Vicipaedia lawiki https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicipaedia:Pagina_prima MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.2 first-letter Media Specialis Disputatio Usor Disputatio Usoris Vicipaedia Disputatio Vicipaediae Fasciculus Disputatio Fasciculi MediaWiki Disputatio MediaWiki Formula Disputatio Formulae Auxilium Disputatio Auxilii Categoria Disputatio Categoriae Porta Disputatio Portae Adumbratio Disputatio Adumbrationis TimedText TimedText talk Modulus Disputatio Moduli Event Event talk 0 690 3960786 3935264 2026-05-19T21:39:57Z LilyKitty 18316 de petrophysica 3960786 wikitext text/x-wiki {{videhom|Lapis (geologia)}} {{videdis|Petra (discretiva)|Saxum (discretiva)}} [[Fasciculus:Beach Stones 2.jpg|thumb|250px|Lapides in [[ora]].]] [[Fasciculus:HK Wan Chai waterfront promenade view Victoria Harbourt n big stone rock Nov-2012.JPG|thumb|250px|Saxa, vel petra, in [[Ambulatio Aquae Wan Chai|Ambulatione Aquae Wan Chai]] in [[Portus Victoriae (Hongcongum)|Portu Victoriae]] [[Hongcongum|Hongcongo]].]] '''Lapis''' {{Victio|lapis|idis|m}} communiter dicitur res, vel [[natura]]lis vel [[manus|manu]] facta, e [[lapis (geologia)|lapide]] (sensu [[geologia|geologico]]) constans. Lapis parvus '''lapillus''', magnus tamen et naturalis '''saxum''' appellatur, et solo magno '''petra''', cum origine [[lingua Graeca antiqua|Graeca antiqua]]. Haec res exempli gratia lapidis nomine notari possunt: * [[gemma (lapis)|gemma]] * [[milliarium]] * [[stela]] {{NexInt}} *[[Petrophysica]] *[[Stela]] *[[Lapis Niger]] *[[Lithographia]] *[[Lithosphaera]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Stones|lapides}} {{Vicicitatio|Lapis|lapidem}} [[Categoria:Geologia]] r7odbxujk4jsgqv60g9fsk9imnnw3mh 0 931 3960769 3898969 2026-05-19T19:53:05Z ~2026-30175-91 209623 3960769 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}}{{NexInt}} [[Fasciculus:Sun diagram.svg|thumb|Structura Solis: 1, [[nucleus solaris|nucleus]]; 2, [[zona radiativa]]; 3, [[zona convectiva]]; 4, [[photosphaera]]' 5, [[chromosphaera]]; 6, [[corona]]; 7, [[macula solaris]]; 8 [[granula]]e; 9, [[Prominentia solaris|prominentia]].]] {{div col|2}} * [[Apricatio]] * ''[[Advanced Composition Explorer]]'' * [[Astronomia solaris]] * [[Astronomia X-radiorum solarium]] * [[Classificatio stellaris]] * [[Defectio solis]] * [[Deitas solaris]] * [[Dies Solis et Terrae]] * [[Ecliptica]] (vel [[Ecliptica linea]]) * [[Energia solaris]] * [[Fusio superficiei solaris]] * [[Index stellarum splendidissimarum]] * [[Macula solaris]] * [[Parker (speculatrum solare)]] * [[Planeta]] * [[Punctus antisolaris]] * [[Sol in cultura humana]] * [[Solis occasus]] * [[Solis ortus]] * [[Solstitium]] * [[Ventus solaris]] {{div col end}} == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Bounama, C., W. v. Bloh, et S. Franck. [[2004]]. "Das Ende des Raumschiffs Erde." ''Spektrum der Wissenschaft'' 10 (Octpber): 52–59. ISSN 0170-2971. * Cohen, Richard. [[2010]]. ''Chasing the Sun: the Epic Story of the Star that Gives us Life.'' Novi Eboraci: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 1-4000-6875-4. * Dambeck, Thorsten. [[2008]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121002232040/http://www.mpg.de/905645/F002_Fokus_028_033.pdf "Der Hexenkessel im Sonnenofen."] ''MaxPlanckForschung'' 1: 28–33. ISSN 1616-4172. * Herrmann, F., et H. Hauptmann. [[1997]]. "Understanding the stability of stars by means of thought experiments with a model star." ''American Journal of Physics'' 65: 292–95. * Kippenhahn, Rudolf. [[1990]]. ''Der Stern von dem wir leben.'' Stutgartiae: DVA. ISBN 3-421-02755-2. * Lang, Kenneth R. [[1996]]. ''Die Sonne: Stern unserer Erde.'' Berolini, Heidelbergae, Novi Eboraci: Springer. ISBN 3-540-59437-X. * Langer, Josef. ''Theoria motuum Solis et Lunae.'' * Mattig, Wolfgang. [[1995]]. ''Die Sonne.'' Monaci: C. H. Beck. ISBN 3-406-39001-3. * Mattig, Wolfgang. [[2002]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190103013350/http://sonneonline.org/ "Bevor die Sonnenbeobachtung zur Sonnenphysik wurde – in Deutschland und Umgebung."] ''[http://www.sonneonline.org/ SONNE,] Mitteilungsblatt der Amateursonnenbeobachter'' 103 (67). ISSN 0721-0094. * Sackmann, I.-J., et al. [[1993]]. [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1993ApJ...418..457S Our Sun.] T 3. Present and Future. ''Astrophysical Journal'' 11 (Nov.): 457–468. ISSN 0004-637X. * Scheffler, Helmut, et Hans Elsässer. [[1990]]. ''Physik der Sterne und der Sonne.'' Manhemi: BI-Wiss.-Verlag. ISBN 3-411-14172-7. * Stix, Michael. [[2004]]. ''The Sun: An Introduction.'' Novi Eboraci: Springer. ISBN 3-540-20741-4. * Thompson, M. J. [[2004]]. "Solar interior: helioseismology and the Sun's interior." ''Astronomy and Geophysics 45(4): 21–25. == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110810133537/http://alienworlds.glam.ac.uk/sunStructure.html Animata Structurae Solis Explicatio,] apud alienworlds.glam.ac.uk (Universitatis Glamorgan) * [http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2008/10/the_sun.html Congeries mirificarum solis imaginum ex variis institutis,] apud www.boston.com (''The Boston Globe'') * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qpMRtvFD8ek&hl=fr Futurum Nostri Solis,] apud www.youtube.com * [http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/ Satellites NASA SOHO] apud sohowww.nas.com.nasa.gov (Solar & Heliospheric Observatory) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140408014721/http://www.nso.edu/ Nationale Solis Observatorium] apud www.nso.edu * [http://www.astronomycast.com/astronomy/episode-30-the-sun-spots-and-all/ Sol,] apud www.astronomycast.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100927224224/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/47161/looking-into-the-sun Ad Solem Aspectans (photographemata)] apud www.life.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170611210135/http://acrim.com/ Observationes luciditatis solaris ex satellitibus,] apud www.acrim.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050518081349/http://www.solarphysics.kva.se/ ''The Swedish 1-meter Solar Telescope, SST,''] apud www.solarphysics.kva.se * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100315111135/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2010/12mar_conveyorbelt.htm ''Solar Conveyor Belt Speeds Up,''] apud science.nasa.gov * [http://www.suntrek.org "Sun|Trek,"] situs educationalis de Sole, apud www.suntrek.org {{Systema solare nostrum}} [[Categoria:Mythologia]] [[Categoria:Res astronomicae nominibus antiquis agnitae]] [[Categoria:Sol|!]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Physica}} lgu7555yevl5ekiwhy5mfysfgicpmfj 3960770 3960769 2026-05-19T19:53:34Z Grufo 64423 Recensiones a conlatore [[Special:Contributions/~2026-30175-91|~2026-30175-91]] ([[User talk:~2026-30175-91|Disputatio]]) factas in superiorem redactionem a conlatore [[User:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] factam restitui 3898969 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} [[Fasciculus:The Sun by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly of NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory - 20100819.jpg|thumb|[[Sol]] ab [[observatorium Dynamicorum Solarium|observatorio Dynamicorum Solarium]] (''Solar Dynamics Observatory'') [[NASA|Administrationis Nationalis Spatio Aeronauticaeque]] [[color]]ibus artificiosis pictus.]] [[Fasciculus:Artist's impression of the Milky Way (updated - annotated).jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Collocatio Solis inter stellas [[Calcar Orionis|Calcaris Orionis]] [[Via lactea|Viae Lacteae]] adumbrata.]] '''Sol''' ({{pns|is|m|Sol}}, symbolus: [[fasciculus:Sun symbol (fixed width).svg|16px|☉]]) est [[stella]] neque maxima neque minima illius [[galaxias|galaxiae]] quam orbem seu [[Via Lactea|Viam Lacteam]] appellamus, medio [[Calcar Orionis|Calcari Orionis]] collocata, stellis proxime vicinantibus [[α Centauri]], [[Sirius|Sirio]], [[Procyon]]e aliisque minoribus. In [[series principalis|serie principali]] [[diagramma Hertzsprung-Russell|diagrammatis Hertzsprung-Russell]], Sol est stella [[pumilio flava]] generis G2 V. Medio [[Systema Solare|systemate planetario suo]] situs planetas octo circum se agit, inter quos [[spatium|spatio]] tertius [[Tellus]], ubi habitamus nos, commovetur. [[Fasciculus:Solar eclipse 1999 4 NR.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|Per [[defectio solis|defectionem Solis]] totam, [[corona stellaris|corona]] solis [[oculus|oculo]] nudo videri potest, per breve totalitatis tempus.]] [[Fasciculus:12lys.png|thumb|upright=1.25|Collocatio Solis inter [[index stellarum proximarum|stellas proximas]] (usque ad [[Annus luce mensus|annos luce mensos]] 12.5 distantes) delineata.]] [[Fasciculus:Celestia Sol.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Collocatio Solis medio [[systema solare|systemate planetario suo]] ("systemate solari") delineata.]]Sol [[sphaera]] est paene absoluta, in [[plasma (physica)|plasmate]] [[calor|calido]] cum [[campus magneticus|campis magneticis]] intexto consistens.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2008/02oct_oblatesun/ |title=How Round is the Sun? |publisher=NASA |date=[[2 Octobris]] [[2008]] |accessdate=7 Martii 2011}}.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2011/06feb_fullsun/ |title=First Ever STEREO Images of the Entire Sun |publisher=NASA |date=[[6 Februarii]] [[2011]]}}.</ref> [[Diametrum]] circa 1 392 000 [[chiliometrum|chiliometrorum]] habet, circa centies novies diametri [[Terra (planeta)|Terrae]], atque [[massa]], circa 2{{e|30}} [[chiliogramma]]tum et tres centies millies et tricies millies massae terrenae, circa 99.86 centesimae massae Systematis Solaris.<ref name=Woolfson00>{{cite journal |first = M. | last = Woolfson | title = The origin and evolution of the solar system | doi = 10.1046/j.1468-4004.2000.00012.x | year = [[2000]] | journal = Astronomy & Geophysics | volume = 41 | pages = 1.12.}}</ref> In [[chemia]], circa [[tres]] partes massae Solis ex [[hydrogenium|hydrogenio]] constant, dum reliquum plerumque est [[helium]]. Pars reliqua (1.69%, quae nihilominus aequat 5628-ies massa [[tellus|telluris]]) in [[oxygenium|oxygenio]], [[carbonium|carbonio]], [[neon]], [[ferrum|ferro]], et aliis [[elementum|elementis]] gravioribus consistit.<ref name=basu2008> {{cite journal |last=Basu |first=S. |last2=Antia |first2=H. M. |title=Helioseismology and Solar Abundances |journal=Physics Reports |volume=457 |issue=5–6 |page=217. |year=[[2008]] |doi=10.1016/j.physrep.2007.12.002 |id={{arxiv|0711.4590}} }}</ref> <span id="why_the_sun_is_yellow"></span> Sine Solis vi, [[vita]] in [[Tellus (planeta)|Terra]] fieri non posset, quia ille [[lux|lucem]] [[calor]]emque emittit qui necessarii functionibus vitae sunt. Ergo [[religio]]nibus [[polytheismus|polytheisticis]] pluribus [[deus solis|Sol est deus]] vel [[dea]]. [[Roma antiqua|Romani antiqui]] Solem inter [[di indigetes|deos antiquiores]] aevo [[Res publica Romana|rei publicae]] venerabantur.<ref>[[Tacitus]], ''[[Annales (Tacitus)|Annales]]'' 15.74 et alibi.</ref> Rursus imperatoribus [[Elagabalus|Elagabalo]] et praesertim [[Aurelianus|Aureliano]] successoribusque [[Sol invictus|Solem invictum]] adorabant.<ref>[[Herodianus]], ''[[Ab excessu Divi Marci]]'' 5.3.4; ''[[Historia Augusta]]'' "Aurelianus"</ref> In mythologia Nordicá origo deae [[Sol (dea Nordica)|Sól]] curiose [[narratio|narratur]], sed non erat inter veneratissimas.<ref>[[Snorro Sturlaeus]], ''[[Ludificatio Gylviana]]'' 8, 11-12, 53.</ref> [[Biblia Sacra]] in primo capitulo libri [[Genesis]] narrant [[Deus|Deum]] [[Iudaei|Iudaeorum]] Solem una cum [[Luna]] [[stella|stellisque]] dei quarto [[creatio]]nis fecisse.<ref>[[Liber Genesis]] 1.14-18.</ref> Antiquos ''solem'' quod solus sit appellasse constat, nam secundum [[Cicero]]nem ''sol'' dictus, "quia solus ex omnibus sideribus est tantus."<ref>''[[De natura deorum (Cicero)|De natura deorum]]'' 2.68.</ref> Re vera tamen ''sol'' a verbo [[lingua proto-Indoeuropaea|proto-Indoeuropaeo]] *''sāwel-'' derivatur, a quo, mutationibus vocalium et variatione ''l''/''n'', ducuntur et nomina [[Graece|Graecum]] ἥλιος ''helios'', [[Sanscrite|Sanscritum]] ''sūrya-'', [[Slavonice|Slavonicum]] ''slŭnĭce'' (cum suffixo diminutivo), [[Nordice|Nordicum]] ''sól'' et ''sunna.'' {{NexInt}} [[Fasciculus:Sun diagram.svg|thumb|Structura Solis: 1, [[nucleus solaris|nucleus]]; 2, [[zona radiativa]]; 3, [[zona convectiva]]; 4, [[photosphaera]]' 5, [[chromosphaera]]; 6, [[corona]]; 7, [[macula solaris]]; 8 [[granula]]e; 9, [[Prominentia solaris|prominentia]].]] {{div col|2}} * [[Apricatio]] * ''[[Advanced Composition Explorer]]'' * [[Astronomia solaris]] * [[Astronomia X-radiorum solarium]] * [[Classificatio stellaris]] * [[Defectio solis]] * [[Deitas solaris]] * [[Dies Solis et Terrae]] * [[Ecliptica]] (vel [[Ecliptica linea]]) * [[Energia solaris]] * [[Fusio superficiei solaris]] * [[Index stellarum splendidissimarum]] * [[Macula solaris]] * [[Parker (speculatrum solare)]] * [[Planeta]] * [[Punctus antisolaris]] * [[Sol in cultura humana]] * [[Solis occasus]] * [[Solis ortus]] * [[Solstitium]] * [[Ventus solaris]] {{div col end}} == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Bounama, C., W. v. Bloh, et S. Franck. [[2004]]. "Das Ende des Raumschiffs Erde." ''Spektrum der Wissenschaft'' 10 (Octpber): 52–59. ISSN 0170-2971. * Cohen, Richard. [[2010]]. ''Chasing the Sun: the Epic Story of the Star that Gives us Life.'' Novi Eboraci: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 1-4000-6875-4. * Dambeck, Thorsten. [[2008]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121002232040/http://www.mpg.de/905645/F002_Fokus_028_033.pdf "Der Hexenkessel im Sonnenofen."] ''MaxPlanckForschung'' 1: 28–33. ISSN 1616-4172. * Herrmann, F., et H. Hauptmann. [[1997]]. "Understanding the stability of stars by means of thought experiments with a model star." ''American Journal of Physics'' 65: 292–95. * Kippenhahn, Rudolf. [[1990]]. ''Der Stern von dem wir leben.'' Stutgartiae: DVA. ISBN 3-421-02755-2. * Lang, Kenneth R. [[1996]]. ''Die Sonne: Stern unserer Erde.'' Berolini, Heidelbergae, Novi Eboraci: Springer. ISBN 3-540-59437-X. * Langer, Josef. ''Theoria motuum Solis et Lunae.'' * Mattig, Wolfgang. [[1995]]. ''Die Sonne.'' Monaci: C. H. Beck. ISBN 3-406-39001-3. * Mattig, Wolfgang. [[2002]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190103013350/http://sonneonline.org/ "Bevor die Sonnenbeobachtung zur Sonnenphysik wurde – in Deutschland und Umgebung."] ''[http://www.sonneonline.org/ SONNE,] Mitteilungsblatt der Amateursonnenbeobachter'' 103 (67). ISSN 0721-0094. * Sackmann, I.-J., et al. [[1993]]. [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1993ApJ...418..457S Our Sun.] T 3. Present and Future. ''Astrophysical Journal'' 11 (Nov.): 457–468. ISSN 0004-637X. * Scheffler, Helmut, et Hans Elsässer. [[1990]]. ''Physik der Sterne und der Sonne.'' Manhemi: BI-Wiss.-Verlag. ISBN 3-411-14172-7. * Stix, Michael. [[2004]]. ''The Sun: An Introduction.'' Novi Eboraci: Springer. ISBN 3-540-20741-4. * Thompson, M. J. [[2004]]. "Solar interior: helioseismology and the Sun's interior." ''Astronomy and Geophysics 45(4): 21–25. == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110810133537/http://alienworlds.glam.ac.uk/sunStructure.html Animata Structurae Solis Explicatio,] apud alienworlds.glam.ac.uk (Universitatis Glamorgan) * [http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2008/10/the_sun.html Congeries mirificarum solis imaginum ex variis institutis,] apud www.boston.com (''The Boston Globe'') * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qpMRtvFD8ek&hl=fr Futurum Nostri Solis,] apud www.youtube.com * [http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/ Satellites NASA SOHO] apud sohowww.nas.com.nasa.gov (Solar & Heliospheric Observatory) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140408014721/http://www.nso.edu/ Nationale Solis Observatorium] apud www.nso.edu * [http://www.astronomycast.com/astronomy/episode-30-the-sun-spots-and-all/ Sol,] apud www.astronomycast.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100927224224/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/47161/looking-into-the-sun Ad Solem Aspectans (photographemata)] apud www.life.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170611210135/http://acrim.com/ Observationes luciditatis solaris ex satellitibus,] apud www.acrim.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050518081349/http://www.solarphysics.kva.se/ ''The Swedish 1-meter Solar Telescope, SST,''] apud www.solarphysics.kva.se * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100315111135/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2010/12mar_conveyorbelt.htm ''Solar Conveyor Belt Speeds Up,''] apud science.nasa.gov * [http://www.suntrek.org "Sun|Trek,"] situs educationalis de Sole, apud www.suntrek.org {{Systema solare nostrum}} [[Categoria:Mythologia]] [[Categoria:Res astronomicae nominibus antiquis agnitae]] [[Categoria:Sol|!]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Physica}} gnunds8303nc1yknk2g44nxg7g9cyv6 0 2119 3960690 3960612 2026-05-19T12:34:00Z IacobusAmor 1163 3960690 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Severn rail bridge Thorn.jpg|thumb|Pons [[ferrivia]]ria.]] {{res|Sabrina}} ([[Anglice]] ''Severn''; [[Lingua Cambrica|Cambrice]] ''Hafren'') est flumen in [[Anglia]] et [[Cambria]]. Secundum "[[Comus]]," [[poema]] [[Ioannes Miltonus|Ioannis Miltoni]], Sabrina fuit [[puella]] quae hoc in flumine [[mors voluntaria|voluntaria morte]] [[aqua|aquis]] submersa est et ita flumini nomen dedit. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|River Severn|Sabrinam}} {{Fontes geographici}} {{flumen-stipula}} [[Categoria:Flumina Angliae]] [[Categoria:Flumina Cambriae]] gokuaw6hh8vogw0ed5n6ajqojvyore7 0 2975 3960699 3960662 2026-05-19T12:49:51Z IacobusAmor 1163 3960699 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Decennium|196|MCMLV}} == Eventa == === Mense Ianuario === * [[2 Ianuarii]]—[[Iosephus Antonius Remon]], praeses [[Panama]]e, per insidias interfectus est. [[Fasciculus:Glas_Goggomobil_Coupe_250_1.jpg|thumb|100px|left|Goggomobil]] * [[19 Ianuarii]]—In [[Germania]] primum autocinetum minimum typi ''Goggomobil'' aedificatum est. === Mense Maio === * [[6 Maii]] - [[Res publica foederata Germaniae (1949–1990)|Germania Occidentalis]] ad [[OTAN]] foedus militare accessit. [[Fasciculus:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-30562-0001,_Warschauer_Konferenz,_Grotewohl_unterzeichnet.jpg|thumb|left|100px|[[Otto Grotewohl]] Foedus Varsoviae signavit]] * [[14 Maii]] - [[Varsovia]]e [[Foedus Varsoviae]] inter civitates communisticas [[Albania]]m, [[Bulgaria]]m, [[Res publica democratica Germanica|Rem publicam democraticam Germanicam]], [[Polonia]]m, [[Romania]]m, [[Cechoslovacia]]m, [[Ungaria]]m atque [[Unio Sovietica|Unionem Sovieticam]] conditum est. === Mense Septembri === * [[23 Septembris]] - [[Ioannes Perón]] ducibus militum coactus praeses [[Argentina]]e se recessit atque in [[Paraquaria]]m in exilium fugit. [[Eduardus Lonardi]] dux militum eius successor factus est. === Mense Octobri === * [[6 Octobris]] - primus conventus consilii [[Ascalon|Ascalonensis]] in Domo Populi, media in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Afridare||he|qid=Q6632325}}, coit<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/18231 | titulus= 70 שנה: 70 אירועים ודמויות מתולדות אשקלון | domus editoria= כאן דרום אשקלון | tempus= 19-04-2018 00:14 | nomen auctoris 1= ג'ני | cognomen auctoris 1= פרנקל שלום | nomen auctoris 2=גייל | cognomen auctoris 2= מיכאלי | nomen auctoris 3= אורי| cognomen auctoris 3= קריספין| nomen auctoris 4=דוד | cognomen auctoris 4= לוי}}</ref> * [[23 Octobris]] - Incolae [[Saravia]]e suffragio propositum [[Francia]]e de terra Europaea Saravia facienda repulserunt. [[Ioannes Hoffmann]] praeses ministrorum, qui proposito favebat, a magistratu se recessit. === Mense Novembri === * [[9 Novembris]] - [[Carolus Coimbra da Luz]] praeses [[Brasilia]]e duorum dierum successor [[Ioannes Café Filho|Ioannis Café Filho]] nominatus est. * [[11 Novembris]] - [[Nereus de Oliveira Ramos]] successor [[Carolus Coimbra da Luz|Caroli Coimbra da Luz]] praeses [[Brasilia]]e nominatus est. === Mense Decembri === * [[1 Decembris]] - [[Rosa Parks]], propugnatrix aequalium iurum civium [[CFA|Americana]] contra legem aevi quae dicit sedes in [[laophorium|laophoreis]] per colorem segregandas esse, scilicet albos in principi nigros autem in tergo sedituros, restitit, sedem, quae fuit in principi laophoreo, albo deponere recusans. == Nati == === Mense Ianuario === * [[4 Ianuarii|4]] - [[Volfgangus Tiefensee]], vir publicus [[Germania|Germanicus]]. * [[6 Ianuarii|6]] - [[Rowan Atkinson]], actor et comoedus [[Regnum Unitum|Britannicus]]. * [[18 Ianuarii|18]] ** [[Michael Michaud]], vir rerum politicarum peritus [[CFA|Americanus]] factionis Democraticae. ** [[Coemgenus Costner|Kevin Michael Costner]], actor [[CFA|Americanus]]. ** [[Franciscus Knuckles]], musicus [[CFA|Americanus]]; mortuus est anno [[2014]]. * [[19 Ianuarii|19]] - [[Simon Rattle]], concentus magister [[Regnum Unitum|Britannicus]]. * [[26 Ianuarii|26]] - [[Coemgenus McCarthy]], rerum politicarum peritus [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum]] factionis Republicanae. * [[28 Ianuarii|28]] - [[Nicolaus Sarkozy]], praeses [[Francia]]e annis [[2007]] ad [[2012]]. * [[30 Ianuarii|30]] - [[Ioannes Baldacci]], gubernator [[Cenomannica]]e annis [[2003]] ad [[2011]]. === Mense Februario === * [[2 Februarii|2]] - [[Lechus Engelking]], [[scriptor]], [[poeta]] et [[translator]] [[Polonia|Polonicus]]. * [[8 Februarii|8]] - [[Ioannes Grisham]], scriptor [[CFA|Americanus]]. * [[17 Februarii|17]] - [[Mo Yan]], scriptor [[Sina|Sinensis]]. * [[24 Februarii|24]] - [[Stephanus Jobs]], conditor societatis computatralis [[Apple Inc.]]; mortuus est anno [[2011]]. === Mense Martio === * [[4 Martii|4]] - [[Elvira Bader]], rerum politicarum perita [[Helvetia|Helvetica]] factionis [[Factio Popularis Christiana Democratica|Popularis Christianae Democraticae]] (CVP/PPD). * [[5 Martii|5]] - [[Hugo Sebag-Montefiore]], causidicus, diurnarius et scriptor [[Anglia|Anglicus]] etiam rerum [[historicus|historicarum]]. * [[13 Martii|13]] - [[Bruno Conti]], pedilusor [[Italia|Italicus]]. * [[15 Martii|15]] - [[Robertus Maroni]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Italia|Italicus]] factionis [[Foedus Septemtrionale|Foederis Septemtrionalis]]. * [[17 Martii|17]] - [[Gary Sinise]], histrio [[CFA|Americanus]]. * [[19 Martii|19]] **[[Iosephus Daniele]], cantor et citharista [[Italia|Italicus]]; mortuus est anno [[2015]]. **[[Bruce Willis]], histrio [[CFA|Americanus]]. * [[27 Martii|27]] - [[Marianus Rajoy]], ministrorum praeses [[Hispania]]e. * [[31 Martii|31]] ** [[Anna Finocchiaro]], rerum politicarum perita [[Italia]]na factionis [[Factio Democratica (Italia)|Democraticae]]. ** [[Philippus Dimitrov]], scriptor, legatus ac rerum politicarum peritus [[Bulgaria|Bulgaricus]]. === Mense Aprili === * [[1 Aprilis|1]] - [[Mircea Dușa]], vir publicus [[Romania|Dacoromanicus]]. * [[11 Aprilis|11]] - [[Coemgenus Brady]], politicarum rerum perituus [[CFA|Americanus]]. * [[13 Aprilis|13]] - [[Ole de Beust]], [[magister civium superior]] [[Hamburgum|Hamburgi]]. * [[16 Aprilis|16]] - [[Henricus Luxemburgi Magnus Dux]]. * [[19 Aprilis|19]] - [[Philippus Hope]], rerum politicarum peritus [[regnum Unitum|Britannicus]] factionis [[Factio Laboris|Laboris]]. * [[21 Aprilis|21]] - [[Curtius Sier]], eruditus philologiae antiquitatis [[Germania|Germanicus]]. * [[25 Aprilis|25]] - [[Bernadinus Marcus Ramaroson]], [[Farafangana]]e [[episcopus]] (Dioecesis Farafanganensis). === Mense Maio === * [[2 Maii|2]] - [[Donatella Versace]], sumptuosorum [[vestis|vestum]] factrix [[Italia|Italica]]. * [[6 Maii|6]] - [[Ioannes Hutton]], rerum politicarum peritus [[regnum Unitum|Britannicus]] factionis [[Factio Laboris|Laboris]]. * [[8 Maii|8]] - [[Meles Zenawi]], minister primus [[Aethiopia]]e; mortuus est anno [[2012]]. * [[10 Maii|10]] - [[Ricardus Benson]], musicus [[Italia|Italico]]-[[Regnum Unitum|Britannicus]]. * [[11 Maii|11]] - [[Paulus Rowen]], politicarum peritus [[Regnum Unitum|Britannicus]] factionis [[Factio Liberalis Democratica (Britanniarum Regnum)|Liberalis Democraticae]]. * [[14 Maii|14]] - [[Gulielmus Molterer]], vir publicus [[Austria]]cus [[Factio Popularis Austriaca|Factionis Popularis Austriacae]]. * [[15 Maii|15]] - [[Claudia Roth]], rerum politicarum perita [[Germania|Germanica]]. * [[19 Maii|19]] - [[Iacobus Gosling]], scientista computatralis [[Canada|Canadiensis]]. * [[25 Maii|25]] - [[Alexander Burt]], rerum politicarum peritus [[regnum Unitum|Britannicus]] factionis [[Factio Conservativa (Britanniarum Regnum)|Conservativae]]. * [[30 Maii|30]] - [[Brian Kobilka]], physicus [[CFA|Americanus]]. * [[31 Maii|31]] - [[Lynne Truss]], [[scriptor|scriptrix]] et [[diarium|diurnaria]] [[Regnum Unitum|Britannica]]. === Mense Iunio === * [[2 Iunii|2]] - [[Ferdinandus Gatzweiler]], vir publicus [[Germania|Theodiscus]] factionis [[SPD|Socialisticae]]. * [[8 Iunii|8]] - [[Timotheus Ioannes Berners-Lee]], mathematicus et informaticus [[Regnum Unitum|Britannicus]]. * [[10 Iunii|10]] - [[Annetta Schavan]], rerum politicarum perita [[Germania|Germanica]]. * [[20 Iunii|20]] - [[Georgius Radanovich]], vir publicus [[CFA|Americanus]] et sodalis [[Factio Republicana (CFA)|Factionis Republicanae]]. * [[21 Iunii|21]] - [[Michael Platini]], pedilusor [[Francia|Francicus]]. * [[23 Iunii|23]] - [[Ioannes Tigana]], pedilusor [[Francia|Francicus]]. * [[27 Iunii|27]] - [[Isabella Adjani]], actrix [[Francia|Francica]]. * [[29 Iunii|29]] - [[Fridericus Kuhn]], vir publicus [[Germania|Theodiscus]] et sodalis factionis [[Foedus 90/Virides|Foederis 90 Viridum]]. === Mense Iulio === * [[1 Iulii|1]] - [[Augustus De Luca]], [[photographus]] [[Italia]]nus. * [[5 Iulii|5]] - [[Mia Couto]], [[Mozambicum|Mozambicanus]] [[scriptor]]. * [[9 Iulii|9]] - [[Lindsey Graham]], rerum politicarum peritus [[CFA|Americanus]] factionis [[Factio Republicana (CFA)|Republicanae]]. * [[12 Iulii|12]] - [[Leonardus Domenici]], vir publicus [[Italia|Italicus]] [[Factio Democratica (Italia)|Factionis Democraticae]]. * [[19 Iulii|19]] ** [[Ioannes Campbell]], rerum politicarum peritus [[CFA|Americanus]]. ** [[Dalton McGuinty]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Canada|Canadensis]]. === Mense Augusto === * [[25 Augusti|25]] - [[Gerhardus Müller]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Germania|Germanicus]] factionis [[CSU]]. * [[30 Augusti|30]] - [[Helge Schneider]], comoedus atque musicus iazzensis, artifex scaenicus, [[scriptor]], ac dispositor spectaculi cinematographici [[Germania|Theodiscus]]. === Mense Septembri === * [[5 Septembris|5]] - [[Galfridus Hull]], [[linguista]], [[rerum gestarum scriptor]] et [[ethnologus]] [[Australia]]nus. * [[20 Septembris|20]] - [[Lucas Recordon]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Helvetia|Helveticus]] factionis [[Factio Viridis Helvetiae|Viridis Helveticae]]. * [[21 Septembris|21]] - [[Henrica Baehrens]], rerum politicarum perita [[Germania|Germanica]] factionis [[SPD]]. === Mense Octobri === * [[5 Octobris|5]] - [[Dionysius Rehberg]], rerum politicarum peritus [[CFA|Americanus]] factionis [[Factio Republicana (CFA)|Republicanae]]. * [[20 Octobris|20]] - [[Sheldon Whitehouse]], rerum politicarum peritus [[CFA|Americanus]] factionis [[Factio Democratica (CFA)|Democraticae]]. * [[28 Octobris|28]] - [[Gulielmus Gates]], praeclarissimus homo negotiorum. * [[30 Octobris|30]] - [[Bernhardus Riexinger]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Germania|Theodiscus]] factionis [[Sinistra (factio politica Germaniae)|Sinistrae]]. === Mense Novembri === * [[11 Novembris|11]] - [[Fridericus Merz]], vir publicus [[Germania|Theodiscus]] factionis [[CDU]]. * [[13 Novembris|13]] - [[Whoopi Goldberg]], comoediarum actrix [[CFA|Americana]]. * [[15 Novembris|15]] - [[Stephanus Chalke]], [[clericus]] [[Regnum Unitum|Britannicus]] in libera ecclesia et propugnator pro aequitate sociali. * [[20 Novembris|20]] - [[Angela Finocchiaro]], actrix [[Italia]]na. * [[27 Novembris|27]] - [[Constantinus Niță]], oeconomus et vir publicus [[Romania|Dacoromanicus]]. === Mense Decembri === * [[3 Decembris|3]] ** [[Albertus Tarantini]], illustris [[pedilusor]] [[Argentina|Argentinus]]. ** [[Petrus Ferdinandus Casini]], vir publicus [[Italia|Italicus]]. * [[20 Decembris|20]] - [[Martinus Schulz]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Germania|Germanicus]]. * [[28 Decembris|28]] **[[Nicolaus Barthel]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Germania|Germanicus]] factionis [[SPD]]. **[[Liu Xiaobo]], activista [[Sina|Sinensis]]. === Ignotis diebus === * [[Alexander Kazulin]], [[mathematica|mathematicus]], [[paedagogia|paedagogus]] et vir publicus [[Ruthenia Alba|Ruthenus]]. == Mortui == === Mense Februario === * [[6 Februarii]] - [[Constantinus Argetoianu]], vir publicus [[Romania]]e; natus est anno [[1871]]. * [[18 Februarii]] - [[Kim Sung-Su]] vir publicus [[Respublica Coreana|Coreanus]], natus est anno [[1891]]. === Mense Martio === * [[12 Martii]] - [[Leo Wohleb]], vir publicus [[Badenia]]e et sodalis primo Factionis Christianae Socialis Popularis Badeniae (BCSV) , deinde [[CDU]]; natus est anno [[1888]]. === Mense Aprili === * [[7 Aprilis]] - [[Theda Bara]], actrix [[CFA|Americanan]]; nata est anno [[1885]]. * [[10 Aprilis]] - [[Petrus Teilhard de Chardin]], [[Iesuitae|Iesuita]], [[presbyter]] [[Ecclesia Catholica|Catholicus Romanus]], [[theologus]], [[philosophus]], studiosus [[Scientia (ratio)|scientiae]] [[palaeontologia]]eque [[Francia|Francicus]], qui orationibus et litteris recentiorem inter [[fides|fidem]] et [[Scientia (ratio)|scientiam]] disiunctionem resarcire conatus est. Natus est anno [[1881]]. * [[18 Aprilis]] - [[Albertus Einstein]], investigator naturalis et [[physicus]] acceptor praemii Nobeliani anno [[1921]] (natus [[1879]]) === Mense Maio === * [[26 Maii]] - [[Albertus Ascari]], clarus autocinetorum ductor [[Italia|Italicus]], natus est anno [[1918]]. === Mense Iulio === * [[6 Iulii]] - [[Gulielmus Hellpach]], vir publicus [[Germania]]e et sodalis factionis [[DDP]]; natus est anno [[1877]]. * [[26 Iulii]] - [[Gulielmus Hammann]], politicorum peritus [[Germania|Germanicus]] factionis [[Communismus|Comunisticae]] ([[KPD]]); natus est anno [[1897]]. === Mense Augusto === * [[12 Augusti]] — [[Thomas Mann]], [[scriptor]] [[Germania|Germanicus]] (natus [[1875]]). === Mense Septembri === * [[16 Septembris]] - [[Leopoldus Amery]], diurnarius et politicorum peritus [[Britannia|Britannicus]]; natus est anno [[1873]]. * [[30 Septembris]] - [[Iacobus Dean]], histrio [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1931]]. === Mense Octobri === * [[18 Octobris]] - [[Iosephus Ortega y Gasset]], [[philosophus]] [[Hispania|Hispanicus]]; natus est anno [[1883]]. === Mense Novembri === * [[12 Novembris]] - [[Robertus Tillmanns]], vir publicus [[Germania|Germanicus]] factionis [[CDU]]; natus est anno [[1897]]. * [[15 Novembris]] - [[Gulielmus Höcker]], vir publicus [[Germania|Theodiscus]] factionis [[SPD]], deinde [[SED]]; natus est anno [[1886]]. * [[23 Novembris]] - [[Gulielmus Berning]], [[episcopus]] [[urbs|urbis]] [[Germania]]e ([[Dioecesis Osnabrugensis]]); natus est anno [[1877]]. py6x8zi3fyd76vq7u4g0gtdt3ci1qf5 0 3046 3960693 3960610 2026-05-19T12:40:52Z IacobusAmor 1163 3960693 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Decennium|202|MMXIII}} == Eventa == === Mense Ianuario === * '''[[2 Ianuarii]]''' — [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] [[Senatus (CFA)|Senatus]] et [[Camera Repraesentantium Civitatum Foederatarum|Camera Repraesentantium]] conventum de fisco cum praeside [[Barack Obama]] faciunt. * '''[[2 Ianuarii]]''' — Vir in parvo vico [[Daillon]] in [[Helvetia]]e [[Valesia]] tres mulieres necat aliosque duos homines vulnerat. * '''[[3 Ianuarii]]'''—Pratorum silvarumque incendia in [[Tasmania]] saevire incipiunt. Ibi et in provincia [[Nova Cambria Australis|Nova Cambria Australi]] usque ad diem 8 Ianuarii late diffunduntur.^{(''[http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/most-of-bushfire-missing-now-located/story-e6frg6nf-1226548699461 The Australian] [http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/fast-moving-fire-takes-properties-in-central-victoria-as-nsw-battles-135-blazes/story-e6frg6n6-1226549351466 ibidem]'')} * '''[[3 Ianuarii]]'''—Nova varietas generis ''[[Norovirus|Noroviri]]'' ab eruditis describitur, nomine "[[Sydney 2012]]", quo morbus in homines permultis hieme 2012/2013 transitur.^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2013/jan/09/norovirus-vomiting-bug-rise The Guardian]'')} ^{(''[http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=20345 Eurosurveillance]'')} * '''[[6 Ianuarii]]'''—Diurnarii nuntiorum ''[[Nanfang zhoumo|Nánfang zhoumò]]'' ("Hebdomas terrae meridianae"), [[Quancheum|Quanchei]] in [[Sinae (regio)|Sinis]] divulgatorum, laborem suum ob [[censura]]m recusant ^{(''[http://www.scmp.com/comment/blogs/article/1121880/southern-weekends-moment-reckoning South China Morning Post]'')} * '''[[6 Ianuarii]]'''—[[Gerardus Depardieu]] ob vectigalia [[Francia]]e "nimis gravia" civitatem [[Russia|Russicam]] manibus [[Vladimirus Putin|Vladimiri Putin]] accepit ^{(''[http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/homines.php?id=1167 Ephemeris]'')} * '''[[7 Ianuarii]]'''—[[Pinacotheca Nationalis (Britannia)|Pinacotheca Nationalis]] [[Londinium|Londiniensis]] effigiem [[Hieronymus Fracastorius|Fracastorii]] (medici qui [[syphilis|syphilidem]] primus descripsit) a [[Titianus|Titiano]] pictam esse recognovit ^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2013/jan/07/titian-painting-rediscovered-national-gallery The Guardian]'')} ^{(''[http://www.burlington.org.uk/magazine/back-issues/2013/201301/ The Burlington Magazine (situs venalis)]'')} * '''[[9 Ianuarii]]''' — Asteroides [[99942 Apophis]], e deo Aegyptio [[Apophis|Apophi]] appellatus, orbito suo prope (14&nbsp;500&nbsp;000 km) [[Tellus|Tellurem]] progressus est ^{(''[http://www.tv5.org/TV5Site/sciences/article-2013_une_annee_astronomique_pour_les_amateurs_d_asteroides_et_de_cometes.htm?rub_code=sci&xml=newsmlmmd.7066bf76b5e8d064c0863cbceaceee3c.4a1.xml TV5Monde]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'')} ^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/across-the-universe/2013/jan/07/apophis-potentially-hazardous-asteroid-earth-wednesday The Guardian]'')} * '''[[9 Ianuarii]]''' — [[Sakine Cansiz]], quae inter conditores [[Factio Operariorum Carduchorum|Factionis Operariorum Carduchorum]] recognoscitur, cum aliis duabus pro [[Carduchi]]s militantibus [[Lutetia]]e ictu pyrobolico trucidata est ^{(''[http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2013/01/10/01016-20130110ARTFIG00423-trois-militantes-kurdes-abattues-a-paris.php Le Figaro]'')} ^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jan/10/sakine-cansiz-pkk-kurdish-activist The Guardian]'')} ^{(''[http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/three-pkk-members-killed-in-paris-attack.aspx?pageID=238&nID=38748&NewsCatID=338 Hürriyet]'')} * '''[[11 Ianuarii]]''' — Exercitus [[Francia|Francicus]] in partibus [[Malium|Malii]] septentrionalibus ad hanc civitatem contra rebellatores tam [[Islamista]]s quam [[Tuareg]] corroborandam militat ^{(''[https://web.archive.org/web/20130113125009/http://www.liberation.fr/monde/2013/01/12/mali-un-soldat-francais-tue-dans-des-raids-helicopteres_873532 Libération]'')} ^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jan/11/france-intervene-mali-conflict?intcmp=239 The Guardian]'')} * '''[[11 Ianuarii]]''' — [[Aaron Swartz]], qui pro libertate informatica militavit et protocollum [[RSS]] primus composuit, in crimina adductus, annum agens vigesimum et sextum sibi mortem intulisse nuntiatur [[Fasciculus:Aaron_Swartz_2_at_Boston_Wikipedia_Meetup,_2009-08-18.jpg|right|75px|Aaron Swartz]] * '''[[13 Ianuarii]]''' — [[Praemia Globi Aurei 2013]] decreta sunt pelliculis ''[[Les Misérables (pellicula 2012)|Les Misérables]]'' et ''[[Argo (pellicula 2012)|Argo]]'' atque moderatori huius [[Beniaminus Affleck|Ben Affleck]], etiam auctori [[Quintinus Tarantino|Quintino Tarantino]] ob pelliculam ''[[Django Unchained]]''. Laureati sunt histriones [[Daniel Day-Lewis]], [[Jessica Chastain]], [[Hugo Jackman]], [[Jennifer Lawrence]], [[Christophorus Waltz]] et [[Anna Hathaway (actrix)|Anna Hathaway]] ^{(''[http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/moviesnow/la-et-mn-golden-globes-2013-hugh-jackman-day-lewis-win-acting-honors-20130113,0,2234240.story Los Angeles Times]'')} * '''[[15 Ianuarii]]''' — [[Universitas Halepensis|Universitatis Halepensis]] discipuli hospitesque 87 vel plures impetu tromocratico, auctoribus incertis, necati sunt ^{(''[http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2013/01/16/syria-aleppo-university-deaths.html CBC]'')} ^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jan/15/aleppo-university-blasts-kill-52 The Guardian]'')} * '''[[16 Ianuarii]]''' - [[Maria-Ludovica Dreyer]] ([[SPD]]) praeses ministrorum [[Rhenania-Palatinatus|Rhenaniae-Palatinati]] [[Curtius Beck|Curtio Beck]] successit. * '''[[17 Ianuarii]]''' — Tromocraticos, qui pridie iuxta [[In Aménas]] [[Algerium|Algerii]] operarios fodinarum gasiferarum obsides retinuerunt, exercitus Algerius oppugnavit. Die 20 Ianuarii numerus captivorum interfectorum ad 48 stat, numerus captivorum liberatorum ad 792, numerus tromocraticorum interfectorum ad 32, sed omnia incertissima manent ^{(''[https://web.archive.org/web/20130720103651/http://www.liberation.fr/monde/2013/01/19/tigantourine-tragique-denouement-pour-la-prise-d-otage_875243 Libération]'')} ^{(''[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21106795 BBC]'')} * '''[[17 Ianuarii]]''' — [[Sergius Filin]], director corporis ballationis [[Moscua|Moscuensis]] ''[[Magna Ballatio (Moscua)|Bolšoj]]'', acido in oculos iaculato graviter vulneratus est ^{(''[http://izvestia.ru/news/543220 Izvestija]'')} ^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/stage/2013/jan/18/bolshoi-ballet-director-acid-attack The Guardian]'')} * '''[[20 Ianuarii]]''' — [[Benedictus XVI]] papa nuntia ''[[Twitter]]'' Latine emittere incepit ^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jan/17/pope-tweet-latin The Guardian]'')} * '''[[20 Ianuarii]]''' - [[Baracus Obama]] praeses [[CFA]] iterum electus magistratum iniit. * '''[[21 Ianuarii]]''' — [[Michael Winner]], moderator cinematographicus Anglicus, moritur^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/2013/jan/21/michael-winner-dead The Guardian]'')} [[Fasciculus:Michael Winner cropped.jpg|75px|right|Michael Winner]] * '''[[22 Ianuarii]]''' — Electionibus [[Israel (civitas)|Israëlis]] peractis [[Beniaminus Netanjahu]] dux maximae factionis manet, sed vocibus paucioribus; [[Jair Lapid]] diurnarius, novae factionis dux, prospere procedit^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jan/23/israel-election-results-yair-lapid The Guardian]'')} * '''[[23 Ianuarii]]''' — [[Iosephus Glemp]] [[cardinalis]] et [[archiepiscopus]] emeritus [[Varsovia]]e ibi [[Cancer pulmonum|cancro pulmonum]] moritur.^{(''[http://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/ausland/europa/Kardinal-Jozef-Glemp-ist-tot/story/12814031 Tages Anzeiger]'')} [[Fasciculus:Glemp_J%C3%B3zef.JPG|85px|right|Iosephus cardinalis Glemp anno [[2007]]]] * '''[[25 Ianuarii]]''' — [[Parlamentum]] [[Russia |Russicum]] [[lex|legem]] contra [[homophylophilia]]m decernit^{(''[http://www.repubblica.it/esteri/2013/01/26/news/putin_vara_la_legge_anti-gay_vietato_persino_parlarne-51313130/?ref=HRER2-1 La repubblica]'')} * '''[[26 Ianuarii]]''' — Colloquium 2013 [[Forum Oeconomicum Mundiale|Fori Oeconomici Mundialis]] [[Tavaus|Tavai]] in urbe finitur. Ibi pridie de futura aquae egestate disseruit [[Ban Gi-mun]]^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/sustainable-business/davos-2013-partnership-impact-water-crisis?intcmp=239 The Guardian]'')} [[Fasciculus:Ban Ki-moon 1-2.jpg|75px|right|[[Ban Gi-mun]] apud [[Forum Oeconomicum Mundiale]] contionem habet]] * '''[[27 Ianuarii]]''' — [[Silvius Berlusconi]], rerum politicarum peritus Italianus, [[Mediolanum| Mediolani]] inter [[Soa| Holocausti]] diei memoriae celebrationes ipsas tyrannum [[Italia]]num [[Benitus Mussolini |Benitum Mussolini]], [[Adolphus Hitler |Adolphi Hitler]] [[complex |complicem]], defendit^{(''[http://www.huffingtonpost.it/2013/01/27/berlusconi-nel-giorno-della-memoria_n_2560658.html?1359315133&utm_hp_ref=italy Huffington Post]'')} * '''[[27 Ianuarii]]''' — [[Dharmasala]]e in [[India]] series certaminum [[criccetius ludus|criccetiorum]] diurnalium [[India|Indo]]-[[Anglia|Anglicorum]] finitur, Indis victoribus ^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2013/jan/27/ian-bell-england-india The Guardian]'')} * '''[[27 Ianuarii]]''' — Iuvenes 232 incendio tabernae nocturnae in urbe [[Brasilia|Brasiliensi]] [[Urbs Sanctae Mariae|Sanctae Mariae]] interficiuntur^{(''[https://web.archive.org/web/20130531130727/http://oglobo.globo.com/pais/incendio-em-boate-deixa-mortos-feridos-em-santa-maria-no-rs-7407490 O globo]'')} * '''[[28 Ianuarii]] ''' — [[Beatrix (regina Nederlandiae)|Beatrix]] [[Nederlandia]]e [[regina]], die [[31 Ianuarii]] [[2013]] ad annum nativitatis septuagesimum quintum perventura, se a [[regnum|regno]] abdicaturam esse praenuntiat. Successor a die [[30 Aprilis]] [[2013|huius anni]] erit filius [[Gulielmus Alexander]] [[Fasciculus:Beatriz_dos_Pa%C3%ADses_Baixos.jpg|75px|right| Beatrix Nederlandiae regina ]] * '''[[28 Ianuarii]]''' — E [[Tombutum|Tombuto]] urbe milites [[Francia|Francici]], [[Malium|Maliensibus]] socii, rebellatores [[Religio Islamica|Islamistas]] expulserunt, qui fugientes, [[Institutum Ahmed Baba|Institutum]] bibliothecamque eruditionis mediaevalis igne destruxisse conati, pauca effecerunt ^{(''[https://web.archive.org/web/20130624161012/http://www.liberation.fr/monde/2013/01/30/plus-de-90-des-manuscrits-de-tombouctou-auraient-ete-sauves_877914 Libération]'')} ^{(''[https://archive.is/20130216215900/www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/priceless-manuscripts-missing-in-timbuktu/article7903879/ The Globe and Mail]'')} * '''[[30 Ianuarii]]''' — Expositio historica de [[Germania Nazistica]] ab hodierna cancellaria [[Angela Merkel]] [[Berolinum|Berolini]] inauguratur (ante octoginta annos [[Adolphus Hitler|Adolpho Hitler]] eo die ad cancellariatum successo) ^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jan/30/berlin-marks-hitler-rise-power The Guardian]'')} * '''[[30 Ianuarii]]''' — [[Asteroides]] no. [[274301 Wikipedia|274301]], die [[25 Augusti]] [[2008]] repertus, nomine "Wikipedia" appellatus est ^{(''[http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2274301#content JPL Small-Body Database Browser]'')} * '''[[31 Ianuarii]]''' — Apud [[Museum Ashmoleanum]] [[Oxonia|Oxoniense]] ostentatur collectus ornamentorum aureorum argenteorumque a [[Michael Wellby|Michaële Wellby]] legatus ^{(''[https://web.archive.org/web/20130522232017/http://www.culture24.org.uk/history%20%26%20heritage/art418361 Culture24]'')} === Mense Februario === * '''[[1 Februarii]]''' - [[Ioannes Kerry]] [[Minister rerum externarum]] [[CFA]] factus est. * '''[[2 Februarii]]''' — [[Linus Oviedo]] , [[Res militaris|exercitus dux]] et rerum politicarum peritus [[Paraquaria]]nus, sinistro casu [[Helicopterum|helicopteri]] mortuus est ^{(''[https://web.archive.org/web/20130205053804/http://www.abc.com.py/nacionales/hallan-helicoptero-y-cuerpos-en-el-chaco-534898.html ABC]'')} [[Fasciculus:Lino Oviedo.jpg|75 px|right|Linus Oviedo]] * '''[[4 Februarii]]''' — Sepulturam [[Vigornia]]e repertam ossa celavisse per multa saecula deperdita regis [[Ricardus III (rex Angliae)|Ricardi III]], anno [[1485]] proelio interfecti, confirmatur ^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/blog/2013/feb/04/richard-iii-skeleton-last-plantagenet-king-live The Guardian "News Blog"]'')} * '''[[4 Februarii]]''' — [[Iustinus Welby]] archiepiscopus [[Cantuaria|Cantuariensis]] sacratus est, successor [[Rowan Williams]] ^{(''[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21315054 BBC]'')} * '''[[5 Februarii]]''' — Universitas Dusseldorpensis decrevit, ut ministra [[Germania|Germanica]] [[Annetta Schavan]] non iam doctor esset, quod partem dissertationis ab aliis exscripsisset^{(''[http://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/inland/plagiatsverfahren-gegen-bildungsministerin-universitaet-duesseldorf-erkennt-schavan-den-doktortitel-ab-12052730.html FAZ die 5 Februarii 2013]'')}. [[Fasciculus:Schavan.jpg |75 px|right|Annetta Schavan]] * '''[[5 Februarii]]''' — [[Reinaldus Gargano]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Uruguaia]]nus mortuus est ^{(''[https://web.archive.org/web/20130615095701/http://www.elobservador.com.uy/noticia/242937/murio-reinaldo-gargano-/ Êl Observador]'')} * '''[[6 Februarii]]''' — [[Chokri Belaïd]], factionis socialisticae [[Tunesia]]nae dux, ictu pyrobolico necatus est. Mors eius tumultos concitavit ^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/feb/06/tunisian-politician-shot-dead The Guardian]'')} ^{(''[http://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/ausland/naher-osten-und-afrika/Krawalle-in-Tunesien--neue-Regierung-angekuendigt/story/12856477 Tages Anzeiger]'')} [[Fasciculus:Chokri Belaid.JPG|right|75px|Chokri Belaïd]] * '''[[6 Februarii]]''' — [[Megacyma]] propter submarinum terrae motum oppida quaedam [[Insulae Sanctae Crucis|Insularum S. Crucis]] in [[Oceanus Pacificus|Oceano Pacifico]] devastavit ^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/feb/07/solmon-islands-tsunami-death-toll The Guardian]'')} * '''[[6 Februarii]]''' — [[David Morgan]], professor apud [[Universitas Furman|Universitatem Furman]], qui inter principes [[Latinitas Viva|Latinitatis vivae]] [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum]] suspicitur, mortuus est ^{(''[http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/greenvilleonline/obituary.aspx?n=david-wells-morgan&pid=162921384 Greenville Online]'')} [[Fasciculus:David Morgan.jpg|right|75px|David Morgan]] * '''[[8 Februarii]]''' — [[nix |Nivis]] procella "Nemo" [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum]] litus orientalem vexat^{( ''[http://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/panorama/vermischtes/Ich-mag-Schnee--aber-das-hier-ist-ungewoehnlich/story/22564174 Tages Anzeiger]'')} * '''[[9 Februarii]] ''' — ministra [[Germania|Germanica]] [[Annetta Schavan]] se a munere removit post quam [[universitas]] Dusseldorpensis decrevit, ut Schavan non iam doctor esset, quod partem dissertationis ab aliis exscripsisset^{( ''[http://www.nzz.ch/aktuell/international/bildungsministerin-schavan-tritt-zurueck-1.17992247 NZZ die 9 Februarii 2013]'' )} * '''[[10 Februarii]]'''— [[Festum anni novi Sinici]] incepit, in [[Res publica popularis Sinarum|continente Sinico]], [[Taivania]], [[Hongcongum|Hongcongo]], [[Singapura]], [[Macaum|Macao]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]], [[Vietnamia]], et [[Bruneium|Bruneio]] celebratum, quod 15 dies durat, desinens in [[Festum lanternarum|Festo laternarum]]. * '''[[11 Februarii]] ''' — [[papa]] [[Benedictus XVI]] ex inopinato nuntiavit se a munere discessurum esse die [[28 Februarii]] [[2013]]. Ante eum solum septem papae ([[Pontianus]], [[Clemens I]], [[Silverius]], [[Benedictus IX]], [[Gregorius VI]], [[Gregorius XII]] atque [[Caelestinus V]]) ante mortem sedem sanctam reliquerunt^{( ''[http://www.repubblica.it/esteri/2013/02/11/news/papa_lascia-52388156/?ref=HREA-1 La Repubblica]'' )} [[Fasciculus:Papa_Benedetto.jpg|75 px|right|]] * '''[[13 Februarii]] ''' — [[Petrus Kooijmans]], iudex et rerum politicarum peritus [[Nederlandia|Nederlandicus]] mortuus est * '''[[13 Februarii]] ''' — [[papa]] [[Benedictus XVI]] inter [[Dies Cinerum|Diem Cinerum]] [[ecclesia]]e divisiones et multorum [[presbyter]]orum superbiam et falsitatem acri iudicio percenset^{( ''[http://www.huffingtonpost.it/2013/02/13/dimissioni-papa-rito-ceneri-bertone_n_2677612.html?utm_hp_ref=italy www.huffingtonpost.it]'' )} [[Fasciculus:Peter_Kooijmans.jpg|75px|right|Benedictus XVI|border]] * '''[[14 Februarii]] ''' — [[Anscharius Pistorius]], [[Africa Australis |Africae Australis]] clarissimus athleta comprehensus est quia putatur sponsam suam [[ostentatrix|ostentatricem]] [[Reeva Steenkamp]] necavisse^{( ''[http://www.repubblica.it/sport/2013/02/14/news/sudafrica_donna_trovata_morta_in_casa_di_pistorius-52591665/ La Repubblica]'' )}. [[Fasciculus:Oscar_Pistorius-2.jpg|75px|right|Anscharius Pistorius|border]] * '''[[15 Februarii]] ''' — [[meteorites]] cadunt in [[Russia]]e mediae ac [[montes Uralenses |montium Uralensium]] provinciae iuxta urbem [[Celiabinsca]]m et multos homines vulnerant^{( ''[http://www.repubblica.it/esteri/2013/02/15/news/russia_meteoriti_sciame_urali-52681067/?ref=HRER3-1 La Repubblica]'')} * '''[[15 Februarii]] ''' — [[amazon.com]], praeclarus situs [[interrete|interretialis]], a multis [[diarium| diaris]] damnatus est post pelliculam Germanicam adfirmantem hanc societatem homines qui pro ea operam dant verberare (imago Amazon conditor [[Jeff Bezos]]^{( ''[http://www.corriere.it/esteri/13_febbraio_16/neonazisti-a-guardia-degli-operai-scandalo-amazon-in-germania-paolo-lepri_d17ba192-77fa-11e2-add6-217507545733.shtml Corriere della Sera]'')} [[Fasciculus:Jeff_Bezos_2005.jpg|75px|right|Jeff Bezos|border]] * '''[[16 Februarii]]''' — [[Pellicula]] ''[[Pozitia copilului]]'' a [[moderator cinematographicus |moderatore cinematographico]] [[Romania| Dacoromano]] [[Calin Petrus Netzer|Calin Petro Netzer]] ducta praemium primum anno 2013 ''[[Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin]]'' consecutus est.^{( ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20130728220751/http://www.unita.it/culture/l-orso-d-oro-a-child-pose-br-berlinale-vince-il-film-rumeno-1.484034 L'Unità]'')} * '''[[17 Februarii]]''' — [[Nicolaus Anastasiades]], in primo ordine petitionis Praesidatus [[Cyprus|Cypri]] vicit ^{(''[http://www.repubblica.it/esteri/2013/02/18/news/elezioni_ecuador_confermato_correa-52877937/?ref=HREC1-4.La Repubblica]'' )} * '''[[17 Februarii]]''' — [[Raphael Correa]], [[Aequatoria]]e [[praeses]] ab anno [[2007]] iterum electus est ^{(''[http://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/ausland/europa/Zyperns-Krisenmanager-wird-erst-in-Stichwahl-bestimmt/story/28376973 Tages Anzeiger]'' )} * '''[[19 Februarii]]''' — [[Hamadi Jebali]] Primus Minister [[Tunesia |Tunesicus]] se a munere removit^{(''[http://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/ausland/naher-osten-und-afrika/Der-tunesische-Regierungschef-tritt-zurueck/story/15261129 Tages Anzeiger]'' )}. * '''[[19 Februarii]]''' - [[Stephanus Weil]] ([[SPD]]) praeses ministrorum [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] electus est. Antecessor eius [[David McAllister]] ([[CDU]]) erat. * '''[[20 Februarii]]''' — [[Bojko Borisov]] Primus Minister [[Bulgaria|Bulgaricus]] se a munere removit^{(''[http://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/ausland/europa/Volk-zwingt-bulgarische-Regierung-in-die-Knie/story/28351597 Tages Anzeiger]'' )} [[Fasciculus:Boyko Borisov EPP 2014.jpg|75px|right|Bojko Borisov|border]] * '''[[20 Februarii]]''' — [[Antonius Roma]], [[athleta]] qui fuit [[pedilusor]] [[Argentina |Argentinus]] (vide imaginem) mortuus est^{(''[http://espndeportes.espn.go.com/news/story?id=1730191&s=arg&type=story espndeportes.espn.go.com]'')} [[Fasciculus:Antonio roma.jpg |75px|right|Antonius Roma|border]] * '''[[22 Februarii]]''' — [[Ali al-Arayyid|?Ali al-?Arayyi?]] primus minister [[Tunesia]]e selectus est^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/feb/22/tunisia-ennahda-prime-minister The Guardian]'')} [[Fasciculus:AliLariath2012.jpg|75px|right|?Ali al-?Arayyi?]] * '''[[22 Februarii]]''' — [[Michael Edwards]], professor creationis litterariae apud [[Collegium Franciae]], primus Anglorum ad cathedram in [[Academia Francica]] succedit^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/feb/22/academie-francaise-elect-first-british-member The Guardian]'')} * '''[[23 Februarii]]''' — [[Fridericus Lombardi]], dux [[Sedes diurnariis edocendis|sedis diurnariis edocendis]] [[Sancta Sedes|Sanctae Sedis]], complorat diariorum, [[televisio]]num ac multorum hominum voces quae volunt [[cardinalis|cardinalem]] [[Rogerius Michael Mahony|Rogerium Michaelem Mahony]] (vide imaginem) [[conclave|conclavi]] mense Martio [[2013]] propter partem eius in [[presbyter]]orum turpitudinum contra pueros occultationem non interfuturum esse ^{(''[http://www.repubblica.it/esteri/2013/02/23/news/vaticano_padre_lombardi_media_seminano_discredito-53231209/?ref=HREA-1 La Repubblica]'')} [[Fasciculus:2006-03-31_03_Anaheim%2C_CA_Cardinal_Mahony.jpg|75px|right|Rogerius Michael Mahony]] * '''[[24 Februarii]]''' — [[Neophytus (patriarcha Bulgariae)|Neophytus]] (Simeon Nikolaev Dimitrov), usque adhuc metropolita [[Sexantaprista]]e, patriarcha [[Bulgaria]]e omnis electus est [[Fasciculus:Otkrivane paraklis Svetlen 2.jpg|80px|right|Neophytus patriarcha]] *''' [[24 Februarii]]''' — [[Praemia Academiae?|Academiae Praemiis]] datis, ''[[Argo(pellicula)|Argo]]'' [[pellicula]] optima fit ^{(''[http://www.repubblica.it/speciali/cinema/oscar/edizione2013/2013/02/25/news/oscar_2013_vincitori-53353932/?ref=HRER3-1 La Repubblica]'')} * '''[[24 Februarii]]''' - [[Comitia politica Italica anni 2013]]. *''' [[25 Februarii]]''' — Factio [[MoVimento 5 Stelle]] a [[Iosephus Grillo |Iosepho Grillo]] ducta in electionibus [[Italia]]nis maximum exitum habet ^{(''[http://www.huffingtonpost.it/2013/02/25/elezioni-2013-diretta-lunedi_n_2757263.html?utm_hp_ref=mostpopular www.huffingtonpost.it]'')} [[Fasciculus:Beppe_Grillo_1.JPG |75px|right|Iosephus Grillo]] *'''[[25 Februarii]]''' — Cardinalis [[Keith O'Brien]], archiepiscopus [[Sanctus Andreas apud Scotos|Sancti Andreae]] et [[Edimburgum|Edimburgensis]], e munere decessit, facinoribus iam diu haud pudicis nuper imputatis ^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/feb/25/pope-forces-out-keith-obrien The Guardian]'')} ^{(''[http://www.corriere.it/cronache/13_febbraio_25/cardinale-obrien-si-dimette_135f145c-7f3c-11e2-b0f8-b0cda815bb62.shtml Corriere della Sera]'')} * '''[[25 Februarii]]''' - [[Pak Gyunhye]] praeses [[Respublica Coreae|Rei Publicae Coreae]] facta est. *'''[[27 Februarii]]''' — [[Van Cliburn]], clavilista [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum]], mortuus est ^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2013/mar/03/van-cliburn necrologia]'')} ^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2013/feb/27/van-cliburn-russia-world-stage recordatio]'')} *'''[[28 Februarii]]''' — post horam vicesimam abdicationis [[papa]]e [[Benedictus XVI|Benedicti XVI]] causa [[Sancta Sedes|Apostolica Sedes vacans]] est et novum Conclavem complerentur ^{(''[http://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/ausland/europa/Papst-will-kuenftig-ein-Pilger-sein/story/28154225 Tages Anzeiger]'')} *'''[[28 Februarii]]''' — [[Donaldus A. Glaser]], physicus [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum]], [[Praemium Nobelianum Physicae|praemii Nobeliani]] laureatus, mortuus est * '''[[28 Februarii]]''' — [[Nicolaus Anastasiades]] praeses [[Cyprus|Cypri]] [[Demetrius Christofias|Demetrio Christofias]] successit. === Mense Martio === *'''[[1 Martii]]''' — Factionis [[MoVimento 5 Stelle]] conditor [[Ioannes Robertus Casaleggio]] una cum [[Iosephus Grillo |Iosepho Grillo]] foedus cum aliis factionibus Italianis reicit ^{(''[http://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gianroberto_Casaleggio&action=edit&section=6 www.huffingtonpost.it]'')} *'''[[2 Martii]]''' — [[Muhtar Balmuhtar|Mu?tar Balmu?tar]], dux tromocraticus, in [[Malium|Malio]] septentrionali a militibus [[Tzadia|Tchadensibus]] interfectum esse nuntiatur ^{(''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140222014731/http://www.liberation.fr/monde/2013/03/02/l-armee-tchadienne-affirme-avoir-tue-mokhtar-belmokhtar_885872 Libération]'')} ^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/mar/02/algerian-siege-mastermind-killed-mali The Observer]'')} *'''[[4 Martii]]''' — Puerulo, [[Mississippia]]e incolae, [[SCDI]] infecto, sanitatem redditam nuntiatur ^{(''[http://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/wissen/medizin-und-psychologie/Mit-AidsVirus-geborenes-Baby-geheilt/story/11987031 Tages Anzeiger]'')} *'''[[4 Martii]]''' — [[Hamad ibn Halifa Al Tani|?amad ibn ?alifa Al ?ani]], [[Quataria|Qatariae]] amiralis, sex insulas [[Ionium mare|maris Ionii]] emit inter quas [[Oxia]]m ^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/mar/04/qatar-emir-buys-six-greek-islands The Guardian]'')} * '''[[4 Martii]]''' - [[Uhuru Kenyatta]] praeses [[Kenia]]e electus est. *'''[[5 Martii]]''' — [[Paulus Dmitricenko]], saltator corporis ballationis [[Moscua|Moscuensis]] ''[[Magna Ballatio (Moscua)|Bolšoj]]'', se [[Sergius Filin|Sergium Filin]] directorem vulnerare, acido in oculos iaculato, coniuravisse confessus est ^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/stage/2013/mar/06/bolshoi-dancer-confesses-acid-attack The Guardian]'')} [[Fasciculus:Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani (cropped).jpg|75px|right|?amad ibn ?alifa Al ?ani]] *'''[[5 Martii]]''' — [[Hugo Chávez]] [[Venetiola]]e praeses, iam multos annos [[cancer (morbus)| cancro]] laborans, mortuus est [[Fasciculus:Chavez-WSF2005.jpg|80px|right|Hugo Chávez]] *'''[[6 Martii]]''' — Milites 21 [[Philippinae|Philippinarum]], qui pacis tuendae causa montes [[Golan]] vigilabant, a rebellatoribus [[Syria|Syris]] capti sunt ^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/mar/06/un-peacekeepers-detained-syrian-fighters The Guardian]'')} *'''[[8 Martii]]''' — [[Sulaiman Abu Gait|Sulaiman Abu Gai?]], gener [[Usama bin Ladin|Usama ibn Ladin]], [[Philadelphia (Iordania)|Philadelphia]]e in [[Iordania]] captus, ob coniurationem tromocraticam in iudicium [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]] accusatus est ^{(''[http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/08/world/middleeast/bin-laden-son-in-law-is-being-held-in-a-new-york-jail.html?_r=0 New York Times]'')} *'''[[8 Martii]]''' — [[cardinalis|Cardinales]], qui in [[Domus Sanctae Marthae|Domo Sanctae Marthae]] ad [[conclave anni 2013|conclave]] hospitabuntur, nuntiant conclave die [[12 Martii]] incepturum esse ^{(''[http://www.huffingtonpost.it/2013/03/08/conclave-2013-si-inizia-il-12-marzo_n_2838134.html?ref=topbar www.huffingtonpost.it]'')} *'''[[9 Martii]]''' — [[Uhuru Kenyatta]] victor proclamatus est comitiorum in [[Kenia]] die [[3 Martii]] celebratorum, vocum 50.07% nactus ^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/mar/09/kenyatta-declared-victor-in-kenyan-elections The Guardian]'')} *'''[[10 Martii]]''' — [[Liliana (ducissa Hallandiae)|Liliana]], ducissa Hallandiae, principis [[Suecia|Suecici]] [[Bertoldus (dux Hallandiae)|Bertoldi]] vidua, annum agens septimum et nonagesimum mortua est *'''[[12 Martii]]''' — [[Roma]]e [[Conclave anni 2013|conclave]] ad [[papa]]e abdicantis [[Benedictus XVI|Benedicti XVI]] successorem eligendum incepit et cardinales in [[Aedicula Sixtina]] congregati sunt^{(''[http://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/ www.tagesanzeiger.ch]'')} *'''[[13 Martii]]''' — [[Roma]]e hora undevigesima fumus albus nuntiat papam electum esse. Novus papa [[Georgius Marius Bergoglio]] [[Nomen pontificale|nomen]] "Franciscum" elegit^{(''[http://www.repubblica.it/speciali/esteri/conclave-papa-elezioni2013/2013/03/13/news/fumata_bianca_eletto_il_nuovo_papa-54494392/?ref=HREA-1 www.repubblica.it]'')} [[Fasciculus:Pope_Francis_in_March_2013.jpg|75 px|right|Franciscus papa die [[18 Martii]] [[2013]] inter audientiam cum Argentinae Praeside [[Christina Fernández de Kirchner]]]] *'''[[14 Martii]]''' — [[Xi Jinping]], qui iam secretarius generalis meret [[Factio Communistae Sinensis|factionis Communisticae]] [[Res Publica Popularis Sinarum|Sinensis]], fere nemine contradicente praeses electus est^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/mar/14/xi-jinping-installed-china-president The Guardian]'')} *'''[[18 Martii]]''' — Parlamentum [[Cyprus|Cyprium]] novas leges ab [[Unio Europaea|Unione Europaea]] ingestas ad [[argentaria]]s servandas recipere cogitur ^{(''[http://www.lefigaro.fr/conjoncture/2013/03/17/20002-20130317ARTFIG00143-chypre-les-epargnants-taxes-une-premiere-dans-l-ue.php Le Figaro]'')} *'''[[18 Martii]]''' — [[Effigies sui ipsius pileum pinnatum gerentis|Effigies]] [[Rembrandus|Rembrandi]] apud [[Abbatia de Boclanda|abbatiam de Boclanda]] in [[Devonia]] ostentata, usque adhuc discipulo quodam attributa, manu ipsius magistri pictam esse recognoscitur ^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2013/mar/18/self-portrait-national-trust-rembrandt The Guardian]'')} *'''[[19 Martii]]''' — [[Roma]]e [[missa]] sollemnis celebratur, [[pontifex|pontificatús]] exordium [[papa]]e [[Franciscus (papa)|Francisci]] (vide imaginem) ^{(''[http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2013/03/19/01016-20130319ARTFIG00265-le-programme-de-la-messe-d-installation-de-francois.php Le Figaro]'')} *'''[[19 Martii]]''' — post populi tumultus [[Unio Europaea]] et Parlamentum [[Cyprus|Cyprium]] novas leges ab [[Unio Europaea|Unione Europaea]] ingestas ad [[argentaria]]s servandas mutare volunt ^{(''[http://www.lefigaro.fr/conjoncture/2013/03/18/20002-20130318ARTFIG00627-chypre-l-europe-amende-le-plan-de-sauvetage.php Le Figaro]'')} * '''[[21 Martii]]''' — [[Petrus Mennea]], toto orbe clarus [[athleta]] [[Italia|Italicus]], [[Roma]]e mortuus est ^{(''[http://www.lastampa.it/2013/03/21/sport/atletica/addio-mennea-re-della-velocita-azzurra-un-campione-proletario-tra-i-borghesi-jeGYcqSvCkdegCOQgjUhGI/pagina.html La Stampa]'')} [[Fasciculus: Pietro_Paolo_Mennea_(cropped).jpg|right|75 px|Petrus Mennea anno 1972]] * '''[[21 Martii]]''' — [[Iustinus Welby]], antea episcopus [[Dunelmum|Dunelmensis]], archiepiscopus [[Cantuaria|Cantuariensis]] inthronatus est ^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2013/mar/21/justin-welby-archbishop-of-canterbury-enthroned the Guardian]'')} * '''[[22 Martii]]''' — [[Chinua Achebe]], scriptor [[Nigeria]]nus, [[Bostonia]]e mortuus est ^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2013/mar/22/novelist-chinua-achebe-dies The Guardian]'')} [[Fasciculus:Chinua Achebe - Buffalo 25Sep2008 crop.jpg|80px|right|Chinua Achebe anno 2008]] * '''[[23 Martii]]''' — primus, qui adtestatus est, [[historia]]e congressus inter duos [[papa]]s, [[Franciscus (papa)|Franciscum]] et papam emeritum [[Benedictus XVI|Benedictum XVI]], ^{(''[http://www.lastampa.it/2013/03/23/italia/cronache/la-prima-volta-di-un-incontro-tra-pontefici-Kuo31Bbmoz5cNtGndFg9dP/pagina.html La Stampa]'')} [[Fasciculus: BentoXVI-30-10052007.jpg|right|75 px|Benedictus XVI anno [[2007]]]] * '''22-[[25 Martii]]''' — Tumultus inter [[Religio Islamica|Mussulmanos]] et [[Religio Buddhistica|Buddhistas]] in media [[Birmania]] magis magisque saeviunt ^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/mar/25/muslim-buddhist-violence-spreads-burma The Guardian]'')} * '''21-[[26 Martii]]''' — quamquam [[ver]] est, magna [[Europa]]e pars frigore riget ^{(''[http://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/panorama/vermischtes/Es-gab-so-viele-Schneetage-wie-noch-nie/story/18116013 Tages Anzeiger]'')} * '''[[28 Martii]]''' — [[Dies Cenae Domini |Die Cenae Domini]] [[papa]] [[Franciscus (papa)|Franciscus]] iuvenes captivos in [[carcer]]e ''Casal del Marmo'' visitavit et duodecim eorum secundum ritum [[pes |pedes]] lavit ^{(''[http://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article114862849/Papst-ermuntert-Geruch-der-Schafe-anzunehmen.html Die Welt]'')} * '''[[28 Martii]]''' — [[Ricardus Griffiths]], actor [[Anglia|Anglicus]] qui partes in pelliculis de [[Harry Potter (series pellicularum)|Harrio Pottero]] egit, mortuus est * '''[[29 Martii]]''' — [[Corea Septentrionalis]] [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitates Foederatas Americae]] minatur ^{(''[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/asia/article3725782.ece The Times]'')} * '''[[30 Martii]]''' — Latro captus est qui dentem exsectum abstrahere conabatur elephanti [[Ludovicus XIV|Ludovico XIV]] regi anno [[1668]] dono dati, cuius ossa in [[Museum Nationale Historiae Naturalis (Lutetia)|Museo Nationali Historiae Naturalis]] [[Lutetia]]e servantur ^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/mar/31/chainsaw-man-stealing-elephant-tusk-paris-museum The Guardian]'')} * '''[[30 Martii]]''' — [[Basam Yusif]], saturarum ostentator televisualis et chirurgus cardiothoracicus [[Aegyptus|Aegyptius]], contumelias in religionem Islamicam et praesidi iecisse incusatus, in custodiam ire iussus est ^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/mar/31/egypt-orders-arrest-tv-satirist The Guardian]'')} * '''[[31 Martii]]''' — Certamen remigiorum annuale, [[Londinium|Londinii]] actum, vicerunt [[Universitas Oxoniensis|Oxonienses]] === Mense Aprili === * '''[[1 Aprilis]]''' — Diaria libera in [[Birmania]], ab anno [[1964]] prohibita, rursus divulgantur ^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/apr/01/burmese-private-newspapers The Guardian]'')} * '''[[2 Aprilis]]''' — [[Hieronymus Cahuzac]], qui usque ad diem [[19 Martii]] [[2013]] officium ministri [[Francia|Francici]] functus est, se divitias in [[Helvetia]] et [[Singapura]] retentas ad vectigalia diminuenda celavisse confessus est ^{([http://www.jerome-cahuzac.com/ Confessio])}^{(''[https://web.archive.org/web/20131211114215/http://www.lepoint.fr/tags/jerome-cahuzac Le Point]'')} [[Fasciculus:PR-2012-05-15 IMG 1493 (crop).jpg|right|75px|Hieronymus Cahuzac]] * '''[[3 Aprilis]]''' — [[Ruth Prawer Jhabvala]] mythistoriarum etiam pellicularum [[Ismail Merchant]] et [[Iacobus Ivory|Iacobi Ivory]] scriptrix, mortua est ^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2013/apr/03/ruth-prawer-jhabvala The Guardian]'')} * '''[[5 Aprilis]]''' — Iudex costitutionalis [[Lusitania|Lusitanus]] decreta ad [[pecunia]]m et [[Euro]]nem servanda partialiter irritat ^{(''[http://www.lefigaro.fr/conjoncture/2013/04/05/20002-20130405ARTFIG00663-portugal-rejet-partiel-des-mesures-d-austerite.php Le Figaro]'')} * '''[[7 Aprilis]]''' — novus papa [[Franciscus (papa)|Franciscus]] ut [[Roma]]e [[episcopus]] in possessionem venit [[Basilica Sancti Ioannis in Laterano|Basilicam Sancti Ioannis in Laterano]] ^{(''[http://www.agi.it/cronaca/notizie/201304071823-cro-rt10096-papa_prende_possesso_del_laterano_e_conferma_vallini agi.it]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'')} * '''[[8 Aprilis]]''' — [[Margarita Thatcher]], [[Regnum Unitum|Regni Uniti]] ministra prima ([[1979]]-[[1990]]) iam grave aetate laborante repente [[ictus (morbus)|ictu]] mortua est * '''[[9 Aprilis]]''' - [[Uhuru Kenyatta]] praeses [[Kenia]]e factus est. * '''[[10 Aprilis]]''' — [[Robertus Edwards]], [[medicus]] [[Regnum Unitum|Britannicus]] qui [[fecundatio in vitro|fecundationem in vitro]] creavit et anno [[2010]] propter hoc [[Praemium Nobelianum Medicinae|Praemio Nobeliano medicinae]] laureatus, mortuus est * '''[[13 Aprilis]]''' — [[influentia aviaria]] undecim homines in [[Sina]] necat^{(''[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/asia/article3738681.ece The Times]'')} * '''[[13 Aprilis]]''' — [[papa]] [[Franciscus (papa)|Franciscus]] consessum octo [[cardinalis|cardinalium]] ad [[curia Romana|curiam romanam]] emendandam creat^{(''[https://web.archive.org/web/20130421002415/http://kurier.at/politik/vatikan/vatikan-papst-will-mit-fuenf-kardinaelen-regieren/8.622.071 Kurier]'')}. * '''[[14 Aprilis]]''' — [[Nicolaus Maduro]] [[Venetiola]]e praeses electus est^{(''[http://www.nzz.ch/aktuell/international/maduro-tritt-ein-schweres-erbe-an-1.18064740 Neue Zürcher Zeitung]'')}. * '''[[15 Aprilis]]''' — [[Bostonia]]e in [[cursus Marathonius|cursu Marathonio]] tres homines [[bomba]] necati sunt^{(''[http://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/panorama/vermischtes/Viele-Verletzte-sind-Zuschauer/story/31631044 Tages anzeiger]'')}. * '''[[16 Aprilis]]''' — In [[Venetiola]] petitionum exitus tumultus concitat inter quos septem homines necati sunt^{(''[http://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/panorama/vermischtes/Viele-Verletzte-sind-Zuschauer/story/31631044 Tages Anzeiger]'')}. [[Fasciculus:Thatcher reviews troops.jpg |right|75px|Margarita Thatcher anno [[1990]] ]] * '''[[17 Aprilis]]''' — [[Exsequiae]] [[Margarita Thatcher|Margaritae Thatcher]] celebrantur ^{(''[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/politics/article3734775.ece The Times]'')} * '''[[17 Aprilis]]''' - [[Nova Zelandia]] [[Matrimonium hominum eiusdem sexus|matrimonium hominum eiusdem sexus]] legismavit. * '''[[18 Aprilis]]''' — [[Parlamentum Italicum]] incipit novum [[Italia|Rei Publicae]] [[Praeses Reipublicae Italicae|Praesidem]] eligere (imago: Praesedis sedes)^{(''[http://www.repubblica.it/politica/2013/04/18/news/elezioni_presidente-56885072/?ref=HREA-1 Repubblica]'')} * '''[[19 Aprilis]]''' - [[Nicolaus Maduro]] praeses [[Venetiola]]e factus est. [[Fasciculus:Maduro_en_el_Congreso_peruano.jpg |right|75px|[[Nicolaus Maduro]] ]] * '''[[20 Aprilis]]''' — [[Calvert Watkins]], eruditus philologiae [[Linguae Indoeuropaeae|Indoeuropaeae]] [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Americanus]], mortuus est * '''[[20 Aprilis]]''' — [[Parlamentum Italicum]] [[Georgius Napolitano|Georgium Napolitano]] iterum [[Italia|Rei Publicae]] [[Praeses Reipublicae Italicae|Praesidem]] eligit (imago:Praesedis sedes)^{(''[http://www.repubblica.it/politica/2013/04/18/news/elezioni_presidente-56885072/?ref=HREA-1 Repubblica]'')} [[Fasciculus:Presidente Napolitano.jpg|right|75px|Georgius Napolitano]] * '''[[22 Aprilis]]''' — [[Sancta Sedes]] nuntiat beatificationis iudicium archiepiscopi [[Anscharius Romero|Anscharii Romero]], qui a [[res militaris|militibus]] propter pugnam suam contra [[tyrannia]]m et [[iniustitia]]m necatus est, gradum corrípit^{(''[http://www.la-croix.com/Actualite/Monde/Mgr-Oscar-Romero-pourrait-etre-bientot-beatifie-2013-04-22-951252 La Croix]{{Nexus deficit|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'')} [[Fasciculus:Mural Oscar Romero UES.jpg|right|75px|Anscharius Romero pictus]] * '''[[23 Aprilis]]''' — [[Parlamentum Francicum]] decrevit, ut etiam hominibus [[Homophylophilia |homophylophilis]] in matrimonium ire liceret, quod [[Lutetia]]e tumultum concitavit. ^{(''[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/europe/article3747051.ece The Times]'')} * '''[[24 Aprilis]]''' — Ruina [[officina]]e in [[Bangladesha]] 323 homines necat. ^{(''[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/asia/article3747431.ece The Times]'')} * '''[[27 Aprilis]]''' — Domini comprehensi sunt [[officina]]e in [[Bangladesha]] propter cuius ruinam 323 homines necati sunt. ^{(''[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20100605093019/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/ The Times]'')} * [[28 Aprilis]] - [[Henricus Letta]] primus minister [[Italia]]e [[Marius Monti|Mario Monti]] successit. * '''[[29 Aprilis|29]] et [[30 Aprilis]]''' — [[Parlamentum Italianum]] novae administrationi a [[Henricus Letta |Henrico Letta]] ductae fiduciam votat ^{(''[http://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/ausland/europa/Letta-befluegelt-die-Wallstreet/story/15373158?dossier_id=1934 Tages Anzeiger]'')} * '''[[30 Aprilis]]''' — [[Gulielmus Alexander]] post matris [[Beatrix|Beatricis]] abdicationem [[Nederlandia]]e rex coronatus est ^{(''[http://clarincomhd.tumblr.com/tagged/maxima Clarin]'')} [[Fasciculus:Willem-Alexander (Royal Wedding in Stockholm, 2010) cropped.jpg|thumb|120px|right|[[Gulielmus Alexander]] [[Nederlandia]]e]] [[Fasciculus:Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange.jpg|right|75px|Gulielmus Alexander Nederlandiae rex ]] === Mense Maio === * '''[[1 Maii]]''' — Mors [[Deanna Durbin|Deannae Durbin]], actricis [[Canada|Canadianae]], die circiter 20 Aprilis mortuae, tarde nuntiatur * '''[[2 Maii]]''' — [[Galfridus Hanneman|Jeff Hanneman]], musicus [[California|Californiensis]], psaltes gregis [[Slayer]], mortuus est ^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2013/may/03/jeff-hanneman-guitarist-slayer-dies The Guardian]'')} [[Fasciculus:Jeff Hanneman Slayer.jpg|right|75px|[[Galfridus Hanneman]]]] * '''[[2 Maii]]''' — Comitiis [[Regnum Britanniarum|Britanniarum regni]] ad interim habitis, numerus suffragiorum pro [[factio Independentiae Regni Britanniarum|factione Independentiae]] (''UKIP'') latorum valde auctus est. Factiones [[Factio Liberalis Democratica (Britannia)|Liberalis Democratica]] et [[Factio Conservativa (Britannia)|Conservativa]] malum successum reportaverunt ^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2013/may/03/nigel-farage-ukip-change-british-politics The Guardian]'')} * '''[[6 Maii]]''' — Anthropologi quidam, methodo statistico utentes, linguis Euroasiaticis originem communem, quo homines abhinc 14&nbsp;500 locuti essent, proponunt ^{(''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140110085152/http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/05/01/1218726110 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]'')} [[Fasciculus:Nigel Farage of UKIP.jpg|right|80px|[[Nigellus Farage]], [[factio Independentiae Regni Britanniarum|factionis Independentiae]] Britannicae dux]] * '''[[6 Maii]]''' — [[Iulius Andreotti]], notus vir publicus Italianus, aetate gravissima, mortuus est^{(''[https://web.archive.org/web/20130509201252/http://gazzettadimantova.gelocal.it/cronaca/2013/05/06/news/la-morte-di-giulio-andreotti-1.7011228 Gazzetta di Mantova]'')} [[Fasciculus:Andreotti.jpg|right|75 px|[[Iulius Andreotti]]]] * '''[[6 Maii]]''' — Mulieres tres, abhinc decem fere annis abductae et frustra quaesitae, e domo quadam urbis [[Cleveland]] [[Ohium|Ohii]] liberatae sunt ^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/may/07/cleveland-kidnapping-victims-sudden-end The Guardian]'')} * '''[[7 Maii]]''' — Nave male gubernata turris navigatoria iuxta portum [[Genua|Genuensem]] stans deleta est, hominibus fere decem mortuis ^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/may/08/genoa-tower-destroyed-container-ship The Guardian]'')} * '''[[8 Maii]]''' — [[Géza Vermes]], librorum sacrorum [[Iudaismus|Iudaicorum]] [[Christianitas|Christianorum]]que eruditus et praesertim [[Manuscripta Maris Mortui|manuscriptorum Maris Mortui]], annum agens octogesimum et octavum mortuus est * '''[[9 Maii]]''' — E sedimentis [[lacus El'gygytgyn]] [[Tschucotia]]e in [[Siberia]] boreo-orientali derivatur historia calefactionis globalis abhinc annis 3&nbsp;500&nbsp;000 incidentis ^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2013/may/09/meteorite-crater-global-warming The Guardian]'') (''[http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2013/05/08/science.1233137 Science]'': situs venalis)} * '''[[10 Maii]]''' — Conventus inter [[papa]]s [[Ecclesia Catholica |catholicum]] [[Franciscus (papa)|Franciscum]] et [[Papa Alexandriae|Alexandrinum]] [[Theodorus II (papa Alexandriae)|Theodorum II]], tertius historiae post visitam [[Sinuthius III Papa|Sinuthii III]] papae [[Paulus VI|Paulo VI]] anno [[1973]] et conventus [[Cairus |Cairi]] anno [[2000]] inter ipsum Sinuthium III et Papam [[Ioannes Paulus II| Ioannem Paulum II]] ^{(''[http://www.grr.rai.it/dl/grr/notizie/ContentItem-c8d50df1-33bf-41ee-8e35-341ecb50ff25.html www.grr.rai.it]'')} * '''[[11 Maii]]''' - [[Nawaz Sharif]] primus minister [[Pacistania]]e electus est. * '''[[12 Maii]]''' — Comitiis [[Pakistania]]e habitis [[Nawaz Sarif|Nawaz Šarif]], qui primus minister 1997-1999 meruit et 1999-2007 in exsilio vixit, victoriam reportavit ^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/may/11/pakistan-elections-turnout-violence-khan The Observer]'')} [[Fasciculus:Nawaz Sharif detail, 981203-D-9880W-117.jpg|right|75px|[[Nawaz Sarif|Nawaz Šarif]]]] * '''[[14 Maii]]''' - [[Brasilia]] in tuta parte matrimonium hominum eiusdem sexus legismavit. * '''[[15 Maii]]''' — [[Papa]] [[Franciscus (papa)|Franciscus]] iussit ob accusationes comportamenti inconvenientis annos '80 habiti [[cardinalis|cardinalem]] [[Keith Michael Patricius O'Brien |Keith Michaelem Patricium O'Brien]] multos menses exsul in [[monasterium|monasterio]] ire^{(''[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/faith/article3766384.ece The Times]'')} [[Fasciculus:A photo of the Cardinal Keith Michael Patrick O'Brien.jpg|right|75px|Cardinalis O'Brien]] * '''[[16 Maii]]''' — Ruina [[officina]]e in [[Cambodia]] 6 homines necat ^{(''[http://it.radiovaticana.va/news/2013/05/16/cambogia:_crolla_il_soffitto_di_una_fabbrica_di_scarpe,_6_morti_e_1/it1-692581 Radio Vaticana]'')} * '''[[18 Maii]]''' — conventus inter [[Germania]]e primam ministram [[Angela Merkel|Angelam Merkel]] et [[papa]]m [[Franciscus (papa)|Franciscum]] habetur ^{(''[http://www.spiegel.de/video/merkel-beim-papst-die-kanzlerin-an-pfingsten-zur-privataudienz-video-1272950.html#ref=vee Der Spiegel]'')} * '''[[18 Maii]]''' - [[Cantus Eurovisionis Certamen]]: Natio Laureata est [[Dania]] con canticum "Only Teardrops" de [[Emmelie de Forest]]. [[Fasciculus:Angela Merkel 24092007.jpg|right|75px|[[Angela Merkel]]]] * '''[[20 Maii]]''' — [[Turbo (caelum)|turbo]] [[Moore (Oclahoma)|Moore]] in urbe [[Oclahoma]]e viginti quattuor homines interfecit ^{(''[http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/05/20/us/oklahoma-tornado-map.html?hp New York Times]'')} * '''[[21 Maii]]''' — [[Dominicus Venner]], [[Francia|Francicus]] qui pro [[Cultura Occidentalis|culturam Occidentalem]] atque contra matrimonium homophylorum necnon immigrationem Mussulmanorum scriptitavit, ad altare [[ecclesia Nostrae Dominae Parisiensis]] sibi ictu pyrobolico mortem intulit ^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/may/21/french-historian-kills-himself-notre-dame-gay-marriage The Guardian]'')} * '''[[22 Maii]]''' — [[Henricus Dutilleux]], compositor [[Francia|Francicus]], annum agens nonagesimum et septimum mortuus est ^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2013/may/22/henri-dutilleux The Guardian]'')} * '''[[23 Maii]]''' — [[Georgius Moustaki]], carminum scriptor et cantor [[Francia|Francicus]], collaborator necnon amasius [[Editha Piaf|Edithae Piaf]], mortuus est [[Fasciculus:Goerges mous675.jpg|75px|right|[[Georgius Moustaki]]]] * '''19–[[25 Maii]]''' — Iuvenes [[Holmia]]e in regionibus suburbanis ob egestatem et munerum inopiam noctu tumultús concitaverunt ^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/may/23/swedish-riots-stockholm The Guardian]'')} * '''[[26 Maii]]''' — [[Abdellatif Kechiche]], [[moderator cinematographicus]] [[Francia|Franco]]-[[Tunesia|Tunesicus]], [[Festum Canuae|Festi Canuae]] (Festi sedes in imagine) pelliculae ''[[La Vie d'Adèle]]'' gratia palmam auream vicit^{(''[http://www.lefigaro.fr/cinema/2013/05/26/03002-20130526ARTFIG00239-cannes-un-palmares-a-bout-de-soufre.php www.lefigaro.fr]'')} * '''[[29 Maii]]''' — [[Franca Rame]] illustris actoris [[Darius Fo| Darii Fo]] [[uxor]] et ipsa clara [[actrix]] [[Italia]]na et [[scriptor|scriptrix]] praecipue fabularum scaenicarum mortua est.^{(''[http://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2013/05/31/news/milano_d_l_addio_alla_sua_franca_rame_il_funerale_laico_sulle_note_di_bella_ciao_-60040178/ www.milano.repubblica.it]'')} * '''[[31 Maii]]''' — [[Russia]] nuntiat regimini [[Baschar al-Assad|Assad]] (vide imaginem) praesidis [[Syria]]e se [[arma]] vendituram esse.^{(''[http://www.nzz.ch/aktuell/international/russland-will-asads-regime-weiter-aufruesten-1.18091012 www.nzz.ch]'')} [[Fasciculus:Bashar_al-Assad_(cropped).jpg|75px|right|Bashar_al-Assad]] === Mense Iunio === * '''[[1 Iunii]]''' — Novi turbines [[Oclahoma]]m verrerunt, novem fere homines (inter quos duos liberos) interficientes.^{[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-22739637 (''BBC News'')]} * '''[[1 Iunii]]''' — Graves tumultus in [[Turcia]] contra administrationem [[Recep Tayyip Erdogan]] (vide imaginem) ^{(''[http://kurier.at/politik/ausland/proteste-gegen-erdogan-sommer-des-unmuts/14.331.073 www.kurier.at]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'')} [[Fasciculus:Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan.JPG |75px|right| Racep Tayyip Erdogan ]] * '''[[3 Iunii]]''' — Quinquagesimus annus mortis [[papa]]e [[Ioannes XXIII| Ioannis XXIII]], qui inter alia [[Concilium Vaticanum Secundum]] indixit, celebratur ^{(''[http://www.ecodibergamo.it/stories/Cronaca/379635_pellegrinaggio/ www.ecodibergamo.it]'')} * '''[[3 Iunii]]''' — [[Bradley Manning]], [[miles]] [[CFA|Americanus]] qui exercitus Americani secreta et arcana [[wikileaks]] enuntiavit, iudicium incipit * '''[[3 Iunii|3]]-[[6 Iunii]]''' — Aquarum eluviones pluviis incitatae magna damna dederunt multis urbibus mediae [[Europa]]e, sicut [[Praga]]e. ^{(''[http://www.nzz.ch/aktuell/international/haetten-mehr-schutzbauten-geholfen-1.18093558 www.nzz.ch]'')} * '''[[5 Iunii]]''' — [[Philadelphia]]e aedificii ruina tredecim homines necat ^{(''[http://www.nzz.ch/aktuell/newsticker/wohnhaus-in-philadelphia-stuerzt-ein-sechs-tote-13-verletzte-1.18094073 www.nzz.ch]'')} * '''[[5 Iunii]]''' - [[Nawaz Sharif]] primus minister [[Pacistania]]e factus est. * '''[[6 Iunii]]''' — [[Lutetia]]e iuvenis Clemens Méric inter tumultus a [[Fascismus |fascistorum]] grege vulneratus obiit^{(''[http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/06/06/l-auteur-presume-de-l-agression-contre-clement-meric-interpelle_3425537_3224.html www.lemonde.fr]'')} * '''[[7 Iunii]]''' — [[Lutetia]]e [[Petrus Mauroy]], rerum politicarum peritus et olim [[Francia]]e minister primus mortuus est ^{(''[http://www.la-croix.com/Actualite/France/Disparition-de-Pierre-Mauroy-hommage-unanime-de-la-classe-politique-2013-06-07-970339 www.la-croix.com]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'')} [[Fasciculus:Pierre Mauroy, Socialist rally, Zénith, 2007 05 29 n5.jpg|75px|right|Petrus Mauroy]] * '''[[9 Iunii]]''' — populus [[Helvetia|Helveticus]] constitutionis mutationem reicit, secundum quam populus [[Consilium Foederale Helvetiae|Consilium Foederale]] id est Helvetiae administrationem (in imagine praesens administratio) recte eligere potest^{(''[http://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/schweiz/standard/Volk-lehnt-Volkswahl-des-Bundesrates-deutlich-ab/story/10517762 www.tagesanzeiger.ch]'')} * '''[[9 Iunii]]''' — [[Ioannes Banks]], mythistoriarum auctor [[Scotia|Scoticus]], mortuus est [[Fasciculus:IainBanks2009.jpg|75px|right|Ioannes Banks]] * '''[[11 Iunii]]''' — [[Graecia]]e administratio [[televisio]]nis publicae opus parsimoniae causa repente sistit * '''[[14 Iunii]]''' — [[Hassan Rohani]] [[Irania]]e praeses electus est ^{(''[https://web.archive.org/web/20130618200407/http://it.euronews.com/2013/06/15/iran-rohani-presidente-vittoria-al-primo-turno/ http://it.euronews.com]'')} [[Fasciculus:Hassan Rouhani 2.jpg|75px|right|Hassan Rohani]] * '''[[16 Iunii]]''' — [[Cechia]]e minister primus [[Petrus Necas]] (vide imaginem) se e munere removit ^{(''[http://www.nzz.ch/aktuell/international/tschechiens-regierungschef-necas-tritt-zurueck-1.18100188 www.nzz.ch]'')} * '''[[16 Iunii]]''' — graves tumultus in [[Turcia]] contra [[Recep Tayyip Erdogan]] (vide imaginem) administrationem persequuntur ^{(''[http://www.lefigaro.fr/mon-figaro/2013/06/16/10001-20130616ARTFIG00117-truquie-erdogan-et-le-concept-de-democratie.php ww.lefigaro.fr]'')} * '''[[17 Iunii]]''' — [[Baracus Obama]] iter in [[Europa]]m incepit, primo die in [[Hibernia Septentrionalis|Hibernia Septentrionali]]. Postridie [[Berolinum]] visitat ^{(''[http://www.morgenpost.de/berlin-aktuell/obama-in-berlin/article117210663/Obama-in-Berlin-Anwohner-bekommen-Polizei-Eskorte.html www.morgenpost.de]'')}^{(''[http://www.gpb.org/news/2013/06/17/obama-begins-european-trip-with-g-8-summit-in-ireland www.gpb.org/news]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'')} [[Fasciculus:President Barack Obama.jpg |75px|right|Baracus Obama]] * '''[[17 Iunii]]''' — graves tumultus in [[Brasilia]] contra [[Dilma Rousseff|Dilmae Rousseff ]] administrationem propter pecuniam quae pediludii certaminum causa expenditur^{(''[https://web.archive.org/web/20130617214710/http://oglobo.globo.com/pais/protestos-se-espalham-por-capitais-brasileiras-nesta-segunda-feira-8716155 oglobo.globo.com ]'')} * '''[[18 Iunii]]''' — conventus qui dicitur [[Conventus G8|G8]] in [[Hibernia Septentrionalis|Hiberniae Septentrionalis]] [[Lough Erne]] incipitur ^{(''[http://www.americaoggi.info/2013/06/17/36207-g8-riflettori-su-siria-e-lavoro www.americaoggi.info]'')} * '''[[21 Iunii]]''' — Factio [[Sinistra Democratica (Graecia)|Sinistra Democratica]] ministri primi [[Graecia| Graeci]] [[Antonius Samaras|Antonii Samaras]] administrationi suffragationem demovit^{(''[http://www.nzz.ch/aktuell/international/samaras-will-weiterregieren-1.18103564www.nzz.ch]'')} [[Fasciculus:Flickr_-_europeanpeoplesparty_-_EPP_Congress_Bonn_%28669%29%28cropped%29.jpg |75px|right|Antonius Samaras]] * '''[[23 Iunii]]''' — Proper graves tumultus, qui persequuntur in [[Brasilia]] contra [[Dilma Rousseff|Dilmae Rousseff ]] administrationem propter pecuniam quae pediludii certaminum causa expenditur, Rousseff conventum ad administrationem meliorandam facere voluit^{(''[https://web.archive.org/web/20130626182211/http://oglobo.globo.com/pais/oab-lanca-campanha-pela-reforma-politica-combate-corrupcao-8790311?topico=protestos-no-brasil globo.com]'')}^{(''[https://web.archive.org/web/20130617214710/http://oglobo.globo.com/pais/protestos-se-espalham-por-capitais-brasileiras-nesta-segunda-feira-8716155 www.nzz.ch]'')} [[Fasciculus:Dilma Rousseff - foto oficial 2011-01-09.jpg|75px|right|Dilma Rousseff]] * '''[[24 Iunii]]''' — Putatur antiqui Praeses [[Nelson Mandela]] vita in periculum esse, Mandela, aetate gravissima, ultimos menses in valetudinarium saepe ire debuit. ^{(''[https://web.archive.org/web/20130625002617/http://www.cdt.ch/mondo/cronaca/86249/mandela-le-condizioni-peggiorano.html www.cdt.ch]'')} [[Fasciculus: Nelson_Mandela.jpg |75px|right|Nelson Mandela]] * '''[[25 Iunii]]''' — [[Silvius Berlusconi]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Italia]]nus, septem annos [[carcer]]is damnatus est quia secundum iudicum opinionem cum iuveni [[meretrix| meretrice]], quae illo tempore pupillari aetate erat, [[coitus| coitum]] habuit. [[Fasciculus:Silvio Berlusconi.jpg |75px|right|Silvius Berlusconi ]] * '''[[25 Iunii]]''' — [[Edi Rama]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Albania|Albanicus]], [[Factio Socialistica (Albania)|Factionis Socialisticae]] electiones vicit. ^{(''[http://www.nzz.ch/aktuell/international/albanien-vor-machtwechsel-1.18104992 www.nzz.ch]'')} [[Fasciculus:Edi Rama.jpg|75px|right|Edi Rama]] * '''[[26 Iunii]]''' — Speciem novam [[aves|avium]] [[passeriformes|passeriformium]] [[Phnom Penh]] in urbe [[Cambodia]]e repertam esse nuntiatur. "''[[Orthotomus chaktomuk]]'' sp.nov." rite nominatur ^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2013/jun/26/cambodian-tailerbird-new-bird-species The Guardian]'')}^{(''[https://web.archive.org/web/20130928062824/http://orientalbirdclub.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/TAILORBIRD_Forktail_29pp1-14.pdf Forktail]'')} * '''[[27 Iunii]]''' — [[Coemgenus Rudd]] dux factionis operariae [[Australia]]nae electus est, [[Iulia Gillard]] subito evicta quae statim a primo ministerio recedit ^{(''[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/26/julia-gillard-kevin-rudd-australia_n_3501599.html Huff Post World]'')} * '''[[29 Iunii]]''' — [[Margarita Hack]], clara [[astrophysica]] [[Italia|Italica]] mortua est ^{(''[http://www.agi.it/politica/notizie/201306291719-pol-rt10124-napolitano_margherita_hack_ha_servito_e_onorato_l_italia www.agi.it]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'')} [[Fasciculus: MHack.jpg|right|75px|Margarita Hack anno [[2006]]]] * '''[[29 Iunii]]''' — graves tumultus in [[Aegyptus|Aegypto]] contra [[Machometus Morsi|Machometi Morsi]] administrationem propter difficultates rerum oeconomicarum et magnam partem hominum religiosorum in vita publica^{(''[http://www.nzz.ch/aktuell/international/auslandnachrichten/tote-bei-anti-mursi-protesten-in-aegypten-1.18107989 www.nzz.ch]'')} [[Fasciculus:President_Mohamed_Morsi.jpg|right|75px|Machometus Morsi]] * '''[[29 Iunii]]''' — Grex musicus [[Britannia|Britannicus]] ''[[The Rolling Stones]]'', [[Michael Jagger|Michaele Jagger]] duce, [[festa Glastoniensia|festis Glastoniensibus]] tunc primum cantitavit [[Fasciculus:Jagger live Italy 2003.JPG|right|75px|Michael Jagger]] * [[29 Iunii]]-[[21 Iulii]] - [[Circuitus Franciae 2013]] === Mense Iulio === * '''[[1 Iulii]]''' — [[Croatia]] in [[Unio Europaea| Unionem Europaeam]] cooptata est ^{(''[https://web.archive.org/web/20130703025339/http://ilpiccolo.gelocal.it/cronaca/2013/06/30/news/l-europa-apre-le-porte-alla-croazia-in-festa-1.7341533 www.ilpiccolo.gelocal.it]'')} * '''[[3 Iulii]] ''' — [[Albertus II (rex Belgiae) |Albertus II ]] [[Belgia]]e [[rex]], ad annum nativitatis undequadravigesimum pervenitus, abdicationem suam praenuntiavit. Successor a die [[21 Iulii]] [[2013|huius anni]] erit filius [[Philippus (rex Belgiae)|Philippus]] ^{(''[http://www.nzz.ch/aktuell/international/auslandnachrichten/koenig-albert-ii-dankt-ab-1.18110372 /www.nzz.ch]'')} [[Fasciculus:Koning Albert bezoekt Voka Limburg.jpg |75px|right|Albertus II ]] * '''[[3 Iulii]]''' — [[Aegyptus|Aegypti]] praeses [[Machometus Morsi|Machometi Morsi]] a [[res militaris|exercitu]] depositus est^{(''[http://www.nzz.ch/aktuell/startseite/aegypten-ultimatum-1.18110292 www.nzz.ch]'')} * '''[[5 Iulii]]''' — Prima [[epistula Encyclica]] papae [[Franciscus (papa)|Francisci]] ''[[Lumen fidei]]'' edita est. Magna pars huius epistulae tamen a decessore [[Benedictus XVI|Benedicto XVI]] scripta est.^{(''[http://it.radiovaticana.va/news/2013/07/01/“lumen_fidei”:_il_5_luglio_la_pubblicazione_della_prima_enciclica_d/it1-706414 www.it.radiovaticana.va]'')}.Eodem die papa Franciscus suorum decessorum [[Ioannes XXIII| Ioannis XXIII]] et [[Ioannes Paulus II|Ioannis Pauli II]] [[decretum]] [[canonizatio]]nis signavit. Ergo iam anno 2013 hi papae [[sanctus|sancti]] erunt.^{(''[http://www.corriere.it/cronache/13_luglio_05/wojtyla-roncalli-santi-papa-francesco_5c27114e-e562-11e2-8d17-dd9f75fbf0e3.shtml www.corriere.it]'')}. * '''[[5 Iulii]]''' — inter graves tumultus in [[Aegyptus|Aegypto]] contra exercitum post [[Machometus Morsi|Machometi Morsi]] depositionem circiter 20 homines necati sunt ^{(''[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/africa/article3809605.ece www.thetimes.co.uk]'')} * '''[[6 Iulii]]''' — [[alga]]e propter [[mare| maris]] pollutionem [[Sinae (regio)|Sinarum]] litora invadunt ^{(''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140127233131/http://www.meteogiornale.it/notizia/28251-1-cina-incredibile-invasione-di-alghe-sulle-coste-orientali www.meteogiornale.it]'')} * '''[[7 Iulii]]''' — [[Andreas Murray]] [[teniludius]] [[Scotia|Scoticus]] [[certamina Wimbledonensia]] vicit, primus ille Britannorum post [[Fridericus Perry|Fridericum Perry]] annis 1934-1936 victorem ^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2013/jul/07/andy-murray-wimbledon-win-djokovic The Guardian]'')} [[Fasciculus:Andy Murray Toyko 2011.jpg|right|75px|Andreas Murray anno 2011]] * '''[[8 Iulii]]''' — Papa [[Franciscus (papa)|Franciscus]] primum pontificatús sui iter in [[insula]]m [[Italia|Italicam]] [[Lopadusa]]m (vide imaginem) facit ubi multi [[migrantes]] paulo antea [[naufragium|naufragio]] in [[mare]] subversi obierant ^{(''[http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2013/07/08/01003-20130708ARTFIG00274-le-pape-a-lampedusa-pour-soutenir-les-migrants.php www.lefigaro.fr]'')} * '''[[8 Iulii]]''' — Iterum inter graves tumultus in [[Aegyptus|Aegypto]] contra exercitum post [[Mahometus Mursi|Mahometi Mursi]] depositionem homines necati sunt. ^{(''[http://www.nzz.ch/aktuell/startseite/die-nachbeben-des-umsturzes-werden-blutiger-1.18112634 www.nzz.ch]'')} [[Fasciculus:President Mohamed Morsi.jpg|right|75px|Mahometus Mursi]] * '''[[10 Iulii]]''' — in [[Luxemburgum|Luxemburgo]] minister primus [[Ioannes Claudius Juncker]] (vide imaginem) novas electiones nuntiat ^{(''[https://web.archive.org/web/20130714043454/http://it.euronews.com/2013/07/11/lussemburgo-elezioni-in-ottobre-juncker-pronto-a-ricandidarsi/ it.euronews.com]'')} * '''[[12 Iulii]]''' — in [[Aegyptus|Aegypto]] praesidis depositi [[Mahometus Mursi|Mahometi Mursi]] fautores conventum contra exercitum et praesidem ad interim [[Adly Mansour]] parant^{(''[http://www.ilmessaggero.it/flashnews.php?file=2013-07-11_111993385.txt www.ilmessaggero.it]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'')} [[Fasciculus:Jean-Claude Juncker 2012-06-27.JPG |right|75px|Ioannes Claudius Juncker]] * '''[[13 Iulii]]''' — [[Robertus Calderoli]] rerum politicorum peritus [[Italia]]nus dixit ministram [[Caecilia Kyenge|Caeciliam Kyenge]] oriundam e [[Africa]] [[simia]]e similem esse ^{(''[http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/07/15/actualidad/1373915948_747283.html internacional.elpais.com]'')} [[Fasciculus:Kashetu_kyeng_cecile.jpg |right|75px|Caecilia Kyenge]] * '''[[16 Iulii]]''' — [[Parlamentum]] [[Francia|Francicum]] investigationes scientificas [[embryo]]num [[homo|humanorum]] admittit ^{(''[http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2013/07/16/97001-20130716FILWWW00393-le-parlement-a-adopte-le-texte-autorisant-la-recherche-sur-l-embryon.php www.lefigaro.fr]'')} * '''[[17 Iulii]]''' — Septem tabulae pictae pretiosissimae, e pinacotheca [[Roterodamum|Roterodamensi]] furtim mense Octobri 2012 demptae, in [[Romania]] a matre furtis combustas fuisse nuntiantur: vide imaginem "[[Desponsata (Gauguin)|Desponsata]]e" [[Paulus Gauguin|Pauli Gauguin]] ^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2013/jul/17/stolen-picasso-burned-romania The Guardian]'')} * '''[[17 Iulii]]''' — 23 liberi [[India|Indi]] mortui sunt, multis insuper aegrotantibus, in oppido [[Masarakha|Masrakh]] prope [[Chapara|Chapra]] [[Bihara]]e propter prandia scholastica pharmacis agriculturariis contaminata ^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jul/17/india-school-lunch-poisoning-children-pesticides The Guardian]'')} * '''[[19 Iulii]]''' — [[Mel Smith]], comoedus [[Anglia|Anglicus]], mortuus est ^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/2013/jul/20/comedian-mel-smith-dies-actor The Guardian]'')} * '''[[20 Iulii]]''' — [[Helena Thomas]], diurnaria rerum politicarum [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum]], annum agentem nonagesimum secundum mortua est [[Fasciculus:Helen Thomas 2009.jpg|75px|right|Helena Thomas]] * '''[[21 Iulii]]''' — [[Christophorus Froome]], [[Nairobia]]e in [[Kenia]] natus, birotarius [[Regnum Britanniarum|Britannus]], [[Circuitus Franciae 2013|circuitum Franciae 2013]] vicit ^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2013/jul/21/chris-froome-tour-de-france-paris The Guardian]'')} [[Fasciculus:Chris Froome Tour de Romandie 2013 (cropped).JPG|75px|right|Christophorus Froome]] * '''[[21 Iulii]]''' - [[Philippus (rex Belgiae)|Philippus]] rex [[Belgia]]e coronatus est. * '''[[22 Iulii]]''' — [[Catharina (ducissa Cantabrigiae)|Catharina]], ducissa Cantabrigiae, puerum peperit ^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/gallery/2013/jul/23/newspapers-royal-baby-duchess-of-cambridge#/?picture=413434995&index=14 Private Eye]'')} * '''[[22 Iulii]]''' — Captivi circiter 500, inter quos nonnulli morte damnati, e carceribus [[Bagdatum|Bagdatensibus]] a repugnatoribus vi liberati sunt ^{(''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jul/22/iraq-prison-attacks-kill-dozens The Guardian]'')} * '''[[23 Iulii]]''' — Papa [[Franciscus (papa)|Franciscus]] [[Urbs Fluminensis|urbem Fluminensem]] [[Brasilia]]e visitat, multis ibi contra administrationem r. p. Brasiliensem etiamnunc agitantibus ^{(''[http://vaticaninsider.lastampa.it/ La Stampa: "Vatican Insider"]'')} * '''[[24 Iulii]]''' — [[Hamaxostichus|Hamaxostichi]] sinistro casu in urbe [[Hispania| Hispanica]] [[Compostella]] 77 homines necati sunt * '''[[25 Iulii]]''' — [[Bernadetta Lafont]], actrix cinematographica [[Francia|Francica]], mortua est [[Fasciculus:Bernadette Lafont.jpg|75px|right|Bernadetta Lafont]] * '''[[30 Iulii]]''' — [[Bradley Manning]], miles [[CFA|Americanus]] qui [[exercitus Civitatum Foederatarum]] secreta et arcana [[Wikileaks]] publicavit, in omnibus aliis criminibus praeter adiumentum ad hostem condemnatus est [[Fasciculus:Bradley Manning US Army.jpg|right|75px|Bradley Manning]] * '''[[31 Iulii]]''' - Comitia politica en [[Zimbabwe]]. === Mense Augusto === * '''[[1 Augusti]]''' — [[Eduardus Snowden|Eduardo Snowden]], speculationum informaticarum [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitatum Foederatarum]] delatore, [[Russia|Russi]] asylum praebuerunt ^{(''[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/02/edward-snowden-asylum-russia-reaction The Guardian]'')} * '''[[1 Augusti]]''' — [[Silvius Berlusconi]], officinarum magister et rerum politicarum peritus Italianus carcerem damnatus est quia [[erarium|erari]] divitias suas occultavit. ^{(''[http://www.nzz.ch/aktuell/startseite/vorerst-nur-haftstrafe-fuer-berlusconi-1.18126485 NZZ]'')} [[Fasciculus:Robert Mugabe, 12th AU Summit, 090202-N-0506A-411.jpg|right|85px|Robertus Mugabe anno 2009]] * '''[[2 Augusti]]''' — Post comitia [[Zimbabua]]e popularia victoria factionis [[Robertus Mugabe|Roberti Mugabe]] praesidis nuntiatus est. ^{(''[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/02/robert-mugabe-election-zimbabwe-sanctions The Guardian]'')} * '''[[3 Augusti]]''' - [[Hasan Ruhani]] praeses [[Irania]]e factus est. * '''[[5 Augusti]]''' — [[Jeff Bezos]], societatis mercatoriae Amazon.com conditor, diarium [[The Washington Post]] emit. ^{(''[http://www.nzz.ch/aktuell/feuilleton/medien/us-medien-amazon-chef-kauft-washington-post-1.18128348 NZZ]'')} [[Fasciculus: Jeff_Bezos%27_iconic_laugh.jpg|right|85px|Jeff Bezos anno [[2010]]]] * '''[[7 Augusti]]''' — [[Aeroportus Nairobiensis|Aeroportus Jomo Kenyatta]] urbis [[Nairobia]]e in [[Kenia]] incendio magna parte destructus est. ^{(''[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/07/kenya-airport-fire-forces-closure The Guardian]'')} * '''[[8 Augusti]]''' — [[Fossile|fossilia]] [[aevum Iurassicum|Iurassica]] animalium duorum [[Haramiyida|Haramiyidorum]], aut mammalium valde antiquorum aut prae-mammalium antea incognitorum, nominatim ''[[Arboroharamiya]]'' et ''[[Megaconus]]'', in [[Sinae (regio)|Sinis]] reperta nuntiantur. ^{(''[http://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/aug/07/jurassic-squirrel-mammals-evolution-earth The Guardian]'')}^{(''[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v500/n7461/full/nature12429.html 1] [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v500/n7461/full/nature12353.html 2] Nature'' [situs venalis])} * '''[[10 Augusti]]''' — Mons ignifer [[Rokatenda]] insulae [[Palu'e]] in [[Indonesia]] subito erupisse nuntiatur, hominibus 5 interfectis. ^{(''[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/10/indonesia-volcano-erupts The Guardian]'')} * '''[[10 Augusti]]''' — Ariditas per calore solstitii in [[Cambria]] castam Romanam ostendit. ^{(''[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-23628630 BBC News]'')} * '''[[12 Augusti]]''' — [[Friso de Oranien-Nassau|Iohannes Friso Auriacus et Nassoviensis]], frater regis [[Nederlandia]]e [[Gulielmus Alexander|Gulielmi Alexandri]] (sed qui successionem recusaverat), malo casu [[nartatio]]nis anno [[2012]] vulneratus, mortuus est. ^{(''[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/12/dutch-prince-johan-friso-dies The Guardian]'')} [[Fasciculus:Friso 2b.jpg|75px|right|Iohannes Friso]] * '''[[14 Augusti]]''' — [[Mahometus al-Barada'i]] [[Aegyptus|Aegypti]] praeses vicarius post novos tumultos et multas victimas horum se a munere removit. ^{(''[http://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/ausland/naher-osten-und-afrika/Aegyptens-Vizepraesident-AlBaradei-tritt-zurueck/story/26709079 Tages Anzeiger]'')} [[Fasciculus:Mohamed ElBaradei.jpg|75px|right|Muhammad al Barada'i]] * '''[[15 Augusti]]''' — novi tumultus in [[Aegyptus|Aegypto]] multitudines victimarum faciunt^{(''[http://www.nzz.ch/aktuell/international/auslandnachrichten/muslimbrueder-planen-fuer-freitag-groessere-protestaktionen-1.18133702 Neue Zürcher Zeitung]'')} * '''[[15 Augusti]]''' — [[Iacobus Vergès]], iuris consultus [[Francia|Francicus]] qui causas [[Djamila Bouhired]], [[Nicolaus Barbie|Nicolai Barbie]] necnon [[Khieu Samphân]] tractavit, annum agens nonum et octagesimum mortuus est ^{(''[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/16/jacques-verges The Guardian]'') (''[http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/08/20/autour-du-cercueil-de-jacques-verges-se-retrouvent-ceux-qui-ne-se-frequentent-pas_3464050_3224.html Le Monde]'')} [[Fasciculus:Jacques Vergès - 21 November 2011.jpg|75px|right|Iacobus Vergès]] * '''[[15 Augusti]]''' - [[Horatius Cartes]] praeses [[Paraquaria]]e [[Fridericus Franco|Friderico Franco]] successit. * '''[[16 Augusti]]''' — [[Terrae motus]] in [[Nova Zelandia]] ^{(''[https://web.archive.org/web/20130819174906/http://www.bluewin.ch/de/index.php/26,872133/Starkes_Erdbeben_erschuettert_neuseelaendische_Hauptstadt_Wellington/de/news/vermischtes/sda www.bluewin.ch]'')} * '''[[22 Augusti]]''' — [[Bo Xilai]], olim administer rerum commercialium et praefectus provincialis [[Respublica Popularis Sinarum|Sinarum]], quaestionem subire coepit ^{(''[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/22/bo-xilai-defiant-trial-opens-china The Guardian]'')} [[Fasciculus:VOA-Bo Xilai.jpg|75px|right|Bo Xilai]] * '''[[23 Augusti]]''' — [[Syria]]e praeses [[Baschar al-Assad]] in [[bellum |bello civili]] [[armis]] [[chemicis]] usus esse putatur^{(''[http://www.nzz.ch/aktuell/international/auslandnachrichten/typische-symptome-fuer-chemische-kampfstoffe-1.18137611 Neue Zürcher Zeitung]'')} [[Fasciculus: Bashar_al-Assad_(cropped).jpg|75px|right|Baschar al-Assad]] * '''[[28 Augusti]]''' — Vitam terrestrem e planeta [[Mars|Marte]] transmissam proposuit geochemista [[Stephanus Benner]] ^{''[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-23872765 BBC News]''} * '''[[28 Augusti]]''' - [[Dietmarius Woidke]] (SPD) ministrorum praeses [[Brandenburgum|Brandenburgi]] [[Matthias Platzeck]] successit. * '''[[30 Augusti]]''' — [[Iacobus Heaney|Iacobus (''Seamus'') Heaney]], poëta [[Hibernia|Hibernus]], annum agens quintum et septuagesimum mortuus est [[Fasciculus:Seamus Heaney.jpg|100px|right|Iacobus Heaney]] * '''[[30 Augusti]]''' — [[diarium|diaria]] nuntiaverunt [[archiepiscopus |archiepiscopum]] [[Petrus Parolin| Petrum Parolin]] venturum [[Cardinalis Secretarius Status|Cardinalem Secretarium Statum]] esse. [[Fasciculus:Pietro_parolin.jpg|75px|right|Petrus Parolin]] * '''[[31 Augusti]]''' — [[David Frost]], ostentator et diurnarius televisualis [[Anglia|Anglus]], mortuus est [[Fasciculus:David Frost Rumsfeld interview cropped.jpg|75px|right|David Frost anno 2005]] === Mense Septembri === * '''[[4 Septembris]]''' —Senatus Civitatum Americae Unitarum propositum conscripsit quod praesidem apud Syriam quemdam numerum militium agere et quamdam mensuram virum uti intra tempus 90 dierum sinat^{(''[http://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-new-senate-syria-resolution-20130903,0,4985385.story LA Times]'')} * '''[[7 Septembris]]''' — [[Antonius Abbott]] [[Australia]]e minister primus electus est ^{(''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140111204521/http://sydney.blog.lemonde.fr/2013/09/07/tony-abbott-le-moine-fou-deja-victorieux/ Le Monde]'')} [[Fasciculus:Tony Abbott - 2010.jpg|75px|right|Antonius Abbott]] * '''[[7 Septembris]]''' — [[Roma]]e [[papa]] [[Franciscus (papa)|Franciscus]] [[ieiunium]] constituit et magnam orationis [[vigilia]]m pro [[pax| pace]] in [[Syria]] celebrat ^{(''[https://web.archive.org/web/20130911085014/http://www.clarin.com/mundo/Francisco-guerra-camino-paz_0_988701504.html Clarín]'')} * '''[[7 Septembris]]''' — nuntiatur [[2020 Olympia Aestiva]] [[Tocio]] in [[Iaponia]] fore ^{(''[http://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/sport/weitere/Olympische-Sommerspiele-2020-in-Tokio/story/31877161LA Tages Anzeiger]'')} * '''[[8 Septembris]]''' - [[Mamnoon Hussain]] praeses [[Pacistania]]e factus est. * '''[[9 Septembris]]''' - Comitia politica [[Norvegia|Norvegica]] anni 2013. * '''[[10 Septembris]]''' — [[Thomas Bach]], [[athleta]] [[Germania| Germanicus]], [[Comitatus Olympicus Internationalis|Comitatus Olympici Internationalis]] praeses electus est^{(''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305073219/http://www1.adnkronos.com/IGN/News/Sport/Cio-tedesco-Bach-nuovo-presidente_32586832491.html www.adnkronos.com]'')} * '''[[12 Septembris]]''' — [[Otto Sander]] , clarus [[histrio]] [[Germania| Germanicus]] mortuus est^{(''[http://www.lagazzettadelmezzogiorno.it/spettacolo/morto-otto-sander-angelo-per-wenders-no652455/ La gazzetta del Mezzogiorno]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'')} [[Fasciculus:Otto Sander Berlinale 2008.jpg |75px|right|Otto Sander]] * '''[[14 Septembris]]''' — conventus inter [[Russia]]m ([[Sergius Victoris filius Lavrov|Sergium Victoris filius Lavrov]] vide imaginem) et [[CFA|Americam]] ([[Ioannes Kerry|Ioannem Kerry]]) ad arma [[chemia| chemica]] [[Syria]]ca delenda^{(''[http://www.nzz.ch/aktuell/startseite/usa-und-russland-gelingt-einigung-zu-syrischen-chemiewaffen-1.18150349# Neue Zürcher Zeitung]'')} [[Fasciculus: John F. Kerry.jpg|75px|right|Ioannes Kerry]] [[Fasciculus:Sergeilavrov.jpg|75px|right|Sergius Lavrov]] * '''[[18 Septembris]]''' — [[Marcellus Reich-Ranicki]] [[Germania|Germanicus]] [[Litterae|litterarum]] [[peritus]] mortuus est^{(''[http://www.nzz.ch/aktuell/feuilleton/uebersicht/der-herr-der-buecher-1.18152568 Neue Zürcher Zeitung]'')} [[Fasciculus: Marcel Reich-Ranicki, during the ceremony of the Boerne-Preis, 2007.jpg |75px|right|Marcellus Reich-Ranicki]] * '''[[18 Septembris]]''' - [[Antonius Abbott]] primus minister [[Australia]]e factus est. * '''[[21 Septembris]]''' — in [[Kenia]] homines triginta novem in insidia [[tromocratia|tromocratica]] in magno [[emporium (aedificium)|aedificio]] [[commercium|mercatorio]] necati sunt^{(''[http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2013/09/21/01003-20130921ARTFIG00381-kenya-un-centre-commercial-de-nairobi-attaque-par-des-hommes-armes.php Le Figaro]'')} * '''[[22 Septembris]]''' — papa [[Franciscus (papa)|Franciscus]] iter in [[Sardinia]]m facit^{(''[http://www.famigliacristiana.it/articolo/la-sardegna-in-ginocchio-davanti-al-papa_7141381.aspx Famiglia Cristiana]'')} * '''[[22 Septembris]]''' — populus [[Helvetia|Helveticus]] inter alia contra exercitus abrogationem statuit^{(''[http://www.nzz.ch/aktuell/schweiz/tankstellen-wuerste-und-wehrpflicht-1.18153594 Neue Zürcher Zeitung]'')} [[Fasciculus:Werner Faymann Wien08-2008a.jpg |75px|right|Werner Faymann]] * '''[[22 Septembris]]''' — in [[Germania]] [[comitia]] habita sunt. [[Cancellaria]] [[Angela Merkel]] et [[Petrus Steinbrück]] candidati primarum duarum factionarum [[CDU]] et [[SPD]] erant et Angela Merkel vicit^{(''[http://www.nzz.ch/aktuell/schweiz/tankstellen-wuerste-und-wehrpflicht-1.18153594 Neue Zürcher Zeitung]'')} [[Fasciculus: Peer-steinbrueck-mai2008-bonn.jpg |75px|right|Petrus Steinbrück ]] * '''[[26 Septembris]]''' — legati factionis [[Italia|Italicae]] [[Populus Libertatis|Populi Libertatis]], iussu [[Silvius Berlusconi |Silvii Berlusconi]], se a Parlamento recessuros nuntiant postquam Berlusconi ipse, ob divitias suas occultatas, ad carcerem damnatus est ^{(''[http://www.nzz.ch/aktuell/international/auslandnachrichten/letta-hofft-auf-neue-regierungsmehrheit-1.18158702 Neue Zürcher Zeitung]'')} * '''[[28 Septembris]]''' — ministri factionis [[Italia|Italicae]] [[Populus Libertatis|Populi Libertatis]] ab administratione [[Henricus Letta|Henrici Letta]] removentur ^{(''[http://www.nzz.ch/aktuell/international/auslandnachrichten/letta-hofft-auf-neue-regierungsmehrheit-1.18158702 Neue Zürcher Zeitung]'')} * '''[[29 Septembris]]''' — in [[Austria]] [[comitia]] habita sunt. Foedus a [[Werner Faymann]] ductum inter [[Socialis Democratica Factio Austriae|Socialem Democraticam Factionem Austriacam]] et [[Factio Popularis Austriaca|Factionem Popularem Austriacam]] suffragia amisit sed iterum Austriam administrare poterit ^{(''[http://www.nzz.ch/aktuell/international/auslandnachrichten/oesterreichs-parteien-beraten-sich-1.18158954 Neue Zürcher Zeitung]'').} === Mense Octobri === * '''[[1 Octobris]]''' — consessus octo [[cardinalis|cardinalium]] ad [[curia Romana|curiam Romanam]] emendandam a papa Francisco creatus primum congregatur. Eodem die papa in colloquio percontativo cum [[diarium |diarii]] ''[[La Repubblica]]'' antiquo praefecto [[Eugenius Scalfari |Eugenio Scalfari]] de curiae et ecclesiae emendatione locutus est ^{(''[http://qn.quotidiano.net/cronaca/2013/10/01/958477-papa-francesco-corte-lebbra-papato-santa-sede-vaticano-centrica.shtml qn.quotidiano.net]'').} * '''[[1 Octobris]]''' — in [[CFA|Civitatibus Foederatis Americae]] [[aerarium publicum|aerarii]] [[computus]] regimen temporarium incipit quia [[Factio Republicana (CFA)|Factio Republicana]] et [[Factio Democratica (CFA)|Democratica]] haud de aerario paciscuntur ^{(''[http://www.nzz.ch/aktuell/international/auslandnachrichten/der-shutdown-ist-tatsache-1.18159485 Neue Zürcher Zeitung]'').} * '''[[1 Octobris]]''' — [[Thomas Clancy]], mythistoriarum auctor [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum]], annum agens septimum et sexagesimum mortuus est ^{(''[http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/oct/02/tom-clancy-thriller-writer The Guardian]'')} [[Fasciculus:Tom Clancy at Burns Library cropped.jpg|75px|right|Thomas Clancy anno 1989 pictus]] * '''[[3 Octobris]]''' — iterum [[Lopadusa]]e magis quam 133 [[migrantes]] in [[mare]] [[naufragium]] fecerunt et [[mors|mortui]] sunt ^{(''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140220065136/http://agrigento.blogsicilia.it/lampedusa-commemora-le-vittime-della-tragedia-del-mare/212304/ agrigento.blogsicilia.it]'')}. * '''[[4 Octobris]]''' —[[Franciscus (papa)|Francisco]] secundum pontificati sui iter Italianum in [[Asisium]] die festa [[Franciscus Assisiensis|Sancti Francisci]] fecit et medio die papa haud cum politicis sed pauperibus comedit ^{(''[http://www.ilgiornale.it/news/interni/francesco-fa-francesco-i-poveri-non-i-politici-955872.html www.ilgiornale.it]'')}. * '''[[4 Octobris]]''' — [[Võ Nguyên Giáp]], dux bellorum et minister [[Vietnamia|Vietnamiensis]], [[H? Chí Minh]] contubernius, annum agens tertium et centesimum mortuus est [[Fasciculus:Vo Nguyen Giap 2008.jpg|75px|right|Võ Nguyên Giáp anno 2008 pictus]] * '''[[7 Octobris]]''' — [[Praemium Nobelianum Medicinae]] [[Iacobus Rothman|Iacobo Rothman]] [[Randy Schekman]] et [[Thomas Südhof|Thomae Südhof]] tributum est^{(''[http://www.repubblica.it/salute/medicina/2013/10/07/news/nobel_per_la_medicina_a_rothman_schekman_e_sudhof-68076796/ www.repubblica.it]'')}. * '''[[8 Octobris]]''' — [[Franciscus Englert]] et [[Petrus Higgs]] [[Praemium Nobelianum Physicae]] laudantur ^{(''[http://www.lescienze.it/news/2013/10/08/news/il_premio_nobel_per_la_fisica_2013-1839643/ www.lescienze.it]'')}. * '''[[9 Octobris]]''' — [[Martinus Karplus]], [[Michael Levitt]] et [[Arieh Warshel]] [[Praemium Nobelianum Chemiae|Nobelianum Chemiae Praemium]] accepunt^{(''[http://www.repubblica.it/scienze/2013/10/09/news/nobel_chimica_a_karplus_levitt_e_warshel-68226635/ www.repubblica.it]'')}. * '''[[10 Octobris]]''' — [[Vilfredus Martens]], rerum politicarum peritus qui bis minister primus Belgiae fuit, mortuus est ^{(''[http://www.nzz.ch/aktuell/newsticker/frueherer-belgischer-ministerpraesident-martens-gestorben-1.18165181 www.nzz.ch]'')}. [[Fasciculus:WilfriedMARTENS.jpg |75px|right|Vilfredus Martens anno [[2005]]]] * '''[[10 Octobris]]''' — [[Alice Munro]], scriptrix [[Canada|Canadensis]], [[Praemium Nobelianum Litteraturae]] accepit.^{(''[http://www.nzz.ch/aktuell/feuilleton/uebersicht/alice-munro-gewinnt-literaturnobelpreis-1.18165310 www.nzz.ch]'')}. [[Fasciculus:Alice Munro teikna av Andreas Vartdal (cc-by-sa).jpg|75px|right| Alice Munro anno [[2012]]]] * '''[[11 Octobris]]''' — [[Motus internationalis ad interdictionem armae chemicae]] [[Praemium Nobelianum pacis componendae|Praemio Nobeliano Pacis]] anni [[2013]] laureatus est.^{(''[http://www.nzz.ch/aktuell/international/auslandnachrichten/der-friedensnobelpreis-geht-an-die-anti-chemiewaffen-organisation-1.18165899 www.nzz.ch]'')}. * '''[[14 Octobris]]''' — [[Eugenius Fama|Eugenius F. Fama]], [[Laurentius Petrus Hansen]] et [[Robertus Iacobus Shiller]] Praemium Nobelianum Oeconomiae accipiunt^{(''[http://www.nzz.ch/aktuell/wirtschaft/wirtschaftsnachrichten/nobelpreis-fuer-erforschung-der-voraussagbarkeit-von-aktienpreisen-1.18167336 www.nzz.ch]'')}. * '''[[16 Octobris]]''' — in [[CFA |Civitatibus Foederatis Americae]] [[aerarium publicum|aerarii]] [[Computus |computus]] regimen temporarium finem habuit quia [[Factio Republicana (CFA)|Factio Republicana]] et [[Factio Democratica (CFA)|Democratica]] de aerario paciscuntur ^{(''[http://www.nzz.ch/aktuell/international/auslandnachrichten/vorlaeufiges-ende-der-us-budgetkrise-1.18168967 Neue Zürcher Zeitung]'').} * '''[[16 Octobris]]''' — [[Ernesta Solberg]] prima ministra [[Norvegia]]e facta est. * '''[[19 Octobris]]''' — [[Cem Özdemir]] iterum et [[Simona Peter]] primum factionis [[Germania |Germanicae]] [[Foedus 90/Virides]] praefecti electi sunt ^{(''[http://www.nzz.ch/aktuell/international/auslandnachrichten/simone-peter-zur-neuen-gruenen-chefin-gewaehlt-1.18170334 Neue Zürcher Zeitung]'').} [[Fasciculus: Cem Özdemir (2012) und Simone Peter (2010).jpg|100px|right|Cem Özdemir anno [[2012]] et Simona Peter anno [[2010]]]] * '''[[20 Octobris]]''' — in [[Luxemburgum|Luxemburgo]] [[comitia]] habita sunt. [[Factio Socialis Popularis Christiana]] a [[Ioannes Claudius Juncker|Ioanne Claudio Juncker ]] ducta suffragia amisit sed iterum Luxemburgum administrare poterit ^{(''[http://www.nzz.ch/aktuell/international/auslandnachrichten/schluesselrolle-fuer-die-liberalen-1.18170796 Neue Zürcher Zeitung]'').} [[Fasciculus:Jean-Claude Juncker 2012-06-27.JPG|right|75px|Ioannes Claudius Juncker anno [[2012]]]] * '''[[22 Octobris]]''' — pullus [[dinosauria|dinosaurus]] fossilis, genere ''[[Parasaurolophus]]'', in [[Uta]] nuper repertus est ^{(''[https://peerj.com/articles/182/ PeerJ]''; ''[http://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/oct/22/beautiful-baby-dinosaur-delights-palaeontologists The Guardian]'')} * '''[[22 Octobris]]''' — [[Norbertus Lammert]] [[Dieta Foederalis Germaniae| Dietae Foederalis Germanicae]] praeses iterum electus est ^{(''[http://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article121162981/Lammert-schwingt-sich-zum-Verfassungsbewahrer-auf.html Die Welt]'')} [[Fasciculus:Foto von Norbert Lammert (CDU).jpg |right|75px|Norbertus Lammert anno [[2012]]]] * '''[[23 Octobris]]''' — papa [[Franciscus (papa)|Franciscus]] decrevit episcopum [[Franciscus Petrus Tebartz-van Elst]] propter malum exemplum et vitae suae sumptuosae causa aliquos menses extra diocesim suam vivere debere. [[Wolfgangus Rösch]]? eodem die dioecesis vicarius generalis factus est ^{(''[http://www.kath.net/news/43386 kath.net]'')} [[Fasciculus:Franz-Peter_Tebartz-van_Elst_%282008%29.jpg|right|75px|Franciscus Petrus Tebartz-van Elst anno [[2008]]]] * '''[[25 Octobris]]''' — [[Silvius Berlusconi]] suae factionis [[Popolo della Libertà]] antiquum nomen eius [[Forza Italia]]? restituit ^{(''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140120035000/http://www.liquida.it/forza-italia/ Liquida]'')} * '''[[26 Octobris]]''' — in [[Tsekia]]e suffragis haud victor est, exitum habuit nova factio a [[Andreas Babiš|Andrea Babiš]] condita ^{(''[http://www.nzz.ch/aktuell/international/auslandnachrichten/bitterer-sieg-fuer-tschechiens-sozialdemokraten-1.18174243 Neue Zürcher Zeitung]'')} * '''[[27 Octobris]]''' — [[Ludovicus Reed]], musicus [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum]], olim cantor gregis [[Velvet Underground]], mortuus est ^{(''[http://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/oct/27/lou-reed-velvet-underground-dies The Guardian]'')} [[Fasciculus:Lou Reed at the Hop Farm Music Festival.jpg|right|75px|Ludovicus Reed]] * '''[[28 Octobris]]''' — [[Taddaeus Mazowiecki]], politicus [[Polonia|Polonus]], et etiam patriae suae minister primus, mortuus est ^{(''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160312071705/http://www.avvenire.it/Mondo/Pagine/morto-mazowiecky-polonia.aspx Avvenire]'')} [[Fasciculus:Tadeusz_Mazowiecki_80th_birthday.jpg|right|75px|Taddaeus Mazowiecki octaginta annos natus]] * '''[[28 Octobris]]''' — [[tempestas (meteorologia)|tempestas]] "Christian" vel "S. Iudae" in Europa boreali tredecim homines necat ^{(''[http://www.stuttgarter-zeitung.de/inhalt.orkantief-christian-sturm-ueber-europa-fordert-erste-todesopfer.5f11a476-6b77-4f80-90d7-dacf1e8227b6.html Stuttgarter Zeitung]'')} [[Fasciculus:Uetersen Orkan Christian 01.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Tempestas Christian]] === Mense Novembri === * '''[[1 Novembris]]''' — [[Hakim Allah Mahsud|?akim Allah Ma?sud]], dux repugnatorum tromocraticorum [[Taliban|?aliban]] in [[Pakistania]], ad congressum pacificatorium profecturus ab armis missilibus [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum]] interfectus est ^{(''[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/02/pakistan-taliban-leader-us-drone-strike The Guardian]'')} * '''[[4 Novembris]]''' — in [[Aegyptus|Aegypto]] [[iudicium]] contra veterem praesidem [[Mahometus Mursi|Mahometum Mursi]] incipit, quamquam multi putent hoc iudicium non equum fore^{(''[http://it.radiovaticana.va/news/2013/11/04/egitto._processo_all’ex_presidente._morsi:_è_una_farsa/it1-743382 it.radiovaticana.va]'')} [[Fasciculus:President Mohamed Morsi.jpg|75px|right|[[Mahometus Morsi]]]] * '''[[5 Novembris]]''' — nuntiatur [[Monacum|Monaci]] multae adhuc hodie incognitae tabulae pictae clarorum pictorum in domo cuiusdam [[Cornelius Gurlitt|Cornelii Gurlitt]], artis historici [[Hildebrandus Gurlitt |Hildebrandi Gurlitt]] filius, mense Februario [[2012]] inventae fuisse^{(''[http://www.nzz.ch/aktuell/feuilleton/uebersicht/aus-der-hoehle-des-boesen-raeubers-1.18179833 www.nzz.ch]'')}^{(''[http://www.nzz.ch/aktuell/feuilleton/uebersicht/aus-der-hoehle-des-boesen-raeubers-1.18179833 www.nzz.ch]'')} [[Fasciculus:Marc, Franz - Pferde in Landschaft.jpg|75px|right|[[Franciscus Marc |Francisci Marc]] tabula in Monaco inventa]] * '''[[5 Novembris]]''' — [[Gulielmus de Blasio]], [[Factio Democratica (CFA) |Factionis Democraticae]] politicus, [[Urbs Novum Eboracum |Urbis Novi Eboraci]] praefectus urbis electus est^{(''[http://www.nzz.ch/aktuell/international/auslandnachrichten/ein-linker-regiert-new-york-1.18180221 www.nzz.ch]'')} [[Fasciculus: NLN Bill DeBlasio 01.jpg|75px|right|Gulielmus de Blasio ]] * '''[[6 Novembris]]''' — [[Iasser Arafat]] mulier nuntiat maritum suum secundum medicos anno [[2004]] scilicet veneno interfectum fuisse^{(''[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/middleeast/article3914859.ece www.thetimes.co.uk]'')} [[Fasciculus: Yasser-arafat-1999-2.jpg |75px|right|Iasser Arafat anno [[1992]]]] * '''[[8 Novembris]]''' — colloquium diurnariis hodie factum est in [[Sancta Sedes|Sancta Sede]] ad primum volumen introducendum novae seriei commentarii [[Pontificia Academia Latinitatis|Pontificiae Academiae Latinitatis]], cuius nomen [[Latinitas (periodicum)|''Latinitas'']] est^{(''[http://www.zenit.org/en/articles/vatican-launches-new-series-of-latinitas www.zenit.org]'')} [[Fasciculus:St. Peter's Basilica Facade, Rome, June 2004.jpg|75px|right|Basilica Sancti Petri]] * '''[[8 Novembris]]''' — [[Huracanum]] Hayyan [[philippinae |Philippinas]] vastat et multissimos homines necat^{(''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140122205643/http://www.meteogiornale.it/notizia/29981-1-tifone-haiyan-1200-morti-filippine-peggio-tsunami-2004 www.meteogiornale.it]'')} [[Fasciculus:Haiyan 2013-11-07 0420Z.jpg|75px|right|Despectus in huracanum e satellite ]] * '''[[10 Novembris]]''' — [[athleta]] [[Hispania |Hispanicus]] [[Marcus Márquez]] [[Birota automataria|Birotae automatariae]] certamen mundanum vicit^{(''[http://www.tuttomotoriweb.com/2013/11/14/motogp-2014-marc-marquez-lascia-valencia-da-padrone-assoluto/#utm_source=feed&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=feed www.tuttomotoriweb.com]'')} [[Fasciculus:Marc_Marquez_2011_Brno_1.jpg|75px|right|Marcus Márquez anno [[2011]]]] * '''[[12 Novembris]]''' — [[Gulielmus Clinton|Clinton]] dicit [[Obama]]m legem de publica sanitate conservare oportere, secundum promissionem suam^{(''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140214121742/http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2013/11/12/clinton-obama-should-honor-commitment-on-keeping-health-plans/?hpt=hp_t2 www.cnn.com]'')} [[Fasciculus:Bill Clinton.jpg|75px|right|Gulielmus Clinton, XLII Praeses Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]] * '''[[14 Novembris]]''' — papa [[Franciscus (papa)|Franciscus]] praesidem [[Italia]]num [[Georgius Napolitano |Georgium Napolitano]] visitat^{(''[http://www.articolotre.com/2013/11/papa-francesco-al-quirinale-a-bordo-di-unutilitaria-la-delegazione-pontificia-in-ammiraglia/225905 www.articolotre.com]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'')} [[Fasciculus: Presidente_Napolitano.jpg|75px|right|Georgius Napolitano ]] * '''[[17 Novembris]]''' — scriptrix [[Regnum Unitum|Britannica]] [[Dorothea Lessing]] mortua est^{(''[http://www.bluewin.ch/de/news/ausland/2013/11/17/literaturnobelpreistraegerin-doris-lessing-94-jaehri.html www.bluewin.ch]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'')} [[Fasciculus: Doris lessing 20060312.jpg|75px|right|Dorothea Lessing anno [[2006]]]] * '''[[17 Novembris]]''' — in primo ordine petitionis Praesidatus Rei Publicae [[Chilia]]e [[Michaela Bachelet]] cum 47% suffragiorum vicit. [[Evelina Matthei]] cum 25% suffragiorum proxime accessit ^{(''[http://www.nzz.ch/aktuell/international/auslandnachrichten/bachelet-muss-in-die-stichwahl-1.18187345 www.nzz.ch ]'')} [[Fasciculus:Evelyn_Matthei_foto_campa%C3%B1a.jpg|75px|right|Evelina Matthei]] [[Fasciculus: Michelle Bachelet with sash.jpg|75px|right|Michaela Bachelet anno [[2006]]]] * '''[[18 Novembris]]''' — [[inundatio]]nes in [[Sardinia]] 18 homines necant ^{(''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150104172438/http://www.gazzettadelsud.it/news/69606/18-i-morti--2700-gli.html www.gazzettadelsud.it]'')} * '''[[19 Novembris]]''' — dissidia circa foedus super [[Irania]] tensionem efficiunt inter [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitates Foederatas Americae]] et [[Israel (civitas)|Israelem]]^{(''[http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/19/world/middleeast/split-on-accord-on-iran-strains-us-israel-ties.html?hp The New York Times]'')} * '''[[19 Novembris]]''' — [[Fridericus Sanger]], biochemicus Britannicus bis [[Praemium Nobelianum Chemiae|praemio Chemiae Nobeliano]] laureatus, mortuus est ^{(''[http://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/nov/20/frederick-sanger The Guardian]'')} [[Fasciculus:Frederick Sanger2.jpg|75px|right|Fridericus Sanger]] * '''[[20 Novembris]]''' — [[Rupertus Murdoch]] et uxor eius Wendi nuntiant transactionem ad divortium communi consensu faciendum inter eos perfectam fuisse^{(''[http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/cotown/la-et-ct-rupert-murdoch-wendi-deng-murdoch-divorce-settlement-20131120,0,3769115.story#axzz2lD7v5x9e Los Angeles Times ]'')} [[Fasciculus: Rupert Murdoch - Flickr - Eva Rinaldi Celebrity and Live Music Photographer.jpg|75px|right|Rupertus Murdoch]] * '''[[25 Novembris]]''' — cum senatores [[Italia|Rei publicae Italicae]] de [[Silvius Berlusconi|Silvii Berlusconi]] expulsione ex Senatu italico statuturi sint, ille exorat Senatum ne se expellat ^{(''[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/silvio-berlusconi-pleads-with-senate-not-to-expel-him-8963174.html The Independent]'')} * '''[[27 Novembris]]''' — [[Silvius Berlusconi]] de Senatu [[Italia|Rei publicae Italicae]] expulsus est ^{(''[http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/28/world/europe/berlusconi-expelled-from-senate-in-italy.html?hp&_r=0 The New York Times]'')} [[Fasciculus:Silvio Berlusconi.jpg|75px|right|Silvius Berlusconi]] * '''[[29 Novembris]]''' — Taverna [[Glasgovia|Glasguensis]] ''[[Clutha Vaults]]'' malo casu destructa est, [[Helicopterum|helicoptero]] subito in tectum lapso: ibi homines 9 interfecti sunt ^{(''[http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/dec/02/ninth-glasgow-pub-helicopter-victim-body-removed The Guardian]''; ''[http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/glasgow-pub-clutha-vaults-destroyed-2867351 The Mirror]'')} * '''[[30 Novembris]]''' — [[actor]] [[cinematographus|cinematographicus]] [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Americanus]] [[Paulus Walker]] mortem per casum viarium occubuit ^{(''[http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/30/showbiz/actor-paul-walker-dies/ www.cnn.com]'')} [[Fasciculus:PaulWalkerEdit-1.jpg|75px|right|Paulus Walker]] === Mense Decembri === * '''[[1 Decembris|Kalendis Decembris]]''' — [[hamaxostichus]] interurbanus per [[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]] [[Bronx|Bronx Comitatum]] transiens propter nimiam velocitatem ex [[astarium|astario]] egreditur, ex quo viatores 4 moriuntur et fere 60 laesi sunt ^{(''[http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/02/nyregion/metro-north-derailment.html The New York Times]'')} * '''[[4 Decembris]]''' — [[Xaverius Bettel]] novus [[Luxemburgum|Luxemburgi]] minister primus est ^{(''[http://www.nzz.ch/aktuell/international/auslandnachrichten/xavier-bettel--der-koenigsmoerder-1.18198230 NZZ]'')} * '''[[5 Decembris]]''' — [[Nelson Mandela]], primus [[Africa Australis|Africae Australis]] praeses qui suffragio omnium electus est [[Praemium Nobelianum|Praemioque Nobeliano]] pacis componendae laureatus, mortuus est [[Ioannisburgum|Ioannisburgi]] anno aetatis suae nonagesimo quinto ^{(''[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/12/05/nelson-mandela-dead-dies-south-africa_n_1699777.html The Huffington Post]''; ''[http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2013/12/05/nelson-mandela-est-mort_3427343_3212.html Le Monde]'')} [[Fasciculus:Nelson Mandela.jpg|75px|right|Nelson Mandela)]] * '''[[8 Decembris]]''' — [[Matthaeus Renzi]], [[Florentia]]e [[praefectus urbis]] [[Factio Democratica (Italia)|Factionis Democraticae]] [[Italia]]nae dux electus est ^{(''[http://www.bluewin.ch/de/news/ausland/2013/12/9/renzi-gewinnt-urwahl-zum-chef-der-italienischen-de.html www.bluewin.ch]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'')} [[Fasciculus:RenziMatteo_conferenza_2012.jpg|75px|right|Matthaeus Renzi (anno [[2012]])]] * '''[[11 Decembris]]''' — [[papa]] [[Franciscus (papa)|Franciscus]] secundum [[periodicum|libellum]] ''[[Time]]'' homo anni [[2013]] est ^{(''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140218145138/http://vaticaninsider.lastampa.it/vaticano/dettaglio-articolo/articolo/time-vaticano-vatican-30564 vaticaninsider.lastampa.it]'')} [[Fasciculus:Papa Francisco na JMJ - 24072013.jpg|75px|right|Papa Franciscus (die [[24 Iulii]] [[2013]])]] * '''[[12 Decembris]]''' — [[Italia]]e tumultus populares, qui vulgo 'clamores furcarum' vocati sunt, die quarto [[Roma]]m diffunduntur ^{(''[https://web.archive.org/web/20131216181621/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/12/us-italy-protests-idUSBRE9BB0WH20131212 Reuters]'')} * '''[[15 Decembris]]''' — [[Petrus O'Toole]], illustris [[histrio]] [[Regnum Unitum |Britannicus]] mortuus est^{(''[http://www.nzz.ch/aktuell/panorama/schauspieler-peter-otoole-mit-81-jahren-gestorben-1.18205254 www.nzz.ch]'')} [[Fasciculus: Peter_OToole_in_Lawrence_of_Arabia.jpg |75px|right|Petrus O'Toole (anno [[1962]])]] * '''[[15 Decembris]]''' — in secundo ordine petitionis Praesidatus Rei Publicae [[Chilia]]e [[Michaela Bachelet]], quae iam Chiliae praesides fuerat, cum 62% suffragiorum vicit. ^{(''[http://www.nzz.ch/aktuell/international/auslandnachrichten/leichter-sieg-und-schwierige-aufgabe-fuer-bachelet-1.18205422 www.nzz.ch ]'')} [[Fasciculus: Michelle Bachelet with sash.jpg|75px|right|Michaela Bachelet anno [[2006]]]] *'''[[15 Decembris]]''' — [[Ioanna Fontaine]], clara actrix [[CFA|Americana]] mortua est^{(''[http://www.lastampa.it/2013/12/16/spettacoli/addio-a-joan-fontaine-la-rebecca-di-hitchcock-PqZHTGFzZbSR7e9f66zR0O/pagina.html www.lastampa.it]'')} *'''[[23 Decembris]]''' — [[Michael Kalašnikov]], clarus armorum sclopetariorum constructor [[Russia|Russicus]] mortuus est^{(''[http://itar-tass.com/obschestvo/853718 itar-tass.com]'')} [[Fasciculus:Michael Kalashikov.jpg|75px|right|Michael Kalašnikov anno [[2009]]]] * '''[[24 Decembris]]''' — [[Tempestas]] Dirk [[Europa]]m borealem vastat hominesque necat^{(''[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/weather/article3957921.ece www.thetimes.co.uk]'')} *'''[[29 Decembris]]''' — [[Michael Schumacher]], clarus [[autocinetum|autocineti]] ductor [[Germania| Germanicus]], [[nartatio]]nis sinistru casu iuxta [[Gratianopolis| Gratianopolim]] [[caput|capiti]] graviter vulneratus est ^{(''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140201142455/http://www.bluewin.ch/de/sport/2013/12/29/zeitung--zustand-von-schumacher-hat-sich-verschlec.html www.bluewin.ch]'')} [[Fasciculus:Michael_Schumacher_2002.jpg|75px|right|Michael Schumacher anno [[2002]]]] == Nati == * [[22 Iulii]] - [[Georgius Walliae]], princeps [[Britanniarum regnum|Britannicus]] == Mortui == === Mense Ianuario === [[Fasciculus:Patti Page.JPG|thumb|150px|right|[[Patti Page]] 1927-2013]] [[Fasciculus:Michael Winner cropped.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Michael Winner]] 1935-2013]] * [[1 Ianuarii|1]] **[[Christophorus Martin-Jenkins]], diurnarius [[criccetius lusus|criccetio luso]] [[Anglia|Anglicus]]; natus est anno [[1945]]. **[[Patti Page]], cantrix [[CFA|Americana]]; nata est anno [[1927]]. * [[2 Ianuarii|2]] **[[Carolus Chilton]], scriptor programmatum radiophonicorum [[Londinium|Londiniensis]], auctor seriei ''[[Journey into Space]]'' ('Iter caeleste': 1953-1956). **[[Ladislaus Mazurkiewicz]], pedilusor [[Uruguaia]]nus; natus est anno [[1945]]. **[[Zaharira Harifai]], actrix [[Israel]]iana; nata est anno [[1929]]. * [[3 Ianuarii|3]] **[[Sergius Nicolaescu]], actor, moderator cinematographicus et politicus [[Romania|Dacoromanus]]; natus est anno [[1930]]. **[[Burry Stander]], birotarius [[Africa Australis|Africae Australis]]; natus est anno [[1987]]. * [[7 Ianuarii|7]] **[[Huell Howser]], histrio [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1945]]. **[[Zvi Yavetz]], rerum gestarum scriptor [[Israel]]ita; natus est anno [[1925]]. * [[8 Ianuarii|8]] - [[Kenojuak Ashevak]], gentis [[Inuit]] (aut Escimaeorum appellatae) artifex; nata est anno [[1927]]. * [[9 Ianuarii|9]] - [[Iacobus M. Buchanan]], oeconomicus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1919]]. * [[10 Ianuarii|10]] ** [[Claudius Nobs]], clararum festarum [[musica]]e ''[[Jazz]]'' in Montreux (''[[Montreux Jazz Festivals]]'' ) conditor [[Helvetia|Helveticus]]; natus est anno [[1936]]. ** [[Georgius Gruntz]], [[musicus]], [[clavista]] et [[compositor]] generis [[Iazium|Iazii]] [[Helvetia|Helveticus]]; natus est anno [[1932]]. * [[11 Ianuarii|11]] **[[Maria Angela Melato]], actrix [[Italia]]na; nata est anno [[1941]]. **[[Aaron Swartz]], informaticus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1986]]. **[[Lars Werner]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Suecia|Suecicus]]; natus est anno [[1935]]. * [[14 Ianuarii|14]] - [[Conradus Bain]], histrio [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1923]]. * [[15 Ianuarii|15]] ** [[Ioannes Bertrandus Pontalis]], philosophus et scriptor [[Francia|Francicus]]; natus est anno [[1924]]. ** [[Oshima Nagisa]], moderator cinematographicus [[Iaponia|Iaponicus]] qui ''[[Ai no korida]]'' anno [[1976]] duxit. [[Fasciculus:Nagisa Oshima at Cannes in 2000.jpg|right|75px|Oshima Nagisa]] * [[17 Ianuarii|17]] - [[Iacobus Arjouni]], scriptor [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1964]]. * [[21 Ianuarii|21]] - [[Michael Winner]], moderator cinematographicus et pellicularum factor [[Regnum Unitum|Britannicus]]; natus est anno [[1935]]. * [[23 Ianuarii|23]] **[[Iosephus Glemp]], cardinalis [[Polonia|Polonicus]]; natus est anno [[1929]]. **[[Ioannes Vilnet]], Insulae episcopus emeritus [[Francia|Francicus]]; natus est anno [[1922]]. * [[29 Ianuarii|29]] **[[Franciscus Hahn]], oeconomicus [[Germania|Germano]]-[[Regnum Unitum|Britannicus]]; natus est anno [[1925]]. **[[Anselmus Hollo]], poeta [[Finnia|Finnicus]]; natus est anno [[1934]]. === Mense Februario === [[Fasciculus:Edward Koch at commissioning of USS Lake Champlain (CG-57) cropped.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Eduardus Koch]] 1924-2013]] * [[1 Februarii|1]] - [[Eduardus Koch]], [[Urbs Novum Eboracum|Urbis Novi Eboraci]] praefectus; natus est anno [[1924]]. * [[2 Februarii|2]] - [[Linus Oviedo]], [[Res militaris|exercitus dux]] et rerum politicarum peritus [[Paraquaria]]nus; natus est anno [[1943]]. * [[3 Februarii|3]] - [[Anscharius Fel'cman]], compositor [[Russia|Russicus]]; natus est anno [[1921]]. * [[5 Februarii|5]] - [[Reinaldus Gargano]], vir publicus [[Uruguaia]]nus; natus est anno [[1934]]. * [[6 Februarii|6]] **[[Chokri Belaïd]] rerum politicarum peritus [[Tunesia|Tunesicus]] necatus est; natus est anno [[1964]]. **[[David Morgan]], professor linguisticus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1959]]. * [[8 Februarii|8]] - [[Renatus Olivieri]], diurnarius et scriptor [[Italia|Italicus]]; natus est anno [[1925]]. * [[9 Februarii|9]] - [[Ricardus Artschwager]], artifex [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1923]]. * [[12 Februarii|12]] - [[Gennadius Udovenko]], politicorum peritus [[Ucrania]]e; natus est anno [[1931]]. * [[13 Februarii|13]] - [[Petrus Kooijmans]], politicorum peritus [[Nederlandia|Nederlandicus]]; natus est anno [[1933]]. * [[14 Februarii|14]] - [[Reeva Steenkamp]], ostentatrix et televisionis ductrix [[Africa Australis|Africae Australis]]; nata est anno [[1983]]. * [[19 Februarii|19]] - [[Eva Bergh]], actrix [[Norvegia|Norvegica]]; nata est anno [[1926]]. * [[20 Februarii|20]] - [[Antonius Roma]], pedilusor [[Argentina|Argentinus]]; natus est anno [[1932]]. * [[22 Februarii|22]] - [[Ernestus Breit]], foederi syndicali Germanico praefuit; natus est anno [[1924]]. * [[23 Februarii|23]] - [[Iulianus Ries]], cardinalis [[Belgica|Belgicus]]; natus est anno [[1920]]. * [[26 Februarii|26]] - [[Maria Clara Alain]], organista [[Francia|Francica]]; nata est anno [[1926]]. * [[27 Februarii|27]] **[[Van Cliburn]], clavilista [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1934]]. **[[Stephanus Hessel]], legatus et scriptor [[Francia|Francicus]]; natus est anno [[1917]]. * [[28 Februarii|28]] **[[Gavin Betts]], professor [[Lingua Latina]]e Graecaque professor [[Australia]]nus; natus est anno [[1932]]. **[[Theo Bos]], pedilusor [[Nederlandia|Nederlandicus]]; natus est anno [[1965]]. **[[Donaldus A. Glaser]], physicus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1926]]. **[[Armandus Trovajoli]], musicus [[Italia|Italicus]]; natus est anno [[1917]]. === Mense Martio === [[Fasciculus:Chavez141610-2.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Hugo Chavez]] 1954-2013]] [[Fasciculus:Chinua Achebe - Buffalo 25Sep2008 crop.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Chinua Achebe]] 1930-2013]] * [[5 Martii|5]] **[[Hugo Chavez]], praeses [[Venetiola]]e; natus est anno [[1954]]. **[[Dieter Pfaff]], histrio [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1947]]. * [[7 Martii|7]] - [[Iulianus Bignasca]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Helvetia|Helveticus]]; natus est anno [[1945]]. * [[10 Martii|10]] - [[Principissa Liliana]] de [[Suecia]]; nata est anno [[1915]]. * [[11 Martii|11]] - [[Boris Vasil'ev]], scriptor [[Russia|Russicus]]; natus est anno [[1924]]. * [[15 Martii|15]] - [[Booth Gardner]], politicorum peritus [[CFA|Americanus]] et gubernator [[Vasingtonia]]e; natus est anno [[1936]]. * [[16 Martii|16]] - [[Marina Solodkin]], politicorum perita [[Israel]]iana; nata est anno [[1952]]. * [[19 Martii|19]] - [[Irina Petrescu]], actrix [[Romania|Dacoromana]]; nata est anno [[1941]]. * [[20 Martii|20]] **[[Georgius Lowe]], oribata et explorator [[Nova Zelandia|Neozelandicus]]; natus est anno [[1924]]. **[[Calvert Watkins]], rerum linguisticarum peritus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1933]]. * [[21 Martii|21]] **[[Chinua Achebe]], scriptor [[Nigeria]]nus; natus est anno [[1930]]. **[[Petrus Mennea]], athleta et vir publicus [[Italia|Italicus]]; natus est anno [[1952]]. * [[26 Martii|26]] - [[Jerzy Nowak]], histrio [[Polonia|Polonicus]]; natus est anno [[1923]]. * [[28 Martii|28]] - [[Ricardus Griffiths]], histrio [[Regnum Unitum|Britannicus]]; natus est anno [[1947]]. * [[29 Martii|29]] **[[Reginaldus Gray]], pictor [[Hibernia|Hibernicus]]; natus est anno [[1930]]. **[[Aentius Jannacci]], medicus, cantor et poeta [[Italia|Italicus]]; natus est anno [[1935]]. * [[30 Martii|30]] - [[Valerius Zolotuchin]], actor theatricus et cinematographicus [[Russia|Russicus]]; natus est anno [[1941]]. * [[31 Martii|31]] - [[Carolus Amarin Brand]], archiepiscopus [[Francia|Francicus]]; natus est anno [[1920]]. === Mense Aprili === [[Fasciculus:Margaret Thatcher.png|thumb|150px|right|[[Margarita Thatcher]] 1925-2013]] * [[3 Aprilis|3]] - [[Ruth Prawer Jhabvala]], scriptrix [[Germania|Germano]]-[[Regnum Unitum|Britannica]]; nata est anno [[1927]]. * [[6 Aprilis|6]] - [[Bigas Luna]], moderator cinematographicus [[Hispania|Hispanicus]]; natus est anno [[1946]]. * [[7 Aprilis|7]] - [[Les Blank]], moderator cinematographicus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1935]]. * [[8 Aprilis|8]] **[[Vladimirus Esteves da Cunha]], Rex Momus [[Carnelevarium|Carnelevarii]] [[Urbs Sanctorum|Urbis Sanctorum]]; natus est anno [[1920]]. **[[Margarita Thatcher]], prima ministra [[Regnum Unitum|Britanniarum Regni]]; nata est anno [[1925]]. * [[10 Aprilis|10]] - [[Robertus Edwards]], medicus [[Regnum Unitum|Britannicus]]; natus est anno [[1925]]. * [[14 Aprilis|14]] - [[Colin Davis]], concentus magister [[Regnum Unitum|Britannicus]]; natus est anno [[1927]]. * [[15 Aprilis|15]] - [[Ioannes Franciscus Paillard]], concentus magister [[Francia|Francicus]]; natus est anno [[1928]]. * [[16 Aprilis|16]] **[[Ali Kafi]], politicorum peritus [[Algerium|Algeri]]; natus est anno [[1928]]. **[[Georgius Beverly Shea]], cantor [[Canada]]-[[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1909]]. *[[17 Aprilis|17]] **[[Victor Živov]], philologus [[Russia]]e; natus est [[5 Februarii]] [[1945]]. **[[Deanna Durbin]], actrix et cantrix [[Canada]]-[[CFA|Americana]]; nata est anno [[1921]]. * [[18 Aprilis|18]] - [[Goran Švob]], philosophus [[Croatia]]e; natus est anno [[1947]]. * [[19 Aprilis|19]] - [[Franciscus Jacob]], biologus [[Francia|Francicus]]; natus est anno [[1920]]. * [[25 Aprilis|25]] - [[Anna Proclemer]], actrix [[Italia|Italica]]; nata est anno [[1923]]. * [[27 Aprilis|27]] **[[Aloysius Jin]], episcopus catholicus [[Res Publica Popularis Sinarum|Sinensis]]; natus est anno [[1916]]. **[[Georgius Warnke]], vir publicus [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1932]]. === Mense Maio === [[Fasciculus:Goerges mous675.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Georgius Moustaki]] 1934-2013]] * [[2 Maii|2]] - [[Galfridus Hanneman]], musicus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1964]]. * [[4 Maii|4]] - [[Christianus de Duve]], biochemicus [[Belgica|Belgicus]]; natus est anno [[1917]]. * [[5 Maii|5]] - [[Rossella Falk]], actrix [[Italia|Italica]]; nata est anno [[1926]]. * [[6 Maii|6]] - [[Iulius Andreotti]], primus minister [[Italia]]e; natus est anno [[1919]]. * [[9 Maii|9]] **[[Alfredus Landa]], histrio [[Hispania|Hispanicus]]; natus est anno [[1933]]. **[[Georgius Michael Leader]], politicorum peritus [[CFA|Americanus]] et gubernator [[Pennsilvania]]e; natus est anno [[1918]]. **[[Octavius Missoni]], clarus sumptuosorum vestum factor [[Italia|Italicus]]; natus est anno [[1921]]. * [[15 Maii|15]] - [[Henricus Pereira Rosa]], [[Guinea Bissaviensis|Guineae Bissaviensis]] praeses ad interim; natus est anno [[1946]]. * [[16 Maii|16]] - [[Henricus Rohrer]], physicus [[Helvetia|Helveticus]]; natus est anno [[1933]]. * [[17 Maii|17]] - [[Petrus Schulz]], vir publicus [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1930]]. * [[21 Maii|21]] - [[Dominicus Venner]], rerum gestarum scriptor et libellorum editor [[Francia|Francicus]]; natus est anno [[1935]]. * [[22 Maii|22]] **[[Henricus Dutilleux]], compositor [[Francia|Francicus]]; natus est anno [[1916]]. **[[Andreas Gallo]], presbyter catholicus [[Italia|Italicus]]; natus est anno [[1928]]. * [[23 Maii|23]] - [[Georgius Moustaki]], cantor [[Francia|Francicus]]; natus est anno [[1934]]. * [[24 Maii|24]] - [[Petrus Todorovskij]], moderator atque scriptor cinematographicus [[Ucraina|Ucraino]]-[[Russia|Russicus]]; natus est anno [[1925]]. * [[28 Maii|28]] - [[Silvia Clavadetscher]], philologa [[Helvetia|Helvetica]]; nata est anno [[1948]]. * [[29 Maii|29]] - [[Franca Rame]], actrix et scriptrix [[Italia|Italica]]; nata est anno [[1929]]. * [[31 Maii|31]] - [[Ioanna Stapleton]], actrix [[CFA|Americana]]; nata est anno [[1923]]. === Mense Iunio === [[Fasciculus:IainBanks2009.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Ioannes Banks]] 1954-2013]] * [[5 Iunii|5]] - [[Stanislaus Nagy]], cardinalis [[Polonia|Polonicus]]; natus est anno [[1921]]. * [[6 Iunii|6]] - [[Esther Williams]], actrix et natatrix [[CFA|Americana]]; nata est anno [[1921]]. * [[7 Iunii|7]] - [[Petrus Mauroy]], primus minister [[Francia]]e; natus est anno [[1928]]. * [[8 Iunii|8]] - [[Arego Paulus Cellucci]], politicorum peritus [[CFA|Americanus]] et gubernator [[Massachusetta]]e; natus est anno [[1948]]. * [[9 Iunii|9]] **[[Ioannes Banks]], scriptor [[Scotia|Scotus]]; natus est anno [[1954]]. **[[Gualterius Jens]], scriptor, historicus atque philologus [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1923]]. * [[11 Iunii|11]] - [[Robertus Fogel]], historicus oeconomiae [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1926]]. * [[12 Iunii|12]] - [[Jiroemon Kimura]]; natus est anno [[1897]]. * [[19 Iunii|19]] - [[Iulius Horn]], rerum politicorum peritus [[Hungaria|Hungaricus]]; natus est anno [[1932]]. * [[24 Iunii|24]] - [[Aemilius Colombo]], vir publicus [[Italia|Italicus]]; natus est anno [[1920]]. * [[27 Iunii|27]] - [[Stephanus Borgonovo]], pedilusor [[Italia|Italicus]]; natus est anno [[1964]]. * [[29 Iunii|29]] - [[Margarita Hack]], astrophysica [[Italia|Italica]]; nata est anno [[1922]]. === Mense Iulio === [[Fasciculus:Helen Thomas - USNWR.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Helena Thomas]] 1920-2013]] * [[1 Iulii|1]] - [[Stojan Ganev]], rerum politicorum peritus [[Bulgaria|Bulgarus]]; natus est anno [[1955]]. * [[3 Iulii|3]] - [[Radu Vasile]], rerum politicorum peritus [[Romania|Dacoromanus]]; natus est anno [[1942]]. * [[4 Iulii|4]] - [[Innocentius Hilarius Lotocky]], episcopus [[Ucraina|Ucraino]]-[[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1915]]. * [[5 Iulii|5]] **[[Iacobus McCoubrey]]; natus est anno [[1901]]. **[[Paulus Raabe]], bibliothecarius [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1927]]. * [[12 Iulii]] - [[Pran Krishan Sikand]], histrio cinematographicus [[India|Indicus]]; natus est anno [[1920]]. * [[17 Iulii|17]] - [[Vincentius Cerami]], scriptor [[Italia|Italicus]]; natus est anno [[1940]]. * [[18 Iulii|18]] - [[Florentinus Sului Hajang Hau]], archiepiscopus [[Indonesia|Indonesicus]]; natus est anno [[1948]]. * [[19 Iulii|19]] **[[Simon Ignatius Pimenta]], cardinalis [[India|Indicus]]; natus est anno [[1920]]. **[[Mel Smith]], comoedus, histrio et moderator cinematographicus [[Regnum Unitum|Britannicus]]; natus est anno [[1952]]. * [[20 Iulii|20]] - [[Helena Thomas]], diurnaria [[CFA|Americana]]; nata est anno [[1920]]. * [[22 Iulii|22]] - [[Dionysius Farina]], histrio [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1944]]. * [[23 Iulii|23]] - [[Djalma Santos]], pedilusor [[Brasilia]]nus; natus est anno [[1929]]. * [[25 Iulii|25]] **[[Gualterius De Maria]], artifex et sculptor [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1935]]. **[[Bernadetta Lafont]], actrix [[Francia|Francica]]; nata est anno [[1938]]. * [[26 Iulii|26]] - [[Sung Jae-gi]], jura civilia activist peritus [[Respublica Coreana|Coreanus]]; natus est anno [[1967]]. * [[28 Iulii|28]] **[[Gulielmus Warren Scranton]], politicorum peritus [[CFA|Americanus]] et gubernator [[Pennsilvania]]e; natus est anno [[1917]]. **[[Hersilius Tonini]], cardinalis [[Italia|Italicus]]; natus est anno [[1914]]. * [[30 Iulii|30]] - [[Bertoldus Beitz]], officinarum magister [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1913]]. === Mense Augusto === [[Fasciculus:Seamus Heaney (cropped).jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Iacobus Heaney]] 1939-2013]] * [[9 Augusti|9]] - [[Urbanus Tavares Rodrigues]], clarus scriptor [[Lusitania|Lusitanus]]; natus est anno [[1923]]. * [[12 Augusti|12]] - [[Friso de Oranien-Nassau]], princeps [[Nederlandia]]e; natus est anno [[1968]]. * [[13 Augusti|13]] - [[Lotharius Bisky]], vir publicus [[Germania]]e; natus est anno [[1941]]. * [[18 Augusti|18]] - [[Rolv Wesenlund]], actor, comoedus et musicus [[Norvegia|Norvegicus]]; natus est anno [[1936]]. * [[24 Augusti|24]] - [[Iulia Harris]], actrix [[CFA|Americana]]; nata est anno [[1925]]. * [[25 Augusti|25]] - [[Gylmar dos Santos Neves]], pedilusor [[Brasilia]]nus; natus est anno [[1930]]. * [[26 Augusti|26]] - [[Ioannes Gilligan]], rerum politicorum peritus [[CFA|Americanus]] et gubernator [[Ohium|Ohii]]; natus est anno [[1921]]. * [[27 Augusti|27]] - [[Jansem]], pictor [[Armenia|Armeno]]-[[Francia|Francicus]]; natus est anno [[1920]]. * [[29 Augusti|29]] **[[Medardus Iosephus Mazombwe]], archiepiscopus [[Lusaca]]e; natus est anno [[1931]]. **[[Bruce C. Murray]], geologus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1931]]. * [[30 Augusti|30]] - [[Iacobus Heaney]], scriptor et poeta [[Hibernia|Hibernicus]]; natus est anno [[1939]]. * [[31 Augusti|31]] - [[David Frost]], diurnarius televisionis [[Regnum Unitum|Britannicus]]; natus est anno [[1939]]. === Mense Septembri === [[Fasciculus:Marcel Reich-Ranicki, during the ceremony of the Boerne-Preis, 2007.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Marcellus Reich-Ranicki]] 1920-2013]] * [[2 Septembris|2]] **[[Valeria Benguigui]], actrix [[Francia|Francica]]; nata est anno [[1965]]. **[[Ronaldus Coase]], oeconomiae peritus [[Regnum Unitum|Britannicus]]; natus est anno [[1910]]. * [[8 Septembris|8]] - [[Renata Lieckfeldt]], erudita [[Germania|Germanica]]; nata est anno [[1965]]. * [[9 Septembris|9]] - [[Albertus Bevilacqua]], scriptor, poeta et diurnarius [[Italia|Italicus]]; natus est anno [[1934]]. * [[12 Septembris|12]] **[[Otto Sander]], histrio [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1941]]. **[[Ericus Loest]], scriptor [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1926]]. **[[Ray Dolby]], machinator et inventor [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1933]]. * [[13 Septembris|13]] - [[Salustianus Sanchez]]; natus est anno [[1901]]. * [[18 Septembris|18]] - [[Marcellus Reich-Ranicki]], scriptor [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1920]]. * [[19 Septembris|19]] - [[Saye Zerbo]], praeses [[Volta Superior|Voltae Superioris]]; natus est anno [[1932]]. * [[21 Septembris|21]] - [[Gualterius Wallmann]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Germania|Germanicus]] factionis [[CDU]]; natus est anno [[1932]]. * [[22 Septembris|22]] **[[David Hunter Hubel]], biologus [[Canada|Canado]]-[[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1926]]. **[[Alvarus Mutis]], scriptor [[Columbia]]nus; natus est anno [[1923]]. * [[24 Septembris|24]] - [[Petrus Farina]], episcopus [[Italia|Italicus]]; natus est anno [[1942]]. * [[29 Septembris|29]] **[[Carolus Ioachim Classen]], philologus [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1928]]. **[[Marcella Hazan]], coquina scriptrix [[Italia|Italo]]-[[CFA|Americana]]; nata est anno [[1924]]. * [[30 Septembris|30]] - [[Kazys Bobelis]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Lituania|Lituanus]]; natus est anno [[1923]]. === Mense Octobri === [[Fasciculus:Lou Reed at the Hop Farm Music Festival.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Ludovicus Reed]] 1942-2013]] * [[1 Octobris|1]] **[[Thomas Clancy]], scriptor [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1947]]. **[[Iulianus Gemma]], histrio [[Italia|Italicus]]; natus est anno [[1938]]. **[[Israel Gutman]], historicus [[Israel]]ianus; natus est anno [[1923]]. * [[5 Octobris|5]] **[[Pancratius Freitag]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Helvetia|Helveticus]]; natus est anno [[1952]]. **[[Carolus Lizzani]], moderator cinematographicus [[Italia|Italicus]]; natus est anno [[1922]]. * [[7 Octobris|7]] - [[Abdias Yosef]], rabbinus [[Israel]]iae; natus est anno [[1920]]. * [[8 Octobris|8]] - [[Philippus Chevron]], cantor et musicus [[Hibernia|Hibernicus]]; natus est anno [[1957]]. * [[9 Octobris|9]] - [[Vilfredus Martens]], primus minister [[Belgica]]e; natus est anno [[1936]]. * [[12 Octobris|12]] - [[Anscharius Hijuelos]], scriptor [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1951]]. * [[15 Octobris|15]] - [[Rudolphus Friedrich]], vir publicus [[Helvetia|Helveticus]]; natus est anno [[1923]]. * [[20 Octobris|20]] - [[Laurentius Klein]], oeconomista [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1920]]. * [[27 Octobris|27]] - [[Ludovicus Reed]], musicus, citharista et cantor [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1942]]. * [[28 Octobris|28]] - [[Thaddaeus Mazowiecki]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Polonia|Polonicus]]; natus est anno [[1927]]. * [[31 Octobris|31]] - [[Gerardus de Villiers]], scriptor [[Francia|Francicus]]; natus est anno [[1929]]. === Mense Novembri === [[Fasciculus:Doris lessing 20060312.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Dorothea Lessing]] 1919-2013]] * [[10 Novembris|10]] - [[Georgius Orelli]], scriptor et poeta [[Helvetia|Helveticus]]; natus est anno [[1921]]. * [[11 Novembris|11]] - [[Dominicus Bartolucci]], presbyter et cardinalis [[Italia|Italicus]]; natus est anno [[1917]]. * [[12 Novembris|12]] - [[Ioannes Kenneth Tavener]], compositor [[Regnum Unitum|Britannicus]]; natus est anno [[1944]]. * [[17 Novembris|17]] - [[Dorothea Lessing]], scriptrix [[Regnum Unitum|Britannica]]; nata est anno [[1919]]. * [[19 Novembris|19]] - [[Fridericus Sanger]], biochemicus [[Regnum Unitum|Britannicus]]; natus est anno [[1918]]. * [[21 Novembris|21]] - [[Theodoricus-Iulius Cronenberg]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1930]]. * [[30 Novembris|30]] **[[Georgius Jakovlev]], histrio [[Russia|Russicus]]; natus est anno [[1928]]. **[[Paulus Walker]], histrio [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1973]]. === Mense Decembri === [[Fasciculus:Nelson Mandela-2008 (edit).jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Nelson Mandela]] 1918-2013]] * [[2 Decembris|2]] - [[Gulielmus A. Allain]], rerum politicarum peritus [[CFA|Americanus]] et gubernator [[Mississippia]]e; natus est anno [[1928]]. * [[5 Decembris|5]] **[[Ioannes Lucas Benoziglio]], scriptor [[Helvetia|Helveticus]]; natus est anno [[1941]]. **[[Nelson Mandela]], praeses [[Africa Australis|Africae Australis]]; natus est anno [[1918]]. * [[14 Decembris|14]] - [[Petrus O'Toole]], histrio [[Hibernia|Hibernicus]]; natus est anno [[1932]]. * [[15 Decembris|15]] - [[Ioanna Fontaine]], actrix [[CFA|Americana]]; nata est anno [[1917]]. * [[22 Decembris|22]] - [[Anscharius Peer]], philologus et scriptor [[Helvetia|Helveticus]]; natus est anno [[1928]]. * [[23 Decembris|23]] - [[Michael Kalasnikov]], constructor armorum sclopetariorum [[Russia|Russicus]]; natus est anno [[1919]]. * [[29 Decembris|29]] - [[Adalbertus Kilar]], compositor [[Polonia|Polonicus]]; natus est anno [[1932]]. == [[Praemium Nobelianum|Praemii Nobelianii]] == * [[Praemium Nobelianum physiologiae et medicinae|Physiologia et Medicina]] - [[Iacobus Rothman]], [[Randy Schekman]], [[Thomas Sudhof]] * [[Praemium Nobelianum Physicae|Physica]] - [[Franciscus Englert]], [[Petrus Higgs]] * [[Praemium Nobelianum Chemiae|Chemia]] - [[Michael Levitt]], [[Martinus Karplus]], [[Arieh Warshel]] * [[Praemium Nobelianum Litteraturae|Litteratura]] - [[Alice Munro]] * [[Praemium Nobelianum pacis|Pacis]] - [[Motus internationalis ad interdictionem armae chemicae]] * [[Praemium Nobelianum Oeconomiae|Oeconomia]] - [[Eugenius Fama]], [[Laurentius Petrus Hansen]], [[Robertus Iacobus Shiller]] == Cultura popularis == === Musica === * "[[The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)]]" === Pelliculae === * ''[[A Gaiola Dourada]]'' ([[Lusitania]]/[[Francia]]) * ''[[Dark Skies]]'' ([[CFA]]) * ''[[La grande bellezza]]'' ([[Italia]]) * ''[[Le Passé]]'' (Francia) * ''[[La Vie d'Adèle]]'' (Francia) * ''[[L'Inconnu du lac]]'' (Francia) === Ludi electronici === * ''[[Grand Theft Auto V]]'' k6ztibgo65k6zniybhby0ykdaacuo1t 0 3291 3960791 3853023 2026-05-19T22:30:59Z Frankserafini87 183459 Spatia supervacua remota 3960791 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas}} [[Fasciculus:Luigi Miraglia.jpg|thumb|Aloisius Miraglia apud Conventiculum Latinum Lexintoniense, die [[8 Iunii]] [[2005]].]] {{Res|Aloisius Miraglia}} ([[Lingua Italiana|Italice]] ''Luigi Miraglia'', [[API]] [lu'i:dʒi mi'raʎʎa]) (natus die [[28 Octobris]] [[1965]]) est praeses academiae cui nomen [[Vivarium Novum]], quam eo consilio condidit ut iuvenes totius orbis terrarum, qui quotannis eo confluunt, litteris et philosophia penitus imbuantur. Qui suis civitatibus, religionibus, et omnibus praeiudicatis opinionibus sepositis Rei Publicae Litterarum unum annum cives fiunt. Cum autem ibi vitam quandam simpliciorem et quodam modo puriorem experiantur, hominum societatem et mores qui sunt in pretio ex alio conspectu conspicere discunt, et, iuxta Humanistarum propositum, ''humaniores'' inde evadunt. Aloisius in urbe [[Neapolis|Neapoli]] in [[Italia]] natus est, nunc autem Romae, quo [[Vivarium Novum|Academia Vivarii novi]] anno 2009 translata est, habitat. Sodalis est [[Academia Latinitati Fovendae|Academiae Latinitati Fovendae]] et Litteras Humanisticas atque linguam Latinam in [[Pontificia Studiorum Universitas Salesiana|Universitate Salesiana]] profitetur. == De eo == * 1994: "De Latinitate Neapolitana ab Aloisio Miraglia sustenta", in ''[[Melissa]]'', n° 62, anno 1994, pp. 3-4 == Eius scripta == * ''T. Lucretii Cari De rerum natura. Locos selectos ad usum discipulorum ediderunt I. Armella Chávez, G.A. Čepelák, '''L. Miraglia''', E.M. Smith'', Romae, Edizioni Accademia Vivarium Novum, 2012, 144 p. * Luigi Miraglia ''Lingua Latina per se illustrata. Vita moresque'', Romae, Edizioni Accademia Vivarium Novum, 2012, 224 p. == Bibliographia == * Rebecca Mead, "[http://www.vivariumnovum.it/edizioni/images/rassegna-stampa/2001/The%20New%20Yorker%20(2001).pdf Letter From Italy: Latin Lover: Can a Classicist's plan to revive a dead langage save Europe?]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}" in ''[[The New Yorker]]'' (17 Sept. 2001) pp. 107—117 {{NexInt}} * [[Vivarium Novum|Academia Vivarii novi]] == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040414182323/http://www.rebeccamead.com/2001/2001_09_17_art_italy.htm Symbole commentarii "Novieboracensis" nomine] * [http://www.vivariumnovum.it/ Accademia Vivarium Novum] - Pagina domestica officialis == Picturae & pelliculae == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040325052018/http://www.tekhnai.es/alfconventus/monimenta/3-9/images/415.jpg Imago Aloisii apud Conventum ALF] * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9N8jK-1Zh9c&NR=1 Pellicula Aloisii apud ALF orationem habentis] * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKKyQdqaOlE Pellicula Aloisii apud Conventum Accitanum anni 2006 orationem habentis] * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9u9po_0inQ Mirabilis de ratione Graece docendi Latine in Hispania disserit] {{DEFAULTSORT:Miraglia, Aloisius}} [[Categoria:Incolae Italiae]] [[Categoria:Auctores Latini hodierni]] [[Categoria:Nati 1965]] [[Categoria:Homines vivi]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Melissae]] [[Categoria:Socii Academiae Latinitati Fovendae]] pphsaej4o7njlh24zvzveycbkpy4rxu 3960792 3960791 2026-05-19T22:32:44Z Frankserafini87 183459 {{NexInt}} mutatum est in Nexus interni 3960792 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas}} [[Fasciculus:Luigi Miraglia.jpg|thumb|Aloisius Miraglia apud Conventiculum Latinum Lexintoniense, die [[8 Iunii]] [[2005]].]] {{Res|Aloisius Miraglia}} ([[Lingua Italiana|Italice]] ''Luigi Miraglia'', [[API]] [lu'i:dʒi mi'raʎʎa]) (natus die [[28 Octobris]] [[1965]]) est praeses academiae cui nomen [[Vivarium Novum]], quam eo consilio condidit ut iuvenes totius orbis terrarum, qui quotannis eo confluunt, litteris et philosophia penitus imbuantur. Qui suis civitatibus, religionibus, et omnibus praeiudicatis opinionibus sepositis Rei Publicae Litterarum unum annum cives fiunt. Cum autem ibi vitam quandam simpliciorem et quodam modo puriorem experiantur, hominum societatem et mores qui sunt in pretio ex alio conspectu conspicere discunt, et, iuxta Humanistarum propositum, ''humaniores'' inde evadunt. Aloisius in urbe [[Neapolis|Neapoli]] in [[Italia]] natus est, nunc autem Romae, quo [[Vivarium Novum|Academia Vivarii novi]] anno 2009 translata est, habitat. Sodalis est [[Academia Latinitati Fovendae|Academiae Latinitati Fovendae]] et Litteras Humanisticas atque linguam Latinam in [[Pontificia Studiorum Universitas Salesiana|Universitate Salesiana]] profitetur. == De eo == * 1994: "De Latinitate Neapolitana ab Aloisio Miraglia sustenta", in ''[[Melissa]]'', n° 62, anno 1994, pp. 3-4 == Eius scripta == * ''T. Lucretii Cari De rerum natura. Locos selectos ad usum discipulorum ediderunt I. Armella Chávez, G.A. Čepelák, '''L. Miraglia''', E.M. Smith'', Romae, Edizioni Accademia Vivarium Novum, 2012, 144 p. * Luigi Miraglia ''Lingua Latina per se illustrata. Vita moresque'', Romae, Edizioni Accademia Vivarium Novum, 2012, 224 p. == Bibliographia == * Rebecca Mead, "[http://www.vivariumnovum.it/edizioni/images/rassegna-stampa/2001/The%20New%20Yorker%20(2001).pdf Letter From Italy: Latin Lover: Can a Classicist's plan to revive a dead langage save Europe?]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}" in ''[[The New Yorker]]'' (17 Sept. 2001) pp. 107—117 ==Nexus interni== * [[Vivarium Novum|Academia Vivarii novi]] == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040414182323/http://www.rebeccamead.com/2001/2001_09_17_art_italy.htm Symbole commentarii "Novieboracensis" nomine] * [http://www.vivariumnovum.it/ Accademia Vivarium Novum] - Pagina domestica officialis == Picturae & pelliculae == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040325052018/http://www.tekhnai.es/alfconventus/monimenta/3-9/images/415.jpg Imago Aloisii apud Conventum ALF] * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9N8jK-1Zh9c&NR=1 Pellicula Aloisii apud ALF orationem habentis] * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKKyQdqaOlE Pellicula Aloisii apud Conventum Accitanum anni 2006 orationem habentis] * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9u9po_0inQ Mirabilis de ratione Graece docendi Latine in Hispania disserit] {{DEFAULTSORT:Miraglia, Aloisius}} [[Categoria:Incolae Italiae]] [[Categoria:Auctores Latini hodierni]] [[Categoria:Nati 1965]] [[Categoria:Homines vivi]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Melissae]] [[Categoria:Socii Academiae Latinitati Fovendae]] hr12ve5b03euoa3fgs1dba8bnba7pb4 3960793 3960792 2026-05-19T22:35:20Z Frankserafini87 183459 /* Nexus interni */ Lingua Latina addita 3960793 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas}} [[Fasciculus:Luigi Miraglia.jpg|thumb|Aloisius Miraglia apud Conventiculum Latinum Lexintoniense, die [[8 Iunii]] [[2005]].]] {{Res|Aloisius Miraglia}} ([[Lingua Italiana|Italice]] ''Luigi Miraglia'', [[API]] [lu'i:dʒi mi'raʎʎa]) (natus die [[28 Octobris]] [[1965]]) est praeses academiae cui nomen [[Vivarium Novum]], quam eo consilio condidit ut iuvenes totius orbis terrarum, qui quotannis eo confluunt, litteris et philosophia penitus imbuantur. Qui suis civitatibus, religionibus, et omnibus praeiudicatis opinionibus sepositis Rei Publicae Litterarum unum annum cives fiunt. Cum autem ibi vitam quandam simpliciorem et quodam modo puriorem experiantur, hominum societatem et mores qui sunt in pretio ex alio conspectu conspicere discunt, et, iuxta Humanistarum propositum, ''humaniores'' inde evadunt. Aloisius in urbe [[Neapolis|Neapoli]] in [[Italia]] natus est, nunc autem Romae, quo [[Vivarium Novum|Academia Vivarii novi]] anno 2009 translata est, habitat. Sodalis est [[Academia Latinitati Fovendae|Academiae Latinitati Fovendae]] et Litteras Humanisticas atque linguam Latinam in [[Pontificia Studiorum Universitas Salesiana|Universitate Salesiana]] profitetur. == De eo == * 1994: "De Latinitate Neapolitana ab Aloisio Miraglia sustenta", in ''[[Melissa]]'', n° 62, anno 1994, pp. 3-4 == Eius scripta == * ''T. Lucretii Cari De rerum natura. Locos selectos ad usum discipulorum ediderunt I. Armella Chávez, G.A. Čepelák, '''L. Miraglia''', E.M. Smith'', Romae, Edizioni Accademia Vivarium Novum, 2012, 144 p. * Luigi Miraglia ''Lingua Latina per se illustrata. Vita moresque'', Romae, Edizioni Accademia Vivarium Novum, 2012, 224 p. == Bibliographia == * Rebecca Mead, "[http://www.vivariumnovum.it/edizioni/images/rassegna-stampa/2001/The%20New%20Yorker%20(2001).pdf Letter From Italy: Latin Lover: Can a Classicist's plan to revive a dead langage save Europe?]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}" in ''[[The New Yorker]]'' (17 Sept. 2001) pp. 107—117 ==Nexus interni== * [[Vivarium Novum|Academia Vivarii novi]] * Lingua Latina == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040414182323/http://www.rebeccamead.com/2001/2001_09_17_art_italy.htm Symbole commentarii "Novieboracensis" nomine] * [http://www.vivariumnovum.it/ Accademia Vivarium Novum] - Pagina domestica officialis == Picturae & pelliculae == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040325052018/http://www.tekhnai.es/alfconventus/monimenta/3-9/images/415.jpg Imago Aloisii apud Conventum ALF] * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9N8jK-1Zh9c&NR=1 Pellicula Aloisii apud ALF orationem habentis] * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKKyQdqaOlE Pellicula Aloisii apud Conventum Accitanum anni 2006 orationem habentis] * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9u9po_0inQ Mirabilis de ratione Graece docendi Latine in Hispania disserit] {{DEFAULTSORT:Miraglia, Aloisius}} [[Categoria:Incolae Italiae]] [[Categoria:Auctores Latini hodierni]] [[Categoria:Nati 1965]] [[Categoria:Homines vivi]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Melissae]] [[Categoria:Socii Academiae Latinitati Fovendae]] 69htt50gjjmuuwbyao4c5hsoe1auqay 3960794 3960793 2026-05-19T22:35:45Z Frankserafini87 183459 /* Nexus interni */ linking 3960794 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas}} [[Fasciculus:Luigi Miraglia.jpg|thumb|Aloisius Miraglia apud Conventiculum Latinum Lexintoniense, die [[8 Iunii]] [[2005]].]] {{Res|Aloisius Miraglia}} ([[Lingua Italiana|Italice]] ''Luigi Miraglia'', [[API]] [lu'i:dʒi mi'raʎʎa]) (natus die [[28 Octobris]] [[1965]]) est praeses academiae cui nomen [[Vivarium Novum]], quam eo consilio condidit ut iuvenes totius orbis terrarum, qui quotannis eo confluunt, litteris et philosophia penitus imbuantur. Qui suis civitatibus, religionibus, et omnibus praeiudicatis opinionibus sepositis Rei Publicae Litterarum unum annum cives fiunt. Cum autem ibi vitam quandam simpliciorem et quodam modo puriorem experiantur, hominum societatem et mores qui sunt in pretio ex alio conspectu conspicere discunt, et, iuxta Humanistarum propositum, ''humaniores'' inde evadunt. Aloisius in urbe [[Neapolis|Neapoli]] in [[Italia]] natus est, nunc autem Romae, quo [[Vivarium Novum|Academia Vivarii novi]] anno 2009 translata est, habitat. Sodalis est [[Academia Latinitati Fovendae|Academiae Latinitati Fovendae]] et Litteras Humanisticas atque linguam Latinam in [[Pontificia Studiorum Universitas Salesiana|Universitate Salesiana]] profitetur. == De eo == * 1994: "De Latinitate Neapolitana ab Aloisio Miraglia sustenta", in ''[[Melissa]]'', n° 62, anno 1994, pp. 3-4 == Eius scripta == * ''T. Lucretii Cari De rerum natura. Locos selectos ad usum discipulorum ediderunt I. Armella Chávez, G.A. Čepelák, '''L. Miraglia''', E.M. Smith'', Romae, Edizioni Accademia Vivarium Novum, 2012, 144 p. * Luigi Miraglia ''Lingua Latina per se illustrata. Vita moresque'', Romae, Edizioni Accademia Vivarium Novum, 2012, 224 p. == Bibliographia == * Rebecca Mead, "[http://www.vivariumnovum.it/edizioni/images/rassegna-stampa/2001/The%20New%20Yorker%20(2001).pdf Letter From Italy: Latin Lover: Can a Classicist's plan to revive a dead langage save Europe?]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}" in ''[[The New Yorker]]'' (17 Sept. 2001) pp. 107—117 ==Nexus interni== * [[Vivarium Novum|Academia Vivarii novi]] * [[Lingua Latina]] == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040414182323/http://www.rebeccamead.com/2001/2001_09_17_art_italy.htm Symbole commentarii "Novieboracensis" nomine] * [http://www.vivariumnovum.it/ Accademia Vivarium Novum] - Pagina domestica officialis == Picturae & pelliculae == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040325052018/http://www.tekhnai.es/alfconventus/monimenta/3-9/images/415.jpg Imago Aloisii apud Conventum ALF] * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9N8jK-1Zh9c&NR=1 Pellicula Aloisii apud ALF orationem habentis] * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKKyQdqaOlE Pellicula Aloisii apud Conventum Accitanum anni 2006 orationem habentis] * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9u9po_0inQ Mirabilis de ratione Graece docendi Latine in Hispania disserit] {{DEFAULTSORT:Miraglia, Aloisius}} [[Categoria:Incolae Italiae]] [[Categoria:Auctores Latini hodierni]] [[Categoria:Nati 1965]] [[Categoria:Homines vivi]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Melissae]] [[Categoria:Socii Academiae Latinitati Fovendae]] 71gf93vf3bd4cuhu44t6lfk8oinzu02 3960795 3960794 2026-05-19T22:36:28Z Frankserafini87 183459 /* Nexus interni */ Etymologia 3960795 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas}} [[Fasciculus:Luigi Miraglia.jpg|thumb|Aloisius Miraglia apud Conventiculum Latinum Lexintoniense, die [[8 Iunii]] [[2005]].]] {{Res|Aloisius Miraglia}} ([[Lingua Italiana|Italice]] ''Luigi Miraglia'', [[API]] [lu'i:dʒi mi'raʎʎa]) (natus die [[28 Octobris]] [[1965]]) est praeses academiae cui nomen [[Vivarium Novum]], quam eo consilio condidit ut iuvenes totius orbis terrarum, qui quotannis eo confluunt, litteris et philosophia penitus imbuantur. Qui suis civitatibus, religionibus, et omnibus praeiudicatis opinionibus sepositis Rei Publicae Litterarum unum annum cives fiunt. Cum autem ibi vitam quandam simpliciorem et quodam modo puriorem experiantur, hominum societatem et mores qui sunt in pretio ex alio conspectu conspicere discunt, et, iuxta Humanistarum propositum, ''humaniores'' inde evadunt. Aloisius in urbe [[Neapolis|Neapoli]] in [[Italia]] natus est, nunc autem Romae, quo [[Vivarium Novum|Academia Vivarii novi]] anno 2009 translata est, habitat. Sodalis est [[Academia Latinitati Fovendae|Academiae Latinitati Fovendae]] et Litteras Humanisticas atque linguam Latinam in [[Pontificia Studiorum Universitas Salesiana|Universitate Salesiana]] profitetur. == De eo == * 1994: "De Latinitate Neapolitana ab Aloisio Miraglia sustenta", in ''[[Melissa]]'', n° 62, anno 1994, pp. 3-4 == Eius scripta == * ''T. Lucretii Cari De rerum natura. Locos selectos ad usum discipulorum ediderunt I. Armella Chávez, G.A. Čepelák, '''L. Miraglia''', E.M. Smith'', Romae, Edizioni Accademia Vivarium Novum, 2012, 144 p. * Luigi Miraglia ''Lingua Latina per se illustrata. Vita moresque'', Romae, Edizioni Accademia Vivarium Novum, 2012, 224 p. == Bibliographia == * Rebecca Mead, "[http://www.vivariumnovum.it/edizioni/images/rassegna-stampa/2001/The%20New%20Yorker%20(2001).pdf Letter From Italy: Latin Lover: Can a Classicist's plan to revive a dead langage save Europe?]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}" in ''[[The New Yorker]]'' (17 Sept. 2001) pp. 107—117 ==Nexus interni== * [[Vivarium Novum|Academia Vivarii novi]] * [[Lingua Latina]] * [[Etymologia]] == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040414182323/http://www.rebeccamead.com/2001/2001_09_17_art_italy.htm Symbole commentarii "Novieboracensis" nomine] * [http://www.vivariumnovum.it/ Accademia Vivarium Novum] - Pagina domestica officialis == Picturae & pelliculae == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040325052018/http://www.tekhnai.es/alfconventus/monimenta/3-9/images/415.jpg Imago Aloisii apud Conventum ALF] * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9N8jK-1Zh9c&NR=1 Pellicula Aloisii apud ALF orationem habentis] * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKKyQdqaOlE Pellicula Aloisii apud Conventum Accitanum anni 2006 orationem habentis] * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9u9po_0inQ Mirabilis de ratione Graece docendi Latine in Hispania disserit] {{DEFAULTSORT:Miraglia, Aloisius}} [[Categoria:Incolae Italiae]] [[Categoria:Auctores Latini hodierni]] [[Categoria:Nati 1965]] [[Categoria:Homines vivi]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Melissae]] [[Categoria:Socii Academiae Latinitati Fovendae]] ruebmznwvxnxmelfjvtvxs05a3kg2px 3960796 3960795 2026-05-19T22:37:05Z Frankserafini87 183459 /* Nexus interni */ Linguistica addita est 3960796 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas}} [[Fasciculus:Luigi Miraglia.jpg|thumb|Aloisius Miraglia apud Conventiculum Latinum Lexintoniense, die [[8 Iunii]] [[2005]].]] {{Res|Aloisius Miraglia}} ([[Lingua Italiana|Italice]] ''Luigi Miraglia'', [[API]] [lu'i:dʒi mi'raʎʎa]) (natus die [[28 Octobris]] [[1965]]) est praeses academiae cui nomen [[Vivarium Novum]], quam eo consilio condidit ut iuvenes totius orbis terrarum, qui quotannis eo confluunt, litteris et philosophia penitus imbuantur. Qui suis civitatibus, religionibus, et omnibus praeiudicatis opinionibus sepositis Rei Publicae Litterarum unum annum cives fiunt. Cum autem ibi vitam quandam simpliciorem et quodam modo puriorem experiantur, hominum societatem et mores qui sunt in pretio ex alio conspectu conspicere discunt, et, iuxta Humanistarum propositum, ''humaniores'' inde evadunt. Aloisius in urbe [[Neapolis|Neapoli]] in [[Italia]] natus est, nunc autem Romae, quo [[Vivarium Novum|Academia Vivarii novi]] anno 2009 translata est, habitat. Sodalis est [[Academia Latinitati Fovendae|Academiae Latinitati Fovendae]] et Litteras Humanisticas atque linguam Latinam in [[Pontificia Studiorum Universitas Salesiana|Universitate Salesiana]] profitetur. == De eo == * 1994: "De Latinitate Neapolitana ab Aloisio Miraglia sustenta", in ''[[Melissa]]'', n° 62, anno 1994, pp. 3-4 == Eius scripta == * ''T. Lucretii Cari De rerum natura. Locos selectos ad usum discipulorum ediderunt I. Armella Chávez, G.A. Čepelák, '''L. Miraglia''', E.M. Smith'', Romae, Edizioni Accademia Vivarium Novum, 2012, 144 p. * Luigi Miraglia ''Lingua Latina per se illustrata. Vita moresque'', Romae, Edizioni Accademia Vivarium Novum, 2012, 224 p. == Bibliographia == * Rebecca Mead, "[http://www.vivariumnovum.it/edizioni/images/rassegna-stampa/2001/The%20New%20Yorker%20(2001).pdf Letter From Italy: Latin Lover: Can a Classicist's plan to revive a dead langage save Europe?]