass:Dinethyansow 1809]] [[Klass:Gweythresoryon amerikanek]] [[Klass:Gweythresoryon gwiryow civil]] [[Klass:Kenedhlogoryon]] [[Klass:Lagha an Statys Unys]] [[Klass:Lewydhyon a'n Statys Unys]] [[Klass:Lewydhyon genedhlek neb a verwis yn soodh]] [[Klass:Mernansow 1865]] [[Klass:Parti Repoblikanek]] [[Klass:Soudoryon amerikanek]] [[Klass:Ynkleudhyansow yn Illinois]] bumkn7hop8lv5l47i46w7wzfi2p4j0x 0 9263 229531 228210 2026-09-30T06:32:38Z Aqchampion 8099 klass 229531 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Lewydh Statys Unys | hanow = Franklin Pierce | skeusen = Franklin Pierce.jpg | niver = 14ves | sodhans = | parti = [[Parti Demokratek|Demokratek]] | kyns = [[Millard Fillmore]] | wosa = [[James Buchanan]] | islewydh = }} '''Franklin Pierce''' ([[1804]]–[[1869]]) o [[Lywydhyon a'n Statys Unys Amerika|Lewydh]] [[Statys Unys|an Statys Unys]]. Ev o ombrofyer Demokratek yn etholans 1852. {{DEFAULTSORT:Pierce, Franklin}} {{stock-tus-sua}} [[Klass:Amerikanyon a dhevedhyans sowsnek]] [[Klass:Demokratyon]] [[Klass:Dinethyansow 1804]] [[Klass:Eseli Senedh an Statys Unys]] [[Klass:Lagha an Statys Unys]] [[Klass:Lewydhyon a'n Statys Unys]] [[Klass:Mernansow 1869]] [[Klass:Ombrofyoryon]] [[Klass:Soudoryon amerikanek]] [[Klass:Ynkleudhyansow yn Hampshire Nowydh]] thhii12ps9jbvdkvpbj0fi1zu54lpdf 0 9267 229533 227457 2026-09-30T06:35:42Z Aqchampion 8099 klass 229533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Lewydh Statys Unys | hanow = John Tyler | skeusen = Johntyler.jpg | niver = 10ves | sodhans = | parti = | kyns = [[William Henry Harrison]] | wosa = [[James K. Polk]] | islewydh = }} '''John Tyler''' (1790–1862) o [[Lywydhyon a'n Statys Unys Amerika|Lewydh]] [[Statys Unys|an Statys Unys]]. {{DEFAULTSORT:Tyler, John}} [[Klass:Amerikanyon a dhevedhyans sowsnek]] [[Klass:Dinethyansow an 18ves kansvledhen]] [[Klass:Eseli Chi Kanasedhoryon an Statys Unys]] [[Klass:Eseli Senedh an Statys Unys]] [[Klass:Gweythresoryon amerikanek]] [[Klass:Islewydhyon an Statys Unys]] [[Klass:Lewydhyon a'n Statys Unys]] [[Klass:Mernansow 1862]] [[Klass:Pennweythresogyon stat an Statys Unys]] [[Klass:Perghennow kethyon amerikanek]] [[Klass:Soudoryon amerikanek]] [[Klass:Ynkleudhyansow yn Vyrjyni]] hp57jihl1dae5kdl2ozi74yzxss8vmh 0 10944 229526 226141 2026-09-30T06:22:43Z Aqchampion 8099 klass 229526 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Restren:Edgar Allan Poe, circa 1849, restored, squared off.jpg|skeusennik|[[Daguerreskrifa|Daguerreskrifans]] "Annie" a Poe, a-dro dhe 1849.]] Skrifer, golegor ha barner lien [[Statys Unys|Amerikanek]] o '''Edgar Allan Poe''' (/poʊ/; dinythys '''Edgar Poe'''; mis Genver 19, [[1809]] – mis Hedra 7, [[1849]]). Poe yw gwella aswonys rag y vardhonieth ha'y dhrollow kott, yn arbennek y hwedhlow kevrinek ha tewal. Y firir orto avel figur kresel a [[Romansogeth]] y'n Statys Unys ha lien Amerikanek yn ollgemmyn, hag ev o onan a'n skriforyon drollow kott mogha a-varr y'n wlas na.Yth yw gwelys avel gwrier fugieth helghyas hag yma ganso kresys a gevri dhe'n genre nowyth a fugieth wodhonieth. Ev o an kensa skrifer Amerikanek aswonys yn ta a wrug dendyl arghans dre skrifa yn unnik, sewyans hemma o bewnans ha resek kales awos arghasans. <br /> == Dewis a'y oberow == [[Rol a oberow gans Edgar Allan Poe|Rol leun a oberow gans Edgar Allan Poe]]. Y rer titlys Kernowek yn krommvaghow mars eus treylyans. === Hwedlow === * "The Black Cat" * "The Cask of Amontillado" * "A Descent into the Maelström" * "The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar" * "The Fall of the House of Usher" * "The Gold-Bug" * "Hop-Frog" * "The Imp of the Perverse" * "Ligeia" * "The Masque of the Red Death" * "Morella" * "The Murders in the Rue Morgue" * "The Oval Portrait" * "The Pit and the Pendulum" * "The Premature Burial" * "The Purloined Letter" * "The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether" * "The Tell-Tale Heart" * "Loss of Breath (tale)" === Bardhonieth === * "Al Aaraaf" * "Annabel Lee" * "Alone" (Ow Honan) * "The Bells" * "The City in the Sea" * "The Conqueror Worm" * "A Dream Within a Dream" * "Eldorado" * "Eulalie" * "The Haunted Palace" * "To Helen" * "Lenore" * "Tamerlane" * "The Raven" (An Vran Vras) * "Ulalume" === Aral === * ''Politian'' (1835) – Unsel gwari Poe. * ''The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket'' (1838) – Unsel romans leun Poe. * "The Balloon-Hoax" (1844) – Ges jornalek a bryntyas avel drolla gwir. * "The Philosophy of Composition" (1846) – Assay * ''Eureka: A Prose Poem'' (1848) – Assay * "The Poetic Principle" (1848) – Assay * "The Light-House" (1849) – Diwettha ober anworfennys Poe. <br /> == Gwelewgh yn-wedh == * [[Rol a awtours Amerikanek]] * [[Rol a awtours a lien gothek]] [[Klass:Amerikanyon a dhevedhyans sowsnek]] [[Klass:Dinethyansow 1809]] [[Klass:Gorcita Baltimore]] [[Klass:Gorwirieth]] [[Klass:Mernansow 1849]] [[Klass:Prydydhyon]] [[Klass:Skriforyon euth]] [[Klass:Skriforyon fugieth amerikanek]] [[Klass:Skriforyon fugieth wothek]] [[Klass:Soudoryon amerikanek]] [[Klass:Ynkleudhyansow yn Tir Maria]] g2zkbrfjdnq5c99m3qk6xz4ech309ok 0 11392 229527 227381 2026-09-30T06:25:12Z Aqchampion 8099 klass 229527 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Restren:Rod Serling photo portrait 1959.JPG|thumb]] '''Rodman Edward Serling''' ([[1924]]–[[1975]]) o dramatydh, askorrer, ha hwedhlor a'n [[Statys Unys]]. {{DEFAULTSORT:Serling, Rod}} {{stock-tus-sua}} [[Klass:Dinethyansow 1924]] [[Klass:Demokratyon]] [[Klass:Gwarioryon amerikanek]] [[Klass:Gweythresoryon gwiryow denel]] [[Klass:Mernansow 1975]] [[Klass:Pellwolok amerikanek]] [[Klass:Skriforyon euth]] [[Klass:Skriforyon fugieth amerikanek]] [[Klass:Soudoryon amerikanek]] [[Klass:Ynkleudhyansow yn Evrek Nowydh]] pwt76qfyhxt2n9o52dmr9kdfhhogrcq 0 11823 229523 228352 2026-09-30T06:17:54Z Aqchampion 8099 klass 229523 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Restren:Mark Twain by AF Bradley.jpg|skeusennik|Mark Twain yn 1907]] Skrifer a'n [[Statys Unys]] ha genys yn Florida, [[Missouri]] a veu '''Samuel Langhorne Clemens''' (30 mis Du [[1835]] – 21 mis Ebrel [[1910]]), gwella aswonys avel '''Mark Twain'''. Ev a oberi dre vras rag paperyow nowodhow hag avel lewyader gorhel tan war an Dowr Mississippi kyns es bos skrifer. Demedhys veu yn 1870, hag ev a vagas y deylu yn [[Hartford, Connecticut]]. Diwettha yn y vewnans, ev a gevarghewis ha kelli an mona o gwrys gans y skrifa, hag ev a wrug torn a'n bys ow ri arethyow a dhros dhodho mona lowr rag tyli y gendonow ha daskavos y fortun. Gwella aswonys yw rag y ober yn fugieth, hag yn arbennek rag y dhevnydh a hwarthuster. Dyllys veu y gensa hwedhel yn 1865, henwys ''The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County.'' Lies a breder bos ''Adventures of Huckleberry Finn'' ober gwella Twain. Godhvedhys yw an hwedhel a vaw gwynn a weres den du ow skapya kethneth yn soth an Statys Unys rag y dhenses. Gis Twain a longya dhe vos anfurvus ha hwarthus, a'n gwrug dihaval orth lies skrifer posek a'n [[19ves kansbledhen|19ves kansvledhen]] ma nag o da aga lyvrow ganso. Rag ensampel, drog o ganso ober [[Jane Austen]] kepar ha ''Sense and Sensibility'' ha ''Pride and Prejudice'', hag ev a gampollas, "Hi a wra dhymm kasa oll hy fobel, heb omwith". Komet Halley a omdhiskwedhas y'n ebron dres an vledhen may feu Twain genys hag ynwedh an vledhen may feu marow. == Rol a lyvrow == * ''The Adventures of Tom Sawyer'' (1876) * ''The Prince and the Pauper'' (1882) * ''Adventures of Huckleberry Finn'' (1884) * ''A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court'' (1889) [[Klass:Amerikanyon a dhevedhyans sowsnek]] [[Klass:Dinethyansow 1835]] [[Klass:Gweythresoryon amerikanek]] [[Klass:Gweythresoryon gwiryow denel]] [[Klass:Istorioryon]] [[Klass:Masons Rydh]] [[Klass:Mernansow 1910]] [[Klass:Skriforyon fugieth amerikanek]] [[Klass:Skriforyon lien fleghes]] [[Klass:Soudoryon amerikanek]] [[Klass:Ynkleudhyansow yn Evrek Nowydh]] 49llmn0yqnasjln6rwv1gtp1a3z16km 0 13454 229519 221649 2026-09-29T12:03:25Z Celia Homeford 19149 229519 wikitext text/x-wiki Selys ew '''rol veternedh an Biktyon''' war rolyow meternedh an Kronikyl [[Piktek]]. Dornskrifow diwedhes ew an re ma, ha na wra anjei rekordya dedhyasow reynys an meternedh. Nag eus akord leun tredh an rolyow ow tochya henwyn an meternedh ha hirder aga reynys. Radn a’n rolyow ew mythoniethel, hag etho nag ew komprehendys obma. [[Restren:Constantine III of Scotland.jpg|skeusennik|right|Causantín III]] [[Restren:The_Aberlemno_Cross_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1922567.jpg|skeusennik|right|Men Aberlemno, ow tiskwedhes Batel Lydn Nechtan 685 KK, gwaynys gen Brude III]] ==Meternedh piktek== Meternedh piktek a rewlyas en [[Alban|Sgotlond]] north hag est. En 843 KK asleys veu an meterneth piktek gen meterneth Alban, ken feu usys ''Piktyon'' ha ''Fortriu'' gen an bledhenlevrow Wordhonek rag hanter kansvledhen moy. Skrifys veu an rolyow meternedh a-varr e’n 8ves kansvledhen, dre lycklod erbydn 724 KK. Meternedh mythoniethel ew restrys e’n ''Lebor Bretnach'' avel hwedhel a dhalleth an bobel Cruithne. An rol a dhalla gen Cruithne map Cing, ''"tas an Biktyon"''. Nena ema hwedhel 'Kronikyl an Biktyon' ow restra peswar rol a henwyn: * An kensa ew rol a vebyon Cruithne. * An sekond ew rol a veternedh a-varr heb kedhlow erel marnas dedhyasow. * An treja ew rol aral a veternedh a-varr heb hwedhlow po dedhyasow, pubonan gen dew hanow a dhalla gen "Brude". Possybyl ew dell veu usys "Brude" vel titel rag "metern" dhort pednfenten aral, kabmdybys avel hanow woja hedna gen an skrifer. * An pajwora ew rol a veternedh diwettha. A'n kensa a vos attestys en pednfenten anserghek ew Galam Cennalath. ==Henwyn== Kalish ew kawas orgraf kesson. Cinioch, Ciniod ha Cináed oll ew furvow a’n hanow sowsnekkhes arnowydh Kenneth. Piktek "uu", terweythyow skrifys avel "w", ew kesson ha Albanek "f", ma thew Uuredach an Albanek Feredach ha Uurguist an Albanek Fergus, po martesen Forgus. ==Meternedh an Biktyon== Liwyow a dhiskwedh bagasow a veternedh prederys dhe vos e’n keth teylu. ===Meternedh a-varr=== {| class="sortable wikitable" !width="10%"|Reyn !width="10%"|Rewlyas !width="20%"|Henwyn erel !width="20%"|Teylu !width="35%"|Merkyansow |- |311-341 | '''Vipoig''' | | |Reynys 30 bledhen |- | 341–345 | '''Canutulachama''' | | |Reynys 4 bledhen |- | 345–347 | '''Uradech''' | | |Reynys 2 vledhen |- | 347–387 | '''Gartnait II''' | | |Reynys 40 bledhen |- | 387–412 | '''Talorc mac Achiuir''' | | |Reynys 25 bledhen |- bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | 412–452 | '''Drest I''' | Drest mab Erp | | En y reyn, Patrick a dheuth dhe Wordhen; "ev a relyas kans bledhen hag omladh kans batel" |- | 452–456 | '''Talorc I''' | Talorc mab Aniel | | Reynys 2 po 4 bledhen |- bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | 456–480 | '''Nechtan I''' | Nechtan mab Uuirp (po Erip), Nechtan Veur, Nechtan Celcamoth | Martesen broder Drest map Erp | Fals, dell hevel, ew an hwedhel ev dhe selya an managhti en Abernethy, Perth ha Kinross. Hanow hevelep ew kevys war an ven Lunnasting, h.y. ''nehhtton(s)'', martesen "gwas Nehtonn" |- | 480–510 | '''Drest II''' | Drest Gurthinmoch (po Gocinecht) | | Reynys 30 bledhen |- | 510–522 | '''Galan''' | Galan Erilich po Galany | | |- | 522–530 | '''Drest III''' | Drest mab Uudrost (po Hudrossig) | | |- bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | 522–531 | '''Drest IV''' | Drest mab Girom (po Gurum) | | |- bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | 531–537 | '''Gartnait I''' | Garthnac mab Girom, Ganat mab Gigurum | | |- bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | 537–538 | '''Cailtram''' | Cailtram mab Girom, Kelturan mab Gigurum | Broder Gartnait | |- | 538–549 | '''Talorc II''' | Talorc mab Murtolic, Tolorg mab Mordeleg | | |- | 549–550 | '''Drest V''' | Drest map Manath, Drest mab Munait | | |} ===Metern istorek a-varr=== An kensa metern a