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}" in ''[[The New Yorker]]'' (17 Sept. 2001) pp. 107—117 ==Nexus interni== * [[Vivarium Novum|Academia Vivarii novi]] * [[Lingua Latina]] * [[Linguistica]] * [[Etymologia]] == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040414182323/http://www.rebeccamead.com/2001/2001_09_17_art_italy.htm Symbole commentarii "Novieboracensis" nomine] * [http://www.vivariumnovum.it/ Accademia Vivarium Novum] - Pagina domestica officialis == Picturae & pelliculae == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040325052018/http://www.tekhnai.es/alfconventus/monimenta/3-9/images/415.jpg Imago Aloisii apud Conventum ALF] * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9N8jK-1Zh9c&NR=1 Pellicula Aloisii apud ALF orationem habentis] * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKKyQdqaOlE Pellicula Aloisii apud Conventum Accitanum anni 2006 orationem habentis] * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9u9po_0inQ Mirabilis de ratione Graece docendi Latine in Hispania disserit] {{DEFAULTSORT:Miraglia, Aloisius}} [[Categoria:Incolae Italiae]] [[Categoria:Auctores Latini hodierni]] [[Categoria:Nati 1965]] [[Categoria:Homines vivi]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Melissae]] [[Categoria:Socii Academiae Latinitati Fovendae]] 3r4avjz791o9t7tokerdhaoxkidwz28 0 3793 3960703 3960603 2026-05-19T12:55:55Z IacobusAmor 1163 3960703 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Eventus currens}} {{Decennium|203|MMXXVI}} == Eventa == * 1 Ianuarii: [[Bulgaria]] [[euro]]nem [[moneta]]m induxit. * 3 Ianuarii: [[Nicolaus Maduro]] [[Venetiola]]e praeses a [[miles|militibus]] [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum]] raptus est; [[Caracae]] multis ictibus affliguntur. * 6 Ianuarii: [[Leo XIV|Leo papa XIV]] [[Iubilaeum anni 2025]] claudit. * 7 Ianuarii: Necatio {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Renatae Good||en|qid=Q137723290}} inter Operationem "Metro Surge" ad protestationes [[Minneapolis]] excitat. * 15 Ianuarii: [[Vicipaedia]], anno 2001 a [[Iacobus Wales|Iacobo Wales]] et [[Laurentius Sanger|Laurentio Sanger]] condita, annum vicesimum quintum celebrat. * 22 Ianuarii: [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] ab [[Ordo mundi sanitarius|Ordine Mundi Sanitarii]] se recedunt. * 28 Ianuarii: [[Sarah Mullally]] prima femina fit quae [[Ecclesia Anglicana|Ecclesiae Anglicanae]] praeest. * 30 Ianuarii: Tria miliones paginarum ad acta [[Galfridus Epstein|Epstein]] pertinentium publicantur, multae personae publicae clarissimae toto orbe terrarum commemorantur. * 2–6 Februarii: [[Curdistania Syriaca|Curdistaniam Syriacam]] [[Ahmedus Husainus al-Shara|rectio Damasci nova]] sibi adiungit. * 6 Februarii: [[Olympia hiemalia 2026|Olympia hiemalia]] in [[Italia]] simul [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]], [[Cortina Ampecanorum|Cortinae Ampecanorum]], [[Pralatium|Pralatii]], [[Livignum|Livigni]] et [[Resinae|Ante Silvam]] patefiunt. * 21 Februarii: Bellum inter [[Afghania]] et [[Pakistania]] erumpit. * 28 Februarii: Civitas [[Israël]] et [[Civitates Foederatae]] impetum in [[Irania]]m faciunt, impetum praeemptivum appellantes. * 1 Martii: Irania [[Fretum Ormusense]] commeatui maritimo claudit. * 8 Martii: [[Mojtaba Khamenei|Mojtaba Husainus Khamenei]], [[Ali Khamenei|Alii]] necati filius, magnus dux [[Irania]]e eligitur. * 31 Martii: In [[Mongolia]], {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Uchral Nyam-Osor||en|qid=Q110962738}}, post abdicationem Gombojavyn Zandanshatar, primus minister iurat. * 6 Aprilis: [[Programma Artemis|Artemis II]] cum quattuor astronautis Lunam circumvolat et 11 Aprilis feliciter in Tellurem revertitur. * 9 Aprilis: [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitates Foederatae]] et [[Irania]] indutiis pactionem faciunt, colloquiisque ut discrimen inter se componant. * 26 Aprilis: [[Sebastianus Sawe]] Londinii primus homo [[Cursus Marathonius|cursum Marathonium]] minore tempore quam duabus horis perficit. * 3 Maii: Epidemia [[hantaviridae|hantavirus]] [[Andes|Andini]] ad [[quadragena]]m [[navis]] vectoriae ''Hondius'' ducit, tres mortui. * 16 Maii: Epidemia [[ebolavirus]] Bundibugyoensis in [[Res publica democratica Congensis|Congo]] declaratus est. == Nati == {{Nati desiderati}} == Mortui == * [[8 Ianuarii]]: [[Ludovicus E. Brus]], chimicus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1943]]. * [[10 Ianuarii]]: [[Ericus de Däniken]], scriptor [[Helvetia|Helvetiae]]; natus est anno [[1935]]. * [[13 Ianuarii]]: [[Georgius Basiliu]], politicus [[Cyprus|Cypri]]; natus est anno [[1931]]. * [[16 Ianuarii]]: [[Ludovica Diogo]], politica [[Mozambicum|Mozambici]]; nata est anno [[1958]]. * [[24 Ianuarii]] ** [[David Abulafia]], historicus [[Britanniarum regnum|Britannicus]]; natus est anno [[1949]]. ** [[Gulielmus Foege]], [[medicus]] et [[epidemiologia|epidemiologus]] [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1936]]. * [[25 Ianuarii]]: [[Yi Haechan]], politicus [[Res publica Coreana|Rei publicae Coreanae]]; natus est anno [[1952]]. * [[26 Ianuarii]]: [[Sia Figiel]], poeta, scriptrix, et pictrix [[Samoa]]na; nata est anno [[1967]]. * [[1 Februarii]]: [[Rita Süssmuth]], politica [[Germania|Germanica]]; nata est anno [[1937]]. * [[11 Februarii]]: [[Iacobus van der Beek]], actor [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1977]]. * [[15 Februarii]]: [[Robertus Duvall]], actor et moderator cinematographicus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1931]]. * [[19 Februarii]]: [[Polycarpus Pengo]], archiepiscopus [[Tanzania|Tanzanicus]]; natus est anno [[1944]]. * [[28 Februarii]]: [[Ali Khamenei]], magnus dux [[Irania]]e, ab [[Israel]]e occiditur; natus est anno [[1939]]. * [[1 Martii]]: [[David Oddi filius]], politicus [[Islandia|Islandicus]]; natus est anno [[1948]]. * [[5 Martii]]: [[Antonius Lobo Antunes]], scriptor et psychologus [[Portugallia|Lusitanus]]; natus est anno [[1942]]. * [[8 Martii]]: [[Antonius Iacobus Leggett]], physicus [[Regnum Britanniarum|Britannicus]]; natus est anno [[1936]]. * [[12 Martii]]: [[Ioachimus Wanke]], episcopus [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1941]]. * [[14 Martii]]: **[[Georgius Habermas]], philosophus continentalis et sociologus [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1929]]. **[[Christophorus A. Sims]], oeconomiae peritus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1942]]. * [[17 Martii]]: [[Ilia II]], patriarcha Ecclesiae Orthodoxae Georgianae [[Russia|Russicus]]; natus est anno [[1933]]. * [[19 Martii]]: ** [[Humbertus Bossi]], politicus [[Italia|Italianus]]; natus est anno [[1941]]. ** [[Carolus Norris]], artifex martialis [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1940]]. * [[22 Martii]]: [[Leonillus Jospin]], politicus [[Francia|Francicus]]; natus est anno [[1937]]. * [[6 Aprilis]]: [[Christianus Schwarz-Schilling]], politicus [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1930]]. * [[8 Aprilis]]: [[Carolus Delhez]], presbyter et sociologicus [[Belgica|Belgicus]]; natus est anno [[1951]]. * [[9 Aprilis]]: {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Björgvin Halldórsson||en|qid=Q879495}}, musicus [[Islandia|Islandicus]]; natus est anno [[1951]]. * [[19 Aprilis]]: [[Desmond Morris|Desmondus Morris]], zoologus ethologusque Anglicus; natus est anno [[1928]]. * [[24 Aprilis]]: [[Sophia Zdybicka]], philosopha et monacha [[Polonia|Polonica]]; nata est anno [[1928]]. 6u63vf6pyfx42wecpr18jxei0sk3ys4 3960789 3960703 2026-05-19T22:08:28Z Bis-Taurinus 70496 /* Eventa */ Epidemiam accuratius descripsi. 3960789 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Eventus currens}} {{Decennium|203|MMXXVI}} == Eventa == * 1 Ianuarii: [[Bulgaria]] [[euro]]nem [[moneta]]m induxit. * 3 Ianuarii: [[Nicolaus Maduro]] [[Venetiola]]e praeses a [[miles|militibus]] [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum]] raptus est; [[Caracae]] multis ictibus affliguntur. * 6 Ianuarii: [[Leo XIV|Leo papa XIV]] [[Iubilaeum anni 2025]] claudit. * 7 Ianuarii: Necatio {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Renatae Good||en|qid=Q137723290}} inter Operationem "Metro Surge" ad protestationes [[Minneapolis]] excitat. * 15 Ianuarii: [[Vicipaedia]], anno 2001 a [[Iacobus Wales|Iacobo Wales]] et [[Laurentius Sanger|Laurentio Sanger]] condita, annum vicesimum quintum celebrat. * 22 Ianuarii: [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] ab [[Ordo mundi sanitarius|Ordine Mundi Sanitarii]] se recedunt. * 28 Ianuarii: [[Sarah Mullally]] prima femina fit quae [[Ecclesia Anglicana|Ecclesiae Anglicanae]] praeest. * 30 Ianuarii: Tria miliones paginarum ad acta [[Galfridus Epstein|Epstein]] pertinentium publicantur, multae personae publicae clarissimae toto orbe terrarum commemorantur. * 2–6 Februarii: [[Curdistania Syriaca|Curdistaniam Syriacam]] [[Ahmedus Husainus al-Shara|rectio Damasci nova]] sibi adiungit. * 6 Februarii: [[Olympia hiemalia 2026|Olympia hiemalia]] in [[Italia]] simul [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]], [[Cortina Ampecanorum|Cortinae Ampecanorum]], [[Pralatium|Pralatii]], [[Livignum|Livigni]] et [[Resinae|Ante Silvam]] patefiunt. * 21 Februarii: Bellum inter [[Afghania]] et [[Pakistania]] erumpit. * 28 Februarii: Civitas [[Israël]] et [[Civitates Foederatae]] impetum in [[Irania]]m faciunt, impetum praeemptivum appellantes. * 1 Martii: Irania [[Fretum Ormusense]] commeatui maritimo claudit. * 8 Martii: [[Mojtaba Khamenei|Mojtaba Husainus Khamenei]], [[Ali Khamenei|Alii]] necati filius, magnus dux [[Irania]]e eligitur. * 31 Martii: In [[Mongolia]], {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Uchral Nyam-Osor||en|qid=Q110962738}}, post abdicationem Gombojavyn Zandanshatar, primus minister iurat. * 6 Aprilis: [[Programma Artemis|Artemis II]] cum quattuor astronautis Lunam circumvolat et 11 Aprilis feliciter in Tellurem revertitur. * 9 Aprilis: [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitates Foederatae]] et [[Irania]] indutiis pactionem faciunt, colloquiisque ut discrimen inter se componant. * 26 Aprilis: [[Sebastianus Sawe]] Londinii primus homo [[Cursus Marathonius|cursum Marathonium]] minore tempore quam duabus horis perficit. * 3 Maii: Epidemia [[hantaviridae|hantavirus]] [[Andes|Andini]] ad [[quadragena]]m [[navis]] vectoriae ''Hondius'' ducit, tres mortui. * 16 Maii: Epidemia [[ebolavirus]] Bundibugyoensis in [[Res publica democratica Congensis|Re publica democratica Congolensi]] declaratur. Contra hunc typum neque cura neque vaccinatio nota est. == Nati == {{Nati desiderati}} == Mortui == * [[8 Ianuarii]]: [[Ludovicus E. Brus]], chimicus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1943]]. * [[10 Ianuarii]]: [[Ericus de Däniken]], scriptor [[Helvetia|Helvetiae]]; natus est anno [[1935]]. * [[13 Ianuarii]]: [[Georgius Basiliu]], politicus [[Cyprus|Cypri]]; natus est anno [[1931]]. * [[16 Ianuarii]]: [[Ludovica Diogo]], politica [[Mozambicum|Mozambici]]; nata est anno [[1958]]. * [[24 Ianuarii]] ** [[David Abulafia]], historicus [[Britanniarum regnum|Britannicus]]; natus est anno [[1949]]. ** [[Gulielmus Foege]], [[medicus]] et [[epidemiologia|epidemiologus]] [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1936]]. * [[25 Ianuarii]]: [[Yi Haechan]], politicus [[Res publica Coreana|Rei publicae Coreanae]]; natus est anno [[1952]]. * [[26 Ianuarii]]: [[Sia Figiel]], poeta, scriptrix, et pictrix [[Samoa]]na; nata est anno [[1967]]. * [[1 Februarii]]: [[Rita Süssmuth]], politica [[Germania|Germanica]]; nata est anno [[1937]]. * [[11 Februarii]]: [[Iacobus van der Beek]], actor [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1977]]. * [[15 Februarii]]: [[Robertus Duvall]], actor et moderator cinematographicus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1931]]. * [[19 Februarii]]: [[Polycarpus Pengo]], archiepiscopus [[Tanzania|Tanzanicus]]; natus est anno [[1944]]. * [[28 Februarii]]: [[Ali Khamenei]], magnus dux [[Irania]]e, ab [[Israel]]e occiditur; natus est anno [[1939]]. * [[1 Martii]]: [[David Oddi filius]], politicus [[Islandia|Islandicus]]; natus est anno [[1948]]. * [[5 Martii]]: [[Antonius Lobo Antunes]], scriptor et psychologus [[Portugallia|Lusitanus]]; natus est anno [[1942]]. * [[8 Martii]]: [[Antonius Iacobus Leggett]], physicus [[Regnum Britanniarum|Britannicus]]; natus est anno [[1936]]. * [[12 Martii]]: [[Ioachimus Wanke]], episcopus [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1941]]. * [[14 Martii]]: **[[Georgius Habermas]], philosophus continentalis et sociologus [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1929]]. **[[Christophorus A. Sims]], oeconomiae peritus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1942]]. * [[17 Martii]]: [[Ilia II]], patriarcha Ecclesiae Orthodoxae Georgianae [[Russia|Russicus]]; natus est anno [[1933]]. * [[19 Martii]]: ** [[Humbertus Bossi]], politicus [[Italia|Italianus]]; natus est anno [[1941]]. ** [[Carolus Norris]], artifex martialis [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1940]]. * [[22 Martii]]: [[Leonillus Jospin]], politicus [[Francia|Francicus]]; natus est anno [[1937]]. * [[6 Aprilis]]: [[Christianus Schwarz-Schilling]], politicus [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1930]]. * [[8 Aprilis]]: [[Carolus Delhez]], presbyter et sociologicus [[Belgica|Belgicus]]; natus est anno [[1951]]. * [[9 Aprilis]]: {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Björgvin Halldórsson||en|qid=Q879495}}, musicus [[Islandia|Islandicus]]; natus est anno [[1951]]. * [[19 Aprilis]]: [[Desmond Morris|Desmondus Morris]], zoologus ethologusque Anglicus; natus est anno [[1928]]. * [[24 Aprilis]]: [[Sophia Zdybicka]], philosopha et monacha [[Polonia|Polonica]]; nata est anno [[1928]]. f7phvo61ttgnds71svpl3l6ctfl68xl 0 4223 3960832 3857468 2026-05-20T05:26:43Z WitoldT 163933 rem parvulam correxi 3960832 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L1}} [[Fasciculus:Trajan-Xanten.JPG|thumb|Effigies e [[Castra Vetera|Castris Veteribus]].]] '''Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus''' ([[18 Septembris]] [[53]] – [[9 Augusti]] [[117]]), secundus eorum qui quinque imperatores boni dicuntur, unusque ex [[imperator]]ibus optimis ab [[historicus|historicis]] ipsisque [[Romani antiqui|Romanis antiquis]] aestimatus, fuit [[imperatores Romani|imperator Romanus]] ab anno [[98]] usque ad mortem. Eo regnante, [[Imperium Romanum]] suum maximum [[terra]]rum spatium assecutum est. == De vita privata == Traianus erat filius [[Marcius Ulpius Traianus|Marci Ulpii Traiani]], [[senator]]is et ducis egregii, ex [[familia]] [[Romani|Romana]] [[nobilitas|nobili]]. Familia in [[provincia]] [[Baetica]] in [[Hispania]] consederat quondam prope extremum [[Secundum Bellum Punicum]]. Traianus ipse modo unus ex multis Ulpiis praeclaris in stirpe quae diu post eius mortem superfuit. Eius mater e [[Gens Marcia|gente Marcia]] orta creditur quia sorori Traiani nomen erat [[Ulpia Marciana|Marciana]]. Anno incerto [[Plotina|Plotinam]] uxorem duxit e qua liberos non genuit (Hadrianus ei per adoptionem successit qui neptem sororis Marcianae duxerat). Traianus [[Italica]]e natus est. Cum adulescens esset, per acies exercitus ascendit, stipendia merens in aliquot regionum pugnacissimi finum imperii praeter [[Rhenus|Rhenum]]. Traianus praefectus Syriae fuit. Circa annum 75 legatus legionis fuit in [[Syria (provincia Romana)|Syria]], tum [[quaestor]], deinde anno [[84]] [[praetor]]. Annis [[86]] ad usque [[89]] legatus [[Legio VII Gemina|Legionis VII Geminae]] erat, tum anno [[91]] consul I ordinarius. Bellis [[Domitianus|Domitiani]] contra [[Germania|Germanos]] interfuit et unus ex ducibus primis imperii agnitus erat cum Domitianus anno [[96]] necatus est. Eo anno exeunte legatus Augusti pro praetore [[Germania Superior|Germaniae Superioris]] factus est<ref>Dietmar Kienast, Römischer Kaisertabelle, Darmstadii 1996, p. 122</ref>. Gloria sua ei bene servivit [[Nerva]] imperatore, successore Domitiani, regnante, qui invisus cum exercitu erat et eorum subsidio egit. Hic appellando Traianum successorem suum effecit aestivo [[97]]. Imperator futurus [[Hadrianus]] erat qui nuntium adoptationis eius Traiano attulit, et sic favorem Traiani in reliqua parte vitae suae habuit. Cum Nerva [[27 Ianuarii]] anno 98 mortuus sit, Traianus valde honoratus sine casu successit, secundus ille inter principes Romanorum qui extra [[Italia]]m nati sunt. == De titulis == [[Fasciculus:Traiano argento fronte.JPG|thumb|upright=0.6|left|[[Nummus]] Traiani Imperatoris.]] [[Fasciculus:Traiano argento retro.JPG|thumb|upright=0.6|Nummus Traiani Imperatoris, terga.]] ''Marcus Ulpius Traianus'' [[Senatus Romanus|senator]] postquam ad imperatoriam dignitatem pervenit ''Imperator Caesar Nerva Traianus Augustus Germanicus'' publice appellatus est. Quibus nominibus cognomina e victoriis addidit ''Dacicus'' (anno [[102]]), ''Optimus'' (anno [[114]] sed iam antea in [[nummus|nummis]] 'Optimus Princeps' dicebatur), ''Parthicus'' (anno [[116]]). Statim mortuo Nerva [[Pontifex maximus|pontifex maximus]] factus est. Appellationem [[Pater Patriae|patris patriae]] aliquamdiu aspernatus<ref>[[Plinius minor|Plinius]], ''Panegyricus Traiani'' 84.</ref> mox ceteris titulis anno incerto adiecit. Secundum consulatum anno 98 gessit, deinde COS III anno 100, COS IV anno 101, COS V anno 103, COS VII anno 112 fuit. Tribuniciam potestatem die 27 octobris 97 primum accepit quae deinde quotannis renovata est usque ad vicesimam primamː nam bis anno 99 renovata esse creditur primo die anniversario [[27 Octobris]] (TR POT III) et iterum die [[10 Decembris]] (TR POT IV) quia illo die [[Tribunus plebis|tribuni plebis]] in [[Libera res publica Romana|consulum republica]] officium inibant. Atque ita in posterum quotannis die [[10 Decembris]]. == Imperator == Novus imperator a populo Romano magno cum fervore salutatus est, quem bene regendo et sine caede quae regnum Domitiani notaverat meruit. Traianus alimenta populo Romano auxit. Multos qui iniuste a Domitiano inclusi erant liberavit et aliquantum praedii quod Domitianus publicaverat restituit, inceptus a Nerva antequam obiit. Favor populi tantus erat ut [[Senatus]] tandem Traiano dignitatem ''optimum'' donaret. Traianus notus erat quod creavit urbi structuram novam. == De bello Dacico == Vero sicut miles Traianus praeclarissimus est. Anno [[101]] impetum ulciscendi causa [[Dacia|Dacos]] dedit, et anno proximo [[Decebalus|Decebalum]], rex eorum, suo parere impulit, postquam Traianus civitatem eius [[Sarmizegetusa]]m ceperat. Deinde Traianus victor Romam rediit et dignitatem ''Dacici Maximi'' donatus est. Decebalus autem rebellionem denuo ad fines incitare mox incepit, invitans ad regna septentrionalis Danuvii cum eo se iungere. Traianus denuo in aciem descendit, machinatores sui erigentes pontem ingentem super flumen, et anno [[106]] Daciam omnino vicit. Sarmizegetusa deleta est, Decebalus mortem sibi conscivit, et in situm veterem civitatis Traianus novam urbem nomine [[Colonia Ulpia Traiana]] aedificavit. Romanos in Daciam constituit et eam ut novam provinciam Imperii addidit. Eodem tempore prope, regnum [[Nabataea]], ultimo rege suo mortuo, exivit. Rex regnum Traiano legaverat, ut cum Dacia vinceretur, Imperium nova provincia [[Arabia Petraea]] potitus sit. == De Traiano et Plinio == In septem annis sequentibus Traianus velut ciues regnabat, cum eodem clamore quam antea. Inter hoc tempus Traianus et [[C. Plinius Caecilius Secundus]] de [[Religio Christiana|Christianis]] inter se scripserunt. Imperator Plinium ab eis manum abstinere nisi aperte venerati sunt iussit. Aliquot aedificia, viae, monumentaque nova in Italia Iberiaque erexit. Magnificum Forum Traiani, includens Columnam Traiani, ad commemorandam victoriam in Dacia erectum, adhuc Romae stat. Etiam arcus triumphalis [[Emerita Augusta|Emeritae]], eo tempore civitas [[Lusitania (provincia Romana)|Lusitaniae]], stat adhuc. == De bello Parthico == Anno [[113]] ultimum bellum ingressus est, irritatus a Parthis qui regem inacceptabilem in regnum [[Armenia]]e posuerant, super quod ambo imperia principatum tempus [[Nero]]nis abhinc communicaverant. Primus Traianus in Armenian progressus est et regem depulit et regnum ad Romam annexuit. Deinde ad meridiem in Parthiam ipsam progressus est et anno [[116]] urbes [[Babylon]]em, [[Seleucia]]m denique civitatem [[Ctesiphon]]tem cepit. Ad [[Sinus Persicus|Sinum Persicum]] perrexit unde [[Mesopotamia]]m esse provinciam novam imperialem denuntiavit et se esse nimis senem vestigiis [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandri Magni]] ingredi deploravit. Posteriore anno in [[Persia]]m transcendit et urbem [[Susa (Irania)|Susa]] cepit. Traianus regem [[Osroes I (rex Parthorum)|Osroem]] depulit et [[Parthamaspates (rex Parthorum)|Parthamaspates]] in regnum posuit. Imperium Romanum amplius ad orientem numquam processit. Hinc bellum et salus uterque Traianum defecit. Arx [[Hatra]] in flumine [[Tigris (flumen)|Tigris]] ei restitit, et [[Iudaei]] Mesopotamiique rebellaverunt. Traianus exercitum removere impulsus est. Requiescens in [[Cilicia]] et cogitans alium bellum contra Parthos, in morbum incidit. Salus sua degeneravit usque ad mortem suam aestivo 117. [[Hadrianus]] successor suus pronuntiavit, qui Mesopotamiam Parthiae reddidit sed omnes alias terras a Traiano victas conservavit. Post regnum suum omnis imperator nouus a [[Senatus|Senatu]] cum prece ''felicior Augusto, melior Traiano'' honoratus est. Dissimilis multis aliis dominis temporibus suis laudatis, existimatio Traiani ad hodiernum superat. == Opera == [[Fasciculus:VIA TRAIANA.jpg|thumb|[[Via Traiana]] at [[Monopolis]] ad [[Brundisium]]]] * ''[[Via Traiana]]'' fuit antiqua [[via Romana]] quae Traiani imperatoris iussu aereque anno [[109]] facta est, ut alteram inter [[Beneventum]] et [[Brundisium]] urbes Romanas viam habeant, meatu faciliorem quam [[Via Appia|Viam Appiam]]. * ''[[Dacica (Traianus)|Dacica]]'' fuit opus a Traiano scriptum de bellis a se in Dacos gestis inter annos [[101]] et [[106]]. == Fontes de vita et principatu Traiani == * [[Aurelius Victor]], ''[[De Caesaribus (Victor)|De Caesaribus]]'' 13 * [[Cassius Dio Cocceianus|Dio]], ''[[Historia Romana (Dio)|Historia Romana]]'' liber 68 * ''[[Epitome de Caesaribus]]'' 13 * [[Eutropius (rerum gestarum scriptor)|Eutropius]], ''[[Breviarium (Eutropius)|Breviarium]]'' 8.2 * [[Plinius minor]], ''[[Panegyricus Traiani]]'' ** ''[[Epistulae (Plinius)|Epistulae]]'' et praecipue [[Plinii et Traiani epistulae|liber X]] {{NexInt}} * [[Columna Traiana]] == Bibliographia == * E. M. Smallwood, ''Documents Illustrating the Principates of Nerva, Trajan and Hadrian''. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 1966. *P. A. Roche, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1215545 The Public Image of Trajan's Family]", ''Classical Philology'', 2002: 41-60 *Karl Strobel, ''Kaiser Traian. Eine Epoche der Weltgeschichte'', Friedrich Pustet, 2019 (secunda ed.) [https://www.jstor.org/stable/27129334 Recensio critica] * [[Ronaldus Syme|Ronald Syme]], ''Tacitus''. Oxonii: Oxford University Press, 1958. *Hildegard Temporini, ''Die Frauen am Hofe Trajans. Ein Beitrag zur Stellung der Augustae im Principat'', De Gruyter, 1978 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1984_num_53_1_2135_t1_0517_0000_1 Recensio critica] == Nexus externi == {{Communia|Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus|Traianum}} == Notae == <references/> {{Imperatores Romani}} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores= [[Domitianus|Imp. Caesar Domitianus Augustus]] XV et [[Nerva|Marcus Cocceius Nerva]] II| annus= 91<br />cum<br />[[Manius Acilius Glabrio (consul 91)|Manio Acilio Glabrione]]| successores= [[Domitianus|Imp. Caesar Domitianus Augustus]] XVI et [[Quintus Volusius Saturninus]]}} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores= [[Nerva|Imp. Caesar Nerva Augustus]] III et [[Lucius Verginius Rufus]] III| annus= 98<br />cum<br />[[Nerva|Imp. Caesare Nerva Augusto]] IV| successores= [[Aulus Cornelius Palma Frontonianus]] et [[Quintus Sosius Senecio]]}} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores= [[Aulus Cornelius Palma Frontonianus]] et [[Quintus Sosius Senecio]]| annus= 100<br />cum<br />[[Sextus Iulius Frontinus|Sexto Iunio Frontino]] III| successores=ipse IV et [[Quintus Articuleius Paetus]]}} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores= ipse III et [[Sextus Iulius Frontinus]] III| annus= 101<br />cum<br />[[Quintus Articuleius Paetus|Quinto Articuleio Paeto]]| successores= [[Lucius Iulius Ursus Servianus]] II et [[Lucius Licinius Sura]] II }} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores= [[Lucius Iulius Ursus Servianus]] II et [[Lucius Licinius Sura]] II | annus= 103<br />cum<br />[[Manius Laberius Maximus|Manio Laberio Maximo]]| successores= [[Sextus Attius Suburanus Aemilianus]] II et [[Marcus Asinius Marcellus]]}} {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores= [[Gaius Calpurnius Piso (consul 111)|Gaius Calpurnius Piso]] et [[Marcus Vettius Bolanus]]| annus= 112<br />cum<br />[[Titus Sextius Cornelius Africanus|Tito Sexto Cornelio Africano]]| successores= [[Lucius Publilius Celsus]] II et [[Gaius Clodius Crispinus]]}} {{Lifetime|53|117|Traianus}} [[Categoria:Gens Ulpia]] [[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]] [[Categoria:Bella Dacica]] [[Categoria:Hadrianus]] [[Categoria:Imperatores Romani]] [[Categoria:Legati Germaniae Superioris]] [[Categoria:Personae Divinae Comoediae (Paradisus)]] [[Categoria:Praetores]] [[Categoria:Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae antiquae]] [[Categoria:Traianus|!]] {{Myrias|Homines}} s718t7bondtb0o2wsgwtenl4ols0eub 0 6876 3960801 3960274 2026-05-19T23:41:16Z Bis-Taurinus 70496 Solitas emendationes feci. 3960801 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Calendarium-Maii}} '''19 Maii''' [[dies]] 139ª anni est (140ª [[Annus bisextilis|anni bisextilis]]) in [[Calendarium Gregorianum|calendario Gregoriano]]. 226 dies manent. Haec dies secundum [[calendarium Romanum]] est '''ante diem decimum quartum Kalendas Iunias''', quae a.d. XIV Kal. Iun. abbreviantur. [[Fasciculus:StgregoryII.jpg|thumb|left|95px|[[Gregorius II]] papa]] == Eventa == === Saeculo 8 === * [[715]] - [[Gregorius II]] [[papa]] fit. === Saeculo 19 === * [[1802]] - [[Neapoleo|Neapoleo Bonaparte]] [[Legio Honoris|Legionem honoris]] constituit. * [[1822]] - [[Augustinus de Iturbide]], imperator primus [[Mexicum|Mexici]] nominatur. === Saeculo 20 === * [[1910]] - [[Cometa Halleiensis]] terram praetervolat; multi homines finem mundi timent, quamquam astronomici ullum periculum esse negaverant. * [[1993]] - [[Heida Simonis]] ([[SPD]]) successor [[Björn Engholm]] praeses ministrorum [[Slesvicum et Holsatia|Slesvici et Holsatiae]] eligitur. === Saeculo 21 === * [[2016]] - [[Egypt Air Volatus 804]] [[aëroplanum]] prope [[Aegyptus|Aegyptum]] in mare praecipitat. * [[2023]] - Conventus [[G8|Gregis 7]] [[Hiroshima]]e fit (ad diem [[21 Maii]]) == Natales == === Saeculo 17 === * [[1611]] - [[Innocentius XI]], papa (†&nbsp;[[1689]]) === Saeculo 18 === * [[1762]] - [[Ioannes Fichtius]], philosophus [[Germania|Germanicus]] (†&nbsp;[[1814]]) * [[1782]] - [[Ioannes Paskevič]], dux militum [[Imperium Russicum|Russicus]] (†&nbsp;[[1856]]) === Saeculo 19 === * [[1849]] - [[Hadrianus Lachenal]], vir publicus [[Helvetia|Helveticus]](†&nbsp;[[1918]]) * [[1860]] - [[Victorius Emanuel Orlando]], primus minister [[Italia]]e (†&nbsp; [[1952]]) * [[1881]] - [[Mustapha Cemal Ataturcus]], praeses [[Turcia]]e (mortuus [[1938]]) * [[1882]] - [[Mahometus Mossadeq]], primus minister [[Irania]]e (†&nbsp;[[1967]]) * [[1890]] - [[Hồ Chí Minh]], primus minister et praeses [[Vietnamia]]e (mortuus [[1969]]) * [[1896]] - [[Georgius Alessandri Rodríguez]], praeses [[Chilia]]e (†&nbsp;[[1986]]) === Saeculo 20 === * [[1908]] - [[Rudolphus Dahlgrün]], vir publicus Germanicus et sodalis factionis [[FDP]] (†&nbsp;[[1969]]) * [[1909]] - [[Nicolaus Georgius Winton]], philanthropus [[Anglia|Anglicus]] (†&nbsp;[[2015]]) * [[1910]] - [[Nathuram Godse]], interfector [[India|Indicus]] (†&nbsp;[[1949]]) * [[1914]] - [[Maximus Ferdinandus Perutz]], chemicus [[Austria|Austro]]-[[Britanniarum Regnum|Britannicus]] (†&nbsp;[[2002]]) * [[1916]] - [[Blair Lee III]], rerum politicarum peritus [[CFA|Americanus]] (†&nbsp;[[1985]]) * [[1925]] **[[Malcolmus X]], propugnator iurum hominum nigritarum Americanus (†&nbsp;[[1965]]) **[[Pol Pot]], dictator [[Cambodia]]e (†&nbsp;[[1998]]) * [[1930]] - [[Rudolphus Kálmán]], [[mathematicus]] [[Hungaria|Hungaro]]-Americanus (†&nbsp;2016) * [[1931]] - [[Alfredus Schmidt]], philosophus Germanicus (†&nbsp;[[2012]]) * [[1941]] - [[Nora Ephron]], moderatrix cinematographica Americana (†&nbsp;2012) * [[1946]] - [[Michael Placido]], [[histrio]] Italicus * [[1953]] - [[Victoria Wood]], actrix et comoeda Anglica (†&nbsp;2016) * [[1955]] - [[Iacobus Gosling]], scientista computatralis [[Canada|Canadiensis]] * [[1956]] - [[Oliverius Letwin]], rerum politicarum peritus Britannicus factionis [[Factio Conservativa (Britanniarum Regnum)|Conservativae]] * [[1963]] - [[Henricus Weixelbraun]], histrio [[televisio|televisificus]] et [[theatrum|theatralis]] Austriacus * 1967 - [[Alexia (cantrix)|Alexia]], cantrix Italica * [[1979]] ** [[Didacus Forlán]], pedilusor [[Uruguaia]]nus ** [[Andreas Pirlo]], pedilusor Italicus == Mortes == === Saeculo 9 === * [[804]] - [[Flaccus Albinus Alcuinus]], [[monachus]] (natus circiter [[735]]) === Saeculo 12 === * [[1125]] - [[Vladimirus II Monomachus]], magnus dux [[Ducatus Kioviensis|Kioviae]] (natus [[1053]]) === Saeculo 13 === * [[1218]] - [[Otto IV (imperator)|Otto IV]], [[Imperator Romanus Sacer]] (*&nbsp;[[1175]]) * [[1296]] - [[Caelestinus IV]], papa (*&nbsp;[[1215]]) === Saeculo 14 === * [[1389]] - [[Demetrius (magnus dux Moscoviae)|Demetrius Tanaiticus]], magnus dux [[Moscovia]]e (natus [[1350]]) === Saeculo 16 === * [[1536]] - [[Anna Bolina]], [[Henricus VIII|Henrici VIII]] Angliae et Hiberniae regis secunda uxor (nata [[1509]]) === Saeculo 17 === * [[1647]] - [[Sebastianus Vrancx]], pictor [[Flandria|Flandricus]] (natus [[1573]]) === Saeculo 19 === * [[1840]] - [[Ioannes Adair]], gubernator [[Kentukia]]e (*&nbsp;[[1757]]) * [[1864]] - [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]], [[scriptor]] Americanus (*&nbsp;[[1804]]) * [[1866]] - [[Salomon Ludovicus Steinheim]], [[medicus]], [[theologus]], [[philosophus]] et eruditus Germanicus (*&nbsp;[[1789]]) * [[1898]] ** [[Gulielmus Ewart Gladstone]], [[primus minister Britanniarum Regni]] (*&nbsp;[[1809]]) ** [[Oran Milo Roberts]], gubernator [[Texia]]e (*&nbsp;[[1815]]) === Saeculo 20 === * 1918 - [[Ferdinandus Hodler]], pictor Helveticus (*&nbsp;[[1853]]) * [[1924]] - [[Maria Bernarda Bütler]], [[evangelium|evangelii]] praeco [[Ecclesia Catholica|catholica]] et congregationis religiosae conditrix (*&nbsp;[[1848]]) * [[1939]] - [[Carolus Radek]], [[vir publicus]] et [[diurnarius]] [[Placita Marxiana|marxianus]], qui in [[Polonia]], Germania et in [[URSS|Unione Sovietica]] operam dabat, supplicio affectus est (natus [[1885]]). * [[1948]] - [[Franciscus Alonso]], [[compositor]] [[Hispania|Hispanicus]] (*&nbsp;[[1887]]) * 1963 - [[Aloysius Hudal]], Ecclesiae catholicae [[episcopus]] et theologus (*&nbsp;[[1885]]) * [[1984]] - [[Ioannes Betjeman]], scriptor, [[poeta]] et diurnarius Britannicus (*&nbsp;[[1906]]) * [[1994]] - [[Iacoba Kennedy Onassis]], Prima Domina CFA (*&nbsp;[[1929]]) === Saeculo 21 === * [[2011]] ** [[Michael Bell]], rerum politicarum peritus Hibernicus factionis Labour (*&nbsp;[[1936]]) ** [[Garret FitzGerald]], primus minister Hiberniae (*&nbsp;[[1926]]) * [[2014]] - [[Iacobus Brabham]], autocinetor [[Australia]]nus (*&nbsp;1926) * 2015 - [[Robertus Salomon Wistrich]], historicus Britannicus (*&nbsp;[[1945]]) * 2016 - [[Marcus Pannella]], rerum politicarum peritus Italicus (*&nbsp;1930) * [[2024]] - [[Ibraimus Ra’īsī]], politicus et iuris consultus Iranicus (*&nbsp;[[1960]]) * [[2025]] - [[Georgius Grigorovič]], saltator et choreographus ballationis [[URSS|Sovieticus]] et [[Russia|Russicus]] (*&nbsp;[[1927]]) == Festa et Feriae == * Dies natalis Ho Chi Minh (Vietnamia) * Dies natalis Ataturci (Turcia) * Dies Malcolmi X (CFA) * Dies memoriae [[genocidium|genocidii]] Graecorum Portici {{menses}} [[Categoria:Dies]] qb26tanp0o435yikmcjc154o0otn4jk 0 7035 3960854 3803390 2026-05-20T09:58:17Z ~2026-30180-04 209651 /* */ 3960854 wikitext text/x-wiki {{latinitas}}{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Ioannes,''' seu '''Iohannes, III Basilii filius'''<ref>etiam dictus '''Ioannes,''' seu '''Iohannes, Basilides I''' (vide, e.g.: [http://books.google.ru/books?id=veNw9CG-XG0C&pg=PR105&dq=%22Joannes+Bafilides+I%22&hl=ru&ei=wXI-TY30FtGXOpiO-fEC&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Joannes%20Bafilides%20I%22&f=false I. Hofmannus, ''Lexicon universale'', tomus IV., p. cv]; [http://books.google.ru/books?id=aN1HGaJHWvsC&pg=PA336&dq=%22Romanoviam%22&hl=ru&ei=EW4-Te3IKMiEOqyC5c0L&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Joannes%20Bafilides%22&f=false I. Biner, ''Apparatus eruditionis praesertim ad jurisprudentiam ...'', p. 337]; [http://books.google.ru/books?id=c4xaAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA807&dq=%22Johannes+Bafilides+I%22&hl=ru&ei=T3M-TdCNLMWhOpDv9ZwL&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Johannes%20Bafilides%20I%22&f=false I. Becmann, ''Historia orbis terrarum'', p. 807])</ref> ([[Lingua Russica|Russice]]: Иоанн III Васильевич, [[translitteratio|tr.]]: ''Ioann III Vasil'evič'', seu Иван III Васильевич, [[translitteratio]]: ''Ivan III Vasil'evič''; natus [[22 Ianuarii]] [[1440]], mortuus [[27 Octobris]] [[1505]] [[Moscua]]e), cognomine '''Magnus'''<ref>[[Ioannes Henricus Alstedius|I.-H. Alstedii]] [http://books.google.ru/books?id=PNQ_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA558&dq=%22Johannes+Bafilides%22&hl=ru&ei=a3Y-TdaRDIyZOtnAxYEL&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CFAQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=%22Johannes%20Bafilides%22&f=false ''Thesaurus chronologiae'', p. 558]</ref>, fuit [[Duces Moscoviae|Magnus Dux Moscoviae]] ab anno [[1462]], filius senior Magni Duci Moscoviae [[Basilius II (magnus dux Moscoviae)|Basilii II Caeci]]. Monarcha celebrissimus fuit. Tempore eius regiminis completa est formatio nuclei regni [[Russia|Russici]]: [[Moscovia]] adiunxit ducatus [[Ducatus Iaroslaviensis|Iaroslaviensem]] (anno [[1463]]), [[ducatus Rostoviensis|Rostoviensem]] (anno [[1474]]), [[Ducatus Novogardiensis|Novogardiensem]] (anno [[1478]]), [[ducatus Tueriensis|Tueriensem]] (anno [[1485]]), etiam terram [[Viatca]]e (anno [[1489]]) partemque [[ducatus Resaniensis]]. Sumpta est vis ad [[Pscovia]]m et [[Resania]]m. Anno [[1480]] exutum est iugum [[Mongolo-Tatari|Mongolo-Tatarorum]]. Post certationem prosperam administrationis Ioannis III contra [[regnum Casanense]], illud anno [[1487]] de facto factum est subregulus ducatus Moscoviensis. Bellorum contra [[Magnus Ducatus Lituaniae|Magnum Ducatum Lituaniae]] (annis [[1487]] – [[1494]] et [[1500]] – [[1503]]) causa Moscoviae attributa sunt certa territoria [[Ruthenia]]e occidentalia: [[Czernigovia]], [[Novogardia Severiae]], etc. [[Ordo Livonicus]] post bellum annorum [[1501]] – [[1503]] ab Ioanne III subactus est ad [[tributum]] pro urbe [[Tarbatum|Tarbato]]. Tempore regiminis Ioannis III statutae sunt relationes diplomaticae Moscoviae cum curia papali, [[Imperium Germanicum|Imperio Germanico]], [[Hungaria]], [[Moldavia]], [[Turcia]], [[Irania]], [[Crimaea]], etc.; auctoritas ducatus illius incrementum cepit. In Russia ab Ioanne III ducta potestas monarchae increvit. Systema institutorum gubernationis centralis natum est. Corpus iuris, ipso vulgo ''Sudebnik'' nominatur, compositus est anno [[1497]]. Ioannes III vocatus est "magnus dux [[Ruthenia|totius Russiae (Rutheniae)]]" et in certis documentis nominatus est ''[[tzar]]'' (''[[czar]]'', i.e. [[rex]] aut [[imperator]]). Ioannis uxor prima [[Maris Borisi filia]] [[ducatus Tueriensis|Tueriensis]] fuit, altera [[Sophia Palaeologa]]. ==Notae== <references /> == Fons == * [http://bse.sci-lib.com/article049682.html Pagina de Ioanne III ''Encyclopaediae Sovieticae Magnae'' editionis tertiae] {{ling|Russice}} ==Nexus externi== {{communiaCat|Ivan III of Russia|Ioannem III, magnum ducem Moscoviae,}} {{Fontes biographici}} {{arca initii}} {{arca successionis unus| ante=[[Basilius II (magnus dux Moscoviae)|Basilius II Caecus]] | titulus=[[Duces Moscoviae|Magnus dux Moscoviae]] | anni=1462–1505 | postquam=[[Basilius III (magnus dux Moscoviae)|Basilius III]] }} {{arca finis}} [[Categoria:Duces Moscoviae]] [[Categoria:Nati 1440]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1505]] [[Categoria:Ruricidae]] {{Myrias|Homines}} 3z30trdafie27mgr1nbtpklf416er3x 0 7064 3960747 3871811 2026-05-19T15:26:53Z LilyKitty 18316 de Sigvard Eklund 3960747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Calendarium-Iunii}} '''19 Iunii''' dies 170ª anni est (171ª in [[annus bisextilis|annis bisextilibus]]) in [[Calendarium Gregorianum|Calendario Gregoriano]]. 195 dies manent. Secundum [[Calendarium Romanum]] est ''ante diem decimum tertium Kalendas Iulias'', quae a.d. XIII Kal. Iul. [[abbreviatio|abbreviatur]]. == Eventa == === Saeculo 19 === * [[1867]] - [[Maximilianus I (imperator Mexici)|Maximilianus I]], imperator [[Mexicum|Mexici]], supplicio affectus est. === Saeculo 20 === * [[1936]] - [[Axel Pehrsson-Bramstorp]] successor [[Petrus Albinus Hansson|Petri Albini Hansson]] praeses ministrorum Sueciae factus est. * [[1965]] - Exercitus Algeriae [[Houari Boumedienne]] duce praesidem [[Algeria]]e [[Ahmed Ben Bella]] vi deposuerunt. * [[1976]] - [[Carolus XVI Gustavus (rex Sueciae)|Carolus XVI Gustavus]] rex [[Suecia]]e [[Silvia (regina Sueciae)|Silviam Sommerlath]] [[Germania|Germanicam]] in matrimonium duxit. === Saeculo 21 === * [[2006]] - [[Consilium iurum humanorum Nationum Unitarum]] primam sessionem dedit. * [[2014]] - [[Philippus VI (rex Hispaniae)|Philippus VI]], rex [[Hispania]]e, factus est. * [[2016]] - [[Virginia Raggi]] praefecta [[Roma]]e electa est. == Nati == === Saeculo 15 === * [[1417]] - [[Sigismundus Pandolphus Malatesta]], [[Ariminum|Arimini]]) fuit vir militaris ac Ariminii, [[Fanum Fortunae|Fani Fortunae]] und [[Caesena]]e dux; mortuus est anno [[1468]]. === Saeculo 16 === * [[1566]] - [[Iacobus I (rex Angliae)|Iacobus I]], Angliae, Scotiae et Hiberniae rex (mortuus [[1625]]). === Saeculo 17 === * [[1623]] - [[Blasius Pascalis]], mathematicus philosophusque [[Francia|Francogallicus]] (mortuus [[1662]]). * [[1669]] - [[Leontius Magnickij]], mathematicus et paedagogus [[Russia|Russicus]] (mortuus [[1739]]) === Saeculo 18 === * [[1749]] - [[Ioannes Maria Collot d’Herbois]], [[histrio]] et vir publicus [[Francia|Francicus]]; mortuus est anno [[1796]]. * [[1782]] - [[Felicitas Robertus de Lamennais]], auctor Francogallicus et theologus * [[1783]] - [[Fridericus Sertürner]], [[pharmacologia|pharmacologus]] [[Germania|Germanicus]]; mortuus est anno [[1841]]. === Saeculo 19 === * [[1850]] - [[Augustus Fournier]], [[rerum gestarum scriptor]] et rerum politicarum peritus [[Austria]]cus; mortuus est anno [[1920]]. * [[1854]] - [[Alfredus Catalani]], compositor [[Italia|Italicus]]; mortuus est anno [[1893]]. * [[1865]] - [[Iosephus Rizal]], auctor et homo publicus [[Philippinae|Philippinarum]]; mortuus est anno [[1896]]. * [[1885]] - [[Elsa Gindler]], [[gymnastica]]e [[praeceptor|praeceptrix]] [[Germania|Germanica]] quae contra [[NSDAP|Nazistas]] pugnavit; mortua est anno [[1961]]. * [[1897]] - [[Cyrillus Hinshelwood]], chemicus [[Anglia|Anglicus]]; mortuus est anno [[1967]]. * [[1900]] - [[Hermannus Fridericus Gräbe]], machinator [[Germania|Germanicus]], qui inter dictaturam [[NSDAP|Nazistam]] contra [[tyrannis|tyrannidem]] certavit; mortuus est anno [[1986]]. === Saeculo 20 === * [[1901]] - [[Petrus Gobetti]], vir publicus et scriptor [[Italia|Italicus]]; mortuus est anno [[1926]]. * [[1906]] - [[Ernestus Boris Chain]], biochemicus [[Regnum Britanniarum|Britannicus]] origine [[Germania]]e; mortuus est anno [[1979]]. * [[1909]] - [[Dazai Osamu]], scriptor [[Iaponia|Iaponicus]]; mortuus est anno [[1948]]. * [[1910]] - [[Paulus Ioannes Flory]], chemicus [[CFA|Americanus]]; mortuus est anno [[1985]]. * [[1911]] - [[Sigvard Eklund]], physicus [[physica nuclearis|nuclearis]] et legatus [[Suecia|Suecicus]]; mortuus est anno [[2000]]. * [[1922]] - [[Aage Nicolaus Bohr]], physicus [[Dania|Danicus]]; mortuus est anno [[2009]]. * [[1932]] ** [[Pier Angeli]], actrix [[Italia|Italica]]; mortua est anno [[1971]]. ** [[Marisa Pavan]], actrix [[Italia|Italica]]. * [[1941]] ** [[Venceslaus Klaus]], praeses [[Cechia]]e annis [[2003]] ad [[2013]]. ** [[Irina Petrescu]], actrix [[Romania|Dacoromana]]; mortua est anno [[2013]]. * [[1939]] - [[Rosalba Neri]], actrix [[Italia|Italica]] * [[1942]] - [[Muammar al-Gaddafi]], [[dictator]] et [[caput civitatis]] [[Libya]]e ab anno [[1969]]; mortuus est anno [[2011]]. * [[1945]] - [[Aung San Suu Kyi]], rerum politicarum perita [[Birmania]]e. * [[1947]] - [[Salman Rushdie]], scriptor [[India|Indo]]-[[Britanniarum regnum|Britannicus]]. * [[1952]] - [[Robertus Ainsworth]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Britanniarum regnum|Britannicus]]. * [[1954]] ** [[Michael O'Brien]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Britanniarum regnum|Britannicus]] factionis [[Factio Laboris|Laboris]]. ** [[Kathleen Turner]], actrix [[CFA|Americana]]. * [[1957]] - [[Anna Lindh]], rerum politicarum perita [[Suecia|Suecica]]; mortua est anno [[2003]]. * [[1959]] **[[Anna Hidalgo]], rerum politicarum perita [[Hispania|Hispano]]-[[Francia|Francica]]. **[[Christianus Wulff]], vir publicus et praeses [[Germania]]e. * [[1962]] **[[Paula Abdul]], cantrix, saltatrix et actrix [[CFA|Americana]]. **[[Masanao Sasaki]], pedilusor [[Iaponia|Iaponicus]]. * [[1964]] - [[Boris Johnson]], vir publicus [[Britanniarum regnum|Britannicus]] et primus minister [[Britanniarum regnum|Britanniarum Regni]]. * [[1969]] - [[Yoshiaki Sato]], pedilusor [[Iaponia|Iaponicus]]. * [[1972]] - [[Robertina Tunney]], actrix [[Britanniarum regnum|Britannica]]. * [[1973]] - [[Nadiya]], cantrix [[Francia|Francica]]. * [[1979]] - [[Kléberson|Iosephus Kléberson Pereira]], pedilusor [[Brasilia]]nus. * [[1985]] - [[Chikashi Masuda]], pedilusor [[Iaponia|Iaponicus]]. * [[1990]] - [[Moa Hjelmer]], athleta [[Suecia|Suecica]]. == Mortui == === Saeculo 18 === * [[1715]] - [[Nicolaus Lémery]], medicamentarius, [[chemicus]] et [[medicina]]e studiosus [[Francia|Francicus]]; natus anno [[1615]]. === Saeculo 19 === * [[1850]] - [[Margarita Fuller]], [[scriptor|scriptrix]] praecipue [[diarium|diurnaria]] [[CFA|Americana]] quae pro [[ius|iuribus]] mulierum pugnavit; nata anno [[1810]]. * [[1867]] - [[Maximilianus I (imperator Mexici)|Maximilianus I]], imperator [[Mexicum|Mexici]]; natus anno [[1832]]. === Saeculo 20 === * [[1902]] - [[Ioannes Emericus Eduardus Dalberg-Acton primus Baro Acton]], rerum gestarum [[scriptor]] et [[diurnarius]] [[Anglia|Anglicus]], natus anno [[1834]]. * [[1937]] - [[Iacobus Matthaeus Barrie]], scriptor [[Scotia|Scotus]]; natus anno [[1860]]. * [[1956]] - [[Vladimirus Obručev]], geologus, geographus et [[scriptor]] [[Russia|Russicus]] [[URSS|Sovieticus]] (natus [[1863]]). * [[1957]] - [[Carolus Plagge]], miles [[Germania|Germanicus]], qui [[Vilna]]e inter [[secundum bellum mundanum]] [[Iudaei]]s a [[NSDAP|nazistis]] vexatis auxilium dedit; natus anno [[1897]]. * [[1983]] - [[Georgius Diederichs]], vir publicus [[Germania]]e et sodalis [[Socialis Democratica Factio Germaniae|Socialis Democraticae Factionis Germaniae]] (SPD); natus anno [[1900]]. * [[1993]] - [[Gulielmus Golding]], scriptor [[Anglia|Anglicus]]; natus anno [[1911]]. === Saeculo 21 === * [[2013]] - [[Iulius Horn]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Hungaria|Hungaricus]]; natus anno [[1932]]. * [[2015]] - [[Iacobus Salter]], scriptor [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1925]]. * [[2018]] - [[Stanley Cavell]], philosophus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1926]]. == Festa et feriae == *[[Adonia]] sacra Romana *Dies independentiae ([[Hungaria]]) *Dies [[cerasus (pomum)|cerasi]] (dies natalis [[Dazai Osamu]]) {{menses}} [[Categoria:Dies]] 9f7bg9ylh1lmpjaxrg48w3b264lwr8k 0 7170 3960736 3734358 2026-05-19T14:45:19Z LilyKitty 18316 de domo Ruricidarum 3960736 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L}} {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Vladimirus II Monomachus'''<ref>"Vladimirus II Monomachus" ([http://books.google.ru/books?id=1YcsAQAAMAAJ&q=%22vladimirus+II+monomachus%22&dq=%22vladimirus+II+monomachus%22&hl=ru&sa=X&ei=UoVVUfyzGfTS4QT-hIHwCA&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA I. Kulczynski, ''Specimen Ecclesiae Ruthenicae'', p. 350]); "Volodimirus Monomachus" ([http://books.google.ru/books?id=8ZIQAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA131&dq=Volodimirus+Monomachus&as_brr=4&cd=1#v=onepage&q=Volodimirus%20Monomachus&f=false S. Vizardelli, ''Dissertatio de origine christianae religionis in Russia'', p. 131]): "Vladimirus (Wlodimirius, Volodimirus, Vsevolodi filius) Monomachus" ([http://books.google.ru/books?id=fC0uAAAAMAAJ&q=vladimirus+monomachus&dq=vladimirus+monomachus&hl=ru&sa=X&ei=QoNVUeP1OuSl4gTsoYGwAQ&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAjgK O. Baran, ''Monumenta Ucrainae historica'', tom. II., p. 357]).</ref> ([[Lingua Slavica orientalis antiqua|Ruthenice antiqua]]: ''Володимиръ Мономахъ'', [[Russice]]: ''Владимир II Мономах'', [[Ucrainice]]: ''Володимир II Мономах''; natus anno [[1053]], mortuus [[19 Maii]] [[1125]] prope [[Kiovia]]m) erat dux [[Ruthenia|Ruthenicus]] [[Ruricidae|Ruricidarum]], filius ducis [[Vsevolodus Iaroslai filius|Vsevolodi]] [[Iaroslaus I Sapiens|Iaroslai]] filii. Cognominatus est Monomachus secundum nomen gentile matris suae, fortasse filiae [[Imperatores Constantinopolitani|imperatoris Constantinopolitani]] [[Constantinus IX Monomachus|Constantini IX Monomachi]]. [[Fasciculus:Monomakh's hunting.jpg|thumb|left|[[Victor Vasnetsov]] ''Requies magni ducis Vladimiri Monomachi post venaturam'']] Vladimirus Monomachus annis ab [[1066]] ad [[1073]] [[ducatus Rostoviensis|dux Rostoviensis]], et annis ab [[1073]] ad [[1078]] [[ducatus Smolenscensis|dux Smolenscensis]] erat. Anno [[1078]], cum pater eius Vsevolodus factus est [[magnus dux]] [[Kiovia|Kioviensis]] (i.e., monarcha princeps [[Ruthenia]]e), Vladimirus factus est [[ducatus Czernihoviensis|dux Czernihoviensis]]. Anno [[1094]], ad cessionem [[Czernihovia]]e subactus, factus est dux [[Pereaslavia]]e. [[Ducatus Pereaslaviensis]] saepe a nomadis appugnabatur, contra quos Vladimirus Monomachus prospere bellabat. Opinatus est, duces Rutheniae contra inimicos terrae illius communiter pugnare debuerunt, unitas Rutheniae firmanda fuit. Quam opinionem in conciliis ducum proposuit. Anno [[1113]], Vladimirus Monomachus factus est [[ducatus Kioviensis|magnus dux Kioviensis]], quod solium ad mortem suam tenuit. Legislator fuit, et scriptor. Creavit opusculum didascalicum, nunc ''Instructio Vladimiri Monomachi'' (Russice: ''[[:ru:Поучение Владимира Мономаха|"Поучение Владимира Мономаха]]"''; Ucrainice: ''"[[:uk:Повчання Володимира Мономаха|Повчання Володимира Мономаха]]"'') vocatur. Quod opus aestimatum est ut magni valoris monumentum [[litterae|litterarum]] [[Rutheni]]carum antiquarum. [[Mstislaus Magnus]] et [[Georgius Longimanus]] filii Vladimiri fuerunt. == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references /></div> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Vladimir II Monomakh|Vladimirum II Monomachum}} {{Fontes biographici}} * [http://bse.sci-lib.com/article005568.html Pagina de Vladimiro Vsevolodi filio Monomacho ''Encyclopaediae Sovieticae Magnae'' editionis tertiae] {{ling|Russice}} * [http://knowledge.su/v/vladimir-vsevolodovich-monomakh- Pagina de Vladimiro Vsevolodi filio Monomacho ''Encyclopaediae Russicae Magnae''] {{ling|Russice}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171006112203/http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Volodymyr_Mo Pagina de Vladimiro (Volodimiro) Monomacho ''Encyclopaediae historiae Ucrainae''] {{ling|Ucrainice}} [[Categoria:Duces Rostovienses]] [[Categoria:Magni duces Kiovienses]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Russiae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Ucrainae]] [[Categoria:Nati 1053]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1125]] [[Categoria:Ruricidae]] [[Categoria:Duces Czernihovienses]] c69r05vp0d8nj1ykllz4ymhbaejpb4l 0 8630 3960799 3869495 2026-05-19T22:48:51Z Frankserafini87 183459 red links removed 3960799 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ligue-latine-carte.png|thumb|350px|Fines priscorum Latinorum a monte Circeio ad Tiberim extenti]] '''Latini'''<ref>[[Livius|Liv.]] 1.2.4</ref> inter gentes [[linguae Italicae|Italicas]] numerantur, quae stirpe [[Lingua Protoindoeuropaea|Indoeuropaea]] ortae ex [[Balcania]] secundum oram Hadriaticam migrantes posteriore [[aetas aënea|aetate aënea]] (1200-900 a.C.n) in Italia consederunt.<ref>Cornell (1995: 44)</ref> [[Latium vetus]]<ref>Latium vetus ad ''agros Latios'' ([[Varro]] ''[[De lingua Latina (Varro)|Lat.]]'' 5.32) sive ad Latium nondum ad mediam Italiam versus extensum refertur. Liou-Gille (1996: 76)</ref> incolebant in urbibus liberis viventes et commune residendi mercandique ius inter se communicantes. [[Lingua|Sermone]] nec non [[feriae Latinae|feriis]] Latinis ab aliis gentibus seclusi, in religionis et [[lingua Latina archaica|linguae]] aliarumque rerum memoriae communionem ac societatem venerunt. Communitas in eo posita erat, ut [[Latinus|Latinum regem]] crederent esse stirpis suae auctorem.<ref>Grandazzi (1988)</ref> Iam inde a decimo nonove saeculo a.C.n. Latium vetus erat sedes populorum Albensium, colonorum [[Alba Longa|Albae]],<ref>[[Livius|Liv.]] 1.3.7; [[Dionysius Halicarnassensis|Dion.Hal.]] 1.45.2.</ref> qui ex triginta populis constabant.<ref>Quorum nomina a [[Plinius|Plinio]] (''[[Naturalis historia (Plinius)|Nat.]]'' 3.69) enumerantur. Nihil quidem praeter nomina de his cognovimus.</ref> Qui populi quotannis ad celebrandas [[feriae Latinae|ferias Latinas]] cogebantur Iovi Latiari in [[mons Albanus|monte Albano]] sacra facturi. Exstiterat enim Iuppiter Latiaris, cum [[Latinus]] rex proelio, quod ei fuit adversus regem [[Etrusci|Etruscum]], "nusquam apparuit", id est, ante oculos evanuit.<ref>[[Sextus Pompeius Festus|Fest.]] 212 Lindsay. Liou-Gille (1996: 77).</ref> Latini, fere minimus populus Italicus, facti sunt maximi inter eos, quod [[Roma]], urbs a Latinis iuvenibus [[Romulus|Romulo]] et [[Remus|Remo]] [[Roma condita|condita]], totam Italiam et multos alios populos subegit. Civitates Latinae circa Romam sitae inter foederatos Romanos statum peculiarem (vide [[ius Latii]]) obtinebant. Cives earum [[Ius privatum|iure privato]] cum Romanis eodem loco habebantur et in [[comitia|comitiis]] Romanorum Latinis suffragium ferre licebat. Ubi Latini Romae sedes collocaverunt, [[civitas Romana|civitatis Romanae]] compotes facti sunt. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Alföldi, Andreas (1965) ''Early Rome and the Latins''. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press * Bietti Sestieri, Anna Maria & De Santis, Anna (2008) Relative and absolute chronology of Latium vetus from the Late Bronze Age to the transition to the Orientalizing Period. ''A New Dawn for the Dark Age? Shifting Paradigms in Mediterranean Iron Age Chronology'' (ed. Dirk Brandherm & Martin Trachsel), 119-133. Oxford: Archaeopress. * Cecamore, Claudia (1993) Il santuario di « Iuppiter Latiaris » sul Monte Cavo: spunti e materiali dai vecchi scavi. ''Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma'' 95 (1): 19-44 * Colonna, Giovanni (1974) Preistoria e protoistoria di Roma e del Lazio. ''Popoli e civiltà dell'Italia Antica'', vol. II: (ed. A.Radimili & al.), 275-346. Roma: Biblioteca di Storia Patria. * Cornell, Tim J. (1995): The Beginnings of Rome. Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c.1000–264 BC). Taylor & Francis * ——————— (2000) The City-State in Latium. ''A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures'' (ed. Mogens Herman Hansen), 209-228. Copenhagen: Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab * Devoto, Giacomo (1951) ''Gli antichi Italici''. Firenze: Vallecchi * Finocchi P. (1980) Il templum di Iuppiter Latiaris sul Mons Albanus. ''Archeologia laziale''', III: 156-158. Roma : Cons. nazionale delle ricerche. * Forsythe, Gary (2005) Archaic Italy c. 800-500 BC. ''A critical history of early Rome. From prehistory to the first Punic War'', 28–58. Berkeley: University of California Press. * Grandazzi, Alexandre (1986) La localisation d'Albe. ''Mélanges de l'École Francaise de Rome. Antiquité'' 98: 47-90 * ——————— (1988) Le roi Latinus. Analyse d'une figure légendaire. ''Comptes rendues de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres'' 132 (2): 481-497 * Liou-Gille, Bernadette (1996) Naissance de la ligue latine. Mythe et culte de fondation. ''Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire'' 74: 73-97 * Martínez-Pinna, Jorge (2005) El rey Latino o la decadencia del héroe. ''Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire'' 83: 63-77 * Müller-Karpe, Hermann (1959) "Vom Anfang Roms". Kerle. * Pigorini, Luigi (1910) ''Gli abitanti primitivi dell'Italia''. Roma: Bertero. * Poucet, Jacques (1985) ''Les origines de Rome: tradition et histoire''. Bruxelles: Facultés Universitaires Saint Louis * Smith, Christopher John (1996) ''Early Rome and Latium: Economy and Society c. 1000 to 500 B.C.'' Oxford University Press. * Zucca, Raimondo (2004) I popoli italici e le origini di Roma. ''Storia del Mediterraneo nell'antichità'' (ed. Massimo Guidetti), 124-134. Milano: Jaca Book [[Categoria:Gentes Italiae antiquae]] f383fp9lddzazgtmiquyehi6fvuyt0u 3960807 3960799 2026-05-20T00:18:23Z Grufo 64423 Nexūs rubri non sunt removendi 3960807 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ligue-latine-carte.png|thumb|350px|Fines priscorum Latinorum a monte Circeio ad Tiberim extenti]] {{res|Latini}}<ref>[[Livius|Liv.]] 1.2.4</ref> inter gentes [[linguae Italicae|Italicas]] numerantur, quae stirpe [[Lingua Protoindoeuropaea|Indoeuropaea]] ortae ex [[Balcania]] secundum oram Hadriaticam migrantes posteriore [[aetas aënea|aetate aënea]] (1200-900 a.C.n) in Italia consederunt.<ref>Cornell (1995: 44)</ref> [[Latium vetus]]<ref>Latium vetus ad ''agros Latios'' ([[Varro]] ''[[De lingua Latina (Varro)|Lat.]]'' 5.32) sive ad Latium nondum ad mediam Italiam versus extensum refertur. Liou-Gille (1996: 76)</ref> incolebant in urbibus liberis viventes et commune residendi mercandique ius inter se communicantes. [[Lingua|Sermone]] nec non [[feriae Latinae|feriis]] Latinis ab aliis gentibus seclusi, in religionis et [[lingua Latina archaica|linguae]] aliarumque rerum memoriae communionem ac societatem venerunt. Communitas in eo posita erat, ut [[Latinus|Latinum regem]] crederent esse stirpis suae auctorem.<ref>Grandazzi (1988)</ref> Iam inde a decimo nonove saeculo a.C.n. Latium vetus erat sedes {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|prisci Latini|populorum Albensium|en|qid=Q3166998}}, colonorum [[Alba Longa|Albae]],<ref>[[Livius|Liv.]] 1.3.7; [[Dionysius Halicarnassensis|Dion.Hal.]] 1.45.2.</ref> qui ex triginta populis constabant.<ref>Quorum nomina a [[Plinius|Plinio]] (''[[Naturalis historia (Plinius)|Nat.]]'' 3.69) enumerantur. Nihil quidem praeter nomina de his cognovimus.</ref> Qui populi quotannis ad celebrandas [[feriae Latinae|ferias Latinas]] cogebantur [[Iuppiter Latiaris|Iovi Latiari]] in [[mons Albanus|monte Albano]] sacra facturi. Exstiterat enim Iuppiter Latiaris, cum [[Latinus]] rex proelio, quod ei fuit adversus regem [[Etrusci|Etruscum]], "nusquam apparuit", id est, ante oculos evanuit.<ref>[[Sextus Pompeius Festus|Fest.]] 212 Lindsay. Liou-Gille (1996: 77).</ref> Latini, fere minimus populus Italicus, facti sunt maximi inter eos, quod [[Roma]], urbs a Latinis iuvenibus [[Romulus|Romulo]] et [[Remus|Remo]] [[Roma condita|condita]], totam Italiam et multos alios populos subegit. Civitates Latinae circa Romam sitae inter {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|foederati|foederatos|en|qid=Q129224}} Romanos statum peculiarem (vide [[ius Latii]]) obtinebant. Cives earum [[Ius privatum|iure privato]] cum Romanis eodem loco habebantur et in [[comitia|comitiis]] Romanorum Latinis suffragium ferre licebat. Ubi Latini Romae sedes collocaverunt, [[civitas Romana|civitatis Romanae]] compotes facti sunt. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Alföldi, Andreas (1965) ''Early Rome and the Latins''. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press * Bietti Sestieri, Anna Maria & De Santis, Anna (2008) Relative and absolute chronology of Latium vetus from the Late Bronze Age to the transition to the Orientalizing Period. ''A New Dawn for the Dark Age? Shifting Paradigms in Mediterranean Iron Age Chronology'' (ed. Dirk Brandherm & Martin Trachsel), 119-133. Oxford: Archaeopress. * Cecamore, Claudia (1993) Il santuario di « Iuppiter Latiaris » sul Monte Cavo: spunti e materiali dai vecchi scavi. ''Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma'' 95 (1): 19-44 * Colonna, Giovanni (1974) Preistoria e protoistoria di Roma e del Lazio. ''Popoli e civiltà dell'Italia Antica'', vol. II: (ed. A.Radimili & al.), 275-346. Roma: Biblioteca di Storia Patria. * Cornell, Tim J. (1995): The Beginnings of Rome. Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c.1000–264 BC). Taylor & Francis * ——————— (2000) The City-State in Latium. ''A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures'' (ed. Mogens Herman Hansen), 209-228. Copenhagen: Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab * Devoto, Giacomo (1951) ''Gli antichi Italici''. Firenze: Vallecchi * Finocchi P. (1980) Il templum di Iuppiter Latiaris sul Mons Albanus. ''Archeologia laziale''', III: 156-158. Roma : Cons. nazionale delle ricerche. * Forsythe, Gary (2005) Archaic Italy c. 800-500 BC. ''A critical history of early Rome. From prehistory to the first Punic War'', 28–58. Berkeley: University of California Press. * Grandazzi, Alexandre (1986) La localisation d'Albe. ''Mélanges de l'École Francaise de Rome. Antiquité'' 98: 47-90 * ——————— (1988) Le roi Latinus. Analyse d'une figure légendaire. ''Comptes rendues de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres'' 132 (2): 481-497 * Liou-Gille, Bernadette (1996) Naissance de la ligue latine. Mythe et culte de fondation. ''Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire'' 74: 73-97 * Martínez-Pinna, Jorge (2005) El rey Latino o la decadencia del héroe. ''Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire'' 83: 63-77 * Müller-Karpe, Hermann (1959) "Vom Anfang Roms". Kerle. * Pigorini, Luigi (1910) ''Gli abitanti primitivi dell'Italia''. Roma: Bertero. * Poucet, Jacques (1985) ''Les origines de Rome: tradition et histoire''. Bruxelles: Facultés Universitaires Saint Louis * Smith, Christopher John (1996) ''Early Rome and Latium: Economy and Society c. 1000 to 500 B.C.'' Oxford University Press. * Zucca, Raimondo (2004) I popoli italici e le origini di Roma. ''Storia del Mediterraneo nell'antichità'' (ed. Massimo Guidetti), 124-134. Milano: Jaca Book [[Categoria:Gentes Italiae antiquae]] 7zsc1jfyvbd8cu1n1q98ztmfrfp51yx 0 11924 3960764 3960254 2026-05-19T18:46:49Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3960764 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Ketone Structural Formula V.2.svg|thumb|right|140px|Generalis ketonae structura. R¹ et R² pro catenis carbonii stant.]] {{res|Kētōnē}}{{FD ref}} ({{pns|ae|f}}) seu {{res|cētōnē}}{{FD ref}} ({{pns|ae|f}}; decl. sicut [[anemone]];<ref name="suffixum-one">{{Opus | auctor = {{Vvaa}} | titulus = Meaning of suffix -one | domus editoria = Online Etymological Dictionary | url = https://www.etymonline.com/word/-one | tempus inspectionis = 2023-04-13 | quote = chemical suffix, from Greek -one, female patronymic (as in anemone, "daughter of the wind," from anemos); in chemical use denoting a "weaker" derivative. Its use in forming acetone (1830s) gave rise to the specialized chemical sense. }}</ref> vide etiam Gr. κετόνη{{dubsig}}) est [[compositum chemicum]] [[chemia organica|organicum]] quae [[Radix (chemia)|gregem]] carbonylum C=O media catena [[Hydrocarboneum|hydrocarbonea]] (sive aliphata sive cyclica) habet (si ad extremam catenam grex C=O vinctus est de [[Aldehydum|aldehydo]], non de ketona agitur). Formula [[Acetone|acetonae]] exempli gratia quae simplicissima ketone habetur: CH₃COCH₃. Ad nomina ketonarum creanda suffixum -ōnē nomini hydrocarbonei cognati addi solet: [[propanum]]/propanone (quae saepius acetone appellari solet), [[butanum]]/butanone, [[pentanum]]/pentanone etc. Numerus carbonii quod gregem carboxylum fert ita indicari debet: propan-2-one (alias acetone). Ketonae nominari possunt in modo vel systematis communis vel systematis [[IUPAC]]. == De etymologia ''ketonae'' == Nomen ''ketonae,'' prima littera vocabuli Theodisci ''Aketon'' (quod quidem hodie ''Aceton'' scribitur) deleta, factum est ab [[Leopoldus Gmelin|Leopoldo Gmelin]], chemico Germanico, in opere ''Handbuch der theoretischen Chemie'' (ed. quarta, [[1848]]) inscripto. Nomen [[acetone|acetonae]] a Lat. [[acetum]] et [[suffixum patronymicum]] [[lingua Graeca antiqua|Gr.]] -όνη formatus erat, cuius usus in illo vocabulo – quasi derivationem indicans – post quam Gmelin id adoptavit quoque ad nomen ketonae creandum, geniturus erat [[nomenclatura]]m [[chimica]]m (-onē) [[acidum|acidorum]] debilium.<ref name="suffixum-one" />''' == De fabricatione industriali == [[Fasciculus:Aceton.svg|thumb|Structura acetonae.]] In industria chemica ketonae per oxidationem [[alcohol|alcoholis]] secundarii producuntur secundum reactionem infrascriptam: [[Fasciculus:Oxydation d'un alcool secondaire en cétone par le dioxygène.PNG|thumb|left|Oxidatio alcoholis secundarii.]] == Exempla == * [[Acetone]] == Notae == <references/> == Plura legere si cupis == *Romane Bertrand, Fabrizio Andreelli, Jean-Michel Lecerf. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1957255722002127 Corps cétoniques : définitions, synthèse et rôles dans le métabolisme énergétique]", ''Médecine des Maladies Métaboliques'', 2022: 580-585 == Nexus externi == * [[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ketones ketonas] pertinent * [https://www.aquaportail.com/dictionnaire/definition/14511/cetone Aquaportail] * [https://www.britannica.com/science/ketone Britannica] {{NexInt}} * [[Diketone]] * [[Aldehydum]] * [[Saccharides]] {{chem-stipula}} [[Categoria:Chemia organica]] [[Categoria:Composita chemica]] [[Categoria:Ketonae]] {{Myrias|Physica}} 59pebs65ls9gki411r24hpev2f5333l 3960765 3960764 2026-05-19T18:49:36Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De etymologia ketonae */ 3960765 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Ketone Structural Formula V.2.svg|thumb|right|140px|Generalis ketonae structura. R¹ et R² pro catenis carbonii stant.]] {{res|Kētōnē}}{{FD ref}} ({{pns|ae|f}}) seu {{res|cētōnē}}{{FD ref}} ({{pns|ae|f}}; decl. sicut [[anemone]];<ref name="suffixum-one">{{Opus | auctor = {{Vvaa}} | titulus = Meaning of suffix -one | domus editoria = Online Etymological Dictionary | url = https://www.etymonline.com/word/-one | tempus inspectionis = 2023-04-13 | quote = chemical suffix, from Greek -one, female patronymic (as in anemone, "daughter of the wind," from anemos); in chemical use denoting a "weaker" derivative. Its use in forming acetone (1830s) gave rise to the specialized chemical sense. }}</ref> vide etiam Gr. κετόνη{{dubsig}}) est [[compositum chemicum]] [[chemia organica|organicum]] quae [[Radix (chemia)|gregem]] carbonylum C=O media catena [[Hydrocarboneum|hydrocarbonea]] (sive aliphata sive cyclica) habet (si ad extremam catenam grex C=O vinctus est de [[Aldehydum|aldehydo]], non de ketona agitur). Formula [[Acetone|acetonae]] exempli gratia quae simplicissima ketone habetur: CH₃COCH₃. Ad nomina ketonarum creanda suffixum -ōnē nomini hydrocarbonei cognati addi solet: [[propanum]]/propanone (quae saepius acetone appellari solet), [[butanum]]/butanone, [[pentanum]]/pentanone etc. Numerus carbonii quod gregem carboxylum fert ita indicari debet: propan-2-one (alias acetone). Ketonae nominari possunt in modo vel systematis communis vel systematis [[IUPAC]]. == De etymologia ''ketonae'' == Nomen ''ketonae,'' prima littera vocabuli Theodisci ''Aketon'' (quod quidem hodie ''Aceton'' scribitur) deleta, factum est ab [[Leopoldus Gmelin|Leopoldo Gmelin]], chemico Germanico, in opere ''Handbuch der theoretischen Chemie'' (ed. quarta, [[1848]]) inscripto. Nomen [[acetone|acetonae]] a Lat. [[acetum]] et [[suffixum patronymicum]] [[lingua Graeca antiqua|Gr.]] -όνη formatus erat, cuius usus in illo vocabulo – quasi derivationem indicans – post quam Gmelin id adoptavit ad nomina ketonarum creanda, geniturus erat [[nomenclatura]]m [[chimica]]m (-onē) [[acidum|acidorum]] debilium.<ref name="suffixum-one" />''' == De fabricatione industriali == [[Fasciculus:Aceton.svg|thumb|Structura acetonae.]] In industria chemica ketonae per oxidationem [[alcohol|alcoholis]] secundarii producuntur secundum reactionem infrascriptam: [[Fasciculus:Oxydation d'un alcool secondaire en cétone par le dioxygène.PNG|thumb|left|Oxidatio alcoholis secundarii.]] == Exempla == * [[Acetone]] == Notae == <references/> == Plura legere si cupis == *Romane Bertrand, Fabrizio Andreelli, Jean-Michel Lecerf. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1957255722002127 Corps cétoniques : définitions, synthèse et rôles dans le métabolisme énergétique]", ''Médecine des Maladies Métaboliques'', 2022: 580-585 == Nexus externi == * [[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ketones ketonas] pertinent * [https://www.aquaportail.com/dictionnaire/definition/14511/cetone Aquaportail] * [https://www.britannica.com/science/ketone Britannica] {{NexInt}} * [[Diketone]] * [[Aldehydum]] * [[Saccharides]] {{chem-stipula}} [[Categoria:Chemia organica]] [[Categoria:Composita chemica]] [[Categoria:Ketonae]] {{Myrias|Physica}} bvifnha51mgyrq6q74dvdp3em6jwbzj 3960766 3960765 2026-05-19T18:57:46Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 Abrogans recensionem 3960765 ab usore [[User:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[User talk:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Disputatio]] | [[Special:Contributions/Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|conlationes]]) 3960766 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Ketone Structural Formula V.2.svg|thumb|right|140px|Generalis ketonae structura. R¹ et R² pro catenis carbonii stant.]] {{res|Kētōnē}}{{FD ref}} ({{pns|ae|f}}) seu {{res|cētōnē}}{{FD ref}} ({{pns|ae|f}}; decl. sicut [[anemone]];<ref name="suffixum-one">{{Opus | auctor = {{Vvaa}} | titulus = Meaning of suffix -one | domus editoria = Online Etymological Dictionary | url = https://www.etymonline.com/word/-one | tempus inspectionis = 2023-04-13 | quote = chemical suffix, from Greek -one, female patronymic (as in anemone, "daughter of the wind," from anemos); in chemical use denoting a "weaker" derivative. Its use in forming acetone (1830s) gave rise to the specialized chemical sense. }}</ref> vide etiam Gr. κετόνη{{dubsig}}) est [[compositum chemicum]] [[chemia organica|organicum]] quae [[Radix (chemia)|gregem]] carbonylum C=O media catena [[Hydrocarboneum|hydrocarbonea]] (sive aliphata sive cyclica) habet (si ad extremam catenam grex C=O vinctus est de [[Aldehydum|aldehydo]], non de ketona agitur). Formula [[Acetone|acetonae]] exempli gratia quae simplicissima ketone habetur: CH₃COCH₃. Ad nomina ketonarum creanda suffixum -ōnē nomini hydrocarbonei cognati addi solet: [[propanum]]/propanone (quae saepius acetone appellari solet), [[butanum]]/butanone, [[pentanum]]/pentanone etc. Numerus carbonii quod gregem carboxylum fert ita indicari debet: propan-2-one (alias acetone). Ketonae nominari possunt in modo vel systematis communis vel systematis [[IUPAC]]. == De etymologia ''ketonae'' == Nomen ''ketonae,'' prima littera vocabuli Theodisci ''Aketon'' (quod quidem hodie ''Aceton'' scribitur) deleta, factum est ab [[Leopoldus Gmelin|Leopoldo Gmelin]], chemico Germanico, in opere ''Handbuch der theoretischen Chemie'' (ed. quarta, [[1848]]) inscripto. Nomen [[acetone|acetonae]] a Lat. [[acetum]] et [[suffixum patronymicum]] [[lingua Graeca antiqua|Gr.]] -όνη formatus erat, cuius usus in illo vocabulo – quasi derivationem indicans – post quam Gmelin id adoptavit quoque ad nomen ketonae creandum, geniturus erat [[nomenclatura]]m [[chimica]]m (-onē) [[acidum|acidorum]] debilium.<ref name="suffixum-one" />''' == De fabricatione industriali == [[Fasciculus:Aceton.svg|thumb|Structura acetonae.]] In industria chemica ketonae per oxidationem [[alcohol|alcoholis]] secundarii producuntur secundum reactionem infrascriptam: [[Fasciculus:Oxydation d'un alcool secondaire en cétone par le dioxygène.PNG|thumb|left|Oxidatio alcoholis secundarii.]] == Exempla == * [[Acetone]] == Notae == <references/> == Plura legere si cupis == *Romane Bertrand, Fabrizio Andreelli, Jean-Michel Lecerf. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1957255722002127 Corps cétoniques : définitions, synthèse et rôles dans le métabolisme énergétique]", ''Médecine des Maladies Métaboliques'', 2022: 580-585 == Nexus externi == * [[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ketones ketonas] pertinent * [https://www.aquaportail.com/dictionnaire/definition/14511/cetone Aquaportail] * [https://www.britannica.com/science/ketone Britannica] {{NexInt}} * [[Diketone]] * [[Aldehydum]] * [[Saccharides]] {{chem-stipula}} [[Categoria:Chemia organica]] [[Categoria:Composita chemica]] [[Categoria:Ketonae]] {{Myrias|Physica}} 59pebs65ls9gki411r24hpev2f5333l 0 11938 3960705 3960510 2026-05-19T13:12:17Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De fabricatione */ 3960705 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Carboxylic Acid General Structure V.1.svg|thumb|upright=0.5|Generalis acidi carboxylici forma.]] [[Fasciculus:Carboxylate-resonance-hybrid.png|thumb|upright=0.5|[[Anion]] carboxylatum.]] [[Fasciculus:Carboxyl-3D-space-filling-labelled.png |thumb|upright=0.5|Forma acidi carboxylici in tribus dimensionibus.]] '''Acidum carboxylicum''' est [[compositum chemicum]] [[Chemia organica|organicum]] quod gregem carboxylicum (C(=O)OH) cum [[Radicale (chemia)|radicali]] organico (nota R, saepe alkylo, hoc est cum catena hydrocarbonea) coniungit.<ref>{{GoldBookRef|title=carboxylic acids|file=C00852}}</ref> Formula generalis est '''R–COOH,''' ubi ''R'' gregem alkyl describit. In [[aqua]] tepida [[Proton|protonem]] emittunt et [[anion|anionta]] formant COOH^-: ita sunt acida debilia. [[Acidum adipatum|Acida adipata]] quae in animalium cellulis energiam coacervant in [[Triglyceridum|triglyceridis]] sunt acida caboxylica<ref>C. Colette, L. Monnier. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1957255711702346 Acides gras : classification, fonction et équilibre entre les différentes familles]", ''Médecine des Maladies Métaboliques'', 2011: 237-245</ref>. == De nominibus == Secundum [[IUPAC]] nomen acidi e nomine alcani cognati addito suffixo -oïcum ducitur. [[Adiectivus]] ita formatum nomini "acido" adponitur. Ita ex [[Methanum|methano]] acidum methanoïcum, ex [[Ethanum|ethano]] acidum ethanoïcum, e propano [[Acidum propionicum|acidum propanoïcum]] etc. Revera primum quod simplicissimum e sua categoria est (H–COOH) [[acidum formicum]] vulgo appellatur quia in [[formica|formicarum]] veneno invenitur. Secundum [[acidum aceticum]] appellari solet quia in [[Acetum|aceto]] invenitur (CH₃–COOH). == De fabricatione == Acida carboxylica saepe ex oxidatione [[Alcohol|alcoholium]] primariorum aut [[Aldehydum|aldehydorum]] cognatorum oriuntur. Ita in aëre vinum ([[ethanolum]]) acetum (acidum ethanoïcum) naturaliter fit (CH₃CH₂OH + O₂</sub> → H₃C-COOH + H₂O) . In laboratoriis ad citius oxidanda alcoholia et aldehyda saepe [[Kalium|kalii]] [[Manganum|permanganato]] utuntur. == Exempla == * [[Acidum adipatum]] * [[Acidum carbonicum]] * [[Acidum formicum]] * [[Acidum aceticum]] * [[Acidum propionicum]] {{NexInt}} * [[Acidum butyricum]] * [[Aminoacidum]] * [[Ester]] * [[Oxidatio]] ==Notae== <references/> == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Carboxylic_acids acida carboxylica] pertinent * [https://chimie.ens-lyon.fr/sites/default/files/2025-10/Cours-acides-carbo-et-derives-maelle-mosser-19-20.pdf Lectio ENS Lyon (Maella Mosser)] ==Bibliographia== *Riemenschneider, Wilhelm. [[2002]]. "Carboxylic Acids, Aliphatic." ''Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry.'' Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a05_235. ISBN 3527306730.. {{chem-stipula}} [[Categoria:Acida carboxylica|!]] {{Myrias|Physica}} 4layny1e1wdh13h3wudcby0qn8g7ryq 3960706 3960705 2026-05-19T13:13:10Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De fabricatione */ 3960706 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Carboxylic Acid General Structure V.1.svg|thumb|upright=0.5|Generalis acidi carboxylici forma.]] [[Fasciculus:Carboxylate-resonance-hybrid.png|thumb|upright=0.5|[[Anion]] carboxylatum.]] [[Fasciculus:Carboxyl-3D-space-filling-labelled.png |thumb|upright=0.5|Forma acidi carboxylici in tribus dimensionibus.]] '''Acidum carboxylicum''' est [[compositum chemicum]] [[Chemia organica|organicum]] quod gregem carboxylicum (C(=O)OH) cum [[Radicale (chemia)|radicali]] organico (nota R, saepe alkylo, hoc est cum catena hydrocarbonea) coniungit.<ref>{{GoldBookRef|title=carboxylic acids|file=C00852}}</ref> Formula generalis est '''R–COOH,''' ubi ''R'' gregem alkyl describit. In [[aqua]] tepida [[Proton|protonem]] emittunt et [[anion|anionta]] formant COOH^-: ita sunt acida debilia. [[Acidum adipatum|Acida adipata]] quae in animalium cellulis energiam coacervant in [[Triglyceridum|triglyceridis]] sunt acida caboxylica<ref>C. Colette, L. Monnier. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1957255711702346 Acides gras : classification, fonction et équilibre entre les différentes familles]", ''Médecine des Maladies Métaboliques'', 2011: 237-245</ref>. == De nominibus == Secundum [[IUPAC]] nomen acidi e nomine alcani cognati addito suffixo -oïcum ducitur. [[Adiectivus]] ita formatum nomini "acido" adponitur. Ita ex [[Methanum|methano]] acidum methanoïcum, ex [[Ethanum|ethano]] acidum ethanoïcum, e propano [[Acidum propionicum|acidum propanoïcum]] etc. Revera primum quod simplicissimum e sua categoria est (H–COOH) [[acidum formicum]] vulgo appellatur quia in [[formica|formicarum]] veneno invenitur. Secundum [[acidum aceticum]] appellari solet quia in [[Acetum|aceto]] invenitur (CH₃–COOH). == De fabricatione == Acida carboxylica saepe ex oxidatione [[Alcohol|alcoholium]] primariorum aut [[Aldehydum|aldehydorum]] cognatorum oriuntur. Ita in aëre vinum ([[ethanolum]]) acetum (acidum ethanoïcum) naturaliter fit (CH₃CH₂OH + O₂</sub> → CH₃COOH + H₂O) . In laboratoriis ad citius oxidanda alcoholia et aldehyda saepe [[Kalium|kalii]] [[Manganum|permanganato]] utuntur. == Exempla == * [[Acidum adipatum]] * [[Acidum carbonicum]] * [[Acidum formicum]] * [[Acidum aceticum]] * [[Acidum propionicum]] {{NexInt}} * [[Acidum butyricum]] * [[Aminoacidum]] * [[Ester]] * [[Oxidatio]] ==Notae== <references/> == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Carboxylic_acids acida carboxylica] pertinent * [https://chimie.ens-lyon.fr/sites/default/files/2025-10/Cours-acides-carbo-et-derives-maelle-mosser-19-20.pdf Lectio ENS Lyon (Maella Mosser)] ==Bibliographia== *Riemenschneider, Wilhelm. [[2002]]. "Carboxylic Acids, Aliphatic." ''Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry.'' Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a05_235. ISBN 3527306730.. {{chem-stipula}} [[Categoria:Acida carboxylica|!]] {{Myrias|Physica}} m5gkzphhfqzqifamrzj80ozkcj134d7 0 12001 3960709 3959264 2026-05-19T13:25:23Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3960709 wikitext text/x-wiki :''Si personam Biblicam quaeris, vide [[Esther]]''. [[Fasciculus:Ester-general.svg|130px|thumb|Ester carboxylatum. R et R' quamlibet catervam [[alcylium|alcyliam]]{{dubsig}} aut [[arylium|aryliam]]{{dubsig}} designant. R etiam atomus [[hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] esse potest.]] '''Ester''' {{Victio|ester|is|n}}<ref>Vocabulum originis [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscae]], fortasse ab ''Essig'' '[[acetum|aceto]]' et ''Äther'' '[[aether]]e' formatum.</ref> est [[compositum chemicum]] ab [[acidum|acido]] tractum, in quo pro una saltem caterva -OH ([[hydroxylium|hydroxylia]]) caterva -O- ([[alcylium|alcylia]]) substituitur. Ester inventum anno [[1848]] a [[Leopoldus Gmelin|Leopoldo Gmelin]] et saepe ex [[acidum carboxylicum|acido carboxylico]] et [[alcohol]]e inter se [[Reactio chemica|reagentibus]] formatur. Inter estera sunt [[glyceridum|glycerida]], ex [[acidum adipatum|acidis adipatis]] et [[glycerol]]e formata, unum ex principalibus generibus [[lipidum|lipidorum]], in [[pingue|pinguibus]] [[oleum|oleis]]que inventorum. Estera quorum [[massa molaris|pondus moleculare]] est humile in [[odor|odoribus]], [[oleum essentiale|oleis essentialibus]], [[pheromonum|pheromonis]] reperiuntur: volatilia enim dicuntur. [[Phosphoester]]a structuram molecularum [[ADN|acidi desoxyribonucleici]] (ADN) formant. [[Ester nitratus|Estera nitrati]], ut [[nitroglycerinum]], proprietates [[materia displosiva|displosivas]] habent, et [[polyester]]a, quae sunt [[monomera]] medietatibus esterum coniuncta, sunt [[plastica (materia)|plasticae]] magni momenti. [[Fasciculus:Bijenwas1591.JPG|thumb|[[Cera]] ab [[Apis mellifera|apibus]] facta plura estera continet.]] Formula chemica simplex est ''<math>R_1-COO-R_2</math>''. "<math>R_1-COO</math>" est ''carboxylium''. "<math>R_2</math>" est ''alkylium''. Alterum nomen est Alkylii carboxylas sive Alkylii alkanoas<ref> Кириченко А. В., Протасевич Н. В. Латинский язык: для студентов специальностей «Химия (фармацевтическая деятельность)», «Химия (охрана окружающей среды)» [Электронный ресурс]. - Мн.: БГУ, 2013. </ref> (ester [[Acidum carboxylicum|acidi carboxylici]]). == Exempla == * [[Methylii formias]] sive [[Methylii methanoas]] * [[Methylii acetas]] sive [[Methylii aethanoas]] * [[Aethylii formias]] sive [[Aethylii methanoas]] * [[Aethylii acetas]] sive [[Aethylii aethanoas]] == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Acetylcholinum]] == Nexus externus == {{CommuniaCat|Esters|esteres}} {{chem-stipula}} [[Categoria:Chemica]] [[Categoria:Composita chemica]] [[Categoria:Ester]] {{Myrias|Physica}} gkjl92a9j9jjxzewigf04mgjrslw3ku 3960713 3960709 2026-05-19T13:32:57Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3960713 wikitext text/x-wiki :''Si personam Biblicam quaeris, vide [[Esther]]''. [[Fasciculus:Ester-general.svg|130px|thumb|Ester carboxylatum. R et R' quamlibet catervam [[alcylium|alcyliam]]{{dubsig}} aut [[arylium|aryliam]]{{dubsig}} designant. R etiam atomus [[hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] esse potest.]] [[Fasciculus:Trimyristin-3D-vdW.png|thumb|Triglyceridum hoc est ester glycerolis cum tribus acidis adipatis.]] '''Ester''' {{Victio|ester|is|n}}<ref>Vocabulum originis [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscae]], fortasse ab ''Essig'' '[[acetum|aceto]]' et ''Äther'' '[[aether]]e' formatum.</ref> est [[compositum chemicum]] ab [[acidum|acido]] tractum, in quo pro una saltem caterva -OH ([[hydroxylium|hydroxylia]]) caterva -O- ([[alcylium|alcylia]]) substituitur. Ester inventum anno [[1848]] a [[Leopoldus Gmelin|Leopoldo Gmelin]] et saepe ex [[acidum carboxylicum|acido carboxylico]] et [[alcohol]]e inter se [[Reactio chemica|reagentibus]] formatur. Inter estera sunt [[glyceridum|glycerida]], ex [[acidum adipatum|acidis adipatis]] et [[glycerol]]e formata, unum ex principalibus generibus [[lipidum|lipidorum]], in [[pingue|pinguibus]] [[oleum|oleis]]que inventorum. Estera quorum [[massa molaris|pondus moleculare]] est humile in [[odor|odoribus]], [[oleum essentiale|oleis essentialibus]], [[pheromonum|pheromonis]] reperiuntur: volatilia enim dicuntur. [[Phosphoester]]a structuram molecularum [[ADN|acidi desoxyribonucleici]] (ADN) formant. [[Ester nitratus|Estera nitrati]], ut [[nitroglycerinum]], proprietates [[materia displosiva|displosivas]] habent, et [[polyester]]a, quae sunt [[monomera]] medietatibus esterum coniuncta, sunt [[plastica (materia)|plasticae]] magni momenti. [[Fasciculus:Bijenwas1591.JPG|thumb|[[Cera]] ab [[Apis mellifera|apibus]] facta plura estera continet.]] Formula chemica simplex est ''<math>R_1-COO-R_2</math>''. "<math>R_1-COO</math>" est ''carboxylium''. "<math>R_2</math>" est ''alkylium''. Alterum nomen est Alkylii carboxylas sive Alkylii alkanoas<ref> Кириченко А. В., Протасевич Н. В. Латинский язык: для студентов специальностей «Химия (фармацевтическая деятельность)», «Химия (охрана окружающей среды)» [Электронный ресурс]. - Мн.: БГУ, 2013. </ref> (ester [[Acidum carboxylicum|acidi carboxylici]]). == Exempla == * [[Methylii formias]] sive [[Methylii methanoas]] * [[Methylii acetas]] sive [[Methylii aethanoas]] * [[Aethylii formias]] sive [[Aethylii methanoas]] * [[Aethylii acetas]] sive [[Aethylii aethanoas]] == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Acetylcholinum]] == Nexus externus == {{CommuniaCat|Esters|esteres}} {{chem-stipula}} [[Categoria:Chemica]] [[Categoria:Composita chemica]] [[Categoria:Ester]] {{Myrias|Physica}} axszpmu9cqvkohe0aenyokdkwom0bmt 3960714 3960713 2026-05-19T13:34:42Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3960714 wikitext text/x-wiki :''Si personam Biblicam quaeris, vide [[Esther]]''. [[Fasciculus:Ester-general.svg|130px|thumb|Ester carboxylatum. R et R' quamlibet catervam [[alcylium|alcyliam]]{{dubsig}} aut [[arylium|aryliam]]{{dubsig}} designant. R etiam atomus [[hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] esse potest.]] [[Fasciculus:Trimyristin-3D-vdW.png|thumb|Triglyceridum hoc est ester [[glycerolum|glyceroli]] cum tribus acidis adipatis.]] '''Ester''' {{Victio|ester|is|n}}<ref>Vocabulum originis [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscae]], fortasse ab ''Essig'' '[[acetum|aceto]]' et ''Äther'' '[[aether]]e' formatum.</ref> est [[compositum chemicum]] ab [[acidum|acido]] tractum, in quo pro una saltem caterva -OH ([[hydroxylium|hydroxylia]]) caterva -O- ([[alcylium|alcylia]]) substituitur. Ester inventum anno [[1848]] a [[Leopoldus Gmelin|Leopoldo Gmelin]] et saepe ex [[acidum carboxylicum|acido carboxylico]] et [[alcohol]]e inter se [[Reactio chemica|reagentibus]] formatur. Inter estera sunt [[glyceridum|glycerida]], ex [[acidum adipatum|acidis adipatis]] et [[glycerol]]e formata, unum ex principalibus generibus [[lipidum|lipidorum]], in [[pingue|pinguibus]] [[oleum|oleis]]que inventorum. Estera quorum [[massa molaris|pondus moleculare]] est humile in [[odor|odoribus]], [[oleum essentiale|oleis essentialibus]], [[pheromonum|pheromonis]] reperiuntur: volatilia enim dicuntur. [[Phosphoester]]a structuram molecularum [[ADN|acidi desoxyribonucleici]] (ADN) formant. [[Ester nitratus|Estera nitrati]], ut [[nitroglycerinum]], proprietates [[materia displosiva|displosivas]] habent, et [[polyester]]a, quae sunt [[monomera]] medietatibus esterum coniuncta, sunt [[plastica (materia)|plasticae]] magni momenti. [[Fasciculus:Bijenwas1591.JPG|thumb|[[Cera]] ab [[Apis mellifera|apibus]] facta plura estera continet.]] Formula chemica simplex est ''<math>R_1-COO-R_2</math>''. "<math>R_1-COO</math>" est ''carboxylium''. "<math>R_2</math>" est ''alkylium''. Alterum nomen est Alkylii carboxylas sive Alkylii alkanoas<ref> Кириченко А. В., Протасевич Н. В. Латинский язык: для студентов специальностей «Химия (фармацевтическая деятельность)», «Химия (охрана окружающей среды)» [Электронный ресурс]. - Мн.: БГУ, 2013. </ref> (ester [[Acidum carboxylicum|acidi carboxylici]]). == Exempla == * [[Methylii formias]] sive [[Methylii methanoas]] * [[Methylii acetas]] sive [[Methylii aethanoas]] * [[Aethylii formias]] sive [[Aethylii methanoas]] * [[Aethylii acetas]] sive [[Aethylii aethanoas]] == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Acetylcholinum]] == Nexus externus == {{CommuniaCat|Esters|esteres}} {{chem-stipula}} [[Categoria:Chemica]] [[Categoria:Composita chemica]] [[Categoria:Ester]] {{Myrias|Physica}} tdr5d7iwthwmyam4dylwm13dftv2pxc 3960715 3960714 2026-05-19T13:35:26Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3960715 wikitext text/x-wiki :''Si personam Biblicam quaeris, vide [[Esther]]''. [[Fasciculus:Ester-general.svg|130px|thumb|Ester carboxylatum. R et R' quamlibet catervam [[alcylium|alcyliam]]{{dubsig}} aut [[arylium|aryliam]]{{dubsig}} designant. R etiam atomus [[hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] esse potest.]] [[Fasciculus:Trimyristin-3D-vdW.png|thumb|Triglyceridum hoc est ester [[glycerolum|glyceroli]] cum tribus acidis adipatis.]] '''Ester''' {{Victio|ester|is|n}}<ref>Vocabulum originis [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscae]], fortasse ab ''Essig'' '[[acetum|aceto]]' et ''Äther'' '[[aether]]e' formatum.</ref> est [[compositum chemicum]] ab [[acidum|acido]] tractum, in quo pro una saltem caterva -OH ([[hydroxylium|hydroxylia]]) caterva -O- ([[alcylium|alcylia]]) substituitur. Ester inventum anno [[1848]] a [[Leopoldus Gmelin|Leopoldo Gmelin]] et saepe ex [[acidum carboxylicum|acido carboxylico]] et [[alcohol]]e inter se [[Reactio chemica|reagentibus]] formatur. Inter estera sunt [[glyceridum|glycerida]], ex [[acidum adipatum|acidis adipatis]] et [[glycerolum|glycerolo]] formata, unum ex principalibus generibus [[lipidum|lipidorum]], in [[pingue|pinguibus]] [[oleum|oleis]]que inventorum. Estera quorum [[massa molaris|pondus moleculare]] est humile in [[odor|odoribus]], [[oleum essentiale|oleis essentialibus]], [[pheromonum|pheromonis]] reperiuntur: volatilia enim dicuntur. [[Phosphoester]]a structuram molecularum [[ADN|acidi desoxyribonucleici]] (ADN) formant. [[Ester nitratus|Estera nitrati]], ut [[nitroglycerinum]], proprietates [[materia displosiva|displosivas]] habent, et [[polyester]]a, quae sunt [[monomera]] medietatibus esterum coniuncta, sunt [[plastica (materia)|plasticae]] magni momenti. [[Fasciculus:Bijenwas1591.JPG|thumb|[[Cera]] ab [[Apis mellifera|apibus]] facta plura estera continet.]] Formula chemica simplex est ''<math>R_1-COO-R_2</math>''. "<math>R_1-COO</math>" est ''carboxylium''. "<math>R_2</math>" est ''alkylium''. Alterum nomen est Alkylii carboxylas sive Alkylii alkanoas<ref> Кириченко А. В., Протасевич Н. В. Латинский язык: для студентов специальностей «Химия (фармацевтическая деятельность)», «Химия (охрана окружающей среды)» [Электронный ресурс]. - Мн.: БГУ, 2013. </ref> (ester [[Acidum carboxylicum|acidi carboxylici]]). == Exempla == * [[Methylii formias]] sive [[Methylii methanoas]] * [[Methylii acetas]] sive [[Methylii aethanoas]] * [[Aethylii formias]] sive [[Aethylii methanoas]] * [[Aethylii acetas]] sive [[Aethylii aethanoas]] == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Acetylcholinum]] == Nexus externus == {{CommuniaCat|Esters|esteres}} {{chem-stipula}} [[Categoria:Chemica]] [[Categoria:Composita chemica]] [[Categoria:Ester]] {{Myrias|Physica}} 6rnvj2qxn6gm90ou4pse3di7rpdba6q 3960717 3960715 2026-05-19T13:38:57Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Exempla */ 3960717 wikitext text/x-wiki :''Si personam Biblicam quaeris, vide [[Esther]]''. [[Fasciculus:Ester-general.svg|130px|thumb|Ester carboxylatum. R et R' quamlibet catervam [[alcylium|alcyliam]]{{dubsig}} aut [[arylium|aryliam]]{{dubsig}} designant. R etiam atomus [[hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] esse potest.]] [[Fasciculus:Trimyristin-3D-vdW.png|thumb|Triglyceridum hoc est ester [[glycerolum|glyceroli]] cum tribus acidis adipatis.]] '''Ester''' {{Victio|ester|is|n}}<ref>Vocabulum originis [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscae]], fortasse ab ''Essig'' '[[acetum|aceto]]' et ''Äther'' '[[aether]]e' formatum.</ref> est [[compositum chemicum]] ab [[acidum|acido]] tractum, in quo pro una saltem caterva -OH ([[hydroxylium|hydroxylia]]) caterva -O- ([[alcylium|alcylia]]) substituitur. Ester inventum anno [[1848]] a [[Leopoldus Gmelin|Leopoldo Gmelin]] et saepe ex [[acidum carboxylicum|acido carboxylico]] et [[alcohol]]e inter se [[Reactio chemica|reagentibus]] formatur. Inter estera sunt [[glyceridum|glycerida]], ex [[acidum adipatum|acidis adipatis]] et [[glycerolum|glycerolo]] formata, unum ex principalibus generibus [[lipidum|lipidorum]], in [[pingue|pinguibus]] [[oleum|oleis]]que inventorum. Estera quorum [[massa molaris|pondus moleculare]] est humile in [[odor|odoribus]], [[oleum essentiale|oleis essentialibus]], [[pheromonum|pheromonis]] reperiuntur: volatilia enim dicuntur. [[Phosphoester]]a structuram molecularum [[ADN|acidi desoxyribonucleici]] (ADN) formant. [[Ester nitratus|Estera nitrati]], ut [[nitroglycerinum]], proprietates [[materia displosiva|displosivas]] habent, et [[polyester]]a, quae sunt [[monomera]] medietatibus esterum coniuncta, sunt [[plastica (materia)|plasticae]] magni momenti. [[Fasciculus:Bijenwas1591.JPG|thumb|[[Cera]] ab [[Apis mellifera|apibus]] facta plura estera continet.]] Formula chemica simplex est ''<math>R_1-COO-R_2</math>''. "<math>R_1-COO</math>" est ''carboxylium''. "<math>R_2</math>" est ''alkylium''. Alterum nomen est Alkylii carboxylas sive Alkylii alkanoas<ref> Кириченко А. В., Протасевич Н. В. Латинский язык: для студентов специальностей «Химия (фармацевтическая деятельность)», «Химия (охрана окружающей среды)» [Электронный ресурс]. - Мн.: БГУ, 2013. </ref> (ester [[Acidum carboxylicum|acidi carboxylici]]). == Exempla == * * [[Methylii formias]] sive [[Methylii methanoas]] * [[Methylii acetas]] sive [[Methylii aethanoas]] * [[Aethylii formias]] sive [[Aethylii methanoas]] * [[Aethylii acetas]] sive [[Aethylii aethanoas]] == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Acetylcholinum]] == Nexus externus == {{CommuniaCat|Esters|esteres}} {{chem-stipula}} [[Categoria:Chemica]] [[Categoria:Composita chemica]] [[Categoria:Ester]] {{Myrias|Physica}} gv343pr010mf3i7uzta5zwumz4vo72j 3960718 3960717 2026-05-19T13:45:54Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Exempla */ 3960718 wikitext text/x-wiki :''Si personam Biblicam quaeris, vide [[Esther]]''. [[Fasciculus:Ester-general.svg|130px|thumb|Ester carboxylatum. R et R' quamlibet catervam [[alcylium|alcyliam]]{{dubsig}} aut [[arylium|aryliam]]{{dubsig}} designant. R etiam atomus [[hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] esse potest.]] [[Fasciculus:Trimyristin-3D-vdW.png|thumb|Triglyceridum hoc est ester [[glycerolum|glyceroli]] cum tribus acidis adipatis.]] '''Ester''' {{Victio|ester|is|n}}<ref>Vocabulum originis [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscae]], fortasse ab ''Essig'' '[[acetum|aceto]]' et ''Äther'' '[[aether]]e' formatum.</ref> est [[compositum chemicum]] ab [[acidum|acido]] tractum, in quo pro una saltem caterva -OH ([[hydroxylium|hydroxylia]]) caterva -O- ([[alcylium|alcylia]]) substituitur. Ester inventum anno [[1848]] a [[Leopoldus Gmelin|Leopoldo Gmelin]] et saepe ex [[acidum carboxylicum|acido carboxylico]] et [[alcohol]]e inter se [[Reactio chemica|reagentibus]] formatur. Inter estera sunt [[glyceridum|glycerida]], ex [[acidum adipatum|acidis adipatis]] et [[glycerolum|glycerolo]] formata, unum ex principalibus generibus [[lipidum|lipidorum]], in [[pingue|pinguibus]] [[oleum|oleis]]que inventorum. Estera quorum [[massa molaris|pondus moleculare]] est humile in [[odor|odoribus]], [[oleum essentiale|oleis essentialibus]], [[pheromonum|pheromonis]] reperiuntur: volatilia enim dicuntur. [[Phosphoester]]a structuram molecularum [[ADN|acidi desoxyribonucleici]] (ADN) formant. [[Ester nitratus|Estera nitrati]], ut [[nitroglycerinum]], proprietates [[materia displosiva|displosivas]] habent, et [[polyester]]a, quae sunt [[monomera]] medietatibus esterum coniuncta, sunt [[plastica (materia)|plasticae]] magni momenti. [[Fasciculus:Bijenwas1591.JPG|thumb|[[Cera]] ab [[Apis mellifera|apibus]] facta plura estera continet.]] Formula chemica simplex est ''<math>R_1-COO-R_2</math>''. "<math>R_1-COO</math>" est ''carboxylium''. "<math>R_2</math>" est ''alkylium''. Alterum nomen est Alkylii carboxylas sive Alkylii alkanoas<ref> Кириченко А. В., Протасевич Н. В. Латинский язык: для студентов специальностей «Химия (фармацевтическая деятельность)», «Химия (охрана окружающей среды)» [Электронный ресурс]. - Мн.: БГУ, 2013. </ref> (ester [[Acidum carboxylicum|acidi carboxylici]]). == Exempla == * Tristearinum (C₅₇H₁₁₀O₆), in pingui bovis inventum, est ester glyceroli et [[acidum stearicum|acidi stearici]]. *Benzyli acetatum est molecula odorifera * [[Methylii formias]] sive [[Methylii methanoas]] * [[Methylii acetas]] sive [[Methylii aethanoas]] * [[Aethylii formias]] sive [[Aethylii methanoas]] * [[Aethylii acetas]] sive [[Aethylii aethanoas]] == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Acetylcholinum]] == Nexus externus == {{CommuniaCat|Esters|esteres}} {{chem-stipula}} [[Categoria:Chemica]] [[Categoria:Composita chemica]] [[Categoria:Ester]] {{Myrias|Physica}} gx3lc8fplfz8uq4q9c5myqp266nime7 3960719 3960718 2026-05-19T13:47:10Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Exempla */ 3960719 wikitext text/x-wiki :''Si personam Biblicam quaeris, vide [[Esther]]''. [[Fasciculus:Ester-general.svg|130px|thumb|Ester carboxylatum. R et R' quamlibet catervam [[alcylium|alcyliam]]{{dubsig}} aut [[arylium|aryliam]]{{dubsig}} designant. R etiam atomus [[hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] esse potest.]] [[Fasciculus:Trimyristin-3D-vdW.png|thumb|Triglyceridum hoc est ester [[glycerolum|glyceroli]] cum tribus acidis adipatis.]] '''Ester''' {{Victio|ester|is|n}}<ref>Vocabulum originis [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscae]], fortasse ab ''Essig'' '[[acetum|aceto]]' et ''Äther'' '[[aether]]e' formatum.</ref> est [[compositum chemicum]] ab [[acidum|acido]] tractum, in quo pro una saltem caterva -OH ([[hydroxylium|hydroxylia]]) caterva -O- ([[alcylium|alcylia]]) substituitur. Ester inventum anno [[1848]] a [[Leopoldus Gmelin|Leopoldo Gmelin]] et saepe ex [[acidum carboxylicum|acido carboxylico]] et [[alcohol]]e inter se [[Reactio chemica|reagentibus]] formatur. Inter estera sunt [[glyceridum|glycerida]], ex [[acidum adipatum|acidis adipatis]] et [[glycerolum|glycerolo]] formata, unum ex principalibus generibus [[lipidum|lipidorum]], in [[pingue|pinguibus]] [[oleum|oleis]]que inventorum. Estera quorum [[massa molaris|pondus moleculare]] est humile in [[odor|odoribus]], [[oleum essentiale|oleis essentialibus]], [[pheromonum|pheromonis]] reperiuntur: volatilia enim dicuntur. [[Phosphoester]]a structuram molecularum [[ADN|acidi desoxyribonucleici]] (ADN) formant. [[Ester nitratus|Estera nitrati]], ut [[nitroglycerinum]], proprietates [[materia displosiva|displosivas]] habent, et [[polyester]]a, quae sunt [[monomera]] medietatibus esterum coniuncta, sunt [[plastica (materia)|plasticae]] magni momenti. [[Fasciculus:Bijenwas1591.JPG|thumb|[[Cera]] ab [[Apis mellifera|apibus]] facta plura estera continet.]] Formula chemica simplex est ''<math>R_1-COO-R_2</math>''. "<math>R_1-COO</math>" est ''carboxylium''. "<math>R_2</math>" est ''alkylium''. Alterum nomen est Alkylii carboxylas sive Alkylii alkanoas<ref> Кириченко А. В., Протасевич Н. В. Латинский язык: для студентов специальностей «Химия (фармацевтическая деятельность)», «Химия (охрана окружающей среды)» [Электронный ресурс]. - Мн.: БГУ, 2013. </ref> (ester [[Acidum carboxylicum|acidi carboxylici]]). == Exempla == * Tristearinum (C₅₇H₁₁₀O₆), in pingui bovis inventum, est ester glyceroli et [[acidum stearicum|acidi stearici]]. *Benzyli acetatum est molecula odorifera in [[Jasminum|Jasmino]] inventa. * [[Methylii formias]] sive [[Methylii methanoas]] * [[Methylii acetas]] sive [[Methylii aethanoas]] * [[Aethylii formias]] sive [[Aethylii methanoas]] * [[Aethylii acetas]] sive [[Aethylii aethanoas]] == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Acetylcholinum]] == Nexus externus == {{CommuniaCat|Esters|esteres}} {{chem-stipula}} [[Categoria:Chemica]] [[Categoria:Composita chemica]] [[Categoria:Ester]] {{Myrias|Physica}} 1eb8rtn3s82a69uoj4ql23h5ot78vmy 3960720 3960719 2026-05-19T13:48:51Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Exempla */ 3960720 wikitext text/x-wiki :''Si personam Biblicam quaeris, vide [[Esther]]''. [[Fasciculus:Ester-general.svg|130px|thumb|Ester carboxylatum. R et R' quamlibet catervam [[alcylium|alcyliam]]{{dubsig}} aut [[arylium|aryliam]]{{dubsig}} designant. R etiam atomus [[hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] esse potest.]] [[Fasciculus:Trimyristin-3D-vdW.png|thumb|Triglyceridum hoc est ester [[glycerolum|glyceroli]] cum tribus acidis adipatis.]] '''Ester''' {{Victio|ester|is|n}}<ref>Vocabulum originis [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscae]], fortasse ab ''Essig'' '[[acetum|aceto]]' et ''Äther'' '[[aether]]e' formatum.</ref> est [[compositum chemicum]] ab [[acidum|acido]] tractum, in quo pro una saltem caterva -OH ([[hydroxylium|hydroxylia]]) caterva -O- ([[alcylium|alcylia]]) substituitur. Ester inventum anno [[1848]] a [[Leopoldus Gmelin|Leopoldo Gmelin]] et saepe ex [[acidum carboxylicum|acido carboxylico]] et [[alcohol]]e inter se [[Reactio chemica|reagentibus]] formatur. Inter estera sunt [[glyceridum|glycerida]], ex [[acidum adipatum|acidis adipatis]] et [[glycerolum|glycerolo]] formata, unum ex principalibus generibus [[lipidum|lipidorum]], in [[pingue|pinguibus]] [[oleum|oleis]]que inventorum. Estera quorum [[massa molaris|pondus moleculare]] est humile in [[odor|odoribus]], [[oleum essentiale|oleis essentialibus]], [[pheromonum|pheromonis]] reperiuntur: volatilia enim dicuntur. [[Phosphoester]]a structuram molecularum [[ADN|acidi desoxyribonucleici]] (ADN) formant. [[Ester nitratus|Estera nitrati]], ut [[nitroglycerinum]], proprietates [[materia displosiva|displosivas]] habent, et [[polyester]]a, quae sunt [[monomera]] medietatibus esterum coniuncta, sunt [[plastica (materia)|plasticae]] magni momenti. [[Fasciculus:Bijenwas1591.JPG|thumb|[[Cera]] ab [[Apis mellifera|apibus]] facta plura estera continet.]] Formula chemica simplex est ''<math>R_1-COO-R_2</math>''. "<math>R_1-COO</math>" est ''carboxylium''. "<math>R_2</math>" est ''alkylium''. Alterum nomen est Alkylii carboxylas sive Alkylii alkanoas<ref> Кириченко А. В., Протасевич Н. В. Латинский язык: для студентов специальностей «Химия (фармацевтическая деятельность)», «Химия (охрана окружающей среды)» [Электронный ресурс]. - Мн.: БГУ, 2013. </ref> (ester [[Acidum carboxylicum|acidi carboxylici]]). == Exempla == * Tristearinum (C₅₇H₁₁₀O₆), in pingui bovis inventum, est ester glyceroli et [[acidum stearicum|acidi stearici]]. *Benzyli acetatum est molecula odorifera in [[Jasminum|Jasmino]] inventa (ester alcoholis benzylici et [[Acidum aceticum|acidi acetici]]). * [[Methylii formias]] sive [[Methylii methanoas]] * [[Methylii acetas]] sive [[Methylii aethanoas]] * [[Aethylii formias]] sive [[Aethylii methanoas]] * [[Aethylii acetas]] sive [[Aethylii aethanoas]] == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Acetylcholinum]] == Nexus externus == {{CommuniaCat|Esters|esteres}} {{chem-stipula}} [[Categoria:Chemica]] [[Categoria:Composita chemica]] [[Categoria:Ester]] {{Myrias|Physica}} 8cv3nus0hh2fatmmn375p463zh5h361 3960721 3960720 2026-05-19T13:49:17Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Exempla */ 3960721 wikitext text/x-wiki :''Si personam Biblicam quaeris, vide [[Esther]]''. [[Fasciculus:Ester-general.svg|130px|thumb|Ester carboxylatum. R et R' quamlibet catervam [[alcylium|alcyliam]]{{dubsig}} aut [[arylium|aryliam]]{{dubsig}} designant. R etiam atomus [[hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] esse potest.]] [[Fasciculus:Trimyristin-3D-vdW.png|thumb|Triglyceridum hoc est ester [[glycerolum|glyceroli]] cum tribus acidis adipatis.]] '''Ester''' {{Victio|ester|is|n}}<ref>Vocabulum originis [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscae]], fortasse ab ''Essig'' '[[acetum|aceto]]' et ''Äther'' '[[aether]]e' formatum.</ref> est [[compositum chemicum]] ab [[acidum|acido]] tractum, in quo pro una saltem caterva -OH ([[hydroxylium|hydroxylia]]) caterva -O- ([[alcylium|alcylia]]) substituitur. Ester inventum anno [[1848]] a [[Leopoldus Gmelin|Leopoldo Gmelin]] et saepe ex [[acidum carboxylicum|acido carboxylico]] et [[alcohol]]e inter se [[Reactio chemica|reagentibus]] formatur. Inter estera sunt [[glyceridum|glycerida]], ex [[acidum adipatum|acidis adipatis]] et [[glycerolum|glycerolo]] formata, unum ex principalibus generibus [[lipidum|lipidorum]], in [[pingue|pinguibus]] [[oleum|oleis]]que inventorum. Estera quorum [[massa molaris|pondus moleculare]] est humile in [[odor|odoribus]], [[oleum essentiale|oleis essentialibus]], [[pheromonum|pheromonis]] reperiuntur: volatilia enim dicuntur. [[Phosphoester]]a structuram molecularum [[ADN|acidi desoxyribonucleici]] (ADN) formant. [[Ester nitratus|Estera nitrati]], ut [[nitroglycerinum]], proprietates [[materia displosiva|displosivas]] habent, et [[polyester]]a, quae sunt [[monomera]] medietatibus esterum coniuncta, sunt [[plastica (materia)|plasticae]] magni momenti. [[Fasciculus:Bijenwas1591.JPG|thumb|[[Cera]] ab [[Apis mellifera|apibus]] facta plura estera continet.]] Formula chemica simplex est ''<math>R_1-COO-R_2</math>''. "<math>R_1-COO</math>" est ''carboxylium''. "<math>R_2</math>" est ''alkylium''. Alterum nomen est Alkylii carboxylas sive Alkylii alkanoas<ref> Кириченко А. В., Протасевич Н. В. Латинский язык: для студентов специальностей «Химия (фармацевтическая деятельность)», «Химия (охрана окружающей среды)» [Электронный ресурс]. - Мн.: БГУ, 2013. </ref> (ester [[Acidum carboxylicum|acidi carboxylici]]). == Exempla == * Tristearinum (C₅₇H₁₁₀O₆), in pingui bovis inventum, est ester glyceroli et [[acidum stearicum|acidi stearici]]. *Benzyli acetatum est molecula odorifera in [[Jasminum|jasmino]] inventa (ester alcoholis benzylici et [[Acidum aceticum|acidi acetici]]). * [[Methylii formias]] sive [[Methylii methanoas]] * [[Methylii acetas]] sive [[Methylii aethanoas]] * [[Aethylii formias]] sive [[Aethylii methanoas]] * [[Aethylii acetas]] sive [[Aethylii aethanoas]] == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Acetylcholinum]] == Nexus externus == {{CommuniaCat|Esters|esteres}} {{chem-stipula}} [[Categoria:Chemica]] [[Categoria:Composita chemica]] [[Categoria:Ester]] {{Myrias|Physica}} s1rjww6s8bcxw9s6h9khdbbd3bn70c3 3960722 3960721 2026-05-19T13:57:12Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Exempla */ 3960722 wikitext text/x-wiki :''Si personam Biblicam quaeris, vide [[Esther]]''. [[Fasciculus:Ester-general.svg|130px|thumb|Ester carboxylatum. R et R' quamlibet catervam [[alcylium|alcyliam]]{{dubsig}} aut [[arylium|aryliam]]{{dubsig}} designant. R etiam atomus [[hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] esse potest.]] [[Fasciculus:Trimyristin-3D-vdW.png|thumb|Triglyceridum hoc est ester [[glycerolum|glyceroli]] cum tribus acidis adipatis.]] '''Ester''' {{Victio|ester|is|n}}<ref>Vocabulum originis [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscae]], fortasse ab ''Essig'' '[[acetum|aceto]]' et ''Äther'' '[[aether]]e' formatum.</ref> est [[compositum chemicum]] ab [[acidum|acido]] tractum, in quo pro una saltem caterva -OH ([[hydroxylium|hydroxylia]]) caterva -O- ([[alcylium|alcylia]]) substituitur. Ester inventum anno [[1848]] a [[Leopoldus Gmelin|Leopoldo Gmelin]] et saepe ex [[acidum carboxylicum|acido carboxylico]] et [[alcohol]]e inter se [[Reactio chemica|reagentibus]] formatur. Inter estera sunt [[glyceridum|glycerida]], ex [[acidum adipatum|acidis adipatis]] et [[glycerolum|glycerolo]] formata, unum ex principalibus generibus [[lipidum|lipidorum]], in [[pingue|pinguibus]] [[oleum|oleis]]que inventorum. Estera quorum [[massa molaris|pondus moleculare]] est humile in [[odor|odoribus]], [[oleum essentiale|oleis essentialibus]], [[pheromonum|pheromonis]] reperiuntur: volatilia enim dicuntur. [[Phosphoester]]a structuram molecularum [[ADN|acidi desoxyribonucleici]] (ADN) formant. [[Ester nitratus|Estera nitrati]], ut [[nitroglycerinum]], proprietates [[materia displosiva|displosivas]] habent, et [[polyester]]a, quae sunt [[monomera]] medietatibus esterum coniuncta, sunt [[plastica (materia)|plasticae]] magni momenti. [[Fasciculus:Bijenwas1591.JPG|thumb|[[Cera]] ab [[Apis mellifera|apibus]] facta plura estera continet.]] Formula chemica simplex est ''<math>R_1-COO-R_2</math>''. "<math>R_1-COO</math>" est ''carboxylium''. "<math>R_2</math>" est ''alkylium''. Alterum nomen est Alkylii carboxylas sive Alkylii alkanoas<ref> Кириченко А. В., Протасевич Н. В. Латинский язык: для студентов специальностей «Химия (фармацевтическая деятельность)», «Химия (охрана окружающей среды)» [Электронный ресурс]. - Мн.: БГУ, 2013. </ref> (ester [[Acidum carboxylicum|acidi carboxylici]]). == Exempla == * Tristearinum (C₅₇H₁₁₀O₆), in pingui bovis inventum, est ester glyceroli et [[acidum stearicum|acidi stearici]]. * Benzyli acetatum (CH₃COOCH₂C₆H₅) est molecula odorifera in [[Jasminum|jasmino]] inventa (ester alcoholis benzylici et [[Acidum aceticum|acidi acetici]]). * [[Methylii formias]] sive [[Methylii methanoas]] * [[Methylii acetas]] sive [[Methylii aethanoas]] * [[Aethylii formias]] sive [[Aethylii methanoas]] * [[Aethylii acetas]] sive [[Aethylii aethanoas]] == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Acetylcholinum]] == Nexus externus == {{CommuniaCat|Esters|esteres}} {{chem-stipula}} [[Categoria:Chemica]] [[Categoria:Composita chemica]] [[Categoria:Ester]] {{Myrias|Physica}} e0g8jd2xkmlww6zpdo8duvrn3sjbr1w 3960725 3960722 2026-05-19T14:09:20Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Exempla */ 3960725 wikitext text/x-wiki :''Si personam Biblicam quaeris, vide [[Esther]]''. [[Fasciculus:Ester-general.svg|130px|thumb|Ester carboxylatum. R et R' quamlibet catervam [[alcylium|alcyliam]]{{dubsig}} aut [[arylium|aryliam]]{{dubsig}} designant. R etiam atomus [[hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] esse potest.]] [[Fasciculus:Trimyristin-3D-vdW.png|thumb|Triglyceridum hoc est ester [[glycerolum|glyceroli]] cum tribus acidis adipatis.]] '''Ester''' {{Victio|ester|is|n}}<ref>Vocabulum originis [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscae]], fortasse ab ''Essig'' '[[acetum|aceto]]' et ''Äther'' '[[aether]]e' formatum.</ref> est [[compositum chemicum]] ab [[acidum|acido]] tractum, in quo pro una saltem caterva -OH ([[hydroxylium|hydroxylia]]) caterva -O- ([[alcylium|alcylia]]) substituitur. Ester inventum anno [[1848]] a [[Leopoldus Gmelin|Leopoldo Gmelin]] et saepe ex [[acidum carboxylicum|acido carboxylico]] et [[alcohol]]e inter se [[Reactio chemica|reagentibus]] formatur. Inter estera sunt [[glyceridum|glycerida]], ex [[acidum adipatum|acidis adipatis]] et [[glycerolum|glycerolo]] formata, unum ex principalibus generibus [[lipidum|lipidorum]], in [[pingue|pinguibus]] [[oleum|oleis]]que inventorum. Estera quorum [[massa molaris|pondus moleculare]] est humile in [[odor|odoribus]], [[oleum essentiale|oleis essentialibus]], [[pheromonum|pheromonis]] reperiuntur: volatilia enim dicuntur. [[Phosphoester]]a structuram molecularum [[ADN|acidi desoxyribonucleici]] (ADN) formant. [[Ester nitratus|Estera nitrati]], ut [[nitroglycerinum]], proprietates [[materia displosiva|displosivas]] habent, et [[polyester]]a, quae sunt [[monomera]] medietatibus esterum coniuncta, sunt [[plastica (materia)|plasticae]] magni momenti. [[Fasciculus:Bijenwas1591.JPG|thumb|[[Cera]] ab [[Apis mellifera|apibus]] facta plura estera continet.]] Formula chemica simplex est ''<math>R_1-COO-R_2</math>''. "<math>R_1-COO</math>" est ''carboxylium''. "<math>R_2</math>" est ''alkylium''. Alterum nomen est Alkylii carboxylas sive Alkylii alkanoas<ref> Кириченко А. В., Протасевич Н. В. Латинский язык: для студентов специальностей «Химия (фармацевтическая деятельность)», «Химия (охрана окружающей среды)» [Электронный ресурс]. - Мн.: БГУ, 2013. </ref> (ester [[Acidum carboxylicum|acidi carboxylici]]). == Exempla == * Tristearinum (C₅₇H₁₁₀O₆), in pingui bovis inventum, est ester glyceroli et [[acidum stearicum|acidi stearici]]. * Benzyli acetatum (CH₃COOCH₂C₆H₅) est molecula odorifera in [[Jasminum|jasmino]] inventa (ester alcoholis benzylici et [[Acidum aceticum|acidi acetici]]). * [[Methylii formias]] sive [[Methylii methanoas]] * [[Methylii acetas]] sive [[Methylii aethanoas]] * [[Aethylii formias]] sive [[Aethylii methanoas]] * [[Aethylii acetas]] sive [[Aethylii aethanoas]] == De reactione esterificationis == Esterificatio est [[Reactio chemica|reactio]] [[Condensatio|condensationis]] in qua duae moleculae in maiorem moleculam coalescunt dum moleculam aquae dimittunt. Haec reactio acidis validis [[Catalysis|catalyzatur]]. == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Acetylcholinum]] == Nexus externus == {{CommuniaCat|Esters|esteres}} {{chem-stipula}} [[Categoria:Chemica]] [[Categoria:Composita chemica]] [[Categoria:Ester]] {{Myrias|Physica}} 9k36260uk1k6diar1wemi5jasazytv0 3960727 3960725 2026-05-19T14:13:54Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De reactione esterificationis */ 3960727 wikitext text/x-wiki :''Si personam Biblicam quaeris, vide [[Esther]]''. [[Fasciculus:Ester-general.svg|130px|thumb|Ester carboxylatum. R et R' quamlibet catervam [[alcylium|alcyliam]]{{dubsig}} aut [[arylium|aryliam]]{{dubsig}} designant. R etiam atomus [[hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] esse potest.]] [[Fasciculus:Trimyristin-3D-vdW.png|thumb|Triglyceridum hoc est ester [[glycerolum|glyceroli]] cum tribus acidis adipatis.]] '''Ester''' {{Victio|ester|is|n}}<ref>Vocabulum originis [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscae]], fortasse ab ''Essig'' '[[acetum|aceto]]' et ''Äther'' '[[aether]]e' formatum.</ref> est [[compositum chemicum]] ab [[acidum|acido]] tractum, in quo pro una saltem caterva -OH ([[hydroxylium|hydroxylia]]) caterva -O- ([[alcylium|alcylia]]) substituitur. Ester inventum anno [[1848]] a [[Leopoldus Gmelin|Leopoldo Gmelin]] et saepe ex [[acidum carboxylicum|acido carboxylico]] et [[alcohol]]e inter se [[Reactio chemica|reagentibus]] formatur. Inter estera sunt [[glyceridum|glycerida]], ex [[acidum adipatum|acidis adipatis]] et [[glycerolum|glycerolo]] formata, unum ex principalibus generibus [[lipidum|lipidorum]], in [[pingue|pinguibus]] [[oleum|oleis]]que inventorum. Estera quorum [[massa molaris|pondus moleculare]] est humile in [[odor|odoribus]], [[oleum essentiale|oleis essentialibus]], [[pheromonum|pheromonis]] reperiuntur: volatilia enim dicuntur. [[Phosphoester]]a structuram molecularum [[ADN|acidi desoxyribonucleici]] (ADN) formant. [[Ester nitratus|Estera nitrati]], ut [[nitroglycerinum]], proprietates [[materia displosiva|displosivas]] habent, et [[polyester]]a, quae sunt [[monomera]] medietatibus esterum coniuncta, sunt [[plastica (materia)|plasticae]] magni momenti. [[Fasciculus:Bijenwas1591.JPG|thumb|[[Cera]] ab [[Apis mellifera|apibus]] facta plura estera continet.]] Formula chemica simplex est ''<math>R_1-COO-R_2</math>''. "<math>R_1-COO</math>" est ''carboxylium''. "<math>R_2</math>" est ''alkylium''. Alterum nomen est Alkylii carboxylas sive Alkylii alkanoas<ref> Кириченко А. В., Протасевич Н. В. Латинский язык: для студентов специальностей «Химия (фармацевтическая деятельность)», «Химия (охрана окружающей среды)» [Электронный ресурс]. - Мн.: БГУ, 2013. </ref> (ester [[Acidum carboxylicum|acidi carboxylici]]). == Exempla == * Tristearinum (C₅₇H₁₁₀O₆), in pingui bovis inventum, est ester glyceroli et [[acidum stearicum|acidi stearici]]. * Benzyli acetatum (CH₃COOCH₂C₆H₅) est molecula odorifera in [[Jasminum|jasmino]] inventa (ester alcoholis benzylici et [[Acidum aceticum|acidi acetici]]). * [[Methylii formias]] sive [[Methylii methanoas]] * [[Methylii acetas]] sive [[Methylii aethanoas]] * [[Aethylii formias]] sive [[Aethylii methanoas]] * [[Aethylii acetas]] sive [[Aethylii aethanoas]] == De reactione esterificationis == Esterificatio est [[Reactio chemica|reactio]] [[Condensatio|condensationis]] in qua duae moleculae in maiorem moleculam coalescunt dum moleculam aquae dimittunt. Haec reactio acidis validis [[Catalysis|catalyzatur]]. Ita [[ethanolum]] et acidum aceticum supra centum [[Gradus Celsianus|gradus Celsianos]] calefacta in acetatum ethyli coalescunt, subtracta aquae molecula. == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Acetylcholinum]] == Nexus externus == {{CommuniaCat|Esters|esteres}} {{chem-stipula}} [[Categoria:Chemica]] [[Categoria:Composita chemica]] [[Categoria:Ester]] {{Myrias|Physica}} grgqee2umnoywtgrdmy9fs86jkzelu1 3960728 3960727 2026-05-19T14:20:13Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Notae */ 3960728 wikitext text/x-wiki :''Si personam Biblicam quaeris, vide [[Esther]]''. [[Fasciculus:Ester-general.svg|130px|thumb|Ester carboxylatum. R et R' quamlibet catervam [[alcylium|alcyliam]]{{dubsig}} aut [[arylium|aryliam]]{{dubsig}} designant. R etiam atomus [[hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] esse potest.]] [[Fasciculus:Trimyristin-3D-vdW.png|thumb|Triglyceridum hoc est ester [[glycerolum|glyceroli]] cum tribus acidis adipatis.]] '''Ester''' {{Victio|ester|is|n}}<ref>Vocabulum originis [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscae]], fortasse ab ''Essig'' '[[acetum|aceto]]' et ''Äther'' '[[aether]]e' formatum.</ref> est [[compositum chemicum]] ab [[acidum|acido]] tractum, in quo pro una saltem caterva -OH ([[hydroxylium|hydroxylia]]) caterva -O- ([[alcylium|alcylia]]) substituitur. Ester inventum anno [[1848]] a [[Leopoldus Gmelin|Leopoldo Gmelin]] et saepe ex [[acidum carboxylicum|acido carboxylico]] et [[alcohol]]e inter se [[Reactio chemica|reagentibus]] formatur. Inter estera sunt [[glyceridum|glycerida]], ex [[acidum adipatum|acidis adipatis]] et [[glycerolum|glycerolo]] formata, unum ex principalibus generibus [[lipidum|lipidorum]], in [[pingue|pinguibus]] [[oleum|oleis]]que inventorum. Estera quorum [[massa molaris|pondus moleculare]] est humile in [[odor|odoribus]], [[oleum essentiale|oleis essentialibus]], [[pheromonum|pheromonis]] reperiuntur: volatilia enim dicuntur. [[Phosphoester]]a structuram molecularum [[ADN|acidi desoxyribonucleici]] (ADN) formant. [[Ester nitratus|Estera nitrati]], ut [[nitroglycerinum]], proprietates [[materia displosiva|displosivas]] habent, et [[polyester]]a, quae sunt [[monomera]] medietatibus esterum coniuncta, sunt [[plastica (materia)|plasticae]] magni momenti. [[Fasciculus:Bijenwas1591.JPG|thumb|[[Cera]] ab [[Apis mellifera|apibus]] facta plura estera continet.]] Formula chemica simplex est ''<math>R_1-COO-R_2</math>''. "<math>R_1-COO</math>" est ''carboxylium''. "<math>R_2</math>" est ''alkylium''. Alterum nomen est Alkylii carboxylas sive Alkylii alkanoas<ref> Кириченко А. В., Протасевич Н. В. Латинский язык: для студентов специальностей «Химия (фармацевтическая деятельность)», «Химия (охрана окружающей среды)» [Электронный ресурс]. - Мн.: БГУ, 2013. </ref> (ester [[Acidum carboxylicum|acidi carboxylici]]). == Exempla == * Tristearinum (C₅₇H₁₁₀O₆), in pingui bovis inventum, est ester glyceroli et [[acidum stearicum|acidi stearici]]. * Benzyli acetatum (CH₃COOCH₂C₆H₅) est molecula odorifera in [[Jasminum|jasmino]] inventa (ester alcoholis benzylici et [[Acidum aceticum|acidi acetici]]). * [[Methylii formias]] sive [[Methylii methanoas]] * [[Methylii acetas]] sive [[Methylii aethanoas]] * [[Aethylii formias]] sive [[Aethylii methanoas]] * [[Aethylii acetas]] sive [[Aethylii aethanoas]] == De reactione esterificationis == Esterificatio est [[Reactio chemica|reactio]] [[Condensatio|condensationis]] in qua duae moleculae in maiorem moleculam coalescunt dum moleculam aquae dimittunt. Haec reactio acidis validis [[Catalysis|catalyzatur]]. Ita [[ethanolum]] et acidum aceticum supra centum [[Gradus Celsianus|gradus Celsianos]] calefacta in acetatum ethyli coalescunt, subtracta aquae molecula. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Salvadora Ortega-Requena, Claudia Montiel et alii. "[https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/1/268 Esters in the Food and Cosmetic Industries: An Overview of the Reactors Used in Their Biocatalytic Synthesis]", ''Materials'', 2024: 268 {{NexInt}} * [[Acetylcholinum]] == Nexus externus == {{CommuniaCat|Esters|esteres}} {{chem-stipula}} [[Categoria:Chemica]] [[Categoria:Composita chemica]] [[Categoria:Ester]] {{Myrias|Physica}} 9tuudhb1v42qbkewi3cjirhuqk2182l 3960730 3960728 2026-05-19T14:25:17Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Plura legere si cupis */ 3960730 wikitext text/x-wiki :''Si personam Biblicam quaeris, vide [[Esther]]''. [[Fasciculus:Ester-general.svg|130px|thumb|Ester carboxylatum. R et R' quamlibet catervam [[alcylium|alcyliam]]{{dubsig}} aut [[arylium|aryliam]]{{dubsig}} designant. R etiam atomus [[hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] esse potest.]] [[Fasciculus:Trimyristin-3D-vdW.png|thumb|Triglyceridum hoc est ester [[glycerolum|glyceroli]] cum tribus acidis adipatis.]] '''Ester''' {{Victio|ester|is|n}}<ref>Vocabulum originis [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscae]], fortasse ab ''Essig'' '[[acetum|aceto]]' et ''Äther'' '[[aether]]e' formatum.</ref> est [[compositum chemicum]] ab [[acidum|acido]] tractum, in quo pro una saltem caterva -OH ([[hydroxylium|hydroxylia]]) caterva -O- ([[alcylium|alcylia]]) substituitur. Ester inventum anno [[1848]] a [[Leopoldus Gmelin|Leopoldo Gmelin]] et saepe ex [[acidum carboxylicum|acido carboxylico]] et [[alcohol]]e inter se [[Reactio chemica|reagentibus]] formatur. Inter estera sunt [[glyceridum|glycerida]], ex [[acidum adipatum|acidis adipatis]] et [[glycerolum|glycerolo]] formata, unum ex principalibus generibus [[lipidum|lipidorum]], in [[pingue|pinguibus]] [[oleum|oleis]]que inventorum. Estera quorum [[massa molaris|pondus moleculare]] est humile in [[odor|odoribus]], [[oleum essentiale|oleis essentialibus]], [[pheromonum|pheromonis]] reperiuntur: volatilia enim dicuntur. [[Phosphoester]]a structuram molecularum [[ADN|acidi desoxyribonucleici]] (ADN) formant. [[Ester nitratus|Estera nitrati]], ut [[nitroglycerinum]], proprietates [[materia displosiva|displosivas]] habent, et [[polyester]]a, quae sunt [[monomera]] medietatibus esterum coniuncta, sunt [[plastica (materia)|plasticae]] magni momenti. [[Fasciculus:Bijenwas1591.JPG|thumb|[[Cera]] ab [[Apis mellifera|apibus]] facta plura estera continet.]] Formula chemica simplex est ''<math>R_1-COO-R_2</math>''. "<math>R_1-COO</math>" est ''carboxylium''. "<math>R_2</math>" est ''alkylium''. Alterum nomen est Alkylii carboxylas sive Alkylii alkanoas<ref> Кириченко А. В., Протасевич Н. В. Латинский язык: для студентов специальностей «Химия (фармацевтическая деятельность)», «Химия (охрана окружающей среды)» [Электронный ресурс]. - Мн.: БГУ, 2013. </ref> (ester [[Acidum carboxylicum|acidi carboxylici]]). == Exempla == * Tristearinum (C₅₇H₁₁₀O₆), in pingui bovis inventum, est ester glyceroli et [[acidum stearicum|acidi stearici]]. * Benzyli acetatum (CH₃COOCH₂C₆H₅) est molecula odorifera in [[Jasminum|jasmino]] inventa (ester alcoholis benzylici et [[Acidum aceticum|acidi acetici]]). * [[Methylii formias]] sive [[Methylii methanoas]] * [[Methylii acetas]] sive [[Methylii aethanoas]] * [[Aethylii formias]] sive [[Aethylii methanoas]] * [[Aethylii acetas]] sive [[Aethylii aethanoas]] == De reactione esterificationis == Esterificatio est [[Reactio chemica|reactio]] [[Condensatio|condensationis]] in qua duae moleculae in maiorem moleculam coalescunt dum moleculam aquae dimittunt. Haec reactio acidis validis [[Catalysis|catalyzatur]]. Ita [[ethanolum]] et acidum aceticum supra centum [[Gradus Celsianus|gradus Celsianos]] calefacta in acetatum ethyli coalescunt, subtracta aquae molecula. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *T. J. Ogundoro, O. Atolani. "[https://www.theaic.org/pub_thechemist_journals/Vol-96-No-1/Vol-96-no1-article-3(Ogundoro).pdf An Overview of Current Trend in Esters Synthesis]", ''The Chemist'', 96: 1-34 *Salvadora Ortega-Requena, Claudia Montiel et alii. "[https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/1/268 Esters in the Food and Cosmetic Industries: An Overview of the Reactors Used in Their Biocatalytic Synthesis]", ''Materials'', 2024: 268 {{NexInt}} * [[Acetylcholinum]] == Nexus externus == {{CommuniaCat|Esters|esteres}} {{chem-stipula}} [[Categoria:Chemica]] [[Categoria:Composita chemica]] [[Categoria:Ester]] {{Myrias|Physica}} 22arkyz2zmdntfvecabj3skhhjrzwdg 3960731 3960730 2026-05-19T14:31:10Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Plura legere si cupis */ 3960731 wikitext text/x-wiki :''Si personam Biblicam quaeris, vide [[Esther]]''. [[Fasciculus:Ester-general.svg|130px|thumb|Ester carboxylatum. R et R' quamlibet catervam [[alcylium|alcyliam]]{{dubsig}} aut [[arylium|aryliam]]{{dubsig}} designant. R etiam atomus [[hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] esse potest.]] [[Fasciculus:Trimyristin-3D-vdW.png|thumb|Triglyceridum hoc est ester [[glycerolum|glyceroli]] cum tribus acidis adipatis.]] '''Ester''' {{Victio|ester|is|n}}<ref>Vocabulum originis [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscae]], fortasse ab ''Essig'' '[[acetum|aceto]]' et ''Äther'' '[[aether]]e' formatum.</ref> est [[compositum chemicum]] ab [[acidum|acido]] tractum, in quo pro una saltem caterva -OH ([[hydroxylium|hydroxylia]]) caterva -O- ([[alcylium|alcylia]]) substituitur. Ester inventum anno [[1848]] a [[Leopoldus Gmelin|Leopoldo Gmelin]] et saepe ex [[acidum carboxylicum|acido carboxylico]] et [[alcohol]]e inter se [[Reactio chemica|reagentibus]] formatur. Inter estera sunt [[glyceridum|glycerida]], ex [[acidum adipatum|acidis adipatis]] et [[glycerolum|glycerolo]] formata, unum ex principalibus generibus [[lipidum|lipidorum]], in [[pingue|pinguibus]] [[oleum|oleis]]que inventorum. Estera quorum [[massa molaris|pondus moleculare]] est humile in [[odor|odoribus]], [[oleum essentiale|oleis essentialibus]], [[pheromonum|pheromonis]] reperiuntur: volatilia enim dicuntur. [[Phosphoester]]a structuram molecularum [[ADN|acidi desoxyribonucleici]] (ADN) formant. [[Ester nitratus|Estera nitrati]], ut [[nitroglycerinum]], proprietates [[materia displosiva|displosivas]] habent, et [[polyester]]a, quae sunt [[monomera]] medietatibus esterum coniuncta, sunt [[plastica (materia)|plasticae]] magni momenti. [[Fasciculus:Bijenwas1591.JPG|thumb|[[Cera]] ab [[Apis mellifera|apibus]] facta plura estera continet.]] Formula chemica simplex est ''<math>R_1-COO-R_2</math>''. "<math>R_1-COO</math>" est ''carboxylium''. "<math>R_2</math>" est ''alkylium''. Alterum nomen est Alkylii carboxylas sive Alkylii alkanoas<ref> Кириченко А. В., Протасевич Н. В. Латинский язык: для студентов специальностей «Химия (фармацевтическая деятельность)», «Химия (охрана окружающей среды)» [Электронный ресурс]. - Мн.: БГУ, 2013. </ref> (ester [[Acidum carboxylicum|acidi carboxylici]]). == Exempla == * Tristearinum (C₅₇H₁₁₀O₆), in pingui bovis inventum, est ester glyceroli et [[acidum stearicum|acidi stearici]]. * Benzyli acetatum (CH₃COOCH₂C₆H₅) est molecula odorifera in [[Jasminum|jasmino]] inventa (ester alcoholis benzylici et [[Acidum aceticum|acidi acetici]]). * [[Methylii formias]] sive [[Methylii methanoas]] * [[Methylii acetas]] sive [[Methylii aethanoas]] * [[Aethylii formias]] sive [[Aethylii methanoas]] * [[Aethylii acetas]] sive [[Aethylii aethanoas]] == De reactione esterificationis == Esterificatio est [[Reactio chemica|reactio]] [[Condensatio|condensationis]] in qua duae moleculae in maiorem moleculam coalescunt dum moleculam aquae dimittunt. Haec reactio acidis validis [[Catalysis|catalyzatur]]. Ita [[ethanolum]] et acidum aceticum supra centum [[Gradus Celsianus|gradus Celsianos]] calefacta in acetatum ethyli coalescunt, subtracta aquae molecula. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Zarmeena Khan, Fahed Javed, et alii. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1226086X2100410X Current developments in esterification reaction: A review on process and parameters]", ''Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry'', 2021: 80-101 *T. J. Ogundoro, O. Atolani. "[https://www.theaic.org/pub_thechemist_journals/Vol-96-No-1/Vol-96-no1-article-3(Ogundoro).pdf An Overview of Current Trend in Esters Synthesis]", ''The Chemist'', 96: 1-34 *Salvadora Ortega-Requena, Claudia Montiel et alii. "[https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/1/268 Esters in the Food and Cosmetic Industries: An Overview of the Reactors Used in Their Biocatalytic Synthesis]", ''Materials'', 2024: 268 {{NexInt}} * [[Acetylcholinum]] == Nexus externus == {{CommuniaCat|Esters|esteres}} {{chem-stipula}} [[Categoria:Chemica]] [[Categoria:Composita chemica]] [[Categoria:Ester]] {{Myrias|Physica}} l0q2104r6fdfi3ky7kqvnt65imqsv3w 3960732 3960731 2026-05-19T14:35:18Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Plura legere si cupis */ 3960732 wikitext text/x-wiki :''Si personam Biblicam quaeris, vide [[Esther]]''. [[Fasciculus:Ester-general.svg|130px|thumb|Ester carboxylatum. R et R' quamlibet catervam [[alcylium|alcyliam]]{{dubsig}} aut [[arylium|aryliam]]{{dubsig}} designant. R etiam atomus [[hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] esse potest.]] [[Fasciculus:Trimyristin-3D-vdW.png|thumb|Triglyceridum hoc est ester [[glycerolum|glyceroli]] cum tribus acidis adipatis.]] '''Ester''' {{Victio|ester|is|n}}<ref>Vocabulum originis [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscae]], fortasse ab ''Essig'' '[[acetum|aceto]]' et ''Äther'' '[[aether]]e' formatum.</ref> est [[compositum chemicum]] ab [[acidum|acido]] tractum, in quo pro una saltem caterva -OH ([[hydroxylium|hydroxylia]]) caterva -O- ([[alcylium|alcylia]]) substituitur. Ester inventum anno [[1848]] a [[Leopoldus Gmelin|Leopoldo Gmelin]] et saepe ex [[acidum carboxylicum|acido carboxylico]] et [[alcohol]]e inter se [[Reactio chemica|reagentibus]] formatur. Inter estera sunt [[glyceridum|glycerida]], ex [[acidum adipatum|acidis adipatis]] et [[glycerolum|glycerolo]] formata, unum ex principalibus generibus [[lipidum|lipidorum]], in [[pingue|pinguibus]] [[oleum|oleis]]que inventorum. Estera quorum [[massa molaris|pondus moleculare]] est humile in [[odor|odoribus]], [[oleum essentiale|oleis essentialibus]], [[pheromonum|pheromonis]] reperiuntur: volatilia enim dicuntur. [[Phosphoester]]a structuram molecularum [[ADN|acidi desoxyribonucleici]] (ADN) formant. [[Ester nitratus|Estera nitrati]], ut [[nitroglycerinum]], proprietates [[materia displosiva|displosivas]] habent, et [[polyester]]a, quae sunt [[monomera]] medietatibus esterum coniuncta, sunt [[plastica (materia)|plasticae]] magni momenti. [[Fasciculus:Bijenwas1591.JPG|thumb|[[Cera]] ab [[Apis mellifera|apibus]] facta plura estera continet.]] Formula chemica simplex est ''<math>R_1-COO-R_2</math>''. "<math>R_1-COO</math>" est ''carboxylium''. "<math>R_2</math>" est ''alkylium''. Alterum nomen est Alkylii carboxylas sive Alkylii alkanoas<ref> Кириченко А. В., Протасевич Н. В. Латинский язык: для студентов специальностей «Химия (фармацевтическая деятельность)», «Химия (охрана окружающей среды)» [Электронный ресурс]. - Мн.: БГУ, 2013. </ref> (ester [[Acidum carboxylicum|acidi carboxylici]]). == Exempla == * Tristearinum (C₅₇H₁₁₀O₆), in pingui bovis inventum, est ester glyceroli et [[acidum stearicum|acidi stearici]]. * Benzyli acetatum (CH₃COOCH₂C₆H₅) est molecula odorifera in [[Jasminum|jasmino]] inventa (ester alcoholis benzylici et [[Acidum aceticum|acidi acetici]]). * [[Methylii formias]] sive [[Methylii methanoas]] * [[Methylii acetas]] sive [[Methylii aethanoas]] * [[Aethylii formias]] sive [[Aethylii methanoas]] * [[Aethylii acetas]] sive [[Aethylii aethanoas]] == De reactione esterificationis == Esterificatio est [[Reactio chemica|reactio]] [[Condensatio|condensationis]] in qua duae moleculae in maiorem moleculam coalescunt dum moleculam aquae dimittunt. Haec reactio acidis validis [[Catalysis|catalyzatur]]. Ita [[ethanolum]] et acidum aceticum supra centum [[Gradus Celsianus|gradus Celsianos]] calefacta in acetatum ethyli coalescunt, subtracta aquae molecula. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Zarmeena Khan, Fahed Javed, et alii. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1226086X2100410X Current developments in esterification reaction: A review on process and parameters]", ''Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry'', 2021: 80-101 *T. J. Ogundoro, O. Atolani. "[https://www.theaic.org/pub_thechemist_journals/Vol-96-No-1/Vol-96-no1-article-3(Ogundoro).html An Overview of Current Trend in Esters Synthesis]", ''The Chemist'', 2025(96): 3 *Salvadora Ortega-Requena, Claudia Montiel et alii. "[https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/1/268 Esters in the Food and Cosmetic Industries: An Overview of the Reactors Used in Their Biocatalytic Synthesis]", ''Materials'', 2024: 268 {{NexInt}} * [[Acetylcholinum]] == Nexus externus == {{CommuniaCat|Esters|esteres}} {{chem-stipula}} [[Categoria:Chemica]] [[Categoria:Composita chemica]] [[Categoria:Ester]] {{Myrias|Physica}} 52jh8iibskfvsu6gmwivdlaansqpjf2 3960734 3960732 2026-05-19T14:38:49Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Nexus externus */ 3960734 wikitext text/x-wiki :''Si personam Biblicam quaeris, vide [[Esther]]''. [[Fasciculus:Ester-general.svg|130px|thumb|Ester carboxylatum. R et R' quamlibet catervam [[alcylium|alcyliam]]{{dubsig}} aut [[arylium|aryliam]]{{dubsig}} designant. R etiam atomus [[hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] esse potest.]] [[Fasciculus:Trimyristin-3D-vdW.png|thumb|Triglyceridum hoc est ester [[glycerolum|glyceroli]] cum tribus acidis adipatis.]] '''Ester''' {{Victio|ester|is|n}}<ref>Vocabulum originis [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscae]], fortasse ab ''Essig'' '[[acetum|aceto]]' et ''Äther'' '[[aether]]e' formatum.</ref> est [[compositum chemicum]] ab [[acidum|acido]] tractum, in quo pro una saltem caterva -OH ([[hydroxylium|hydroxylia]]) caterva -O- ([[alcylium|alcylia]]) substituitur. Ester inventum anno [[1848]] a [[Leopoldus Gmelin|Leopoldo Gmelin]] et saepe ex [[acidum carboxylicum|acido carboxylico]] et [[alcohol]]e inter se [[Reactio chemica|reagentibus]] formatur. Inter estera sunt [[glyceridum|glycerida]], ex [[acidum adipatum|acidis adipatis]] et [[glycerolum|glycerolo]] formata, unum ex principalibus generibus [[lipidum|lipidorum]], in [[pingue|pinguibus]] [[oleum|oleis]]que inventorum. Estera quorum [[massa molaris|pondus moleculare]] est humile in [[odor|odoribus]], [[oleum essentiale|oleis essentialibus]], [[pheromonum|pheromonis]] reperiuntur: volatilia enim dicuntur. [[Phosphoester]]a structuram molecularum [[ADN|acidi desoxyribonucleici]] (ADN) formant. [[Ester nitratus|Estera nitrati]], ut [[nitroglycerinum]], proprietates [[materia displosiva|displosivas]] habent, et [[polyester]]a, quae sunt [[monomera]] medietatibus esterum coniuncta, sunt [[plastica (materia)|plasticae]] magni momenti. [[Fasciculus:Bijenwas1591.JPG|thumb|[[Cera]] ab [[Apis mellifera|apibus]] facta plura estera continet.]] Formula chemica simplex est ''<math>R_1-COO-R_2</math>''. "<math>R_1-COO</math>" est ''carboxylium''. "<math>R_2</math>" est ''alkylium''. Alterum nomen est Alkylii carboxylas sive Alkylii alkanoas<ref> Кириченко А. В., Протасевич Н. В. Латинский язык: для студентов специальностей «Химия (фармацевтическая деятельность)», «Химия (охрана окружающей среды)» [Электронный ресурс]. - Мн.: БГУ, 2013. </ref> (ester [[Acidum carboxylicum|acidi carboxylici]]). == Exempla == * Tristearinum (C₅₇H₁₁₀O₆), in pingui bovis inventum, est ester glyceroli et [[acidum stearicum|acidi stearici]]. * Benzyli acetatum (CH₃COOCH₂C₆H₅) est molecula odorifera in [[Jasminum|jasmino]] inventa (ester alcoholis benzylici et [[Acidum aceticum|acidi acetici]]). * [[Methylii formias]] sive [[Methylii methanoas]] * [[Methylii acetas]] sive [[Methylii aethanoas]] * [[Aethylii formias]] sive [[Aethylii methanoas]] * [[Aethylii acetas]] sive [[Aethylii aethanoas]] == De reactione esterificationis == Esterificatio est [[Reactio chemica|reactio]] [[Condensatio|condensationis]] in qua duae moleculae in maiorem moleculam coalescunt dum moleculam aquae dimittunt. Haec reactio acidis validis [[Catalysis|catalyzatur]]. Ita [[ethanolum]] et acidum aceticum supra centum [[Gradus Celsianus|gradus Celsianos]] calefacta in acetatum ethyli coalescunt, subtracta aquae molecula. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Zarmeena Khan, Fahed Javed, et alii. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1226086X2100410X Current developments in esterification reaction: A review on process and parameters]", ''Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry'', 2021: 80-101 *T. J. Ogundoro, O. Atolani. "[https://www.theaic.org/pub_thechemist_journals/Vol-96-No-1/Vol-96-no1-article-3(Ogundoro).html An Overview of Current Trend in Esters Synthesis]", ''The Chemist'', 2025(96): 3 *Salvadora Ortega-Requena, Claudia Montiel et alii. "[https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/1/268 Esters in the Food and Cosmetic Industries: An Overview of the Reactors Used in Their Biocatalytic Synthesis]", ''Materials'', 2024: 268 {{NexInt}} * [[Acetylcholinum]] == Nexus externus == {{CommuniaCat|Esters|esteres}} * [https://chimieorganique.faidherbe.org/esters.htm Lectio lycei Faidherbe] {{chem-stipula}} [[Categoria:Chemica]] [[Categoria:Composita chemica]] [[Categoria:Ester]] {{Myrias|Physica}} niw7r7rt1zyafl25py2oy41a31z4o68 3960735 3960734 2026-05-19T14:40:57Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3960735 wikitext text/x-wiki :''Si personam Biblicam quaeris, vide [[Esther]]''. [[Fasciculus:Ester-general.svg|130px|thumb|Ester carboxylatum. R et R' quamlibet catervam [[alcylium|alcyliam]]{{dubsig}} aut [[arylium|aryliam]]{{dubsig}} designant. R etiam atomus [[hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] esse potest.]] [[Fasciculus:Trimyristin-3D-vdW.png|thumb|Triglyceridum hoc est ester [[glycerolum|glyceroli]] cum tribus acidis adipatis.]] '''Ester''' {{Victio|ester|is|n}}<ref>Vocabulum originis [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscae]], fortasse ab ''Essig'' '[[acetum|aceto]]' et ''Äther'' '[[aether]]e' formatum.</ref> est [[compositum chemicum]] [[Chemia organica|organicum]] ab [[acidum carboxylicum|acido carboxylico]] tractum, in quo pro una saltem caterva -OH ([[hydroxylium|hydroxylia]]) caterva -O- ([[alcylium|alcylia]]) substituitur. Ester inventum anno [[1848]] a [[Leopoldus Gmelin|Leopoldo Gmelin]] et saepe ex [[acidum carboxylicum|acido carboxylico]] et [[alcohol]]e inter se [[Reactio chemica|reagentibus]] formatur. Inter estera sunt [[glyceridum|glycerida]], ex [[acidum adipatum|acidis adipatis]] et [[glycerolum|glycerolo]] formata, unum ex principalibus generibus [[lipidum|lipidorum]], in [[pingue|pinguibus]] [[oleum|oleis]]que inventorum. Estera quorum [[massa molaris|pondus moleculare]] est humile in [[odor|odoribus]], [[oleum essentiale|oleis essentialibus]], [[pheromonum|pheromonis]] reperiuntur: volatilia enim dicuntur. [[Phosphoester]]a structuram molecularum [[ADN|acidi desoxyribonucleici]] (ADN) formant. [[Ester nitratus|Estera nitrati]], ut [[nitroglycerinum]], proprietates [[materia displosiva|displosivas]] habent, et [[polyester]]a, quae sunt [[monomera]] medietatibus esterum coniuncta, sunt [[plastica (materia)|plasticae]] magni momenti. [[Fasciculus:Bijenwas1591.JPG|thumb|[[Cera]] ab [[Apis mellifera|apibus]] facta plura estera continet.]] Formula chemica simplex est ''<math>R_1-COO-R_2</math>''. "<math>R_1-COO</math>" est ''carboxylium''. "<math>R_2</math>" est ''alkylium''. Alterum nomen est Alkylii carboxylas sive Alkylii alkanoas<ref> Кириченко А. В., Протасевич Н. В. Латинский язык: для студентов специальностей «Химия (фармацевтическая деятельность)», «Химия (охрана окружающей среды)» [Электронный ресурс]. - Мн.: БГУ, 2013. </ref> (ester [[Acidum carboxylicum|acidi carboxylici]]). == Exempla == * Tristearinum (C₅₇H₁₁₀O₆), in pingui bovis inventum, est ester glyceroli et [[acidum stearicum|acidi stearici]]. * Benzyli acetatum (CH₃COOCH₂C₆H₅) est molecula odorifera in [[Jasminum|jasmino]] inventa (ester alcoholis benzylici et [[Acidum aceticum|acidi acetici]]). * [[Methylii formias]] sive [[Methylii methanoas]] * [[Methylii acetas]] sive [[Methylii aethanoas]] * [[Aethylii formias]] sive [[Aethylii methanoas]] * [[Aethylii acetas]] sive [[Aethylii aethanoas]] == De reactione esterificationis == Esterificatio est [[Reactio chemica|reactio]] [[Condensatio|condensationis]] in qua duae moleculae in maiorem moleculam coalescunt dum moleculam aquae dimittunt. Haec reactio acidis validis [[Catalysis|catalyzatur]]. Ita [[ethanolum]] et acidum aceticum supra centum [[Gradus Celsianus|gradus Celsianos]] calefacta in acetatum ethyli coalescunt, subtracta aquae molecula. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Zarmeena Khan, Fahed Javed, et alii. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1226086X2100410X Current developments in esterification reaction: A review on process and parameters]", ''Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry'', 2021: 80-101 *T. J. Ogundoro, O. Atolani. "[https://www.theaic.org/pub_thechemist_journals/Vol-96-No-1/Vol-96-no1-article-3(Ogundoro).html An Overview of Current Trend in Esters Synthesis]", ''The Chemist'', 2025(96): 3 *Salvadora Ortega-Requena, Claudia Montiel et alii. "[https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/1/268 Esters in the Food and Cosmetic Industries: An Overview of the Reactors Used in Their Biocatalytic Synthesis]", ''Materials'', 2024: 268 {{NexInt}} * [[Acetylcholinum]] == Nexus externus == {{CommuniaCat|Esters|esteres}} * [https://chimieorganique.faidherbe.org/esters.htm Lectio lycei Faidherbe] {{chem-stipula}} [[Categoria:Chemica]] [[Categoria:Composita chemica]] [[Categoria:Ester]] {{Myrias|Physica}} r1wkcpdb2nlshysbilqup2l91itwok1 3960737 3960735 2026-05-19T14:49:47Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Exempla */ 3960737 wikitext text/x-wiki :''Si personam Biblicam quaeris, vide [[Esther]]''. [[Fasciculus:Ester-general.svg|130px|thumb|Ester carboxylatum. R et R' quamlibet catervam [[alcylium|alcyliam]]{{dubsig}} aut [[arylium|aryliam]]{{dubsig}} designant. R etiam atomus [[hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] esse potest.]] [[Fasciculus:Trimyristin-3D-vdW.png|thumb|Triglyceridum hoc est ester [[glycerolum|glyceroli]] cum tribus acidis adipatis.]] '''Ester''' {{Victio|ester|is|n}}<ref>Vocabulum originis [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscae]], fortasse ab ''Essig'' '[[acetum|aceto]]' et ''Äther'' '[[aether]]e' formatum.</ref> est [[compositum chemicum]] [[Chemia organica|organicum]] ab [[acidum carboxylicum|acido carboxylico]] tractum, in quo pro una saltem caterva -OH ([[hydroxylium|hydroxylia]]) caterva -O- ([[alcylium|alcylia]]) substituitur. Ester inventum anno [[1848]] a [[Leopoldus Gmelin|Leopoldo Gmelin]] et saepe ex [[acidum carboxylicum|acido carboxylico]] et [[alcohol]]e inter se [[Reactio chemica|reagentibus]] formatur. Inter estera sunt [[glyceridum|glycerida]], ex [[acidum adipatum|acidis adipatis]] et [[glycerolum|glycerolo]] formata, unum ex principalibus generibus [[lipidum|lipidorum]], in [[pingue|pinguibus]] [[oleum|oleis]]que inventorum. Estera quorum [[massa molaris|pondus moleculare]] est humile in [[odor|odoribus]], [[oleum essentiale|oleis essentialibus]], [[pheromonum|pheromonis]] reperiuntur: volatilia enim dicuntur. [[Phosphoester]]a structuram molecularum [[ADN|acidi desoxyribonucleici]] (ADN) formant. [[Ester nitratus|Estera nitrati]], ut [[nitroglycerinum]], proprietates [[materia displosiva|displosivas]] habent, et [[polyester]]a, quae sunt [[monomera]] medietatibus esterum coniuncta, sunt [[plastica (materia)|plasticae]] magni momenti. [[Fasciculus:Bijenwas1591.JPG|thumb|[[Cera]] ab [[Apis mellifera|apibus]] facta plura estera continet.]] Formula chemica simplex est ''<math>R_1-COO-R_2</math>''. "<math>R_1-COO</math>" est ''carboxylium''. "<math>R_2</math>" est ''alkylium''. Alterum nomen est Alkylii carboxylas sive Alkylii alkanoas<ref> Кириченко А. В., Протасевич Н. В. Латинский язык: для студентов специальностей «Химия (фармацевтическая деятельность)», «Химия (охрана окружающей среды)» [Электронный ресурс]. - Мн.: БГУ, 2013. </ref> (ester [[Acidum carboxylicum|acidi carboxylici]]). == Exempla == * Tristearinum (C₅₇H₁₁₀O₆), in pingui bovis inventum, est ester glyceroli et [[acidum stearicum|acidi stearici]]. * Benzyli acetas (CH₃COOCH₂C₆H₅) est molecula odorifera in [[Jasminum|jasmino]] inventa (ester alcoholis benzylici et [[Acidum aceticum|acidi acetici]]). * [[Methylii formias]] sive [[Methylii methanoas]] * [[Methylii acetas]] sive [[Methylii aethanoas]] * [[Aethylii formias]] sive [[Aethylii methanoas]] * [[Aethylii acetas]] sive [[Aethylii aethanoas]] == De reactione esterificationis == Esterificatio est [[Reactio chemica|reactio]] [[Condensatio|condensationis]] in qua duae moleculae in maiorem moleculam coalescunt dum moleculam aquae dimittunt. Haec reactio acidis validis [[Catalysis|catalyzatur]]. Ita [[ethanolum]] et acidum aceticum supra centum [[Gradus Celsianus|gradus Celsianos]] calefacta in acetatum ethyli coalescunt, subtracta aquae molecula. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Zarmeena Khan, Fahed Javed, et alii. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1226086X2100410X Current developments in esterification reaction: A review on process and parameters]", ''Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry'', 2021: 80-101 *T. J. Ogundoro, O. Atolani. "[https://www.theaic.org/pub_thechemist_journals/Vol-96-No-1/Vol-96-no1-article-3(Ogundoro).html An Overview of Current Trend in Esters Synthesis]", ''The Chemist'', 2025(96): 3 *Salvadora Ortega-Requena, Claudia Montiel et alii. "[https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/1/268 Esters in the Food and Cosmetic Industries: An Overview of the Reactors Used in Their Biocatalytic Synthesis]", ''Materials'', 2024: 268 {{NexInt}} * [[Acetylcholinum]] == Nexus externus == {{CommuniaCat|Esters|esteres}} * [https://chimieorganique.faidherbe.org/esters.htm Lectio lycei Faidherbe] {{chem-stipula}} [[Categoria:Chemica]] [[Categoria:Composita chemica]] [[Categoria:Ester]] {{Myrias|Physica}} rs49zfogvppga0psz1vvhjavfyx05pu 3960738 3960737 2026-05-19T14:50:06Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De reactione esterificationis */ 3960738 wikitext text/x-wiki :''Si personam Biblicam quaeris, vide [[Esther]]''. [[Fasciculus:Ester-general.svg|130px|thumb|Ester carboxylatum. R et R' quamlibet catervam [[alcylium|alcyliam]]{{dubsig}} aut [[arylium|aryliam]]{{dubsig}} designant. R etiam atomus [[hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] esse potest.]] [[Fasciculus:Trimyristin-3D-vdW.png|thumb|Triglyceridum hoc est ester [[glycerolum|glyceroli]] cum tribus acidis adipatis.]] '''Ester''' {{Victio|ester|is|n}}<ref>Vocabulum originis [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscae]], fortasse ab ''Essig'' '[[acetum|aceto]]' et ''Äther'' '[[aether]]e' formatum.</ref> est [[compositum chemicum]] [[Chemia organica|organicum]] ab [[acidum carboxylicum|acido carboxylico]] tractum, in quo pro una saltem caterva -OH ([[hydroxylium|hydroxylia]]) caterva -O- ([[alcylium|alcylia]]) substituitur. Ester inventum anno [[1848]] a [[Leopoldus Gmelin|Leopoldo Gmelin]] et saepe ex [[acidum carboxylicum|acido carboxylico]] et [[alcohol]]e inter se [[Reactio chemica|reagentibus]] formatur. Inter estera sunt [[glyceridum|glycerida]], ex [[acidum adipatum|acidis adipatis]] et [[glycerolum|glycerolo]] formata, unum ex principalibus generibus [[lipidum|lipidorum]], in [[pingue|pinguibus]] [[oleum|oleis]]que inventorum. Estera quorum [[massa molaris|pondus moleculare]] est humile in [[odor|odoribus]], [[oleum essentiale|oleis essentialibus]], [[pheromonum|pheromonis]] reperiuntur: volatilia enim dicuntur. [[Phosphoester]]a structuram molecularum [[ADN|acidi desoxyribonucleici]] (ADN) formant. [[Ester nitratus|Estera nitrati]], ut [[nitroglycerinum]], proprietates [[materia displosiva|displosivas]] habent, et [[polyester]]a, quae sunt [[monomera]] medietatibus esterum coniuncta, sunt [[plastica (materia)|plasticae]] magni momenti. [[Fasciculus:Bijenwas1591.JPG|thumb|[[Cera]] ab [[Apis mellifera|apibus]] facta plura estera continet.]] Formula chemica simplex est ''<math>R_1-COO-R_2</math>''. "<math>R_1-COO</math>" est ''carboxylium''. "<math>R_2</math>" est ''alkylium''. Alterum nomen est Alkylii carboxylas sive Alkylii alkanoas<ref> Кириченко А. В., Протасевич Н. В. Латинский язык: для студентов специальностей «Химия (фармацевтическая деятельность)», «Химия (охрана окружающей среды)» [Электронный ресурс]. - Мн.: БГУ, 2013. </ref> (ester [[Acidum carboxylicum|acidi carboxylici]]). == Exempla == * Tristearinum (C₅₇H₁₁₀O₆), in pingui bovis inventum, est ester glyceroli et [[acidum stearicum|acidi stearici]]. * Benzyli acetas (CH₃COOCH₂C₆H₅) est molecula odorifera in [[Jasminum|jasmino]] inventa (ester alcoholis benzylici et [[Acidum aceticum|acidi acetici]]). * [[Methylii formias]] sive [[Methylii methanoas]] * [[Methylii acetas]] sive [[Methylii aethanoas]] * [[Aethylii formias]] sive [[Aethylii methanoas]] * [[Aethylii acetas]] sive [[Aethylii aethanoas]] == De reactione esterificationis == Esterificatio est [[Reactio chemica|reactio]] [[Condensatio|condensationis]] in qua duae moleculae in maiorem moleculam coalescunt dum moleculam aquae dimittunt. Haec reactio acidis validis [[Catalysis|catalyzatur]]. Ita [[ethanolum]] et acidum aceticum supra centum [[Gradus Celsianus|gradus Celsianos]] calefacta in acetatem ethyli coalescunt, subtracta aquae molecula. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Zarmeena Khan, Fahed Javed, et alii. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1226086X2100410X Current developments in esterification reaction: A review on process and parameters]", ''Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry'', 2021: 80-101 *T. J. Ogundoro, O. Atolani. "[https://www.theaic.org/pub_thechemist_journals/Vol-96-No-1/Vol-96-no1-article-3(Ogundoro).html An Overview of Current Trend in Esters Synthesis]", ''The Chemist'', 2025(96): 3 *Salvadora Ortega-Requena, Claudia Montiel et alii. "[https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/1/268 Esters in the Food and Cosmetic Industries: An Overview of the Reactors Used in Their Biocatalytic Synthesis]", ''Materials'', 2024: 268 {{NexInt}} * [[Acetylcholinum]] == Nexus externus == {{CommuniaCat|Esters|esteres}} * [https://chimieorganique.faidherbe.org/esters.htm Lectio lycei Faidherbe] {{chem-stipula}} [[Categoria:Chemica]] [[Categoria:Composita chemica]] [[Categoria:Ester]] {{Myrias|Physica}} 9wfbhwlhyeabaxr3sil4qpovkoyuq67 3960739 3960738 2026-05-19T14:52:32Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Exempla */ 3960739 wikitext text/x-wiki :''Si personam Biblicam quaeris, vide [[Esther]]''. [[Fasciculus:Ester-general.svg|130px|thumb|Ester carboxylatum. R et R' quamlibet catervam [[alcylium|alcyliam]]{{dubsig}} aut [[arylium|aryliam]]{{dubsig}} designant. R etiam atomus [[hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] esse potest.]] [[Fasciculus:Trimyristin-3D-vdW.png|thumb|Triglyceridum hoc est ester [[glycerolum|glyceroli]] cum tribus acidis adipatis.]] '''Ester''' {{Victio|ester|is|n}}<ref>Vocabulum originis [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscae]], fortasse ab ''Essig'' '[[acetum|aceto]]' et ''Äther'' '[[aether]]e' formatum.</ref> est [[compositum chemicum]] [[Chemia organica|organicum]] ab [[acidum carboxylicum|acido carboxylico]] tractum, in quo pro una saltem caterva -OH ([[hydroxylium|hydroxylia]]) caterva -O- ([[alcylium|alcylia]]) substituitur. Ester inventum anno [[1848]] a [[Leopoldus Gmelin|Leopoldo Gmelin]] et saepe ex [[acidum carboxylicum|acido carboxylico]] et [[alcohol]]e inter se [[Reactio chemica|reagentibus]] formatur. Inter estera sunt [[glyceridum|glycerida]], ex [[acidum adipatum|acidis adipatis]] et [[glycerolum|glycerolo]] formata, unum ex principalibus generibus [[lipidum|lipidorum]], in [[pingue|pinguibus]] [[oleum|oleis]]que inventorum. Estera quorum [[massa molaris|pondus moleculare]] est humile in [[odor|odoribus]], [[oleum essentiale|oleis essentialibus]], [[pheromonum|pheromonis]] reperiuntur: volatilia enim dicuntur. [[Phosphoester]]a structuram molecularum [[ADN|acidi desoxyribonucleici]] (ADN) formant. [[Ester nitratus|Estera nitrati]], ut [[nitroglycerinum]], proprietates [[materia displosiva|displosivas]] habent, et [[polyester]]a, quae sunt [[monomera]] medietatibus esterum coniuncta, sunt [[plastica (materia)|plasticae]] magni momenti. [[Fasciculus:Bijenwas1591.JPG|thumb|[[Cera]] ab [[Apis mellifera|apibus]] facta plura estera continet.]] Formula chemica simplex est ''<math>R_1-COO-R_2</math>''. "<math>R_1-COO</math>" est ''carboxylium''. "<math>R_2</math>" est ''alkylium''. Alterum nomen est Alkylii carboxylas sive Alkylii alkanoas<ref> Кириченко А. В., Протасевич Н. В. Латинский язык: для студентов специальностей «Химия (фармацевтическая деятельность)», «Химия (охрана окружающей среды)» [Электронный ресурс]. - Мн.: БГУ, 2013. </ref> (ester [[Acidum carboxylicum|acidi carboxylici]]). == Exempla == * Tristearinum (C₅₇H₁₁₀O₆), in [[pingue|pingui]] [[Bos taurus|bovis]] inventum, est ester glyceroli et [[acidum stearicum|acidi stearici]]. * Benzyli acetas (CH₃COOCH₂C₆H₅) est molecula odorifera in [[Jasminum|jasmino]] inventa (ester alcoholis benzylici et [[Acidum aceticum|acidi acetici]]). * [[Methylii formias]] sive [[Methylii methanoas]] * [[Methylii acetas]] sive [[Methylii aethanoas]] * [[Aethylii formias]] sive [[Aethylii methanoas]] * [[Aethylii acetas]] sive [[Aethylii aethanoas]] == De reactione esterificationis == Esterificatio est [[Reactio chemica|reactio]] [[Condensatio|condensationis]] in qua duae moleculae in maiorem moleculam coalescunt dum moleculam aquae dimittunt. Haec reactio acidis validis [[Catalysis|catalyzatur]]. Ita [[ethanolum]] et acidum aceticum supra centum [[Gradus Celsianus|gradus Celsianos]] calefacta in acetatem ethyli coalescunt, subtracta aquae molecula. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Zarmeena Khan, Fahed Javed, et alii. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1226086X2100410X Current developments in esterification reaction: A review on process and parameters]", ''Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry'', 2021: 80-101 *T. J. Ogundoro, O. Atolani. "[https://www.theaic.org/pub_thechemist_journals/Vol-96-No-1/Vol-96-no1-article-3(Ogundoro).html An Overview of Current Trend in Esters Synthesis]", ''The Chemist'', 2025(96): 3 *Salvadora Ortega-Requena, Claudia Montiel et alii. "[https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/1/268 Esters in the Food and Cosmetic Industries: An Overview of the Reactors Used in Their Biocatalytic Synthesis]", ''Materials'', 2024: 268 {{NexInt}} * [[Acetylcholinum]] == Nexus externus == {{CommuniaCat|Esters|esteres}} * [https://chimieorganique.faidherbe.org/esters.htm Lectio lycei Faidherbe] {{chem-stipula}} [[Categoria:Chemica]] [[Categoria:Composita chemica]] [[Categoria:Ester]] {{Myrias|Physica}} gq8byw0zf9zmkf7ddifuv20elx7unjv 3960741 3960739 2026-05-19T14:58:51Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Nexus externus */ 3960741 wikitext text/x-wiki :''Si personam Biblicam quaeris, vide [[Esther]]''. [[Fasciculus:Ester-general.svg|130px|thumb|Ester carboxylatum. R et R' quamlibet catervam [[alcylium|alcyliam]]{{dubsig}} aut [[arylium|aryliam]]{{dubsig}} designant. R etiam atomus [[hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] esse potest.]] [[Fasciculus:Trimyristin-3D-vdW.png|thumb|Triglyceridum hoc est ester [[glycerolum|glyceroli]] cum tribus acidis adipatis.]] '''Ester''' {{Victio|ester|is|n}}<ref>Vocabulum originis [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscae]], fortasse ab ''Essig'' '[[acetum|aceto]]' et ''Äther'' '[[aether]]e' formatum.</ref> est [[compositum chemicum]] [[Chemia organica|organicum]] ab [[acidum carboxylicum|acido carboxylico]] tractum, in quo pro una saltem caterva -OH ([[hydroxylium|hydroxylia]]) caterva -O- ([[alcylium|alcylia]]) substituitur. Ester inventum anno [[1848]] a [[Leopoldus Gmelin|Leopoldo Gmelin]] et saepe ex [[acidum carboxylicum|acido carboxylico]] et [[alcohol]]e inter se [[Reactio chemica|reagentibus]] formatur. Inter estera sunt [[glyceridum|glycerida]], ex [[acidum adipatum|acidis adipatis]] et [[glycerolum|glycerolo]] formata, unum ex principalibus generibus [[lipidum|lipidorum]], in [[pingue|pinguibus]] [[oleum|oleis]]que inventorum. Estera quorum [[massa molaris|pondus moleculare]] est humile in [[odor|odoribus]], [[oleum essentiale|oleis essentialibus]], [[pheromonum|pheromonis]] reperiuntur: volatilia enim dicuntur. [[Phosphoester]]a structuram molecularum [[ADN|acidi desoxyribonucleici]] (ADN) formant. [[Ester nitratus|Estera nitrati]], ut [[nitroglycerinum]], proprietates [[materia displosiva|displosivas]] habent, et [[polyester]]a, quae sunt [[monomera]] medietatibus esterum coniuncta, sunt [[plastica (materia)|plasticae]] magni momenti. [[Fasciculus:Bijenwas1591.JPG|thumb|[[Cera]] ab [[Apis mellifera|apibus]] facta plura estera continet.]] Formula chemica simplex est ''<math>R_1-COO-R_2</math>''. "<math>R_1-COO</math>" est ''carboxylium''. "<math>R_2</math>" est ''alkylium''. Alterum nomen est Alkylii carboxylas sive Alkylii alkanoas<ref> Кириченко А. В., Протасевич Н. В. Латинский язык: для студентов специальностей «Химия (фармацевтическая деятельность)», «Химия (охрана окружающей среды)» [Электронный ресурс]. - Мн.: БГУ, 2013. </ref> (ester [[Acidum carboxylicum|acidi carboxylici]]). == Exempla == * Tristearinum (C₅₇H₁₁₀O₆), in [[pingue|pingui]] [[Bos taurus|bovis]] inventum, est ester glyceroli et [[acidum stearicum|acidi stearici]]. * Benzyli acetas (CH₃COOCH₂C₆H₅) est molecula odorifera in [[Jasminum|jasmino]] inventa (ester alcoholis benzylici et [[Acidum aceticum|acidi acetici]]). * [[Methylii formias]] sive [[Methylii methanoas]] * [[Methylii acetas]] sive [[Methylii aethanoas]] * [[Aethylii formias]] sive [[Aethylii methanoas]] * [[Aethylii acetas]] sive [[Aethylii aethanoas]] == De reactione esterificationis == Esterificatio est [[Reactio chemica|reactio]] [[Condensatio|condensationis]] in qua duae moleculae in maiorem moleculam coalescunt dum moleculam aquae dimittunt. Haec reactio acidis validis [[Catalysis|catalyzatur]]. Ita [[ethanolum]] et acidum aceticum supra centum [[Gradus Celsianus|gradus Celsianos]] calefacta in acetatem ethyli coalescunt, subtracta aquae molecula. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Zarmeena Khan, Fahed Javed, et alii. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1226086X2100410X Current developments in esterification reaction: A review on process and parameters]", ''Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry'', 2021: 80-101 *T. J. Ogundoro, O. Atolani. "[https://www.theaic.org/pub_thechemist_journals/Vol-96-No-1/Vol-96-no1-article-3(Ogundoro).html An Overview of Current Trend in Esters Synthesis]", ''The Chemist'', 2025(96): 3 *Salvadora Ortega-Requena, Claudia Montiel et alii. "[https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/1/268 Esters in the Food and Cosmetic Industries: An Overview of the Reactors Used in Their Biocatalytic Synthesis]", ''Materials'', 2024: 268 {{NexInt}} * [[Acetylcholinum]] == Nexus externus == {{CommuniaCat|Esters|esteres}} * [https://chimieorganique.faidherbe.org/esters.htm Lectio lycei Faidherbe] * German Fernandez, [https://www.quimicaorganica.org/fr/esters.html Théorie des esters] {{chem-stipula}} [[Categoria:Chemica]] [[Categoria:Composita chemica]] [[Categoria:Ester]] {{Myrias|Physica}} aonqmd8noz8apbe4pkqqws95v4xhro4 3960742 3960741 2026-05-19T15:01:05Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Exempla */ 3960742 wikitext text/x-wiki :''Si personam Biblicam quaeris, vide [[Esther]]''. [[Fasciculus:Ester-general.svg|130px|thumb|Ester carboxylatum. R et R' quamlibet catervam [[alcylium|alcyliam]]{{dubsig}} aut [[arylium|aryliam]]{{dubsig}} designant. R etiam atomus [[hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] esse potest.]] [[Fasciculus:Trimyristin-3D-vdW.png|thumb|Triglyceridum hoc est ester [[glycerolum|glyceroli]] cum tribus acidis adipatis.]] '''Ester''' {{Victio|ester|is|n}}<ref>Vocabulum originis [[lingua Theodisca|Theodiscae]], fortasse ab ''Essig'' '[[acetum|aceto]]' et ''Äther'' '[[aether]]e' formatum.</ref> est [[compositum chemicum]] [[Chemia organica|organicum]] ab [[acidum carboxylicum|acido carboxylico]] tractum, in quo pro una saltem caterva -OH ([[hydroxylium|hydroxylia]]) caterva -O- ([[alcylium|alcylia]]) substituitur. Ester inventum anno [[1848]] a [[Leopoldus Gmelin|Leopoldo Gmelin]] et saepe ex [[acidum carboxylicum|acido carboxylico]] et [[alcohol]]e inter se [[Reactio chemica|reagentibus]] formatur. Inter estera sunt [[glyceridum|glycerida]], ex [[acidum adipatum|acidis adipatis]] et [[glycerolum|glycerolo]] formata, unum ex principalibus generibus [[lipidum|lipidorum]], in [[pingue|pinguibus]] [[oleum|oleis]]que inventorum. Estera quorum [[massa molaris|pondus moleculare]] est humile in [[odor|odoribus]], [[oleum essentiale|oleis essentialibus]], [[pheromonum|pheromonis]] reperiuntur: volatilia enim dicuntur. [[Phosphoester]]a structuram molecularum [[ADN|acidi desoxyribonucleici]] (ADN) formant. [[Ester nitratus|Estera nitrati]], ut [[nitroglycerinum]], proprietates [[materia displosiva|displosivas]] habent, et [[polyester]]a, quae sunt [[monomera]] medietatibus esterum coniuncta, sunt [[plastica (materia)|plasticae]] magni momenti. [[Fasciculus:Bijenwas1591.JPG|thumb|[[Cera]] ab [[Apis mellifera|apibus]] facta plura estera continet.]] Formula chemica simplex est ''<math>R_1-COO-R_2</math>''. "<math>R_1-COO</math>" est ''carboxylium''. "<math>R_2</math>" est ''alkylium''. Alterum nomen est Alkylii carboxylas sive Alkylii alkanoas<ref> Кириченко А. В., Протасевич Н. В. Латинский язык: для студентов специальностей «Химия (фармацевтическая деятельность)», «Химия (охрана окружающей среды)» [Электронный ресурс]. - Мн.: БГУ, 2013. </ref> (ester [[Acidum carboxylicum|acidi carboxylici]]). == Exempla == * Tristearinum (C₅₇H₁₁₀O₆), in [[pingue|pingui]] [[Bos taurus|bovis]] inventum, est ester glyceroli et [[acidum stearicum|acidi stearici]]. * Benzyli acetas (CH₃COOCH₂C₆H₅) est molecula odorifera in [[Jasminum|jasmino]] inventa (ester alcoholis benzylici et [[Acidum aceticum|acidi acetici]]). * [[Methylii formias]] sive [[Methylii methanoas]] * [[Methylii acetas]] sive [[Methylii aethanoas]] * [[Aethylii formias]] sive [[Aethylii methanoas]] * [[Aethylii acetas]] sive [[Aethylii aethanoas]] Esteres cum hydrocarboneis cyclicis ''lactones'' dicuntur. == De reactione esterificationis == Esterificatio est [[Reactio chemica|reactio]] [[Condensatio|condensationis]] in qua duae moleculae in maiorem moleculam coalescunt dum moleculam aquae dimittunt. Haec reactio acidis validis [[Catalysis|catalyzatur]]. Ita [[ethanolum]] et acidum aceticum supra centum [[Gradus Celsianus|gradus Celsianos]] calefacta in acetatem ethyli coalescunt, subtracta aquae molecula. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *Zarmeena Khan, Fahed Javed, et alii. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1226086X2100410X Current developments in esterification reaction: A review on process and parameters]", ''Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry'', 2021: 80-101 *T. J. Ogundoro, O. Atolani. "[https://www.theaic.org/pub_thechemist_journals/Vol-96-No-1/Vol-96-no1-article-3(Ogundoro).html An Overview of Current Trend in Esters Synthesis]", ''The Chemist'', 2025(96): 3 *Salvadora Ortega-Requena, Claudia Montiel et alii. "[https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/1/268 Esters in the Food and Cosmetic Industries: An Overview of the Reactors Used in Their Biocatalytic Synthesis]", ''Materials'', 2024: 268 {{NexInt}} * [[Acetylcholinum]] == Nexus externus == {{CommuniaCat|Esters|esteres}} * [https://chimieorganique.faidherbe.org/esters.htm Lectio lycei Faidherbe] * German Fernandez, [https://www.quimicaorganica.org/fr/esters.html Théorie des esters] {{chem-stipula}} [[Categoria:Chemica]] [[Categoria:Composita chemica]] [[Categoria:Ester]] {{Myrias|Physica}} igqfom1urfnl4bfcn07xrd87n7bkwa8 0 19429 3960870 3607679 2026-05-20T11:01:10Z ~2026-30180-04 209651 /* */ 3960870 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L}} {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Basilius I Demetrii filius''' ([[Lingua Russica|Russice]] Василий I Дмитриевич, [[translitteratio|tr.]] ''Vasilij I Dmitrievič''; natus [[1371]], mortuus [[1425]]), filius maior Ducis [[Demetrius (magnus dux Moscoviae)|Demetrii Tanaitici]], fuit [[Duces Moscoviae|Magnus Dux Moscoviae]] ab anno [[1389]]. [[Sophia Vitoldi filia|Sophiam]] [[Alexander Vitoldus|Vitoldi]] filiam nupsit anno 1387. Dux Basilius I territorium [[Moscovia]]e extendit. Anno [[1392]] adiunxit ducatus duos, [[Ducatus Novogardiensis Inferior|Novogardiae Inferioris]] et [[Muromum|Muromi]]. Annis [[1397]] – [[1398]] iniunctae sunt [[Vologda]], [[Ustiuga]] et terrae gentis ''Komi''. Anno [[1392]] Basilius I, provisionis periculi ab [[Orda Aurea]] facessendae causa, societatem [[Magnus Ducatus Lituaniae|Lituaniae]] accessit. Se tamen Lituaniae dux socium infidelem ostendit, qui annis [[1403]] – [[1404]] [[Viesma]]m et [[Smolenscum]] occuparet. Basilius I cessaverat vectigal Ordae Aureae pendere post stragem regni illius a copiis [[Tamerlanes|Tamerlanis]] annis [[1391]] et [[1395]], sed vectigal restitutum est post invasionem in Moscoviam exercitus Ordae Aureae anno [[1408]]. {{arca initii}} {{arca successionis unus| ante=[[Demetrius (magnus dux Moscoviae)|Demetrius Tanaiticus]] | titulus=[[Duces Moscoviae|Magnus dux Moscoviae]] | anni=1389–1425 | postquam=[[Basilius II (magnus dux Moscoviae)|Basilius II Caecus]] }} {{arca finis}} == Fons == * [http://bse.sci-lib.com/article003399.html Pagina de Basilio I ''Encyclopaediae Sovieticae Magnae'' editionis tertiae] {{ling|Russice}} == Nexus externi== {{Fontes biographici}} {{CommuniaCat|Vasily I of Moscow|Basilium I}} [[Categoria:Duces Moscoviae]] [[Categoria:Nati 1371]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1425]] [[Categoria:Ruricidae]] baiakoghfmy1397kliz3blodsxnw0n4 0 19480 3960855 3615598 2026-05-20T09:59:55Z ~2026-30180-04 209651 /* */ 3960855 wikitext text/x-wiki {{latinitas}}{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Basilius II Basilii filius''' ([[Russice]] Василий II Васильевич, [[translitteratio|tr.]] ''Vasilij II Vasil'evič''; natus anno [[1415]], mortuus anno [[1462]]), cognomine '''Caecus''' (Тёмный, [[translitteratio|tr.]] ''Tёmnyj''), erat [[duces Moscoviae|Magnus Dux Moscoviae]] ab anno [[1425]], filius Ducis [[Basilius I (magnus dux Moscoviae)|Basilii I]] et [[Sophia Vitoldi filia|Sophiae]] [[Alexander Vitoldus|Vitoldi]] filiae. Post mortem Magni Duci Basilii I anno [[1425]], eius filius Basilius II successit patri in regno. Sed olim dux [[Demetrius (magnus dux Moscoviae)|Demetrius Tanaiticus]] testamento suo, longe ante fetum Basilii II scripto, heredem solii [[Moscovia]]e post Basilium I nominavit suum filium secundum, [[Georgius Demetrii filius|ducem Georgium]] (qui vulgo ''Iuri'' vocatur). Ut thronum Moscoviensem haberit, dux ille incepit bellum. [[Orda Aurea]] et [[Magnus Ducatus Lituaniae]] in conflicto illo etiam participaverunt. Anno [[1434]] Georgius [[Moscua]]m occupavit, sed ibi brevi tempore mortuus est. Eius filius [[Basilius Luscus|Basilius]], a duce [[Tueria]]e adiutus, se magnum ducem Moscoviae proclamavit, sed paulo post subactus est ad fugam in [[Novogardia Magna|Novogardiam Magnam]]. Anno [[1436]] captus est in pugna contra Basilio II et imperio illius caecatus est. [[Demetrius Šemjaka|Demetrius]], alius filius Georgii, fuit praefectus certationis contra ducem Moscoviae. Mense Februario anno [[1446]] Moscuam occupavit, magnum ducem Basilium II cepit, caecavit et exilio affecit. Basilius II Caecus accessit societatem ducis Tueriae et bellum iteravit, mense Decembri anno [[1446]] Moscuam se recuperavit. Demetrius in societate cum Novogardia Magna contra Basilium II certabat, sed anno [[1453]] mortuus est, et bellum est finitum. Basilius II potestatem suam firmavit. Certarum expeditionium militarium annis ab [[1441]] ad [[1460]] perfectarum gratia, dependentia [[Novogardia Inferior|Novogardiae Inferioris]], Novogardiae Magnae, [[Pscovia]]e et [[Viatcia]]e a Moscovia accensa est. Basilius II coniunctionem Ecclesiarum [[Ecclesia Catholica|Catholicae]] et [[Ecclesiae Orthodoxae|Orthodoxae]] in [[Concilium Florentinum|Concilio Florentino]] improbavit. Eius imperio [[Isidorus Thessalonicensis Metropolita|Isidorus]], metropolita [[Ruthenia]]e, qui pro coniunctione illa fuit, depositus est. Anno [[1448]] ad imperatum Basilii II episcopus Ruthenicus nomine [[Ionas (metropolita Moscuensis)|Ionas]] sine consensu [[Patriarcha]]e Constantinopolitani electus est novus metropolita Rutheniae, quod eventum de facto significavit initium libertatis [[Ecclesia Orthodoxa Ruthenica|Ecclesiae Orthodoxae Ruthenicae]]. == Nexus externi == {{fontes biographici}} * [http://bse.sci-lib.com/ ''Encyclopaedia Sovietica Magna'', editio tertia] {{ling|Russice}} {{arca initii}} {{arca successionis unus| ante=[[Basilius I (magnus dux Moscoviae)|Basilius I]] | titulus=[[Duces Moscoviae|Magnus dux Moscoviae]] | anni=1425–1462 | postquam=[[Ioannes III (magnus dux Moscoviae)|Ioannes III]] }} {{arca finis}} [[Categoria:Duces Moscoviae]] [[Categoria:Nati 1415]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1462]] [[Categoria:Ruricidae]] 1uxgt0ilmkv4negocakx7dlapaem4g2 0 19801 3960849 3960529 2026-05-20T09:50:29Z Taalho 203027 Added translation for bangaranga 3960849 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Eurovision Song Contest 1958 - Domenico Modugno.png|thumb|[[Dominicus Modugno]] in certamine cantionum Eurovisionis anno [[1958]].]] {{res|Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis}}<ref>''Nuntii Latini Finnici'' {{die|26|05|2006}} et {{die|1|06|2012}}. </ref> ([[Anglice]] ''Eurovision Song Contest''; [[Francogallice]] ''Concours Eurovision de la Chanson'') est certamen musicum inter civitates [[Europa]]eas quotannis habitum, anno [[1956]] inceptum. Per televisionem in Europa et [[Australia]] transmittitur. Certamen etiam extra fines Europae notum est, maxime in Australia, [[Brasilia]], [[Nova Zelandia]]. Anno [[1956]] septem civitates ad certandum consociatae sunt; anno [[2008]] quadraginta tres. == Participantes == [[File:EurovisionParticipants.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Participatio ab anno [[1956]]: {{legend|#22b14c|Saltem semel ingressus}} {{legend|#ffc20e|Idoneus sed numquam ingressus}} {{legend|#d40000|Ingressus intentus sed retractus}} {{legend|#00ff00|Certavit ut pars alterius civitatis, numquam autem ut [[civitas]] propria}}]] Quae consociatae sint ab anno [[1956]]: {| class="wikitable" !Anno !Debut |- |'''[[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1956|1956]]''' |{{BelgiaVex|24|alias}}, {{Vexillum|Francia}}, [[Fasciculus:Flag of Germany.svg|border|24x24px]] [[Res publica foederata Germaniae (1949–1990)|Germania Occidentalis]], {{Vexillum|Italia}}, {{LuxemburgumVex|24|alias}}, {{NederlandiaVex|24|alias}}, {{HelvetiaVex|24}} |- |'''[[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1957|1957]]''' |{{Vexillum|Austria}}, {{DaniaVex|24|alias}}, {{Vexillum|Britanniarum Regnum}} |- |'''[[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1958|1958]]''' |{{SueciaVex|24|alias}} |- |'''[[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1959|1959]]''' |'''[[Fasciculus:Flag of Monaco.svg|border|24x24px]]''' [[Principatus Monoeci]] |- |'''[[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1960|1960]]''' |{{NorvegiaVex|24|alias}} |- |'''[[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1961|1961]]''' |[[Fasciculus:Flag of Finland.svg|border|24x24px]] [[Finnia]], {{IugoslaviaVex|24|alias}}, [[Fasciculus:Flag of Spain (1945 - 1977).svg|border|24x24px]] [[Hispania]] |- |'''[[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1964|1964]]''' |[[Fasciculus:Flag of Portugal.svg|border|24x24px]] [[Portugallia]] |- |'''[[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1965|1965]]''' |[[Fasciculus:Flag of Ireland.svg|border|24x24px]] [[Hibernia (res publica)|Hibernia]] |- |'''[[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1971|1971]]''' |[[Fasciculus:Flag of Malta.svg|border|24x24px]] [[Melita (res publica)|Melitta]] |- |'''[[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1973|1973]]''' |[[Fasciculus:Flag of Israel.svg|border|24x24px]] [[Israël]] |- |'''[[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1974|1974]]''' |[[Fasciculus:Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg|border|24x24px]] [[Graecia]] |- |'''[[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1975|1975]]''' |{{TurciaVex|24|alias}} |- |'''[[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1980|1980]]''' |{{MarocumVex|24}} |- |'''[[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1981|1981]]''' |[[Fasciculus:Flag of Cyprus (1960-2006).svg|border|24x24px]] [[Cyprus]] |- |'''[[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1986|1986]]''' |{{IslandiaVex|24|alias}} |- |'''[[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1992|1992]]''' |[[Fasciculus:Flag of Serbia and Montenegro; Flag of Yugoslavia (1992–2003).svg|border|24x24px]] [[Iugoslavia]] |- |'''[[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1993|1993]]''' |[[Fasciculus:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-1998).svg|border|24x24px]] [[Bosnia et Herzegovina]], {{CroatiaVex|24|alias}}, [[Fasciculus:Flag of Slovenia.svg|border|24x24px]] [[Slovenia]] |- |'''[[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1994|1994]]''' |[[Fasciculus:Flag of Estonia.svg|border|24x24px]] [[Estonia]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Hungary.svg|border|24x24px]] [[Hungaria]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Lithuania.png|border|24x24px]] [[Lituania]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Poland.svg|border|24x24px]] [[Polonia]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Romania.svg|border|24x24px]] [[Romania]], {{Vexillum|Russia|24}}, [[Fasciculus:Flag of Slovakia.svg|border|24x24px]] [[Slovacia]] |- |'''[[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1998|1998]]''' |[[Fasciculus:Flag of Macedonia.svg|border|24x24px]] [[Macedonia]] |- |'''[[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 2000|2000]]''' |'''[[Fasciculus:Flag of Latvia.svg|border|24x24px]]''' [[Lettonia]] |- |'''[[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 2003|2003]]''' |{{Vexillum|Ucraina|24}} |- |'''[[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 2004|2004]]''' |[[Fasciculus:Flag of Albania.svg|border|24x24px]] [[Albania]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Andorra (3-2).svg|border|24x24px]] [[Andorra]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Belarus.svg|border|24x24px]] [[Ruthenia Alba]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Serbia and Montenegro.svg|border|24x24px]] [[Serbia et Mons Niger]] |- |'''[[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 2005|2005]]''' |{{Vexillum|Bulgaria|24}}, [[Fasciculus:Flag of Moldova.svg|border|24x24px]] [[Res publica Moldavica|Moldavia]] |- |'''[[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 2006|2006]]''' |[[Fasciculus:Flag of Armenia.svg|border|24x24px]] [[Armenia]] |- |'''[[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 2007|2007]]''' |'''[[Fasciculus:Flag of Serbia (2004-2010).svg|border|24x24px]]''' [[Serbia]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Montenegro.svg|border|24x24px]] [[Mons Niger]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Georgia.svg|border|24x24px]] [[Georgia]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg|border|24x24px]] [[Res publica Bohemica]] |- |'''[[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 2008|2008]]''' |[[Fasciculus:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg|border|24x24px]] [[Atropatene (res publica)|Atropatene]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of San Marino (before 2011).svg|border|24x24px]] [[Res publica Sancti Marini]] |- |'''[[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 2015|2015]]''' |{{AustraliaVex|24}} |} == Laureati == Laureati annui sunt: {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#efefef;" | Anno ! style="background:#efefef;" | Locus ! style="background:#efefef;" | Natio laureata ! style="background:#efefef;" | Canticum et cantor |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1956|CCE 1956]]|| [[Luganum]] ([[Helvetia]]) || {{CH}} || ''Refrain'' (''Versus intercalaris'') ([[Lys Assia]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1957|CCE 1957]]|| [[Francofurtum ad Moenum]] ([[Germania]]) || [[Fasciculus:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|border|24x24px]] [[Nederlandia|'''Nederlandia''']] || ''Net als toen'' (''Sicut tum'') ([[Corry Brokken]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1958|CCE 1958]]|| [[Hilversum]] ([[Nederlandia]]) || '''{{Vexillum|Francia}}''' || ''Dors mon amour'' (''Dormi amor mi'') ([[André Claveau]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1959|CCE 1959]]|| [[Canua]] ([[Francia]]) || [[Fasciculus:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|border|24x24px]] [[Nederlandia|'''Nederlandia''']] || ''Een beetje'' (''Paulum'') ([[Teddy Scholten]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1960|CCE 1960]]|| [[Londinium]] ([[Britanniarum Regnum]]) || '''{{Vexillum|Francia}}''' || ''Tom Pillibi'' ([[Jacqueline Boyer]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1961|CCE 1961]]|| [[Canua]] ([[Francia]]) || [[Fasciculus:Flag of Luxembourg.svg|border|24x24px]] '''[[Luxemburgum]]''' || ''Nous les amoureux'' (''Nos amatores'') ([[Jean-Claude Pascal]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1962|CCE 1962]]|| [[Luxemburgum (urbs)|Luxemburgum]] ([[Luxemburgum]]) || '''{{Vexillum|Francia}}''' || ''Un premier amour'' (''Amor primus'') ([[Isabelle Aubret]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1963|CCE 1963]]|| [[Londinium]] ([[Britanniarum Regnum]]) || [[Fasciculus:Flag of Denmark.svg|border|24x24px]] '''[[Dania]]''' || ''Dansevise'' (''Carmen saltandi'') ([[Grethe Ingmann|Grethe]] & [[Jørgen Ingmann]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1964|CCE 1964]] || [[Hafnia]] ([[Dania]]) || '''{{Vexillum|Italia}}''' || ''Non ho l'età'' (''Satis adulta non sum'') ([[Liliola Cinquetti]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1965|CCE 1965]]|| [[Neapolis]] ([[Italia]]) || [[Fasciculus:Flag of Luxembourg.svg|border|24x24px]] '''[[Luxemburgum]]''' || ''Poupée de cire, poupée de son'' (''Pupa cerae, pupa apludae'') ([[France Gall]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1966|CCE 1966]]|| [[Luxemburgum (urbs)|Luxemburgum]] ([[Luxemburgum]]) || '''{{Vexillum|Austria}}''' || ''Merci Chérie'' (''Gratias ago cara'') ([[Udo Jürgens]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1967|CCE 1967]]|| [[Vindobona]] ([[Austria]]) || '''{{Vexillum|Britanniarum Regnum}}''' || ''Puppet On A String'' (''Pupa filis pendens'') ([[Sandie Shaw]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1968|CCE 1968]]|| [[Londinium]] ([[Britanniarum Regnum]]) || '''[[Fasciculus:Flag of Spain (1945 - 1977).svg|border|24x24px]] [[Hispania]]''' || ''La, La, La ...'' ([[Massiel]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1969|CCE 1969]]<ref> Fuerunt anno [[1969]] laureati quattuor.