dhiskwedhas en moy es udn pednfenten a-varr ew Bridei mab Maelchon, ha meternedh dhort an 6ves kansvledhen diwedhes a vo prederys istorek drefen aga mernansow dhe vos dyllys en pednfentenyow wordhonek. {| class="wikitable" |- !width="10%"|Reyn !width="10%"|Rewlyas !width="20%"|Henwyn erel !width="20%"|Teylu !width="35%"|Merkyansow |- | 550–555 | '''Galam''' | Galam Cennalath | |Mernans "Cennalaph, metern an Biktyon" ew rekordys. Martesen ev a rewylyas war-barth ha Bridei mab Maelchon |- | 554–584 | '''Bridei I''' | Bridei mab Maelchon<br>Brude mab Melcho | | Dyllys ew y vernans ha gwriansow erel. Henwys ew en “Bwwnans Columba” gen Adomnán a Iona. Ev ew an kensa metern piktek dhe vos moy es hanow en rol. |- | 584–595 | '''Gartnait II''' | Gartnait mab Domelch, Gernard mab Dompneth | | |- | 595–616 | '''Nechtan II''' | Nechtan mab wynn Uerb<br>Nechtan mab Cano | | Y reyn ew desedhys en termyn Pab Boniface IV |- | 616–631 | '''Cinioch''' | Cinioch mab Lutrin<br>Kinet mab Luthren | | |- bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | 631–635 | '''Gartnait III''' | Gartnait mab Uuid | mab Gwid mab Peithon? | |- bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | 635–641 | '''Bridei II''' | Bridei mab Uuid mab Fochle | mab Gwid mab Peithon? | |- bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | 641–653 | '''Talorc III''' | Talorc mab Uuid po mab Foth | mab Gwid mab Peithon? | |- | 653–657 | '''Talorgan I''' | Talorgan mabf Eanfrith | mab Eanfrith a Bernicia | |- bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | 657–663 | '''Gartnait IV''' | Gartnait mab Donnel mab Dúngal | | |- bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | 663–672 | '''Drest VI''' | Drest mab Donnel mab Dúngal | | |} ===Meternedh istorek diwedhes=== {| class="wikitable" |- !width="10%"|Reyn !width="10%"|Rewlyas !width="20%"|Henwyn erel !width="20%"|Teylu !width="35%"|Merkyansow |- | 672–693 | '''Bridei III''' | Bridei mab Bili | mab Beli I a Alt Clut, mab Nechtan II a’n Piktyon | Gwerrya ort an Albanyon 683. Ev a fethas Ecgfrith a Northumbria en Batel Dun Nechtain en 685. |- | 693–697 | '''Taran''' | Taran mab Ainftech | En possybyl broder Bridei ha Nechtan mac Der-Ilei | |- bgcolor="#DDEEAA" | 697–706 | '''Bridei IV''' | Bridei mab Der-Ilei | Broder Nechtan, Cenél Comgaill | Mab Der-Ilei, pennseviges piktek, ha Dargart mac Finnguine, esel Cenél Comgaill a Dál Riata; restrys avel mewghyer an Cáin Adomnáin |- bgcolor="#DDEEAA" | 706–724 | '''Nechtan III''' | Nechtan mab Der-Ilei | Broder Bridei, Cenél Comgaill | Ev a recevas dedhyas romanek an Pask c. 712, fondyer a vri a eglosyow ha managhtiow |- bgcolor="#D8BFD8" | 724–726 | '''Drest VII''' | Drust | Martesen hanter broder Nechtan ha Bridei a Cenél nGabrain a Atholl | Ev a sewyas Nechtan, ha’y gargharas en 726, asleys an vledhen na gaen Alpín |- bgcolor="#D8BFD8" | 726–728 | '''Alpín I''' | Alpin mac Echach | Martesen dhyworth Cenél nGabráin | Dre lycklod kes-rewlyas gen Drest. Ewedh metern Dal Riata, AT726.4 "Dungal veu removys dhort rewl,ha removys veu Drust dhort rewl an Biktyon, hag Elphin a rewl ragtans." |- bgcolor="#DDEEAA" | 728–729 | '''Nechtan III''' | Nechtan mab Der-Ilei, ''sekond rewl'' | Cenél Comgaill |Merkyes ew Óengus dhe vetha eskar Nechtan en 729,ha Nechtan a besyas en y rewl bys dhe 732. |- bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | 729–761 | '''Óengus I''' | Onuist mab Vurguist | Enorys avel neskar gen an Eóganachta | |- bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | 736–750 | '''Talorcan II''' | Talorcan mab Fergus | Broder Óengus | Ladhys en batel erbydn Brythonyon Alt Clut |- bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | 761–763 | '''Bridei V''' | Bridei mab Fergus | Broder Onuist | Metern Fortriu |- | 763–775 | '''Ciniod I''' | Ciniod mab Uuredach, Cinadhon | Terweythyow prederys ew y vos mab wydn Selbach mac Ferchair, hag etho dhort Cenél Loairn | Ev a ros harbereth dhe (kens) metern Alhred a Northumbria |- | 775–778 | '''Alpín II a’n Biktyon / Alpín II''' | Alpin mab Uuroid | | Mernans derivys avel Eilpín, metern an Saksonyon, bes kemerys hedna avel kabmgemeryans |- bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | 778–782 | '''Talorc II''' | Talorc mab Drest | | Mernans derivys yn bledhenlevrow Ulster |- bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | 782–783 | '''Drest VII]''' | Drest mab Talorgan | Mab Talorgan po Talorgan, broder Óengus | |- | 783–785 | '''Talorc III''' | Talorgan mabf Onuist, ewedh Dub Tholarg | Mab Óengus | |- | 785–789 | '''Conall mac Taidg''' | Conall mab Tarla (po Tadg) | | Martesen metern yn Dál Riata |- bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | 789–820 | '''Caustantín mac Fergusa''' | Caustantín mab Fergus | Mab wydn Onuist po martesen Fergus mac Echdach | Y vab Domnall mac Caustantín o metern Dál Riata |- bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | 820–834 | '''Óengus II''' | Óengus mab Fergus | Broder Caustantín | |- bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | 834–837 | '''Drest IX''' | Drest mab Caustantín | Mab Caustantín | |- | 834–837 | '''Talorc IV''' | Talorcan mab Wthoil | | |- bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | 837–839 | '''Uen a’n Biktyon''' po '''Eógan''' | Eógan mab Óengus | Mab Óengus, y vroder o Nechtan ha Finguine. | Ladhys veu yn 839 warbarth ha'y vroder Bran en batel erbydn an Vikings; deg bledhyn a vresel a sewyas |} ===Meternedh an Biktyon 839&ndash;848=== Woja mernansow Eógan ha Bran, e feu niver veur a gesstrivoryon rag meterneth Pow an Piktyon. {| class="wikitable" |- !|Reyn !|Rewlyas !|Henwyn erel !|Teylu !|Merkyansow |- bgcolor="#F5DEB3" | 839–842 | '''Uurad''' | Uurad mab Bargoit | Anwodhevys | Reynys rag teyr bledhen, henwys war ven Drosten |- bgcolor="#F5DEB3" | 842–843 | '''Bridei&nbsp;VI''' | Bridei mab Uurad | Martesen mab an metern kens | Leverys y vos rowlyer rag bledhen |- bgcolor="#F5DEB3" | 843 | '''Ciniod&nbsp;II''' | Kenneth mab Ferath | Martesen broder an metern kens | Leverys y vos rowlyer rag bledhen en nebes rolyow |- | 843–845 | '''Bridei&nbsp;VII''' | Brudei son of Uuthoi | Anwodhevys | Leverys y vos rowlyer rag diw vledhen en nebes rolyow |- bgcolor="#F5DEB3" | 845–848 | '''Drest&nbsp;X''' | Drest mab Uurad | Avel mebyon Uurad kyns | Leverys y vos rowlyer teyr bledhen en nebes rolyow |- bgcolor="#D8BFD8" | 848–<br/>13 February 858 | '''Kenneth MacAlpin (Cináed)''' | Ciniod mab Elphin | Anwodhevys, bes y lidnyeth a’y wrug esel a’n Cenél nGabráin a Dál Riata | |} ===Meternedh an Biktyon reknys avel Meternedh Alban en hengovek=== '''Kenneth I a Alban''' po '''Cináed mac Ailpín''' (Kenneth MacAlpin en Sowsnek) a fethas an meternedh erel, gen gwaynya a-dro dhe 845&ndash;848. En hengovek ev ew prederys dhe vos an kensa “Metern Alban” po “a Biktyon hag Albanyon". {| class="wikitable" |- !width="10%"|Reyn !width="10%"|Rewlyas !width="20%"|Henwyn erel !width="20%"|Teylu !width="35%"|Merkyansow |- bgcolor="#D8BFD8" | A verwis 13ves a vis Hwevrel 858 | '''Kenneth I a Alban (Cináed)''' | Ciniod mab Elphin | Anwodhevys bes y lidnyeth a’y wrug esel a’n Cenél nGabráin a Dál Riata | |- bgcolor="#D8BFD8" | Merwis 862 | '''Donald I a Alban (Domnall)''' | Domnall mac Ailpín | Broder Cináed | |- bgcolor="#D8BFD8" | Merwis 877 | '''Constantine I a Alban (Causantín)''' | Causantín mac Cináeda | Mab Cináed | |- bgcolor="#D8BFD8" | Merwis 878 | '''Áed''' | Áed mac Cináeda | Mab Cináed | |- | Asleys 889 ? | '''Eochaid''' | | Mab Rhun ap Arthgal ha mab wydn (der y vabm) a Cináed | Junys ha Giric. (Ow kevradna meterneth gen Giric) po rewlya avel metern Strathclyde |- | Asleys 889 ? | '''Giric''' | Giric mac Dúngail | mab dhe vyrgh Cináed ? | Junys gans Eochaid |- bgcolor="#D8BFD8" | Merwis 900 | '''Donald II a Alban''' | Domnall mac Causantín | Mab Causantín mac Cináeda | An diwettha gelwys "metern an Piktyon" |} ===Metern Alban=== {| class="wikitable" |- !width="10%"|Reyn !width="10%"|Rewlyas !width="20%"|Henwyn erel !width="20%"|Teylu !width="35%"|Merkyansow |- bgcolor="#D8BFD8" |Omdednys 943, ha marow 952 | '''Constantine II a Alban''' po '''Causantín''' | Causantín mac Áeda | Mab Áed mac Cináeda | An kensa metern a veterneth Alban. |} [[Klass:Myghternedh yn Europa]] [[Klass:Piktyon]] [[Klass:Rolyow a dus]] {{udn k}} n80jdzpn14tmgyskc7r9d2kqakmqdlg 229520 229519 2026-09-29T12:04:06Z Celia Homeford 19149 Not relevant: Constantine III not mentioned in the article. 229520 wikitext text/x-wiki Selys ew '''rol veternedh an Biktyon''' war rolyow meternedh an Kronikyl [[Piktek]]. Dornskrifow diwedhes ew an re ma, ha na wra anjei rekordya dedhyasow reynys an meternedh. Nag eus akord leun tredh an rolyow ow tochya henwyn an meternedh ha hirder aga reynys. Radn a’n rolyow ew mythoniethel, hag etho nag ew komprehendys obma. [[Restren:The_Aberlemno_Cross_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1922567.jpg|skeusennik|right|Men Aberlemno, ow tiskwedhes Batel Lydn Nechtan 685 KK, gwaynys gen Brude III]] ==Meternedh piktek== Meternedh piktek a rewlyas en [[Alban|Sgotlond]] north hag est. En 843 KK asleys veu an meterneth piktek gen meterneth Alban, ken feu usys ''Piktyon'' ha ''Fortriu'' gen an bledhenlevrow Wordhonek rag hanter kansvledhen moy. Skrifys veu an rolyow meternedh a-varr e’n 8ves kansvledhen, dre lycklod erbydn 724 KK. Meternedh mythoniethel ew restrys e’n ''Lebor Bretnach'' avel hwedhel a dhalleth an bobel Cruithne. An rol a dhalla gen Cruithne map Cing, ''"tas an Biktyon"''. Nena ema hwedhel 'Kronikyl an Biktyon' ow restra peswar rol a henwyn: * An kensa ew rol a vebyon Cruithne. * An sekond ew rol a veternedh a-varr heb kedhlow erel marnas dedhyasow. * An treja ew rol aral a veternedh a-varr heb hwedhlow po dedhyasow, pubonan gen dew hanow a dhalla gen "Brude". Possybyl ew dell veu usys "Brude" vel titel rag "metern" dhort pednfenten aral, kabmdybys avel hanow woja hedna gen an skrifer. * An pajwora ew rol a veternedh diwettha. A'n kensa a vos attestys en pednfenten anserghek ew Galam Cennalath. ==Henwyn== Kalish ew kawas orgraf kesson. Cinioch, Ciniod ha Cináed oll ew furvow a’n hanow sowsnekkhes arnowydh Kenneth. Piktek "uu", terweythyow skrifys avel "w", ew kesson ha Albanek "f", ma thew Uuredach an Albanek Feredach ha Uurguist an Albanek Fergus, po martesen Forgus. ==Meternedh an Biktyon== Liwyow a dhiskwedh bagasow a veternedh prederys dhe vos e’n keth teylu. ===Meternedh a-varr=== {| class="sortable wikitable" !width="10%"|Reyn !width="10%"|Rewlyas !width="20%"|Henwyn erel !width="20%"|Teylu !width="35%"|Merkyansow |- |311-341 | '''Vipoig''' | | |Reynys 30 bledhen |- | 341–345 | '''Canutulachama''' | | |Reynys 4 bledhen |- | 345–347 | '''Uradech''' | | |Reynys 2 vledhen |- | 347–387 | '''Gartnait II''' | | |Reynys 40 bledhen |- | 387–412 | '''Talorc mac Achiuir''' | | |Reynys 25 bledhen |- bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | 412–452 | '''Drest I''' | Drest mab Erp | | En y reyn, Patrick a dheuth dhe Wordhen; "ev a relyas kans bledhen hag omladh kans batel" |- | 452–456 | '''Talorc I''' | Talorc mab Aniel | | Reynys 2 po 4 bledhen |- bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | 456–480 | '''Nechtan I''' | Nechtan mab Uuirp (po Erip), Nechtan Veur, Nechtan Celcamoth | Martesen broder Drest map Erp | Fals, dell hevel, ew an hwedhel ev dhe selya an managhti en Abernethy, Perth ha Kinross. Hanow hevelep ew kevys war an ven Lunnasting, h.y. ''nehhtton(s)'', martesen "gwas Nehtonn" |- | 480–510 | '''Drest II''' | Drest Gurthinmoch (po Gocinecht) | | Reynys 30 bledhen |- | 510–522 | '''Galan''' | Galan Erilich po Galany | | |- | 522–530 | '''Drest III''' | Drest mab Uudrost (po Hudrossig) | | |- bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | 522–531 | '''Drest IV''' | Drest mab Girom (po Gurum) | | |- bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | 531–537 | '''Gartnait I''' | Garthnac mab Girom, Ganat mab Gigurum | | |- bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | 537–538 | '''Cailtram''' | Cailtram mab Girom, Kelturan mab Gigurum | Broder Gartnait | |- | 538–549 | '''Talorc II''' | Talorc mab Murtolic, Tolorg mab Mordeleg | | |- | 549–550 | '''Drest V''' | Drest map Manath, Drest mab Munait | | |} ===Metern istorek a-varr=== An kensa metern a dhiskwedhas en moy es udn pednfenten a-varr ew Bridei mab Maelchon, ha meternedh dhort an 6ves kansvledhen diwedhes a vo prederys istorek drefen aga mernansow dhe vos dyllys en pednfentenyow wordhonek. {| class="wikitable" |- !width="10%"|Reyn !width="10%"|Rewlyas !width="20%"|Henwyn erel !width="20%"|Teylu !width="35%"|Merkyansow |- | 550–555 | '''Galam''' | Galam Cennalath | |Mernans "Cennalaph, metern an Biktyon" ew rekordys. Martesen ev a rewylyas war-barth ha Bridei mab Maelchon |- | 554–584 | '''Bridei I''' | Bridei mab Maelchon<br>Brude mab Melcho | | Dyllys ew y vernans ha gwriansow erel. Henwys ew en “Bwwnans Columba” gen Adomnán a Iona. Ev ew an kensa metern piktek dhe vos moy es hanow en rol. |- | 584–595 | '''Gartnait II''' | Gartnait mab Domelch, Gernard mab Dompneth | | |- | 595–616 | '''Nechtan II''' | Nechtan mab wynn Uerb<br>Nechtan mab Cano | | Y reyn ew desedhys en termyn Pab Boniface IV |- | 616–631 | '''Cinioch''' | Cinioch mab Lutrin<br>Kinet mab Luthren | | |- bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | 631–635 | '''Gartnait III''' | Gartnait mab Uuid | mab Gwid mab Peithon? | |- bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | 635–641 | '''Bridei II''' | Bridei mab Uuid mab Fochle | mab Gwid mab Peithon? | |- bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | 641–653 | '''Talorc III''' | Talorc mab Uuid po mab Foth | mab Gwid mab Peithon? | |- | 653–657 | '''Talorgan I''' | Talorgan mabf Eanfrith | mab Eanfrith a Bernicia | |- bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | 657–663 | '''Gartnait IV''' | Gartnait mab Donnel mab Dúngal | | |- bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | 663–672 | '''Drest VI''' | Drest mab Donnel mab Dúngal | | |} ===Meternedh istorek diwedhes=== {| class="wikitable" |- !width="10%"|Reyn !width="10%"|Rewlyas !width="20%"|Henwyn erel !width="20%"|Teylu !width="35%"|Merkyansow |- | 672–693 | '''Bridei III''' | Bridei mab Bili | mab Beli I a Alt Clut, mab Nechtan II a’n Piktyon | Gwerrya ort an Albanyon 683. Ev a fethas Ecgfrith a Northumbria en Batel Dun Nechtain en 685. |- | 693–697 | '''Taran''' | Taran mab Ainftech | En possybyl broder Bridei ha Nechtan mac Der-Ilei | |- bgcolor="#DDEEAA" | 697–706 | '''Bridei IV''' | Bridei mab Der-Ilei | Broder Nechtan, Cenél Comgaill | Mab Der-Ilei, pennseviges piktek, ha Dargart mac Finnguine, esel Cenél Comgaill a Dál Riata; restrys avel mewghyer an Cáin Adomnáin |- bgcolor="#DDEEAA" | 706–724 | '''Nechtan III''' | Nechtan mab Der-Ilei | Broder Bridei, Cenél Comgaill | Ev a recevas dedhyas romanek an Pask c. 712, fondyer a vri a eglosyow ha managhtiow |- bgcolor="#D8BFD8" | 724–726 | '''Drest VII''' | Drust | Martesen hanter broder Nechtan ha Bridei a Cenél nGabrain a Atholl | Ev a sewyas Nechtan, ha’y gargharas en 726, asleys an vledhen na gaen Alpín |- bgcolor="#D8BFD8" | 726–728 | '''Alpín I''' | Alpin mac Echach | Martesen dhyworth Cenél nGabráin | Dre lycklod kes-rewlyas gen Drest. Ewedh metern Dal Riata, AT726.4 "Dungal veu removys dhort rewl,ha removys veu Drust dhort rewl an Biktyon, hag Elphin a rewl ragtans." |- bgcolor="#DDEEAA" | 728–729 | '''Nechtan III''' | Nechtan mab Der-Ilei, ''sekond rewl'' | Cenél Comgaill |Merkyes ew Óengus dhe vetha eskar Nechtan en 729,ha Nechtan a besyas en y rewl bys dhe 732. |- bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | 729–761 | '''Óengus I''' | Onuist mab Vurguist | Enorys avel neskar gen an Eóganachta | |- bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | 736–750 | '''Talorcan II''' | Talorcan mab Fergus | Broder Óengus | Ladhys en batel erbydn Brythonyon Alt Clut |- bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | 761–763 | '''Bridei V''' | Bridei mab Fergus | Broder Onuist | Metern Fortriu |- | 763–775 | '''Ciniod I''' | Ciniod mab Uuredach, Cinadhon | Terweythyow prederys ew y vos mab wydn Selbach mac Ferchair, hag etho dhort Cenél Loairn | Ev a ros harbereth dhe (kens) metern Alhred a Northumbria |- | 775–778 | '''Alpín II a’n Biktyon / Alpín II''' | Alpin mab Uuroid | | Mernans derivys avel Eilpín, metern an Saksonyon, bes kemerys hedna avel kabmgemeryans |- bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | 778–782 | '''Talorc II''' | Talorc mab Drest | | Mernans derivys yn bledhenlevrow Ulster |- bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | 782–783 | '''Drest VII]''' | Drest mab Talorgan | Mab Talorgan po Talorgan, broder Óengus | |- | 783–785 | '''Talorc III''' | Talorgan mabf Onuist, ewedh Dub Tholarg | Mab Óengus | |- | 785–789 | '''Conall mac Taidg''' | Conall mab Tarla (po Tadg) | | Martesen metern yn Dál Riata |- bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | 789–820 | '''Caustantín mac Fergusa''' | Caustantín mab Fergus | Mab wydn Onuist po martesen Fergus mac Echdach | Y vab Domnall mac Caustantín o metern Dál Riata |- bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | 820–834 | '''Óengus II''' | Óengus mab Fergus | Broder Caustantín | |- bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | 834–837 | '''Drest IX''' | Drest mab Caustantín | Mab Caustantín | |- | 834–837 | '''Talorc IV''' | Talorcan mab Wthoil | | |- bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | 837–839 | '''Uen a’n Biktyon''' po '''Eógan''' | Eógan mab Óengus | Mab Óengus, y vroder o Nechtan ha Finguine. | Ladhys veu yn 839 warbarth ha'y vroder Bran en batel erbydn an Vikings; deg bledhyn a vresel a sewyas |} ===Meternedh an Biktyon 839&ndash;848=== Woja mernansow Eógan ha Bran, e feu niver veur a gesstrivoryon rag meterneth Pow an Piktyon. {| class="wikitable" |- !|Reyn !|Rewlyas !|Henwyn erel !|Teylu !