</ref> || [[Matritum]] ([[Hispania]]) || '''[[Fasciculus:Flag of Spain (1945 - 1977).svg|border|24x24px]] [[Hispania]]''' '''{{Vexillum|Francia}}''' [[Fasciculus:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|border|24x24px]] [[Nederlandia|'''Nederlandia''']] '''{{Vexillum|Britanniarum Regnum}}''' | ''Vivo cantando'' (''Cantans vivo'') ([[Salomé]])<br />''Un jour, un enfant'' (''Unus dies, unus infans'') ([[Frida Boccara]])<br />''De troubadour'' (''Cantor'') ([[Lenny Kuhr]])<br/>''Boom Bang-A-Bang'' ([[Lulu]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1970|CCE 1970]]|| [[Amstelodamum]] ([[Nederlandia]]) || [[Fasciculus:Flag of Ireland.svg|border|24x24px]] [[Hibernia (res publica)|'''Hibernia''']] || ''All kinds of everything'' (''Omne genus omnium'') ([[Dana (kantisto)|Dana]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1971|CCE 1971]]|| [[Eblana]] ([[Hibernia (res publica)|Hibernia]]) || '''[[Fasciculus:Flag of Monaco.svg|border|24x24px]] [[Principatus Monoeci]]''' || ''Un banc, un arbre, une rue'' (''Subsellium, arbor, platea'') ([[Séverine]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1972|CCE 1972]]|| [[Edimburgum]] ([[Britanniarum Regnum]]) || [[Fasciculus:Flag of Luxembourg.svg|border|24x24px]] '''[[Luxemburgum]]''' || ''Après toi'' (''Post te'') ([[Vicky Leandros]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1973|CCE 1973]]|| [[Luxemburgum (urbs)|Luxemburgum]] ([[Luxemburgum]]) || [[Fasciculus:Flag of Luxembourg.svg|border|24x24px]] '''[[Luxemburgum]]''' || ''Tu te reconnaîtras'' (''Temet agnosces'') ([[Anne Marie David]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1974|CCE 1974]]|| [[Bristelmestuna]] ([[Britanniarum Regnum]]) || '''{{SueciaVex|24|24=alias}}''' || ''Waterloo'' (''Waterloum'') ([[ABBA]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1975|CCE 1975]]|| [[Holmia]] ([[Suecia]]) || [[Fasciculus:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|border|24x24px]] [[Nederlandia|'''Nederlandia''']] || ''Ding-A-Dong'' ([[Teach-In]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1976|CCE 1976]]|| [[Haga]] ([[Nederlandia]]) || '''{{Vexillum|Britanniarum Regnum}}''' || ''Save Your Kisses For Me'' (''Tua oscula mihi servato'') ([[Brotherhood of Man]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1977|CCE 1977]]|| [[Londinium]] ([[Britanniarum Regnum]]) || '''{{Vexillum|Francia}}''' || ''L'oiseau et l'enfant'' (''Avis et infans'') ([[Marie Myriam]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1978|CCE 1978]]|| [[Lutetia]] ([[Francia]]) || [[Fasciculus:Flag of Israel.svg|border|24x24px]] '''[[Israël]]''' || ''A-Ba-Ni-Bi'' (''Ego'') ([[Yizhar Cohen]] & [[Alpha Beta]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1979|CCE 1979]]|| [[Hierosolyma]] ([[Israel (civitas)|Israel]]) || [[Fasciculus:Flag of Israel.svg|border|24x24px]] '''[[Israël]]''' || ''Hallelujah'' (''Alleluia'') ([[Gali Atari]] & [[Milk and Honey]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1980|CCE 1980]]|| [[Haga]] ([[Nederlandia]]) || [[Fasciculus:Flag of Ireland.svg|border|24x24px]] [[Hibernia (res publica)|'''Hibernia''']] || ''What's Another Year'' (''Quod sit alter annus?'') ([[Johnny Logan]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1981|CCE 1981]]|| [[Eblana]] ([[Hibernia (res publica)|Hibernia]]) || '''{{Vexillum|Britanniarum Regnum}}''' || ''Making Your Mind Up'' (''Consilium capias'') ([[Bucks Fizz]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1982|CCE 1982]]|| [[Harrogate]] ([[Britanniarum Regnum]]) || '''[[Fasciculus:Flag of Germany.svg|border|24x24px]] [[Res publica foederata Germaniae (1949–1990)|Germania Occidentalis]]''' || ''Ein bißchen Frieden'' (''Paulum pacis'') ([[Nicole Hohloch|Nicole]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1983|CCE 1983]]|| [[Monacum]] ([[Germania]]) || [[Fasciculus:Flag of Luxembourg.svg|border|24x24px]] '''[[Luxemburgum]]''' || ''Si la vie est cadeau'' (''Si vita donum esset'') ([[Corinne Hèrmes]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1984|CCE 1984]]|| [[Luxemburgum (urbs)|Luxemburgum]] ([[Luxemburgum]]) || '''{{SueciaVex|24|24=alias}}''' || ''Diggi-Loo Diggi-Ley'' ([[Herrey's]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1985|CCE 1985]]|| [[Gothia]] ([[Suecia]]) || {{NorvegiaVex|24}} || ''La det swinge'' (''Saltetur modo swing'') ([[Bobbysocks]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1986|CCE 1986]]|| [[Berga]] ([[Norvegia]]) || {{BelgiaVex|24}} || ''J'aime la vie'' (''Vitam amo'') ([[Sandra Kim]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1987|CCE 1987]]|| [[Bruxellae]] ([[Belgica]]) || [[Fasciculus:Flag of Ireland.svg|border|24x24px]] [[Hibernia (res publica)|'''Hibernia''']] || ''Hold Me Now'' (''Me nunc complectere'') ([[Johnny Logan]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1988|CCE 1988]]|| [[Eblana]] ([[Hibernia (res publica)|Hibernia]]) || {{CH}} || ''Ne partez pas sans moi'' (''Nolite abire sine me'') ([[Caelina Dion]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1989|CCE 1989]]|| [[Lausanna]] ([[Helvetia]]) || [[Fasciculus:Flag of SFR Yugoslavia.svg|border|24x24px]] '''[[Iugoslavia]]''' || ''Rock Me'' (''Oscilla me'' ([[Riva]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1990|CCE 1990]]|| [[Zagrabia]] ([[Iugoslavia]]) || '''{{Vexillum|Italia}}''' || ''Insieme: 1992'' (''Simul:1992'')) ([[Toto Cutugno]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1001|CCE 1991]]|| [[Roma]] ([[Italia]]) || '''{{SueciaVex|24|24=alias}}''' || ''Fångad av en stormvind'' (''Procellā capta'') ([[Carola Häggkvist]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1992|CCE 1992]]|| [[Malmogia]] ([[Suecia]]) || [[Fasciculus:Flag of Ireland.svg|border|24x24px]] [[Hibernia (res publica)|'''Hibernia''']] || ''Why Me?'' (''Cur ego?'') ([[Linda Martin]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1993|CCE 1993]]|| [[Millstreet]] ([[Hibernia (res publica)|Hibernia]]) || [[Fasciculus:Flag of Ireland.svg|border|24x24px]] [[Hibernia (res publica)|'''Hibernia''']] || ''In Your Eyes'' (''Tuis oculis'') ([[Niamh Kavanagh]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1994|CCE 1994]]|| [[Eblana]] ([[Hibernia (res publica)|Hibernia]]) || [[Fasciculus:Flag of Ireland.svg|border|24x24px]] [[Hibernia (res publica)|'''Hibernia''']] || ''Rock 'n' Roll Kids'' (''Pueri musicae rockicae'') ([[Paul Harrington]] & [[Charlie McGettigan]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1995|CCE 1995]]|| [[Eblana]] ([[Hibernia (res publica)|Hibernia]]) || '''{{NorvegiaVex|24}}''' || ''Nocturne'' (''Noctis opus artis'') ([[Secret Garden]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1996|CCE 1996]]|| [[Asloa]] ([[Norvegia]]) || [[Fasciculus:Flag of Ireland.svg|border|24x24px]] [[Hibernia (res publica)|'''Hibernia''']] || ''The Voice'' (''Vox'') ([[Eimear Quinn]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1997|CCE 1997]]|| [[Eblana]] ([[Hibernia (res publica)|Hibernia]]) || '''{{Vexillum|Britanniarum Regnum}}''' || ''Love Shine A Light'' (''Luceat amor'') ([[Katrina Leskanich|Katrina]] & [[The Waves]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1998|CCE 1998]]|| [[Birminghamia]] ([[Britanniarum Regnum]]) || [[Fasciculus:Flag of Israel.svg|border|24x24px]] '''[[Israël]]''' || ''Diva'' ([[Dana International]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 1999|CCE 1999]]|| [[Hierosolyma]] ([[Israel (civitas)|Israel]]) || '''{{SueciaVex|24|24=alias}}''' || ''Take Me To Your Heaven'' (''Ad tuum caelum me fer'') ([[Charlotte Nilsson]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 2000|CCE 2000]]|| [[Holmia]] ([[Suecia]]) || [[Fasciculus:Flag of Denmark.svg|border|24x24px]] '''[[Dania]]''' || ''Fly On The Wings Of Love'' (''Alis amoris vola'') ([[Olsen Brothers]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 2001|CCE 2001]]|| [[Hafnia]] ([[Dania]]) || [[Fasciculus:Flag of Estonia.svg|border|24x24px]] [[Estonia|'''Estonia''']] || ''Everybody'' (''Omnes'') ([[Tanel Padar]] & [[Dave Benton]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 2002|CCE 2002]]|| [[Tallinna]] ([[Estonia]]) || '''[[Fasciculus:Flag of Latvia.svg|border|24x24px]]''' '''[[Lettonia]]''' || ''I Wanna'' (''Volo'') ([[Marie N]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 2003|CCE 2003]]|| [[Riga]] ([[Lettonia]]) || '''{{TurciaVex|24}}''' || ''Everyway That I Can'' (''Omni modo quo possum'') ([[Sertab Erener]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 2004|CCE 2004]]|| [[Constantinopolis]] ([[Turcia]]) || '''{{Vexillum|Ucraina}}''' || ''Wild Dances'' (''Ferae saltationes'') ([[Ruslana (cantrix)|Ruslana]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 2005|CCE 2005]]|| [[Kiovia]] ([[Ucraina]]) || [[Fasciculus:Flag of Greece.svg|border|25x25px]] [[Graecia|'''Graecia''']] || ''My Number One'' (''Meus princeps'') ([[Elena Paparizou]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 2006|ECM 2006]]|| [[Athenae]] ([[Graecia]]) || [[Fasciculus:Flag of Finland.svg|border|24x24px]] '''[[Finnia]]''' || ''[[Hard Rock Hallelujah]]'' (''Musica rockica gravis alleluia'') ([[Lordi]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 2007|CCE 2007]]|| [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingia]] ([[Finnia]]) || '''[[Fasciculus:Flag of Serbia (2004-2010).svg|border|24x24px]] [[Serbia]]''' || ''Moltiva'' (''Precatio'') ([[Marija Serifovic]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 2008|CCE 2008]]|| [[Belgradum]] ([[Serbia]]) || '''{{RussiaVex|24}}''' || ''Believe'' (''Fidere'') ([[Dima Bilan]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 2009|CCE 2009]]|| [[Moscua]] ([[Russia]]) || '''{{NorvegiaVex|24}}''' || ''Fairytale'' (''Fabula puerilis'') ([[Alexander Rybak]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 2010|CCE 2010]]|| [[Asloa]] ([[Norvegia]]) || '''{{Vexillum|Germania}}''' || ''Satellite'' (''Satelles artificiosus'') ([[Helena Meyer-Landrut]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 2011|CCE 2011]]|| [[Dusseldorpium]] ([[Germania]]) || [[Fasciculus:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg|border|24x24px]]''' [[Atropatene (res publica)|Atropatene]]''' || ''Running Scared'' (''Curro timens'') (Ell/Nikki) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 2012|CCE 2012]]|| [[Bacua]] ([[Atropatene (res publica)|Atropatene]]) || '''{{SueciaVex|24|24=alias}}''' || ''Euphoria'' ([[Loreen]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 2013|CCE 2013]]|| [[Malmogia]] ([[Suecia]]) || [[Fasciculus:Flag of Denmark.svg|border|24x24px]] '''[[Dania]]''' || ''Only Teardrops'' (''Solum lacrimulae'') ([[Emmelie de Forest|Emmilia Silvae]]) |----- | [[Certamen Cantus Eurovisionis 2014|CCE 2014]]|| [[Hafnia]] ([[Dania]]) || '''{{Vexillum|Austria}}''' || ''Rise Like A Phoenix'' (''Resurgo ut phoenix'') ([[Conchita Wurst|Conceptio Wurst]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 2015|CCE 2015]]|| [[Vindobona]] ([[Austria]]) || '''{{SueciaVex|24|24=alias}}''' || ''Heroes'' ([[Magnus Zelmerlöw]]) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 2016|CCE 2016]]|| [[Holmia]] ([[Suecia]]) || '''{{Vexillum|Ucraina}}''' || "1944" (Jamala) |----- | [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 2017|CCE 2017]]|| [[Kiovia]] ([[Ucraina]]) || [[Fasciculus:Flag of Portugal.svg|border|24x24px]] '''[[Lusitania]]''' || ''Amar pelos dois'' (''Amor duobus nostri'') ([[Salvator Sobral]]) |- |[[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 2018|CCE 2018]] |[[Olisipo]] ([[Portugallia]]) |[[Fasciculus:Flag of Israel.svg|border|24x24px]] '''[[Israël]]''' |''Toy'' (''Crepundia'') (Netta) |- |[[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 2019|CCE 2019]] |[[Telavivum]] ([[Israël]]) |[[Fasciculus:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|border|24x24px]] '''[[Nederlandia]]''' |''Arcade'' (''Iani lusorum'') (Duncan Laurence) |- |[[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 2020|CCE 2020]] | rowspan="2" |[[Roterodamum]] ([[Nederlandia]]) | colspan="2" |''Deletum propter morbum coronarii viri anni 2019'' |- |[[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 2021|CCE 2021]] |'''{{Vexillum|Italia}}''' |''Zitti e buoni'' (''Tacete et este boni'') ([[Måneskin]]) |- |[[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 2022|CCE 2022]] |[[Augusta Taurinorum]] ([[Italia]]) |'''{{Vexillum|Ucraina}}''' |''Stefania'' (Kalush Orchestra) |- |[[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 2023|CCE 2023]] |[[Liverpolium]] ([[Britanniarum Regnum]])<ref>Certamen constituto in Britanniarum Regno propter [[Incursio Russica in Ucrainam (2022)|incursio Russica in Ucrainam]].</ref> |'''{{SueciaVex|24|24=alias}}''' |''Tattoo'' (''Compunctio'') ([[Loreen]]) |- |[[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 2024|CCE 2024]] |[[Malmogia]] ([[Suecia]]) |'''{{Vexillum|Helvetia}}''' |''The Code'' (''Praecepta'' sive ''[[Codex (semiotica)|codex]]'') (Nemo) |- |[[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 2025|CCE 2025]] |[[Basilea]] ([[Helvetia]]) | '''{{Vexillum|Austria}}''' |''Wasted Love'' (''Amor abiectus'') (JJ) |- |[[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 2026|CCE 2026]] |[[Vindobona]] ([[Austria]]) | '''{{Vexillum|Bulgaria}}''' |''Bangaranga'' (''Turba'') (Dara) |} {{NexInt}} *[[Unio radiodiffusionis Europaea]] ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Eurovision Song Contest|Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20140708214115/http://www.esc-history.com/countries-selections.asp Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis - Historia] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090218090140/http://eurovision.gen.tr/ Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis] [[Categoria:Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis| ]] [[Categoria:Incepta 1956]] hyu91ynwm9pi8ed0qpxinf347ccovs1 0 20021 3960871 3935687 2026-05-20T11:02:24Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3960871 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Alembert - Traité de dynamique (1758).djvu|thumb|upright=0.8|''Tractatio de dynamica,'' 1758.]] '''Ioannes Baptista Le Rond d'Alembert''' (natus [[Lutetia]]e die [[16 Novembris]] [[1717]]; mortuus ibidem die [[29 Octobris]] [[1783]]) fuit [[philosophus]], [[scriptor]], [[physicus]], [[mathematicus]], et [[astronomus]] [[Saeculum 18|saeculi XVIII]]. Cum [[Dionysius Diderotus|Dionysio Dideroto]] fuit auctor primae [[Encyclopédie|encyclopaediae]]. Erat socius [[Academia Francica|Academiae Francicae]] et [[Academia Scientiarum Francica|Academiae scientiarum Lutetiae]]. ==Vita== Filius ingeniarii militaris Destouches ab aetate annorum XII Collegium Mazarin frequentabat. Antea theologiae, posteae iurisprudentiae studuit et iuris consultus creatus est. Sed mox occupabatur magis in mathmeticis et physicis. Anno 1741 cooptatus est ad Academiam Parisiensem cuius secretarius multos annos ex anno 1772 fuit. In opere »Traité de dynamique« (Lutetiae 1743) vulgo annuntiavit principium suum quod computationem corporis rigidi impulsis fortibus datis explicaret. Monstretur fortitudines motus veros efficientes atque inverse in obiectum efficientes in aequilibrio esse debere. Hoc principium, quod termino technico pro Alembert vocatum est, solutionem permittit, ut rigidi obiecti motio (i.e. systematis cuiusdam ab innumerabilibus punctis voluminosis immobiliter inter se unitis) in motionem unius solius puncti voluminosi reduci possit. Tractationes multae in campo mathematicae purae applicataeve collectae sunt apud »Opuscules mathématiques« (Lutetiae 1761–1780). Inde a scientiis exactis Alembert etiam ad alias scientias pergebat, quam rem etiam rixae variae exigebant. Cum opere »Mélanges de littérature, d'histoire et de philosophie« (Lutetiae 1752; 1770) edidit etiam perlucidum opus »Éléments de philosophie« (Lutetiae 1759). Una cum [[dionysius Diderotus|Dideroto]] edebat lexicon maximum »Encyclopédie« (Lutetiae 1751–80, in voluminibus XXXIII), ubi exaravit introductionem, scientiarum elenchum est conspectum systematicum scientiarum secundum [[franciscus Bacon|Franciscum Bacon]]. Insuper commentationes mathematicas pepigit. Extra ista omnia scripsit »L'art de traduire«, »Réflexions für le style« et scripta alia doctissima, in quibus genus scribendi vere elegans invenitur. Quoad philosophiam praetulit scepticam; opiniabatur nihil esse extra nos, quod congruatur rebus intellectis. Nos habere visionem concretam neque de [[materia]] neque de [[anima|spiritu]]. Sed unionem partium in organismis egere intelligentia clara. [[Cogitatio libera|Libere cogitans]] a theologis offensus et inimice petitus est; tamen vocationem et regis Borussici [[fridericus II (rex Borussiae)|Friderici Magni]] et imperatricis Russicae [[catharina II (imperatrix Russiae)|Catharinae II]] recusavit. Homo sincerus et generosus consuetudines minus felices cum domina L'Espinasse habuit. Biographiam eius primam scripsit J. Bertrand (Lutetiae 1889). {{NexInt}} *[[5956 d'Alembert]] == Nexus externi == {{commonscat|Jean Le Rond d'Alembert|Ioannem Baptistam Le Rond d'Alembert}} {{Fontes biographici}} *[http://www.academie-francaise.fr/les-immortels/jean-le-rond-dit-dalembert vir inter Academiae immortales] *[https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11850178X nexus apud DDB] *[https://www.projekt-gutenberg.org/autoren/namen/dalember.html opera in Theodiscum conversa] *[https://friedrich.uni-trier.de/oeuvres/24/401/ litterae Frederico Magno Borussico datae]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == Bibliographia == * Philipp Blom: ''Das vernünftige Ungeheuer – Diderot, d’Alembert, de Jaucourt und die Große Enzyklopädie''. Eichborn, Francofurti ad Moenum 2005, ISBN 3-8218-4553-8. * Thomas L. Hankins: ''Jean d´Alembert: Science and the Enlightenment.'' Clarendon Press, 1970. * Hermann Schroeder: ''Jean-Jacques Rousseaus Brief über die Schauspiele.'' Schutterwald/Baden 1994, ISBN 3-928640-04-6. * Société Diderot (ed.): [http://www.cairn.info/revue-recherches-sur-diderot-et-sur-l-encyclopedie-2005-1.htm ''Recherches sur Diderot et sur l’Encyclopédie.''] n° 38, 2005/1, ''La formation de D'Alembert.'' ISSN 0769-0886 {{Lifetime|1717|1783|Alembert, Ioannes Baptista}} [[Categoria:Astronomi Franciae]] [[Categoria:Philosophi Franciae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Franciae]] [[Categoria:Mathematici Franciae]] [[categoria:Iuris consulti]] [[Categoria:Physici Franciae]] [[Categoria:Socii Academiae Scientiarum Francicae]] [[Categoria:Socii Academiae Francicae]] [[Categoria:Francomurarii]] [[Categoria:Auctores Francogallici]] {{Myrias|Homines}} 0kxxum21855j4dcgwzfkdd6y91hdvjs 0 20394 3960701 3960663 2026-05-19T12:52:07Z IacobusAmor 1163 3960701 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Calendarium-Octobris}} {{res|6 Octobris}} est [[dies]] 279ª anni (280ª [[Annus bisextilis|anni bisextilis]]) in [[Calendarium Gregorianum|calendario Gregoriano]]. 86 dies manent. Secundum [[calendarium Romanum]] '''pridie Nonas Octobres''' (pr. Non. Oct.) est. == Eventa == [[Fasciculus:PopeFormosusBW.jpg|thumb|upright=0.65|[[Formosus]] papa.]] === Saeculo 9 === * [[891]] - [[Formosus]] papa consecratur. === Saeculo 19 === * [[1808]] - [[Neapolio Bonaparte I|Napoleo]], imperator [[Francia|Francorum]] [[Ioannes Wolfgangus Goethe|Goetheque]] poeta [[Wimarium|Wimarii]] iterum convenerunt. * [[1860]] - Franciae et [[Britannia]]e copiae secundo bello [[Opium|opii]] [[Pecinum]], caput [[Sinae|Sinarum]], expugnant. === Saeculo 20 === * [[1955]] - primus conventus consilii [[Ascalon|Ascalonensis]] in Domo Populi, media in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Afridare||he|qid=Q6632325}}, coit<ref>{{Opus | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/18231 | titulus= 70 שנה: 70 אירועים ודמויות מתולדות אשקלון | domus editoria= כאן דרום אשקלון | tempus= 19-04-2018 00:14 | nomen auctoris 1= ג'ני | cognomen auctoris 1= פרנקל שלום | nomen auctoris 2=גייל | cognomen auctoris 2= מיכאלי | nomen auctoris 3= אורי| cognomen auctoris 3= קריספין| nomen auctoris 4=דוד | cognomen auctoris 4= לוי}}</ref> * [[1995]] - [[51 Pegasi b]], primus [[planeta extrasolaris]], invenitur. * [[1999]] - [[Protocollum facultativum ad Conventionem de abroganda omnis generis discriminatione mulierum]] a [[Nationes Unitae|Nationibus Unitis]] decernitur. === Saeculo 21 === * [[2006]] - [[Fridericus Reinfeldt]] primus minister [[Suecia]]e fit. * [[2009]] ** Tumultus contra [[Aerarium Monetarium Internationale|Gentium Aerarium Monetarium]] [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] evenit, quia interpellatores id discriminis argentarii oeconomicique accusabant. ** [[Constantinus A. Caramanles]] factionis [[Nova Democratia (factio Graeca)|ND]] primus minister [[Graecia]]e a magistratu recedit; successor [[Georgius Papandreu (natus 1952)|Georgius Papandreu]] ([[PASOK]]) nominatur. * [[2017]] - [[Expeditio Exarmationis Nuclearis|Expeditioni Exarmationis Nuclearis]] [[Praemium Nobelianum pacis]] redditur. * [[2023]] - [[Narges Mohammadi]] Praemio Nobeliano pacis afficitur. == Nati == === Saeculo 3 a.C.n. === * [[210 a.C.n.]] (vel [[9 Octobris]]) - [[Ptolemaeus V (rex Aegypti)|Ptolemaeus V]], rex [[Aegyptus|Aegypti]]{{Cdref}} (mortuus anno [[181 a.C.n.]]) === Saeculo 13 === * [[1289]] - [[Venceslaus III (rex Bohemiae)|Venceslaus III]], rex [[Bohemia]]e, [[Hungaria]]e et [[Polonia]]e (mortuus anno [[1305]]) === Saeculo 16 === * [[1510]] - [[Ioannes Caius]], politicus [[Anglia|Anglicus]] (mortuus anno [[1573]]) * [[1552]] - [[Matthaeus Riccius]], presbyter et [[Iesuita]] (mortuus anno [[1610]]) * [[1573]] - [[Henricus Wriothesley, Tertius Comes Southampton]], vir nobilis Anglicus (mortuus anno [[1624]]) === Saeculo 18 === * [[1767]] - [[Henricus Christophe]], rex [[Haitia]]e (mortuus anno [[1820]]) * [[1773]] - [[Ludovicus Philippus]], rex Franciae (mortuus anno [[1850]]) * [[1783]] - [[Franciscus Magendie]], [[medicus]] Francicus (mortuus anno [[1855]]) === Saeculo 19 === * 1808 - [[Fridericus VII (rex Daniae)|Fridericus VII]], rex [[Dania]]e (mortuus anno [[1863]]) * 1820 - [[Ioanna Maria Lind]], cantrix Suecica (mortua anno [[1887]]) * [[1831]] - [[Richardus Dedekind]], mathematicus [[Germania|Germanicus]] (mortuus anno [[1916]]) * [[1872]] - [[Carolus Gustavus Ekman]], primus minister Sueciae (mortuus anno [[1945]]) * [[1874]] - [[Franciscus G. Allen]], gubernator [[Massachusetta]]e (mortuus anno [[1950]]) * [[1882]] - [[Carolus Szymanowski]], compositor [[Polonia|Polonicus]] (mortuus anno [[1937]]) * 1887 - [[Le Corbusier]], architectus Francicus et [[Helvetia|Helveticus]]; (mortuus anno [[1965]]) === Saeculo 20 === * [[1903]] - [[Ernestus T.S. Walton]], physicus [[Hibernia|Hibernicus]], [[Praemium Nobelianum physicae|praemio Nobeliano physicae]] affectus (mortuus anno [[1995]]) * [[1914]] - [[Thor Heyerdahl]], explorator et anthropologus [[Norvegia|Norvegicus]] (mortuus anno [[2002]]) * [[1925]] - [[Ljuben Berov]], oeconomus et rerum politicarum peritus [[Bulgaria|Bulgaricus]] (mortuus anno 2006) * [[1927]] - [[Emmanuel III Delly]], patriacha [[Babylon]]iae Ecclesiae Caldeae et archiepiscopus Baghdadae (mortuus anno [[2014]]) * [[1929]] - [[Bruno Cremer]], histrio Francicus (mortuus anno [[2010]]) * [[1930]] - [[Hafiz al-Assad]], vir publicus [[Syria]]e (mortuus anno [[2000]]) * [[1931]] - [[Ricardus Giacconi]], physicus [[CFA|Americanus]] origine [[Italia|Italica]], praemio Nobeliano physicae affectus (mortuus anno [[2018]]) * [[1934]] - [[Marshall B. Rosenberg]], psychologus Americanus (mortuus anno [[2015]]) * [[1939]] - [[Melvyn Bragg]], [[scriptor]] et [[diarium|diurnarius]] Britannicus * [[1940]] - [[Victor Pavlov]], actor [[URSS|Sovieticus]] et [[Russia|Russicus]] (mortuus 2006) * [[1946]] - [[Lloyd Doggett]], rerum politicarum peritus Americanus * [[1948]] - [[Geraldus Adams]], vir publicus [[Hibernia Septentrionalis|Hiberniae Septentrionalis]] * [[1960]] - [[Ivo Leterme]], vir publicus [[Belgica|Belgicus]] * [[1962]] - [[David Baker]], biochemicus et biologus computationis Americanus * [[1969]] - [[Mahometus V (sultanus Kelantan)|Mahometus V]], pristinus rex [[Malaesia]]e * [[1975]] - **[[Martinus Jørgensen]], pedilusor Danicus **[[Petrus Pellegrini]], politicus et primus minister [[Slovacia]]e * [[1985]] - [[Radolphus Fernández Valverde]], pedilusor [[Peruvia]]nus == Mortui == === Saeculo 5 === * [[404]] - [[Aelia Eudoxia]] imperatrix Romana et uxor [[Arcadius|Arcadii]] imperatoris (nata circa annum [[380]]) === Saeculo 17 === * [[1615]]- [[Carolus Bascapè]], [[Novaria]]e [[episcopus]] (natus anno [[1550]]). === Saeculo 19 === * [[1863]] - [[Francisca Trollope]], scriptrix Anglica (nata anno [[1779]]) * [[1892]] - [[Alfredus Tennyson]], scriptor Anglicus (natus [[1809]]) === Saeculo 20 === * [[1912]] - [[Augustus Beernaert]], primus minister Belgicae (natus anno [[1829]]) * [[1946]] ** [[Leonardus Conti]], medicus Germanicus [[NSDAP|Nazista]] et unus auctorum [[euthanasia]]e, i.e. caedis imbellorum, sua manu necatus (natus anno [[1900]]) ** [[Petrus Albinus Hansson]], praeses ministrorum Sueciae (natus anno [[1885]]) * [[1953]] - [[Vera Muchina]], sculptrix Russica et Sovietica (nata [[1889]]) * [[1979]] - [[Elizabetha Bishop]], scriptrix Americana (nata anno [[1911]]) * [[1980]] - [[Felix Slavik]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Austria]]cus factionis [[Socialis Democratica Factio Austriae|Socialis Democraticae]] (natus anno [[1912]]) * [[1981]] - [[Anwar El Sadat]], praeses Aegypti siccariis necatus est (natus anno [[1918]]) * [[1989]] - [[Elisabetha Davis]], actrix Americana (nata anno [[1908]]) * [[1991]] - [[Inguarus Tal'kov]], cantor et auctor cantionum Russicus Sovieticus (natus [[1956]]) === Saeculo 21 === * 2002 - [[Nicolaus Amsbergensis]], maritus [[Beatrix Nederlandiae Regina|Beatricis]] reginae et princeps [[Nederlandia]]e (natus anno [[1926]]) * [[2004]] - [[Verissimus Correia Seabra]], miles et breviter praeses [[Guinea Bissaviensis|Guineae Bissaviensis]], a militibus seditiosis necatus (natus anno [[1947]]) * [[2009]] - [[Wernerus Maihofer]], vir publicus Germaniae (natus anno [[1918]]) * [[2012]] - [[Chadli Bendjedid]], praeses [[Algerium|Algerii]] (natus anno 1929) * 2014 - [[Inguarus Mitoraj]], sculptor Polonicus (natus anno [[1944]]). * [[2015]]—[[Arpadus Göncz]], praeses [[Hungaria]]e (natus anno [[1922]]) == Notae == <references /> {{menses}} [[Categoria:Dies]] 8efg0vxygtyf4lswnw6o3xaq5ltzxr0 0 27837 3960691 3960675 2026-05-19T12:35:47Z IacobusAmor 1163 3960691 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lucius Annaeus Cornutus''' ([[floruit]] primo saeculo p.C.n.) fuit philosophus [[Placita Stoicorum|stoicus]] tempore [[Nero]]nis imperatoris florens, qui, etsi ex [[Leptis Magna|Lepti Magna]] oriundus, maximam vitae partem [[Roma]]e egit. Magister et amicus [[Persius|Persii]] et [[Lucanus|Lucani]] fuit, opera [[Latine]] et [[Graece]] scripsit. Exstat ex operibus Cornuti liber brevis [[Graece]] scriptus de elementis [[mythologia Graeca|mythologiae Graecae]] [[Stoicismus|Stoica doctrina]] tinctus. Cornutus una cum [[Caesius Bassus|Caesio Basso]] post [[mors|mortem]] Lucani [[carmen]] eius ''[[Pharsalia|de Bello Civili]]'' edidit. Anno [[66]] aut [[68]] a [[Nero]]ne expulsus est, quod eius conamen historiam Romanam versibus heroicis describere illuserat (Cassius Dio 62,29); postea nihil de eo relatum est. == Opera == === Opera de philosophia Graeco sermone scripta === *Ἐπιδρομή τ̂ων κατὰ τὴν ἐλλνικὴν θεολογίαν καταδεδομένων, vel ''Compendium theologiae graecae'' ; *Πρὸσ Ἀθενόδωρον ἀντιγραφή, vel πρὸσ Ἀθενόδωρον καὶ Ἀριστοτέλην, tractatus de categoriis, quae apud Aristotelem reperiuntur, disserens. === Opera de grammatica Latino sermone scripta === * ''De enuntiatione vel orthographia'', opus nunc oblitum, cuius autem nonnulla fragmenta a [[Cassiodorus|Cassiodoro]] servata sunt. * Liber de Virgilio poeta vel fortasse duo ; [[Aulus Gellius]] enim scripsit Annaeum Cornutum componisse "commentaria in Vergilio", cum [[Charisius]] grammaticus scripserit eundem "de Vergilio" et "in Maronis Vergilii commentariis Aeneidos" quaedam scripsisse (''Noctes Atticae'' 2, 6, 1 ; Charisius ''De Orthographia'' 1, p. 125 atque 1, p. 127). === Opera de eloquentia === * ''De figuris sententiarum'', cuius titulus ab Aulo Gellio in [[Noctes Atticae|Noctibus Atticis]] 9, 10, 5-6 servatus est. * Τέχναι ῥητορικαί, id est "Artes eloquentiae", quarum mentio facta est a [[Porphyrius Tyrius|Porphyrio]]. == Editiones == *Lucius Annaeus Cornutus: De natura deorum. Ed. Friedrich Osann. Gottingae 1844 *Lucius Annaeus Cornutus: De natura deorum. Introductio, versio in linguam Theodiscam et commentarius a Floriano Schaffenrath. [[Universitas Leopoldo-Franciscea|Universitas Oenipontana]], thesis dipl., 2000 (opus typis non descriptum). *Lucius Annaeus Cornutus: Einführung in die griechische Götterlehre. Ed. et in linguam Theodiscam versus a Petro Busch et Georgio (Jürgen) K. Zangenberg. Darmstadiae: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft 2010. (= Texte zur Forschung.95.) ISBN 978-3-534-21228-6 == Bibliographie == *Hans von Arnim: Annaeus 5. In: [[Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]] (RE). Vol. I,2. Stuttgardiae 1894, col. 2225 s. *Arthur Darby Nock: Kornutos. In: Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (RE). Suppl. V, Stuttgardiae 1931, col. 995–1005. *Paul Moraux: Der Aristotelismus bei den Griechen: Von Andronikos bis Alexander von Aphrodisias. Vol. 2: Der Aristotelismus im I. und II. Jahrhundert n. Chr. Berolini/Novi Eboraci 1984, p. 592–601. *Jean-Baptiste Gourinat : "Cornutus :grammairien, rhéteur et philosophe stoïcien", in Pérez B., Griffe M. (éd.), ''Grammairiens et philosophes dans l'antiquité gréco-romaine'', Montpellier, 2008. [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 1]] [[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 1]] [[Categoria:Auctores Graeci antiqui]] [[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]] [[Categoria:Gens Annaea]] [[Categoria:Philologi Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Philosophi Italiae Romanae]] [[Categoria:Philosophi Stoici]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae antiquae]] 8p36ifqlb116sgfz59pce8koqwy32pk 3960842 3960691 2026-05-20T08:16:42Z Qhloé 194880 /* Opera de philosophia Graeco sermone scripta */ additur editio recens 3960842 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lucius Annaeus Cornutus''' ([[floruit]] primo saeculo p.C.n.) fuit philosophus [[Placita Stoicorum|stoicus]] tempore [[Nero]]nis imperatoris florens, qui, etsi ex [[Leptis Magna|Lepti Magna]] oriundus, maximam vitae partem [[Roma]]e egit. Magister et amicus [[Persius|Persii]] et [[Lucanus|Lucani]] fuit, opera [[Latine]] et [[Graece]] scripsit. Exstat ex operibus Cornuti liber brevis [[Graece]] scriptus de elementis [[mythologia Graeca|mythologiae Graecae]] [[Stoicismus|Stoica doctrina]] tinctus. Cornutus una cum [[Caesius Bassus|Caesio Basso]] post [[mors|mortem]] Lucani [[carmen]] eius ''[[Pharsalia|de Bello Civili]]'' edidit. Anno [[66]] aut [[68]] a [[Nero]]ne expulsus est, quod eius conamen historiam Romanam versibus heroicis describere illuserat (Cassius Dio 62,29); postea nihil de eo relatum est. == Opera == === Opera de philosophia Graeco sermone scripta === *Ἐπιδρομή τ̂ων κατὰ τὴν ἐλλνικὴν θεολογίαν καταδεδομένων, vel ''Compendium theologiae graecae'' ; *Πρὸσ Ἀθενόδωρον ἀντιγραφή, vel πρὸσ Ἀθενόδωρον καὶ Ἀριστοτέλην, tractatus de categoriis, quae apud Aristotelem reperiuntur, disserens. === Opera de grammatica Latino sermone scripta === * ''De enuntiatione vel orthographia'', opus nunc oblitum, cuius autem nonnulla fragmenta a [[Cassiodorus|Cassiodoro]] servata sunt. * Liber de Virgilio poeta vel fortasse duo ; [[Aulus Gellius]] enim scripsit Annaeum Cornutum componisse "commentaria in Vergilio", cum [[Charisius]] grammaticus scripserit eundem "de Vergilio" et "in Maronis Vergilii commentariis Aeneidos" quaedam scripsisse (''Noctes Atticae'' 2, 6, 1 ; Charisius ''De Orthographia'' 1, p. 125 atque 1, p. 127). === Opera de eloquentia === * ''De figuris sententiarum'', cuius titulus ab Aulo Gellio in [[Noctes Atticae|Noctibus Atticis]] 9, 10, 5-6 servatus est. * Τέχναι ῥητορικαί, id est "Artes eloquentiae", quarum mentio facta est a [[Porphyrius Tyrius|Porphyrio]]. == Editiones == *Lucius Annaeus Cornutus: De natura deorum. Ed. Friedrich Osann. Gottingae 1844 *Lucius Annaeus Cornutus: De natura deorum. Introductio, versio in linguam Theodiscam et commentarius a Floriano Schaffenrath. [[Universitas Leopoldo-Franciscea|Universitas Oenipontana]], thesis dipl., 2000 (opus typis non descriptum). *Lucius Annaeus Cornutus: Einführung in die griechische Götterlehre. Ed. et in linguam Theodiscam versum a Petro Busch et Georgio (Jürgen) K. Zangenberg. Darmstadiae: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft 2010. (= Texte zur Forschung.95.) *''L. Annaeus Cornutus, Greek Theology, Fragments and Testimonia'', in linguam Anglicam versum Georgio Boys-Stones, Atlanta, 2018. == Bibliographie == *Hans von Arnim: Annaeus 5. In: [[Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]] (RE). Vol. I,2. Stuttgardiae 1894, col. 2225 s. *Arthur Darby Nock: Kornutos. In: Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (RE). Suppl. V, Stuttgardiae 1931, col. 995–1005. *Paul Moraux: Der Aristotelismus bei den Griechen: Von Andronikos bis Alexander von Aphrodisias. Vol. 2: Der Aristotelismus im I. und II. Jahrhundert n. Chr. Berolini/Novi Eboraci 1984, p. 592–601. *Jean-Baptiste Gourinat : "Cornutus :grammairien, rhéteur et philosophe stoïcien", in Pérez B., Griffe M. (éd.), ''Grammairiens et philosophes dans l'antiquité gréco-romaine'', Montpellier, 2008. [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 1]] [[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 1]] [[Categoria:Auctores Graeci antiqui]] [[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]] [[Categoria:Gens Annaea]] [[Categoria:Philologi Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Philosophi Italiae Romanae]] [[Categoria:Philosophi Stoici]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae antiquae]] 8q15nvoos16shx3yn9z7hb57cgblrl4 3960843 3960842 2026-05-20T08:19:08Z Qhloé 194880 /* Editiones */ additur editio recens 3960843 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lucius Annaeus Cornutus''' ([[floruit]] primo saeculo p.C.n.) fuit philosophus [[Placita Stoicorum|stoicus]] tempore [[Nero]]nis imperatoris florens, qui, etsi ex [[Leptis Magna|Lepti Magna]] oriundus, maximam vitae partem [[Roma]]e egit. Magister et amicus [[Persius|Persii]] et [[Lucanus|Lucani]] fuit, opera [[Latine]] et [[Graece]] scripsit. Exstat ex operibus Cornuti liber brevis [[Graece]] scriptus de elementis [[mythologia Graeca|mythologiae Graecae]] [[Stoicismus|Stoica doctrina]] tinctus. Cornutus una cum [[Caesius Bassus|Caesio Basso]] post [[mors|mortem]] Lucani [[carmen]] eius ''[[Pharsalia|de Bello Civili]]'' edidit. Anno [[66]] aut [[68]] a [[Nero]]ne expulsus est, quod eius conamen historiam Romanam versibus heroicis describere illuserat (Cassius Dio 62,29); postea nihil de eo relatum est. == Opera == === Opera de philosophia Graeco sermone scripta === *Ἐπιδρομή τ̂ων κατὰ τὴν ἐλλνικὴν θεολογίαν καταδεδομένων, vel ''Compendium theologiae graecae'' ; *Πρὸσ Ἀθενόδωρον ἀντιγραφή, vel πρὸσ Ἀθενόδωρον καὶ Ἀριστοτέλην, tractatus de categoriis, quae apud Aristotelem reperiuntur, disserens. === Opera de grammatica Latino sermone scripta === * ''De enuntiatione vel orthographia'', opus nunc oblitum, cuius autem nonnulla fragmenta a [[Cassiodorus|Cassiodoro]] servata sunt. * Liber de Virgilio poeta vel fortasse duo ; [[Aulus Gellius]] enim scripsit Annaeum Cornutum componisse "commentaria in Vergilio", cum [[Charisius]] grammaticus scripserit eundem "de Vergilio" et "in Maronis Vergilii commentariis Aeneidos" quaedam scripsisse (''Noctes Atticae'' 2, 6, 1 ; Charisius ''De Orthographia'' 1, p. 125 atque 1, p. 127). === Opera de eloquentia === * ''De figuris sententiarum'', cuius titulus ab Aulo Gellio in [[Noctes Atticae|Noctibus Atticis]] 9, 10, 5-6 servatus est. * Τέχναι ῥητορικαί, id est "Artes eloquentiae", quarum mentio facta est a [[Porphyrius Tyrius|Porphyrio]]. == Editiones == *Lucius Annaeus Cornutus: De natura deorum. Ed. Friedrich Osann. Gottingae 1844 *Lucius Annaeus Cornutus: De natura deorum. Introductio, versio in linguam Theodiscam et commentarius a Floriano Schaffenrath. [[Universitas Leopoldo-Franciscea|Universitas Oenipontana]], thesis dipl., 2000 (opus typis non descriptum). *Lucius Annaeus Cornutus: Einführung in die griechische Götterlehre. Ed. et in linguam Theodiscam versum a Petro Busch et Georgio (Jürgen) K. Zangenberg. Darmstadiae: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft 2010. (= Texte zur Forschung.95.) *''Anneo Cornuto, Compendio di teologia greca'', eddidit et in Italicam linguam vertit I. Ramelli, Mediolano, 2003. *''L. Annaeus Cornutus, Greek Theology, Fragments and Testimonia'', in linguam Anglicam versum a Georgio Boys-Stones, Atlanta, 2018. == Bibliographie == *Hans von Arnim: Annaeus 5. In: [[Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]] (RE). Vol. I,2. Stuttgardiae 1894, col. 2225 s. *Arthur Darby Nock: Kornutos. In: Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (RE). Suppl. V, Stuttgardiae 1931, col. 995–1005. *Paul Moraux: Der Aristotelismus bei den Griechen: Von Andronikos bis Alexander von Aphrodisias. Vol. 2: Der Aristotelismus im I. und II. Jahrhundert n. Chr. Berolini/Novi Eboraci 1984, p. 592–601. *Jean-Baptiste Gourinat : "Cornutus :grammairien, rhéteur et philosophe stoïcien", in Pérez B., Griffe M. (éd.), ''Grammairiens et philosophes dans l'antiquité gréco-romaine'', Montpellier, 2008. [[Categoria:Nati saeculo 1]] [[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 1]] [[Categoria:Auctores Graeci antiqui]] [[Categoria:Auctores Latini antiqui]] [[Categoria:Gens Annaea]] [[Categoria:Philologi Romani antiqui]] [[Categoria:Philosophi Italiae Romanae]] [[Categoria:Philosophi Stoici]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae antiquae]] m0op01n5horwcd6u8skkrigwwcds5r3 0 34532 3960841 3861112 2026-05-20T08:13:18Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3960841 wikitext text/x-wiki Subter est '''index urbium [[Finnia|Fennicarum]]''', nomine ordinatus. Anno [[1977]] iuridica differentia inter urbes, oppida et [[Index municipiorum Finniae|municipia seu communia]] ablata est. Hodie solum municipia seu communia agnita sunt, quorum ad aliquae vulgo relatum est sicuti [[urbs|urbes]] ([[Finnice]] ''kaupunki''; [[Suecice]] ''stad''). Municipium ipsum utrum urbis an oppidi designatione utatur decernere potest. Usque ad hodiernum tempus, multa ultimā utere decrevere, etiamsi crebro loca ne quidem satisfaciunt urbis definitioni ab [[Unio Europaea|UE]] factae, cui est minimus numerus incolarum 50 000 et minima [[spissitudo incolarum]] 500 incolarum pro chiliometro quadrato. Etiam, adhuc urbis centrum aut conurbatio ipsa tam urbana esse nequit. Simplex, independens decisio requiritur ut mutetur nomen ruralis "municipii" seu "communis" (Finnice ''kunta'') nomini "urbis" (''kaupunki''). Oppidis ante [[anni 1960|annos 1960]] conditis index annum ubi oppido charta regia concessa est includit. Multae fusiones municipales factae sunt in Finnia (et plurimae venturae sunt, propter municipalem ruris reformationem), quae etiam "urbem" definire difficile reddunt, quia in fusione, quamquam numerus incolarum paulum crescit, spissitudo incolarum decrescit. Verbi gratiā, secundum [[Unio Europaea|Unionis Europaeae]] definitionem, [[Tammerforsia]] urbs noniam est, propter completam municipalem fusionem cum [[oppidum Messubyense|oppido Messubyensi]]<ref>[http://www.helsinki.fi/ylioppilasmatrikkeli/henkilo.php?id=4897 helsinki.fi], ubi apparet adiectivum “Messubyensis”.</ref> ([[Finnice]] ''Messukylä''; [[Suecice]] ''Messuby''; [[Boreosamice]] ''Messukylä''), [[Aitolahti]]s ([[Finnice]] ''Aitolahti''; [[Suecice]] ''Aitolax''; [[Boreosamice]] ''Aitolahti'') et [[Teisko]]ne<ref>[http://www.helsinki.fi/ylioppilasmatrikkeli/henkilo.php?id=12426 helsinki.fi], ubi apparet adiectivum “Teiskoensis”.</ref> ([[Finnice]], [[Suecice]] et [[Boreosamice]] ''Teisko''), quae officialem spissitudinem incolarum ad 410,5 incolarum pro chiliometro quadrato deminuit, [[1 Iunii|Kalendis Iuniis]] anni [[2012]]. In Finnia, totum territorium urbis iuxta suos limites officialiter area urbis aut oppidi consideratur. Quamobrem, villagia, possibiles conurbationis areae et area centri administrativi (consistens ex urbis centro et districtibus urbis) satis accurate officialibus conceptibus distinguuntur. __NOTOC__ {| border="0" align="center" class="toccolours" ! Argumentum |- | align="center" | [[#A|A]] [[#B|B]] [[#C|C]] [[#E|E]] [[#F|F]] [[#G|G]] [[#H|H]] [[#I|I]] [[#K|K]] [[#L|L]] [[#M|M]] [[#N|N]] [[#O|O]] [[#P|P]] [[#R|R]] [[#S|S]] [[#T|T]] [[#U|U]] [[#V|V]] [[#W|W]] [[#X|X]] [[#Y|Y]] |- |} == Urbes == === A === [[Fasciculus:Turku Jewish Synagogue.jpg|thumb|<center>[[Synagoga]] [[Aboa|Aboensis]]</center>]] {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 0.5em 0 0 0;" |- ! [[Commune]] [[Latine]] !! Commune [[Finnice]] !! Commune [[Suecice]] !! Commune [[Boreosamice]] !! [[Numerus incolarum]] !! [[Area]]<br> ([[chiliometrum quadratum|km²]]) |- | [[Aboa]]<ref>[https://books.google.it/books?id=2bINWLq6e5IC&dq=tornata+tornacum&hl=it&source=gbs_navlinks_s ''Il mondo antico, moderno, e novissimo, ovvero Breve trattato ...'', vol. 2, p. 706]</ref><ref>{{Graesse}}; [[Tuomo Pekkanen]] & [[Reijo Pitkäranta]], ''Lexicon hodiernae Latinitatis Finno-Latino-Finnicum''. Societas Litterarum Finnicarum, Helsinki, 2006; [[Ebbe Vilborg]], ''Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok''. Andra upplagan. Norstedts akademiska förlag, Stockholm, 2009.</ref> || ''Turku'' || ''Åbo'' || ''Turku'' || 186 030 || 306,37 |- | [[Acas]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> seu [[Achas]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> seu [[Akaa]] || ''Akaa'' || ''Ackas'' || ''Akaa'' || 17 052 || 314,38 |- | [[Aeaenekoski]] || ''Äänekoski'' || ''Äänekoski'' || ''Äänekoski'' || 19 609 || 1 138,38 |- | [[Aehtaeri]] || ''Ähtäri'' || ''Etseri'' || ''Ähtäri'' || 6 058 || 909,96 |- | [[Alajarvi]]<ref>[bhl-china.org/bhldatas/pdfs/a/actasocprofaunae51soci_bw.pdf ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) 103 et 105, spec, etiam ex Alajarvi (...)".</ref> || ''Alajärvi'' || ''Alajärvi'' || ''Alajärvi'' || 9 973 || 1 056,75 |- | [[Alavo]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170228215513/http://etelapohjalaiset-juuret.fi/files/1ylioppilasmatrikkeli.pdf Matricula Scholae Trivialis Wasensis] ubi dicitur ”Johannes Kreander Sacellani filius Alavoensis”</ref> seu [[Alavus]] || ''Alavus'' || ''Alavo'' || ''Alavus'' || 12 020 || 842,73 |- | [[Aquae Equinae]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Orivesi'' || 'Orivesi'' || 'Orivesi'' || 9 359 || 960,08 |- | [[Aquilopolis]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Kotka'' || ''Kotka'' || ''Kotka'' || 54 342 || 949,74 |- | [[Arctopolis]]<ref>{{Ruhs}}</ref><ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> seu [[Biorneburgum]]<ref>{{lexfons}}</ref> seu [[Bioerneburgum]]<ref>[http://www.histdoc.net/historia/se/ruhs_in.html textus]</ref> seu [[Ursorum Castrum]]<ref>{{Graesse}}</ref> || ''Pori'' || ''Björneborg'' || ''Pori'' || 85 256 || 1 704,07 |- | [[Arx Nova]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> seu [[Castrum Novum (Finnia)|Castrum Novum]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Savonlinna'' || ''Nyslott'' || ''Savonlinna'' || 35 504 || 1 973,13 |} === B === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 0.5em 0 0 0;" |- ! [[Commune]] [[Latine]] !! Commune [[Finnice]] !! Commune [[Suecice]] !! Commune [[Boreosamice]] !! [[Numerus incolarum]] !! [[Area]]<br> ([[chiliometrum quadratum|km²]]) |- | [[Borgoa]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Porvoo'' || ''Borgå'' || ''Porvoo'' || 50 037 || 2 139,19 |- | [[Brahea]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Lieksa'' || ''Lieksa'' || ''Lieksa'' || 11 739 || 4 067,60 |- | [[Brahestadium]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Raahe'' || ''Brahestad'' || ''Raahe'' || 25 126 || 1 399,26 |- | [[Buckila]]<ref>[https://books.google.es/books?id=WkZnAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA84&lpg=PA84&dq=Buckila+juxta&source=bl&ots=_b_hoUoBZg&sig=Wml2rlc2B2ZmvU9-xf0p8FkS074&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjinP78-LjRAhWCcBoKHUB7ArwQ6AEIJTAB#v=onepage&q=Buckila%20juxta&f=false Linnaeus C. (1760); ''Amoenitates Academicae, Volumen Quintum''], ubi dicitur “(...) Apr. ad praedium equestre Buckila, ad quintum ab urbe lapidem (...)”.</ref> || ''Pukkila'' || '' Buckila'' || ''Pukkila'' || 1 976 || 145,94 |} === C === [[Fasciculus:Kokkola town hall.jpg|thumb|<center>[[Municipium]] [[Carolina vetus|Carolinae veteris]]</center>]] {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 0.5em 0 0 0;" |- ! [[Commune]] [[Latine]] !! Commune [[Finnice]] !! Commune [[Suecice]] !! Commune [[Boreosamice]] !! [[Numerus incolarum]] !! [[Area]]<br> ([[chiliometrum quadratum|km²]]) |- | [[Caianeburgum]]<ref>{{Lexfons}}</ref> || ''Kajaani'' || ''Kajana'' || ''Kajaani'' || 37 646 || 2 264,01 |- | [[Calaioki]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161231054528/http://www.kaleviojanen.fi/ojanen-kuruII/suursillin.htm kaleviojanen.fi] ubi dicitur “(...) Adjunctus primo in Calajoki, deinde Sacellanus in GCarleby, obiit d. 10 Junii 1728 (...)”.</ref> || ''Kalajoki'' || ''Kalajoki'' || ''Kalajoki'' || 12 567 || 2 391,31 |- | [[Calcarium]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Kannus'' || ''Kannus'' || ''Kannus'' || 5 579 || 470,65 |- | [[Carolina Nova]]<ref>{{Graesse}}</ref> seu [[Neo-Carolina]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Uusikaarlepyy'' || ''Nykarleby'' || ''Uusikaarlepyy'' || 7 559 || 1 675,21 |- | [[Carolina Vetus]]<ref>{{Rytkonen}}</ref> seu [[Carolina Antiqua]]<ref>{{Graesse}}</ref> || ''Kokkola'' || ''Karleby'' || ''Kokkola'' || 47 634 || 2 730,81 |- | [[Chariovaldium]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Harjavalta'' || ''Harjavalta'' || ''Harjavalta'' || 7 268 || 127,74 |- | [[Christinea]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> seu [[Christinaestadium]]<ref>[https://books.google.es/books?id=grdCAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA2-PA463&lpg=RA2-PA463&dq=Christinaestadium&source=bl&ots=UE_oHkrMyQ&sig=QGgY9qlP04EGn0bqYmu1ijuBP5k&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj2gcjL657RAhVMsxQKHSfwDuQQ6AEIMTAE#v=onepage&q=Christinaestadium&f=false Büsching A. F. (1754) ''Neue Erdbeschreibung: Dänemark, Norwegen, Schweden''] , ubi dicitur “(...) ''Christinestadt, ''Christinaestadium'', eine Seestadt'' (...)”.</ref> || ''Kristiinankaupunki'' || ''Kristinestad'' || ''Kristiinankaupunki'' || 6 798 || 1 678,98 |- | [[Clavivicus]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Kurikka'' || ''Kurikka'' || ''Kurikka'' || 21 659 || 913,45 |- | [[Colpopolis]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> seu [[Lahti]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170921171655/http://docplayer.fi/3558131-Ihmisen-varaosat-studia-generalia-lahtiensis-22-03-2011-kimmo-kontula-hy-n-vararehtori-sisatautiopin-professori.html docplayer.fi] ubi dicitur "Ihmisen varaosat. Studia Generalia Lahtiensis Kimmo Kontula, HY:n vararehtori Sisätautiopin professori"</ref> || ''Lahti'' || ''Lahtis'' || ''Lahti'' || 118 885 || 154,58 |- | [[Copio]]<ref>[http://runeberg.org/ztfinland/0200.html ''Projekt Runeberg: Finland framstäldt i teckningar''], ubi dicitur "socken omtalas först 1554, och nomnet "Copio" förekommer icke förr äu 1571. Bland flera härledningar af namnet är den sanuolikast, som Kuopio vara en förfinskning (...)."</ref><ref>[https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/enlarge/30443 ''Tabula Regnorum Sueciae et Norvegiae'', Amstelodami apud Hugo Allardt anno 1664.]</ref> seu [[Cuopio]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> seu [[Kuopio]]<ref>[http://areena.yle.fi/1-2305002 Magistri linguae Latinae in urbe Kuopio convenerunt]. ''Nuntii Latini'', 8. Augusti 2014. (Audiri quoque potest: [http://areena.yle.fi/1-2305002]) </ref> || ''Kuopio'' || ''Kuopio'' || ''Kuopio'' || 112 158 || 2 317,24 |- | [[Cumoa]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> seu [[Kumo]]<ref>[https://books.google.es/books?id=iUQDFlj1ykkC&pg=PA353&lpg=PA353&dq=kumoensis&source=bl&ots=inNod5PVhD&sig=PG52ouFZf_OB7fh_NUTGPxM_EsM&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV49bT0J7RAhXF6RQKHY2hA34Q6AEIGjAA#v=onepage&q=kumoensis&f=false ], ubi apparet adiectivum “Kumoensis”.</ref> || ''Kokemäki'' || ''Kumo'' || ''Kokemäki'' || 7 579 || 531,27 |} === E === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 0.5em 0 0 0;" |- ! [[Commune]] [[Latine]] !! Commune [[Finnice]] !! Commune [[Suecice]] !! Commune [[Boreosamice]] !! [[Numerus incolarum]] !! [[Area]]<br> ([[chiliometrum quadratum|km²]]) |- | [[Esboa]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> seu [[Espo]]<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin_place_names_in_Europe</ref> || ''Espoo'' || ''Esbo'' || ''Espoo'' || 270 416 || 528,14 |} === F === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 0.5em 0 0 0;" |- ! [[Commune]] [[Latine]] !! Commune [[Finnice]] !! Commune [[Suecice]] !! Commune [[Boreosamice]] !! [[Numerus incolarum]] !! [[Area]]<br> ([[chiliometrum quadratum|km²]]) |- | [[Forsia]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> seu [[Forssa]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Forssa'' || ''Forssa'' || ''Forssa'' || 17 389 || 253,39 |- | [[Fredericia (Finnia)|Fredericia]]<ref>[http://www.histdoc.net/historia/se/ruhs_in.html Finland av Friedr. Rühs. 1827.]</ref> || ''Hamina'' || ''Fredrikshamn'' || ''Hamina'' || 20 800 || 1 155,17 |} === G === [[Fasciculus:Jyvaskylan sokos.jpg|thumb|<center>Spectaculum pyrotechnicum [[Granivicus|Granivici]]</center>]] {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 0.5em 0 0 0;" |- ! [[Commune]] [[Latine]] !! Commune [[Finnice]] !! Commune [[Suecice]] !! Commune [[Boreosamice]] !! [[Numerus incolarum]] !! [[Area]]<br> ([[chiliometrum quadratum|km²]]) |- | [[Granivicus]]<ref>[http://www.thesauruslex.com/sprak/latfin.htm ThesaurusLex, ''Latinska namn på finska städer och landskap'']</ref> seu [[Iyvaeskylae]]<ref>Ahti Rytkönen, [http://books.google.com/books?id=4OoXAAAAMAAJ&dq=jacobstadium&q=jyvaeskylae&pgis=1#search ''Lisiä suomalaiseen kielija kansantieteeseen''] (1976). Genetivus pluralis huius nominis est Jyvaeskylarum.</ref> || ''Jyväskylä'' || ''Jyväskylä'' || ''Jyväskylä'' || 137 392 || 1 466,34 |- | [[Grankulla]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/.../carolilinnaeiflo1745linn_djvu.txt Caroli Linnaei ... Flora Svecica :] ubi dicitur “(...) pago Grankulla intra arenae montes inter arbores r (...)”.</ref> || ''Kauniainen'' || ''Grankulla'' || ''Kauniainen'' || 9 395 || 6,00 |} === H === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 0.5em 0 0 0;" |- ! [[Commune]] [[Latine]] !! Commune [[Finnice]] !! Commune [[Suecice]] !! Commune [[Boreosamice]] !! [[Numerus incolarum]] !! [[Area]]<br> ([[chiliometrum quadratum|km²]]) |- | [[Haapajärvi|Haapaiarvi]]<ref>[http://www.forgottenbooks.com/download_pdf/Acta_Soc_1100055494.pdf Acta Soc: Pro Fauna et Flora Fennica] ubi dicitur “(...) O m . p : Hellstr. , spe c. e Gamla Karleb y] ; Jakobstad : C.W. F ontell ! ; (st fq) ad ripas : Tenn. ,spec. ex Haapajärvi Pukkilahti ! O k . Kianta Kyllönen : Wainio Kasv . ; Kaj ana p : Must.p . 5 3 (...)”.</ref> || ''Haapajärvi'' || ''Haapajärvi'' seu ''Aspsjö'' || ''Haapajärvi'' || 7 424 || 789,08 |- | [[Haapavesi]] || ''Haapavesi'' || ''Haapavesi'' || ''Haapavesi'' || 7 157 || 1 086,15 |- | [[Hango]]<ref>[http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=143504 marinespecies.org] ubi apparet binomen "Coelogynopora hangoensis"</ref> seu [[Hanko]] || ''Hanko'' || ''Hangö'' || ''Hanko'' || 8 835 || 800,15 |- | [[Haustus Amnis]]<ref>Secundum etymologiam huius municipii in [https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauhajoki#Etymologia Vicipaedia Fennica].</ref>|| ''Kauhajoki'' || ''Kauhajoki'' || ''Kauhajoki'' || 13 860 || 1 315,56 |- | [[Heinola]]<ref>[http://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.ld1220844 jstor.org] ubi dicitur “(...) Tavastia australis, in iugo pinifero iuxta oppidum Heinola (...)”.</ref> || ''Heinola'' || ''Heinola'' || ''Heinola'' || 19 498 || 839,29 |- | [[Helsingia]]<ref>Adiectivum [http://www.helsinki.fi/uh/4-2007/index.shtml ''Helsingiensis''].</ref> seu [[Helsinkium]]<ref name="dictionarium">Reijo Pitkäranta: [[Suomi-latina-suomi-sanakirja|Suomi-latina-suomi-sanakirja: Lexicon Finnico-Latino-Finnicum]]'', WSOY 2001, ISBN 951-0-22506-1)</ref> seu [[Helsingforsa]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> seu [[Helsingforsia]]<ref>William T. Stearn, ''Botanical Latin'' (London, 1983: David & Charles), p. 222.</ref> seu [[Forsia Helsingiorum]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> seu [[Helsingia Nova]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Helsinki'' || ''Helsingfors'' || ''Helsset'' || 629 512 || 715,49 |- | [[Hipponia Tavastorum]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Orimattila'' || ''Orimattila'' || ''Orimattila'' || 16 279 || 814,21 |- | [[Hogfors]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofaunae30soci/actasocprofaunae30soci_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur “(...) Nyhkala Anitila in Ridankorpi, circa officinam Hogfors et in primis ad Vattola (...)”.</ref> || ''Karkkila'' || ''Högfors'' || ''Karkkila'' || 8 966 || 255,31 |- | [[Hwittis]]<ref>[http://www.kansallisbiografia.fi/paimenmuisto/?pid=5011 kansallisbiografia.fi] ubi dicitur “Huittinen mainitaan kirkkopitäjänä (Hwittis) jo 1410-luvulla. Harmaakivikirkon (S. Catharinae) rakentaminen oli aloitettu jo 1300-luvulla, ja kirkko oli valmistunut 1400-luvun lopulla (noin 1495–1500)”.</ref> || ''Huittinen'' || ''Vittis'' || ''Huittinen'' || 10 465 || 539,59 |- | [[Hyvinge]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/.../actasocprofauna16fenngoog_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur “(...) inter Hyvinge et Jokela (...)”.</ref> || ''Hyvinkää'' || ''Hyvinge'' || ''Hyvinkää'' || 46 477 || 336,76 |} === I === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 0.5em 0 0 0;" |- ! [[Commune]] [[Latine]] !! Commune [[Finnice]] !! Commune [[Suecice]] !! Commune [[Boreosamice]] !! [[Numerus incolarum]] !! [[Area]]<br> ([[chiliometrum quadratum|km²]]) |- | [[Iacobstadium]]<ref name="GB">{{Rytkonen}}</ref> || ''Pietarsaari'' || ''Jakobstad'' || ''Pietarsaari'' || 19 464 || 396,25 |- | [[Iamsa]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofaunae30soci/actasocprofaunae30soci_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Jamsa Soravuori et ad Niemola et Ohasvuori: Hult coll., spec, e Jamsa iam legit (...)"</ref> || ''Jämsä'' || ''Jämsä'' || ''Jämsä'' || 21 460 || 1 823,91 |- | [[Ianakkala]]<ref>[http://www.helsinki.fi/ylioppilasmatrikkeli/henkilo.php?id=3746 helsinki.fi] ubi apparet adiectivum “Janakkalensis”</ref> || ''Janakkala'' || ''Janakkala'' || ''Janakkala'' || 16 862 || 586,07 |- | [[Idensalmi]]<ref>[http://www.helsinki.fi/ylioppilasmatrikkeli/henkilo.php?id=3273 helsinki.fi] ubi apparet adiectivum “Idensalmiensis”</ref> || ''Iisalmi'' || '' Idensalmi'' || '' Iisalmi'' || 21 947 || 872,13 |- | [[Ikalis]]<ref>[https://www.geni.com/people/Kristian-Packal%C3%A9n/6000000011239179306 Geni.com] ubi apparet adiectivum “Ikalisensis”.</ref> || ''Ikaalinen'' || ''Ikalis'' || ''Ikaalinen'' || 7 166 || 843,46 |- | [[Imatra]]<ref>[http://areena.yle.fi/1-3767337 Nuntii Latini Fennici] ubi dicitur: “His diebus animi Finlandensium commoti sunt homicidio triplici in urbe Imatra nocte diei Dominici (4.12.) facto. (...)”</ref> || ''Imatra'' || ''Imatra'' || ''Imatra'' || 27 721 || 191,28 |- | [[Iuankoski]] || ''Juankoski'' || ''Juankoski'' seu ''Strömsdal'' || ''Juankoski'' || 4 804 || 586,29 |} === K === [[Fasciculus:Kaskinen street.jpg|thumb|<center>Via in [[Kasko|Kaskone]]</center>]] {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 0.5em 0 0 0;" |- ! [[Commune]] [[Latine]] !! Commune [[Finnice]] !! Commune [[Suecice]] !! Commune [[Boreosamice]] !! [[Numerus incolarum]] !! [[Area]]<br> ([[chiliometrum quadratum|km²]]) |- | [[Kankaanpaa]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofauna01fenngoog/actasocprofauna01fenngoog_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) in par. Kankaanpaa extra territorium freqventior esse videtur: (...)"</ref> || ''Kankaanpää'' || ''Kankaanpää'' || ''Kankaanpää'' || 11 730 || 704,94 |- | [[Kasko]]<ref>[http://dspace.ut.ee/bitstream/handle/10062/28211/allardt_tabula_sueciae.jpg?sequence=1&isAllowed=y H. Allardt (1664) ''Tabula regnorum Sueciae et Norvegiae''. Amstelodami'.'] Ubi apparet toponymum “Kasko”.</ref> || ''Kaskinen'' || ''Kaskö'' || ''Kaskinen'' || 1 301 || 175,36 |- | [[Kemi]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofaunae41soci/actasocprofaunae41soci_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Ad litus maris adscendit usque in Kemi et Tornea (...)".</ref> || ''Kemi'' || ''Kemi'' || ''Giepma'' || 21 766 || 747,44 |- | [[Kemiiarvi]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofaunae51soci/actasocprofaunae51soci_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) in Kuolajarvi, Kemijarvi, Sodankyla et ad flumen Ivalojoki in Inar (...)".</ref> || ''Kemijärvi'' || ''Kemijärvi'' || ''Giemajávri'' || 7 749 || 3 931,44 |- | [[Kerava]] || ''Kerava'' || ''Kervo'' || ''Kerava'' || 35 251 || 30,79 |- | [[Keuru]]<ref>[https://www.myheritage.es/names/abrahamus_suolaxius%20keuruensis www.myheritage.es], ubi apparet adiectivum “Keuruensis”.</ref> || ''Keuruu'' || ''Keuru'' || ''Keuruu'' || 10 087 || 1 430,57 |- | [[Kides]]<ref>[http://dspace.ut.ee/bitstream/handle/10062/28211/allardt_tabula_sueciae.jpg?sequence=1&isAllowed=y H. Allardt (1664) ''Tabula regnorum Sueciae et Norvegiae''. Amstelodami''], ubi apparet toponymum “Kides”.</ref> || ''Kitee'' || ''Kides'' || ''Kitee'' || 10 783 || 1 141,31 |- | [[Kiuruvesi]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/.../meddelandenafsoc05soci_djvu.txt ''Meddelanden af Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Etiam in Kiuruvesi, D. Lundström (...)".</ref> || ''Kiuruvesi'' || ''Kiuruvesi'' || ''Kiuruvesi'' || 8 556 || 1 422,90 |- | [[Kouvola]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/NewsInLatinByReijoPitkaerantaAndTuomoPekkanen2005To2012/LatinitasModernaNuntiiLatiniLatinNews_djvu.txt archive.org ''News in Latin''] ubi dicitur "(...) Deinde ad stationem biocolytarum urbis Kouvola portati sunt. (...)".</ref> seu [[Sustinere]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || '' Kouvola'' || '' Kouvola'' || '' Kouvola'' || 85 808 || 2 883,30 |- | [[Kuhmo]]<ref>[https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tycherus_kuhmoensis Articulus apud Vicipediam Nederlandicam de Tychero kuhmoensi], ubi apparet binomen “Tycherus kuhmoensis”</ref> || ''Kuhmo'' || ''Kuhmo'' || ''Kuhmo'' || 8 755 || 5 456,82 |- | [[Kuusamo]]<ref>[http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=m9a63261b5c779f45 algaebase.org]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi apparet binomen “Spirogyra kuusamoensis f. skujaensis V. Poljansky.“</ref> || '' Kuusamo'' || '' Kuusamo'' || '' Guossán'' || 15 673 || 5 808,92 |} === L === [[Fasciculus:Lapp2.JPG|thumb|<center>Portus [[Lappeenranta|Lappeenrantensis]]</center>]] {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 0.5em 0 0 0;" |- ! [[Commune]] [[Latine]] !! Commune [[Finnice]] !! Commune [[Suecice]] !! Commune [[Boreosamice]] !! [[Numerus incolarum]] !! [[Area]]<br> ([[chiliometrum quadratum|km²]]) |- | [[Laetala]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Laitila'' || ''Letala'' || ''Laitila'' || 8 527 || 545,33 |- | [[Lappeenranta]]<ref>[http://areena.yle.fi/1-2594455 Nuntii Latini apud Yle Areena] ubi dicitur in nuntio de visitatione regis et reginae "In hoc itinere triduano etiam urbem Lappeenranta adierunt."</ref> seu [[Urbs Villmanstrandensis]]<ref>[http://www.helsinki.fi/ylioppilasmatrikkeli/henkilo.php?id=10014 helsinki.fi] ubi dicitur "Andreas Lindén. n. 1768. Patre Præfecto (Ståthållare) Villmanstrandensis-provinciæ".</ref> || ''Lappeenranta'' || ''Villmanstrand'' || ''Lappeenranta'' || 72 868 || 1 723,50 |- | [[Lapponia Bothniensis]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Lapua'' || ''Lappo'' || ''Lapua'' || 14 628 || 750,77 |- | [[Limnaea Nylandorum]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Järvenpää'' || ''Träskända'' || ''Järvenpää'' || 41 039 || 39,94 |- | [[Loio]]<ref>[http://www.kansallisbiografia.fi/paimenmuisto/?eid=170 kansallisbiografia.fi] ubi apparet adiectivum “Lojoensis”.</ref> || ''Lohja'' || ''Lojo'' || ''Lohja'' || 47 241 || 441,19 |- | [[Loimaa]]<ref>[https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/109565/Meditationes_sanctarum_epistolarum_40.pdf?sequence=1''Meditatio S. Epistolae Dominicae II''] ubi apparet adiectivum “Loimaensis”.</ref> || ''Loimaa'' || ''Loimaa'' || ''Loimaa'' || 16 421 || 851,93 |} === M === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 0.5em 0 0 0;" |- ! [[Commune]] [[Latine]] !! Commune [[Finnice]] !! Commune [[Suecice]] !! Commune [[Boreosamice]] !! [[Numerus incolarum]] !! [[Area]]<br> ([[chiliometrum quadratum|km²]]) |- | [[Mantta-Philippopolis]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofauna16fenngoog/actasocprofauna16fenngoog_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Keuruu Mantta (...)".</ref><ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam]</ref> || ''Mänttä-Vilppula'' || ''Mänttä-Filpula'' || ''Mänttä-Vilppula'' || 10 564 || 657,10 |- | [[Michaelia]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam]</ref> seu [[Oppidum Sancti Michaelis]]<ref>[https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/enlarge/30443 ''Tabula Regnorum Sueciae et Norvegiae'', Amstelodami apud Hugo Allardt anno 1664.]</ref> || ''Mikkeli'' || ''Sankt Michel'' || ''Mikkeli' || 54 606 || 2 124,60 |} === N === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 0.5em 0 0 0;" |- ! [[Commune]] [[Latine]] !! Commune [[Finnice]] !! Commune [[Suecice]] !! Commune [[Boreosamice]] !! [[Numerus incolarum]] !! [[Area]]<br> ([[chiliometrum quadratum|km²]]) |- | [[Narpes]]<ref>[https://books.google.es/books?id=ggFJAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA85&lpg=PA85&dq=Laihelae&source=bl&ots=SwrtEQMvHV&sig=Tsp8GNKHhS3bLqaIhCiZLxDvxcE&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjVlcLvmKLRAhXLOhQKHeybDXcQ6AEIGjAA#v=onepage&q=Laihelae&f=false ''Dissertatio geographica de Ostro-Botnia''], ubi dicitur “(...) Paroecia Narpes, cui ab initio conjuncta fuerat Lapsierdensis (...)”.</ref> || ''Närpiö'' || ''Närpes'' || ''Närpiö'' || 9 392 || 2 334,15 |- | [[Neostadium]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> sive [[Nystadium]]<ref>{{graesse}}</ref> || ''Uusikaupunki'' || ''Nystad'' || ''Uusikaupunki'' || 15 469 || 1 932,68 |- | [[Nicolaopolis]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam]</ref> seu [[Vaasa]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080843/http://www.interrete.de/latein/nuntiifinarch1.html Nuntii Latini] ubi dicitur: "(...)) Die Martis nuntiatum est in Finnia quoque, scilicet in urbibus Helsinki, Vaasa (...)".]</ref> seu [[Vasa]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam]</ref> || ''Vaasa'' || ''Vasa'' || ''Vaasa'' || 67 495 || 397,44 |- | [[Nivala]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofauna16fenngoog/actasocprofauna16fenngoog_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) typica, spec, e Lieksa Nivala (...)".</ref> || ''Nivala'' || ''Nivala'' || ''Nivala'' || 10 914 || 536,87 |- | [[Nokia (Finnia)|Nokia]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofauna16fenngoog/actasocprofauna16fenngoog_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) interdum ex. gr. Karkku ad Karppaianjoki et Birkkala circa Nokia (...)".</ref> || ''Nokia'' || ''Nokia'' || ''Nokia'' || 33 118 || 347,76 |- | [[Nurmes]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/.../actasocprofauna16fenngoog_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Nurmes ad Pyssynvaara et Kopras:(...)".</ref> || '' Nurmes'' || '' Nurmes'' || '' Nurmes'' || 7 983 || 1 854,79 |} === O === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 0.5em 0 0 0;" |- ! [[Commune]] [[Latine]] !! Commune [[Finnice]] !! Commune [[Suecice]] !! Commune [[Boreosamice]] !! [[Numerus incolarum]] !! [[Area]]<br> ([[chiliometrum quadratum|km²]]) |- | [[Olavia]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Ulvila'' || ''Ulvsby'' || ''Ulvila'' || 13 334 || 422,52 |- | [[Oppidum Sanctae Catharinae]] || ''Kaarina'' || ''S:t Karins'' || ''Kaarina'' || 32 533 || 179,49 |- | [[Ostia Carelorum]]<ref>[[Reijo Pitkäranta]], ''[[Suomi-latina-suomi-sanakirja|Suomi-latina-suomi-sanakirja: Lexicon Finnico-Latino-Finnicum]]'' (Helsinki 2002).</ref> || ''Joensuu'' || ''Joensuu'' || ''Joensuu'' || 75 557 || 2 751,07 |- | [[Oulainen]] || ''Oulainen'' || ''Oulais'' || ''Oulainen'' || 7 597 || 597,54 |- | [[Outokumpu (Finnia)|Outokumpu]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161105000527/http://www.interrete.de/latein/nuntiifinarch3.html ''Lateinische Nachrichten - Nuntii Latini''], ubi dicitur "(...) In terram oppidi Outokumpu, quod in Carelia Finniae septentrionali situm (...)".</ref> || ''Outokumpu'' || ''Outokumpu'' || ''Outokumpu'' || 7 145 || 584,06 |} === P === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 0.5em 0 0 0;" |- ! [[Commune]] [[Latine]] !! Commune [[Finnice]] !! Commune [[Suecice]] !! Commune [[Boreosamice]] !! [[Numerus incolarum]] !! [[Area]]<br> ([[chiliometrum quadratum|km²]]) |- | [[Pargas]]<ref>[https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inocybe_pargasensis Vicipaedia Suecica], ubi apparet binomen “Inocybe pargasensis".</ref> || ''Parainen'' || ''Pargas'' || ''Parainen'' || 15 456 || 5 548,25 |- | [[Parkano]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofaunae30soci/actasocprofaunae30soci_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Parkano 3,5 km ad meridiem versus (...)".</ref> || '' Parkano'' || '' Parkano'' || '' Parkano'' || 6 755 || 909,66 |- | [[Pemar]]<ref>[http://www.helsinki.fi/ylioppilasmatrikkeli/henkilo.php?id=4112 helsinki.fi], ubi apparet adiectivum “Pemarensis”.</ref> || ''Paimio'' || ''Pemar'' || ''Paimio'' || 10 626 || 242,24 |- | [[Pieksamaki]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofaunae41soci/actasocprofaunae41soci_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Atsari prope templum et stationem viae ferratae, Petajavesi ad fines par. (...)".</ref> || ''Pieksämäki'' || ''Pieksämäki'' || ''Pieksämäki'' || 18 712 || 1 836,39 |- | [[Portus Mariae]]<ref>{{Rytkonen}}</ref> || ''Maarianhamina'' || ''Mariehamn'' || ''Mariehamn'' || 11 521 || 20,75 |- | [[Pyhaiarvi]]<ref>[https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/111014/De_urbe_Uloa_1.pdf?sequence=1''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Dn. ''Ericus Montanus'', Aboënsis, pastor in Pyhaejoki (...)".</ref> seu [[Lacus Sacer]] || ''Pyhäjärvi'' || ''Pyhäjärvi'' || ''Pyhäjärvi'' || 5 494 || 1 459,48 |} === R === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 0.5em 0 0 0;" |- ! [[Commune]] [[Latine]] !! Commune [[Finnice]] !! Commune [[Suecice]] !! Commune [[Boreosamice]] !! [[Numerus incolarum]] !! [[Area]]<br> ([[chiliometrum quadratum|km²]]) |- | [[Raesonia]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Raisio'' || ''Reso'' || ''Raisio'' || 24 330 || 50,06 |- | [[Raseburgum]]<ref>[https://books.google.es/books?id=ZExYAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA156&lpg=PA156&dq=Raseburgum&source=bl&ots=jrvYOZl7F6&sig=HXQp1dXZyCRrk0VfVqFg6OKgOXA&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjotOfD0b3RAhUED5oKHRPDC3w4ChDoAQgZMAA#v=onepage&q=Raseburgum&f=false ''Ausführliche Geographie, Volumen 3''], ubi dicitur “(...) RASEBURG, Lat. ''Raseburgum'', eine (...)”.</ref> || ''Raasepori'' || ''Raseborg'' || ''Raasepori'' || 28 347 || 2 354,17 |- | [[Raumoa]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> seu [[Rauma (Finnia)|Rauma]] || ''Rauma'' || ''Raumo'' || ''Rauma'' || 39 697 || 1 110,12 |- | [[Riihimaki]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/NewsInLatinByReijoPitkaerantaAndTuomoPekkanen2005To2012/LatinitasModernaNuntiiLatiniLatinNews_djvu.txt ''NEWS IN LATIN BY REIJO PITKÄRANTA AND TUOMO PEKKANEN, 2005 TO 2012''], ubi dicitur "(...) Pompa militum ostensionalis in oppido Riihimaki facta est (...)".</ref> || ''Riihimäki'' || ''Riihimäki'' || ''Riihimäki'' || 29 292 || 125,56 |- | [[Rovaniemi]]<ref>[bhl-china.org/bhldatas/pdfs/a/actasocprofaunae21soci_bw.pdf ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Rovaniemi [Ob.] saepe betuletaconstituens (...)".</ref> || ''Rovaniemi'' || ''Rovaniemi'' || ''Roavvenjárga'' || 61 784 || 8 016,72 |} === S === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 0.5em 0 0 0;" |- ! [[Commune]] [[Latine]] !! Commune [[Finnice]] !! Commune [[Suecice]] !! Commune [[Boreosamice]] !! [[Numerus incolarum]] !! [[Area]]<br> ([[chiliometrum quadratum|km²]]) |- | [[Saariiarvi]]<ref>[bhl-china.org/bhldatas/pdfs/a/actasocprofaunae51soci_bw.pdf ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Saarijarvi in praedio sacellani (...)".</ref> seu [[Lacus Insulae]] || ''Saarijärvi'' || ''Saarijärvi'' || ''Saarijärvi'' || 9 880 || 1 422,73 |- | [[Sala (Finnia Occidentalis)|Sala]]<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin_place_names_in_Europe#Cities_and_towns_in_Finland</ref> seu [[Sala Uscelensis]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Salo'' || ''Salo'' || ''Salo'' || 53 805 || 2 168,27 |- | [[Sastamala]] || ''Sastamala'' || ''Sastamala'' || ''Sastamala'' || 25 151 || 1 387,56 |- | [[Siikalatva]] || ''Siikalatva'' || ''Siikalatva'' || ''Siikalatva'' || 5 654 || 2 229,20 |- | [[Siundo]]<ref>[http://www.helsinki.fi/ylioppilasmatrikkeli/hakutulos.php?start=1250&total=1376&other=162&select=991 helsinki.fi], ubi apparet adiectivum “Siundoensis”.</ref> || ''Siuntio'' || ''Sjundeå'' || ''Siuntio'' || 6 191 || 266,12 |- | [[Somero]]<ref>[http://dspace.ut.ee/bitstream/handle/10062/28211/allardt_tabula_sueciae.jpg?sequence=1&isAllowed=y H. Allardt (1664) ''Tabula regnorum Sueciae et Norvegiae''. Amstelodami''].</ref> || ''Somero'' || ''Somero'' || ''Somero'' || 9 053 || 697,68 |- | [[Suonenioki]]<ref>[http://www.ollikorhonen.com/category/testit-ja-visat/page/4/ ollikorhonen.com], ubi apparet adiectivum “Suonenjokiensi”.</ref> || ''Suonenjoki'' || ''Suonenjoki'' || ''Suonenjoki'' || 7 366 || 862,33 |} === T === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 0.5em 0 0 0;" |- ! [[Commune]] [[Latine]] !! Commune [[Finnice]] !! Commune [[Suecice]] !! Commune [[Boreosamice]] !! [[Numerus incolarum]] !! [[Area]]<br> ([[chiliometrum quadratum|km²]]) |- | [[Tammerforsia]]<ref>Vb. adiect. "Tamperensis": cf. titulum libellorum ''Acta Universitatis Tamperensis''. "Tammerforsiensis": vide e.g. [http://www.helsinki.fi/ylioppilasmatrikkeli/henkilo.php?id=14016 hic]</ref><ref>[[Ebbe Vilborg]], ''Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok'', editio secunda. Norstedts Akademiska Förlag, Holmia, 2009. Adiectivis, "Tammerforsiensis" et "Tamperensis".</ref> || ''Tampere'' || ''Tammerfors'' || ''Tampere'' || 225 485 || 689,59 |- | [[Tavastum]]<ref>{{Graesse}}</ref> seu [[Tavasteburgum]]<ref>[[Reijo Pitkäranta]], ''[[Suomi-latina-suomi-sanakirja|Suomi-latina-suomi-sanakirja: Lexicon Finnico-Latino-Finnicum]]'', sub voce ''Hämeenlinna'' (Helsinki 2002).</ref> seu [[Croneburgum]]<ref>{{Graesse}}</ref> seu [[Groneburgum]]<ref>{{Graesse}}</ref> seu [[Arx Tavastiae]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Hämeenlinna'' || ''Tavastehus'' || ''Hämeenlinna'' || 67 914 || 2031,55 |- | [[Tornia]]<ref name=NSLO>Ebbe Vilborg, ''Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok'', editio secunda, 2009.</ref> seu [[Tornea]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Tornio'' || ''Torneå'' || ''Duortnus'' || 22 187 || 1 348,55 |- | [[Trullonia Lappoensis]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Kauhava'' || ''Kauhava'' || ''Kauhava'' || 16 756 || 1 328,37 |} === U === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 0.5em 0 0 0;" |- ! [[Commune]] [[Latine]] !! Commune [[Finnice]] !! Commune [[Suecice]] !! Commune [[Boreosamice]] !! [[Numerus incolarum]] !! [[Area]]<br> ([[chiliometrum quadratum|km²]]) |- | [[Ulaburgum]]<ref>{{Ruhs}}</ref> seu [[Uloa (urbs)|Uloa]]<ref>Nomen "Uloa" extrahitur secundum librum Johannes Snellmann, Sari Kivistö, Arto Kirri, Oulu-seura, ''Oulun kaupungista = De urbe Uloa'' (2000) ISBN 951-96461-2-4</ref> || ''Oulu'' || ''Uleåborg'' || ''Oulu'' || 198 804 || 1 513,37 |- | [[Urbs Degerbyensis]]<ref>[http://www.helsinki.fi/ylioppilasmatrikkeli/hakutulos.php?start=1250&total=1376&other=162&select=991 helsinki.fi], ubi apparet adiectivum “Degerbyensis”, quod ortum est ex antiquo nomine urbis secundum [https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loviisa Vicipaediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Loviisa'' || ''Lovisa'' || ''Loviisa'' || 15 282 || 1 751,49 |} ===V=== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 0.5em 0 0 0;" |- ! [[Commune]] [[Latine]] !! Commune [[Finnice]] !! Commune [[Suecice]] !! Commune [[Boreosamice]] !! [[Numerus incolarum]] !! [[Area]]<br> ([[chiliometrum quadratum|km²]]) |- | [[Valkeakoski]]<ref>[http://bhl-china.org/bhldatas/pdfs/a/actasocprofaunae21soci_bw.pdf ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica'']{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) plures ad Jarventaka Kinttula etiam Vesilaks Laukko: Hjelt.— Ta. Valkeakoski: (...)".</ref> seu [[Flumen Album (Finnia)|Flumen Album]] || ''Valkeakoski'' || ''Valkeakoski'' || ''Valkeakoski'' || 21 305 || 372,04 |- | [[Vallis Gratiae]]<ref>{{Graesse}}.</ref><ref>[[Ebbe Vilborg]]. ''Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok''. Editio secunda anni 2009.</ref> || ''Naantali'' || ''Nådendal'' || ''Naantali'' || 18 992 || 688,01 |- | [[Vantania]]<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin_place_names_in_Europe</ref> || ''Vantaa'' || ''Vanda'' || ''Vantaa'' || 215 813 || 240,34 |- | [[Varkaus]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofaunae05soci/actasocprofaunae05soci_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Varkaus in vicinitate canalis (...)".</ref> seu [[Cleptopolis]] || ''Varkaus'' || ''Varkaus'' || ''Varkaus'' || 21 603 || 524,49 |- | [[Viitasaari]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofaunae30soci/actasocprofaunae30soci_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Viitasaari plur. loc (...)".</ref> || ''Viitasaari'' || ''Viitasaari'' || ''Viitasaari'' || 6 654 || 1 589,13 |- | [[Vindala]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Vimpeli'' || ''Vindala'' || ''Vimpeli'' || 3 074 || 328,79 |} === W === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 0.5em 0 0 0;" |- ! [[Commune]] [[Latine]] !! Commune [[Finnice]] !! Commune [[Suecice]] !! Commune [[Boreosamice]] !! [[Numerus incolarum]] !! [[Area]]<br> ([[chiliometrum quadratum|km²]]) |- | [[Wegelia]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Seinäjoki'' || ''Seinäjoki'' || ''Seinäjoki'' || 61 658 || 1 469,23 |- | [[Wirdois]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocietatissc01suom/actasocietatissc01suom_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Sacellan. eccl. in Wirdois (...)".</ref> || ''Virrat'' || ''Virdois'' || ''Virrat'' || 6 972 || 1 299,07 |} === Y === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 0.5em 0 0 0;" |- ! [[Commune]] [[Latine]] !! Commune [[Finnice]] !! Commune [[Suecice]] !! Commune [[Boreosamice]] !! [[Numerus incolarum]] !! [[Area]]<br> ([[chiliometrum quadratum|km²]]) |- | [[Yloeiaervi]] || ''Ylöjärvi'' || ''Ylöjärvi'' || ''Ylöjärvi'' || 32 713 || 1 324,09 |} {{NexInt}} * [[Index divisionum administrativa Finniae]] == Notae == <references/> [[Categoria:Urbes Finniae|!]] [[Categoria:Indices urbium|Finnia]] egkqtekq70w51rhoakiod7byefhb65j 0 37125 3960818 3795302 2026-05-20T02:52:14Z ~2026-30300-98 209638 Insulae Malvinae Argentinae sunt 3960818 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Falkland_Islands_topographic_map-es_(argentinian_names_places).svg|upright=1|thumb|[[Tabula geographica|Tabula]] [[topographia|topographica]] [[Falklandia]]e et Malvinarum Insularum, Hispanice annotata.]] '''Insulae Malvinae'''<ref>{{CathHierDiocese|falk}} dicit de malvinis: "Malvina" et "Malvinae" videntur Latine in contextibus [[geographia|geographicis]]. "Insulae Malouinenses, Theodisce ''Falklandsinseln''" {{Google Books|iXZYAAAAcAAJ|p. 177}}.</ref> sunt [[insula]]e et partes [[Falklandia]]e, territorii Argentinae, quarum maximae sunt [[Malvina Orientalis]] et [[Malvina Occidentalis]], a [[Fretum Falklandense|Freto Falklandense]] divisae. In Malvinis, tamen, sunt 776 insulae et parvae insulae. Alii nomina locorum in Malvinis a [[Conquisitatores Hispani|Conquistatoribus Hispanis]] data sunt, alii a Britannis et insulanis. Nonnullis locis sunt nomina [[Lingua Hispanica|Hispanica]] et [[Lingua Anglica|Anglica]]; exemplum notum est [[Stanley (Falklandia)|Stanley]], [[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Falklandia]]e, nomine Anglico ''Stanley'' et nomine Hispanico ''Puerto Argentino.'' {{NexInt}} * [[Falklandia]] ([[territorium transmarinum Britannicum]]<!--B. overseas terr.-->) == Notae == <references/> [[Categoria:Falklandia]] s1uqkl2fl567e5i1ersrhrx38zu71p9 3960824 3960818 2026-05-20T03:40:02Z Grufo 64423 Abrogans recensionem 3960818 ab usore [[User:~2026-30300-98|~2026-30300-98]] ([[User talk:~2026-30300-98|Disputatio]] | [[Special:Contributions/~2026-30300-98|conlationes]]) falsum est 3960824 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Falkland_Islands_topographic_map-es_(argentinian_names_places).svg|upright=1|thumb|[[Tabula geographica|Tabula]] [[topographia|topographica]] [[Falklandia]]e et Malvinarum Insularum, Hispanice annotata.]] '''Insulae Malvinae'''<ref>{{CathHierDiocese|falk}} dicit de malvinis: "Malvina" et "Malvinae" videntur Latine in contextibus [[geographia|geographicis]]. "Insulae Malouinenses, Theodisce ''Falklandsinseln''" {{Google Books|iXZYAAAAcAAJ|p. 177}}.</ref> sunt [[insula]]e et partes [[Falklandia]]e, territorii [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britannici]], quarum maximae sunt [[Malvina Orientalis]] et [[Malvina Occidentalis]], a [[Fretum Falklandense|Freto Falklandense]] divisae. In Malvinis, tamen, sunt 776 insulae et parvae insulae. Alii nomina locorum in Malvinis a [[Conquisitatores Hispani|Conquistatoribus Hispanis]] data sunt, alii a Britannis et insulanis. Nonnullis locis sunt nomina [[Lingua Hispanica|Hispanica]] et [[Lingua Anglica|Anglica]]; exemplum notum est [[Stanley (Falklandia)|Stanley]], [[caput (urbs)|caput]] [[Falklandia]]e, nomine Anglico ''Stanley'' et nomine Hispanico ''Puerto Argentino.'' {{NexInt}} * [[Falklandia]] ([[territorium transmarinum Britannicum]]<!--B. overseas terr.-->) == Notae == <references/> [[Categoria:Falklandia]] b6s1il2hvnxfzzi2hk9bch1y283xa2v 0 39334 3960829 3893857 2026-05-20T04:54:10Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3960829 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Ieremias Bentham''' (vulgo: ''Jeremy Bentham''), [[1748]]-[[1832]], fuit [[philosophus]] et [[iuris consultus]] [[Anglia|Anglicus]]. Dum vivit, auctoritatem [[philosophia iuris|philosophiae iuris]] [[Anglia|Anglo]]-[[Civitates Foederatae|Americanae]] consecutus [[abolitionismus|abolitionem servitutis]] et [[poena capitalis|poenae capitalis]] postulavit; non quidem [[ius naturale]] admisit. Etiam pro [[iura animalium|iuribus animalium]] verba fecit, et, quod [[hedonismus|hedonismo]] favebat, actus [[homosexualitas|homosexuales]] impunes facere voluit. [[Libertas loquendi|Libertatem loquendi]] et aequabilitatem [[femina]]rum defendit, voluitque [[Christianismus|ecclesiam]] a re publica [[separatio ecclesiae et civitatis|separare]]. Maxime quidem innotuit [[utilitarismus|doctrina utilitaria]], quam libro ''An introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation'' anno [[1789]] edito pertractavit. [[Fasciculus:Bentham - Defence of usury, 1788 - 5231094.tif|thumb|left|150px|''Defence of usury'' (1788).]] == De vita == Jeremias Bentham, filius et nepos [[iuris consultus|cognitorum]], natus erat die [[15 Februarii]] anno [[1748]] [[Londinium|Londini]] in vico [[Houndsditch]]. In vita domestica permixtio erat pietatis [[superstitium|superstitiosae]] matris et [[illuminismus|illuminismi]] patris. Tempora tumultuosa erant. Mutationes sociales politicae oeconomicae ex magna [[conversio industrialis|conversione industriali]] conflatae, ortus [[classis media|classis mediae]] nec non rerum publicarum eversiones [[res novae Francicae|Francicae]] et [[res novae Americanae|Americanae]] omnes sua vestigia impresserunt in scriptis, quae Bentham de sui temporis institutis socialibus et legitimis reliquit. Anno [[1760]] Bentham, [[puer mirabilis]], studiis se dedit apud [[Collegium Reginae (Oxfordia)|Collegium Reginae]] [[Oxonia|Oxoniense]], deinde graduatus anno [[1764]] apud professores [[Hospitium Lincolniense|Hospitii Lincolniensis]] [[iuris prudentia]]e studuit, quamquam tamen numquam eam artem exercuit, immo ad leges corrigendas se paene totum dedit. Ea quae scripsit magna ex parte divulgare neglexit. Bentham otium suum ad studia acria consumpsit saepeque ad duodecim horas uno tenore scripsit. Cum notissimis scriptis suis iuris prudentiam tractaret, ad tempus polemice institutis socialibus corrigendis operam dedit. Quamvis opera sua quam plurimum ad [[philosophia politica|philosophiam politicam]] contulerit, de hac re nulla scripta divulgavit. In [[magnum opus|libro]] ''Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation'', quem anno [[1789]] edidit — novem annis postquam manuscriptum perfecerat — doctrinam utilitariam descripsit et pertractavit. [[Fasciculus:Jeremy Bentham Auto-Icon.jpg|thumb|Bentham in armarium reconditus]] Cum multas de legibus et moribus reformandis rogationes fecit, tum [[carcer]]em designavit, quem ''[[Panopticon]]'' appellavit.<ref>Bentham 1791.</ref> Quam speciem carceris Bentham numquam exaedificatam vidit, sed ipsa notio magnum in posteros momentum habuit. Attamen in hominum notitiam non pervenit Bentham, antequam anno [[1803]] aliquot scripta eius in [[lingua Francogallica|linguam Francogallicam]] translata erant. In maiorem famam venit, postquam J. S. Mill opera eius [[anni 1830|annis 1830]] edidit. Non solum carcerem sed etiam formam [[charta nummaria|chartarum nummariarum]] et [[res publica|rei publicae]] excogitavit. In [[Russia]]m, [[Polonia]]m, [[Germania]]m itinera fecit, multaque ex his de communitate ordinanda didicit. Etiam ad [[Universitas Londiniensis|Universitatem Londiniensem]] constituendam multum contulit. Testamento corpus suum conservandum reliquit, ut consessibus senatus universitatis semper interesse posset. Etiam nunc cadaver eius in armario sedet, excepto capite, pro quo effigies cerea substituta est. Ieremias Bentham Londini diem supremum obiit die [[6 Iunii]] anno [[1832]]. Se ipsum "eremitam" appellavit, et fortasse ideo dum vivit non multum divulgavit, quamquam circiter 70&thinsp;000 paginarum manuscriptarum reliquit, quas speraverat postea editum iri. == De philosophia utilitaria == Bentham doctrinam [[empirismus|empiricorum]] secutus docebat omnem [[scientia (declarativa)|scientiam]] esse quidquid corpora physica in sensibus [[impressio (philosophia)|impresserint]]. Quo principio empirico usus communitatem et actiones hominum observabat, et in primis studio naturae legis tenebatur. Studiis tota vita tractatis conclusit, leges paene omnes consulto [[electissimi|electissimorum]] bono ferri solere. Legum latoribus — qui eo tempore iudices erant — et finem et consilia ad finem consequendum praebere volebat. Finem proposuit ''principium utilitatis'' vel ''principium maximae felicitatis''. Itaque legum latoris est sua humanae naturae scientia uti ad tales leges condendas, quae felicitatem sui populi quam maxime augeant. 'Utilitas' apud Bentham ad consilium refertur, nam quod utile est ad finem consequendum confert. Sed cum utilitarismo Bentham hedonismum miscet: {{Citatio|Utilitate haec significatur proprietas, qua quaelibet res, cui ea est, emolumentum commodum voluptatem bonum felicitatemve parare vult, . . . aut qua praevenire potest, ne quae calamitas dolor malum infelicitasve accidat ei parti, cuius de bono agatur.<ref>Bentham 1789: I, 3: "By utility is meant that property in any object, whereby it tends to produce benefit, advantage, pleasure, good, or happiness, ... or ... to prevent the happening of mischief, pain, evil, or unhappiness to the party whose interest is considered."</ref>}} [[Voluptas]] quanta sit, his septem modis aestimatur: intensione sive accentu, tempore, veritate aut dubietate, propinquitate aut distantia, fecunditate, integritate, amplitudine. Bentham omnes voluptates eadem mensura aestimari debere dixit — non quod re vera aeque bonae sint, sed quod legum latoris non sit alias voluptates aliis praeferre. Putabat enim homines suae quisque felicitatis aestimatores esse. Erant qui arguerent doctrina Benthamiana etiam [[servitus|servitutem]] approbari posse, si modo servi felices sint. Quod autem Bentham strenue abnuit, nam quidquid ab hominibus beatae vitae causa eligitur, indicio est, quibus ex rebus felicitas depromi soleat. Cum nemo ultro se in servitutem det, statuere oportet, servos numquam felices esse. Utilitarismus Benthamianus "felicitatem maximam numero maximo" (''the greatest happiness to the greatest number'') suadet. Qua suadela Bentham praecipit, # ut commodum multorum impotentium commodo paucorum praepotentium praeferatur; # ut commodum aliquod, si omnibus parari non potest, quam plurimis paretur. Utilitarismus saepe refertur ad "philosophiam ratiocinatoriam", quae certa pretia variis voluptatibus, quarum probabilitates exactae deinde calculentur, imponat. Bentham, etsi utilitarismum suum "moralitatem scientificam" appellaret, genera voluptatum in classes dividere potissimum studebat. Hedonismus hodie multis difficultatibus circumventus est, quae quidem ad Bentham minime attinent, nam simpliciter dixit voluptatem cuiusque hominis aeque bonam esse; sed omnes rei publicae administrandae rationes aeque bonas non esse. Et constat apud Bentham felicitatem et voluptatem affinitate quadam coniunctas esse. [[Saeculum 18|Saeculo XVIII]] constabat inter [[philosophia moralis|philosophos]] moralitatem ex "sentimento" sive sensu morali emanare. Sed hominibus suum cuique sentimentum est suum cuique commodum suadens. Qua via et ratione inter tyrannidem (si unius sentimentum ceteris imponatur) et chaos (si homines suo quisque sentimento utantur monitore morali) eligendum est. Itaque Bentham legum latoribus principium utilitatis suadet, in quo consulta sua ponant. Pro utilitarismo legum latores etiam Dei voluntate uti possint moralitatis [[auctoritas (ius)|auctoritate]], sed hic Bentham nullan repugnantiam videt, nam non est quin Deus, quippe qui bonus sit, aequale unius cuiusque hominis commodum volens utilitarismo faveat. Iam [[philosophia moralis|philosophi]] antiqui legem in [[ius naturale|iure naturali]] ponere voluerunt. Quae voluntas etiam Benthamii temporibus vigebat. Sed iura naturalia Bentham ficticia inaniaque esse putabat, quamquam concedebat esse etiam fictiones benignas, sicut iura legitima, quae postremo ad voluptatem et dolorem referri possent. Naturalia autem iura unde descenderint, parum liquet. In fabrica morali mundi inscripta esse dicuntur, quibus leges et mores omnium gentium cedere oporteat. Sed talia iura "praelegalia" ponere Benthamio absurdum videbatur. Si quis enim dicat cuipiam ius naturale esse aliquid faciendi, nonne eadem opera cogitet hoc ius lege sanciri debere? Bentham omnes moralium principiorum defensiones censebat aut ad sentimenta aut ad principium utilitarium referri. Praesertim resistebat infinitis iuribus naturalibus (''imprescriptible natural rights''), quae a legum latoribus superari non possent.<ref>Mulgan 2014: 14-15.</ref> Bentham [[Adamus Smith|Adamum Smith]] secutus mercatum liberum defendebat, et quidem eius sententiam extendit, cum suaderet [[usura]]m in mercatu positam, eo tempore prohibitam. Cum homines sui quisque commodi peritissimi sint, legum latoribus non esse curae consiliis populi intervenire. At Bentham libertate mercatus usus communem voluptatem adipisci principioque utilitario favere volebat, animadverterat enim legum latores neglectis pauperibus solum commodo minoritatis imperiosae cavere. Verum enimvero putabat homines, etsi sui quisque commodi experti sint, de suo vero commodo errare posse. Itaque vera commoda et praelationes subiectivas (sive "praeferentias") diiudicavit. Quae cum ita sint, legum lator, compertus homines in certos errores facile induci, persuadere debeat populo, ne praelationibus subiectivis teneantur. Bentham praesertim hoc hominibus vitio vertit, quod intellegere nequirent, futuram ac praesentem voluptatem (et [[dolor]]em) aeque magni pretii esse. Idcirco enim legum latoris esse populo inponere modum et parsimoniam, ne futurum commodum vel securitatem neglegerent. Inde a [[saeculum 19|saeculo XIX]] Bentham auctor liberi mercatus depingi solet. Non tamen [[civitas excubitoria|civitatis excubitoriae]] alīusve [[minarchia]]e generis spem affectabat. Immo [[rectio|rectionem rerum publicarum]] magnopere protulit requisivitque, ne quisquam vivendi consiliis destitutus sit nec educatione careat. Itaque res publica Benthamiana certam similitudinem hodiernae [[civitas socialis|civitatis socialis]] habere videtur. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Bentham, Jeremy. 1789. ''An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation." * Bentham, Jeremy. 1791. ''Panopticon; or, the Inspection-House: containing the idea of a new principle of construction applicable to any sort of establishment, in which persons of any description are to be kept under inspection.'' Dublin, printed : London, reprinted ; and sold by T. Payne, at the Mews Gate. (= [https://books.google.fi/books?id=mG1YAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fi&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''The Works of Jeremy Bentham''], tomus IV, ed. John Bowring, Edinburgh: William Tait, 1843.) * Božovič, Miran. ed. 1995. ''Jeremy Bentham: the "Panopticon" and other prison writings.'' Verso. * Crimmins, James E. 2015. [http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2015/entries/bentham/ Jeremy Bentham]. ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', ed. Edward N. Zalta. * Halévy, Élie. 1901. ''La Jeunesse de Bentham 1776-1789.'' Les Presses universitaires de France. * Harrison, Ross. 1983. ''Bentham.'' Routledge & Kegan Paul. * Mack, Mary Peter. 1962. ''Jeremy Bentham: An Odyssey of Ideas 1748-1792.'' Heinemann. * Mulgan, Tim. 2014. ''Understanding Utilitarianism.'' Routledge. * Sweet, William. [http://www.iep.utm.edu/bentham/ Jeremy Bentham (1748—1832)]. ''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' * Yelle, Robert A. 2013. [http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1302&context=yjlh Bentham's Fictions: Canon and Idolatry in the Genealogy of Law]. ''Yale Journal of Law & the Humanities'' 17.2: 151-179. == Nexus externi == *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100329103345/http://www.utilitarian.net/bentham/ Imago et scripta] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090818032310/http://jeromekahn123.tripod.com/utilitarianismtheethicaltheoryforalltimes/id4.html De vita et vi Ieremiae Bentham] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20161013142611/http://www.centrebentham.fr/ ''Centre Bentham''] {{DEFAULTSORT:Bentham, Ieremia}} [[Categoria:Nati 1748]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1832]] [[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]] [[Categoria:Consequentialistae]] [[Categoria:Epistemologi]] [[Categoria:Iuris consulti]] [[Categoria:Logici Angliae]] [[Categoria:Ontologi]] [[Categoria:Philosophi Angliae]] [[Categoria:Philosophi mentis]] [[Categoria:Philosophi sociales]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Angliae]] [[Categoria:Utilitariani]] 98rdc92dnrnjt88by9o3o0tv3tlur4r 0 41247 3960817 3473993 2026-05-20T02:38:31Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3960817 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Jacobus Acontius''' aut '''Jacob Acontius''' ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]] '''Giacomo Aconcio''' natus in ''Ossana'' (''Val di Sole'') iuxta [[Tridentum]] [[Italia]] die [[7 Septembris]] [[1492]] <ref>Encyclopædia Britannica</ref>; obiit circa annum [[1567]] in [[Anglia]]) <ref>{{BBKL|a/acontius_j|auctor=Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz|commentatio=ACONTIUS, Jacobus|tomus=1|columna=20}}</ref> fuit [[humanista]], [[philosophus]], [[theologus]], [[iuris consultus]] ac emendator ecclesiae, qui e [[Italia]] fugire debuit et [[tolerantia]]m promovuit. == Opera == * ''De methodo sive recta investigandarum tradendarumque artium ac scientiarum ratione libellus'', primum pubblicatum [[Basilia (urbs)|Basiliae]] anno [[1558]], iter promulgatum in collectio ''De studiis bene instituendis'', [[Traiectum ad Rhenum|Traiecti ad Rhenum]] anno [[1658]]. * ''Stratagematum Satanae libri VIII'', Basilia anno 1565, (Nova editio) Walther Köhler, [[Monacum|Monaci]] anno [[1927]]. * ''Somma brevissima della dottrina cristiana'' * ''Una esortazione al timor di Dio'' * ''Delle osservazioni et avvertimenti che haver si debbono nel legger delle historie'' == Nexus externus == * {{BBKL|a/acontius_j|auctor=Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz|commentatio=ACONTIUS, Jacobus|tomus=1|columna=20}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071101053921/http://www.eresie.it/it/id551.htm De Iacobo Acontio in pagina haeresibus dicata] {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}} == Notae == <references/> {{bio-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Acontius, Jacobus}} [[Categoria:Incolae Italiae]] [[Categoria:Praeclari homines Ecclesiae emendationis]] [[Categoria:Humanistae]] [[Categoria:Theologi]] [[Categoria:Philosophi]] [[Categoria:Nati 1492]] [[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 16]] b97o1m503rth8bnkf37swwhpwdksjup 0 42652 3960716 3817537 2026-05-19T13:35:34Z ~2026-30164-73 209599 Annum mutavi regis Liutprandi mortis a 747 ad 744 3960716 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} [[File:HistoriaLangobardorum.jpg|thumb|''Historia gentis Langobardorum'']] '''''Historia gentis Langobardorum''''' a [[Paulus Diaconus|Paulo Diacono]] inter annos fere 787 et [[796]] scripta est. Narrat res gestas [[Langobardi|Langobardorum]] ab origine usque ad regnum [[Liutprandus (rex Langobardorum)|Liutprandi]] (anno [[747|744]]) , atque est praecipua fons historica. == Nexus externi == [[File:Paulus - Historia Langobardorum, 1480 - 528076 Proemio.jpeg|thumb|upright|''Historia Langobardorum'', 1480]] {{Vicifons|la:Historia Langobardorum}} * [http://www.intratext.com/X/LAT0338.htm Historia Langobardorum] {{lit-stipula}} [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] [[Categoria:Libri historici]] [[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 8]] [[Categoria:Langobardi]] pkiknze1zmc5lza6f330i7n4seqpyla 3960761 3960716 2026-05-19T18:06:55Z Grufo 64423 3960761 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} [[File:HistoriaLangobardorum.jpg|thumb|''Historia gentis Langobardorum'']] {{ores|Historia gentis Langobardorum}} a [[Paulus Diaconus|Paulo Diacono]] inter annos fere 787 et [[796]] scripta est. Narrat res gestas [[Langobardi|Langobardorum]] ab origine usque ad regnum [[Liutprandus (rex Langobardorum)|Liutprandi]] (anno [[744]]) , atque est praecipua fons historica. == Nexus externi == [[File:Paulus - Historia Langobardorum, 1480 - 528076 Proemio.jpeg|thumb|upright|''Historia Langobardorum'', 1480]] {{Vicifons|la:Historia Langobardorum}} * [http://www.intratext.com/X/LAT0338.htm Historia Langobardorum] {{lit-stipula}} [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] [[Categoria:Libri historici]] [[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 8]] [[Categoria:Langobardi]] mxt2ncny0fdmohh6m7suhqjypo3ebk7 0 43294 3960768 3871364 2026-05-19T19:23:30Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3960768 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Henry Hughes Wilson, British general, photo portrait standing in uniform.jpg|thumb|right|Henricus Hughes Wilson]] '''Henricus Hughes Wilson''' (''Henry Hughes Wilson''; [[1864]]-[[1922]]) fuit vir militaris et legatus [[Regnum Britanniarum|Britanniae]] apud [[Deliberatio de pace componenda Lutetiae facta (1919)|Deliberationem de pace componenda]] [[Lutetia]]e factam anno [[1919]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Participantes deliberationis de pace componenda (1919)]] == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040617195318/http://www.1914-1918.net/wilson_bio.htm Vita H. H. Wilson apud "1914-1918.net"] * [http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/wilson_henry.htm Vita H. H. Wilson apud "firstworldwar.com"] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040607224705/http://stephen-stratford.co.uk/henry_wilson.htm Vita H. H. Wilson] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080723103341/http://www.freedompartyuk.net/public/standardbearers/wilson.html Vita H. H. Wilson apud situm factionis "Freedom Party"] == Bibliographia == * Bernard Ash, ''The Lost Dictator'' * C. E. Callwell, ''Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson: His Life and Diaries''. Londinii: Cassell, 1927 * Basil Collier, ''Brasshat'' * Keith Jeffery, ''Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson: A Political Soldier''. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0-19-820358-2 * Rex Taylor, ''Assassination'' {{bio-stipula}} [[Categoria:Milites Hiberniae]] [[Categoria:Nati 1864]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1922]] b3j0bvt0oa25d5wzvzcdwxjgcjae24q 0 46033 3960743 2774008 2026-05-19T15:02:41Z ~2026-30093-12 209605 3960743 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Wireless computer keyboard with mouse an USB receiver.jpg|thumb|Claviatura et mus computatralis, genus commune periphericum computatrale.]] '''Periphericum''' est quilibet apparatus, qui iungitur [[Processorium centrale|processorio]] ad augendas ipsius [[Computatrum|computatri]] facultates. ==Peripherica introitus== * [[Claviatura]] * [[Mus (computatralis)|Mus]] * Tabula graphica * [[Monitorium]] * [[Quadrum tactile]] * Lector virgarum * [[Scrutatrum]] * [[Microphonium]] * [[Capulus lusorius]] * Alii apparatus ==Peripherica exitus== * Quadrum visificum * Apparatus exhibitionis * Proiectorium LCD * Apparatus graphicus exitus * [[Typographum]] * Alii apparatus ==Memoria computatralis== * Disculus * [[Discus compactus]] * [[Discus versatilis digitalis]] * [[Clavis memorialis USB]] * [[Talus (informatica)|Talus]] * [[Taxillus]] * Charta memorialis * Motator discorum * [[Sophophonum|Sophophoni]] vel [[Computatrum tabulare|computatri tabularis]] depositi interfacies * Alii memoriae apparatus ==Introitus/exitus== * Modulatrum * Tabula retis (NIC) * Peripherica, quae iunguntur systemati per computatri portus {{stipula}} [[Categoria:Informatica]] {{Myrias|Technologia}} dw4qnj9657o758l7xhtwmv3wq831gsk 0 46414 3960866 3893356 2026-05-20T10:28:20Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3960866 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} '''Ioanna Seymour Fonda''' ([[Urbs Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]] in urbe die [[21 Decembris]] [[1937]] nata), est [[actor|actrix]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americana]] et [[filia]] [[Henricus Fonda|Henrici Fonda]] [[histrio]]nis. [[Petrus Fonda|Petrus]] [[frater]] et [[Bridget Fonda|Bridget]] filia fratris actores quoque sunt. == Pelliculae selectae == [[Fasciculus:Jane Fonda 2005.jpg|right|thumb|Ioanna Fonda anno [[2005]].]] * [[1976]] - ''[[The Blue Bird]]'' * [[1979]] - ''[[The China Syndrome]]'' {{NexInt}} * [[Exercitatio corporis]] * [[Habilitas physica‎‎]] == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biographici}} {{Communia|Jane Fonda|Ioannam Fonda}} * {{Imdb name|0000404|Ioanna Fonda}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080313081310/http://www.jane-fonda.net/ Pagina officialis] * [http://www.fembio.org/biographie.php/frau/biographie/jane-fonda/ Biographia a Cornelia Heuer scripta] {{Ling |Germanice}} {{bio-stipula}} {{Lifetime|1937||Fonda, Ioanna}} [[Categoria:Actores Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Cinematographia]] [[Categoria:Contracultura annorum 1960]] [[Categoria:Incolae Novi Eboraci]] [[Categoria:Mulieres]] [[Categoria:Photogenicae puellae Playboy]] {{Myrias|Homines}} 3gaq4jepmspcjjhseqawlhlppd4i4tx 0 48139 3960864 3366927 2026-05-20T10:22:04Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3960864 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Joachim von Ribbentrop.jpg|thumb|Ioachim de Ribbentrop inter iudicium [[Norimberga]]e]] '''Ullricus Fridericus Gulielmus Ioachim Ribbentrop''', ab anno [[1925]] ''de Ribbentrop'' (natus die [[30 Aprilis]] [[1893]] [[Vesalia]]e<ref>{{Graesse}}</ref> – supplicio affectus est die [[16 Octobris]] [[1946]] [[Norimberga]]e) fuit clarus vir publicus [[NSDAP|Nazista]] et die [[1 Octobris]] ab anno [[1938]] usque ad annum [[1945]] [[Administer Imperii Rerum Exterarum (Germania)|Administer Imperii Rerum Exterarum]] [[Germania]]e. Die [[23 Augusti]] anno [[1939]], [[Pactum Ribbentrop-Molotovianum]] [[Subscriptio|signavit]]. Anno [[1946]] inter praeclaram [[causa Norimbergae|causam Norimbergae]] contra [[NSDAP|nazistas]] de Ribbentrop in ius vocatus est et capite damnatus est. == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi {{Ling |Germanice}} == {{commonscat|Joachim von Ribbentrop}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081004225157/http://www.shoa.de/content/view/89/92/ Biographia] apud ''Shoaprojekt'' * [http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/RibbentropJoachim/ Brevis biographia] apud LEMO (Museum historicum Germaniae) {{Administri Imperii Rerum Externarum Germaniae (1919 - 1945)}} {{Consilium Ministrorum Hitler}} {{bio-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ribbentrop, Ioachim de}} [[Categoria:Nati 1893]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1946]] [[Categoria:Administri Imperii Rerum Externarum (Germania)]] [[Categoria:Auctores Holocausti]] [[Categoria:Secundum bellum mundanum]] [[Categoria:Fascismus in Germania]] [[Categoria:Incolae Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Morte damnati]] 23056k66ig1g11wnl5p808g3m17ckte 0 48140 3960723 3717832 2026-05-19T14:04:40Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3960723 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gulielmus Franciscus Canaris''' (natus die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[1887]] in [[Aplerbeck]] apud [[Tremonia]]m – supplicio affectus est die [[9 Aprilis]] [[1945]] [[Castra ad captivos concludendos posita|Castro ad captivos custodiendos]]<ref>[http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Agora/8704/lexicum/lexc.html Blasius Amata Lexicon Recentioris Latinitatis:] Italice: ''campo di concentramento'' = '' Campus captivis custodiendis ''</ref> in [[Flossenburgium|Flossenburgiani]]) fuit vir militaris [[Germania]]e accurate classis dux inter dictaturam [[NSDAP|Nazistam]]. Tres dies post [[Coniuratio 20 Iulii 1944|coniurationem 20 Iulii 1944]] contra [[Adolphus Hitler|Adolphum Hitler]] Canaris, qui iam mense Februario [[1944]] a suis muneribus remotus erat, a Nazistis in vincula coniectum est et supplicio affectus est, quia multos adversarios regiminis, exempli gratia [[Ioannes Oster|Ioannem Oster]], [[Theodoricus Bonhoeffer|Theodoricum]] et [[Nicolaus Bonhoeffer|Nicolaum Bonhoeffer]] ac [[Ioannes de Dohnanyi|Ioannem de Dohnanyi]] texerat. == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130506234309/http://canaris.fotopic.net/ "Wilhelm Canaris, Pinacotheca imaginum] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/CanarisWilhelm/ Brevis biographia] apud LEMO (Museum historicum Germaniae) {{Ling|Germanice}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927193456/http://www.shoa.de/content/view/93/01/ Biographia] apud ''Shoaprojekt'' {{Ling|Germanice}} == Nota == <div class="references-small"><references /></div> {{bio-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Canaris, Gulielmus}} [[Categoria:Nati 1887]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1945]] [[Categoria:Participes primi belli mundani]] [[Categoria:Secundum bellum mundanum]] [[Categoria:Milites Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Victimae Nazistarum]] 6tz6qjvc7qui27s05mj8wr0gyy23sn3 0 51906 3960729 3951807 2026-05-19T14:20:36Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3960729 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Wilhelm Frick 72-919.jpg|thumb|Guliemus Frick inter [[iudicia Norimbergensia|iudicium Norimbergensem]] anno 1946. Imago: Bibliotheca Trumaniana.]] '''Guliemus Frick''' (natus [[Alisontia (Palatinatus)|Alisontiae]] in communi locali [[Palatinatus|Palatino]] in regno [[Bavaria]]no die [[12 Martii]] [[1877]]; supplicio affectus [[Norimberga]]e die [[16 Octobris]] [[1946]]) fuit [[vir publicus]] [[NSDAP|nazista]], qui ab [[30 Ianuarii]] [[1933]] usque ad [[20 Augusti]] [[1943]] [[Administer Imperii Rerum Internarum (Germania)|Administer Imperii Rerum Internarum]] meruit. ==Bibliographia== * Bergmann, Joachim. ''Die innenpolitische Entwicklung Thüringens in der Zeit von 1918 bis 1932.'' Europaforum-Verlag. ISBN 3-931070-27-1. * Neliba, Günter. [[1992]]. ''Wilhelm Frick: Der Legalist des Unrechtsstaates.'' Schöningh, Paderborn et al. ISBN 3-506-77486-7 * Richardi, Hans-Günter. [[1991]]. ''Hitler und seine Hintermänner: Neue Fakten zur Frühgeschichte der NSDAP.'' Monaci. ISBN 3-7991-6508-8. == Nexus externi == {{PND|119055201|nomen=Gulielmi Frick aut de Gulielmo Frick}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927194912/http://www.shoa.de/content/view/94/92/ Biographia] apud Shoa.de * [http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/FrickWilhelm/index.html Biographia Gulielmi Frick] in Museum historicum Germaniae ''(Deutsches Historisches Museum'') {{Ling|Germanice}} {{bio-stipula}} {{Administri Imperii Rerum Internarum Germaniae (1919 - 1945)}} {{Consilium Ministrorum Hitler}} {{Lifetime|1877|1946|Frick, Gulielmus}} [[Categoria:Auctores Holocausti]] [[Categoria:Administri Imperii Rerum Internarum (Germania)]] [[Categoria:Fascismus in Germania]] [[Categoria:Iuris consulti]] [[Categoria:Morte damnati]] [[Categoria:Politici Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Secundum bellum mundanum]] imc52kygbv83xegwgulalo5yynbvmbw 0 51945 3960733 3420689 2026-05-19T14:36:46Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3960733 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Field Marshall Keitel signs German surrender terms in Berlin 8 May 1945 - Restoration.jpg|thumb| [[Berolinum|Berolini]] Gulielmus Keitel exercitus Germanici ''Wehrmacht'' condicionem deditionis (die [[8 Maii]] [[1945]]) accipit]] '''Gulielmus Bodewin Johannes Gustavus Keitel''' (natus die [[22 Septembris]] [[1882]] in [[Helmscherode]] apud [[Gandershemium]]; supplicio affectus die [[16 Octobris]] [[1946]] [[Norimberga]]e) fuit praecipuus vir militaris Germanicus inter [[secundum bellum mundanum]]. Anno [[1946]] inter praeclaram [[causa Norimbergae|causam Norimbergae]] contra [[NSDAP|nazistas]] Keitel in ius vocatus capite damnatus est. == Nexus externi == {{communia|Wilhelm Keitel| Gulielmum Keitel }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080915150325/http://www.shoa.de/content/view/253/92/ Biographia] apud ''Shoaprojekt''{{Ling |Germanice}} * [http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/KeitelWilhelm/ Brevis biographia] apud LEMO (Museum historicum Germaniae) {{Ling |Germanice}} {{PND|118721577|nomen=Gulielmi Keitel aut de Gulielmo Keitel}} {{Consilium Ministrorum Hitler}} {{bio-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Keitel, Gulielmus}} [[Categoria:Nati 1882]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1946]] [[Categoria:Morte damnati]] [[Categoria:Auctores Holocausti]] [[Categoria:Participes primi belli mundani]] [[Categoria:Secundum bellum mundanum]] [[Categoria:Fascismus in Germania]] [[Categoria:Milites Germaniae]] fkwe8jdcbv0kisoi0nb99ewset6v3yl 0 55162 3960813 3718588 2026-05-20T00:56:22Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3960813 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Houston Stewart Chamberlain 1895.jpg|thumb|Houston Stewart Chamberlain unum ex suis libris anno [[1895]] legit.]] '''Houston Stewart Chamberlain''' (nobili loco natus in [[Anglia]]e urbe [[Portus Ostium|Portu Ostio]] die [[9 Septembris]] [[1855]]; mortuus [[Baruthum|Baruthi]] die [[9 Ianuarii]] [[1927]]) fuit [[scriptor]] oriundus ex Anglia qui in [[Germania]] libris scribendis operam dedit et inter [[primum bellum mundanum]] civitatem Anglicam repudiavit. Chamberain de inlustrium hominum vitiis scripsit, sed praecipue operibus suis contra [[Iudaei|Iudaeos]] scriptis, sicut ''Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts'', notus est, nam opiniones eius multa apud [[Adolphus Hitler|Adolphum Hitler]] valuerunt. Anno [[1908]], [[Eva Wagner|Evam Wagner]], [[compositor]]is [[Ricardus Wagner|Ricardi Wagner]] filiam, in [[matrimonium (sacramentum)|matrimonium]] duxit. ==Opera selecta== * ''Das Drama Richard Wagners: Eine Anregung.'' Breitkopf und Härtel, Vindobonae 1892 * ''Richard Wagner''. F. Bruckmann, Monaci 1895 * ''Die Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts''. Bruckmann, Monaci 1899 * Immanuel Kant: Die Persönlichkeit als Einführung in das Werk. Bruckmann, Monaci 1905 * Goethe. Bruckmann, Monaci 1912 == Lege etiam == * Field, Geoffrey G. ''Evangelist of race: The Germanic vision of Houston Stewart Chamberlain.'' Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press. ==Nexus externi== {{PND|118675508|nomen=Houston Stewart Chamberlain aut de Houston Stewart Chamberlain}} * [http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/ChamberlainHouston/index.html Biographia] in Museo historico Germaniae ''(Deutsches Historisches Museum'') * [http://www.shoa.de/content/view/365/92/ Biographia brevis]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} apud www.shoa.de * [http://www.hschamberlain.net/index.html De Houston Stewart Chamberlain] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051119163849/http://www.hschamberlain.net/grundlagen/grundlagen_download.html Die Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts] - {{Ling|Germanice|Anglice }} {{bio-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chamberlain, Houston Stewart}} [[Categoria:Nati 1855]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1927]] [[Categoria:Antisemitismus]] [[Categoria:Auctores Theodisci]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Angliae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Germaniae]] mbyjtimrd0z61uitbbh7ayilmdnhizk 0 80683 3960816 3571026 2026-05-20T02:16:40Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3960816 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Ispica palazzo comunale.JPG|thumb|Palatium Bruno di Belmonte, sedes Municipii]] '''Hyspica'''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160807050853/http://www.lasiciliainrete.it/STORIAECULTURA/TRIGILIA/10_XX_1.htm http://www.lasiciliainrete.it/]</ref> {{victio|Hyspica|ae|f}} (alia nomina: ''Ispicae Furnus''<ref>Nomi d'Italia - AAVV, De Agostini</ref>, ''Hyspicae Fundus'') ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''[[:it:Ispica|Ispica]]'', [[lingua Sicula|Sicule]]: ''[[:scn:Spaccafurnu|Spaccafurnu]]'') est [[Urbes Italiae|Urbs]] [[Italia]]e et [[Commune Italiae|municipium]], circiter 15&thinsp;910 incolarum, in [[Regio Italiae|Regione]] [[Sicilia]] ac in [[Consortium Liberum Municipale Ragusiense|Consortio Libero Municipali Ragusiensi]] situm. Urbani ''Hyspiacani''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160807050853/http://www.lasiciliainrete.it/STORIAECULTURA/TRIGILIA/10_XX_1.htm http://www.lasiciliainrete.it/]</ref>, ''Hyspicenses'' appellantur. == Insigne == <gallery> Fasciculus:Corona di città.svg|''[[Urbs Italiae]]''<ref>DPR [[12 Octobris]] [[1987]]</ref> </gallery> == Clari cives == === Nati === * [[Conradus Lorefice]], a [[27 Octobris]] [[2015]] [[archiepiscopus]] [[Panormus|Panormi]]. == Ecclesia Catholica Romana == * [[Dioecesis Netensis]], == Fractiones, vici et loci in municipio == === Fractiones === ''Marina Marza, Santa Maria del Focallo'' == Municipia finitima == * [[Alpusallum]], * [[Mutyca]], * [[Netum]] ([[Consortium Liberum Municipale Syracusanum|SR]]), * [[Pachynum]] ([[Consortium Liberum Municipale Syracusanum|SR]]), * [[Rosolini]] ([[Consortium Liberum Municipale Syracusanum|SR]]). {{NexInt}} * [[Sicilia]]m (''regionem''), * [[Consortium Liberum Municipale Ragusiense]], * [[Provincia Ragusiensis|Provinciam Ragusiensem]] (''provinciam abrogatam''), * [[Ragusia]]m (''urbem''), * [[Urbes Italiae]]. == Nexus externi == * [http://www.comune.ispica.rg.it/ Situs publicus] {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}} {{CommuniaCat|Ispica|Hyspicam}} == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Imago:Map of comune of Ispica (province of Ragusa, region Sicily, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium municipii in Consortio Libero Municipali Ragusiensi. Imago:Ispica panorama.jpg|Despectus in urbem. </gallery> == Notae == <references /> [[Categoria:Urbes Italiae in Sicilia]] [[Categoria:Municipia Consortii Liberi municipalis Ragusiensis]] iayy33dw1l58b9gh86dvgg56d73htoh 0 101285 3960876 3645181 2026-05-20T11:36:40Z ~2026-30180-04 209651 /* */ 3960876 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Daniel Romani filius, Dux Galiciensis''' ([[Ucrainice]] ''Данило Романович, Князь Галицький'') ab anno [[1201]] ad [[1264]]) fuit Dux [[Regnum Galiciae Lodomeriaeque|Galiciae Lodomeriaeque]], Magnus Dux [[Kiovia|Kioviensis]] (1240), ''rex [[Ruthenia|Ruthenorum]]''<ref>''Daniel Ruthenorum rex'', v. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=yYJYAAAAcAAJ&pg=PT98&lpg=PT98&dq=Daniel+Ruthenorum+Rex%5B&source=bl&ots=dHqIoKHn3-&sig=ACfU3U15-fjqGmBA1WCoMIllP9nTcyTYgg&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjV_7mribboAhVz66YKHTxtDDUQ6AEwBXoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=Daniel%20Ruthenorum%20Rex%5B&f=false ''Imago antiquae Hungariae...'', Viennae, Pragae et Tergesti 1762].</ref>. Pater eius [[Romanus Magnus]] [[ducatus Volhyniensis|Lodomeria]]m et [[Galicia]]m in regnum unum coniunxit, sed mortuus est, cum Daniel etiam parvus esset. Solum 33 annis post mortem patris Daniel imperium eius integrum recepit. Chelma, [[Leopolis]], [[Cremenecia]], [[Danyliv]], [[Stižok]] urbes a Daniele conditae sunt. [[Caput (urbs)|Caput]] regni sui Daniel e [[Galicia (urbs)|Galicia]] in [[Chelma (Galicia)|Chelma]]m transtulit. ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus externi== {{fontes biographici}} {{bio-stipula}} [[Categoria:Reges Rutheniae]] [[Categoria:Magni duces Kiovienses]] [[Categoria:Galicia]] [[Categoria:Nati 1201]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1264]] [[Categoria:Ruricidae]] prg03gxomwp08h84xxk2awhduxx13zq 3960877 3960876 2026-05-20T11:37:17Z ~2026-30180-04 209651 /* */ 3960877 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Daniel Romani filius, Dux Galiciensis''' ([[Ucrainice]] ''Данило Романович, Князь Галицький'') ab anno [[1201]] ad [[1264]]) fuit Dux [[Regnum Galiciae Lodomeriaeque|Galiciae Lodomeriaeque]], Magnus Dux [[Kiovia|Kioviensis]] (1240), ''Rex [[Ruthenia|Ruthenorum]]''<ref>''Daniel Ruthenorum Rex'', v. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=yYJYAAAAcAAJ&pg=PT98&lpg=PT98&dq=Daniel+Ruthenorum+Rex%5B&source=bl&ots=dHqIoKHn3-&sig=ACfU3U15-fjqGmBA1WCoMIllP9nTcyTYgg&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjV_7mribboAhVz66YKHTxtDDUQ6AEwBXoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=Daniel%20Ruthenorum%20Rex%5B&f=false ''Imago antiquae Hungariae...'', Viennae, Pragae et Tergesti 1762].</ref>. Pater eius [[Romanus Magnus]] [[ducatus Volhyniensis|Lodomeria]]m et [[Galicia]]m in regnum unum coniunxit, sed mortuus est, cum Daniel etiam parvus esset. Solum 33 annis post mortem patris Daniel imperium eius integrum recepit. Chelma, [[Leopolis]], [[Cremenecia]], [[Danyliv]], [[Stižok]] urbes a Daniele conditae sunt. [[Caput (urbs)|Caput]] regni sui Daniel e [[Galicia (urbs)|Galicia]] in [[Chelma (Galicia)|Chelma]]m transtulit. ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus externi== {{fontes biographici}} {{bio-stipula}} [[Categoria:Reges Rutheniae]] [[Categoria:Magni duces Kiovienses]] [[Categoria:Galicia]] [[Categoria:Nati 1201]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1264]] [[Categoria:Ruricidae]] 0xo4ke4lui21ghw4q5qgnp9eebcmzdm 3960878 3960877 2026-05-20T11:39:21Z ~2026-30180-04 209651 /* */ 3960878 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Daniel Romani filius, Dux Galiciensis, Rex Ruthenorum''' ([[Ucrainice]] ''Данило Романович, Князь (Воєвода) Галицький, Правитель (Король) Русинів'') ab anno [[1201]] ad [[1264]]) fuit Dux [[Regnum Galiciae Lodomeriaeque|Galiciae Lodomeriaeque]], Magnus Dux [[Kiovia|Kioviensis]] (1240), ''Rex [[Ruthenia|Ruthenorum]]''<ref>''Daniel Ruthenorum Rex'', v. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=yYJYAAAAcAAJ&pg=PT98&lpg=PT98&dq=Daniel+Ruthenorum+Rex%5B&source=bl&ots=dHqIoKHn3-&sig=ACfU3U15-fjqGmBA1WCoMIllP9nTcyTYgg&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjV_7mribboAhVz66YKHTxtDDUQ6AEwBXoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=Daniel%20Ruthenorum%20Rex%5B&f=false ''Imago antiquae Hungariae...'', Viennae, Pragae et Tergesti 1762].</ref>. Pater eius [[Romanus Magnus]] [[ducatus Volhyniensis|Lodomeria]]m et [[Galicia]]m in regnum unum coniunxit, sed mortuus est, cum Daniel etiam parvus esset. Solum 33 annis post mortem patris Daniel imperium eius integrum recepit. Chelma, [[Leopolis]], [[Cremenecia]], [[Danyliv]], [[Stižok]] urbes a Daniele conditae sunt. [[Caput (urbs)|Caput]] regni sui Daniel e [[Galicia (urbs)|Galicia]] in [[Chelma (Galicia)|Chelma]]m transtulit. ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus externi== {{fontes biographici}} {{bio-stipula}} [[Categoria:Reges Rutheniae]] [[Categoria:Magni duces Kiovienses]] [[Categoria:Galicia]] [[Categoria:Nati 1201]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1264]] [[Categoria:Ruricidae]] ssz08u8smncztsmlg723ency8gcaxu3 0 102306 3960840 3946109 2026-05-20T08:09:32Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3960840 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {{A-Z}} == A == * '''AA''' [[Pia Societas Presbyterorum ab Assumptione]] = Congregatio Augustinianorum ab Assumptione * '''AAI''' Ordo Apostolorum Amoris Infiniti * '''AASC''' [[Sorores Adoratrices Ancillae SS. Sacramenti et a Caritate]] * '''AC''' ''The Congregation of the Apostolic Carmel'' (Anglice), vide: [http://www.apostolic-carmel.org/#]; congregatio [[Ordo Carmelitarum Discalceatorum|ordini Carmelitarum Discalceatorum]] aggregata * '''ACI = ACJ''' [[Ancillae Cordis Iesu (ACI)|Ancillae Cordis Iesu]] * '''ADJC''' Ancillae Domini Jesu Christi = Pauperes Ancillae Jesu Christi * '''ADC''' ''Ancillarum Charitatis'' * '''ADC''' Ancillae Divini Cordis; vide etiam: '''EDC''' * '''AFSC''' Affiliatus Frater Scholarum Christianarum (nomen honorarium homini datum, qui se de [[Institutum Fratrum Scholarum Christianarum|Instituto Fratrum Scholarum Christianarum]] bene meritus est), vide etiam: '''FSC''' * '''AI''' ''Suore Ancelle dell'Incarnazione'' (Italiane) * '''AIM''' ''Ancillarum Beatissimae Mariae Immaculatae'' * '''AJ''' ''Apostles of Jesus = Apostles of Jesus Missionaries, Nairobi'' (Anglice, vide: [https://web.archive.org/web/20130708171153/http://apostlesofjesusmissionaries.com/home]) * '''AM''' ''Hermanas Agustinas Misioneras'' (Hispanice, vide: [http://agustinasmisioneras.net/]) est ramus [[Ordo Sancti Augustini|ordinis Sancti Augustini]] ('''OAS'''), vide etiam: '''AMA''' et '''AMS''' * '''AM''' Ancillae Mariae * '''AM''' ''Alagad ni Maria'' ("Apostoli Mariae", Lingua Philippinica) = ''Philippine Disciples of Mary'' (Anglice), vide: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120111103643/http://phildisciplesofmary.com/] * '''AMA''' Ausiliarie Missionarie Agostiniane (Italiane), vide: '''AM''' * '''AMS''' ''Augustinian Missionary Sisters'' (Anglice) = '''AM''' * '''ANDP''' ''Sœurs Augustines de Notre-Dame de Paris'' (Francice), congregatio Augustiniana (vide: '''OAS'''), nata anno 1977 per unionem duarum congregationum: ''Augustines de l'Hôtel-Dieu de Paris'' et ''Augustines du Précieux-Sang d'Arras''. * '''AO''' ''Apostolic Oblates'' (Anglice) = ''Oblate Apostoliche'' (Italiane) - Pro Sanctitate (vide: [http://www.prosanctitate.org/index.php?lang=1]); fundator: [[:it:Guglielmo Giaquinta]] * '''ARV''' ''Hermanas Agustinas Recoletas del Corazón de Jesús'' (Hispanice) - congregatio Venetiolae * '''APB''' ''Sisters Adorers of the Precious Blood and daughters of Mary Immaculate'' (Anglice) - prima communitas contemplativa in Canada condita (1861) * '''APG''' ''Religiosas Adoratrices Perpetuas Guadalupanas'' (Hispanice), institutum religiosum femineum Mexicanum, ramus ordinis Adoratricum Perpetuarum Sanctissimi ('''APSS''') * '''APSS''' Adoratrices Perpetuae Sanctissimi (vulgo: Sacramentinae), ordo femineus vitae contemplativae Romae anno 1807 conditus * '''AR''' ''Agostiniane Recollette'' (Italiane) sive ''Augustinian Recollect Sisters'' (Anglice) = Moniales Ordinis Augustinianorum Recollectorum, vide '''OAR''' * '''ARV''' ''Hermanas Agustinas Recoletas del Corazón de Jesús'' (Hispanice), institutum sororum Augustiniorum Recollectorum in Venetiola * '''AS''' ''Sacerdotal Secular Institute of Apostolic Sodales'' (Anglice); fundator: [[:it:Guglielmo Giaquinta]] * '''ASC''' Adoratrices Sanguinis Christi = Sorores Adoratrices Pretiossimi Sanguinis; ramus femineus [[Congregatio Presbyterorum a Pretiosissimo Sanguine|Congregationis Presbyterorum a Pretiosissimo Sanguine]], vide: '''CMPPS''' * '''ASCGA''' ''Ancelle del Sacro Cuore di Gesù Agonizzante'' (Italiane), institutum religiosum femineum educationi deditum * '''ASCJ''' Apostolae Sacri Cordis Jesu (vide: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120205195704/http://www.ascj.net/italiano/chi_siamo.html]) * '''ASCV''' ''Ancillarum a Sacro Corde'' (Volpicelli) * '''ASI''' Ancillae - Institum Saeculare (vide: [http://www.ancillae.de/]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}) * '''ASM''' ''Aliança de Santa Maria'' (Lusitanice), institutum religiosum femineum Portugallicum ad nuntium Fatimae promovendum * '''ASMI''' ''Apostolic Sisters of Mary Immaculate'' (Anglice); congregatio ecclesiae syro-malabarensis * '''ASMI''' ''Assisi Sisters of Mary Immaculate (Greengardens)'' (Anglice); congregatio ecclesiae syro-malabarensis * '''ASP''' = '''ASSP''' Sorores Angelicae Sancti Pauli; ramus femineus [[Barnabitae|Barnabitarum]], vide: '''B''' == B == * '''B''' Clerici regulares S. Pauli decollati; [[Barnabitae]]; vide etiam: CRSP, Obarn * '''BA''' Ordo Basilianus Aleppensis Melkitarum * '''BB''' Sorores ''Benebikira'' (Lingua Kinyarwanda; "Filiae Virginis", vide: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120128131630/http://benebikira.org/]) * '''BC''' Ordo Basilianus S. Iohannis Baptistae Soaritarum Melkitarum * '''BETHL''' ''Society of Bethlemite Sisters'' (Anglice) = ''Instituto de Hermanas Bethlemitas Hijas del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús'' (Hispanice), institutum religiosum femineum ex vetere [[Ordo Bethlehemitarum|ordine Bethlehemitarum]] natum (vide: [http://www.bethlemitas.org.co/cg/home.php]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}) * '''BFCC''' ''Brothers for Christian Community'' (Anglice), societas fratrum non canonica, quae in pluribus dioecesibus Civitatum Foederatarum Americae diffusa est * '''BGS''' ''Little Brothers of the Good Sheperd'' (Anglice) = Parvi Fratres Boni Pastoris * '''BHS''' ''Brother-Servants of the Holy Spirit''; forsitan idem ac ''Brothers of the Holy Spirit'' (Anglice) (vide: [http://bhs.catholicweb.com/]) * '''BPS''' Sœurs de Charité de Notre Dame du Bon et Perpétuel Secours (Francice), congregatio in Mauritia nata (vide: [https://web.archive.org/web/20150104220758/http://members.xoom.it/suorebps/index.htm]) * '''BS''' Ordo Basilianus Sanctissimi Salvatoris Melkitarum (''Arrouhbaniat Albassiliat Almoukhalissiat'') * '''BS''' Sisters of the Little Flower of Bethany (Anglice), congregatio in India anno 1921 orta (vide: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120418235942/http://www.bethanymangalore.org/]) * '''BSC''' ''Brothers of Charity'' (Anglice) = ''Broeders van Liefde'' (Batave) = ''Frères de la Charité de Gand'' (Francice) = Fratres a Caritate, vide '''FC''' * '''BSM''' Brothers of St. Michael (India) (Anglice) * '''BSCM''' Congregatio Adoratricum Sanctissimi Cordis Iesu de Monte Martyrum (Bénédictines du Sacré-Cœur de Montmartre) * '''BSJ''' Brothers of St. Joseph (Anglice) - Sunt plures ordines, qui Sancto Josepho dedicati sunt, inter alios Institutum Josephitarum Gerardimontensium ('''CJ'''), Societas Missionarium Sancti Joseph de Mill Hill ('''MHM'''), Societas Sodalium Sancti Joseph a Sacro Corde ('''SSJ''') and Brothers of St. Joseph the Worker (vide infra) * '''BSJW''' ''Brothers of St. Joseph the Worker'' (Anglice, vide: [http://www.bsjw.org/]) * '''BSP''' Brothers and Sisters of Penance of St Francis (Anglice, vide: [http://www.bspenance.org/]) * '''BVM''' ''Sisters of Charity of the Blessed Virgin Mary'' (Anglice, vide: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120415000056/http://www.bvmcong.org/]) == C == * '''CAB''' Congregatio Fratrum Cellitarum seu Alexianorum (CAB = Congregation of Alexian Brothers); cf. '''CFA''' * '''CACh''' Congregatio Sororum Sanctissimae Animae Domini Nostri Jesu Christi (''Zgromadzenie Sióstr Najświętszej Duszy Chrystusa Pana'', Polonice; vide [http://www.duszajezusa.pl/]) * '''CAE''' Grucifixae Adoratrices Ss. Sacramenti (vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20110509063128/http://suorecrocifisse.com/]) * '''CAM''' Congregatio Mechitaristarum Venetiarum; vide etiam '''CMV''', '''OMech''' * '''CanA(ug)''' Canonici Augustiniani, [[Canonici Regulares Sancti Augustini]]; vide etiam: '''CanR(eg), CRSA, CSA''' * '''CanR(eg)''' Canonici Augustiani, [[Canonici Regulares Sancti Augustini]]; vide etiam: '''CanA(ug), CRSA, CSA''' * '''CASH''' Clerici Apostolici S. Hieronymi, Jesuatae; vide etiam: '''OESH''' * '''CB''' ''Christian Brothers'' (Anglice) = Fratres Scholarum Christianarum de Hibernia ('''FSCH''') et [[Fratres Christiani|Congregatio Fratrum Christianorum]] ('''CFC''') * '''CBS''' (Sisters of Bon Secours de Paris) * '''CBS''' (Congregation of the Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament) * '''CBMV''' Congregatio Beatae Mariae Virginis * '''CBV''' (Suore della Beata Vergine, Cremona = Istituto Beata Vergine = Congregazione Beata Vergine, vide [http://www.beatavergine.it/]) * '''CC''' (Companions of the Cross) * '''CCD''' (Confraternity of Christian Doctrine) * '''CCF''' Congregatio Caritatis Fratrum; nomen plurium ordinum: [[Ordo Hospitalarius Sancti Johannis de Deo]] ('''OH'''), Fratres Misericordiae Mariae Auxiliatricis ('''FMMA'''), Congregatio Fratrum Misericordiae de Montabaur ('''FMM'''), Fratres De Misericordia (Machlinae; '''FDM''') = ''Broeders van Scheppers'' (Batave) * '''CCG''' Congregatio Fratrum Consolatorum de Gethsemani * '''CCIM''' Congregatio Filiarum SS. Cordium Iesu et Mariae ("Institutum Ravasco") * '''CCR''' (Congregation of Carmelite Religious); vide: [[Carmelitae]] * '''CCRSA''' (Congregation of the Clerics Regular of Saint Augustine) * '''CCV''' Congregatio Sororum Carmelitarum Caritatis de Vedruna (vide [http://www.vedruna.org/]; vide etiam: [[Carmelitae]] * '''CCVI''' Congregatio Caritatis Verbi Incarnati (Houston, Texas; situs interretialis: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120501210856/http://www.sistersofcharity.org/associates-ccvi]) * '''CDC''' Congregatio Presbyterorum Saecularium a Doctrina Christiana; Doctrinarii * '''CDC''' Congregatio Sororum Divini Cordis Jesu * '''CDCJ''' Carmelitae Divini Cordis Jesu (fundatrix: Maria-Teresa Tauscher; vide [http://www.karmel.at/deu/dcj/dcj.htm]); congregatio ordini [[Carmelitae|Carmelitarum]] aggregata * '''CdlC''' (''Canonesas de la Cruz'', Hispanice; vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20130601105125/http://canonesasdelacruz.com/]) * '''CDP''' Congregatio Divinae Providentiae; vide etiam '''CSDP''' * '''CFA''' Congregatio Fratrum Cellitarum seu Alexianorum; cf. '''CAB''' * '''CFC''' Congregatio Fratrum a Caritate * '''CFC''' [[Fratres Christiani|Congregatio Fratrum Christianorum]] = Fratres Scholarum Christianarum de Hibernia (fundator: [[Edmundus Ignatius Rice]]); vide etiam: '''FSCH''' * '''CFH ''' Fratres Immaculatae Conceptionis Beatissimae Virginis Mariae Matris Dei, Congregatio Fratrum de ''Huybergen'' * '''CFIC''' Congregatio Filiorum Immaculatae Conceptionis * '''CFM''' Congregatio Filiarum Misericordiae Franciscanae (''Družbu Kćeri Milosrđa TSR Sv. Franje'', Croatice; vide [http://marijapropetog.hr/marija1/#]) * '''CFMI''' Congregatio Filiorum Mariae Immaculatae * '''CFMSSS''' (''Suore Clarisse Francescane Missionarie del Santissimo Sacramento, dette di Bertinoro'', vide: [https://web.archive.org/web/20111212043405/http://www.edumissioclarissefrancescane.org/index.htm]) * '''CFP''' Congregatio Fratrum Pauperum Sancti Francisci Seraphici * '''CFP''' (Confraternity of Penitents) * '''CFR''' (''Community of the franciscan Friars of the Renewal''; vide [http://franciscanfriars.com/]) * '''CFS''' Congregatio a Fraternitate Sacerdotali, Congregatio Fraternitatis Sacerdotalis * '''CFSF''' Congregatio Filiarum Sancti Francisci Assisiensis (vide [http://www.frantiskanky.sk/]) * '''CFSG''' Congregatio Filiarum Sancti Iosephi (vide '''CSI''') * '''CFV''' Congregatio Fratrum a S. Vincentio a Paulo * '''CFX''' Congregatio Fratrum a S. Francisco Xaverio * '''CGS''' Congregatio Iesu Sacerdotis * '''CHF''' (Sisters of the Holy Faith; congregatio Hibernica, vide: [https://web.archive.org/web/20101229101339/http://holyfaithnetwork.net/]) * '''CHF''' (Congregation of the Holy Family; congregatio origine syro-malabarensi, vide: [http://www.mariamthresia.com/index.html]) * '''CHM''' (Congregation of the Humility of Mary) * '''ChordFr''' Chordigeri S. Francisci Assisiensis * '''CHS''' (Crusade of the Holy Spirit) * '''CI''' Institum Iosephitarum Gerardimontensium, Iosephitae Belgiae * '''CIC''' (Congregation of the Immaculate Congregation, India) * '''CICAF''' (Irmãs Catequistas Franciscanas; congregatio Brasiliana [[Ordo Fratrum Minorum|ordini Fratrum Minorum]] aggregata) * '''CICM''' Congregatio Immaculati Cordis Mariae (vide: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160417010751/http://www.scheutmissions.org/]) * '''CIIC''' (Congregação das Irmãzinhas da Imaculada Conceição, Santa Paulina; vide: [http://www.ciic.org.br/]) * '''CIJ''' Carmelitarum Infantis Iesu * '''CIM''' [[Congregatio Iesu et Mariae]], Congregatio Eudistarum; vide etiam: '''CJM''' * '''CJ''' Congregatio Jesu (ramus Romanus pristini Instituti Beati Mariae Virginis); vide etiam: '''IBMV''' * '''CJ''' Institutum Josephitarum Gerardimontensium, etiam: Congregatio Josephitarium * '''CJC''' (Sisters of Jesus Crucified) * '''CJC''' (Canons of Jesus the Lord, Vladivostok, Russia) * '''CJM''' [[Congregatio Iesu et Mariae]]; Congregatio Eudistarum; vide etiam: '''CIM''' * '''CLM''' (Congregation of the Lebanese Maronite Missionaries = Congrégation des Missionnaires Libanais Maronites = Kreimist; vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20110727003027/http://www.kreimists.org/index.php]); vide etiam: '''CML''' * '''CLMC''' (Comunità Laici Missionari Cattolici) * '''CLP''' (Congregation of Our Lady of Pity) * '''CM''' (Carmelite Missionaries, Anglice = Carmelitas Misioneras, Hispanice; congregatio annis 1860/1861 a Beato Francisco Palau y Quer in Hispania fundata; vide: [http://www.carmelitasmisioneras.org/]); vide etiam [[Carmelitae]] * '''CM''' = CMiss [[Congregatio Missionis]]; Lazaristae; Vincentiani * '''CMAC''' Congregatio Missionarium Apostolatus Catholici; vide etiam '''CSAC; PSM, SAC''' * '''CMBB''' Congregatio Sororum Beatissimae Mariae Virginis Addoloratae (vide: [http://www.serafitki.pl/]) * '''CMC''' (Congregation of The Mother Of Carmel; congregatio origine syro-malabarensi, vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20121117045755/http://www.cmcsisters.org/]) * '''CMC''' (Congregation of the Mother Co-Redemptrix, Vietnam) * '''CMC''' (Hermanas de Nuestra Señora de la Consolación; vide [http://www.consolacion.org/]); etiam '''NSC''' * '''CMDA''' (Congregation of Mother of Divine Love) * '''CMDP''' (Hermanas Capuchinas de la Madre del Divino Pastor; congregatio anno 1850 Barcinone fundata; vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20111227032441/http://mdpastor.info/]) * '''CMF''' [[Cordis Mariae Filii]], Congregatio Missionariorum Filiorum Immaculati Cordis Beatae Mariae Virginis; Claretini * '''CMFC''' (Misioneras Hijas del Calvario; vide [http://www.missionariefigliecalvario.org/]) * '''CMI''' Congregatio Fratrum Carmelitarum Beatae Mariae Virginis Immaculatae (congregatio origine syro-malabarensi); vide: [[Carmelitae]] * '''CML''' (Congregation of the Lebanese Maronite Missionaries = Congrégation des Missionnaires Libanais Maronites = Kreimist; vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20110727003027/http://www.kreimists.org/index.php]); vide etiam: '''CLM''' * '''CMM''' Congregatio Fratrum Beatae Mariae Virginis Matris Misericordiae (''Tilburg'') * '''CMM''' Congregatio Missionariorum de Marianhill * '''CMMC''' (Congregation of Mary Mother of the Church) * '''CMPPS''' [[Congregatio Presbyterorum a Pretiosissimo Sanguine|Congregatio Missionariorum Pretiosissimi Sanguinis Domini Nostri Jesu Christi]]; vide etiam: '''CPPS''' et '''MPSS''' * '''CMRI''' Congregatio Mariae Reginae Immaculatae * '''CMS''' (Comboni Missionary Sisters) * '''CMSF''' Congregatio Missionaria S. Francisci Assisiensis (''Mount Poinsur'', [[India]]; vide [http://www.cmsf-brothers.org/]) * '''CMSSpS''' Congregatio Missionalis Servarum Spiritus Sancti (vide [http://www.worldssps.org/]; ramus femineus [[Societas Verbi Divini|Societatis Verbi Divini]] ('''SVD''') * '''CMST''' (Carmelitas Misioneras de Santa Teresa; congregatio derivata ab instituto "Misioneras Hijas del Calvario", [[Ordo Carmelitarum Discalceatorum|ordini Carmelitarum Discalceatorum]] aggregata) * '''CMT''' (Hermanas Carmelitas Misioneras Teresianas; vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20120110101935/http://www.carmelitasmisionerasteresianas.org/default.htm]) * '''CMV''' Congregatio Mechitarista Vindobonensis; vide etiam: '''CAM''', '''OMech''' * '''CN''' (Capuchin Sisters of Nazareth) * '''CND''' Congregatio a Domina Nostra Marianopolitana * '''CNS''' (Congregation of the Sisters of Nazareth, India; vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20110124011736/http://satnadiocese.org/main/congregationofsistersofnazareth.asp]) * '''CO''' Congregatio Orationis; Confoederatio Oratorii Sancti Philippi Nerii; [[Oratorium (Congregatio)|Institutum Oratorii Sancti Philippi Nerii]]; Oratorium; vide etiam: '''C.OR''' et '''OSFN''' * '''CONFHIC''' (Irmãs Franciscanas Hospitaleiras da Imaculada Conceição = Congregation of the Franciscan Hospitaller Sisters of the Immaculate Conception; vide [http://www.confhic.com/]) * '''Cong. Subl. OSB.''' Congregatio Sublacensis OSB, vide [[Confoederatio Benedictina Ordinis Sancti Benedicti]] et [[Ordo Sancti Benedicti]], sigla '''OSB''' * '''COp''' [[Congregatio pro operariis christianis a Sancto Josepho Calasanctio|Congregatio pro Operariis christianis a S. Josepho Calasanctio]]; vide etiam: '''CPO''' * '''C.OR''' Congregatio Orationis; Confoederatio Oratorii Sancti Philippi Nerii; [[Oratorium (Congregatio)|Institutum Oratorii Sancti Philippi Nerii]]; Oratorium; vide etiam: '''CO''' * '''COSJ''' Congregatio Oblatorum Sancti Joseph (Astae Pompejae) * '''CP''' Congregatio Clericorum Excalceatorum Sanctissimae Crucis et Passionis Domini Nostri Jesu Christi, [[Congregatio Passionis Iesu Christi]], Passionistae; est etiam ramus femineus eiusdem ordinis (monache iuris dioecesani) * '''CP''' Congregatio Sororum SS. Crucis et Passionis D.N.I.C. (vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20181111091131/https://www.passionistsisters.org/]) * '''CP''' Congregatio Sororum Sancti Pauli a Cruce (vide [http://www.passioniste.org/]) * '''CPCR''' Congregatio Cooperatorum Paroesialium Christi Regis (vide [http://cpcr.org/]) * '''CPM''' Congregatio Presbyterorum a Misericordia (vide {{CathEnc|05794a}}) * '''CPO''' Congregatio Piorum Operariorum; Calasanctini; vide etiam: '''COp''' * '''CPPS''' [[Congregatio Presbyterorum a Pretiosissimo Sanguine]]; vide etiam: '''CMPPS''' et '''MPSS''' * '''CPS''' Congregatio Pretiosi Sanguinis (vide [http://www.missionshausneuenbeken.de/]) * '''CPS''' Congregatio Presbyterorum a Ss. Stigmatibus D.N.I.C.; vide etiam: '''CSS''' * '''CPS''' (Congregation of Preshitharam Sisters, congregatio ecclesiae syro-malabarensis; vide [http://www.smcim.org/cong/cps]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}) * '''CPSB''' Congregatio Presbyterorum Sancti Basilii de Toronto * '''CR''' (Congregation of the Rosarians); vide etiam: CSR * '''CR''' Congregatio a Resurrectione Domini Nostri Jesu Christi; Resurrectionistae; est etiam ramus femineus huius ordinis * '''CR''' Ordo Clericorum Regularium vulgo [[ordo Teatinorum|Theatinorum]]; vide etiam: '''CRth, Otheat, OCRth''' * '''CR''' (Sisters of the Christian Retreat, Chuscian; vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20120427225957/http://www.christian-retreat.org/aboutus.html]) * '''CRA''' Congregatio Helvetica o Sancto Mauritio Agaunensis * '''CRB''' Canonici Regulares Congregationis Sancti Bernardi; Congregatio Ss. Nicolai et Bernardi Montis Iovis * '''CRIC''' Congregatio Canonicorum Regularium Immaculatae Conceptionis * '''CRIM''' Clerici regulares minores; vide etiam: '''CRM''' * '''CRL''' Congregatio Canonicorum Regularium Ss.Salvatoris Lateranensis * '''CRM''' / '''CRMM''': Clerici regulares minores; Ordo Clericorum Regularium Minorum (Adorno-Fathers; Caraccioliner); vide etiam: '''CRIM''' * '''CRMR''' Congregatio Canonicorum Regularium Mariæ Matris Redemptoris * '''CRNJ''' (Canons Regular of the New Jerusalem; vide [http://www.canonsregular.com/]) * '''CRP''' Canonici Regulares Praemontstratenses = Candidus et Canonicus Ordo Praemonstratensis, vide: '''OPraem''' * '''CRS''' Clerici Regulares Sancti Maioli Papiae (Pavia), Congregationis Somaschae, Ordo Clericorum Regularium a Somascha * '''CRSA''' Sacer et Apostolicus Ordo Canonicorum Regularium S. Augustini; [[Canonici Regulares Sancti Augustini]]; vide etiam: '''CanA(ug), CanR(eg), CSA''' * '''CRSA''' Canonicae Regulares Sancti Augustini (multitudo ordinum aut monasteriorum feminarum, quae regulam Sancti Augustini sequuntur); vide etiam: '''CSA''' * '''CRSAnt''' Canonici Regulares Sancti Antonii * '''CRSD''' (Congrégation Romaine de Saint Dominique; vide [http://www.crsdop.org/web/]); institutum quinque parvis congregationibus sororum Domenicarum coniugendis annis 1956/1957 natum (di Hardinghen, Sèvres, Chalon-sur-Saône, Nancy, Bar-le-Duc), [[Ordo Fratrum Praedicatorum|ordini Fratrum Praedicatorum]] aggregatum * '''CRSF''' (Sisters of St. Francis) * '''CRSP''' Congregatio Clericorum Regularum Sancti Pauli Decollati, [[Barnabitae]]; vide etiam: '''Obarn''' * '''CRSS''' (Canonesses of the Holy Sepulchure; vide [http://users.fulladsl.be/~spb19640/crss-worldwide-uk/index.html]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}) * '''CRSV''' Congregatio Victorina (vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305044848/http://www.abbaye-champagne.com/]) * '''CRth''' Ordo Clericorum Regularium vulgo Theatinorum; vide etiam: '''CR, Otheat, OCRth''' * '''CRV''' Canonici Regulares Voraviensis * '''CRV''' Canonici Regulares Sancti Augustini Vindesemenses; [[Congregatio Windeshemensis]] * '''CRVC''' [[Canonici Regulares Sancti Augustini Fratrum a Vita Communi]] * '''CS''' Congregatio Missionariorum a Sancto Carolo; Congregatio Scalabriniana; vide [[Scalabriniani]] * '''CS''' Caritas Socialis (vide [http://www.cs-schwestern.at/] * '''CS''' (Capitanio Sisters) * '''CSA''' Canonici Augustiniani, [[Canonici Regulares Sancti Augustini]]; vide etiam: '''CanA(ug), CanR(eg), CRSA''' * '''CSA''' Canonicae Sancti Augustini; vide: '''CRSA''' * '''CSA''' Congregatio Fratrum a Sancto Aloysio Gonzaga * '''CSA''' (Catechist Sisters of St. Ann, India) * '''CSA''' (Congregation of the Companions of St. Angela) * '''CSA''' (Irmãs dos Santos Anjos) * '''CSA''' (Congregation of Our Lady) * '''CSA''' (Sisters of Saint Agnes; vide [http://www.csasisters.org/]) * '''CSAC''' Congregatio Sororum Apostolatus Catholici (Pallotiner); vide etiam: '''SAC, CMAC''' * '''CSASC''' (Suore dell'Addolorata e della Santa Croce) * '''CSB''' Congregatio Sancti Basilii; Congregatio a Sancto Basilio * '''CSB''' (Congregation of St. Bridget); distingue: Ordo Sanctissimi Salvatoris sive Ordo Sanctissimae Salvatoris Brigittae ('''OSSalv''' vel '''OSBirg'''), et: Societas Sanctae Birgittae ('''SSB''') * '''CSBS''' (Clarissan Missionaries of the Blessed Sacrament, India) * '''CSC''' Congregatio a Sancta Cruce (congregatio virorum); sunt etiam duo congregationis rami feminarum iisdem siglis utentes: Sisters of the Holy Cross (ramus in [[Indiana]] ortus), et: Sœurs de Sainte-Croix et des Sept-Douleurs ([[Quebecum|Quebeci]]); uterque ramus ex congregatione Marianitarum a Sancta Cruce ('''MSC''') natus est; distingue: Societas Sanctae Crucis ('''SSC'''), quae est communitas sacerdotum [[Communio Anglicana|Communionis Anglicanae]] * '''CSC''' (Congregation of The Sisters Of Charity; congregatio origine syro-malabarensi) * '''CSC''' (Carmelitas del Sagrado Corazón) * '''CSC''' vel '''CSCA''' Congregatio Sororum Sanctae Catharinae Virginis et Martyris * '''CSCh''' = '''C.S.Ch.''' Congregatio Scholarum Caritatis (Institutum Cavanis) * '''CSDG''' (Hermanas de Santo Domingo) * '''CSDP''' Congregatio Sororum Divini Pastoris a Providentia Divina; vide etiam: '''CDP''' * '''CSE''' Sorores Hospitalariae Sanctae Elisabethae T. O. S. Francisci (congregatio); Ordo Sanctae Elisabethae ('''OSE'''); vide etiam: '''SSE''' * '''CSF''' Congregatio a Sacra Familia ([[Bergomum|Bergomi]]) * '''CSF''' (Congregazione delle Suore Collegine della Sacra Famiglia, vide [http://www.suorecollegine.it/]) * '''CSF''' Congregatio Sororum Franciscalium de Poenitentia et Caritate Christiana * '''CSFB''' Congregatio Sororum Familae Betanensis * '''CSFN''' Congregatio Sororum Sanctae Familiae de Nazareth; vide etiam: FN * '''CSHE''' Congregatio Sancti Hieronymi Aemiliani * '''CSI''' Congregatio Sacerdotum a Sacro Corde Iesu * '''CSI''' = '''CSJ''' Congregatio Sancti Josephi (est nomen variarum congregationum sive fratrum sive sororum, inter alia: Congregatio Sancti Josephi (Murialdo); Sisters of St. Joseph of Carondelet; St. Joseph-Kongregation Ursberg; Johannes Schwestern von Maria Königin; Congregation of St. Joseph of Chambery) * '''CSilvOSB''' Congregatio Silvestrina Ordinis Sancti Benedicti * '''CSIBP''' [[Congregatio Sancti Iohannis Baptistae Praecursoris]] * '''CSIC''' Congregatio Sororum Immaculatae Conceptionis Beatae Virginis Mariae * '''CSJB''' (Sisters of St John the Baptist) * '''CSJP''' (Suore di San Giuseppe della Pace) * '''CSM''' (Suore Compassioniste Serve di Maria; situs interretialis: [https://web.archive.org/web/20150812140037/http://compassioniste.org/Objects/Home1.asp]) * '''CSM''' Congregatio Filiarum Purissimi Cordis BMV (''Zgromadzenie Córek Najczystszego Serca NMP'', Polonice) * '''CSM''' (Caritas Sisters of Miyazaki; situs interretialis: [http://www.m-caritas.jp/]) * '''CSM''' (Congregation Sisters of St. Martha, India) * '''CSM''' (Sisters of St. Martha of Prince Edward Island) * '''CSM''' (Sister of St. Martha of Antigonish, Nova Scotia) * '''CSMA''' Congregatio Sancti Michaelis Archangeli * '''CSN''' (Congregation of The Sisters of Nazareth; congregatio origine syro-malabarensi) * '''CSP''' Congregatio Sancti Pauli; Societas Sacerdotum Missionariorum a S. Paulo Apostolo (Paulistae) * '''CSP.TOR''' (Sisters of St. Paul TOR) * '''CSR''' Congregatio Sanctissimi Rosarii * '''CSR''' Congregatio Sororum an Sancto Redemptore * '''CSP''' (Sisters of the Cross and Passion) * '''CSS''' Congregatio Presbyterorum a Sanctissimis Stigmatibus D.N.I.C.; vide etiam: '''CPS''' * '''CSS''' Congregatio Sororum Canonissarum Spiritus Sancti de Saxia (''Zgromadzenie Sióstr Kanoniczek Ducha Świętego de Saxia'', Polonice) * '''CSS''' (Congregation of Samaritan Sisters, India) * '''CSSA''' (Sisters of St. Anne, Guntur, India) * '''CSSE''' Congregatio Sororum Sanctae Eucharistiae (Austria) * '''CSSE''' Congregatio Sororum Ravarum a Sancta Elisabetha (Zgromadzenie Sióstr Św. Elżbiety) * '''CSSF''' Congregatio Sororum S. Felicis Cantalicio III Ordinis S. P. Francisi; Felicianae * '''CSSGB''' (Suore di San Giovanni Battista) * '''CSSM''' Congregatio Sororum Sanctae Marthae (fundator: Thomas Reggio) * '''CSSp''' = '''C.S.Sp''' = '''CSSP''' [[Congregatio Sancti Spiritus|Congregatio Sancti Spiritus sub tutela Immaculati Cordis Beatissimae Virginis Mariae]] (exstat ramus virorum ac feminarum) * '''CSSP''' (Sisters of Charity of St. Paul, Selly Park) * '''CSSR''' = '''CSsR''' Congregatio Sanctissimi Redemptoris * '''CSST''' et '''CST''' [[Ordo Carmelitarum Discalceatorum|Ordo Sororum Discalceatorum Beatae Mariae Virginis de Monte Carmelo]] (CSST = Carmelite Sisters Of St. Teresa); vide: '''OCD''' * '''CSST''' Congregatio Sororum Sanctae Trinitatis (Valentiae) * '''CST''' Congregatio Sanctae Theresiae a Iesu Infante ritus Syro-Malabarensis (Little Flower Congregation) * '''CSTF''' Sororum Tertii Ordinis Sanctae Teresiae a Iesu * '''CSV''' Sodalitas Clericorum Parochialium; Congregatio Clericorum Parochialium; Congregatio Catechistarum S. Viatoris * '''CTC''' [[Ordo Carmelitarum Discalceatorum]] (CTC = Congregation of Teresian Carmelites), vide: '''OCD''' * '''CV''' Congregatio Vincentiana (''Malabar'') * '''CVI''' (Religiosas del Verbo Encarnado = Sisters of the Incarnate Word and Blessed Sacrament; domus primaria: Mexico); congregatio, quae ex ordine Verbi incarnati et Sanctissimi Sacramenti (monialium) in Francia saeculo septimo decimo condito orta est; praeterea sunt rami sui iuris eiusdem originis in Corpus Christi (56 sorores); Victoria (85 sorores in 14 domibus); Houston (46 sorores in 9 domibus); Cleveland et Guadalajara (64 sorores in 10 domibus). Etiam Congregatio Caritatis Verbi Incarnati ex eadem stirpe nata est, vide: '''CCVI''' * '''CVUOSB''' Congregatio Vallis Umbrosae Ordinis Sancti Benedicti; vide etiam: '''OSBVall''' == D == * '''DBLA''' (Don Bosco Lay Association) * '''DBS''' Deena Bandhu Samaj (congregatio origine syro-malabarensi) * '''DC''' Congregatio Patrum doctrinae christianae * '''DC''' (Daughters of Charity) * '''DC''' (Sisters of Charity of St. Vincent De Paul) * '''DC (EF)''' (Daughters of the Church, India) * '''DCJ''' Carmelitae a Divino Corde Jesu; vide: [[Carmelitae]] * '''DCJM''' (Discipulos de los Corazones de Jesus y Maria) * '''DCPB''' (Daughters of Charity of the Most Precious Blood, India) * '''DDL''' (Daughters of Divine Love) * '''DDP''' (Daughters Of Divine Providence, India) * '''DDS''' (Disciples of the Divine Saviour, India) * '''DHM''' (Daughters of the Heart of Mary) * '''DHS''' (Daughters of the Holy Spirit) * '''DIHM''' (Daughters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary) * '''DJ''' (Daughters of Jesus) * '''DM''' sive '''DMI''' (Daughters of Mary of the Immaculate Conception; ordo religiosus ecclesiae Syro-Malancarae) * '''DMJ''' (Daughters of Mary and Joseph; ante: Ladies of Mary) * '''DML''' (Daughters of St. Mary of Leuca, India); vide etiam: '''FSML''' * '''DMMM''' (Daughters of Mary Mother of Mercy) * '''DMSE''' (Dominican Missionary Sisters of St. Elizabeth) * '''DN''' (Daughters of Nazareth) * '''DP''' (Society of Devapriya Sisters, India) * '''DP''' (Daughters of Providence, St. Brieuc) * '''DPM''' (Daughters of Presentation of Mary in the Temple, India) * '''DSA''' (Daughters of St. Ann, India) * '''DSC''' (Daughters of Saint Camillus) * '''DSFA''' (Daughters of St. Francis of Assisi) * '''DSFS''' (Daughters of Saint Francis de Sales) * '''DSH''' (Daughters of the Sacred Heart) * '''DSHJ''' (Daughters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus) * '''DSHS''' (Sisters of St. Dorothy; Daughters of the Sacred Heart) * '''DSJ''' (Daughters of Saint Joseph) * '''DSMP''' (Daughters of St. Mary of Providence; Guanellian Sisters) * '''DSS''' Dina Sevana Sabha (Servants of the Poor) * '''DST''' (Daughters of Saint Thomas; congregatio origine syro-malabarensi) * '''DW''' (Daughters of Wisdom) == E == * '''EAM''' Ancillarum Amoris Misericordis * '''ECMC''' Congregatio Eremitarum Camaldulensium Montis Coronae; vide etiam: '''Er.Cam''' et '''OSBCam''' * '''EDC''' ''Esclavas del Divino Corazón'' (Hispanice) = Ancillae Divini Cordis ('''ADC''') * '''EF''' Ecclesiae Filiae (vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20120419090743/http://www.figliedellachiesa.org/Default.aspx?pageid=page1 Figlie della Chiesa]) * '''EHJ''' (Sisters of the Eucharistic Heart of Jesus) * '''EMI''' Congregationis Sororum Ancillarum Mariae Immaculatae * '''EP''' Evangelii Praecones, institutum ex duabus societatibus constans: ''Societas Clericalis Vitae Apostolicae Iuris Pontificii Virgo Flos Carmeli'' et ''Societas Vitae Apostolicae Iuris Pontificii Regina Virginum'' * '''Er.Cam''' Congregatio Eremitarum Camaldulensium Montis Coronae; vide etiam: '''ECMC''' et '''OSBCam''' * '''EuD''' [[Congregatio Iesu et Mariae]] (vulgo ''Congregatio Eudistarum''); vide: '''CIM''' == F == * FAM Congregatio Filiorum Amoris misericordis * FBE (Franciscan Brothers of the Eucharist) * FBF (:it:Fatebenefratelli), Ordo Hospitalarius S. Ioannis de Deo; vide: OH * FBMV Filiæ Beatæ Mariae Virginis * FBMVA (Franziskanerinnen von der allerseligsten Jungfrau Maria von den Engeln) * FBS (Franciscan Sisters of Our Lady of Bon Secours, India) * FC Fratres a Caritate; vide etiam: BSC (Brothers of Charity) * FC (Daughters of the Cross of Liege) * FCC Congregatio Filiorum a caritate vulgo Canossiani; vide etiam: FdCC * FCC (Franciscan Clarist Congregation; congregatio origine syro-malabarensi) * FCJ (Faithful Companion of Jesus, Sisters) * FCJM Franciscanae Cordis Jesu et Mariae * FCPPS filiarum a caritate pretiosissimi sanguinis * FCr Filiae Sanctae Crucis * FCS (Company of Our Lady of the Blessed Sacrament) * FCSCJ (Filles de la Charité du Sacré-Coeur de Jésus) * FdC [[Societas Filiarum Caritatis a S. Vincentio de Paulo]]; Puellae caritatis * FDC Fratres Doctrinae Christianae * FdCC Congregati Filiorum a Caritate vulgo Canossiani; vide etiam: FCC * FdCC Institutum Filiarum a Caritate vulgo Canossianae; vide etiam: FCC * FDLC (Daughters of the Cross) * FDLP (Les Filles de la Providence) * FDLS (Filles de la Sagesse, Daughters of Wisdom) * FDM Institutum Fratrum BMV a Misericorida * FDM Filiarum Dominae Nostrae a Misericordia (Rossello) * FDNSC (Daughters of Our Lady of the Sacred Heart) * FdO Filiarum ab Oratorio * FDP Fratrum Opus Divinae Providentiae; Parvum Opus Divinae Providentiae * FDP (Figlie della Divina Provvidenza, fundatrix: Ven. Mater Elena Bettini) * FDSHJ (Fervent Daughters of the S Heart of Jesus; congregatio origine syro-malabarensi) * FDZ Filiarum a Divino Zelo * FEHJ (Franciscan Sisters of the Eucharistic Heart of Jesus) * FFSC Fratres Franciscani a Sancta Cruce = Institutum Fratrum Franciscalium an Sancta Cruce loci Waldbreitbach * FHGS (Franciscan Handmaids of the Good Shepherd, India) * FHIC (Franciscan Hospitaller Sisters of the Immaculate Conception, India) * FI Congregatio Fratrum Franciscanorum Immaculatae * FIC Congregatio Fratrum Immaculatae Conceptionis BMV ([[Traiectum Mosae|Traiecti Mosae]] * FICP Institutum Fratrum Instructionis Christianae de Ploërmel * FIH (Franciscan Sisters of the Immaculate Heart, India) * FIHM (Franciscan Sisters Of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, Pondichery, India) * FJ Institutum Fratrum Filiorum S. Ioseph, vulgo Bayozefiti * FJ (Community of St. John: Apostolic/Contemplative Brothers, Contemplative Sisters, Apostolic Sisters) * FMA Filiae Mariae Auxiliatricis * FMC (Franciscan Missionaries of Saint Clare, India) * FMCK (Franciscan Missionary of Christ the King, India) * FMDC sororum Franciscalium Missionariarum Christi * FMDM (Franciscan Missionaries of the Divine Motherhood) * FMI Congregatio Filiorum Beatae Mariae Virginis Immaculatae (Pavoniani; Chavagne Fathers) * FMI Filiarum Mariae Immaculatae (Marianistarum) * FMM Fratres Misericordiae de Montabaur; Fratres de Misericordia * FMM Congregatio Franciscalium Missionariarum Mariae * FMMA Fratres Misericordiae Mariae Auxiliatricis * FMS Institutum Fratrum Maristarum a Scholis; vide etiam: PFM * FMSA (Franciscan Missionary Sisters for Africa) * FMSH (Franciscan Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart, India) * FMSI (Sons of Mary, Health of the Sick) * FMSJ (Franciscan Missionaries of St. Joseph) * FMSL (Franciscan Missionaries Sisters of Littlehampton) * FMVD (Fraternidad Misionera Verbum Dei) * FN Congregatio Sacrae Familiae a Nazareth; vide etiam: CSFN * FNDL Fratres Nostrae Dominae Lurdensis * FNS (Franciscan Sisters of the Holy Family; Nardini) * FPM Fratres Piae Congregationis a Praesentatione * FPO (Franciscans of Primitive Observance) * FS (Sisters of Our Lady of Fatima) * FSAG (Franciscan Sisters of St. Aloysius Gonzaga) * FSAS (Franciscan Sisters of All Saints) * '''FSC''' [[Institutum Fratrum Scholarum Christianarum]] (conditor: [[Iohannes Baptista de La Salle]]); vide etiam: AFSC * FSC (Franciscan Sisters of St. Clare, India) * FSC (Franciscan Sisters, Servants of the Cross, India) * FSCB Sacerdotalis Fraternitas Missionariorum a Sancto Carlo Borromeo * FSCG (Daughters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Italy) * '''FSCH''' Fratres Scholarum Christianarum de Hibernia = [[Fratres Christiani|Congregatio Fratrum Christianorum]]; vide '''CFC''' * '''FSCI''' = '''FSCJ''' Congregatio Filiorum S. Cordis Jesu (vulgo: ''Missioni Africane di Verona'') * FSE (Franciscan Sisters of the Eucharist) * FSE (Franciscan Sisters of St. Elizabeth, India) * FSF (Daughters of St. Francis of Assisi) * FSF Institutum Fratrum a Sancta Familia de Bellicio (Belley) * FSFS (Daughters of St. Francis of Sales) * FSGC Congregatio Fratrum a Sancto Josepho Benedicto Cottolengo * FSGM Franciscanae Sancti Georgii Martyris, cf. http://www.franziskanerinnen-thuine.de * FSHA (Franciscan Sisters of Holy Annunciation) * FSI (Franciscan Sisters of the Immaculate, India) * FSJ (Franciscan Sisters of St. Joseph, India); vide etiam: FSSJ * FSJ (Franziskanerinnen vom heiligen Josef) * FSLG (Franciscan Sisters of Our Lady of Grace, India) * FSM (Franciscan Sisters of Mary) * FSM (Franciscan Minoresses) * FSMA (Franciscan Sisters of Mary of Angels) * FSMI Congregatio Filiorum Sanctae Mariae Immaculatae * FSML (Figlie di Santa Maria di Leuca); vide etiam: DML * FSO Familia Spiritualis „Opus“ * FSP Congregatio Fratrum a Sancto Patricio * FSP Filii Sancti Pauli * FSPA (Franciscan Sisters of Perpetual Adoration) * FSPM (Franciscan Sisters of the Presentation of Mary, India) * FSR (Brothers of the Holy Rosary, Reno) * FSSE (Franciscan Sisters of Saint Elizabeth; India); vide etiam: FSE * FSSH (Franciscan Sisters of the Sacred Heart) * FSSJ (Franciscan Sisters of Saint Joseph); vide etiam: FSJ * FSSP [[Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri]] * FSSPX Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Pii X * FSSR Filii Sanctissimi Redemptoris * FST (Franciscan Sisters of Saint Thomas, India) * FSVF Fraternitas Sancti Vincentii Ferreri == G == * GHM Societas Missionariorum Domesticorum Americae * GNSH (Grey Nuns of the Sacred Heart) * GST (Thomasianerorden, Gesellschaft der Thomasianer) == H == * HAC Congregatio Parvarum Sororum Senium Derelictorum * HC (Sisters of the Holy Cross) * HC (Handmaids of Christ, India) * HCCS Sorores Caritatis Cardinalis Sancha * HCM (Sisters of the Holy Cross - Menzingen, India) * HCP (Handmaids of Christ the Priest) * HCSA Sororum a Caritate Sanctae Annae * HFS (Holy Family Sisters of Spoleto, India) * HGN Societas Praeconum Bonae Notititae (HGN = Heralds of Good News, Anglice) * HHCJ (Handmaids of the holy child Jesus) * HHN (Heralds of Good News, India) * HHS (Helpers of the Holy Souls) * HM (Handmaids of Mary; India) * HMR (Helpers of Mount Rosary, India) * HO (Hospitalorden der Barmherzigen Brüder) * HPB (Handmaids of the Precious Blood) * HS (Hospitalar Sisters of Mercy) * HSC (Hospitaller Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus) * HSCP (The Sisters of the Sacred Heart and of the Poor = Hermanas de la Sagrada Corazon y los Pobres) * HSHJ (Handmaids) * HSF (Halleiner Schulschwestern) * HSM (Hospitaller Sisters of Mercy, India) == I == * IBMV Institutum Beatae Mariae Virginis; vide etiam: CJ (Congregatio Jesu, quae est ramus Romanus ordinis) * IC [[Institutum Caritas]] (Rosminiani) * ICM (Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary) * ICN Institutum Novum Iter (ICN = Institut Chemin Neuf, Francice) * '''ICPB''' ''Institut du Clergé Patriarcal de Bzommar'' (institutum vitae consacratae et ordo ecclesiae Catholicae Armenae nomine Francico notum) * ICR vel ICRSS Institutum Christi Regis Summi Sacerdotis * IEME Institutum Hispanicum Sancti Francisci Xaverii pro Missionibus Exteris * IHM (Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary) * IM (Istituto Internazíonale Suore dí Santa Marcellina) * IMC [[Institutum missionum a Consolata]] * IMEY Institutum Yarumalense pro Missionibus ad Exteras Gentes; vide etiam: MXY * IMIMG (Institute of Our Lady) * IMS Societas Missionariorum Indiae Orientalis * ISA (Immaculataschwestern vom Seraphischen Apostolat) * ISC Institutum Sororum a S. Corde * ISPN Institutum Sancti Philippi Neri * ISSM Institutum Schoenstattense Sororum Marialium * '''Ist. del Prado''' ''Istituto del Prado'' ([[Instituta saecularia|institutum saeculare]] nomine Hispanico notum) * IVE (Institute of the Incarnate Word = Instituto del Verbo Encarnado)) * IWBS (Sisters of the Incarnate Word and Blessed Sacrament, Corpus Christi) == J == * JMJ (Secular Order of Jesus, Mary and Joseph) * '''JO''' [[Ordo Fratrum Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani]] vel Fratres Hospitalarii vel (hodie) Ordo Melitensis; vide etiam: '''Omel''' et '''OSJH''' * JS (Josephine Sisters; congregatio origine syro-malabarensi) * JSSR (The Redemptorists Sisters of Saint Joseph, Josephite Sisters) == L == * LAR (Little Apostles of Redemption; congregatio origine syro-malabarensi) * LBG (Little Brothers of Gospel) * LBJ (Little Brothers of Jesus, India) * LBN (Little Brothers of Nazareth) * LBSF (Little Brothers of St. Francis) * LC [[Congregatio Legionariorum Christi]] * LCM (Sisters of the Little Company of Mary) * LDFX (Little Daughters of Saint Francis Xavier, India) * LDSJ (Little daughters of St Joseph) * LSA (Little Sisters of the Assumption) * LSC (Little Sisters of Christ, India) * LSDP (Little Sisters of Divine Providence; congregatio origine syro-malabarensi) * LSJ (Little Sisters of Jesus) * LDSJG (Little Daughters of Saint John Gaulbert) * LSC (Little Sisters of Christ) * LSDP (Little Sisters of Divine Providence) * LSMI (Little Servants of Mary Immaculate) * LSMS (Little Sisters of Mother of Sorrows) * LSP (Little Sisters of the Poor) * LST (Little Sisters of St Therese of Lisieux; congregatio origine syro-malabarensi) * LWSH (Little Workers of the Sacred Hearts, India) == M == * MAfr Missionarii Africae; [[Patres Albi]]; vide etiam: PA * MAFS (Missions- und Anbetungsschwestern von der Heiligen Familie) * MC (Missionarinnen Christi, Missionaries of Charity, Missionaries of Charity Brothers) * MC = IMC Institutum Missionum a Consolata * MCBS Congregatio Missionalis a Sanctissimo Sacramento (congregatio origine syro-malabarensi) * MCCJ sive MCCI Missionarii Comboniani Cordis Jesu sive [[Missionarii Comboniani Cordis Iesu]] vel simpliciter [[Comboniani]] * MCDP (Missionary Catechists of Divine Providence) * MCJ (Missionaries of Christ Jesus, India) * MCM (Cordi Marian Sisters) * MCST (Missionary Catechists of St. Therese of the Child Jesus) * MD Ordo Patrum Excalceatorum Beatae Mariae Virgines de Mercede * MDR Congregatio Missionariorum a Divina Redemptione * MDS (Union of St. Catherine of Siena, India) * ME (Institute of Foreign Missions, India) * MEP [[Societas Parisiensis missionum ad exteras gentes]] * MFC (Society of the Oblates of Mary at the Foot of the Cross) * MFIC (Missionary Franciscan of the Immaculate Conception) * MFSC (Missionary Sons of the Sacred Heart of Jesus) * MFVA (Franciscan Missionaries of the Eternal Word) * MG Institutum a Sancta Maria de Guadalupe pro exteris missionibus * MGS (Missionaries of God's Love) * MHM Societas Missionariorum S. Ioseph de Mill Hill * MHSH (Mission Helpers of the Sacred Heart) * MI [[Ordo Clericorum Regularium Ministrantium Infirmis]]; [[Camilliani]]; etiam: Min.Inf., OSR * MI Militia Immaculata (condita a [[Maximilianus Kolbe|Maximiliano Kolbe]]) * MIC Congregatio Clericorum Regularium Marianorum sub titulo Immaculatae Conceptione BMV (Mariani) * MIC (Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Conception) * MID (Association of Christ Redeemer Idente Missionaries of Christ Crucified) * MIHM (Missionaries Immaculate Heart of Mary) * Min.Inf. vide: MI, OSR * MJ Societas Missionarium a S. Joseph; vide etiam: SSI * MLF (Missionaries of Little Flower) * MM Societas de Maryknoll pro missionibus exteris * MMB (Malabar Missionary Brothers; congregatio non clericalis origine syro-malabarensi) * MMI (Missionaries of Mary Immaculate) * MMM ( Missionaries of Mary Mediatrix, India) * MMS (Medical Mission Sisters) * MNM Congregatio Missionariorum Nativitatis Mariae * MO Institutum Missionariorum Opificum * MOP (Missionaries of the Poor) * MPF (Maestre Pie Filippini) * MPSS Congregatio Presbyterorum a Pretiotissimo Sanguine; vide etiam: CPPS et CMPPS * MPV (Maestre Pie Venerini) * MR Institutum a Maria Reparatrice * MS Missionarii Beatae Mariae Virginis a La Salette; Missionarii Dominae Nostrae a La Salette * MSA Societas clericalis Sanctorum Apostolorum pro missionibus * MSA (Missionary Sisters of Ajmeer, India) * MSA (Missionary Sisters of the Assumption) * MSA (Missionaries of the Holy Apostles) * MSBT (Missionary Servants of the Most Blessed Trinity) * MSC Missionarii Sacri Cordis et Sanctae Mariae de Guadalupe * '''MSC''' Marianitae a Sancta Cruce (ramus feminarum Congregationis a Sancta Cruce, vide: '''CSC''') * MSC Missionarii Sacratissimi Cordis Iesu (vide [http://www.misacor.org/]) * MSC (Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart, Cabrini) * MSCJ (Missionary Society of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, India) * MSCS Sorores Missionariae S.Caroli Borromaei, Scalabrinianae; cf. [[Scalabriniani]] * MSSCC = M.SS.CC. Congregatio Missionariorum a Sacratissimis Cordibus Jesu et Mariae ([[Maiorica]]e) * MSF Congregatio Missionariorum a Sancta Familia * MSFS Missionarii Sancti Francisci Salesii de Annecio * MSHR (Missionary Sisters of the Holy Rosary) * MSI = MSJ Missionarii Sancti Ioannis * MSI (Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate, Nirmala Sisters, India) * MSJ (Medical Sisters of St Joseph; congregatio origine syro-malabarensi) * MSMHC (Missionary Sisters of Mary Help of Christians, India) * MSMI (Missionary Sisters of Mary Immaculate; congregatio origine syro-malabarensi) * MSOLA (Missionary Sisters of Our Lady of Africa) * MSP Congregatio Missionariorum Verbi Dei Servorum * MSP (Missionaries of St. Pius X; congregatio origine syro-malabarensi) * MSpS = M.Sp.S Missionarii a Spiritu Sancto * MSR Congregatio Sororum Missionariarum Sanctae Familiae * MSS (Missionaries of the Blessed Sacrament) * MSS (Missionary Sisters of Service) * MSSC = MSSCC (Missionaries of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary) * MSSH (Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart) * MSSP Missionalis Societas Sancti Pauli; etiam: PSP * MSsR (Missionsschwestern vom Heiligen Erlöser = Redemptoristinnen) * MSST (Missionary Sisters of St. Therese of Infant Jesus, India) * MSSsT = M.S.SS.T. Congregatio Missionariorum Servorum Sanctissimae Trinitatis; vide etiam: ST * MST (Missionary Society of St Thomas the Apostle; societas origine syro-malabarensi) * MSU Monachi Studiti Ucraini * MT (Missionary Servants of the Most Holy Trinity) * MXY Institutum Yarumalense pro Missionibus ad Exteras Gentes; vide etiam: IMEY == N == * NDA (Sœurs missionnaires de Notre-Dame des Apôtres) * NDC (Sisters of Our Lady of the Cross) * NDS Congregatio Nostrae Dominae de Sion * NS (Nazareth Sisters; congregatio origine syro-malabarensi) * NSC (Hermanas de Nuestra Señora de la Consolación; vide [http://www.consolacion.org/]); etiam: CMC == O == * '''OAD''' [[Ordo Augustiniensium Discalceatorum]] * OAM Ordo Antonianorum Maronitarum * OAOC Ordo Antonianus S. Hormisdae Chaldaeorum * OAR Ordo Augustinianorum Recollectorum * OannM Ordo Annuntiatione Beatae Mariae Virginis * Oant (Antoniter) * Obarn [[Barnabitae|Ordo Barnabitarum]], vide etiam: B, CRSP * OBas Ordo Basilianus, Ordo S. Basilii (Magni); Ordo Basilianus S. Iosaphat; vide etiam: OSBM * ObasIt Ordo Basilianus Italiae, seu Cryptoferratensis; vide etiam: OSBI * ObasSJos (Basilianer vom heiligen Josaphat) * OblOSB Oblati Ordinis S. Benedicti * OC [[Carmelitae|Ordo Fratrum Beatae Mariae Virginis de Monte Carmelo]]; vide etiam: OCarm, OCD * OCarm [[Carmelitae|Ordo Fratrum Beatae Mariae Virginis de Monte Carmelo]]; vide etiam: OC, OCD * Ocart = Ocarth [[Ordo Cartusiensis]]; Ordo Carthusiensis * OCC Ordo Carmelitarum Calceatorum; vide: [[Carmelitae]] * OCD [[Ordo Carmelitarum Discalceatorum]] (Ordo Fratrum Carmelitarum Discalceatorum; Ordo Sororum Discalceatorum Beatae Mariae Virginis de Monte Carmelo); vide etiam: O.Carm. * OCDS Ordo Carmelitarum Discalceatorum Saeculorum; vide: [[Carmelitae]] * OCist [[Ordo Cisterciensis|Sacer Ordo Cisterciensis]]; vide etiam: SOCist * OCJ (Oblates du Coeur de Jésus) * OConc Ordo de Conceptione Immaculata B.M.V. * OCPA Ordo Monialium Clarissarum ab Adoratione Perpetua * OCR Ordo Cisterciensium Reformatorum; Trappistae; vide etiam: OCSO * OCRth Ordo Clericorum Regularium vulgo [[Ordo Teatinorum|Theatinorum]]; vide etiam: CRth, Otheat * OCSO [[Ordo Cisterciensis strictioris observantiae|Ordo Cisterciensium Reformatorum sive Strictioris Observantiae]]; Trappistae; vide etiam: OCR * OdasM [[Ordo Beatae Mariae de Mercede redemptionis captivorum]]; Ordo de Mercede; Mercedarii; etiam: Merc.; OdeM * OdeM = OdeMerc = Omerc [[Ordo Beatae Mariae de Mercede redemptionis captivorum]]; etiam: OdasM * OEDSA Ordo Fratrum Eremitarum Discalceatorum S. Augustini; vide etiam: OFEDSA * OESA Ordo Fratrum Eremitarum Sancti Augustini, Ordo Eremitarum Sancti Augustini; ab anno 1963: [[Ordo Sancti Augustini]] (OSA) * OESH Clerici Apostolici Hieronymi * OESSH Ordo Equestris Sancti Sepulcri Hierosolymitani * OFB Ordo Fratrum Bethlemitarum * OFEDSA, Ordo Fratrum Eremitarum Discalceatorum S. Augustini; vide etiam: OSAD, OEDSA * OFFM (Söhne Mariensorden) * OFM [[Ordo Fratrum Minorum]], vide etiam: OFMAlc, OMRegObs, OFMObs, TOF, TOR, OFMCap, TORCap * OFMAlc Ordo Fratrum Minorum discalceatorum Alcantarinorom Strictioris (Strictissimae) Observantiae Discalceatorum, Fratres Capuccini de Observantia; vide etiam: OFM, OMRegObs, OFMObs, TOF, TOR * OFMCap [[Ordo Fratrum Minorum Capuccinorum]], vide etiam: OFM etc. * OFMConv [[Ordo Fratrum Minorum Conventualium]]; etiam: OMinCon * OFMDisc Ordo Fratrum Minorum Discalceatorum * OFMObs Ordo Fratum Minorum (Regularis) Observantiae (de Obeservantia); vide etiam: OFM, OFMAlc, OMRegObs, TOF * OFMRec (Franziskaner-Rekollekten) * OFMRef Ordo Fratrum Minorum Reformatorum (Strictioris Observantiae) * OFS Ordo Franciscanus Saecularis * OH Ordo Hospitalarius S. Ioannis de Deo; etiam FBF (= [[:it:Fatebenefratelli]]) * OHF (Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate) * OHFS (Oblate Hospital Franciscan Sisters, India) * OIC (Order of The Imitation of Christ; Ordo origine syro-malancarensi) * OJC Congregatio de Imitatione Christi (dicta de Betania) * OJJA (Institut de L'Oeuvre de la Jeunesse Jean-Joseph Allemand) * OLC (Sisters of Our Lady of China) * OLG ((Sisters of Our Lady of the Garden) * OLM Ordo Libanensis Maronitarum * OLME (Our Lady's Missionaries of the Eucharist) * OLN (Our Lady's Nurses of the Poor) * OLP ((Sisters of Our Lady of Providence) * OLSH (Daughters of Our Lady of the Sacred Heart) * OLVM (Victory Noll Sisters) * '''OM''' [[Ordo Minimorum]] sive Ordo Fratrum Minimorum; vide etiam: '''OMin''' * OM (Sisters of Our Lady of Mercy, India) * OMC (Order of Merciful Christ) * '''OMD''' [[Ordo Clericorum Regularium Matris Dei]] * OMech Ordo Mechitaristarum Venetiarum; vide etiam: CAM, CMV * '''OMel''' Ordo Melitensis sive [[Ordo Fratrum Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani]], Fratres Hospitalarii; vide etiam: '''JO''', '''OSJH''' et '''SMOM''' * OMerc [[Ordo Beatae Mariae de Mercede redemptionis captivorum]]; vide etiam: OdeM * OMI Congregatio Missionariorum Oblatorum Sanctissimae et Immaculatae Virginis Mariae * OMI Congregatio Missionarum Oblatorum Beatae Mariae Virginis Immaculatae * '''Omin''' = '''Ominim''' [[Ordo Minimorum]] sive Ordo Fratrum Minimorum; vide etiam: '''OM''' * OMinCon [[Ordo Fratrum Minorum Conventualium]]; etiam: OFMConv * OMM Ordo Maronita Beatae Mariae Virginis; Ordo Maronita Mariamita (Ar-Rouhbanyat Al-Marounyat Liltoubawyat Mariam Al-Azra) * OMM Opus Mariae Mediatricis * OMO Ordo de Annuntiatione Beatae Maria Virginis * OMO Oblatae Matris Orphanorum * OMRegObs Ordo Fratum Minorum (Regularis) Observantiae (de Observantia); vide etiam: OFMObs, OFM, OFMAlc * OMV Congregatio Oblatorum Beatae Mariae Virginis * OP Ordo Fratrum Praedicatorum; [[Dominicani]] * OP [[Institutum Sorores Dominicanae Caritatis a Praesentatione Beatae Mariae Virginis]] * OP (Kleine Brüder vom Lamm) * OPB (Oblates of the Precious Blood) * OPL (Lay Order of Preachers, 3rd order) * OPraem Candidus et Canonicus Ordo Praemonstratensis * OR Or Institutum Oratorii Sancti Philippi Nerii; vide etiam: OrJMI * ORC Ordo Canonicorum Regularium Sanctae Crucis * OrJMI Congregatio Oratorii Jesu et Mariae Immaculatae * ORSA (Augustiner-Rekollekten) * OS (Oblates of Wisdom) * OSA [[Ordo Sancti Augustini]] (his siglis plures ordines vel congregationes traditionis Augustinianae utuntur, ut puta ''Augustinian Sisters of the Mercy of Jesus'', ''Augustinian Sisters of the Most Holy Annunciation'' et aliae); usque ad annum 1963: Ordo Eremitarum Sancti Augustini (OESA) * OSA Ordo Sancti Andreae (Benedictini ecclesiae Anglicanae) * OSA Opus Sanctorum Angelorum * OSAD Ordo Fratrum Eremitarum Discalceatorum S. Augustini; vide etiam: OFEDSA, OEDSA * OSB [[Ordo Sancti Benedicti]], cui sunt varii rami sive monachorum sive monialium necnon numerosae congregationes * OSBCam Ordo Sancti Benedicti Eremitarum Camaldulensium; vide etiam: ECMC * OSBCas Congregatio Cassinensis ordinis S. Benedicti * OSBClun Ordo Cluniacensis * OSBCoel Ordo Sancti Benedicti Coelestinensis * OSBI Ordo Basilianus Italiae, seu Cryptoferratensis; vide etiam: ObasIt * '''OSBirg''' Ordo Sanctissimi Salvatoris sive Ordo Sanctissimi Salvatoris Birgittae (distingue: '''CSB''' Congregation of St. Bridget; et: '''SSB''' Societas Sanctae Birgittae); saepius: '''OSSalv''' * OSBM Ordo Basilianus, Ordo S. Basilii Magni; [[Ordo Basilianus S. Iosaphat]]; vide etiam: OBas * OSBMV vide: OSM * OSBOliv Ordo Sancti Benedicti Montis Oliveti * OSBSSSacr (Benediktinerinnen vom Allerheiligsten Sakrament) * OSBVall Congregatio Vallis Umbrosae Ordinis Sancti Benedicti; vide etiam: CVUOSB * OSC Ordo Sanctae Crucis; Canonici Regulares Ordinis S. Crucis; Crucigeri; vide etiam: OSCr * OSC Oblates of St. Charles * OSCam Ordo Sancti Camilii; [[Camilliani]]; vide etiam: MI, OSR * OSCCap, Moniales Clarisae Capuccinae vel Ordo Sanctae Clarae Capuccinarum * OSCl [[Ordo Sanctae Clarae]], Ordo Sancti Francisci Pauperes Clarissae; vide etiam: OSClCap * OSClCap / OSCCap Ordo Sanctae Clarae Capuccinarum * OSClCol Ordo Sanctae Clarae reformationis ab Coleta * OSClDisc Ordo Sanctae Clarae Alcantanorum (Discalciatorum) * OSClUrb Ordo Sanctae Clarae regulae Urbani IV * OSCr Ordo Sanctae Crucis; Canonici Regulares Ordinis S. Crucis; Crucigeri; vide etiam: OSC * OSD Ordo S. Dominici (Sorores Tertii Regularis), vide: [[Dominicani]] * '''OSE''' Ordo Sanctae Elisabethae; Sorores Hospitalariae Sanctae Elisabethae Tertii Ordinis Sancti Francisci; vide etiam: '''CSE''', SSE * OSF Ordo Sancti Francisci (sigla varios ramos amplectuntur) * OSF Congregatio Fratrum Tertiariorum Franciscalium (Brooklyn) * OSF Sororum Pauperum Franciscalium ab Adoratione Perpetua de Olpe * OSF (Congregation of Servants of Holy Infancy Jesus) * OSFN [[Oratorium (Congregatio)|Institutum Oratorii Sancti Philippi Nerii]], vide etiam CO * OSFS [[Institutum Oblatorum Sancti Francisci Salesii|Oblati Sancti Francisci Salesii]] * OSH (Oblates of the Sacred Heart; congregatio origine syro-malabarensi) * OSH [[Ordo Sancti Hieronymi]] * OSI = OSJ Congregatio Oblatorum Sancti Ioseph (Astae Pompejae); vide etiam: COSJ * O.Sion = NDS Congregatio Nostrae Dominae de Sion * OSJ (Oblates of St. Joseph, Josephines of Asti) * OSJdD Ordo Hospitalarius Sancti Joannis de Deo * '''OSJH''' [[Ordo Fratrum Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani]], Fratres Hospitalarii, (hodie) Ordo Melitensis; vide etiam: '''JO''' et '''OSJH''' * OSM Ordo Servorum Beatae Mariae Virginis, [[Ordo Servorum Mariae]], Servitae; etiam: OSBMV; O. Serv. * OSMM Ordo Sanctae Mariae Magdalenae de poenitentia * OSL (Congregation of the Sisters of St. Aloysius, India) * OSPPE Ordo Fratrum Sancti Pauli Primi Eremitae * OSR Ordo Clericorum Regularium Ministrantium Infirmis; [[Camilliani]]; vide etiam: MI * OSS Opus Spiritus Sancti (India) * OSSalv Ordo Sanctissimi Salvatoris; vide etiam: OSBirg * OssR Ordo Sanctissimi Redemptoris; vide etiam: CSSR * OSsS (Brigittine Monks = Order of Our Most Holy Saviour?) * OSsT [[Ordo Sanctissimae Trinitatis redemptionis captivorum]], Ordo Sanctissimae Trinitatis et Captivorum; etiam: O.Trinit. * OST (Mathuriner) * OSTR (Oblates of St. Therese Reformed) * OSU Ordo Sanctae Ursulae, [[Unio Romana Ordinis Sanctae Ursulae]]; vide etiam: [[Ursulinae]] * OSV (Ursuline Sisters of the Blessed Virgin Mary) * OSW Ordo Sancti Wigberti (Benedictini Lutherani) * '''OT''' = '''OTeut''' [[Ordo Teutonicus|Ordo Teutonicus Sanctae Mariae in Jerusalem]], Ordo Fratrum Domus Hospitalis Sanctae Mariae Teutonicorum in Jerusalem * Otheat Ordo Clericorum Regularium vulgo Theatinorum; vide etiam: CRTh * OVA Ordo de Annuntiantione Beatae Mariae Virginis * OVM Ordo de Visitatione Beatae Mariae Virginis == P == * PA [[Patres Albi]]; Missionarii Africae; vide etiam: WV, Mafr, SMA * PBSJ Sororum Pauperum Bonaerensium a S Ioseph * PBVM (Union of Presentation Sisters of the Blessed Virgin Mary) * PC (Poor Clares) * PCC (Poor Clare Collettines) * PCCap (Poor Clare Capuchins) * PDDM Piae Discipulae Divini Magistri) * PFJ Institutum parvulorum fratrum Jesu (''Foucauld'') * PFM Institutum parvulorum fratrum Mariae; vide etiam: FMS * PHJC (Poor Handmaids of Jesus Christ) * PIME Pontificium Institutum pro Missionibus Exteris * PM Congregationis a Praesentatione B.M.V * PME Societas pro missionibus exteris Provinciae Quebecensis * POCR Congregatio Piorum Operariorum Catechistarum Ruralium * PS [[Ordo Clericorum Regularium Pauperum Matris Dei Scholarum Piarum]] (Piaristae) * PS (Padro Sisters, India) * PSA (Prabhudasi Sisters of Ajmer, Handmaids of the Lord, India) * PSA (Pilar Sisters Association, India) * PSDP Congregatio Pauperum Servorum Divinae Providentiae * PSDP Congregatio Sororum Parvarum a Divina Providentia (Istituto Michel) * PSF (Pauvres de Saint-François) * PSM Pia Societas Missionum; Societas Apostolatus Catholici (''Pallotiner'', Theodisce); vide etiam: SAC, CSAC, CMAC * PSM Congregatio Presbyterorum a Sancta Maria de [[Tenerchebraium|Tenerchebraio]] * PSN (Congregation of the Poor Sisters of Nazareth) * PSOL (Poor Sisters of Our Lady, India) * PSP Missionalis Societas Sancti Pauli; etiam: MSSP * PSS Societas Presbyterorum a. S. Sulpitia * PSSC Parvarum Servarum a S. Corde Iesu pro infirmis pauperibus * PSSF Parvarum Sororum a S. Familia de Sherbrooke * PSSF Sororum a Sacra Familia Veronae * PSSG Societas Sancti Caietani == R == * RA (Religious of Assumption) * RAD (Congregação das Religiosas do Amor de Deus) * RCI = RCJ Congregatio Rogationis a Corde Jesu; Congregatio Rogationistarum a Corde Iesu * RC Sorores Dominae Nostrae a Recessu Caenaculi * RDC (Religious of Divine Compassion) * RGS (Religious of the Good Shepherd) * RJM (Religious of Jesus and Mary) * RMI (Religious of Mary Immaculate) * RNDMs (Religieuses de Notre Dame des Missions) * RSC (Religious Sisters of Charity) * RSCJ Religiosae Sanctissimi Cordis Jesu; vide etiam: SC * RSHM (Religious of the Sacred Heart of Mary) * RSJ (Sisters of St. Joseph of the Sacred Heart, Australian Josephites) * RSJ Sororum a Sancto Rosario (Jerusalem) * RSM (Religious Sisters of Mercy, Alma/Michigan) * RSV Congregatio Religiosorum Sancti Vincentii a Paulo, Patrum et Fratrum * RVM (Religious of the Virgin Mary) == S == * SA Congregatio Fratrum Adunationis Tertii Regularis Ordinis Sancti Francisci (SA = ''Society of Atonement'', Anglice) * SA (Kongregation der Helferinnen) * SAB (Sisters of St. Anne, Bangalore, India) * SABS (Sisters Of Adoration of The Blessed Sacrament) * SAC Societas Apostolatus Catholici (''Pallotiner'', Theodisce); item ramus femineus: Congregatio Sororum Missionariarum Apostolatus Catholici; vide etiam: PSM * SAC sororum ab Angelo Custode * SAI (Ancelle dell'Immacolata), vide: [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:ujFFmmMzCRMJ:airemsea.it/storia-della-chiesa/ordini-religiosi/Ancelle_Immacolata.pdf+Religiosas+Esclavas+de+Mar%C3%ADa+Inmaculada+EMI&hl=de&gl=at&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESh1Sc878AiPVQCN-rHszKZKRqi9QuDG0H9HvB5SxO5GhwXv6GVMloWyo8sOFLRVaX7Tuc27BDB6IHa_jRKJwiO-hkwtAX6SYV1GYG77wtt_Cu-2LxSHbomN_rMDUuh6dF4XPnnK&sig=AHIEtbRd-pdxYHLpuqZ-rEnVD-qQ4JI1Qw Ancelle dell'Immacolata] * SAMI (Ancelle della Beata Vergine Maria Immacolata), vide: [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:ujFFmmMzCRMJ:airemsea.it/storia-della-chiesa/ordini-religiosi/Ancelle_Immacolata.pdf+Religiosas+Esclavas+de+Mar%C3%ADa+Inmaculada+EMI&hl=de&gl=at&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESh1Sc878AiPVQCN-rHszKZKRqi9QuDG0H9HvB5SxO5GhwXv6GVMloWyo8sOFLRVaX7Tuc27BDB6IHa_jRKJwiO-hkwtAX6SYV1GYG77wtt_Cu-2LxSHbomN_rMDUuh6dF4XPnnK&sig=AHIEtbRd-pdxYHLpuqZ-rEnVD-qQ4JI1Qw Ancelle dell'Immacolata] * SA(P) (Sisters of St. Ann of Providence, India) * SAPU Congregatio Sororum Albertinorum Pauperibus Inservientium; Sorores Albertinae (''Zgromadzenie Sióstr Albertynek Posługujących Ubogim'', Polonice) * SAS (Society of the Sisters of St. Ann, Luzen, India) * SAT (Sisters of Saint Anne of Tiruchirappilly) * SBP Sororum Benedictinarum a Providentia * SBS (Missionary Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament) * SC Congregatio Servorum a Charitate * SC Religiosae Sanctissimi Cordis Jesu; vide etiam: RSCJ * SC Fratres a Sacratissimo Corde Jesu * SCA ''Society of the Catholic Apostolate'', vide: SAC et PSM * SCB (Sisters of St. Charles Borromeo, India) * SCC Filiae Beatae Mariae Virginis de Immaculata Conceptione, Sorores de Caritate Christiana * SCC (Sisters of the Cross of Chavanad) * SCCG (Sisters of Charity of Sts. Bartolomea Capitanio & Vincenza Gerosa, India) * SCH (Sisters of Charity, Halifax) * SCHSA (Sisters of Charity of St. Ann, India) * SchP [[Ordo Clericorum Regularium Pauperum Matris Dei Scholarum Piarum]] (Piaristae); vide etiam: SP * SChr [[Societas Christi|Societas Christi pro Emigrantibus Polonis]] * SCI di Béth. Societas Presbyterorum Sanctissimi Cordis Iesu de Bétharram * SCI = SCJ Congregatio Sacerdotum a Sacro Corde Jesu (Dehoniani) * SCI = SCJ Congregatio Sacratissimi Cordis Iesu (Pères de Timon-David = TD) * SCIC (Sisters of Charity of the Immaculate Conception) * SCJB (Sisters of St. John the Baptist, India) * SCJG (Sisters of Charity of Saint John of God) * SCJM (Sisters of Charity of Jesus and Mary) * SCMM Sorores Caritatis Matris Misericordiae * SCMM (Society of Catholic Medical Missionaries) * SCN (Sisters of Charity of Nazareth) * SCP (Servants of Christ the Priest) * SCS (Sisters of Charity of Saints) * SCS (Satya Seva Catechist Sisters, India) * SCSC Congregatio Sororum Caritatis Sanctae Crucis * SCSJA Sororum Caritatis a Sancta Ioanna Antida Thouret vide etiam : SDC * SCSN (Sisters of Mercy of the Holy Cross, Ingenbohl) * SCV Sodalitium Christianae Vitae * SCV (Sisters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul) * SD (The Sisters of the destitute) * SDB [[Societas Sancti Francisci Salesii]] * SdC Congregatio Servorum a Charitate * SDC Sororum Caritatis a Sancta Ioanna Antida Thouret vide etiam : SCSJA * SdJ (Dienerinnen Jesu der Liebe) * SDN Congregatio Sacerdotum B. M. V. SSmi. Sacramenti * SDP (Schwestern von der Göttlichen Vorsehung, Sisters of Providence) * S.d.P. Congregatio Missionariorum Servorum Pauperum (Cusmano) * SdPIP Instituti Sororum Paupercularum * SDR Congregatio Sororum a Divino Redemptore * SDS Societas Divini Salvatoris ("Salvatoriani"); est etiam ramus feminarum * SDV Congregatio Sororum a Divina Voluntate * SDVI Sororum Magistrarum a Sancta Dorothea Filiarum a Sacris Cordibus * SF Sororum a S. Familia * SF Filii Sacrae Familiae Iesu, Mariae et Josephi (conditor: Josep Manyanet i Vives) * SFB Instituti Sororum a Sancta Familia * SFCC Sorores Franciscanae a Caritate Christiana * SFI (Franciscan Immaculative Sisters, India) * SFIC Congregatio Sororum Franciscalium ab Immaculata Conceptione a Beata Matre Dei * SFM Societas Scarborensis pro Missionibus ad Exteras Gentes * SFN (Sisters of the Holy Family of Nazareth, India) * SFSF (Arme Schulschwestern vom Heiligen Franziskus) * SFX (Society of the Missionaries of St. Francis Xavier, Society of Pilar, India) * SG Institutum Fratrum instructionis christianae a S. Gabriele * '''SGBM''' (Suore di San Giovanni Battista e di Santa Caterina da Siena) * SGL (Servants of the Gospel of Life) * SGM (Sisters of Charity of Montreal) * SGN (Sisters of Good News, India) * SGS (Sisters of the Good Samaritan) * SH (Sacred Heart Congregation; congregatio origine syro-malabarensi) * SHC (Sisters of the Holy Cross, India) * SHCJ (Society of the Holy Child Jesus) * SHF (Sisters of the Holy Family) * SHJ Congregatio Fratrum a Sacratissimo Corde Iesu (SHJ = Sacred Heart of Jesus, Anglice) * SHM (Society of Helpers of Mary) * SHSP (Sisters of the Holy Spirit) * SHS (Sacred Heart Sisters, India) * SHSp (Sisters of the Holy Spirit) * SI = SJ Societas Jesu; [[Iesuitae]] * SI (Society of the Immaculata) * SIC (Sisters of the Imitation of Christ, India) * SIM = SJM [[Servi Jesu et Mariae]]; Congregatio Servorum Iesu et Mariae * SIW (Sisters of the Incarnate Word and Blessed Sacrament) * SJ (Sisters of Jesus) * SJA (Sisters of Saint Joseph of Annecy) * SJA (Sisters of St. Joseph of the Apparition, India) * SJB (Sisters of St. John the Baptist and Mary the Queen, India) * SJC (Saint Joseph's Congregation; sigla variarum congregationum Sancto Josepho dedicatarum) * SJC (Society of Saint John Cantius [antea SSJC]) * SJL (Sisters of St. Joseph of Lyons, India) * SJS (Saint Joseph Sevika Samtha, India) * SJSM (Sisters of St. Joseph of "St. Marc", India) * SJT (Sisters of St. Joseph of Tarbes, India) * SJW (Sisters of St. Joseph the Worker) * SKD (Society of Kristhudasis) * SL (Sisters of Loretto) * SLG (Sisters of the Love of God) * SLMI (Society of Ladies of Mary Immaculate) * SLW (Sisters of the Living Word, Metairie Louisiana) * SM Societas Mariae (Maristi); exstant vari rami (eodem siglo): Patres, Fratres, Sorores, Laici; vide etiam: SMSM * SM Societas Mariae pro educatione surdorum et mutorum * SM (Congrégation des Soeurs de Saint-Martin) * SMA Societas Missionum ad Afros * SMA (Sisters of Maria Auxilium, India) * SMB Societas Missionum Exterarum de Bethlehem in Helvetia * SMC (Sisters of Mount Calvary) * SMC (Sisters of St. Marth's Congregation, India) * SMCB Congregation SMCB; (Barmherzige Schwestern vom Heiligen Karl Borromäus) * SMHS (Sisters of Most Holy Sacrament) * SMI Societas Mariae Immaculatae * SMI (Missionary Sisters of Incarnation, India) * SMIC (Missionsschwestern von der Unbefleckten Empfängnis der Mutter Gottes = Wilkingheger Missionsschwestern) * SMM Societas Mariae Montfortana * SMMC (Sisters of Mary, Mother of the Church, Diocese of Spokane, Washington, USA) * SMMI (Missions-Salesianerinnen von der unbefleckten Empfängnis Mariens) * SMMM Sons of Mary Mother of Mercy) * SMMP (Schwestern der heiligen Maria Magdalena Postel = Heiligenstaedter Schulschwestern) * SMNDA (Sœur missionnaire de notre Dame d’Afrique) * SMOM ''Sovereign Military Order of Malta'' = Ordo Melitensis sive [[Ordo Fratrum Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani]], Fratres Hospitalarii; vide etiam: '''JO''', '''OMel''' et '''OSJH''' * SMP Societas Lusitana pro Missionibus: SMP; SMBN (= Sociedade missionária da boa nova, Lusitanice) * SMS (Snehagiri Missionary Sisters) * SMS (Sisters of Mission Service) * SMSM Sorores Missionariae Societatis Mariae * SMSM (Seva Missionary Sisters of Mary, India) * SND Sorores Nostrae Dominae * SND (Society of Nirmaladasikal) * SNDseN (Schulschwestern Unserer Lieben Frau von Namur) * SNJM (Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary) * SOCist Sacer Ordo Cisterciensis; vide etiam: OCist * SOIL (Servants of Our Immaculate Lady) * SOLA (Society of Our Lady of Africa, India) * SOLM (Sisters of Our Lady of Mercy) * SOLS (Sisters Servants of Our Lady of Sorrows, India) * SOLT (Society of Our Lady of Most Holy Trinity) * SorDS (Salvatorianerinnen) * SP [[Ordo Clericorum Regularium Pauperum Matris Dei Scholarum Piarum]] (Piaristae); vide etiam: Sch.P. * SP Servi Sancti Paracliti * SP (Sister of Providence) * SPC (The Sisters of St. Paul de Chartres) * SPG (Sisters of Providence of Gap) * S.P. ad V. Congregatio a Sancto Petro in Vinculis * SPPS Sorores a Pretiosissimo Sanguine D.N.I.C. * SPS Societas Sancti Patritii pro Missionibus ad Exteros * SPSF Sorores Pauperum Sancti Francisci * SPSJ Societas Presbyterorum Sancti Iacobi * SR (Sisters of Redemption, India) * SRA Sorores Regina Apostolorum * SS Societas Presbyterorum a Sancto Sulpitio * SS (Samaritan Sisters; congregatio origine syro-malabarensi) * SSA (Sisters of Saint Agatha) * SSA Sororum S. Annae * '''SSB''' Societas Sanctae Birgittae; distingue: Ordo Sanctissimi Salvatoris sive Ordo Sanctissimi Salvatoris Birgittae ('''OSBirg''' vel '''OSSalv''') et: Congregation of St. Bridget ('''CSB''') * '''SSC''' Societas Sanctae Crucis (communitas sacerdotum [[Communio Anglicana|Communionis Anglicanae]]; distingue: Congregatio a Sancta Cruce ('''CSC''') * SSC (Columban Fathers) * SSC Societas Presbyterorum Sancti Iosephi Benedicti Cottolengo * SSC (Franciscan Servants of the Sacred Heart) * SSC (Congregation of the Sisters of Christian Schools) * SSCC = SS.CC. Congregatio Sacrorum Cordium Jesu et Mariae necnon adorationis perpetuae Sanctissimi Sacramenti Altaris (''Picpus'') * SS.CC Congregationis Sororum Sacrorum Cordium Iesu et Mariae (Mormaison) * SSCh (Sisters of Sainte Chretienne) * SSCJ (Sister Servants of the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus) * SSCJ Sororum Salesianarum Sacri Cordis Iesu * SSCM (Servants of the Holy Heart of Mary) * SSCME Societas S. Columbani pro missionibus ad Exteros * SSD (Dorotheenschwestern) * SSE Societas Patrum Sancti Edmundi Oblatorum Sacri Cordis Iesu et Immaculati Cordis Mariae * '''SSE''' Ordo Sanctae Elisabethae; Sorores Hospitalariae Sanctae Elisabethae Tertii Ordinis; vide etiam: '''CSE''' et '''OSE''' * SSEW (Sister Servants of the Eternal Word, Birmingham, Alabama) * SSF (Society of St. Francis) * SSFA (Sisters of the Holy Family Associate) * SSH (Sisters of the Sacred Heart) * SSHJ (Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, India) * SSI = SSJ Societas Sancti Ioannis * SSJ Societas Sodalium Sancti Joesph a Sacro Corde; vide etiam: MJ * SSJA (Sisters of St. Joseph of Annecy, India) * SSJC (Society of Saint John Cantius) sigla aboleta, vide nunc: SJC * SSJV (Society of Saint John Vianney) * SSM Congregatio Sororum a Matre Dolorosa * SSMI (Sister Servants of Mary Immaculate, Byzantine rite) * SSMN (Sisters of St. Mary of Namur) * SSMO (Sisters of St. Mary of Oregon) * SSND Congregatio Sororum Scholasticarum Pauperum a nostra Domina * SSP Societas a Sancto Paulo Apostolo * SSPC ((Missionary Sisters of Saint Peter Claver) * SSpS Congregatio Missionalis Servarum Spiritus Sancti * SspSAp Congregatio Servarum Spiritus Sancti de Adoratione perpetua * SSPV (Society of St. Pius V, sedevacantist) * SSPX (Society of St. Pius X) * SSS Sacerdotes Sanctissimi Sacramenti; Congregatio Sanctissimi Sacramenti * SSS (Sadhu Sevana Sabha; congregatio origine syro-malabarensi) * SSSF (Franziskanerinnen von Erlenbad = School Sisters of St. Francis?) * SSsT (Society of the Most Holy Trinity, the Trinitarians) * SST (Sisters of Saint Thomas) * SSU [[Societas Sanctae Ursulae]] * SSV Religiosarum a Sancto Vultu * SSVDP (Society of St Vincent De Paul, etiam SVdP et SVD) * SSVM (Servants of the Lord and the Virgin of Matara = Servidoras del Senor y de la Virgen de Matara) * ST (Cenacle Missionary) * ST Congregatio Missionariorum Servorum Sanctissimae Trinitatis; vide etiam: MSSsT sive M.S.SS.T. * STF (Suore della Sacra Famiglia di Savigliano) * STFE (Aachener Elisabetherinnen/Franziskanerinnen des Dritten Ordens von der heiligen Elisabeth) * SUSC (Holy Union Sisters) * SV Sorores Vitae * SVC (Sisters of the Visitation Congregation, India) * SVD Societas Verbi Divini * SVDP (Society of St. Vincent de Paul, etiam SVP et SSVDP) * SVM (Sisters of Visitation of the Most Blessed Virgin) * SVP (Society of St. Vincent de Paul, etiam SSVDP et SVdP) * SX Pia Societas Sancti Francisci Xaverii pro exteris missionibus == T == * TC Fratres Tertii Ordinis Sancti Francisci Capulatorum a Beata Virgine Perdolente * TD Congregatio Sacratissimi Cordis Iesu (Pères de Timon-David); vide etiam: SCJ * TFPO (Tertiary Franciscan of Primitive Observance) * TFSC (Franziskaner/-brüder/-innen von Waldbreitbach) * THM (Töchter vom Herzen Mariä) * TOCarm Tertius Ordo Fratrum Beatae Mariae Virginis de Monte Carmelo * TOF Tertius Ordo Regularis Sancti Francisci; Tertius Ordo Regularis Sancti Francisci Assisiensis; vide etiam: TOR, OFM, OFMObs, OMRegObs, OFMAlc., OFS * TOR Tertius Ordo Regularis S. Francisci; Tertius Ordo Franciscanus regulatus; vide etiam: TOF, OFM, OFMAlc, OMRegObs, OFMObs * TORCap Tertius Ordinis Regularis Capuccinarum, Tertiariae Capuccinae; vide etiam: OFM etc. * TOSD (Tertiary of the Order of St. Dominic) * TOSF (Tertiary of Third Order of St. Francis) == U == * UAC Unio Apostolatus Catholici * UFS (Ursuline Franciscan Sisters) * UJ (Ursulines Of Jesus) * UMI (Ursulines of Mary Immaculate) * USKJ Congregatio Sororum Ursulinarum a Corde Iesu Agonizantis * USS (Ursuline Sisters of Somasca, India) == V == * VC (Vincentian Congregation; congregatio origine syro-malabarensi) * VDB (Volontarie Don Boscos) * VHM (Visitation of Holy Mary, Visitation Sisters or Sisters of the Visitation) * VSC (Vincentian Sisters of Charity) * VSDB (Visitation Sisters of Don Bosco, India) == W == * WF Missionarii Africae = [[Patres Albi]]; (WF = White Fathers, Anglice), vide etiam: PA, M. Afr. * WV Missionarii Africae = [[Patres Albi]]; (WV = Weiße Väter, Theodisce), vide etiam: PA, M. Afr. == Nexus externi == * [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/xrel.html Catholic Hierarchy] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100605070114/http://www.orden-online.de/akronyme.php Sigla in pagina Orden-online] * [http://stephanscom.at/edw/ordensabkuerzungen.html Sigla ordinum in pagina ''Radio Stephansdom''] * [http://www.catholicdoors.com/misc/abbrev.htm ''Catholic Door Ministry'': sigla fere 800 ordinum]{{Nexus deficitur|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120229034003/http://www.kcbcsite.com/kcbc_congregations.htm Congregationes ecclesiae Catholicae in Kerala / India] [[Categoria:Indices|catholicae ecclesiae ordinum siglorum]] [[Categoria:Ordines Ecclesiae Catholicae]] lkk16j4b1q03hn5r98qbvdvg7gls44y 0 106586 3960692 3960679 2026-05-19T12:39:37Z IacobusAmor 1163 3960692 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Karte Bezirk Uster 2007.png|thumb|Districtus [[tabula geographica]].]] [[Fasciculus:Bezirksgebäude Kulturgüter 2397.jpg|left|thumb|upright=0.8|Uster: Districtus aedificium et [[tribunal]]]] '''Uster''' ([[Theodisce]] ''Bezirk Uster'') est unus ex duodecim pagis [[Turicum (pagus)|Turici]] districtus, qui vocissim ex decem municipiis constat. Quae [[urbs]] est [[caput (urbs)|caput]] huius districtus, cui 117&thinsp;834 incolarum anno [[2009]] sunt. == Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Uster (district)|Uster (districtum)}} * {{LHH|135|Uster}} {{geo-stipula}} {{Turici districtus}} [[Categoria:Turicum]] febepoe9l4ek3129a63khcp6bnzoce1 0 106875 3960698 3960661 2026-05-19T12:48:52Z IacobusAmor 1163 3960698 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Sognia et Fiordi}}<ref>[[Thormodus Torfaeus|Thormodi Torfaei]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=pG1ZAAAAYAAJ&q=Sognia+Fiordi#v=snippet&q=Sognia%20Fiordi&f=false ''Historia rerum Norvegicarum ...'', Hafniae 1711, p. 32, 33 etc.]; Per August Almqvist, [https://books.google.it/books?id=hDesvNGyLjcC&q=Sognia+Fiordi#v=snippet&q=Sognia%20Fiordi&f=false ''Genealogia Frithiofiana'', Londinii Gothorum 1831, p. 2]; etc.</ref> ([[Norvegice]] ''Sogn og Fjordane'') est provincia (''fylke'') pristina [[Norvegia|Norvegica]] in regione [[Vestlandet]] sita, cuius sedes administrativa [[Hermansverk]] vicus erat. Quae provincia anno [[2016]]<ref>[https://ssb.no Folkemengde og befolkningsendringar, 1. januar 2016, Statistisk sentralbyrå].</ref> incolarum 109&thinsp;530 habebat. Anno 2020 cum [[Hordaland]]ia in [[Vestland]]iam provinciam novam unita est. == Communia pagatim divisa == (Incolae die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2007]]) {| border="0" |- | valign="top" width="25%" | '''Districtus Sognia:''' * 11. [[Gulen]] (2.406) * 12. [[Solund]] (871) * 13. [[Hyllestad]] (1.492) * 16. [[Høyanger]] (4.420) * 17. [[Vik (Norvegia)|Vik]] (2.835) * 18. [[Balestrand]] (1.399) * 19. [[Leikanger]] (2.199) * 20. [[Sogndal]] (6.822) ** cum vico [[Kaupanger]] (ecclesia [[lignum|lignea]]) * 21. [[Aurland]] (1.715) ** cum vico [[Flåm]] (statio finalis [[Flåmsbahn]]) * 22. [[Lærdal]] (2.153) ** cum ecclesia lignea [[Borgund]] * 24. [[Årdal]] (5.491) * 26. [[Luster (Norvegia)|Luster]] (4.884) cum vicis ** [[Gaupne]], ** [[Skjolden]] ** [[Urnes]] (ecclesia lignea) | valign="top" width="25%" | '''Districtus Sunnfiordus'''<ref name="i">Torfaeus, p. 32; Almqvist, ibidem</ref>: * 01. [[Flora (Norvegia)|Flora]] (11.341) * 28. [[Askvoll]] (3.143) * 29. [[Fjaler]] (2.870) * 30. [[Gaular]] (2.719) * 31. [[Jølster]] (2.928) * 32. [[Førde]] (11.465) * 33. [[Naustdal]] (2.658) '''Districtus Nordfiordus'''<ref name="i" />: * 38. [[Bremanger]] (3.930) * 39. [[Vågsøy]] (6.064) ** cum vici parte [[Måløy]] * 41. [[Selium]] (2.911) * 43. [[Eid (Norvegia)|Eid]] (5.848) * 44. [[Hornindal]] (1.201) * 45. [[Gloppen]] (5.723) ** [[Sandane]] ** [[Byrkjelo]] * 49. [[Stryn]] (6.706) |} == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == {{fontes geographici}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080430023122/http://www.sfj.no/cmssff/cmspublish.nsf Pagina officialis] {{geo-stipula}} {{Norvegiae provinciae}} [[Categoria:Provinciae Norvegiae]] 86c23i9s97tqx3w1qvuforu8m21a6qv 0 113906 3960763 3735722 2026-05-19T18:40:03Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3960763 wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox |image = Starr 040117-0061 Heliotropium anomalum var. argenteum.jpg | image_width = 240px |image_caption =''Heliotropium anomalum'' var. ''argenteum'' |regnum = [[Plantae]] |unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]] |unranked_classis = [[Eudicotyledones]] |unranked_ordo = [[Asteridae]] |ordo = (inordinatus) |familia = [[Boraginaceae]] |species = '''''H. anomalum''''' |binomial = ''Heliotropium anomalum'' |binomial_authority = [[Gulielmus Jackson Hooker|Hook.]] & [[Georgius Arnott Walker-Arnott|Arn.]], [[1832]]<ref name="GRIN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?414083 |title=Heliotropium anomalum Hook. & Arn. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=2008-06-17 |accessdate=2010-01-13}}.</ref> |}} '''''Heliotropium anomalum''''' est [[species (taxinomia)|species]] [[frutex|fruticis]] [[Angiospermae|florentis]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Boraginaceae|Boraginacearum]] in [[Insulae Havaii|Insulis Havaiis]], [[Guama]], [[Insula Christi Natalis (Australia)|Insula Christi Natalis]], [[Saipan]],{{dubsig}} [[Tinian]],{{dubsig}} [[Wake]], et [[Nova Caledonia]] [[endemismus|endemica]].<ref name="GRIN"/> Nomina in sermonibus patriis sunt ''Polynesian heliotrope'' et ''Pacific heliotrope'' ([[Anglice]]) et ''hinahina kū kahakai'' ([[Lingua Havaiana|Havaine]]). In Havaiis, ''H. anomalum'' var. ''argenteum'' est publicus Insulae [[Kahoolave]] [[flos]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121110220824/http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=HEANA USDA Plants Profile - ''Heliotropium anomalum'' Hook. & Arn. var. ''argenteum'' A. Gray Polynesian heliotrope.]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/Hawaii/flower_kaho_olawe.html |title=Kaho'olawe Island Lei Material |work=Hawaii Symbols |publisher=State Symbols USA |accessdate=2010-01-13}}</ref> == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references /></div> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Heliotropium anomalum|''Heliotropium anomalum''}} {{Vicispecies}} {{Fontes de plantis}} {{biologia-stipula}} [[Categoria:Species plantarum]]{{Titulus italicus}} [[Categoria:Flora Havaiorum]] [[Categoria:Biota insularum Mariannae]] [[Categoria:Flora Novae Caledoniae]] [[Categoria:Heliotropium]] [[Categoria:Taxa Hooker]] [[Categoria:Taxa Arnott]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1832]] fz9f2xsgj319n9bkeafo50oosvqmr8b 0 114409 3960756 2841545 2026-05-19T16:33:37Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3960756 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Haizum''' ([[Arabice]] حيزوم ''Ḥaizūm'') in [[memoria]] [[Islam]]ica est [[equus]] [[Gabriel]]is [[archangelus|archangeli]].<ref>Lodovico Marracci, [http://books.google.fr/books?id=3aZEAAAAcAAJ ''Alcorani Textus Universus,''] vol. 1 (Ex Typographia Seminarii, 1698), 21</ref> Equus est candidus, ardens, spiritualis, [[ala|alis]] sicut alae [[Pegasus (mythologia)|Pegasi]] praeditus, qui ex una [[dimensio (mensura)|dimensione]] cosmica ad aliam celerrime, adeo uno [[secundum|secundo]] volare potest.<ref>[http://www.islam-universe.com/tafsir_ibn_kathir/8.19643.html Islam-universe.com]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref> Haizum est donum Gabrieli a [[Deus (Islam)|Deo]] concessum quia Gabriel Deo valde placuerat. Quaedam [[fabula]], ex [[sura 20]]:88 orta, [[pulvis|pulverem]] ex [[vestigium|vestigiorum]] Haizi in [[os (oris)|os]] [[Vitulus Aureus|Vituli Auri]] iniecisse enarrat. ==Notae== <div class="references-small"><references/></div> {{myth-stipula}} {{reli-stipula}} [[Categoria:Alcoranus]] [[Categoria:Equi fabulosi]] gedmctuxmvoxzjq2vnnz71h2qk8kmfg 0 115829 3960696 3960631 2026-05-19T12:45:36Z IacobusAmor 1163 3960696 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Marcellus Iureş}} (natus [[Băilești]] in urbe [[Romania|Romaniensi]] die [[2 Augusti]] [[1951]]) est [[histrio]] [[theatrum|theatralis]] et [[cinematographia|cinematographicus]] [[Romania|Dacoromanus]], qui etiam in [[CFA|America]] operam dat. ==Pelliculae selcetae== * ''[[Amen (film)|Amen]]'' * ''[[Hart's War]]'' * ''[[Mission: Impossible]]' * ''[[Interview with the Vampire]]'' * ''[[The Peacemaker (1997 film)|The Peacemaker]]'', * ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End]]'' == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Marcel Iureș|Marcellum Iureş}} {{Fontes biographici}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080618002933/http://www.marcel-iures.com/ Marcelli Iureş Pagina interretialis] * {{Imdb name|0411903|Marcello Iureş}} {{bio-stipula}} {{Lifetime|1951||Iures, Marcellus}} [[Categoria:Actores Romaniae]] p9phscxpyiz6oj2hfzzu3n3nxko9tqo 0 124534 3960775 2457879 2026-05-19T20:35:39Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3960775 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Flavius Saturninus''' (nescimus, quando natus, quando mortuus sit) vir publicus [[Imperium Romanum|Romanus]] saeculi quarti exeuntis erat. ==Cursus honorum== Flavius Saturninus dux militum erat, anno [[350]] [[Themistius|Themistium]] philosophum ad aulam imperatoris duxit<ref>Themistius, or. XVI 200 a-b</ref>. Anno [[361]], cum [[Iulianus]] imperator in amicos [[Constantius II|Constantii II]] successoris ageret, ab aula relgatus est<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], Res gestae, XXII 3,7; qui eum "ex cura palatii" nominat.</ref>. Anno [[373]] Saturninus ''Comes rei militaris'' erat<ref>[[Basilius Magnus]], epist. 132</ref>. Anno [[377]]/[[378]] pugnis in [[Gothi|Gothos]] interfuit et etiam post cladem apud [[Proelium Hadrianopolitanum|Hadrianopolim]] acceptam vixit<ref>Ammianus Marcellinus, op.cit., XXXI 8,13</ref>. Anno [[382]] de foedere cum [[Gothi]]s convenit, qui agrum acceperunt, ut pacem darent. Quo facto ab imperatore [[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] honoratus est. Anno [[383]] summum magistratum iniit una cum [[Flavius Merobaudes|Flavio Merobaude]]<ref>{{CIL|6|501}} {{CIL|6|502}}</ref>. Themistius orationem<ref>oratio XVI, vide supra</ref> de consule novo habuit. Anno [[396]] inter iudicium [[Flavius Timasius|Flavii Timasii]] magistri militum adeptus est, ut is relegaretur<ref>[[Zosimus (histoticus)|Zosimus]], Historia Nova, V 9,3-5</ref>. Anno [[400]] [[Gainas]] magister militum eum relegavit<ref>Zosimus, op.cit. 5,18,7-9; [[Socrates Scholasticus]], Historia Ecclesiae, VI 6,9</ref>. ==Religio== Saturninus Christianus erat, [[Gregorius Nazianzenus]] epistulas ad eum dedit<ref>Gregorius Nazianzenus, ep. 132, 181</ref>. ==Notae== <div class="references-small"><references /></div> {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Flavius Claudius Antonius]] et [[Flavius Afranius Syagrius]]| annus= 383<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Merobaudes|Flavio Merobaude]] II| successores=[[Richomer|Flavius Richomeres]] et [[Flavius Clearchus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|saeculo 4}} [[Categoria:Senatores]] [[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]] 1ivimc4qmz8gu3da6m8y8j1jr2ub8zn 3960776 3960775 2026-05-19T20:37:27Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3960776 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Flavius Saturninus''' (nescimus, quando natus, quando mortuus sit) vir publicus [[Imperium Romanum|Romanus]] saeculi quarti exeuntis erat. ==Cursus honorum== Flavius Saturninus dux militum erat, anno [[350]] [[Themistius|Themistium]] philosophum ad aulam imperatoris duxit<ref>Themistius, or. XVI 200 a-b</ref>. Anno [[361]], cum [[Iulianus]] imperator in amicos [[Constantius II|Constantii II]] successoris ageret, ab aula relgatus est<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], Res gestae, XXII 3,7; qui eum "ex cura palatii" nominat.</ref>. Anno [[373]] Saturninus ''Comes rei militaris'' erat<ref>[[Basilius Magnus]], epist. 132</ref>. Anno [[377]]/[[378]] pugnis in [[Gothi|Gothos]] interfuit et etiam post cladem apud [[Proelium Hadrianopolitanum|Hadrianopolim]] acceptam vixit<ref>Ammianus Marcellinus, op.cit., XXXI 8,13</ref>. Anno [[382]] de foedere cum [[Gothi]]s convenit, qui agrum acceperunt, ut pacem darent. Quo facto ab imperatore [[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] honoratus est. Anno [[383]] summum magistratum iniit una cum [[Flavius Merobaudes|Flavio Merobaude]]<ref>{{CIL|6|501}} {{CIL|6|502}}</ref>. Themistius orationem<ref>oratio XVI, vide supra</ref> de consule novo habuit. Anno [[396]] inter iudicium [[Flavius Timasius|Flavii Timasii]] magistri militum adeptus est, ut is relegaretur<ref>[[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]], Historia Nova, V 9,3-5</ref>. Anno [[400]] [[Gainas]] magister militum eum relegavit<ref>Zosimus, op.cit. 5,18,7-9; [[Socrates Scholasticus]], Historia Ecclesiae, VI 6,9</ref>. ==Religio== Saturninus Christianus erat, [[Gregorius Nazianzenus]] epistulas ad eum dedit<ref>Gregorius Nazianzenus, ep. 132, 181</ref>. ==Notae== <div class="references-small"><references /></div> {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Flavius Claudius Antonius]] et [[Flavius Afranius Syagrius]]| annus= 383<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Merobaudes|Flavio Merobaude]] II| successores=[[Richomer|Flavius Richomeres]] et [[Flavius Clearchus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|saeculo 4}} [[Categoria:Senatores]] [[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]] qw0eh3k6jpod8lsf7xw2eyxquvnqp2w 3960777 3960776 2026-05-19T20:39:29Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3960777 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Flavius Saturninus''' (nescimus, quando natus, quando mortuus sit) vir publicus [[Imperium Romanum|Romanus]] saeculi quarti exeuntis erat. ==Cursus honorum== Flavius Saturninus dux militum erat, anno [[350]] [[Themistius|Themistium]] philosophum ad aulam imperatoris duxit<ref>Themistius, or. XVI 200 a-b</ref>. Anno [[361]], cum [[Iulianus]] imperator in amicos [[Constantius II|Constantii II]] successoris ageret, ab aula relgatus est<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], ''Res gestae'', XXII 3,7; qui eum "ex cura palatii" nominat.</ref>. Anno [[373]] Saturninus ''Comes rei militaris'' erat<ref>[[Basilius Magnus]], ''epist''. 132</ref>. Anno [[377]]/[[378]] pugnis in [[Gothi|Gothos]] interfuit et etiam post cladem apud [[Proelium Hadrianopolitanum|Hadrianopolim]] acceptam vixit<ref>Ammianus Marcellinus, op.cit., XXXI 8,13</ref>. Anno [[382]] de foedere cum [[Gothi]]s convenit, qui agrum acceperunt, ut pacem darent. Quo facto ab imperatore [[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] honoratus est. Anno [[383]] summum magistratum iniit una cum [[Flavius Merobaudes|Flavio Merobaude]]<ref>{{CIL|6|501}} {{CIL|6|502}}</ref>. Themistius orationem<ref>oratio XVI, vide supra</ref> de consule novo habuit. Anno [[396]] inter iudicium [[Flavius Timasius|Flavii Timasii]] magistri militum adeptus est, ut is relegaretur<ref>[[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]], ''Historia Nova'', V 9,3-5</ref>. Anno [[400]] [[Gainas]] magister militum eum relegavit<ref>Zosimus, op.cit. 5,18,7-9; [[Socrates Scholasticus]], ''Historia Ecclesiae'', VI 6,9</ref>. ==Religio== Saturninus Christianus erat, [[Gregorius Nazianzenus]] epistulas ad eum dedit<ref>Gregorius Nazianzenus, ep. 132, 181</ref>. ==Notae== <div class="references-small"><references /></div> {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Flavius Claudius Antonius]] et [[Flavius Afranius Syagrius]]| annus= 383<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Merobaudes|Flavio Merobaude]] II| successores=[[Richomer|Flavius Richomeres]] et [[Flavius Clearchus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|saeculo 4}} [[Categoria:Senatores]] [[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]] svbgipzq5ler3fe7hatjf5iwad4z4n1 3960778 3960777 2026-05-19T20:40:15Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Religio */ 3960778 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Flavius Saturninus''' (nescimus, quando natus, quando mortuus sit) vir publicus [[Imperium Romanum|Romanus]] saeculi quarti exeuntis erat. ==Cursus honorum== Flavius Saturninus dux militum erat, anno [[350]] [[Themistius|Themistium]] philosophum ad aulam imperatoris duxit<ref>Themistius, or. XVI 200 a-b</ref>. Anno [[361]], cum [[Iulianus]] imperator in amicos [[Constantius II|Constantii II]] successoris ageret, ab aula relgatus est<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], ''Res gestae'', XXII 3,7; qui eum "ex cura palatii" nominat.</ref>. Anno [[373]] Saturninus ''Comes rei militaris'' erat<ref>[[Basilius Magnus]], ''epist''. 132</ref>. Anno [[377]]/[[378]] pugnis in [[Gothi|Gothos]] interfuit et etiam post cladem apud [[Proelium Hadrianopolitanum|Hadrianopolim]] acceptam vixit<ref>Ammianus Marcellinus, op.cit., XXXI 8,13</ref>. Anno [[382]] de foedere cum [[Gothi]]s convenit, qui agrum acceperunt, ut pacem darent. Quo facto ab imperatore [[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] honoratus est. Anno [[383]] summum magistratum iniit una cum [[Flavius Merobaudes|Flavio Merobaude]]<ref>{{CIL|6|501}} {{CIL|6|502}}</ref>. Themistius orationem<ref>oratio XVI, vide supra</ref> de consule novo habuit. Anno [[396]] inter iudicium [[Flavius Timasius|Flavii Timasii]] magistri militum adeptus est, ut is relegaretur<ref>[[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]], ''Historia Nova'', V 9,3-5</ref>. Anno [[400]] [[Gainas]] magister militum eum relegavit<ref>Zosimus, op.cit. 5,18,7-9; [[Socrates Scholasticus]], ''Historia Ecclesiae'', VI 6,9</ref>. == De religione == Saturninus Christianus erat, [[Gregorius Nazianzenus]] epistulas ad eum dedit<ref>Gregorius Nazianzenus, ep. 132, 181</ref>. ==Notae== <div class="references-small"><references /></div> {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Flavius Claudius Antonius]] et [[Flavius Afranius Syagrius]]| annus= 383<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Merobaudes|Flavio Merobaude]] II| successores=[[Richomer|Flavius Richomeres]] et [[Flavius Clearchus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|saeculo 4}} [[Categoria:Senatores]] [[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]] 6aqq0cemamjxzo83pdg5v8nbcqrtj8l 3960779 3960778 2026-05-19T20:41:40Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Cursus honorum */ 3960779 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Flavius Saturninus''' (nescimus, quando natus, quando mortuus sit) vir publicus [[Imperium Romanum|Romanus]] saeculi quarti exeuntis erat. ==Cursus honorum== Flavius Saturninus dux militum erat, anno [[350]] [[Themistius|Themistium]] philosophum ad aulam imperatoris duxit<ref>Themistius, or. XVI 200 a-b</ref>. Anno [[361]], cum [[Iulianus]] imperator in amicos [[Constantius II|Constantii II]] successoris ageret, ab aula relegatus est<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], ''Res gestae'', XXII 3,7; qui eum "ex cura palatii" nominat.</ref>. Anno [[373]] Saturninus ''Comes rei militaris'' erat<ref>[[Basilius Magnus]], ''epist''. 132</ref>. Anno [[377]]/[[378]] pugnis in [[Gothi|Gothos]] interfuit et etiam post cladem apud [[Proelium Hadrianopolitanum|Hadrianopolim]] acceptam vixit<ref>Ammianus Marcellinus, op.cit., XXXI 8,13</ref>. Anno [[382]] de foedere cum [[Gothi]]s convenit, qui agrum acceperunt, ut pacem darent. Quo facto ab imperatore [[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] honoratus est. Anno [[383]] summum magistratum iniit una cum [[Flavius Merobaudes|Flavio Merobaude]]<ref>{{CIL|6|501}} {{CIL|6|502}}</ref>. Themistius orationem<ref>oratio XVI, vide supra</ref> de consule novo habuit. Anno [[396]] inter iudicium [[Flavius Timasius|Flavii Timasii]] magistri militum adeptus est, ut is relegaretur<ref>[[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]], ''Historia Nova'', V 9,3-5</ref>. Anno [[400]] [[Gainas]] magister militum eum relegavit<ref>Zosimus, op.cit. 5,18,7-9; [[Socrates Scholasticus]], ''Historia Ecclesiae'', VI 6,9</ref>. == De religione == Saturninus Christianus erat, [[Gregorius Nazianzenus]] epistulas ad eum dedit<ref>Gregorius Nazianzenus, ep. 132, 181</ref>. ==Notae== <div class="references-small"><references /></div> {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Flavius Claudius Antonius]] et [[Flavius Afranius Syagrius]]| annus= 383<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Merobaudes|Flavio Merobaude]] II| successores=[[Richomer|Flavius Richomeres]] et [[Flavius Clearchus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|saeculo 4}} [[Categoria:Senatores]] [[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]] 7i74xh4ty74nd1cwuoxqn5917adyx4p 3960780 3960779 2026-05-19T20:42:38Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* Cursus honorum */ 3960780 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Flavius Saturninus''' (nescimus, quando natus, quando mortuus sit) vir publicus [[Imperium Romanum|Romanus]] saeculi quarti exeuntis erat. ==Cursus honorum== Flavius Saturninus dux militum erat, anno [[350]] [[Themistius|Themistium]] philosophum ad aulam imperatoris duxit<ref>Themistius, or. XVI 200 a-b</ref>. Anno [[361]], cum [[Iulianus]] imperator in amicos [[Constantius II|Constantii II]] cui successerat ageret, ab aula relegatus est<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], ''Res gestae'', XXII 3,7; qui eum "ex cura palatii" nominat.</ref>. Anno [[373]] Saturninus ''Comes rei militaris'' erat<ref>[[Basilius Magnus]], ''epist''. 132</ref>. Anno [[377]]/[[378]] pugnis in [[Gothi|Gothos]] interfuit et etiam post cladem apud [[Proelium Hadrianopolitanum|Hadrianopolim]] acceptam vixit<ref>Ammianus Marcellinus, op.cit., XXXI 8,13</ref>. Anno [[382]] de foedere cum [[Gothi]]s convenit, qui agrum acceperunt, ut pacem darent. Quo facto ab imperatore [[Theodosius I|Theodosio I]] honoratus est. Anno [[383]] summum magistratum iniit una cum [[Flavius Merobaudes|Flavio Merobaude]]<ref>{{CIL|6|501}} {{CIL|6|502}}</ref>. Themistius orationem<ref>oratio XVI, vide supra</ref> de consule novo habuit. Anno [[396]] inter iudicium [[Flavius Timasius|Flavii Timasii]] magistri militum adeptus est, ut is relegaretur<ref>[[Zosimus (historicus)|Zosimus]], ''Historia Nova'', V 9,3-5</ref>. Anno [[400]] [[Gainas]] magister militum eum relegavit<ref>Zosimus, op.cit. 5,18,7-9; [[Socrates Scholasticus]], ''Historia Ecclesiae'', VI 6,9</ref>. == De religione == Saturninus Christianus erat, [[Gregorius Nazianzenus]] epistulas ad eum dedit<ref>Gregorius Nazianzenus, ep. 132, 181</ref>. ==Notae== <div class="references-small"><references /></div> {{Index consulum sub principatu electorum| praedecessores=[[Flavius Claudius Antonius]] et [[Flavius Afranius Syagrius]]| annus= 383<br />cum<br />[[Flavius Merobaudes|Flavio Merobaude]] II| successores=[[Richomer|Flavius Richomeres]] et [[Flavius Clearchus]]}} {{Lifetime|saeculo 4|saeculo 4}} [[Categoria:Senatores]] [[Categoria:Milites Romani antiqui]] 2ghz13wrgbra3q11as01tc66d0x35s9 0 125270 3960828 3871212 2026-05-20T04:20:02Z Pippobuono 54500 capsa et imago 3960828 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Plounéventer Eglise paroissiale.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Plounéventer: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[sanctus Nementerius|Sancto Nementerio]] dicata.]] {{res|Plounéventer}} ([[Lingua Britonica|Britonice]] ''Gwineventer'') est commune {{formatnum:2251}} incolarum (anno [[2013]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Finis Terrae (praefectura Franciae)|Finis Terrae]] in [[Francia]]e occidentalis regione [[Armorica]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Finis Terrae]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Plounéventer|Plounéventer }} {{INSEE commune|29204|de=Plounéventer}} {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Praefecturae Finis Terrae]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Finis terrae]] rlg23up6380xy62zqkb1w0p7grs2941 0 131751 3960806 3722654 2026-05-20T00:16:34Z Grufo 64423 /* Apud priscos Latinos */ [[Iuppiter Latiaris]] hic redirigit 3960806 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Videdis|Mons Albanus (discretiva)}} [[Fasciculus:Rocca di Papa, Monte Cavo (Postkarte 1910).jpg|thumb|350px|Mons Albanus — chartula cursualis anni 1910]] '''Mons Albanus''' (Italiane ''Monte Cavo'') est mons secunda altitudine [[colles Albani|collium Albanorum]] a [[Roma]] circiter 25 km austro-orientem versus situs. Quod cacumen [[conus|coniforme]] 949 m altum in finibus [[Rocha de Papa|Rochae de Papa]] stat, unde ''via sacra'' antiqua etiam nunc ad montem ducit. Mons Albanus olim [[mons ignifer|ignes vomebat]], donec anno fere 8&thinsp;000 a.C.n. exstinctus est, quamquam semel saltem arsisse videtur saeculo VII a.C.n.<ref>[[Livius|Liv.]] 1.31.1 Devictis Sabinis cum in magna gloria magnisque opibus regnum Tulli [sc. Hostili] ac tota res Romana esset, nuntiatum regi patribusque est in monte Albano lapidibus pluvisse.</ref> Praesertim saeculis XVIII et XIX mons Albanus a pictoribus saepe figuratus est more bucolico. Nomen Italianum creditur ex vico quodam cepisse cui nomen erat ''Cabo''. Sunt qui Cabum illud idem esse ac Rocham de Papa censeant. Ad summum montem praeter viam sacram (quamquam hodie profana est) via vehicularis (''Strada per Monte Cavo'', 4.77 km) ducit. Viatoribus hodiernis magnificus ex monte Albano prospectus pateret, nisi [[telecommunicatio]]nis [[antenna|antennarum]] silva militarique saepimento aliquatenus impediretur. == Apud priscos Latinos == {{Hic redirigit|Iuppiter Latiaris}} [[Fasciculus:Stones of Jupiter Latiaris Temple 098.jpg|thumb|left|Saxa templi Iovis Latiaris hodie usque servata]] Mons Albanus erat locus sacer [[Latini|Latinorum]] inde a saeculo fere decimo a.C.n., iam dudum ante [[Roma]]m conditam. Templum [[Iuppiter|Iovi Latiari]] dedicatum in monte erat nec non urbs [[Alba Longa|Albae Longae]], quam credebant ab [[Ascanius|Ascanio]], [[Aeneas|Aeneae]] filio, conditam esse [[colonia]]m [[Lavinium|Lavinii]].<ref>[[Livius|Liv.]] 1.3.4</ref> Ex qua opinione, quamquam testimonio archaeologico caret, communio mythologica harum urbium apparet. Aeneas enim post [[bellum Troianum]] ex urbe vastata fugiens ad litus [[Laurentum|Laurentis agri]] naves suas adplicuerat ibique a [[Latinus|Latino]], rege Laurentium, benigne acceptus filiam huius Laviniam uxorem duxerat. Deinde urbem condidit sex fere milia passuum (c. 9 km) a Laurento distantem, cui nomen [[Lavinium]] indidit ab nomine uxoris.<ref>[[Vergilius|Verg.]] ''[[Aeneis|Aen.]]'' 12.194 urbique dabit Lavinia nomen; [[Livius|Liv.]] 1.1.11</ref> Traditum est regem Latinum, cum adversus Etruscos pugnaret, ante oculos evanuisse ("nusquam apparuisse"),<ref>[[Sextus Pompeius Festus|Fest.]] 212 Lindsay</ref> et deinde in monte Albano apparuisse deus factus, scilicet Iuppiter Latiaris, tutela communitatis omnium Latinorum.<ref>Liou-Gille (1996: 77)</ref> Quotannis [[Latini]] ad celebrandas [[feriae Latinae|ferias Latinas]] cogebantur, ut Iovi Latiari in monte Albano sacra facerent. Etiam [[foedus Latinum|foedus]] saeculo VII a.C.n. in Albano monte pepigerunt ad se tuendum ab Etruscos aliisque nationibus. Quo foedere Latino resoluto anno [[338 a.C.n.|338]] cultus Iovis Latiaris in [[Capitolium]] translatus est. == Ex templo in stationem telecommunicationis == [[Fasciculus:The structure on the top of Monte Cavo 100.jpg|thumb|280px|Statio telecommunicationis in monte Albano sita. Evolutio culturae?]] Medio aevo [[eremita]]e [[Dalmatia|Dalmatici]] in locum templi constituerunt [[eremitorium]] [[Petrus|Petro apostolo]] sanctum. Postea diversi ordines religiosi hoc aedificio usi sunt. Saeculo XVIII aedificium in [[monasterium]] mutatum saxis aedis antiquae renovatum est. Anno 1890 aedificium in [[deversorium|xenodochium]] mutatum deversores undique gentium venientes recipiebat, inter quos [[Humbertus II]], rex Italiae, [[Aloisius Pirandello|Luigi Pirandello]], fabularum scaenicarum scriptor, [[Armando Diaz]] mareschallus, [[Eduardus VIII (rex Britanniarum)|Eduardus VIII]] cum coniuge [[Wallis Simpson]]. Quo deversorio exercitus Germaniae (''[[Wehrmacht]]'') secundo bello mundano usus est statione communicationis radiophonicae. Hodie aedificium saepimento et antennis circumdatum officio stationis telecommunicationis fungitur. Quam operationem multi infestis oculis conspiciunt, et complures de radiatione electromagnetica querimoniae factae sunt. Etiam [[Romanae religionis restitutores]], ut templum in honorem pristinum restituatur, postulant. Aliquot antennae iam in alium locum translatae sunt.<Ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20131217221720/http://www.eccolanotiziaquotidiana.it/rocca-di-papa-smantellate-sul-monte-cavo-le-4-antenne-di-cr-dab-radio-digitale/ ''La Notizia Quotidiana'' 9.7.2012] </ref> == Bibliographia == * Cecamore, Claudia: Il santuario di « Iuppiter Latiaris » sul Monte Cavo: spunti e materiali dai vecchi scavi. ''Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma'' 95 (1), 1993, 19-44 * van Essen, C.C.: Albanus mons. ''Hermeneus'' 30, 1958, 32-36 * Finocchi, P.: Il templum di Iuppiter Latiaris sul Mons Albanus. ''Archeologia laziale'' III, 1980, 156-158. * Gratzl, Karl: ''Mythos Berg. Lexikon der bedeutenden Berge aus Mythologie, Kulturgeschichte und Religion''. Hollinek: Purkersdorf. * Guidi, A. & di Gennaro, F. & Pacciarelli, M.: Rinvenimenti d'età pre- e protostorica a Grottaferrata e a Monte Cavo. ''Archeologia laziale'' I, 1978, 84-86. * Liou-Gille, Bernadette (1996) Naissance de la ligue latine. Mythe et culte de fondation. ''Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire'' 74: 73-97 {{NexInt}} * [[Latium]] (''regio''), * [[Latium Vetus]], * [[Albanus lacus]], * [[Nemorensis lacus]], * [[Colles Albani]], * [[Castra Romana (terra)|Castra Romana]], * [[Provincia Romana]]. == Nexus externi == * [http://www.lazioturismo.it/asp/scheda_archeo.asp?id=86 de Monte Albano in situ: ''www.lazioturismo.it''] == Alia coepta Vici == {{CommuniaCat|Monte Cavo|Montem Albanum}} == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references/></div> [[Categoria:Montes Latii|Albanus]] [[Categoria:Urbs metropolitana Romae Capitis]] eozskv1o8937bvdrxzfbvuat6mwbtrw 0 149548 3960785 3859091 2026-05-19T21:20:38Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3960785 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Jerycho-panorama.jpg|thumb|Aspectus Hiericuntis]] '''Hiericus''' (-''untis'')<ref> [[Plinius Maior|Gaius Plinius]], ''[[Naturalis historia (Plinius)|Naturalis Historia]]'' 5.70.6 </ref> vel sere '''Iericho'''<ref>{{hofmannus}}</ref> vel '''Hiericho'''<ref>Ierichō, fem. indecl. (Ἱεριχώ), [[Vulgata]], Num. 22,1 et al. – Adi. Ierichontīnus vel Ierichuntīnus 3.</ref> ([[Hebraice]] יְרִיחוֹ; [[Arabice]] أريحا ''ʿArīḥā'') est urbs in [[Territoria Palaestinensia|Territoriis Palaestinensibus]] in ripa [[Iordanis]] dextra sita. 250 m sub [[Maris aequor|maris aequore]] posita est urbs in orbe terrarum maxime depressa. Ab oriente fere quattuor chiliometris a limite [[Iordania|Iordanico]] distat et fere octo chiliometris a [[Mare Mortuum|Mari Mortuo]] a meridie sito. Urbs, cuius nomen a [[Luna (deitas)|deo lunae]] nomine [[Iarich]] deductum est, ad antiquissimam viam mercatoriam adiacet. Numerus incolarum hodie est circiter 25 000. Hiericus se "urbem mundi antiquissam" nominat; investigationes archaeologicae demonstrant urbem pluries deletam et post longum intervallum iterum aedificatam esse. Hiericus etiam cognomine ''urbs palmarum'' ornatur. == Notae == <references/> == Fontes == {{Strabo}} XVI.2.34 et 41 == Vide etiam == *[[Tell (archaeologia)]] *[[Iudaea (regio)]] == Bibliographia == * Israel Finkelstein, Neil Asher Silberman: ''Keine Posaunen vor Jericho. Die archäologische Wahrheit über die Bibel.'' Beck, Monaci 2002, ISBN 3-423-34151-3 * Kathleen M. Kenyon: ''Digging up Jericho.'' Benn, Londinii 1957. * Kathleen M. Kenyon, Thomas A. Holland: ''Excavations at Jericho.'' Vol. 5. The pottery phases of the tell and other finds. British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem, Londinii 1983. ISBN 0-9500542-5-9 * Kathleen M. Kenyon: ''Excavations at Jericho.'' Vol. 3. The architecture and stratigraphy of the Tell. British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem, Londinii 1981. ISBN 0-9500542-3-2 * Hamdan Taha, Ali Qleibo: ''Jericho, a Living History: Ten Thousand Years of Civilization.'' Hierosolymis 2010, ISBN 978-9950-351-02-8, [https://web.archive.org/web/20101026025902/http://www.jericho10000.ps/userfiles/file/jericho%2010000-book.pdf in interrete] (PDF, 8,1 MB) * Katherine I. Wright, "[https://www.academia.edu/5851912/Wright_K._I._2000._The_social_origins_of_cooking_and_dining_in_early_villages_of_western_Asia._Proceedings_of_the_Prehistoric_Society_66_1_89-121 The Social Origins of Cooking and Dining in Early Villages of Western Asia]" in ''Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society'' vol. 66 (2000) pp. 89–121 == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Jericho|Hiericuntem}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170929035930/http://ancientneareast.tripod.com/Jericho_Tell_Sultan.html Tell Sultan] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111204025046/http://www.impetusinmundum.de/Dokumentation/Album.html?Bildliste=4b1ebedx4c03c14-4c04c2fx540210c7&Region=Jericho Imagines ex Iericho] [[Categoria:Urbes Palaestinae]] [[Categoria:Loci Biblici]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati neolithici]] [[Categoria:Loci archaeologici Israelis]] 84y1h2q6drni6gex7bd58q5pk8c0qhg 0 151410 3960758 3429271 2026-05-19T17:37:37Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3960758 wikitext text/x-wiki ''' Verlus''' ([[Gasconice]] ''Verlush'' ) est commune 102 incolarum (anno [[2009]]) [[Francia]]e praefecturae [[Aegirtius (praefectura Franciae)|Aegirtii]] in regione [[Meridianum et Pyrenaeus|Meridiano et Pyrenaeo]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Aegirtii]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Verlus|Verlus}} * {{INSEE commune|32461|de=Verlus}} {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Aegircii]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Aegircii]] 42uamdgqpkaice1k4527lgvzzdw1erq 0 158350 3960867 3869047 2026-05-20T10:38:41Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3960867 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:JA-portrait-1-LW.jpg|thumb|Ioannes C. Adams.]] '''Ioannes Coolidge Adams''' ([[Vigornia (Massachusetta)|Vigornia]]e in [[Massachusetta]] natus die [[15 Februarii]] [[1947]]) est [[compositor]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]] qui [[minimalismus|minimalismum]] firmiter exponit. Inter sua notissima [[compositio musica|compositiones musicas]] sunt ''[[Short Ride in a Fast Machine]]'' (1986); ''[[On the Transmigration of Souls]]'' (2002), res [[chorus|choralis]] quae victimas [[11 Septembris 2001|oppugnatione diei 11 Septembris 2001]] adflictas commemorat (pro quam [[Praemium Pulitzer pro Musica]] anno [[2003]] abstulit); et ''[[Shaker Loops]]'' (1978), opus [[musica minima|minimalisticum]] in [[quattuor]] motibus pro [[fides|fidibus]]. Inter sua notissima [[opera]]s sunt ''[[Nixon in China (opera)|Nixon in China]]'' (1987), quae [[salutatio Nixoniana Sinae 1972|salutationem]] [[Sinae (regio)|Sinae]] anno [[1972]] [[Ricardus Nixon|Ricardi Nixon]] enarrat; et ''[[Doctor Atomic]]'' (2005), quae de [[Robertus Oppenheimer|Roberto Oppenheimer]], [[Propositum Manhata|Proposito Manhata]], et excogitatione primae [[bomba atomica|bombae atomicae]] tractat. Anno [[2019]] [[Praemium Erasmianum]] accepit. ==Index operum== {{div col|cols=2}} ===Operae musicae=== *(1987) ''[[Nixon in China (opera)|Nixon in China]]'' *(1991) ''[[The Death of Klinghoffer]]'' *(1995) ''[[I Was Looking at the Ceiling and Then I Saw the Sky]]'' *(2000) ''[[El Niño (oratorium)|El Niño]]'' (opera-oratorium) *(2005) ''[[Doctor Atomic]]'' *(2006) ''[[A Flowering Tree]]'' ===Orchestra=== *(1979) ''[[Common Tones in Simple Time]]'' *(1980) ''[[Harmonium (Ioannes Adams)|Harmonium]]'' *(1983) ''[[Shaker Loops|Shaker Loops (pro orchestra fidium versus)]]'' *(1985) ''[[Harmonielehre (Ioannes Adams)|Harmonielehre]]'' *(1985) ''[[The Chairman Dances]]'' *(1986) ''[[Tromba Lontana]]'' *(1986) ''[[Short Ride in a Fast Machine]]'' *(1988) ''[[Fearful Symmetries (musica)|Fearful Symmetries]]'' *(1989) ''[[Eros Piano]]'' *(1991) ''[[El Dorado (Ioannes Adams)|El Dorado]]'' *(1993) ''[[Violin Concerto (Ioannes Adams)|Violin Concerto]]'' ([[Praemiun Grawemeyer]] pro compositione musica, 1995) *(1995) ''[[Lollapalooza (Ioannes Adams)|Lollapalooza]]'' *(1996) ''[[Slonimsky's Earbox]]'' *(1997) ''[[Century Rolls]]'' *(1998) ''[[Naive and Sentimental Music]]'' *(2001) ''[[Guide to Strange Places]]'' *(2002) ''[[On the Transmigration of Souls]]'' *(2003) ''[[My Father Knew Charles Ives]]'' *(2003) ''[[The Dharma at Big Sur]]'' *(2007) ''[[Doctor Atomic Symphony]]'' *(2009) ''[[City Noir]]'' *(2010) ''[[Absolute Jest]]'' ===Vox et orchestra=== * (1987) ''[[The Nixon Tapes]]'' * (1989) ''[[The Wound-Dresser]]'' ===Musica camerata=== *(1970) ''[[Piano Quintet (Ioannes Adams)|Piano Quintet]]'' *(1978) ''[[Shaker Loops]]'' *(1992) ''[[Chamber Symphony (Ioannes Adams)|Chamber Symphony]]'' *(1994) ''[[John's Book of Alleged Dances]]'' *(1995) ''[[Road Movies]]'' *(1996) ''[[Gnarly Buttons]]'' *(2007) ''[[Son of Chamber Symphony]]'' *(2007) ''[[Fellow Traveler (Ioannes Adams)|Fellow Traveler]]'' *(2008) ''[[String Quartet No. 2 (John Adams)|String Quartet]]'' ===Opera pro aliis gregibus musicis=== *(1973) ''[[American Standard]]'' *(1973) ''[[Christian Zeal and Activity]]'' *(1975) ''[[Grounding]]'' *(1982) ''[[Grand Pianola Music]]'' *(1996) ''[[Scratchband]]'' *(2001) ''[[Nancy's Fancy]]'' ===Chorus=== *(1973) ''[[Ktaadn (Ioannes Adams)|Ktaadn]]'' *(1980) ''[[Harmonium (Ioannes Adams)|Harmonium]]'' *(1991) '' [[Choruses from The Death of Klinghoffer]]'' *(2002) ''[[On the Transmigration of Souls]]'' *(2011) ''[[The Gospel According to the Other Mary]]'' ===Taenia et instrumenta electronica=== *(1970) ''[[Heavy Metal (Ioannes Adams)|Heavy Metal]]'' *(1976) ''[[Studebaker Love Music]]'' *(1976) ''[[Onyx (Ioannes Adams)|Onyx]]'' *(1983) ''[[Light Over Water]]'' *(1993) ''[[Hoodoo Zephyr]]'' ===Piano=== *(1977) ''[[Phrygian Gates]]'' *(1977) ''[[China Gates]]'' *(1996) ''[[Hallelujah Junction]]'' *(2001) ''[[American Berserk]]'' ===Pellicula=== *(1982) ''[[Matter of Heart]]'' *(1999?) ''[[An American Tapestry]]'' *(2010) ''[[I Am Love (pellicula)|I Am Love]] (Io sono l'amore)''<!--all existing pieces, no original compositions--> ===Orchestrationes=== *(1990) ''[[The Black Gondola (orchestratio Ioannis Adams|The Black Gondola]]'' ([[Franciscus Liszt|Francisci Liszt]] ''La Lugubre Gondola'') *(1991) ''[[Berceuse Élégiaque (orchestratio Ioannis Adams)|Berceuse Élégiaque]]'' ([[Ferruccius Busoni|Ferruccii Busoni]] ''[[Berceuse Élégiaque]]'') *(1993) ''[[Le Livre de Baudelaire (orchestratio Ioannis Adams)|Le Livre de Baudelaire]]'' ([[Claudius Debussy|Claudii Debussy]] ''Cinq poèmes de Charles Baudelaire'') *(1995) ''[[La Mufa (orchestratio Ioannis Adams)|La Mufa]]'' ([[Ástor Piazzolla]] [[tango music|tango]]) *(1996) ''[[Todo Buenos Aires (orchestratio Ioannis Adams)|Todo Buenos Aires]]'' ([[Ástor Piazzolla]] [[tango music|tango]]) ===Dispositiones<!--Arrangements-->=== *(1989–93) ''[[Six Songs by Charles Ives (Ioannes Adams)|Six Songs by Charles Ives]]'' (carmina [[Carolus Ives|Caroli Ives]])<!--PLUS IN EN:--> {{div col end}} ==Notae== <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Adams, John. [[2008]]. ''Halleluiah Junction: Composing an American Life.'' Novi Eboraci: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux; Anglia: Faber and Faber. * Broyles, Michael. [[2004]]. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=D9-xeF0QYhgC Mavericks and Other Traditions in American music]''. Portu Novo: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10045-0. *Daines, Matthew. [[1998]]. "The Death of Klinghoffer by John Adams." ''American Music'' 16 (3): 356–358. Recognitio. *Heisinger, Brent. [[1989]]. "American Minimalism in the 1980s." ''American Music'' 7 (4): 430–47. *May, Thomas, ed. [[2006]]. ''The John Adams Reader: Essential Writings on an American Composer.'' Pompton Plains, Novae Caesareae: Amadeus. ISBN 1-57467-132-4. *Richardson, John. [[2005]]. "John Adams: A Portrait and a Concert of American Music". ''American Music'' 23 (1): 131–133. Recognitio. *Rimer, J. Thomas. [[1994]]. "Nixon in China by John Adams." ''American Music'' 12 (3): 338–41. Recognitio. * Schwartz, Elliott, et Daniel Godfrey. [[1993]]. ''Music Since 1945: Issues, Materials, and Literature.'' Novi Eboraci: Schirmer Books; Toronti: Maxwell Macmillan Canada; Novi Eboraci: Maxwell Macmillan International. ISBN 0-02-873040-2. *Schwarz, K. Robert. [[1990]]. "Process vs. Intuition in the Recent Works of Steve Reich and John Adams." ''American Music'' 8 (3): 245–73. *Schwarz, K. Robert. [[2008]]. ''Minimalists.'' Londinii: Phaidon Press Inc. ISBN 0-7148-3381-9. Iterum impressum, 2008, ISBN 0-7148-4773-9. *Warrack, John, et Ewan West. [[1992]]. ''The Oxford Dictionary of Opera.'' ISBN 0-19-869164-5. ==Nexus externi== *[http://www.operainfo.org/broadcast/composer.cgi?id=1000000000000130&language=1 "About the Composer: John Adams,"] apud www.operainfo.org *[http://www.boosey.com/pages/cr/composer/composer_main.asp?composerid=2778 "Snapshot Page,"] apud www.boosey.com *[http://www.earbox.com Situs publicus Ioannis Adams,] apud www.earbox.com *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090215152231/http://www.pulitzer.org/biography/2003,Music Biographia Praemio Pulitzer dicata (2003),] apud www.pulitzer.org *[https://web.archive.org/web/20191207203539/http://www.doctor-atomic.com/ Situs interretialis operae ''Doctor Atomic,''] apud www.doctor-atomic.com *[http://www.musicianguide.com/biographies/1608000785/John-Adams.html Biographia] apud www.musicianguide.com (Musicianguide) *[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/discoveringmusic/listeninglibrary.shtml "In the BBC Discovering Music: Listening Library,"] apud www.bbc.co.uk <div style="width:50%; float:left"> *[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14996733 "John Adams,"] apud www.npr.org *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120829005250/http://imgartists.com/?id=708&page=artist "John Adams,"] apud www.imgartists.com *[http://www.metoperafamily.org/metopera/news/dr_atomic/detail.aspx?id=4672 De ''Doctor Atomic,'' commentarius a Thoma May scriptus,] apud www.metoperafamily.org *[http://www.boosey.com/pages/cr/composer/composer_main.asp?composerid=2778&ttype=INTRODUCTION&ttitle=In%20Focus De Ioanne Adams,] apud www.boosey.com (Boosey & Hawkes) *[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm3556697/ John Adams on IMDB] ===Conloquia=== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080304084319/http://www.topologymusic.com/articles/adams.htm "John Adams in conversation with Robert Davidson,"] apud www.topologymusic.com *[https://web.archive.org/web/20051028114109/http://www.newmusicbox.org/article.nmbx?id=1050 "John Adams in conversation with Frank J. Oteri, 2000,"] apud www,newmusicbox.org *[http://streams.wgbh.org/online/play.php?xml=clas/cmd070405adamsportrait.xml&template=wgbh_audio/ "An American Portrait: Composer John Adams,"] apud streams.wgbh.org (WGBH, Bostoniae) {{Lifetime|1947||Adams, Ioannes}} [[Categoria:Alumni Conservatorii Musici Franciscopolitani]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Harvardianae]] [[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]] [[Categoria:Autobiographi Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Compositores Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Compositores classici saeculi 20]] [[Categoria:Compositores classici saeculi 21]] [[Categoria:Compositores operarum]]<!-- [[Categoria:Compositores minimalisti]] [[Categoria:Musici electronici]] [[Categoria:Praemium Grawemeyer]] --> [[Categoria:Praemium Grammy]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Civitatum Foederatarum]] 4nl51c4csimv7hkaojytc860a0svaqo 4 174428 3960788 3958596 2026-05-19T22:02:24Z Bis-Taurinus 70496 /* 2026 */ 3960788 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude> {{Compendia paginae|VP:N}} Contenta huius paginae in [[Vicipaedia:Pagina prima|Pagina prima]] ostenduntur. NB: eodem tempore, quo hic nuntium quemque addis, eandem rem in pagina [[2026]] adde aut sub "Eventis" aut sub "Mortuis"</noinclude> ==2026== * 15 Maii: Eruptio epidemiae ebolae e provincia Ituri [[Res publica democratica Congensis|Rei publicae democraticae Congensis]] refertur. Centeni homines illic et in [[Uganda]] in hunc morbum incidunt. * 3 Maii: Epidemia [[hantaviridae|hantavirus]] [[Andes|Andini]] ad [[quadragena]]m [[navis]] vectoriae ''Hondius'' ducit, tres mortui. [[Fasciculus:Sabastian Sawe (KEN) 2025.jpg|90px|right|Sebastianus Sawe]] * 26 Aprilis: [[Sebastianus Sawe]] Londinii primus homo [[Cursus Marathonius|cursum Marathonium]] minore tempore quam duabus horis perficit. [[Fasciculus:Artemis II patch.svg|90px|right|Emblema missionis cum nominibus astronautarum]] * 6 Aprilis: [[Programma Artemis|Artemis II]] cum quattuor astronautis Lunam circumvolat et 11 Aprilis feliciter in Tellurem revertitur. [[Fasciculus:Mojtaba Khamenei 2019.jpg|90px|right|Mojtaba Khamenei]] * 8 Martii: [[Mojtaba Khamenei|Mojtaba Husainus Khamenei]], [[Ali Khamenei|Alii]] necati filius, magnus dux [[Irania]]e eligitur. * 28 Februarii: Civitas [[Israël]] et [[Civitates Foederatae]] impetum [[bomba]]rum ad [[Irania]]m faciunt, illum impetum praeemptivum appellantes. * 21 Februarii: Bellum inter [[Afghania]] et [[Pakistania]] erumpit. [[Fasciculus:2026 Winter Olympics logo.svg|90px|right|[[Olympia hiemalia 2026]]]] * 6 Februarii: [[Olympia hiemalia 2026|Olympia hiemalia]] in [[Italia]] simul [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]], [[Cortina Ampecanorum|Cortinae Ampecanorum]], [[Pralatium|Pralatii]], [[Livignum|Livigni]] et [[Resinae|Ante Silvam]] patefiunt. * 2–6 Februarii: [[Curdistania Syriaca|Curdistaniam Syriacam]] [[Ahmedus Husainus al-Shara|rectio Damasci nova]] sibi adiungit. * 22 Ianuarii: [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] ab [[Ordo mundi sanitarius|Ordine Mundi Sanitarii]] se recedunt. * 15 Ianuarii: [[Vicipaedia]], anno 2001 a [[Iacobus Wales|Iacobo Wales]] et [[Laurentius Sanger|Laurentio Sanger]] condita, annum vicesimum quintum celebrat. [[Fasciculus:Leo XIV (june 2025).jpg|80px|right|[[Leo XIV]]]] * 6 Ianuarii: [[Leo XIV|Leo papa XIV]] [[Iubilaeum anni 2025]] claudit. [[Fasciculus:Nicolas Maduro on December 31, 2025 (cropped2).jpg|80px|right|[[Nicolaus Maduro]]]] * 3 Ianuarii: [[Nicolaus Maduro]] [[Venetiola]]e praeses a militibus [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum]] raptus est, [[Caracae]] multis ictibus affliguntur. == 2025 == * 28 Novembris: Leo XIV [[papa]] in loco [[Concilium Nicaenum Primum|concilii Nicaeni]] [[Bartholomaeus I|Bartholomaeum]] patriarcham convenit et admonet, ut dissensiones superarentur. [[Fasciculus:A "pillar" formed by the flame on a building during 2025 Tai Po apartment fire.jpg|80px|right|Incendium domorum altarum in Hogkongi vico Taipo]] * 26 Novembris: Hongcongi incendium complurum domorum praealtarum in [[Hongcongum|Hongcongi]] vico Taipo exardescit. Saltem 123 homines necantur. [[Fasciculus:Sagrada Família side view.jpg|right|80px|[[Basilica Sanctae Familiae]]]] * 31 Octobris: [[Basilica Sanctae Familiae]] [[Barcino]]nensis nunc altissima ecclesiarum Christianarum est 162.9 m habens et ecclesia cathedrali [[Ulma|Ulmensi]] altior; sed aedificatio nondum perfecta est. * 28 Octobris: [[Melissa (Hurracanum)|Melissa]], unum e fortissimis hurracanis umquam in oceano Atlantico observatis, [[Iamaica]]m insulam aggreditur. [[File:Sanae_Takaichi_2025.jpg|80px|right|[[Sanae Takaichi]]]] * 21 Octobris: [[Sanae Takaichi]] prima ministrix Iaponiae eligitur. [[File:María Corina Machado perfil retouched.jpg|right|80px|[[Maria Corina Machado]]]] [[Fasciculus:Diadème de la parure de la reine Marie-Amélie et de la Reine Hortense - Musée du Louvre Objets d'art OA 11030.jpg|80px|right|Diadema [[Maria Amalia de Neapoli-Sicilia|Mariae Amaliae]] reginae e Lupara raptum]] * 19 Octobris: Quattuor homines paucis minutis octo pretiosissima ornamenta regalia et imperialia gemmis completa e [[Museum Luparense|museo Luparensi]] rapiunt. * 10 Octobris: [[Maria Corina Machado|Mariae Corinae Machado]] [[praemium Nobelianum pacis]] attribuitur. [[Fasciculus:Damage in Gaza Strip during the October 2023 - 07.jpg|80px|right|[[Gaza]] urbs]] * 9 Octobris: Factio [[Hamasia]] finem [[Bellum Israëlianum-Hamasianum anni 2023|belli]] annuntiat. * 30 Iulii: [[Terrae motus]] magnitudinis 8.8 litora [[Camtschatca]]e et [[Curiles|insularum Curilensium]] concutit; [[portus]] Urbis Curilensis Borealis (''Severo-Kuril'sk'') [[megacyma]]te devastatur. Mense Augusto ineunte post terrae motum [[mons Fontinalis]] et [[mons Krascheninnikovii]] erumpunt. lpcrjuske6h62mf4ojrc8uuiq2byoi1 3960790 3960788 2026-05-19T22:13:49Z Bis-Taurinus 70496 Annum 2025 expuli. 3960790 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude> {{Compendia paginae|VP:N}} Contenta huius paginae in [[Vicipaedia:Pagina prima|Pagina prima]] ostenduntur. NB: eodem tempore, quo hic nuntium quemque addis, eandem rem in pagina [[2026]] adde aut sub "Eventis" aut sub "Mortuis"</noinclude> ==2026== * 15 Maii: Eruptio epidemiae ebolae e provincia Ituri [[Res publica democratica Congensis|Rei publicae democraticae Congensis]] refertur. Centeni homines illic et in [[Uganda]] in hunc morbum incidunt. * 3 Maii: Epidemia [[hantaviridae|hantavirus]] [[Andes|Andini]] ad [[quadragena]]m [[navis]] vectoriae ''Hondius'' ducit, tres mortui. [[Fasciculus:Sabastian Sawe (KEN) 2025.jpg|90px|right|Sebastianus Sawe]] * 26 Aprilis: [[Sebastianus Sawe]] Londinii primus homo [[Cursus Marathonius|cursum Marathonium]] minore tempore quam duabus horis perficit. [[Fasciculus:Artemis II patch.svg|90px|right|Emblema missionis cum nominibus astronautarum]] * 6 Aprilis: [[Programma Artemis|Artemis II]] cum quattuor astronautis Lunam circumvolat et 11 Aprilis feliciter in Tellurem revertitur. [[Fasciculus:Mojtaba Khamenei 2019.jpg|90px|right|Mojtaba Khamenei]] * 8 Martii: [[Mojtaba Khamenei|Mojtaba Husainus Khamenei]], [[Ali Khamenei|Alii]] necati filius, magnus dux [[Irania]]e eligitur. * 28 Februarii: Civitas [[Israël]] et [[Civitates Foederatae]] impetum [[bomba]]rum ad [[Irania]]m faciunt, illum impetum praeemptivum appellantes. * 21 Februarii: Bellum inter [[Afghania]] et [[Pakistania]] erumpit. [[Fasciculus:2026 Winter Olympics logo.svg|90px|right|[[Olympia hiemalia 2026]]]] * 6 Februarii: [[Olympia hiemalia 2026|Olympia hiemalia]] in [[Italia]] simul [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]], [[Cortina Ampecanorum|Cortinae Ampecanorum]], [[Pralatium|Pralatii]], [[Livignum|Livigni]] et [[Resinae|Ante Silvam]] patefiunt. * 2–6 Februarii: [[Curdistania Syriaca|Curdistaniam Syriacam]] [[Ahmedus Husainus al-Shara|rectio Damasci nova]] sibi adiungit. * 22 Ianuarii: [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] ab [[Ordo mundi sanitarius|Ordine Mundi Sanitarii]] se recedunt. * 15 Ianuarii: [[Vicipaedia]], anno 2001 a [[Iacobus Wales|Iacobo Wales]] et [[Laurentius Sanger|Laurentio Sanger]] condita, annum vicesimum quintum celebrat. [[Fasciculus:Leo XIV (june 2025).jpg|80px|right|[[Leo XIV]]]] * 6 Ianuarii: [[Leo XIV|Leo papa XIV]] [[Iubilaeum anni 2025]] claudit. [[Fasciculus:Nicolas Maduro on December 31, 2025 (cropped2).jpg|80px|right|[[Nicolaus Maduro]]]] * 3 Ianuarii: [[Nicolaus Maduro]] [[Venetiola]]e praeses a militibus [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum]] raptus est, [[Caracae]] multis ictibus affliguntur. s1b7hn8c7jzb266iq7ty67za2j7rcko 0 179622 3960687 3505565 2026-05-19T12:18:12Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3960687 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Groß Twülpstedt''' est commune [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] et ad [[Circulus Helmstadiensis|Circulum Helmstadiensem]] pertinet. Groß Twülpstedt commune e vicis Groß Twülpstedt,Klein Twülpstedt, Papenrode, Rümmer, Groß Sisbeck, Klein Sisbeck atque Volkmarsdorf constat. Commune ab anno [[1974]] pars est communis generalis [[Velpke (commune generale)|Velpke]]. == Historia == [[Fasciculus:Gross Twuelpstedt Kirche.JPG|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sanctorum Mariae et Cyriaci saeculo 12 primo descripta]] Groß Twülpstedt anno [[1145]] nomine ''Tiulpstidi'' primo in actis [[Lucius II|Lucii II]] papae descriptum est. Postea possessio [[Guelfi|Guelphorum]] factum est. Annis [[1807]] - [[1813]] pars [[Regnum Westphaliae|Regni Westphaliae]] erat. Tum ad [[Ducatus Brunsvici|Ducatum Brunsvici]], ab anno [[1918]] ad [[Res Publica Brunsvicum|Rem Publicam Brunsvicum]] pertinuit. Ab anno [[1946]] pars Saxoniae Inferioris est. == Nexus externi == {{Commonscat}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130619013953/http://www.velpke.de/samtgemeinde-und-doerfer/gro-twuelpstedt/index.html Pagina communis generalis Velpke de Groß Twülpstedt scripta] {{urbs-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gross Twuelpstedt}} [[Categoria:Communia Saxoniae Inferioris]] [[Categoria:Condita saeculo 12]] hd7w5ohsndwtwbif14oqbwh9zvafcv3 0 186712 3960837 3861271 2026-05-20T07:40:39Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3960837 wikitext text/x-wiki Hic habes '''indicem [[municipium|municipiorum]] [[Finnia]]e'''. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 0.5em 0 0 0;" |- ! [[Commune]] [[Latine]] !! Commune [[Finnice]] !! Commune [[Suecice]] !! Commune [[Boreosamice]] !! [[Numerus incolarum]] !! [[Area]]<br> ([[chiliometrum quadratum|km²]]) |- | [[Aboa]]<ref>[https://books.google.it/books?id=2bINWLq6e5IC&dq=tornata+tornacum&hl=it&source=gbs_navlinks_s ''Il mondo antico, moderno, e novissimo, ovvero Breve trattato ...'', vol. 2, p. 706]</ref><ref>{{Graesse}}; [[Tuomo Pekkanen]] & [[Reijo Pitkäranta]], ''Lexicon hodiernae Latinitatis Finno-Latino-Finnicum''. Societas Litterarum Finnicarum, Helsinki, 2006; [[Ebbe Vilborg]], ''Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok''. Andra upplagan. Norstedts akademiska förlag, Stockholm, 2009.</ref> || ''Turku'' || ''Åbo'' || ''Turku'' || 186 030 || 306,37 |- | [[Acas]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> seu [[Achas]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> seu [[Akaa]] || ''Akaa'' || ''Ackas'' || ''Akaa'' || 17 052 || 314,38 |- | [[Aeaenekoski]] || ''Äänekoski'' || ''Äänekoski'' || ''Äänekoski'' || 19 609 || 1 138,38 |- | [[Aehtaeri]] || ''Ähtäri'' || ''Etseri'' || ''Ähtäri'' || 6 058 || 909,96 |- | [[Alajarvi]]<ref>[bhl-china.org/bhldatas/pdfs/a/actasocprofaunae51soci_bw.pdf ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) 103 et 105, spec, etiam ex Alajarvi (...)".</ref> || ''Alajärvi'' || ''Alajärvi'' || ''Alajärvi'' || 9 973 || 1 056,75 |- | [[Alavieska]] || ''Alavieska'' || ''Alavieska'' || ''Alavieska'' || 2 689 || 253,03 |- | [[Alavo]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170228215513/http://etelapohjalaiset-juuret.fi/files/1ylioppilasmatrikkeli.pdf Matricula Scholae Trivialis Wasensis] ubi dicitur ”Johannes Kreander Sacellani filius Alavoensis”</ref> seu [[Alavus]] || ''Alavus'' || ''Alavo'' || ''Alavus'' || 12 020 || 842,73 |- | [[Aquae Equinae]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Orivesi'' || 'Orivesi'' || 'Orivesi'' || 9 359 || 960,08 |- | [[Aquilopolis]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Kotka'' || ''Kotka'' || ''Kotka'' || 54 342 || 949,74 |- | [[Arctopolis]]<ref>{{Ruhs}}</ref><ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> seu [[Biorneburgum]]<ref>{{lexfons}}</ref> seu [[Bioerneburgum]]<ref>[http://www.histdoc.net/historia/se/ruhs_in.html textus]</ref> seu [[Ursorum Castrum]]<ref>{{Graesse}}</ref> || ''Pori'' || ''Björneborg'' || ''Pori'' || 85 256 || 1 704,07 |- | [[Arx Nova]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> seu [[Castrum Novum (Finnia)|Castrum Novum]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Savonlinna'' || ''Nyslott'' || ''Savonlinna'' || 35 504 || 1 973,13 |- | [[Asikkala]]<ref>[bhl-china.org/bhldatas/pdfs/a/actasocprofaunae30soci_bw.pdf ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur ”(...) inter Vaania [in par. Hollola] et Vesivehmas [in par. Asikkala] (...)”.</ref> || ''Asikkala'' || ''Asikkala'' || ''Asikkala'' || 8 297 || 755,54 |- | [[Askola]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofauna16fenngoog/actasocprofauna16fenngoog_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. Pro Fauna Et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur ”(...) Hull herb.; (p): Ssel. 0. Nyl., spec, ex Askola Grefvas! (...)”</ref> || '' Askola'' || '' Askola'' || '' Askola'' || 5 104 || 218,03 |- | [[Aura (Finnia)|Aura]] || ''Aura'' || '' Aura'' || '' Aura'' || 3 980 || 95,57 |- | [[Aythyopolis]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Sotkamo'' || ''Sotkamo'' || ''Sotkamo'' || 10 507 || 2 952,11 |- | [[Bellonia]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> seu [[Polemopolis]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Sodankylä'' || ''Sodankylä'' || ''Soađegilli'' || 8 739 || 12 415,46 |- | [[Bircala]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Pirkkala'' || ''Birkala'' || ''Pirkkala'' || 18 984 || 104,04 |- | [[Borgnas]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofaunae30soci/actasocprofaunae30soci_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur “(...) Borgnas prope Laha (...)”.</ref> || ''Pornainen'' || ''Borgnäs'' || ''Pornainen'' || 5 108 || 150,09 |- | [[Borgoa]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Porvoo'' || ''Borgå'' || ''Porvoo'' || 50 037 || 2 139,19 |- | [[Brahea]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Lieksa'' || ''Lieksa'' || ''Lieksa'' || 11 739 || 4 067,60 |- | [[Brahestadium]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Raahe'' || ''Brahestad'' || ''Raahe'' || 25 126 || 1 399,26 |- | [[Buckila]]<ref>[https://books.google.es/books?id=WkZnAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA84&lpg=PA84&dq=Buckila+juxta&source=bl&ots=_b_hoUoBZg&sig=Wml2rlc2B2ZmvU9-xf0p8FkS074&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjinP78-LjRAhWCcBoKHUB7ArwQ6AEIJTAB#v=onepage&q=Buckila%20juxta&f=false Linnaeus C. (1760); ''Amoenitates Academicae, Volumen Quintum''], ubi dicitur “(...) Apr. ad praedium equestre Buckila, ad quintum ab urbe lapidem (...)”.</ref> || ''Pukkila'' || '' Buckila'' || ''Pukkila'' || 1 976 || 145,94 |- | [[Caianeburgum]]<ref>{{Lexfons}}</ref> || ''Kajaani'' || ''Kajana'' || ''Kajaani'' || 37 646 || 2 264,01 |- | [[Calaioki]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161231054528/http://www.kaleviojanen.fi/ojanen-kuruII/suursillin.htm kaleviojanen.fi] ubi dicitur “(...) Adjunctus primo in Calajoki, deinde Sacellanus in GCarleby, obiit d. 10 Junii 1728 (...)”.</ref> || ''Kalajoki'' || ''Kalajoki'' || ''Kalajoki'' || 12 567 || 2 391,31 |- | [[Calcarium]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Kannus'' || ''Kannus'' || ''Kannus'' || 5 579 || 470,65 |- | [[Cangasala]]<ref>[http://www.helsinki.fi/ylioppilasmatrikkeli/henkilo.php?id=2961 helsinki.fi] ubi dicitur "(...) Johannes Enckel. | primum Corporalis, deinde Adj. Min: | in Cangasala | hinc | Sacellanus ‹in Cangasala (...)".</ref> || ''Kangasala'' || ''Kangasala'' || ''Kangasala'' || 30 686 || 870,85 |- | [[Carolina Nova]]<ref>{{Graesse}}</ref> seu [[Neo-Carolina]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Uusikaarlepyy'' || ''Nykarleby'' || ''Uusikaarlepyy'' || 7 559 || 1 675,21 |- | [[Carolina Vetus]]<ref>{{Rytkonen}}</ref> seu [[Carolina Antiqua]]<ref>{{Graesse}}</ref> || ''Kokkola'' || ''Karleby'' || ''Kokkola'' || 47 634 || 2 730,81 |- | [[Chariovaldium]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Harjavalta'' || ''Harjavalta'' || ''Harjavalta'' || 7 268 || 127,74 |- | [[Christinea]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> seu [[Christinaestadium]]<ref>[https://books.google.es/books?id=grdCAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA2-PA463&lpg=RA2-PA463&dq=Christinaestadium&source=bl&ots=UE_oHkrMyQ&sig=QGgY9qlP04EGn0bqYmu1ijuBP5k&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj2gcjL657RAhVMsxQKHSfwDuQQ6AEIMTAE#v=onepage&q=Christinaestadium&f=false Büsching A. F. (1754) ''Neue Erdbeschreibung: Dänemark, Norwegen, Schweden''] , ubi dicitur “(...) ''Christinestadt, ''Christinaestadium'', eine Seestadt'' (...)”.</ref> || ''Kristiinankaupunki'' || ''Kristinestad'' || ''Kristiinankaupunki'' || 6 798 || 1 678,98 |- | [[Clavivicus]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Kurikka'' || ''Kurikka'' || ''Kurikka'' || 21 659 || 913,45 |- | [[Colpopolis]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> seu [[Lahti]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170921171655/http://docplayer.fi/3558131-Ihmisen-varaosat-studia-generalia-lahtiensis-22-03-2011-kimmo-kontula-hy-n-vararehtori-sisatautiopin-professori.html docplayer.fi] ubi dicitur "Ihmisen varaosat. Studia Generalia Lahtiensis Kimmo Kontula, HY:n vararehtori Sisätautiopin professori"</ref> || ''Lahti'' || ''Lahtis'' || ''Lahti'' || 118 885 || 154,58 |- | [[Copio]]<ref>[http://runeberg.org/ztfinland/0200.html ''Projekt Runeberg: Finland framstäldt i teckningar''], ubi dicitur "socken omtalas först 1554, och nomnet "Copio" förekommer icke förr äu 1571. Bland flera härledningar af namnet är den sanuolikast, som Kuopio vara en förfinskning (...)."</ref><ref>[https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/enlarge/30443 ''Tabula Regnorum Sueciae et Norvegiae'', Amstelodami apud Hugo Allardt anno 1664.]</ref> seu [[Cuopio]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> seu [[Kuopio]]<ref>[http://areena.yle.fi/1-2305002 Magistri linguae Latinae in urbe Kuopio convenerunt]. ''Nuntii Latini'', 8. Augusti 2014. (Audiri quoque potest: [http://areena.yle.fi/1-2305002]) </ref> || ''Kuopio'' || ''Kuopio'' || ''Kuopio'' || 112 158 || 2 317,24 |- | [[Coronium]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Kruunupyy'' || ''Kronoby'' || ''Kruunupyy'' || 6 654 || 752,64 |- | [[Cumoa]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> seu [[Kumo]]<ref>[https://books.google.es/books?id=iUQDFlj1ykkC&pg=PA353&lpg=PA353&dq=kumoensis&source=bl&ots=inNod5PVhD&sig=PG52ouFZf_OB7fh_NUTGPxM_EsM&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV49bT0J7RAhXF6RQKHY2hA34Q6AEIGjAA#v=onepage&q=kumoensis&f=false ], ubi apparet adiectivum “Kumoensis”.</ref> || ''Kokemäki'' || ''Kumo'' || ''Kokemäki'' || 7 579 || 531,27 |- | [[Cyronia Maior]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Isokyrö'' || ''Storkyro'' || '' Isokyrö'' || 4 766 || 356,99 |- | [[Cyronia Tavastorum]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Hämeenkyrö'' || ''Tavastkyro'' || ''Hämeenkyrö'' || 10 693 || 505,10 |- | [[Eckero]]<ref>[http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-13922-synthese ''Tela Botanica''], ubi apparet binomen “Carex hornschuchiana subsp. eckeroensis H.Lindb. & Palmgr.“</ref> || ''Eckerö'' seu ''Ekkeröö'' seu ''Ekkerö'' || ''Eckerö'' || ''Eckerö'' || 932 || 752,63 |- | [[Enonkoski]] || ''Enonkoski'' || ''Enonkoski'' || ''Enonkoski'' || 1 458 || 419,21 |- | [[Enontekiö|Enontekio]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210413094540/https://www.idigbio.org/portal/records/521a6e42-ccb7-4e41-81e5-f2416d3b52cc idigbio.org] ubi apparet locus “Lapponia Enontekioensis”</ref> || ''Enontekiö'' || ''Enontekis'' || ''Eanodat'' || 1 877 || 8 391,39 |- | [[Equilonia Finnorum]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Oripää'' || ''Oripää'' || ''Oripää'' || 1 375 || 117,73 |- | [[Esboa]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> seu [[Espo]]<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin_place_names_in_Europe</ref> || ''Espoo'' || ''Esbo'' || ''Espoo'' || 270 416 || 528,14 |- | [[Eura]]<ref>[https://www.myheritage.fi/research/individual-5001051/simon-michaelis-euraensis-polviander?s=154707191&rfr=tree&rpp=20 myheritage.fi] ubi apparet nomen “Simon Michaelis Euraensis Polviander”</ref> || ''Eura'' || ''Eura'' || ''Eura'' || 12 116 || 630,20 |- | [[Euraaminne]]<ref>[http://www.kansallisbiografia.fi/paimenmuisto/?eid=602 kansallisbiografia.fi] ubi apparet nomen “Gabriel Nicolai Euraåminnensis / Eurajokiensis”</ref> seu [[Euraioki]]<ref>[http://www.kansallisbiografia.fi/paimenmuisto/?eid=602 kansallisbiografia.fi] ubi apparet nomen “Gabriel Nicolai Euraåminnensis / Eurajokiensis”</ref> || ''Eurajoki'' || ''Euraåminne'' || ''Eurajoki'' || 5 934 || 643,78 |- | [[Evijärvi|Eviiarvi]] || ''Evijärvi'' || ''Evijärvi'' || ''Evijärvi'' || 2 559 || 390,71 |- | [[Forsia]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> seu [[Forssa]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Forssa'' || ''Forssa'' || ''Forssa'' || 17 389 || 253,39 |- | [[Forsia Finnorum]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Koski Tl'' || ''Koskis'' || ''Koski Tl'' || 2 392 || 192,41 |- | [[Fredericia (Finnia)|Fredericia]]<ref>[http://www.histdoc.net/historia/se/ruhs_in.html Finland av Friedr. Rühs. 1827.]</ref> || ''Hamina'' || ''Fredrikshamn'' || ''Hamina'' || 20 800 || 1 155,17 |- | [[Fyghelde]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/mitteilungenderg2101618961902geog/mitteilungenderg2101618961902geog_djvu.txt ''Mitteilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft und des Naturhistorischen Museums in Lübeck''] ,ubi dicitur “(...) Arnholm trans mare aland usque lynebetae multe jacent insule fyghelde nomine et notandum, quod de arnholm usque lynaebetae itur (...)”.</ref> || ''Föglö'' || ''Föglö'' || ''Föglö'' || 564 || 1 869,02 |- | [[Geta (Alandia)|Geta]] || ''Geta'' || ''Geta'' || ''Geta'' || 509 || 606,48 |- | [[Granivicus]]<ref>[http://www.thesauruslex.com/sprak/latfin.htm ThesaurusLex, ''Latinska namn på finska städer och landskap'']</ref> seu [[Iyvaeskylae]]<ref>Ahti Rytkönen, [http://books.google.com/books?id=4OoXAAAAMAAJ&dq=jacobstadium&q=jyvaeskylae&pgis=1#search ''Lisiä suomalaiseen kielija kansantieteeseen''] (1976). Genetivus pluralis huius nominis est Jyvaeskylarum.</ref> || ''Jyväskylä'' || ''Jyväskylä'' || ''Jyväskylä'' || 137 392 || 1 466,34 |- | [[Grankulla]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/.../carolilinnaeiflo1745linn_djvu.txt Caroli Linnaei ... Flora Svecica :] ubi dicitur “(...) pago Grankulla intra arenae montes inter arbores r (...)”.</ref> || ''Kauniainen'' || ''Grankulla'' || ''Kauniainen'' || 9 395 || 6,00 |- | [[Gustavia Alandorum]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Kustavi'' || ''Gustavs'' || ''Kustavi'' || 898 || 769,88 |- | [[Gustavia Tavastorum ]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Hartola'' || ''Gustav Adolfs'' || ''Hartola'' || 2 955 || 675,38 |- | [[Haapajärvi|Haapaiarvi]]<ref>[http://www.forgottenbooks.com/download_pdf/Acta_Soc_1100055494.pdf Acta Soc: Pro Fauna et Flora Fennica] ubi dicitur “(...) O m . p : Hellstr. , spe c. e Gamla Karleb y] ; Jakobstad : C.W. F ontell ! ; (st fq) ad ripas : Tenn. ,spec. ex Haapajärvi Pukkilahti ! O k . Kianta Kyllönen : Wainio Kasv . ; Kaj ana p : Must.p . 5 3 (...)”.</ref> || ''Haapajärvi'' || ''Haapajärvi'' seu ''Aspsjö'' || ''Haapajärvi'' || 7 424 || 789,08 |- | [[Haapavesi]] || ''Haapavesi'' || ''Haapavesi'' || ''Haapavesi'' || 7 157 || 1 086,15 |- | [[Halso]]<ref>[https://www.lehtiluukku.fi/readpreview?pub=114131 lehtiluukku.fi] ubi dictitur “Fauna Halsoensis”.</ref> || ''Halsua'' || ''Halso'' || ''Halsua'' || 1 211 || 428,33 |- | [[Hammarlanda]]<ref>[https://books.google.es/books?id=140z85wYQVIC&pg=PA4&lpg=PA4&dq=Hammarlanda&source=bl&ots=T0r8dDDXR4&sig=9_kV26hnrNFaMRNtbSD6X5ywrBw&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjol6-Jl4vRAhWEWxoKHdvPAOsQ6AEIITAA#v=onepage&q=Hammarlanda&f=false Dissertatio sistens supplementum et emendationes] ubi dicitur “(...) Visa in crena ad Hammarlanda. (...)”</ref> || ''Hammarland'' || ''Hammarland'' || ''Hammarland'' || 1 521 || 1 223,01 |- | [[Hango]]<ref>[http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=143504 marinespecies.org] ubi apparet binomen "Coelogynopora hangoensis"</ref> seu [[Hanko]] || ''Hanko'' || ''Hangö'' || ''Hanko'' || 8 835 || 800,15 |- | [[Hankasalmi]]<ref>[https://www.jyu.fi/hum/laitokset/musiikki/henkilokunta/kesken/mavainio jyu.fi] ubi apparet nomen “Rex hankasalmiensis”.</ref> || ''Hankasalmi'' || '' Hankasalmi'' || '' Hankasalmi'' || 5 220 || 687,75 |- | [[Hattula]]<ref>[http://www.kansallisbiografia.fi/paimenmuisto/?eid=641 kansallisbiografia.fi] ubi apparet adiectivum “Hattulensis”.</ref> || '' Hattula'' || '' Hattula'' || '' Hattula'' || 9 739 || 427,39 |- | [[Hausiarvi]]<ref>[bhl-china.org/bhldatas/pdfs/a/actasocprofaunae21soci_bw.pdf ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur “(...) Hausjarvi ad serratrinam Varunta: Sselan! och Vasa ad viam versus (...)”.</ref> || '' Hausjärvi'' || '' Hausjärvi'' || '' Hausjärvi'' || 8 721 || 398,78 |- | [[Haustus Amnis]]<ref>Secundum etymologiam huius municipii in [https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauhajoki#Etymologia Vicipaedia Fennica].</ref>|| ''Kauhajoki'' || ''Kauhajoki'' || ''Kauhajoki'' || 13 860 || 1 315,56 |- | [[Heinavesi]] || ''Heinävesi'' || ''Heinävesi'' || ''Heinävesi'' || 3 562 || 1 318,99 |- | [[Heinola]]<ref>[http://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.ld1220844 jstor.org] ubi dicitur “(...) Tavastia australis, in iugo pinifero iuxta oppidum Heinola (...)”.</ref> || ''Heinola'' || ''Heinola'' || ''Heinola'' || 19 498 || 839,29 |- | [[Helsingia]]<ref>Adiectivum [http://www.helsinki.fi/uh/4-2007/index.shtml ''Helsingiensis''].</ref> seu [[Helsinkium]]<ref name="dictionarium">Reijo Pitkäranta: [[Suomi-latina-suomi-sanakirja|Suomi-latina-suomi-sanakirja: Lexicon Finnico-Latino-Finnicum]]'', WSOY 2001, ISBN 951-0-22506-1)</ref> seu [[Helsingforsa]]<ref name=Gr>{{Graesse}}</ref> seu [[Helsingforsia]]<ref>William T. Stearn, ''Botanical Latin'' (London, 1983: David & Charles), p. 222.</ref> seu [[Forsia Helsingiorum]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> seu [[Helsingia Nova]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Helsinki'' || ''Helsingfors'' || ''Helsset'' || 629 512 || 715,49 |- | [[Hipponia Tavastorum]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Orimattila'' || ''Orimattila'' || ''Orimattila'' || 16 279 || 814,21 |- | [[Hirvensalmi]] || '' Hirvensalmi'' || '' Hirvensalmi'' || '' Hirvensalmi'' || 2 262 || 746,58 |- | [[Hollola]] || '' Hollola'' || '' Hollola'' || '' Hollola'' || 23 913 || 531,84 |- | [[Honkaioki]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofaunae41soci/actasocprofaunae41soci_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur “(...) Honkajoki prope fines prov. (...)”.</ref> || ''Honkajoki'' || ''Honkajoki'' || ''Honkajoki'' || 1 795 || 333,02 |- | [[Hogfors]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofaunae30soci/actasocprofaunae30soci_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur “(...) Nyhkala Anitila in Ridankorpi, circa officinam Hogfors et in primis ad Vattola (...)”.</ref> || ''Karkkila'' || ''Högfors'' || ''Karkkila'' || 8 966 || 255,31 |- | [[Humppila]] || ''Humppila'' || ''Humppila'' || ''Humppila'' || 2 390 || 148,59 |- | [[Hwittis]]<ref>[http://www.kansallisbiografia.fi/paimenmuisto/?pid=5011 kansallisbiografia.fi] ubi dicitur “Huittinen mainitaan kirkkopitäjänä (Hwittis) jo 1410-luvulla. Harmaakivikirkon (S. Catharinae) rakentaminen oli aloitettu jo 1300-luvulla, ja kirkko oli valmistunut 1400-luvun lopulla (noin 1495–1500)”.</ref> || ''Huittinen'' || ''Vittis'' || ''Huittinen'' || 10 465 || 539,59 |- | [[Hyrynsalmi]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofaunae05soci/actasocprofaunae05soci_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur “(...) Hyrynsalmi ad templum prope Kangaspuro (...)”.</ref> || ''Hyrynsalmi'' || ''Hyrynsalmi'' || ''Hyrynsalmi'' || 2 419 || 1 521,36 |- | [[Hyvinge]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/.../actasocprofauna16fenngoog_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur “(...) inter Hyvinge et Jokela (...)”.</ref> || ''Hyvinkää'' || ''Hyvinge'' || ''Hyvinkää'' || 46 477 || 336,76 |- | [[Iacobstadium]]<ref name="GB">{{Rytkonen}}</ref> seu [[Iacobia]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam]</ref> || ''Pietarsaari'' || ''Jakobstad'' || ''Pietarsaari'' || 19 464 || 396,25 |- | [[Iamiiarvi]]<ref>[bhl-china.org/bhldatas/pdfs/a/actasocprofaunae35soci_bw.pdf ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Jamijarvi in parte austro-occidentali (...)"</ref> || ''Jämijärvi'' || ''Jämijärvi'' || ''Jämijärvi'' || 1 940 || 224,33 |- | [[Iamsa]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofaunae30soci/actasocprofaunae30soci_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Jamsa Soravuori et ad Niemola et Ohasvuori: Hult coll., spec, e Jamsa iam legit (...)"</ref> || ''Jämsä'' || ''Jämsä'' || ''Jämsä'' || 21 460 || 1 823,91 |- | [[Ianakkala]]<ref>[http://www.helsinki.fi/ylioppilasmatrikkeli/henkilo.php?id=3746 helsinki.fi] ubi apparet adiectivum “Janakkalensis”</ref> || ''Janakkala'' || ''Janakkala'' || ''Janakkala'' || 16 862 || 586,07 |- | [[Idensalmi]]<ref>[http://www.helsinki.fi/ylioppilasmatrikkeli/henkilo.php?id=3273 helsinki.fi] ubi apparet adiectivum “Idensalmiensis”</ref> || ''Iisalmi'' || '' Idensalmi'' || '' Iisalmi'' || 21 947 || 872,13 |- | [[Ii (commune Finnicum)|Ii]] || ''Ii'' || ''Ijo'' || ''Ii'' || 9 689 || 2 809,23 |- [[Iitti]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/manualconchind1014tryorich/manualconchind1014tryorich_djvu.txt Manual of conchology; structural and systematic. With illustrations of the species. Second series: Pulmonata] ubi apparet adiectivum “iittiensis”.</ref> || ''Iitti'' || ''Itis'' || ''Iitti'' || |- | [[Ikalis]]<ref>[https://www.geni.com/people/Kristian-Packal%C3%A9n/6000000011239179306 Geni.com] ubi apparet adiectivum “Ikalisensis”.</ref> || ''Ikaalinen'' || ''Ikalis'' || ''Ikaalinen'' || 7 166 || 843,46 |- | [[Ilmola]]<ref>[https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/111562/De_terrae_motu.pdf?sequence=1 Dissertatio physisca de terrae motu] ubi dicitur: “(...) In Paroecia praesertim Ilmola, ad villam (...)”</ref> || ''Ilmajoki'' || ''Ilmola'' || ''Ilmajoki'' || 12 178 || 579,69 |- | [[Ilomants]]<ref>[https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/110273/De_ecclesiis_Careliae_Svecicae_Graecam_religionem_profitentibus_2.pdf?sequence=1 ''Dissertatio historica de Ecclesiis Careliae Svecicae Graecam religionem profitentibus''], ubi dicitur "(...) hoc anno d. 13 Febr. in Taipale & d. 28 Febr. in Ilomants (...)"</ref> seu [[Urbs Ilomantsensis]]<ref>[https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/110273/De_ecclesiis_Careliae_Svecicae_Graecam_religionem_profitentibus_2.pdf?sequence=1 ''Dissertatio historica de Ecclesiis Careliae Svecicae Graecam religionem profitentibus''], ubi dicitur "(...) sectam in tribus pagis Ecclesiae Ilomantsensis (...)"</ref> seu [[Ilomantsi]] || ''Ilomantsi'' || ''Ilomants'' || ''Ilomantsi'' || 5 316 || 3 172,69 |- | [[Imatra]]<ref>[http://areena.yle.fi/1-3767337 Nuntii Latini Fennici] ubi dicitur: “His diebus animi Finlandensium commoti sunt homicidio triplici in urbe Imatra nocte diei Dominici (4.12.) facto. (...)”</ref> || ''Imatra'' || ''Imatra'' || ''Imatra'' || 27 721 || 191,28 |- | [[Inari]]<ref>[https://books.google.es/books?id=_n4WAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA81&dq=inarensis&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiL_vWzu5DRAhWLuhQKHb4xCEMQ6AEIHjAA#v=onepage&q=inarensis&f=false S.F. Blake ''Geographical Guide to Floras of the World:''] ubi apparet toponymum "Lapponia imarensis".</ref> seu [[Enare]]<ref>[https://books.google.es/books?id=SGFJAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA270&lpg=PA270&dq=enare+lacus&source=bl&ots=xOWw8oxQ1u&sig=R423vsc5JoDPsz2METvsYMCudfc&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiVsaT6tpDRAhWDWhoKHVnzB_0Q6AEIKTAC#v=onepage&q=enare%20lacus&f=false ''Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou'', vol. 8] ubi dicitur "211 ''Ranunculus hyperboricus'' (...) ad Pagum Kyro in Enare copiose (...)".</ref> || ''Inari'' || ''Enare'' || ''Anár'' || 6 777 || 17 333,77 |- | [[Ingo]]<ref>[http://www.kansallisbiografia.fi/paimenmuisto/?eid=976 kansallisbiografia.fi] ubi apparet adiectivum “Ingoensis”.</ref> || ''Inkoo'' || ''Ingå'' || ''Inkoo'' || 5 549 || 954,06 |- | [[Insula Carolina]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Hailuoto'' || ''Karlö'' || ''Hailuoto'' || 996 || 1 082,70 |- | [[Insula Sancti Iacobi]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> seu [[Brändö|Brando]] || ''Brändö'' || ''Brändö'' || ''Brändö'' || 465 || 1 648,48 |- | [[Iokas]]<ref>[http://dspace.ut.ee/bitstream/handle/10062/28211/allardt_tabula_sueciae.jpg?sequence=1&isAllowed=y H. Allardt (1664) ''Tabula regnorum Sueciae et Norvegiae''. Amstelodami''], ubi apparet lacus homonymus “Iokas”.</ref> || ''Juva'' || ''Jockas'' || ''Juva'' || 6 527 || 1 345,55 |- | [[Iokioinen]] || ''Jokioinen'' || ''Jockis'' || ''Jokioinen'' || 5 424 || 181,95 |- | [[Iorois]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/schedaeoperisquo00lind/schedaeoperisquo00lind_djvu.txt Schedae operis quod inscribitur Plantae Finlandiae exsiccatae e Museo Botanico Universitatis Helsingforsiensis distributae] ubi dicitur “(...) Savonia borealis, par. Jorois, Jarvikyla, in graminosis siccis. 7 lun. 1911 (...)”.</ref> seu [[Ioroinen]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/schedaeoperisquo00lind/schedaeoperisquo00lind_djvu.txt Schedae operis quod inscribitur Plantae Finlandiae exsiccatae e Museo Botanico Universitatis Helsingforsiensis distributae] ubi dicitur “(...) Savonia borea1is, par. Joroinen, lyemmetinhaka, in prato (...)”.</ref> || ''Joroinen'' || ''Jorois'' || ''Joroinen'' || 5 117 || 711,73 |- | [[Ioutsa]] || ''Joutsa'' || ''Joutsa'' || ''Joutsa'' || 4 677 || 1 066,42 |- | [[Isojoki|Isoioki]]<ref>[kirjasto.rovaniemi.fi/digi/lappmarken4.pdf Anteckningar – Rovaniemi] ubi dicitur “(...) fluvium Isojoki (...)”.</ref> || ''Isojoki'' || ''Storå'' || ''Isojoki'' || 2 112 || 647,43 |- | [[Iuankoski]] || ''Juankoski'' || ''Juankoski'' seu ''Strömsdal'' || ''Juankoski'' || 4 804 || 586,29 |- | [[Iuuka]] || ''Juuka'' || ''Juga'' || ''Juuka'' || 5 022 || 1 846,57 |- | [[Iuupaioki]] || ''Juupajoki'' || ''Juupajoki'' || ''Juupajoki'' || 2 002 || 274,95 |- | [[Iumala]]<ref>secundum [https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jomala#Ortnamnet Vicipaediam Suecicam]</ref> seu [[Iomalum]]<ref>secundum [https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jomala#Ortnamnet Vicipaediam Suecicam]</ref> seu [[Iomala]]<ref>secundum [https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jomala#Ortnamnet Vicipaediam Suecicam]</ref><ref>[bhl-china.org/bhldatas/pdfs/s/schedaeoperisquo00lind.pdf Schedae operis quod inscribitur Plantae Finlandiae exsiccatae] ubi dicitur “(...) Jomala, in prato frondoso prope oppidum Marie- hamn, (...)”.</ref> || ''Jomala'' || ''Jomala'' || ''Jomala'' || 4 646 || 686,96 |- | [[Kaavi]] || ''Kaavi'' || ''Kaavi'' || ''Kaavi'' || 3 193 || 789,59 |- | [[Kangasniemi]] || ''Kangasniemi'' || ''Kangasniemi'' || ''Kangasniemi'' || 5 633 || 1 326,73 |- | [[Kankaanpaa]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofauna01fenngoog/actasocprofauna01fenngoog_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) in par. Kankaanpaa extra territorium freqventior esse videtur: (...)"</ref> || ''Kankaanpää'' || ''Kankaanpää'' || ''Kankaanpää'' || 11 730 || 704,94 |- | [[Kannonkoski]] || ''Kannonkoski'' || ''Kannonkoski'' || ''Kannonkoski'' || 1 452 || 549,62 |- | [[Kariioki]]<ref>[http://www.naturkundemuseum-bw.de/sites/default/files/sammlung/stu_typen_flechten.pdf ''Types of lichens in the Herbarium STU, Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde in Stuttgart. Germany (December 2011)'']{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ubi dicitur "(...) Ostrobottnia australis: Karijoki, Vähävuori. Ad saxa in orientem versus sita rupis (...)."</ref> || ''Karijoki'' || ''Bötom'' || ''Karijoki'' || 1 363 || 186,55 |- | [[Karkola]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofaunae35soci/actasocprofaunae35soci_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. Pro Fauna Et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur ”(...) Lammi, Koski et Karkola (...)”.</ref> || ''Kärkölä'' || ''Kärkölä'' || ''Kärkölä'' || 4 575 || 259,31 |- | [[Karsamaki]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/.../actasocprofaunae21soci_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. Pro Fauna Et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur ”(...) inter Haapajarvi et Karsamaki (...)”.</ref> || ''Kärsämäki'' || ''Kärsämäki'' || ''Kärsämäki'' || 2 656 || 700,87 |- | [[Karstula]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofaunae41soci/actasocprofaunae41soci_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. Pro Fauna Et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur ”(...) loca maxime ad occidentem versus sunt Saarijarvi Summasjoki et Karstula (...)”.</ref> || ''Karstula'' || ''Karstula'' || ''Karstula'' || 4 259 || 963,47 |- | [[Karvia]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofaunae51soci/actasocprofaunae51soci_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. Pro Fauna Et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur ”(...)10 km a Karvia ad Ruunalehto versus 1903 (...)”.</ref> || ''Karvia'' || ''Karvia'' || ''Karvia'' || 2 470 || 519,80 |- | [[Kasko]]<ref>[http://dspace.ut.ee/bitstream/handle/10062/28211/allardt_tabula_sueciae.jpg?sequence=1&isAllowed=y H. Allardt (1664) ''Tabula regnorum Sueciae et Norvegiae''. Amstelodami'.'] Ubi apparet toponymum “Kasko”.</ref> || ''Kaskinen'' || ''Kaskö'' || ''Kaskinen'' || 1 301 || 175,36 |- | [[Kaustinen]] || ''Kaustinen'' || ''Kaustby'' || ''Kaustinen'' || 4 281 || 61,12 |- | [[Keitele]]<ref>[bhl-china.org/bhldatas/pdfs/a/actasocprofaunae35soci_bw.pdf ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur ”(...) prope Keitele nunc exstincta (…)”.</ref> || '' Keitele'' || ''Keitele'' || ''Keitele'' || 2 359 || 578,39 |- | [[Kemi]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofaunae41soci/actasocprofaunae41soci_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Ad litus maris adscendit usque in Kemi et Tornea (...)".</ref> || ''Kemi'' || ''Kemi'' || ''Giepma'' || 21 766 || 747,44 |- | [[Kemiiarvi]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofaunae51soci/actasocprofaunae51soci_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) in Kuolajarvi, Kemijarvi, Sodankyla et ad flumen Ivalojoki in Inar (...)".</ref> || ''Kemijärvi'' || ''Kemijärvi'' || ''Giemajávri'' || 7 749 || 3 931,44 |- | [[Keminmaa]] || ''Keminmaa'' || ''Keminmaa'' || ''Keminmaa'' || 8 383 || 645,79 |- | [[Kempele]]<ref>[http://www.zobodat.at/pdf/ANNA_115B_0075-0218.pdf ''Revision der Gattung Erysimum (Cruciferae)''], ubi dicitur "(...) Kempele, in harena viae publicae (...)".</ref> || ''Kempele'' ||| ''Kempele'' || ''Kempele'' || 17 041 || 110,35 |- | [[Kerava]] || ''Kerava'' || ''Kervo'' || ''Kerava'' || 35 251 || 30,79 |- | [[Keuru]]<ref>[https://www.myheritage.es/names/abrahamus_suolaxius%20keuruensis www.myheritage.es], ubi apparet adiectivum “Keuruensis”.</ref> || ''Keuruu'' || ''Keuru'' || ''Keuruu'' || 10 087 || 1 430,57 |- | [[Kides]]<ref>[http://dspace.ut.ee/bitstream/handle/10062/28211/allardt_tabula_sueciae.jpg?sequence=1&isAllowed=y H. Allardt (1664) ''Tabula regnorum Sueciae et Norvegiae''. Amstelodami''], ubi apparet toponymum “Kides”.</ref> || ''Kitee'' || ''Kides'' || ''Kitee'' || 10 783 || 1 141,31 |- | [[Kierkeslaeth]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170415100443/http://www.kirkkonummi.fi/prime278_fi.aspx kirkkonummi.fi]</ref> seu [[Kyrkioslaeth]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170415100443/http://www.kirkkonummi.fi/prime278_fi.aspx kirkkonummi.fi]</ref> seu [[Kirkensleth]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170415100443/http://www.kirkkonummi.fi/prime278_fi.aspx kirkkonummi.fi]</ref> || ''Kirkkonummi'' || ''Kyrkslätt'' || ''Kirkkonummi'' || 38 842 || 1 016,01 |- | [[Kihnio]] || ''Kihniö'' || ''Kihniö'' || ''Kihniö'' || 2 022 || 390,50 |- | [[Kimito]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/.../meddelandenafsoc15soci_djvu.txt ''Meddelanden af Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) In insula Kimito legi (...)".</ref> || ''Kemiönsaari'' || ''Kimitoön'' || ''Kemiönsaari'' || 6 906 || 2 800,87 |- | [[Kinnula]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/.../actasocprofaunae13soci_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) ad Kinnula in Maaninka et ad Kaschkarantsa (...)".</ref> || ''Kinnula'' || ''Kinnula'' || ''Kinnula'' || 1 740 || 495,71 |- | [[Kittila]]<ref>[http://arenan.yle.fi/1-3790762 ''Nuntii Latini'' 23 dec. 2016]</ref> || ''Kittilä'' || ''Kittilä'' || ''Gihttel'' || 6 386 || 8 262,67 |- | [[Kiuruvesi]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/.../meddelandenafsoc05soci_djvu.txt ''Meddelanden af Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Etiam in Kiuruvesi, D. Lundström (...)".</ref> || ''Kiuruvesi'' || ''Kiuruvesi'' || ''Kiuruvesi'' || 8 556 || 1 422,90 |- |[[Kiviiarvi]]<ref>[bhl-china.org/bhldatas/pdfs/a/actasocprofaunae35soci_bw.pdf ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) ad ripam lacus Kivijarvi (...)".</ref> || ''Kivijärvi'' || ''Kivijärvi'' || ''Kivijärvi'' || 1 187 || 599,86 |- | [[Kokar]]<ref>[bhl-china.org/bhldatas/pdfs/a/actasocprofaunae35soci_bw.pdf ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Kokar ins. Lindo sp in lucoso declivi inter saxa (...)".</ref> || ''Kökar'' || ''Kökar'' || ''Körkar'' || 243 || 2 165,01 |- | [[Kolari]] || ''Kolari'' || ''Kolari'' || ''Kolari'' || 3 853 || 2 617,76 |- | [[Konnevesi]]<ref>[https://books.google.es/books?id=VAccAAAAMAAJ ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Konnevesi Kauppila in vicinitate templi ad Riitapuro (...)".</ref> seu [[Konnavesi]]<ref>[http://dspace.ut.ee/bitstream/handle/10062/28211/allardt_tabula_sueciae.jpg?sequence=1&isAllowed=y H. Allardt (1664) ''Tabula regnorum Sueciae et Norvegiae''. Amstelodami''], ubi apparet toponymum “Konnavesi”.</ref> || '' Konnevesi'' || '' Konnevesi'' || '' Konnevesi'' || 2 751 || 680,96 |- | [[Kontiolahti]]<ref>[bhl-china.org/bhldatas/pdfs/a/actasocprofaunae51soci_bw.pdf ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) 103 et 105, spec, etiam ex Alajarvi (...)".</ref> || ''Kontiolahti'' || ''Kontiolax'' || ''Kontiolahti'' || 14 795 || 1 029,82 |- | [[Korsholmia]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/henricigabrieli00portgoog/henricigabrieli00portgoog_djvu.txt S. G. Elmgren et A. Schauman ''Henrici Gabrielis Porthan opera selecta''], ubi dicitur “(...) exscensione prope Korsholmiam facta, (...)”.</ref> || ''Mustasaari'' || ''Korsholm'' || ''Mustasaari'' || 19 308 || 3 178,63 |- | [[Korsnas]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/mobot21753000023977/mobot21753000023977_djvu.txt ''Repertorium specierum novarum regni vegetabilis.''], ubi dicitur "(...) Korsnas, in littore marino (...)".</ref> || ''Korsnäs'' || ''Korsnäs'' || ''Korsnäs'' || 2 206 || 1 424,71 |- | [[Kouvola]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/NewsInLatinByReijoPitkaerantaAndTuomoPekkanen2005To2012/LatinitasModernaNuntiiLatiniLatinNews_djvu.txt archive.org ''News in Latin''] ubi dicitur "(...) Deinde ad stationem biocolytarum urbis Kouvola portati sunt. (...)".</ref> seu [[Sustinere]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || '' Kouvola'' || '' Kouvola'' || '' Kouvola'' || 85 808 || 2 883,30 |- | [[Kuhmo]]<ref>[https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tycherus_kuhmoensis Articulus apud Vicipediam Nederlandicam de Tychero kuhmoensi], ubi apparet binomen “Tycherus kuhmoensis”</ref> || ''Kuhmo'' || ''Kuhmo'' || ''Kuhmo'' || 8 755 || 5 456,82 |- | [[Kuhmoinen]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofaunae51soci/actasocprofaunae51soci_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Kuhmoinen in vicinitate templi (...)".</ref> || ''Kuhmoinen'' || ''Kuhmois'' || ''Kuhmoinen'' || 2 322 || 936,68 |- | [[Kumlinge]]<ref>[https://books.google.es/books?id=gsdJAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA44&lpg=RA1-PA44&dq=Kumlingensis&source=bl&ots=ccJNouR-NA&sig=3MFmFYsLQZ15xKVu-eaM2Jfseto&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwji89vDr5_RAhXHXhQKHW1BC2IQ6AEIGjAA#v=onepage&q=Kumlingensis&f=false Bexell S. P., Ahlquist A. Et Lignell A. (1835), ''Bidrag till Svenska kyrkans och Riksdagarnes historia ur Presteståndets Archiv''], ubi apparet adiectivum “Kumlingensis”.</ref> || ''Kumlinge'' || ''Kumlinge'' || ''Kumlinge'' || 315 || 860,38 |- | [[Kuortane]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofaunae51soci/actasocprofaunae51soci_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) in Ostrobottniae australis paroecia Kuortane ad demos culta a (...)".</ref> || '' Kuortane'' || '' Kuortane'' || '' Kuortane'' || 3 717 || 484,89 |- | [[Kuusamo]]<ref>[http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=m9a63261b5c779f45 algaebase.org]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi apparet binomen “Spirogyra kuusamoensis f. skujaensis V. Poljansky.“</ref> || '' Kuusamo'' || '' Kuusamo'' || '' Guossán'' || 15 673 || 5 808,92 |- | [[Lacus Lapponicus]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Lappajärvi'' || ''Lappajärvi'' || ''Lappajärvi'' || 3 220 || 523,73 |- | [[Lacus Viperae]]<ref>Secundum articulum [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyyj%C3%A4rvi Vicipaediae Anglicae] ubi versatur “Kyyjärvi” sicuti “Lacus Viperae” (''Lake of adder'').</ref> || ''Kyyjärvi'' || ''Kyyjärvi'' || ''Kyyjärvi'' || 1 371 || 469,62 |- | [[Laetala]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Laitila'' || ''Letala'' || ''Laitila'' || 8 527 || 545,33 |- | [[Laihela]]<ref>[https://books.google.es/books?id=ggFJAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA85&lpg=PA85&dq=Laihelae&source=bl&ots=SwrtEQMvHV&sig=Tsp8GNKHhS3bLqaIhCiZLxDvxcE&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjVlcLvmKLRAhXLOhQKHeybDXcQ6AEIGjAA#v=onepage&q=Laihelae&f=false ''Dissertatio geographica de Ostro-Botnia''], ubi dicitur “(...) Amnis Laihela, e paroecia Laihela ortus (...)”.</ref> || ''Laihia'' || ''Laihela'' || ''Laihia'' || 8 121 || 508,38 |- | [[Lampetrium Olaviorum]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Nakkila'' || ''Nakkila'' || ''Nakkila'' || 5 650 || 184,88 |- | [[Lapiniarvi]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofaunae51soci/actasocprofaunae51soci_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Maaninka ad ripam lacus Lapinjarvi cp in promuntorio Pappela (...)".</ref> || ''Lapinjärvi'' || ''Lappträsk'' || ''Lapinjärvi'' || 2 764 || 339,31 |- | [[Lapinlahti]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/.../actasocprofauna22fenngoog_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Lapinlahti in lacu Keskimmäinen (...)".</ref> || ''Lapinlahti'' || ''Lapinlax'' || ''Lapinlahti'' || 9 940 || 1 245,13 |- | [[Lappeenranta]]<ref>[http://areena.yle.fi/1-2594455 Nuntii Latini apud Yle Areena] ubi dicitur in nuntio de visitatione regis et reginae "In hoc itinere triduano etiam urbem Lappeenranta adierunt."</ref> seu [[Urbs Villmanstrandensis]]<ref>[http://www.helsinki.fi/ylioppilasmatrikkeli/henkilo.php?id=10014 helsinki.fi] ubi dicitur "Andreas Lindén. n. 1768. Patre Præfecto (Ståthållare) Villmanstrandensis-provinciæ".</ref> || ''Lappeenranta'' || ''Villmanstrand'' || ''Lappeenranta'' || 72 868 || 1 723,50 |- | [[Lapponia Bothniensis]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Lapua'' || ''Lappo'' || ''Lapua'' || 14 628 || 750,77 |- | [[Larsmo]]<ref>[https://books.google.es/books?id=ggFJAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA85&lpg=PA85&dq=Laihelae&source=bl&ots=SwrtEQMvHV&sig=Tsp8GNKHhS3bLqaIhCiZLxDvxcE&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjVlcLvmKLRAhXLOhQKHeybDXcQ6AEIGjAA#v=onepage&q=Laihelae&f=false ''Dissertatio geographica de Ostro-Botnia''], ubi dicitur “(...) Post I. mill. a templo rurali, 1/2. vero a terra continenti, ad septentrione, oculis conspicienda offertur insula Larsmo, per I. mill. in longitudine, in latitudine alibi per 1/2., alibi 1/4. se extendens. (...)”.</ref> || ''Luoto'' || ''Larsmo'' || ''Luoto'' || 5 132 || 853,51 |- | [[Laukaa]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/.../actasocprofauna21fenngoog_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Broth., spec, e Laukaa (...)".</ref> seu [[Laukas]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/.../actasocprofauna21fenngoog_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Tb. Laukas (Woldstedt) Hypop (...)".</ref> || ''Laukaa'' || ''Laukas'' || ''Laukaa'' || 18 826 || 825,62 |- | [[Lembois]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/.../actasocprofauna21fenngoog_djvu.txt ''Notiser ur Sällskapets pro Fauna et Flora Fennica Förhandlingar''], ubi dicitur "(...) Prope diversorium Lembois sac (...)”.</ref> || ''Lempäälä'' || ''Lembois'' || ''Lempäälä'' || 22 560 || 307,07 |- | [[Lemi]]<ref>[https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psyttalia_lemiensis Vicipaedia Suecica], ubi apparet binomen “Psyttalia lemiensis“</ref> || ''Lemi'' || ''Klemis'' || ''Lemi'' || 3 070 || 262,48 |- | [[Lemland]]<ref>[http://www.academia.edu/20040532/Daniel_Ferdinand_Mall%C3%A9ns_dissertationer_fr%C3%A5n_1792_om_de_%C3%A5l%C3%A4ndska_socknarna_Lemland_och_Lumparland_Latinsk_text_med_svensk_parallell%C3%B6vers%C3%A4ttning_av_Urban_Sikeborg_Sollentuna_2013_ ''Dissertatio Historica De Parœcia Alandiæ Lemland, Eique Annexa Lumparland''], ubi dicitur “(...) Sita est parœcia LEMLAND, de qua ut speciatim primum agam, ordinis postulat ratio (...)”. </ref> || ''Lemland'' || ''Lemland'' || ''Lemland'' || 1 991 || 965,31 |- | [[Leppavirta]]<ref>[bhl-china.org/bhldatas/pdfs/a/actasocprofaunae35soci_bw.pdf ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Leppavirta haud infrequens (...)".</ref> || '' Leppävirta'' || '' Leppävirta'' || '' Leppävirta'' || 9 939 || 1 519,67 |- | [[Lestiiarvi]] || ''Lestijärvi'' || ''Lestijärvi'' || ''Lestijärvi'' || 804 || 559,06 |- | [[Limingo]]<ref>Adiectivum “Limingoensis” apud [http://www.helsinki.fi/ylioppilasmatrikkeli/henkilo.php?id=56 www.helsinki.fi].</ref> || ''Liminka'' || ''Limingo'' || ''Liminka'' || 9 970 || 651,64 |- | [[Limnaea Nylandorum]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Järvenpää'' || ''Träskända'' || ''Järvenpää'' || 41 039 || 39,94 |- | [[Loio]]<ref>[http://www.kansallisbiografia.fi/paimenmuisto/?eid=170 kansallisbiografia.fi] ubi apparet adiectivum “Lojoensis”.</ref> || ''Lohja'' || ''Lojo'' || ''Lohja'' || 47 241 || 441,19 |- | [[Loimaa]]<ref>[https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/109565/Meditationes_sanctarum_epistolarum_40.pdf?sequence=1''Meditatio S. Epistolae Dominicae II''] ubi apparet adiectivum “Loimaensis”.</ref> || ''Loimaa'' || ''Loimaa'' || ''Loimaa'' || 16 421 || 851,93 |- | [[Loppis]]<ref>[https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/110711/De_Tavastia_1.pdf?sequence=1 ''Schemdiasmatis Historici de Tavastia''] ,ubi apparet adiectivum “Loppiensis”.</ref> || ''Loppi'' || ''Loppis'' || ''Loppi'' || 8 136 || 655,98 |- | [[Luhanka]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/.../actasocprofauna16fenngoog_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Luhanka in vicinitati templi in campo (...)".</ref> || ''Luhanka'' || ''Luhango'' || ''Luhanka'' || 764 || 313,25 |- | [[Lumiioki]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofaunae35soci/actasocprofaunae35soci_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) inter Lumijoki (»Kumijocki») et Karinkanta (»Karinkango») (...)".</ref> || ''Lumijoki'' || ''Lumijoki'' || ''Lumijoki'' || 2 079 || 290,29 |- | [[Lumparland]]<ref>[https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/51940/fv11499.pdf?sequence=1 ''Dissertatio Historica de Paroecia Alandiae Lemland, Eique Annexa Lumparland''], ubi dicitur "(...) Est autem Lumparland insula, ad boream, orientem & meridiem mari (...)".</ref> || ''Lumparland'' || ''Lumparland'' || ''Lumparland'' || 390 || 87,06 |- | [[Lundo]]<ref>[http://www.kansallisbiografia.fi/paimenmuisto/?eid=1012 kansallisbiografia.fi] ubi apparet adiectivum “Lundoensis”.</ref> || ''Lieto'' || ''Lundo'' || ''Lieto'' || 19 239 || 200,17 |- | [[Luumaki]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofaunae30soci/actasocprofaunae30soci_djvu.txt''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Valkiala, Luumaki et Joutseno (...)".</ref> || ''Luumäki'' || ''Luumäki'' || ''Luumäki'' || 4 866 || 859,83 |- | [[Luvia]]<ref>[http://bhl-china.org/bhldatas/pdfs/a/actasocprofaunae35soci_bw.pdf ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica'']{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) Luvia in taeniis (...)".</ref> || ''Luvia'' || ''Luvia'' || ''Luvia'' || 3 327 || 861,20 |- | [[Malax]]<ref>[http://www.helsinki.fi/ylioppilasmatrikkeli/henkilo.php?id=147 helsinki.fi], ubi apparet adiectivum “Malaxensis”.</ref> || ''Maalahti'' || ''Malax'' || ''Maalahti'' || 5 520 || 1 954,93 |- | [[Mantsala]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/synopsismollusco00wests/synopsismollusco00wests_djvu.txt ''Synopsis molluscorum extramarinorum Scandinaviæ (Sueciæ, Norvegiæ, Daniæ & Fenniæ)''], ubi dicitur "(...) in amne ad Frugard in Mantsala (...)".</ref> || ''Mäntsälä'' || ''Mäntsälä'' || ''Mäntsälä'' || 20 726 || 596,10 |- | [[Mantta-Philippopolis]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofauna16fenngoog/actasocprofauna16fenngoog_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Keuruu Mantta (...)".</ref><ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam]</ref> || ''Mänttä-Vilppula'' || ''Mänttä-Filpula'' || ''Mänttä-Vilppula'' || 10 564 || 657,10 |- | [[Mantyhariu]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofaunae51soci/actasocprofaunae51soci_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Mantyharju Toivala in marginibus agri (...)".</ref> || ''Mäntyharju'' || ''Mäntyharju'' || ''Mäntyharju'' || 6 124 || 1 210,99 |- | [[Martinopolis (Finnia)|Martinopolis]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam]</ref> seu [[Oppidum Sancti Martini]]<ref>[https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/enlarge/30443 ''Tabula Regnorum Sueciae et Norvegiae'', Amstelodami apud Hugo Allardt anno 1664.]</ref> || ''Marttila'' || ''S:t Mårtens'' || ''Marttila'' || 2 018 || 195,98 |- | [[Masku]]<ref>[https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/19437/historie.pdf?sequence=2 ''Historiebruk kring Nådendal''], ubi apparet adiectivum “Maskuensis”.</ref> || ''Masku'' || ''Masko'' || ''Masku'' || 9 694 || 204,11 |- | [[Meriiarvi]] || ''Merijärvi'' || ''Merijärvi'' || ''Merijärvi'' || 1 130 || 231,63 |- | [[Michaelia]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam]</ref> seu [[Oppidum Sancti Michaelis]]<ref>[https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/enlarge/30443 ''Tabula Regnorum Sueciae et Norvegiae'', Amstelodami apud Hugo Allardt anno 1664.]</ref> || ''Mikkeli'' || ''Sankt Michel'' || ''Mikkeli' || 54 606 || 2 124,60 |- | [[Miehikkala]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofaunae41soci/actasocprofaunae41soci_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Miehikkala Kotilahti in silva cum typo (...)".</ref> || ''Miehikkälä'' || ''Miehikkälä'' || ''Miehikkälä'' || 2 060 || 440,35 |- | [[Morskom]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofauna16fenngoog/actasocprofauna16fenngoog_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Morskom et Stromforsl, verisimiliter etiam in aliis locis".</ref> || ''Myrskylä'' || ''Mörskom'' || ''Myrskylä'' || 1 966 || 206,34 |- | [[Muhos]]<ref>[http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-13922-synthese Tyni R. & Uutela A. (1984); ''Geoogical Survey of Finland, Bulletin 330, Microfossils from the Precambrian Muhos formation in Western Finland''], ubi apparet binomen “Floritheca muhosensis“.</ref> || '' Muhos'' || '' Muhos'' || '' Muhos'' || 9 066 || 797,39 |- | [[Muldia]]<ref>[https://eurekamag.com/research/006/415/006415940.php EurekaMag.com], ubi apparet binomen "D. Muldiensis".</ref> || ''Multia'' || ''Muldia'' || ''Multia'' || 1 702 || 765,62 |- | [[Muonio]]<ref>[ttps://science.mnhn.fr/all/list?countryCode=FI ''Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle''], ubi dicitur "(...) Lapponia Kemensis, par. Muonio, in colle prope templum (...)".</ref> || ''Muonio'' || ''Muonio'' || ''Muoná'' || 2 362 || 2 038,15 |- | [[Muurame]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofaunae35soci/actasocprofaunae35soci_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Tb. Jyvaskyla prope oppidum versus Muurame (...)".</ref> || ''Muurame'' || ''Muurame'' || ''Muurame'' || 9 816 || 194,05 |- | [[Narpes]]<ref>[https://books.google.es/books?id=ggFJAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA85&lpg=PA85&dq=Laihelae&source=bl&ots=SwrtEQMvHV&sig=Tsp8GNKHhS3bLqaIhCiZLxDvxcE&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjVlcLvmKLRAhXLOhQKHeybDXcQ6AEIGjAA#v=onepage&q=Laihelae&f=false ''Dissertatio geographica de Ostro-Botnia''], ubi dicitur “(...) Paroecia Narpes, cui ab initio conjuncta fuerat Lapsierdensis (...)”.</ref> || ''Närpiö'' || ''Närpes'' || ''Närpiö'' || 9 392 || 2 334,15 |- | [[Neostadium]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> sive [[Nystadium]]<ref>{{graesse}}</ref> || ''Uusikaupunki'' || ''Nystad'' || ''Uusikaupunki'' || 15 469 || 1 932,68 |- | [[Nicolaopolis]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam]</ref> seu [[Vaasa]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080843/http://www.interrete.de/latein/nuntiifinarch1.html Nuntii Latini] ubi dicitur: "(...)) Die Martis nuntiatum est in Finnia quoque, scilicet in urbibus Helsinki, Vaasa (...)".]</ref> seu [[Vasa]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam]</ref> || ''Vaasa'' || ''Vasa'' || ''Vaasa'' || 67 495 || 397,44 |- | [[Nivala]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofauna16fenngoog/actasocprofauna16fenngoog_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) typica, spec, e Lieksa Nivala (...)".</ref> || ''Nivala'' || ''Nivala'' || ''Nivala'' || 10 914 || 536,87 |- | [[Nokia (Finnia)|Nokia]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofauna16fenngoog/actasocprofauna16fenngoog_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) interdum ex. gr. Karkku ad Karppaianjoki et Birkkala circa Nokia (...)".</ref> || ''Nokia'' || ''Nokia'' || ''Nokia'' || 33 118 || 347,76 |- | [[Nousis]]<ref>[https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/enlarge/30443 ''Tabula Regnorum Sueciae et Norvegiae'', Amstelodami apud Hugo Allardt anno 1664.]</ref><ref>[https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39970962.pdf ''Chronicon Episcoporum Finlandorum''.], ubi apparet adiectivum "Nousisensi".</ref> || ''Nousiainen'' || ''Nousis'' || ''Nousiainen'' || 4 856 || 199,43 |- | [[Nurmes]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/.../actasocprofauna16fenngoog_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Nurmes ad Pyssynvaara et Kopras:(...)".</ref> || '' Nurmes'' || '' Nurmes'' || '' Nurmes'' || 7 983 || 1 854,79 |- | [[Nurmiiarvi]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/schedaeoperisquo00lind/schedaeoperisquo00lind_djvu.txt ''Schedae operis quod inscribitur Plantae Finlandiae exsiccatae e Museo Botanico Universitatis Helsingforsiensis distributae''], ubi dicitur "(...) Nylandia, par. Nurmijarvi, Klaukkala, in silva (...)".</ref> || ''Nurmijärvi'' || ''Nurmijärvi'' || ''Nurmijärvi'' || 41 997 || 367,24 |- | [[Olavia]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Ulvila'' || ''Ulvsby'' || ''Ulvila'' || 13 334 || 422,52 |- | [[Oppidum Saltvicense]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/suomi45seurgoog/suomi45seurgoog_djvu.txt ''Suomi''], ubi apparet adiectivum “Saltvicensis”.</ref> || ''Saltvik'' || ''Saltvik'' || ''Saltvik'' || 1 827 || 1 166,70 |- | [[Oppidum Sanctae Catharinae]] || ''Kaarina'' || ''S:t Karins'' || ''Kaarina'' || 32 533 || 179,49 |- | [[Ostia Carelorum]]<ref>[[Reijo Pitkäranta]], ''[[Suomi-latina-suomi-sanakirja|Suomi-latina-suomi-sanakirja: Lexicon Finnico-Latino-Finnicum]]'' (Helsinki 2002).</ref> || ''Joensuu'' || ''Joensuu'' || ''Joensuu'' || 75 557 || 2 751,07 |- | [[Oulainen]] || ''Oulainen'' || ''Oulais'' || ''Oulainen'' || 7 597 || 597,54 |- | [[Outokumpu (Finnia)|Outokumpu]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161105000527/http://www.interrete.de/latein/nuntiifinarch3.html ''Lateinische Nachrichten - Nuntii Latini''], ubi dicitur "(...) In terram oppidi Outokumpu, quod in Carelia Finniae septentrionali situm (...)".</ref> || ''Outokumpu'' || ''Outokumpu'' || ''Outokumpu'' || 7 145 || 584,06 |- | [[Padasioki]]<ref>[http://www.forgottenbooks.com/download_pdf/Acta_Soc_1100055494.pdf ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) infreqvens,in Padasjoki secundum (...)".</ref> || ''Padasjoki'' || ''Padasjoki'' || ''Padasjoki'' || 3 136 || 729,87 |- | [[Paldamo]]<ref>[https://www.myheritage.es/names/beata_schroderus%20paldamoensis myheritage.es], ubi apparet adiectivum “Paldamoensis”.</ref> || ''Paltamo'' || ''Paldamo'' || ''Paltamo'' || 3 474 || 1 139,09 |- | [[Palkane]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofaunae30soci/actasocprofaunae30soci_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Parkano 3,5 km ad meridiem versus (...)".</ref> || ''Pälkäne'' || ''Pälkäne'' || ''Pälkäne'' || 6 682 || 738,14 |- | [[Pargas]]<ref>[https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inocybe_pargasensis Vicipaedia Suecica], ubi apparet binomen “Inocybe pargasensis".</ref> || ''Parainen'' || ''Pargas'' || ''Parainen'' || 15 456 || 5 548,25 |- | [[Parikkala]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/NewsInLatinByReijoPitkaerantaAndTuomoPekkanen2005To2012/LatinitasModernaNuntiiLatiniLatinNews_djvu.txt ''NEWS IN LATIN BY REIJO PITKÄRANTA AND TUOMO PEKKANEN, 2005 TO 2012''], ubi dicitur "(...) in paroechia Parikkala situs (...)".</ref> || ''Parikkala'' || ''Parikkala'' || ''Parikkala'' || 5 219 || 760,71 |- | [[Parkano]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofaunae30soci/actasocprofaunae30soci_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Parkano 3,5 km ad meridiem versus (...)".</ref> || '' Parkano'' || '' Parkano'' || '' Parkano'' || 6 755 || 909,66 |- | [[Pedersore]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170228215513/http://etelapohjalaiset-juuret.fi/files/1ylioppilasmatrikkeli.pdf ''Matricula Scholae Trivialis Wasensis''], ubi apparet adiectivum “Pedersorensis”.</ref> seu [[Petronia Septentrionalis]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Pedersören kunta'' || ''Pedersöre'' || ''Pedersöre'' || 11 098 || 826,05 |- | [[Pelkosenniemi]] || ''Pelkosenniemi'' || ''Pelkosenniemi'' || ''Pelkosenniemi'' || 962 || 1 881,73 |- | [[Pello]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/.../actasocprofauna16fenngoog_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Ylitornio infra Lapinlahti, ad Pello parce, Raanukoski et Kaaranes (...)".</ref> || ''Pello'' || ''Pello'' || ''Pello'' || 3 615 || 1 863,69 |- | [[Pemar]]<ref>[http://www.helsinki.fi/ylioppilasmatrikkeli/henkilo.php?id=4112 helsinki.fi], ubi apparet adiectivum “Pemarensis”.</ref> || ''Paimio'' || ''Pemar'' || ''Paimio'' || 10 626 || 242,24 |- | [[Perho]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/.../actasocprofauna22fenngoog_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Perho Oksakoski: Hellstr. nomine N. albae (var. minor erythrosrigma) (...)".</ref> || '' Perho'' || '' Perho'' || '' Perho'' || 2 913 || 775,19 |- | [[Pertunmaa]] || '' Pertunmaa'' || '' Pertunmaa'' || '' Pertunmaa'' || 1 809 || 454,18 |- | [[Petaiavesi]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofaunae41soci/actasocprofaunae41soci_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Atsari prope templum et stationem viae ferratae, Petajavesi ad fines par. (...)".</ref> || ''Petäjävesi'' || 'Petäjävesi'' || 'Petäjävesi'' || 3 993 ||495,39 |- | [[Pieksamaki]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofaunae41soci/actasocprofaunae41soci_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Atsari prope templum et stationem viae ferratae, Petajavesi ad fines par. (...)".</ref> || ''Pieksämäki'' || ''Pieksämäki'' || ''Pieksämäki'' || 18 712 || 1 836,39 |- | [[Pielavesi]]<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286959755_Catalogue_and_typifications_of_new_taxa_of_vascular_plants_described_by_Finnish_botanist_Harald_Lindberg_1871-1963 ''Catalogue and typifications of new taxa of vascular plants described by Finnish botanist Harald Lindberg (1871-1963)''], ubi dicitur “(...) Savonia borealis, par. Pielavesi [Maaninka], in ripa arenosa iuxta ostium Korkeakoski (...)”.</ref> || ''Pielavesi'' || ''Pielavesi'' || ''Pielavesi'' || 4 737 || 1 406,57 |- | [[Pihtipudas]]<ref>[bhl-china.org/bhldatas/pdfs/a/actasocprofaunae35soci_bw.pdf ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) haud adnotata (...) Pihtipudas Ilosjoki (...)".</ref> || ''Pihtipudas'' || ''Pihtipudas'' || ''Pihtipudas'' || 4 210 || 1 247,47 |- | [[Poeytyae]] || ''Pöytyä'' || ''Pöytis'' || ''Pöytyä'' || 8 547 || 773,69 |- | [[Polviiarvi]]<ref>[http://bhl-china.org/bhldatas/pdfs/a/actasocprofaunae35soci_bw.pdf ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica'']{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) etiam in Polvijarvi, Niinikkosaari et insulis Telmo inveniri dicitur (...)".</ref> || ''Polvijärvi'' || ''Polvijärvi'' || ''Polvijärvi'' || 4 528 || 958,35 |- | [[Pomarkku]] || ''Pomarkku'' || ''Påmark' || ''Pomarkku'' || 2 232 || 332,04 |- | [[Portus Mariae]]<ref>{{Rytkonen}}</ref> || ''Maarianhamina'' || ''Mariehamn'' || ''Mariehamn'' || 11 521 || 20,75 |- | [[Posio]] || ''Posio'' || ''Posio'' || ''Posio'' || 3 470 || 3 544,95 |- | [[Pudasiarvi]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofaunae30soci/actasocprofaunae30soci_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Pudasjarvi prope (...)".</ref> || ''Pudasjärvi'' || ''Pudasjärvi'' || ''Pudasjärvi'' || 8 242 || 5 867,24 |- | [[Pungalaitio]]<ref>[http://www.helsinki.fi/ylioppilasmatrikkeli/henkilo.php?id=10113 helsinki.fi], ubi apparet adiectivum “Pungalaitioensis”</ref> || ''Punkalaidun'' || ''Pungalaitio'' || ''Punkalaidun'' || 3,058 || 364,02 |- | [[Puolanka]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofaunae51soci/actasocprofaunae51soci_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Puolanka in horto praedii sacerdotis (...)".</ref> || ''Puolanka'' || ''Puolango'' || ''Puolanka'' || 2 765 || 2 598,75 |- | [[Puumala]]<ref>[bhl-china.org/bhldatas/pdfs/a/actasocprofaunae35soci_bw.pdf ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Puumala, usque ad Rantasalmi (...)".</ref> || ''Puumala'' || ''Puumala'' || ''Puumala'' || 2 237 || 1 237,70 |- | [[Pyhaiarvi]]<ref>[https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/111014/De_urbe_Uloa_1.pdf?sequence=1''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Dn. ''Ericus Montanus'', Aboënsis, pastor in Pyhaejoki (...)".</ref> seu [[Lacus Sacer]] || ''Pyhäjärvi'' || ''Pyhäjärvi'' || ''Pyhäjärvi'' || 5 494 || 1 459,48 |- | [[Pyhaeioki]]<ref>[https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/111014/De_urbe_Uloa_1.pdf?sequence=1''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Dn. ''Ericus Montanus'', Aboënsis, pastor in Pyhaejoki (...)".</ref> seu [[Fluvius Sacer]] || ''Pyhäjoki'' || ''Pyhäjoki'' || ''Pyhäjoki'' || 3 207 || 1 365,31 |- | [[Pyhaentae]] || ''Pihäntä'' || ''Pihäntä'' || ''Pihäntä'' || 1 587 || 847,48 |- | [[Pyharanta]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/.../actasocprofauna16fenngoog_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) ad litora ad Tervois et Pyharanta (...)".</ref> seu [[Litus Sacrum]] || '' Pyhäranta'' || '' Pyhäranta'' || '' Pyhäranta'' || 2 125 || 291,75 |- | [[Pyttis]]<ref>[https://books.google.es/books?id=rydSAAAAcAAJ Hougberg W. (1824); ''Diss. acad. inaug. De Lovisa, urbe Fenniae meridionaalis''], ubi dicitur "(...) Perno et Pyttis, paroeciae ambae fines urbis ab latere (...)".</ref> || ''Pyhtää'' || ''Pyttis'' || ''Pyhtää'' || 5 306 || 780,96 |- | [[Quercopolis Tavastorum]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Tammela'' || ''Tammela'' || 'Tammela'' || 6 271 || 715,12 |- | [[Raakkyla]]<ref>[bhl-china.org/bhldatas/pdfs/a/actasocprofaunae51soci_bw.pdf ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) paroeciae, Vartsila, Raakkyla, Rasivaara (...)".</ref> || ''Rääkkylä'' || ''Bräkylä'' || ''Rääkkylä'' || 2 343 || 699,69 |- | [[Raesonia]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Raisio'' || ''Reso'' || ''Raisio'' || 24 330 || 50,06 |- | [[Rantasalmi]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofaunae13soci/actasocprofaunae13soci_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Fennia ad Rantasalmi (...)".</ref> || ''Rantasalmi'' || ''Rantasalmi'' || ''Rantasalmi'' || 3 714 || 925,77 |- | [[Ranua]] || '' Ranua'' || ''Ranua'' || ''Ranua'' || 4 001 || 3 694,82 |- | [[Raseburgum]]<ref>[https://books.google.es/books?id=ZExYAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA156&lpg=PA156&dq=Raseburgum&source=bl&ots=jrvYOZl7F6&sig=HXQp1dXZyCRrk0VfVqFg6OKgOXA&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjotOfD0b3RAhUED5oKHRPDC3w4ChDoAQgZMAA#v=onepage&q=Raseburgum&f=false ''Ausführliche Geographie, Volumen 3''], ubi dicitur “(...) RASEBURG, Lat. ''Raseburgum'', eine (...)”.</ref> || ''Raasepori'' || ''Raseborg'' || ''Raasepori'' || 28 347 || 2 354,17 |- | [[Raumoa]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> seu [[Rauma (Finnia)|Rauma]] || ''Rauma'' || ''Raumo'' || ''Rauma'' || 39 697 || 1 110,12 |- | [[Rautalambi]]<ref>[https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/enlarge/30443 ''Tabula Regnorum Sueciae et Norvegiae'', Amstelodami apud Hugo Allardt anno 1664.]</ref><ref>[http://blogit.ksml.fi/porthanin-jalanjaljilla/on-sita-eletty-ennenkin/ blogit.ksml.fi], ubi apparet adiectivum “Rautalambi ensis”</ref> || ''Rautalampi'' || ''Rautalampi'' || ''Rautalampi'' || 3 292 || 761,97 |- | [[Rautavaara]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofaunae51soci/actasocprofaunae51soci_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) ad Pisavuori et Rautavaara in lacu Suojarvi (...)".</ref> || ''Rautavaara'' || ''Rautavaara'' || ''Rautavaara'' || 1 734 || 1 234,96 |- | [[Rautiarvi]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofaunae51soci/actasocprofaunae51soci_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Rautjarvi cp ad viam publicam (...)".</ref> || ''Rautjärvi'' || ''Rautjärvi'' || ''Rautjärvi'' || 3 505 || 401,89 |- | [[Reisiarvi]]<ref>[bhl-china.org/bhldatas/pdfs/a/actasocprofaunae35soci_bw.pdf ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Reisjarvi ad finem superiorem lacus Pitkajarvi prope praedium (...)".</ref> || ''Reisjärvi'' || ''Reisjärvi'' || ''Reisjärvi'' || 2 885 || 503,17 |- | [[Riihimaki]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/NewsInLatinByReijoPitkaerantaAndTuomoPekkanen2005To2012/LatinitasModernaNuntiiLatiniLatinNews_djvu.txt ''NEWS IN LATIN BY REIJO PITKÄRANTA AND TUOMO PEKKANEN, 2005 TO 2012''], ubi dicitur "(...) Pompa militum ostensionalis in oppido Riihimaki facta est (...)".</ref> || ''Riihimäki'' || ''Riihimäki'' || ''Riihimäki'' || 29 292 || 125,56 |- | [[Ristiiarvi]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/.../actasocprofauna16fenngoog_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) sed in Ristijarvi et Kianta (...)".</ref> || ''Ristijärvi'' || ''Ristijärvi'' || ''Ristijärvi'' || 1 346 || 897,92 |- | [[Rovaniemi]]<ref>[bhl-china.org/bhldatas/pdfs/a/actasocprofaunae21soci_bw.pdf ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Rovaniemi [Ob.] saepe betuletaconstituens (...)".</ref> || ''Rovaniemi'' || ''Rovaniemi'' || ''Roavvenjárga'' || 61 784 || 8 016,72 |- | [[Ruocolax]]<ref>[http://runeberg.org/bkfnf/4/0047.html ''Bidrag till Kännedom af Finlands Natur och Folk, utgifna af Finska Vetenskaps-Societeten / Fjärde Häftet''], ubi dicitur "(...) submittit Johannes Falck, Past. in Ruocolax, (...)".</ref> || ''Ruokolahti'' || ''Ruokolax'' || ''Ruokolahti'' || 5 305 || 1 219,90 |- | [[Ruovesi]]<ref>[https://www.google.es/search?q=Ruovesiensis&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&client=firefox-b&gfe_rd=cr&ei=6jF5WNfJB-ys8weL5pCABg#q=Ruovesiensis&nfpr=1 helsinki.fi], ubi apparet adiectivum “Ruovesiensis”</ref> || ''Ruovesi'' || ''Ruovesi'' || ''Ruovesi'' || 4 629 || 950,15 |- | [[Rusko]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/henricigabrieli00portgoog/henricigabrieli00portgoog_djvu.txt ''Bidrag till Kännedom af Finlands Natur och Folk, utgifna af Finska Vetenskaps-Societeten / Fjärde Häftet''], ubi dicitur "(...) D. MAGNUS, natione Finlandensis, natus in Paroecia Rusko, villa (...)".</ref> || ''Rusko'' || ''Rusko'' || ''Rusko'' || 6 134 || 127,90 |- | [[Saariiarvi]]<ref>[bhl-china.org/bhldatas/pdfs/a/actasocprofaunae51soci_bw.pdf ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Saarijarvi in praedio sacellani (...)".</ref> seu [[Lacus Insulae]] || ''Saarijärvi'' || ''Saarijärvi'' || ''Saarijärvi'' || 9 880 || 1 422,73 |- | [[Saeckyla]]<ref>[https://www.geni.com/surnames/säkylensis geni.com], ubi apparet adiectivum “Saeckylensis”.</ref> seu [[Saekyla]] seu [[Sakyla]]<ref>[https://www.geni.com/surnames/säkylensis geni.com], ubi apparet adiectivum “Sakylensis”.</ref> seu [[Saekyla]]<ref>[https://www.geni.com/surnames/säkylensis geni.com], ubi apparet adiectivum “Saekylensis”.</ref> seu [[Seckylensis]]<ref>[https://www.geni.com/surnames/säkylensis geni.com], ubi apparet adiectivum “Seckylensis”.</ref> || ''Säkylä'' || ''Säkylä'' || ''Säkylä'' || 7 063 || 268,44 |- | [[Sagu]]<ref>[http://www.helsinki.fi/ylioppilasmatrikkeli/henkilo.php?id=2255 helsinki.fi], ubi apparet adiectivum “Saguensis”</ref> || ''Sauvo'' || ''Sagu'' || ''Sauvo'' || 3 027 || 299,71 |- | [[Sala (Finnia Occidentalis)|Sala]]<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin_place_names_in_Europe#Cities_and_towns_in_Finland</ref> seu [[Sala Uscelensis]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Salo'' || ''Salo'' || ''Salo'' || 53 805 || 2 168,27 |- | [[Salla]] || ''Salla'' || ''Salla'' || ''Salla'' || 3 705 || 5 872,21 |- | [[Sastamala]] || ''Sastamala'' || ''Sastamala'' || ''Sastamala'' || 25 151 || 1 387,56 |- | [[Sastmola]]<ref>[http://www.helsinki.fi/ylioppilasmatrikkeli/hakutulos.php?select=1000 helsinki.fi], ubi apparet adiectivum “Sastmolensis”</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/stream/.../actasocprofauna16fenngoog_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) quattuor in locis (Nystrom), Sastmola inter Pirttijiirvi e (...)".</ref> || ''Merikarvia'' || ''Sastmola'' || ''Merikarvia'' || 3 178 || 1 246,2 |- | [[Savitaipale]]<ref>[http://www.helsinki.fi/ylioppilasmatrikkeli/hakutulos.php?start=1250&total=1376&other=162&select=991 helsinki.fi], ubi apparet adiectivum “Savitaipalensis”.</ref> || ''Savitaipale'' || ''Savitaipale'' || ''Savitaipale'' || 3 584 || 690,55 |- | [[Savukoski]] || ''Savukoski'' || ''Savukoski'' || ''Suovvaguoika'' || 1 054 || 6 496,04 |- | [[Sievi]] || ''Sievi'' || ''Sievi'' || ''Sievi'' || 5 114 || 800,88 |- | [[Siikais]]<ref>[http://www.helsinki.fi/ylioppilasmatrikkeli/henkilo.php?id=14162 helsinki.fi], ubi apparet adiectivum “Siikaisensis”.</ref> || ''Siikainen'' || ''Siikais'' || ''Siikainen'' || 1 534 || 491,34 |- | [[Siikaioki]]<ref>[http://www.helsinki.fi/ylioppilasmatrikkeli/henkilo.php?id=9077 helsinki.fi], ubi apparet adiectivum “Siikaiokiensis”.</ref> || ''Siikajoki'' || ''Siikajoki'' || ''Siikajoki'' || 5 456 || 1 653,96 |- | [[Siikalatva]] || ''Siikalatva'' || ''Siikalatva'' || ''Siikalatva'' || 5 654 || 2 229,20 |- | [[Siilinjärvi]] || '' Siilinjärvi'' || '' Siilinjärvi'' || '' Siilinjärvi'' || 21 767 || 507,81 |- | [[Sibbo]]<ref>[http://www.helsinki.fi/ylioppilasmatrikkeli/henkilo.php?id=1878 helsinki.fi], ubi apparet adiectivum “Sibboensis”.</ref> || ''Sipoo'' || ''Sibbo'' || ''Sipoo'' || 19 528 || 698,59 |- | [[Simo]]<ref>[https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/enlarge/30443 ''Tabula Regnorum Sueciae et Norvegiae'', Amstelodami apud Hugo Allardt anno 1664.]</ref> || ''Simo'' || ''Simo'' || ''Simo'' || 3 220 || 2 085,54 |- | [[Siundo]]<ref>[http://www.helsinki.fi/ylioppilasmatrikkeli/hakutulos.php?start=1250&total=1376&other=162&select=991 helsinki.fi], ubi apparet adiectivum “Siundoensis”.</ref> || ''Siuntio'' || ''Sjundeå'' || ''Siuntio'' || 6 191 || 266,12 |- | [[Soini]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofaunae51soci/actasocprofaunae51soci_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Kauniais et Kulju in hortis, etiam ad Soini, Karimiiki, Lammentaka cp in aggere viae ferratae (...)".</ref> || ''Soini'' || ''Soini'' || ''Soini'' || 2 213 || 574,24 |- | [[Somero]]<ref>[http://dspace.ut.ee/bitstream/handle/10062/28211/allardt_tabula_sueciae.jpg?sequence=1&isAllowed=y H. Allardt (1664) ''Tabula regnorum Sueciae et Norvegiae''. Amstelodami''].</ref> || ''Somero'' || ''Somero'' || ''Somero'' || 9 053 || 697,68 |- | [[Sonkaiaervi]] || ''Sonkajärvi'' || ''Sonkajärvi'' || ''Sonkajärvi'' || 4 279 || 1 576,77 |- | [[Sottunga]]<ref>[https://www.forgottenbooks.com/de/download/ActaSocietatis_10337112.pdf ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) nec non in Sottunga (...)".</ref> || ''Sottunga'' || ''Sottunga'' || ''Sottunga'' || 99 || 342,46 |- | [[Sulkava]] || ''Sulkava'' || ''Sulkava'' || ''Sulkava'' || 2 706 || 769,21 |- | [[Sund (Alandia)|Sund]] || ''Sund'' || ''Sund'' || ''Sund'' || 1 033 || 184,12 |- | [[Suomussalmi]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofaunae51soci/actasocprofaunae51soci_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) [»Suomussalmi»] p, interdum (...)".</ref> || ''Suomussalmi'' || ''Suomussalmi'' || ''Suomussalmi'' || 8 290 || 5 857,59 |- | [[Suonenioki]]<ref>[http://www.ollikorhonen.com/category/testit-ja-visat/page/4/ ollikorhonen.com], ubi apparet adiectivum “Suonenjokiensi”.</ref> || ''Suonenjoki'' || ''Suonenjoki'' || ''Suonenjoki'' || 7 366 || 862,33 |- | [[Sysmae]] || ''Sysmä'' || ''Sysmä'' || ''Sysmä'' || 4 015 || 936,18 |- | [[Taipalsaari]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofaunae21soci/actasocprofaunae21soci_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Taipalsaari in colle silvatico (...)".</ref> || ''Taipalsaari'' || ''Taipalsaari'' || ''Taipalsaari'' || 4 794 || 761,95 |- | [[Taivalkoski]]<ref>[bhl-china.org/bhldatas/pdfs/a/actasocprofaunae35soci_bw.pdf ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) versus ab Oulankajoki[prope Kiekerojoki] inter Taivalkoski et (...)".</ref> || ''Taivalkoski'' || ''Taivalkoski'' || ''Taivalkoski'' || 4 187 || 2 650,63 |- | [[Tammerforsia]]<ref>Vb. adiect. "Tamperensis": cf. titulum libellorum ''Acta Universitatis Tamperensis''. "Tammerforsiensis": vide e.g. [http://www.helsinki.fi/ylioppilasmatrikkeli/henkilo.php?id=14016 hic]</ref><ref>[[Ebbe Vilborg]], ''Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok'', editio secunda. Norstedts Akademiska Förlag, Holmia, 2009. Adiectivis, "Tammerforsiensis" et "Tamperensis".</ref> || ''Tampere'' || ''Tammerfors'' || ''Tampere'' || 225 485 || 689,59 |- | [[Tarvasioki]] || ''Tarvasjoki'' || ''Tarvasjoki'' || ''Tarvasjoki'' || 1 959 || 102,41 |- | [[Tavastum]]<ref>{{Graesse}}</ref> seu [[Tavasteburgum]]<ref>[[Reijo Pitkäranta]], ''[[Suomi-latina-suomi-sanakirja|Suomi-latina-suomi-sanakirja: Lexicon Finnico-Latino-Finnicum]]'', sub voce ''Hämeenlinna'' (Helsinki 2002).</ref> seu [[Croneburgum]]<ref>{{Graesse}}</ref> seu [[Groneburgum]]<ref>{{Graesse}}</ref> seu [[Arx Tavastiae]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Hämeenlinna'' || ''Tavastehus'' || ''Hämeenlinna'' || 67 914 || 2031,55 |- | [[Tervo]]<ref>[http://bhl-china.org/bhldatas/pdfs/a/actasocprofaunae35soci_bw.pdf ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica'']{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) Tervo et Mantyjarvi, sine dubio etiam in Ylitornio (...)".</ref> || '' Tervo'' || '' Tervo'' || '' Tervo'' || 1 617 || 494,23 |- | [[Tervola]] <ref>[http://bhl-china.org/bhldatas/pdfs/a/actasocprofaunae35soci_bw.pdf ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica'']{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) Simo in viciniis inter Simo et Tervola p. in parte maxima (...)".</ref> || ''Tervola'' || ''Tervola'' || ''Tervola'' || 3 168 || 1 594,38 |- | [[Teuva]] || ''Teuva'' || ''Östermark'' || ''Teuva'' || 5 459 || 556,01 |- | [[Toefsala]]<ref>[http://www.helsinki.fi/ylioppilasmatrikkeli/henkilo.php?id=3876 helsinki.fi], ubi apparet adiectivum “Toefsalensis”.</ref> || ''Taivassalo'' || ''Tövsala'' || '' Taivassalo'' || 1 643 || 217,67 |- | [[Tohmaiarvi]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofaunae51soci/actasocprofaunae51soci_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Valivaara et Kantosyrja, Tohmajarvi complur. (...)".</ref> || ''Tohmajärvi'' || ''Tohmajärvi'' || ''Tohmajärvi'' || 4 741 || 895,35 |- | [[Toholampi]] || ''Toholampi'' || ''Toholampi'' || ''Toholampi'' || 3 290 || 616,88 |- | [[Toivakka]] || ''Toivakka'' || ''Toivakka'' || ''Toivakka'' || 2 414 || 413,94 |- | [[Tornea Superior]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Ylitornio'' || ''Övertorneå'' || ''Badje-Duortnus'' || 4 265 || 2212,69 |- | [[Tornia]]<ref name=NSLO>Ebbe Vilborg, ''Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok'', editio secunda, 2009.</ref> seu [[Tornea]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Tornio'' || ''Torneå'' || ''Duortnus'' || 22 187 || 1 348,55 |- | [[Trullonia Lappoensis]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Kauhava'' || ''Kauhava'' || ''Kauhava'' || 16 756 || 1 328,37 |- | [[Tuusniemi]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/.../actasocprofaunae13soci_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Fennia in Satakunta et Savonia boreali locis pluribus: in Kuopio, Tuusniemi, Nilsia (...)".</ref> || ''Tuusniemi'' || ''Tuusniemi'' || ''Tuusniemi'' || 2 694 || 699,43 |- | [[Tuusula]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/NewsInLatinByReijoPitkaerantaAndTuomoPekkanen2005To2012/LatinitasModernaNuntiiLatiniLatinNews_djvu.txt ''NEWS IN LATIN BY REIJO PITKÄRANTA AND TUOMO PEKKANEN, 2005 TO 2012''], ubi dicitur "(...) quae in paroechia Tuusula est (...)".</ref> seu [[Urbs Tusbyensis]]<ref>[https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranunculus_tusbyensis Secundum articulum apud Vicipaediam Suecicam], ubi apparet binomen “Ranunculus tusbyensis.“</ref> || ''Tuusula'' || ''Tusby'' || ''Tuusula'' || 38 564 || 225,46 |- | [[Tyrnava]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofaunae41soci/actasocprofaunae41soci_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Ob. Liminka [sacell. Tyrnava] Ollila (...)".</ref> || ''Tyrnävä'' || ''Tyrnävä'' || ''Tyrnävä'' || 6 807 || 494,89 |- | [[Ulaburgum]]<ref>{{Ruhs}}</ref> seu [[Uloa (urbs)|Uloa]]<ref>Nomen "Uloa" extrahitur secundum librum Johannes Snellmann, Sari Kivistö, Arto Kirri, Oulu-seura, ''Oulun kaupungista = De urbe Uloa'' (2000) ISBN 951-96461-2-4</ref> || ''Oulu'' || ''Uleåborg'' || ''Oulu'' || 198 804 || 1 513,37 |- | [[Urbs Degerbyensis]]<ref>[http://www.helsinki.fi/ylioppilasmatrikkeli/hakutulos.php?start=1250&total=1376&other=162&select=991 helsinki.fi], ubi apparet adiectivum “Degerbyensis”, quod ortum est ex antiquo nomine urbis secundum [https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loviisa Vicipaediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Loviisa'' || ''Lovisa'' || ''Loviisa'' || 15 282 || 1 751,49 |- | [[Urbs Finstromensis]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/suomi45seurgoog/suomi45seurgoog_djvu.txt archive.org] ubi dicitur: “(...) Martini dementis Carolus Petri subscribit Finstromensis (...)”</ref> || ''Finström'' || ''Finström'' || ''Finström'' || 2 529 || 172,48 |- | [[Urbs Libelitsensis]]<ref>[https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/111180/De_ecclesiis_Careliae_Svecicae_Graecam_religionem_profitentibus_1.pdf?sequence=1 ''Ecclesiis Careliae Svecicae Graecam Religionem Profitentibus''], ubi apparet adiectivum “Libelitsensi”.</ref> || ''Liperi'' || ''Libelits'' || ''Liperi'' || 12 328 || 1 161,22 |- | [[Urdiala]]<ref>[bhl-china.org/bhldatas/pdfs/a/actasocprofaunae51soci_bw.pdf ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Kangasala et Urdiala complur. loc. (...)".</ref> || ''Urjala'' || ''Urdiala'' || ''Urjala'' || 4 919 || 505,38 |- | [[Utaiarvi]]<ref>[nuntii8.rssing.com/chan-38557678/all_p10.html ''Nuntii Latini'' apud rssing.com], ubi dicitur "(...) Vetus lex in Utajärvi sublata Utajärvi (...)".</ref> || ''Utajärvi'' || ''Utajärvi'' || ''Utajärvi'' || 2 855 || 1 736,70 |- | [[Utsioki]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161105000538/http://www.interrete.de/latein/nuntiifinarch7.html ''Lateinische Nachrichten - Nuntii Latini - Interrete''], ubi dicitur "(...) in ecclesia paroeciae Utsjoki officio divino Samice celebrato inauguratum es (...)".</ref> || ''Utsjoki'' || ''Utsjoki'' || ''Ohcejohka'' || 1 246 || 5 371,78 |- | [[Uurainen]] || ''Uurainen'' || ''Urais'' || ''Uurainen'' || 3 703 || 372,26 |- | [[Vaala]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/.../actasocprofauna16fenngoog_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Vaala ad Oulujarvi prope effluvium flum (...)".</ref> || ''Vaala'' || ''Vaala'' || ''Vaala'' || 3 069 || 1 763,95 |- | [[Valkeakoski]]<ref>[http://bhl-china.org/bhldatas/pdfs/a/actasocprofaunae21soci_bw.pdf ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica'']{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) plures ad Jarventaka Kinttula etiam Vesilaks Laukko: Hjelt.— Ta. Valkeakoski: (...)".</ref> seu [[Flumen Album (Finnia)|Flumen Album]] || ''Valkeakoski'' || ''Valkeakoski'' || ''Valkeakoski'' || 21 305 || 372,04 |- | [[Vallis Gratiae]]<ref>{{Graesse}}.</ref><ref>[[Ebbe Vilborg]]. ''Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok''. Editio secunda anni 2009.</ref> || ''Naantali'' || ''Nådendal'' || ''Naantali'' || 18 992 || 688,01 |- | [[Valtimo]] seu [[Arteria (Finnia)|Arteria]] || ''Valtimo'' || ''Valtimo'' || ''Valtimo'' || 2 310 || 838,10 |- | [[Vantania]]<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin_place_names_in_Europe</ref> || ''Vantaa'' || ''Vanda'' || ''Vantaa'' || 215 813 || 240,34 |- | [[Varkaus]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofaunae05soci/actasocprofaunae05soci_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Varkaus in vicinitate canalis (...)".</ref> seu [[Cleptopolis]] || ''Varkaus'' || ''Varkaus'' || ''Varkaus'' || 21 603 || 524,49 |- | [[Vero (Finnia)|Vero]]<ref>[https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/enlarge/30443 ''Tabula Regnorum Sueciae et Norvegiae'', Amstelodami apud Hugo Allardt anno 1664.]</ref> || ''Vöyri'' || ''Vörå'' || ''Vöyri'' || 6 691 || 1 499,91 |- | [[Vesanto]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofaunae30soci/actasocprofaunae30soci_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Vesanto in stagno Asilampi (...)".</ref> || ''Vesanto'' || ''Vesanto'' || ''Vesanto'' || 2 188 || 569,70 |- | [[Vesilax]]<ref>[http://www.helsinki.fi/ylioppilasmatrikkeli/henkilo.php?id=2379 helsinki.fi], ubi apparet adiectivum “Vesilaxensis”.</ref> || ''Vesilahti'' || ''Vesilax'' || ''Vesilahti'' || 4 481 || 353,94 |- | [[Vetelia]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Veteli'' || ''Vetil'' || ''Veteli'' || 3 287 || 520,91 |- | [[Vierema]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/.../actasocprofauna16fenngoog_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Vierema et in vicinitate templi (...)".</ref> || ''Vieremä'' || ''Vieremä'' || ''Vieremä'' || 3 735 || 973,38 |- | [[Viitasaari]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocprofaunae30soci/actasocprofaunae30soci_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Viitasaari plur. loc (...)".</ref> || ''Viitasaari'' || ''Viitasaari'' || ''Viitasaari'' || 6 654 || 1 589,13 |- | [[Vindala]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Vimpeli'' || ''Vindala'' || ''Vimpeli'' || 3 074 || 328,79 |- | [[Vodoe]] || ''Vårdö'' || ''Vårdö'' || ''Vårdö'' || 433 || 572,66 |- | [[Waemo]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Vehmaa'' || ''Vemo'' || ''Vehmaa'' || 2 271 || 202,09 |- | [[Wederlax]]<ref>[https://www.haminanseurakunta.fi/virolahden-kirkkojen-historiaa/ www.haminanseurakunta.fi], ubi apparet adiectivum “Wederlaxensis”.</ref> || ''Virolahti'' || ''Vederlax'' || ''Virolahti'' || 3 327 || 558,92 |- | [[Wegelia]]<ref>[https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Suomen_alueiden_latinankielisist%C3%A4_nimist%C3%A4 Catalogus Nominum Latinorum Regionum Fennicarum apud Vicipediam Fennicam].</ref> || ''Seinäjoki'' || ''Seinäjoki'' || ''Seinäjoki'' || 61 658 || 1 469,23 |- | [[Wichtis]]<ref>[https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/enlarge/30443 ''Tabula Regnorum Sueciae et Norvegiae'', Amstelodami apud Hugo Allardt anno 1664.]</ref><ref>[https://www.google.es/search?q=wichtis+urbem&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&client=firefox-b-ab&gfe_rd=cr&ei=nqh7WIKdEvSs8we-o7V4#q=wichtensis kansallisbiografia.fi], ubi apparet adiectivum “Wichtensis”.</ref> seu [[Vihti]]<ref>[http://www.mapress.com/j/pt/article/viewFile/phytotaxa.47.1.1/558 Lindberg H.; ''Phytotaxa'], ubi dicitur "(...) Regio Aboënsis, par. Vihti, Sandbacka, in alneto (...)".</ref> || ''Vihti'' || ''Vichtis'' || ''Vihti'' || 28 933 || 567,08 |- | [[Wirdois]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/actasocietatissc01suom/actasocietatissc01suom_djvu.txt ''Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Sacellan. eccl. in Wirdois (...)".</ref> || ''Virrat'' || ''Virdois'' || ''Virrat'' || 6 972 || 1 299,07 |- | [[Wirmo]]<ref>[https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/enlarge/30443 ''Tabula Regnorum Sueciae et Norvegiae'', Amstelodami apud Hugo Allardt anno 1664.]</ref> seu [[Virmo]]<ref>[http://www.helsinki.fi/ylioppilasmatrikkeli/henkilo.php?id=2023 helsinki.fi], ubi apparet adiectivum “Virmoensis”.</ref> || ''Mynämäki'' || ''Virmo'' || ''Mynämäki'' || 7 867 || 536,08 |- | [[Ylivieska]] || ''Ylivieska'' || ''Ylivieska'' || ''Ylivieska'' || 15 076 || 573,12 |- | [[Yloeiaervi]] || ''Ylöjärvi'' || ''Ylöjärvi'' || ''Ylöjärvi'' || 32 713 || 1 324,09 |- | [[Ypaeiae]] || ''Ypäjä'' || ''Ypäjä'' || ''Ypäjä'' || 2 419 || 183,25 |} ==Notae== <div class="references-small"><references/></div> Vide: [[Communia Finniae]] [[Categoria:Urbes Finniae]] [[Categoria:Municipia|Finnia]] [[Categoria:Indices communium et municipiorum|Finnia]] lj3uglcbnly54nx86va0oj4rs2gapsu 0 198221 3960835 3958656 2026-05-20T06:42:26Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3960835 wikitext text/x-wiki Hic est index [[commune|communium]] [[Badenia et Virtembergia|Badeniae et Virtembergiae]]. == A == {{div col|4}} * [[Abbenwilare]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Appenweier'')</small> * [[Abstattum]]<ref name="Ribeiro 1819">Ribeiro, J. P. (1819). ''Indice chronologico das leis e mais actos do governo de Portugal: Promulgados desde o principio da monarchia até ao presente'' (Vol. 3). Typografia da Academia Real das Sciencias.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Abstatt'')</small> * [[Abtsmunda]]<ref name="Steinhofer 1752">Steinhofer, J. U. (1752). ''Ehre des Herzogtums Wirtenberg in seinen Durchlauchtigsten Regenten'' (Vol. 3). Jenisch und Etzensperger.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Abtsgmünd'')</small> * [[Acanthopolis]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Dornstetten'')</small> * [[Achberga]]<ref name="Steinhofer 1752"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Achberg'')</small> * [[Acchara]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Achern'')</small> * [[Achstettia]]<ref name="Bucelinus 1655">Bucelinus, G. (1655). Germania topo-chrono-stemmato-graphica: sacra et profana (Vol. 1). Johann Görlin.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Achstetten'')</small> * [[Adelberga]]<ref name="Adelberga">Vide [https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Epistolae_pontificum_Romanorum ''Epistolae pontificum Romanorum''], ubi dicitur "Adelberga tridui consilia agitasse."</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Adelberg'')</small> * [[Adelmansfelda]]<ref name="Adelmansfelda">Vide [https://www.chuo-u.ac.jp/uploads/2018/11/1194_commentary01_02.pdf ''www.chuo-u.ac.jp''], ubi dicitur "(...) Adelmansfelda Suevus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Adelmannsfelden'')</small> * [[Adelshemium]]<ref>Vide [https://bebb.jinntec.de/letters/B_991170516889305501 ''Nicolaus I Bernoulli an Andreas Ritz. Basel, 08. August 1708''], ubi dicitur "(...) Ad Andream Ritsium, Adelshemium (...) expectabat nuntium de tuo Adelshemium adventu (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Adelsheim'')</small> * [[Advocati Castrum in Sede Caesaris]]<ref name="Buck 1843"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Vogtsburg im Kaiserstuhl'')</small> * [[Advocatia (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Advocatia]]<ref name="Buck 1843"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Vogt'')</small> * [[Aelza]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Elzach'')</small> * [[Affalterbacum]]<ref name="Bucelinus Germania topo-chrono-stemmato-graphica 1667">Bucelinus, G. (1667). Germania topo-chrono-stemmato-graphica: sacra et profana (Vol. 2). Johann Görlini.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Affalterbach'')</small> * [[Ager Putridus]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rottenacker'')</small> * [[Ager Superior (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Ager Superior]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberstenfeld'')</small> * [[Aglasterhusa]]<ref name="Bucelinus Germania topo-chrono-stemmato-graphica 1667"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Aglasterhausen'')</small> * [[Ahornium (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Ahornium]]<ref name="Ahorn">Theodisca vox ''Ahorn'' in Latinam "Ahornium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/attachment/document/alvin-record:564985/ATTACHMENT-0004.pdf ''Kennel von Silvalacus''], ubi dicitur "(...) Stobæum, Ahornium, Voluhnium (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ahorn'')</small> * [[Aichelberga]]<ref name="Bucelinus Germania topo-chrono-stemmato-graphica 1667"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Aichelberg'')</small> * [[Aichhalda]]<ref name="Bucelinus Germania topo-chrono-stemmato-graphica 1667"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Aichhalden'')</small> * [[Aichstettia]]<ref name="Bucelinus Germania topo-chrono-stemmato-graphica 1667"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Aichstetten'')</small> * [[Aichwalda]]<ref name="Index Sedium Titularium et Dioecesium: Supplementum Geographicum 2025">Civitas Vaticana (2025). ''Index Sedium Titularium et Dioecesium: Supplementum Geographicum''. Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Aichwald)'')</small> * [[Aiterna]]<ref name="Biedermann 1752">Biedermann, J. G. (1752). ''Gründliche Erläuterung derer im Herzogthum Würtemberg gelegenen Orte und derselben lateinische Benennungen''. Ex Officina Bielingiana.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Aitern'')</small> * [[Aitra]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Aitrach'')</small> * [[Ala (Germania)|Ala]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Aalen'')</small> * [[Alamuntinga]]<ref>Vide [https://allmendingen.de/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Gemeinde-Allmendingen-Infobroschuere-komprimiert.pdf ''Gemeinde-Allmendingen-Infobroschuere-komprimiert.pdf''], ubi dicitur "(...) Erstmalig urkundlich erwähnt wurde Allmendingen im Jahr 961 als „Alamuntinga”. (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Allmendingen'')</small> * [[Alba Dominorum]]<ref>Eponymo de monasterio, vide [https://es.aroundus.com/p/6568691-bad-herrenalb ''Bad Herrenalb''], ubi dicitur "(...) La ciudad se desarrolló alrededor del monasterio cisterciense Alba Dominorum, fundado en 1148, que influyó en la zona hasta la Reforma (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Herrenalb'')</small> * [[Alberti Domus]]<ref name="Biedermann 1752"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Albershausen'')</small> * [[Alberspacum]]<ref name="Bavarikon">Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A - D''].</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Alpirsbach'')</small> * [[Albstatum]]<ref name="Index Sedium Titularium et Dioecesium: Supplementum Geographicum 2026">Civitas Vaticana (2026). ''Index Sedium Titularium et Dioecesium: Supplementum Geographicum''. Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis.</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Albstadt'')</small> * [[Albus Rivus (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Albus Rivus]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weißbach'')</small> * [[Aldinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Aldingen'')</small> * [[Aldunsteiga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Altensteig'')</small> * [[Alfdorfium]]<ref name="Annuarium Statisticum Ecclesiae (2025)"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Alfdorf'')</small> * [[Allensbacum]]<ref name="Index Sedium Titularium et Dioecesium: Supplementum Geographicum 2026"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Allensbach'')</small> * [[Alleshusium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.furet.com ''Furet du Nord''], ubi dicitur "(...) electus Alleshusium ad lacum Buchoriensem (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Alleshausen'')</small> * [[Almarsbacum in Valle]]<ref name="Index Sedium Titularium et Dioecesium: Supplementum Geographicum 2026"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Allmersbach im Tal'')</small> * [[Altbacum]]<ref name="Index Sedium Titularium et Dioecesium: Supplementum Geographicum 2026"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Altbach'')</small> * [[Altdorfium]]<ref name="Annuarium Statisticum Ecclesiae (2025)"/> (in [[Circulus terrae Biboniensis|Circulo Biboniensi]]) <small>(Theodisce ''Altdorf'')</small> * [[Altdorfium (Eslinga)|Altdorfium]]<ref name="Altdorfium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Altdorf'' in Latinam "Altdorfium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [http://benediktinerakademie.org/wp-content/plugins/kloster-vz/func/get-kloster.php ''Benediktiner Akademie''], ubi dicitur "(...) ad vineas prope Altdorfium (...)" aut vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> (in [[Circulus terrae Eslingensis|Circulo Eslingensi]]) <small>(Theodisce ''Altdorf'')</small> * [[Altenrietium]]<ref name="Index Sedium Titularium et Dioecesium: Supplementum Geographicum 2026"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Altenriet'')</small> * [[Althemium (Iura)|Althemium]]<ref name="Althemium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Altheim'' in Latinam "Althemium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=111&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Bavarikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Althemium, Bragodurum''': Altheim, Wüttemberg (...)"; aut [https://es.scribd.com/document/775878827/Godofr-Wilh-Leibnitii-Annales-Imperii-Oc-Tomo-2 ''Godofr Wilh Leibnitii Annales Imperii Oc (Tomus 2)''], ubi dicitur "(...) Althemium villa est (...)".</ref> (iuxta Iuram) <small>(Theodisce ''Altheim'')</small> * [[Althemium (prope Egingam)|Althemium]]<ref name="Althemium"/> (iuxta [[Eginga (Danubius)|Egingam]]) <small>(Theodisce ''Altheim'')</small> * [[Althemium (iuxta Redlingam)|Althemium]]<ref name="Althemium"/> (iuxta [[Redlinga]]m<ref name="Graesse"/>) <small>(Theodisce ''Altheim'')</small> * [[Altorfensis Villa]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/20565/Weingarten+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Nach 934 (Chronik 2. Hälfte 12. Jahrhundert) in Altorfensi villa, 11. Jahrhundert (Tradition 13. Jahrhundert) villa Altorfensis (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Weingarten'')</small> * [[Amindon]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/433/Ohmden+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Amindon 1122 [1122/27] (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ohmden'')</small> * [[Amizancella]]<ref name="Wartmann 1863">Wartmann, H. (1863). ''Urkundenbuch der Abtei Sanct Gallen: Theil I'' (700-840). Horae.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Amtzell'')</small> * [[Amnis Flexuosus]]<ref name="Buck 1843"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wembach'')</small> * [[Amnis Husae]]<ref name="Bucelinus Germania sacra altera pars 1667">Bucelinus, G. (1667). ''Germania sacra altera pars''. [[Ulma]]e: Görlin.</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Hausach'')</small> * [[Amnis Ostra]]<ref name="Bucelinus Germania sacra altera pars 1667"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ostrach'')</small> * [[Amnis Pratorum]]<ref name="Buck 1843"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weisenbach'')</small> * [[Amnis Truttarum]]<ref name="Buck 1843"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Vöhrenbach'')</small> * [[Amstetta]]<ref name="Annuarium Statisticum Ecclesiae (2025)"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Amstetten'')</small> * [[Ancencimbra]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/12787/Zimmern+ob+Rottweil+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Ancencimbra 0994 (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Zimmern ob Rottweil'')</small> * [[Angeli Domus]]<ref name="Mone Zeitschrift 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hügelsheim'')</small> * [[Anghichemum]]<ref name="Glöckner 1929">Glöckner, K. (1929). Codex Laureshamensis: Facsimile-Ausgabe der Handschrift aus dem 12. Jahrhundert. Darmstadii: Verlag des Historischen Vereins für Hessen.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Auggen'')</small> * [[Apricirivus]]<ref name="Bacci 1571">Bacci, A. (1571). ''De thermis Andreae Baccii Elpidiani, civis Romani, medici atque philosophi, libri septem''. Ex officina Vincentii Valgrisii.</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Eberbach'')</small> * [[Apricirivus ad Filsum]]<ref name="Bacci 1571"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Ebersbach an der Fils'')</small> * [[Apricopolis]]<ref name="Bacci 1571"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eberstadt'')</small> * [[Aquae (Badenia et Virtembergia)|Aquae]]<ref name="Schoepflin Germanica Gallica 1751">Schoepflin, J. D. (1751). Alsatia Illustrata: Germanica, Gallica, Vicina (Vol. 1). Ex Typographia Regia.</ref> ([[urbs]]) <small>(Theodisce ''Aach'')</small> * [[Aquae Aureliae]]<ref>Lexicon Lewis et Short, s.v. "[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Daqua aqua]".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Baden-Baden'')</small> * [[Aquae Ditzenbacenses]]<ref name="Bucelinus Germania topo-chrono-stemmato-graphica 1667"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Ditzenbach'')</small> * [[Aquae Rappenoviae]]<ref name="Baur 1863">Baur, L. (1863). ''Hessische Urkunden: aus dem Grossherzoglich Hessischen Haus- und Staatsarchive''. [[Darmstadium|Darmstadii]]: Verlag von Georg Friedrich Heyer.</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Rappenau'')</small> * [[Ara Flavia]]<ref name="Hofmannus">{{Hofmannus}}.</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Heidenheim an der Brenz'')</small> * [[Area Exstirpata]]<ref name="Bullinger 2024"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gschwend'')</small> * [[Argillosa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Argillosa]]<ref name="Mone Quellensammlung 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schlier'')</small> * [[Arguna]]<ref>Vide [https://regionalia.blb-karlsruhe.de/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/19767/file/BLB_Schriften_Bodensee_1886.pdf ''Schriften''], ubi dicitur "(...) Es ist doch auffallend, daß diese älteste Kirche der Umgegend in gar keiner alten Urkunde genannt wird, während z. B. das nahe Arguna, Langenargen, schon in einer Urkunde von 794 vorkommt (Neug. Nr. 122) (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Langenargen'')</small> * [[Aries (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Aries]]<ref name="Buck 1843"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Widdern'')</small> * [[Ascaha]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eschach'')</small> * [[Ascensus Quercuum]]<ref name="Bucelinus 1655"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eichstegen'')</small> * [[Aschaha (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Aschaha]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/13302/Niedereschach+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Aschaha 1086 (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Niedereschach'')</small> * [[Asperga]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/egger-carolus-lexicon-nominum-locorum/EGGER%2C%20Carolus%20-%20Lexicon%20Nominum%20Locorum_djvu.txt ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) Asperg Asperga, ae, f. Est oppidum Germaniae. Aspergenses, ium; Aspergensis, e (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Asperg'')</small> * [[Assamstadium]]<ref name="Index Sedium Titularium et Dioecesium: Supplementum Geographicum 2026"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Assamstadt'')</small> * [[Assulfinga]]<ref name="Biedermann 1752"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Asselfingen'')</small> * [[Atrium Alni]]<ref name="Bucelinus 1655"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ellhofen'')</small> * [[Attenwilare]]<ref name="Biedermann 1752"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Attenweiler'')</small> * [[Augia ad Rhenum]]<ref>Vide [https://francia.ahlfeldt.se/page/documents/25978 ''Regnum Francorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) Au am Rhein , as place of event/issue ''Actum publice in villa Augia sub die III. non. aust. anno VI. regnante Ludouuico imperatore feliciter amen'' (...)".</ref> (ad [[Rhenus|Rhenum]]) <small>(Theodisce ''Au am Rhein'')</small> * [[Augia Brisgoica]]<ref name="Index Sedium Titularium et Dioecesium: Supplementum Geographicum 2026"/> (in Brisgoviā) <small>(Theodisce ''Au'')</small> * [[Augia Dives (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Augia Dives]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (ad [[Lacus Bodamicus|Lacum Bodamicum]]) <small>(Theodisce ''Reichenau'')</small> * [[Aulendorfium]]<ref name="Imhof 1701">Imhof, J. W. (1701). Notitia S. R. Imperii Procerum: Genealogica et Heraldica. Typis et Sumptibus Johannis Georgii Cottae.</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Aulendorf'')</small> {{div col end}} == B == {{div col|4}} * [[Backnangum]]<ref>Vide [https://liburutegibiltegi.bizkaia.eus/bitstream/handle/20.500.11938/72229/b12233419.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y ''Lau Haizeetara''], ubi dicitur "(...) egisset Diaconum Backnangi (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Backnang'')</small> * [[Badenvilla]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Badenweiler'')</small> * [[Baldinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bahlingen am Kaiserstuhl'')</small> * [[Baldrathinga-Tottihan]]<ref>Vide [https://www.ballrechten-dottingen.de/Gemeindeleben/Ortschronik-und-Dorfgeschichte ''Ortschronik und Dorfgeschichte''], ubi dicitur "(...) "villa baldrathinga" (...) "capella Tottihan, filialis parochialis Stauffen" (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Ballrechten-Dottingen'')</small> * [[Balgheimum]]<ref name="Besold 1629">Besold, C. (1629). ''Documenta rediviva Abbatiaecum: In quibus de earum fundatione, privilegiis, & translatione, pie & luculenter agitur''. Typis Philiberti Brunnii.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Balgheim'')</small> * [[Balinga]]<ref>Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camena/frisc6/frischlinscenica.html ''OPERUM POETICORUM NICODEMI FRISCHLINI POETAE, ORATORIS ET PHILOSOPhi, pars scenica''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Balinga, Urbs Ducatus Vviurtembergici, patria Iacobi Frischlini.]''Urbs iacet in plano pulcherrima rure Balinga (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Balingen'')</small> * [[Ballindorpha]]<ref name="Baumann 1883">Baumann, F. L. (Ed.). (1883). ''Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Necrologia Germaniae (Dioecesis Augustensis)''. Weidmannos. </ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ballendorf'')</small> * [[Balneolum Schonborniense]]<ref name="Althof 1797">Althof, L. C. (1797). Praelectiones de balneis et thermis. Dieterich. </ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Schönborn'')</small> * [[Baltmannswilare]]<ref name="Wirtembergisches Urkundenbuch III 1849">Wirtembergisches Urkundenbuch (WUB). (1849). ''WUB Band III''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Baltmannsweiler'')</small> * [[Baltzheimum]]<ref name="Crusius 1596"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Balzheim'')</small> * [[Bartholomaeopolis]]<ref name="Ferrari 1677">Ferrari, F. (1677). ''Lexicon geographicum in quo universi orbis oppida, maria, flumina, montes, regiones enumerantur''. Typis ac sumptibus Gaspari Storti.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bartholomä'')</small> * [[Beilstenium (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Beilstenium]]<ref name="Matrikel Heidelber (1386-1662)">Toepke, G. (Ed.). (1884). ''Die Matrikel der Universität Heidelberg (1386-1662)''. Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung.</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Beilstein'')</small> * [[Beimerstettenum]]<ref name="Ferrari 1677"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Beimerstetten'')</small> * [[Bellosinga]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Bellingen'')</small> * [[Bellus Fons (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Bellus Fons]]<ref name="Bellus Fons">Theodiscum toponymum ''Schönbrunn'' in Latinam "Bellus Fons" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Schönbrunn'')</small> * [[Bempflingia]]<ref name="Steinhofer 1746"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bempflingen'')</small> * [[Bennigheimia]]<ref name="Steinhofer 1746"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Bönnigheim'')</small> * [[Bercheimum]]<ref name="Ferrari 1677"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Berkheim'')</small> * [[Berga (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Berga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Berg'')</small> * [[Berghauptia]]<ref name="Steinhofer 1746"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Berghaupten'')</small> * [[Berghila]]<ref name="Wirtembergisches Urkundenbuch 1859">Wirtembergisches Urkundenbuch (WUB). (1859). ''WUB Band II''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Berghülen'')</small> * [[Berglena]]<ref name="Gmelin 1805">Gmelin, C. C. (1805). Flora Badensis Alsatica. Typis G. Braun.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Berglen'')</small> * [[Bernavia in Nigra Silva|Bernavia in Nigrā Silvā]]<ref name="Bernau">Theodiscum toponymum ''Bernau' in Latinam "Bernavia" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/bissel5/books/bisseliusleo_5.html ''Camena''], ubi dicitur "(...) Bernaviae, Superioris Palatinatûs oppidô (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bernau im Schwarzwald'')</small> * [[Bernstadium (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Bernstadium]]<ref name="Bernstadium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Bernstadt'' in Latinam "Bernstadium" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bernstadt'')</small> * [[Berrengartesruti]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bergatreute'')</small> * [[Berselinga]]<ref name="Steinhofer 1746"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Börslingen'')</small> * [[Bertelingia]]<ref name="Steinhofer 1746"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Börtlingen'')</small> * [[Besigheimium]]<ref name="Ferrari 1677"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Besigheim'')</small> * [[Bettlinga Magna]]<ref name="Bohun 1695"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Großbettlingen'')</small> * [[Betulirivus]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Birenbach'')</small> * [[Bezenwilare]]<ref name="Wirtembergisches Urkundenbuch I 1849">Wirtembergisches Urkundenbuch (WUB). (1849). ''WUB Band I''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Betzenweiler'')</small> * [[Biberacum (Badenia)|Biberacum]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/egger-carolus-lexicon-nominum-locorum/EGGER%2C%20Carolus%20-%20Lexicon%20Nominum%20Locorum_djvu.txt ''Index Nominum Locorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) Biberacum — Biberach (...)".</ref> (in [[Badenia|Badeniā]]) <small>(Theodisce ''Biberach'')</small> * [[Biberacum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) (ad [[Riussaia]]m<ref name="Riussaia">Vide [https://adw-goe.de/fileadmin/forschungsprojekte/ortsnamen_rhein_elbe/dokumente/Publikationen_Udolph_PDF/2011-2015/431._Udolph_Die_Namen_Roma_-_Rom_und_Tevere_-_tiber_aus_neuerer_Sicht.pdf ''Die Namen ''Roma/Rom'' und ''Tèvere/Tiber'' aus neuerer Sicht''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Riß'' z. Donau, < ''*Rusiava'', 1293 ''Riussaiam'', evtl. =''῾Ριουσιαούα'' (Ptolemaeus, Geographia 2,11) (...)".</ref>) <small>(Theodisce ''Biberach an der Riß'')</small> * [[Bibonium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Böblingen'')</small> * [[Biederbacha]]<ref>Vide [https://www.uniarchiv.uni-freiburg.de/unigeschichte/matrikelordner/Matrikel_1806_1870.pdf ''Die Matrikel der Universität Freiburg im Breisgau''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Wisser Francisc. Biederbacha Bad phil ''' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Biederbach'')</small> * [[Bietigheimium]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_Zr1JAAAAcAAJ/bub_gb_Zr1JAAAAcAAJ_djvu.txt ''Subsidia diplomatica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Bietigheimium oppida ante annum Domini MCCXLV (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bietigheim'')</small> * [[Billighemium]]<ref name="Schoepflin Celtica Romana Francica 1751"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Billigheim'')</small> * [[Binauium]]<ref name="Ferrari 1677"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Binau'')</small> * [[Binzenum]]<ref name="Ferrari 1677"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Binzen'')</small> * [[Bircofelda]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Birkenfeld'')</small> * [[Bisingum]]<ref name="Ferrari 1677"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bisingen'')</small> * [[Bitigheimium-Bussinga]]<ref name="Ferrari 1677"/><ref>Vide [https://stadtarchiv.bietigheim-bissingen.de/stadtgeschichte/geschichte-der-stadtteile/bissingen/ ''stadtarchiv.bietigheim-bissingen.