|Merkyansow |- bgcolor="#F5DEB3" | 839–842 | '''Uurad''' | Uurad mab Bargoit | Anwodhevys | Reynys rag teyr bledhen, henwys war ven Drosten |- bgcolor="#F5DEB3" | 842–843 | '''Bridei&nbsp;VI''' | Bridei mab Uurad | Martesen mab an metern kens | Leverys y vos rowlyer rag bledhen |- bgcolor="#F5DEB3" | 843 | '''Ciniod&nbsp;II''' | Kenneth mab Ferath | Martesen broder an metern kens | Leverys y vos rowlyer rag bledhen en nebes rolyow |- | 843–845 | '''Bridei&nbsp;VII''' | Brudei son of Uuthoi | Anwodhevys | Leverys y vos rowlyer rag diw vledhen en nebes rolyow |- bgcolor="#F5DEB3" | 845–848 | '''Drest&nbsp;X''' | Drest mab Uurad | Avel mebyon Uurad kyns | Leverys y vos rowlyer teyr bledhen en nebes rolyow |- bgcolor="#D8BFD8" | 848–<br/>13 February 858 | '''Kenneth MacAlpin (Cináed)''' | Ciniod mab Elphin | Anwodhevys, bes y lidnyeth a’y wrug esel a’n Cenél nGabráin a Dál Riata | |} ===Meternedh an Biktyon reknys avel Meternedh Alban en hengovek=== '''Kenneth I a Alban''' po '''Cináed mac Ailpín''' (Kenneth MacAlpin en Sowsnek) a fethas an meternedh erel, gen gwaynya a-dro dhe 845&ndash;848. En hengovek ev ew prederys dhe vos an kensa “Metern Alban” po “a Biktyon hag Albanyon". {| class="wikitable" |- !width="10%"|Reyn !width="10%"|Rewlyas !width="20%"|Henwyn erel !width="20%"|Teylu !width="35%"|Merkyansow |- bgcolor="#D8BFD8" | A verwis 13ves a vis Hwevrel 858 | '''Kenneth I a Alban (Cináed)''' | Ciniod mab Elphin | Anwodhevys bes y lidnyeth a’y wrug esel a’n Cenél nGabráin a Dál Riata | |- bgcolor="#D8BFD8" | Merwis 862 | '''Donald I a Alban (Domnall)''' | Domnall mac Ailpín | Broder Cináed | |- bgcolor="#D8BFD8" | Merwis 877 | '''Constantine I a Alban (Causantín)''' | Causantín mac Cináeda | Mab Cináed | |- bgcolor="#D8BFD8" | Merwis 878 | '''Áed''' | Áed mac Cináeda | Mab Cináed | |- | Asleys 889 ? | '''Eochaid''' | | Mab Rhun ap Arthgal ha mab wydn (der y vabm) a Cináed | Junys ha Giric. (Ow kevradna meterneth gen Giric) po rewlya avel metern Strathclyde |- | Asleys 889 ? | '''Giric''' | Giric mac Dúngail | mab dhe vyrgh Cináed ? | Junys gans Eochaid |- bgcolor="#D8BFD8" | Merwis 900 | '''Donald II a Alban''' | Domnall mac Causantín | Mab Causantín mac Cináeda | An diwettha gelwys "metern an Piktyon" |} ===Metern Alban=== {| class="wikitable" |- !width="10%"|Reyn !width="10%"|Rewlyas !width="20%"|Henwyn erel !width="20%"|Teylu !width="35%"|Merkyansow |- bgcolor="#D8BFD8" |Omdednys 943, ha marow 952 | '''Constantine II a Alban''' po '''Causantín''' | Causantín mac Áeda | Mab Áed mac Cináeda | An kensa metern a veterneth Alban. |} [[Klass:Myghternedh yn Europa]] [[Klass:Piktyon]] [[Klass:Rolyow a dus]] {{udn k}} 6cjjmemdxxt1xx0g3jr1jpw3hswxt7l 229542 229520 2026-09-30T09:36:36Z Brwynog 9679 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/Celia Homeford|Celia Homeford]] ([[User talk:Celia Homeford|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Brwynog|Brwynog]] 221649 wikitext text/x-wiki Selys ew '''rol veternedh an Biktyon''' war rolyow meternedh an Kronikyl [[Piktek]]. Dornskrifow diwedhes ew an re ma, ha na wra anjei rekordya dedhyasow reynys an meternedh. Nag eus akord leun tredh an rolyow ow tochya henwyn an meternedh ha hirder aga reynys. Radn a’n rolyow ew mythoniethel, hag etho nag ew komprehendys obma. [[Restren:Constantine II of Scotland.jpg|skeusennik|right|Metern Causantín III po Constantine II]] [[Restren:The_Aberlemno_Cross_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1922567.jpg|skeusennik|right|Men Aberlemno, ow tiskwedhes Batel Lydn Nechtan 685 KK, gwaynys gen Brude III]] ==Meternedh piktek== Meternedh piktek a rewlyas en [[Alban|Sgotlond]] north hag est. En 843 KK asleys veu an meterneth piktek gen meterneth Alban, ken feu usys ''Piktyon'' ha ''Fortriu'' gen an bledhenlevrow Wordhonek rag hanter kansvledhen moy. Skrifys veu an rolyow meternedh a-varr e’n 8ves kansvledhen, dre lycklod erbydn 724 KK. Meternedh mythoniethel ew restrys e’n ''Lebor Bretnach'' avel hwedhel a dhalleth an bobel Cruithne. An rol a dhalla gen Cruithne map Cing, ''"tas an Biktyon"''. Nena ema hwedhel 'Kronikyl an Biktyon' ow restra peswar rol a henwyn: * An kensa ew rol a vebyon Cruithne. * An sekond ew rol a veternedh a-varr heb kedhlow erel marnas dedhyasow. * An treja ew rol aral a veternedh a-varr heb hwedhlow po dedhyasow, pubonan gen dew hanow a dhalla gen "Brude". Possybyl ew dell veu usys "Brude" vel titel rag "metern" dhort pednfenten aral, kabmdybys avel hanow woja hedna gen an skrifer. * An pajwora ew rol a veternedh diwettha. A'n kensa a vos attestys en pednfenten anserghek ew Galam Cennalath. ==Henwyn== Kalish ew kawas orgraf kesson. Cinioch, Ciniod ha Cináed oll ew furvow a’n hanow sowsnekkhes arnowydh Kenneth. Piktek "uu", terweythyow skrifys avel "w", ew kesson ha Albanek "f", ma thew Uuredach an Albanek Feredach ha Uurguist an Albanek Fergus, po martesen Forgus. ==Meternedh an Biktyon== Liwyow a dhiskwedh bagasow a veternedh prederys dhe vos e’n keth teylu. ===Meternedh a-varr=== {| class="sortable wikitable" !width="10%"|Reyn !width="10%"|Rewlyas !width="20%"|Henwyn erel !width="20%"|Teylu !width="35%"|Merkyansow |- |311-341 | '''Vipoig''' | | |Reynys 30 bledhen |- | 341–345 | '''Canutulachama''' | | |Reynys 4 bledhen |- | 345–347 | '''Uradech''' | | |Reynys 2 vledhen |- | 347–387 | '''Gartnait II''' | | |Reynys 40 bledhen |- | 387–412 | '''Talorc mac Achiuir''' | | |Reynys 25 bledhen |- bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | 412–452 | '''Drest I''' | Drest mab Erp | | En y reyn, Patrick a dheuth dhe Wordhen; "ev a relyas kans bledhen hag omladh kans batel" |- | 452–456 | '''Talorc I''' | Talorc mab Aniel | | Reynys 2 po 4 bledhen |- bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | 456–480 | '''Nechtan I''' | Nechtan mab Uuirp (po Erip), Nechtan Veur, Nechtan Celcamoth | Martesen broder Drest map Erp | Fals, dell hevel, ew an hwedhel ev dhe selya an managhti en Abernethy, Perth ha Kinross. Hanow hevelep ew kevys war an