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Eine ge­naue­re Da­tie­rung stammt aus dem Jahr 991 („Bus­sin­ga“) (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Bietigheim-Bissingen'')</small> * [[Bitzum]]<ref name="Ferrari 1677"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bitz'')</small> * [[Blabira]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Blaubeuren'')</small> * [[Blaufeldum]]<ref name="Ferrari 1677"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Blaufelden'')</small> * [[Blausteinum]]<ref name="Ferrari 1677"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Blaustein'')</small> * [[Blumberga]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_1bwrGQWP9o4C/bub_gb_1bwrGQWP9o4C_djvu.txt ''S. Rom. Germanici Imperii procerum tam ecclesiasticorum quam secularium notitia historicoheraldicogenealogica, ad hodiernum Imperii statum accomodata, et in supplementum operis genealogici Rittershusiani adornata...''], ubi dicitur "(...) oppidum Blumbergam sive Florimontem (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Blumberg'')</small> * [[Bobingia ad Remisum]]<ref name="Steinhofer 1746"/><ref name="Remisus">De hydronymo "[[Remisus]]", vide [https://books.google.de/books?id=FuwzkvZmlVAC&pg=RA2-PT353&lpg=RA2-PT353&dq=Rems+fluvius&source=bl&ots=pqKYOU-Qfo&sig=ACfU3U0iTPhkv6wzJUq8mkuntYSbzkgUaw&hl=de&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi04PX82dvmAhVKK5oKHUwGAR8Q6AEwAXoECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=Rems%20fluvius&f=false ''FONS LATINITATIS CORVINIANUS BICORNIS'', auctore Christophoro Giglingio].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Böbingen an der Rems'')</small> * [[Bodelshausia]]<ref name="Steinhofer 1746"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bodelshausen'')</small> * [[Bodneggia]]<ref name="Steinhofer 1746"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bodnegg'')</small> * [[Boihingenum]]<ref name="Ferrari 1677"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberboihingen'')</small> * [[Bollenha]]<ref name="Steinhofer 1746">Steinhofer, J. U. (1746). ''Historia Temporum Et Rerum Wirtenbergicarum''. Johann Georg Cotta. </ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Böllen'')</small> * [[Bollum]]<ref name="Bavarikon"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Boll'')</small> * [[Bomenkircha]]<ref name="Steinhofer 1746"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Böhmenkirch'')</small> * [[Bomsia]]<ref name="Steinhofer 1746"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Boms'')</small> * [[Bona Aqua in Silva Nigra]]<ref name="Bullinger 2024"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gutach'')</small> * [[Boncella-Hurbelum]]<ref name="Graesse"/><ref name="Ferrari 1677"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gutenzell-Hürbel'')</small> * [[Bondorfium]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_ojY_AAAAYAAJ/bub_gb_ojY_AAAAYAAJ_djvu.txt ''Quellensammlung der badischen Landesgeschichte''], ubi dicitur "(...) pentecostes feriis Bondorfium adeundi (...) tum Bondorfii in me collatis gratiis ac beneficiis (...) castrum Bondorfiense (...) tum in arce Bondorfensi (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bondorf'')</small> * [[Bondorfium (in Nigra Silva)|Bondorfium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Ludwigshafen%20u.a.&lang=en ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A - D''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Bondorfium:''' Bonndorf, Baden, Kr. Freiburg (...)"; et [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Dictionnaire_de_g%C3%A9ographie_ancienne_et_moderne_a_l%27usage_du_libraire_et_de_l%27amateur_de_livres_..._%28IA_b28982708%29.pdf ''Dictionnaire de géographie ancienne et moderne''], ubi dicitur "(...) BONDORFIUM, ''Bondorff,'' pet. ville du grand-duché de Bade. Dans cette localité, (...) dans la Forêt-Noire (...)".</ref> (in [[Nigra silva|Nigrā Silvā]]) (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Bonndorf im Schwarzwald'')</small> * [[Bosinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bösingen'')</small> * [[Bothama-Portus Ludovici]]<ref name="Graesse"/><ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/egger-carolus-lexicon-nominum-locorum/EGGER%2C%20Carolus%20-%20Lexicon%20Nominum%20Locorum_djvu.txt ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) Portus Ludovici — Ludwigshafen (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bodman-Ludwigshafen'')</small> * [[Bottuaria]]<ref name="Steinhofer 1746"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Großbottwar'')</small> * [[Boxberga (Badenia)|Boxberga]]<ref name="Boxberga">Theodiscum toponymum ''Boxberg'' in Latinam "Boxberga" verti solet. Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_YloFAAAAQAAJ/bub_gb_YloFAAAAQAAJ_djvu.txt ''Historia et commentationes''], ubi dicitur "(...) Boxbergam & Loewenfteinenfera comitatum in Francia (...)"; et [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10622739?p=178&cq=Francofurti%20cis%20Viadrum&lang=de ''Joannis Adlzreitter Annalium Bojorum. Tom. III.''], ubi dicitur "(...) Boxberga Alerzheimium (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Boxberg'')</small> * [[Brackenhemium]]<ref>Vide [https://opendigi.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/opendigi/LXV6a_fol_125a ''Commissarius principis, prorector et cancellarius Academiae Carolinae''], ubi dicitur "(...) in urbe Wirtembergica Brackenhemii (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Brackenheim'')</small> * [[Bragodurum]] (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Bräunlingen'')</small> * [[Brattica Longa]]<ref name="Steub 1843"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Langenbrettach'')</small> * [[Braunsbacum]]<ref name="Ferrari 1677"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Braunsbach'')</small> * [[Breitinga]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_YloFAAAAQAAJ/bub_gb_YloFAAAAQAAJ_djvu.txt ''Historia et commentationes''], ubi dicitur "(...) ad matricem ecclesiam in Breitinga spectantem (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Breitingen'')</small> * [[Bretta (Badeniae et Virtembergiae)|Bretta]]<ref name="Wirtembergisches Urkundenbuch 1859"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Bretten'')</small> * [[Bretzfeldia]]<ref name="Steinhofer 1746"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bretzfeld'')</small> * [[Brigobanna]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Hüfingen'')</small> * [[Bruchsalia]]<ref>Pertsch, Erich: ''Langenscheidts Großes Schulwörterbuch Lateinisch-Deutsch'', Berolini et Monaci 1983, ISBN 3-468-07202-3, p. 1326</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Bruchsal'')</small> * [[Bruolense coenobium|Bruolense Coenobium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Brühl'')</small> * [[Bubsheimum]]<ref name="Ferrari 1677"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bubsheim'')</small> * [[Bucheimum]]<ref name="Ferrari 1677"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Buchheim'')</small> * [[Buchenbacum (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Buchenbacum]]<ref name="Gmelin 1805"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Buchenbach'')</small> * [[Buchonia]]<ref name="Falk 1902">Falk, F. (1902). ''Beiträge zur Rekonstruktion der alten Bibliotheca fuldensis''.</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Buchen'')</small> * [[Buchovium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Buchau'')</small> * [[Bugginga]]<ref name="Steinhofer 1746"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Buggingen'')</small> * [[Buhlertannum]]<ref name="Ferrari 1677"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bühlertann'')</small> * [[Buila]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Bühl'')</small> * [[Buinga]]<ref name="Steinhofer 1746"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bingen bei Sigmaringen'')</small> * [[Bunninga]]<ref>Vide [https://regionalia.blb-karlsruhe.de/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/25176/file/BLB_Reichardt_Ortsnamenbuch_Stuttgart_Kreis_LB.pdf ''regionalia.blb-karlsruhe.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Benningen am Neckar''' (...) in istis locis inferius nominatis: ... ''Bunninga''' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Benningen am Neckar'')</small> * [[Buosinga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.buesingen.de/de/Unser-Buesingen/Buesingen-einst ''www.buesingen.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Im 5. Jahrhundert hielt diese römische Grenzlinie den vordringenden Alemannen jedoch nicht mehr stand. Die ersten Alemannen ließen sich am Rheinufer nieder und nannten ihren Ort nach ihrem Sippenoberhaupt Buosinga, die Siedlung der Leute des Boso (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Büsingen am Hochrhein'')</small> * [[Bura (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Bura]]<ref name="Wirtembergisches Urkundenbuch I 1849"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Beuren'')</small> * [[Burae Orientales]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Osterburken'')</small> * [[Burgriedia]]<ref name="Steinhofer 1746"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Burgrieden'')</small> * [[Burgstettenum]]<ref name="Egger 1977">Egger, C. (1977). Lexicon nominum locorum: Officina Libraria Vaticana. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Burgstetten'')</small> * [[Burladingium]]<ref name="Die Matrikel der Universität Heidelberg (1386-1662)">Toepke, G. (Ed.). (1884). ''Die Matrikel der Universität Heidelberg (1386-1662)''. Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung.</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Burladingen'')</small> * [[Buronia]]<ref name="Ferrari 1706"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Beuron'')</small> {{div col end}} == C == {{div col|4}} * [[Calcatorium (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Calcatorium]]<ref name="Cellarius 1706"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Keltern'')</small> * [[Calewa]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Calw'')</small> * [[Campifellabachium]]<ref name="Steub 1843">Steub, L. (1843). ''Über die oberdeutschen Ortsnamen''. Literarisch-artistische Anstalt.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Kämpfelbach'')</small> * [[Campus Bovinus]]<ref name="Bullinger 2024"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Großrinderfeld'')</small> * [[Campus Guilielmi]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wilhelmsfeld'')</small> * [[Campus Lini ad Ehtertingam]]<ref name="Steub 1843"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Leinfelden-Echterdingen'')</small> * [[Campus Regius (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Campus Regius]]<ref name="FDA"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Königsfeld im Schwarzwald'')</small> * [[Campus Sabrensis]]<ref name="Förstemann 2 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Zaberfeld'')</small> * [[Campus Utzonis]]<ref name="Buck 1843"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Utzenfeld'')</small> * [[Campus Viridis]]<ref name="Bullinger 2024"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Grünsfeld'')</small> * [[Candra]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Kandern'')</small> * [[Capella apud Rodecke]]<ref>Vide [http://www.koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardBadeninderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20160831-1553.htm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Kappelrodeck''' (...) Capelle (apud Rodecke) (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Kappelrodeck'')</small> * [[Capella-Grafenhusa]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/12180/Kappel+am+Rhein+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Capella 1167 (...)"; et [https://www.uniarchiv.uni-freiburg.de/unigeschichte/matrikelordner/Matrikel_1806_1870.pdf ''Die Matrikel der Universität Freiburg im Breisgau''], ubi dicitur "(...) '' Grafenhusa Bad'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Kappel-Grafenhausen'')</small> * [[Capella Sancti Iohannis in Alpibus]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/16095/St+Johann+Gest%C3%BCtshof+-+Wohnplatz ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) 1465 capella sancti Johannis in Alpibus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Sankt Johann'')</small> * [[Caprimontis Domus]]<ref name="Schannat 1723">Schannat, J. F. (1723).''Corpus traditionum Fuldensium: ordine chronologico digestum''. Lipsiae: Typis et Sumptibus Joannis Beniaminis Andreae.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Rechberghausen'')</small> * [[Carantiacum-Wiolon]]<ref>Gerhard Fingerlin: Konservierung einer römischen Villa in Grenzach, Gde. Grenzach-Wyhlen, Kr. Lörrach. In: Denkmalpflege in Baden-Württemberg – Nachrichtenblatt der Landesdenkmalpflege. Band 16, Nr. 2, 1987, ISSN 0465-7519, S. 87–90, doi:10.11588/nbdpfbw.1987.2.13912 ([https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/nbdpfbw/article/view/13912 uni-heidelberg.de]).</ref><ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/15172/Wyhlen+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) apud villam Wiolon (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Grenzach-Wyhlen'')</small> * [[Carbonis Mons (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Carbonis Mons]]<ref name="Cellarius 1706"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kohlberg'')</small> * [[Carolsruha]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Karlsruhe'')</small> * [[Carlsdorfium-Neuthardum]]<ref name="Carlsdorfium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Karlsdorf'' in Latinam "Carlsdorfium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.archives.cz/web/DA_resources/DA_info/matriky_info/Mistopisny_rejstrik_obci_ceskeho_Slezska_a_severni_Moravy.pdf ''MÍSTOPISNÝ REJSTŘÍK OBCÍ ČESKÉHO SLEZSKA A SEVERNÍ MORAVY''], ubi dicitur "(...) Karlsdorf (...) Carlsdorfium (...)"; et, de toponymum "Neuthardum", vide [https://books.google.es/books/about/Hypotyposis_Expugnationis_Winsbergensis.html?id=m-6YzwEACAAJ&redir_esc=y ''Hypotyposis Expugnationis Winsbergensis''], ubi dicitur "(...) Viri Neuthardi Wirtzburgensis (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Karlsdorf-Neuthard'')</small> * [[Casa Solitaria]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Sölden'')</small> * [[Casae ad Abietem]]<ref name="Cellarius 1706"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hausen am Tann'')</small> * [[Casae Dettonis]]<ref name="Schmid 1841">Schmid, L. (1841). Geschichte der Grafen von Zollern-Hohenberg und ihrer Grafschaft. Gebrüder Scheitlin.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Dettenhausen'')</small> * [[Casae Dotteronis]]<ref name="Schmid 1841"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dotternhausen'')</small> * [[Castellum Raeticum]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Riesbürg'')</small> * [[Caugia]]<ref name="Stälin Schwaben und Südfranken 1841">Stälin, C. F. (1841). ''Wirtembergische Geschichte: Schwaben und Südfranken: von der Urzeit bis 1080''. J.G. Cotta'scher Verlag.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ketsch'')</small> * [[Cella (ad Laynam)|Cella]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/4644/Leinzell+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Cella 1259 (...)".</ref> ad [[Layna]]m<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Leinzell'')</small> * [[Cella (Lorracho)|Cella]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (in [[Circulus terrae Lorrachensis|Circulo Lorrachensi]]) (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Zell im Wiesental'')</small> * [[Cella (Badenia)|Cella]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/> (in [[Circulus Mordenaugia|Circulo Mordenaugiā]]) (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Zell am Harmersbach'')</small> * [[Cella ad Buhleram]]<ref name="Steinhofer 1746"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bühlerzell'')</small> * [[Cella Amica]]<ref name="Schoettgen 1717">Schoettgen, C. (1717). ''Inventarium Diplomaticum Historiae Saxoniae Superioris et vicinarum regionum''. Apud Johannem Christianum Martini.</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Liebenzell'')</small> * [[Cella Cuprum]]<ref name="scribblemaps">[https://www.scribblemaps.com/maps/view/gngdan-dhan-d/SybWMa73YV ''www.scribblemaps.com''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Kupferzell'')</small> * [[Cella infra Montem Aquilinum]]<ref name="Mabillon 1703">Mabillon, J. (1703). Annales Ordinis Sancti Benedicti: In quibus res religiosae et civiles ubi de iis praecipue in Germania agitur. Typis Ludovici Billaine.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Zell unter Aichelberg'')</small> * [[Cella Sancti Viti]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/4597/Jagstzell+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) cella sancti Viti 1170 (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Jagstzell'')</small> * [[Chensinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Kenzingen'')</small> * [[Chippenheimum]]<ref name="Stälin Schwaben und Südfranken 1841"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kippenheim'')</small> * [[Clarenna]]<ref name="Baur 1863"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Römerstein'')</small> * [[Cleggovia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Klettgau'')</small> * [[Clivus Remensis]]<ref name="Baur 1863"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Remshalden'')</small> * [[Cocharum Superius]]<ref name="Sattler 1768"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Oberkochen'')</small> * [[Colbinga]]<ref name="Stälin Schwaben und Südfranken 1841"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kolbingen'')</small> * [[Collis Argenae]]<ref name="Steinhofer 1752"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Argenbühl'')</small> * [[Collis Solaris]]<ref name="Wirtembergisches Städtebuch II 1849"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Sonnenbühl'')</small> * [[Comitis Augia (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Comitis Augia]]<ref name="Bullinger 2024"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Grafenau'')</small> * [[Conninga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/14079/Gunningen+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Conninga 0797 (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Gunningen'')</small> * [[Constantia (Germania)|Constantia]]<ref>"Constantia ... dicitur autem Constantia Rhenana ad differentiam [[Constantia (Francnia)|Constantiae]] in Normannia sitae" {{Google Books|uD0PAAAAQAAJ|p. 3}}.</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Konstanz'')</small> * [[Corba]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Korb'')</small> * [[Crailsheimum]]<ref>[http://books.google.de/books?id=tzVbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA103&lpg=PA103&dq=crailsheimum&source=bl&ots=B0tJZi-mjh&sig=eF6T1n4Dg0vlhytcg5IDkF6FjQA&hl=de&ei=A934S72aFo-aONmjtZUM&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=crailsheimum&f=false Respublica et status Imperii romano-germanici].</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Crailsheim'')</small> * [[Creglinga]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/christophoricell00cell/christophoricell00cell_djvu.txt ''Christophori Cellarii Smalcaldiensis Geographia antiqua iuxta & noua''], ubi dicitur "(...) ad Tubarim Creglinga (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Creglingen'')</small> * [[Crucesteina]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/6344/Heiligkreuzsteinach+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Crucesteina 1292 (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Heiligkreuzsteinach'')</small> * [[Cucha]]<ref name="Mabillon 1703"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kuchen'')</small> * [[Cullisheimum]]<ref name="Glöckner 1936">Glöckner, K. (1936). ''Codex Laureshamensis: Band 3, Kopialbuch, II. Teil: Die übrigen Gaugrafschaften''. Historischer Verein für Hessen.</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Külsheim'')</small> * [[Cunzelsavia]]<ref>Vide [https://raa.gf-franken.de/de/suche-nach-stammbucheintraegen.html?permaLink=1755_hehner%3B14#ID_1755_hehner_14 ''raa.gf-franken.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Joannes Ludovicus Glockius, Cunzelsavia-Hohenloicus, J. St. (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Künzelsau'')</small> * [[Cuppenhemium]]<ref>Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/dupuy/dupuy1/Dupuy_nomina.html ''Nominum propriorum Virorum, Mulierum, Populorum, etc. quae in Viri Illustris IACOBI AVGVSTI THVANI Historiis leguntur INDEX Cum vernaculâ singularum vocum Expositione''], ubi dicitur "(...) Cuppenhemium, ''Cuppenheim'' (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Kuppenheim'')</small> * [[Curia Consilii]]<ref name="Quicchelberg 1565">Quicchelberg, S. (1565). ''Declaratio Psalmorum poenitentialium''. [[Monacum|Monachii]]: Adamus Berg.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ratshausen'')</small> * [[Curia Scammari]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schemmerhofen'')</small> * [[Curiae ad Entziam]]<ref name="Cellarius 1703">Cellarius, C. (1703). ''Notitia Orbis Antiqui, sive Geographia Plenior''. [[Lipsia]]e: Gleditsch.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Höfen an der Enz'')</small> * [[Curiae Illonis]]<ref name="Lünig 1713">Lünig, J. C. (1713). ''Codex Germaniae Diplomaticus''. [[Francofurtum ad Moenum|Francofurti ad Moenum]]: Lanckischens Erben.</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Ilshofen'')</small> * [[Custerdinga]]<ref name="Custerdinga">Vide lemma "PREGIZERUS" apud {{Hofmannus}}, ubi dicitur PREGIZERUS Joh. Ulricus, Custerdingâ vicô Tubingæ vicinô natus.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Kusterdingen'')</small> * [[Cyrnacha Subterior]]<ref name="Mone Zeitschrift 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Unterkirnach'')</small> {{div col end}} == D == {{div col|4}} * [[Daisendorfa]]<ref name="Homann 1712">Homann, J. B. (1712). Atlas Novus Terrarum Orbis Imperia. Norimbergae.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Daisendorf'')</small> * [[Dauchinga]]<ref name="Homann 1712"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dauchingen'')</small> * [[Dautmeringa sub Alpe]]<ref name="Beschreibung des Oberamts Balingen">Paulus, K. E. (Ed.). (1870). ''Beschreibung des Oberamts Balingen''. H. Lindemann.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Dautmergen'')</small> * [[Degginga]]<ref>Vide [http://benediktinerakademie.org/wp-content/plugins/kloster-vz/func/get-kloster.php ''Benediktiner Akademie''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Deggingen''' (OSB M), Degginga, Mönchs-Deggingen – st. Martinus – Diöz. Augsburg, Schwaben in Bayern – gegr. 1138, (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Deggingen'')</small> * [[Deilinga]]<ref name="Homann 1712"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Deilingen'')</small> * [[Deizisavia]]<ref name="Homann 1712"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Deizisau'')</small> * [[Deninga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/10110/Teningen+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Deninga 0972 (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Teningen'')</small> * [[Denkendorfium (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Denkendorfium]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/marginalienundm00nestgoog/marginalienundm00nestgoog_djvu.txt ''Marginalien und Materialen''], ubi dicitur "(...) ex quo Denkendorfium Te praeposito gaudere coepit (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Denkendorf'')</small> * [[Denzlinga]]<ref name="Homann 1712"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Denzlingen'')</small> * [[Derdinga]]<ref>Vide [https://brill.com/edcollchap/book/9789004529915/back-1.xml?srsltid=AfmBOopp-k_PD2vjlH_0_S24NwThrcvtEaYRnofD5CM2RSNCUCWCIbrd ''brill.com''], ubi dicitur "(...) Derdinga-Wurtembergicus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberderdingen'')</small> * [[Dettenhemium]]<ref name="Schoepflin Celtica Romana Francica 1751">Schoepflin, J. D. (1751). Alsatia Illustrata: Celtica, Romana, Francica. Ex Typographia Regia.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Dettenheim'')</small> * [[Dettighofa]]<ref name="Homann 1712"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dettighofen'')</small> * [[Dettinga ad Armissam]]<ref name="Crusius 1595"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dettingen an der Erms'')</small> * [[Dielhemium]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_iVUVAAAAQAAJ/bub_gb_iVUVAAAAQAAJ_djvu.txt ''Historia et commentationes academiae electoralis scientiarum et elegantiorum literarum Theodoro-Palatinae. Volumen 1''], & alia supra Nuzlocum & Wiislocum loca, Dielhemium, Balzfelda (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Dielheim'')</small> * [[Dietenhemium]]<ref name="Schoepflin Celtica Romana Francica 1751"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Dietenheim'')</small> * [[Dietinga]]<ref name="Schoettgen 1717"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dietingen'')</small> * [[Dischinga]]<ref name="Homann 1712"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dischingen'')</small> * [[Dischinga Superior]]<ref name="Sattler 1768"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberdischingen'')</small> * [[Dizinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Ditzingen'')</small> * [[Dobela]]<ref name="Homann 1712"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dobel'')</small> * [[Dogerna]]<ref name="Homann 1712"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dogern'')</small> * [[Domuncula ad Viam]]<ref name="Buck 1843"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Waghäusel'')</small> * [[Domunculae]]<ref name="Mone Zeitschrift 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Häusern'')</small> * [[Domus Abietum]]<ref name="Crusius 1595">Crusius, M. (1595). Annales Suevici: ab initio rerum ad annum 1594. Nikolaus Bassée.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Tannhausen'')</small> * [[Domus ad Iagesnam]]<ref name="Mone Zeitschrift 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Jagsthausen'')</small> * [[Domus ad Rhenum]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rheinhausen'')</small> * [[Domus ad Torrentem Massae]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Massenbachhausen'')</small> * [[Domus Aginonis]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ehningen'')</small> * [[Domus Arenae]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Sandhausen'')</small> * [[Domus Australis Superior]]<ref name="Mone Quellensammlung 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Obersontheim'')</small> * [[Domus Autidis]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ötisheim'')</small> * [[Domus Berimoti]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bermatingen'')</small> * [[Domus Blochi]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Plochingen'')</small> * [[Domus Etichonis]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ötigheim'')</small> * [[Domus Guckonis]]<ref name="Bullinger 2024"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Guggenhausen'')</small> * [[Domus Hittinis]]<ref name="Mone Zeitschrift 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hüttisheim'')</small> * [[Domus Iffinis]]<ref name="Mone Zeitschrift 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Iffezheim'')</small> * [[Domus Igeris]]<ref name="Mone Zeitschrift 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Igersheim'')</small> * [[Domus Lapideae ad Rottum]]<ref name="Mone Quellensammlung 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Steinhausen an der Rottum'')</small> * [[Domus Maselae]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Maselheim'')</small> * [[Domus Meckinis]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Meckesheim'')</small> * [[Domus Megilonis]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mögglingen'')</small> * [[Domus Meginbusi]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mönsheim'')</small> * [[Domus Meginonis]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Möglingen'')</small> * [[Domus Merchonis]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Merklingen'')</small> * [[Domus Mutilonis]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mutlangen'')</small> * [[Domus Nattonis]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Nattheim'')</small> * [[Domus Nova Luzzonis]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neulußheim'')</small> * [[Domus Nozzonis]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Notzingen'')</small> * [[Domus Nuferi]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Nufringen'')</small> * [[Domus Odonis]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oedheim'')</small> * [[Domus Offredi]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oftersheim'')</small> * [[Domus Oggoltis]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oggelshausen'')</small> * [[Domus Ostelis]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ostelsheim'')</small> * [[Domus Owonis]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Owingen'')</small> * [[Domus Paludis]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Riedhausen'')</small> * [[Domus Paludis et Villae]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rietheim-Weilheim'')</small> * [[Domus Reginheri]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Renquishausen'')</small> * [[Domus Richardi (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Domus Richardi]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Reichartshausen'')</small> * [[Domus Ringonis]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ringsheim'')</small> * [[Domus Rohinkonis]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Roigheim'')</small> * [[Domus Ruotmari]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Rutesheim'')</small> * [[Domus Sareronis]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Sersheim'')</small> * [[Domus Saxonum]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Sachsenheim'')</small> * [[Domus Scofis]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Schopfheim'')</small> * [[Domus Silvae]]<ref name="Mone Zeitschrift 1848">Mone, F. J. (1848). ''Zeitschrift für die Geschichte des Oberrheins'' (Vol. 1). [[Carolsruha]]e: Braun.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hartheim'')</small> * [[Domus supra Verenam]]<ref name="Mone Zeitschrift 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hausen ob Verena'')</small> * [[Domus Sweiconis]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwaikheim'')</small> * [[Doneschinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Donaueschingen'')</small> * [[Donzdorfium]]<ref name="Bucelinus 1655"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Donzdorf'')</small> * [[Dornhania]]<ref name="Homann 1712"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Dornhan'')</small> * [[Dornstadium]]<ref>Vide [https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Dictionnaire_de_Tr%C3%A9voux,_1771,_III.djvu/444 ''Dictionnaire de Trévoux, 1771, III.djvu/444''], ubi dicitur "(...) DORNSTET. Petite ville du Duché de Furstemberg, en Suabe. ''Dornstadium'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Dornstadt'')</small> * [[Dossenhemium]]<ref name="Schoettgen 1717"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dossenheim'')</small> * [[Duerbhemium]]<ref name="Bucelinus 1655"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dürbheim'')</small> * [[Duna Nova]]<ref name="Cellarius 1706"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Neudenau'')</small> * [[Dunum (Germania)|Dunum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dunningen'')</small> * [[Durlanga]]<ref name="Homann 1712"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Durlangen'')</small> * [[Durmentinga]]<ref name="Wartmann 1863"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dürmentingen'')</small> * [[Durmershemium]]<ref name="Schoepflin Celtica Romana Francica 1751"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Durmersheim'')</small> * [[Durnium]]<ref name="Homann 1712"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dürnau'')</small> * [[Durocahusa]]<ref name="Codex Diplomaticus ad Historiam Ducatus Wirtembergensis 11 1913">Wirtembergisches Urkundenbuch (Ed.). (1913). ''Codex Diplomaticus ad Historiam Ducatus Wirtembergensis'' (Vol. 11). Typis J. B. Metzler.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Durchhausen'')</small> * [[Durrhemium]]<ref name="Schoepflin Celtica Romana Francica 1751"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Dürrheim'')</small> * [[Duslinga]]<ref name="Ludwig von Wüttemberg">Vide ''De Gruyter Brill'', ubi dicitur "(...) quod iniuste possideas Ofterdingam, Duslingam, Nerhemium, Mössingam et 90 alios pagos (...)</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Dußlingen'')</small> {{div col end}} == E == {{div col|4}} * [[Eanhusa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Egenhausen'')</small> * [[Ebinwilare]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ebenweiler'')</small> * [[Eberdinga]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/historiabibliot00fabrgoog/historiabibliot00fabrgoog_djvu.txt ''Historia bibliothecæ Fabricianæ''], ubi dicitur "(...) Eberdinga-wurtenbergicus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Eberdingen'')</small> * [[Eberhardcella]]<ref>Vide [https://dg.philhist.unibas.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/dg/Bereiche/Fruehe_Neuzeit/Professur_Burghartz/Matrikel_der_Universita__t_Basel_1951_Band_1.pdf ''1460-1529 Historisches Seminar - Universität Basel''], ubi dicitur "(...) Fesseler Conr., de Eberhardcella (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Eberhardzell'')</small> * [[Ebersbacum-Musbacum]]<ref name="Schoettgen 1717"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ebersbach-Musbach'')</small> * [[Ebhusa (Badenia et Virtembergia)|Ebhusa]]<ref name="Homann 1712"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ebhausen'')</small> * [[Eboringa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M">Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913?p=249&cq=Ludwigshafen%20u.a.&lang=en ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E - M''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ebringen'')</small> * [[Ecclesia ad Lacum]]<ref name="Wirtembergisches Urkundenbuch III 1849"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Seekirch'')</small> * [[Ectodurum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Leutkirch im Allgäu'')</small> * [[Eddingum-Vicus ad Nicrum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/><ref name="Bacci 1571"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Edingen-Neckarhausen'')</small> * [[Efringae-Kirchae]]<ref name="Schoepflin Celtica Romana Francica 1751"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Efringen-Kirchen'')</small> * [[Egeshemium]]<ref>Vide ''https://www.e-rara.ch'', ubi dicitur "(...) ''Wosenhemium'' alterum Virginum monasterium apud Egeshemium olim ancillarum S. crucis nominatum (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Egesheim'')</small> * [[Eggensteinium et Leopoldi Portus]]<ref name="Schoepflin Celtica Romana Francica 1751"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen'')</small> * [[Eginga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eggingen'')</small> * [[Eginga (Danubius)|Eginga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> ad [[Danubius|Danubium]] (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Ehingen'')</small> * [[Ehrenkirchena]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ehrenkirchen'')</small> * [[Eigeltinga]]<ref name="Homann 1712"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eigeltingen'')</small> * [[Eimeldinga]]<ref>Vide [https://dokumen.pub/die-alten-matrikeln-der-universitt-strassburg-1621-bis-1793-band-3-personen-und-ortsregister-reprint-2019nbsped-9783111618395-9783111242019.html ''Die alten Matrikeln der Universität Strassburg 1621 bis 1793: Band 3 Personen- und Ortsregister''], ubi dicitur "(...) Dan. Bierman Eimeldinga-March., Christi. Hub. Pfeffel Argentinensis: Versaliensis, Joh. Bapt. Rayber Largensis (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Eimeldingen'')</small> * [[Eiseshemium Inferius]]<ref name="Stälin 1870">Stälin, C. F. (1870). Wirtembergische Geschichte: Altwürttembergisches Gebiet. J. G. Cotta’scher Verlag."</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Untereisesheim'')</small> * [[Eisinga (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Eisinga]]<ref name="Höpfl 1902">Höpfl, H. (Ed.) (1902). ''Jahrbuch für Geschichte, Sprache und Litteratur Elsass-Lothringens''. J.H. Ed. Heitz.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Eisingen'')</small> * [[Eislinga]]<ref>Vide [http://digital.bib-bvb.de/view/bvb_single/single.jsp?dvs=1752619570554~198&locale=es_ES&VIEWER_URL=/view/bvb_single/single.jsp?&DELIVERY_RULE_ID=39&bfe=view/action/singleViewer.do?dvs=&frameId=1&usePid1=true&usePid2=true ''Ioannes Iacobus Haidius'']{{Nexus deficit|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) Nat. d. X. Cal. Febr. An. MDCCIV. in Eislinga Min. Agri Wirtemb (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Eislingen'')</small> * [[Eichstettum]]<ref name="Schoepflin Celtica Romana Francica 1751"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eichstetten am Kaiserstuhl'')</small> * [[Elcheshemium et Illingum]]<ref name="Schoepflin Celtica Romana Francica 1751"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Elchesheim-Illingen'')</small> * [[Ellwanga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Ellwangen'')</small> * [[Emeringa]]<ref>Vide [https://regionalia.blb-karlsruhe.de/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/22737/file/BLB_Freiburger_Dioecesan_Archiv_22_1892.pdf ''Freiburger Diöcesan-Archiv''], ubi dicitur "(...) Eberhardus de Eistat (...) plebanus in Emeringa, loco d. Joannis Hofmaisteri, (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Emeringen'')</small> * [[Emerkinga]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/chronicarefiere00greigoog/chronicarefiere00greigoog_djvu.txt ''Chronica Ref. Provinciae S. Leopoldi Tyrolensis''], ubi dicitur "(...) quoddam pratum Emerkingae (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Emerkingen'')</small> * [[Emmingae-Liptingae]]<ref name="Homann 1712"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Emmingen-Liptingen'')</small> * [[Empfinga]]<ref name="Schoettgen 1717"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Empfingen'')</small> * [[Emmendinga]]<ref>Vide [http://www.latein-pagina.de/index.html?http://www.latein-pagina.de/iexplorer/colloquium.htm ''www.latein-pagina.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) De loco, ubi habitum colloqvium est, oppido Emmendinga (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Emmendingen'')</small> * [[Endinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Endingen am Kaiserstuhl'')</small> * [[Engi]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Engen'')</small> * [[Engstinga]]<ref>Vide [https://sbc.org.pl/Content/566333/PDF/iii4206-1912-01_04-0001.pdf ''Zeitschrift''], ubi dicitur "(...) ad dedicationem Maior-Engstingam coraiti postea, fassus sit (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Engstingen'')</small> * [[Eninga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.mpaginae.nl/BrvnSaeckma/brsframe.htm ''DE CURATOR''], ubi dicitur "(...) spero advocatum Eninga curaturum esse (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Eningen unter Achalm'')</small> * [[Ensiga Inferior]]<ref name="Bucelinus 1655"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Unterensingen'')</small> * [[Episcopi Villare]]<ref name="Landesarchivdirektion Baden-Württemberg (2002)">Landesarchivdirektion Baden-Württemberg (2002). ''Kreisbeschreibungen des Landes Baden-Württemberg: Der Landkreis Rastatt'' (Vol. 1). Jan Thorbecke Verlag.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bischweier'')</small> * [[Episcopivilla ad Nicrum]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Neckarbischofsheim'')</small> * [[Episcopofanum ad Tubarim]]<ref name="Egli 1893">Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Tauberbischofsheim'')</small> * [[Eppelhemium]]<ref name="Schoettgen 1717"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Eppelheim'')</small> * [[Eppinga]]<ref>Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/rgs/bd3/RGS_3_1.html ''CAMENA''], ubi dicitur "(...) apud oppidum Eppingam (...) quem explicatis signis ad Eppingam duci (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Eppingen'')</small> * [[Erdmanhusa]]<ref>Vide [https://opendigi.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/opendigi/LXV223-3 ''1710 - 1817''], ubi dicitur "(...) Erdmanhusa Wirtembergicus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Erdmannhausen'')</small> * [[Eriskircha]]<ref name="Schoettgen 1717"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eriskirch'')</small> * [[Erlacum Magnum]]<ref name="Bohun 1695"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Großerlach'')</small> * [[Erlenbacum (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Erlenbacum]]<ref name="Erlenbach">Theodisca vox ''Erlenbach'' in Latinam "Erlenbacum" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_cloFAAAAQAAJ_3/bub_gb_cloFAAAAQAAJ_djvu.txt ''Historia et commentationes''], ubi dicitur "(...) ita Erlenbacum sive superius sive inferius (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Erlenbach'')</small> * [[Erlighemium]]<ref name="Schoettgen 1717"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Erligheim'')</small> * [[Ertinga]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_OQNDAAAAcAAJ/bub_gb_OQNDAAAAcAAJ_djvu.txt ''Neue historische Abhandlungen der Baierischen Akademie der Wissenschaften''], ubi dicitur "(...) proprietatis res in loco Ertinga dicto (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ertingen'')</small> * [[Eschbronna]]<ref name="Egger 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eschbronn'')</small> * [[Eschenbachium (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Eschenbachium]]<ref name="Epistola Itineraria">Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/cera/baierfj1/Baier_epistola_itineraria.html ''EPISTOLA ITINERARIA''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Eschenbach'')</small> * [[Eslinga]]<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=1gEwAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA221&lpg=PA221&dq=Eslinga+quod&source=bl&ots=MFAmYgUt1b&sig=Ke5_Kg3aI1iXdp89LYblQEp6AAg&hl=en&ei=avxXTZzCC4vHtAaTlamlCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Eslinga%20quod&f=false Thesaurus rerum Suevicarum, seu, Dissertationum selectarum volumen primum ... Ab Iohanne Reinhardo Wegelin]</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Esslingen am Neckar'')</small> * [[Essinga]]<ref>[[google Books]]: [https://books.google.de/books?id=cUuUbaahCNwC&pg=PA503&lpg=PA503&dq=Essinga+civitas+Germaniae&source=bl&ots=SVVdMohCS8&sig=ACfU3U27d3nhBfnixW4A15G_TYk5rWwxzw&hl=de&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjb6pGEkuDmAhWKJlAKHTuMCU8Q6AEwBXoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=Essinga%20civitas%20Germaniae&f=false Dictionarium Aelii Antonii Nebrissensis, Gramatici, Cronographi Regii: imo ...auctor: Antonius Nebrissensis]</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Essingen'')</small> * [[Ettenhemium]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Ettenheim'')</small> * [[Ettelinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Ettlingen'')</small> * [[Eutinga]]<ref>[https://ia804502.us.archive.org/5/items/bub_gb_L2R1kltIjgIC/bub_gb_L2R1kltIjgIC.pdf ''Historiae Frisingensis Tomus II'']{{Nexus deficit|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) à noster Rapotone Comite Palatino Eutingam celebrem vicum (...) hac nostra Eutinga (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Eutingen im Gäu'')</small> {{div col end}} == F == {{div col|4}} * [[Fagus ad Ammeram]]<ref name="Steinhofer 1752"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ammerbuch'')</small> * [[Fagus Silvatica (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Fagus Silvatica]]<ref name="Buck 1843"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Waldenbuch'')</small> * [[Fahrenbacum]]<ref name="Steyrer 1764">Steyrer, R. (1764). ''Chronicon Einsiedlense, exhibens ordinem, et seriem abbatum monasterii B. M. V. Einsiedlensis''. Typis principalis monasterii Einsiedlensis.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Fahrenbach'')</small> * [[Faucium Lacus]]<ref name="Mone Quellensammlung 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schluchsee'')</small> * [[Feinga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/1130/Vaihingen+an+der+Enz+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Feinga 0779 (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Vaihingen an der Enz'')</small> * [[Ferririvus]]<ref name="Bacci 1571"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eisenbach'')</small> * [[Fildropolis]]<ref>Stadt Filderstadt (s.f.). ''Filderstädter Schriftenreihe''. Filderstadt.de.</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Filderstadt'')</small> * [[Fiscina]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fischingen'')</small> * [[Fleischwangum]]<ref name="Förstemann 2 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fleischwangen'')</small> * [[Flina]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Flein'')</small> * [[Fluoria-Winzelna]]<ref name="Oesterley 1883">Oesterley, H. (1883). ''Historisch-geographisches Wörterbuch des deutschen Mittelalters''. J. Wayne.</ref><ref name="Steichele 1895">Steichele, A. (1895). ''Das Bisthum Augsburg, historisch und statistisch beschrieben'' (Vol. 5). B. Schmid'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. </ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Fluorn-Winzeln'')</small> * [[Fons Baiericus]]<ref name="Crusius 1596">Crusius, M. (1596). Annales Suevici. Nikolaus Bassée.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Baiersbronn'')</small> * [[Fons Fraxineus]]<ref name="Sartorius 1705"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eschelbronn'')</small> * [[Fons Lapideus]]<ref name="Mone Quellensammlung 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Steinenbronn'')</small> * [[Fons Nasturtii ad Lacum Potamicum]]<ref name="Steub 1843"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kressbronn am Bodensee'')</small> * [[Fons Profundus (Circulus terrae Boeblingensis)|Fons Profundus]]<ref name="Beschreibung des Oberamts Calw">Paulus, K. E. (Ed.). (1862). ''Beschreibung des Oberamts Calw''. H. Lindemann.</ref> (in [[Circulus terrae Boeblingensis|Circulo terrae Boeblingensi]]) <small>(Theodisce ''Deckenpfronn'')</small> * [[Fons Profundus (Circulus Enzensis)|Fons Profundus]]<ref name="Schoettgen 1717"/> (in [[Circulus Enzensis|Circulo Enzensi]]) <small>(Theodisce ''Tiefenbronn'')</small> * [[Fons Regis]]<ref>Kulturverein Königsbronn (s. f.). ''Königsbronn war anfangs nur ein Klostername''. Kulturverein-koenigsbronn.de.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Königsbronn'')</small> * [[Fons Siliceus]]<ref name="Meisner 1623">Meisner, D. (1623). Thesaurus Philo-Politicus (Sciagraphia Cosmica). Eberhard Kieser.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Kieselbronn'')</small> * [[Fons Silvester (Nicer et Ottenica silva)|Fons Silvester]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> (in [[Circulus Nicrensis et Ottenicus|Circulo Nicrensi et Ottenico]]) <small>(Theodisce ''Waldbrunn'')</small> * [[Fons Silvestris (Carolsruha)|Fons Silvestris]]<ref name="Buck 1843"/> (in [[Circulus terrae Carolsruhensis|Circulo Carolsruhensis]]) <small>(Theodisce ''Waldbronn'')</small> * [[Fons Trifolium]]<ref name="Lehmann 1844">Lehmann, J. G. (1844). ''Die Burgen und Bergschlösser der Pfalz und der benachbarten Gegenden''. Hallberger.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Cleebronn'')</small> * [[Forastum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Forst'')</small> * [[Forbacum (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Forbacum]]<ref name="Wirtembergisches Urkundenbuch 5 1875">Landesarchiv Baden-Württemberg. (1875). ''Wirtembergisches Urkundenbuch'' (Vol. 4). Königlichen Staatsarchiv.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Forbach'')</small> * [[Forchemium]]<ref name="Forchheim">Theodiscum toponymum ''Forchheim'' in Latinam "Forchemium" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Forchheim am Kaiserstuhl'')</small> * [[Forchtenberga]]<ref>[http://www.latein.at/phpBB/viewtopic.php?f=18&t=41014&start=5205 ''www.latein.at''], ubi dicitur "(...) Sophia Magdalena Scholl, studiosa Theodisca, nascitur Forchtenbergae (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Forchtenberg'')</small> * [[Franconosylva]]<ref name="Biedermann 1748">Biedermann, J. G. (1748). ''Censura Genealogica, sive de monumentis literariis, quibus genealogiae nobilium praecipue in Francia Orientali nituntur''. Typis Spindlerianis.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Frankenhardt'')</small> * [[Fratrum Vitae Communis Monasterium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Mergentheim'')</small> * [[Fraxineus Rivus]]<ref name="Steinhofer 1752"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eschbach'')</small> * [[Fraxinorivus Brisgoicus]]<ref name="Schannat 1852">Schannat, J. F. (1852). ''Eiflia Illustrata: Oder geographische und historische Beschreibung der Eifel [et regionum adiacentium]''. Lintz.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Eschbach'')</small> * [[Freudenberga (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Freudenberga]]<ref>[https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/bertius/bertius1/Bertius_commentarii_2.html ''P. BERTII COMMENTARIORVM RERVM GERMANICARVM''], ubi dicitur "(...) Freudenbergae chalybs praeparatur optimae notae (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Freudenberg'')</small> * [[Freudenstadium]]<ref name="Freudenstadium">Vide [https://archive.org/stream/p3nuovodizionari02vene/p3nuovodizionari02vene_djvu.txt ''Nuovo dizionario geografico universale, statistico, storico, commerciale. Compilato sulle grandi opere di Arrowsmith et al.''], ubi dicitur "(...) FREUDENSTADT o FREDESTADT Fridericistadium o Freudenstadium (...)"</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Freudenstadt'')</small> * [[Freudenthalium]]<ref>[https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/knipschild1/Knipschild_tractatus_1.html ''PHILIPPI KNIPSCHILDII TRACTATVS DE JVRIBVS ET PRIVILEGIIS CIVITATVM IMPERIALIVM''], ubi dicitur "(...) et Freudenthalium a Duce Würtembergico splendide extructa (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Freudental'')</small> * [[Friberga ad Neccarum]]<ref name="Friberga">Theodiscum toponymum ''Freiberg'' in Latinam "Friberga" verti solet. V.gr., vide {{Graesse}} aut {{Hofmannus}}. De flumine [[Neccarus|Neccaro]], vide {{Hofmannus}}.</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Freiberg am Neckar'')</small> * [[Friburgum Brisgoviae]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Freiburg im Breisgau'')</small> * [[Frickenhusa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Frickenhusa]]<ref name="Landesarchiv Baden-Württemberg 5 1883">Landesarchiv Baden-Württemberg (1883). ''Wirtembergisches Urkundenbuch'' (Vol. 5). Königlichen Staatsarchiv.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Frickenhausen'')</small> * [[Fridenwilare]]<ref>[https://www.kloester-bw.de/klostertexte.php?kreis=&bistum=&alle=1&ungeteilt=&art=&orden=M%C3%B6nchsorden&orte=&buchstabe=&nr=369&thema=Geschichte ''Klöster in Baden-Wüttemberg''], ubi dicitur "(...) "villa Fridenwilare" (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Friedenweiler'')</small> * [[Friderici Portus]]<ref name="Friderici Portus">Vide [https://archive.org/stream/deutschlateinis01saalgoog/deutschlateinis01saalgoog_djvu.txt ''Deutsch-lateinisches handbüchlein der eigennamen aus der alten : mittleren und neuen geographie''], ubi dicitur "Friedrichshafen (...) Friderici Portus (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Friedrichshafen'')</small> * [[Fridinga]]<ref>[https://www.ssrq-sds-fds.ch/online/SH_I_1/SH_I_1.pdf ''Sammlung Schweizerischer Rechtsquellen''], ubi dicitur "(...) in villa, que dicitur Fridinga (...) ''Friedingen, Gern. Singen, Lkr. Konstanz'' Fridinga 3 (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Fridingen an der Donau'')</small> * [[Friolfi Domus]]<ref name="Förstemann 1 1900">Förstemann, E. (1900). ''Altdeutsches Namenbuch: Ortsnamen'' (Vol. 1, II ed.). P. Hanstein.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Friolzheim'')</small> * [[Frisenheimium (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Frisenheimium]]<ref>[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10945676?p=276&cq=ad&lang=de ''Boicae Gentis Annalium Pars''], ubi dicitur "(...) erant ad pagum Frisenheimium (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce '' Friesenheim'')</small> * [[Friteginum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Frickingen'')</small> * [[Frittlinga]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/quellenzurschwei03allguoft/quellenzurschwei03allguoft_djvu.txt ''Quellen zur Schweizer Geschichte''], ubi dicitur "(...) pro anima patris mei in Frittlinga ad tres mansos et dimidium (...) Frittlingen (Frittlinga) 9 (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Frittlingen'')</small> * [[Furtum Baiorum]]<ref name="König 1840">König, F. von (1840). Das Kloster Weingarten: Ein topographisch-historisches Dokument. Selbstverlag.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Baienfurt'')</small> * [[Furtwanga in Silva Nigra]]<ref name="Wirtembergisches Urkundenbuch Online">Landesarchiv Baden-Württemberg (s. f.). ''Wirtembergisches Urkundenbuch Online'': Furtwangen (Teilort). WUB Online.</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Furtwangen im Schwarzwald'')</small> {{div col end}} == G == {{div col|4}} * [[Gaertringium]]<ref name="Egger Supplementum ... vulgaria 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gärtringen'')</small> * [[Gaeufeldia]]<ref name="Egger Supplementum ... vulgaria 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gäufelden'')</small> * [[Gaggenavia]]<ref name="Egger Supplementum ... vulgaria 1977">Egger, C. (1977). ''Lexicon nominum locorum: Supplementum referens nomina Latina vulgaria''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Gaggenau'')</small> * [[Gaiberga]]<ref name="Egger Supplementum ... vulgaria 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gaiberg'')</small> * [[Gaienhofa]]<ref name="Bacci 1955">Bacci, A. (1955). ''Lexicon eorum vocabulorum, quae difficilius Latine redduntur''. Studium.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Gaienhofen'')</small> * [[Gaildorfium]]<ref name="Egger Supplementum ... vulgaria 1977"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Gaildorf'')</small> * [[Gailinga]]<ref name="FDA">[https://regionalia.blb-karlsruhe.de/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/22737/file/BLB_Freiburger_Dioecesan_Archiv_22_1892.pdf ''Freiburger Diöcesan-Archirv''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Gailingen am Hochrhein'')</small> * [[Gamertinga]]<ref>Vide ''www.e-rara.ch'', ubi dicitur "(...) Gamertinga, (oppidum modo est prope Veringam,) (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Gammertingen'')</small> * [[Gammelshusa]]<ref name="Ferrari & Baudrand 1677">Ferrari, F., & Baudrand, M. A. (1677). Novum lexicon geographicum: In quo universi orbis oppida, urbes, regiones... flumina, montes &c. exponuntur. Apud Homobonum Bettaninum.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Gammelshausen'')</small> * [[Gamundia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Schwäbisch Gmünd'')</small> * [[Gechinga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.elk-wue.de/service/gedenktage/gedenktage-2023/4-april-300-jahrestag-der-durchfuehrung-der-ersten-konfirmation-in-wuerttemberg ''4. April: 300. Jahrestag der Durchführung der ersten Konfirmation in Württemberg''], ubi dicitur "(...) „Catalogus Puerorum et Puellarum, quae Gechingae sunt confirmata“ (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Gechingen'')</small> * [[Geisinga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.uniarchiv.uni-freiburg.de/unigeschichte/matrikelordner/Matrikel_1806_1870.pdf ''Die Matrikel der Universität Freiburg im Breisgau''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Geisinga Bad. phil*''' Geisingen (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Geisingen'')</small> * [[Geislinga (Goppinga)|Geislinga]]<ref name="Bohun 1695">Bohun, E. (1695). ''A geographical dictionary representing the present and ancient names of all the countries, provinces, cities, towns, ports, islands, mountains, and rivers of the whole world''. Charles Brome. University of Michigan Library.</ref> (urbs) (in [[Circulus terrae Goppingensis|Circulo terrae Goppingensi]]) <small>(Theodisce ''Geislingen an der Steige'')</small> * [[Geislinga (Circulus Montium Zolnerensium)|Geislinga]]<ref name="Geislinga">Theodiscum toponymum ''Geislingen'' in Latinam "Geislinga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://regionalia.blb-karlsruhe.de/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/22737/file/BLB_Freiburger_Dioecesan_Archiv_22_1892.pdf ''Freiburger Diöcesan-Archirv''], ubi dicitur "(...) ec. oppidi Geislinga (...)".</ref> (urbs) (in [[Circulus Montium Zolnerensium|Circulo Montium Zolnerensium]]) <small>(Theodisce ''Geislingen'')</small> * [[Gemminga]]<ref>Vide [https://liburutegibiltegi.bizkaia.eus/bitstream/handle/20.500.11938/79589/b11150907.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y ''Diccionario Geofráfico Universal''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Gemmingen,''' ''Gemminga'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Gemmingen'')</small> * [[Gemmrighemium]]<ref name="Egger Supplementum ... vulgaria 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gemmrigheim'')</small> * [[Gemunda ad Nicrum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Neckargemünd'')</small> * [[Gengenbacum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Gengenbach'')</small> * [[Georgii Cella (ad Nigram Silvam)|Georgii Cella]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Sankt Georgen im Schwarzwald'')</small> * [[Gerabronna]]<ref>Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20240814145145/https://ephemerisnuntii.eu/leonina/EL%20283.pdf ''Epistula Leonina CCLXXXIII''], ubi dicitur "(...) inspector fodinarum salinarum oppidi ''Gerabronnae'' (...) usque ad a.1794 Gerabronnae institutus est (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Gerabronn'')</small> * [[Geraha (Nicer et Ottenica silva)|Geraha]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/6125/Neckargerach+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Geraha 0976 (...)".</ref> (in [[Circulus Nicrensis et Ottenicus|Circulo Nicrensi et Ottenico]]) <small>(Theodisce ''Neckargerach'')</small> * [[Gerlinga]]<ref name="Ferrari & Baudrand 1677"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Gerlingen'')</small> * [[Gernsbachium]]<ref name="Egger Supplementum ... vulgaria 1977"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Gernsbach'')</small> * [[Gerstettium]]<ref name="Egger Supplementum ... vulgaria 1977"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gerstetten'')</small> * [[Gerswillare]]<ref>Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20250708080218/https://www.goerwihl.de/goerwihl/gemeinde-goerwihl/ortsteile/goerwihl.php ''www.goerwihl.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Ort Görwihl, 1193 erstmals als "Gerswillare" erwähnt (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Görwihl'')</small> * [[Ginga (Germania)|Ginga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> ad [[Brancia (flumen)|Branciam]]<ref name="Brancia">Vide [https://epub.uni-regensburg.de/31392/1/Katalog%20der%20romanischen%20Ortsnamen%20in%20Bayern.pdf ''Die romanischen Ortsnamen in Bayern''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Brenz''', Fluss links zur Donau, mündet zwischen Faimingen und Lauingen (Lkr. Dillingen an der Donau), um 774 ''fluvium Brancia'', < (kelt.) *''Brandisa'' (...).</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Giengen an der Brenz'')</small> * [[Ginga ad Vilisam|Ginga]]<ref>De huius oppidi nomen, vide [https://www.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/cgi-bin/archiv-lorsch/archiv-lorsch.cgi?urkundennr=3676 ''Archivum Laureshamense''], ubi dicitur "(...) Gingen (Fils) (''Ginga, Gingen''); et de hydronymo "[[Vilisa (Nicer)|Vilisa]]", vide {{Graesse}}. (...)".</ref> ad [[Vilisa (Nicer)|Vilisam]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gingen an der Fils'')</small> * [[Glattena]]<ref name="Bohun 1695"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Glatten'')</small> * [[Gogginga]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_Q7osAAAAYAAJ/bub_gb_Q7osAAAAYAAJ_djvu.txt ''Monumenta Boica''], ubi dicitur "(...) via ab Augusta versus Kaufburam; unde Gogginga, Inninga, Bobinga, Wehringa, Aitinga, Mendichinga etc. dicuntur oppida sita (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Göggingen'')</small> * [[Gomadinga]]<ref name="Bohun 1695"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gomadingen'')</small> * [[Gomaringa]]<ref>Vide [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23973225 ''Tristia Thumlingensia''], ubi dicitur "(...) factus est Gomaringae prope Tubingam (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Gomaringen'')</small> * [[Gondelshemium]]<ref name="Bohun 1695"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gondelsheim'')</small> * [[Goppinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Göppingen'')</small> * [[Gosshemium]]<ref name="Bohun 1695"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gosheim'')</small> * [[Gottenhemium]]<ref name="Bohun 1695"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gottenheim'')</small> * [[Gottmadinga]]<ref name="Bohun 1695"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gottmadingen'')</small> * [[Graba ad Albiem]]<ref name="Bohun 1695"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Grabenstetten'')</small> * [[Grabum-Neudorfium]]<ref name="Bullinger 2024">Bullinger, H. (2024). Multilingual Workflows in Bullinger Digital: Data Curation for Latin and Early New High German Letters (C. Campi, Ed.). Journal of Open Humanities Data.</ref><ref name="Neudorfium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Neudorf'' in Latinam "Neudorfium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cil_3_1/0532/image,info ''Inscriptiones Asiae Provinciarvm Evropae Graecorvm Illyrici Latinae (Vol. 3, Pars 1)''], ubi dicitur "(...) regione tetendisse fere ad Neudorfium (...)" aut vide [https://img.sub.uni-hamburg.de/kitodo/PPN662479092/PDF/00000183.pdf ''img.sub.uni-hamburg.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Nam quum apud Neudorfium (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce '''')</small> * [[Grafenberga]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/actaphysicomedic91752acad/actaphysicomedic91752acad_djvu.txt ''Acta Physico-Medica Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino-Carolinae''], ubi dicitur "(...) Dn. Andreas Jacobus KIRSTEN, Med, Doct. & Practicus Grafenbergae Noricorum (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Grafenberg'')</small> * [[Grafenhusa]]<ref>Vide [https://www.uniarchiv.uni-freiburg.de/unigeschichte/matrikelordner/Matrikel_1806_1870.pdf ''Die Matrikel der Universität Freiburg im Breisgau''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Grafenhusa Bad''' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Grafenhausen'')</small> * [[Griesinga]]<ref name="FDA"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Griesingen'')</small> * [[Grinarium]]<ref name="Reis 1834">Reis, J. G. (1834). ''Etymologies des noms de lieu: tirés du latin, du grec, des langues celtiques et tudesques''. Chez Mme. C. Desoer. </ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Köngen'')</small> * [[Griubingarus]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/745/Gruibingen+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) in Griubingaro marco (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Gruibingen'')</small> * [[Grombacum]]<ref name="Bohun 1695"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Grömbach'')</small> * [[Grosselfinga]]<ref name="Bohun 1695"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Grosselfingen'')</small> * [[Grundshemium]]<ref name="Bohun 1695"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Grundsheim'')</small> * [[Gruoninga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.markgroeningen.de/stadt-markgroeningen/portrait-geschichte/historisches ''Stadt Markgröningen''], ubi dicitur "(...) Markgröningen wurde im Jahr 779 als "Gruoninga" in einer Schenkungsurkunde an das Kloster Fulda erstmals erwähnt (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Markgröningen'')</small> * [[Gruppenbachium Inferius]]<ref name="Gruppenbachium">Theodisca vox ''-gruppenbach'' in Latinam "Gruppenbachium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.prdl.org/author_view.php?a_id=2653 ''Jakob Schopper, Jr (1545-1616)''], ubi dicitur "(...) (Tubingae : Gruppenbachii, 1571) (...);" et Latinum adiectivum "Inferius" Theodiscum praefixum ''Unter-" vertit.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Untergruppenbach'')</small> * [[Guetenbachia]]<ref name="Bohun 1695"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gütenbach'')</small> * [[Guglinga]]<ref>Vide [https://goobi.tib.eu/viewer/searchadvanced/-/%252528U002B%252528PI_TOPSTRUCT%25253A%252528829280650%252529%252529+U002B%252528SUPERDEFAULT%25253A%252528guglinga%252529+SUPERFULLTEXT%25253A%252528guglinga%252529+SUPERUGCTERMS%25253A%252528guglinga%252529+DEFAULT%25253A%252528guglinga%252529+FULLTEXT%25253A%252528guglinga%252529+NORMDATATERMS%25253A%252528guglinga%252529+UGCTERMS%25253A%252528guglinga%252529+CMS_TEXT_ALL%25253A%252528guglinga%252529%252529%252529/1/RELEVANCE/-/ ''Ioannis Kepleri astronomi Opera omnia '']{{Nexus deficit|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) Lincio Stuttgardiam indeque Guglingam properavit (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Güglingen'')</small> * [[Gundelfinga (Brisgovia)|Gundelfinga]]<ref>Vide [https://books.google.es/books/about/Discursus_juridicus_De_supplicationibus.html?id=nX_LQ8jCRUIC&redir_esc=y ''Discursus juridicus De supplicationibus extrahendis processibus'], ubi dicitur "(...) Not. Pub. Gundelfinga Brisgous In auditorio (...)".</ref> (in [[Brisgovia|Brisgoviā]]<ref name="Graesse"/>) <small>(Theodisce ''Gundelfingen'')</small> * [[Gundelsheimium (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Gundelsheimium]]<ref>Vide [https://edh.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/edh/geographie/G030647 ''Geographic Database'], ubi dicitur "(...) infra Gundelsheimium, ad Neccarum (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Gundelsheim'')</small> * [[Guota]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/9831/Gutach+im+Breisgau+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Guota 1309 (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Gutach im Breisgau'')</small> {{div col end}} == H == {{div col|4}} * [[Hachinswanda]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/15430/H%C3%B6chenschwand+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Hachinswanda 1158 (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Höchenschwand'')</small> * [[Hagani Pons]]<ref name="Stälin Erster Theil 1841">Stälin, C. F. (1841). ''Wirtembergische Geschichte: Erster Theil''. [[Stutgardia]]e et [[Tubinga]]e: J. G. Cotta'scher Verlag.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hambrücken'')</small> * [[Hailprunna]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Heilbronn'')</small> * [[Halla Inferior]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/2557/Niedernhall+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) in Halla inferiori (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Niedernhall'')</small> * [[Halla Suevica]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Schwäbisch Hall'')</small> * [[Hardhemium]]<ref name="Armhein 1890">Amrhein, A. (1890). ''Archiv des Historischen Vereines von Unterfranken und Aschaffenburg'' (Vol. 33). [[Herbopolis|Herbipoli]]: Historischer Verein von Unterfranken und Aschaffenburg.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hardheim'')</small> * [[Hardhusa ad Cocheram]]<ref>Theodiscum toponymum ''Hardthausen'' in Latinam "Hardhusa" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/12292/Harthausen+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Hardhusa 0882 (...)"; et [https://de.m.wikisource.org/wiki/Seite:OAB_Oberndorf_244.jpg ''Eduard Paulus: Beschreibung des Oberamts Oberndorf''], ubi dicitur "(...) In loco, qui dicitur Hardhusa (...)". De hydronymo "[[Cochera]]", vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce '''')</small> * [[Hardia (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Hardia]]<ref name="Cellarius 1706">Cellarius, C. (1706). ''Notitia Orbis Antiqui, sive Geographia Plenior'' (Vol. 1). [[Lipsia]]e: Gleditsch.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hardt'')</small> * [[Hasela (Circulus terrae Lorrachensis)|Hasela]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (in [[Circulus terrae Lorrachensis|Circulo terrae Lorrachensi]]) <small>(Theodisce ''Hasel'')</small> * [[Hasela in Valli Kynzichae]]<ref>De huius communis nomen, vide {{Graesse}}; et, de hydronymo "[[Chinzechun|Kyzincha]]", vide [http://www.geschichte-schiltach.de/files/2014-12-22_Helmut_Horn_Die_Kinzig_2014.pdf ''Historischer Verein für Mittelbaden''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Kinzig''': 2 um 1099: usque ad Chinzechun, per descensum Chinzechun; ad aliam Chinzichun3; - 1128: flumen [Fluss] Kinzicha, flumen Kynzichun, ad aliam Kynzicham (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Haslach im Kinzigtal'')</small> * [[Hasmershemium]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_HONMAAAAcAAJ/bub_gb_HONMAAAAcAAJ_djvu.txt ''Crucenacum Palatinum cum ipsius archisatrapia, ex historia, potissimum politica et litteraria, illustratum''], ubi dicitur "(...) casus Hasmershemium, prefecture (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Haßmersheim'')</small> * [[Hattenhofa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Hattenhofa]]<ref>Vide [https://www.uni-marburg.de ''gvilelmi ii''], ubi dicitur "(...) (venia Hattenhofa-Hassus. impetrat.) (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hattenhofen'')</small> * [[Hausa in Valle Wisensi]]<ref name="Schoepflin Celtica Romana Francica 1751"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hausen im Wiesental'')</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Hausen im Wiesental'')</small> * [[Hechinga]]<ref name="FDA"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Hechingen'')</small> * [[Heddeshemium]]<ref name="Crucenacum">Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_HONMAAAAcAAJ/bub_gb_HONMAAAAcAAJ_djvu.txt ''Crucenacum Palatinum cum ipsius archisatrapia, ex historia, potissimum politica et litteraria, illustratum''], ubi dicitur "(...) pago Heddeshemio ad rivum Güldenbach (...) unam cum dimidia: Heddeshemium (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Heddesheim'')</small> * [[Heidelberga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Heidelberg'')</small> * [[Heiginga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/15868/Hayingen+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) 854 Heiginga (Personenname Heigo) (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Hayingen'')</small> * [[Heimshemium]]<ref>Vide [https://epub.uni-regensburg.de/19901/6/Grammatica_Universales_15.pdf ''Grammatica Universalis''], ubi dicitur "(...) Heimshemii (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Heimsheim'')</small> * [[Heininga (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Heininga]]<ref name="Neugart Episcopatus Constantiensis 1791">Neugart, T. (1791). ''Episcopatus Constantiensis Alemannicus sub metropoli Moguntina''. San Blasien: Typis San-Blasianis.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Heiningen'')</small> * [[Heitershemium]]<ref>Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/hofmann/hof2/Hofmann_lexicon_t2_0544_fridericvs.html ''LEXICON VNIVERSALE''], ubi dicitur "(...) Prior constitutus, Heitershemium incoluit (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Heitersheim'')</small> * [[Helmstadia-Bargina]]<ref name="Helmstadium">Episcopatus Constantiensis. (1790). ''Status Personalis et Realis Archidioeceseis Friburgensis''. [[Friburgum Brisgoviae|Friburgi Brisgoviae]]: Herder.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Helmstadt-Bargen'')</small> * [[Hemmonis Villa]]<ref name="Mone Quellensammlung 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hemmingen'')</small> * [[Hemsbacum]]<ref>Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camena/pareus1/pareusmusae.html ''CARMEN XXXI. AD NOBILISS. IUVENES, AMICOS, AUDITORES, ET DOMESTICOS Parei In Natalem LXII. ''], ubi dicitur "(...) Est locus INTUERGIS ''[Note: c Fit Minister Ecclesiae Hemsbacensis, Anno 1573. 24. Aug]'' quondam pia templa colonis Monstrans, HEMSBACUM rustica turba vocat (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Hemsbach'')</small> * [[Herba Viridis]]<ref name="Bullinger 2024"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Grünkraut'')</small> * [[Herbertinga]]<ref>Vide [https://digisam.ub.uni-giessen.de Martini Crusii ''Oratio de Regina Rom. Augusta Irena, vel Maria''], ubi dicitur "(...) Quo 1205. anno, in Herbertinga Monasterio, sepultus fuit Hartmannus Ehinger (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Herbertingen'')</small> * [[Herdwanga-Soneicha]]<ref>Vide [https://www.uniarchiv.uni-freiburg.de/unigeschichte/matrikelordner/Matrikel_1806_1870.pdf ''Die Matrikel der Universität Freiburg im Breisgau''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Herdwanga Badenus''' (...) '''Herdwanga-Bad.''' (...)"; et [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/21460/Gro%C3%9Fsch%C3%B6nach+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) 1092 Soneicha (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Herdwangen-Schönach'')</small> * [[Heriboteshemium]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_rqiGZ-HEg2UC/bub_gb_rqiGZ-HEg2UC_djvu.txt ''Bartholomaei Fisen Leodiensis e Societate Iesu Sancta legia Romanae Ecclesiae filia siue Historia ecclesiae Leodiensis''], ubi dicitur "(...) Heriboteshemium abbatia fuit (...) Heriboteshemium datur S. Lamberto (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Herbolzheim'')</small> * [[Hermaringa]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10003384?p=14&cq=Stain,%20J.%20C.&lang=de ''Mantissa Ad Commentarivm Rervm Avgvstan. Vindelic. R. P. D. Caroli Stengelii Abbatis Anhvsani''], ubi dicitur "(...) Iacobi Hermaringae (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hermaringen'')</small> * [[Herrenberga]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_3khQl0rF338C/bub_gb_3khQl0rF338C_djvu.txt ''Rerum Augustan. Vindel. commentarius, ab urbe condita, ad nostra usque tempora. In 2. partes distinctus''], ubi dicitur "(...) dicitur arces Herrenberga (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Herrenberg'')</small> * [[Hessigheimium]]<ref>Vide [https://ia801604.us.archive.org/29/items/bub_gb_1aoVAQAAMAAJ/bub_gb_1aoVAQAAMAAJ.pdf ''Urkunden und Akten der Stadt Strassburg''], ubi dicitur "(...) Hessigheimio-Wirtembergicus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hessigheim'')</small> * [[Hettinga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardBaden-WuerttemberginderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20161123-1017.htm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Hettingen''', 12. Jh., bei Gamertingen in (dem früheren Fürstentum) Hohenzollern, F1-1288 HATH2 (PN) Hettingen (3), Hatingin P. Scr. 10 85 (1192), Hettinga (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Hettingen'')</small> * [[Heubachum]]<ref>Vide [https://ia803409.us.archive.org/5/items/bub_gb_PoAgAAAAMAAJ/bub_gb_PoAgAAAAMAAJ.pdf ''Gmünder Chroniken im 16. Jahrhundert'']{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) Tunc non Heubachum nominabatur, (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Heubach'')</small> * [[Heyrlo]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Haigerloch'')</small> * [[Hilarae Rieda]]<ref>De hydronymo "[[Hilaria|Hilara]]", vide {{Graesse}} et Theodiscum toponymum ''Rieden'' in Latinam "Rieda" verti solet. V.gr., vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/pareus1/Pareus_historia.html ''HISTORIA BAVARICO- PALATINA''], ubi dicitur "(...) Traunsteinium, Burghusium, Brunouium, Oetinga, Trostberga, Rieda, Rosenhaimium, Mosburgum, Ardinga, Ottofelda, Pfarkirchium, Biburgum, Dorfena, Neoforum, Rotenburgum (...)"; aut [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10315929?cq=Halae&p=1&lang=de ''Boicae Gentis Annalium Pars''], ubi dicitur "(...) Rieda Rosenbaimium Mosburgum Ardinga Ottofelda Pfarkirchium (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Illerrieden'')</small> * [[Hildrizhusa]]<ref>Vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/498871261/tbingeni-matrikula-msolata ''Tbingeni Matrikula Msolata''], ubi dicitur "(...) Hildrizhusa-nus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hildrizhausen'')</small> * [[Hilzinga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.uniarchiv.uni-freiburg.de/unigeschichte/matrikelordner/Matrikel_1806_1870.pdf ''Die Matrikel der Universität Freiburg im Breisgau''], ubi dicitur "(...) Hilzinganus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hilzingen'')</small> * [[Hirlinga]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/chronicarefprovi00grei/chronicarefprovi00grei_djvu.txt ''Chronica ref. provinciae S. Leopoldi Tyrolensis ex opere Germania Franciscana''], ubi dicitur "(...) senex dictus ab Hirlinga (...) Hirlingam (...) Hirlinga (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hirrlingen'')</small> * [[Hirsberga ad Stratam Montanam]]<ref name="Bucher 1812">Bucher, C. F. (1812). Das Musterwesen der Strata Montana, oder die Bergstrasse. In Commission bey den Gebrüdern Wilmans.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hirschberg an der Bergstraße'')</small> * [[Hochdorffium (Biberacum)|Hochdorffium]]<ref name="Hochdorffium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Hochdorf'' in Latinam "Hochdorffium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Justus_Christianus_Loder%2C_D._Solemnia_inauguralia_praenobilissimi_medicinae_candidati_F.G.A._Jacobi_..._indicit._Praemittitur_Commentationis_de_vaginae_uteri_procidentia_particula_III_%28IA_b31953852%29.pdf ''Iustus christianus''], ubi dicitur "(...) natus sum Hochdorffii pago (...)".</ref> (in [[Circulus terrae Biberacensis|Circulo Biberacensi]]) <small>(Theodisce ''Hochdorf'')</small> * [[Hochdorffium (Eslinga)|Hochdorffium]]<ref name="Hochdorffium"/> (in [[Circulus terrae Eslingensis|Circulo Eslingensi]]) <small>(Theodisce ''Hochdorf'')</small> * [[Hockonis Domus]]<ref name="Mone Zeitschrift 1848"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Hockenheim'')</small> * [[Hofstetium (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Hofstetium]]<ref name="Hofstetium">Theodisca vox ''Hofstetten'' in Latinam "Hofstetium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20250713164116/http://www.fondazioneintorcetta.info/ ''Compendium latinum proponens x11 posteriores figuras''], ubi dicitur "(...) Hofstetium hybernum (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hofstetten'')</small> * [[Hohenstadium]]<ref name="Epistola Itineraria"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hohenstadt'')</small> * [[Hohensteinium (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Hohensteinium]]<ref name="Hohensteinium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Hohenstein'' in Latinam "Hohensteinium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&cqlMode=true&query=idn%3D102109230 ''DNB, Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek''], ubi dicitur "(...) Schwarzburgum-Hohensteinium, Comes (...)" aut vide [https://www.europeana.eu/en/item/92004/object_NKCR__25_G_000320_3D0M7U7 ''JOHANNIS MOLLERI Groß VVERTERANNI, HOHENSTEINII, PRAECOGNITA JURISPRUDENTIAE, SIVE, Ad NOMOLOGISTICAM EIUS TRIPLICEM, PRAECONIA, ET PRIMA JURIS PRINCIPIA''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hohenstein'')</small> * [[Holzgerninga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/133/Holzgerlingen+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Holzgerninga 1007 (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Holzgerlingen'')</small> * [[Holzkircha]]<ref>Vide [https://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/02m/0788-0856,_Rabanus_Maurus,_Vita_Operaque_[Auctore_Rudolfo_Scholastico_Ejus_Discipulo],_MLT.pdf ''Rabanus Maurus, Vita Operaque''], ubi dicitur "(...) locum qui vocatur Holzkircha (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Holzkirch'')</small> * [[Horba]]<ref name="Cellarius 1706"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Horben'')</small> * [[Horeguncella]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Horgenzell'')</small> * [[Hornberga]]<ref>Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camena/frisc1/frischlinelegiaca.html ''OPERUM POETICORUM NICODEMI FRISCHLINI, BALINGENSIS''], ubi dicitur "(...) Et se cum Hornberga iunget Acanthopolis (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Hornberg'')</small> * [[Hortus ad Linam]]<ref name="Steub 1843"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Leingarten'')</small> * [[Husa apud Montem Buxum]]<ref name="Bucelinus 1655"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hausen am Bussen'')</small> * [[Hutlinga (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Hutlinga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/4565/H%C3%BCttlingen+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Hutlinga 1024 (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hüttlingen'')</small> * [[Hypergraecia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Oberkirch'')</small> {{div col end}} == I == {{div col|4}} * [[Ibachum (commune)|Ibachum]]<ref>Vide [https://www.nomos-elibrary.de ''Melanchthons Briefwechsel''], ubi dicitur "(...) Ibachi datum esse et Ibachum proficisci in Hassiam (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ibach'')</small> * [[Iburinga]]<ref>''Meyers Grosses Konversations-Lexikon,'' 19: 859.</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Überlingen'')</small> * [[Iestetta]]<ref>Vide [https://www.santalfonsoedintorni.it/Spicilegium/07/SH-07-1959(I)015-067.pdf ''EPISTULARUM COMMERCIUM INTER P ATRES CSSR IN ITALIA ET TRANS ALPES TEMPORE S.I CLEMENTIS, 1786-1820''], ubi dicitur "(...) Jestettae prope Schaffhusam in Monte Thabor (...) Jestettae, 12ª febr. 1805 (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Jestetten'')</small> * [[Iettinga]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/freiburgerdiozes1418unse/freiburgerdiozes1418unse_djvu.txt ''Freiburger Diözesan-Archiv''], ubi dicitur "(...) Venerabilis mater M. Bernardina Schmid, Jettingae anno Domini 1703 primam lucem aspexita (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Jettingen'')</small> * [[Ilsfelda]]<ref>Vide [https://github.com/latin-ocr/dchristianifrid00schngoog/blob/master/dchristianifrid00schngoog_0064.txt ''latin-ocr''], ubi dicitur "(...) Ilsfeldae natum (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ilsfeld'')</small> * [[Ilveshemium]]<ref>Vide [https://books.google.es/books/about/In_Iohannis_Keiserspergij_Theologi_doctr.html?id=1GCYsMr4VGQC&redir_esc=y ''In Iohannis Keiserspergij Theologi doctrina vitaq[ue] probatissimi primi Argentinen[sis], ecclesie predicatoris mortem Planctus & Lame[n]tatio cum aliquali vite sue descriptione et quorunda[m] Epitaphijs in evndem planctvm Ioannis Maler Ilveshemii''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ilvesheim'')</small> * [[Immenstadium ad Lacum Bodamicum]]<ref>De huius communis nomine, vide [https://er-prod11.ethz.ch ''Pars prima. Topographica eiusdem & lacus sive maris utriusque nec non subditarum amplissimae Dioecesi provinciarum designatio'']{{Nexus deficit|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) & Immenstadium descenditur (...)"; et, de hydronymo "[[Lacus Bodamicus]]", vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Immenstaad am Bodensee'')</small> * [[Incendium Angeli]]<ref name="Bacci 1571"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Engelsbrand'')</small> * [[Indago ad Lacum Constantiniensem]]<ref name="Beyerle 1959">Beyerle, F. (1959). ''Zur Namengebung „Bodensee” und „Bodman”''. Hegau-Geschichtsverein.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hagnau am Bodensee'')</small> * [[Inferior Silvaehusa]]<ref name="Buck 1843"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Unterwaldhausen'')</small> * [[Inferius Snaitheimum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica XXII 1815">Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften (1815). ''Monumenta Boica'' (Vol. 22). [[Monacum|Monachii]]: Typis Academicis.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Unterschneidheim'')</small> * [[Ingelfinga]]<ref>Vide [https://d-nb.info/972234446/34 ''David Chytraeus (1530-1600) als Erforscher und Wiederentdecker der Ostkirchen''], ubi dicitur "(...) in oppido Sveviae Ingelfinga (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Ingelfingen'')</small> * [[Ingershemium (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Ingershemium]]<ref name="Ingersheim">Theodiscum et Francicum toponymum ''Ingersheim'' in Latinam "Ingershemium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_QdpxfACAKZcC/bub_gb_QdpxfACAKZcC_djvu.txt ''Alsatia illustrata''], ubi dicitur "(...) una ad Ingershemium vicum (...)" aut vide [https://www.crhf.net/fr/index.php?t=villages&d=villages&c=villages&f=show&lieu=896 '' Centre de Recherches sur l'Histoire des Familles''], ubi dicitur "(...) Ingersheim oriundorum, Ingershemensis, Ingershemiani, Ingershemiano, Ingershemiensis, Ingershemii (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ingersheim'')</small> * [[Isna]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Isny im Allgäu'')</small> * [[Iuliomagus (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Iuliomagus]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wutach'')</small> {{div col end}} == K == {{div col|4}} * [[Kantza]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kanzach'')</small> * [[Keula]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Kehl'')</small> * [[Kirchbergium ad Ilargum]]<ref name="Lazius 1561">Lazius, W. (1561). ''Typi chorographici provinciae Austriae''. Apud Raphaelem Hofhalter.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Illerkirchberg'')</small> * [[Kirchaina]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchheim unter Teck'')</small> * [[Kirchzarta]]<ref>Vide [https://www.uniarchiv.uni-freiburg.de/unigeschichte/matrikelordner/Matrikel_1806_1870.pdf ''Die Matrikel der Universität Freiburg im Breisgau''], ubi dicitur "(...) Kirchzarta Badensis (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchzarten'')</small> * [[Knittlinga]]<ref>Vide [https://ia801604.us.archive.org/18/items/diefaustsplitter00tilluoft/diefaustsplitter00tilluoft_djvu.txt ''Die Faustsplitter in der Literatur des sechzehnten bis achtzehnten Jahrhunderts nach den ältesten Quellen''], ubi dicitur "(...) sive Knittlinga, quae est parvum oppidum (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Knittlingen'')</small> * [[Krauthemium (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Krauthemium]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/A080085/A080085_djvu.txt ''Generalis geographia cosmica, mathematica, naturalis, politica''], ubi dicitur "(...) KRAUTHEMIUM, urbs cum arce (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Krautheim'')</small> {{div col end}} == L == {{div col|4}} * [[Lacus Equarum]]<ref name="Mone Quellensammlung 1848"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Stutensee'')</small> * [[Lacus Ilmensis]]<ref name="Marcinkovic 1985">Marcinkovic, J. (1985). ''Heimat an den drei Seen: Die Geschichte von Illmensee''. Thorbecke.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Illmensee'')</small> * [[Lacus Lonae]]<ref name="Steub 1843"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lonsee'')</small> * [[Laichinga]]<ref name="Stälin Schwaben und Südfranken 1841"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Laichingen'')</small> * [[Langena]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Langenau'')</small> * [[Langenburgum]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/NumismatischesLegendenLexiconDesMitt2/Numismatisches_Legenden_Lexicon_des_Mitt_2_djvu.txt ''Numismatisches Legenden-Lexicon des Mittalters und der Neuzeit. Zweiter Theil''], ubi dicitur "(...) Langenburgum (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Langenburg'')</small> * [[Lapides (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Lapides]]<ref name="Mone Quellensammlung 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Steinen'')</small> * [[Lapis (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Lapis]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/16926/Rechtenstein+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) 1266 de Lapide (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Rechtenstein'')</small> * [[Lapis Draconis]]<ref name="Bucelinus 1655"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Drackenstein'')</small> * [[Lapis Lucidus]]<ref name="Steub 1843"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lichtenstein'')</small> * [[Lapis Purus]]<ref name="Steub 1843"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Lauterstein'')</small> * [[Larum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Lahr/Schwarzwald'')</small> * [[Lata Augia]]<ref name="Steinhofer 1746"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Breitnau'')</small> * [[Lauchringa]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_ojY_AAAAYAAJ/bub_gb_ojY_AAAAYAAJ_djvu.txt ''"Quellensammlung der badischen Landesgeschichte''], ubi dicitur "(...) in pago Chlegowe in villa Lauchringa, et in illa marcha (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Lauchringen'')</small> * [[Lauda-Regiscuria]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Lauda-Königshofen'')</small> * [[Laudenbachium (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Laudenbachium]]<ref name="Laudenbachium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Laudenbach'' in Latinam "Laudenbachium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/monumentidellost10maro/monumentidellost10maro_djvu.txt ''Monumenti dello Stato pontificio e relazione topografica di ogni paese''], ubi dicitur "(...) Iohannes a Laudenbachio dicitur (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Laudenbach'')</small> * [[Lauffenburgum]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Laufenburg'')</small> * [[Laufium (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Laufium]]<ref name="Laufium">Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/thou1/t1/Thuanus_historiae_1_2.html ''IAC. AVG. THVANI HISTORIARVM SVI TEMPORIS LIBRI CXX''], ubi dicitur "(...) cum nuper Altorfium et Laufium suae ditionis oppida occupasset (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Lauf'')</small> * [[Lauphemum]]<ref>Vide [https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Kepler-Gesammelte-Werke_15_0005-0568.pdf ''"Quellensammlung der badischen Landesgeschichte''], ubi dicitur "(...) JOHANNES KEPLER GESAMMELTE WERKE (...)", ubi dicitur "(...) Stutgardiae per quinquennium, Lauphemi ad Nicrum (...) Stutgardia Lauphemum translatus (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Laupheim'')</small> * [[Laureshamense Monasterium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Lorch'')</small> * [[Lautenbacum (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Lautenbacum]]<ref name="Lautenbacum">Theodiscum toponymum ''Lautenbach'' in Latinam "Lautenbacum" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_XZ3uHMGcnd0C/bub_gb_XZ3uHMGcnd0C_djvu.txt ''Alsatia illustrata''], ubi dicitur "(...) Cella prope Lautenbacum (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Lautenbach'')</small> * [[Laviacum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Lauffen am Neckar'')</small> * [[Leffinca]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Löffingen'')</small> * [[Lendischilicha]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/8617/Lenzkirch+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Lendischilicha 1113 Lenzkilcha 1200 (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Lenzkirch'')</small> * [[Lenninga (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Lenninga]]<ref name="Lenninga">Theodiscum toponymum ''Lenningen'' in Latinam "Lenninga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913?p=249&cq=Ludwigshafen%20u.a.&lang=en ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E - M''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Lenningen'')</small> * [[Leomontium]]<ref>[[Google Books]] [http://books.google.de/books?id=2bFEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA161&q=Leomontii Lateinische Stilübungen zum öffentlichen und Privatgebrauche, Band 2 von Christoph Friedrich Roth]</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Leonberg'')</small> * [[Leostenium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce '' Löwenstein'')</small> * [[Leutenbacha (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Leutenbacha]]<ref name="Leutenbacha">Theodiscum toponymum ''Leutenbach'' in Latinam "Leutenbacha" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/monumentagenecro04geseuoft/monumentagenecro04geseuoft_djvu.txt ''Monumenta Germaniae historica. Necrologia Germaniae''], ubi dicitur "(...) Friderici de Leutenbacha (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Leutenbach'')</small> * [[Liberum Officium]]<ref name="Köbler 2016">Köbler, G. (2016). ''Baden-Württemberg in der deutschen Ortsgeschichte''. Köblergerhard.de.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Freiamt'')</small> * [[Lichtenavia (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Lichtenavia]]<ref name="Lichtenavia">Theodiscum toponymum ''Lichtenau'' in Latinam "Lichtenavia" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/adam/adam3/books/adamvitae3_11.html ''IOANNES FICINUS''], ubi dicitur "(...) oppidum Lichtenavia (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Lichtenau'')</small> * [[Ligni Vermes]]<ref name="Mone Zeitschrift 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Holzmaden'')</small> * [[Limbachum (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Limbachum]]<ref name="Limbachum">Theodiscum toponymum ''Limbach'' in Latinam "Limbachum" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_lO9NFMWOAlYC/bub_gb_lO9NFMWOAlYC_djvu.txt ''Matthiae Belii Notitia Hungariae Novae''], ubi dicitur "(...) viridique planitie, quam inter Getinavam , Limbachum (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Limbach'')</small> * [[Loca (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Loca]]<ref name="Mone Quellensammlung 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Stetten'')</small> * [[Locus Albus (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Locus Albus]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Plankstadt'')</small> * [[Locus Comitialis]]<ref name="Grimm 1844">Grimm, J. (1844). Deutsche Rechtsalterthümer. Dieterich.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Mahlstetten'')</small> * [[Locus Fontis]]<ref name="Mone Zeitschrift 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ispringen'')</small> * [[Locus Heroldi]]<ref name="Mone Zeitschrift 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Heroldstatt'')</small> * [[Locus Hingonis]]<ref name="Mone Zeitschrift 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Althengstett'')</small> * [[Locus Iurisiurandi]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwörstadt'')</small> * [[Locus Lacunae]]<ref name="Mone Zeitschrift 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hülben'')</small> * [[Locus Lottonis]]<ref name="Steub 1843"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lottstetten'')</small> * [[Loffenavia]]<ref name="Schoepflin Celtica Romana Francica 1751"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Loffenau'')</small> * [[Longa Enslina]]<ref name="Steub 1843"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Langenenslingen'')</small> * [[Lopodunum]]<ref>Vide [https://www.tesaurohistoriaymitologia.com/es/18957-lopodunum ''Tesauro Historia Antigua y Mitología''], ubi dicitur (...) '''Lopodunum''' Ciudad romana de cierta importancia en el panorama de la romanización de Germania Superior. A orillas del río Neckar, a apenas una decena de kilómetros de Mannheim y a pocos más de Heidelberg. El antiguo Ladenburg fue uno de los lugares más importantes en el interior de los Limes alemanes superiores hasta mediados del siglo III (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Ladenburg'')</small> * [[Lorrachium]]<ref name="Doell 1857">Doell, J. C. (1857). ''Flora des Grossherzogthums Baden. G. Braun'sche Hofbuchhandlung''. (Nota: Auctor adiectivum Loeracense plerumque ad originem specierum in regione finitima indicandam adhibet).</ref> (urbs Badeniensis) <small>(Theodisce ''Lörrach'')</small> * [[Losburgum]]<ref name="Losburgum">Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_Vus-AAAAcAAJ/bub_gb_Vus-AAAAcAAJ_djvu.txt ''Quellensammlung der badischen Landesgeschichte / 2''], ubi dicitur "(...) Losburgi diverto (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Loßburg'')</small> * [[Lotorum Casae]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531">Rhenanus, B. (1531). ''Rerum Germanicarum Libri Tres''. Hieronymus Froben.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Wäschenbeuren'')</small> * [[Lucus Avellanarum]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Nußloch'')</small> * [[Lucus Lucidus]]<ref name="Steub 1843"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lichtenwald'')</small> * [[Ludoviciburgum]]<ref name="scribblemaps"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Ludwigsburg'')</small> * [[Lupisolum]]<ref name="Bader 1844">Bader, J. (1844). Die ehemaligen Klöster und Stifte des Großherzogthums Baden. Groos.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Wolfschlugen'')</small> {{div col end}} == M == {{div col|4}} * [[Maginga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/21164/Mengen+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) 819 (Fälschung) Maginga (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Mengen'')</small> * [[Magnifortia]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mainhardt'')</small> * [[Magstadium]]<ref name="Magstadium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Magstadt'' in Latinam "Magstadium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/p2operaomniaedid08kepluoft/p2operaomniaedid08kepluoft_djvu.txt ''Opera omnia. Edidit Ch. Frisch''], ubi dicitur "(...) Magstadii natus es (...) sed Magstadium (...) Keplerum Magstadii natum VIII (...) Magstadii natum (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Magstadt'')</small> * [[Mahlberga]]<ref name="Hofmannus">{{Hofmannus}}.</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Mahlberg'')</small> * [[Malsburgum-Marcella]]<ref name="Neugart Burgundiae Transiuranae 1791">Neugart, T. (1791). ''Codex Diplomaticus Alemanniae et Burgundiae Transiuranae''. Typis Monasterii S. Blasii.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Malsburg-Marzell'')</small> * [[Malscha (Carolsruha)|Malscha]]<ref name="Malscha">Theodiscum toponymum ''Malsch'' in Latinam "Malscha" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> (in [[Circulus terrae Carolsruhensis|Circulo Carolsruhensi]]) <small>(Theodisce ''Malsch'')</small> * [[Malscha (Rhenus et Nicer)|Malscha]]<ref name="Malscha">Theodiscum toponymum ''Malsch'' in Latinam "Malscha" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> (in [[Circulus Rhenanus et Nicrensis|Circulo Rhenano et Nicrensi]]) <small>(Theodisce ''Malsch'')</small> * [[Malterdinga]]<ref>Vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_die_Geschichte_des_Oberrheins._Bd._038%2C_1885_%28IA_zeitschriftfurdi3818unse%29.pdf ''Zeitschrift für die Geschichte des Oberrheins''], ubi dicitur "(...) Johannes Thomas Rösch, Malterdinga March (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Malterdingen'')</small> * [[Manhemium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Mannheim'')</small> * [[Marbachum]]<ref name="scribblemaps"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Marbach am Neckar'')</small> * [[Marcha (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Marcha]]<ref name="Neugart Burgundiae Transiuranae 1791"/> <small>(Theodisce ''March'')</small> * [[Marchtallum]]<ref>[[google]] books: [https://books.google.de/books?id=pdthAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PA65&dq=marchtallum+superius&hl=de&sa=X&ei=c-aOVb3vLIauygOLl4GgCQ&ved=0CGEQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=marchtallum%20superius&f=false Collectio Scriptorum Rerum Historico-Monastico Ecclesiasticarum ..., Band 6 von Michael Kuen]</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Obermarchtal'')</small> * [[Marchtallum Inferius]]<ref>Vide [https://germania-sacra-datenbank.uni-goettingen.de/files/books/3.F.%205%20Schoentag%20Marchtal.pdf ''Germania Sacra'']{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) Untermarchtal (''Marchtallum Inferius'') (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Untermarchtal'')</small> * [[Marchtorfensis villa|Marchtorfensis Villa]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Markdorf'')</small> * [[Marci Cella]]<ref>Vide [https://karlsruhedaytrips.travellerspoint.com/34/ ''Day Trips Around Karlsruhe''], ubi dicitur "(...) The name of the village indicates its origins: Marxzell = „Marci cella“ (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Marxzell'')</small> * [[Maulburgum]]<ref>Vide [https://www.agoda.com/ru-ru/city/maulburg-de.html?cid=1844104&ds=vr8DHStCPCOp1tj8 ''agoda.com''], ubi dicitur "(...) Маульбург был основан еще в римское время и назывался тогда "Maulburgum" (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Maulburg'')</small> * [[Meckenburanum]]<ref name="Steichele 1864">Steichele, A. (1864). ''Das Bisthum Augsburg, historisch und statistisch beschrieben''. B. Schmid'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Meckenbeuren'')</small> * [[Medium Biberacum]]<ref name="Medium Biberacum">Theodiscum toponymum ''Biberach'' in Latinam "Biberacum" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}. Latinum adiectivum "medium" Theodiscum praefixum ''Mittel-'' vertit.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Mittelbiberach'')</small> * [[Meersburgum]]<ref>Vide [https://ubdocs.aau.at/open/voll/altbestand/AC10237559.pdf ''Historiae''], ubi dicitur "(...) Meersburgi urbe in finibus Saxonum (...) armis excurrunt» Meersburgum, inquam ingentes thesauri illati fuerant (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Meersburg'')</small> * [[Meissenhemium]]<ref>Vide [https://dokumen.pub/die-alten-matrikeln-der-universitt-strassburg-1621-bis-1793-band-3-personen-und-ortsregister-reprint-2019nbsped-9783111618395-9783111242019.html ''Die alten Matrikeln der Universität Strassburg 1621 bis 1793''], ubi dicitur "(...) Joan. Jac., Meissenhemio-Bipontinus (...) Meissenhemio Bipont. (m 762) (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Meißenheim'')</small> * [[Merdinga]]<ref>Vide [https://es.findagrave.com/memorial/265046483/franciscus-antonius-hi%C3%9F ''Find a Grave''], ubi dicitur "(...) Tempore Belli et Fugae Merdingae (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Merdingen'')</small> * [[Merzhusium]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_taUuAQAAIAAJ/bub_gb_taUuAQAAIAAJ_djvu.txt ''Die Jesuitennullen Prantl's an der Universität Ingolstadt und ihre Leidensgenossen : eine biobibliographische Studie''], ubi dicitur "(...) Merzhusii die 9. Sept. 1770 (...) Et Parocbo Merzhusii (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Merzhausen'')</small> * [[Messkirchium]]<ref>De nomine Latino vide: Philippus Andreas Burgoldensis, Collegium iuris publici Imperii Romano-Germanici, anno 1570 {{Google Books|tyiGRczwuPoC|pag. 225}}.</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Meßkirch'')</small> * [[Metzinga]]<ref>Vide [https://portraits.hab.de/werk/16200 ''Herzog August Bibliothek''], ubi dicitur "(...) MICHAEL HERR Pictor Clar[issi]m[us] | Nat[us] Metzingae in Duc[atu] Wirtenb[ergensi] d[ie] (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Metzingen'')</small> * [[Michelfelda]]<ref>Vide [https://www.heiligenlexikon.de/ActaSanctorum/3.Maerz.html ''Acta Sanctorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) Michelfelda, siue S. Michaëlis campus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Michelfeld'')</small> * [[Moitinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mietingen'')</small> * [[Molendinarius Ager]]<ref name="Buck 1843">Buck, A. (1843). ''Die Ortsnamen im Königreich Württemberg''. Verlag von W. Kohlhammer.</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Mühlacker'')</small> * [[Molendinorum Domus]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mühlhausen im Täle'')</small> * [[Molendinum Meconis]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Möckmühl'')</small> * [[Molfinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mulfingen'')</small> * [[Monachopolis Inferior]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Untermünkheim'')</small> * [[Monachovilla]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mönchweiler'')</small> * [[Monasteriolum ad Enzam]]<ref name="Bucelinus 1655"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Enzklösterle'')</small> * [[Monasterium ad Rhenum]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rheinmünster'')</small> * [[Mons Altus (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Mons Altus]]<ref name="Mone Zeitschrift 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hohberg'')</small> * [[Mons Brisiacus]]<ref>''[[Itinerarium Antonini]]''</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Breisach am Rhein'')</small> * [[Mons Cossinii]]<ref name="Mone Zeitschrift 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Küssaberg'')</small> * [[Mons Ecclesiae ad Gaxatam]]<ref name="Cellarius 1706"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchberg an der Jagst'')</small> * [[Mons Ecclesiae ad Hilariam]]<ref name="Steub 1843"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchberg an der Iller'')</small> * [[Mons Ecclesiae ad Murram]]<ref name="Cellarius 1706"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchberg an der Murr'')</small> * [[Mons Erhardi in Indagine]]<ref name="Thesaurus Mundi 2026">Thesaurus Mundi (2026). ''Bibliotheca scriptorum Latinorum mediae et recentioris aetatis''. K.G. Saur.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Häg-Ehrsberg'')</small> * [[Mons Nasturtii]]<ref name="Steub 1843"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kreßberg'')</small> * [[Mons Rudheri]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rudersberg'')</small> * [[Mons Scrotis]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Schrozberg'')</small> * [[Mons Taxorum]]<ref name="Gerbert 1774">Gerbert, M. (1774). Historia Nigrae Silvae ordinis Sancti Benedicti coloniae. Typis Monasterii S. Blasii.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Dachsberg'')</small> * [[Mons Ulmi (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Mons Ulmi]]<ref name="Bucelinus 1655"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ellenberg'')</small> * [[Mons Vermium]]<ref name="Förstemann 2 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wurmberg'')</small> * [[Mosbacum]]<ref>Ioannes Henricus Andreae, [https://www.google.de/books/edition/Mosbacum_in_silva_Ottonica_Palatinatus_i/mS9VAAAAcAAJ?hl=de&gbpv=1&dq=Mosbacum&printsec=frontcover ''Mosbacum in Silva Ottonica Palatinatus Inferioris illustratum''] (Heidelbergae 1771), [https://www.google.de/books/edition/Mosbacum_in_silva_Ottonica_Palatinatus_i/XhdNAAAAcAAJ?hl=de&gbpv=1&dq=Mosbachium+palatinatus&pg=PA7&printsec=frontcover 7]: "breviter considerabimus praefecturam Mosbacensem, speciatim autem eius primariam civitatem, quam etiamnum vocamus ''Mosbacum'' sive ''Mosbachium.''"</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Mosbach'')</small> * [[Mosburgum (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Mosburgum]]<ref>Theodiscum toponymum ''Moosburg'' in Latinam "Mosburgum" verti solet. V.gr., vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/pareus1/Pareus_historia.html ''HISTORIA BAVARICO- PALATINA''], ubi dicitur "(...) Traunsteinium, Burghusium, Brunouium, Oetinga, Trostberga, Rieda, Rosenhaimium, Mosburgum, Ardinga, Ottofelda, Pfarkirchium, Biburgum, Dorfena, Neoforum, Rotenburgum (...)"; aut [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10315929?cq=Halae&p=1&lang=de ''Boicae Gentis Annalium Pars''], ubi dicitur "(...) Rieda Rosenbaimium Mosburgum Ardinga Ottofelda Pfarkirchium (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Moosburg'')</small> * [[Mossinga]]<ref name="Ludwig von Wüttemberg"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Mössingen'')</small> * [[Mozinga]]<ref>Vide ''De statu Germaniae saeculo XVIII'', ubi dicitur "(...) Elector ''Mozingæ'' eos veneratus , atque ''Straubingam'' comitatus mensae hospites adhibuit (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Mötzingen'')</small> * [[Mudauvia]]<ref name="Cellarius 1706"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mudau'')</small> * [[Muhlenbachium (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Muhlenbachium]]<ref name="Muhlenbachium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Muhlenbach'' in Latinam "Muhlenbachium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://eda.eme.ro ''Köleséri Sámuel tudományos levelezése (1709–1732)''], ubi dicitur "(...) Muhlenbachii in museo quodam pervetustissimo (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Mühlenbach'')</small> * [[Muhlhemium ad Danubium]]<ref name="MUHLHEMIUM">Theodiscum toponymum ''Mühlheim'' in Latinam "Muhlhemium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/A080085/A080085_djvu.txt ''Generalis geographia cosmica, mathematica, naturalis, politica''], ubi dicitur "(...) MUHLHEMIUM , urbs (...)" aut vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Mühlheim an der Donau'')</small> * [[Muhlinga]]<ref>Vide [https://books.google.es/books/about/Programma_De_Novo_Testamento.html?id=vonlzQEACAAJ&redir_esc=y ''Programma, De Novo Testamento''], ubi dicitur "(...) Natæ De Barby Et Muhlinga Comitis (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Mühlingen'')</small> * [[Mulbronna]]<ref name=a>[[google]]-books: [https://books.google.de/books?id=U0xOAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA45&lpg=PA45&dq=Mulbronnae&source=bl&ots=IUOVBGIvOc&sig=ACfU3U18nDQCJD1wEq8HjKHWSyRDFmTOZA&hl=de&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwin0_TH_J7lAhXPfFAKHVevCLgQ6AEwA3oECAEQAQ#v=onepage&q=Mulbronnae&f=false Clarorum virorum Epistolae latinae, graecae et hebraicae variis temporibus...]</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Maulbronn'')</small> * [[Mulinheimum]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/8698/M%C3%BCllheim+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) 758 in villa Mulinheimo (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Müllheim'')</small> * [[Mulinhusa]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/6416/M%C3%BChlhausen+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Mulinhusa 0783 (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Mühlhausen'')</small> * [[Mulinusa-Heginga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/14767/M%C3%BChlhausen+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Mulinusa 0787 (...)"; et denuo vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/14762/Ehingen+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Heginga 0787 (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Mühlhausen-Ehingen'')</small> * [[Munderkinga]]<ref name="FDA"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Munderkingen'')</small> * [[Munsinga (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Munsinga]]<ref name="FDA"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Münsingen'')</small> * [[Murga (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Murga]]<ref name="Neugart Burgundiae Transiuranae 1791">Neugart, T. (1791). ''Codex Diplomaticus Alemanniae et Burgundiae Transiuranae''. Typis Monasterii S. Blasii.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Murg'')</small> * [[Muri Lapidei]]<ref name="Mone Quellensammlung 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Steinmauern'')</small> * [[Murra (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Murra]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/1069/Murr+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Murra 0972 (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Murr'')</small> * [[Murrhartum]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/historiaetcomme03theogoog/historiaetcomme03theogoog_djvu.txt ''Historia et commentationes Academiae electoralis scientiarvm et elegantiorvm litterarvm Theodoro-Palatinae''], ubi dicitur "(...) Suevorumque per sylvas Murrhartum & Virgundam ita transibat (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Murrhardt'')</small> * [[Murum (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Murum]]<ref name="Cellarius 1706"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mauer'')</small> {{div col end}} == N == {{div col|4}} * [[Nagalda]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Nagold'')</small> * [[Neidlinga]]<ref name="FDA"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neidlingen'')</small> * [[Nellinga]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/amoenitateslite00schgoog/amoenitateslite00schgoog_djvu.txt ''Amoenitates literariae''], ubi dicitur "(...) Nellinga (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Nellingen'')</small> * [[Neobulachum]]<ref name="Sattler 1768">Sattler, C. F. (1768). ''Historische Beschreibung des Herzogthums Würtemberg''. Bey Johann Georg Cotta.</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Neubulach'')</small> * [[Neoburgum]]<ref name="Hofmannus">{{Hofmannus}}.</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Neuenburg am Rhein'')</small> * [[Nerissania]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Neresheim'')</small> * [[Nero (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Nero]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Nehren'')</small> * [[Neuenstadium ad Fluvium Kocherum]]<ref>Vide [https://opendata.uni-halle.de ''Nothwendige Prüfung D. Johann Georg Estors Landgräfflich-...''], ubi dicitur "(...) Neuenstadium ad Fluvium Kocherum, Meckmühlum, Utzbergam, Umbstadium cum omnibus suis pertinentiis (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Neuenstadt am Kocher'')</small> * [[Neuffa]]<ref>Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camena/frisc1/Frischlin_elegiaca_2.html ''Nothwendige Prüfung D. Johann Georg Estors Landgräfflich-...''], ubi dicitur "(...) Neuffa tibi gentile solum (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Neuffen'')</small> * [[Neunkircha (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Neunkircha]]<ref name="Neunkirchen">Theodiscum toponymum ''Neunkirchen'' in Latinam "Neunkircha" verti solet. V.gr. vide [http://benediktinerakademie.org/wp-content/plugins/kloster-vz/func/get-kloster.php ''Benediktiner Akademie''], ubi dicitur "(...) Neunkircha-Nassovius (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Neunkirchen'')</small> * [[Nicerocella]]<ref name="Camden 1607">Camden, W. (1607). ''Britannia, sive florentissimorum regnorum, Angliae, Scotiae, Hiberniae, et insularum adiacentium chorographica descriptio''. Georgius Bishop & Ioannes Norton.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Neckarzimmern'')</small> * [[Norderaha]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/11242/Nordrach+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Norderaha 1139 (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Nordrach'')</small> * [[Nordhemium (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Nordhemium]]<ref name="Nordhemium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Nordheim'' in Latinam "Nordhemium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_IKs-AAAAcAAJ/bub_gb_IKs-AAAAcAAJ_djvu.txt ''Dioecesis Moguntina''], ubi dicitur "(...) nolle se aream habitationis suae Nordhemii dilatare (...) prope Nordhemium (...) monasterium S. Blasii Nordhemii (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Nordheim'')</small> * [[Nova Civitas (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Nova Civitas]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Neuenbürg'')</small> * [[Nova Ecclesia (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Nova Ecclesia]]<ref name="Neukirch">Theodiscum toponymum ''Neukirch'' in Latinam "Nova Ecclesia" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Neukirch'')</small> * [[Nova-Fraxini Fons]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Niefern-Öschelbronn'')</small> * [[Novae Domus supra Angulum]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neuhausen ob Eck'')</small> * [[Novale (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Novale]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neuler'')</small> * [[Novale Desertum]]<ref name="Förstemann 2 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wüstenrot'')</small> * [[Novale Dominicum]]<ref name="Förstemann 1916">Förstemann, E. (1916). Altdeutsches Namenbuch: Ortsnamen (Vol. 2). P. Hanstein.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Fronreute'')</small> * [[Novale Herici]]<ref name="Mone Zeitschrift 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Herrischried'')</small> * [[Novale Novum (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Novale Novum]]<ref name="Mone Zeitschrift 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neuried'')</small> * [[Novale Superius (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Novale Superius]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberried'')</small> * [[Novilunium (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Novilunium]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neulingen'')</small> * [[Novostadia (Iura et Danubius)|Novostadia]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> (in [[Circulus Iurae et Danubii|Circulo Iurae et Danubii]]) <small>(Theodisce ''Neenstetten'')</small> * [[Novostadia (Tubinga)|Novostadia]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> (in [[Circulus terrae Tubingensis|Circulo terrae Tubingensi]]) <small>(Theodisce ''Neustetten'')</small> * [[Novovera]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neufra'')</small> * [[Novum Castrum (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Novum Castrum]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/14739/Hohenfels+-+Wohnplatz ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) novum Castrum 1292 (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hohenfels'')</small> * [[Novum Villare]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neuweiler'')</small> * [[Nucleus ad Remsam]]<ref name="Steub 1843"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kernen im Remstal'')</small> * [[Nuhusa (Enze)|Nuhusa]]<ref name="Neuhausen">Theodiscum toponymum ''Neuhausen'' in Latinam "N(e)uhusa" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> (ad [[Enze]]<ref name="Enze">Vide [https://ia601601.us.archive.org/23/items/bub_gb_G-4IAAAAQAAJ/bub_gb_G-4IAAAAQAAJ.pdf ''Beiträge zur gallo-keltisch... Namenkunde''], ubi dicitur "(...) die ''Enz'' (in den Neckar), c. 1150 Enze fluvius (d i. *Antia) (...)".</ref>) <small>(Theodisce ''Neuhausen'')</small> * [[Nuhusa Filderensis]]<ref name="Neuhausen"/><ref name="Filderensis">Confer [[binomen|epitheton]] "filderensis", quod Theodiscum toponymum ''Fildern'' refertur.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Neuhausen auf den Fildern'')</small> * [[Nurtinga]]<ref>Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/adam/adam4/books/adamvitae4_92.html ''THEODORICUS SNEPFIUS''], ubi dicitur "(...) Tubingae Nurtinga venit (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Nürtingen'')</small> * [[Nuspilingum]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/16473/Nusplingen+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) 842 Nuspilingum (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Nusplingen'')</small> {{div col end}} == O == {{div col|4}} * [[Oberndorfium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Oberndorf am Neckar'')</small> * [[Obernhemium (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Obernhemium]]<ref name="Obernhemium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Obernheim'' in Latinam "Obernhemium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://ia804502.us.archive.org/9/items/compendiumgeogra00stad/compendiumgeogra00stad.pdf ''Dioecesis Moguntina'']{{Nexus deficit|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) Obernhemium, Argentina, Caesaris mons (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Obernheim'')</small> * [[Obrighemium]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_tuMAAAAAYAAJ/bub_gb_tuMAAAAAYAAJ_djvu.txt ''Historia et commentationes Academiae electoralis scientiarvm et elegantiorvm litterarvm Theodoro-Palatinae''], ubi dicitur "(...) Paucis supra Obrighemium lapidibus ad alteram Neccari ripam (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Obrigheim'')</small> * [[Occidentale Habitaculum]]<ref name="Buck 1843"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Westerheim'')</small> * [[Occidentales Casae]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Westhausen'')</small> * [[Occidentostadium]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Westerstetten'')</small> * [[Occidentovilla ad Nicrum]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neckarwestheim'')</small> * [[Ochsenhusa]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/detail/-/Detail/details/DOKUMENT/ubf_digitalisate/gerbert1773/Martini%20Gerberti%20%20Iter%20Alemannicvm%20Accedit%20Italicvm%20et%20Gallicvm ''Iter Alemannicvm''], ubi dicitur "(...) Ochsenhusa (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Ochsenhausen'')</small> * [[Oenopolis]]<ref>Vide [https://forum.ahnenforschung.net/forum/allgemeine-diskussionsforen/begriffserkl-rung-wortbedeutung-und-abk-rzungen/2932224-begriff-oenopoli-scabini ''forum.ahnenforschung.net''], ubi dicitur "(...) Ein scabinus war in etwa ein Ratsherr, und Oenopolis ist "Weinstadt" (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Weinstadt'')</small> * [[Oeringa]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Öhringen'')</small> * [[Oeschinga ad Vutacham]]<ref name="Bucelinus 1655"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wutöschingen'')</small> * [[Offenburgum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Offenburg'')</small> * [[Ofterdinga]]<ref name="Ludwig von Wüttemberg"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ofterdingen'')</small> * [[Olepronna-Durnum]]<ref name="Homann 1712"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ölbronn-Dürrn'')</small> * [[Ollinga]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/monumentaboicae15landgoog/monumentaboicae15landgoog_djvu.txt ''Monumenta Boica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Ollinga (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Öllingen'')</small> * [[Oninga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/14523/%C3%96hningen+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Oninga 0788 (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Öhningen'')</small> * [[Opfinga]]<ref name="FDA"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Öpfingen'')</small> * [[Opiae]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Bopfingen'')</small> * [[Oppenavia]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/A080085/A080085_djvu.txt ''Generalis geographia cosmica, mathematica, naturalis, politica''], ubi dicitur "(...) OPPENAVIA »urbs Herciniae ad Grisbach fl. ubi Thermae & Acidulae (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Oppenau'')</small> * [[Oppidum Scuti]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Schiltach'')</small> * [[Orsinga-Nancingae]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/14797/Orsingen+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Orsinga 1094 (...)"; et denuo vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/14796/Nenzingen+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilortt ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Nancingas 0839 (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Orsingen-Nenzingen'')</small> * [[Ortenberga (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Ortenberga]]<ref name="Ortenberga">Theodiscum toponymum ''Ortenberg'' in Latinam "Ortenberga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.e-rara.ch ''Dioecesis Moguntina''], ubi dicitur "(...) Domicilium Ortenberga fixit (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ortenberg'')</small> * [[Oschilchi]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hoßkirch'')</small> * [[Ostfilderia]]<ref name="Förstemann 2 1900"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Ostfildern'')</small> * [[Ostringa]]<ref>Vide [https://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/02m/0865-0865,_Anscharius_Hamburgensis_Episcopus,_Vita_Sancti_Willehadi_Episcopi_Bremensis_Primi,_MLT.pdf ''Anscharius Hamburgensis Episcopus, Vita Sancti Willehadi Episcopi Bremensis Primi''], ubi dicitur "(...) Ostringa vulgo dicitur (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Östringen'')</small> * [[Otilinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce 'Aidlingen''')</small> * [[Ottonis Curiae in Nigra Silva]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ottenhöfen im Schwarzwald'')</small> * [[Oweltinga-Molendinorum Curiae]]<ref name="Graesse"/><ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Uhldingen-Mühlhofen'')</small> {{div col end}} == P == {{div col|4}} * [[Palus (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Palus]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Moos'')</small> * [[Palus Alnorum]]<ref name="Bacci 1571"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Erlenmoos'')</small> * [[Palus Mortua]]<ref name="Bucelinus Germania topo-chrono-stemmato-graphica 1667"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Todtmoos'')</small> * [[Palus Nicri]]<ref name="Mone Zeitschrift 1848"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Horb am Neckar'')</small> * [[Palus Sonorus]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schlat'')</small> * [[Petra Stellarum]]<ref name="Mone Quellensammlung 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Sternenfels'')</small> * [[Pezzinga]]<ref>Vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Die_Kunstdenkm%C3%A4ler_der_Amtsbezirke_Breisach%2C_Emmendingen%2C_Ettenheim%2C_Freiburg_%28Land%29%2C_Neustadt%2C_Staufen_und_Waldkirch_%28Kreis_Freiburg_Land%29_%28IA_gri_33125016431146%29.pdf ''kunstdenkmäler''], ubi dicitur "(...) BÖTZINGEN Oberschaffhausen. Schreibweisen: in Betzinger marca ad a. 769 Cod. Lauresh. II 550; in pago Brisowe in villa Pezzinga ad a. 832 (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bötzingen'')</small> * [[Pfaffenhofa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Pfaffenhofa]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_Q7osAAAAYAAJ/bub_gb_Q7osAAAAYAAJ_djvu.txt ''Momumenta Boica''], ubi dicitur "(...) non procul a Pfaffenhofa ad fluuium Glon (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Pfaffenhofen'')</small> * [[Phedelbachium]]<ref>Vide [https://web.bc.edu/jsdc/jsl/wlet_19011201.pdf ''The Woodstock Letters''], ubi dicitur "(...) cum patre laico Phedelbachium (7) mittas (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Pfedelbach'')</small> * [[Philippi Burgum]]<ref>[https://collections.louvre.fr/ark:/53355/cl010446265 Numisma 'Philippi Burgum expugnatum'] (1734) in [[Museum Luparense|Museo Luparensi]].</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Philippsburg'')</small> * [[Phorca]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Pforzheim'')</small> * [[Phulendorfium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Pfullendorf'')</small> * [[Piceavia]]<ref name="Förstemann 2 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fichtenau'')</small> * [[Pincerne Cella]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schenkenzell'')</small> * [[Piscatoris Rivus]]<ref name="Förstemann 2 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fischerbach'')</small> * [[Pissinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bissingen an der Teck'')</small> * [[Pliezhusa]]<ref>Vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/498871261/tbingeni-matrikula-msolata ''Tbingeni Matrikula Msolata''], ubi dicitur "(...) Pliezhusa.nus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Pliezhausen'')</small> * [[Pluderhusium]]<ref name="Ferrari 1677"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Plüderhausen'')</small> * [[Pons Albis]]<ref name="Biedermann 1752"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Albbruck'')</small> * [[Pons Parvus]]<ref name="Mone Quellensammlung 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Stegen'')</small> * [[Populeus Rivus (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Populeus Rivus]]<ref name="Sartorius 1705"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Aspach'')</small> * [[Potinga]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_6ZY4AAAAYAAJ/bub_gb_6ZY4AAAAYAAJ_djvu.txt ''Geschichte der Grafen von Zollern-Hohenberg und ihrer Grafschaft''], ubi dicitur "(...) Darauf (833) erjcheint abermals ein Adalbert, in defjen Grafihaft der Ort »Potinga« (Böttingen, DA. Spaichingen) lag (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Böttingen'')</small> * [[Pountum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Baindt'')</small> * [[Praedium Dominicum]]<ref name="Förstemann 2 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fröhnd'')</small> * [[Prata (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Prata]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Owen'')</small> * [[Pratum Cruchinis]]<ref name="Moser 1750">Moser, J. J. (1750). Staatsrecht derer Reichs-Städte. Mezler.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Krauchenwies'')</small> * [[Pratum Cycni]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwanau'')</small> * [[Pratum Delectabile]]<ref name="Steub 1843"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wain'')</small> * [[Pratum Formosum (Nigra Silva)|Patrum Formosum]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Schönau im Schwarzwald'')</small> * [[Pratum Offonis]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Offenau'')</small> * [[Pratum Viride Superius]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Obergroninga'')</small> * [[Puabilinisvilare]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bollschweil.de/de/Leben/Unser-Bollschweil/Zahlen-Fakten ''www.bollschweil.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Ortsteil Bollschweil "Puabilinisvilare" | 838 (Urkunde Kloster St. Gallen) (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bollschweil'')</small> * [[Pulinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Pfullingen'')</small> {{div col end}} == R == {{div col|4}} * [[Radolphi Cella]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Radolfzell am Bodensee'')</small> * [[Rainavia]]<ref name="Neumüllers 1967">Neumüllers-Klauser, R. (1967). ''Die Inschriften der Stadt und des Landkreises Heidelberg''. Druckenmüller Verlag.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Rainau'')</small> * [[Rangodinga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/16482/Rangendingen+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) 795 Rangodinga (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Rangendingen'')</small> * [[Raodhaha (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Raodhaha]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/3155/Oberrot+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Raodhaha 0788 (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberrot'')</small> * [[Rastadium]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_LvwHAAAAQAAJ/bub_gb_LvwHAAAAQAAJ_djvu.txt ''Diccionario geografico universal''], ubi dicitur "(...) Rastadt, Rastadium , pequeña Ciudad de Alemania en la Suábia (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Rastatt'')</small> * [[Ratboticella]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/19668/Ki%C3%9Flegg+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Ratboticella (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Kißlegg'')</small> * [[Ravenberga]]<ref>Vide [https://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/29372/1/Mo41_MonumentaIllustrata_usb.pdf ''Monumenta Illustrata''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Annales Cliviae, Iuliae, Montium Merseae Westphalicae, Ravenbergae antiquae et modernae'' (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Rauenberg'')</small> * [[Ravenspurgum]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Ravensburg'')</small> * [[Ravestenium]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Ravenstein'')</small> * [[Redlinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Riedlingen'')</small> * [[Regis Domus (Moenus et Tuberus)|Regis Domus]]<ref name="Cellarius 1706"/> (in [[Circulus Moenensis et Tuberensis|Circulo Moenensi et Tuberensi]]) <small>(Theodisce ''Königheim'')</small> * [[Regis Domus (Tulingum)|Regis Domus]]<ref name="Cellarius 1706"/> (in [[Circulus terrae Tulingensis|Circulo terrae Tulingensi]]) <small>(Theodisce ''Königsheim'')</small> * [[Regolosinga-Worblinga]]<ref name="Baur 1863"/><ref name="Worblinga">Theodiscum toponymum ''Rickenbach'' in Latinam "Rickenbachium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_5X_6c55nN2QC/bub_gb_5X_6c55nN2QC_djvu.txt ''Alamannicarum rerum scriptores''], ubi dicitur "(...) Worblinga vicus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Rielasingen-Worblingen'')</small> * [[Reichenbachium ad Vilisam]]<ref name="Reichenbach">Theodiscum toponymum ''Reichenbach'' in Latinam "Reichenbachium" verti solet; v.gr., vide [https://libsysdigi.library.uiuc.edu/OCA/Books2010-12/promtuariumrerum01kund/promtuariumrerum01kund.pdf ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Minera asris Auerbachensis prope Reichenbachium (...)".</ref><ref name="Vilisa (Nicer)">De hydronymo, "[[Vilisa (Nicer)|Vilisa]]", vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Reichenbach an der Fils'')</small> * [[Reichenbachium Heubergense]]<ref name="Reichenbach"/><ref>Latinum gentilicium "Heubergensis" ad Heuberg refertur. Quo de toponymo, [[binomen|epitheton]] "heubergensis"; v.gr. "Equus tinkeri heubergensis".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Reichenbach am Heuberg'')</small> * [[Reichenbachium Inferius]]<ref name="Unterreichenbach">Theodiscum toponymum ''Reichenbach'' in Latinam "Reichenbachium" verti solet; v.gr., vide [https://libsysdigi.library.uiuc.edu/OCA/Books2010-12/promtuariumrerum01kund/promtuariumrerum01kund.pdf ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Minera asris Auerbachensis prope Reichenbachium (...)"; et Latinum adiectivum "inferius" Theodiscum praefixum ''Unter-'' vertit.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Unterreichenbach'')</small> * [[Reichenbachium Superius (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Reichenbachium Superius]]<ref name="Oberreichenbach">Theodiscum toponymum ''Reichenbach'' in Latinam "Reichenbachium" verti solet; v.gr., vide [https://libsysdigi.library.uiuc.edu/OCA/Books2010-12/promtuariumrerum01kund/promtuariumrerum01kund.pdf ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Minera asris Auerbachensis prope Reichenbachium (...)"; et Latinum adiectivum "superius" Theodiscum praefixum ''Ober-'' vertit.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberreichenbach'')</small> * [[Reilinga]]<ref name="Ferrari 1706">Ferrari, F. (1706). ''Novum lexicon geographicum: in quo universi orbis urbes, oppida, regna, provinciae, maria, flumina...'' (M. A. Baudrand, Ed.). Venetiis: Apud Homannum.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Reilingen'')</small> * [[Remchinga]]<ref name="Ferrari 1706"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Remchingen'')</small> * [[Remseckium]]<ref>[[Google Books]]: [https://books.google.de/books?id=FuwzkvZmlVAC&pg=RA2-PT353&lpg=RA2-PT353&dq=Rems+fluvius&source=bl&ots=pqKYOU-Qfo&sig=ACfU3U0iTPhkv6wzJUq8mkuntYSbzkgUaw&hl=de&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi04PX82dvmAhVKK5oKHUwGAR8Q6AEwAXoECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=Rems%20fluvius&f=false FONS LATINITATIS CORVINIANUS BICORNIS, auctor. Christophorus Giglingius]</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Remseck am Neckar'')</small> * [[Rencha (urbs)|Rencha]]<ref>Vide [https://www.uniarchiv.uni-freiburg.de/unigeschichte/matrikelordner/Matrikel_1806_1870.pdf ''Die Matrikel der Universität Freiburg im Breisgau''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Rencha Bad. pharm''' (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Renchen'')</small> * [[Renninga]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_6yJJAAAAcAAJ/bub_gb_6yJJAAAAcAAJ_djvu.txt ''Album Academiae Vitebergensis Ab a.Ch. MDII usque ad a. MDLX''], ubi dicitur "(...) Renninga (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Renningen'')</small> * [[Reutlinga]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Reutlingen'')</small> * [[Rhenaugia (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Rhenaugia]]<ref name="Rheinau">Theodiscum toponymum ''Rheinau'' in Latinam "Rhenaugia" verti solet; v.gr., vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Rheinau'')</small> * [[Rhenofelda (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Rhenofelda]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce '' Rheinfelden'')</small> * [[Rhiusiava]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Rosenfeld'')</small> * [[Rickenbachium (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Rickenbachium]]<ref name="Rickenbachium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Rickenbach'' in Latinam "Rickenbachium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [http://www.e-rara.ch ''Historische und critische Beyträge zu der ...''], ubi dicitur "(...) plebejanum Rickenbachium , qui Lutheranae factionis (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Rickenbach'')</small> * [[Riedericha]]<ref name="Baur 1863"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Riedericha'')</small> * [[Rigola]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/14223/Weilheim+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Rigola 0762 (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Riegel am Kaiserstuhl'')</small> * [[Rigopaladi Pratum-Scapbachium]]<ref name="Binterim 1824">Binterim, A. J. (1824). ''Pragmatische Geschichte der deutschen National- und Provinzial-Concilien''. [[Moguntiacum|Moguntiaci]]: Kirchheim, Schott und Thielmann.</ref><ref name="Baur 1863"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Rippoldsau-Schapbach'')</small> * [[Riuti (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Riuti]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Reute'')</small> * [[Rivulus Caesaris]]<ref name="Mone Zeitschrift 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kaisersbach'')</small> * [[Rivulus Fruticeti]]<ref name="Mone Quellensammlung 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Spraitbach'')</small> * [[Rivulus Haddonis]]<ref name="Mone Zeitschrift 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Heddesbach'')</small> * [[Rivulus Pici]]<ref name="Mone Quellensammlung 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Spechbach'')</small> * [[Rivulus Sigilli]]<ref name="Egler 1862">Egler, L. (1862). ''Aus der Vorzeit der Stadt und ehemaligen Festung Sigmaringen''. Liehner.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Siegelsbach'')</small> * [[Rivulus Truncorum]]<ref name="Mone Quellensammlung 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Stimpfach'')</small> * [[Rivus Formosus (Nigra Silva)|Rivus Formosus]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> in [[Nigra silva|Nigra Silva]] <small>(Theodisce ''Schonach im Schwarzwald'')</small> * [[Rivus Hadumari Superior]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberharmersbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Limpidus (Silva Nigra)|Rivus Limpidus]]<ref name="Steub 1843"/> (in [[Nigra silva|Nigra Silva]]) <small>(Theodisce ''Lauterbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Limpidus (Virtembergia)|Rivus Limpidus]]<ref name="Steub 1843"/> (in [[Virtembergia]]) <small>(Theodisce ''Lauterach'')</small> * [[Rivus Magnus ad Bilsiam]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Michelbach an der Bilz'')</small> * [[Rivus Olonis]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ohlsbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Ottonis (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Rivus Ottonis]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ottenbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Pistrinarius]]<ref name="Cellarius 1706"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kürnbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Regis et Lapis]]<ref name="Steub 1843"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Königsbach-Stein'')</small> * [[Rivus Seccae]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Seckach'')</small> * [[Rivus Serenus]]<ref name="Bumiller 1997">Bumiller, C. (1997). ''Geschichte der Stadt Haiterbach: Band II (1525–1997)'' Rivi Sereni: Stadtverwaltung.</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Haiterbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Silvestris]]<ref name="Cellarius 1706"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lobbach'')</small> * [[Roda (Halla Suevica)|Roda]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/3220/Rot+am+See+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Roda 1139 (...)".</ref> (in [[Circulus terrae Hallae Suevicae|Circulo Hallae Suevicae]]) <small>(Theodisce ''Rot am See'')</small> * [[Rohrdorfium (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Rohrdorfium]]<ref name="Rohrdorf">Theodiscum toponymum ''Rohrdorf'' in Latinam "Rohrdorfium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10372085?p=1&cq=Andreas%20a%20Sancta%20Theresia&lang=de ''Chronica Bavaricae Capucinorum Provinciae''], ubi dicitur "(...) 2. Rohrdorfii (Archidioec. Monac.) (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Rohrdorf'')</small> * [[Rosarum Hortus (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Rosarum Hortus]]<ref name="Rosengarten">Theodiscum toponymum ''Rosergarten'' in Latinam "Rosarum Hortus" verti solet. V.gr., vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Rosengarten'')</small> * [[Rosarum Mons (Iura Orientalis)|Rosarum Mons]]<ref name="Rosarum Mons"/> (in [[Circulus Iurae Orientalis|Circulo Iurae Orientalis]]) <small>(Theodisce ''Rosenberg'')</small> * [[Rosarum Mons (Nicer et Ottenica Silva)|Rosarum Mons]]<ref name="Rosarum Mons">Theodiscum toponymum ''Rosenberg'' in Latinam "Rosarum Mons" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_9j0OAAAAQAAJ/bub_gb_9j0OAAAAQAAJ_djvu.txt ''Scriptores rerum Silesiacarum''], ubi dicitur "(...) in villam, que dicitur Rosarum mons (...)" aut vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> (in [[Circulus Nicrensis et Ottenicus|Circulo Nicrensi et Ottenico]]) <small>(Theodisce ''Rosenberg'')</small> * [[Rotgisinga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/1072/Oberriexingen+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Rotgisinga in pago Enzingowe 0795 (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Oberriexingen'')</small> * [[Rostrum Nemaviae (Iura et Danubius)|Rostrum Nemaviae]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (in [[Circulus Iurae et Danubii|Circulo Iurae et Danubii]]) <small>(Theodisce ''Rammingen'')</small> * [[Rostrum Nemaviae (Ludoviciburgum)|Rostrum Nemaviae]]<ref name="Hofmannus">{{Hofmannus}}.</ref> (in [[Circulus terrae Ludoviciburgum (Badenia et Virtembergia)|Circulo Ludoviciburgo]]) <small>(Theodisce ''Mundelsheim'')</small> * [[Romaninchova]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z">Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N - Z''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Rümmingen'')</small> * [[Rota (ad Rotam)|Rota]]<ref name="Ferrari 1706"/> (ad [[Rota (Danubius)|Rotam]]<ref name="Graesse"/>) <small>(Theodisce ''Rot an der Rot'')</small> * [[Rotta Afrae]]<ref name="Steichele II 1862">Steichele, A. (1862). ''Das Bisthum Augsburg, historisch und statistisch beschrieben'' (Vol. 2). B. Schmid’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Täferrot'')</small> * [[Rottovilla]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Rottweil'')</small> * [[Ruodberti Curia]]<ref name="Binterim 1824"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ruppertshofen'')</small> {{div col end}} == S == {{div col|4}} * [[Sacer Mons]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Heiligenberg'')</small> * [[Sacerdotum Villare]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pfaffenweiler'')</small> * [[Saconium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Säckingen'')</small> * [[Salemitanum Monasterium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Salem'')</small> * [[Salicetum (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Salicetum]]<ref name="Buck 1843"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wieden'')</small> * [[Salictum (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Salictum]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Salach'')</small> * [[Salinae Fridericianae]]<ref name="Alberti 1834">Alberti, F. von. (1834). Beitrag zu einer Monographie des bunten Sandsteins, Muschelkalks und Keupers. Cotta’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Friedrichshall'')</small> * [[Sanctae Mariae Cella (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Sanctae Mariae Cella]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Sankt Märgen'')</small> * [[Sancti Blaesi Monasterium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Sankt Blasien'')</small> * [[Sancti Petri Cella (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Sancti Petri Cella]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Sankt Peter'')</small> * [[Sanctus Leo-Rota]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/6659/St+Leon+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) sanctum Leonem 0853 (...)".</ref><ref name="Ferrari 1706"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Sankt Leon-Rot'')</small> * [[Sasbacum (Mordenaugia)|Sasbacum]]<ref name="Sasbach">Theodiscum toponymum ''Sasbach'' in Latinam "Sabascum" verti solet; v.gr., vide [https://pau.krakow.pl/ANP/ANP_XXXIV_6_2008.pdf ''ACTA NUNTIATURAE POLONAE''], ubi dicitur "(...) in pugna prope oppidum Sasbacum (Sasbach) (...) Sabascum (Sasbach), oppidum (...)"; et [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/cera/schurzfleisch2/Schurzfleisch_epistolae_selectiores.html ''CCLXIIII. HENRICO, L. B. A FRISEN.''], ubi dicitur "(...) prope Sasbacum, qui est vicus infra Argentoratum (...)".</ref> (in [[Circulus Mordenaugia|Circulo Mordenaugiā]]) <small>(Theodisce ''Sasbach'')</small> * [[Sasbacum ad Caesaris Praetorium]]<ref name="Sasbach"/><ref name="Caesaris Praetorium">Vide [https://archive.org/details/egger-carolus-lexicon-nominum-locorum/page/155/mode/2up?q=Caesaris ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Kaiserstuhl''' Caesaris Praetorium* n. (cfr. OL). Est oppidum in Helvetia situm, Eodem autem nomine montes in Badenia siti nuncupantur (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Sasbach am Kaiserstuhl'')</small> * [[Saxum Nidonis]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neidenstein'')</small> * [[Saxum Novum (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Saxum Novum]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Neuenstein'')</small> * [[Scalestatia]]<ref name="Baur 1863"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schallstadt'')</small> * [[Scaplanza]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/6223/Mittelschefflenz+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Scaplanza 0797 (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Schefflenz'')</small> * [[Scelclinia]]<ref name="Baur 1863"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Schelklingen'')</small> * [[Schera]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/21338/Scheer+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) de Schera (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Scheer'')</small> * [[Schomberga (Calewa)|Schomberga]]<ref name="Schomberga">Theodiscum toponymum ''Schömberg'' in Latinam "Schomberga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://medit.lutheran.hu/files/buchwald_georg_wittenberger_ordiniertenbuch_1560_1572_1895.pdf ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A - D''], ubi dicitur "(...) Johannis de Schomberga Freibergam missus (...)".</ref> (urbs) (in [[Circulus terrae Calewensis|Circulo Calewensi]]) <small>(Theodisce ''Schömberg'')</small> * [[Schomberga (Montes Zolnerenses)|Schomberga]]<ref name="Schomberga"/> (in [[Circulus Montium Zolnerensium|Circulo Montium Zolnerensium]]) <small>(Theodisce ''Schömberg'')</small> * [[Schonaichium]]<ref>Vide ''Casparis Dornavii Charidemus, hoc est, De Morum Pulchritudine, Necessitate, Utilitate,'' ubi dicitur "(...) [Habita in Illustri Panegyre gymnasi[i] Schönaichi[i] ad Oderam] (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Schönaich'')</small> * [[Schonauvia (Rhenus et Nicer)|Schonauvia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) (in [[Circulus Rhenanus et Nicrensis|Circulo Rhenano et Nicrensi]]) <small>(Theodisce ''Schönau'')</small> * [[Schonenberga (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Schonenberga]]<ref name="Schonenberga">Theodiscum toponymum ''Schönenberg'' in Latinam "Schonenberga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/adam/adam1/Adam_vitae_1.html ''HIERONYMUS WOLFIUS''], ubi dicitur "(...) Baro a Schonenberga, muneratus est (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Schönenberg'')</small> * [[Schopflochium (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Schopflochium]]<ref name="Schopfloch">Theodiscum toponymum ''Schopfloch'' in Latinam "Schopflochium" verti solet; v.gr., vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10622732?p=197&cq=ad&lang=de ''Joannis Adlzreitter a Tetenweis, Arcani Consilii Cancellarii, Annalium Boicae Gentis Partes III''], ubi dicitur "(...) Cellae ad pedem Schopflochii montis (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Schopfloch'')</small> * [[Schorndorfium]]<ref>[[Google Books]]: [https://books.google.de/books?id=FuwzkvZmlVAC&pg=RA2-PT353&lpg=RA2-PT353&dq=Rems+fluvius&source=bl&ots=pqKYOU-Qfo&sig=ACfU3U0iTPhkv6wzJUq8mkuntYSbzkgUaw&hl=de&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi04PX82dvmAhVKK5oKHUwGAR8Q6AEwAXoECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=Rems%20fluvius&f=false FONS LATINITATIS CORVINIANUS BICORNIS, auctor. Christophorus Giglingius]</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Schorndorf'')</small> * [[Schramberga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.uniarchiv.uni-freiburg.de/unigeschichte/matrikelordner/Matrikel_1806_1870.pdf ''Die Matrikel der Universität Freiburg im Breisgau''], ubi dicitur "(...) Schramberga regni Wurtembergici (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Schramberg'')</small> * [[Schrieshemium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.marchivum.de/bibliostar/digitalisate/pdf/22384.pdf ''Marchivum''], ubi dicitur "(...) & aliis arboretis tecto: Lobodunum, Schrieshemium,. Weinhemium, Starckenburgium (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Schriesheim'')</small> * [[Scitinga et Phulacha]]<ref name="Mayer 1907"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Seitingen-Oberflacht'')</small> * [[Scrozzinga]]<ref>Vide [https://francia.ahlfeldt.se/page/documents/9723 ''Data Space of Regnum Francorum Online''], ubi dicitur "(...) Bad Krozingen , as place of event/issue ''Actum puplice in villa, qui vocatur Scrozzinga'' (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Krozingen'')</small> * [[Scutera Silva]]<ref name="Mone Quellensammlung 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schutterwald'')</small> * [[Sebacum (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Sebacum]]<ref name="Sebacum">Theodiscum toponymum ''Seebach'' in Latinam "Sebacum" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. N - Z''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Seebach'')</small> * [[Secchosowa]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/9955/Sexau+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Secchosowa 0862 (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Sexau'')</small> * [[Seelbachium (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Seelbachium]]<ref name="Seelbachium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Seelbach'' in Latinam "Seelbachium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://regionalia.blb-karlsruhe.de/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/19146/file/blb_Nothegger_Reisewege_Franziskaner.pdf ''Reisewege der Franziskaner nach und in Vorderösterreich''], ubi dicitur "(...) Seelbachium per Friburgum (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Seelbach'')</small> * [[Sigemundi Domus]]<ref name="Mone Quellensammlung 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Simmozheim'')</small> * [[Sigimari Campus]]<ref name="Wirtembergisches Urkundenbuch IV 1858">Wirtembergisches Urkundenbuch (Ed.) (1858). ''Wirtembergisches Urkundenbuch'' (Vol. 4). F.H. Köhler.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Simmersfeld'')</small> * [[Sigimaringia Villa]]<ref name="Wirtembergisches Städtebuch II 1849">Wirtembergisches Urkundenbuch (Ed.). (1849). Wirtembergisches Städtebuch (Vol. 2). Kohlhammer.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Sigmaringendorf'')</small> * [[Sigmaringa]]<ref>De nomine Latino vide [[Fidelis de Sigmaringa|Fidelem de Sigmaringa]].</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Sigmaringen'')</small> * [[Silva Benedicta]]<ref name="Silva Benedicta">Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/21404/Wald+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) 1212 Walde, um 1220, aber auf die Zeit vor 1208 bezogen, advocatia Walde, 17. Jahrhundert silva benedicta (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Wald'')</small> * [[Silva Ecclesiae]]<ref name="Steub 1843"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchardt'')</small> * [[Silva Formosa]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schönwald im Schwarzwald'')</small> * [[Silva Hufelonis]]<ref name="Mone Zeitschrift 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hüffenhardt'')</small> * [[Silva Lacus]]<ref name="Silva Lacus">Theodisca vox ''Seewald'' in Latinam "Silva Lacus" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.kennelvonsilvalacus.de/ ''Kennel von Silvalacus''], ubi dicitur "(...) Lisa von Silvalacus (...) Wir sind Claudia und Peter Seewald (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Seewald'')</small> * [[Silva Pratensis (Baden Virtembergia)|Silva Pratensis]]<ref name="Biedermann 1752"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Auenwald'')</small> * [[Silva Scabra]]<ref name="Mone Quellensammlung 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Straubenhardt'')</small> * [[Silva Simonis]]<ref name="Mone Quellensammlung 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Simonswald'')</small> * [[Silvaestadium (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Silvaestadium]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Waldstetten'')</small> * [[Silvaevilla-Haselachia]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Walddorfhäslach'')</small> * [[Sindelfinga]]<ref>[[Ioannes Pedius Tethingerus]]: ''Quatuor bella Wirtempergensia'', [s. l.] 1534, [https://www.google.de/books/edition/Quatuor_Bella_Wirtempergensia_quae_in_ea/xUBhAAAAcAAJ?hl=de&gbpv=1&dq=Sindelfinga+illic&pg=PA8-IA4&printsec=frontcover p. B 2]: ''Sindelfinga, illic modio par braßica turget.'' Vide insuper [https://www.google.com/search?q=sindelfinga&tbm=bks&sxsrf=ALiCzsbQu6-wiU4Z1zxwW5k6U52aYP3z1g%3A1659635429259&ei=5QbsYs-1D8H4kwWHtJeQAw&ved=0ahUKEwiPvN7h3635AhVB_KQKHQfaBTIQ4dUDCAk&uact=5&oq=sindelfinga&gs_lcp=Cg1nd3Mtd2l6LWJvb2tzEAM6BQgAEIAEOgQIABATULMDWJMTYM4UaABwAHgAgAHWAYgBvwqSAQU1LjYuMZgBAKABAcABAQ&sclient=gws-wiz-books hic] apud Google Books. Cf. etiam nomen pseudo-graecizans '''Synadelphinga''' (fere "fraternitatis oppidum" significans) [https://www.google.com/search?q=synadelphinga&tbm=bks&sxsrf=ALiCzsZMBceP5EtxSGRPC4jWAu3gkAd4bA%3A1659636852465&ei=dAzsYsKpG_2D9u8PyZOu6Ag&ved=0ahUKEwjCs6-I5a35AhX9gf0HHcmJC40Q4dUDCAk&uact=5&oq=synadelphinga&gs_lcp=Cg1nd3Mtd2l6LWJvb2tzEANQuAFYngVg7gZoAHAAeACAAXmIAawDkgEDMS4zmAEAoAEBwAEB&sclient=gws-wiz-books ibidem].</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Sindelfingen'')</small> * [[Singa]]<ref name="FDA"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Singen'')</small> * [[Sinshemium]]<ref name="Sinshemium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Sinsheim'' in Latinam "Sinshemium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/cellarius1/cellariushistoria.html ''Gallorum bella cum Hollandis''], ubi dicitur "(...) Alsatia, ad Sinshemium (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Sinsheim'')</small> * [[Sinzheimium]]<ref name="Sinzheimium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Sinzheim'' in Latinam "Sinzheimium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_d5Q5s3XFqBMC/bub_gb_d5Q5s3XFqBMC_djvu.txt ''Il mondo antico, moderno, e novissimo''], ubi dicitur "(...) Sintzhaim,, Città, Sinzheimium (...) Sinzheimium ^ Sintzhalm, Città (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Sinzheim'')</small> * [[Sipplinga]]<ref name="Wirtembergisches Städtebuch II 1849"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Sipplingen'')</small> * [[Slienga]]<ref>Vide [https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de ''Historia Zaringo Badensis''], ubi dicitur "(...) a Slienga vicina dicitur (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Schliengen'')</small> * [[Slierbachum (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Slierbachum]]<ref name="Slierbachum">Theodiscum toponymum ''Schlierbach'' in Latinam "Slierbachum" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=149&cq=Hof%20u.%20Wunsiedel&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A - D''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Slierbachum:''' Schlierbach (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Schlierbach'')</small> * [[Soagra]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Schwaigern'')</small> * [[Solbacum ad Murram]]<ref name="Hermelink 1906"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Sulzbach an der Murr'')</small> * [[Solbacum et Lauffa]]<ref name="Mayer 1907"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Sulzbach-Laufen'')</small> * [[Solicinium]]<ref name="scribblemaps"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Schwetzingen'')</small> * [[Sonthemium ad Branciam]]<ref name="Sonthemium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Sontheim'' in Latinam "Sonthemium" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Hofmannus}}.</ref><ref name="Brancia"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Sontheim an der Brenz'')</small> * [[Sorethum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Schussenried'')</small> * [[Spaichinga]]<ref name="Wartmann 1863"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Spaichingen'')</small> * [[Speciosa Vallis]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schöntal'')</small> * [[Spiegelberga]]<ref name="Spiegelberga">Theodiscum toponymum ''Spiegelberg'' in Latinam "Spiegelberga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/P._Bertii_Commentariorum_rerum_Germanicarum_libri_tres_-_primus_est_Germanie_veteris%2C_Secundus%2C_Germani%C3%A6_posterioris%2C_a_Karolo_Magno_ad_nostra_vsq%28ue%29_tempora%2C_cum_principum_genealogiis_%28IA_A026012%29.pdf ''P. Bertii Commentariorum rerum Germanicarum libri tres''], ubi dicitur "(...) Spiegelbergæ; Baro in Heluetia (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Spiegelberg'')</small> * [[Stabula ad Lacum]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mehrstetten'')</small> * [[Stabula ad Metam]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Meßstetten'')</small> * [[Stabula Domini]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pfronstetten'')</small> * [[Stabula Neranis]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Nerenstetten'')</small> * [[Stadion Inferius]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica XXII 1815"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Unterstadion'')</small> * [[Stadion Superius]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica XXII 1815"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberstadion'')</small> * [[Starzacha]]<ref name="Egler 1862"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Starzach'')</small> * [[Statio ad Rhenum]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Rheinstetten'')</small> * [[Statio Longinqua]]<ref name="Buck 1843"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Vörstetten'')</small> * [[Stedilinum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Stödtlen'')</small> * [[Steinaha (Mordenaugia)|Steinaha]]<ref name="Steinaha">Theodiscum toponymum ''Steinach'' in Latinam "Steinaha" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Steinach'')</small> * [[Steinsfeldia ad Liram]]<ref name="Steub 1843"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lehrensteinsfeld'')</small> * [[Steinheimium ad Albuchium]]<ref name="Mayer 1907">Mayer, H. (1907). ''Die Matrikel der Universität Freiburg im Breisgau von 1460-1656''. [[Friburgum Brisgoviae|Friburgi Brisgoviae]]: Herder.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Steinheim am Albuch'')</small> * [[Steinheimium ad Murram]]<ref name="Hermelink 1906">Hermelink, H. (1906). ''Die Matrikeln der Universität Tübingen: 1477-1600''. [[Stutgardia]]e: Kohlhammer.</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Steinheim an der Murr'')</small> * [[Stettia ad Mercatum Frigidum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica XXII 1815"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Stetten am kalten Markt'')</small> * [[Stettia Inferior]]<ref name="Mayer 1907"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Niederstetten'')</small> * [[Stiga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Staig'')</small> * [[Stizilinga]]<ref name="Wirtembergisches Urkundenbuch IV 1858"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Steißlingen'')</small> * [[Stocka]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Stockach'')</small> * [[Stotzinga Inferior]]<ref name="Wirtembergisches Städtebuch II 1849"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Niederstotzingen'')</small> * [[Stoupha]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Staufen im Breisgau'')</small> * [[Strasberga]]<ref>Theodiscum toponymum ''Straßberg'' in Latinam "Strasberga" verti solet; v.gr., vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camena/barza1/books/barzaeusheroes_2.html ''HEROUM HELVETIORUM EPISTOLAE''], ubi dicitur "(...) Strasbergae Dominus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Straßberg'')</small> * [[Stulinga]]<ref>Philippus Iacobus Spenerus, Historia insignium illustrium, Francofurti ad Moenum, anno 1680 {{Google Books|qwUVIuMc6y8C|pag. 628}}; Christophorus Hartmannus, Annales Heremi Dei, Friburgi Brisgoviae, anno 1612 {{Google Books|wwJeqAaDiKQC|pag. 150}}.</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Stühlingen'')</small> * [[Stutgardia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Stuttgart'')</small> * [[Suanninga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/13970/Schwenningen+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) 895 Suanninga (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwenningen'')</small> * [[Suarza (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Suarza]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwarzach'')</small> * [[Sulaga]]<ref name="Wartmann 1863"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Saulgau'')</small> * [[Sulmana]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/2106/Neckarsulm+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Sulmana 0770 [770/90] (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Neckarsulm'')</small> * [[Sulmana Superior]]<ref>Theodiscum toponymum ''-sulm'' in Latinam "Sulmana" verti solet; v.gr., vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/2106/Neckarsulm+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Sulmana 0770 [770/90] (...)"; et Latinum adiectivum "superior" Theodiscum praefixum ''Ober-'' vertit.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Obersulm'')</small> * [[Sulza (ad Neccarum)|Sulza]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Sulz am Neckar'')</small> * [[Sulzburgum]]<ref>Vide [https://ia800509.us.archive.org/35/items/operaoratoriapa1v2scho/operaoratoriapa1v2scho.pdf ''Opera Oratoria''], ubi dicitur "(...) Sulzburgum, quod oppidum est (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Sulzburg'')</small> * [[Sulzfelda (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Sulzfelda]]<ref name="Sulzfelda">Theodisca vox ''Sulzfeld'' in Latinam "Sulzfelda" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://opendigi.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/opendigi/LXV223-3 ''1710 - 1817 - OpenDigi - Universität Tübingen''], ubi dicitur "(...) Sulzfeldae praestandas (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Sulzfeld'')</small> * [[Sumelocenna]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Rottenburg'')</small> * [[Superior Domus Rhenana]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberhausen-Rheinhausen'')</small> * [[Sussium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica III 1864">Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften. (1864). ''Monumenta Boica'' (Vol. 3). Typis Academicis.</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Süßen'')</small> * [[Swendi (Vitembergia)|Swendi]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwendi'')</small> {{div col end}} == T == {{div col|4}} * [[Tagelfinga]]<ref name="Wirtembergisches Urkundenbuch IV 1877">Königliches Staatsarchiv. (1877). ''Wirtembergisches Urkundenbuch'' (Vol. 4). Karl Aue.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Neckartailfingen'')</small> * [[Tainacum et Zavelstenium]]<ref>Vide [https://iiif.biblissima.fr/collections/manifest/e3a0078eb71aa9db77a15c7a5d6019a43b4bc8dd ''Carmina, II. Teil - Karlsruhe 1610 Neun lateinische Gedichte auf die Pforzheimer bei Wimpfen, auf Langenbrand, Zavelstein, Teinach, an Freunde''], ubi dicitur "(...) Zavelstenium et Tainacum (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Teinach-Zavelstein'')</small> * [[Talheimium (Hailprunna)|Talheimium]]<ref name="Talheimium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Talheim'' in Latinam "Talheimium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://is.muni.cz/th/6665/ff_d/MIHOLA_-DIZERTACE.pdf ''MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA FILOZOFICKÁ FAKULTA''], ubi dicitur "(...) Benno Leis Bavarus Talheimii (...) Ferdinandus Kislich Austri/acus/ Talheimii (...)".</ref> (in [[Circulus terrae Hailprunna (Badenia et Virtembergia)|Circulo Hailprunnā]]) <small>(Theodisce ''Talheim'')</small> * [[Talheimium (Tulingum)|Talheimium]]<ref name="Talheimium"/> (in [[Circulus terrae Tulingensis|Circulo Tulingensi]]) <small>(Theodisce ''Talheim'')</small> * [[Tamma]]<ref name="Schoettgen 1717"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Tamm'')</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Tamm'')</small> * [[Tannhemium (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Tannhemium]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/details/compendiumtotius00kolb/page/238/mode/2up?q=Tannhemium ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Neflelvvanga. Flakenfteinium, Tannhemium. Fuefla. Indernavia (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Tannheim'')</small> * [[Tenga]]<ref name="Bucelinus Germania topo-chrono-stemmato-graphica 1667"/> (urbs) (in [[Circulus terrae Constantiae|Circulo Constantiā]]) <small>(Theodisce ''Tengen'')</small> * [[Tenga Superior]]<ref name="Bucelinus Germania topo-chrono-stemmato-graphica 1667"/> (in [[Circulus terrae Waldshutensis|Circulo Waldshutensi]]) <small>(Theodisce ''Hohentengen am Hochrhein'')</small> * [[Tenzlinga ad Nicrum]]<ref name="Crusius 1595"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neckartenzlingen'')</small> * [[Tetinga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/17158/Unterdettingen+-+Altgemeinde~Teilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Historische Namensformen''': · Tetinga 0876 (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Dettingen an der Iller'')</small> * [[Tetinga sub Tecca]]<ref name="Wirtembergisches Urkundenbuch IV 1877"/><ref name="Crusius 1595"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dettingen unter Teck'')</small> * [[Tettnangum]]<ref name="Tettnangum">Theodisca vox ''Tettnang'' in Latinam "Tettnangum" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/inscriptionesco00mommgoog/inscriptionesco00mommgoog_djvu.txt ''Inscriptiones Confoederationis helveticae latinae''], ubi dicitur "(...) Tettnangum eum abstulisse comitem Ulricum Montfort (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Tettnang'')</small> * [[Teuringia]]<ref name="Bucelinus 1655"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberteuringen'')</small> * [[Thanchinga]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/wirtembergische00staagoog/wirtembergische00staagoog_djvu.txt ], ubi dicitur (...) possidere in villa, quae dicitur Thanchinga (...).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Denkingen'')</small> * [[Thermae Caroli (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Thermae Caroli]]<ref>Vide [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23470456 ''De laudibus Thermarum Caroli a Francisco Modio celebratis''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Karlsbad'')</small> * [[Thermae Ferinae]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Wildbad'')</small> * [[Tiefenbachium (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Tiefenbachium]]<ref name="Tiefenbachium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Tiefenbach'' in Latinam "Tiefenbachium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/417518508/Nicolaus-Reusner-Rervm-Memorabilivm-in-Pannonia-Svb-Tvrca-1453-1600-1770 ''Nicolaus Reusner - Rervm Memorabilivm in Pannonia SVB Tvrca 1453-1600''], ubi dicitur "(...) Ceterum Tiefenbachium aduentus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Tiefenbach'')</small> * [[Titunse-Nova Civitas]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/9300/Titisee+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) lacus Titunse 1111 (...)"; et denuo vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/9266/Neustadt+im+Schwarzwald+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Nova Civitas 1275 (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Titisee-Neustadt'')</small> * [[Tormuotinga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.dormettingen.de/gemeinde/historie/ ''Gemeinde Dormettingen''], ubi dicitur "(...) er Ort trat damals auf als „Toromoatingen“, Jahr 793 als Tormuotinga“ und 1056 als „Dormutingan“' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Dormettingen'')</small> * [[Torrens Sonorus]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schallbach'')</small> * [[Torrentis Saxonum Silva]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Sasbachwalden'')</small> * [[Totenova]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Todtnau'')</small> * [[Triberga in Nigra Silva|Triberga]] [[Nigra Silva|in Nigra Silva]]<ref name="Triberg">Theodiscum toponymum ''Triberg'' in Latinam "Triberga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_Rz4_AAAAcAAJ/bub_gb_Rz4_AAAAcAAJ_djvu.txt ''Historia Nigrae Silvae Ordinis Sancti Benedicti Coloniae / 2''], ubi dicitur "(...) Advenerunt etiam milites Friburgo, Waldkyrcha, Triberga missi a regimine Austriaco (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Triberg im Schwarzwald'')</small> * [[Trochtelfinga]]<ref name="FDA"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Trochtelfingen'')</small> * [[Trossinga]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/egger-carolus-lexicon-nominum-locorum/EGGER%2C%20Carolus%20-%20Lexicon%20Nominum%20Locorum_djvu.txt ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) Trossinga — Trossingen (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Trossingen'')</small> * [[Tubinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Tübingen'')</small> * [[Tulingum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Tuttlingen'')</small> * [[Tunavia]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Tunau'')</small> * [[Tuninga]]<ref name="Wartmann 1863"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Tuningen'')</small> * [[Turnia ad Limitem]]<ref name="Conrady 1896">Conrady, L. (1896). ''Das Kastell Walldürn''. Limes-Commission.</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Walldürn'')</small> * [[Turris Culicum]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Muggensturm'')</small> * [[Tussenlinga]]<ref>Vide [http://www.wir-wandern-gerne.de/tag/buehlingen/ ''Wandern in Baden-Württemberg'']{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) Das Pfarrdorf Deißlingen wurde erstmals im Jahr 802 unter dem Namen Vila Tussenlinga genannt (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Deißlingen'')</small> {{div col end}} == U == {{div col|4}} * [[Uberchinga]]<ref name="Pauli IV 1877">Pauli, K. S. (1877). ''Wirtembergisches Urkundenbuch'' (Vol. 4). [[Stutgardia]]e: Landesarchiv Baden-Württemberg.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Überkingen'')</small> * [[Ubstadium-Vivarium]]<ref name="Pauli IV 1877"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ubstadt-Weiher'')</small> * [[Ucchinga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/4581/Iggingen+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) uilla Vcchinga in pago Trachgouue 0855 (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Iggingen'')</small> * [[Uhinga]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Uhingen'')</small> * [[Ulinga-Birchella]]<ref name="Büsching 1768">Büsching, A. F. (1768). ''Neue Erdbeschreibung: Dritter Th., welcher d. deutsche Reich nach seiner gegenwärtigen Staatsverfassung enthält''. [[Hamburgum|Hamburgi]]: Bohn.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ühlingen-Birkendorf'')</small> * [[Ulma]]<ref name="FDA"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Ulm'')</small> * [[Ulmetum (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Ulmetum]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rust'')</small> * [[Ummendorfium (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Ummendorfium]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_H58mVvLVgboC/bub_gb_H58mVvLVgboC_djvu.txt ''Rerum Germanicarum tomi 3''], ubi dicitur "(...) pago prope Ummendorfium (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ummendorf'')</small> * [[Unlinga]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Unlingen'')</small> * [[Untkilcha]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/9416/Umkirch+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Untkilcha 1084 (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Umkirch'')</small> * [[Uracum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Urach'')</small> * [[Urbacum (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Urbacum]]<ref name="Urbacum">Theodiscum toponymum ''Urbach'' in Latinam "Urbacum" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_OQNDAAAAcAAJ/bub_gb_OQNDAAAAcAAJ_djvu.txt ''Neue historische Abhandlungen der Baierischen Akademie der Wissenschaften''], ubi dicitur "(...) Urbacum (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Urbach'')</small> * [[Urbs Sylvatica-Tuginga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N - Z''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Urbs sylvatica, Waldstadium:''' Waldshut, (...)"; et denuo vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N - Z''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Tuginga:''' Tiengen (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Waldshut-Tiengen'')</small> * [[Uringa]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/8538/Ihringen+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Uringa 0962 (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ihringen'')</small> * [[Uttenweilara]]<ref name="Homann 1720">Homann, J. B. (1720). Atlas Germaniae Specialis. Nuremberg: Homannianis Heredibus.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Uttenweiler'')</small> {{div col end}} == V == {{div col|4}} * [[Valdorpium]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Walldorf'')</small> * [[Vallis Aichae]]<ref name="Annuarium Statisticum Ecclesiae (2025)">Civitas Vaticana (2025). ''Annuarium Statisticum Ecclesiae: Geographic Index of Localities''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Aichtal'')</small> * [[Vallis Angelbachi]]<ref name="Index Sedium Titularium et Dioecesium: Supplementum Geographicum 2026"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Angelbachtal'')</small> * [[Vallis Bammaniana]]<ref name="Freher 1613">Freher, M. (1613). ''Originum Palatinarum Commentarius''. Typis Gotthardi Voegelini.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bammental'')</small> * [[Vallis Brigachae]]<ref name="Gmelin 1805"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Brigachtal'')</small> * [[Vallis Buhlensis]]<ref name="Fritz 1991">Fritz, G. (1991). Heimatbuch Bühlertal. Gemeinde Bühlertal.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bühlertal'')</small> * [[Vallis Creichiae]]<ref name="Steub 1843"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Kraichtal'')</small> * [[Vallis Deggenhausana]]<ref name="Mone Quellensammlung 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Deggenhausertal'')</small> * [[Vallis Elzae]]<ref name="Gerbert 1774"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Elztal'')</small> * [[Vallis Frumenti-Monachopolis]]<ref name="Steub 1843"/><ref name="Cellarius 1706"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Korntal-Münchingen'')</small> * [[Vallis Glotyri]]<ref name="Glotyr">Vide [https://dokumen.pub/deutsches-gewssernamenbuch-etymologie-der-gewssernamen-und-der-zugehrigen-gebiets-siedlungs-und-flurnamen-9783110338591-9783110190397-9783110578911.html dokumen.pub], ubi dicitur "(...) in valle Glotern, 1297 vallem Glotyri, (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Glottertal'')</small> * [[Vallis Lacus (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Vallis Lacus]]<ref name="Büsching 1768"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Waldsee'')</small> * [[Vallis Monasterii (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Vallis Monasterii]]<ref name="Münstertal">Theodiscum toponymum ''Münstertal'' in Latinam "Vallis Monasterii" verti solet. V.gr. vide [http://cont.ubibanca.it/cont/3/downloads/atti_privati_1.pdf ''ubibanca.it''] aut vide {{Hofmannus}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Münstertal'')</small> * [[Vallis Pincus]]<ref name="Buck 1843"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pfinztal'')</small> * [[Vallis Sancti Petri-Griesbachium]]<ref>Theodiscum toponymum ''Peterstal'' in Latinam "Vallis Sancti Petri" verti solet. V.gr., vide [https://epubs.bibliotk.mx/epubReader/reader/files/2502/OEBPS/Text/8.xhtml ''Cäsarius von Heisterbach 1180-1245 - BiblioTK''], ubi dicitur "(...) Peterstal (Vallis Sancti Petri) (...)"; et Theodisca vox ''Griesbach'' in Latinam "Griesbachium" verti solet. V.gr., vide [https://books.google.es/books/about/Novum_Testamentum_graece.html?id=dejWyAEACAAJ&redir_esc=y ''Novum Testamentum graece''], ubi dicitur "(...) Textui ante Griesbachium vulgo recepto, additur lectionum variantium earum praecipue quae a Griesbachio potiores censentur delectus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Peterstal-Griesbach'')</small> * [[Vallis Schutterae]]<ref name="Mone Zeitschrift 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schuttertal'')</small> * [[Vallis Ursina (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Vallis Ursina]]<ref name="Mone Quellensammlung 1848">Mone, F. J. (1848). ''Quellensammlung der badischen Landesgeschichte''. C. Macklot.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bärenthal'')</small> * [[Vallis Visurae Minor]]<ref name="Büsching 1768"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kleines Wiesental'')</small> * [[Vallis Waltahae]]<ref name="Buck 1843"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Waldachtal'')</small> * [[Vallis Walzacensis]]<ref name="Buck 1843"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Walzbachtal'')</small> * [[Velberga]]<ref>[https://repozytorium.biblos.pk.edu.pl/redo/resources/40134/file/scans/DEFAULT/OCR_rezultaty/100000298878_A_v1_200dpi_q60.pdf ''P. Bertii commentariorum rerum germanicarum libri tres''], ubi dicitur "(...) Velbergæ & Chlanineæ Comes (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Vellberg'')</small> * [[Veldperga (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Veldperga]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/ned-kbn-all-00001637-001/ned-kbn-all-00001637-001_djvu.txt ''DIE KUNSTDENKMÄLER DES GROSSHERZOGTHUMS BADEN''], ubi dicitur "(...) FELDBERG Schreibweisen: in pago Prisahgouve in loco Veldperga (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Feldberg'')</small> * [[Velebacum]]<ref name="Wirtembergisches Urkundenbuch Online I">Landesarchiv Baden-Württemberg. (s. f.). ''Wirtembergisches Urkundenbuch Online: Band I.''. WUB Online.</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Fellbach'')</small> * [[Vemania]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (in [[Circulus terrae Goppingensis|Circulo Goppingensi]]) <small>(Theodisce ''Wangen'')</small> * [[Veringa]]<ref name="Förstemann 2 1900">Förstemann, E. (1900). ''Altdeutsches Namenbuch: Ortsnamen'' (Vol. 2). P. Hanstein.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Vöhringen'')</small> * [[Veringopolis]]<ref name="Büsching 1768"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Veringenstadt'')</small> * [[Veteres Domus]]<ref name="Biedermann 1752"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Altshausen'')</small> * [[Vetus Casa]]<ref name="Biedermann 1752"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Althütte'')</small> * [[Vichberga]]<ref>[https://opendigi.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/opendigi/LXV223-2-3_REG#tab=ocr&p=119 ''Register zu den Matrikeln der Universität Tübingen 1600 - 1817''], ubi dicitur "Vichberga u. ä. s. Fichtenberg Fichtenberg."</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Fichtenberg'')</small> * [[Vicus ad Alisos]]<ref name="Bacci 1571"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Epfendorf'')</small> * [[Vicus ad Rivum Durum]]<ref name="Bucelinus 1655"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Durbach'')</small> * [[Vicus ad Rivum Malinum]]<ref name="Bacci 1571"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Epfenbach'')</small> * [[Vicus ad Torrentem]]<ref name="Schoettgen 1717"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dörzbach'')</small> * [[Vicus Blidolfi]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pleidelsheim'')</small> * [[Vicus Erkenbrechti]]<ref name="Bucelinus 1655"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Erkenbrechtsweiler'')</small> * [[Vicus Erolti]]<ref name="Bucelinus 1655"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Erolzheim'')</small> * [[Vicus Hereditarius]]<ref name="Bucelinus 1655"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Erbach)'')</small> * [[Vicus Irini]]<ref name="Mone Zeitschrift 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Irndorf'')</small> * [[Vicus Lupifontis Superior]]<ref name="Mone Quellensammlung 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberwolfach'')</small> * [[Vicus Planus]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schlaitdorf'')</small> * [[Vicus Sauli]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Sauldorf'')</small> * [[Vicus Scachonis]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schechingen'')</small> * [[Vicus Sellae]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Satteldorf'')</small> * [[Vicus Sezzonis]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Setzingen'')</small> * [[Vicus Snirpferi]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schnürpflingen'')</small> * [[Vicus Spinosus]]<ref name="Bucelinus 1655"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dürnau'')</small> * [[Vicus Suidberti]]<ref name="Schannat 1723"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwieberdingen'')</small> * [[Vicus Wicardi]]<ref name="Steub 1843"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Weikersheim'')</small> * [[Vicus Wirminis]]<ref name="Buck 1843"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wiernsheim'')</small> * [[Villa Argillosa]]<ref name="Steub 1843"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Leimen'')</small> * [[Villa Ecclesiastica ad Hilariam]]<ref name="Steub 1843"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchdorf an der Iller'')</small> * [[Villa Ecclesiastica ad Nicerum]]<ref name="Steub 1843"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchheim am Neckar'')</small> * [[Villa Ecclesiastica ad Vadum Tellinii]]<ref name="Steub 1843"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchentellinsfurt'')</small> * [[Villa Ecclesiastica in Rhaetia]]<ref name="Steub 1843"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchheim am Ries'')</small> * [[Villa Enzilonis]]<ref name="Mone Zeitschrift 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Inzlingen'')</small> * [[Villa Heriberti]]<ref name="Monumenta Germaniae Historica 1881">Monumenta Germaniae Historica (MGH) (1881). ''Scriptores rerum Germanicarum in usum scholarum separatim editi''. [[Hannovera]]e: Impensis Bibliopolii Hahniani.</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Herbrechtingen'')</small> * [[Villa Hoepfionis]]<ref name="Mone Zeitschrift 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Höpfingen'')</small> * [[Villa Huchilonis]]<ref name="Mone Zeitschrift 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Heuchlingen'')</small> * [[Villa Illonis]]<ref name="Mone Zeitschrift 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Illingen'')</small> * [[Villa Immonis]]<ref name="Mone Zeitschrift 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Immendingen'')</small> * [[Villa in Antro]]<ref name="Steub 1843"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Löchgau'')</small> * [[Villa in Pulchra Fago]]<ref name="Buck 1843"/> ([[Circulus terrae Biboniensis|Circulo Biboniensi]]) <small>(Theodisce ''Weil im Schönbuch'')</small> * [[Villa Ingoldi]]<ref name="Mone Zeitschrift 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ingoldingen'')</small> * [[Villa Inzonis]]<ref name="Mone Zeitschrift 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Inzigkofen'')</small> * [[Villa Iungonis]]<ref name="Mone Zeitschrift 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Jungingen'')</small> * [[Villa Liberti]]<ref name="Steub 1843"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Leibertingen'')</small> * [[Villa Lucis Antiqua]]<ref name="Steub 1843"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Altlußheim'')</small> * [[Villa Occidentalis Frumentaria]]<ref name="Steub 1843"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Kornwestheim'')</small> * [[Villa Opponis]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oppenweiler'')</small> * [[Villa Porrina]]<ref name="Steub 1843"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Lauchheim'')</small> * [[Villa Sinistri-Statio Superior]]<ref name="Steub 1843"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Linkenheim-Hochstetten'')</small> * [[Villa Tagonis Excelsa]]<ref name="Mone Zeitschrift 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hohentengen'')</small> * [[Villa Uchilonis]]<ref name="Mone Zeitschrift 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ittlingen'')</small> * [[Villa Wolperti]]<ref name="Förstemann 2 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wolpertshausen'')</small> * [[Villa Wolpoti]]<ref name="Förstemann 2 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wolpertswende'')</small> * [[Villa Zuzonis]]<ref name="Förstemann 2 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Zuzenhausen'')</small> * [[Villa Zwiwilonis]]<ref name="Förstemann 2 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Zweiflingen'')</small> * [[Villare Allmanni]]<ref name="Sartorius 1705">Sartorius, B. (1705). ''Chronicon Sueviae: Res gestas et memorabiles regionis continens''. Sumptibus Johannis Georgii Cottae.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Allmannsweiler'')</small> * [[Villare Otthari]]<ref name="Rhenanus 1531"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ottersweier'')</small> * [[Villaria ad Teccam]]<ref name="Buck 1843"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Weilheim an der Teck'')</small> * [[Villaria sub Canalibus]]<ref name="Buck 1843"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weilen unter den Rinnen'')</small> * [[Villinga-Suanninga]]<ref name="FDA"/><ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/13970/Schwenningen+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) 895 Suanninga (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Villingen-Schwenningen'')</small> * [[Villingendorfia]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Villingendorf'')</small> * [[Villula Luci]]<ref name="Mone Zeitschrift 1848"/> (Theodisce ''Heuweiler'') * [[Vimania]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Wangen im Allgäu'')</small> * [[Vimesium]]<ref name="Förstemann 2 1900"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wimsheim'')</small> * [[Vindenia in Valle Elzae]]<ref name="Mone Zeitschrift 1854">Mone, F. J. (1854). ''Zeitschrift für die Geschichte des Oberrheins. G. Braun’sche Hofbuchhandlung''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Winden im Elztal'')</small> * [[Viridis Augia]]<ref name="Bullinger 2024"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kronau'')</small> * [[Vitegehusium]]<ref name="Knapp 1895">Knapp, T. (1895). ''Gesammelte Beiträge zur Rechts- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte vornehmlich des deutschen Südwestens''. Laupp.</ref> <small>(Theodisce '''')</small> * [[Volchardi Villa]]<ref name="Buck 1843"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Volkertshausen'')</small> * [[Vuila]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Weil der Stadt'')</small> {{div col end}} == W == {{div col|4}} * [[Wachinga Inferior]]<ref name="Buck 1843"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Unterwachingen'')</small> * [[Waeinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wehingen'')</small> * [[Waiblinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Waiblingen'')</small> * [[Waibstadium]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Waibstadt'')</small> * [[Walda (Ravenspurgum)|Walda]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Königseggwald'')</small> * [[Waldburgum]]<ref>Vide [https://books.google.es/books/about/Abhandlungen_der_Historischen_Klasse_der.html?id=BEZEAAAAcAAJ&redir_esc=y ''Abhandlungen der Historischen Klasse der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften''], ubi dicitur "(...) Waldburgum 787 (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Waldburg'')</small> * [[Waldenburgum (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Waldenburgum]]<ref name="Waldenburgum">Theodiscum toponymum ''Waldenburg'' in Latinam "Waldenburgum" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N - Z''].</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Waldenburg'')</small> * [[Walhemium]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/details/annalesantverpi00papegoog/page/314/mode/2up?q=Walhemium ''Annales antverpienses''], ubi dicitur "(...) Pugnatur ad Walhemium (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Walheim'')</small> * [[Wallhusa (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Wallhusa]]<ref name="Wallhausen">Theodisca vox ''Wallhausen'' in Latinam "Wallhusa" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://books.google.es/books/about/Socium_Limen_Templorum_Laboris_Atqve_Hon.html?id=AdJIyQEACAAJ&redir_esc=y ''Socium Limen Templorum Laboris Atqve Honoris, Tritum hactenus atque terendum''], ubi dicitur "(...) Adamum Odontium, Wallhusa Thuringum (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Wallhausen'')</small> * [[Waltchirecha]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Waldkirch'')</small> * [[Wannwila]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> ([[Circulus terrae Reutlingensis|Circulo Reutlingensi]]) <small>(Theodisce ''Wannweil'')</small> * [[Warthusa]]<ref name="FDA"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Warthausen'')</small> * [[Weidenstetta]]<ref>Vide [https://dokumen.pub/die-alten-matrikeln-der-universitt-strassburg-1621-bis-1793-band-3-personen-und-ortsregister-reprint-2019nbsped-9783111618395-9783111242019.html ''Die alten Matrikeln der Universität Strassburg 162'], ubi dicitur "(...) Weidenstetta-Ulmanus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Weidenstetten'')</small> * [[Weinhemium]]<ref>Vide [https://books.google.es/books/about/Weinhemium_Palatinum_in_strata_montana_i.html?id=QeNMAAAAcAAJ&redir_esc=y ''Weinhemium Palatinum in strata montana illustratum''].</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Weinheim'')</small> * [[Weinsberga]]<ref>Vide [https://weinsberg.uni-bonn.de/Edition/Liber_Senectutis/ls10.htm ''Liber Senectutis''], ubi dicitur "(...) Aedes Weinsbergas (...) Weinsberga domus (...) Weinsbergam (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Weinsberg'')</small> * [[Weissacum in Valle]]<ref name="Stalin 1847">Stalin, C. F. (1847). ''Wirtembergische Geschichte: Das Herzogtum Württemberg''. J. G. Cotta’scher Verlag.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Weissach im Tal'')</small> * [[Wellandorum Villa]]<ref name="Buck 1843"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wellendingen'')</small> * [[Welzhemium]]<ref>Vide [https://opendigi.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/opendigi/LXV14_fol-1_188#p=2 ''Decanvs Et Collegivm Facvltatis Philosophicae In Perantiqva Stvdiorvm Vniversitate Tvbingensi''], ubi dicitur "(...) Praefecto Welzhemii Superiori (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Welzheim'')</small> * [[Wenelinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Wendlingen am Neckar'')</small> * [[Wernavia]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Wernau'')</small> * [[Werbacum]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Werbach'')</small> * [[Werida]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wört'')</small> * [[Werra (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Werra]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Wehr'')</small> * [[Werthemium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Wertheim'')</small> * [[Wila]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/10124/Wyhl+am+Kaiserstuhl+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Vvila 0994 (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Wyhl am Kaiserstuhl'')</small> * [[Wilare (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Wilare]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pfalzgrafenweiler'')</small> * [[Wildberga (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Wildberga]]<ref name="Wildberga">Theodiscum toponymum ''Wildberg'' in Latinam "Wildberga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://real-r.mtak.hu/766/1/RA_4370.pdf ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Josephus Antonius Streibig, qui Wildberga in Hungariam veniens (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Wildberg'')</small> * [[Wilhelmersdorfium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wilhelmsdorf'')</small> * [[Willa]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/15102/Weil+am+Rhein+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) 786 Willa, wahrscheinlich aus dem Lateinischen, genannt bei Schenkung an Kloster St. Gallen (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Weil am Rhein'')</small> * [[Wiloa]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weilheim'')</small> * [[Wilstadium]]<ref name="Egli 1893"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Willstätt'')</small> * [[Wimpina]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Wimpfen'')</small> * [[Wingarda (Badenia)|Wingarda]]<ref name="Wingarda">Theodiscum toponymum ''Weingarten'' in Latinam "Wingarda" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de/ZIER-HP/ZIER-HP-06-2016/AAAKoeblerGerhardBadeninderdeutschenOrtsgeschichte20160831-1553.htm ''www.koeblergerhard.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Wingarda (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Weingarten'')</small> * [[Winoda]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Winnenden'')</small> * [[Wintarfulinga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/16553/Winterlingen+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) 842 Wintarfulinga (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Winterlingen'')</small> * [[Winterbachium (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Winterbachium]]<ref name="Winterbachium">Theodisca vox ''Winterbach'' in Latinam "Winterbachium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_fbRDAAAAYAAJ/bub_gb_fbRDAAAAYAAJ_djvu.txt ''"Metropolis Ecclesiae Trevericae''], ubi dicitur "(...) secundo flumine Winterbachium Erangio (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Winterbach'')</small> * [[Wisenbachium (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Wisenbachium]]<ref name="Wiesenbach">Theodisca vox ''Wiesenbach'' in Latinam "Wisenbachium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://han.stadtarchiv.ch/inhalt/VadSlg_Ms_36_273.pdf ''Summa cum diligentia gandio me affecerunt''], ubi dicitur "(...) per wisenbachium (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Wiesenbach'')</small> * [[Wisontessteiga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/852/Wiesensteig+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Uuisontessteiga 0861 (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Wiesensteig'')</small> * [[Wislochium]]<ref>Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/wassenberg1/Wassenberg_florus.html ''FLORUS GERMANICUS''], ubi dicitur "(...) prope Wislochium castra (...)".</ref> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Wiesloch'')</small> * [[Witelichon]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wittlingen'')</small> * [[Witunauia]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/9424/Wittnau+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Witunauia 0786 (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Wittnau'')</small> * [[Wizaha]]<ref>Vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/275/Weissach+-+Altgemeinde%7ETeilort ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Wizaha 0800 (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Weissach'')</small> * [[Wizuuila]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weisweil'')</small> * [[Wolfeggi]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wolfegg'')</small> * [[Woernersberga]]<ref name="Schoepflin Germanica Gallica 1751"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wörnersberg'')</small> * [[Wolphaha]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Wolfach'')</small> * [[Wurmlinga]]<ref name="FDA"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wurmlingen'')</small> * [[Wurzacum]]<ref name="Schoepflin Celtica Romana Francica 1751"/> (urbs) <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Wurzach'')</small> {{div col end}} == Z == {{div col|4}} * [[Zartena Posterior]]<ref name="Mone Zeitschrift 1854"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hinterzarten'')</small> * [[Zeisenhusium]]<ref name="Bader 1839">Bader, J. (1839). ''Badenia oder das badische Land und Volk''. Magazin für vaterländische Interessen.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Zaisenhausen'')</small> * [[Zimbra sub Castello]]<ref name="Zimbra">Theodiscum toponymum ''Zimmern'' in Latinam "Zimbra" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}. Latinum syntagma "in Castello" Theodiscum ''unter Burg'' vertit.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Zimmern unter der Burg'')</small> * [[Zwiveltum]]<ref>Vide [https://mapcarta.com/25457546 mapcarta.com], ubi dicitur "Latin: Zwiveltum".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Zwiefalten'')</small> * [[Zwingenberga (Badenia-Virtembergia)|Zwingenberga]]<ref name="Zwingenberga">Theodisca vox ''Zwingenberg'' in Latinam "Zwingenberga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://era-prod11.ethz.ch ''Caput I. De statu Germaniae saeculo XVIII''], ubi dicitur "Zwingenberga, urbs, castrum & 10 pagorum Praefectura."</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Zwingenberg'')</small> {{div col end}} ==Notae== <references /> [[Categoria:Communia Badeniae-Virtembergiae|!]] 9bk6ohteczi23kulp2xoh3etp5mb549 0 205323 3960784 3904676 2026-05-19T21:19:14Z LilyKitty 18316 de Maurito Macri et Raphael Grossi 3960784 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Escudouca.jpg|right|200px|Universitatis vexillum]] '''Universitas Catholica Argentina''' ([[Hispanice]] ''Universidad Católica Argentina,'' ''Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina Santa María de los Buenos Aires,'' ''UCA'') est [[universitas]] in [[Bonaëropolis|Bonaëropoli]] [[Argentina]]e, anno [[1958]] condita. Hodie habet 17&thinsp;772 discipulos<ref>Secretaría de Políticas Universitarias, Ministerio de Educación de la Nación Argentina ([[2011]]). «[https://web.archive.org/web/20110803231454/http://www.mcye.gov.ar/spu/documentos/Anuario-2009.pdf Anuario 2009 - Estadísticas universitarias]»; 2014-01-06 (hispanice) (pdf).</ref>. Rector est Mons.Dr.Víctor{{dubsig}} Manuel Fernández. Inter alumnos eius numeratur [[Mauritius Macri]], ante praeses [[Argentina]]e, [[Raphael Grossi]] praeces [[Procuratio energiae atomicae internationalis]] et [[Maxima (Regina Bataviae)|Maxima]], regina [[Nederlandia|Bataviae]], quae in universitate anno 1995 studia [[Oeconomia|oeconomiae]] perfecit.<ref>Royal House of the Netherlands: [https://www.royal-house.nl/members-royal-house/queen-maxima "Members of the Royal House: Queen Máxima."]</ref> == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externus == * [http://www.uca.edu.ar Universitatis situs interretialis] {{Ling|Hispanice}} {{uni-stipula}} [[Categoria:Constituta 1958]] [[Categoria:Universitas Catholica Argentina]] 538tm05xc3wssazifbrri779pnoenpu 0 205589 3960782 3901477 2026-05-19T21:08:47Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3960782 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus: Heubach-rosenstein.jpg|thumb|300px|Heubachum: despectus in vicum]] '''Heubachum'''<ref>Vide [https://ia803409.us.archive.org/5/items/bub_gb_PoAgAAAAMAAJ/bub_gb_PoAgAAAAMAAJ.pdf ''Gmünder Chroniken im 16. Jahrhundert'']{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) Tunc non Heubachum nominabatur, (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Heubach'') est urbs et commune [[Badenia-Virtembergia|Badense-Virtembergense]] 9'645 incolarum (anno [[2012]]). == Clari cives == * [[Maxxess]], musicus ([[1962]]) == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Index Communium Badeniae-Virtembergiae|Indicem Communium Badeniae-Virtembergiae]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Heubach|Heubachum}} * [https://www.heubach.de Heubachi pagina interretialis] {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Urbes Badeniae et Virtembergiae]] [[Categoria:Vallis Ramasiana]] lmqi5522x35ufek96vgho7zxavz5la4 0 206993 3960809 3750742 2026-05-20T00:25:58Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3960809 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{taxobox |name = ''Hordeum bulbosum'' |image = Hordeum bulbosum - Copenhagen Botanical Garden - DSC07680.JPG |image_caption = ''Hordeum bulbosum'' Hauniae cultum |regnum = [[Plantae]] |unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]] |unranked_classis = [[Monocotyledones]] |unranked_ordo = [[Commelinidae]] |ordo = [[Poales]] |familia = [[Poaceae]] |subfamilia = [[Pooideae]] |tribus = [[Hordeeae]] |genus = ''[[Hordeum (genus)|Hordeum]]'' |species = ''Hordeum bulbosum'' |species_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] }} '''''Hordeum bulbosum''''' ([[binomen]] a [[Carolus Linnaeus|Carolo Linnaeo]] anno [[1756]] statutum) est [[species (taxinomia)|species]] generis ''[[Hordeum (genus)|Hordei]]'' et [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Poaceae|Poacearum]]. In Asia meridio-occidentali alicubi colitur recentiusque in agricultura [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum]] temptatur. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Frank R. Blattner, "Multiple intercontinental dispersals shaped the distribution area of Hordeum (Poaceae)" in ''New Phytologist'' vol. 169 (2006) pp. 603–614 [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01610.x/abstract situs venalis] * Roland von Bothmer, Theo van Hintum, Helmut Knüpffer, Kazuhiro Sato, edd., ''Diversity in Barley (''Hordeum vulgare'')''. Amstelodami: Elsevier Science, 2003. ISBN 9780080530475 {{Google Books|JOcsswWOIscC|Paginae selectae}} * Stephen Facciola, ''Cornucopia: a source book of edible plants'' (Vista: Kampong Publications, 1990) p. 155 * {{ec|id=Mansfeld|c="Hordeum" in Peter Hanelt, ed., ''Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops'' (Berolini: Springer, 2001. ISBN 3-540-41017-1) p. 2548 {{Google Books|10IMFSavIMsC|Paginae selectae}}}} == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Hordeum bulbosum}} {{Wikispecies|Hordeum bulbosum}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150910112909/http://gisweb.ciat.cgiar.org/GapAnalysis/?p=269 Hordeum] apud ''Crop Wild Relatives Gap Analysis Portal'' * ''[http://eol.org/pages/1115428/overview Bulbous Barley]'' apud ''Encyclopedia of Life'' * {{ITIS |id=503060 |taxon=''Hordeum bulbosum''}} * ''[http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db/www/imp05425.htm Hordeum bulbosum]'' apud ''GrassBase'' * ''[http://www.tropicos.org/Name/25509701 Hordeum bulbosum]'' apud ''Tropicos'' * ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140806214758/http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=HOBU Hordeum bulbosum]'' apud ''The Plants Database'' [[Categoria:Frumenta]] [[Categoria:Hordeum]] [[Categoria:Taxa Linnaei]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1756]] [[Categoria:Species plantarum]] [[Categoria:Fruges Asiae occidentalis]] 5xp3obztvmiopy0lp1l8fcjlupg1nes 0 206997 3960810 3718552 2026-05-20T00:30:24Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3960810 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{taxobox |name = ''Hordeum jubatum'' |image = Hordeum jubatum (7495173526).jpg |image_caption = ''Hordeum jubatum'' |regnum = [[Plantae]] |unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]] |unranked_classis = [[Monocotyledones]] |unranked_ordo = [[Commelinidae]] |ordo = [[Poales]] |familia = [[Poaceae]] |subfamilia = [[Pooideae]] |tribus = [[Hordeeae]] |genus = ''[[Hordeum (genus)|Hordeum]]'' |species = ''Hordeum jubatum'' |species_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] }} '''''Hordeum jubatum''''' ([[binomen]] a [[Carolus Linnaeus|Carolo Linnaeo]] anno [[1753]] statutum) est [[species (taxinomia)|species]] generis ''[[Hordeum (genus)|Hordei]]'' et [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Poaceae|Poacearum]]. In America Septentrionali crescitur ibique ad frumentum et ad potionem, caffeo haud dissimilem, praeparandam adhibitum est. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Frank R. Blattner, "Multiple intercontinental dispersals shaped the distribution area of Hordeum (Poaceae)" in ''New Phytologist'' vol. 169 (2006) pp. 603–614 [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01610.x/abstract situs venalis] * Roland von Bothmer, Theo van Hintum, Helmut Knüpffer, Kazuhiro Sato, edd., ''Diversity in Barley (''Hordeum vulgare'')'' (Amstelodami: Elsevier Science, 2003. ISBN 9780080530475) pp. 154, 252 {{Google Books|JOcsswWOIscC|Paginae selectae}} * Stephen Facciola, ''Cornucopia: a source book of edible plants'' (Vista: Kampong Publications, 1990) p. 155 * Thekla Pleines, Frank R. Blattner, "Phylogeographic Implications of an AFLP Phylogeny of the American Diploid ''Hordeum'' Species (Poaceae: Triticeae)" in ''Taxon'' vol. 57 (2008) pp. 875–881 [http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iapt/tax/2008/00000057/00000003/art00016 situs venalis] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Hordeum jubatum}} {{Wikispecies|Hordeum jubatum}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150910112909/http://gisweb.ciat.cgiar.org/GapAnalysis/?p=269 Hordeum] apud ''Crop Wild Relatives Gap Analysis Portal'' * ''[http://eol.org/pages/1115428/overview Foxtail Barley]'' apud ''Encyclopedia of Life'' * {{ITIS |id=40871 |taxon=Hordeum jubatum}} * ''[http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db/www/imp05439.htm Hordeum jubatum]'' apud ''GrassBase'' * ''[http://www.tropicos.org/Name/25509703 Hordeum jubatum]'' apud ''Tropicos'' * ''[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-419358 Hordeum jubatum]'' apud ''The Plant List'' * ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20130821200919/http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=HOJU Hordeum jubatum]'', ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160326073222/http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=HOJUJ Hordeum jubatum L. ssp. jubatum]''. ''[http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=HOJUI Hordeum jubatum L. ssp. intermedium Bowden: intermediate barley]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'' apud ''The Plants Database'' [[Categoria:Frumenta]] [[Categoria:Hordeum]] [[Categoria:Taxa Linnaei]] [[Categoria:Taxa 1753]] [[Categoria:Fruges Americae septentrionalis]] [[Categoria:Species plantarum]] ekya4fcglluz4w242hjy6bt9knsh3xv 0 216125 3960836 3958659 2026-05-20T06:49:38Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3960836 wikitext text/x-wiki Hic est index [[commune|communium]] [[Bavaria]]e: == A == {{div col|3}} * [[Abacum (Germania)|Abacum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Abbach'')</small> * [[Abdiacum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Füssen'')</small> * [[Abenberga]]<ref name="Liber Chronicarum 1493">''Liber Chronicarum'', Hartmann Schedel, 1493.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Abenberg'')</small> * [[Absberga]]<ref name="Bilibardus 1530">''Germaniae ex variis scriptoribus perbrevis explicatio'', Bilibaldo Pirckheimer auctore, 1530</ref> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Absberg'')</small> * [[Achslacha]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Achslach'')</small> * [[Adalahkewa]]<ref>Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20170326102611/http://www.wittmann.de/einsatzgebiete/adlkofen ''www.wittmann.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Name Adlkofen taucht zum ersten Mal als Grafschaft Adalahkevva in einer Urkunde auf, die Kaiser Otto der Große kurz vor seinem Tod 973 in Merseburg ausstellte (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Adlkofen'')</small> * [[Adalhareshusum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small> (Theodisce ''Allershausen'')</small> * [[Adelschlagium]]<ref name="Protokollum seu...">''Protokollum seu Registrum omnium iurium et bonorum episcopalium''.</ref> <small> (Theodisce ''Adelschlag'')</small> * [[Adelsdorffium]]<ref name="Adelsdorf">Theodiscum toponymum ''Adelsdorf'' in Latinam "Adelsdorffium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://digital.slub-dresden.de/data/kitodo/CrusCord_435226010/CrusCord_435226010_tif/jpegs/CrusCord_435226010.pdf ''gefördert von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft''], ubi dicitur "(...) INSIGNEM, ADELSDORFFII. IN. DVCATV, LIGNICENSI (...)".</ref> <small> (Theodisce ''Adelsdorf'')</small> * [[Adelshofium (Franconia Media)|Adelshofium]]<ref name="Adelshofium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Adelshofen' in Latinam "Adelshofium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [Wildenberg], ubi dicitur "(...) Adelshofium in Ecclesiae Thomanae (...)".</ref> <small>in [[Provincia Franconia Media|Franconiā Mediā]] (Theodisce ''Adelshofen'')</small> * [[Adelshofium (Bavaria Superior)|Adelshofium]]<ref name="Adelshofium"/> <small>(in [[Bavaria Superior|Bavariā Superiore]]) (Theodisce ''Adelshofen'')</small> * [[Adelsrieda]]<ref name="Status 1767">''Status Ecclesiasticus Dioecesis Augustanae'' (1767).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Adelsried'')</small> * [[Adelzhusa]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica">''Monumenta Boica''.</ref> <small> (Theodisce ''Adelzhausen'')</small> * [[Advocatiae]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00019270?lang=de ''Vogtareuth''], ubi dicitur "(...) Aduocatiis (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Vogtareuth'')</small> * [[Aecha]]<ref name="Graesse">{{Graesse}}.</ref> <small> (Theodisce ''Aichach'')</small> * [[Aelia Flavia Caesarea]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kösching'')</small> * [[Aeringa]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ering'')</small> * [[Affaltaraha]]<ref>Vide [https://www.apfeltrach.de/geschichte.html ''Gemeinde Apfeltrach''], ubi dicitur "(...) "Affaltaraha" (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Apfeltrach'')</small> * [[Affinga]]<ref>Vide [https://geschichte-frankens.de/ortsnamen/artikel/Schwaben/Aichach-Friedberg/Affing/bjjn1 ''Geschichte Bayerns''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Gisilherus de Affinga'' (...)".</ref> <small> (Theodisce ''Affing'')</small> * [[Ager Carolinae]]<ref name="Status Frisingensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Großkarolinenfeld'')</small> * [[Ager Randersii]]<ref name="Biedermann 1747">Biedermann, I. G., auctore (1747): ''Geschlechtsregister Der Reichsfrey unmittelbaren Ritterschaft Landes zu Francken''.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Randersacker'')</small> * [[Agilulfi Lapis]]<ref>Vide [https://www.wittmann.de/einsatzgebiete/egloffstein ''Egloffstein'']{{Nexus deficit|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) ''Heinricus de Agilulfi lapide genannt wurde'' (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Egloffstein'')</small> * [[Ahamium]]<ref name="Catalogus venerabilis...">''Catalogus venerabilis cleri dioecesis Ratisbonensis''.</ref> <small> (Theodisce ''Aham'')</small> * [[Aholfinga]]<ref name="Statistica ... Ratisbonensis 1894">''Statistica dioecesis Ratisbonensis ad annum 1894''. </ref> <small> (Theodisce ''Aholfing'')</small> * [[Ahornium (Coburgum)|Ahornium]]<ref name="Ahorn">Theodisca vox ''Ahorn'' in Latinam "Ahornium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/attachment/document/alvin-record:564985/ATTACHMENT-0004.pdf ''Kennel von Silvalacus''], ubi dicitur "(...) Stobæum, Ahornium, Voluhnium (...)".</ref> <small> (Theodisce ''Ahorn'')</small> * [[Aicha ante Silvam]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Aicha vorm Wald'')</small> * [[Aichana]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small> (Theodisce ''Aichen'')</small> * [[Aidenbacum]]<ref>Vide ''Annales Alderspacenses''; ubi dicitur "(...) ''curiae et possessiones sitae in Aidenbaco'' (...) ''prope Aidenbachium'' (...)".</ref> <small>commune mercatūs (Theodisce ''Aidenbach'')</small> * [[Aiglsbacum]]<ref name="Catalogus 1776">Vide ''Catalogus venerabilis cleri dioecesis Ratisbonensis'', typis Ioannis Baptistae Rotermundt, anno 1776.</ref> <small> (Theodisce ''Aiglsbach'')</small> * [[Aindlinga]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>commune mercatūs (Theodisce ''Aindling'')</small> * [[Ainheringa]]<ref>Vide [https://diglib.uibk.ac.at/download/pdf/8742370.pdf ''Das Gräberfeld von Reichenhall in Oberbayern''], ubi dicitur "(...) in pago Salzburgaoe uilla nuncupante Ainheringa cum mansis XXX (...)".</ref> <small> (Theodisce ''Ainring'')</small> * [[Aislinga]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_Q7osAAAAYAAJ/bub_gb_Q7osAAAAYAAJ_djvu.txt ''Monumenta Boica''], ubi dicitur "(...) haud procul ab Aislinga (...)".</ref> <small>commune mercatūs (Theodisce ''Aislingen'')</small> * [[Aitinga Minor]]<ref name="Schematismus Venerabilis 1821">''Schematismus Venerabilis Cleri Almae Dioecesis Augustanae'', 1821.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Kleinaitingen'')</small> * [[Aitrangia]]<ref>Vide [https://www.e-rara.ch ''3758817.pdf''], ubi dicitur "(...) Aitrangia Principi adjunctum (...)".</ref> <small> (Theodisce ''Aitrang'')</small> * [[Alba Augia Naviscorum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weißenohe'')</small> * [[Albenreuthum Novum]]<ref name="Sartori 1848">Sartori, Aloysio, auctore; ''Repertorium parochiarum et beneficiorum ecclesiasticorum Dioecesis Ratisbonensis''. [[Ratisbona]]e, 1848.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Neualbenreuth'')</small> * [[Albertshofium]]<ref name="Jubilans 1715">''Herbipolis Jubilans'', auctore Iohanne Georgio von Eckhart, 1715.</ref> <small> (Theodisce ''Albertshofen'')</small> * [[Albus Moenus]]<ref name="Ussermann 1801"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weismain'')</small> * [[Alderspachium]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small> (Theodisce ''Aldersbach'')</small> * [[Alerheimum]]<ref name="Theatrum 1647">''Theatrum Europaeum'', auctore Matthaeo Merian, 1647.</ref> <small> (Theodisce ''Alerheim'')</small> * [[Aleshemium]]<ref name="Genealogia...Pappenheim">''Genealogia familiæ illustris dominorum à Pappenheim'', saeculi XVII.</ref> <small> (Theodisce ''Alesheim'')</small> * [[Alfelda (Franconia Media)|Alfelda]]<ref name="Alfelda">Theodiscum toponymum ''Alfeld'' in Latinam "Alfeld" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''] aut {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small> (Theodisce ''Alfeld'') </small> * [[Allersberga]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/details/egger-carolus-lexicon-nominum-locorum/page/349/mode/2up?q=Allersberg ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Allersberga'''-Allersberg (...)".</ref> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small> (Theodisce ''Allersberg'')</small> * [[Allinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small> (Theodisce ''Alling'')</small> * [[Almanshofium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.e-rara.ch ''e-rara''], ubi dicitur "(...) Almanshofium oritur (...)".</ref> <small> (Theodisce ''Allmannshofen'')</small> * [[Alnetocampus]]<ref name="Hentzner 1612"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Elsenfeld'')</small> * [[Alpicha]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> <small> (Theodisce ''Albaching'')</small> * [[Alta Novalis]]<ref name="Bucelin 1655">Bucelin, G., auctore (1655); ''Germania topo-chrono-stemmatographica sacra et profana''. [[Ulma]]e: Johann Görlin.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hohenroth'')</small> * [[Alta Specula]]<ref name="Hanthaler 1748">Hanthaler, C., auctore (1748); ''Exercitationes Cruciatae''. [[Lentia]]e: typis Ioannis Adami Altwirth.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hohenwarth'')</small> * [[Alta Tilia]]<ref name="Meichelbeck II 1729"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hohenlinden'')</small> * [[Altaha inferior (commune)|Altaha Inferior]]<ref name="Altaha inferior">Hoc Theodiscum toponymum ex antiquo Theodisco toponymo ''Alteich'' -quod in Latinam "Altaha" vertitur- et e Theodisco praefixo ''Nieder-'' -quod Latino adiectivo "inferior-ius" vertitur- venit. De toponymo ''Altaha'', vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Niederalteich'')</small> * [[Altenbuchium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.in.th-nuernberg.de/professors/Holl/Personal/2017%20Holl%20-%20Familie%20Kaukol%20-%20VHVO%20157.pdf ''Titelei 157''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Decanus et parochus 25 annorum hic Altenbuchii'' (...)".</ref> <small> (Theodisce ''Altenbuch'')</small> * [[Altendorfium (Bamberga)|Altendorfium]]<ref name="Altendorfium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Altendorf' in Latinam "Altendorfium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://opendigi.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/opendigi/FoXIIb452_qt-6_21 ''De iis quae sacrorum in Franconia emendationem faciliorem ...''], ubi dicitur "(...) Altendorfium (...)".</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Bambergensis|Circulo Bambergensi]]) (Theodisce ''Altendorf'')</small> * [[Altendorfium (Schwandorfium)|Altendorfium]]<ref name="Altendorfium"/> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Schwandorfensis|Circulo Schwandorfensi]]) (Theodisce ''Altendorf'')</small> * [[Altenstadium (ad Hilariam)|Altenstadium]]<ref name="Altenstadt">Theodiscum toponymum ''Altenstadt' in Latinam "Altenstadium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/bib_fict_4102911/bib_fict_4102911_djvu.txt ''Episcopatus curiensis in Rhætia sub metropoli Moguntina Chronologice ac diplomatice illustrates Opera et studio P. Ambrosii Eichhorn Presbyteri Congregationis S. Blasii''], ubi dicitur "(...) distat pagus Altenstadium (...)".</ref> <small>(ad [[Hilaria (flumen)|Hilariam]]<ref name="Hilaria">Quo de hydronymo, vide [https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/PSE3/BNPA188.xml ''Brill: The development of the Roman provinces on the middle Danube (1st cent. BC – 3rd/4th cents. AD)''], ubi dicitur "(...) Abundant inflowing Alpine rivers, such as the Hilaria/Iller (...)·.</ref>)</small> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Altenstadt'')</small> * [[Altenstadium (Bavaria Superior)|Altenstadium]]<ref name="Altenstadt"/> <small>(prope [[Schongium]]<ref name="Schongium">[http://books.google.de/books?id=x1wAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA35-IA5&lpg=PA35-IA5&dq=Landsbergium&source=bl&ots=cHTWgvc71k&sig=rtGqjwDApN-HW26vTTTTtziM1BM&hl=de&ei=VTI_Ta_7McfvsgbI__TTBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Landsbergium&f=false Neue und vollständige Staats- und Erdbeschreibung des Schwäbischen Kreises ... Von David Hünlin].</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Altenstadt'')</small> * [[Altenstadium ad Nabam Silvaticam]]<ref name="Altenstadt"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Altenstadt an der Waldnaab'')</small> * [[Altenthanna]]<ref>Vide [https://www.wikiwand.com/de/articles/Altenthann_(Oberpfalz) ''wikiwand.com''], ubi dicitur "(...) „cappellanus et parrochianus Otto nomine de Altenthanna“ (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Altenthann'')</small> * [[Alterthemium]]<ref name="Acta Canonisationis">''Acta Canonisationis Sanctorum''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Altertheim'')</small> * [[Althegnenberga]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Althegnenberg'')</small> * [[Altheimium ad Zusamam]]<ref name="Steichele 1883">Auctore Antonio von Steichele; ''Das Bistum Augsburg, historisch und statistisch beschrieben'', Volumen IV, [[Augusta Vindelicorum|Augustae Vindelicorum]], 1883.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Zusamaltheim'')</small> * [[Altheimium Longum]]<ref name="Oesterreicher II 1792">Oesterreicher, Ioanne Adamo, auctore; ''Collectanea ad historiam episcopatus Eystettensis'', Volumen II; typis Ioannis Baptistae Wiesen, 1792.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Langenaltheim'')</small> * [[Altheimium Superius]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hohenaltheim'')</small> * [[Altmannstainum]]<ref name="Protokollum ... Ratisbonensis">''Protokollum Episcopatus Ratisbonensis''.</ref> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Altmannstein'')</small> * [[Altonis Monasterium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Altomünster'')</small> * [[Altorphium]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> (Theodisce ''Altdorf bei Nürnberg'') * [[Altum Heimum ad Moenum]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1741">Gropp, Ignatio, auctore; ''Collectio Novissima Scriptorum Et Rerum Wirceburgensium'', Tomus I, Francofurti et Lipsiae, 1741.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Margetshöchheim'')</small> * [[Altum Monasterium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.e-rara.ch ''e-rara''], ubi dicitur "(...) Altum seu Antiquum Monasterium, vulgo Altenmunster (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Altenmünster'')</small> * [[Altum Oppidum Fichtelianum]]<ref name="Hofmann 1717"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Höchstädt im Fichtelgebirge'')</small> * [[Altus Mons ad Agaram]]<ref name="Altus Mons">Theodisca vox ''Hohenberg'' in Latinam "Altus Mons" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.leo-bw.de/en-GB/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/DOKUMENT/labw_kloester/232/Benediktinerpropstei+Hohenberg ''Benediktinerpropstei Hohenberg''], ubi dicitur "(...) Hohenberg ("altus mons") (...)".</ref><ref name="Agara">De hydronymo "Agara" (Theodisce ''Eger''), vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hohenberg an der Eger'')</small> * [[Altusrieda]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Altusried'')</small> * [[Alzenavia]]<ref name="Baptista Moguntini">''Nova et accurata territorii Moguntini Descriptio'', auctore Iohanne Baptista Homann (saeculo XVIII).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Alzenau'')</small> * [[Amaranga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Amerang'')</small> * [[Amardela]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ammerthal'')</small> * [[Amberga]]<ref>''Amberg'', Amberga, urbs Palatiantus superioris [https://books.google.fr/books?id=fWexRyIvl1YC&lpg=RA1-PA364&ots=QuTQTdSIvz&dq=amberga%20urbs&hl=fr&pg=RA1-PA364#v=onepage&q=amberga%20urbs&f=false | Lexicon Geographicvm]</ref> <small>(in [[Palatinatus Superior|Palatinatū Superiore]]<ref name="Palatinatus Superior">Hogenberg, Franciscus, Metellus, Ioannes (1598). Mappa: "Palatinatus Superior".</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Amberg'')</small> * [[Amberga (Algovia Inferior)|Amberga]]<ref name="Amberg">Theodiscum toponymum ''Amberg' in Latinam "Amberga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://books.google.fr/books?id=fWexRyIvl1YC&lpg=RA1-PA364&ots=QuTQTdSIvz&dq=amberga%20urbs&hl=fr&pg=RA1-PA364#v=onepage&q=amberga%20urbs&f=false | Lexicon Geographicvm].</ref> <small>(in [[Suebia|Suebiā]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Amberg'')</small> * [[Amerbacense Monasterium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Amorbach'')</small> * [[Amerdingium]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Amerdingen'')</small> * [[Amergavia Superior]]<ref name="Amergavia Superior">Hoc Theodiscum toponymum ex antiquo Theodisco toponymo ''Ammergau'' -quod in Latinam "Amergavia" vertitur- et e Theodisco praefixo ''Ober-'' -quod Latino adiectivo "superior-ius" vertitur- venit. De toponymo ''Amergavia'', vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Dissertatio_inauguralis_de_placenta_previa_..._%28IA_b22479375%29.pdf ''Dissertatio inauguralis de placentā praeviā''], ubi dicitur "(...) AMERGAVIA BOJUS (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberammergau'')</small> * [[Ammergovia Inferior]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Unterammergau'')</small> * [[Ammerndorfium]]<ref name="Luyts 1692">''Geographia biformis, hoc est: Geographia mathematica et physica'', auctore Iohanne Luyts (1692).</ref> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Ammerndorf'')</small> * [[Amfinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ampfing'')</small> * [[Amnis Fagorum]]<ref name="Rader III 1624"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Buchbach'')</small> * [[Andessa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Andechs'')</small> * [[Angerium (Terra Berchtesgadenensis)|Angerium]]<ref name="Mayr 1782">''Catalogus cleri archidioecesis Salisburgensis'', typis Ioannis Iosephi Mayr, 1782.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Anger'')</small> * [[Angulus Lupi (Palatinatus Superior)|Angulus Lupi]]<ref name="Sartori 1845"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wolfsegg'')</small> * [[Angulus Principis]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1863"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fürsteneck'')</small> * [[Anhusium in Rhaetia|Anhusium in Rhaetiā]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Auhausen'')</small> * [[Anscheringa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchanschöring'')</small> * [[Antiquum Forum ad Alzum]]<ref name="Altenmarkt">Theodiscum toponymum ''Altenmarkt'' in Latinam "Antiquum Forum" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref><ref name="Alzus">Quo de hydronymo, vide [http://www.lateinlexikon.com/lexicon_latinum_hodiernum_parsgeographica.pdf ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum Lucusaltianum''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Alz,''' f ''Alzus, i, m'' [ORB p.63]; ''Alezussa, ae, f'' [ORB p.59]; ''Alzissa, ae, f'' [ORB p.63]; ''Alszista, ae, f'' [ORB p.63]; ''Alasa, ae, f'' [ORB p.57]; ''Alaza, ae, f'' [ORB p.57]; ''Alsa, ae,'' f [ORB p.61]; ''Alza, ae, f'' [ORB p.63]; ''Acha, ae, f'' [ORB p.53]; ''Achsa, ae,'' f [ORB p.53]; ''Achza, ae, f'' [ORB p.53] {flumen Germanicum, quod in Aeno influit} (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Altenmarkt an der Alz'')</small> * [[Antdorffium]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Antdorf'')</small> * [[Anzinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Anzing'')</small> * [[Aquaburgum]]<ref name="Annales Ecclesiastici Bavariae 1767"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wasserburg'')</small> * [[Aquae Filnbacenses]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Feilnbach'')</small> * [[Aquaeburgum ad Aenum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/><ref name="Inn"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wasserburg am Inn'')</small> * [[Aquatrudinga]]<ref name="Brevis Bavariae geographia"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wassertrüdingen'')</small> * [[Arberga (Bavaria)|Arberga]]<ref name="Arberga">Theodiscum toponymum ''Arberg' in Latinam "Arberga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/aventinus1/Willimann_helvetia.html ''IOANNIS AVENTINI ANNALIVM BOIORVM LIBRI VII''], ubi dicitur "(...) ab Arberga (...)".</ref> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Arberg'')</small> * [[Arbor Pirorum]]<ref name="Rerum Noricarum Scriptores 1742"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Pyrbaum'')</small> * [[Arena ad Moenum]]<ref name="Hofmann 1717"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Sand am Main'')</small> * [[Aresinga]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_2jUIAAAAQAAJ/bub_gb_2jUIAAAAQAAJ_djvu.txt ''Annales Ingolstadiensis academiae''], ubi dicitur "(...) et Philos. Baccalaureus, Aresinganus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Aresing'')</small> * [[Ariodunum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Erding'')</small> * [[Arnbrucca]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Arnbruck'')</small> * [[Arnschwangium]]<ref name="Catalogus 1776"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Arnschwang'')</small> * [[Arnsteinium (Franconia Inferior)|Arnsteinium]]<ref name="Arnstein">Theodiscum toponymum ''Arnstein'' in Latinam "Arnsteinium" aut "Lapis Aquilae" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Arnstein'')</small> * [[Arnstorffium]]<ref name="Catalogus 1776"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Arnstorf'')</small> * [[Arrachium]]<ref name="Catalogus 1776"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Arrach'')</small> * [[Artobergomum]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00026767?lang=en ''Ortenburg''], ubi dicitur "(...) Artobergomum (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Ortenburg'')</small> * [[Asbachium Superius]]<ref name="Asbachium Superius">Hoc Theodiscum toponymum ex antiquo Theodisco toponymo ''Asbach'' -quod in Latinam "Asbachium" vertitur- et e Theodisco praefixo ''Ober-'' -quod Latino adiectivo "superior-ius" vertitur- venit. De toponymo ''Asbachium'', vide [https://archive.org/details/leipzigerstudie12unkngoog/page/24/mode/2up?q=Asbachium ''Leipziger Studien zur classischen Philologie''], ubi dicitur "(...) si Asbachium sequimur (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberasbach'')</small> * [[Ascaphia ad Moenum]]<ref name="Baptista Moguntini"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mainaschaff'')</small> * [[Ascha (Bavaria Inferior)|Ascha]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ascha'')</small> * [[Aschapha]]<ref name="Lexikon fränkischer Ortsnamen">''Lexikon fränkischer Ortsnamen''</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Waldaschaff'')</small> * [[Aschaia]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Aschau im Chiemgau'')</small> * [[Aschemensis Locus]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Aschheim'')</small> * [[Aschiopagus Venedorum]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00035757?lang=de ''Windischeschenbach''], ubi dicitur "(...) Aschiopagus Venedorum (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Windischeschenbach'')</small> * [[Asciburgum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Aschaffenburg'')</small> * [[Ascilinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Aßling'')</small> * [[Ascowa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Aschau am Inn'')</small> * [[Aspachium et Beumenheimum]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Asbach-Bäumenheim'')</small> * [[Astania]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eichstätt'')</small> * [[Attenhofium]]<ref name="Catalogus 1776"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Attenhofen'')</small> * [[Attinga]]<ref name="Ried 1816">''Annales Ecclesiae Ratisbonensis'', auctore Thomā Ried (1816).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Atting'')</small> * [[Aubstadium]]<ref>Vide [https://sternenorgel-marisfeld.de/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/05_Zeittafel_Nicolaus_Seeber.pdf ''Zeittafel von Nicolaus Seeber''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''ao. 1682, d. 8. Nov. Aubstadii'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Aubstadt'')</small> * [[Auerbachium (Deggendorfium)|Auerbachium]]<ref name="Auerbach">Theodisca vox ''Auerbach'' in Latinam "Auerbachium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/details/bsb11072595 ''Carmina gratulatoria ad Dn. Georgium Volradum, Auerbachium''].</ref> <small>(in [[Bavaria Inferior|Bavariā Inferiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Auerbach'')</small> * [[Auerbachium in Palatinatu Superiore|Auerbachium in Palatinatū Superiore]]<ref name="Auerbach"/><ref name="Palatinatus Superior"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Auerbach in der Oberpfalz'')</small> * [[Aufsessium]]<ref name="Imhof 1693">Imhof, Iacobo Gulielmo, auctore: ''Notitia S. R. I. Procerum tam Ecclesiasticorum quam Secularium''. [[Tubinga]]e; impensis Iohannis Georgii Cottae; 1693.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Aufseß'')</small> * [[Augea (Bavaria)|Augea]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Frauenau'')</small> * [[Augia (Bavaria)|Augia]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Aub'')</small> * [[Augusta Vindelicorum]]<ref>[http://books.google.de/books?id=x1wAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA35-IA5&lpg=PA35-IA5&dq=Landsbergium&source=bl&ots=cHTWgvc71k&sig=rtGqjwDApN-HW26vTTTTtziM1BM&hl=de&ei=VTI_Ta_7McfvsgbI__TTBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Landsbergium&f=false Neue und vollständige Staats- und Erdbeschreibung des Schwäbischen Kreises ... Von David Hünlin]</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Augsburg'')</small> * [[Auhalmingen]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/monumentaboicae05landgoog/monumentaboicae05landgoog_djvu.txt ''Monumenta Boica''], ubi dicitur "(...) contra Auhalmingen, et cuilibet (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Aholming'')</small> * [[Aura ad Sinuam]]<ref name="Protokollum ... Herbipolensis 1752">''Protokollum Dioceseos Herbipolensis'', [[Herbipolis|Herbipoli]], 1752.</ref> <small>(in [[Franconia|Franconiā Inferiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Aura im Sinngrund'')</small> * [[Auracum (Onoldum)|Auracum]]<ref name="Auracum">Theodiscum toponymum ''Aurach' in Latinam "Auracum" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Hofmannus}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Aurach'')</small> * [[Auracum Superius]]<ref name="Statistica ... Bambergensis 1791">''Statistica dioecesis Bambergensis'', Bambergae, 1791.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberaurach'')</small> * [[Auriacum Ducis]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Herzogenaurach'')</small> * [[Arx Marolfi]]<ref name="Rader 1615-1627"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Marloffstein'')</small> * [[Aufhusium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Aufhausen'')</small> * [[Auracum Petri]]<ref name="Status ... Eustettensis 1792">Status ecclesiasticus dioecesis Eustettensis, [[Astania]]e, 1792.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Petersaurach'')</small> * [[Austravia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Osterhofen'')</small> * [[Auwa in Hallertavia|Auwa in Hallertaviā]]<ref name="Au">Theodiscum toponymum ''Au' in Latinam "Auwa" aut "Augia" aut "Awa" aut "Awia" aut "Ouwa" aut "Ougia" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="Hallertavia">Vide [https://archive.org/stream/latinophilvs-petrus-lexicon-latinum-hodiernum-pars-geographica/LATINOPHILVS%2C%20Petrus%20-%20Lexicon%20Latinum%20Hodiernum%20~%20Pars%20Geographica_djvu.txt ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum''], ubi dicitur "(...) Hallertau, f Hallertavia, ae, f [2017] {regio Bavara} (...)".</ref> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Au in der Hallertau'')</small> * [[Auwa Superior]]<ref name="Auwa Superior">Hoc Theodiscum toponymum ex antiquo Theodisco toponymo ''Au'' -quod in Latinam "Auwa" vertitur- et e Theodisco praefixo ''Ober-'' -quod Latino adiectivo "superior-ius" vertitur- venit. De toponymo ''Auwa'', vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberau'')</small> * [[Avellana (Bavaria)|Avellana]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Burghaslach'')</small> * [[Aventinum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Abensberg'')</small> * [[Aystettium]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Aystetten'')</small> {{div col end}} == B == {{div col|3}} * [[Babenhaima]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Babensham'')</small> * [[Bachhagelium]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bachhagel'')</small> * [[Bachinga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bächingen an der Brenz'')</small> * [[Baierbachium]]<ref name="Annales Congregationis Mettenensis 1765"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Baierbach'')</small> * [[Baiswila]]<ref name="Meichelbeck II 1729"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Baisweil'')</small> * [[Balderschwanga]]<ref name="Notitia 1753">''Notitia Dioecesis Augustanae'', anno 1753.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Balderschwang'')</small> * [[Baldilingae]]<ref>Vide [https://francia.ahlfeldt.se/page/documents/8544 ''Regnum Francorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''eccl. ad Baldilingas'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Palling'')</small> * [[Balnea Alexandri]]<ref>Latinum substantivum [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Balnea?wb=gross&nr=3 "Balnea-orum" Theodiscum substantivum et suffixum ''(-)B/bad''] et Latinum substantivum genetivo Theodiscum lexema ''Alexanders-'' vertit.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Alexandersbad'')</small> * [[Balnea Berneckensia in Montibus Piniferis]]<ref>Latinum substantivum [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Balnea?wb=gross&nr=3 "Balnea-orum" Theodiscum substantivum ''Bad''] vertit; de Latino gentilicio "Berneckensis-e" quod ad Theodiscum toponymum ''Berneck'', vide [https://www.uniarchiv.uni-freiburg.de/unigeschichte/matrikelordner/Matrikel_1806_1870.pdf ''Die Matrikel der Universität Freiburg im Breisgau''], ubi dicitur "(...) Berneckensis ex pago (...)"; et Latinum syntagma "in [[Montes Piniferi|Montibus Piniferis]]" Theodiscum ''im Fichtelgebirge'' vertit. De horum montium nomen, vide {{Google Books|3G0uAAAAYAAJ|p. 396}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Berneck im Fichtelgebirge'')</small> * [[Balnea Bockletensia]]<ref>Latinum substantivum [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Balnea?wb=gross&nr=3 "Balnea-orum" Theodiscum substantivum ''Bad''] vertit; de Latino gentilicio "Bockletensis-e" quod ad Theodiscum toponymum ''Bocklet'', vide [https://forum.ahnenforschung.net/forum/allgemeine-diskussionsforen/lese-und-bersetzungshilfe/lese-u-bersetzungshilfe-f-r-fremdsprachige-texte/176696-latein-taufe ''forum.ahnenforschung.net'']{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) Adami Degand agricolae Bockletensis judicii (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Bocklet'')</small> * [[Balnea Endorfensia]]<ref>Latinum substantivum [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Balnea?wb=gross&nr=3 "Balnea-orum" Theodiscum substantivum ''Bad''] vertit; de Latino gentilicio "Endorfensis-e" quod ad Theodiscum toponymum ''Bocklet'', confer [[binomen|epitheton scientificum]] "endorfensis".</ref> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Endorf'')</small> * [[Balnea Griesbachensia in Valle Rotae]]<ref>Latinum substantivum [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Balnea?wb=gross&nr=3 "Balnea-orum" Theodiscum substantivum ''Bad''] vertit; de Latino gentilicio "Griesbachensis-e" quod ad Theodiscum toponymum ''Griesbach', confer [[binomen|epitheton scientificum]] "griesbachensis"; et de Latino syntagmate "in Valle [[Rota (Aenus)|Rotae]]", quod Theodiscum ''im Rottal'' vertit, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Griesbach im Rottal'')</small> * [[Balnea Stebensia]]<ref>Latinum substantivum [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Balnea?wb=gross&nr=3 "Balnea-orum" Theodiscum substantivum ''Bad''] vertit; de Latino gentilicio "Stebensis-e" quod ad Theodiscum toponymum ''Steben'', confer [[binomen|epitheton scientificum]] "Stebensis".</ref> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Steben'')</small> * [[Balzhusa]]<ref name="Notitia 1753"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Balzhausen'')</small> * [[Bamberga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bamberg'')</small> * [[Bara (Suebia)|Bara]]<ref name="Status ... Augustanae 1845"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Baar'')</small> * [[Bara et Ebenhusium]]<ref name="Status ... Augustanae 1845"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Baar-Ebenhausen'')</small> * [[Barbingum]]<ref>Vide [https://www.agoda.com/city/barbing-de.html?cid=1844104 ''11 Best Hotels in Barbing, Germany''], ubi dicitur "(...) The town was known as "'''Barbingum'''" in Roman times (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Barbing'')</small> * [[Bardorfia Maior]]<ref name="Status ... Herbipolensis 1811"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Großbardorf'')</small> * [[Baruthum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bayreuth'')</small> * [[Basthemium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10320882?p=15&cq=Tattenbach,%20Heinrich%20C.%20von&lang=de ''Umständlicher Beweis der ehelichen Abstammung des J. J. Grafen von Tattenbach''], ubi dicitur "(...) est Basthemii in Ecclesia Parochiali (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bastheim'')</small> * [[Batavia (Bavaria)|Batavia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Passau'')</small> * [[Baudenbachium]]<ref name="Fleischmann 1775">''Catalogus venerabilis cleri dioecesis Bambergensis'', typis Ioannis Iacobi Fleischmann, 1775.</ref> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Baudenbach'')</small> * [[Bavarica Cella]]<ref>Vide [https://sites.google.com/site/sandrapinelas/sdede-2013 ''SDEDE 2013''], ubi dicitur "(...) Bayrischzell, Bavarica Cella (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bayrischzell'')</small> * [[Bayerbacum (Valles Rotae et Aenus)|Bayerbacum]]<ref name="Catalogus 1776"/> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Vallis Rotae et Aeni|Circulo Vallis Rotae et Aeni]]<ref name="CVREA">Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Vallis Rotae et Aeni" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Rottal-Inn'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum substantivum "[[Valles|Valles-is]]" Theodiscum suffixum ''-tal'' vertit et de Latinis hydronymis "[[Rota (Aenus)|Rota]]" et "[[Aenus]]", vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bayerbach'')</small> * [[Bayerbacum ad Ergoldsbacum]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Ratisbonensis 1845"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bayerbach bei Ergoldsbach'')</small> * [[Bayersdorfium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10387927?p=18&cq=d&lang=de ''Ad Orationes Quibus Quindecim Academiae Candidati Discedendi Venia ...''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Bayersdorfii'' natus d. 15 mensis Aprilis (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Baiersdorf'')</small> * [[Bebiana Castra (Suebia)|Bebiana Castra]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Babenhausen'')</small> * [[Bebinga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Böbing'')</small> * [[Bechhofium]]<ref name="Imhof 1693"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bechhofen'')</small> * [[Bechtsriethum]]<ref name="Catalogus 1776"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bechtsrieth'')</small> * [[Begenza]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pegnitz'')</small> * [[Bellenberga]]<ref name="Notitia 1753"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bellenberg'')</small> * [[Bellus Fons Steigerwaldensis]]<ref name="Bellus Fons">Theodiscum toponymum ''Schönbrunn'' in Latinam "Bellus Fons" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="Steigerwaldensis">Latinum gentilicium "Steigerwaldensis-e" Theodiscum syntagma ''im Steigerwald'' vertit. Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb11444642?page=,1 ''Vindiciae Libertatis Corporis Nobilivm S. R. I. Immediatorvm Adversvs ...''], ubi dicitur "(...) Advocatvs Eqvestris Steigerwaldensis Ordinarivs Cobvrgo-Francvs (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Schönbrunn im Steigerwald'')</small> * [[Benedictobura]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Benediktbeuern'')</small> * [[Bercchirca]]<ref name="Traditiones 822">''Traditiones Freisingenses'', circa 822.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bergkirchen'')</small> * [[Berchinga]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/A080085/A080085_djvu.txt ''Generalis geographia cosmica, mathematica, naturalis, politica''], ubi dicitur "(...) BERCHINGA, urbs ad Sultz fl. (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Berching'')</small> * [[Berchtesgadenum]]<ref name="Eckhart 1667">''Annales Boici'', Volumen IV, auctore Simone Eckhart. Ingolstadii, 1667.</ref> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Berchtesgaden'')</small> * [[Berga (Franconia Media)|Berga]]<ref name="Bergen">Theodiscum toponymum ''Bergen' in Latinam "Berga" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Hofmannus}} aut {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bergen'')</small> * [[Berga (ad Vermem lacum)|Berga]]<ref name="Berga"/> <small>(ad [[Vermis lacus|Vermem lacum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> )</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Berg'')</small> * [[Berga (Franconia Superior)|Berga]]<ref name="Berga">Theodiscum toponymum ''Berg' in Latinam "Berga" aut "Mons" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''] aut [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>(in [[Franconia|Franconiā Superiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Berg'')</small> * [[Berga in Pago]]<ref name="Status ... Augustanae 1842">''Status Ecclesiasticus Dioecesis Augustanae''. [[Augusta Vindelicorum|Augustae Vindelicorum]] (1842).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Berg im Gau'')</small> * [[Berga prope Neoforum Palatinum]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Altdorfinae">''Matricula Universitatis Altdorfinae''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Berg bei Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz'')</small> * [[Bergelium]]<ref name="Oesterreicher III 1795">Oesterreicher, Ioanne Adamo, auctore; ''Collectanea ad historiam episcopatus Eystettensis'', Volumen III; typis Ioannis Baptistae Wiesen, 1795.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Marktbergel'')</small> * [[Berghemium (Bavaria Superior)|Berghemium]]<ref name="Berghemium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Bergheim' in Latinam "Berghemium" aut "Berchemium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bergheim'')</small> * [[Berglerna]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Berglern'')</small> * [[Bergrheinfeldium]]<ref name="Jubilans 1715"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bergrheinfeld'')</small> * [[Bergtheimum]]<ref name="Jubilans 1715"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bergtheim'')</small> * [[Bernavia ad Chiemensem]]<ref name="Bernau">Theodiscum toponymum ''Bernau' in Latinam "Bernavia" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/bissel5/books/bisseliusleo_5.html ''Camena''], ubi dicitur "(...) Bernaviae, Superioris Palatinatûs oppidô (...)".</ref><ref name="Chiemsee">Gerhard Lorenz, [https://www.bavarikon.de/search?terms=Prior+von+Tegernsee&lang=en&facet=creator.name_str%3AGerhard%2C+Lorenz%3B+Verfasser "Brevis Bavariae geographia" (Herbipoli: 1844).]</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bernau am Chiemsee'')</small> * [[Bernbeura]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bernbeuren'')</small> * [[Berngovium]]<ref name="Status 1711">Status Eccleasiasticus Dioecesis Eystettensis, 1711.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Berngau'')</small> * [[Bernhardswalda]]<ref name="Ried 1816"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bernhardswald'')</small> * [[Bernheimum ad Castrum]]<ref name="Luyts 1692"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Burgbernheim'')</small> * [[Bernovia]]<ref>Sigillum urbis ab anno 1405 notum hanc circumscriptionem praebet: BERNOVIA SERVAT COMITATUI FIDEM PALATINO.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bärnau'')</small> * [[Berolzheimium]]<ref name="Oesterreicher III 1795"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Markt Berolzheim'')</small> * [[Beronicum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bernried am Starnberger See'')</small> * [[Bessenbachum]]<ref>Vide [https://vgss.de/genealogie/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Orte-Karl-Gottlieb-von-Windisch.htm ''Geographie des Großfürstenthums Siebenbürgen, Karl Gottlieb von Windisch, 1790''], ubi dicitur "(...) Bessenbachum (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bessenbach'')</small> * [[Besinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bissingen'')</small> * [[Betzenstenium]]<ref name="Luyts 1692"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Betzenstein'')</small> * [[Beutelsbachium (Bavaria Inferior)|Beutelsbachium]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/paulihachenberg00hachgoog/paulihachenberg00hachgoog_djvu.txt ''Pauli Hachenbergi ... Germania media, publicis dissertationibus in academia Heidelbergensi ...''], ubi dicitur "(...) Beutelsbachium i (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Beutelsbach'')</small> * [[Bezigovia]]<ref name="Bader 1701">Bader, Clemente, auctore; ''Lexicon geographicum''; ed. sumptibus Iohannis Caspari Bencard, 1701.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Betzigau'')</small> * [[Bibacum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Viechtach'')</small> * [[Bibra (Suebia)|Bibra]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Biberbach'')</small> * [[Bibracum]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Ratisbonensis 1845"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Böbrach'')</small> * [[Biburgum ad Vilsum]]<ref name="Catalogus ... Ratisbonensis 1795">''Catalogus venerabilis cleri dioeceseos Ratisbonensis'', [[Ratisbona]]e, 1795.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Vilsbiburg'')</small> * [[Biburgum Novum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neubiberg'')</small> * [[Bidinga]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bidingen'')</small> * [[Bieberehrium]]<ref name="Status 1750">''Status Eccleasiasticus Herbipolensis'', 1750.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bieberehren'')</small> * [[Biessenhofium]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Biessenhofen'')</small> * [[Bilaicha]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Blaichach'')</small> * [[Bilingrina]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Beilngries'')</small> * [[Binswanga]]<ref name="Notitia 1753"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Binswangen'')</small> * [[Bindlaca]]<ref name="Baptista Culmbacensis">''Nova et accurata territorii Brandenburgico-Culmbacensis Descriptio'', auctore Iohannes Baptistā Homann (saeculo XVIII).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bindlach'')</small> * [[Bircofelda (Franconia Inferior)|Bircofelda]]<ref name="Bircofelda">Theodiscum toponymum ''Birkenfeld'' in Latinam "Bircofelda" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}} aut {{Hofmannus}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Birkenfeld'')</small> * [[Birglandia]]<ref name="Repertorium locorum collectorum">''Repertorium locorum collectorum''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Birgland'')</small> * [[Biricianus]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00001072?lang=de ''Wörnitz''], ubi dicitur "(...) Biricianus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Wörnitz'')</small> * [[Birnbacum]]<ref name="Status ... Passaviensis 1840>''Status ecclesiasticus dioecesis Passaviensis'', ([[Batavia (Bavaria)|Bataviae]], 1840).</ref> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Birnbach'')</small> * [[Bisanga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pösing'')</small> * [[Bischberga]]<ref name="Valentinus 1692"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bischberg'')</small> * [[Bischofsheimium ad Ronaham]]<ref name="Bischofsheimium">Germanica toponyma ''Bischofsheim'' aut ''Bischoffsheim'' in Latinam "Bischofsheimium" aut "Bischofsheimensis" aut "Episcopi Domus" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref><ref name="Rhön">De huius montis Theodisce ''Rhön'' dicti nomine, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bischofsheim an der Rhön'')</small> * [[Blaibacum]]<ref name="Catalogus 1776"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Blaibach'')</small> * [[Blankenbachium]]<ref name="Hontheim 1747">''Moguntia Christiana'', auctore Ioanne Nicolao ab Honthemio (1747).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Blankenbach'')</small> * [[Blindheimium]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_cVYmBvYlobEC/bub_gb_cVYmBvYlobEC_djvu.txt ''Protheus historicus''], ubi dicitur "(...) Blindheimium pagum prius occupasset (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Blindheim'')</small> * [[Bobinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bobingen'')</small> * [[Bocha]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Buch am Erlbach'')</small> * [[Bodenkircha]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/monumentaboica01karagoog/monumentaboica01karagoog_djvu.txt ''Monumenta Boica''], ubi dicitur "(...) praedium ecclesiae Bodenkircha (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bodenkirchen'')</small> * [[Bodenmaisium]]<ref name="Catalogus 1776"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bodenmais'')</small> * [[Bodenwera]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bodenwöhr'')</small> * [[Bodolza]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bodolz'')</small> * [[Boehenium]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Böhen'')</small> * [[Boehmfeldium]]<ref name="Status 1711"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Böhmfeld'')</small> * [[Bogama]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bogen'')</small> * [[Boia Amnis Fagorum]]<ref name="Rader III 1624"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Buch am Buchrain'')</small> * [[Boiaria]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Baiern'')</small> * [[Bolsterlanga]]<ref name="Notitia 1753"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bolsterlang'')</small> * [[Bonsidelia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wunsiedel'')</small> * [[Bonstettium (Suebia)|Bonstettium]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bonstetten'')</small> * [[Boosium (Suebia)|Boosium]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Boos'')</small> * [[Bovile (Bavaria)|Bovile]]<ref>Auctore [[Iosephus Hemmerle|Iosepho Hemmerle]]: ''Hochschloß Pähl, Geschichte eines altbayerischen Edelsitzes''. Verlag Bayerische Heimatforschung, [[Monacum|Monaci]]-[[Passingas|Passingae]] 1953, S.&nbsp;9.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Pähl'')</small> * [[Braitenbrunna (Suebia)|Braitenbrunna]]<ref name="Braitenbrunna">Theodiscum toponymum ''Breitenbrunn'' in Latinam "Braitenbrunna" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://era-prod11.ethz.ch ''Partitio IV. In hospitalia fratrum ordinis s. spiritus''], ubi dicitur "(...) post Christum natum año 1546 ''Braitenbrunnâ Memmingam'' reductus fuit (...)".</ref> <small>(in [[Suebia|Suebiā]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Breitenbrunn'')</small> * [[Branda (Palatinatus Superior)|Branda]]<ref name="Brand">Germanicum toponymum ''Brand'' in Latinam "Branda" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Brand'')</small> * [[Brannemburga]]<ref name="Status 1742"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Brannenburg'')</small> * [[Breitbrunna (Franconia Inferior)|Breitbrunna]]<ref name="Breitbrunna">Theodiscum toponymum ''Breitbrunn'' in Latinam "Breitbrunna" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.brepolsonline.net/doi/pdf/10.5555/J.ABOL.4.01150 ''Index Sanctorum'']{{Nexus deficit|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) Luitoldus erem. cultus Breitbrunnae (...)".</ref> <small>(in [[Franconia|Franconiā Inferiori]])</small> <small>(Theoædisce ''Breitbrunna'')</small> * [[Breitbrunna ad Chiemensem]]<ref name="Breitbrunna"/><ref name="Chiemsee"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Breitbrunn am Chiemsee'')</small> * [[Breitenbergum (Bavaria Inferior)|Breitenbergum]]<ref name="Breitenbergum">Theodiscum toponymum ''Breitenberg'' in Latinam "Breitenbergum" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://ia801305.us.archive.org/35/items/gestahammaburgen00adamuoft/gestahammaburgen00adamuoft.pdf ''Gesta Hammaburgensis''], ubi dicitur "(...) Breitenbergi invenit et anno 1595 (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Breitenberg'')</small> * [[Brenbergum]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_PLE_AAAAYAAJ/bub_gb_PLE_AAAAYAAJ_djvu.txt ''Oberbayerisches archiv für vaterländische geschichte''], ubi dicitur "(...) Mitterfelsiam, sub qua Brenbergum et Valckensteinum (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Brennberg'')</small> * [[Briena]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Prien am Chiemsee'')</small> * [[Brigirchinga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00014279?lang=de ''Prittriching''], ubi dicitur "(...) Brigirchinga (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Prittriching'')</small> * [[Breitum]]<ref name="Jubilans 1715"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Marktbreit'')</small> * [[Brucca (Bavaria Superior)|Brucca]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(in [[Bavaria Superior|Bavariā Superiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bruck'')</small> * [[Brucca in Palatinatu Superiori|Brucca in Palatinatū Superiore]]<ref name="Bruck">Theodiscum toponymum ''Bruck'' in Latinam "Brucca" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref><ref name="Palatinatus Superior"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bruck in der Oberpfalz'')</small> * [[Bruckberga (Bavaria Inferior)|Bruckberga]]<ref name="Bruckberga">Theodiscum toponymum ''Bruckberg'' in Latinam "Bruckberga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/details/ned-kbn-all-00001637-001/page/222/mode/2up?q=Bruckberga ''P. Bertii commentariorum rerum germanicarum libri tres''], ubi dicitur "(...) Bruckbergae Baro (...)".</ref> <small>(in [[Bavaria Inferior|Bavariā Inferiori]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bruckberg'')</small> * [[Bruckberga (Franconia Inferior)|Bruckberga]]<ref name="Bruckberga"/> <small>(in [[Franconia|Franconiā Inferiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bruckberg'')</small> * [[Bruckenavia]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10373625?p=28&cq=Ingolstadium%20u.a.&lang=de ''Brevis Bavariae geographia''], ubi dicitur "(...) Bruckenavia, Brückenau (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Brückenau'')</small> * [[Brunnum (Bavaria)|Brunnum]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Brunnen'')</small> * [[Bubenreuthum]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bubenreuth'')</small> * [[Bubesheimum]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bubesheim'')</small> * [[Buchium (Suebia)|Buchium]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>(in [[Suebia|Suebiā]])</small> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Buch'')</small> * [[Buchium ad Silvam]]<ref name="Status 1735">''Status Ecclesiasticus Onoldinus'', 1735.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Buch am Wald'')</small> * [[Buchdorffium]]<ref name="Status 1711"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Buchdorf'')</small> * [[Buchenberga]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Buchenberg'')</small> * [[Buchloia]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Buchloe'')</small> * [[Buckenhofium]]<ref>Vide [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9783110280753_A19806974/preview-9783110280753_A19806974.pdf ''Epitoma Historiarum Philippicarum''], ubi dicitur "(...) Datum Buckenhofii Erlangensis mense Augusto (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Buckenhof'')</small> * [[Buechenbacum]]<ref name="Status 1711"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Büchenbach'')</small> * [[Buechlberga]]<ref name="Catalogus 1774">''Catalogus venerabilis cleri dioecesis Passaviensis'', typis viduae Mangoldianae, 1774.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Büchlberg'')</small> * [[Buhila]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bichl'')</small> * [[Bunaha]]<ref name="Bunaha">Vide [https://www.yumpu.com/de/document/read/5481494/sankt-oswald-baunach-pfarrei-st-oswald-baunach ''Sankt Oswald Baunach''], ubi dicitur "(...) ad Bunaha ubi ecclesia edificata erat (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Baunach'')</small> * [[Bundorfium]]<ref name="Bundorfium">Theodisca vox ''Bundorf'' in Latinam "Bundorfium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://vd18.gbv.de/viewer/fullscreen/02086714X/374/ ''Catalogus Bibliothecae Quam Vir Perillustris Atque Generosissimus Ludwig Bernhard L. B. De Zech Dynasta Bundorfii, Geusae Et Oberloedlae''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bundorf'')</small> * [[Bunninga (Bavaria)|Bunninga]]<ref name="Bunninga">Theodiscum toponymum ''Benningen'' in Latinam "Bunninga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Benningen'')</small> * [[Burcardiroda]]<ref name="Gropp Aetas 1741">Gropp, Ignatio, auctore; ''Aetas Mille Annorum Antiquissimi Et Regalis Monasterii Sanctorum Vitj, Kiliani, Et Totnani''. Herbipoli, 1741.</ref> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Burkardroth'')</small> * [[Burchusia]]<ref name="Chiusole">{{Google Books|coN42atKxeYC|Il mondo antico, moderno e novissimo ... Antonio Chiusole · 1722}}</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Burghausen'')</small> * [[Burgavia]]<ref name="Chiusole">{{Google Books|coN42atKxeYC|Il mondo antico, moderno e novissimo ... Antonio Chiusole · 1722}}</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Burgau'')</small> * [[Burgberga in Algovia|Burgberga in Algoviā]]<ref name="Burgberga">Theodiscum toponymum ''Burgberg'' in Latinam "Burgberga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://opendigi.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/opendigi/LXVI396-2_Ex2#tab=info ''Diarium Martini Crusii''], ubi dicitur "(...) Burgbergae habitans 4 circ. mill. (...)".</ref><ref name="Algovia">De Algoviā, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Burgberg im Allgäu'')</small> * [[Burgga]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Burggen'')</small> * [[Burghemium]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_YloFAAAAQAAJ/bub_gb_YloFAAAAQAAJ_djvu.txt ''Historia et commentationes''], ubi dicitur "(...) i. e. Burghemium orientale (...)".</ref> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Burgheim'')</small> * [[Burgoberbacum]]<ref name="Status 1711"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Burgoberbach'')</small> * [[Burgstadium]]<ref>Vide [https://opendata.uni-halle.de/bitstream/1981185920/49989/27/265814375.pdf ''D. christoph. dondorff - facvltatis ivrid. lips. senior''], ubi dicitur "(...) Natus est, Burgstadii prope Chemnicium (...)".</ref> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bürgstadt'')</small> * [[Burgwindhemium]]<ref name="Fleischmann 1775"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Burgwindheim'')</small> * [[Burkium]]<ref name="Status 1711"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Burk'')</small> * [[Burones]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Neubeuern'')</small> * [[Burtenbachium]]<ref name="Burtenbachium">Theodisca vox ''Burtenbach'' in Latinam "Burtenbachium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/cera/wolf1/99.pdf ''Kennel von Silvalacus''], ubi dicitur "(...) Burtenbachium tamen curasse puto (...)".</ref> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Burtenbach'')</small> * [[Buttenhemium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.rambow.de/download/Bayreuther_Ordinationsbuch.pdf ''Einzelarbeiten Kirchengeschichte Bayerns''], ubi dicitur "(...) Ego Fridericus Ferdinandus Traugott Heerwagen Buttenhemii natus (...)".</ref> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Buttenheim'')</small> * [[Buetthardum]]<ref name="Jubilans 1715"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bütthard'')</small> * [[Buxhemium (Bavaria Superior)|Buxhemium]]<ref name="Buxhemium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Buxheim' in Latinam "Buxhemium" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(in [[Bavaria Superior|Bavariā Superiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Buxheim'')</small> * [[Buxhemium (Suebia)|Buxhemium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(in [[Suebia|Suebiā]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Buxheim'')</small> {{div col end}} == C == {{div col|3}} * [[Cadolsburgum]]<ref>Vide [https://www.ustc.ac.uk/editions/2707598 ''USTC Record''], ubi dicitur "(...) tristi planctu Cadolsburgi in Franconia (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Cadolzburg'')</small> * [[Caelius ad Hilariam]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/><ref name="Hilaria"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kellmünz an der Iller'')</small> * [[Caelius Mons]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Türkheim'')</small> * [[Caesarea (Suebia)|Caesarea]]<ref name="Annales Caesarienses">''Annales Caesarienses''.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kaisheim'')</small> * [[Calde (Bavaria)|Calde]]<ref>Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20220619171312/https://www.kahl-main.de/seite/de/gemeinde/014:89/-/Ortsgeschichte.html ''Gemeinde Kahl a.Main''], ubi dicitur "(...) In diesem in lateinischer Sprache verfassten Dokument aus Pergament wird Kahl als "Calde" bezeichnet (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Kahl am Main'')</small> * [[Calmuntzium]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kelheim'')</small> * [[Calva (Bavaria)|Calva]]<ref name="Schannat 1723">Schannat, I. F., auctore (1723); ''Corpus Traditionum Fuldensium''. [[Lipsia]]e: Gleditsch.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Kleinkahl'')</small> * [[Cambla]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Cham'')</small> * [[Cambodunum]]<ref name="DE SITU ARCHI ABBATI AE OTTILIENSIS"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kempten'')</small> * [[Camera (Bamberga)|Camera]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kemmern'')</small> * [[Campi Pineti]]<ref name="Hund I 1582"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kiefersfelden'')</small> * [[Campiprincipipons]]<ref name="Thüringer Landesamt für Statistik (2026)">Thüringer Landesamt für Statistik (2026). ''Statistisches Jahrbuch: Verwaltungsgliederung und geographische Bezeichnungen''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Fürstenfeldbruck'')</small> * [[Campus Comitis ad Moenum]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1865"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Grafenrheinfeld'')</small> * [[Campus Ebonis]]<ref name="Eckhart 1730"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Ebensfeld'')</small> * [[Campus Lacustris (Bavaria Superior)|Campus Lacustris]]<ref name="Seefeld">Theodiscum toponymum ''Seefeld'' in Latinam "Campus Lacustris" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/kirsch/kirsch1/p1/Kirsch_cornucopiae_p1_386_lactarivs.html ''ADAMI FRIDERICI KIRSCHII ABVNDANTISSIMVM CORNVCOPIAE LINGVAE LATINAE ET GERMANICAE SELECTVM, QVO CONTINENTVR''], ubi dicitur "(...) Campus lacustris, Seefeld (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Seefeld'')</small> * [[Campus Regius (Franconia Superior)|Campus Regius]]<ref name="Königsfeld">Theodisca vox ''Königsfeld'' in Latinam "Campus Regius" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://regionalia.blb-karlsruhe.de/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/22737/file/BLB_Freiburger_Dioecesan_Archiv_22_1892.pdf ''Freiburger Diöcesan-Archirv''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Königsfeld'')</small> * [[Campus Rumonis]]<ref name="Hund 1582">Hund, Wiguleo, auctore (1582); ''Metropolis Salisburgensis''.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Ruhmannsfelden'')</small> * [[Campus Solis]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Sonnefeld'')</small/> * [[Campus Speciosus]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Niederschönenfeld'')</small> * [[Campus Thuringorum]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Türkenfeld'')</small> * [[Caput Equi]]<ref>Vide [https://geschichte-bayerns.de/ortsnamen/artikel/Schwaben/Ostallg%C3%A4u/Ro%C3%9Fhaupten/oj7i1 ''Roßhaupten''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''ad locum, qui uocatur Caput Equi'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Roßhaupten'')</small> * [[Caput Ferinum]]<ref name="Meichelbeck II 1729"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Thierhaupten'')</small> * [[Caput Lacus|Caput Lacūs]]<ref name="Caput Lacūs">Theodiscum toponymum ''Seeshaupt'' in Latinam "Caput Lacūs" verti solet; v.gr., vide [https://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/propylaeumdok/4477/1/Martin_Anhang_1992.pdf ''5. Anhang''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Caput lacus'' (bzw. deutsch Seeshaupt) (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Seeshaupt'')</small> * [[Carbachium (Franconia Inferior)|Carbachium]]<ref name="Karbach">Theodisca vox ''Karbach'' in Latinam "Carbachium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [http://brill.com ''Brill''], ubi dicitur "(...) Nam Carbachium, qui primus (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Karbach'')</small> * [[Carlsteinium ad Moenum]]<ref name="Carlsteinium">Theodisca vox ''Carlsteinium'' in Latinam "Karlstein" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:SBR-MDZ-00000BSB11083918?p=179&cq=Bamberga&lang=de ''Collectio Novissima Scriptorvm Et Rervm Wircebvrgensivm''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Lichtenavia''' Arx & oppidum (...)".</ref><ref name="Moenus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Karlstein am Main'')</small> * [[Caroli Campus]]<ref name="Fink 1950">Fink, A., auctore (1950); ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Dachau''. [[Monacum|Monaci]]: Kommission für bayerische Landesgeschichte.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Karlsfeld'')</small> * [[Caroli Corona (Bavaria)|Caroli Corona]]<ref name="Caroli Corona">Germanicae voces ''Karlskron(a)'' in Latinam "Caroli Corona" verti solent. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Karlskron'')</small> * [[Caroli Debitum]]<ref name="Fink 1953">Fink, A., auctore (1953); ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Neuburg an der Donau''. [[Monacum|Monaci]]: Kommission für bayerische Landesgeschichte.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Karlshuld'')</small> * [[Carolostadium Bavariae|Carolostadium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Karlstadt'')</small> * [[Casae Chetonis]]<ref name="Rader III 1624"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kettershausen'')</small> * [[Castellum (Bavaria Superior)|Castellum]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00009459?lang=de ''Kastl''], ubi dicitur "(...) Castellum (...)".</ref> <small>(in [[Bavaria Superior|Bavariā Superiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kastl'')</small> * [[Castellum (in Valle Lutarahae)|Castellum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(in Valle [[Lutaraha]]e<ref name="Lutaraha">Fingitur nomen huius fluminis ex oppido homonymo. Latino de nomine huius oppidi, vide [https://www.yumpu.com/de/document/read/5481494/sankt-oswald-baunach-pfarrei-st-oswald-baunach ''Sankt Oswald Baunach''], ubi dicitur "(...) Eine erste geschichtliche Erwähnung unter dem Namen „Lutaraha“ fand man aus dem Jahr 853 (...)".</ref>)</small> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kastl'')</small> * [[Castellum in Palatinatu|Castellum in Palatinatū]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(prope [[Keminata]]m<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kastl'')</small> * [[Castrum Altum]]<ref name="Meichelbeck II 1729"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Hohenfels'')</small> * [[Castrum Dietrichi]]<ref name="Rader III 1624"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dietersburg'')</small> * [[Catellum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Castell'')</small> * [[Cella (Deggendorfium)|Cella]]<ref>Vide [https://www.dahoam-in-niederbayern.de/vereine/verein/gemeinde-aussernzell-646/ ''Gemeinde Außernzell''], ubi dicitur "(...) Die erste urkundliche Erwähnung von „Cella“ (Außernzell) fällt in das Jahr 1004. Kaiser Heinrich II. bestätigt in einer Urkunde dem Kloster Niederaltaich dessen Besitzungen. (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Außernzell'')</small> * [[Cella (Palatinatus Superior)|Cella]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(in [[Palatinatus Superior|Palatinatū Superiore]]<ref name="Palatinatus Superior"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Zell'')</small> * [[Cella ad Moenum]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00004552?lang=de ''Zell a.Main''], ubi dicitur "(...) Cella (...)".</ref><ref name="Moenus"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Zell am Main'')</small> * [[Cella cum Ecclesia|Cella cum Ecclesiā]]<ref name="Hontheim 1747"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchzell'')</small> * [[Cella in Monte Pinifero]]<ref name="Luyts 1692"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Zell im Fichtelgebirge'')</small> * [[Cella Interior]]<ref name="Hund I 1582"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Innernzell'')</small> * [[Cella Orientalis (Bavaria)|Cella Orientalis]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Osterzell'')</small> * [[Cella Principum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fürstenzell'')</small> * [[Cella Rattonis]]<ref name="Meichelbeck 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rattiszell'')</small> * [[Cella Sacra (Bavaria)|Cella Sacra]]<ref name="Status ... Eustettensis 1792"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weihenzell'')</small> * [[Cella Sigmari]]<ref name="Braun 1788">Braun, Placido, auctore (1788); ''Notitia Historico-Litteraria de Libris ab Artis Typographicae Inventione''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Sigmarszell'')</small> * [[Cenna]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Langenzenn'')</small> * [[Chamara (Frisinga)|Chamara]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hohenkammer'')</small> * [[Chameravia]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Chamerau'')</small> * [[Chieminga]]<ref name="Chieminga">Theodisca vox ''Chieming'' in Latinam "Chieminga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://publikationen.badw.de/de/003189265/003189265.pdf ''Topographische Matrikel''], ubi dicitur "(...) Chieminga lacus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Chieming'')</small> * [[Chiemium]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Chiemsee'')</small> * [[Chila]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00003686?lang=de ''Zeil a.Main''], ubi dicitur "(...) curiam nostram Chilam (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Zeil am Main'')</small> * [[Chissinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Kissingen'')</small> * [[Chlana]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Glonn'')</small> * [[Chollenberga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kollnburg'')</small> * [[Choncella]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Konzell'')</small> * [[Chrayburga ad Aenum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kraiburg am Inn'')</small> * [[Chreilinga]]<ref name="Bitterauf I 1905"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Krailling'')</small> * [[Chumhausenum]]<ref name="Catalogus ... Ratisbonensis 1850">''Catalogus venerabilis cleri Almae Dioeceseos Ratisbonensis''. (1850). [[Ratisbona]]e: typis Georgii Iosephi Manz.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Kumhausen'')</small> * [[Chunigishofa]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gaukönigshofen'')</small> * [[Chuzenhusa (Bavaria)|Chuzenhusa]]<ref name="Kutzenhausen">Theodiscum toponymum ''Kutzenhausen' in Latinam "Chuzenhusa" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Kutzenhausen'')</small> * [[Cidalarum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Zeilarn'')</small> * [[Cidelara]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Zeitlarn'')</small> * [[Civitas Alta ad Aiscam]]<ref name="Ussermann 1794">Ussermann, Aemiliano, auctore; ''Episcopatus Bambergensis sub metropoli Moguntina''; typis Sancti Blasii, 1794.</ref><ref name="Aisca">De hydronymo "Aisca" (Theodisce ''Aisch''), vide ''Entwicklungsgeschichte der Stadt Neustadt an der Aisch bis 1933'', auctore Maximo (''Max'') Döllner.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Höchstadt an der Aisch'')</small> * [[Civitas Nandilonis]]<ref name="Rader 1615-1627"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Nandlstadt'')</small> * [[Clavis Campi]]<ref name="Crusius 1595"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schlüsselfeld'')</small> * [[Coburgum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Coburg'')</small> * [[Coeferinga]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Köfering'')</small> * [[Coeli Corona]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Himmelkron'')</small> * [[Collenberga]]<ref name="Hontheim 1747"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Collenberg'')</small> * [[Colmberga]]<ref>Vide [https://dlibra.bibliotekaelblaska.pl/Content/66269/PDF%20czarno-bia%C5%82y/92408-2_czb_300.pdf ''PLATONIS PHILOSOPHI QUAE EXSTANT''], ubi dicitur "(...) Colmbergae (...)".</ref> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Colmberg'')</small> * [[Communitas Bavarica]]<ref name="Rader 1615-1627"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bayerisch Gmain'')</small> * [[Constatia ad Moenum]]<ref name="Ussermann 1801">Ussermann, Aemiliano, auctore; ''Episcopatus Bambergensis sub sedis apostolicae tutela'', Sancti Blasii, 1801.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Burgkunstadt'')</small> * [[Conventus ad Campum Licum]]<ref name="Steichele 1883"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Klosterlechfeld'')</small> * [[Cornu Hirci]]<ref name="Rader III 1624"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bockhorn'')</small> * [[Cotisodunum]]<ref>[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00034285 Bavarikon.de]; cf. [[Iohannes Aventinus|Iohannis Aventini]] [https://books.google.de/books?id=6FhG9G-6mpwC&q=Cotisodunum#v=snippet&q=Cotisodunum&f=false ''Annales ducum Boiariae''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Kötzting'')</small> * [[Cotzium]]<ref name="Kötz">Theodisca vox ''Kötz'' in Latinam "Cotzium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.europeana.eu/es/item/362/item_JBM5OPPBO3DB33GZPGU7IFLJIKZCC33P ''Europeana''], ubi dicitur "(...) Simonem Cotzium 4. non: Martinum Boium (...)".</ref><ref name="Agara">De hydronymo "Agara" (Theodisce ''Eger''), vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Kötz'')</small> * [[Craiburga Silvestris]]<ref name="Hund 1719"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Waldkraiburg'')</small> * [[Crana]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kronach'')</small> * [[Crantzberga]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kranzberg'')</small> * [[Creutha]]<ref name="Kreuth">Theodisca vox ''Kreuth'' in Latinam "Creutha" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:SBR-MDZ-00000BSB11083918?p=179&cq=Bamberga&lang=de ''Collectio Novissima Scriptorvm Et Rervm Wircebvrgensivm''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Petrus de Zedwia'' et ''Creutha'' seu Iuditha (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Kreuth'')</small> * [[Crombacum (Franconia Inferior)|Crombacum]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1741"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kronburg'')</small> * [[Cronachium Aureum]]<ref name="Biedermann 1745">Biedermann, I. G., auctore (1745): ''Genealogie der Hohen Grafen Häuser im Franckenlande'', volumen I, [[Baruthum|Baruthi]], 1745.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Goldkronach'')</small> * [[Cropa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Grub am Forst'')</small> * [[Cruci-Wertheimum]]<ref name="Jubilans 1715"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kreuzwertheim'')</small> * [[Crummenaba]]<ref>Vide [https://www.monasterium.net/mom/DE-StAAm/Weissenohe/fond?_lang=deu&block=1 ''Kloster Weißenohe Urkunden''], ubi dicitur "(...) cum castro in eodem fundo sito, Crummenaba (Krummennaab, Lkr. Tirschenreuth) (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Krummennaab'')</small> * [[Crueninga]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kröning'')</small> * [[Crusa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Creußen'')</small> * [[Cubacum]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kühbach'')</small> * [[Cuepsa]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Küps'')</small> * [[Culmbachium]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kulmbach'')</small> * [[Culmena]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kulmain'')</small> * [[Cummuntinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kinding'')</small> * [[Cunreutha]]<ref name="Kunreuth">Theodisca vox ''Kunreuth'' in Latinam "Cunreutha" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://belgica.kbr.be/BELGICA/doc/SYRACUSE/17498344/j-j-disputatio-juridica-de-indictis-juris-induciis-vom-rechts-stillstand-quam-favente-supremo-numine?_lg=fr-BE ''KBR Belgica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Cunreutha Francus, autor & respondens, in auditorio (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Kunreuth'')</small> * [[Cunzina]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Künzing'')</small> * [[Cuprimontium (Bavaria)|Cuprimontium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00041391?lang=de ''Kupferberg''], ubi dicitur "(...) Cuprimontium (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Kupferberg'')</small> * [[Curia Australis]]<ref name="Zeiller 1694"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Sonthofen'')</small> * [[Curia Dominae Novae]]<ref name="Rader 1615-1627"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neufraunhofen'')</small> * [[Curia Dominarum Antiqua]]<ref name="Rader III 1624"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Altfraunhofen'')</small> * [[Curia Fagorum]]<ref name="Annales Congregationis Mettenensis 1767"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Buchhofen'')</small> * [[Curia Ottonis]]<ref name="Codex Traditionum Ecclesiae Frisingensis">''Codex Traditionum Ecclesiae Frisingensis'', (Editore Meichelbeck, 1724).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ottenhofen'')</small> * [[Curia Variscorum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hof'')</small> * [[Curiae ad Nigram Aquam]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes II 1863"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwarzhofen'')</small> * [[Cygnicampus]]<ref name="Crusius 1595"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwanfeld'')</small> {{div col end}} == D == {{div col|3}} * [[Dachanum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dachau'')</small> * [[Dachsbachium]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_JH54w1QV3-EC/bub_gb_JH54w1QV3-EC_djvu.txt ''Nouum volumen scriptorum rerum Germanicarum, plurimam partem nunc primum editorum ex cod. msct. Tomus I & II e Museo Ludeuuigiano''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''ecclesiae praefecturam, Dachsbachium'' (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Dachsbach'')</small> * [[Dachstettium Superius]]<ref name="Status 1735"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberdachstetten'')</small> * [[Daitinga]]<ref name="Daiting">Theodisca vox ''Daiting'' in Latinam "Daitinga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/details/bsb10609904 ''M. Pauli Ulrici Daitinga-Palatini, Primitiae In Epigrammatibus Poeticae''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Daiting'')</small> * [[Dammbachium]]<ref name="Hontheim 1747"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dammbach'')</small> * [[Deggendorfium]]<ref name="Deggendorfium">Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10372085?p=485&cq=Candidus,%20Pantaleon&lang=de ''Chronica Bavaricae Capucinorum Provinciae : in brevem summam collecta a religionis institutione usque ad eius resuscitationem''], ubi dicitur "(...) P. Ludovicus Sedlmair Deggendorfensis confessarius semper ei propre esse debuit (...) Testes erant Monachium, Straubinga, Deggendorfium, Bulsanum (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Deggendorf'')</small> * [[Degginga Monachorum]]<ref name="Zeiller 1694"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mönchsdeggingen'')</small> * [[Dei Cella]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gotteszell'')</small> * [[Deissenhusa]]<ref>Hoc Latinum toponymum regressive derivatur Latino e gentilicio "Deissenhusanus-a-um". Quo de gentilicio, vide [http://www.onomastik.at/files/Reitzenstein_Lex_schwaeb_ON.pdf ''Lexikon schwäbischer Ortsnamen. Herkunft und Bedeutung''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Deißen-husanus prope Weißenhorn'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Deisenhausen'')</small> * [[Denkendorfium (Bavaria Superior)|Denkendorfium]]<ref name="Denkendorfium">Theodisca vox ''Denkendorf'' in Latinam "Denkendorfium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/marginalienundm00nestgoog/marginalienundm00nestgoog_djvu.txt ''Marginalien und Materialen''], ubi dicitur "(...) ex quo Denkendorfium Te praeposito gaudere coepit (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Denkendorf'')</small> * [[Dentleinium ad Silvam]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Dentlein am Forst'')</small> * [[Deoinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberding'')</small> * [[Dettelbachium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:SBR-MDZ-00000BSB11083918?p=305&cq=Weber,%20Max%20Maria%20von&lang=de ''Collectio Novissima Scriptorvm Et Rervm Wircebvrgensivm''], ubi dicitur "(...) in arena prope Dettelbachium (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Dettelbach'')</small> * [[Dettelsavia Nova]]<ref name="Status ... Aystettensis 1790">''Status Ecclesiasticus Dioceseos Aystettensis'' (1790).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Neuendettelsau'')</small> * [[Deuerlingum]]<ref name="Deuerlingum">Theodisca vox ''Deuerling'' in Latinam "Deuerlingum" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://books.google.es/books?id=8WpFYBkYoWkC&printsec=frontcover&hl=es&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=Diebachium&f=false ''Vmbrica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Deuerlingi), Luxorius carmen (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Deuerling'')</small> * [[Diebachium]]<ref name="Diebachium">Theodisca vox ''Diebach'' in Latinam "Diebachium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/vmbrica00buecgoog/vmbrica00buecgoog_djvu.txt ''Vmbrica''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Diebachium'' iam seculo indecimo innotuit (...) Vallis Diebacensis tres proprie comprehendit pagos, nempe ''Diebachium'' Rhenanum sive ''inferius, Diebachium superius'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Diebach'')</small> * [[Diedorfium (Suebia)|Diedorfium]]<ref name="Diedorfium">Theodisca vox ''Diedorf'' in Latinam "Diedorfium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/neueallgemeined05nicogoog/neueallgemeined05nicogoog_djvu.txt ''Neue allgemeine deutsche bibliothek''], ubi dicitur "(...) Diedorfii novum Lexicon (...)".</ref> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Diedorf'')</small> * [[Dietenhoffa]]<ref name="Dietenhofen">Theodisca vox ''Dietenhofen'' in Latinam "Dietenhoffa" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.rambow.de/download/Bayreuther_Ordinationsbuch.pdf ''Einzelarbeiten Kirchengeschichte Bayerns''], ubi dicitur "(...) Ego Joannes Friedericus Flemnitzer Dietenhoffa-Baruthinus (...)".</ref> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Dietenhofen'')</small> * [[Dietersheimium]]<ref name="Fleischmann 1775"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dietersheim'')</small> * [[Dietrammi Cella]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dietramszell'')</small> * [[Dilinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dillingen an der Donau'')</small> * [[Dinckespuhla]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dinkelsbühl'')</small> * [[Dingolfinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dingolfing'')</small> * [[Dingolshusium]]<ref name="Status 1750"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dingolshausen'')</small> * [[Dininga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Deining'')</small> * [[Dinkelscherbia]]<ref name="Matricula ... 1778">''Matricula Episcopatus Augustani'' (1778).</ref> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Dinkelscherben'')</small> * [[Dirlewangium]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Dirlewang'')</small> * [[Disia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Dießen am Ammersee'')</small> * [[Disia Inferior]]<ref name="Unterdießen">Theodiscum toponymicum lexema ''-dießen'' in Latinam "Disia" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}; et Theodiscum praefixum ''Unter-'' Latino adiectivo "inferior-ius" vertitur.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Unterdießen'')</small> * [[Dittenheimium]]<ref name="Dittenheim">Theodisca vox ''Dittenheim'' in Latinam "Dittenheimium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20251212162857/https://www.musiconn.de/musiconnsearch/search?id=kxp861468848&sid=25185376 ''Epicedia ex Parnasso, Memoriae Iuvenis Nobilissimi atque Ornatissimi Ioannis Adami Edelmanni, Dittenheimio - Franci, Divinae humanaeque sapientiae Studiosi, Cum d. XII. Ianuar. A.C. MDCCII. e vita excederet, & d. II. Februar. ipsa feria Purificationis Christi, Solemni exequiarum ritu elatus, ad aedem Marianam conderetur, Sacrata a Patronis, Praeceptoribus, ac Fautoribus ''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Dittenheim'')</small> * [[Doehlavium]]<ref name="Status 1735"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Döhlau'')</small> * [[Dollinga Superior]]<ref name="Wittmann 1789"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberdolling'')</small> * [[Dombuhlium]]<ref name="Status 1711"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Dombühl'')</small> * [[Domus ad Ham]]<ref name="Hund II 1582"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hausham'')</small> * [[Domus Alati]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1863"/> <small> (Theodisce ''Aletshausen'')</small> * [[Domus Gesserti]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1863"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gessertshausen'')</small> * [[Domus Martini]]<ref name="Rader 1615-1627"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Martinsheim'')</small> * [[Donawerda]]<ref name="Chiusole">{{Google Books|coN42atKxeYC|Il mondo antico, moderno e novissimo ... Antonio Chiusole · 1722}}</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Donauwörth'')</small> * [[Dormitium]]<ref name="Fleischmann 1775"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dormitz'')</small> * [[Dorflesium et Esbacum]]<ref name="Luyts 1692"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dörfles-Esbach'')</small> * [[Dorfum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dorfen'')</small> * [[Drutelinga]]<ref>Vide [https://boari.de/ortsnamen/treuchtlingen.htm ''Lateinische Sprachrelikte im bayerischen Dialekt''], ubi dicitur "(...) Drutelinga, S. 550 villa Drutelinga (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Treuchtlingen'')</small> * [[Duggendorfium]]<ref name="Catalogus 1776"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Duggendorf'')</small> * [[Durraha]]<ref>Vide [https://www.geschichte-bayerns.de/ortsnamen/artikel/Schwaben/Oberallg%C3%A4u/Durach/f7j3k ''Geschichte Bayerns''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''in Durraha'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Durach'')</small> * [[Duerrwangium]]<ref name="Status 1711"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Dürrwangen'')</small> {{div col end}} == E == {{div col|3}} * [[Ebelsbachium]]<ref name="Status 1750"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ebelsbach'')</small> * [[Ebera (commune)|Ebera]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Ebrach'')</small> * [[Eberfinga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.heiligenlexikon.de/ActaSanctorum/Anhang_September_II.html ''Acta Sanctorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) Eberfinga, pagus in Bavaria (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Eberfing'')</small> * [[Ebermannsdorfium]]<ref name="Catalogus 1776"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ebermannsdorf'')</small> * [[Ebermanstadium]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/HohenlohischesUrkundenbuch3/Hohenlohisches%20Urkundenbuch_3_djvu.txt ''Hohenlohisches Urkundenbuch 3''], ubi dicitur "(...) Ebermanstadium, Senfftenbergum et nonnulla alia (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ebermannstadt'')</small> * [[Ebersberga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ebersberg'')</small> * [[Ebersdorfium prope Coburgum]]<ref name="Ebersdorfium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Ebersdorf' in Latinam "Ebersdorfium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref><ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ebersdorf bei Coburg'')</small> * [[Ebershusa]]<ref>Hoc Latinum toponymum regressive derivatur Latino e gentilicio "Ebershusanus-a-um". Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://forum.ahnenforschung.net/forum/allgemeine-diskussionsforen/lese-und-bersetzungshilfe/lese-u-bersetzungshilfe-f-r-fremdsprachige-texte/86182-lesehilfe-eheschliessung-in-latein ''forum.ahnenforschung.net'']{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) parochus Ebershausanus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ebershausen'')</small> * [[Ebnatha]]<ref name="Nova Bavariae">''Nova et accurata Bavariae Descriptio'', auctore Iohanne Baptistā Homann (saeculo XVIII).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ebnath'')</small> * [[Ebra (Bamberga)|Ebra]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>[[Circulus terrae Bambergensis|Circulo Bambergensi]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Burgebrach'')</small> * [[Ebracum Asperum]]<ref name="Lang 1831">Lang, I. B., auctore (1831); ''Regesta sive Rerum Boicarum Autographa''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Rauhenebrach'')</small> * [[Ecclesia ad Fontem Baptismalem Superior]]<ref name="Rader III 1624"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Obertaufkirchen'')</small> * [[Ecclesia Castri ad Alzam]]<ref name="Catalogus ... Passaviensis 1830">''Catalogus cleri totius dioecesis Passaviensis ad annum 1830'', ([[Batavia (Bavaria)|Bataviae]], 1830).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Burgkirchen an der Alz'')</small> * [[Ecclesia Geroldi]]<ref name="Hund 1719"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Geratskirchen'')</small> * [[Ecclesia in Monte Inferiori]]<ref name="Notitiae Fundationum...">''Notitiae Fundationum Nonnullarum per Boiariam.''</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Niederbergkirchen'')</small> * [[Ecclesia in Silva|Ecclesia in Silvā]]<ref name="Hansiz 1727">Hansiz, Marco, auctore (1727); ''Germania Sacra''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Waldkirchen'')</small> * [[Ecclesia Montana-Fons Sigehardi]]<ref name="Meichelbeck II 1729"/><ref name="Ussermann 1794"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Höhenkirchen-Siegertsbrunn'')</small> * [[Ecclesia Montana Superior]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberbergkirchen'')</small> * [[Ecclesia Theodorici (Bavaria)|Ecclesia Theodorici]]<ref name="Ried 1816"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dieterskirchen'')</small> * [[Ecclesia Trutmaris]]<ref name="Hentzner 1612"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Trautskirchen'')</small> * [[Ecclesia Waltprechti]]<ref name="Hund 1719"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Walpertskirchen'')</small> * [[Ecclesiae Baptimales (Circulus Muldorfensis)|Ecclesiae Baptimales]]<ref name="Ecclesiae Baptimales">Theodisca vox ''Taufkirchen'' in Latinam "Ecclesiae Baptismales" verti solet. V.gr. vide [http://www.leuninger-herbert.de/ernst/Gemeindeleitung%202002.pdf ''Gemeinde II.: Gemeindeleitung und -pastoral''], ubi dicitur "(...) „ecclesiae baptismales“ (Taufkirchen) (...)".</ref> <small>(Circulus Mühldorf)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Taufkirchen'')</small> * [[Ecclesiae Baptimales (Vilisa)|Ecclesiae Baptimales]]<ref name="Ecclesiae Baptimales"/> <small>(ad [[Vilisa]]m<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Taufkirchen'')</small> * [[Ecclesiae Baptimales (prope Monacum)|Ecclesiae Baptimales]]<ref name="Ecclesiae Baptimales"/> <small>(prope [[Monacum]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Taufkirchen'')</small> * [[Ecclesiae Baptismales Inferiores]]<ref name="Ecclesiae Baptimales"/><ref name="Nieder-">Theodiscum praefixum ''Nieder-'' Latino adiectivo "inferior-ius" vertitur.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Niedertaufkirchen'')</small> * [[Echinga]]<ref name="Emmeram">''Die Traditionen des Hochstifts Regensburg und des Klosters S. Emmeram''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ehingen am Ries'')</small> * [[Echinga ad Ambrae Lacum]]<ref>''Nova et accurata Bavariae descriptio'', 1720.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Eching am Ammersee'')</small> * [[Echinga (Frisinga)|Echinga Frisigensis]]<ref name="Viturinenses">''Traditiones possessionesque Viturinenses''.</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Frisingensis|Circulo Frisingensi]]<ref name="Frisinga">Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Frisingensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Freising'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Frisingensis-e" ad [[Frisinga]]m refertur. Quod de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Eching'')</small> * [[Eckersdorfium]]<ref name="Eckersdorfium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Eckersdorf'' in Latinam "Eckersdorfium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/achillestatioua00carpgoog/achillestatioua00carpgoog_djvu.txt ''Achilleōs Tatiou Alexandreōs Erōtikōn, sive, De Clitophontis et Levcippes amoribvs, libri VIII''], ubi dicitur "(...) ECKERSDORFII PLVREVMQVE (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Eckersdorf'')</small> * [[Edelsfelda]]<ref>Vide [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10965178?page=,1 ''Polcke, Johann Christian: Ex Historia Romana, Vestem Palmatam''], ubi dicitur "(...) Edelsfelda-Palatinvs (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Edelsfeld'')</small> * [[Ederheimium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10965178?page=,1 ''Polcke, Johann Christian: Ex Historia Romana, Vestem Palmatam''], ubi dicitur "(...) dynastae Ederheimii (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ederheim'')</small> * [[Edlinga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Edling'')</small> * [[Effeldera]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Effeltrich'')</small> * [[Egenhofium]]<ref name="Egenhofium">Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_PLE_AAAAYAAJ/bub_gb_PLE_AAAAYAAJ_djvu.txt ''Oberbayerisches archiv für vaterländische geschichte''], ubi dicitur "(...) Egenhofium, Odeltzhusium, Ärnpachium aliasque arces (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Egenhofen'')</small> * [[Egga ad Guntiam]]<ref name="Egga">Theodiscum toponymum ''Egg' in Latinam "Egga" sive "Palaeocomē" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="Guntia">Quo de hydronymo, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Egg an der Günz'')</small> * [[Egga Inferior]]<ref name="Unteregg">Theodiscum toponymicum lexema ''-egg'' in Latinam "Egga" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}; et Theodiscum praefixum ''Unter-'' Latino adiectivo "inferior-ius" vertitur.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Unteregg'')</small> * [[Eggenfelda]]<ref name="Egg-Pfar">Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10622734?p=15&cq=C&lang=de ''Joannis Adlzreitter Annalium Bojorum. Tom. II''], ubi dicitur "(...) Neoforum exustum, Eggenfelda, Pfarkirchium, Reichenberga (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Eggenfelden'')</small> * [[Egglhamum]]<ref name="Chalmot 1785">P. A. Chalmot, ''Dictionnaire Géographique Universel'', 1785.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Egglham'')</small> * [[Egglkofanum]]<ref name="Ferrarius & Baudrand 1697"> P. Ph. Ferrario et M. A. Baudrand auctoribus, ''Novum Lexicon Geographicum'', 1697.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Egglkofen'')</small> * [[Eggolsheimium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Eggolsheim'')</small> * [[Eggstadium]]<ref name="Steinberger 1983">B. Steinberger auctore, ''Pfarrei Eggstätt: Geschichte und Geschichten'', 1983.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Eggstätt'')</small> * [[Eginga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Eging am See'')</small> * [[Eglinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Egling'')</small> * [[Eglinga ad Parram]]<ref name="Eglinga">Theodiscum toponymum ''Egling' in Latinam "Eglinga" sive "Palaeocomē" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="Parra">Quo de hydronymo, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Egling an der Paar'')</small> * [[Egolvinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eglfing'')</small> * [[Egowila]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Egweil'')</small> * [[Ehardinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Erharting'')</small> * [[Ehemotinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Egmating'')</small> * [[Ehichiricha]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ehekirchen'')</small> * [[Ehinga (Augusta Vindelicorum)|Ehinga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Augustae Vindelicorum|Circulus Augustā Vindelicorum]]<ref name="Augusta Vindelicorum">Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Augustae Vindelicorum" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Augsburg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Augusta Vindelicorum]]", vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Ehingen'')</small> * [[Ehinga (Landishuta)|Ehinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Landishutensis|Circulo Landishutensi]]<ref name="Landishuta">Fingitur nomen "Circulus Landishutensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Landshut'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum "circulus" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Landishutensis-e" ad [[Landishuta]]m refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide Ladislaus Buzás, Fritz Junginger (1971): Bavaria Latina; Lexikon der lateinischen geographischen Namen in Bayern. Wiesbaden, Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag.</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Eching'')</small> * [[Ehingensis Locus]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00000378?lang=de ''Ehingen''], ubi dicitur "(...) Ehingensis loc. iuxta Nekorum (...)".</ref> <small>(in [[Franconia|Franconiā Mediā]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Ehingen'')</small> * [[Eibelstadium]]<ref name="Iubilans 1650">''Herbipolis Iubilans'', 1650.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Eibelstadt'')</small> * [[Eibstadium Maius]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Großeibstadt'')</small> * [[Eichenaugia]]<ref name="Notitia Archi 1741">''Notitia Archi-Dioecesis Salisburgensis'', 1741.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Eichenau'')</small> * [[Eichendorffum]]<ref name="Eichendorffum">Theodisca vox ''Eichendorf'' in Latinam "Eichendorffum" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://culturaclasica.com/palaestra/palaestra_latina-187.pdf ''Cultura Clásica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Eichendorfii (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Eichendorf'')</small> * [[Eiinga]]<ref>Vide [https://aying.de/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Aying1210.pdf ''Aying''], ubi dicitur "(...) in „loco eiinga“ (in Zeile 11 der Urkunde) (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Aying'')</small> * [[Einershemium Marchia]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Markt Einersheim'')</small> * [[Eisenhemium]]<ref>Vide [https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/junius1597bd6/0383/image,info ''Heidelberg historic literature – digitized''], ubi dicitur "(...) Henrici Eisenhemii Argentinensis (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Eisenheim'')</small> * [[Eitenshemium]]<ref name="Rader 1704"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eitensheim'')</small> * [[Eitinga]]<ref>Vide [https://geschichte-bayerns.de/ortsnamen/artikel/Schwaben/Augsburg/Gro%C3%9Faitingen/91kfl ''Großaitingen''], ubi dicitur "(...) '' in oppido Eitinga villa Eitinga'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Großaitingen'')</small> * [[Eitraha]]<ref>Vide [https://francia.ahlfeldt.se/page/documents/8390 ''Regnum Francorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) Aiterhofen, as place of event/issue ''Actum in villa Eitrah'' (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Aiterhofen'') * [[Eittinga (Bavaria)|Eittinga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eitting'')</small> * [[Elchinga]]<ref>Vide [http://www.heruitgeverij.be/276ind.htm ''Dictionnaire Latin-Français des Noms propres de Lieux ayant une certaine notoriété principalement au point de vue ecclésiastique et monastique (1897)''], ubi dicitur "(...) Elchinga (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Elchingen'')</small> * [[Elfershusa]]<ref>Hoc Latinum toponymum regressive derivatur Latino e gentilicio "Elfershusanus-a-um". Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://opus.bibliothek.uni-wuerzburg.de/opus4-wuerzburg/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/5759/file/Wuerzburger_Hochschulschriften_1581_1803.pdf ''Würzburger Hochschulschriften''], ubi dicitur "(...) loannes Franciscus Sartorius, Elfershusanus, utriusque satrapiae Arnstein et Werneck physicus (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Elfershausen'')</small> * [[Elgauria]]<ref name="Rader 1704"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ellgau'')</small> * [[Ellceia]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ellzee'')</small> * [[Ellinga]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/greatrollofpipef1118grea/greatrollofpipef1118grea_djvu.txt ''The great roll of the pipe for the fifth[-thirty-fourth] year of the reign of King Henry the Second, A.D. 1158[-1188]''], ubi dicitur "(...) Elinga, vel Ellinga (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ellingen'')</small> * [[Elsbachia Superior]]<ref name="Ludewig 1715"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small>(Theodisce ''Oberelsbach'')</small> * [[Elsendorfium]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_2jUIAAAAQAAJ/bub_gb_2jUIAAAAQAAJ_djvu.txt ''Annales Ingolstadiensis academiae''], ubi dicitur "(...) Elsendorfii prope Abensbergam (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Elsendorf'')</small> * [[Eltmanum]]<ref name="Valentinus 1692">''Annales Bambergenses''; auctore Philippo Valentino; typis ioannis Iacobi Fleischmann, 1692.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Eltmann'')</small> * [[Emersackera]]<ref name="Notitia Archi 1741"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Emersacker'')</small> * [[Emheringa (Ebersberga)|Emheringa]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00011839?lang=de ''Emmering''], ubi dicitur "(...) Emheringa (...)".</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Ebersbergensis|Circulo Ebersbergensi]]<ref name="Ebersberga">Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Ebersbergensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Ebersberg'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et et Latinum gentilicium "Ebersbergensis-e" ad [[Ebersberga]]m refertur. De hoc toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Emmering'')</small> * [[Emheringa (Pons Campi Principis)|Emheringa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Campiprincipipontanus|Circulo terrae Campiprincipipontano]]<ref name="Thüringer Landesamt für Statistik (2026)"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Emmering'')</small> * [[Emmertinganum]]<ref name="Rader 1704">''Bavaria Sancta'', auctore Matthaeo Rader, 1704.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Emmerting'')</small> * [[Emskircha]]<ref>Vide [https://raa.gf-franken.de/de/suche-nach-stammbucheintraegen.html?permaLink=1806_kranz;11#ID_1806_kranz_11 ''Suche nach Stammbucheinträgen''], ubi dicitur "(...) Emskircha-Baruth (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Emskirchen'')</small> * [[Engelsberga]]<ref name="Rader 1704"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Engelsberg'')</small> * [[Ensdorpium (Palatinatus Superior)|Ensdorpium]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ensdorf'')</small> * [[Epininga]]<ref>Vide [https://es.aroundus.com/p/6562158-bad-aibling ''Bad Aibling''], ubi dicitur "(...) El asentamiento, mencionado por primera vez como Epininga en 804 d.C (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Aibling'')</small> * [[Eppenschlagium]]<ref name="Acta Ecclesiastica Bavariae">''Acta Ecclesiastica Bavariae''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Eppenschlag'')</small> * [[Eppishusa]]<ref>Hoc Latinum toponymum regressive derivatur Latino e gentilicio "Eppishusanus-a-um". Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00007019 ''Eppishausen''], ubi dicitur "(...) Eppishusanus Sueuus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Eppishausen'')</small> * [[Erbendorfium]]<ref name="Erbendorfium">Vide [https://bcul.lib.uni.lodz.pl/dlibra/publication/108510/edition/97513/content?ref=struct ''Epithalamia''], ubi dicitur "(...) Johannis Pauli Heberlein, Erbendorfio-Palatini (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Erbendorf'')</small> * [[Erdwegium]]<ref name="Acta ... Frisingensis">''Acta ecclesiastica dioecesis Frisingensis''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Erdweg'')</small> * [[Eresinga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eresing'')</small> * [[Ergershemium (Franconia Media)|Ergershemium]]<ref name="Ergershemium">Germanica vox ''Ergersheim'' in Latinam "Ergershemium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_-lYoAAAAYAAJ/bub_gb_-lYoAAAAYAAJ_djvu.txt ''Notices historiques sur l'Alsace ...''], ubi dicitur "(...) Melchiorem Ergershemium (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ergersheim'')</small> * [[Ergoldinga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Ergolding'')</small> * [[Ergoldsbachium]]<ref name="Protokollum ... Ratisbonensis"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Ergoldsbach'')</small> * [[Ericetum in Angulo]]<ref name="Bacherler 1924">Michaële Bacherler auctore, ''Die Siedlungsnamen des Bistums Eichstätt'', 1924.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Winkelhaid'')</small> * [[Erkheimium]]<ref name="Status Augustanae 1765">''Status ecclesiasticus dioecesis Augustanae'', [[Augusta Vindelicorum|Augustae Vindelicorum]] (1765).</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Erkheim'')</small> * [[Erlabrunnum]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Erlabrunn'')</small> * [[Erlanga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Erlangen'')</small> * [[Erlbachium (Bavaria Superior)|Erlbachium]]<ref name="Erlbach">Theodisca vox ''Erlbach'' in Latinam "Erlbachium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [http://frombork.art.pl/pl/katalog-starodrukow-k/ ''Strona archiwalna''], ubi dicitur "(...) Novus Joannis Fursten Erlbachii (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Erlbach'')</small> * [[Erlenbacum ad Moenum]]<ref name="Erlenbach">Theodisca vox ''Erlenbach'' in Latinam "Erlenbacum" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_cloFAAAAQAAJ_3/bub_gb_cloFAAAAQAAJ_djvu.txt ''Historia et commentationes''], ubi dicitur "(...) ita Erlenbacum sive superius sive inferius (...)".</ref><ref name="Moenus">De hydronymo "Moenus", vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Erlenbach am Main'')</small> * [[Erlenbacum prope Heidenfeldam]]<ref name="Erlenbach"/><ref name="Heidenfelda">Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_iRfPAAAAMAAJ/bub_gb_iRfPAAAAMAAJ_djvu.txt ''Die Matrikel der Unversität Heidelberg''], ubi dicitur "(...) patris Leonardi Rosmann (Heidenfelda (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Erlenbach bei Marktheidenfeld'')</small> * [[Ermershusium]]<ref name="Acta ... Temporis 1750">''Acta Historico-Ecclesiastica: Nostri Temporis'', [[Vimaria]]e, (1750).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ermershausen'')</small> * [[Ernsgadium]]<ref name="Protokollum ... Ratisbonensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ernsgaden'')</small> * [[Escehe (Franconia Inferior)|Escehe]]<ref>Vide [https://stadtarchiv-aschaffenburg.de/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/317-336_Register_81.pdf ''stadtarchiv-aschaffenburg.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Escehe ex ista parte → Eschau (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Eschau'')</small> * [[Eschenbachium in Palatinatu Superiore|Eschenbachium in Palatinatū Superiore]]<ref name="Eschenbachium">Theodisca vox ''Eschenbach'' in Latinam "Eschenbachium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://ia800706.us.archive.org/21/items/historiarum01livy/historiarum01livy.pdf ''Historiarum libri qui supersunt omnes et deperditorum fragmenta ...''], ubi dicitur "(...) Eschenbachium (...)".</ref><ref name="Palatinatus Superior"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eschenbach in der Oberpfalz'')</small> * [[Eschenbacum Medium]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Wirceburgensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mitteleschenbach'')</small> * [[Eschenbacum Wolframianum]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Wirceburgensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wolframs-Eschenbach'')</small> * [[Eschenlohum]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eschenlohe'')</small> * [[Eschlkamium]]<ref name="Protokollum ... Ratisbonensis"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Eschlkam'')</small> * [[Eslarnum]]<ref name="Protokollum ... Ratisbonensis"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Eslarn'')</small> * [[Esselbacum]]<ref name="Hagen 1749">''Notitia S. R. I. Procerum tam Ecclesiasticorum quam Secularium'', auctore Friderico Casparo Hagen. [[Tubinga]]e, (1749).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Esselbach'')</small> * [[Essenbachium]]<ref name="Essenbachium">Theodisca vox ''Essenbach'' in Latinam "" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ruwiki/942604 ''это... Что такое Ион Тихий?''], ubi dicitur "(...) raphomanus spasmaticus Essenbachii (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Essenbach'')</small> * [[Essingium (Bavaria)|Essingium]]<ref name="Status ... Ratisbonensis">''Status Ecclesiasticus Dioecesis Ratisbonensis''.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Essing'')</small> * [[Estenfeldium]]<ref name="Acta ... Temporis 1741">''Acta Historico-Ecclesiastica: Nostri Temporis'', [[Vimaria]]e, (1741).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Estenfeld'')</small> * [[Ettenstadium]]<ref name="Acta ... Temporis 1752">''Acta Historico-Ecclesiastica: Nostri Temporis'', [[Vimaria]]e, (1752).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ettenstatt'')</small> * [[Ettringium (Wertaha)|Ettringium]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ettringen'')</small> * [[Etzelwanga]]<ref>Vide [https://raa.gf-franken.de/de/suche-nach-stammbucheintraegen.html?permaLink=1726_reis%3B65#ID_1726_reis_65 ''Repertorium Alborum Amicorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) Johannes Udalricus Tresenreuter, Etzelwanga Palatinus, stud. phil. (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Etzelwang'')</small> * [[Etzenrichtium]]<ref name="Protokollum ... Ratisbonensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Etzenricht'')</small> * [[Euerbachium]]<ref name="Euerbachium">Theodisca vox ''Euerbach'' in Latinam "Euerbachium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://collections.thulb.uni-jena.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HisBest_derivate_00001321/ORIGINUM_CISTERCIENSIUM.pdf ''ORIGINUM CISTERCIENSIUM Tomus I''], ubi dicitur "(...) Euerbach, Euerbachium (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Euerbach'')</small> * [[Euerdorfium]]<ref name="Catalogus Personarum ... Herbipolensis 1792">''Catalogus Personarum Ecclesiasticarum et Beneficiorum Dioecesis Herbipolensis'', (Herbipoli, 1792).</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Euerdorf'')</small> * [[Eurasburgium (Suebia)|Eurasburgium]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1860"/> <small>(in [[Suebia|Suebiā]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Eurasburg'')</small> * [[Eussenhemium]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eußenheim'')</small> * [[Eythusa]]<ref name="Eithusa">Vide ''Monumenta Boica'', Volumen 37, 1864; ubi dicitur "(...) ''in villa quae dicitur Eythusa, in pago Werngau'' (...)".</ref> <small> (Theodisce ''Aidhausen'')</small> > {{div col end}} == F == {{div col|3}} * [[Faeniana]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Finningen'')</small> * [[Fafunhusa (Bavaria)|Fafunhusa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Pfaffenhausen'')</small> * [[Falconis Mons (Bavaria Inferior)|Falconis Mons]]<ref name="Falkenberg">Theodisca vox ''Falkenberg'' in Latinam "Falconis Mons" seu "Falcoburgum" seu "Falconis Castrum" seu "Falcoberga" seu "Falckenburgum" seu "Falkenberga" seu "Falcomontium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.heiligenlexikon.de/ActaSanctorum/20.Februar.html ''Acta Sanctorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) Falcoburgum, [an ab eo Falconis-mons?] id est, ''Falconis-castrum, vocant, Galli'' Falconis-montem, ''quod Teutonibus esset'' Falcoberga (...)"; aut vide {{Graesse}}; aut [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>(in [[Bavaria Inferior|Bavariā Inferiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Falkenberg'')</small> * [[Falconis Mons (Palatinatus Superior)|Falconis Mons]]<ref name="Falkenberg"/> <small>(in [[Palatinatus Superior|Palatinatū Superiore]]<ref name="Palatinatus Superior"/>)</small> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Falkenberg'')</small> * [[Falconis Petra (Palatinatus Superior)|Falconis Petra]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Falkenstein'')</small> * [[Falkenfelsium]]<ref name="Status ... Ratisbonensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Falkenfels'')</small> * [[Fanum Sancti Michaelis (Bavaria)|Fanum Sancti Michaëlis]]<ref name="Hund 1719"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weihmichl'')</small> * [[Fanum Sancti Sanguinis]]<ref name="Rader 1615-1627"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Neukirchen beim Heiligen Blut'')</small> * [[Farchantum]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Farchant'')</small> * [[Faterstetta]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Vaterstetten'')</small> * [[Faulbacum]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Faulbach'')</small> * [[Feichtenum ad Alsam]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Feichten an der Alz'')</small> * [[Feilitzschium]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Feilitzsch'')</small> * [[Felda]]<ref>cf. Veldener Heimatbuch, STS-Verlag, Feldae 2003, p. 13: '''Felda''' fuit prima forma Latinisata nominis per documentum ex anno 818 tradita.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Velden'')</small> * [[Fellheimium]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fellheim'')</small> * [[Fellinum]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fellen'')</small> * [[Fensterbacum]]<ref name="Ferrarius 1670">Auctore Ferrario, Philippo; ''Lexicon Geographicum''. Editore Michaële-Antonio Baudrand, Insulae, 1670.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Fensterbach'')</small> * [[Feringa Inferior]]<ref name="Meichelbeck 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Unterföhring'')</small> * [[Ferristadium Boicum]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1860">''Bavaria: Landes- und Volkskunde des Königreichs Bayern'', 1860.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bayerisch Eisenstein'')</small> * [[Feuchtum]]<ref name="Feucht">Theodisca vox ''Feucht'' in Latinam "Feuchtum" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb__sWY-LW5snoC/bub_gb__sWY-LW5snoC_djvu.txt ''Prodromus monumentorum Guelficorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) ad Jacobum Feuchtum (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Feucht'')</small> * [[Fichtachia]]<ref name="Hund 1719"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberviechtach'')</small> * [[Fichtelbergum (Franconia Superior)|Fichtelbergum]]<ref name="Fichtelbergum">Theodisca vox ''Fichtelberg'' in Latinam "Fichtelbergum" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.opendata.uni-halle.de ''Regnitianam''], ubi dicitur "(...) Fichtelbergum vergere (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Fichtelberg'')</small> * [[Finninga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Finning'')</small> * [[Fischacum]]<ref name="Status ... Augustanae 1778"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Fischach'')</small> * [[Flachslandium]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Flachslanden'')</small> * [[Fladunga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fladungen'')</small> * [[Flintsbacum ad Isanum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Flintsbach am Inn'')</small> * [[Flossenburgum]]<ref name="Catalogus 1776"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Flossenbürg'')</small> * [[Flossium (Palatinatus Superior)|Flossium]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Floß'')</small> * [[Fons (Palatinatus Superior)|Fons]]<ref>Vide [https://www.charivari.com/charivari-ortsnamenforscher-brunn-27100/ ''Charivari Ortsnamenforscher: Brunn''], ubi dicitur "(...) Im 12. Jahrhundert ist auf einer Schrift die lateinische Ortsbezeichnung „iuxta fontem“ (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Brunn'')</small> * [[Fons Albus (Bavaria)|Fons Albus]]<ref name="Ussermann 1801"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weißenbrunn'')</small> * [[Fons Armorum]]<ref name="Sartori 1845"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Waffenbrunn'')</small> * [[Fons Boiorum]]<ref name="Rader III 1624"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Baierbrunn'')</small> * [[Fons Budilonis in Silva]]<ref name="Jubilans 1715"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Waldbüttelbrunn'')</small> * [[Fons Episcopi]]<ref name="Jubilans 1715"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bischbrunn'')</small> * [[Fons Fageus]]<ref name="Hofmann 1717"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Buchbrunn'')</small> * [[Fons Geronis]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1865"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gerbrunn'')</small> * [[Fons Gramineus]]<ref name="Status Frisingensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Grasbrunn'')</small> * [[Fons Iandeli]]<ref name="Hund I 1582"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Jandelsbrunn'')</small> * [[Fons Latus]]<ref name="Rader III 1624"/> <small>(in [[Palatinatus Superior|Palatinatū Superiore]])</small> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Breitenbrunn'')</small> * [[Fons Mulierum]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1744"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weibersbrunn'')</small> * [[Fons Ottonis]]<ref name="Inscriptiones Neolatinae Bavariae 1992">''Inscriptiones Neolatinae Bavariae'', a Seminario Philologiae Latinae Universitatis Monacensis editae, 1992.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ottobrunn'')</small> * [[Fons Paumili]]<ref name="Rerum Noricarum Scriptores 1742"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pommelsbrunn'')</small> * [[Fons Picis]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pechbrunn'')</small> * [[Fons Pratensis]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1744"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wiesenbronn'')</small> * [[Fons Regis (Bavaria)|Fons Regis]]<ref>Vide [http://benediktinerakademie.org/wp-content/plugins/kloster-vz/func/get-kloster.php ''Benediktiner Akademie''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Fons Regis''' (OCist M), Fons regalis s. Königsbrunn (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Königsbrunn'')</small> * [[Fons Salutis (Bavaria)|Fons Salutis]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Heilsbronn'')</small> * [[Fons Sancti Viti]]<ref name="Status ... Eustettensis 1792"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Veitsbronn'')</small> * [[Fons Schollianus]]<ref name="Biedermann 1751">Biedermann, I. G., auctore (1751); ''Geschlechtsregister der Reichsfrey unmittelbaren Ritterschaft Landes zu Francken''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Schollbrunn'')</small> * [[Fons Silvestris (Franconia Inferior)|Fons Silvestris]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1744">Gropp, Ignatio, auctore; ''Collectio Novissima Scriptorum Et Rerum Wirceburgensium'', Tomus II, Francofurti et Lipsiae, 1744.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Waldbrunn'')</small> * [[Fons Tutilonis]]<ref name="Eckhart 1730"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dittelbrunn'')</small> * [[Forchhemium]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Forchheim'')</small> * [[Forheimium]]<ref name="Status ... Augustanae 1778"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Forheim'')</small> * [[Forsterna]]<ref name="Status Frisingensis">''Status Ecclesiasticus Dioecesis Frisingensis''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Forstern'')</small> * [[Forstinnia]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Forstinning'')</small> * [[Forulum (Bavaria)|Forulum]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00009630?lang=de ''Marktl''], ubi dicitur "(...) In Forulo (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Marktl'')</small> * [[Forum Bibartinum]]<ref name="Jubilans 1715"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Markt Bibart'')</small> * [[Forum Erlbacum]]<ref name="Bruchis 1598">Synopsis Historica Annalium Marchicorum'' (1598); auctore Caspare Bruschi.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Markt Erlbach'')</small> * [[Forum Graitium]]<ref name="Archiv ... Oberfranken 1890">''Archiv für die Geschichte von Oberfranken''. [[Baruthum|Baruthi]], 1890.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Marktgraitz'')</small> * [[Forum Novum ad Albim]]<ref name="Mader 1661">Ioachimo Ioanne Mader auctore: ''Antiquitates Brunsvicenses'', ([[Helmstadium|Helmstadii]], 1661).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Neuenmarkt'')</small> * [[Forum Steftiense]]<ref name="Bruchis 1598"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Marktsteft'')</small> * [[Fossa (Bavaria)|Fossa]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Graben'')</small> * [[Fossae Statio]]<ref name="Status Frisingensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Grabenstätt'')</small> * [[Fovea Porcina]]<ref name="Meichelbeck 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Saulgrub'')</small> * [[Frammersbacum]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Frammersbach'')</small> * [[Frankenwinheimium]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Frankenwinheim'')</small> * [[Frasdorfium]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Frasdorf'')</small> * [[Fraunberga]]<ref name="Fraunberg">Theodisca vox ''Fraunberg'' in Latinam "Fraunberga" seu "Frawenberga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/ned-kbn-all-00001637-001/ned-kbn-all-00001637-001_djvu.txt ''P. Bertii commentariorum rerum germanicarum libri tres primus est Germaniae veteris-esecundus Germ. posterioris a Karolo M. ad nostra usque tempora cum principum genealogiis-etertius est praecip. Germaniae urbium cum earum iconismis et descriptionibus''], ubi dicitur "(...) Fraunbergae vel Frauwenbergae Baro (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Fraunberg'')</small> * [[Freihungum]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Freihung'')</small> * [[Freilassinga]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Freilassing'')</small> * [[Fremdinga]]<ref>Vide [https://heyjoe.fbk.eu ''Kapitelsakten der sueddeutschen Ordensprovinz "Saxonia"...''], ubi dicitur "(...) Fremdingae (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Fremdingen'')</small> * [[Frensdorfium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:SBR-MDZ-00000BSB11084376?p=33&cq=Ex%20monte%20D%20Annae&lang=de ''Episcopatus Bambergensis sub s. sede apostolica chronologice ac diplomatice illustratus: opus posthumum''], ubi dicitur "(...) Ex his comites Reisenbergii, Frensdorfii, et Wuschenfeldenses (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Frensdorf'')</small> * [[Freudenberga (Palatinatus Superior)|Freudenberga]]<ref name="Freundenberg">Theodisca vox ''Freudenberg'' in Latinam "Freudenberga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/bertius/bertius1/Bertius_commentarii_2.html ''P. BERTII COMMENTARIORVM RERVM GERMANICARVM''], ubi dicitur "(...) Freudenbergae chalybs praeparatur optimae notae (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Freudenberg'')</small> * [[Frewberga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Friedberg'')</small> * [[Freystadium]]<ref>Vide [https://open.smk.dk/artwork/image/KKSgb57621?q=*&page=0&filters=creator%3AWerner%2520%252C%2520Friedrich%2520Bernhard ''open.smk.dk''], ubi dicitur "(...) extra Urbem Freystadium (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Freystadt'')</small> * [[Frichinhusa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Frickenhausen am Main'')</small> * [[Fridolfinga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fridolfing'')</small> * [[Friedenfelsium]]<ref name="Friedenfelsium">Theodisca vox ''Friedenfels'' in Latinam "Friedenfelsium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://nlp.fi.muni.cz/projekty/ahisto/portal/fulltext.php?docid=308&search=Friedenfelsii ''Monumenta Historica Boemiae I''], ubi dicitur "(...) Si Friedenfelsii (m) Chronologia accurata est (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Friedenfels'')</small> * [[Friesenriedium]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1863"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Friesenried'')</small> * [[Frigida Vallis]]<ref>Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/rgs/bd3/RGS_3_1.html ''DE RVSTICORVM TYRANNICIS GESTIS IN VVEINSBERG''], ubi dicitur "(...) a frigida valle vulgo Kaltental (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kaltental'')</small> * [[Frisinga]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Freising'') </small> * [[Frontenhusa]]<ref>Hoc Latinum toponymum regressive derivatur Latino e gentilicio "Frontenhusanus-a-um". Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://books.google.es/books/about/Catalogus_religiosorum_almae_et_exemtae.html?id=6clDAAAAcAAJ&redir_esc=y ''Catalogus religiosorum almae et exemtae Congregationis SS. Angelor. Custod. Benedictino-Bavaricae''], ubi dicitur "(...) Frontenhuſanus Gabriel Godefridus Gregorius Henricus (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Frontenhausen'')</small> * [[Frumara]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberpframmern'')</small> * [[Fuchtewanga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Feuchtwangen'')</small> * [[Fullbacum Inferius]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Wirceburgensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Niederfüllbach'')</small> * [[Fundus Occidentalis]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1865"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Westerngrund'')</small> * [[Funsinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Finsing'')</small> * [[Furda]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Furth im Wald'')</small> * [[Furtum (Bavaria)|Furtum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fürth'')</small> * [[Fussinga]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bibliographisch01publgoog/bibliographisch01publgoog_djvu.txt ''Bibliographische adversaria''], ubi dicitur "(...) Fussingae, pridie Kalend. Juliis (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Füssing'')</small> {{div col end}} == G == {{div col|3}} * [[Gablinga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.buscalibre.us/libro-melior-morientes-juvandi-modus-in-subsidium-eorum-qui-moribondis-assistunt-conscriptus-a-p-fr-udalrico-a-gablinga-ordinis-minor-nuns-s-r-majes/9781248839096/p/57788985?srsltid=AfmBOopo9foVaMK62zYrT13VHqQ3JTiRtI4QuZ2MFuYDZ9NlAEa_ZyEI ''Melior Morientes Juvandi Modus in Subsidium Eorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) Udalrico a Gablinga Ordinis (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Gablingen'')</small> * [[Gachenbacum]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gachenbach'')</small> * [[Gaedheimum]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1865"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gädheim'')</small> * [[Gaimersheimium]]<ref name="Gaimersheimium">Theodisca vox ''Gaimersheim'' in Latinam "Gaimersheimium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/annalesingolsta02rotmgoog/annalesingolsta02rotmgoog_djvu.txt ''Annales Ingolstadiensis academiae''], ubi dicitur "(...) Gaimersheimium versus (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small><small>(Theodisce ''Gaimersheim'')</small> * [[Gaissacum]]<ref name="Meichelbeck 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gaißach'')</small> * [[Gammelsdorfium]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gammelsdorf'')</small> * [[Gancofium]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Gangkofen'')</small> * [[Garchingium ad Alsam]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Garching an der Alz'')</small> * [[Garmischium et Partenkirchenium]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1860"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Garmisch-Partenkirchen'')</small> * [[Garza]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Gars am Inn'')</small> * [[Gattendorfium (Franconia Superior)|Gattendorfium]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gattendorf'')</small> * [[Gebenbachium]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gebenbach'')</small> * [[Gebsattelium]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gebsattel'')</small> * [[Gefreesium]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gefrees'')</small> * [[Geiselbacum]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Geiselbach'')</small> * [[Geiselhoeringa]]<ref name="Protokollum ... Ratisbonensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Geiselhöring'')</small> * [[Geisenfelda]]<ref>Vide [https://www.e-rara.ch ''Divus Sebastianus Eberspergæ Boiorum Propitius''], ubi dicitur "(...) autem Geisenfelda olim vicus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Geisenfeld'')</small> * [[Gelchsheimium]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Gelchsheim'')</small> * [[Geldersheimium]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Geldersheim'')</small> * [[Geltendorfium]]<ref name="DE SITU ARCHI ABBATI AE OTTILIENSIS">Vide [https://culturaclasica.com/palaestra/palaestra_latina-197.pdf ''DE SITU ARCHIABBATIAE OTTILIENSIS'']</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Geltendorf'')</small> * [[Geltinga Superior]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wiedergeltingen'')</small> * [[Gemundi]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gmund am Tegernsee'')</small> * [[Gemundium]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_GFV-zdu7QS0C/bub_gb_GFV-zdu7QS0C_djvu.txt ''Thesaurus rerum Suevicarum''], ubi dicitur "(...) lacum Bodamicum, Gemundium, Memminga (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Georgensgmünd'')</small> * [[Genderkinga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Genderkingen'')</small> * [[Gerachium (Franconia Superior)|Gerachium]]<ref name="Gerachium">Theodisca vox ''Gerach'' in Latinam "Gerachium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://en.alim.unisi.it/dl/resource/4628 '' ALIM Archivio della Latinità Italiana del Medioevo''], ubi dicitur "(...) sibi Gerachium ausus est ascendere (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Gerach'')</small> * [[Gercena]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gerzen'')</small> * [[Geretsriedium]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Geretsried'')</small> * [[Gerhardi Curia]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/westflischesurk02erhagoog/westflischesurk02erhagoog_djvu.txt ''Westfälisches Urkundenbuch: Fortsetzung von Erhards Regesta historiae Westfaliae''], ubi dicitur "(...) Gerhardi curia appellatur (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Gerhardshofen'')</small> * [[Gerlo Curia]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gerolzhofen'')</small> * [[Germaringa]]<ref>Vide [https://www.koeblergerhard.de ''Gerhard Köbler''], ubi dicitur "(...) Germaringa (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Germaringen'')</small> * [[Germeringa]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Germering'')</small> * [[Geroda (Franconia Inferior)|Geroda]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Geroda'')</small> * [[Geroldshusa]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Geroldshausen'')</small> * [[Gerolfinga]]<ref name="Pareus">Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/pareus1/Pareus_historia.html ''DANIELIS PAREI HISTORIA BAVARICO- PALATINA''], ubi dicitur "(...) Ingolstadium videlicet, Ratenberga, Smidelberga, ius in Liechtenwerdam, Kuffsteinium, Kitzbihela, Tierberga, Steinium, Clinga, Wildenwartum, Hadmansperga, Wasserburgum, Schwaba, Ellenkouia, Fridberga cum ponte Lycio et vectigali, Aichacum, Schrobenhusium, Altonis monasterium, Cubacum, Ainlinga, Fanum Leonardi, Schildberga, Doursperga, Raina, Neoburgum, Gerolfinga, Keschinga, Chunstanium, Gaimershaimium, Graispacum, Manheimium, Hutinga, Sueuiwerda, Hilpolsteinium, Freimstadium, Landecka, Halensteinium, Stossenberga, Hochstetta, Lauginga, Fayminga, Gundelfinga, Gienga, Hagela, Stauffa, Wartenstainium, Weissenhornium, Puecha, Wolfsberga. Duci Ioanni obuenit pars altera, eaque princeps primae Bauariae, Monachium, Aurburgum, Falckensteinium, Aiblinga, Toelzium, Mittenwaldae telonium, Wolfertzhusium, Grunwalda, Starnberga, Weilhaimium, Balla, Schongauia, Peitengauia, Landsberga, Menshinga, Meringa, Schwabeca, Riettenburgum, Tahenstainium, Egersberga, Vychusium, Weichsium, suburbium Ratisbonense, Ratisbonae telonium, insula Danubiana, quicquid in istam ciuitatem et Burggrauiatum Rietenbergensem domi Bauaricae iuris est, Hirschbergensis dynastia, Vohburgum, Sigenburgum, Neostadium, Pferinga, praefectura Gaymershaimensis, Pfaffenhouium, Geisenfelda, Hochenwartum, Mainberga, Dachauium, Haimhusium, Reginostauffium, Swainkendorfium, Luppurgum, Lengfelda, Calmuntzium, Schmidmulium, Velburgum, Hembaura, Leutmansteinium, Rudenium (...) Hala diues, inexhaustasalis scaturigine, Traunsteinium, Burghusium, Brunouium, Oetinga, Trostberga, Rieda, Rosenhaimium, Mosburgum, Ardinga, Ottofelda, Pfarkirchium, Biburgum, Dorfena, Neoforum, Rotenburgum (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Gerolfingen'')</small> * [[Gersthofium]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gersthofen'')</small> * [[Geseesium]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gesees'')</small> * [[Geslavia]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Geslau'')</small> * [[Gestratzium]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1863"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gestratz'')</small> * [[Gibelstadium]]<ref name="Gibelstadium">Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/rgs/bd3/RGS_3_1.html ''CAP. LXXIII. DE RVSTICORVM INTERNECIONE IN FRANCIA, CIRCA ENGELSTADIVM''], ubi dicitur "(...) vni Gibelstadium, alteri Sulzfeldum (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Giebelstadt'')</small> * [[Giersdorfium Dominorum]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Herrngiersdorf'')</small> * [[Giltchinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gilching'')</small> * [[Gisinhusa]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Geisenhausen'')</small> * [[Glatbachium]]<ref name="Glattbach">Theodisca vox ''Glattbach'' in Latinam "Glatbachium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_XJgb6WVqGn8C/bub_gb_XJgb6WVqGn8C_djvu.txtf ''Bibliotheca, seu cynosura peregrinantium...''], ubi dicitur "(...) Glatbachium (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Glattbach'')</small> * [[Gleiritschium]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1863"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gleiritsch'')</small> * [[Gleissenbergium]]<ref name="Gleissenbergium">Theodisca vox ''Gleißenberg'' in Latinam "Gleissenbergium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://books.google.es/books?id=M3YOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=es&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Virgilii Gleissenbergii ... de Boleslao ii, rege Poloniæ ... libri vi, poëma''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Gleißenberg'')</small> * [[Gloetta]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Glött'')</small> * [[Gochshemium]]<ref>Vide [https://opendigi.