ven Lunnasting, h.y. ''nehhtton(s)'', martesen "gwas Nehtonn" |- | 480–510 | '''Drest II''' | Drest Gurthinmoch (po Gocinecht) | | Reynys 30 bledhen |- | 510–522 | '''Galan''' | Galan Erilich po Galany | | |- | 522–530 | '''Drest III''' | Drest mab Uudrost (po Hudrossig) | | |- bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | 522–531 | '''Drest IV''' | Drest mab Girom (po Gurum) | | |- bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | 531–537 | '''Gartnait I''' | Garthnac mab Girom, Ganat mab Gigurum | | |- bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | 537–538 | '''Cailtram''' | Cailtram mab Girom, Kelturan mab Gigurum | Broder Gartnait | |- | 538–549 | '''Talorc II''' | Talorc mab Murtolic, Tolorg mab Mordeleg | | |- | 549–550 | '''Drest V''' | Drest map Manath, Drest mab Munait | | |} ===Metern istorek a-varr=== An kensa metern a dhiskwedhas en moy es udn pednfenten a-varr ew Bridei mab Maelchon, ha meternedh dhort an 6ves kansvledhen diwedhes a vo prederys istorek drefen aga mernansow dhe vos dyllys en pednfentenyow wordhonek. {| class="wikitable" |- !width="10%"|Reyn !width="10%"|Rewlyas !width="20%"|Henwyn erel !width="20%"|Teylu !width="35%"|Merkyansow |- | 550–555 | '''Galam''' | Galam Cennalath | |Mernans "Cennalaph, metern an Biktyon" ew rekordys. Martesen ev a rewylyas war-barth ha Bridei mab Maelchon |- | 554–584 | '''Bridei I''' | Bridei mab Maelchon<br>Brude mab Melcho | | Dyllys ew y vernans ha gwriansow erel. Henwys ew en “Bwwnans Columba” gen Adomnán a Iona. Ev ew an kensa metern piktek dhe vos moy es hanow en rol. |- | 584–595 | '''Gartnait II''' | Gartnait mab Domelch, Gernard mab Dompneth | | |- | 595–616 | '''Nechtan II''' | Nechtan mab wynn Uerb<br>Nechtan mab Cano | | Y reyn ew desedhys en termyn Pab Boniface IV |- | 616–631 | '''Cinioch''' | Cinioch mab Lutrin<br>Kinet mab Luthren | | |- bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | 631–635 | '''Gartnait III''' | Gartnait mab Uuid | mab Gwid mab Peithon? | |- bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | 635–641 | '''Bridei II''' | Bridei mab Uuid mab Fochle | mab Gwid mab Peithon? | |- bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | 641–653 | '''Talorc III''' | Talorc mab Uuid po mab Foth | mab Gwid mab Peithon? | |- | 653–657 | '''Talorgan I''' | Talorgan mabf Eanfrith | mab Eanfrith a Bernicia | |- bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | 657–663 | '''Gartnait IV''' | Gartnait mab Donnel mab Dúngal | | |- bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | 663–672 | '''Drest VI''' | Drest mab Donnel mab Dúngal | | |} ===Meternedh istorek diwedhes=== {| class="wikitable" |- !width="10%"|Reyn !width="10%"|Rewlyas !width="20%"|Henwyn erel !width="20%"|Teylu !width="35%"|Merkyansow |- | 672–693 | '''Bridei III''' | Bridei mab Bili | mab Beli I a Alt Clut, mab Nechtan II a’n Piktyon | Gwerrya ort an Albanyon 683. Ev a fethas Ecgfrith a Northumbria en Batel Dun Nechtain en 685. |- | 693–697 | '''Taran''' | Taran mab Ainftech | En possybyl broder Bridei ha Nechtan mac Der-Ilei | |- bgcolor="#DDEEAA" | 697–706 | '''Bridei IV''' | Bridei mab Der-Ilei | Broder Nechtan, Cenél Comgaill | Mab Der-Ilei, pennseviges piktek, ha Dargart mac Finnguine, esel Cenél Comgaill a Dál Riata; restrys avel mewghyer an Cáin Adomnáin |- bgcolor="#DDEEAA" | 706–724 | '''Nechtan III''' | Nechtan mab Der-Ilei | Broder Bridei, Cenél Comgaill | Ev a recevas dedhyas romanek an Pask c. 712, fondyer a vri a eglosyow ha managhtiow |- bgcolor="#D8BFD8" | 724–726 | '''Drest VII''' | Drust | Martesen hanter broder Nechtan ha Bridei a Cenél nGabrain a Atholl | Ev a sewyas Nechtan, ha’y gargharas en 726, asleys an vledhen na gaen Alpín |- bgcolor="#D8BFD8" | 726–728 | '''Alpín I''' | Alpin mac Echach | Martesen dhyworth Cenél nGabráin | Dre lycklod kes-rewlyas gen Drest. Ewedh metern Dal Riata, AT726.4 "Dungal veu removys dhort rewl,ha removys veu Drust dhort rewl an Biktyon, hag Elphin a rewl ragtans." |- bgcolor="#DDEEAA" | 728–729 | '''Nechtan III''' | Nechtan mab Der-Ilei, ''sekond rewl'' | Cenél Comgaill |Merkyes ew Óengus dhe vetha eskar Nechtan en 729,ha Nechtan a besyas en y rewl bys dhe 732. |- bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | 729–761 | '''Óengus I''' | Onuist mab Vurguist | Enorys avel neskar gen an Eóganachta | |- bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | 736–750 | '''Talorcan II''' | Talorcan mab Fergus | Broder Óengus | Ladhys en batel erbydn Brythonyon Alt Clut |- bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | 761–763 | '''Bridei V''' | Bridei mab Fergus | Broder Onuist | Metern Fortriu |- | 763–775 | '''Ciniod I''' | Ciniod mab Uuredach, Cinadhon | Terweythyow prederys ew y vos mab wydn Selbach mac Ferchair, hag etho dhort Cenél Loairn | Ev a ros harbereth dhe (kens) metern Alhred a Northumbria |- | 775–778 | '''Alpín II a’n Biktyon / Alpín II''' | Alpin mab Uuroid | | Mernans derivys avel Eilpín, metern an Saksonyon, bes kemerys hedna avel kabmgemeryans |- bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | 778–782 | '''Talorc II''' | Talorc mab Drest | | Mernans derivys yn bledhenlevrow Ulster |- bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | 782–783 | '''Drest VII]''' | Drest mab Talorgan | Mab Talorgan po Talorgan, broder Óengus | |- | 783–785 | '''Talorc III''' | Talorgan mabf Onuist, ewedh Dub Tholarg | Mab Óengus | |- | 785–789 | '''Conall mac Taidg''' | Conall mab Tarla (po Tadg) | | Martesen metern yn Dál Riata |- bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | 789–820 | '''Caustantín mac Fergusa''' | Caustantín mab Fergus | Mab wydn Onuist po martesen Fergus mac Echdach | Y vab Domnall mac Caustantín o metern Dál Riata |- bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | 820–834 | '''Óengus II''' | Óengus mab Fergus | Broder Caustantín | |- bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | 834–837 | '''Drest IX''' | Drest mab Caustantín | Mab Caustantín | |- | 834–837 | '''Talorc IV''' | Talorcan mab Wthoil | | |- bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | 837–839 | '''Uen a’n Biktyon''' po '''Eógan''' | Eógan mab Óengus | Mab Óengus, y vroder o Nechtan ha Finguine. | Ladhys veu yn 839 warbarth ha'y vroder Bran en batel erbydn an Vikings; deg bledhyn a vresel a sewyas |} ===Meternedh an Biktyon 839&ndash;848=== Woja mernansow Eógan ha Bran, e feu niver veur a gesstrivoryon rag meterneth Pow an Piktyon. {| class="wikitable" |- !