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/opendigi/search?any=Gochshemium ''Rector Et Senatus Academicus. L. S / Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen''], ubi dicitur "(...) Gochshemium (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Gochsheim'')</small> * [[Goerisriedium]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1863"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Görisried'')</small> * [[Goessenheimium]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gössenheim'')</small> * [[Goldbachium (Franconia Inferior)|Goldbachium]]<ref name="Goldbach">Theodisca vox ''Goldbach'' in Latinam "Goldbachium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://fbc.pionier.net.pl/en/publication/31c01dec8e368c342dd0 ''Federacia Bibliotek Cyfrowych''], ubi dicitur "(...) Maxime nobilem strenuumque dominum Balthasarem Goldbachium (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Goldbach'')</small> * [[Gollhofium]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gollhofen'')</small> * [[Gottfriedinga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gottfrieding'')</small> * [[Gouttinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gauting'')</small> * [[Gouviriha prope Monacum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/><ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Garching bei München'')</small> * [[Graefelfinga]]<ref name="Status Frisingensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gräfelfing'')</small> * [[Graefenberga (Bavaria)|Graefenberga]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1865"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gräfenberg'')</small> * [[Graefendorfium (Bavaria)|Graefendorfium]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gräfendorf'')</small> * [[Grafenavia (Bavaria Inferior)|Grafenavia]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1863"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Grafenau'')</small> * [[Grafenwoehrda]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1863"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Grafenwöhr'')</small> * [[Grafinga prope Monacum]]<ref name="Status Frisingensis"/><ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Grafing bei München'')</small> * [[Graflinga]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Grafling'')</small> * [[Grafratha]]<ref name="Status Frisingensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Grafrath'')</small> * [[Grainavium]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Grainau'')</small> * [[Graineta]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Grainet'')</small> * [[Granariovilla]]<ref name="Hentzner 1612">''Itinerarium Germaniae'' (1612); auctore Paulo Hentzner.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Speichersdorf'')</small> * [[Grassavia]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1860"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Grassau'')</small> * [[Grattersdorfium]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1863"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Grattersdorf'')</small> * [[Gredinga]]<ref name="Status ... Eichstettensis">''Status Ecclesiasticus Dioecesis Eichstettensis''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Greding'')</small> * [[Greilinga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Greiling'')</small> * [[Gremsdorfium]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gremsdorf'')</small> * [[Grettstadium]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Grettstadt'')</small> * [[Greussenheimium]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Greussenheim'')</small> * [[Griesbachium Inferius]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Untergriesbach'')</small> * [[Griesbachium Superius]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Obergriesbach'')</small> * [[Groebenzella]]<ref name="Status Frisingensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gröbenzell'')</small> * [[Gronenbachium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.e-rara.ch ''8565288.pdf''], ubi dicitur "(...) Calvini Secta Gronenbachium introducitur (...)".</ref> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Grönenbach'')</small> * [[Gruenenbacum]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1863"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Grünenbach'')</small> * [[Grunwalda]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Grünwald'')</small> * [[Gryphiberga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Greifenberg'')</small> * [[Gstadium ad Lacum Chiemium]]<ref name="Status Frisingensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gstadt am Chiemsee'')</small> * [[Guenterslebia]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Güntersleben'')</small> * [[Guenzachia]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Günzach'')</small> * [[Gundelfinga ad Danubium]]<ref name="Pareus"/><ref name="Danubius">De hydronymo "Danubius", vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Gundelfingen an der Donau'')</small> * [[Gundelsheimium (Franconia Superior)|Gundelsheimium]]<ref name="Gundelsheimium">Theodisca vox ''Gundelsheim'' in Latinam "Gundelsheimium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://edh.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/edh/geographie/G030647 ''Geographic Database'], ubi dicitur "(...) infra Gundelsheimium, ad Neccarum (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Gundelsheim'')</small> * [[Gundremminga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gundremmingen'')</small> * [[Guntia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Günzburg'')</small> * [[Guntia Superior]]<ref name="Guntia Superior">Hoc Theodiscum toponymum ex antiquo Theodisco toponymo ''Günzburg'' -quod in Latinam "Guntia" vertitur- et e Theodisco praefixo ''Ober-'' -quod Latino adiectivo "superior-ius" vertitur- venit. De toponymo ''Guntia'', vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Obergünzburg'')</small> * [[Gunzenhusa]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gunzenhausen'')</small> * [[Gusspachium Latum]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Breitengüßbach'')</small> * [[Guteneccum]]<ref>Vide [https://opac.regesta-imperii.de/lang_en/ ''Regesta Imperii''], ubi dicitur "(...) Guteneccum (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Guteneck'')</small> * [[Guttenberga (Franconia Superior)|Guttenberga]]<ref name="Guttenberga">Theodisca vox ''Guttenberg'' in Latinam "Guttenberga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org ''Rukovt' k písemnictví humanistickému...''], ubi dicitur "(...) Guttenbergae etc...gratulabatur (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Guttenberg'')</small> * [[Gutenstettium]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gutenstetten'')</small> {{div col end}} == H == {{div col|3}} * [[Haaburgum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Harburg'')</small> * [[Habachium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Habach'')</small> * [[Habersdorfium Magnum]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Großhabersdorf'')</small> * [[Hachinga Inferior]]<ref name="Meichelbeck 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Unterhaching'')</small> * [[Hachinga Superior]]<ref name="Matricula Frisingensis 1792"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberhaching'')</small> * [[Hadaluinga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.ovb-heimatzeitungen.de/gesamt-kultur/2022/12/23/die-aeltesten-ortsnamen-in-unserer-region-enden-auf-ing.ovb ''Die ältesten Ortsnamen in unserer Region enden auf -ing''], ubi dicitur "(...) So ist Halfing ab 928 als Hadaluinga belegt (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Halfing'')</small> * [[Haga (Franconia Superior)|Haga]]<ref name="Haga">Germanica vox ''Haag'' in Latinam "Haga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''] aut {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(in [[Franconia|Franconiā Superiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Haag'')</small> * [[Haga ad Ambram]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/><ref name="Ambra">De hydronymo "[[Ambra (flumen)|Ambra]]", vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Haag an der Amper'')</small> * [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Haga in Bavariā Superiore]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Haag in Oberbayern'')</small> * [[Hagelstadium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hagelstadt'')</small> * [[Hagenbuechachium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hagenbüchach'')</small> * [[Hahnbachium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Hahnbach'')</small> * [[Haibachium (Bavaria Inferior)|Haibachium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(in [[Bavaria Inferior|Bavariā Inferiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Haibach'')</small> * [[Haibachium (Franconia Inferior)|Haibachium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(in [[Franconia|Franconiā Inferiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Haibach'')</small> * [[Haimhusium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Haimhausen'')</small> * [[Hainsfardum]]<ref name="Oesterreicher III 1795"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hainsfarth'')</small> * [[Halblechium (commune)|Halblechium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Halblech'')</small> * [[Haldenwanga (Suebia)|Haldenwanga]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(in [[Suebia|Suebiā]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Haldenwang'')</small> * [[Haldenwanga (Algovia)|Haldenwanga]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(in [[Algovia|Algoviā]]<ref name="Algovia"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Haldenwang'')</small> * [[Halla Bavarica]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Reichenhall'')</small> * [[Hallerndorfium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hallerndorf'')</small> * [[Hallstadium]]<ref name="Hallstadium">Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:SBR-MDZ-00000BSB11084376?p=49&cq=ad&lang=de ''Episcopatus Bambergensis sub s. sede apostolica chronologice ac diplomatice illustratus: opus posthumum''], ubi dicitur "(...) ubi iam Erlanga, Forchemium, Hallstadium, Bamberga, Oberhaida, Baunachum, Eltmanna (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hallstadt'')</small> * [[Halsbachium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Halsbach'')</small> * [[Hamalo]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hammelburg'')</small> * [[Happurgum]]<ref name="Happurgum">Theodisca vox ''Happurg'' in Latinam "Happurgum" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://opendata.uni-halle.de/handle/1981185920/50005 ''opendata.uni-halle.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Respondente Georgio Hieronymo Reinspergero, Happurgo-Norico (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Happurg'')</small> * [[Harbachum]]<ref name="Vilshofen">Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_PLE_AAAAYAAJ/bub_gb_PLE_AAAAYAAJ_djvu.txt ''Oberbayerisches archiv für vaterländische geschichte''], ubi dicitur "(...) vicus, Harbachum, (...) infra urbem Vilshovium tandem (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Haarbach'')</small> * [[Hardar]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Haar'')</small> * [[Harsdorfium]]<ref name="Harsdorfium">Theodisca vox ''Harsdorf'' in Latinam "Harsdorfium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.human.umk.pl/panel/wp-content/uploads/Wlodzimierz-Zientara-Die-Wiederspiegelung-der-politischen-Ereignisse-im-Polen-des-17.-und-18.-Jahrhunderts-in-den-Kalendern.pdf ''Von Astronomie bis Volksaufklärung: Neue Forschungen und Perspektiven''], ubi dicitur "(...) & Harsdorfium in Deliciis Physico-Mathematicis (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Harsdorf'')</small> * [[Hartensteinium (Franconia Media)|Hartensteinium]]<ref name="Hartensteinium">Theodisca vox ''Hartenstein'' in Latinam "Hartensteinium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://books.google.es/books?id=fo1AAAAAcAAJ&q=Hartensteinium&hl=es&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=2#v=snippet&q=Hartensteinium&f=false ''De interpolationibus Euripideae Iphigeniae in Aulide, Volumen 2''], ubi dicitur "(...) audivit Hartensteinium (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hartenstein'')</small> * [[Hasareoda]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Herrieden'')</small> * [[Haselbachium (Bavaria Inferior)|Haselbachium]]<ref name="Haselbachium">Theodisca vox ''Haselbach'' in Latinam "Haselbachium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camena/calam1/calaminusrudolphottocarus.html ''RUDOLPHOTTOCARUS AUSTRIACA TRAGOEDIA GEORGIO CALAMINO SILESIO AUCTORE: ACTUS PRIMUS''], ubi dicitur "(...) et apud Haselbachium (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Haselbach'')</small> * [[Haslacum Ecclesiasticum]]<ref name="Steichele 1883"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchhaslach'')</small> * [[Haslochium]]<ref name="Haslochium">Theodisca vox ''Hasloch'' in Latinam "Haslochium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://diglib.hab.de/?db=mss&list=issued&id=2011-08-05 ''Herzog August Bibliothek Wolfenbütte''], ubi dicitur "(...) ad Gasparum Haslochium sacerdotem (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hasloch'')</small> * [[Hasfurtum]]<ref>Vide [https://www.e-rara.ch ''Lexicum geographicum''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Hasfurtum'',. Hasfurt , ''ad Moenum fluvium'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Haßfurt'')</small> * [[Hatheresbrukki Locus]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hersbruck'')</small> * [[Hattenhofa (Bavaria)|Hattenhofa]]<ref name="Hattenhofa">Theodisca vox ''Hattenhofen'' in Latinam "Hattenhofa" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.uni-marburg.de ''gvilelmi ii''], ubi dicitur "(...) (venia Hattenhofa-Hassus. impetrat.) (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hattenhofen'')</small> * [[Haundorfium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Haundorf'')</small> * [[Haunshemium]]<ref>Vide [https://era-prod11.ethz.ch ''Caput I. De statu Germaniae saeculo XVIII''], ubi dicitur "(...) ad Haunshemium ex adverso Badensis metatus est (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Haunsheim'')</small> * [[Hauzenberga]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hauzenberg'')</small> * [[Hawanga]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hawangen'')</small> * [[Hebertsfeldium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hebertsfelden'')</small> * [[Hebertshusium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hebertshausen'')</small> * [[Hecelonis Villa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hetzles'')</small> * [[Heidenfelda]]<ref name="Heidenfelda"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Marktheidenfeld'')</small> * [[Heidenheimium (Franconia Media)|Heidenheimium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Heidenheim'')</small> * [[Heigenbrueckium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Heigenbrücken'')</small> * [[Heilbrunna]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB11184674?p=1&cq=Francofurti%20Ad%20Moenum&lang=de ''Catalogus codicum latinorum Bibliothecae Regiae Monacensis / Tomi 2 Pars 1. Codices num. 8101 - 10930 complectens''], ubi dicitur "(...) Heilbrunnae 25 Mart. a. 1633 (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Heilbrunn'')</small> * [[Heiligenstadium in Franconiā Superiore]]<ref name="Heiligenstadium">Theodisca vox ''Heiligenstadt'' in Latinam "Heiligenstadium" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Heiligenstadt in Oberfranken'')</small> * [[Heimenkircha]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Heimenkirch'')</small> * [[Heimincum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Haiming'')</small> * [[Heimmortinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Heimertingen'')</small> * [[Heinersreuthum]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Heinersreuth'')</small> * [[Heirathum Magnum]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Großheirath'')</small> * [[Helmbrechtsum]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Helmbrechts'')</small> * [[Helmstadium (Bavaria)|Helmstadium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Helmstadt'')</small> * [[Hemavia]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hemau'')</small> * [[Hembachum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rednitzhembach'')</small> * [[Hemhofium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hemhofen'')</small> * [[Hemmershemium]]<ref>Vide [https://dokumen.pub/die-alten-matrikeln-der-universitt-strassburg-1621-bis-1793-band-3-personen-und-ortsregister-reprint-2019nbsped-9783111618395-9783111242019.html ''Die alten Matrikeln der Universität Strassburg 1621 bis 1793''], ubi dicitur "(...) Hemmershemio-Francus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hemmersheim'')</small> * [[Henfenfelda]]<ref>Vide [https://portraits.hab.de/werk/20264 ''Herzog August Bibliothek''], ubi dicitur "(...) Henfenfelda-Noricus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Henfenfeld'')</small> * [[Hengersberga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10316575?p=116&cq=Victor%20%E3%80%88de%20Vita%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Memoriale Sev Altachae Inferioris Memoria Svperstes''], ubi dicitur "(...) prope Hengersbergam (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Hengersberg'')</small> * [[Hentinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hendungen'')</small> * [[Hepberga]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hepberg'')</small> * [[Herbipolis]]<ref name="Brevis Bavariae geographia"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Würzburg'')</small> * [[Herbstadium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Herbstadt'')</small> * [[Heretsrieda]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Heretsried'')</small> * [[Hergatza]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hergatz'')</small> * [[Hergensweilerium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hergensweiler'')</small> * [[Herigolteshusa]]<ref>Vide [https://francia.ahlfeldt.se/page/documents/12078 ''Regnum Francorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''in loco Herigolteshusa nuncupato'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hörgertshausen'')</small> * [[Heroldsbachium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Heroldsbach'')</small> * [[Heroldsberga]]<ref>Vide [https://books.google.es/books/about/Disputatio_tertia_De_ornamenti_librorum.html?id=qC5U0AEACAAJ&redir_esc=y ''Disputatio tertia De ornamenti librorum apud veteres usitatis quam in incluta academia Altorfina præside Christiano Gottl. Schvvarzio''], ubi dicitur "(...) exponit Christophorus Stephanus Kazaverus Heroldsberga-Noricus (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Heroldsberg'')</small> * [[Hesdorfium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Heßdorf'')</small> * [[Hetstadium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.opendata.uni-halle.de ''Curia Regnitiana''], ubi dicitur "(...) a pago Sucuorum Hetstadium (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hettstadt'')</small> * [[Hettenshusium]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hettenshausen'')</small> * [[Heubacum Magnum]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Großheubach'')</small> * [[Heubacum Minus]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kleinheubach'')</small> * [[Heustreium]]<ref name="Eckhart 1729">Eckhart, J. G., auctore (1729); ''Commentarii de rebus Franciae Orientalis et Episcopatus Wirceburgensis''. [[Herbipolis|Herbipoli]]: Johann Jakob Stahel.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Heustreu'')</small> * [[Hilgertshusium-Tanderna]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/><ref name="Meichelbeck II 1729"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hilgertshausen-Tandern'')</small> * [[Hilpoltsteinium]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hilpolstein'')</small> * [[Hiltenfinga]]<ref>Hoc Latinum toponymum regressive derivatur Latino e gentilicio "Hiltenfinganus-a-um". Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://digital.slub-dresden.de/data/kitodo/modeecavs_364426861/modeecavs_364426861_tif/jpegs/00000528.tif.pdf ''Fil. Cap. ad S. Leonard. Abb. in pago inferior, Par. D. Joan. ...''], ubi dicitur "(...) Martinus ''Kloz'' Hiltenfinganus Suevus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hiltenfingen'')</small> * [[Hiltpoltstenium]]<ref>Vide [https://latin_latin.en-academic.com/26258/FRIDERICUS_Johannes ''FRIDERICUS Johannes''], ubi dicitur "(...) qui Neoburgicam lineam continuavit, Hiltpoltstenium (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Hiltpoltstein'')</small> * [[Hindelanga]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Hindelang'')</small> * [[Hirsaugia]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hirschau'')</small> * [[Hirschbachium (Palatinatus Superior)|Hirschbachium]]<ref name="Hirschbachium">Theodisca vox ''Hirschbach'' in Latinam "Hirschbachium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camena/taub2/taubmannschediasmata-met.html ''mateo.uni-mannheim.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) AD WOLFG. HIRSCHBACHIUM (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hirschbach'')</small> * [[Hirzheida]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:SBR-MDZ-00000BSB11084376?p=33&cq=Ex%20monte%20D%20Annae&lang=de ''Episcopatus Bambergensis sub s. sede apostolica chronologice ac diplomatice illustratus: opus posthumum''], ubi dicitur "(...) In ''Hirzheida'' emtus est (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Hirschaid'')</small> * [[Hisimaninga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ismaning'')</small> * [[Hitzhofium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hitzhofen'')</small> * [[Hlurunga]]<ref>Vide [https://francia.ahlfeldt.se/page/documents/10024 ''Regnum Francorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''in superiore uilla quae nuncupatur Hlurunga'' (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Stadtlauringen'')</small> * [[Hochenwartum]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Hohenwart'')</small> * [[Hochstadium ad Moenum]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hochstadt am Main'')</small> * [[Hochstetta]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Höchstädt an der Donau'')</small> * [[Hoechheimium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Höchheim'')</small> * [[Hoeselwanga]]<ref name="Hund 1585">Hund, W., auctore (1585); ''Metropolis Salisburgensis''. [[Ingolstadium|Ingolstadii]]: David Sartorius.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Höslwang'')</small> * [[Hofhemium in Franconia Inferiore|Hofhemium in Franconiā Inferiore]]<ref name="Hofhemium">Theodisca vox ''Hofheim'' in Latinam "Hofhemium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.e-rara.ch ''Codex diplomaticus anecdotorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) Hofhemii in Wetteravia (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hofheim in Unterfranken'')</small> * [[Hofkirchium (Danubius)|Hofkirchium]]<ref name="Hofkirchium">Theodiscae voces ''Hofkirch(e)(n)'' in Latinam "Hofkirchium" verti solent. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_VHrNHbEyL9EC/bub_gb_VHrNHbEyL9EC_djvu.txt ''Samuelis Pufendorfi Commentariorum De rebus suecicis libri 26 ad expeditione Gustavi Adolfi regis in Germaniam ad abdicationem usque Christinae''], ubi dicitur "(...) Saxonię legiones Hofkirchii ductu accedebant (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Hofkirchen'')</small> * [[Hofstetium (Bavaria Superior)|Hofstetium]]<ref name="Hofstetium">Theodisca vox ''Hofstetten'' in Latinam "Hofstetium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20250713164116/http://www.fondazioneintorcetta.info/ ''Compendium latinum proponens x11 posteriores figuras''], ubi dicitur "(...) Hofstetium hybernum (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hofstetten'')</small> * [[Hohenaugia (Bavaria Inferior)|Hohenaugia]]<ref name="Hohenau">Theodiscum toponymum ''Hohenau' in Latinam "Hohenaugia" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hohenau'')</small> * [[Hohenburgum]]<ref name="Hohenburgum">Theodisca vox ''Hohenburg'' in Latinam "Hohenburgum" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Hohenburg'')</small> * [[Hohenfurchum]]<ref>Vide [https://www.heiligenlexikon.de/ActaSanctorum/6.September.html ''Acta Sanctorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) Hohenfurchum haud procul Schonga (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hohenfurch'')</small> * [[Hollenbachium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10372085?p=512&cq=Benedictus%20%E3%80%88Papa,%20XIII.%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Chronica Bavaricae Capucinorum Provinciae''], ubi dicitur "(...) Hollenbachii (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hollenbach'')</small> * [[Hollfeldium]]<ref name="Hollfeldium">Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:SBR-MDZ-00000BSB11083918?p=179&cq=Bamberga&lang=de ''Collectio Novissima Scriptorvm Et Rervm Wircebvrgensivm''], ubi dicitur "(...) Cum castra Hollfeldium quatuor à Bamberga milliaribus oppidum (...) ''Hollfeldium'' Bambergensis item Praesulis oppidum (...) ''Lichtenfelsa'' Oppidulum Bambergense (...) ''Memminga'' Una ex quatuor Urbibus Imperii (...) ''Miltenberga'' Oppidum (...) ''Münnerstadium'' Oppidum Dioecesis Wiceburgensis (...) ''Nütlinga'' Pagus Dioecesis Wirceburgensis (...) ''Ochsenfurtum'' Oppidum, quod multi Suevi & Bavari (...) ''Passavium'' Ubi Pax illa famosissima (...) ''Rimpar'' Pagus & arx quodam Wilhelmi de Grumbach (...) ''Rotenfelsa'' Oppidum cum arce Moeno adjacens (...) ''Rottinga'' Franconiae Oppidum (...) ''Schvveinfurtum'' Urbs Imperii (...) ''Volcacum'' Oppidum Franconiae Moeno adsitum (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hollfeld'')</small> * [[Hollstadium]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/nomenclatorlite03hurtgoog/nomenclatorlite03hurtgoog_djvu.txt ''Nomenclator literarius theologiae catholicae...''], ubi dicitur "(...) Valentinus Leucht Hollstadii dioecesis wirceburgensis natus parochus erat (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hollstadt'')</small> * [[Holzgunzia]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662">Bucelin, G., auctore (1662); ''Germania topo-chrono-stemmatographica sacra et profana''. [[Ulma]]e: Johann Görlin.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Holzgünz'')</small> * [[Holzhemium (Retiensis Pagus)|Holzhemium]]<ref name="Holzhemium">Theodisca vox ''Holzheim'' in Latinam "Holzhemium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [http://www.e-rara.ch ''www.e-rara.ch''], ubi dicitur "(...) mox Holzhemium praetergressus (...)".</ref> <small>(in [[Retiensis Pagus|Retiensi Pago]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Holzheim'')</small> * [[Holzhemium (prope Novam Ulmam)|Holzhemium]]<ref name="Holzhemium"/> <small>(prope [[Nova Ulma (Bavaria)|Novam Ulmam]]<ref name="Nova Ulma">Vide [https://mapcarta.com/Neu-Ulm ''Mapcarta''], ubi dicitur "(...) Latin: “Nova Ulma” (...)".</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Holzheim'')</small> * [[Holzhemium (prope Dilingam)|Holzhemium]]<ref name="Holzhemium"/> <small>(prope [[Dilinga]]m<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Holzheim'')</small> * [[Holzhemium ad Forestum]]<ref name="Holzhemium"/><ref name="Forst">Latinum vocabulum "forestum-i" Theodiscum ''Forst'' vertit, secundum Lexicon Latinum hodiernum, auctore PETRO LUCUSALTIANO LATINOPHILO.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Holzheim am Forst'')</small> * [[Holzkiricha (Bavaria Superior)|Holzkiricha]]<ref name="Holzkiricha">Theodisca vox ''Holzkirchen'' in Latinam "Holzkiricha" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://francia.ahlfeldt.se/page/documents/12230 ''Regnum Francorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''actum in loco Holzkiricha'' (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(in [[Bavaria Superior|Bavariā Superiore]])</small> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Holzkirchen'')</small> * [[Holzkiricha (Franconia Inferior)|Holzkiricha]]<ref>Vide [https://francia.ahlfeldt.se/page/documents/12230 ''Regnum Francorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''actum in loco Holzkiricha'' (...)".</ref> <small>(in [[Franconia|Franconiā Inferiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Holzkirchen'')</small> * [[Hopferavia]]<ref>Vide [https://www.heiligenlexikon.de/ActaSanctorum/6.September.html ''Acta Sanctorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) Georgius Keller sacellanus Hopferaviæ, & parens Joannes Schnöl (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hopferau'')</small> * [[Horgovia]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Horgau'')</small> * [[Horscaninga]]<ref>Vide [https://francia.ahlfeldt.se/page/documents/8402 ''Regnum Francorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''ad Horscaninga'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Herrsching am Ammersee'')</small> * [[Hortus Gallmari]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1865"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gallmersgarten'')</small> * [[Hosbacum (Bavaria)|Hosbacum]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1741"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Hösbach'')</small> * [[Hottinga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.e-rara.ch ''DIPLOMATARIUM MISCELLUM NOTIS HISTORICO''], ubi dicitur "(...) Hottinga, hodie Hottingen, latissima & sparsa communitas prope civitatem (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Höttingen'')</small> * [[Hrannunga]]<ref>Vide [https://werkstatt.formulae.uni-hamburg.de/texts/urn:cts:formulae:fulda_stengel.stengel0175.lat003/passage/1 ''Urkundenbuch des Klosters Fulda; Teil: Bd. 1''], ubi dicitur "(...) in villa nominata Hrannunga et in pago Gozfeld (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Rannungen'')</small> * [[Hrodheringae]]<ref>Vide [https://francia.ahlfeldt.se/page/documents/13472 ''Regnum Francorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''eccl. ad Hrodheringas'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Riedering'')</small> * [[Hruodoldishoua]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10938265?cq=Hruodoldishoua&lang=de ''Commentarii De Rebvs Franciae Orientalis Et Episcopatvs VVircebvrgensis''], ubi dicitur "(...) in loco qui dicitur ''Hruodoldishoua'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ruderatshofen'')</small> * [[Huglfinga]]<ref name="Hund II 1582">Hund, W., auctore (1582); ''Bayrisch Stammenbuch''. Pars II. [[Ingolstadium|Ingolstadii]]: David Sartorius.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Huglfing'')</small> * [[Huishemium]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Huisheim'')</small> * [[Hunderdorfium]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hunderdorf'')</small> * [[Hundingia (Bavaria Inferior)|Hundingia]]<ref name="Bucelin 1655"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hunding'')</small> * [[Hurlacum]]<ref name="Steichele 1883"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hurlach'')</small> * [[Husa (Ronaha)|Husa]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00003272?lang=de ''Hausen''], ubi dicitur "(...) Husa (...)".</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Ronahensis et Graffeltensis|Circulo Ronahensi et Graffeltensi]]<ref>Vertitur nomen "Circulus terrae Ronahensis et Graffeltensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Rhön-Grabfeld'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latinis toponymis "[[Ronaha]]" et "[[Graffelti]]" -ad quae Latina gentilicia "Ronahensis-e" et "Graffeltensis-e" respective referuntur-, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Hausen'')</small> * [[Husa (prope Forchhemium)|Husa prope Forchhemium]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(in [[Franconia|Franconiā Superiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Hausen'')</small> * [[Husa prope Herbipolin]]<ref name="Geografische ... Mittelalters">''Geografische Namen des Mittelalters''.</ref><ref name="Brevis Bavariae geographia"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hausen bei Würzburg'')</small> * [[Husia (Bavaria Inferior)|Husia]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(in [[Bavaria Inferior|Bavariā Inferiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Hausen'')</small> * [[Husia (prope Asciburgum)|Husia]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1741"/> <small>(in [[Franconia|Franconiā Inferiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Hausen'')</small> {{div col end}} == I == {{div col|3}} * [[Iachenauia]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Jachenau'')</small> * [[Ichenhusium]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ichenhausen'')</small> * [[Iciniacum]]<ref>Vide [https://www.tesaurohistoriaymitologia.com/es/25209-iciniacum ''Tesauro''], ubi dicitur "(...) Iciniacum Campamento militar romano de Retia. Hoy, Theilenhofen, estado de Baviera, Alemania (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Theilenhofen'')</small> * [[Ickelshemium Superius]]<ref name="Bundschuch 1801">Bundschuh, J. K., auctore (1801); ''Geographisches Statistisch-Topographisches Lexikon von Franken''. Vol. 4. [[Ulma]]e.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberickelsheim'')</small> * [[Ickinga]]<ref>Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20240814135313/https://ephemerisnuntii.eu/leonina/EL%20287.pdf ''EPISTULA LEONINA CCLXXXVII''], ubi dicitur "(...) Ego Augusta Vindelicum, ceteri Garchinga, Ickinga, Starenberga, Fürstenried, Scongava (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Icking'')</small> * [[Iengina]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1863"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Jengen'')</small> * [[Iesenwanga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Jesenwang'')</small> * [[Iettenbacum]]<ref name="Meichelbeck 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Jettenbach'')</small> * [[Iettinga et Scheppachum]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Jettingen-Scheppach'')</small> * [[Ietzendorfium]]<ref name="Meichelbeck 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Jetzendorf'')</small> * [[Iffeldorfium]]<ref name="Meichelbeck 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Iffeldorf'')</small> * [[Iggensbacum]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Iggensbach'')</small> * [[Iglinga]]<ref name="Iglinga">Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/hofmann/hof4/Hofmann_lexicon_t4_1013_rasophori.html ''RAURICAE REGIONIS URBES ARCES, PAGI CELEBRIORES''], ubi dicitur "(...) Iglinga solo (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Igling'')</small> * [[Illeshemium]]<ref name="Bundschuch 1800"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Illesheim'')</small> * [[Illschwanga]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Illschwang'')</small> * [[Ilmina]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ilmmünster'')</small> * [[Immenreutha]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Immenreuth'')</small> * [[Immenstadium im Algovia|Immenstadium in Algoviā]]<ref>Theodisca vox ''Immenstadt'' in Latinam "Immenstadium" verti solet. V.gr., vide [https://er-prod11.ethz.ch ''Pars prima. Topographica eiusdem & lacus sive maris utriusque nec non subditarum amplissimae Dioecesi provinciarum designatio'']{{Nexus deficit|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) & Immenstadium descenditur (...)".</ref><ref name="Algovia"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Immenstadt im Allgäu'')</small> * [[Incella]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Inzell'')</small> * [[Indersdorfium]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Markt Indersdorf'')</small> * [[Ingenreutha]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ingenried'')</small> * [[Ingolstadium]]<ref name="Hofmannus">{{Hofmannus}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ingolstadt'')</small> * [[Inninga ad Lacum Ambrae]]<ref name="Annales Ecclesiastici Bavariae 1767">''Annales Ecclesiastici Bavariae'', editore Vigilio Sedlmayr, [[Augusta Vindelicorum|Augustae Vindelicorum]], 1767.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Inning am Ammersee'')</small> * [[Inninga ad Silvam]]<ref name="Meichelbeck 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Inning am Holz'')</small> * [[Insingia]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Insingen'')</small> * [[Insula (Bavaria)|Insula]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1744"/> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Ariodunensis|Circulo Ariodunense]]<ref name="Circulus Ariodunensis">Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Ariodunensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Erding'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium "Ariodunensis-e" ad [[Ariodunum]] refertur. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Wörth'')</small> * [[Insula ad Moenum]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1744"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wörth am Main'')</small> * [[Iohannis Mons (Bavaria)|Iohannis Mons]]<ref name="Iohannis Mons">Theodisca vox ''Johannesberg'' in Latinam "Iohannis Mons" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Johannesberg'')</small> * [[Ioviacum Noricorum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gemünden am Main'')</small> * [[Iphofia]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Iphofen'')</small> * [[Ippeshemium]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_HONMAAAAcAAJ/bub_gb_HONMAAAAcAAJ_djvu.txt ''Crucenacum Palatinum cum ipsius archisatrapia, ex historia, potissimum politica et litteraria, illustratum''], ubi dicitur "(...) tandem Ippeshemium (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Ippesheim'')</small> * [[Ipshemium]]<ref>Vide [https://ia801903.us.archive.org/20/items/novaactaphysicom51773acad/novaactaphysicom51773acad_djvu.txt ''ia801903.us.archive.org''], ubi dicitur "(...) Ipshemium ergo (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Ipsheim'')</small> * [[Irchenreutha]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Irchenrieth'')</small> * [[Iringsburgium]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1860"/> <small>(in [[Bavaria Superior|Bavariā Superiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Eurasburg'')</small> * [[Isana (Bavaria)|Isana]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Isen'')</small> * [[Isenberga (Algovia)|Isenberga]]<ref name="Eisenberg">Theodiscum toponymum ''Eisenberg' in Latinam "Isenberga" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Eisenberg'')</small> * [[Isilinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eisingen'')</small> * [[Isolvinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eiselfing'')</small> * [[Issigavia]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Issigau'')</small> * [[Iulbacum]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Julbach'')</small> {{div col end}} == K == {{div col|3}} * [[Kalchreutha]]<ref>Vide [https://books.google.es/books/about/De_transmissione_actorum_in_foro_Norico.html?id=jcGIQbGxg94C&redir_esc=y ''De transmissione actorum in foro Norico ex mente constitutionum imperii non admittenda divini numinis gratia ac indultu magnifici...''], ubi dicitur "(...) disputabit Thomas Geigerus, Kalchreutha-Noricus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Kalchreuth'')</small> * [[Kalmunda]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kallmünz'')</small> * [[Kammlacum]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kammlach'')</small> * [[Kasendorfium]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small><small>(Theodisce ''Kasendorf'')</small> * [[Kaufbura]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kaufbeuren'')</small> * [[Kauferinga]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kaufering'')</small> * [[Keminata]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kemnath'')</small> * [[Kienberga (Bavaria Superior)|Kienberga]]<ref name="Kienberg">Theodisca vox ''Kienberg'' in Latinam "Kienberga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/bertius/bertius1/Bertius_commentarii_2.html ''P. BERTII COMMENTARIORVM RERVM GERMANICARVM Libri Tres''], ubi dicitur "(...) Kienbergae Baro (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Kienberg'')</small> * [[Kinsavia]]<ref name="Kinsavia">Theodisca vox ''Kinsau'' in Latinam "Kinsavia" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.heiligenlexikon.de/ActaSanctorum/6.September.html ''Acta Sanctorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) Kinsavia g est in Boica infra Schongam (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Kinsau'')</small> * [[Kipfenbergum]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kipfenberg'')</small> * [[Kirchberga (Bavaria Superior)|Kirchberga]]<ref name="Kirchberg">Germanicum toponymum ''Kirchberg'' in Latinam "Kirchberga" verti solet. V.gr., vide [https://books.google.es/books/about/Epithalamivm_In_Nvptiis_Illvstrivm_D_Pil.html?id=4YTa0AEACAAJ&redir_esc=y ''pithalamivm In Nvptiis Illvstrivm D. Pilippi Eduardi Fuggeri, Kirchbergae & VVeissenhorni, & D. Mariae Magdalenae Koenigseckiae & Aulendorffij Baronum''] aut [https://www.historickefondy.cz/Record/mzk.001033685/Cite ''Historické Fondy''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Ioannes Sigismundus Schifflinus Diac. II. Min. A. C. Aetat. LVII. Minist. Kirchbergae XIV. H. L. III. Aug. Vind. MDCCLXII.'' Aug. Vind.: Jac. Andr. Fridrich (...)".</ref> <small>(in [[Bavaria Superior|Bavariā Superiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchberg'')</small> * [[Kirchberga in Silva|Kirchberga in Silvā]]<ref name="Kirchberg"/><ref name="Wald">[https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Wald?wb=gross&nr=1 Latinum substantivum "silva-ae" Theodiscum ''Wald''] vertit.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchberg im Wald'')</small> * [[Kirchdorfium (Hallertavia)|Kirchdorfium]]<ref name="Kirchdorf">Theodiscum toponymum ''Kirchdorf'' in Latinam "Kirchdorfium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://ia802900.us.archive.org/34/items/dermarktfrankenb12fied/dermarktfrankenb12fied.pdf ''Der Markt Frankenburg in Österreich ob der Enns''], ubi dicitur "(...) Aterssium, Frideburgum, Salembergam, Hagiam, Kirchdorfium et universam marchiam Osterhofianam (...)" aut vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_Rz4_AAAAcAAJ/bub_gb_Rz4_AAAAcAAJ_djvu.txt ''Historia Nigrae Silvae Ordinis Sancti Benedicti Coloniae / 2''], ubi dicitur "(...) idem Kirchdorfii in Helvetia (...)".</ref> <small>(in [[Hallertavia|Hallertaviā]]<ref name="Hallertavia"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchdorf'')</small> * [[Kirchdorfium (prope Hagam in Bavaria Superiore)|Kirchdorfium]]<ref name="Kirchdorf"/> <small>(prope [[Haga (in Bavaria superiore)|Hagam in Bavariā Superiore]])<ref name="Graesse"/></small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchdorf'')</small> * [[Kirchdorfium ad Aenum (Bavaria)|Kirchdorfium ad Aenum]]<ref name="Kirchdorf"/><ref name="Inn">De hydronymo "[[Aenus (flumen)|Aenus]]" (Theodisce ''Inn''), vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchdorf am Inn'')</small> * [[Kirchdorfium ad Ambram]]<ref name="Kirchdorf"/><ref name="Ambra"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchdorf an der Amper'')</small> * [[Kirchdorfium in Silva|Kirchdorfium in Silvā]]<ref name="Kirchdorf"/><ref name="Wald"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchdorf im Wald'')</small> * [[Kirchendemenreutha]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1863">''Bavaria: Landes- und Volkskunde des Königreichs Bayern'', 1863.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchendemenreuth'')</small> * [[Kirchemium (Franconia Inferior)|Kirchemium]]<ref name="Kirchemium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Kirchheim'' in Latinam "Kirchemium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://opendigi.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/opendigi/LXV14_fol-2_12 ''Decanus Et Collegium Facultatis Philosophicae In Universitate Eberhardina Carolina''], ubi dicitur "(...) Kirchemium, dehinc in Monasteria (...)" aut vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(in [[Franconia|Franconiā Inferiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchheim'')</small> * [[Kirchemium in Suebia|Kirchemium in Suebiā]]<ref name="Kirchemium"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchheim in Schwaben'')</small> * [[Kirchemium prope Monacum]]<ref name="Kirchemium"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchheim bei München'')</small> * [[Kisingia]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kissing'')</small> * [[Kistium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kist'')</small> * [[Kitzinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kitzingen'')</small> * [[Klingenberga ad Moenum]]<ref name="Klingenberg">Theodisca vox ''Klingenberg'' in Latinam "Klingenberga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref><ref name="Moenus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Klingenberg am Main'')</small> * [[Knetzgavia]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Knetzgau'')</small> * [[Kochelium ad Lacum]]<ref name="Statistica ... Salzburgensis 1817">''Statistica metropolis ecclesiasticae Salzburgensis''. Salisburgi, 1817.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Kochel am See'')</small> * [[Koednitium]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ködnitz'')</small> * [[Koeditium]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Köditz'')</small> * [[Koesslarnum]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kößlarn'')</small> * [[Kohlgrubium]]<ref>Vide [https://adm0502.synology.me/blava0704/knihy/s/sas/sasinekfrankovitazoslav/schematizmus/sasinekfra_schematizm_1.pdf ''SCHEMATISMUS HISTORICUS DIOECESIS NEOSOLIENSIS''], ubi dicitur "(...) Kohlgrubii in Bavaria (prope Monachium) (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Kohlgrub'')</small> * [[Kolitzhemium]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1741"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kolitzheim'')</small> * [[Konnersreuthum]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Konnersreuth'')</small> * [[Kottgeiseringa]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kottgeisering'')</small> * [[Kotzavia Superior]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberkotzau'')</small> * [[Kraftisrieda]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kraftisried'')</small> * [[Kruenium]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Krün'')</small> * [[Kunstadtium Vetus]]<ref name="Statistica ... Bambergensis 1791"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Altenkunstadt'')</small> * [[Kurnaha]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kürnach'')</small> {{div col end}} == L == {{div col|3}} * [[Labera]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Laaber'')</small> * [[Lacha (Suebia)|Lacha]]<ref name="Lacha">Theodiscum toponymum ''Lachen'' in Latinam "Lacha" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Lachen'')</small> * [[Lacoritum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lohr am Main'')</small> * [[Lacus Roedelensis (commune)|Lacus Roedelensis]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1741"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rödelsee'')</small> * [[Lacus Ruodgisi (commune)|Lacus Ruodgisi]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Riegsee'')</small> * [[Lacus Slierseensis (commune)|Lacus Slierseensis]]<ref name="Hund 1582"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Schliersee'')</small> * [[Lallinga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10316575?p=203&cq=Hilaris,%20E.&lang=de ''Memoriale Seu Altachae Inferioris Memoria Superstes: Ex Tabulis, Annalibus, Diplomatis, Epitaphiis Aliisque Antiquitatum Reliquiis Conlecta''], ubi dicitur "(...) Mons iste vicinus est Lallingae (...) struxit et horreum Lallingae (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Lalling'')</small> * [[Lamerdinga]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739>''Notitia Bavariae Antiquae et Novae'', auctore Ioanne Henrico von Falckenstein (1739).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Lamerdingen'')</small> * [[Lamicia Ecclesiastica]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchenlamitz'')</small> * [[Lammium]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Ingolstadiensis II"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Lam'')</small> * [[Landavium ad Isaram]]<ref name="Landavium">[http://www.archive.org/stream/deutschlateinis01saalgoog/deutschlateinis01saalgoog_djvu.txt Deutsch-lateinisches handbüchlein der eigennamen aus der alten : mittleren und neuen geographie (1885)].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Landau an der Isar'')</small> * [[Landensberga]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Landensberg'')</small> * [[Landsberieda]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Landsberied'')</small> * [[Landshutum]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/> (Theodisce ''Landshut'') * [[Landsperga]]<ref name="DE SITU ARCHI ABBATI AE OTTILIENSIS"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Landsberg am Lech'')</small> * [[Langenbacum (Bavaria)|Langenbacum]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Ingolstadiensis II"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Langenbach'')</small> * [[Langhemium Magnum]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Wirceburgensis"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Großlangheim'')</small> * [[Langhemium Minus]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Wirceburgensis"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kleinlangheim'')</small> * [[Lapidocampus]]<ref name="Hentzner 1612"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Steinsfeld'')</small> * [[Lapidofelda]]<ref name="Rader III 1624"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Steinfeld'')</small> * [[Lapis (Franconia Media)|Lapis]]<ref name="Lapis">Theodiscum toponymum ''Stein'' in Latinam "Lapis" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Stein'')</small> * [[Lapis Abietis]]<ref name="Ertl 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Thanstein'')</small> * [[Lapis Botonis]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pottenstein'')</small> * [[Lapis Camerae]]<ref name="Hofmann 1717"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kammerstein'')</small> * [[Lapis Heroum]]<ref name="Hofmann 1717"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Heldenstein'')</small> * [[Lapis Marquardi]]<ref name="Rader 1615-1627"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Marquartstein'')</small> * [[Lapis Stellaris]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes II 1863">''Bavaria: Landes- und Volkskunde des Königreichs Bayern'', Tomus II, 1863.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Störnstein'')</small> * [[Lapis Syrgenis]]<ref name="Zeiller 1694"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Syrgenstein'')</small> * [[Lappersdorfium]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Ingolstadiensis II">''Matricula Universitatis Ingolstadiensis'': Tomus II (1600-1700), editore Francisco Xaverio Götzl.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Lappersdorf'')</small> * [[Lara (Bavaria)|Lara]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hafenlohr'')</small> * [[Lata Vallis (Suebia)|Lata Vallis]]<ref name="Lata Vallis">Theodiscum toponymum ''Breitenthal'' in Latinam "Lata Vallis" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://zdvorily.wz.cz/sirokydul.htm ''Široký Důl''], ubi dicitur "(...) Široký Důl - lidově "Širocko," "Širokej Důl," v 17. stol. psán "Ssyroký Důl," německy "Breitenthal," latinsky "Lata Vallis" (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Breitenthal'')</small> * [[Latitudo Superior]]<ref name="Hentzner 1612"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Obernbreit'')</small> * [[Laubena (Algovia Inferior)|Laubena]]<ref name="Steichele 1883"/> <small>(in [[Algovia|Algoviā Inferiore]]<ref name="Algovia"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Lauben'')</small> * [[Laubena (Algovia Inferior)|Laubena]]<ref>Vide [https://geschichte-bayerns.de/ortsnamen/artikel/Schwaben/Oberallg%C3%A4u/Lauben/iayh4 ''Lauben''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Lauben superius'' (...)".</ref> <small>(in [[Algovia|Algoviā Superiore]]<ref name="Algovia"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Lauben'')</small> * [[Laudenbachium (Franconia Inferior)|Laudenbachium]]<ref name="Laudenbachium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Laudenbach'' in Latinam "Laudenbachium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/monumentidellost10maro/monumentidellost10maro_djvu.txt ''Monumenti dello Stato pontificio e relazione topografica di ogni paese''], ubi dicitur "(...) Iohannes a Laudenbachio dicitur (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Laudenbach'')</small> * [[Lauera Castrensis]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Burglauer'')</small> * [[Laufium ad Pagantiam]]<ref name="Laufium">Theodisca vox ''Lauf'' in Latinam "Laufium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/thou1/t1/Thuanus_historiae_1_2.html ''IAC. AVG. THVANI HISTORIARVM SVI TEMPORIS LIBRI CXX''], ubi dicitur "(...) cum nuper Altorfium et Laufium suae ditionis oppida occupasset (...)".</ref><ref name="Pagantia">De hydronymo "[[Pagantia]]" (Theodisce ''Pegnitz''), vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Lauf an der Pegnitz'')</small> * [[Lauginga]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lauingen'')</small> * [[Lauginga Sicca]]<ref name="Steichele 1895">Auctore Antonio von Steichele; ''Das Bistum Augsburg, historisch und statistisch beschrieben'', Volumen V, [[Augusta Vindelicorum|Augustae Vindelicorum]], 1895.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Dürrlauingen'')</small> * [[Lauterhofium]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Ingolstadiensis II"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Lauterhofen'')</small> * [[Lechbruga ad Lacum]]<ref name="Steichele 1895"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lechbruck am See'')</small> * [[Legauia]]<ref name="Steichele 1883"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Legau'')</small> * [[Lehrberga]]<ref name="Lehrberga">Theodisca vox ''Lehrberg'' in Latinam "Lehrberga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://books.google.es/books/about/Dissertationis_de_restituendo_codice_Heb.html?id=ZyzPzQEACAAJ&redir_esc=y ''Dissertationis de restituendo codice Hebraeo part. I''], ubi dicitur "(...) respondente Io. Georg. Guilielmo Koehlero, Lehrberga-Onoldino (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Lehrberg'')</small> * [[Leichtersbacum Superius]]<ref name="Status 1750"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberleichtersbach'')</small> * [[Leidersbacum]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Wirceburgensis">''Matricula Universitatis Wirceburgensis'' (1582-1814), editore Sebastiano Merkle (1922).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Leidersbach'')</small> * [[Leinburgum]]<ref>Vide [https://dn790004.ca.archive.org/0/items/rogeridewendover04roge/rogeridewendover04roge.pdf ''Rogeri de Wendover Flores Historiarum''], ubi dicitur "(...) ducem de Leinburgo (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Leinburg'')</small> * [[Leiphemium]]<ref>Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/hofmann/hof4/Hofmann_lexicon_t4_1242_vlakvkan.html ''LEXICON VNIVERSALE, HISTORIAM SACRAM ET PROFANAM''], ubi dicitur "(...) Leiphemium quoque oppidum iisdem emptionis iure accrevit (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Leipheim'')</small> * [[Lengdorfium]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Ingolstadiensis II"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lengdorf'')</small> * [[Lengenfeldensis Arx]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Burglengenfeld'')</small> * [[Lengenwanga]]<ref name="Steichele 1883"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lengenwang'')</small> * [[Lentinga]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lenting'')</small> * [[Leomontium (Palatinatus Superior)|Leomontium]]<ref name="Leomontium">Theodisca vox ''Leonberg'' in Latinam "Leomontium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [http://books.google.de/books?id=2bFEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA161&q=Leomontii Lateinische Stilübungen zum öffentlichen und Privatgebrauche, Band 2 von Christoph Friedrich Roth].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Leonberg'')</small> * [[Leuchtenberga]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Leuchtenberg'')</small> * [[Leugasta Marchia]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Marktleugast'')</small> * [[Leupoldsgruna]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Leupoldsgrün'')</small> * [[Leutenbacha (Franconia Superior)|Leutenbacha]]<ref name="Leutenbacha">Theodiscum toponymum ''Leutenbach'' in Latinam "Leutenbacha" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/monumentagenecro04geseuoft/monumentagenecro04geseuoft_djvu.txt ''Monumenta Germaniae historica. Necrologia Germaniae''], ubi dicitur "(...) Friderici de Leutenbacha (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Leutenbach'')</small> * [[Leutershusa]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Leutershausen'')</small> * [[Leuthena Marchia]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Marktleuthen'')</small> * [[Libertas (Bavaria)|Libertas]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Freyung'')</small> * [[Lichtenavia (Franconia Media)|Lichtenavia]]<ref name="Lichtenavia">Theodisca vox ''Lichtenau'' in Latinam "Lichtenavia" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:SBR-MDZ-00000BSB11083918?p=179&cq=Bamberga&lang=de ''Collectio Novissima Scriptorvm Et Rervm Wircebvrgensivm''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Lichtenavia''' Arx & oppidum (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Lichtenau'')</small> * [[Lichtenberga (Franconia Superior)|Lichtenberga]]<ref name="Lichtenberga">Theodiscum toponymum ''Lichtenberg'' in Latinam "Lichtenberga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Lichtenberg'')</small> * [[Lichtenfelsa (Franconia Superior)|Lichtenfelsa]]<ref name="Hollfeldium"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lichtenfels'')</small> * [[Limacis Lucus]]<ref name="Will 1773"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schneckenlohe'')</small> * [[Linaha (Bavaria)|Linaha]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00004537?lang=de ''Leinach''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Linaha'' (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Leinach'')</small> * [[Lindavia]]<ref name="DE SITU ARCHI ABBATI AE OTTILIENSIS"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lindau'')</small> * [[Lindberga]]<ref name="Lindberga">Theodisca vox ''Lindberg'' in Latinam "Lindberga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/details/lichenographias00friegoog/page/174/mode/2up?q=Lindberga ''Lichenographia scandinavica''], ubi dicitur "(...) et Lindberga Uplandiae (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Lindberg'')</small> * [[Lindenberga in Algovia|Lindenberga in Algoviā]]<ref name="Lindenberga">Theodisca vox ''Lindenberg'' in Latinam "Lindenberga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/aeltereuniversi00greigoog/aeltereuniversi00greigoog_djvu.txt ''Aeltere Universitätsmatrikeln, II, Universität Greifswald''], ubi dicitur "(...) Lindenberga-Pomeranus (...)".</ref><ref name="Algovia"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lindenberg im Allgäu'')</small> * [[Lipolfinga]]<ref>Vide [https://artflsrv04.uchicago.edu/philologic4.7/PLD/navigate/391/2/4/47 ''Patrologia Latina''], ubi dicitur "(...) in loco qui dicitur Lipolfinga (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Leiblfing'')</small> * [[Lisberga]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lisberg'')</small> * [[Litzendorfium]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Bambergensis">''Matricula Universitatis Bambergensis'' (1648-1803), editore Francisco Xaverio von Wegele (1881).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Litzendorf'')</small> * [[Liuchinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Loiching'')</small> * [[Locus ad Muros]]<ref name="Steichele 1883"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mauerstetten'')</small> * [[Locus Caeli]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Himmelstadt'')</small> * [[Locus Glareosus]]<ref name="Rader 1615-1627"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Griesstätt'')</small> * [[Loffona]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Laufen'')</small> * [[Logena]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Laugna'')</small> * [[Lohbergium (Bavaria)|Lohbergium]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Ingolstadiensis II"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lohberg'')</small> * [[Lohkirchena]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lohkirchen'')</small> * [[Loitzendorfium]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Ingolstadiensis II"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Loitzendorf'')</small> * [[Longa Glarea]]<ref name="Rader 1615-1627">''Bavaria Sancta'', auctore Matthaeo Rader, 1615-1627.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Lenggries'')</small> * [[Longa Pascua]]<ref name="Welser 1594">Welser, Marx, auctore: ''Rerum Augustanarum Vindelicarum libri octo'', ([[Venetiae|Venetiis]], 1594).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Langweid am Lech'')</small> * [[Longa Villa (Bavaria)|Longa Villa]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Langdorf'')</small> * [[Longinqua Pascua]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Langquaid'')</small> * [[Longum Vadum]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Langfurth'')</small> * [[Longus Campus (Franconia Media)|Longus Campus]]<ref name="Longus Campus">Theodiscum toponymum ''Langenfeld'' in Latinam "Longus Campus" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.juls.savba.sk ''PDF - KUL TÚRA SLOVA - SAV''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Longus Campus''' (1320), v preklade Dlhé Pole, a nem. v prepise '''Langenfeld''' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Langenfeld'')</small> * [[Losauvia ad amnem Regnitz]]<ref name="Homann Geographia Historica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Regnitzlosau'')</small> * [[Losodica]]<ref>Dietwulfo Baatz auctore: ''Das Kastell Munningen im Landkreis Donau-Ries''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Munningen'')</small> * [[Loufa]]<ref name="Loufa">Vide [https://stadtarchiv-aschaffenburg.de/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/07-5_213-276_Inhalt1.pdf ''Verona, Hauptwi''], ubi dicitur "(...) „decimas in Loufa“ (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Laufach'')</small> * [[Lua-Wildenowa]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00036014?lang=de ''Lua''], ubi dicitur "(...) Lua fluvius (...)".</ref><ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00045477?lang=de ''Wildenau''], ubi dicitur "(...) Wildenowa (...)".</ref><small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Luhe-Wildenau'')</small> * [[Ludovicipolis]]<ref>Hoc Latinum toponymum regressive derivatur Latino e gentilicio "Ludovicipolensis-e". Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00040949?lang=de ''Ludwigsstadt''], ubi dicitur "(...) Ludovicipolen(sis) (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ludwigsstadt'')</small> * [[Luelsfeldium]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Wirceburgensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lülsfeld'')</small> * [[Luppurgum]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Lupburg'')</small> * [[Lura Inferior]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1741"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Niederlauer'')</small> * [[Lutera (Franconia Superior)|Lutera]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00038901?lang=de ''Lauter''], ubi dicitur "(...) Lutera (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Lauter'')</small> * [[Lutra (Suebia)|Lutra]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lautrach'')</small> * [[Luttura]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchlauter'')</small> * [[Lutzinga]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lutzingen'')</small> {{div col end}} == M == {{div col|3}} * [[Macula Silvestris]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1744"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Wildflecken'')</small> * [[Maehringa]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Mähring'')</small> * [[Magnovilla]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes III 1863"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Tegernheim'')</small> * [[Maierhofa]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Maierhöfen'')</small> * [[Maihinga]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Maihingen'')</small> * [[Mainbernhemium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10375319?p=347&cq=Dr%C3%BCmel,%20Johann%20Heinrich%20(1707-1770);%20Verfasser&lang=en ''Handschriften-Katalog der Königlichen Universitäts-Bibliothek zu Erlangen''], ubi dicitur "(...) Mainbernhemio (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Mainbernheim'')</small> * [[Mainberga]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mainburg'')</small> * [[Mainleusa]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Mainleus'')</small> * [[Maisa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Maisach'')</small> * [[Maisa Episcopi]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bischofsmais'')</small> * [[Maiselsteinum Superius]]<ref name="Steichele 1895"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Obermaiselstein'')</small> * [[Maitenbethum]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Ingolstadiensis II"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Maitenbeth'')</small> * [[Malchinga]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Großlangheim'')</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Malching'')</small> * [[Malgersdorfium]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Ingolstadiensis II"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Malgersdorf'')</small> * [[Mallersdorfium-Papapontum]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Mallersdorf-Pfaffenberg'')</small> * [[Malleus ad Piscinam]]<ref name="Sartori 1845">Sartori, Aloysio, auctore; ''Repertorium parochiarum et beneficiorum ecclesiasticorum Dioecesis Ratisbonensis''. [[Ratisbona]]e, 1845.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Weiherhammer'')</small> * [[Malleus Farinarius]]<ref name="Biedermann 1745"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mehlmeisel'')</small> * [[Mammendorfium]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Ingolstadiensis I">''Matricula Universitatis Ingolstadiensis'': Tomus I (1472-1600), editore Francisco Xaverio Götzl.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Mammendorf'')</small> * [[Mamminga]]<ref>Vide [http://vd18.gbv.de ''Schorerus''], ubi dicitur "(...) sub appellatione Mamminga (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Mamming'')</small> * [[Manheimium]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Manheim'')</small> * [[Mantela (commune)|Mantela]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Mantel'')</small> * [[Mantichinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Merching'')</small> * [[Marchia Ludovici]]<ref name="Rader 1615-1627"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Ludwigschorgast'')</small> * [[Marcilinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Marzling'')</small> * [[Mardinga]]<ref>Vide [https://geschichte-bayerns.de/ortsnamen/artikel/Schwaben/Donau-Ries/Mertingen/i5sny ''Mertingen''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''in Mardinga'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Mertingen'')</small> * [[Marxhemium]]<ref name="Specht 1912">Specht, Thomā, auctore: ''Die Matrikel der Universität Dillingen'', Volumen 2, (Friburgi, 1912).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Marxheim'')</small> * [[Masbachium]]<ref name="Masbachium">Theodisca vox ''Maßbach'' seu ''Masbach'' in Latinam "Masbachium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.sudoc.abes.fr/cbs/DB=2.1//SRCH?IKT=12&TRM=28915717X ''sudoc.abes.fr'']{{Nexus deficit|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) Bartholomaeus Wolfahrt Masbachio-Francus (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Maßbach'')</small> * [[Massinga Marchia]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Massing'')</small> * [[Mautha]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mauth'')</small> * [[Medema]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Metten'')</small> * [[Media Ecclesia (Bavaria)|Media Ecclesia]]<ref name="Rader 1615-1627"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mitterskirchen'')</small> * [[Mediana (Dilinga)|Mediana]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>in [[Circulus terrae Dilingensis|Circulo Dilingense]]<ref name="Circulus terrae Dilingensis">Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Dilingensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Dillingen an der Donau'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo "[[Dilinga]]" -ad quod Latinum gentilicium "Dilingensis-e" refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref></small> <small>(Theodisce ''Mödingen'')</small> * [[Mediana (Circulus Weissenburgensis et Gunzenhausensis)|Mediana]]<ref>Vide [https://www.trismegistos.org/place/28155 ''https://www.trismegistos.org''], ubi dicitur "(...) Latin name(s): Mediana Modern name(s): Gnotzheim (...)".</ref> <small>in [[Circulus terrae Weissenburgensis et Gunzenhausensis|Circulo Weissenburgense et Gunzenhausense]]<ref name="CTWG">Fingitur nomen huius circuli terrae, Theodisce ''Landkreis Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen'' nucupati, sic: "Weissenburgensis" est gentilicium quod ad oppidum [[Weissenburgum Noricorum]] refertur (de hoc oppido, vide {{Graesse}}); et "Gunzenhausensis" est gentilicium quod ad oppidum [[Gunzinhusir]]em refertur (de hoc gentilicio, vide [https://archive.org/stream/McGillLibrary-hssl_die-terminologie-deutschen-falknerei_SK321S355-17654/hssl_die-terminologie-deutschen-falknerei_SK321S355_djvu.txt ''Die Terminologie der deutschen Falknerei: Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität zu Freiburg im Breisgau''], ubi dicitur "(...) Rector Scholae Gunzenhausensis (...)"; et, de oppido, vide [https://archive.org/stream/wirtembergische00staagoog/wirtembergische00staagoog_djvu.txt ''Wirtembergisches urkundenbuch; herausgegeben von dem Königlichen staatsarchiv in Stuttgart''], ubi dicitur "(...) quoddam monasterium quod vocatur Gunzinhusir (...)"). Denique, Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit.</ref></small> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Gnotzheim'')</small> * [[Medlinga]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Medlingen'')</small> * [[Meedera]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Meeder'')</small> * [[Megeshemium]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Wirceburgensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Megesheim'')</small> * [[Mehringa (Bavaria Superior)|Mehringa]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mehring'')</small> * [[Mehringum Magnum]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Großmehring'')</small> * [[Meinhema]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Meinheim'')</small> * [[Meitinga]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Meitingen'')</small> * [[Meitinga Inferior]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Untermeitingen'')</small> * [[Meitinga Superior]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> </small> <small>(Theodisce ''Obermeitingen'')</small> * [[Melissipolis]]<ref>Hoc Latinum toponymum regressive derivatur Latino e gentilicio "Melissipolitanus-a-um". Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00003317?lang=de ''Mellrichstadt''], ubi dicitur "(...) Melissipolitanus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Mellrichstadt'')</small> * [[Memmelsdorfium]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Bambergensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Memmelsdorf'')</small> * [[Memminga]]<ref name="Hollfeldium"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Memmingen'')</small> * [[Memmingerbergium]]<ref name="Status 1767"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Memmingerberg'')</small> * [[Mengkofanium]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Ingolstadiensis II"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mengkofen'')</small> * [[Mercatus Schorgastensis]]<ref name="Biedermann 1747"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Marktschorgast'')</small> * [[Meringa]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Mering'')</small> * [[Merkendorfium (Franconia Media)|Merkendorfium]]<ref name="Die Matrikel der Universität Altdorf">Eliā von Steinmeyer editore: ''Die Matrikel der Universität Altdorf'', Volumen 1, (Herbipoli, 1912).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Merkendorf'')</small> * [[Merzbacum Inferius]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Wirceburgensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Untermerzbach'')</small> * [[Mespelbrunnum]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Wirceburgensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mespelbrunn'')</small> * [[Metalicus Mons]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Arzberg'')</small> * [[Mettenhemium]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Ingolstadiensis II"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mettenheim'')</small> * [[Michelauia in Steigerwaldia|Michelauia in Steigerwaldiā]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Michelau im Steigerwald'')</small> * [[Michelauia in Superiori Franconia|Michelauia in Superiori Franconiā]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Michelau in Oberfranken'')</small> * [[Michelbaca Superior]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Obermichelbach'')</small> * [[Mickhusium]]<ref name="Specht 1912"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mickhausen'')</small> * [[Miesbacum]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Ingolstadiensis II"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Miesbach'')</small> * [[Miltaha]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Miltach'')</small> * [[Miltenberga]]<ref name="Hollfeldium"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Miltenberg'')</small> * [[Mindelhemium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mindelheim'')</small> * [[Mindelstettium]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Ingolstadiensis II"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mindelstetten'')</small> * [[Miniminga]]<ref>Vide [https://books.google.de/books?id=WQVdAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA509&q=Miniminga#v=onepage&q=Miniminga&f=false ''Vollständige Hoch-Gräflich-Erbachische Stamm-Tafel...''], ubi dicitur "(...) Miniminga: Mansum unum & dimidium (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Mömlingen'')</small> * [[Missena et Wilhalmsium]]<ref name="Specht 1915">Specht, Thomā, auctore: ''Die Matrikel der Universität Dillingen'', Volumen 3, (Friburgi, 1915).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Missen-Wilhams'')</small> * [[Mistelbachium (Franconia Superior)|Mistelbachium]]<ref name="Mistelbachium">Theodisca vox ''Mistelbach'' in Latinam "Mistelbachium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://krameriusadmin.mzk.cz/search/i.jsp?language=en&pid=uuid:80415888-2547-44d7-8c64-89e2b7ec710b ''K5''], ubi dicitur "(...) degit Mistelbachii in Austria (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Mistelbach'')</small> * [[Mistelga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.rambow.de/download/Bayreuther_Ordinationsbuch.pdf ''Einzelarbeiten aus der Kirchengeschichte Bayerns''], ubi dicitur "(...) ad parochiam Mistelga legitime vocatus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Mistelgau'')</small> * [[Mittelstettium]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Ingolstadiensis II"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mittelstetten'')</small> * [[Mittenwalda]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Mittenwald'')</small> * [[Mitterfelsa]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Mitterfels'')</small> * [[Mitwitizium]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Bambergensis"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Mitwitz'')</small> * [[Mocenia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mötzing'')</small> * [[Moembrisia]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Mömbris'')</small> * [[Moernshemium]]<ref name="Specht 1912"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Mörnsheim'')</small> * [[Moettinga]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Möttingen'')</small> * [[Mohrendorfium]]<ref name="Die Matrikel der Universität Altdorf"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Möhrendorf'')</small> * [[Mola Fabri]]<ref name="Hund 1582"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Schmidühlen'')</small> * [[Mola Haidensis]]<ref name="Catalogus ... Passaviensis 1854">''Catalogus venerabilis cleri almae dioecesis Passaviensis''. Passavii, typis librariae Pustetianae, 1854.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Haidmühle'')</small> * [[Molendinum ad Pontem]]<ref name="Rader III 1624">''Bavaria Sancta'', Tomus III, Matthaeo Rader auctore (1624).</ref> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Bruckmühl'')</small> * [[Monachomonasterium]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Münchsmünster'')</small> * [[Monachomontium]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Wirceburgensis"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Mönchberg'')</small> * [[Monachorotha]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mönchsroth'')</small> * [[Monacum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> (Theodisce ''München'') <small>circuli caput</small> * [[Monacum ante Nemus Bohemorum]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bbkult.net/cz/places/45304-waldmunchen/ ''Waldmünchen''], ubi dicitur "(...) Waldmünchen byl založen v roce 910 mnichy. Okolo roku 1240 se stal „Monacum ante nemus Bohemorum“ městem a patřil schwarzenburským hrabatům (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Waldmünchen'')</small> * [[Monasterium (Bavaria)|Monasterium]] <small>(Theodisce ''Münster'')</small> * [[Monasterium ad Rottum]]<ref name="Hansiz 1729">Hansiz, Marco, auctore (1729); ''Germania Sacra''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Postmünster'')</small> * [[Monhemium (Suebia)|Monhemium]]<ref name="Specht 1912"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Monheim'')</small> * [[Mons Albus (Bavaria)|Mons Albus]]<ref name="Steichele 1864/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weißensberg'')</small> * [[Mons Altus (Bavaria)|Mons Altus]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1741"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Höchberg'')</small> * [[Mons Apertus]]<ref name="Rader II 1624">''Bavaria Sancta'', Tomus II, Matthaeo Rader auctore (1624).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Offenberg'')</small> * [[Mons Carbonarius (Palatinatus Superior)|Mons Carbonarius]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kohlberg'')</small> * [[Mons Emptmanni]]<ref name="Geographia Sacra XVIII">''Geographia Sacra et Profana'' (saeculo XVIII).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Emtmannsberg'')</small> * [[Mons Inferior ad Moenum]]<ref name="Rader 1615-1627"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Niedernberg'')</small> * [[Mons Rameri]]<ref name="Meichelbeck 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ramerberg'')</small> * [[Mons Samerius]]<ref name="Hund 1582"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Samerberg'')</small> * [[Mons Sancti Georgii (Bavaria)|Mons Sancti Georgii]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Georgenberg'')</small> * [[Mons Speciosus (Bavaria Inferior)|Mons Speciosus]]<ref name="Schönberg">Theodiscum toponymum ''Schönberg' in Latinam "Mons Speciosus" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://publikationen.badw.de/file/003745162/003745162.verkleinert.pdf ''Mittelalterliche Bibliothekskataloge'']{{Nexus deficit|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) Schönberg, Mons speciosus (...)".</ref> <small>(in [[Bavaria Inferior|Bavariā Inferiore]])</small> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Schönberg'')</small> * [[Mons Speciosus (Bavaria Superior)|Mons Speciosus]]<ref name="Schönberg"/> <small>(in [[Bavaria Superior|Bavariā Superiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Schönberg'')</small> * [[Mons Trunkelsii]]<ref name="Zeiller 1694"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Trunkelsberg'')</small> * [[Montes (Bavaria)|Montes]]<ref name="Rader I 1615">''Bavaria Sancta'', Tomus I, Matthaeo Rader auctore (1615).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bergen'')</small> * [[Mosaha]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Moosach'')</small> * [[Mosburgum]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Moosburg an der Isar'')</small> * [[Mottenium (Bavaria)|Mottenium]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Wirceburgensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Motten'')</small> * [[Muhldorffium ad Oenum]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mühldorf am Inn'')</small> * [[Mulhusium ad Sulzam]]<ref name="Die Matrikel der Universität Altdorf"/> <small>(in [[Palatinatus Superior|Palatinatū Superiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Mühlhausen'')</small> * [[Mulhusium Marchia]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(in [[Franconia|Franconiā Mediā]])</small> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Mühlhausen'')</small> * [[Munchberga]]<ref name="Brevis Bavariae geographia"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Münchberg'')</small> * [[Munnerstadium]]<ref name="Hollfeldium"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Münnerstadt'')</small> * [[Munsinga]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Münsing'')</small> * [[Munsterhusa Marchia]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Münsterhausen'')</small> * [[Munttrahinga]]<ref>Vide ''Historischer Atlas von Bayern: Altbayern'', ubi dicitur "(...) ''Villa Munttrahinga'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Mintraching'')</small> * [[Mura (Bavaria Superior)|Mura]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(in [[Bavaria Superior|Bavariā Superiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Mauern'')</small> * [[Mura (Palatinatus Superior)|Mura]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(in [[Palatinatus Superior|Palatinatū Superiore]]<ref name="Palatinatus Superior"/></small> <small>(Theodisce ''Niedermurach'')</small> * [[Murnauium ad Lacum Stafnensem]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Ingolstadiensis II"/><ref name="Lacus Stafnensis">Quod de hydronymo, vide [https://www.heiligenlexikon.de/ActaSanctorum/Zugaben_Oktober.html ''Acta Sanctorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) Staffelsee ''sive'' Stafnensis (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Murnau am Staffelsee'')</small> {{div col end}} == N == {{div col|3}} * [[Naburga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Nabburg'')</small> * [[Nagela (Bavaria)|Nagela]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Nagel'')</small> * [[Navoa]]<ref>Vide [https://imperium.ahlfeldt.se/places/18006.html ''Digital Atlas of the Roman Empire''], ubi dicitur "(...) *Navoa, Eggenthal (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Eggenthal'')</small> * [[Nella]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Naila'')</small> * [[Nennslinga Marchia]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Nennslingen'')</small> * [[Neoburgum ad Danubium]]<ref name="Pareus"/><ref name="Danubius"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neuburg an der Donau'')</small> * [[Neoforum (Bavaria Superior)|Neoforum]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>(in [[Bavaria Superior|Bavariā Superiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Neumarkt-Sankt Veit'')</small> * [[Neokircha prope Rosenbergam]]<ref name="Catalogus ... totius .... Ratisbonensis 1850">''Catalogus cleri totius dioecesis Ratisbonensis ad annum 1850'', ([[Ratisbona]]e, 1850).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Neukirchen bei Sulzbach-Rosenberg'')</small> * [[Neostadium ad Aischam]]<ref name="Brevis Bavariae geographia"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neustadt an der Aisch'')</small> * [[Neostadium ad Danubium]]<ref name="Pareus"/><ref name="Danubius"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neustadt an der Donau'')</small> * [[Neostadium ad Salam]]<ref name="Graesse"/><ref name="Saale"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Neustadt an der Saale'')</small> * [[Nersinga]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Nersingen'')</small> * [[Neuburgum ad Camalum]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Neuburg an der Kammel'')</small> * [[Neuburgum ad Oenum]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neuburg am Inn'')</small> * [[Neufnaca Longa]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Langenneufnach'')</small> * [[Neufnaca Media]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mittelneufnach'')</small> * [[Neusessium]]<ref name="Specht 1912"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neusäß'')</small> * [[Neusitzium]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Bambergensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neusitz'')</small> * [[Niger Fluvius (Palatinatus Superior)|Niger Fluvius]]<ref name="Schwarzenbach">Theodiscum toponymum ''Schwarzenbach'' in Latinam "Niger Fluvius" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(in [[Palatinatus Superior|Palatinatū Superiore]]<ref name="Palatinatus Superior">Hogenberg, Franciscus, Metellus, Ioannes (1598). Mappa: "Palatinatus Superior".</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwarzenbach'')</small> * [[Niger Fluvius ad Salam]]<ref name="Schwarzenbach"/><ref name="Saale"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwarzenbach an der Saale'')</small> * [[Niger Fluvius ad Silvam]]<ref name="Schwarzenbach"/><ref name="Ad Silvam">Latinum syntagma "ad Silvam" Theodiscum ''am Wald'' seu ''vorm Wald'' vertit.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwarzenbach am Wald'')</small> * [[Nigra Aqua Superior]]<ref name="Hentzner 1612"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberschwarzach'')</small> * [[Nitunum Nariscorum]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00037649?lang=en ''Nittenau''], ubi dicitur "(...) Nitunum Nariscorum (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Nittenau'')</small> * [[Niuhinga]]<ref>Vide [https://francia.ahlfeldt.se/page/documents/14495 ''Regnum Francorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''et Niuhinga in pago Sundergeuue'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Neuching'')</small> * [[Niuwinhova]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Waidhofen'')</small> * [[Nivachiricha]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(in [[Bavaria Inferior|Bavariā Inferiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Neukirchen'')</small> * [[Nivemons (Franconia Inferior)|Nivemons]]<ref name="Schneeberg">Theodiscum toponymum ''Schneeberg' in Latinam "Nivemons" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Schneeberg'')</small> * [[Nonnenhornium]]<ref name="Nonnenhornium">Vide [file:///C:/Users/34622/Downloads/Caput%20XIV.%20Falso%20diplomate%20affirmari,%20iam%20illo%20tempore%20coenobium%20esse%20dictum%20Lindaugiam%20[...]..pdf ''Hermanni Conringii Censura diplomatis quod Ludovico imperatori fert acceptum coenobium Lindauiense''], ubi dicitur "(...) extra insulam circa Nonnenhornium (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Nonnenhorn'')</small> * [[Nordhalba Marchia]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Nordhalben'')</small> * [[Nordhemium ad Moenum]]<ref name="Nordhemium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Nordheim'' in Latinam "Nordhemium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_IKs-AAAAcAAJ/bub_gb_IKs-AAAAcAAJ_djvu.txt ''Dioecesis Moguntina''], ubi dicitur "(...) nolle se aream habitationis suae Nordhemii dilatare (...) prope Nordhemium (...) monasterium S. Blasii Nordhemii (...)".</ref><ref name="Moenus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Nordheim am Main'')</small> * [[Nordhemium ante Ronaham]]<ref name="Nordhemium"/><ref name="Rhön"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Nordheim vor der Rhön'')</small> * [[Nordhemium Marchia]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Markt Nordheim'')</small> * [[Nordlinga]]<ref name="Brevis Bavariae geographia"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Nördlingen'')</small> * [[Norimberga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Nürnberg'')</small> * [[Nova Civitas (ad Moenum)|Nova Civitas ad Moenum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/><ref name="Moenus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neustadt am Main'')</small> * [[Nova Civitas (ad Nabam Silvaticam)|Nova Civitas ad Nabam Silvaticam]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/><ref name="Naba silvatica">Fingitur hoc nomen e flumine Nabā et versione adiectivo praeposito ''Wald-'' (cui vide [https://www.navigium.de/latein-woerterbuch/Wald?wb=gross&nr=1 Navigium], ubi dicitur "'''silvāticus a um''' (''a/o-Deklination'') Wald-, zum Wald gehörig"). Quo de hydronymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Neustadt an der Waldnaab'')</small> * [[Nova Civitas (prope Coburgum)|Nova Civitas prope Coburgum]]<ref name="Lexikon fränkischer Ortsnamen"/><ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neustadt bei Coburg'')</small> * [[Nova Civitas (Rota)|Nova Civitas Rotensis]]<ref>Vide [https://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/Lexikon/Heideck,_Adelsfamilie ''Heideck, Adelsfamilie''], ubi dicitur "(...) Die in einer weiten Mulde darunterliegende Stadt wird 1288 und 1311 als nova civitas bezeichnet (...)".</ref> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Rotensis|Circulo Rotensi]]<ref name="Circulus Rotensis">Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Rotensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Roth'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo "[[Rota (Bavaria)|Rota]]" -ad quod Latinum gentilicium "Rotensis-e" refertur-, vide homonymas urbes apud {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Heideck'')</small> * [[Nova Cura]]<ref name="Mader 1661"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neusorg'')</small> * [[Nova Curia (Franconia Media)|Nova Curia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Neuhof an der Zenn'')</small> * [[Nova Domus ad Aenum]]<ref name="Neuhaus">Theodisca vox ''Neuhaus'' in Latinam "Nova Domus" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}} aut [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref><ref name="Inn"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neuhaus am Inn'')</small> * [[Nova Domus (ad Pagantiam)|Nova Domus]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> ad [[Pagantia]]m<ref name="Pagantia"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Neuhaus an der Pegnitz'')</small> * [[Nova Drossenfelda]]<ref name="Drossenfelda">Theodiscum toponymum ''Drossenfeld' in Latinam "Drossenfelda" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/21191/1/4Don.8_853.pdf ''Observationes super Sanctiori Doctrina...''], ubi dicitur "(...) Drossenfelda (...)".</ref><ref name="Neu-">Theodiscum praefixum ''Neu-'' Latino adiectivo "novus-a-um" aut Latino Graecae originis praefixo "neo-" vertitur.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Neudrossenfeld'')</small> * [[Nova Ecclesia Inferior]]<ref name="Westermayer 1874">Westermayer, Georgio, auctore; ''Statistische Beschreibung des Erzbisthums München-Freising'', ([[Monacum|Monaci]], 1874).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Unterneukirchen'')</small> * [[Nova Ecclesia Michaelis]]<ref name="Catalogus ... totius .... Ratisbonensis 1850"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Michelsneukirchen'')</small> * [[Nova Ecclesia Superior]]<ref name="Westermayer 1874"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberneukirchen'')</small> * [[Nova Farna]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neufahrn in Niederbayern'')</small> * [[Nova Pulchra Vallis]]<ref name="Annales San-Oswaldenses">''Annales San-Oswaldenses: Chronicon monasterii S. Oswaldi in Silva Gabreta''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Neuschönau'')</small> * [[Nova Reichenavia]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neureichenau'')</small> * [[Nova Ulma (Bavaria)|Nova Ulma]]<ref name="Nova Ulma"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neu-Ulm'')</small> * [[Novae Casae (Franconia Inferior)|Novae Casae]]<ref name="Archiv ... Aschaffenburg 1857">''Archiv des Historischen Vereins von Unterfranken und Aschaffenburg'', Volumen 14, ([[Herbipolis|Herbipoli]], 1857).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Neuhütten'')</small> * [[Novalis ad Sneizlam]]<ref name="Hund 1582"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schneizlreuth'')</small> * [[Novale Castoris]]<ref name="Eckhart 1730">''Notitia veteris Franconiae'', auctore Iohanne Georgio von Eckhart (1730).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Biebelried'')</small> * [[Novale Cunradi]]<ref name="Eckhart 1730"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Konradsreuth'')</small> * [[Novale Dietmanni]]<ref name="Rader III 1624"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Dietmannsried'')</small> * [[Novale Draxelonis]]<ref name="Rader III 1624"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Drachselsried'')</small> * [[Novale Philippi]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Philippsreut'')</small> * [[Novale Popponis]]<ref name="Annales Congregationis Mettenensis 1765"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Poppenricht'')</small> * [[Novale Puecheri]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Püchersreuth'')</small> * [[Novale Seiboldi]]<ref name="Crusius 1595"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Seybothenreuth'')</small> * [[Novale Superius]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> </small> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberreute'')</small> * [[Novale Wartmanni]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1744"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wartmannsroth'')</small> * [[Novem Ecclesiae (Franconia Inferior)|Novem Ecclesiae]]<ref name="Rader 1615-1627"/> <small>(in [[Franconia|Franconiā Inferiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Neunkirchen'')</small> * [[Novem Ecclesiae ad Brandam]]<ref name="Mader 1661"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Neunkirchen am Brand'')</small> * [[Novem Ecclesiae ad Hercyniam]]<ref name="Rader 1615-1627"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neukirchen vorm Wald'')</small> * [[Novem Ecclesiae Balbinorum]]<ref name="Rader 1615-1627"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Neukirchen-Balbini'')</small> * [[Novem Ecclesiae in Arenis]]<ref name="Mader 1661"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neunkirchen am Sand'')</small> * [[Novoforum]]<ref name="Brevis Bavariae geographia">[https://books.google.de/books?id=ScxAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA110&lpg=PA110&dq=novoforum+neumarkt&source=bl&ots=ON-dfdTUvR&sig=iFO3V0HJef1DNpkGVKr1viZeXcI&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi2g5zC9cvRAhXIaRQKHYnGCl0Q6AEIKDAC#v=onepage&q=novoforum%20neumarkt&f=false Brevis Bavariae geographia: quam in usum studiosae literarum iuventutis Latine scripsit atque edidit Laurentius Gerhard.] [[Herbipolis|Wirceburgi]] 1844.</ref> <small>(in [[Palatinatus Superior|Palatinatū Superiore]]<ref name="Palatinatus Superior"/></small> <small>(Theodisce ''Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz'')</small> * [[Novum Castrum ante Sylvam]]<ref name="Novum Castrum ante Sylvam">Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00037557?lang=en ''Neunburg vorm Wald''], ubi dicitur "(...) Novum Castrum (...) ante sylvam (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Neunburg vorm Wald'')</small> * [[Novum Novale (prope Monacum)|Novum Novale]]<ref name="Rader 1615-1627"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neuried'')</small> * [[Novus Fons (Bavaria)|Novus Fons]]<ref name="Rader 1615-1627"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Neubrunn'')</small> * [[Nuivara]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neufahrn bei Freising'')</small> * [[Nutlinga]]<ref name="Hollfeldium"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Nüdlingen'')</small> * [[Nusdorfium (Chiemgowe)|Nusdorfium]]<ref name="Nusdorfium">Theodiscae voce ''Nußdorf'' in Latinam "Nusdorfium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Mitt-Oesterr-Geograph-Ges_78_0118-0126.pdf ''zobodat.at''], ubi dicitur "(...) prope Leontium trans Dravum Nusdorfium inter ac Devantium (...)".</ref> <small>(in [[Chiemgowe|Chiemgowi]]<ref name="Chiemgowe">Vide [https://archive.org/stream/abhandlungender27klasgoog/abhandlungender27klasgoog_djvu.txt ''Abhandlungen der Historischen klasse der Königlich bayerischen akademie der wissenschaften''], ubi dicitur "(...) Lantwarius comes in Chiemgowe (...)".</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Nußdorf'')</small> * [[Nusdorfium ad Aenum]]<ref name="Nusdorfium"/><ref name="Inn"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Nußdorf am Inn'')</small> {{div col end}} == O == {{div col|3}} * [[Oberdorfium Marchia]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Marktoberdorf'')</small> * [[Oberhaida (Franconia Superior)|Oberhaida]]<ref name="Hallstadium"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberhaid'')</small> * [[Oberhusa (prope Neoburgum ad Danubium)|Oberhusa]]<ref name="Oberhusa">Theodiscum toponymum ''Oberhausen'' in Latinam "Oberhusa" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://dg.philhist.unibas.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/dg/Bereiche/Fruehe_Neuzeit/Professur_Burghartz/Matrikel_der_Universita__t_Basel_1980_Band_5.pdf ''Die Matrikel der Universität Basel; V.Band: 1726/27-1817/18''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Fridericus Exteras, Oberhusa-Tabernamontanus - 1 lb''' Auch Friedrich Ludwig E. - * 1714 14. III. (nach Meusel 4. III.) in Oberhausen (...)".</ref> <small>(prope [[Neoburgum ad Danubium]]<ref name="Pareus"/><ref name="Danubius"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberhausen'')</small> * [[Oberhusa (prope Peissenbergam)|Oberhusa]]<ref name="Oberhusa"/> <small>(prope [[Peissenberga]]m)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberhausen'')</small> * [[Obernburgum ad Moenum]]<ref name="Obernburgum">Theodiscum toponymum ''Obernburg'' in Latinam "Obernburgum" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/forschungenundm02unkngoog/forschungenundm02unkngoog_djvu.txt ''Ex Decreto Inclytae Facultatis Philosophicae In Alma Universitate ...''], ubi dicitur "(...) Obernburgum, olim monasterium Benedictinorum (...)".</ref><ref name="Moenus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Obernburg am Main'')</small> * [[Oberndorfium ad Licum]]<ref name="Graesse"/><ref name="Lech">De hydronnyno "[[Licus]]" (Theodisce ''Lech''), vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberndorf am Lech'')</small> * [[Oberrieda (Suebia)|Oberrieda]]<ref name="Oberrieden">Theodiscum toponymum ''Oberrieden'' in Latinam "Oberrieda" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/hofmann/hof4/Hofmann_lexicon_t4_1018_rhateni.html ''Camena''], ubi dicitur "(...) ad quam villa Rhyneccum pertinet, et Oberrieda (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberrieden'')</small> * [[Oberstdorfium]]<ref name="Annales Congregationis Mettenensis 1765">''Annales Congregationis Mettenensis'', Volumen 2 ,([[Monacum|Monaci]], 1765.)</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberstdorf'')</small> * [[Ochsenfurtum]]<ref name="Hollfeldium"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ochsenfurt'')</small> * [[Odelshusa]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Odelzhausen'')</small> * [[Oetinga Nova]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neuötting'')</small> * [[Offenhusa (Franconia Media)|Offenhusa]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Offenhausen'')</small> * [[Officina Maximiliana-Haidhofium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/><ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Maxhütte-Haidhof'')</small> * [[Offinga]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Zr1JAAAAcAAJ/page/n371/mode/2up?q=Offinga ''Subsidia diplomatica ad selecta juris ecclesiastici Germaniae et historiarum capita elucidanda etc...''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Offinga'' in pleniore ejudem concambii repetitione an. 960 (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Offingen'')</small> * [[Offinga Marchia]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Marktoffingen'')</small> * [[Ofterschwangium]]<ref name="Annales Congregationis Mettenensis 1767">''Annales Congregationis Mettenensis'', Volumen 3, ([[Monacum|Monaci]], 1767.)</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ofterschwang'')</small> * [[Ohrenbacum]]<ref>Vide [https://fertich.org/fertig.francis.m.0.htm ''FRANCIS MATTHEW FERTIG/FERDIG''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Michaelis Bachmann civis Ohrenbaci et Annae Margarethae'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ohrenbach'')</small> * [[Oia-Mons Centralis]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/><ref name="Steichele 1895"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oy-Mittelberg'')</small> * [[Olchinga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Olching'')</small> * [[Olstadium]]<ref name="Rader III 1624"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ohlstadt'')</small> * [[Onoldum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ansbach'')</small> * [[Opfenbacum]]<ref name="Status ... Augustanae 1845">''Status Ecclesiasticus Dioecesis Augustanae''. [[Augusta Vindelicorum|Augustae Vindelicorum]] (1845).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Opfenbach'')</small> * [[Opinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Obing'')</small> * [[Oppidum Apri]]<ref name="Eckhart 1730"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ebern'')</small> * [[Oppidum Culmense]]<ref name="Mader 1661"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neustadt am Kulm'')</small> * [[Orenbovum]]<ref name="Oesterreicher I 1792">Oesterreicher, Ioanne Adamo, auctore; ''Collectanea ad historiam episcopatus Eystettensis'', Volumen I; typis Ioannis Baptistae Wiesen, 1792.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ornbau'')</small> * [[Orlenbacum]]<ref name="Status ... Herbipolensis 1811">''Status ecclesiasticus dioecesis Herbipolensis'' ([[Herbipolis|Herbipoli]], 1811).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Oerlenbach'')</small> * [[Oriens Mons (Bavaria)|Oriens Mons]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00005747?lang=en ''Osterberg''], ubi dicitur "(...) Oriens mons (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Osterberg'')</small> * [[Osthemium ante Ronaham]]<ref name="Ostheim">Theodiscum toponymum ''Ostheim' in Latinam "Osthemium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [http://www.zeno.org/Heiligenlexikon-1858/A/Johannes+(367) ''Vollständiges Heiligen-Lexikon''], ubi dicitur "(...) ein Franciscaner zu Ostheim (''Osthemium'') in Deutschland (...)".</ref><ref name="Rhön"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ostheim vor der Rhön'')</small> * [[Ostheimium Magnum]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Großostheim'')</small> * [[Osthemium Minus]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1741"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kleinostheim'')</small> * [[Otolvinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Otterfing'')</small> * [[Ottinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(in [[Bavaria Superior|Bavariā Superiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Altötting'')</small> * [[Ottinga (Suebia)|Ottinga]]<ref name="Brevis Bavariae geographia"/> <small>(in [[Suebia|Suebiā]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Oettingen in Bayern'')</small> * [[Ottobura]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Ottobeuren'')</small> * [[Otunga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Otting'')</small> * [[Otzinga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Otzing'')</small> {{div col end}} == P == {{div col|3}} * [[Pacinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Penzing'')</small> * [[Pagus Comitialis Inferior]]<ref name="Zeiller 1694"/><small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Unterthingau'')</small> * [[Pagus Cygnorum]]<ref name="Zeiller 1694"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwangau'')</small> * [[Paintina]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Ratisbonensis 1845">''Elenchus Cleri Dioecesis Ratisbonensis'', ([[Ratisbona]]e, 1845).</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Painten'')</small> * [[Palaeocome (Bavaria Inferior)|Palaeocomē]]<ref name="Altdorfium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Altdorf'' in Latinam "Altdorfium" sive "Palaeocomē" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(in [[Bavaria Inferior|Bavariā Inferiore]])</small> <small>commune mercatūs (Theodisce ''Altdorf'') </small> * [[Palus (Bavaria Inferior)|Palus]]<ref>Vide [https://www.ile-donau-isar.de/unsere-ile/moos ''Gemeinde Moos ''], ubi dicitur "(...) In einer Urkunde wird auf einen Burgherrn „Ebo de Palude“ (Ebo von Moos) (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Moos'')</small> * [[Palus Hallbergiana]]<ref name="Meichelbeck II 1854">Meichelbeck, Carolo, auctore; ''Historiae Frisingensis'', Tomus II. Augustae Vindelicorum, 1854.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hallbergmoos'')</small> * [[Palus Kolberiana]]<ref name="Fink 1950"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kolbermoor'')</small> * [[Palus Longa]]<ref name="Steichele 1864/> <small>(Theodisce ''Langenmosen'')</small> * [[Palus Regia]]<ref name="Reisach 1796">H. A. von Reisach auctore (1796); ''Geographie des Donaumooses''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Königsmoos'')</small> * [[Pappenhemium]]<ref name="Brevis Bavariae geographia"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pappenheim'')</small> * [[Parksteinium]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Ratisbonensis 1845"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Parkstein'')</small> * [[Parkstettium]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Ratisbonensis 1845"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Parkstetten'')</small> * [[Parsbergium]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Ratisbonensis 1845"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Parsberg'')</small> * [[Partensteinium]]<ref name="Status ... Herbipolensis 1811"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Partenstein'')</small> * [[Partivilla]]<ref name="Hentzner 1612"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Theilheim'')</small> * [[Pascuum Mauri]]<ref name="Steichele 1883"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Moorenweis'')</small> * [[Pastettium]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Monacensis et Frisingensis 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pastetten'')</small> * [[Patinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Petting'')</small> * [[Paunzhusa]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Paunzhausen'')</small> * [[Peissenberga Montana]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hohenpeißenberg'')</small> * [[Peitengavia]] <ref name="Pareus"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Peiting'')</small> * [[Pekinga]]<ref name="Bitterauf I 1905">Bitterauf, Theodoro, auctore; ''Die Traditionen des Hochstifts Freising'', Volumen I. [[Monacum|Monaci]], 1905.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Pöcking'')</small> * [[Pemflinga]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Ratisbonensis 1845"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pemfling'')</small> * [[Pentlinga]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Ratisbonensis 1845"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pentling'')</small> * [[Penzberga]]<ref name="Status ... Augustanae 1845"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Penzberg'')</small> * [[Perasdorfium]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Ratisbonensis 1845"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Perasdorf'')</small> * [[Peratshusa]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Beratzhausen'')</small> * [[Percha]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Perach'')</small> * [[Perkamum]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Ratisbonensis 1845"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Perkam'')</small> * [[Perlesreutium]]<ref name="Annales Congregationis Mettenensis 1765"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Perlesreut'')</small> * [[Petersdorfium (Suebia)|Petersdorfium]]<ref name="Petersdorfium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Petersdorf'' in Latinam "Petersdorfium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.e-rara.ch ''Dictionnaire universel françois et latin''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''PETERSDORFIUM''', ii. Pétersdorf, (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Petersdorf'')</small> * [[Petershusium]]<ref name="Petershusium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Petershausen'' in Latinam "Petershusium" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Petersdorf'')</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Petershausen'')</small> * [[Petmesium]]<ref name="Catalogus Personarum ... Augustanae 1795">''Catalogus Personarum et Officiorum Dioecesis Augustanae'', (Augustae Vindelicorum, 1795).</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Pöttmes'')</small> * [[Pettendorfium]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_0bmLDxuixfkC/gb_0bmLDxuixfkC_djvu.txt ''"Annales rerum belli domique, ab Austriacis Habsburgicae gentis principibus, a Rudolpho 1. usque ad Carolum 5. gestarum''], ubi dicitur "(...) pagum Pettendorfium per eos dies (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Pettendorf'')</small> * [[Pettstadium]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Bambergensis 1842">''Elenchus Cleri Archiepiscopalis Bambergensis'', (Bambergae, 1842).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Pettstadt'')</small> * [[Pfaffenhofa ad fluvium Glon]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_Q7osAAAAYAAJ/bub_gb_Q7osAAAAYAAJ_djvu.txt ''Momumenta Boica''], ubi dicitur "(...) non procul a Pfaffenhofa ad fluuium Glon (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Pfaffenhofen an der Glonn'')</small> * [[Pfaffenhofa ad Rotam]]<ref name="Pfaffenhofa">Theodiscum toponymum ''Pfaffenhofen' in Latinam "Pfaffenhofa" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_Q7osAAAAYAAJ/bub_gb_Q7osAAAAYAAJ_djvu.txt ''Momumenta Boica''], ubi dicitur "(...) non procul a Pfaffenhofa ad fluuium Glon (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small><ref name="Roth">De hydronymo "[[Rota (Danubius)|Rota]]", vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Pfaffenhofen an der Roth'')</small> * [[Pfaffenhovium]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm'')</small> * [[Pfaffinga]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Monacensis et Frisingensis 1860">''Elenchus cleri archidioecesis Monacensis et Frisingensis'', ([[Monacum|Monaci]], 1860.)</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Pfaffing'')</small> * [[Pfakofium]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Ratisbonensis 1845"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pfakofen'')</small> * [[Pfarkirchium]]<ref name="Egg-Pfar"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pfarrkirchen'')</small> * [[Pfeffenhusa]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Pfeffenhausen'')</small> * [[Pferinga]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Pförring'')</small> * [[Pforzena]]<ref name="Status ... Augustanae 1845"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pforzen'')</small> * [[Pfrontena]]<ref name="Status ... Augustanae 1845"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pfronten'')</small> * [[Pharanzhusa]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fahrenzhausen'')</small> * [[Phatara]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pfatter'')</small> * [[Phofeldum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pfofeld'')</small> * [[Pidinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Piding'')</small> * [[Pilsaha]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pilsach'')</small> * [[Pilstinga]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Ratisbonensis 1845"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Pilsting'')</small> * [[Pinczberga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pinzberg'')</small> * [[Pingartenum Ecclesiasticum]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchenpingarten'')</small> * [[Pirkum]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Ratisbonensis 1845"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pirk'')</small> * [[Piringa]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pürgen'')</small> * [[Pissenberga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Peißenberg'')</small> * [[Pittenhartium]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Monacensis et Frisingensis 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pittenhart'')</small> * [[Piuuinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Poing'')</small> * [[Planeca]]<ref name="Rader III 1624"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Planegg'')</small> * [[Plankenfelda]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Plankenfels'')</small> * [[Platlinga]]<ref>Vide [https://francia.ahlfeldt.se/page/documents/11493 ''Regnum Francorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''in villa quae dicitur Platlinga'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Plattling'')</small> * [[Plecha]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Plech'')</small> * [[Pleichfeldia Inferior]]<ref name="Status Herbipolensis 1820">''Status ecclesiasticus dioecesis Herbipolensis'', ([[Herbipolis|Herbipoli]], 1820).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Unterpleichfeld'')</small> * [[Pleichfeldia Superior]]<ref name="Status ... Herbipolensis 1811"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberpleichfeld'')</small> * [[Pleinfeldum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Pleinfeld'')</small> * [[Pleiskircha]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pleiskirchen'')</small> * [[Pleoninga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pliening'')</small> * [[Plesna (Bavaria)|Plesna]]<ref name="Pleß">Theodiscum toponymum ''Pleß' in Latinam "Plesna" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Pleß'')</small> * [[Plessberga]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Ratisbonensis 1845"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Plößberg'')</small> * [[Pleysteinium]]<ref>Vide [https://era-prod11.ethz.ch ''Caput I: De statu Germaniae saeculo XVIII''], ubi dicitur "(...) Pleysteinium urbs cum arce & districtu (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Pleystein'')</small> * [[Pochinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pocking'')</small> * [[Poernbacum]]<ref name="Status ... Augustanae 1845"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pörnbach'')</small> * [[Poldinga]]<ref name="Bitterauf I 1905">Bitterauf, Theodoro, auctore; ''Die Traditionen des Hochstifts Freising'', Volumen I. [[Monacum|Monaci]], 1905.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hohenpolding'')</small> * [[Pollenfeldum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pollenfeld'')</small> * [[Pollinga (prope Muhldorffium)|Pollinga]]<ref name="Pollinga">Theodiscum toponymum ''Polling'' in Latinam "Pollinga" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(prope [[Muhldorffium ad Oenum]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Polling'')</small> * [[Pollinga (prope Vailhemium)|Pollinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(prope Vailhemium<ref name="DE SITU ARCHI ABBATI AE OTTILIENSIS"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Polling'')</small> * [[Polsingium]]<ref name="Annales Congregationis Mettenensis 1767"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Polsingen'')</small> * [[Pommersfelda]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/A080085/A080085_djvu.txt ''"Generalis geographia cosmica, mathematica, naturalis, politica''], ubi dicitur "(...) POMMERSFELDA, Palatium insigne & Hortus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Pommersfelden'')</small> * [[Pons Fasciculorum]]<ref name="Eckhart 1730"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Diespeck'')</small> * [[Pons Kuemmerni]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kümmersbruck'')</small> * [[Pons Niger (Bavaria)|Pons Niger]]<ref name="Bundschuch 1802">Bundschuh, J. K., auctore (1802); ''Geographisches Statistisch-Topographisches Lexikon von Franken''. Vol. 5. [[Ulma]]e.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwarzenbruck'')</small> * [[Poppenhusa (Franconia Inferior)|Poppenhusa]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Poppenhausen'')</small> * [[Poringium Superius]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberpöring'')</small> * [[Portus Marianus]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pielenhofen'')</small> * [[Poschinga Mariana]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Ratisbonensis 1845"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mariaposching'')</small> * [[Postavia]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Ratisbonensis 1845"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Postau'')</small> * [[Postbauerium-Henga]]<ref name="Catalogus 1792">''Catalogus venerabilis cleri dioecesis Eystettensis'', typis principalibus Eystettensibus, 1792.</ref><ref name="Status 1711"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Postbauer-Heng'')</small> * [[Poxdorfium (Franconia Superior)|Poxdorfium]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Bambergensis 1842"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Poxdorf'')</small> * [[Prackenbacum]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Ratisbonensis 1845"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Prackenbach'')</small> * [[Prata (Franconia Inferior)|Prata]]<ref name="Status ... Herbipolensis 1811"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wiesen'')</small> * [[Prata Buttonis]]<ref name="Rader III 1624"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Buttenwiesen'')</small> * [[Prata Comitum]]<ref name="Hund 1719"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Grafenwiesen'')</small> * [[Pratum (Bavaria)|Pratum]]<ref name="Sartori 1845"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Wiesau'')</small> * [[Pratum Episcopale]]<ref name="Meichelbeck II 1729">Meichelbeck, Carolo, auctore; ''Historia Frisingensis'', Tomus II. Augustae Vindelicorum, 1729.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bischofswiesen'')</small> * [[Pratum Episcopi]]<ref name="Hofmann 1717">Hofmann, Iohanne Christiano, auctore; ''Memoriae saeculares''. Curiae Variscorum, 1717.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bischofsgrün'')</small> * [[Pratum Tottonis]]<ref name="Rader III 1624"/> <small>(in [[Bavaria Inferior|Bavariā Inferiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Tettenweis'')</small> * [[Pratum Tottonis]]<ref name="Zeiller 1694"/> <small>(in [[Suebia|Suebiā]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Todtenweis'')</small> * [[Prebitzium]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Bambergensis 1845">''Elenchus Cleri Archiepiscopalis Bambergensis'', (Bambergae, 1845).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Prebitz'')</small> * [[Preimda]]<ref name="Brevis Bavariae geographia"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pfreimd'')</small> * [[Prema]]<ref name="Status ... Augustanae 1845"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Prem'')</small> * [[Preppacum ad Castrum]]<ref name="Jubilans 1715"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Burgpreppach'')</small> * [[Pressathum]]<ref>Vide [https://opendata.uni-halle.de ''Oratio Inauguralis Prima in Gymnasio Curiano''], ubi dicitur "(...) IOH, KVFFNERVS, Pressatho-Palatinis ex Superintendente (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Pressath'')</small> * [[Pressecka]]<ref>Vide [https://laszowski.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/14.4.8-Povijest-zagrebackih-Isusovaca.pdf ''Povijest zagrebačkih Isusovaca od g. 1608''], ubi dicitur "(...) parochus in Pressecka (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Presseck'')</small> * [[Pressiga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Pressig'')</small> * [[Pretzfeldium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Pretzfeld'')</small> * [[Prichsenstadium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.opendata.uni-halle.de ''Curia Regnitiana''], ubi dicitur "(...) VWilhelmum Prichsenstadii in extremis finibus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Prichsenstadt'')</small> * [[Priesendorfium]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Bambergensis 1845"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Priesendorf'')</small> * [[Prisinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Langenpreising'')</small> * [[Procseltheimium]]<ref name="Hontheim 1747"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Stadtprozelten'')</small> * [[Proseltheimum]]<ref name="Hontheim 1747"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dorfprozelten'')</small> * [[Prosselsheimium]]<ref name="Status ... Herbipolensis 1811"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Prosselsheim'')</small> * [[Pruna (Bavaria Superior)|Pruna]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hohenbrunn'')</small> * [[Prutinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Prutting'')</small> * [[Puchheimium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.santalfonsoedintorni.it/BiografiePDF/03Analecta/1924_6Brandstatter.pdf ''R. P. Franciscus Brandstätter''], ubi dicitur "(...) in aerem meliorem Puchheimium missus est (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Puchheim'')</small> * [[Puelocha]]<ref>Vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenahist/aventinus1/Aventinus_annales_3.html ''IOANNIS AVENTINI ANNALIVM BOIORVM LIBRI VII''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''dono Hachingam, et Puelocham'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Pullach im Isartal'')</small> * [[Pulcher Lacus]]<ref name="Sartori 1848"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schönsee'')</small> * [[Pullenreuta]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Ratisbonensis 1845"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pullenreuth'')</small> * [[Puschendorfium]]<ref name="Status ... Eichstettensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Puschendorf'')</small> * [[Putzbrunna]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Monacensis et Frisingensis 1860"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Putzbrunn'')</small> {{div col end}} == Q == {{div col|3}} * [[Quattuor Ecclesiae]]<ref name="Meichelbeck 1724">Auctore Meichelbeck, Carolo; ''Historia Frisingensis'', [[Augusta Vindelicorum|Augustae Vindelicorum]], 1724.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Vierkirchen'')</small> * [[Quercucollis]]<ref name="Lexicon Recentis Latinitatis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Eichenbühl'')</small> * [[Quinque Villae (Bavaria)|Quinque Villae]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1863"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fünfstetten'')</small> {{div col end}} == R == {{div col|3}} * [[Rabnisowa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ramsau bei Berchtesgaden'')</small> * [[Radiantia (Bavaria)|Radiantia]]<ref name="Hentzner 1612"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Strahlungen'')</small> * [[Raina (ad Licum)|Raina]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>(ad [[Licus|Licum]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Rain'')</small> * [[Raistinga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Raisting'')</small> * [[Raitenbouchensis Villa]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Raitenbuch'')</small> * [[Raitenbucha]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rottenbuch'')</small> * [[Ramminga (Bavaria)|Ramminga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rammingen'')</small> * [[Rancinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rinchnach'')</small> * [[Ratenberga (Bavaria Inferior)|Ratenberga]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rattenberg'')</small> * [[Ratisbona]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/> (Theodisce ''Regensburg'') * [[Rattelsdorfium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Rattelsdorf'')</small> * [[Rattinkircha]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rattenkirchen'')</small> * [[Rechtenbacum (Bavaria)|Rechtenbacum]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1741"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rechtenbach'')</small> * [[Rechtmehringa]]<ref name="Meichelbeck 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rechtmehring'')</small> * [[Reckendorfium]]<ref>Vide [https://pg-christophorus.de/fileadmin/Bistum_PGs/PG_St._Christophorus/PDFs/abhandlung-ueberkom-stadtpatron.pdf ''DER „GOTTSELIGE“ ÜBERKOM STADTPATRON VON BAUNACH''], ubi dicitur "(...) sub se tres alias Reckendorfii S.Nicolai (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Reckendorf'')</small> * [[Redvicum]]<ref name="Babinus 1677">Balbino, B., auctore (1677). ''Miscellanea Historica Regni Bohemiae''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Marktredwitz'')</small> * [[Redvicum ad Rodacam]]<ref name="Erhard 1749">''Scientia ecclesiastica potissimum dogmatica'' (1749), auctore Andreā Erhard.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Redwitz an der Rodach'')</small> * [[Reginostauffium]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Regenstauf'')</small> * [[Reginus (Urbs)|Reginus]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00028352?lang=de ''Regen''], ubi dicitur "(...) Reginus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Regen'')</small> * [[Regiomontium Bavariae]]<ref name="Königsberg">Theodisca vox ''Königsberg'' in Latinam "Regiomontium" seu "Regiomontum" seu "Regalis Mons" seu "Regius Mons" seu "Regis Mons" seu "Konsbergum" seu "Mons Regis Castrum" seu "Regiomontana Civitas" seu "Regiomonti Civitas" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}} aut [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Königsberg in Bayern'')</small> * [[Regiostadium]]<ref name="Merian 1646">''Topographia Hassiae'', auctore Matthaeo Merian, 1646.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Königstein'')</small> * [[Regiscuria (Bavaria)|Regiscuria]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Königshofen im Grabfeld'')</small> * [[Rehavia]]<ref name="Brevis Bavariae geographia"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rehau'')</small> * [[Rehlinga]]<ref name="Steichele 1864/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rehling'')</small> * [[Reichenbachium (Franconia Superior)|Reichenbachium]]<ref name="Reichenbach">Theodiscum toponymum ''Reichenbach'' in Latinam "Reichenbachium" verti solet; v.gr., vide [https://libsysdigi.library.uiuc.edu/OCA/Books2010-12/promtuariumrerum01kund/promtuariumrerum01kund.pdf ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Minera asris Auerbachensis prope Reichenbachium (...)".</ref> <small>(in [[Franconia|Franconiā Superiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Reichenbach'')</small> * [[Reichenbachium Superius (Franconia Media)|Reichenbachium Superius]]<ref name="Oberreichenbach">Theodiscum toponymum ''Reichenbach'' in Latinam "Reichenbachium" verti solet; v.gr., vide [https://libsysdigi.library.uiuc.edu/OCA/Books2010-12/promtuariumrerum01kund/promtuariumrerum01kund.pdf ''www.leo-bw.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Minera asris Auerbachensis prope Reichenbachium (...)"; et Latinum adiectivum "superius" Theodiscum praefixum ''Ober-'' vertit.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberreichenbach'')</small> * [[Reichenbacum (Cambla)|Reichenbacum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Camblensis|Circulo Camblense]]<ref name="Camblensis">Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Camblensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Cham'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo "[[Cambla]]" -ad quod gentilicium "Camblensis-e" refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Reichenbach'')</small> * [[Reichenberga (Franconia Inferior)|Reichenberga]]<ref name="Reichenberg">Theodiscum toponymum ''Reichenberg'' in Latinam "Reichenberga" verti solet; v.gr., vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20210924004327/https://vmdelta.vkol.cz/cs/aktivity/konference-a-odborna-setkani/13--rocnik-odborne-konference/clanek/jan-karel-rohn---historik--jazykozpytec-a-liberecky-patriot-doby-barokni/ Jan Karel Rohn], ubi dicitur "(...) Patriam meam esse [[Reichenberga]]m (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Reichenberg'')</small> * [[Reichenschwandia]]<ref name="Heumann 1743">''Dissertatio inauguralis de dotalitio'' (1743); auctore Ioanne Heumann von Teutschenbrunn.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Reichenschwand'')</small> * [[Reichersbeura]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Reichersbeuern'')</small> * [[Reichertshofium]]<ref name="Reichertshofium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Reichertshofen' in Latinam "Reichertshofium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.e-rara.ch ''Wilhelmus Neoburgicus...''], ubi dicitur "(...) Maji anno 1645 Reichertshofii (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Reichertshofen'')</small> * [[Reichertshusa]]<ref name="Meichelbeck 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Reichertshausen'')</small> * [[Reichlinga]]<ref name="Steichele 1864/> <small>(Theodisce ''Reichling'')</small> * [[Reimlinga]]<ref name="Steichele 1872"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Reimlingen'')</small> * [[Reisbacum]]<ref>Vide [https://www.brepolsonline.net/doi/pdf/10.5555/J.ABOL.4.01942 ''Index Sanctorum'']{{Nexus deficit|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) Wolfsindis v. m. Reisbaci culta (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Reisbach'')</small> * [[Reischaca]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Reischach'')</small> * [[Reita Inferior]]<ref name="Hund 1582"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Unterreit'')</small> * [[Reitium in Angulo]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Reit im Winkl'')</small> * [[Remlinga (Franconia Inferior)|Remlinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Remlingen'')</small> * [[Renecka]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rieneck'')</small> * [[Rennertshofium]]<ref name="Werdenstein 1712">''Parerga Historica'' (1712); auctore Ioanne Georgio von Werdenstein.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Rennertshofen'')</small> * [[Rentweinsdorfium]]<ref>Vide [https://lutesocietyofamerica.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/RESONET-IN-LAUDIBUS-2010-Dissertation-NYU.pdf ''Resonet in Laudibus''], ubi dicitur "(...) Wilhelmo a Rotenhan, Domino Rentweinsdorfii et Vischbachii (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Rentweinsdorf'')</small> * [[Renum (Bavaria Inferior)|Renum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(in [[Bavaria Inferior|Bavariā Inferiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Rain'')</small> * [[Rettenbacum (Guntia)|Rettenbacum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(in [[Circulus Guntiae|Circulo Guntiae]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Rettenbach'')</small> * [[Rettenbacum (Palatinatus Superior)|Rettenbacum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(in [[Palatinatus Superior|Palatinatū Superiore]]<ref name="Palatinatus Superior"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Rettenbach'')</small> * [[Rettenbacum ad Montem Abodiacum]]<ref name="Steichele 1883"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rettenbach am Auerberg'')</small> * [[Rettenbacum Marchia]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Markt Rettenbach'')</small> * [[Rettenberga]]<ref name="Steichele 1864/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rettenberg'')</small> * [[Rettersheimum ad Tauberam]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1741"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Tauberrettersheim'')</small> * [[Retza]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rötz'')</small> * [[Retzstadium]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1741"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Retzstadt'')</small> * [[Reuta]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Reut'')</small> * [[Richerisheima]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Reichertsheim'')</small> * [[Rieda (prope Meringam)|Rieda]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ried'')</small> * [[Rieda (prope Kaufburam)|Rieda]]<ref name="Rieden">Theodiscum toponymum ''Rieden' in Latinam "Rieda" sive "Rida" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(prope [[Kaufbura]]m<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Rieden'')</small> * [[Rieda ad Lacum Forggensem]]<ref name="Steichele 1883"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rieden am Forggensee'')</small> * [[Rieda Hiemalis]]<ref name="Steichele 1883"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Winterrieden'')</small> * [[Rieda Inferior]]<ref name="Steichele 1864/> <small>(Theodisce ''Niederrieden'')</small> * [[Rieda prope Erbendorfium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00038510?lang=de ''Reuth b.Erbendorf''], ubi dicitur "(...) Rieda (...)".</ref><ref name="Erbendorfium"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Reuth bei Erbendorf'')</small> * [[Riedbacum]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1741"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Riedbach'')</small> * [[Riedenberga]]<ref name="Schannat 1729">Schannat, I. F., auctore (1723); ''Corpus Traditionum Fuldensium''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Riedenberg'')</small> * [[Riedenhemium]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1741"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Riedenheim'')</small> * [[Riekofium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Riekofen'')</small> * [[Riettenburgum]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Riedenburg'')</small> * [[Rimbacum (Vallis Rotae et Aeni)|Rimbacum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Vallis Rotae et Aeni|Circulo Vallis Rotae et Aeni]]<ref name="CVREA"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Rimbach'')</small> * [[Rimbacum (Palatinatus Superior)|Rimbacum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(in [[Palatinatus Superior|Palatinatū Superiore]]<ref name="Palatinatus Superior"/></small> <small>(Theodisce ''Rimbach'')</small> * [[Rimparia]]<ref name="Jubilans 1752">''Herbipolis Jubilans'' 1752.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Rimpar'')</small> * [[Rimstinga]]<ref name="Meichelbeck 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rimsting'')</small> * [[Rinderfeldia Minor]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1741"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kleinrinderfeld'')</small> * [[Ringa Magna]]<ref name="Steichele 1864>Steichele, Antonio, auctore: ''Das Bistum Augsburg, historisch und statistisch beschrieben'', Volumen 2 ([[Augusta Vindelicorum|Augustae Vindelicorum]], 1864.)</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Langerringen'')</small> * [[Ringelaia]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ringelai'')</small> * [[Rivulus ad Danubium]]<ref name="Meichelbeck 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bach an der Donau'')</small> * [[Rivus Geroldi]]<ref name="Hund 1719"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Gerolsbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Honoris]]<ref name="Eckhart XVIII">''Notitia veteris Franconiae'', auctore Iohanne Georgio von Eckhart (saeculo XVIII)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchehrenbach'')</small> * [[Rivus Karoli]]<ref name="Eckhart 1730"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Karsbach'')</small> * [[Roccoburga]]<ref name="Steichele 1864/> <small>(Theodisce ''Roggenburg'')</small> * [[Rodaca]]<ref name="Annales Coburgenses">''Annales Coburgenses'' intra ''Scriptores rerum Germanicarum''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Rodach'')</small> * [[Rodaca Marchia]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Marktrodach'')</small> * [[Rodena (Franconia Inferior)|Rodena]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1741"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Roden'')</small> * [[Roeckinga]]<ref>Vide [https://kortkataloger.kb.se/lillarogge/36388/ ''Lilla Roggekatalogen''], ubi dicitur "(...) Ivlivs Albertvs Roeckinga-Francus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Röckingen'')</small> * [[Roedelmaiera]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1741"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rödelmaier'')</small> * [[Roefingum]]<ref name="Steichele 1864/> <small>(Theodisce ''Röfingen'')</small> * [[Roeglinga]]<ref name="Regesta ... Boicarum Autographa">''Regesta sive Rerum Boicarum Autographa''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Rögling'')</small> * [[Roehrnbacum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Röhrnbach'')</small> * [[Roellbacum]]<ref name="Regesta ... Boicarum Autographa"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Röllbach'')</small> * [[Roethenbacum (Algovia)|Roethenbacum]]<ref name="Regesta ... Boicarum Autographa"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Röthenbach'')</small> * [[Roethenbacum ad Pegnesum]]<ref name="Will 1773"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Röthenbach an der Pegnitz'')</small> * [[Roethleinia]]<ref name="Jubilans 1752"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Röthlein'')</small> * [[Roettenbacum (Rota)|Roettenbacum]]<ref name="Regesta ... Boicarum Autographa"/> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Rotensis|Circulo Rotense]]<ref name="Circulus Rotensis"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Röttenbach'')</small> * [[Roettenbacum prope Erlangam]]<ref name="Will 1773"/> <small>(prope [[Erlanga]]m<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Röttenbach'')</small> * [[Rohrbacum (Bavaria)|Rohrbacum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rohrbach'')</small> * [[Rohrdorfium (Bavaria)|Rohrdorfium]]<ref name="Rohrdorf">Theodiscum toponymum ''Rohrdorf'' in Latinam "Rohrdorfium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10372085?p=1&cq=Andreas%20a%20Sancta%20Theresia&lang=de ''Chronica Bavaricae Capucinorum Provinciae''], ubi dicitur "(...) 2. Rohrdorfii (Archidioec. Monac.) (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Rohrdorf'')</small> * [[Rohrenfelsium]]<ref name="Regesta ... Boicarum Autographa"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rohrenfels'')</small> * [[Ronsberga]]<ref name="Steichele 1872"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Ronsberg'')</small> * [[Rora (Franconia Media)|Rora]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Rohr'')</small> * [[Rora prope Abensbergam]]<ref name="Hund Salisburgensis 1582">Hund, W., auctore (1582): ''Metropolis Salisburgensis.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Rohr in Niederbayern'')</small> * [[Roraga Mussea]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Röhrmoos'')</small> * [[Rosbacum (Bavaria Inferior)|Rosbacum]]<ref name="Roßbach">Theodiscum toponymum ''Roßbach'' in Latinam "Rosbacum" verti solet; v.gr., vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Roßbach'')</small> * [[Rosenhaimium]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rosenheim'')</small> * [[Roslavium]]<ref name="Röslau">Theodisca vox ''Röslau'' in Latinam "Roslavium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?aq2=%5B%5B%5D%5D&c=15&af=%5B%5D&searchType=LIST_LATEST&sortOrder2=title_sort_asc&query=&language=sv&pid=diva2%3A1422283&aq=%5B%5B%5D%5D&sf=all&aqe=%5B%5D&sortOrder=author_sort_asc&onlyFullText=false&noOfRows=50&dswid=-6679 ''Disputatio ethica de summo bono civili...'']{{Nexus deficit|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) Johannis Petri Roslavii (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Röslau'')</small> * [[Rota (Landsbergium)|Rota]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rott'')</small> * [[Rota ad Aenum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/><ref name="Inn"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rott am Inn'')</small> * [[Rota Inferior]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Unterroth'')</small> * [[Rota Superior]]<ref>Vide [https://geschichte-bayerns.de/ortsnamen/artikel/Schwaben/Neu-Ulm/Oberroth/hhw1k ''Oberroth''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''de Rota Superiori'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberroth'')</small> * [[Rotega]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Roding'')</small> * [[Rotenburgum ad Laparam]]<ref name="Pareus"/><ref name="Lapara">De hydronymo "Lapara", vide [https://books.google.es/books?id=i-_gDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21&lpg=PA21&dq=%22Kleine+Laber+%22+flumen&source=bl&ots=sJegxM7pNX&sig=ACfU3U3SJzaPgZCEumBJptUz_l_4myXnmg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj-4uiTsraHAxW_Q_EDHcZbBxYQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q=%22Kleine%20Laber%20%22%20flumen&f=false ''Historischer Atlas von Bayern''], ubi dicitur "(...) Die Große und die Kleine Laber sind um 790 als "Lapara" belegt (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Rottenburg an der Laaber'')</small> * [[Rotenburgum ad Tubarum]]<ref>Vide [https://www.invaluable.com/auction-lot/rotenburgum-ad-tubarum-elegans-franconiae-oppidum-347-c-c7d4096903?srsltid=AfmBOooul50iO1OWhfqIogQJSsifWffCEAAcK75x9ZjeYDqmnwCUNvUf ''www.invaluable.com''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Rotenburgum ad Tubarum, elegans Franconiae oppidum'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Rothenburg ob der Tauber'')</small> * [[Rotenfelsa]]<ref name="Hollfeldium"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rothenfels'')</small> * [[Rotensala]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Rotthalmünster'')</small> * [[Rotha]]<ref name="Brevis Bavariae geographia"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Roth'')</small> * [[Rothenbuchum]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1741"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rothenbuch'')</small> * [[Rottaca et Egeris]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rottach-Egern'')</small> * [[Rottendorfium]]<ref>Vide [https://brill.com › display › book ''J. FR. GRONOVIUS''], ubi dicitur "(...) Rottendorfium per cives hujus urbis (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Rottendorf'')</small> * [[Rottinga]]<ref name="Hollfeldium"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Röttingen'')</small> * [[Rotum Ecclesiasticum]]<ref name="Hund Salisburgensis 1582"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchroth'')</small> * [[Rudelzhavia]]<ref name="Hund 1585"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rudelzhausen'')</small> * [[Rudenhusa]]<ref>Vide [https://data.bnf.fr/fr/see_all_activities/14338260/page1 ''Friedrich Wilhelm Bierling (1676-1728) - Toutes ses œuvres''], ubi dicitur "(...) submittit Guilielmus Fridericus Pistorius Rudenhusa-Francus auctor (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Rüdenhausen'')</small> * [[Rudenium]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(in [[Palatinatus Superior|Palatinatū Superiore]]<ref name="Palatinatus Superior">Hogenberg, Franciscus, Metellus, Ioannes (1598). Mappa: "Palatinatus Superior".</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Rieden'')</small> * [[Rudertinga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ruderting'')</small> * [[Rueckersdorfium (Franconia Media)|Rueckersdorfium]]<ref name="Will 1773"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rückersdorf'')</small> * [[Ruedenavia]]<ref name="Crusius 1595">''Annales Suevici'' (1595); auctore Martino Crusio.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Rüdenau'')</small> * [[Rugelandum]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00000838?lang=de ''Rügland''], ubi dicitur "(...) Rugelandum (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Rügland'')</small> * [[Rugendorfium]]<ref name="Regesta ... Boicarum Autographa"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rugendorf'')</small> * [[Ruhpoldinga]]<ref name="Meichelbeck 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ruhpolding'')</small> * [[Ruhstorfium (Bavaria)|Ruhstorfium]]<ref>''Status Ecclesiasticus Dioecesis Passaviensis''.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Ruhstorf an der Rott'')</small> * [[Rundinga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Runding'')</small> * [[Rupilinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Raubling'')</small> {{div col end}} == S == {{div col|3}} * [[Saaldorfium et Surheimum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Saaldorf-Surheim'')</small> * [[Sachsenkama]]<ref name="Meichelbeck 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Sachsenkam'')</small> * [[Sailaufium]]<ref name="Regesta ... Boicarum Autographa"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Sailauf'')</small> * [[Sala ad Salam]]<ref name="Graesse"/><ref name="Saale">De hydronymo [[Sala (Moenus)|Sala]], vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Saal an der Saale'')</small> * [[Salachium ad Burgum]]<ref name="Status 1711"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Burgsalach'')</small> * [[Salchinga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Salching'')</small> * [[Saldenburgum]]<ref name="Lang 1844">Carolo Henrico von Lang auctore (1844); ''Regesta sive Rerum Boicarum Autographa''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Saldenburg'')</small> * [[Salga]]<ref name="Steichele 1883"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Salgen'')</small> * [[Salla (Bavaria)|Salla]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Saal an der Donau'')</small> * [[Salzaha (Franconia Inferior)|Salzaha]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Salz'')</small> * [[Sanctae Mariae Monasterium Biburgense]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Biburg'')</small> * [[Sancti Ioannis Ecclesia (Bavaria)|Sancti Ioannis Ecclesia]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Johanniskirchen'')</small> * [[Sancti Stephani Ecclesia (Bavaria)|Sancti Stephani Ecclesia]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Stephanskirchen'')</small> * [[Sancti Viti Hochheimensis Villa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Veitshöchheim'')</small> * [[Sanctus Engelmarus]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Sankt Englmar'')</small> * [[Sanctus Leonardus in Bavaria|Sanctus Leonardus in Bavariā]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00004867?lang=de ''Inchenhofen''], ubi dicitur "(...) Sanct Leonardvs in Bavaria (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Inchenhofen'')</small> * [[Sanctus Oswaldus et Rithahusa]]<ref name="Hansiz 1729"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Sankt Oswald-Riedlhütte'')</small> * [[Sanctus Wolfgangus (Bavaria Superior)|Sanctus Wolfgangus]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00012907?lang=de ''Sankt Wolfgang''], ubi dicitur "(...) Scti Wolfgangi (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Sankt Wolfgang'')</small> * [[Sandberga (Bavaria)|Sandberga]]<ref name="Sandberga">Theodiscum toponymum ''Sandberg in Latinam "Sandberga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/cera/tollius1/Tollius_epistolae.html ''JACOBI TOLLII EPISTOLAE ITINERARIAE EX RECENSIONE ET CVM NOTIS HENR. CHR. HENNINII AMSTELAEDAMI apud FRANCISCVM HALMAM. MDCC.''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''SANDBERGAE'', mille admodum passibus ''Neusolio'', sunt ''AErariae'' divites, Civitatis ''Neusoliensis'' peculiares; (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Sandberg'')</small> * [[Sauerlacum]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Sauerlach'')</small> * [[Saxonia prope Onoldum]]<ref name="Will 1773"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Sachsen bei Ansbach'')</small> * [[Saxum Goswini]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1865"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Gößweinstein'')</small> * [[Saxum Ihrleri]]<ref name="Fink 1955">Fink, A., auctore (1955); ''Die Ortsnamen des Landkreises Kelheim''. [[Monacum|Monaci]]: Kommission für bayerische Landesgeschichte.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ihrlerstein'')</small> * [[Saxum Principis]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1863"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fürstenstein'')</small> * [[Saxum Tolonis]]<ref name="Gretser 1617">''Annales Eystettenses'', auctore Iacobo Gretser (1617).</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Dollnstein'')</small> * [[Sceftilara]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schäftlarn'')</small> * [[Scegifeldum]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00002068?lang=de ''Scheinfeld''], ubi dicitur "(...) in Scegifeldum (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Scheinfeld'')</small> * [[Scegifeldum Superius]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00002049?lang=en ''Oberscheinfeld''], ubi dicitur "(...) in Scegifeldum (...)".</ref><ref name="Ober-">Theodiscum prefixum ''Ober-'' Latino adiectivo "superior-ius" vertitur.</ref><small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberscheinfeld'')</small> * [[Scellinaha]]<ref>Vide [https://francia.ahlfeldt.se/page/documents/11485 ''Regnum Francorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Urbah et quae illuc pertinent cum Scellinaha'' (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Schöllnach'')</small> * [[Schalkhama]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schalkham'')</small> * [[Schauenstenium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110640861-022/pdf?licenseType=restricted&srsltid=AfmBOorARBqkw3lOqjPPjKGzxZObllcBMXkUMcU70XgvJApFzdUsKGC0 ''Marcus Tatius Alpinus''], ubi dicitur "(...) Johannes Tepelius, Schauenstenio-Variscus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Schauenstein'')</small> * [[Schauflinga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schaufling'')</small> * [[Schechena]]<ref name="Meichelbeck 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schechen'')</small> * [[Scheideckium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Scheidegg'')</small>> * [[Schellenbergium Marchia]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Marktschellenberg'')</small> * [[Schernfelda]]<ref name="Regesta ... Boicarum Autographa"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schernfeld'')</small> * [[Scherstetta]]<ref name="Steichele 1864/> <small>(Theodisce ''Scherstetten'')</small> * [[Scheslicium]]<ref name="Erhard 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Scheßlitz'')</small> * [[Scheuringa]]<ref name="Steichele 1864/> <small>(Theodisce ''Scheuring'')</small> * [[Schillingsfurstum]]<ref name="Regesta ... Boicarum Autographa"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schillingsfürst'')</small> * [[Schildberga]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schiltberg'')</small> * [[Schirelinga (Palatinatus Superior)|Schirelinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Schierling'')</small> * [[Schiria]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Scheyern'')</small> * [[Schirmitia]]<ref name="Regesta ... Boicarum Autographa"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schirmitz'')</small> * [[Schirndingia]]<ref name="Crusius 1595"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Schirnding'')</small> * [[Schlammersdorfium]]<ref name="Regesta ... Boicarum Autographa"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schlammersdorf'')</small> * [[Schlechinga]]<ref name="Meichelbeck 1724"/><small>(Theodisce ''Schleching'')</small> * [[Schledorfensis Vicus]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schlehdorf'')</small> * [[Schleisshemium Inferius]]<ref name="Meichelbeck 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Unterschleißheim'')</small> * [[Schleissheimum Superius]]<ref name="Meichelbeck 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberschleißheim'')</small> * [[Schmidgadena]]<ref name="Regesta ... Boicarum Autographa"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schmidgaden'')</small> * [[Schmidinga Posterior]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hinterschmiding'')</small> * [[Schmiecha]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schmiechen'')</small> * [[Schnabelwaidia]]<ref name="Regesta ... Boicarum Autographa"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Schnabelwaid'')</small> * [[Schnaitseia]]<ref name="Meichelbeck 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schnaitsee'')</small> * [[Schnelldorfium]]<ref name="Lang 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schnelldorf'')</small> * [[Schoefwegium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schöfweg'')</small> * [[Schollkrippia]]<ref name="Crusius 1595"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Schöllkrippen'')</small> * [[Schoneckium Superius]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberschönegg'')</small> * [[Schongium]]<ref name="Schongium"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schongau'')</small> * [[Schonstetta]]<ref name="Meichelbeck 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schonstett'')</small> * [[Schonungia]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1741"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schonungen'')</small> * [[Schopflochium (Franconia Media)|Schopflochium]]<ref name="Schopfloch">Theodiscum toponymum ''Schopfloch'' in Latinam "Schopflochium" verti solet; v.gr., vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10622732?p=197&cq=ad&lang=de ''Joannis Adlzreitter a Tetenweis, Arcani Consilii Cancellarii, Annalium Boicae Gentis Partes III''], ubi dicitur "(...) Cellae ad pedem Schopflochii montis (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Schopfloch'')</small> * [[Schorndorfium (Palatinatus Superior)|Schorndorfium]]<ref name="Schorndorf">Theodiscum toponymum ''Schorndorf'' in Latinam "Schorndorfium" verti solet; v.gr., vide {{Hofmannus}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Schorndorf'')</small> * [[Schrobenhusium]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schrobenhausen'')</small> * [[Schwabbruca]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwabbruck'')</small> * [[Schwabsoia]]<ref name="Steichele 1883"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwabsoien'')</small> * [[Schwaigum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwaigen'')</small> * [[Schwandorfium]]<ref name="Brevis Bavariae geographia"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwandorf'')</small> * [[Schwarzenfeldium]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_iMARAAAAYAAJ/bub_gb_iMARAAAAYAAJ_djvu.txt ''Urkunden und Akten der Stadt Strassburg Bd. Urkunden und Stadtrechte bis zum Jahr 1266 bearb. von Wilhelm Wiegand. 1879''], ubi dicitur "(...) Johannes Sigismundus Laritius, Schwarzenfeldio-Palatinus (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwarzenfeld'')</small> * [[Schwebhemium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.rambow.de/download/Bayreuther_Ordinationsbuch.pdf ''Das Bayreuther Ordinationsbuch (1612-1821)''], ubi dicitur "(...) ad parochias Urfershemii et Schwebhemii (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwebheim'')</small> * [[Schweinbacum Superius]]<ref name="Meichelbeck 1724"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberschweinbach'')</small> * [[Schweinfurtum]]<ref name="Hollfeldium"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schweinfurt'')</small> * [[Schwenninga (Danubius)|Schwenninga]]<ref name="Schwenningen">Theodiscum toponymum ''Schwenningen'' in Latinam "Schwenninga" verti solet; v.gr., vide [https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Z-Pilzkunde_22_1956_0065-0080.pdf ''Süddeutsche Rhizopogon-Arten''], ubi dicitur "(...) Apud Schwenningam (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwenningen'')</small> * [[Schwiftingum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwifting'')</small> * [[Scoinawa]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(in [[Bavaria Inferior|Bavariā Inferiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Schönau'')</small> * [[Sconaugia ad Brandam]]<ref name="Schönau">Theodiscum toponymum ''Schönau'' in Latinam "Sconaugia" verti solet; v.gr., vide {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="Brend">Fingitur hydronymum [[Branda (flumen)|Branda]] (Theodisce ''Brend'') ex homonymo oppido. De hoc ultimo, vide ''Lexikon fränkischer Ortsnamen. Herkunft und Bedeutung. Oberfranken, Mittelfranken, Unterfranken''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Schönau an der Brend'')</small> * [[Sconaugia ad Lacum Regis]]<ref name="Schönau"/><ref name="Königssee">Latinum substantivum "lacus-ūs" Theodiscum suffixum ''-see'' et Latinum "rex regis" Theodiscum ''König'' vertit.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Schönau am Königssee'')</small> * [[Scondorfium]]<ref name="DE SITU ARCHI ABBATI AE OTTILIENSIS"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schondorf'')</small> * [[Scuntera]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Schondra'')</small> * [[Sedes Ottonis]]<ref name="Rerum Noricarum Scriptores 1742">''Rerum Noricarum Scriptores'', Volumen 2, ([[Norimberga]]e, 1742).</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Ottensoos'')</small> * [[Seebacum Magnum]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Großenseebach'')</small> * [[Seekka]]<ref>Vide [https://www.geschichte-bayerns.de/ortsnamen/artikel/Schwaben/Ostallg%C3%A4u/Seeg/pd67s ''Seeg''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Suuiker de Seekka'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Seeg'')</small> * [[Segnitzium]]<ref>Vide [http://www.geschichte-feuchtwangen.de/Archiv/Kirchenbuch/KlSulz/TAUF1631.htm ''Geburten der evang.-luth. Pfarrei Kloster Sulz 1631 - 1640''], ubi dicitur "(...) Pastore M. Johanne Casparo Rohrbachio, segnitzio franco (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Segnitz'')</small> * [[Sehhiringa Superior]]<ref name="-söchering">Theodiscum toponymum ''Söchering'' in Latinam "Sehhiringa" verti solet; v.gr., vide {{Graesse}}; et Latina adiectiva "superior" et "inferior" Theodisca praefixa ''Ober-'' et ''Unter-'' respective vertunt.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Obersöchering'')</small> * [[Sehtinaha]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Söchtenau'')</small/> * [[Seinshemium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.e-rara.ch›download›pdf ''3997686.pdf'']{{Nexus deficit|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) Seinshemium primo duxit (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Seinsheim'')</small> * [[Selba]]<ref name="Brevis Bavariae geographia"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Selb'')</small> * [[Selbitza (Franconia Superior)|Selbitza]]<ref name="Biedermann 1747"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Selbitz'')</small> * [[Sendelbacum Longum]]<ref name="Homann Geographia Historica">''Geographia Historica'', auctore Iohanne Baptista Homann (saeculo XVIII).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Langensendelbach'')</small> * [[Sendelbacum Minus]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Wirceburgensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kleinsendelbach'')</small> * [[Sendena (Bavaria)|Sendena]]<ref name="Steichele 1872"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Senden'')</small> * [[Senfelda]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/A080085/A080085_djvu.txt ''Generalis geographia cosmica, mathematica, naturalis, politica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Gochshemium & Senfelda, Pagi Imperii immediati (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Sennfeld'')</small> * [[Seona Ecclesiastica]]<ref name="Meichelbeck 1724"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchseeon'')</small> * [[Septum Comitis]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1865"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Grafengehaig'')</small> * [[Seubersdorfium in Palatinatū Superiore]]<ref name="Lang 1844"/><ref name="Palatinatus Superior"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Seubersdorf in der Oberpfalz'')</small> * [[Seukendorfium]]<ref name="Lang 1844"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Seukendorf'')</small> * [[Seum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Bayersoien'')</small> * [[Seuva-Badacum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/><ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Seeon-Seebruck'')</small> * [[Sezalacha]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Seßlach'')</small> * [[Siegsdorfium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Siegsdorf'')</small> * [[Sielenbaca]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Sielenbach'')</small> * [[Siemauia Inferior]]<ref name="Sagittarius 1705">''Historia Ducum Saxoniae'' (1705); auctore Ioanne Friderico Sagittario.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Untersiemau'')</small> * [[Sigenburgum]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Siegenburg'')</small> * [[Silva (Algovia)|Silva]]<ref name="Steichele 1864/> <small>(in [[Algovia|Algoviā]]<ref name="Algovia"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Wald'')</small> * [[Silva Dominae Nova]]<ref name="Rader 1615-1627"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Frauenneuharting'')</small> * [[Silva Dorsalis]]<ref>Monasterium S. Magni Fussiensis, acta de acquisitione Silvae Dorsalis, 15 Septembris 1474 (cf. Geiger, Urkunden des Klosters St. Mang).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Rückholz'')</small> * [[Silva Pulchra (Bavaria)|Silva Pulchra]]<ref name="Rader III 1624"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schönwald'')</small> * [[Simbacum (prope Landavium)|Simbacum]]<ref name="Simbach">Theodiscum toponymum ''Simbach'' in Latinam "Simbacum" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/details/egger-carolus-lexicon-nominum-locorum/page/74/mode/2up?q=Simbach ''Lexicon Nominum Locorum Caroli Egger''], ubi dicitur "(...) '''Simbacum''' — Simbach (...)".</ref> <small>(prope [[Landavium ad Isaram]]<ref name="Landavium"/>)</small> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Simbach'')</small> * [[Simbacum ad Aenum]]<ref name="Simbach"/><ref name="Inn"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Simbach am Inn'')</small> * [[Simmelsdorfium]]<ref name="Will 1773"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Simmelsdorf'')</small> * [[Simmershofa]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1741"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Simmershofen'')</small> * [[Sindilisdorfa]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Sindelsdorf'')</small> * [[Sinna (Bavaria)|Sinna]]<ref>Vide [https://hdbg.eu/burgen/detail/burg-burgsinn/108 ''Burgen in Bayern''], ubi dicitur "(...) Hermannus de Sinna (...)".</ref> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Burgsinn'')</small> * [[Sinna Media]]<ref name="Sinna Media">Huius communis nomen e fluvio [[Sinna (flumen)|Sinnā]] (Theodisce ''Sinn'') et Theodisco praefixo ''Mittel-'', quod Latino adiectivo "media" vertitur, derivat. Quo de hydronymo, vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Mittelsinn'')</small> * [[Sinna Superior]]<ref name="Ludewig 1715"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Obersinn'')</small> * [[Sinzinga]]<ref>Vide [https://geschichte-bayerns.de/ortsnamen/artikel/Oberpfalz/Landkreis%20Regensburg/Sinzing/qx6uw ''Sinzing''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''in villa que dicitur Sinzinga'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Sinzing'')</small> * [[Sittenbacum Ecclesiasticum]]<ref name="Will 1764">Will, G. A., auctore (1764). ''Nürnbergisches Gelehrten-Lexicon''. [[Norimberga]]e/[[Altdorfium (Bavaria Inferior)|Altdorfii]]: Lorenz Schüpfel.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchensittenbach'')</small> * [[Snaitenbacum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schnaittenbach'')</small> * [[Sneitaha]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_3fpDAAAAcAAJ/bub_gb_3fpDAAAAcAAJ_djvu.txt ''Regesta sive rerum Boicarum autographa ad annum usque MCCC''], ubi dicitur "(...) donat loca Furihinebacb, Haderichesprucga, Forchun, Chrumbunbach, Sneitaha (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Schnaittach'')</small> * [[Snudinga]]<ref name="Traditiones Emmerammenses">''Traditiones Emmerammenses''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberschneiding'')</small> * [[Solisbacum-Mons Rosarum]]<ref name="Hund 1582"/><ref name="Falkenstein 1733"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Sulzbach-Rosenberg'')</small> * [[Solonis Cella]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Solnhofen'')</small/> * [[Somerkalda]]<ref name="Codex Diplomaticus...Moguntiana II 1744">''Codex Diplomaticus: exhibens Anecdota Moguntiaca'', Tomus II, editore Ioanne Petro von Ludewig (1744).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Sommerkahl'')</small/> * [[Sommeracum]]<ref>Vide [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Recentioris_aevi_numismata_virorum_de_rebus_medicis_et_physicis_meritorum_memoriam_servantia_%28IA_b22371199%29.pdf ''Recentioris Aevi Numismata Virorum de Rebus Medicis et Physicis Meritorum Memoriam Servantia''], ubi dicitur "(...) Georgius Pickel, natus Sommeraci (...) 20 Novembr. 1751 Sommeraci Nat. (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Sommerach'')</small/> * [[Sommerhusa]]<ref name="Annales Francorum 1698">''Annales Francorum'', editore Nicolao Schatenio; typis Johannis Gothofredi Conradi, 1698.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Sommerhausen'')</small/> * [[Sona (Bavaria)|Sona]]<ref>Vide [https://www.gemeinde-sonnen.de/de/gemeinde/orte/12-sonnen ''Gemeinde Sonnen''], ubi dicitur "(...) Eberhardus de Sona (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Sonnen'')</small/> * [[Sonthemium (Suebia)|Sonthemium]]<ref name="Sonthemium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Sontheim'' in Latinam "Sonthemium" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Hofmannus}}.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Sontheim'')</small/> * [[Soia (Bavaria)|Soia]]<ref name="Rader III 1624"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Soyen'')</small/> * [[Spaltum]]<ref name="Brevis Bavariae geographia"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Spalt'')</small> * [[Spardorfium]]<ref name="Imhof 1693"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Spardorf'')</small> * [[Sparnecca]]<ref name="Tengnagel 1627">''Annales Pincergonum'' (1627); auctore Sebastiano Tengnagel.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Sparneck'')</small> * [[Spatzenhusa]]<ref name="Germania Sacra ... Mainz III">''Germania Sacra'', Tomus III: ''Die Bistümer der Kirchenprovinz Mainz''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Spatzenhausen'')</small> * [[Speciosa Vallis (Palatinatus Superior)|Speciosa Vallis]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schönthal'')</small> * [[Speculavia]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes III 1863">''Bavaria: Landes- und Volkskunde des Königreichs Bayern'', Tomus III, 1863.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Spiegelau'')</small> * [[Speinshardum]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00036215?lang=de ''Speinshart''], ubi dicitur "(...) Speinshardum (...) s. Mariae monast. de Speinshardo (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Speinshart'')</small> * [[Stadelhofa]]<ref name="Stadelhofen">Theodiscum toponymum ''Stadelhofen' in Latinam "Stadelhofa" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.e-rara.ch ''Speculum Helvetico-Tigurinum pentágōnon''], ubi dicitur "(...) extra Urbem , Stadelhofae, (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Stadelhofen'')</small> * [[Stadlerium]]<ref name="Ertl 1701">''Bavaria Topographica, compendium geographicum'' (1701); auctore Antonio Gulielmo Ertl.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Stadlern'')</small> * [[Stadtberga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschichte/que/normal/que2377.pdf ''und noch etwas über 20 Pfb. gewogen''], ubi dicitur "(...) prope Stadtbergam (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Stadtbergen'')</small> * [[Staffelsteinium]]<ref>Vide [http://www.bamberga.de/FA_Moritz_Rahm.pdf ''Kaiser-Heinrich-Gymnasium Bamberg Kollegstufe 2003/2005''], ubi dicitur "(...) Cives Staffelsteinii (...) per nuncios Staffelsteinii (...) apud Staffelsteinium (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Staffelstein'')</small> * [[Stagnum Medium]]<ref name="Rader 1615-1627"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mitterteich'')</small> * [[Stallwanga]]<ref name="Wittmann 1789">''Matricula Canonica et Historica Episcopatus Ratisbonensis'' (1789); auctore Georgio Michaële Wittmann.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Stallwang'')</small> * [[Stamhamium (ad Aenum)|Stammhamium]]<ref name="Stammham">Theodiscum toponymum ''Stammham' in Latinam "Stamhamium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.e-rara.ch ''Annales typographiae...''], ubi dicitur "(...) citato loco egregia Stamhamii Abbatis facinora (...)".</ref><ref name="Inn"/> <small>(ad [[Aenus (flumen)|Aenum]]<ref name="Inn"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Stammham'')</small> * [[Stamhamium (prope Ingolstadium)|Stamhamium]]<ref name="Stammham"/> <small>(prope [[Ingolstadium]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Stammham'')</small> * [[Stammbacum]]<ref name="Imhof 1693"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Stammbach'')</small> * [[Stammesrieda]]<ref name="Annales Monasterii Reichenbacensis">''Annales Monasterii Reichenbacensis'' intra ''Scriptores rerum Boicarum'' (saeculo XVIII).</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Stamsried'')</small> * [[Starnberga]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Starnberg'')</small> * [[Staudacum-Egernum]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/><ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Staudach-Egerndach'')</small> * [[Staufa]]<ref name="DE SITU ARCHI ABBATI AE OTTILIENSIS"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberstaufen'')</small> * [[Staufium ad Danubium]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>commune mercatūs</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Donaustauf'')</small> * [[Steinacum Inferius]]<ref name="Heller 1829"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Untersteinach'')</small> * [[Steinaha (Bavaria Inferior)|Steinaha]]<ref name="Steinaha">Theodiscum toponymum ''Steinach'' in Latinam "Steinaha" verti solet; v.gr., vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(in [[Bavaria Inferior|Bavariā Inferiore]])</small> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> * [[Steinaha (Bavaria)|Steinaha]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>in [[Provincia Franconia Media|Franconiā Mediā]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Münchsteinach'')</small> * [[Steinaha (Franconia Superior)|Steinaha]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00041586?lang=de ''Stadtsteinach''], ubi dicitur "(...) Steinaha (...)".</ref> <small>(in [[Franconia|Franconiā Superiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Stadtsteinach'')</small> * [[Steinbacum ad Silvam]]<ref name="Steinbacum">Theodiscum toponymum ''Steinbach'' in Latinam "Steinbacum" verti solet; v.gr., vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_XZ3uHMGcnd0C/bub_gb_XZ3uHMGcnd0C_djvu.txt ''Alsatia illustrata''], ubi dicitur "(...) Sennhemium atque Steinbacum, terminos habet (...)".</ref><ref name="Ad Silvam"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Steinbach am Wald'')</small> * [[Steinberga ad Lacum]]<ref name="Steinberga">Theodiscum toponymum ''Steinberga'' in Latinam "Steinberga" verti solet; v.gr., vide [https://www.heiligenlexikon.de/ActaSanctorum/20.Juli.html ''Acta Sanctorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) de ecclesia Steinbergensi interrogo, negant se Steinbergam in Hollandia novisse (...) Helvetos Bavarosque Steinbergam Hollandiæ vicinam (...) Est quidem Steinberga oppidum (...)".</ref><ref name="Ad Lacum">Latinum syntagma "ad Lacum" Theodiscum ''am See'' vertit.