|Reyn !|Rewlyas !|Henwyn erel !|Teylu !|Merkyansow |- bgcolor="#F5DEB3" | 839–842 | '''Uurad''' | Uurad mab Bargoit | Anwodhevys | Reynys rag teyr bledhen, henwys war ven Drosten |- bgcolor="#F5DEB3" | 842–843 | '''Bridei&nbsp;VI''' | Bridei mab Uurad | Martesen mab an metern kens | Leverys y vos rowlyer rag bledhen |- bgcolor="#F5DEB3" | 843 | '''Ciniod&nbsp;II''' | Kenneth mab Ferath | Martesen broder an metern kens | Leverys y vos rowlyer rag bledhen en nebes rolyow |- | 843–845 | '''Bridei&nbsp;VII''' | Brudei son of Uuthoi | Anwodhevys | Leverys y vos rowlyer rag diw vledhen en nebes rolyow |- bgcolor="#F5DEB3" | 845–848 | '''Drest&nbsp;X''' | Drest mab Uurad | Avel mebyon Uurad kyns | Leverys y vos rowlyer teyr bledhen en nebes rolyow |- bgcolor="#D8BFD8" | 848–<br/>13 February 858 | '''Kenneth MacAlpin (Cináed)''' | Ciniod mab Elphin | Anwodhevys, bes y lidnyeth a’y wrug esel a’n Cenél nGabráin a Dál Riata | |} ===Meternedh an Biktyon reknys avel Meternedh Alban en hengovek=== '''Kenneth I a Alban''' po '''Cináed mac Ailpín''' (Kenneth MacAlpin en Sowsnek) a fethas an meternedh erel, gen gwaynya a-dro dhe 845&ndash;848. En hengovek ev ew prederys dhe vos an kensa “Metern Alban” po “a Biktyon hag Albanyon". {| class="wikitable" |- !width="10%"|Reyn !width="10%"|Rewlyas !width="20%"|Henwyn erel !width="20%"|Teylu !width="35%"|Merkyansow |- bgcolor="#D8BFD8" | A verwis 13ves a vis Hwevrel 858 | '''Kenneth I a Alban (Cináed)''' | Ciniod mab Elphin | Anwodhevys bes y lidnyeth a’y wrug esel a’n Cenél nGabráin a Dál Riata | |- bgcolor="#D8BFD8" | Merwis 862 | '''Donald I a Alban (Domnall)''' | Domnall mac Ailpín | Broder Cináed | |- bgcolor="#D8BFD8" | Merwis 877 | '''Constantine I a Alban (Causantín)''' | Causantín mac Cináeda | Mab Cináed | |- bgcolor="#D8BFD8" | Merwis 878 | '''Áed''' | Áed mac Cináeda | Mab Cináed | |- | Asleys 889 ? | '''Eochaid''' | | Mab Rhun ap Arthgal ha mab wydn (der y vabm) a Cináed | Junys ha Giric. (Ow kevradna meterneth gen Giric) po rewlya avel metern Strathclyde |- | Asleys 889 ? | '''Giric''' | Giric mac Dúngail | mab dhe vyrgh Cináed ? | Junys gans Eochaid |- bgcolor="#D8BFD8" | Merwis 900 | '''Donald II a Alban''' | Domnall mac Causantín | Mab Causantín mac Cináeda | An diwettha gelwys "metern an Piktyon" |} ===Metern Alban=== {| class="wikitable" |- !width="10%"|Reyn !width="10%"|Rewlyas !width="20%"|Henwyn erel !width="20%"|Teylu !width="35%"|Merkyansow |- bgcolor="#D8BFD8" |Omdednys 943, ha marow 952 | '''Constantine II a Alban''' po '''Causantín''' | Causantín mac Áeda | Mab Áed mac Cináeda | An kensa metern a veterneth Alban. |} [[Klass:Myghternedh yn Europa]] [[Klass:Piktyon]] [[Klass:Rolyow a dus]] {{udn k}} 7d7563nqtzq9y48m4sid5cry7tmqbzh 0 14985 229537 228841 2026-09-30T06:43:59Z Aqchampion 8099 klass 229537 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Den|fetchwikidata=ALL}} '''Aaron Burr''' '''''Jr.''''' (an Yowynka) (6 mis Hwevrer [[1756]] yn [[Newark, Jersi Nowydh]] – 14 mis Gwynngala [[1836]] yn [[Port Richmond]], [[Enys Staten]], [[Evrek Nowydh]]) o Is-Lewydh an [[Statys Unys]]. {{stokk-tus-sua}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Burr, Aaron}} [[Klass:Amerikanyon a dhevedhyans sowsnek]] [[Klass:Dinethyansow 1756]] [[Klass:Domhweloryon]] [[Klass:Eseli Senedh an Statys Unys]] [[Klass:Islewydhyon an Statys Unys]] [[Klass:Masons Rydh]] [[Klass:Mernansow 1836]] [[Klass:Perghennow kethyon amerikanek]] [[Klass:Soudoryon amerikanek]] [[Klass:Tredhek Trevesigeth]] [[Klass:Ynkleudhyansow yn Jersi Nowydh]] h546oaebuu9crg21faikxm0bpr97jc9 0 15036 229530 228651 2026-09-30T06:30:31Z Aqchampion 8099 klass 229530 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Den|fetchwikidata=ALL}} '''Edwin Hubble''' o steronydh amerikanek. {{stokk-tus-sua}} [[Klass:Dinethyansow 1889]] [[Klass:Fysegydhyon]] [[Klass:Mernansow 1953]] [[Klass:Soudoryon amerikanek]] 7ybk1mp3eyenpwlzak7quc3s0vkapsx 0 16003 229541 228201 2026-09-30T06:55:44Z Aqchampion 8099 klass 229541 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Arthur Hiller Penn''' (27 mis Gwynngala [[1922]] – 28 mis Gwynngala [[2010]])<ref name="nytobit"> {{Cite news|last=Dave Kehr|title=Arthur Penn, Director of 'Bonnie and Clyde,' Dies|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/30/movies/30penn.html|work=The New York Times|date=September 29, 2010|access-date=September 29, 2010}}</ref> o kevarwodher hag askorrer fylm amerikanek. [[Klass:Dinethyansow 1922]] [[Klass:Kevarwodhoryon fylm]] [[Klass:Mernansow 2010]] [[Klass:Mernansow awos kleves kardiovaskulek]] [[Klass:Pellwolok amerikanek]] [[Klass:Soudoryon amerikanek]] 0z6asxi2rt0dowgajrv6hjx19l76zat 0 16200 229539 226203 2026-09-30T06:47:16Z Aqchampion 8099 klass 229539 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sidney Aaron''' "'''Paddy'''" '''Chayefsky''' (29 mis Genver [[1923]] – 1 mis Est [[1981]]) o dramasydh, ''screenwriter'' ha romanser amerikanek. {{DEFAULTSORT:Chayefsky, Paddy}} [[Klass:Dinethyansow 1923]] [[Klass:Gorcita Evrek Nowydh]] [[Klass:Mernansow 1981]] [[Klass:Skriforyon fugieth amerikanek]] [[Klass:Skriforyon re waynyas Pewas Akademi]] [[Klass:Soudoryon amerikanek]] [[Klass:Ynkleudhyansow yn Evrek Nowydh]] 4ms4trxnpvkkr3q7w8q30se0akns7wv 14 19616 229521 2026-09-30T06:13:18Z Aqchampion 8099 Folen gwruthys gans: '[[Klass:Amerikanyon]] [[Klass:Soudoryon]]' 229521 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Klass:Amerikanyon]] [[Klass:Soudoryon]] 04b28vs0m32gzy3a4gtjasdt9hqwsj6