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Steinberg am See'')</small> * [[Steindorfium (Suebia)|Steindorfium]]<ref name="Steindorfium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Steindorf'' in Latinam "Steindorfium" verti solet; v.gr., vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_U5cDAOtVS_wC/bub_gb_U5cDAOtVS_wC_djvu.txt ''Scriptores rerum lusaticarum antiqui & recentiores...''], ubi dicitur "(...) ita Steindorfio, forti militi (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Steindorf'')</small> * [[Steingada]]<ref name="Rader II 1624"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Steingaden'')</small> * [[Steinheringa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Steinhöring'')</small> * [[Steinkircha (Bavaria Superior)|Steinkircha]]<ref name="Steinkirchen">Theodiscum toponymum ''Steinkirchen'' in Latinam "Steinkircha" verti solet; v.gr., vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_JHUUAAAAQAAJ/bub_gb_JHUUAAAAQAAJ_djvu.txt ''Spicilegium I XXXIII autographorum...''], ubi dicitur "(...) Steinkirchae (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Steinkirchen'')</small> * [[Stephani Curia]]<ref name="Zeiller 1694">Historia Sueviae (1694); auctore Martino Zeiller.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Stiefenhofen'')</small> * [[Stephanus-Poschinga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00022891?lang=de ''Stephansposching''], ubi dicitur "(...) Stephano-Poschingae (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Stephansposching'')</small> * [[Stetfeldia]]<ref name="Stettfeld">Theodiscum toponymum ''Stettfeld'' in Latinam "Stetfeldia" verti solet; v.gr., vide [https://digitale-sammlungen.gwlb.de/content/1032726466/pdf/00000307.pdf ''Joann. Wilhelm. Duc.Saxo-Vinarienfis obi- Kindelbruscium emtum''], ubi dicitur "(...) inferiori Stetfeldia (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Stettfeld'')</small> * [[Stettenium (Suebia)|Stettenium]]<ref name="Stettenium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Stetten'' in Latinam "Stettenium" verti solet; v.gr., vide [https://www.europeana.eu/en/item/372/item_ZTF72LZKAOZC4HRS6F7TJSP67FR2W3XW ''Finis Primus Et Ultimus Sacerdotis Triduo Expensus''], ubi dicitur "(...) Clero Stettenii ad Forum frigidum A. MDCCLII. Et Riedöschingae A. MDCCLIII (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Stetten'')</small> * [[Stettia ad Montem]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825">''Notitia Bavariae: sive de statu regni Bavariae'' (1825).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Stötten am Auerberg'')</small> * [[Stetwangium]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Stöttwang'')</small> * [[Stillans Petra]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Triefenstein'')</small> * [[Stockhemium (Franconia Inferior)|Stockhemium]]<ref name="Stockhemium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Stockheim'' in Latinam "Stockhemium" verti solet; v.gr., vide [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_r-_e081muIcC/page/n55/mode/2up?q=Stockhemium ''"Historia sacra, prophana, nec non politica, tribus tomis comprehensa...''], ubi dicitur "(...) acies Stockhemium dirigit (...)".</ref> <small>(in [[Franconia|Franconiā Inferiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Stockheim'')</small> * [[Stockhemium (Franconia Superior)|Stockhemium]]<ref name="Stockhemium"/> <small>(in [[Franconia|Franconiā Superiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Stockheim'')</small> * [[Stockhemium ad Moenum]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Wirceburgensis"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Mainstockheim'')</small> * [[Stockstadium ad Moenum]]<ref name="Stockstadium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Stockstadt'' in Latinam "Stockstadium" verti solet; v.gr., vide [https://opendata.uni-halle.de/bitstream ''Armorum Suecicorum Continuatio'']{{Nexus deficit|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) Stockstadium traiicere (...)".</ref><ref name="Moenus"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Stockstadt am Main'')</small> * [[Straubinga]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/> (Theodisce ''Straubing'') * [[Strewium Superius]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberstreu'')</small> * [[Strullendorfium]]<ref name="Imhof 1693"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Strullendorf'')</small> * [[Stubenberga (Bavaria Inferior)|Stubenberga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Stubenberg'')</small> * [[Stullnum]]<ref name="Ertl 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Stulln'')</small> * [[Suabacum]]<ref name="Brevis Bavariae geographia"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwabach'')</small> * [[Suandia]]<ref name="Regesta ... Boicarum Autographa"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwanstetten'')</small> * [[Suarza ad Moenum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/><ref name="Moenus"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwarzach am Main'')</small> * [[Suarza prope Naburgam]]<ref name="Schwarzach">Theodiscum toponymum ''Schwarzach'' in Latinam "Suarza" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref><ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwarzach bei Nabburg'')</small> * [[Sueiga prope Norimbergam]]<ref name="Schwaig">Theodisca vox ''Schwaig'' in Latinam "Sueiga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref><ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwaig bei Nürnberg'')</small> * [[Suessbacum Superius]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Obersüßbach'')</small> * [[Suevia Vicus]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00011793?lang=de ''Markt Schwaben''], ubi dicitur "(...) Sueviam Vicum (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Markt Schwaben'')</small> * [[Suevohusa]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwabhausen'')</small> * [[Suevomonachium]]<ref name="Brevis Bavariae geographia"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwabmünchen'')</small> * [[Sugenhemium]]<ref>Vide [https://digitale-sammlungen.de/en/details/bsb10664207 ''Facultatis iuridicæ...''], ubi dicitur "(...) Christoph. Sigismundo Mullero Sugenhemio-Franco (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Sugenheim'')</small> * [[Suidmuatiskircha]]<ref name="Traditionen ... Freising (744–926)">''Die Traditionen des Hochstifts Freising'', Tomus I (744–926).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Schweitenkirchen'')</small> * [[Suinda]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwindegg'')</small> * [[Sulzbacum ad Moenum]]<ref name="Lang 1844"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Sulzbach am Main'')</small> * [[Sulzberga (Algovia Superior)|Sulzberga]]<ref name="Sulzberga">Theodiscum toponymum ''Sulzberg'' in Latinam "Sulzberga" verti solet; v.gr., vide [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/details/bsb10833518 ''Quam Sub Praesido Divino Baltasar Boebelius...''], ubi dicitur "(...) Respondente Johanne Fechtio, Sulzberga-Marchico (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Sulzberg'')</small> * [[Sulzdorfium ad Saepem Coriariam]]<ref name="Ludewig 1715">Herbipolis Jubilans: sive de ortu, progressu, et variis eventibus Episcopatus Wirceburgensis (1715); auctore Ioanne Baptistā Ludewig.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Sulzdorf an der Lederhecke'')</small> * [[Sulzemoosium]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Sulzemoos'')</small> * [[Sulzfelda (Graffelti)|Sulzfelda]]<ref name="Sulzfelda">Theodisca vox ''Sulzfeld'' in Latinam "Sulzfelda" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://opendigi.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/opendigi/LXV223-3 ''1710 - 1817 - OpenDigi - Universität Tübingen''], ubi dicitur "(...) Sulzfeldae praestandas (...)".</ref> <small>(in [[Graffelti]]s<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Sulzfeld'')</small> * [[Sulzfeldum ad Moenum]]<ref name="Gibelstadium"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small><ref name="Moenus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Sulzfeld am Main'')</small> * [[Sulzhemium (Franconia Inferior)|Sulzhemium]]<ref name="Sulzhemium">Theodisca vox ''Sulzheim'' in Latinam "Sulzhemium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_HONMAAAAcAAJ/bub_gb_HONMAAAAcAAJ_djvu.txt ''Crucenacum Palatinum cum ipsius archisatrapia, ex historia, potissimum politica et litteraria, illustratum''], ubi dicitur "(...) Nierfténium, Ibicha, Lonshemium, Sulzhemium, Wolfshemiums (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Sulzheim'')</small> * [[Sulzthalium]]<ref name="Wagner 1681"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Sulzthal'')</small> * [[Sundrunhofa]]<ref>Vide [https://francia.ahlfeldt.se/page/documents/433 ''Regnum Francorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Sundrunhofa'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Sonderhofen'')</small/> * [[Sunihinga]]<ref>Vide [https://geschichte-bayerns.de/ortsnamen/artikel/Oberpfalz/Landkreis%20Regensburg/S%C3%BCnching/nbd7q ''Sünching''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''in loco quae dicitur Sunihinga'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Sünching'')</small> * [[Sunthemium ad Ronaham]]<ref name="Wagner 1681">''Notitia Germaniæ Antiquæ'' (1681) auctore Ioanne Iacobo Wagner.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Sondheim vor der Rhön'')</small/> * [[Suaninga Inferior]]<ref name="Bundschuch 1802"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Unterschwaningen'')</small> * [[Surberga]]<ref name="Matricula Frisingensis 1792"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Surberg'')</small> * [[Swarcza (Bavaria Inferior)|Swarcza]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(in [[Bavaria Inferior|Bavariā Inferiore]])</small> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Schwarzach'')</small> * [[Sylva Fuggerana]]<ref name="Pinacotheca Fuggerorum 1754">''Pinacotheca Fuggerorum S.R.I. Comitum ac Baronum'' (editio anni 1754).</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Markt Wald'')</small> {{div col end}} == T == {{div col|3}} * [[Tachinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Taching am See'')</small> * [[Tahardinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Tacherting'')</small> * [[Tanna]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Hohenthann'')</small> * [[Tanna (Bavaria Inferior)|Tanna]]<ref name="Wittmann 1789"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Tann'')</small> * [[Tapfheimium]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Tapfheim'')</small> * [[Taschendorfium]]<ref>Vide [https://galerieosobnosti.muzeumnj.cz ''Místopisný rejstřík obcí a měst Kravařska-Galerie osobností''], ubi dicitur "(...) Taschendorfium (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Markt Taschendorf'')</small> * [[Tegisingae]]<ref>Vide [https://werkstatt.formulae.uni-hamburg.de/texts/urn:cts:formulae:freising.bitterauf0576.lat001/passage/all ''Die Traditionen des Hochstifts Freising''], ubi dicitur "(...) AD TEGISINGAS ET QUIDAM (...) fecerunt ad Tegisingas similiter (...) fecerunt de Tegisinga (...) habuerunt ad Tegisingas (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Dasing'')</small> * [[Tegurinum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Tegernsee'')</small> * [[Teisendorfium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.e-rara.ch ''e-rara''], ubi dicitur "(...) Habitat circa Salisburgum, Teisendorfium (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Teisendorf'')</small> * [[Teisnacha]]<ref name="Wittmann 1789"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Teisnach'')</small> * [[Tennesberga]]<ref name="Wittmann 1789"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Tännesberg'')</small> * [[Tessemi Pontes]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Schöngeising'')</small> * [[Tettavia (Franconia Superior)|Tettavia]]<ref name="Imhof 1693"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Tettau'')</small> * [[Teublitzium]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Teublitz'')</small> * [[Teunzia]]<ref name="Wittmann 1789"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Teunz'')</small> * [[Teuschnitzium]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Teuschnitz'')</small> * [[Thaininga]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/details/historiamonaste00leutgoog/page/300/mode/2up?q=Thaininga ''Historia monasterii Wessofontani...''], ubi dicitur "(...) itinere Thaininga à monasterio nostro distat (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Thaining'')</small> * [[Thalamazzinga]]<ref>Vide [https://geschichte-bayerns.de/ortsnamen/artikel/Oberpfalz/Landkreis%20Regensburg/Thalmassing/i6yux ''Thalmassing''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''in loco qui dicitur Thalamazzinga'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Thalmassing'')</small> * [[Thannum ad Castrum]]<ref name="Luyts 1692"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Burgthann'')</small> * [[Theisseilum]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Theisseil'')</small> * [[Theodophorum]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Dietfurt an der Altmühl'')</small> * [[Theresium]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Theres'')</small> * [[Thierstenium (Montes Piniferi)|Thierstenium]]<ref name="Thierstenium>Theodiscum toponymum ''Thierstein'' in Latinam "Thierstenium" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Hofmannus}}.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Thierstein'')</small> * [[Thulba Superior]]<ref name="Ludewig 1715"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberthulba'')</small> * [[Thumbacum]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchenthumbach'')</small> * [[Thundorfia]]<ref name="Ludewig 1715"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Thundorf'')</small> * [[Thungersheimium ad Moenum]]<ref name="Wagner 1681"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Thüngersheim'')</small> * [[Thurmanni Saltus]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes II 1863"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Thurmansbang'')</small> * [[Thurnavia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Thurnau'')</small> * [[Thyrnavium (Bavaria)|Thyrnavium]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Thyrnau'')</small> * [[Tiefenbachium (Palatinatus Superior)|Tiefenbachium]]<ref name="Tiefenbachium"/> <small>(in [[Palatinatus Superior|Palatinatū Superiore]]<ref name="Palatinatus Superior"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Tiefenbach'')</small> * [[Tiefenbachium (prope Bataviam)|Tiefenbachium]]<ref name="Tiefenbachium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Tiefenbach'' in Latinam "Tiefenbachium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://es.scribd.com/document/417518508/Nicolaus-Reusner-Rervm-Memorabilivm-in-Pannonia-Svb-Tvrca-1453-1600-1770 ''Nicolaus Reusner - Rervm Memorabilivm in Pannonia SVB Tvrca 1453-1600''], ubi dicitur "(...) Ceterum Tiefenbachium aduentus (...)".</ref> <small>(prope [[Batavia (Bavaria)|Bataviam]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Tiefenbach'')</small> * [[Tiefenbachium (prope Landshutum)|Tiefenbachium]]<ref name="Tiefenbachium"/> <small>(prope [[Landshutum]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Tiefenbach'')</small> * [[Tierlechinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Tyrlaching'')</small> * [[Tiginga (Bavaria Inferior)|Tiginga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Teugn'')</small> * [[Tirschenruthum]]<ref name="Brevis Bavariae geographia"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Tirschenreuth'')</small> * [[Tisinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Teising'')</small> * [[Titamanninga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Tittmoning'')</small> * [[Tittinga]]<ref name="Oesterreicher III 1795"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Titting'')</small> * [[Tittlingium]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Tittling'')</small> * [[Toepenia]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Töpen'')</small> * [[Togingium ad Aenum]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Töging am Inn'')</small> * [[Tolzenarius]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Tölz'')</small> * [[Tontinhusa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Tuntenhausen'')</small> * [[Torrentium Alni]]<ref name="Hund I 1582"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Irlbach'')</small> * [[Torrentium Curvum]]<ref name="Hund I 1582"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Krumbach'')</small> * [[Torrentium Palustre]]<ref name="Rader 1615-1627"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Moosbach'')</small> * [[Torrentium Quercetum Inferius]]<ref name="Rader 1615-1627"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Niederaichbach'')</small> * [[Torrentium Ventosum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Windsbach'')</small> * [[Tounhusa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Thannhausen'')</small> * [[Trabizium]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Trabitz'')</small> * [[Traiectum Populi Inferius]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes II 1863"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Unterdietfurt'')</small> * [[Traiectus (Bavaria Inferior)|Traiectus]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1863"/> <small>(in [[Bavaria Inferior|Bavariā Inferiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Furth'')</small> * [[Traina (Bavaria Inferior)|Traina]]<ref name="Wittmann 1789"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Train'')</small> * [[Traitschinga]]<ref name="Wittmann 1789"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Traitsching'')</small> * [[Trans Lacum]]<ref name="Hund I 1582"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Übersee'')</small> * [[Trappstadium]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Trappstadt'')</small> * [[Traubingium Superius]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Obertraubling'')</small> * [[Traublinga Nova]]<ref name="Series Episcoporum Ratisbonensium">''Series Episcoporum Ratisbonensium''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Neutraubling'')</small> * [[Traunreutum]]<ref name="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">''Acta Apostolicae Sedis''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Traunreut'')</small> * [[Traunstenium]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Traunstein'')</small> * [[Trausnitzium]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Trausnitz'')</small> * [[Trebgastia]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Trebgast'')</small> * [[Treffelsteinium]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Treffelstein'')</small> * [[Troestavia]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Tröstau'')</small> * [[Trogenium]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Trogen'')</small> * [[Trostberga]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Trostberg'')</small> * [[Trubachia Superior]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Obertrubach'')</small> * [[Truftara]]<ref>Vide [https://www.erhfund.org/wp-content/uploads/009.pdf ''Herzogsgewalt und Friedensschutz''], ubi dicitur "(...) in loco qui vocatur Truftara (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Triftern'')</small> * [[Tschirna]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Tschirn'')</small> * [[Tuchenbacum]]<ref name="Ertl 1701"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Tuchenbach'')</small> * [[Tungidi]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Thüngen'')</small> * [[Turris Galeata]]<ref name="Hund I 1582">Hund, W., auctore (1582); ''Bayrisch Stammenbuch''. Pars I. [[Ingolstadium|Ingolstadii]]: David Sartorius.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Hutthurm'')</small> * [[Tussa]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Illertissen'')</small> * [[Tutzinga]]<ref name="Status 1742"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Tutzing'')</small> * [[Tuzinhusa]]<ref>Vide [http://francia.ahlfeldt.se/page/documents/19887 ''Regnum Francorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''locis Tiuoningouve et Tuzinhusa nominatis in Alimannia'' (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Tussenhausen'')</small> * [[Tuzsilinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Tüßling'')</small> {{div col end}} == U == {{div col|3}} * [[Uchtelhusium]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Üchtelhausen'')</small> * [[Uffenhemium]]<ref name="Brevis Bavariae geographia"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Uffenheim'')</small> * [[Ufinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Uffing am Staffelsee'')</small> * [[Ulfeldium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.ronlev.dk/bibliotek/2336.pdf ''Samlinger til Fyens Historie og Topographie : Sjette Bind.''], ubi dicitur "(...) conqverebatur sibi Jac. Ulfeldium obtrudere (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Uehlfeld'')</small> * [[Undersrieda]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Untrasried'')</small> * [[Unesleba]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Unsleben'')</small> * [[Ungerhusium]]<ref name="Annales Ottenburani 17 1861">''Annales Ottenburani'', apud ''Monumenta Germaniae Historica (Scriptores)'', Vol. 17, [[Hannovera]]e, 1861.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ungerhausen'')</small> * [[Unterleinleitera]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>(Theodisce ''Unterleinleiter'')</small> * [[Uotinga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Uettingen'')</small> * [[Ura (Franconia Inferior)|Ura]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Aura an der Saale'')</small> * [[Uraha (Franconia Superior)|Uraha]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(in [[Franconia|Franconiā Superiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Stegaurach'')</small> * [[Urbs Lonnarensis]]<ref name="Steichele 1864/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Lonnerstadt'')</small> * [[Urdorffium Superius]]<ref name="Status 1742">''Status Ecclesiasticus Dioecesis Frisingensis'', 1742.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberaudorf'')</small> * [[Urspergia]]<ref name="Steichele 1883"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ursberg'')</small> * [[Ursensollena]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ursensollen'')</small> * [[Ursinium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.edition-ursin.de/en/ ''Kloster Irsee''], ubi dicitur "(...) The Benedictine Abbey of Irsee (Monasterium Ursinium) was founded near Kaufbeuren in the Allgäu region of Bavaria in 1182. (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Irsee'')</small> * [[Ursinperga]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Irschenberg'')</small> * [[Urspringa (Bavaria)|Urspringa]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Urspringen'')</small> * [[Ustersbacum]]<ref name="Status ... Augustanae 1778">Status Ecclesiasticus Dioecesis Augustanae, [[Augusta Vindelicorum|Augustae Vindelicorum]], 1778.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Ustersbach'')</small> * [[Uttenreutha]]<ref name="Statistica ... Bambergensis 1791"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Uttenreuth'')</small> * [[Uttinga ad Lacum Ambrae]]<ref name="Meichelbeck II 1729"/>> <small>(Theodisce ''Utting am Ammersee'')</small> {{div col end}} == V == {{div col|3}} * [[Vachendorfium]]<ref name="Catalogus ... Archi-Dioecesis Salisburgensis 1774"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Vachendorf'')</small> * [[Vadum-Trunstadium]]<ref name="Rerum Boicarum Scriptores'">''Rerum Boicarum Scriptores''.</ref><ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1865">''Bavaria: Landes- und Volkskunde des Königreichs Bayern'', 1865.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Viereth-Trunstadt'')</small> * [[Vailhemium]]<ref name="DE SITU ARCHI ABBATI AE OTTILIENSIS"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Vailhemium'')</small> * [[Valdosassonia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Waldsassen'')</small> * [[Valeia]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Valley'')</small> * [[Vallis Aceris (Bavaria)|Vallis Aceris]]<ref name="Flora der...">''Flora der Gegend von Bamberg'', auctore Adalberto Friderico Marco.</ref> <small> (Theodisce ''Ahorntal'')</small> * [[Vallis Angelorum]]<ref name="Engelthal">Theodiscum toponymum ''Engelthal' in Latinam "Vallis Angelorum" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/PROZHAJ4TCG4L6I4GDJ5WHGNL7SDOLQI ''Heinrich, Graf zu Nassau (-we), Propst zu Bonn, bekundet''], ubi dicitur "(...) Kloster Engelthal (Vallis Angelorum) (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Engelthal'')</small> * [[Vallis Auracensis]]<ref name="Worschech 1998">''Germania Sacra'', Nova Series 38: ''Die Benediktinerabtei Münchaurach'', auctore Reinhardo Worschech (1998).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Aurachtal'')</small> * [[Vallis Biberae]]<ref name="Steichele 1872"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bibertal'')</small> * [[Vallis Eckenensis]]<ref name="Lexicon Recentis Latinitatis">''Lexicon Recentis Latinitatis'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana).</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Eckental'')</small> * [[Vallis Equorum (Bavaria)|Vallis Equorum]]<ref name="Will 1773">Will, G. A., auctore (1773); ''Bibliotheca Norica''.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Roßtal'')</small> * [[Vallis Fagea]]<ref name="Hofmann 1717"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Heimbuchenthal'')</small> * [[Vallis Fontium]]<ref name="Rader III 1624"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Brunnthal'')</small> * [[Vallis Henrici]]<ref name="Hofmann 1717"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Heinrichsthal'')</small> * [[Vallis Hummelina]]<ref name="Heller 1829">Heller, I., auctore (1829); ''Mohn's Wegweiser durch die bayerische Ober-Main-Kreis''. [[Bamberga]]e: Kunz.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Hummeltal'')</small> * [[Vallis Itciae]]<ref name="Ussermann 1801"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Itzgrund'')</small> * [[Vallis Kammeliana]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kammeltal'')</small> * [[Vallis Kuehleniana]]<ref name="Bucelin 1662"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kühlenthal'')</small> * [[Vallis Legis]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ettal'')</small> * [[Vallis Lutrae]]<ref name="Statistica ... Bambergensis 1791"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Lautertal'')</small> * [[Vallis Messingia]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes III 1865">''Bavaria: Landes- und Volkskunde des Königreichs Bayern'', Tomus III, 1865.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Thalmässing'')</small> * [[Vallis Pratensis (Bavaria)|Vallis Pratensis]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1744"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Wiesthal'')</small> * [[Vallis Ramis]]<ref name="Gropp Collectio 1741"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ramsthal'')</small> * [[Vallis Rodanae]]<ref name="Statistica ... Bambergensis 1791"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Rödental'')</small> * [[Vallis Sengensis]]<ref name="Falkenstein 1733">Falkenstein, Ioanne Paulo, auctore (1733); ''Antiquitates Nordgavienses''.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Sengenthal'')</small> * [[Vallis Urticarum]]<ref name="Steichele 1883"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Nesselwang'')</small> * [[Vallis Vulpium]]<ref name="Steichele 1872">Auctore Antonio von Steichele, ''Das Bistum Augsburg: historisch und statistisch beschrieben''. [[Augusta Vindelicorum|Augustae Vindelicorum]], 1872.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Fuchstal'')</small> * [[Vallis Vulturis]]<ref name="Hund 1719">Hund, Wiguleo, auctore; ''Metropolis Salisburgensis''. [[Ratisbona]]e, 1719.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Geiersthal'')</small> * [[Vallis Wisentae]]<ref name="Statistica ... Bambergensis 1791"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Wiesenttal'')</small> * [[Vallstadium Maius]]<ref name="Protokollum ... Herbipolensis 1754">''Protokollum Dioceseos Herbipolensis'', [[Herbipolis|Herbipoli]], 1754.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Großwallstadt'')</small> * [[Vallstadium Minus]]<ref name="Protokollum ... Herbipolensis 1754"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Kleinwallstadt'')</small> * [[Valsdorfium (Franconia Superior)|Valsdorfium]]<ref name="Walsdorf">Theodiscum toponymum ''Walsdorf'' in Latinam "Valsdorfium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&cq=M%C3%BCnchen&lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Walsdorf'')</small> * [[Velburgum]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Velburg'')</small> * [[Velda]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(in [[Provincia Franconia Media|Franconiā Mediā]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Velden'')</small> * [[Veldofinga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Feldafing'')</small> * [[Veliphoratusium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wolfratshausen'')</small> * [[Vellhemium]]<ref name="Wellheim">Theodisca vox ''Wellheim'' in Latinam "Vellhemium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://medit.lutheran.hu/files/haan_lajos_jena_hungarica_1858.pdf ''Iena Hungarica''], ubi dicitur "(...) Hambergero, Vellhemio, Bechmanno et Baiero usus sum (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Wellheim'')</small> * [[Veltkircha (Bavaria Inferior)|Veltkircha]]<ref name="Feldkirchen"/> <small>(in [[Bavaria Inferior|Bavariā Inferiore]])</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Feldkirchen'')</small> * [[Veltkircha (Monacum)|Veltkircha]]<ref name="Feldkirchen">Theodiscum toponymum ''Feldkirch(en)' in Latinam "Veltkircha" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> <small>(prope [[Monacum]]<ref name="Graesse"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Feldkirchen'')</small> * [[Veltkircha-Westerhamium]]<ref name="Feldkirchen"/><ref name="Westerham">Theodisca vox ''Westerham'' in Latinam "Westerhamium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [http://ducange.enc.sorbonne.fr/GALO1 Du Cange et al., ''Glossarium mediæ et infimæ latinitatis''], ubi dicitur "(...) apud Joann. Westerhamium (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Feldkirchen-Westerham'')</small> * [[Venetidunus Mons]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Windberg'')</small> * [[Ventus Abbatis]]<ref name="Schmaussii T II 1730">''Ioannis Jacobi Schmaussii Corpus Juris Gentium Academicum'', Tomus II, Lipsiae, 1730.</ref> <small>commune mercatūs (Theodisce ''Abtswind'')</small> * [[Ventus Giselae]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1865"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Geiselwind'')</small> * [[Veringa (ad Hilariam)|Veringa]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Vöhringen'')</small> * [[Vessofontana]]<ref name="DE SITU ARCHI ABBATI AE OTTILIENSIS"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wessobrunn'')</small> * [[Vestenbergogreutha]]<ref name="Statistica ... Bambergensis 1791"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Vestenbergsgreuth'')</small> * [[Vetus Eglofsheimium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.familia-austria.at/images/inhalte/datensammlung/oeffentlich/Chronik_Neulosimthal_1836-1945_Thomas_BRANDEL.pdf ''Pfarrchronik Neulosimthal 1836 – 1945''], ubi dicitur "(...) Donum Josephi Stauber, parochi Vetero Eglofsheimii (...)".</ref> (Theodisce ''Alteglofsheim'') * [[Via-Lucus-Dinghartingia]]<ref name="Matricula Frisingensis 1792">Matricula Canonica et Historica Episcopatus Frisingensis (1792).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Straßlach-Dingharting'')</small> * [[Via Salis]]<ref name="Salzweg">Theodiscum toponymum ''Salzweg' in Latinam "Via Salis" verti solet. V.gr. vide [http://www.ferienwohnung-susanne-hillbrand.at/ausflugstips.htm ''www.ferienwohnung-susanne-hillbrand.at''], ubi dicitur "(...) Via Salis (Salzweg in Altaussee mit Dokumentation der Salzerzeugung) (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Salzweg'')</small> * [[Viaecclesia]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1825"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Straßkirchen'')</small> * [[Vicus Mura]]<ref>Vide [https://de-academic.com/dic.nsf/dewiki/980896 ''Academic''], ubi dicitur "(...) Für 893 ist der Ortsname ''vicus mura'' genannt (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Muhr am See'')</small> * [[Vicus Scuttarensium]]<ref>Vide [http://imperium.ahlfeldt.se/places/1926.html ''Digital Atlas of the Roman Empire''], ubi dicitur "(...) Vicus Scuttarensium, Nassenfels (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Nassenfels'')</small> * [[Videna]]<ref name="Brevis Bavariae geographia"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weiden in der Oberpfalz'')</small> * [[Viehpachium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00032996?lang=en ''Niederviehbach''], ubi dicitur "(...) Viehpachium (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Niederviehbach'')</small> * [[Vilgertshusium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Vilgertshofen'')</small> * [[Villa (Bavaria Superior)|Villa]]<ref>Vide [https://www.weil.de/unsere-gemeinde/historie/geschichte-von-weil ''Gemeinde Weil''], ubi dicitur "(...) Die heutige Siedlung und der Name des Hauptortes Weil Weil (Wila, Villa = Guthof) sind römischen Ursprungs (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Weil'')</small> * [[Villa Denclonis]]<ref name="Zeiller 1694"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Denklingen'')</small> * [[Villa Didonis]]<ref name="Bundschuch 1800">Bundschuh, J. K., auctore (1802); ''Geographisches Statistisch-Topographisches Lexikon von Franken''. Vol. 2. [[Ulma]]e.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Igensdorf'')</small> * [[Villa Ecclesiastica]]<ref name="Hund I 1582"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchham'')</small> * [[Villa in Palude]]<ref name="Rader 1615-1627"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Moosinning'')</small> * [[Villa in Palude Thenningensis]]<ref name="Rader 1615-1627"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Moosthenning'')</small> * [[Villa Lupi (Bavaria)|Villa Lupi]]<ref name="Meichelbeck II 1729"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wolfersdorf'')</small> * [[Villa Marchilconis]]<ref name="Rader 1615-1627"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Marklkofen'')</small> * [[Villa Nitonis]]<ref name="Rader 1615-1627"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Nittendorf'')</small> * [[Villa Nova (Franconia Inferior)|Villa Nova]]<ref name="Steichele 1864/> <small>(Theodisce ''Neuendorf'')</small> * [[Villa Orientalis Superior]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberostendorf'')</small> * [[Villa Otmari Superior]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Oberottmarshausen'')</small> * [[Villa Patris]]<ref name="Annales Congregationis Mettenensis 1760">''Annales Congregationis Mettenensis'', Volumen 1, ([[Monacum|Monaci]], 1760.)</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Patersdorf'')</small> * [[Villa Pomorum]]<ref name="Rader III 1624"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Apfeldorf'')</small> * [[Villa Regia (Bavaria)|Villa Regia]]<ref name="Rader III 1624"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Königsdorf'')</small> * [[Villa Septentrionalis (Bavaria)|Villa Septentrionalis]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Nordendorf'')</small> * [[Villa Tagemari]]<ref name="Hentzner 1612"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Tagmersheim'')</small> * [[Villa Thieronis]]<ref name="Archiv ... Oberfranken 1844">''Archiv für Geschichte und Alterthumskunde von Oberfranken'' (1844).</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Thiersheim'')</small> * [[Villa Thininga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.deiningen.de/index.php/deiningen/gemeinde-deiningen/geschichte ''www.deiningen.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Urkunde aus dem Jahre 760 beglaubigt die Schenkung der Villa Thininga (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Deiningen'')</small> * [[Villa Tunnonis]]<ref name="Eckhart 1730"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Donnersdorf'')</small> * [[Villenbacum]]<ref name="Status ... Augustanae 1778"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Villenbach'')</small> * [[Vilseccum]]<ref name="Statistica ... Bambergensis 1791"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Vilseck'')</small> * [[Vilsheimium]]<ref name="Hagen 1749"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Vilsheim'')</small> * [[Vilshovium]]<ref name="Vilshofen"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Vilshofen an der Donau'')</small> * [[Vintshaemum]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Windsheim'')</small> * [[Viridarium Geroldi]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1865"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Geroldsgrün'')</small> * [[Vischi]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fischen im Allgäu'')</small> * [[Vischpachawa]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fischbachau'')</small> * [[Vitriaria (Franconia Superior)|Vitriaria]]<ref name="Glashütten">Theodisca vox ''Glashütten'' in Latinam "Vitriaria" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://saarland.digicult-museen.net/objekte/10143 ''Museen im Saarland''], ubi dicitur "(...) Glashütten (Vitriaria) (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Glashütten'')</small> * [[Vohburgum]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Vohburg an der Donau'')</small> * [[Vohenstraussium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Vohenstrauß'')</small> * [[Volcacum]]<ref name="Hollfeldium"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Volkach'')</small> * [[Volkenschwandium]]<ref name="Catalogus ... Ratisbonensis 1795"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Volkenschwand'')</small> * [[Vorbacum]]<ref name="Ferrarius 1670"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Vorbach'')</small> * [[Vorra]]<ref name="Statistica ... Bambergensis 1791"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Vorra'')</small> * [[Vuerida]]<ref>Vide [https://geschichte-bayerns.de/ortsnamen/artikel/Oberpfalz/Landkreis%20Regensburg/W%C3%B6rth%20a.d.Donau/911bd ''Wörth a.d.Donau''], ubi dicitur "(...) '' monasterium ad Vuerida'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Wörth an der Donau'')</small> * [[Vulpiopolis]]<ref name="Bavaria: Landes 1865"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Fuchsstadt'')</small> * [[Vulpius Molendinus]]<ref name="Annales Cistercienses 1659">''Annales Cistercienses''. [[Lugdunum|Lugduni]], 1659.</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Fuchsmühl'')</small> {{div col end}} == W == {{div col|3}} * [[Wachenrothum]]<ref name="Statistica ... Bambergensis 1791"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Wachenroth'')</small> * [[Wacheringa]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Waakirchen'')</small> * [[Wackersberga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wackersberg'')</small> * [[Wackersdorfium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wackersdorf]'')</small> * [[Waginga]]<ref>Vide [http://francia.ahlfeldt.se/page/documents/8595 ''Regnum Francorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''Uuaginga'' (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Waging am See'')</small> * [[Wagingariorum Mons]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wonneberg'')</small> * [[Waidhusium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10932874?p=378&cq=ad&lang=de ''Boicae Gentis Annalium Pars ...''], ubi dicitur "(...) Tum ad Waidhusium per sylvam Bohemicam progressus (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Waidhaus'')</small> * [[Waigolshusium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Waigolshausen'')</small> * [[Waischenfeldium]]<ref name="Statistica ... Bambergensis 1791"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Waischenfeld'')</small> * [[Walagowa]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wallgau'')</small> * [[Walarium]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Seehausen am Staffelsee'')</small> * [[Walda (Palatinatus Superior)|Walda]]<ref>Vide [https://geschichte-bayerns.de/ortsnamen/artikel/Oberpfalz/Landkreis%20Cham/Wald/xrc0z ''Wald''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''in loco nuncupante Walda'' (...)".</ref> <small>(in [[Palatinatus Superior|Palatinatū Superiore]]<ref name="Palatinatus Superior"/></small> <small>(Theodisce ''Wald'')</small> * [[Walderbacum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Walderbach'')</small> * [[Waldolvinga]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/urkundenbuchdes00cargoog/urkundenbuchdes00cargoog_djvu.txt ''Urkunden-buch des landes ob der Enns''], ubi dicitur "(...) in loco, qui uocatur uualdoluinga (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Wallerfing'')</small> * [[Waldershofium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Waldershof'')</small> * [[Waldstetta]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Waldstetten'')</small> * [[Waldthurnum]]<ref>Vide [https://prdl.org/recent_findings.php?s=91910&limit=10&&sort= ''Recent Findings''], ubi dicitur "(...) ac placido examini subiicit Zacharias Koch Waldthurno Palatinus (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Waldthurn'')</small> * [[Walkertshusium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Walkertshofen'')</small> * [[Wallenfelsium]]<ref>Vide [https://search.worldcat.org/es/title/Heinrici-Sondinger-Jcti-et-Reverendissimi-ac-Celsissimi-S.R.I.-Principis-Episcopi-Bambergensis-et-Wirceburgensis-Franciae-Orientalis-Ducis-Reliq.-Praefecti-Wallenfelsii-Vindiciae-iuridicae-dissertationis-inauguralis-suae-de-nobili-immediato-cum-persona-rustica-nuptias-contrahente-nobilitate-sua-and-feudis-ante-iam-habitis-in-perpetuum-privato-:-editae-Anno-MDCCLXIII/oclc/165233699 ''Heinrici Sondinger Jcti et Reverendissimi ac Celsissimi S.R.I. Principis Episcopi Bambergensis et Wirceburgensis Franciae Orientalis Ducis Reliq. Praefecti Wallenfelsii Vindiciae iuridicae dissertationis inauguralis suae de nobili immediato cum persona rustica nuptias contrahente, nobilitate sua & feudis ante iam habitis in perpetuum privato : editae Anno MDCCLXIII Heinrici Sondinger Jcti et Reverendissimi ac Celsissimi S.R.I. Principis Episcopi Bambergensis et Wirceburgensis Franciae''], ubi dicitur "(...) Praefecti Wallenfelsii (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Wallenfels'')</small> * [[Wallersdorfium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Wallersdorf'')</small> * [[Wallerstenium]]<ref name="Hofmannus"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Wallerstein'')</small> * [[Wallum (Suebia)|Wallum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Waal'')</small> * [[Waltenhova]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Waltenhofen'')</small> * [[Waltenhusium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Waltenhausen'')</small> * [[Waltingum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Walting'')</small> * [[Wangium (Bavaria Superior)|Wangium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wang'')</small> * [[Warmensteinacum]]<ref name="Imhof 1693"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Warmensteinach'')</small> * [[Wartenberga (Bavaria Superior)|Wartenberga]]<ref name="Wartenberg">Theodiscum toponymum ''Wartenberg'' in Latinam "Wartenberga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camena/del2/deliciae2.html ''Deliciae 2''], ubi dicitur "(...) Barones de Wartenberga (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Wartenberg'')</small> * [[Wattendorfium]]<ref name="Statistica ... Bambergensis 1791"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wattendorf'')</small> * [[Wazcerlosa]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wasserlosen'')</small> * [[Wechinga]]<ref name="Status ... Augustanae 1778"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wechingen'')</small> * [[Weicheringium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weichering'')</small> * [[Weichsium]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weichs'')</small> * [[Weidenbachium (Franconia Media)|Weidenbachium]]<ref name="Weidenbachium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Weidenbach'' in Latinam "Weidenbachium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://dspace.bcucluj.ro›bitstream›Theochar ''Geschichte von Brassó'']{{Nexus deficit|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ubi dicitur "(...) Weidenbachium relictis (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Weidenbach'')</small> * [[Weidenberga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.rambow.de/download/Bayreuther_Ordinationsbuch.pdf ''Bayreuther Ordinationsbuch''], ubi dicitur "(...) David Ellrod Weidenberga Francus (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Weidenberg'')</small> * [[Weidhusium prope Coburgum]]<ref name="Weidhausen">Theodiscum toponymum ''Weidhausen'' in Latinam "Weidhusium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://books.google.es/books/about/Anatomia_disputationis_Sperlingianae_ani.html?id=RPDCwQEACAAJ&redir_esc=y ''Anatomia disputationis Sperlingianae animae humanae creationi oppositae, quam sub praesidio Johannis Zeisoldi...''], ubi dicitur "(...) Weidhusio-Palatinus (...)".</ref><ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Weidhausen bei Coburg'')</small> * [[Weidinga (Circulus Camblensis)|Weidinga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Camblensis|Circulo Camblense]]<ref name="Camblensis"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Weiding'')</small> * [[Weidinga (Circulus Schwandorfensis)|Weidinga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Schwandorfensis|Circulo Schwandorfense]]<ref name="Circulus Schwandorfensis">Fingitur nomen "Circulus terrae Schwandorfensis" -Theodisce ''Landkreis Schwandorf'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma "circulus terrae" Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latino toponymo "[[Schwandorfium]]" -ad quod Latinum gentilicium "Schwandorfensis-e" refertur-, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10373625?p=85&cq=Neoburgum&lang=de ''Brevis Bavariae geographia''], ubi dicitur "(...) Schwandorfium, Schwandorf (...)". De gentilicio, confer [[binomen]] "Holzbergia schwandorfensis".</ref>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Weiding'')</small> * [[Weigendorfium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weigendorf'')</small> * [[Weigenheimium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weigenheim'')</small> * [[Weilersbacum (Franconia Superior)|Weilersbacum]]<ref name="Statistica ... Bambergensis 1791"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weilersbach'')</small> * [[Weilerum et Simmerbergum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Weiler-Simmerberg'')</small> * [[Weiltinga]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/compendiumtotius00kolb/compendiumtotius00kolb_djvu.txt ''Compendium totius orbis''], ubi dicitur "(...) Novostadium. Weiltinga (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Weiltingen'')</small> * [[Weintinga ad Laberem]]<ref name="Sartori 1845"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Laberweinting'')</small> * [[Weisacum Parochiale]]<ref name="Ussermann 1801"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Pfarrweisach'')</small> * [[Weisdorfium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.rambow.de/download/Bayreuther_Ordinationsbuch.pdf ''Bayreuther Ordinationsbuch''], ubi dicitur "(...) ad ecclesiam Weisdorfianam (...) Sigismundus Sdiilling Weisdorfio-Variscus (...) quae Christo Weisdorfii colligitur (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Weißdorf'')</small> * [[Weisendorfium]]<ref name="Statistica ... Bambergensis 1791"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Weisendorf'')</small> * [[Weissenburgum Noricorum]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weißenburg in Bayern'')</small> * [[Weissenhornium]]<ref name="Pareus"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weißenhorn'')</small> * [[Weissenstadium]]<ref name="Brevis Bavariae geographia"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weißenstadt'')</small> * [[Weitnavium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Weitnau'')</small> * [[Weitramsdorfium]]<ref name="Statistica ... Bambergensis 1791"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weitramsdorf'')</small> * [[Wegisceda]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Wegscheid'')</small> * [[Welda]]<ref name="Status ... Augustanae 1778"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Welden'')</small> * [[Wendelstenium (Franconia Media)|Wendelstenium]]<ref>Vide [https://dokumen.pub/die-alten-matrikeln-der-universitt-strassburg-1621-bis-1793-band-3-personen-und-ortsregister-reprint-2019nbsped-9783111618395-9783111242019.html ''Die alten Matrikeln der Universität Strassburg 1621 bis 1793''], ubi dicitur "(...) Wendelstenio-Palatinus (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Wendelstein'')</small> * [[Wenga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weng'')</small> * [[Wenzenbacum]]<ref name="Matricula Universitatis Ingolstadiensis II"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wenzenbach'')</small> * [[Werda (Bavaria)|Werda]]<ref name="Annales Tegernseensis 1858">''Annales Monasterii Tegernseensis'', apud ''Quellen und Erörterungen zur bayerischen Geschichte'', Volumen 7, a Comissione Historiae Bavariae editum (1858).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Wörthsee'')</small> * [[Werenshova]]<ref>Vide [https://en.bad-woerishofen.de/kneipp-bad-woerishofen/history-of-bad-woerishofen ''Bad Wörishofen''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''1067 Werenshova'' First mention in written records in a document including the name of noble Otthalm of Werenshova (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Wörishofen'')</small> * [[Werida (Bavaria)|Werida]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wörth an der Isar'')</small> * [[Weringa]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wehringen'')</small> * [[Wernberga-Koeblitium]]<ref name="Wernberga">Theodisca vox ''Wernberg'' in Latinam "Wernberga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www2.uibk.ac.at/downloads/Periochen/Seitenstetten/X-Seitenstetten_Rest/S36_De_BoleslaoII.Ossiach_1689.pdf ''Poenitentia Gloriosa sive Drama Extemporale''], ubi dicitur "(...) Dabamus Wernbergae, Die 16. Novembris, D: EDMUNDO Archipraessuli Sacrâ (...)".</ref><ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Wernberg-Köblitz'')</small> * [[Werneccum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Werneck'')</small> * [[Werrna Inferior]]<ref name="Catalogus Personarum ... Herbipolensis 1786"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Niederwerrn'')</small> * [[Werta]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Wertach'')</small> * [[Wertunga]]<ref>Vide [https://geschichte-bayerns.de/ortsnamen/artikel/Schwaben/Dillingen%20an%20der%20Donau/Wertingen/5f9x2 ''Wertingen''], ubi dicitur "(...) '' in villa Wertunga'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Wertingen'')</small> * [[Wessena Inferior]]<ref name="Catalogus ... Archi-Dioecesis Salisburgensis 1774">''Catalogus venerabilis cleri Archi-Dioecesis Salisburgensis'', [[Salisburgum|Salisburgi]], 1774.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Unterwössen'')</small> * [[Wesslingium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weßling'')</small> * [[Westendorfium (Algovia)|Westendorfium]]<ref name="Westendorf">Theodisca vox ''Westendorf'' in Latinam "Westendorfium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://phytotheque.wordpress.com/2020/02/23/handworterbuch-der-chemisch-a/ ''Handwörterbuch der chemisch – A''], ubi dicitur "(...) aceticum Westendorfii (...)".</ref> <small>(in [[Algovia|Algoviā]]<ref name="Algovia"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Westendorf'')</small> * [[Westendorfium (Augusta Vindelicorum)|Westendorfium]]<ref name="Westendorf"/> <small>(in [[Circulus terrae Augustae Vindelicorum|Circulus Augustā Vindelicorum]]<ref name="Augusta Vindelicorum"/>)</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Westendorf'')</small> * [[Westerheima (Algovia Inferior)|Westerheima]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Westerheim'')</small> * [[Westhemium (Franconia Media)|Westhemium]]<ref>Vide [https://books.google.es/books/about/Heinricum_Aucupem_Imperatorem_Public%C3%A8_d.html?id=JeunPgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y ''Heinricum Aucupem Imperatorem Publicè disputandum exhibet Præses M. Johannes Fridericus Artzberger, Westhemio Francus, Respondente Johanne Conrado Odontio, Suobaco Franco, Ad d. Octobris, in Auditorio consveto''], ubi dicitur "(...) Westhemio Francus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Westheim'')</small> * [[Wettringia (Franconia Media)|Wettringia]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wettringen'')</small> * [[Wettstetta]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wettstetten'')</small> * [[Wiara]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Weyarn'')</small> * [[Widaha]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Kirchweidach'')</small> * [[Wielenbachium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wielenbach'')</small> * [[Wiesentheidium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Wiesentheid'')</small> * [[Wiesethum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wieseth'')</small> * [[Wiesseum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Bad Wiessee'')</small> * [[Wiggensbachium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Wiggensbach'')</small> * [[Wilbacum (Bavaria)|Wilbacum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Weilbach'')</small> * [[Wilburgstetta]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wilburgstetten'')</small> * [[Wildenberga]]<ref name="Wildenberg">Theodisca vox ''Wildenberg'' in Latinam "Wildenberga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.e-rara.ch 11846811.pdf], ubi dicitur "(...) Wildenbergae (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Wildenberg'')</small> * [[Wildpoldsriedum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wildpoldsried'')</small> * [[Wilevilla]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Großweil'')</small> * [[Wilhelmersdorfium (Franconia Media)|Wilhelmersdorfium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00002149?lang=de ''Wilhelmsdorf''], ubi dicitur "(...) Wilhelmersdorfium (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Wilhelmsdorf'')</small> * [[Wilhelmi Vallis]]<ref name="Statistica ... Bambergensis 1791"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wilhelmsthal'')</small> * [[Wilhermsdorfium]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/s1id13206570/s1id13206570_djvu.txt ''Acta eruditorum, 1691''], ubi dicitur "(...) anno superiori Wilhermsdorfii (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Wilhermsdorf'')</small> * [[Willanzheima]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Willanzheim'')</small> * [[Willmarsium]]<ref name="Catalogus Personarum ... Herbipolensis 1786"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Willmars'')</small> * [[Willmeringa]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Willmering'')</small> * [[Wilstiga]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/historiadiploma01fredgoog/historiadiploma01fredgoog_djvu.txt ''Historia diplomatica Friderica Secundi''], ubi dicitur "(...) versus Wilstigam et Buchardesowe (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Wildsteig'')</small> * [[Wincera]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Winzer'')</small> * [[Winchilinga]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00031913?lang=en ''Niederwinkling''], ubi dicitur "(...) Winchilinga (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Niederwinkling'')</small> * [[Windacum]]<ref name="Status ... Augustanae 1778"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Windach'')</small> * [[Windelsbachium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Windelsbach'')</small> * [[Windina]]<ref name="Brevis Bavariae geographia"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wemding'')</small> * [[Windorfium]]<ref name="Windorf">Theodiscum toponymum ''Windorf'' in Latinam "Windorfium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://opendigi.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/opendigi/search?any=Windorfium ''Eberhard Karis Universität Tübingen''], ubi dicitur "(...) Epistola ad virum doctissimum, Matth. Guil. Fr. Windorfium, exhibens Corollarium ad interpretationem loci Paul. Gal. III, 19 / Knapp, G.C. (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Windorf'')</small> * [[Winiheringa]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Winhöring'')</small> * [[Winklarna]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Winklarn'')</small> * [[Winterbachium (Suebia)|Winterbachium]]<ref name="Winterbachium">Theodisca vox ''Winterbach'' in Latinam "Winterbachium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_fbRDAAAAYAAJ/bub_gb_fbRDAAAAYAAJ_djvu.txt ''"Metropolis Ecclesiae Trevericae''], ubi dicitur "(...) secundo flumine Winterbachium Erangio (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Winterbach'')</small> * [[Winterhusa]]<ref name="Annales Francorum 1698"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Winterhausen'')</small> * [[Wipfelda]]<ref>Vide [https://books.google.es/books?id=uEfidKGB1Y0C&q=Wipfelda&hl=es&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=2#v=snippet&q=Wipfelda&f=false ''De Vita Et Scriptis Conradi Celtis...''], ubi dicitur "(...) pagus est; sed ''Wipfelda'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Wipfeld'')</small> * [[Wirsberga]]<ref>Vide [https://search.worldcat.org/es/title/Dissertatio-Prior-in-qua-Analysis-and-Exegesis-Epistolae-C.-Plin.-Coecilii-Secundi-Lib.-X.-XCVII.-De-Cognitione-and-poenis-Christianorum-sub-Imperat.-Traiano-Praeside-Domino-Georg.-Casp.-Kirchmaiero-...-In-Alma-Leucorea-A.-O.-R.-MDCXCIII.-Eidib.-Novemb.-luci-publicae-Auctore-Respondente-M.-Joanne-Heinrico-Albino-Wirsberga-Franco-sistitur-../oclc/1394020888 ''Imagen de cubierta para Dissertatio Prior, in qua Analysis & Exēgēsis Epistolae C. Plin. Coecili[i] Secundi, Lib. X. XCVII. De Cognitione & poenis Christianorum sub Imperat. Traiano Praeside Domino Georg. Casp. Kirchmaiero, ... In Alma Leucorea A. O. R. MDCXCIII. Eidib. Novemb. luci publicae Auctore Respondente M. Joanne Heinrico Albino, Wirsberga-Franco, sistitur .. Dissertatio Prior, in qua Analysis & Exēgēsis Epistolae C. Plin. Coecilii Secundi, Lib. X. XCVII''], ubi dicitur "(...) Auctore Respondente M. Joanne Heinrico Albino, Wirsberga-Franco (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Wirsberg'')</small> * [[Wisenbachium (Suebia)|Wiesenbachium]]<ref name="Wiesenbach">Theodisca vox ''Wiesenbach'' in Latinam "Wisenbachium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://han.stadtarchiv.ch/inhalt/VadSlg_Ms_36_273.pdf ''Summa cum diligentia gandio me affecerunt''], ubi dicitur "(...) per wisenbachium (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Wiesenbach'')</small> * [[Wisenfelda]]<ref name="Wiesenfelden">Theodisca vox ''Wiesenfelden'' in Latinam "Wisenfelda" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://books.google.es/books/about/De_Modo_Qvo_Comminvtvs_Est_A_Mose_Vitvlv.html?id=C84izgEACAAJ&redir_esc=y ''De Modo Qvo Comminvtvs Est A Mose Vitvlvs Avrevs...''], ubi dicitur "(...) Frommanno Wisenfelda Cobvrgensi (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Wiesenfelden'')</small> * [[Wisenta (commune)|Wisenta]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wiesent'')</small> * [[Wisintowa]]<ref>Vide [https://www.dmgh.de/search?q=Herdegen ''dMGH Beta''], ubi dicitur "(...) et Hermannus laicus Herdegen de Wisintowa laicus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Wiesenthau'')</small> * [[Wisa (Bavaria)|Wisa]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Steinwiesen'')</small> * [[Wisaha]]<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_ZfgOAAAAYAAJ/bub_gb_ZfgOAAAAYAAJ_djvu.txt ''Das Urkundenbuch des Abtes Andreas im Kloster Michaelsberg bei Bamberg''], ubi dicitur "(...) predia mea Wisaha ad altare s. Michaelis (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Maroldsweisach'')</small> * [[Witegislinga]]<ref>Vide [https://geschichte-bayerns.de/ortsnamen/artikel/Schwaben/Dillingen%20an%20der%20Donau/Wittislingen/qx21o ''Wittislingen''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''ad oppidum quod nominatur Witegislinga'' (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Wittislingen'')</small> * [[Wittelshofium]]<ref name="Wittelshofium">Theodisca vox ''Wittelshofen'' in Latinam "Wittelshofium" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10660858?page=,1 ''Dissertatio De Translationibvs Ministrorvm In Veteri Ecclesia''], ubi dicitur "(...) Adamvs Oppenriedervs Wittelshofio-Onoldin (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Wittelshofen'')</small> * [[Wittibreutum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wittibreut'')</small> * [[Witzmannsbergum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Witzmannsberg'')</small> * [[Wollbachium (Franconia Inferior)|Wollbachium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wollbach'')</small> * [[Wolferstadium]]<ref name="Status ... Eustettensis 1792"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wolferstadt'')</small> * [[Wolfertschwendium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wolfertschwenden'')</small> * [[Wolmuotha]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Wolnzach'')</small> * [[Wonfurtum]]<ref>Vide [https://www.e-rara.ch ''Historia Bibliothecae Fabricianae''], ubi dicitur "(...) Wonfurto-wurzburgicus (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Wonfurt'')</small> * [[Woringouva]]<ref name="Orbis Latinus N-Z"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Warngau'')</small> * [[Worringa]]<ref>Vide [https://geschichte-bayerns.de/ortsnamen/artikel/Schwaben/Unterallg%C3%A4u/Woringen/m1vx9 ''Woringen''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''in duabus villis Worringa et Puirra'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Woringen'')</small> * [[Wulfershusa ad Salam]]<ref name="Catalogus Personarum ... Herbipolensis 1786">''Catalogus Personarum Ecclesiasticarum et Beneficiorum Dioecesis Herbipolensis'', (Herbipoli, 1786).</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Wülfershausen an der Saale'')</small> * [[Wunsesium]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00041682?lang=de ''Wonsees''], ubi dicitur "(...) Wunsesium (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Wonsees'')</small> * [[Wurmannsquicka]]<ref name="Elenchus ... Ratisbonensis 1845"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Wurmannsquick'')</small> * [[Wurmshamia]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Wurmsham'')</small> {{div col end}} == Z == {{div col|3}} * [[Zachenberga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Zachenberg'')</small> * [[Zandta]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Zandt'')</small> * [[Zangberga]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Zangberg'')</small> * [[ Zapfendorfum ad Moenum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Zapfendorf'')</small> * [[Zartinchiricha]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB10864944?p=545&cq=III&lang=de ''Historiæ Frisingensis''], ubi dicitur "(...) est hoc ad Zartinchiricha in III Kal Augusti (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Attenkirchen'')</small> * [[Zeitlofsium]]<ref name="Bader 1701"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Zeitlofs'')</small> * [[Zelha Inferior]]<ref>Vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/odb:BSB-ODB_S00026746?lang=en ''Obernzell''], ubi dicitur "(...) Zelha inferiori (...)".</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Obernzell'')</small> * [[Zellinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Zellingen'')</small> * [[Zennium Superius]]<ref name="Notitia Bavariae 1826">''Notitia Bavariae: sive de statu regni Bavariae'' (1826).</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Obernzenn'')</small> * [[Zentinga]]<ref name="Status .... Passaviensis 1784">''Status Ecclesiasticus Dioecesis Passaviensis''; [[Batavia (Bavaria)|Bataviae]], 1784.</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Zenting'')</small> * [[Zeulna Marchia]]<ref name="Fakckenstein 1739/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Marktzeuln'')</small> * [[Ziemetshusium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Ziemetshausen'')</small> * [[Ziertheimum]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Ziertheim'')</small> * [[Zirndorfium]]<ref name="Status ... Eustettensis 1792"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Zirndorf'')</small> * [[Zoeschingium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Zöschingen'')</small> * [[Zollinga]]<ref>Vide [https://francia.ahlfeldt.se/page/documents/9111 ''Regnum Francorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) ''in loco qui dicitur Zollinga'' (...)".</ref> <small>(Theodisce ''Zolling'')</small> * [[Zorogeltinga]]<ref name="Graesse"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Zorneding'')</small> * [[Zusmarshusa]]<ref>Hoc Latinum toponymum regressive derivatur Latino e gentilicio "Zusmarshusanus-a-um". Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://www.yumpu.com/de/document/view/21705822/online-ausgabe-download-pdf-datei-studienverlag ''Online-Ausgabe: Download pdf-Datei - StudienVerlag''], ubi dicitur "Joannes Jacobus Steb Zusmarshusanus Suevis logices studiosus."</ref> <small>[[commune mercatus|commune mercatūs]]</small> <small>(Theodisce ''Zusmarshausen'')</small> * [[Zwieselium]]<ref name="Monumenta Boica"/> <small>(Theodisce ''Zwiesel'')</small> {{div col end}} ==Notae== <references /> [[Categoria:Communia Bavariae|+]] 4qqetcgscnlq9w72pf0dkvdixvbie5n 0 222798 3960688 3960611 2026-05-19T12:26:44Z IacobusAmor 1163 3960688 wikitext text/x-wiki {{res|"The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)"}} est [[cantus]] [[iocus|iocularis]] duorum fratrum [[Norvegia]]norum nomine [[Ylvis]] cantantium anno [[2013]] in [[YouTube]] situ interretiali prolatus. Quem cantum plus quam quater centies decies centies miliens (400&thinsp;000&thinsp;000) hominum in YouTube mense Augusto anni [[2014]] spectaverunt. ==Argumentum== In cantu iocose disputatur, quemnam sonum [[vulpes]] emittant. Cum enim omnes sciamus aves pipiare, leones mugire et canes latrare, nemo scit, quid faciant vulpes. Multi absurdi soni coniectantur, ut puta ''ring-ding-ding-ding-dingeringeding'' et ''wa-pa-pa-pa-pa-pa-pow'' (sicut scribuntur in visifico cantūs). In fine autem visifici vulpes [[ars animandi|animata]] ipsa, quid dicere soleat, revelat cantans fere ''wa-wa-way-do wub-wid-bid-dum-way-do''. {{NexInt}} *[[Soni animalium]] == Nexus externi == * Samantha Highfill, [http://www.ew.com/article/2013/10/14/ylvis-what-does-the-fox-say "Meet Ylvis, the comedic brothers behind the accidentally successful 'What does the Fox say?'"]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''Entertainment Weekly'', 14 Octobris 2013. [[Categoria:Musica 2013]] [[Categoria:Carmina popularia]] ef1rmvje46l2t2s2pi8m2p780mbeglt 0 233262 3960781 3953805 2026-05-19T20:55:02Z Император 4187 3960781 wikitext text/x-wiki Hoc est [[Ecclesia Catholica|Ecclesiae Catholicae]] '''[[cardinalis |cardinalium]] viventium''' index. Hic index sodales vivos [[Collegium Cardinalium|Collegii Cardinalium]] exhibet. Nunc (a die {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAMEGEN}} {{CURRENTYEAR}} usque ad diem [[16 Aprilis]] [[2026]]), Collegium Cardinalium constat ex 243 cardinalibus ex 92 nationibus, quorum 121 aetatem 80 annorum attigerunt, quod significat eos non idoneos esse ad [[Conclave]] participandum. Sunt 121 cardinales electores ex 66 civitatibus. Collegium comprehendit cardinales nominatos ab: * 39 a Papa [[Ioannes Paulus II|Ioanne Paulo II]]; * 58 a Papa [[Benedictus XVI|Benedicto XVI]]; * 145 a Papa [[Franciscus (papa)|Francisco]]. Index secundum ordinationem cardinalium ordine chronologico ordinatur. Cardinalis natu maximus est Cardinalis Italicus [[Angelus Acerbi]], annos natus 100; minimus natu est Cardinalis Ucrainicus-Australianus [[Nicolaus Byčok]], annos natus 45. == Cardinales a Ioanne Paulo II == === Consistorium diei 2 februarii 1983 === * [[Michael Michai Kitbunchu]] === Consistorium diei 25 maii 1985 === * [[Franciscus Arinze]] * [[Paulus Iosephus Ioannes Poupard]] * [[Fridericus Wetter]] === Consistorium diei 28 iunii 1991 === * [[Nicolaus Iesus López Rodríguez]] * [[Rogerius Michael Mahony]] * [[Camillus Ruini]] === Consistorium die 26 mensis Novembris anno 1994 === * [[Iulius Riyadi Darmaatmadja]] * [[Emmanuel Wamala]] * [[Adam Iosephus Maida]] * [[Vinko Puljić]] * [[Ioannes Sandoval Íñiguez]] === Consistorium diei 21 mensis Februarii anno 1998 === * [[Iacobus Franciscus Stafford]] * [[Salvator De Giorgi]] * [[Antonius María Rouco Varela]] * [[Christophorus Schönborn]] * [[Norbertus Rivera Carrera]] * [[Ioannes Pujats]] === Consistorium diei 21 Februarii 2001 === * [[Ioannes Baptista Re]] * [[Iosephus Saraiva Martins]] * [[Crescentius Sepe]] * [[Gualtherius Kasper]] * [[Audrys Juozas Backis]] * [[Franciscus Xavierius Errázuriz Ossa]] * [[Vilfridus Fox Napier]] * [[Anscharius Andreas Rodríguez Maradiaga]] * [[Ioannes Ludovicus Cipriani Thorne]] === Consistorium diei 21 Octobris 2003 === * [[Iulianus Herranz Casado]] * [[Angelus Scola]] * [[Antonius Olubunmi Okogie]] * [[Gabriel Zubeir Wako]] * [[Iustinus Franciscus Rigali]] * [[Ennius Antonelli]] * [[Tarsicius Bertone]] * [[Petrus Kodwo Appiah Turkson]] * [[Iosephus Bozanić]] * [[Philippus Barbarin]] * [[Petrus Erdő]] * [[Marcus Ouellet]] == Cardinales a Benedicto XVI == === Consistorium diei 24 martii 2006 === * [[Francus Rodé]] * [[Augustinus Vallini]] * [[Gaudentius Rosales]] * [[Ioannes Petrus Ricard]] * [[Antonius Cañizares Llovera]] * [[Ioannes Patricius O'Malley]] * [[Stanislaus Dziwisz]] * [[Iosephus Zen Ze-kiun]] === Consistorium die 24 mensis Novembris anno 2007 === * [[Leonardus Sandri]] * [[Ioannes Lajolo]] * [[Angelus Comastri]] * [[Stanislaus Rylko]] * [[Raphael Farina]] * [[Ioannes Baptista Brady]] * [[Ludovicus Martínez Sistach]] * [[Angelus Bagnasco]] * [[Theodorus Hadrianus Sarr]] * [[Osvaldus Gracias]] * [[Franciscus Robles Ortega]] * [[Daniel Nicolaus DiNardo]] * [[Odilo Petrus Scherer]] * [[Ioannes Njue]] === Consistorium die 20 mensis Novembris anno 2010 === * [[Robertus Sarah]] * [[Franciscus Monterisi]] * [[Raimundus Leo Burke]] * [[Curtius Koch]] * [[Maurus Piacenza]] * [[Ioannes Franciscus Ravasi]] * [[Paulus Romeo]] * [[Donaldus Gulielmus Wuerl]] * [[Raimundus Damascenus Assis]] * [[Casimirus Nycz]] * [[Albertus Milcolumbus Ranjith]] * [[Reinhardus Marx]] * [[Gualterius Brandmüller]] === Consistorium diei 18 februarii 18 2012 === * [[Ferdinandus Filoni]] * [[Manuel Monteiro de Castro]] * [[Santos Abril y Castelló]] * [[Antonius Maria Vegliò]] * [[Iosephus Bertello]] * [[Franciscus Coccopalmerio]] * [[Ioannes Blasius de Aviz]] * [[Edvinus Fridericus O’Brien]] * [[Dominicus Calcagno]] * [[Iosephus Versaldi]] * [[Georgius Alencherry]] * [[Thomas Christopher Collins|Thomas Christophorus Collins]] * [[Gulielmus Iacobus Eijk]] * [[Iosephus Betori]] * [[Timotheus Dolan]] * [[Rainerius Maria Woelki]] * [[Ioannes Tong Hon]] === Consistorium, die 24 mensis Novembris anno 2012 === * [[Iacobus Michael Harvey]] * [[Béchara Petrus Raï]] * [[Isaac Cleemis Thottunkal]] * [[Ioannes Olorunfemi Onaiyekan]] * [[Ruben Salazar Gómez]] * [[Aloysius Antonius Tagle]] == Cardinales a Francisco Papa designati == === Consistorium diei 22 februarii 2014 === * [[Petrus Parolin]] * [[Laurentius Baldisseri]] * [[Gerardus Ludovicus Müller]] * [[Beniaminus Stella]] * [[Vincentius Nichols]] * [[Leopoldus Iosephus Brenes Solórzano]] * [[Geraldus Cyprianus Lacroix]] * [[Ioannes Petrus Kutwa]] * [[Oranus Ioannes Tempesta]] * [[Gualtherius Bassetti]] * [[Marius Aurelius Poli]] * [[Andreas Yeom Soo-jung]] * [[Ricardus Ezzati Andrello]] * [[Philippus Ouédraogo]] * [[Orlandus Quevedo]] * [[Chibly Langlois]] === Consistorium diei 14 februarii 2015 === * [[Dominicus Mamberti]] * [[Manuel Iosephus Macarius do Nascimento Clemente]] * [[Berhaneyesus Demerew Souraphiel]] * [[Ioannes Atcherley Dew]] * [[Petrus Nguyên Văn Nhon]] * [[Albertus Suárez Inda]] * [[Carolus Maung Bo]] * [[Franciscus Xaverius Kriengsak Kovithavanij]] * [[Franciscus Montenegro]] * [[Daniel Ferdinandus Sturla Berhouet]] * [[Ricardus Blázquez Pérez]] * [[Iosephus Ludovicus Lacunza Maestrojuán]] * [[Arlindo Gomes Furtado]] * [[Ioannes Baptista Paini Mafi]] * [[Ludovicus Hector Villalba]] * [[Iulius Duarte Langa]] === Consistorium die 19 mensis Novembris anno 2016 === * [[Marius Zenari]] * [[Adeodato Nzapalainga]] * [[Carolus Osora Sierra]] * [[Sergius a Rocha]] * [[Blasius Iosephus Cupich]] * [[Patricius D’Rozario]] * [[Balthasar Henricus Porras Cardozo]] * [[Iosephus de Kesel]] * [[Mauricius Piat]] * [[Coemgenus Iosephus Farrell]] * [[Carolus Aguiar Retes]] * [[Ioannes Ribat]] * [[Iosephus Guilielmus Tobin]] * [[Ernestus Simoni]] === Consistorium diei 28 iunii 2017 === * [[Ioannes Zerbo]] * [[Ioannes Iosephus Omella]] * [[Andreas Arborelius]] * [[Ludovicus-Maria Ling Mangkhanekhoun]] * [[Gregorius Rosa Chavez]] === Consistorium diei 28 iunii 2018 === * [[Ludovicus Raphaël I Sako]] * [[Aloisius Franciscus Ladaria Ferrer]] * [[Angelus de Donatis]] * [[Ioannes Angelus Becciu]] * [[Conradus Krajewski]] * [[Iosephus Coutts]] * [[Antonius Augustus dos Santos Marto]] * [[Petrus Ricardus Barreto Jimeno]] * [[Desiderius Tsarahazana]] * [[Iosephus Petrocchi]] * [[Thomas Aquinas Manyo Maeda]] * [[Toribius Ticona Porco]] * [[Aquilinus Bocos Merino]] === Consistorium diei 5 octobris 2019 === * [[Iosephus Tolentino de Mendonça]] * [[Ignatius Suharyo Hardjoatmodjo]] * [[Ioannes de la Caridad García Rodríguez]] * [[Fridolinus Ambongo Besungu]] * [[Ioannes Claudius Hollerich]] * [[Alvarus Leonellus Ramazzini Imeri]] * [[Matthaeus Maria Zuppi]] * [[Christophorus López Romero]] * [[Michael Czerny]] * [[Michael Ludovicus Fitzgerald]] * [[Sigitas Tamkevičius]] === Consistorium die 28 mensis Novembris anno 2020 === * [[Marius Grech]] * [[Marcellus Semeraro]] * [[Antonius Kambanda]] * [[Wilton Daniel Gregory]] * [[Iosephus Fuerte Advincula]] * [[Celestinus Aós Braco]] * [[Augustus Paulus Lojudice]] * [[Maurus Gambetti]] * [[Philippus Arizmendi Esquivel]] * [[Silvanous Maria Tomasi]] * [[Rainerus Cantalamessa]] * [[Henricus Feroci]] === Consistorium diei 27 Augusti 2022 === * [[Arthurus Roche]] * [[Lazarus You Heung-sik]] * [[Ferdinandus Vérgez Alzaga]] * [[Ioannes-Marcus Avelin]] * [[Petrus Ebere Okpaleke]] * [[Leonardus Ulricus Steiner]] * [[Philippus Neri Antonius Sebastianus do Rosário Ferran]] * [[Robertus Gualterius McElroy]] * [[Virgilius do Carmo da Silva]] * [[Anscharius Cantoni]] * [[Antonius Pula]] * [[Paulus Ceasar Costa]] * [[Gulielmus Goh Seng Chye]] * [[Adalbertus Martínez Flores]] * [[Georgius Marengo]] * [[Georgius Henricus Jiménez Carvajal]] * [[Henricus Miglio]] * [[Ioannes Franciscus Ghirlanda]] * [[Fortunatus Frezza]] === Consistorium Septembris 30, 2023 === * [[Claudius Gugerotti]] * [[Victorius Emmanuel Fernández]] * [[Christophorus Petrus]] * [[Petrus Baptista Pizzaballa]] * [[Stephanus Brizlin]] * [[Angelus Sixtus Rossi]] * [[Ludovicus Iosephus Rueda Aparicio]] * [[Gregorius Ryś]] * [[Stephanus Ameyu Martin Mulla]] * [[Iosephus Kobo Cano]] * [[Protasius Rugambwa]] * [[Sebastianus Francis]] * [[Stephanus Chow Sau-yan]] * [[Franciscus-Xaverius Bustillo]] * [[Americus Emmanuel Alviz Aguiar]] * [[Angelus Fernández Artime]] * [[Augustino Marchetto]] * [[Didacus Rafael Padrón Sánchez]] === Consistorium diei 7 Decembris 2024 === * [[Angelus Acerbi]] * [[Carolus Gustavus Castello Mattasoglio]] * [[Vincentius Bocalic Iglich]] * [[Ludovicus Gerardus Cabrera Herrera]] * [[Ferdinandus Natalius Chomali Garib]] * [[Tarcisius Isao Kikuchi]] * [[Paulus Virgilius Siongko David]] * [[Ladislaus Németh]] * [[Iacobus Spengler]] * [[Ignatius Bessy Dogbo]] * [[Ioannes Paulus Vesco]] * [[Dominicus Iosephus Mathieu]] * [[Robertus Repole]] * [[Balthasar Reina]] * [[Franciscus Leo]] * [[Rolandus Makrickas]] * [[Nicolaus Bychok]] * [[Timotheus Radcliffe]] * [[Fabius Baggio]] * [[Georgius Iacobus Kuwakad]] * [[Dominicus Battaglia]] == Cardinales electores == * [[Index cardinalium viventium qui papam eligere possunt|Indicem cardinalium viventium qui papam eligere possunt]] == Nexus externi == * [http://catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/scardc3.html Cardinales qui Papam eligere possunt] {{Ling| Anglice}} * [http://catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/scardb3.html Cardinales qui Papam eligere non possunt] {{Ling| Anglice}} == Notae == <references /> [[Categoria:Ecclesia Catholica|!]] [[Categoria:Indices hominum]] lzhow0k0svpcgpm92l5sjsom6j4pdvb 0 233498 3960771 3274605 2026-05-19T20:09:12Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3960771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Herbertus Helder''' (natus ''Herberto Hélder de Oliveira'' [[Funchal]] in [[Insula Materiae|Insulis Materiis]]die [[23 Novembris]] [[1930]]; mortuus [[Cascais]] die [[23 Martii]] [[2015]]) fuit [[poeta]] [[Lusitania|Lusitanus]] more [[surrealismus|surrealismo]]. [[Poema]]ta experimentalia [[avant-garde]] scripsit. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Herberto Hélder|Herbertum Helder}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150327040617/http://www.triplov.com/herberto_helder/index.html Biographia et opera] {{scriptor-stipula}} {{Lifetime|1930|2015|Helder, Herbertus}} [[Categoria:Auctores Lusitanici]] [[Categoria:Poetae Portugalliae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Portugalliae]] gqyo6f1ak93qlowl827wqaem75s8cet 0 239315 3960757 3668334 2026-05-19T16:49:12Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3960757 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Al'Khalifa Putin Ecclestone.jpeg|thumb|upright=1.5|Hamidus gentis Chalifae (ad sinistram partem), [[Vladimirus Putin]], [[Bernardus Ecclestone]] [[Sotzium|Sotzii]] die [[12 Octobris]] [[2014]] certamen autocinetorum spectantes]] '''Hamidus Isae filius Salmani nepos gentis Chalifae''' (vulgo ''Ḥamad ibn ʿĪsā ibn Salmān Āl Ḫalīfa''<ref>Nomen avi [[Salmanus Hamidi filius gentis Chalifae|Salmani]] inserere oportet ut rex hodiernus a proavo [[Hamidus Isae filius Alis filii gentis Chalifae|Hamido Isae filio Alis filii gentis Chalifae]] distinguetur.</ref> vel litteris Arabicis حمد بن عيسى بن سلمان آل خليفة; natus apud [[al-Rifāʿ]] die [[28 Ianuarii]] [[1950]]), alumnus [[Schola Leysiana|Scholae Leysianae]] [[Cantabrigia|Cantabrigiensis]], filius [[Isa Salmani filius gentis Chalifae|Isae Salmani filii]] curatoris insulae [[Baharina]]e qui se emirum proclamaverit anno [[1971]], fuit ipse emirus ab anno [[1999]], patris successor. Se regem proclamavit anno [[2002]]. == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references /></div> == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190402034637/https://www.mofa.gov.bh/Default.aspx?tabid=137&language=en-US Vita apud ministerium rerum externarum] {{Ling|Anglice}} {{Bio-stipula}} {{Principes Baharinae}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hamidus gentis Chalifae}} [[Categoria:Nati 1950]] [[Categoria:Homines vivi]] [[Categoria:Politici Baharinae]] [[Categoria:Reges]] [[Categoria:Duces civitatum]] [[Categoria:Alumni Scholae Leysianae]] 4762vt75en76ppbx5sagfd07qvonqha 0 240403 3960759 3856230 2026-05-19T17:42:56Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3960759 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-2}}{{Titulus italicus}} {{Pellicula |Imago=Hasta el fin del Mundo.png |Titulus= Hasta el fin del mundo |Latinus titulus=Ad finem mundi |Annus= [[2009]] |Factor=Nicandro Díaz |Moderator= |Scriptor=Enrique Estevanez |Actores=Marjorie de Sousa et [[Iulianus Gil]] Claudia Álvarez, Diego Olivera |Compositor= |Dies publicandi=[[28 Iulii]] 2009 |Fundata in =[[Televisa]] |Duratio=42-45 min. (191 partes) |Natio=Mexicum |Lingua= Hispanice }} '''''Hasta el fin del mundo''''' ('Ad finem mundi'), olim '''''Sangre de guerreras''''' ([[Sanguis]] [[bellator]]um) appellata,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tinoco|first1=Armando|title=‘Sangre de guerreras’ Telenovela Cast: Marjorie De Sousa, Danna Paola And Claudia Álvarez Confirmed For ‘Dulce amor’ Televisa Remake|url=http://www.latintimes.com/sangre-de-guerreras-telenovela-cast-marjorie-de-sousa-danna-paola-and-claudia-alvarez-confirmed|website=latintimes.com|accessdate=1 October 2017}}</ref> est [[telenovela]] [[Mexicum|Mexicana]] anno [[2014]] creata, a Nicandro Díaz producta, et a Ricardo de la Parra et Marta Luna directa. Marjorie de Sousa clara [[protagonista]], [[Iulianus Gil]] [[antagonista]] est. ==Argumentum fabulae== Quaedam Sophia prospere vivit, et Salvator [[auriga]] amasius est. Una cum ceteris pugnantes, [[amor]]em defendunt. == Personae == * [[Marjorie de Sousa]] : Sofía Ripoll Bandy<ref>{{cite web |language=Hispanice |url=http://novelasyseries.univision.com/hasta-el-fin-del-mundo/personajes/article/2014-07-30/marjorie-de-sousa-es-sofia-ripoll |title=Marjorie de Sousa es Sofía Ripoll |author=Televisa |date=30 Iulii 2014 |accessdate=20 Ianuarii 2015}}</ref> * David Zepeda : Salvador « Chava » Cruz #2<ref>{{cite web |language=Hispanice |url=http://novelasyseries.univision.com/hasta-el-fin-del-mundo/personajes/article/2014-07-30/david-zepeda-es-salvador-cruz |title=David Zepeda es Salvador Cruz |author=Televisa |date=30 Iulii 2014 |accessdate=20 Ianuarii 2015}}</ref> * [[Pedro Fernández]] : Salvador « Chava » Cruz #1 * [[Iulianus Gil]] ''(Julián Gil)'' : Patricio Iturbide<ref>{{cite web |language=Hispanice |url=http://novelasyseries.univision.com/hasta-el-fin-del-mundo/personajes/article/2014-07-30/julian-gil-es-patricio-iturbide |title=Julián Gil es Patricio Iturbide |author=Televisa |date=30 Iulii 2014 |site=novelasyseries.univision.com |accessdate=20 Ianuarii 2015}}</ref> * [[Claudia Álvarez]] : Alexa Ripoll Bandy<ref>{{cite web |language=Hispanice |url=http://novelasyseries.univision.com/hasta-el-fin-del-mundo/personajes/article/2014-07-30/claudia-alvarez-es-alexa-ripoll |title=Claudia Álvarez es Alexa Ripoll |author=Televisa |date=30 Iulii 2014 |site=novelasyseries.univision.com |accessdate=20 Ianuarii 2015}}</ref> * [[Diego Olivera]] : Armando Romero<ref>{{cite web |language=Hispanice |url=http://novelasyseries.univision.com/hasta-el-fin-del-mundo/personajes/article/2014-07-30/diego-olivera-es-armando-romero |title=Diego Olivera es Armando Romero |author=Televisa |date=30 Iulii 2014 |site=novelasyseries.univision.com |accessdate=20 Ianuarii 2015}}</ref> * [[Mariana Seoane]] : Silvana Blanco<ref>{{cite web |language=Hispanice |url=http://novelasyseries.univision.com/hasta-el-fin-del-mundo/personajes/article/2014-07-30/mariana-seoane-es-silvana-blanco |title=Mariana Seoane es Silvana Blanco |author=Televisa |date=30 Iulii 2014 |site=novelasyseries.univision.com |accessdate=20 Ianuarii 2015}}</ref> == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == * {{IMDb title|3886214|Hasta el fin del mundo}} * [http://www.filmaffinity.com/es/film351763.html Hasta el fin del mundo in Affinity] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150823031654/http://television.televisa.com/telenovelas/hasta-el-fin-del-mundo/ Hasta el fin del mundo in Televisa] [[Categoria:Series televisificae]] [[Categoria:Programmata televisifica 2014]] lrmxkr1e3k4d2edj9ujxqicgv6tzixg 0 248736 3960767 3956198 2026-05-19T19:11:07Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3960767 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Henry Cowell as a young man.jpg|thumb|175px|Cowell iuvenis.]] [[Fasciculus:Sidney Robertson Cowell NYWTS.jpg|thumb|175px|[[Sidney Robertson Cowell]], [[uxor]], 1948.]] '''Henricus Cowell''' ([[11 Martii]] [[1897]]—[[10 Decembris]] [[1965]]) fuit [[compositor]], [[theorista]] [[theoria musicae|musicae]], [[clavilista]], [[magister]], [[publicator]], et [[impresario]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]]. Eius donum [[historia musica|historiae musicae]] a [[Vergilius Thomson|Vergilio Thomson]], [[decennium 196|annis 1950]] ineuntibus scribente, summatim describitur: <blockquote>Musica Henrici Cowell latiorem iactum expressionis et artis rationis habet quam musica ullius [[compositor]]is vivi alius. Eius experimenta, abhinc [[decennium|decenniorum]] tria [[rhythmus|rhythmo]], [[harmonia]], et [[sonus|sonis]] [[instrumentum musicum|instrumentorum]] coepta, a multis tum fera habebantur. Quae hodie sunt [[Biblia Sacra|Biblia]] iuvenum et nihilominus, [[conservatismus|conservativis]], "provecta." . . . Nemo alius nostri temporis [[compositor]] corpus protulit operum tam extremum et tam normativum, tam acutum et tam amplum. Huic operi solido eius cursu diuturno et auctoritate gravi ut [[educatio|paedagogus]] addito, confectio quidem Henrici Cowell gravissima videtur. [[Nihil]] eius simile est omnino. Ambos fecundum et rectum esse paucis donatur.<ref>[[Anglice]]: "Henry Cowell's music covers a wider range in both expression and technique than that of any other living composer. His experiments begun three decades ago in rhythm, in harmony, and in instrumental sonorities were considered then by many to be wild. Today they are the Bible of the young and still, to the conservatives, "advanced." . . . No other composer of our time has produced a body of works so radical and so normal, so penetrating and so comprehensive. Add to this massive production his long and influential career as a pedagogue, and Henry Cowell's achievement becomes impressive indeed. There is no other quite like it. To be both fecund and right is given to few."</ref><ref>Thomson (2002), p. 167.</ref><ref>Recentissima scriptorum Vergilii Thomson congeries normativa, a [[Ricardus Kostelanetz|Ricardo Kostelanetz]] edita et anno 2002 prolata, hanc affirmationem sine tempore agnoscit. Affirmatio affertur in notis [[phonodiscus|disci]] ''Henry Cowell: Piano Music'' (Smithsonian Folkways CD, 1993), ubi verba anno [[1953]] attribuuntur, sine fonte. Quia (a) multa tempora rerum clavilistarum Cowellianarum in notis Folkways falsa sunt (vide Hicks [2002]:80) et (b) Thomson "experimenta abhinc [[decennium|decenniorum]] tria coepta" dicit, tempus ante [[1953]] verisimile est.</ref></blockquote> {{NexInt}} *[[Colinus McPhee]] ==Notae== <div class="references-small"><references/></div> ==Bibliographia== *Bartok, Peter, Moses Asch, Marian Distler, et Sidney Cowell. Notae ''Henry Cowell: Piano Music'' (Smithsonian Folkways 40801). Retractatae a Sorrel Hays (1993 [1963]) *Boziwick, George. [[2000]]. [http://muse.jhu.edu/demo/notes/v057/57.1boziwick.html Henry Cowell at the New York Public Library: A Whole World Of Music.] ''Notes'' [Music Library Association], 57(1) *Bredow, Moritz von. [[2012]]. Rebellische Pianistin. Das Leben der Grete Sultan zwischen Berlin und New York. Moguntiaci: Schott Music. ISBN 9783795708009. *Cage, John. [[1959]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120505235451/http://www.zakros.com/mica/soundart/s04/cage_text.html History of Experimental Music in the United States.] ''Silence'' (1971 [1961]):67–75. Middletown Connecticutae: Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 0819560286. *Cowell, Henry. [[1963]], [[1993]]. "Henry Cowell's Comments: The composer describes each of the selections in the order in which they appear." Cursus 20 in ''Henry Cowell: Piano Music.'' Smithsonian Folkways 40801. *Gann, Kyle. [[1995]]. ''The Music of Conlon Nancarrow.'' Cantabrigiae, Novi Eboraci, et Melburni: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521028078. *Harrison, Lou. [[1997]]. Learning from Henry. In ''The Whole World of Music: A Henry Cowell Symposium'', ed. Nicholls, 161–167. *Hicks, Michael. [[2002]]. ''Henry Cowell, Bohemian.'' Urbanae: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0252027515. *Kirkpatrick, John, et al. [[1997]] [[1988]]. ''20th-Century American Masters: Ives, Thomson, Sessions, Cowell, Gershwin, Copland, Carter, Barber, Cage, Bernstein.'' Novi Eboraci et Londinii: W. W. Norton. ISBN 0393315886. *Lichtenwanger, William. [[1986]]. ''The Music of Henry Cowell: A Descriptive Catalogue.'' Brooklynii: Brooklyn College Institute for Studies in American Music. ISBN 0914678264. *Mead,Rita H. [[1981]]. ''Henry Cowell's New Music, 1925–1936.'' Ann Arbor Michiganiae: UMI Research Press.<!--excerpted [http://www.o-art.org/history/early/_CowellN.Mus./NewMusic/NMIXrythmic.html online]).--> ISBN 0835711706. *Nicholls, David. [[1991]]. ''American Experimental Music 1890–1940.'' Cantabrigiae, Novi Eboraci, et Mulburni: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 052142464X. *Nicholls, David, ed. [[1997]]. ''The Whole World of Music: A Henry Cowell Symposium.'' Amstelodami: Harwood Academic Press. ISBN 9057550032. *Nicholls, David, ed. [[1998]]. ''The Cambridge History of American Music.'' Cantabrigiae, novi Eboraci, et Melburni: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521454298. *Oja, Carol J. [[1998]]. Notae. ''Henry Cowell: Mosaic.'' Mode 72/73. *Oja, Carol J. [[2000]]. ''Making Music Modern: New York in the 1920s.'' Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195058496. *Sollberger, Harvey. [[1974]], [[1992]]. Notae. ''Percussion Music: Works by Varèse, Colgrass, Saperstein, Cowell, Wuorinen.'' Nonesuch 9 79150-2. *Sublette, Ned. [[2004]]. ''Cuba and Its Music: From the First Drums to the Mambo.'' Sicagi: Chicago Review Press. ISBN 1556525168. *Thomson, Virgil. [[2002]]. ''Virgil Thomson: A Reader—Selected Writings 1924–1984.'' Ed. Richard Kostelanetz. Novi Eboraci et Londinii: Routledge. ISBN 0415937957. ==Bibliographia addita== *Carwithen, Edward R. [[1991]]. Henry Cowell: Composer and Educator. Dissertatio [[Ph.D.]], University of Florida. *Cowell, Henry, et Sidney Cowell. [[1955]]], [[1981]]. ''Charles Ives and His Music.'' Novi Eboraci: Da Capo. ISBN 0306761254. *Cowell, Henry.[[1930]], [[1996]]. ''New Musical Resources.'' Ed., cum commentario, a David Nicholls. Cantabrigiae, Novi Eboraci, et Melburni: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521499747. *Cowell, Henry. [[2002]]. ''Essential Cowell: Selected Writings on Music,'' ed., cum introductione, Dick Higgins, praefatio Kyle Gann. Kingston Novi Eboraci: McPherson. ISBN 0929701631. *Galván, Gary. [[2006]]. Cowell in Cartoon: A Pugilistic Pianist’s Impact on Pop Culture. Hawaii International Conference on Arts and Humanities, 11–14 Ianuarii 2006, Conference Proceedings. ISSN 15415899. *Galván, Gary. [[2007]]. Henry Cowell in the Fleisher Collection. Dissertatio [[Ph.D.]], University of Florida. *Johnson, Steven. [[1993]]. Henry Cowell, John Varian, and Halcyon. ''American Music'' 11(1):1-27. *Sachs, Joel. [[2012]]. ''Henry Cowell: A Man Made of Music.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195108958. *Saylor, Bruce. [[1977]]. ''The Writings of Henry Cowell: A Descriptive Bibliography.'' Brooklinii: Brooklyn College Institute for Studies in American Music. ISBN 0914678078. *Spilker, John D. [[2010]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110815203847/http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04032010-120836/unrestricted/Spilker_J_Dissertation_2010.pdf "Substituting a New Order": Dissonant Counterpoint, Henry Cowell, and the Network of Ultra-Modern Composers.] Dissertatio [[Ph.D.]], Florida State University.<!-- ==Discographia selecta== ===Documenta auditoria a Cowell facta=== * ''Henry Cowell: Piano Music'' (Smithsonian Folkways 40801)—performances of twenty of his compositions for solo piano, including ''Dynamic Motion'', ''The Tides of Manaunaun'', ''Aeolian Harp'', ''The Banshee'', and ''Tiger'', and a commentary track (album pictured in article) * ''Tales of Our Countryside'' (American Columbia 78rpm Set X 235, recorded July 5, 1941)—the All-American Youth Orchestra conducted by [[Leopold Stokowski]], with Cowell as piano soloist ===Alia documenta auditoria eius operum=== * ''American Piano Concertos: Henry Cowell'' (col legno 20064)—large-ensemble pieces, including Concerto for Piano and Orchestra and Sinfonietta, as well as ''The Tides of Manaunaun'' and other pieces for solo piano; performed by the Saarbrücken Radio Symphony Orchestra, Michael Stern—director, Stefan Litwin—piano * ''The Bad Boys!: George Antheil, Henry Cowell, Leo Ornstein'' (hatHUT 6144)—solo piano pieces, including ''Anger Dance,'' ''The Tides of Manaunaun,'' and ''Tiger''; performed by Steffen Schleiermacher * ''Dancing with Henry'' (mode 101)—solo and chamber pieces, including two versions of Ritournelle (Larghetto); performed by California Parallèle Ensemble, Nicole Paiement–conductor and director, Josephine Gandolfi—piano * ''Henry Cowell'' (First Edition 0003)—orchestral pieces, including ''Ongaku'' and ''Thesis'' (Symphony No. 15); performed by Louisville Orchestra, Robert S. Whitney and Jorge Mester—conductors * ''Henry Cowell: A Continuum Portrait, Vol. 1'' (Naxos 8.559192) and ''Vol. 2'' (Naxos 8.559193)—solo, chamber, vocal, and large-ensemble pieces; performed by Continuum, Cheryl Seltzer and Joel Sachs—directors * ''Henry Cowell: Mosaic'' (mode 72/73)—solo and chamber pieces, including ''Quartet Romantic'', ''Quartet Euphometric'', ''Mosaic Quartet'' (String Quartet No. 3), ''Return'', and three versions of ''26 Simultaneous Mosaics''; performed by Colorado String Quartet and Musicians Accord * ''Henry Cowell: Persian Set'' (Composers Recordings Inc. CRI-114 recorded April 1957 and reissued on Citadel CTD 88123)—Four movements for Chamber Orchestra, Leopold Stokowski—conductor * ''Henry Cowell: Persian Set'' (Koch 3-7220-2 HI)—orchestral and large-ensemble pieces, including ''Hymn and Fuguing Tune No. 2''; performed by Manhattan Chamber Orchestra, Richard Auldon Clark—conductor * ''New Music: Piano Compositions by Henry Cowell'' (New Albion 103)—solo piano pieces, including ''Dynamic Motion'', ''The Tides of Manaunaun'', ''Aeolian Harp'', and ''Tiger''; performed by Chris Brown, Sorrel Hays, and others * ''Songs of Henry Cowell'' (Albany–Troy 240)—including ''How Old Is Song?'', ''Music I Heard'', and ''Firelight and Lamp''; performed by Mary Ann Hart—mezzo-soprano, Robert Osborne—bass-baritone, Jeanne Golan—pianist--> ==Nexus externi== ===Archiva=== *[http://archives.nypl.org/mus/20359 Chartae Henrici Cowell papers, 1851-1994,] archives.nypl.org (Music Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts) *[http://www.nypl.org/ead/3351 "Henry Cowell collection of Noncommercial Recordings, 1940-1953,"] www.nypl.org (Rodgers and Hammerstein Archives of Recorded Sound, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts) *[http://catalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?Search%5FArg=Cowell%2C%20Henry&Search%5FCode=NAME%5F&CNT=25&PID=3249&BROWSE=1&HC=485&SID=1 Congeries Henrici Cowell,] catalog.loc.giv (Bibliotheca Congressionalis) ===Alii situs=== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060113193847/http://schoenberg.at/1_as/schueler/berlin/Cowell_e.htm "Berlin Students: Henry Cowell,"] www.schoenberg,at *[https://web.archive.org/web/20051118173455/http://www.newalbion.com/NA122/ ''Drums Along the Pacific,''] www.newalbion.com (de Cowell, Harrison, et Cage) *Garland, Peter. [[2006]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20061001201326/http://www.otherminds.org/pdf/Henry_Cowell.doc2.pdf "Henry Cowell: Giving Us Permission,"] www.otherminds.org (PDF) *[http://www.cowellpiano.com "Henry Cowell—Piano Music,"] www.cowellpiano.com *[http://www.schirmer.com/default.aspx?TabId=2419&State_2872=3&ComposerID_2872=297&CategoryID_2872=0 "Henry Cowell Work List,"]{{Nexus deficit|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} www.schirmer.com (G. Schirmer) *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060909164313/http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04142005-124248/unrestricted/StallingsThesis.pdf New Growth from New Soil,] etd.lib.fsu.edu (thesis magistralis 2004–2005) *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050313114124/http://www.city-net.com/~moko/rbackgnd.html "Opaque Melodies: The Rhythmicon—Definition,"] www.city-net.com *Stone, Peter. [http://www.culturalequity.org/alanlomax/ce_alanlomax_profile_cowells.php "Sidney and Henry Cowell,"] www.culturalequity.org (Association for Cultural Equity) *Gann, Kyle. [http://www.kylegann.com/Cowell.html "Subversive Prophet: Henry Cowell as Theorist and Critic,"] www.kylegann.com *[http://hdl.handle.net/1802/1409 "What's This (First Encore to Dynamic Motion),"] hdl.handle.net (Sibley Music Library Digital Scores Collection)<!-- * {{IMSLP|id=Cowell, Henry}}--> ===Auditio=== *[http://musicmavericks.publicradio.org/rhythmicon/ ''The Online Rhythmicon,''] musicmavericks.publicradio.org (Americam Mavericks) *[http://musicmavericks.publicradio.org/programs/program1.html "Program 1—The Meaning of Maverick,"] musicmavericks.publicradio.org (American Mavericks) *[http://artofthestates.org/cgi-bin/composer.pl?comp=117 ''Art of the States: Henry Cowell,,] artofthestates.org *[http://www.epitonic.com/artists/henrycowell.html ''Henry Cowell,''] www.epitonic.com (Epitonic) *[https://archive.org/audio/audio-details-db.php?collectionid=HenryCowell&collection=other_minds ''Henry Cowell Musical Autobiography,''] archive.org<!--100 minutes of Cowell talking about his life and playing recordings of his music--> *[http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/intothemusic/in-search-of-henry-cowell-part-1/5249456 Documentarium de Henrico Cowell,] www.abc.net (Radio National, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, dir. Guy Livingston) *[http://www.sfcco.org/past_concert_6.html "SFCCO Performs Cowell's Symphony No. 13,"] www.sfcco.org (San Francisco Composers Chamber Orchestra) *[http://www.concertzender.nl/programmagids/?date=2015-01-16&month=-1&detail=75866 De symphoniis Henrici Cowell,] www.concertzender.nl (Guy Livingston, ConcertZender Radio, Nederlandia) *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225850/http://www.guylivingston.com/cowell/ Photographemata et notae,] wwwguylivingston.com<!--Audio clips and notes related to the ABC documentary, including a photo essay curated by George Boziwick--> (Music Division, New York Public Library of the Performing Arts)<!-- *{{YouTube|UsLA2Mz6PJ8|The Aeolian Harp Piece by Henry Cowell}} video of performance by Lydia Aoki *{{YouTube|lpBKvU30OCI|Henry Cowell: Hymn and Fuguing Tune #2}} video of performance by community orchestra *{{YouTube|CjDR4hAETZg|SFCCO Performs Cowell's Symphony No. 13}} video of performance of the first two movements by San Francisco Composers Chamber Orchestra--> {{Lifetime|1897|1965|Cowell, Henricus}} [[Categoria:Compositores Civitatum Foederatarum]]<!-- +Modernist composers--> [[Categoria:Discipuli Caroli Seeger]] [[Categoria:Incolae Californiae]] [[Categoria:Incolae Novi Eboraci]] [[Categoria:Socii Guggenheimiani]] [[Categoria:Incarcerati]] <!-- [[Category:American people of Irish descent]] [[Category:American male classical composers]] [[Category:American classical composers]] [[Category:20th-century classical composers]] [[Category:Impresarios]] [[Category:Contemporary classical music performers]] [[Category:American music theorists]] [[Category:20th-century American musicians]]--> mx39hfii6kpjuwj1m8s7n28it2zajfi 0 250832 3960820 3853165 2026-05-20T03:00:53Z Rafaelgarcia 1771 nexus -camera photographica 3960820 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Camera obscura box.jpg|thumb|[[Adumbratio]] camerae obscurae.]] [[Fasciculus:Camerae-obscurae.jpg|thumb|Camerae obscurae pro [[daguerreotypus|daguerreotypo]] Grand Photographe appellato, a [[Carolus Chevalier|Carolo Chevalier]] effectae. [[Musée des Arts et Métiers]].]] [[Fasciculus:Camera obscura Prague.jpg|thumb|Imago Novi Palatii Regalis in [[Castellum Pragense|Castello Pragensi]] in parietem cenaculi per foramen in tecto [[lamina fictilis|laminarum fictilium]] proiecta.]] [[Fasciculus:Camera obscura.jpg|thumb|Camera obscura in [[Encyclopédie|''Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers'']].]] [[Fasciculus:Canaletto4fogli.jpg|thumb|Quattuor [[adumbratio]]nes [[Ioannes Antonius Canal|Ioannis Antonii Canal]], Campum Sanctorum Ioannis et Pauli [[Venetiae|Venetiis]] repraesentantes, ex camera obscura effectae. Venetiis, [[Pinacotheca Academiae]].]] '''Camera obscura''' est [[instrumentum]] [[optica|opticum]] quod ad [[photographia]]m et [[camera photographica|cameram photographicam]] duxit. Instrumentum in capsa vel conclave perparvo foramine acuto in uno latere sito consistit. [[Lux]], ex prospectu externo per foramen transiens, [[superficies|superficiem]] intus percutit, ubi inversa (sursum deorsum) regeneratur, [[color]]ibus et [[perspectivum|perspectivo]] conservatis. Imago tum in [[charta]]m proici potest, et vicissim ad repraesentationem exactissimam propagandam delineari potest. Maxima [[tellus|orbis terrarum]] camera obscura in Colle Constitutionis [[Aberystwyth]] in [[urbs|urbe]] [[Cambria]]e stat.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140506004816/http://www.cardiganshirecoastandcountry.com/cliff-railway-camera-obscura-aberystwyth.php Cliff Railway and Camera Obscura,] Aberystwyth.</ref> Camera obscura [[speculum|speculo]] adhibito, ut in modo supero [[saeculum 18|saeculo duodevicensimo]] in usu, imaginem erectam proici potest. Aliud genus, gestabilius, est capsa cui est speculum tam angulatum ut in [[charta delinearia|chartam delineariam]] in superiori [[vitreum|vitrei]] parte posita proiciat, ubi imago erecta est, a tergo visa. Cum foramen minus fiat, imago acutior fit, sed imago proiecta hebescit; si autem foramen nimis parvum sit, acies ob [[diffractio]]nem ingravescit. In usu, plurimae camerae obscurae [[lens (optica)|lente]], potius quam foramine acuto (ut in [[camera foraminis acuti]]) utuntur, quia lens maiorem [[numerus F|aperturam]] sinit, nitorem utilem foco apto iam dans. ==Exempla== <gallery> Fasciculus:CameraObscura.JPG|Camera obscura [[magnitudo|magnitudine]] conclavis in [[Universitas Carolinae Septentrionalis apud Chapel Hill|Universitate Carolinae Septentrionalis apud Chapel Hill]]. Foramen acutum ad laevam ianuae videri potest. Fasciculus:Camara-obscura-image.JPG|Imago [[South Downs]] [[Sussexia]]e in camera obscura [[Turris Foredown]] [[Portslade]] in [[vicus|vico]] [[Anglia]]e. Fasciculus:Camera Obscura.JPG|Camera obscura a Marco Ellis ficta modo casa montana Adirondack, Lake Flower in [[vicus|vico]] Saranac Lake Novi Eboraci Fasciculus:Camera_Obscura_box18thCentury.jpg|Artifex [[saeculum 19|saeculo undevicensimo]] camera obscura ad subiectum delineandum utitur. Fasciculus:Modern Camera Obscura.JPG|Camera obscura hodierna. Fasciculus:Camera Obscura in Use.JPG|Camera obscura hodierna intus adhibetur. </gallery><!-- ==Accessus publicus== {| Class="wikitable" |+ Camerae obscurae open to the public ! scope="col"| Name ! scope="col" | City ! scope="col" | Country ! scope="col" | Comment ! scope="col"| WWW Links |- | [[Observatory, Bristol|Bristol Observatory]] || Bristol || UK || View of Clifton Suspension Bridge | [http://www.cliftonobservatory.com Clifton Observatory] |- |[[Camera Obscura (Edinburgh)|Camera Obscura, and World of Illusions]] || Edinburgh || UK Scotland || Situated at top of Royal Mile, just below the Edinburgh Castle. Fine views of the city | [http://www.camera-obscura.co.uk/ Edinburgh's Camera Obscura] |- | [[Dumfries Museum]] ||Dumfries & Galloway||UK Scotland |In Dumfries Castle. Claims to be oldest working example in the world | [http://www.dumfriesmuseum.com/ Dumfries Museum] |- |[[Grand Union Camera Obscura]] || Douglas || Isle of Man |On Douglas Head. Unique Victorian tourist attraction with eleven lenses | [http://www.visitisleofman.com/placestovisit/heritage/cameraobscura.xml Visit Isle of Man] |- | [[Camera Obscura (San Francisco, California)|Giant Camera]] | San Francisco | USA | Great views of the Pacific shore below Sutro Heights. Near [[Cliff House, San Francisco|Cliff House]]. | [http://www.giantcamera.com Giant Camera] |- | Marineland || Napier ||Nova Zelandia || Part of the now closed Marine Land || - |- |}--> {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} *[[Alhazenus]] *[[Camera]] *[[Camera lucida]] *[[Historia cinematis]] *[[Lanterna magica]] *[[Larva Pepperana]] *[[Observatorium (Bristolium)|Observatorium Bristolianum]] *[[Optica]] *[[Vitreum Claudianum]]<!-- *[[Addicted to Love (pellicula)|''Addicted to Love'']] =1997 US film in which camera obscura plays prominent role * [[Hockney–Falco thesis]]--> {{div col end}} ==Notae== <div class="references-small"><references/></div> ==Bibliographia== *Crombie, Alistair Cameron. [[1990]]. ''Science, optics, and music in medieval and early modern thought.'' Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 9780907628798. [http://books.google.com/books?id=zWrH7h9jNgUC Google Books, p. 205.] *Frevert, Detlef, Ulrich Timmermann, et Reinhold Elschot. [[1982]]. ''Fremde Heimat: Fotografie mit der Camera Obscura.'' Gelsenkirchen-Buer: Etc Medienproduction & Verlag Elschot, Timmermann und Clobes. ISBN 3923355009. *Gernsheim, Helmut, cum Alison Gernsheim. [[1969]]. ''The history of photography from the camera obscura to the beginning of the modern era.'' Ed. 2a. Novi Eboraci: McGraw-Hill. *Kelley, David H., E. F. Milone, et A. F. Aveni. [[2005]]. ''Exploring Ancient Skies: An Encyclopedic Survey of Archaeoastronomy.'' Birkhäuser. ISBN 0387953108. OCLC 213887290. *Hill, Donald R. [[1993]]. ''Islamic Science and Engineering.'' Edinburgh University Press. *Lindberg, D. C. [[1976]]. ''Theories of Vision from Al Kindi to Kepler.'' Sicagi et Londinii: University of Chicago Press. *Nazeef, Mustapha. [[1940]]. ''Ibn Al-Haitham As a Naturalist Scientist.'' Proceedings of the Memorial Gathering of Al-Hacan Ibn Al-Haitham, 21 Decembris 1939. Egypt Printing. *Needham, Joseph. [[1986]]. ''Physics and Physical Technology, Part 1, Physics.'' Science and Civilization in China, 4. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. *Omar, S. B. [[1977]]. ''Ibn al-Haitham's Optics.'' Bibliotheca Islamica. Sicagi. *Wade, Nicholas J., et Stanley Finger. [[2001]] The eye as an optical instrument: from camera obscura to Helmholtz's perspective. ''Perception'' 30(10):1157–1177. doi:10.1068/p3210. PMID 11721819. {{Myrias|Technologia}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Camera Obscura}} [[Categoria:Lux]] [[Categoria:Photographia]]<!-- [[Category:Camera obscuras| ]] [[Category:Optical devices]] [[Category:Artistic techniques]]--> 9dsczvdim57dwbcn8gze6wla86r9jhm 0 255966 3960798 3956164 2026-05-19T22:45:04Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3960798 wikitext text/x-wiki {{titulus italicus}} {{L}} [[Fasciculus:Grégoire_de_Tours,_Histoire_des_Francs,_livres_1_à_6,_page_de_frontispice.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Gregorius Turonensis|Gregorii Turonensis]] ''Historiae Francorum'' libri primi initium. Codex manuscriptus [[Luxovium|Luxovii]] (''Corbie'') [[Saeculum 7|saeculo septimo]] exeunte exscriptus ([[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BnF]], Manuscrits, Latin 17655 fol. 2r)]] {{ores|Historia Francorum}} est opus [[Gregorius Turonensis|Gregorii]], [[Episcopus|episcopi]] [[Turones|Turonensis]], [[saeculum 6|saeculo sexto]] scriptum, de rebus in [[Gallia]] vel [[Francia]] gestarum. Titulus ''Decem libri historiarum'' a principio utebatur. Agitur de generali [[mundus|mundi]] [[Ecclesia Christiana|Ecclesiaeque Christianae]] [[historia]], [[eschatologia|eschatologico]] prospectu scripta, a [[Genesis|Genesi]] usque ad [[reges Franciae|reges Francorum]] anno [[572]] regnantes. In aliquibus manuscriptis plures [[sanctus|sanctorum]] Gallicorum [[biographia|vitae]] huic historiae subiunguntur, post annum 574 conscriptae et titulo ''[[Liber miraculorum (Gregorius)|Libri miraculorum]]'' recollectae. == Opus == Narrationis maxima pars e rebus gestis [[Merovingi|Merovingorum]] constat, quas Gregorius optime novit: quinque e decem libris ad auctoris tempus pertinent. Qui potius tristem temporis sui imaginem depingit, ostendendo quae pessima aliquot regibus agentibus consecutae essent, contra quam eorum Christiani maiores, ut [[Chlodovechus]], fecerunt. Per Gregorii Turonensis ''Historiam Francorum'' ad nos pervenerunt relationes de {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Vas Suessonense|vase Suessonensi|fr|qid=Q1816596}} vel de {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Baptismus Chlodovechi|Chlodovechi baptismo|fr|qid=Q60845789}}. Itaque opus posterius ''Historia Francorum'' vel ''Gesta Francorum'' appellatum est vel simplicius ''Chronicae''. Gregorius propter id opus Francicae "historiae nationalis pater" censetur, praeclarissimum Merovingorum historicus, cuius opus est praecipuum inter fontes de eorum regnis Christiano vulgo destinata erat, ut rerum gestarum notionem aucta esset in conspectu barbaricorum Francorum conversionis ad veram Chlodovechi fidem. Propterea Gregorius [[lingua Latina]] partim litteraria, partim orali usus est.<ref name="bnfhistoiredesfrancs">[http://expositions.bnf.fr/carolingiens/antho/02.htm Situs proprius] [[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|Bibliothecae Nationalis Francogallicae]], in ''Trésor carolingien''.</ref> Cuius causa ibi multa colloquia, orationes, disceptationes citat, quod, colloquiis [[caeruleus|caeruleo colore]] indicatis, in [http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/historiens/gregoire/francs1.htm computatrali Fournier versione] praecipue patet. == Compositio == Opus in libris decem divisum est.<ref>Fons enumerationis: {{qc|id=Guizot (1823)}} pp. xix-xx</ref> * Liber I: summarium antiquae et universalis mundi historiae, usque ad [[Martinus Turonensis|Martini Turonensis]] anno 397 mortem * Liber II: ab anno 397 usque ad [[Chlodovechus I (rex Francorum)|Chlodovechi I]] anno 551 mortem * Liber III: ab 511 usque ad [[Theudebertus I|Theudeberti I]] anno 547 mortem * Liber IV: ab 547 usque ad [[Sigibertus I|Sigiberti I]] anno 575 mortem * Liber V: ab 575 usque ad 580, sive quinque primi anni [[Childebertus II|Childeberti II]] regni * Liber VI: ab 580 usque ad [[Chilpericus I|Chilperici I]] anno 584 mortem * Liber VII: annus 585 * Liber VIII: a Iulio 585, iter faciente [[Gontranus I|Gontrano]], usque ad [[Liuvigildus (rex Visigothorum)|Liuvigildi]] anno 586 mortem * Liber IX: ab 587 usque ad 589 * Liber X: usque ad Augustum 591 == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == ; Editiones * 1522 : ''B. Gregorii, Turonensis episcopi, historiarum precipue gallicarum lib. X. In vitas patrum fere sui tempori lib. I. De Gloria confessorum praecipue gallorum lib. I ...'' Parisiis: ab impressore [[Iodocus Badius Ascensius|Jodoco Badio]] et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Parvus|Joanne Parvo|en|qid=Q18385253}}; {{Google Books|l0A8AAAAcAAJ}} * 1610 : ''Gregorii Turonensis episcopi Historiae Francorum libri decem; quibus non ita pridem adjectus est liber XI ... alio quodam auctore ... ex bibliotheca Laur. Bochelli''. Parisiis: e typographia Petri Chevalerii; [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k327464t textus apud Gallica] * 1699 : [[Theodericus Ruinart]], ed., ''Sancti Georgii Florentii Gregorii, episcopi Turonensis, Opera omnia, necnon Fredegarii scholastici Epitome ...'' Lutetiae Parisiorum: Muguet, 1699 * 1836-1838 : [[Iosephus Guadet|J. Guadet]], N. R. Taranne, edd., ''Sancti Georgii Florentii Gregorii episcopi Turonensis Historiae ecclesiasticae Francorum libri decem''. 4 voll. Parisiis: Jules Renouard {{GB|UGBLAQAAMAAJ|vol. 1}} {{GB|8JsUAAAAQAAJ|vol. 2}} {{GB|ZaUNAAAAIAAJ|vol. 3}} {{Google Books|2fgUAAAAQAAJ|vol. 4}} * 1867 : [[Theodericus Ruinart]], [[Iacobus Paulus Migne]], edd., ''S. Georgii Florentii Gregorii, episcopi Turonensis, Opera omnia, necnon Fredegarii scholastici Epitome ...'' (''[[Patrologia Latina]]'' 71). Lutetiae: Migne, 1867 * 1884-1885 : Wilhelm Arndt, Bruno Krusch, edd., ''Gregorii Turonensis Opera'' (''Monumenta Germaniae historica: scriptores rerum Merovingicarum'' 1). Hannoverae: Hahn * 1886 : [[Henricus Omont|Henri Omont]], ed., ''Grégoire de Tours: Histoire des Francs, livres I - VI: texte du manuscrit de Corbie. Bibliothèque nationale, ms. latin 17655''. Lutetiae: Picard [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6227827t textus apud Gallica] * 1893 : Gaston Collon, ed., ''Histoire des Francs, livre VII - X: texte du manuscrit de Bruxelles, Bibliothèque royale de Bruxelles, ms. 9403''. Lutetiae: Picard [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1120983 textus apud Gallica] * 1905 : [[Henricus Omont|Henri Omont]], ed., ''Histoire des Francs de Grégoire de Tours : ms. de Beauvais : reproduction réduite du manuscrit en onciale, latin 17654 de la Bibliothèque nationale''. Lutetiae: Berthaud frères [sine anno divulgatum]; [https://archive.org/details/histoiredesfranc00greg textus apud Internet Archive] * 1919 : [[Renatus Poupardin|René Poupardin]], ed., ''Grégoire de Tours. Histoire des Francs: textes des manuscrits de Corbie et de Bruxelles''. Lutetiae: Picard * 1951 : Bruno Krusch, Wilhelm Levison, edd., ''Gregorii episcopi Turonensis Libri historiarum X'' (''Monumenta Germaniae historica: scriptores rerum Merovingicarum'' 1). Hannoverae [https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_rer_merov_1_1/#page/(III)/mode/1up textus] ; Versiones * 1610 : ''L'histoire françoise de saint Grégoire de Tours, contenue en dix livres, augmentée d'un unziéme livre: le tout traduit du latin par [[Claudius Bonet|C. B. D.]]''. Lutetiae: chez Claude de la Tour {{Google Books|EgpmAAAAcAAJ}} * 1668 : ''Les histoires de S. Grégoire, évesque de Tours, contenant ses livres de la Gloire des Martyrs & des Confesseurs, avec les quatre Livres de la Vie de S. Martin, & celui de la Vie de Pères'' (versio [[Michael de Marolles|Michaelis de Marolles]]). 2 voll. Lutetiae: Frederic Leonard {{GB|yTW9uaEd9zsC|vol. 1}} {{Google Books|P3xyT0JF11kC|vol. 2}} * 1823 : {{ec|id=Guizot (1823)|c="Histoire des Francs par Grégoire de Tours" in [[Franciscus Guizot|François Guizot]], ed., ''Collection des mémoires relatifs à l'histoire de France depuis la fondation de la monarchie jusqu'au XIIIe siècle''. Lutetiae: J.-L.-J. Brière; [https://archive.org/details/histoire-des-francs-v-1/ vol. 1], [https://archive.org/details/histoire-des-francs-v-2/ vol. 2 apud Internet Archive] {{GB|iPEfGh7E5_UC|vol. 1}} {{Google Books|7bx36fNgDDgC|vol. 2}} }} * 1878 : Wilhelm von Giesebrecht, interpr., ''Zehn Bücher Fränkischer Geschichte von Bischof Gregorius von Tours''. 2 voll. Lipsiae: Franz Duncker [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/views/bsb11371779 vol. 1]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb11371780 vol. 2 apud Monacenses] * 1927 : O. M. Dalton, interpr., ''The History of the Franks by Gregory of Tours''. 2 voll. Oxonii: Oxford University Press; [https://archive.org/details/the-history-of-the-franks/ vol. 1], [https://archive.org/details/historyoffranks0002greg/ vol. 2 apud Internet Archive] * 1974 : Lewis Thorpe, interpr., ''Gregory of Tours: The History of the Franks''. Harmondsworth: Penguin * 1981 : Massimo Oldoni, interpr., ''Gregorio di Tours: La Storia dei Franchi''. 2 voll. Romae: Fondazione Lorenzo Valla * 1990 : J.J.E. Roy, interpr., ''Grégoire de Tours, L'histoire des rois Francs''. Lutetiae: Gallimard * 2013 : Pedro Herrera Roldán, interpr., ''Gregorio de Tours: Historias''. Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Extremadura. ISBN 978-84-7723-190-5 {{NexInt}} * [[Franci]] * [[Historia Francogallica]] == Nexus externi == * ''[http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/gregorytours.html Decem libri historiarum]'' apud ''The Latin Library'' * ''[[:s:la:Historiarum Francorum libri X]]'' apud Vicifontem Latinum * BnF ms. Lat. 5920 (Gregorii Turonensis historiae cum Adonis Viennensis chronicon): [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b10542283c Series imaginum] * BnF ms. Lat. 17655 (''manuscrit de Corbie''): [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84527667 Series imaginum] * BnF ms. Lat. 17654 (''manuscrit de Beauvais''): [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b85624088 Series imaginum] * KBR ms. 9403 (''manuscrit de Bruxelles''): [https://opac.kbr.be/BIBFEDERALE/doc/SYRACUSE/17359675/historia-francorum-ms-9403 catalogus]; [https://uurl.kbr.be/1494208 Series imaginum] [[Categoria:Franciae scripta]] [[Categoria:Gregorius Turonensis]] [[Categoria:Libri historici]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] [[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 6]] c1s0y5e3q2kn6uujg7nqr7r4nnkc9gi 0 256116 3960800 3800006 2026-05-19T23:27:49Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3960800 wikitext text/x-wiki {{titulus italicus}} [[Fasciculus:161Theophrastus 161 frontespizio.jpg|thumb|Titulus editionis 1644]] '''''Historia plantarum''''' ({{lang|grc|Περὶ φυτῶν ἱστορία}}) est opus [[Graece]] a [[Theophrastus|Theophrasto]], [[Lyceum|Lycei]] [[scholarcha]], anno circiter 310 a.C.n. scriptum. Post [[Aristoteles|Aristotelem]] magistrum suum, qui ''[[Historia animalium|historiam animalium]]'' composuerat, Theophrastus eisdem fere modis naturam et varietatem plantarum evolvit. Primum [[botanice|botanicae]] scientificae et [[anatomia plantarum|anatomiae plantarum]] opus censetur. == Bibliographia == {{Vide-etiam|Theophrastus#Bibliographia}} ; Editiones et versiones * 1483 : [[Theodorus Gazes]], interpr., ''Theophrasti De historia plantarum ... De causis plantarum''. Tarvisii: per Bartholomaeum Confalonerium de Salodio {{Ling|Latine}} [https://archive.org/details/TheophrastiDeHi00Theo Textus apud ''Internet Archive''] [https://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/theophrastidehi00theo apud Smithsonianum] [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00042141-6 apud Monacenses] * 1505 : [[Theodorus Gazes]], interpr., ''Habentur hoc volumine haec ... Theophrasti De historia plantarum ...; eiusdem De causis plantarum''. Lugduni [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10170706-6 Textus apud Monacenses] * 1529 : [[Theodorus Gazes]], interpr., ''Theophrasti De historia et causis plantarum libri XV''. Parisiis: apud Christianum Wechel [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10170707-2 Textus apud Monacenses] * 1530 : [[Theodorus Gazes]], interpr., ''Theophrasti De suffruticibus herbisque ac frugibus''. Argentorati {{Ling|Latine}} [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10191514-4 Textus apud Monacenses] * 1534 : [[Theodorus Gazes]], interpr., ''Theophrasti philosophi clarissimi De historia plantarum ... De causis sive generatione plantarum''. Basileae: Cratander [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb11199058-4 Textus apud Monacenses] * 1552 : ''Aristotelis et Theophrasti Historiae, cum de natura animalium, tum de plantis et earum causis''. Lugduni: apud Gulielmum Gazeium [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10169845-6 Textus apud Monacenses] * 1644 : Ioannes Bodaeus à Stapel, ed., ''Theophrasti Eresii De historia plantarum''. Amstelodami: Laurentius {{Ling|Graece|Latine}} * 1813 : Joh. Stackhouse, ed., ''Theophrasti Eresii De historia plantarum libri decem, Graece, cum syllabo generum et specierum, glossario, et notis''. Oxonii, 1813 {{Ling|Graece}} [https://archive.org/details/b28039671 Textus apud ''Internet Archive''] * 1866 : [[Fridericus Wimmer]], ed., ''Theophrasti Eresii opera quae supersunt omnia''. Lutetiae: Firmin-Didot, 1866 {{Ling|Graece|Latine}} {{Google Books|iy0VAAAAQAAJ}} * 1916-1926 : Arthur F. Hort, ed., ''Theophrastus: Enquiry into Plants''. 2 voll. Londinii (''[[Loeb Classical Library]]'') {{Ling|Graece|Anglice}} [https://archive.org/details/enquiryintoplant01theouoft vol. 1] [https://archive.org/details/enquiryintoplant02theouoft vol. 2 apud archive.org] * 1988-2006 : Suzanne Amigues, ed. et interpr., ''Théophraste. Recherches sur les plantes''. 5 voll. Lutetiae: Les Belles Lettres (''[[Collection Budé]]'') {{Ling|Graece|Francogallice}} * 2010 : Suzanne Amigues, interpr., ''Théophraste. Recherches sur les plantes: à l'origine de la botanique''. Lutetiae: Belin {{Ling|Francogallice}} * 2016 : Maria de Fátima Sousa e Silva, Jorge Paiva, interprr., ''Teofrasto, História das plantas''. Conimbrigae: Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2016 {{Ling|Lusitane}} ; Eruditio * Hugo Bretzl, ''Botanische Forschungen des Alexanderzuges''. Lipsiae: Teubner, 1903 [https://archive.org/details/botanischeforsc00gtgoog Textus apud archive.org] * Benedict Einarson, "The Manuscripts of Theophrastus' Historia Plantarum" in ''Classical Philology'' vol. 71 (1976) pp. 67-76 [http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy2.londonlibrary.co.uk/stable/268519 JSTOR]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Alfred Gundersen, "A Sketch of Plant Classification from Theophrastus to the Present" in ''Torreya'' vol. 18 (1918) pp. 213-219, 231-239 [http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy2.londonlibrary.co.uk/stable/40595853 1 JSTOR]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy2.londonlibrary.co.uk/stable/40595859 2 JSTOR]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * J. Donald Hughes, "Theophrastus as Ecologist" in ''Environmental Review'' vol. 9 (1985) pp. 296-306 [http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy2.londonlibrary.co.uk/stable/3984460 JSTOR]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * John J. Keaney, "The Early Tradition of Theophrastus' Historia Plantarum" in ''Hermes'' vol. 96 (1968) pp. 293-299 [http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy2.londonlibrary.co.uk/stable/4475518 JSTOR]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Oskar von Kirchner, ''Die botanischen Schriften des Theophrastos''. Lipsiae, 1874 * G. E. R. Lloyd, "Theophrastus, the Hippocratics and the root-cutters: science and the folklore of plants and their use" in G. E. R. Lloyd, ''Science, Folklore and Ideology'' (Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 1983) pp. 119-135 * Moshe Negbi, "Male and Female in Theophrastus's Botanical Works" in ''Journal of the History of Biology'' vol. 28 (1995) pp. 317-332 [http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy2.londonlibrary.co.uk/stable/4331352 JSTOR]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Ludovicus Renjes, ''De ratione quae inter Plinii Naturalis historiae librum XVI et Theophrasti libros De plantis intercedit''. Rostochii, 1893 [https://archive.org/details/derationequaein00renjgoog Textus apud archive.org] * John Scarborough, "Theophrastus on Herbals and Herbal Remedies" in ''Journal of the History of Biology'' vol. 11 (1978) pp. 353-385 [http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy2.londonlibrary.co.uk/stable/4330714 JSTOR]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Jared Secord, "[https://www.academia.edu/19672243/Overcoming_Environmental_Determinism_Introduced_Species_Hybrid_Plants_and_Animals_and_Transformed_Lands_in_the_Hellenistic_and_Roman_Worlds Overcoming Environmental Determinism: Introduced Species, Hybrid Plants and Animals, and Transformed Lands in the Hellenistic and Roman Worlds]" in Rebecca Futo Kennedy, Molly Jones-Lewis, edd., ''The Routledge Handbook of Identity and the Environment in the Classical and Medieval Worlds''(Londinii: Routledge, 2015) pp. 210-29 * Costas A. Thanos, "[http://users.uoa.gr/~cthanos/Papers/Theophrastus%20Geography.pdf The Geography of Theophrastus' Life and of his Botanical Writings]" in A. J. Karamanos, C. A. Thanos, edd., ''Biodiversity and natural heritage in the Aegean. Proceedings of the conference ‘Theophrastus 2000’'' (Athenis, 2000?) pp. 23-45 * Paulus Wirtz, ''De Theophrasti Eresii libris phytologicis''. Argentorati, 1898 [https://archive.org/details/detheophrastiere00wirt Textus apud archive.org] * Georg Wöhrle, ''Theophrasts Methode in seinen botanischen Schriften''. Amstelodami: Grüner, 1985. ISBN 90-6032-257-6 {{NexInt}} * [[Menestor]] == Nexus externi == ; Libri manuscripti versionis Latinae * [https://digi.vatlib.it/view/MSS_Urb.lat.250 Series imaginum] manuscripti [[Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana|Vat.]] Urbinas Lat. 250: ''Historia plantarum'', versio Latina [[Theodorus Gazes|Theodori Gazae]], ante 1455 scripta * [https://web.archive.org/web/20221206013010/http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?ref=Harley_MS_3414 Series imaginum] manuscripti [[Bibliotheca Britannica|BL]] Harleian 3414: ''Historia plantarum'', versio Latina [[Theodorus Gazes|Theodori Gazae]], ante 1464 scripta * [http://catalogoaperto.malatestiana.it/elenco-libri/libro/?saggioid=SX.24.03 Series imaginum]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} manuscripti [[Bibliotheca Malatestiana|Caesena Bibl. Malat.]] S,XXIV,3: ''Historia plantarum'', versio Latina [[Theodorus Gazes|Theodori Gazae]] * [http://weblioteca.uv.es/cgi/view.pl?source=uv_ms_0287 Series imaginum]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} manuscripti [[Universitas Valentina|Bibl. Univ. Valentinae]] BH 0287: ''Historia plantarum'', versio Latina [[Theodorus Gazes|Theodori Gazae]] * [https://www.themorgan.org/manuscript/77051 Catalogus] manuscripti [[Bibliotheca Pierpont Morgan|Pierpont Morgan]] MS M. 118: ''Historia plantarum'', versio Latina [[Theodorus Gazes|Theodori Gazae]] {{Lit-stipula}} [[Categoria:Libri botanici]] [[Categoria:Theophrastus]] [[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 4 a.C.n.]] [[Categoria:Graeciae scripta]] [[Categoria:Litterae Graecae antiquae]] o31ok07cgibvfruifj4g3sjp25qk8zs 0 261867 3960702 3960664 2026-05-19T12:53:50Z IacobusAmor 1163 3960702 wikitext text/x-wiki {{charta locatrix | Iraniae physicalis | label = ʿAlīkūš | lat_deg = 32 |lat_min =42 | lon_deg = 47 | lon_min =16 | position = right | mark = Brown pog.svg | background = | width = 350 | float = right | caption = Situs in Irania }} {{res|'Alīkūš}}, sive apud [[archaeologus|archaeologos]] '''Ali Kosh''', est [[archaeologia|locus archaeologicus]] [[Irania]]e prope [[oppidum]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Dīhlūrān||en|qid=Q5252312}}. Ibi repertae sunt ruinae [[habitatio]]num humanarum aevi [[Neolithicum|neolithici]]. Vestigia reperta sunt plantarum cultarum ''[[Triticum dicoccum]]'', ''[[Hordeum|Hordeum vulgare]]'' ssp. ''distichum'', silvaticarumque ''H. vulgare'' ssp. ''spontaneum'', ''[[Capparis spinosa]]'', ''[[Pistacia]]'' sp.,<ref>"Pistachio" Anglice {{qc|id=Flannery (1969)}} pp. 82, 84, 86</ref> ''[[Astragalus]]'' sp., ''[[Trigonella]]'' sp., ''[[Medicago]]'' sp., ''[[Aegilops]]'' sp., ''[[Lolium]]'' sp., ''[[Avena]]'' sp., ''[[Phalaris]]'' sp., ''[[Lathyrus]]'' sp., ''[[Prosopis]]'' sp., animalium domesticatorum ''[[Ovis aries]]'', ''[[Capra aegagrus]]'', silvaticorumque ''[[Gazella]]'' sp., ''[[Equus hemionus]]'', ''[[Vulpes]]'' sp., ''[[Anser]]'' sp., ''[[Anas]]'' sp., ''[[Silurus]]'' sp., ''[[Cyprinus]]'' sp., [[aves]], [[pisces]], [[testudo|testudines]]. Cum cerealibus intermixta sunt semina silvatica ''[[Scirpus]]'' sp. quae ad ripam [[palus|paludis]] iuxta agros ut videtur floruerint.<ref>Enumeratio e {{qc|id=Flannery (1969)}} pp. 81-86; vide potius H. Helbaek in {{qc|id=Hole, Flannery et Neely (1969)}}</ref> == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{ec|id=Flannery (1969)|c=K. V. Flannery, "Origins and ecological effects of early domestication in Iran and the Near East" in P. J. Ucko, G. W. Dimbleby, edd., ''The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals'' (Londinii: Duckworth, 1969) pp. 73-100 {{Google Books|6lY9Q4vnrCEC}}}} * F. Hole, "[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/alikos-archeological-site ʿAlīkoš]" in ''[[Encyclopaedia Iranica]]'' vol. 1 (1985) pp. 886-887 * F. Hole, ''Studies in the Archeological History of the Deh Luran Plain. Memoir 9''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology, 1977 * F. Hole, K. V. Flannery, "Excavations at Ali Kosh, Iran, 1961" in ''Iranica Antiqua'' vol. 2 fasc. 2 (1962) * F. Hole, K. V. Flannery, "The Prehistory of Southwestern Iran: A Preliminary Report" in ''Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society'' vol. 33 (1968) pp. 147-206 * {{ec|id=Hole, Flannery et Neely (1969)|c=F. Hole, K. V. Flannery, J. A. Neely, ''Prehistory and Human Ecology of the Deh Luran Plain. Memoir 1''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology, 1969}} * A. Woosley, F. Hole, "Pollen Evidence of Subsistence and Environment in Ancient Iran" in ''Paléorient'' vol. 4 (1978) pp. 59-70 == Nexus externi == {{Coord|32|41|31|N|47|16|7|E|display=title}} <!-- situs oppidi Dihluran --> * "[https://web.archive.org/web/20160325230238/http://ancientneareast.tripod.com/Tepe_Ali_Kosh.html Tepe Ali Kosh]" apud ''The History of the Ancient Near East: Electronic Compendium'' [[Categoria:Loci archaeologici Iraniae]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati neolithici]] s29g7bfo27rbuhmotxs6xztx686x9ct 0 261948 3960879 3841419 2026-05-20T11:53:28Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3960879 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ioannes Cohen''' (natus [[Queens]] Novi Eboraci [[2 Augusti]] [[1932]]; mortuus [[16 Septembris]] [[2019]]<ref name =NYT>{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/17/arts/music/john-cohen-dead.html | title = John Cohen, Champion of Old-Time Music, Is Dead at 87 | author = Friskics-Warren, Bill | date = September 17, 2019 | accessdate = 28 Septembris 2020 |newspaper = The New York Times}}.</ref>) fuit [[musicologus]],<ref name="am">Steve Kurutz, [http://www.allmusic.com/artist/john-cohen-mn0000212733 "John Cohen: Biography,"] ''AllMusic.''</ref> [[photographia|photographus]], [[fabricator pellicularum]], et sodalis conditor gregis [[New Lost City Ramblers]]. Describunt nonnullae ex eis imaginibus notissimis scaenam [[expressionismus abstractus|expressionisticam abstractam]] in Cedar Bar [[Urbs Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]]; eventus in [[pinacotheca|pinacothecis]] a primis [[artifex|artificibus]] perfunctionis; adventum Neoeboracense iuvenis [[Robertus Dylan|Roberti Dylan]]; [[scriptor]]es [[Aetas Prostrata|Aetatis Prostratae]], per ''Pull My Daisy'' [[pellicula]]m [[Robertus Frank|Roberti Frank]] et [[Alfredus Leslie|Alfredi Leslie]] factam; et [[musica|musicos]] temporis prisci in [[Appalachia]]. (Nomen ''High Lonesome Sound,'' eius pelliculae anni 1962, [[synonymum]] illius musicae factum est.) Cohen est notabilis musicorum et [[cantor]]um [[traditio]]nalium inventor, qui [[Dillard Chandler]], [[Roscoe Holcomb]], et multos [[banio]]nis psallatores repperit inque [[phonodiscus|discos]] rettulit, insignissime in [[album musicum|albo]] ''High Atmosphere.'' Cohen duxit Penny Seeger, minimam sodalem [[familia]]e Seegeranae, quae insigniter comprehendit [[Petrus Seeger|Petrum Seeger]], [[frater|fratrem]] eiusdem [[pater|patris]].<ref>[http://weeklywire.com/ww/08-18-97/austin_music_feature3.html "A Vision Shared,"] ''Austin Chronicle,'' weeklywire.com, 18 Augusti 1997.</ref> [[Photographia]]m et [[adumbratio]]nem in [[Colleium Purchase|Collegio Purchase]] docuit. == Monographa == * ''There Is No Eye: John Cohen Photographs,'' praefatio Greil Marcus. Novi Eboraci: PowerHouse Books, 2001. ISBN 1-57687-107-X, ISBN 1-57687-119-3. * ''Past, Present, Peru,'' Gotingae: Steidl, 2010. ISBN 978-3-86930-103-7. == Pelliculographia selecta == * ''The High Lonesome Sound'' (1962) * ''Fifty Miles from Times Square'' (1970) * ''The End of an Old Song'' (1972). Versio DVD venditur in ''Dark Holler: Old Love Songs and Ballads'' (2005). Vasingtoniae: Smithsonian Folkways. * ''Q'eros: The Shape of Survival'' (1979) * ''Peruvian Weaving: a continuous warp'' (1980) * ''Sara and Maybelle'' (1981) * ''Gypsies Sing Long Ballads'' (1982) * ''Mountain Music of Peru'' (1984) * ''Dancing with the Incas'' (1990) * ''Carnival in Q'eros'' (1992) * ''[https://archive.today/20130202120842/http://www.smithsonianchannel.com/site/smithsonian/show_play_john.do Play on John: A Life in Music]'' (2009) in Smithsonian Networks == Discographia selecta (productor) == * ''High Atmosphere: Ballads and Banjo Tunes from Virginia and North Carolina'' (1975) * ''There Is No Eye: Music for Photographs,'' Smithsonian Folkways SFW CD 40091 (2001), comes libri eiusdem nominis * ''Back Roads to Cold Mountain'' (2004) == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == * Cohen, John. [http://www.johncohenworks.com/ Situs proprius.] * Cohen, John. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160109212504/http://johncohenworksnow.com/ Situs proprius recentissimus, cum photographematibus.] * Cohen, John. [http://vimeo.com/26235625 Colloquium interrogatorium.] ''American Standard Time.'' * Glinter, Ezra. [[2010]], [[2016]]. [http://www.forward.com/articles/133534/ The Revivalist.] ''The Forward.'' * Matthews, Scott. [[2008]]. [http://southernspaces.org/2008/john-cohen-eastern-kentucky-documentary-expression-and-image-roscoe-halcomb-during-folk-revival John Cohen in Eastern Kentucky: Documentary Expression and the Image of Roscoe Halcomb During the Folk Revival.] ''Southern Spaces.'' * Stephenson, L. Parker. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160912042544/http://www.lparkerstephenson.com/ Situs proprius, cum photographematibus Novi Eboraci.] * {{IMDb name|0169508}} * [http://www.loc.gov/today/cyberlc/feature_wdesc.php?rec=4639 Webcast ''"The High Lonesome Sound Revisited": Documenting Traditional Culture in America,'' programmatis Bibliothecae Congressionalis (2009).] {{Lifetime|1932|2019|Cohen, Ioannes}} <!--melius:Fabricatores pellicularum--> <!--P. Civitatum Foederatarum--> [[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]] [[Categoria:Cantores carminum vulgarium Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Familia Seegerana]] [[Categoria:Incolae Novi Eboraci]] [[Categoria:Musica vulgaris Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Musicologi]] [[Categoria:Pelliculae]] [[Categoria:Photographi]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Civicae Neo-Eboracensis]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Civitatum Foederatarum]] 8gca9u8lh5u0vi3np8puag6p6ou8jqn 0 262509 3960819 3806565 2026-05-20T02:55:27Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3960819 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:James Lewis Cohn.jpg|thumb|Iacobus Cohn in [[Forum Viae Margaritarum|Foro Viae Margaritarum]] [[Boulder (Coloratum)|Boulder]] [[Coloratum|Colorati]], [[3 Iulii]] [[2009]].]] '''Iacobus''' ([[Anglice]] ''Jim'') '''Cohn''' (natus [[Highland Park]] [[Illinoesia]]e anno [[1953]]) est [[poeta]], [[activismus|activista]] [[poesis]], et [[artifex]] [[verbum dictum|verbi dicti]] in [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatibus Foederatis]]. Iuvenis a [[carmen|carminibus]] [[Robertus Dylan|Roberti Dylan]] magnopere motus est. Discipulus in [[schola secundaria|schola superiori]] Shaker Heights, unus ex binis ducibus manus [[pedifollium|pedifolii]] lusit. [[Artium Baccalaureatus|Artium Baccalaureatum]] in [[Universitas Coloratensis apud Boulder|Universitate Coloratensi apud Boulder]] in [[lingua]] et [[litterae|litteris]] [[lingua Anglica|Anglicis]] (1976), Poeticarumque Diploma (1980) in [[Schola Iacobi Kerouac]] Poeticarum Incorporalium in [[Universitas Naropana|Universitate Naropana]] obtinuit, ubi adiutor docens [[professor]]is [[Allen Ginsberg]] meruit. Gradum Magistratum Scientiarum in Educatione in Anglica et educatione [[surditas|surdorum]] in [[Universitas Roffensis|Universitate Roffensi]] et [[Institutum Surdorum Technicum Nationale|Instituto Surdorum Technico Nationali]] anno [[1986]] accepit. Plus quam bina [[decennium|decennia]] in [[disciplina academica|disciplina]] officiorum [[debilitas|debilitatis]] operatus est, exemplari usus et [[educatio|eruditionis]] in ministeriis et studiis [[debilitas|debilitatis]] modo quasi ''siddha'' favens, [[scientia (ratio)|scientias]] putans [[scientiae sociales|sociales]] per propositiones<!--themes--> iterum definiri debere intra [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitates Foederatas]] ut novum studiorum [[karma|karmicorum]] Americanorum genus sint. ==Opera== ===Libri=== *''The Groundless Ground,'' 2014, Museum of American Poetics Publications *''Sutras & Bardos: Essays & Interviews on Allen Ginsberg, The Kerouac School, Anne Waldman, Postbeat Poets & The New Demotics,'' 2011, Museum of American Poetics Publications *''Mantra Winds,'' 2010, Museum of American Poetics Publications *''The Ongoing Saga I Told My Daughter,'' 2009, Museum of American Poetics Publications *''Quien Sabe Mountain,'' 2004, Museum of American Poetics Publications *''The Golden Body: Meditations on the Essence of Disability,'' 2003, Museum of American Poetics Publications *''Sign Mind: Studies in American Sign Language Poetics,'' 1999, Museum of American Poetics Publications *''The Dance of Yellow Lightning Over The Ridge,'' 1998, Writers & Books Publications *''Grasslands,'' 1994, Writers & Books Publications *''Prairie Falcon,'' 1989, North Atlantic Books *''Green Sky,'' 1980 ===Phonodisci=== *''Venerable Madtown Hall,'' 2013, MusEx Records *''Commune,'' 2013, MusEx Records *''Impermanence,'' 2008, MusEx Records *''homage,'' 2007, MusEx Records *''Trashtalking Country,'' 2006, MusEx Records *''Emergency Juke Joint,'' 2002, MusEx Records *''Antenna,'' 2000, MusEx Records *''Unspoken Words,'' 1998, MusEx Records *''Walking Thru Hell Gazing at Flowers,'' 1996, MusEx Records *''The Road,'' 1995, MusEx Records<!-- ==Notae== <div class="references-small"><references/></div>--> ==Nexus externi== *[http://www.poetspath.com/jimcohnhomepage.html "Jim Cohn."] www.poetspath.com. *Cohn, Jim. [[1986]]. [http://www.echonyc.com/~poets/Cohn.html "Memory Bodies."] echonyc.com. *Cohn, Jim. [[2000]]. [http://wesleylake.homestead.com/files/WritersBardsPrayers/JimCohn.htm "Coyote Steals the 2000 Presidential Election."] wesleelake.homestead.com. *Cohn, Jim. [[2005]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160927012129/http://www.logosjournal.com/issue_4.4/cohn.htm "Meditations On Leaves Of Grass At 150."] logosjournal.com. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110318105408/http://poetry.about.com/od/poetrybooks/a/morepopicks2004_4.htm Ever More Poetry Picks: The Best of 2004: Amy Ouzoonian, Jim Cohn, Louis Zukofsky, Hip-Hop Poetry, Slam Poetry."] about.com. *[http://www.poetspath.com/ Museum Poeticae Americanae.] www.poetspath.com. *Parrish, Gary. [[2008]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034914/http://farfallapress.blogspot.com/2008/01/jim-cohns-postbeat-poetics-push-for.html "Jim Cohn's Postbeat Poetics- (sic) The push for Outrider and Outlaw Poets."] farfallapress.blogspot.com. *[http://ginsbergblog.blogspot.com/2011/11/supermarket-in-california-asv-22.html Propositum Allen Ginsberg.] ginsbergblog.blogspot.com. *Raskin, Jonah. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120425082921/http://www.beatstudies.org/pdfs/sutras.pdf Retractatio libri "Sutras & Bardos: Essays & Interviews on Allen Ginsberg, the Kerouac School, Anne Waldman, The Postbeat Poets & the New Demotics" (Jim Cohn, 2011).] PDF. beatstudies.org. {{DEFAULTSORT:Cohn, Iacobus}} [[Categoria:Nati 1953]] [[Categoria:Homines vivi]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Coloratensis]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Naropa]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Rocestriensis]] [[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]] [[Categoria:Incolae Illinoesiae]] [[Categoria:Poetae Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Verbum dictum]] rymuropb4xeowtrmz057iqp21vja51j 0 269821 3960710 3734974 2026-05-19T13:27:44Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3960710 wikitext text/x-wiki {{videdis|Sebum (discretiva)}} [[Fasciculus:Trimyristin-3D-vdW.png|thumb|Moleculum pinguis, seu triglyceridi, quae ex [[glycerolum|glycerolo]] et tribus [[acidum pingue|acidis pinguibus]] componitur.]] [[Fasciculus:Italian_olive_oil_2007.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Oleum]] plerumque pingue continet.]] '''Pingue''' in [[scientia nutritionis]], [[biologia]], et [[chemia]] plerumque est [[ester]] [[acidum adipatum|acidorum pinguium]] vel permixtio talium [[compositum chemicum|compositorum chemicorum]], usitatissime illa quae in [[animal]]ibus vivis atque in [[cibus|cibo]] fiunt. Pinguis est [[chemica]] crassa, unum ex tribus [[macronutrimentum|macronutrimentis]] (cetera sunt [[hydratum carbonii|hydrata carbonii]] et [[proteinum|proteina]]) quae in [[victus|victu]] hominum necessaria sunt, et forma principalis qua [[energia]] in [[corpus|corpore]] humano conservatur. Quod ad [[chemia]]m spectat, pingue est genus [[lipidum|lipidorum]], quod ex [[triglyceridum|triglyceridis]] componitur. == De vocabulo == In [[lingua Latina|nostra lingua]] [[antiquitas|antiquitus]] distinguebantur tria pinguis genera, quae sunt ''pingue'' 'liquor crassus'; ''adeps'' 'pinguedo liquida sine sensu, quae nequeat facile durari'; ac ''sebum'' vel ''sevum'' '[[oleum (generale)|oleosa]] et pinguis substantia, adipe siccior, concretior et magis compacta, fragilior etiam et [[ignis|igne]] difficilius liquescens'.<ref>{{Forcellini}}.</ref> == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Lipolysis]] * [[Stria pinguosa]] == Nexus externi == * [https://medlineplus.gov/dietaryfats.html De pinguibus victualibus] apud MedlinePlus {{ling|Anglice}} * [https://www.uptodate.com/contents/dietary-fat?source=search_result&search=fat&selectedTitle=1%7E150 De pinguibus victualibus] apud UpToDate {{ling|Anglice}} [[Categoria:Chemia organica]] [[Categoria:Composita chemica]] [[Categoria:Macromoleculae]] [[Categoria:Nutritio]] [[Categoria:Olea]] {{Myrias|Biologia}} 2t0c8zavqb0qiip0f7wkew5cdmgn7ec 3960711 3960710 2026-05-19T13:28:48Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3960711 wikitext text/x-wiki {{videdis|Sebum (discretiva)}} [[Fasciculus:Trimyristin-3D-vdW.png|thumb|Moleculum pinguis, seu triglyceridi, quae ex [[glycerolum|glycerolo]] et tribus [[acidum pingue|acidis pinguibus]] componitur.]] [[Fasciculus:Italian_olive_oil_2007.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Oleum]] plerumque pingue continet.]] '''Pingue''' in [[scientia nutritionis]], [[biologia]], et [[chemia]] plerumque est [[ester]] [[acidum adipatum|acidorum pinguium]] vel permixtio talium [[compositum chemicum|compositorum chemicorum]], usitatissime illa quae in [[animal]]ibus vivis atque in [[cibus|cibo]] fiunt. Pinguis est [[chemica]] crassa, unum ex tribus [[macronutrimentum|macronutrimentis]] (cetera sunt [[hydratum carbonii|hydrata carbonii]] et [[proteinum|proteina]]e) quae in [[victus|victu]] hominum necessaria sunt, et forma principalis qua [[energia]] in [[corpus|corpore]] humano conservatur. Quod ad [[chemia]]m spectat, pingue est genus [[lipidum|lipidorum]], quod ex [[triglyceridum|triglyceridis]] componitur. == De vocabulo == In [[lingua Latina|nostra lingua]] [[antiquitas|antiquitus]] distinguebantur tria pinguis genera, quae sunt ''pingue'' 'liquor crassus'; ''adeps'' 'pinguedo liquida sine sensu, quae nequeat facile durari'; ac ''sebum'' vel ''sevum'' '[[oleum (generale)|oleosa]] et pinguis substantia, adipe siccior, concretior et magis compacta, fragilior etiam et [[ignis|igne]] difficilius liquescens'.<ref>{{Forcellini}}.</ref> == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Lipolysis]] * [[Stria pinguosa]] == Nexus externi == * [https://medlineplus.gov/dietaryfats.html De pinguibus victualibus] apud MedlinePlus {{ling|Anglice}} * [https://www.uptodate.com/contents/dietary-fat?source=search_result&search=fat&selectedTitle=1%7E150 De pinguibus victualibus] apud UpToDate {{ling|Anglice}} [[Categoria:Chemia organica]] [[Categoria:Composita chemica]] [[Categoria:Macromoleculae]] [[Categoria:Nutritio]] [[Categoria:Olea]] {{Myrias|Biologia}} fz40q32ofafsw7rdx02td9jt6wlp8c9 3960712 3960711 2026-05-19T13:30:12Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3960712 wikitext text/x-wiki {{videdis|Sebum (discretiva)}} [[Fasciculus:Trimyristin-3D-vdW.png|thumb|Molecula pinguis, seu triglyceridum, quae ex [[glycerolum|glycerolo]] et tribus [[acidum adipatum|acidis pinguibus]] componitur.]] [[Fasciculus:Italian_olive_oil_2007.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Oleum]] plerumque pingue continet.]] '''Pingue''' in [[scientia nutritionis]], [[biologia]], et [[chemia]] plerumque est [[ester]] [[acidum adipatum|acidorum pinguium]] vel permixtio talium [[compositum chemicum|compositorum chemicorum]], usitatissime illa quae in [[animal]]ibus vivis atque in [[cibus|cibo]] fiunt. Pinguis est [[chemica]] crassa, unum ex tribus [[macronutrimentum|macronutrimentis]] (cetera sunt [[hydratum carbonii|hydrata carbonii]] et [[proteinum|proteina]]e) quae in [[victus|victu]] hominum necessaria sunt, et forma principalis qua [[energia]] in [[corpus|corpore]] humano conservatur. Quod ad [[chemia]]m spectat, pingue est genus [[lipidum|lipidorum]], quod ex [[triglyceridum|triglyceridis]] componitur. == De vocabulo == In [[lingua Latina|nostra lingua]] [[antiquitas|antiquitus]] distinguebantur tria pinguis genera, quae sunt ''pingue'' 'liquor crassus'; ''adeps'' 'pinguedo liquida sine sensu, quae nequeat facile durari'; ac ''sebum'' vel ''sevum'' '[[oleum (generale)|oleosa]] et pinguis substantia, adipe siccior, concretior et magis compacta, fragilior etiam et [[ignis|igne]] difficilius liquescens'.<ref>{{Forcellini}}.</ref> == Notae == <references /> {{NexInt}} * [[Lipolysis]] * [[Stria pinguosa]] == Nexus externi == * [https://medlineplus.gov/dietaryfats.html De pinguibus victualibus] apud MedlinePlus {{ling|Anglice}} * [https://www.uptodate.com/contents/dietary-fat?source=search_result&search=fat&selectedTitle=1%7E150 De pinguibus victualibus] apud UpToDate {{ling|Anglice}} [[Categoria:Chemia organica]] [[Categoria:Composita chemica]] [[Categoria:Macromoleculae]] [[Categoria:Nutritio]] [[Categoria:Olea]] {{Myrias|Biologia}} lteokho5r6bc0zdry10m1wq740wmk8o 0 275033 3960707 3960499 2026-05-19T13:19:59Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3960707 wikitext text/x-wiki {{cautio}} :''Si substantiam crassam quaeris, vide [[pingue]]''. [[Fasciculus:DHA numbers.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Exemplum acidi adipati omega-3: [[acidum docosahexaenoicum]] (''DHA'').]] '''Acidum adipatum'''<ref>[https://lpsn.dsmz.de/species/virgisporangium-aliadipatigenens Fons notionis acidi adipati]</ref> in [[biochemia]] est [[acidum carboxylicum]] (R-C(=O)OH) cum catena chemica longa aliphatica, sive saturata sive non saturata, vinculo [[ester]] ligatum. In natura plerisque acidorum adipatorum numerus carbonii atomorum inter 4 et 28 invenitur. In organismo acida adipata in coniunctione per [[ester]]em cum [[triglyceridum|triglycerido]] vel [[phospholipidum|phospholipido]] vel [[cholesterolum|cholesterolo]] inveniuntur. Per quemque modum acida adipata non solum fontes et nutrimenta sed etiam partes et structurae sunt [[cellula]]rum. Effectus sanitarii acidorum adipatorum argumentum disputationum vividarum est<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Alfaidi MA, Chamberlain J, Rothman A, Crossman D, Villa-Uriol MC, Hadoke P, Wu J, Schenkel T, Evans PC, Francis SE |title=Dietary Docosahexaenoic Acid Reduces Oscillatory Wall Shear Stress, Atherosclerosis, and Hypertension, Most Likely Mediated via an IL-1-Mediated Mechanism |journal=J Am Heart Assoc |year=2018 |volume=7 |issue=13 |pages= |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29960988}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |authors=Moran C, Scotto di Palumbo A, Bramham J, Moran A, Rooney B, De Vito G, Egan B |title=Effects of a Six-Month Multi-Ingredient Nutrition Supplement Intervention of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, vitamin D, Resveratrol, and Whey Protein on Cognitive Function in Older Adults: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial |journal=J Prev Alzheimers Dis |year=2018 |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=175-83 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29972210}}.</ref>. [[Numerus E]] acidorum adipatorum est 570 (antiagglutinantes in alimentis). == Natura chemica == === Structura generalis === [[Fasciculus:Fatty acid carbon numbering.svg|thumb|upright=1.8|Acidi adipati structura: sinistra acidum carboxylicum cum atomo carboni numero caeeruleo 1, dextrorsum catena aliphatica cum carboniis numeris caeruleis increscentibus. Numeri rubri ad ultimum ''carbonium'' nomine ''omega'' spectant: hoc ultimum enim descriptionis qualitatis propriae sui numero quoque 1 (rubro) numeratur. Nota cursum numerandi hic contrarium esse.]] Acida adipata sunt ''acida carboxylica'' cum catena ''aliphatica'' longa. ==== Acidum carboxylicum ==== Acidum carboxylicum (R-C(=O)OH) iam in unoquoque [[aminoacidum|aminoacidorum]] inveniuntur: uni [[carbonium|carbonii]] [[atomus|atomo]] duo atomi [[oxygenium|oxygenii]] coniugati sunt. Natura carbonii quattuor [[Vinculum chemicum|vincula]] cum aliis atomis concedit. Quare una vincula nexus in catena aliphatica numerata est, modo tres vinculae atomorum oxygenii restant. Sine addito [[compositum chemicum|composito]] tres vinculae quasi oscillatio inter ambos oxygenii mutari possunt. Plerumque equidem atomus [[hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] quietem certam praebet. Tamen ea cauda carboxylica ad nectandum prompta manet. <br />De conventione chemiae id carbonium acidi adipati cum numero 1 (caerulee in imagine) designatur. ==== Catena aliphatica ==== [[Compositum aliphaticum|Aliphaticum]] est catena ex atomis carbonii et hydrogenii composita. Quia atomis carbonii quattuor vinculae sunt, dua forma compositi inter duo carbonia licunt: vel ''saturatum'' cum duobus vinculis inter duo carbonia vel ''non saturatum'' cum una vincula. <br />Iterum de conventione chemiae primum carboniorum iuxta carbonium acidi carboxylici numero 2 designatur, ergo sequentia numeris 3, 4, 5 et caetera. Sed descriptionis qualitatum acidorum adipatorum modus numerandi contrarius electus est: ultimum carbonium ''omega'' numerum 1 accipit, at quasi retrorsum numeri increscent. In imagine composita et saturata et non saturata videtur: inter atomum omega (ω rubre) et omega-1 (ω-1) coniunctio non saturata est. At inter ω-2 et ω-3 coniunctio saturata sita est, prima coniunctio saturata. De conventione id ''acidum adipatum omega-3'' nominatur. Sine aliis coniunctibus saturatis acidum adipatum ''simpliciter saturatum'' dictum esset. In imagine vero quattuor coniunctionum saturatum reperiuntur, igitur acidum adipatum omega-3 ''multiplicter saturatum'' dicitur. == Typi acidorum adipatorum == Differuntur acida adipata per longitudinem et gradum saturitatis. Acidis adipatis saturatis duplicia [[Vinculum chemicum|vincula]] C=C non sunt, sed unum vel pluria illis non saturatis. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *C. Colette, L. Monnier. [[2011]]. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1957255711702346 Acides gras : classification, fonction et équilibre entre les différentes familles]", ''Médecine des Maladies Métaboliques'': 237-245. *Sander Houten et Ronald J A Wanders.[[2010]]. "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/41657978_A_general_introduction_to_the_biochemistry_of_mitochondrial_fatty_acid_-oxidation A general introduction to the biochemistry of mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation]", ''Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease'', 33(5):469-77 *Timm Maier, Marc Leibundgut, Nenad Ban. [[2008]]. "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20144746 The Crystal Structure of a Mammalian Fatty Acid Synthase]", ''Science'', 5894: 1315-1322 *Yong-Mei Zhang, Stephen W White, Charles O Rock. [[2006]]. "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7133471_Inhibiting_Bacterial_Fatty_Acid_Synthesis Inhibiting Bacterial Fatty Acid Synthesis]", ''Journal of Biological Chemistry'' 281(26):17541-4 {{NexInt}} * [[Aminoacidum]] * [[Beta oxidatio]] * [[Chylomicronum]] * [[Ester]] * [[Lipidum]] [[Categoria:Alimenta]] [[Categoria:Lipida]] [[Categoria:Metabolismus]] {{Myrias|Biologia}} rig3zih98wl7bihy2l93x0n1n2u91xw 3960708 3960707 2026-05-19T13:20:22Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3960708 wikitext text/x-wiki {{cautio}} :''Si substantiam crassam quaeris, vide [[pingue]]''. [[Fasciculus:DHA numbers.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Exemplum acidi adipati omega-3: [[acidum docosahexaenoicum]] (''DHA'').]] '''Acidum adipatum'''<ref>[https://lpsn.dsmz.de/species/virgisporangium-aliadipatigenens Fons notionis acidi adipati]</ref> in [[biochemia]] est [[acidum carboxylicum]] (R-C(=O)OH) cum catena chemica longa aliphatica, sive saturata sive non saturata. In natura plerisque acidorum adipatorum numerus carbonii atomorum inter 4 et 28 invenitur. In organismo acida adipata in coniunctione per [[ester]]em cum [[triglyceridum|triglycerido]] vel [[phospholipidum|phospholipido]] vel [[cholesterolum|cholesterolo]] inveniuntur. Per quemque modum acida adipata non solum fontes et nutrimenta sed etiam partes et structurae sunt [[cellula]]rum. Effectus sanitarii acidorum adipatorum argumentum disputationum vividarum est<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Alfaidi MA, Chamberlain J, Rothman A, Crossman D, Villa-Uriol MC, Hadoke P, Wu J, Schenkel T, Evans PC, Francis SE |title=Dietary Docosahexaenoic Acid Reduces Oscillatory Wall Shear Stress, Atherosclerosis, and Hypertension, Most Likely Mediated via an IL-1-Mediated Mechanism |journal=J Am Heart Assoc |year=2018 |volume=7 |issue=13 |pages= |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29960988}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |authors=Moran C, Scotto di Palumbo A, Bramham J, Moran A, Rooney B, De Vito G, Egan B |title=Effects of a Six-Month Multi-Ingredient Nutrition Supplement Intervention of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, vitamin D, Resveratrol, and Whey Protein on Cognitive Function in Older Adults: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial |journal=J Prev Alzheimers Dis |year=2018 |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=175-83 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29972210}}.</ref>. [[Numerus E]] acidorum adipatorum est 570 (antiagglutinantes in alimentis). == Natura chemica == === Structura generalis === [[Fasciculus:Fatty acid carbon numbering.svg|thumb|upright=1.8|Acidi adipati structura: sinistra acidum carboxylicum cum atomo carboni numero caeeruleo 1, dextrorsum catena aliphatica cum carboniis numeris caeruleis increscentibus. Numeri rubri ad ultimum ''carbonium'' nomine ''omega'' spectant: hoc ultimum enim descriptionis qualitatis propriae sui numero quoque 1 (rubro) numeratur. Nota cursum numerandi hic contrarium esse.]] Acida adipata sunt ''acida carboxylica'' cum catena ''aliphatica'' longa. ==== Acidum carboxylicum ==== Acidum carboxylicum (R-C(=O)OH) iam in unoquoque [[aminoacidum|aminoacidorum]] inveniuntur: uni [[carbonium|carbonii]] [[atomus|atomo]] duo atomi [[oxygenium|oxygenii]] coniugati sunt. Natura carbonii quattuor [[Vinculum chemicum|vincula]] cum aliis atomis concedit. Quare una vincula nexus in catena aliphatica numerata est, modo tres vinculae atomorum oxygenii restant. Sine addito [[compositum chemicum|composito]] tres vinculae quasi oscillatio inter ambos oxygenii mutari possunt. Plerumque equidem atomus [[hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] quietem certam praebet. Tamen ea cauda carboxylica ad nectandum prompta manet. <br />De conventione chemiae id carbonium acidi adipati cum numero 1 (caerulee in imagine) designatur. ==== Catena aliphatica ==== [[Compositum aliphaticum|Aliphaticum]] est catena ex atomis carbonii et hydrogenii composita. Quia atomis carbonii quattuor vinculae sunt, dua forma compositi inter duo carbonia licunt: vel ''saturatum'' cum duobus vinculis inter duo carbonia vel ''non saturatum'' cum una vincula. <br />Iterum de conventione chemiae primum carboniorum iuxta carbonium acidi carboxylici numero 2 designatur, ergo sequentia numeris 3, 4, 5 et caetera. Sed descriptionis qualitatum acidorum adipatorum modus numerandi contrarius electus est: ultimum carbonium ''omega'' numerum 1 accipit, at quasi retrorsum numeri increscent. In imagine composita et saturata et non saturata videtur: inter atomum omega (ω rubre) et omega-1 (ω-1) coniunctio non saturata est. At inter ω-2 et ω-3 coniunctio saturata sita est, prima coniunctio saturata. De conventione id ''acidum adipatum omega-3'' nominatur. Sine aliis coniunctibus saturatis acidum adipatum ''simpliciter saturatum'' dictum esset. In imagine vero quattuor coniunctionum saturatum reperiuntur, igitur acidum adipatum omega-3 ''multiplicter saturatum'' dicitur. == Typi acidorum adipatorum == Differuntur acida adipata per longitudinem et gradum saturitatis. Acidis adipatis saturatis duplicia [[Vinculum chemicum|vincula]] C=C non sunt, sed unum vel pluria illis non saturatis. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *C. Colette, L. Monnier. [[2011]]. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1957255711702346 Acides gras : classification, fonction et équilibre entre les différentes familles]", ''Médecine des Maladies Métaboliques'': 237-245. *Sander Houten et Ronald J A Wanders.[[2010]]. "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/41657978_A_general_introduction_to_the_biochemistry_of_mitochondrial_fatty_acid_-oxidation A general introduction to the biochemistry of mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation]", ''Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease'', 33(5):469-77 *Timm Maier, Marc Leibundgut, Nenad Ban. [[2008]]. "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20144746 The Crystal Structure of a Mammalian Fatty Acid Synthase]", ''Science'', 5894: 1315-1322 *Yong-Mei Zhang, Stephen W White, Charles O Rock. [[2006]]. "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7133471_Inhibiting_Bacterial_Fatty_Acid_Synthesis Inhibiting Bacterial Fatty Acid Synthesis]", ''Journal of Biological Chemistry'' 281(26):17541-4 {{NexInt}} * [[Aminoacidum]] * [[Beta oxidatio]] * [[Chylomicronum]] * [[Ester]] * [[Lipidum]] [[Categoria:Alimenta]] [[Categoria:Lipida]] [[Categoria:Metabolismus]] {{Myrias|Biologia}} 14a3utwxtmm81mcmhlh9afbz65tz5mw 0 281117 3960695 3960670 2026-05-19T12:43:39Z IacobusAmor 1163 3960695 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} [[Fasciculus:Four Season Restaurant Trees.JPG|thumb|"Aula cisternae" apud ganeam ''The Four Seasons.'']] {{ires|The Four Seasons}} (nomen Anglicum, scilicet "Quattuor stationes anni") fuit [[popina sellariola]] [[Manhata]]e in urbe [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novo Eboraco]] anno [[1959]] condita. Ab hoc anno in via quinquagesima secunda orientali ad numerum 99 stetit sub [[aedificium Seagram|aedificio Seagram]], eodem annoa a [[Ludovicus Mies van der Rohe|Ludovico Mies van der Rohe]] et [[Philippus Johnson|Philippo Johnson]] [[architectus|architectis]] exstructo. Ibi usque in diem [[16 Iulii]] [[2016]] manebat. Quo die clausa, syngrapha conductionis non renovata, apud numerum 42 viae quadragesimae nonae orientalis, aulis minoribus, anno [[2018]] iterum aperta, usque in diem [[11 Iunii]] [[2019]] acta est. [[Fasciculus:The Four Seasons Restaurant - Private dining room.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|Triclinium privatum.]] Iussu [[Phyllis Lambert|Phyllidis Lambert]] ganea ipsa ab eisdem architectis ornata est quibus omne aedificium Seagram, praecipue a Philippo Johnson. Instrumentum domesticum [[Ada Ludovica Huxtable]] maritusque [[Garth Huxtable]] designaverunt, supellectilia autem [[Eero Saarinen]], [[Hans Wegner]], alii. [[Marcus Rothko]] commissionem picturarum muralium suscepit atque postea renuntiavit: picturae, quas iam confecerat, hodie Londinii in [[pinacotheca Tate]], Tokii in [[Museum Kawamura|Museo Kawamura]], Vasingtoniae in [[pinacotheca Artium Nationalis (Vasingtonia)|pinacotheca artium nationali]] ostentantur. Statua a [[Ricardus Lippold|Ricardo Lippold]], picturae murales a [[Iacobus Rosenquist|Iacobo Rosenquist]] factae aulas ganeae ornabant necnon aulaeum scaenicum a [[Paulus Picasso|Paulo Picasso]] anno [[1919]] pro [[Ballets russes|Ballationibus Russis]] creatum. A principio consiliarius de re coquinaria fuit [[Iacobus Beard]] ganeo; ille usum ciborum quaque statione anni maturescentium suasisse fertur. Popina minus coquinae, maius ornationis frequentationisque gratia laudabatur; [[vischium]] ibi non convivis dilectissimum, potius e quo patroni lucrum derivaverit, a servis proponebatur.<ref>{{qc|id=Friedman (1959)}}</ref> Culinam nihilominus coquus [[Iosephus Renggli|Iosephum Renggli]] ab anno fere 1976 rexit,<ref>{{qc|id=Claiborne (1978)}}; {{qc|id=Hellman (1986)}}; "[https://www.thefooddictator.com/four-seasons-crisp-duck-orange-sauce-fig-garnish/ The Four Seasons crisp duck with orange sauce and fig garnish]" apud ''The Food Dictator''</ref> ex [[Helvetia]] ortus. Qui fercula salutariora ab anno 1984 proposuit et opere ''The Four Seasons Spa Cuisine'' commemoravit.<ref>{{qc|id=Rengli (1986)}}; [https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780671544409 Recensio huius operis]; "[https://www.thefooddictator.com/seppi-rengglis-indonesian-curry-paste/ Seppi Renggli's Indonesian Curry Paste]" apud ''The Food Dictator''</ref> Renggli anno 1990 dimissus est.<ref>{{qc|id=Andrews (1990)}}</ref> == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == [[Fasciculus:Four Season Restaurant Dishes.JPG|thumb|Instrumentum domesticum ganeae ''The Four Seasons'']] * {{ec|id=Andrews (1990)|c=Colman Andrews, "[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-05-06-ca-64-story.html Winter of Discontent at Four Seasons]" in ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' (6 Maii 1990)}} * Craig Claiborne, "[https://www.nytimes.com/1959/10/02/archives/food-news-dining-in-elegant-manner-four-seasons-termed-spectacular.html Dining in Elegant Manner; Four Seasons Termed Spectacular Both in Decor and Menu]" in ''[[New York Times]]'' (2 Octobris 1959) * {{ec|id=Claiborne (1978)|c=Craig Claiborne, "[https://www.nytimes.com/1978/02/22/archives/seppi-renggli-a-chef-for-all-seasons-seppi-renggli-an-inventive.html Seppi Rengli: a chef for all seasons]" in ''[[New York Times]]'' (22 Februarii 1978) }} * Christina Ohly Evans, "[https://howtospendit.ft.com/house-garden/110191-four-seasons-decor-under-the-hammer Four Seasons decor under the hammer]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}" in ''How To Spend It'' (14 Iulii 2016) * Jason Farago, "[https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/jul/13/four-seasons-goodbye-new-york-modernist-cathedral A man for Four Seasons: my goodbye to New York's modernist cathedral]" in ''[[The Guardian]]'' (13 Iulii 2016) * {{ec|id=Freedman (2016) |c= [[Paulus Freedman|Paul Freedman]], ''Ten Restaurants That Changed America'' (Novi Eboraci: W. W. Norton, 2016) pp. 323-364 }} * {{ec|id=Friedman (1959)|c=B. H. Friedman, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20120322073111/https://evergreenreview.com/120/friedman.html The Most Expensive Restaurant Ever Built]" in ''Evergreen Review'' no. 10 (1959); in no. 120 (2009) reimpressum }} * {{ec|id=Hellman (1986)|c=Peter Hellman, "Power House: How the Four Seasons does it" in ''New York Magazine'', 3 Novembris 1986 {{Google Books|rOcCAAAAMBAJ|pp. 42-51}}}} * Jonathan Jones, "[https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2002/dec/07/artsfeatures Feeding fury]" in ''[[The Guardian]]'' (7 Decembris 2002) (de picturis Marci Rothko) * Tom Margittai, Paul Kovi, ''The Four Seasons''. Novi Eboraci: Simon & Schuster, 1980 * Martin Pengelly, "[https://www.theguardian.com/food/2019/jun/08/new-york-four-seasons-restaurant-to-close New York's Four Seasons Restaurant to close less than a year after reopening]" in ''[[The Guardian]]'' (8 Iunii 2019) * Holly Peterson, "[https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/money-and-power/a5671/four-seasons-restaurant-history/ The Four Seasons: A Brief History of the Most Important Restaurant In New York]" in ''Town & Country'' (8 Aprilis 2016) * {{ec|id=Rengli (1986)|c=Seppi Rengli, ''The Four Seasons Spa Cuisine''. Novi Eboraci: Simon & Schuster, 1986. ISBN 978-0-671-54440-9}} == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|The Four Seasons Restaurant}} [[Categoria:Constituta 1959]] [[Categoria:Manhata]] [[Categoria:Popinae Novi Eboraci]] t6wopbl7jm31dxnlqrteoe44xzivxd5 0 287535 3960797 3523455 2026-05-19T22:42:25Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3960797 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:Unua Esperanto-kongreso en Rumanio.jpg|thumb|Primus Congressus Esperanticus Dacoromanicus Hilariopoli anno 1909 celebratus]] '''Motio Esperantica in Romania''': quamquam iam anno 1889 editum erat ''Mic vocabular pentru Români'' auctrice [[Martha Frollo]] magistra, vix ante annum 1904 in vulgo scientiae de [[lingua Esperantica]] fuerunt. Tunc [[Henricus Fischer-Galați]], institor [[Galatzium|Galatzii]], cursum primum disposuit et ibidem fundavit circulum primum esperantistarum una cum pharmacopola Thoma Aburel et domino Kanner. ==Ante Primum bellum mundanum== Anno [[1907]] I. Negreanu advocatus [[Bucaresta|Hilariopolitanus]] symbolis in actis diuris multos notiones Esperanticas docebat et [[Gabriel Robin]] chemicus illustris, propagandam vivacem fecit. Insuper sodalitatem ''Rumana Esperantista Societo'' (RES) condidit et [[liber definitivus|librum definitivum]] primum edidit. Anno 1908 medicus dentarius Saulus Kimel seriem cursuum Dacoromaniae capite instituit et novum cursum idiomatis [[Ludovicus Lazarus Zamenhof|Zamenhofiani]] integrumvulgavit. Fertur fuisse ista periodus aurea; Galatzii editum est periodicum ''Rumana Gazeto Esperantista'' et Hilariopoli commentarii ''Rumana Esperantisto'' homines excitaverunt. Hinc neglegentia plebis superari potuit et anno 1909 primus conventus Dacoromanus fieri potuit, quem et [[bulgaria|Bulgari]] et [[Serbia|Serbi]] frequentaverunt. Mors praematura domini Robin, praeses RES inde a principio, motionem Esperanticam in Dacoromania paululum sufflaminavit. [[Primum bellum mundanum]], quod rebus Esperanticis generatim valde nocuit, in Dacoromania quoque damna gravia sentiri potuerunt. Namque Esperantici fautores sat multi stipendia merere debuerunt atque perierunt, ut et advocatus P. Teodorescu, domino Robin olim succedens. ==Post Primum bellum pancosmicum== Proeliis finitis novum aevum aureum in Esperanticis incohatum est, cui valde favebant sodales in [[Transilvania]] et in [[Banatus|Banatu]] antea cives [[Imperium Austro-Hungaricum|Hungarici]]. Vere anni 1920 [[Andreas Cseh]] [[cibinium|Cibinii]] methodum suam clarissimam excogitavit et eam primo in Operariorum hospitio Cibiniensi monstravit. [[Novum Forum Siculorum|Novi Fori Siculorum]] (Iosepho Halász moderatore) et [[Claudiopolis (Dacia)|Claudiopoli]] praesertim actiones reapse utiles factae sunt. Cseh etiam contactus cum [[universalis Societas Esperantica|Universali Societate Esperantica]] firmavit legatos Esperanticos domesticos nomiinans necnon sodalibus pristinis (e.g. Aemilio Nicolau ([[Ploieşti]]); Ioanni Giuglea et F. Iosif Hilaripoli) persuasit ut rursus operam navarent. Itaque Congressus Esperanticus secundus anno 1922 Claudipolitanus frequentari potuit, quo confluebant et sectatores ex omiibus regionibus et hospites Bulgari. Qua occasione feliciter contigit, ut consociatio RES quoque renovari posset. Congressu altero terminato Horst Fischer invitavit Andream Cseh ut in caput veniret ad ''Centrum Esperanticum Dacoromanicum'' condendum (Esperanto-Centron Rumanan/ECR). Cum dominus Fischer maecenas magnanimus atque generosus esset, actiones publicae maximae fiebant. In disciplinis Andreae Cseh eiusque discipuli indefessi Tiberii Morariu homines permulti se Esperantico decicaturos promittebant. Verisimiliter etiam ratio docendi venusta efficaxque sympathiam populi in favorem Esperantici dirigebat. Hoc in contextu mentio fiat de seminario magistrorum futurorum Grădiştea, de [[vigil|biocolytarum]] praeparatione linguistica et de instructione puerorum exploratorum. Valde rem bonam istam promovebant etiam Petrus Bovet [[Genava|Genavensis]] et Won Kenn [[quancheum|Cantoniensis]] visitatores. Andreae Cseh Genavam proficiente, Tiberius Morariu motus caput factus est. Consociatio RES interim renovata, auxiliantibus Constantino Găvănescul militari praefecto et Gregorio Trancu-Iași politico et Henrico Fischer duce, praeconia pro Esperanticis augebat. Congressus ut quotannis celebrarentur, propositum est ([[Timisvaria]]e [[1923]]; [[Aradinum|Aradini]] [[1924]]; [[Ploieşti|Ploiesti]] [[1925]]; Galatzii praeside ministro G.L. Trancu-Iaşi [[1926]]; [[corona (Romania)|Coronae]] [[1927]]). Crisis pecuniaria autem celebrationem congressuum ex anno 1927 impedivit; eius rei loco esperantistae Dacoromani conventus internationales visitare praetulerunt. Postquam Tiberius Morariu in [[Suecia]]m iit, Henricus Harabagiu, sodalitatis RES secretarius, et Sigismundus Prager publice docere pergebant; Prager Andream Cseh porro iuvabat internationaliter. ==Propugnatores tres== Quamquam actiones in Dacoromania ipsa non semper incremento vero erant, Dacoromani mundo Esperatico tres propugnatores (i.e. Cseh, Morariu, Prager) entheos offerebant qui in variis Europae plagis annis inter 1928 et 1934 feliciter agebant. Anno 1932 Henricus Fischer velut nuntius officialis Tertio conventui Balcanico Hilariopoli celebrato interfuit ubi disputationes multas frugiferas excitare quivit. Praeter RES etiam Centrum Esperanticum Dacoromanicum (RCE) res propellebat, cui secretarius esperantista gravissimus I. Ionescu-Căpăţână [[vegetarianismus|phytophagus]]. Cuius in domo privata non solum conventum est sed etiam lectum est in bibliotheca maxima. Claudipolitana Eugenia Morariu quoque et motionibus tam vernaculae quam internationali. Libros didascalicos ediderunt Robin, Kimel, Beraru, Vanghelovici; glossaria exaraverunt Martha Frollo, Saulus Kimel, Petrus Firu. ==Nexus externi== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20191211120345/https://esperanto-romania.ro/ Situs proprius consociationum hodiernarum] [[categoria:Lingua Esperantica]] [[categoria:Societates linguisticae]] [[categoria:Historia Romaniae]] azsj6ol7atw03vkdn629m885toouwzu 0 295613 3960874 3930896 2026-05-20T11:32:34Z ~2026-30180-04 209651 /* */ 3960874 wikitext text/x-wiki {{disambig2|Ruthenia vel Russia occidentali|Regnum Moscoviticum|Regnum Russicum}}{{Capsa civitatis Vicidata}} '''Regnum Galiciae et Lodomeriae'''<ref>E. g., Othonis Werner [[Societas Iesu|SI]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=qm4ZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA87&dq=Regnum+Galiciae+et+Lodomeriae&hl=la&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiKlremj5HvAhUvposKHYo5Cx8Q6AEwAHoECAAQAg#v=onepage&q=Regnum%20Galiciae%20et%20Lodomeriae&f=false ''Orbis terrarum catholicus'', Friburgi Brisgoviae 1890, p. 87]; [https://books.google.ru/books?id=rJRlAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA84&dq=Regnum+Galiciae+et+Lodomeriae+daniel&hl=la&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjnq6r4ppHvAhURxosKHZziAEYQ6AEwAXoECAEQAg#v=onepage&q=Regnum%20Galiciae%20et%20Lodomeriae%20daniel&f=false ''Compendiolum regnorum Slavoniae, Croatiae, Dalmatiae Galiciae, et Lodomeriae...'', Posonii et Cassoviae 1779, p. 84]; interdum et ''Galliciae, Haliciae'' vel ''Ladomeriae'', et '''regnum Russiae''' ([[Alexander IV|Alexandri IV papae]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=q-ZPAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA83&dq=Regnum+Russiae&hl=la&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjngIv249nzAhWSyIsKHejlB4cQ6AF6BAgCEAI#v=onepage&q=Regnum%20Russiae&f=false epistola]).</ref><ref>''Lodomeria'' est [[Volodimiria (Ucraina)|Volodimiriae Volhyniensis]] nomen corruptum.</ref> vel '''Ducatus Galiciae et Volhyniae''' fuit ducatus [[Ruthenia]]e, a duce [[Romanus Magnus|Romano Mstislai filio]] conditus anno 1199, cum Romanus ducatum [[Galicia (urbs)|Galiciensem]] et [[Volhynia|Volhyniensem]] coniunxisset. Filius Romani [[Daniel (rex Rutheniae)|Daniel]] regis titulum ab [[Innocentius V|Innocentio V]] pontifice Romano accepit. Rex et nepos Danielis [[Georgius (rex Rutheniae)|Georgius]] nominabatur. Anno 1392 [[Polonia]] et [[Magnus Ducatus Lituaniae]] terras Galiciae et Lodomeriae dividerunt. Ab anno 1772, Polonia divisa, '''Regnum Galiciae et Lodomeriae''' terra coronae [[Imperium Austro-Hungaricum|Imperii Austro-Hungarici]] nominabatur. ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus externi== {{fontes geographici}} {{Formula:Ducatus Rutheniae}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Galiciae et Lodomeriae regnum}} {{Myrias|Historia}} [[Categoria:Ducatus Rutheniae]] [[Categoria:Antiquae civitates Europae|Galicia]] [[Categoria:Imperium Austro-Hungaricum]] [[Categoria:Galicia]] 3rz63dfg2k7mqijmz1azudwgppln0pt 3960875 3960874 2026-05-20T11:35:45Z ~2026-30180-04 209651 /* */ 3960875 wikitext text/x-wiki {{disambig2|Ruthenia vel Russia occidentali|Regnum Moscoviticum|Regnum Russicum}}{{Capsa civitatis Vicidata}} '''Regnum Galiciae et Lodomeriae'''<ref>E. g., Othonis Werner [[Societas Iesu|SI]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=qm4ZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA87&dq=Regnum+Galiciae+et+Lodomeriae&hl=la&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiKlremj5HvAhUvposKHYo5Cx8Q6AEwAHoECAAQAg#v=onepage&q=Regnum%20Galiciae%20et%20Lodomeriae&f=false ''Orbis terrarum catholicus'', Friburgi Brisgoviae 1890, p. 87]; [https://books.google.ru/books?id=rJRlAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA84&dq=Regnum+Galiciae+et+Lodomeriae+daniel&hl=la&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjnq6r4ppHvAhURxosKHZziAEYQ6AEwAXoECAEQAg#v=onepage&q=Regnum%20Galiciae%20et%20Lodomeriae%20daniel&f=false ''Compendiolum regnorum Slavoniae, Croatiae, Dalmatiae Galiciae, et Lodomeriae...'', Posonii et Cassoviae 1779, p. 84]; interdum et ''Galliciae, Haliciae'' vel ''Ladomeriae'', et '''regnum Russiae''' ([[Alexander IV|Alexandri IV papae]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=q-ZPAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA83&dq=Regnum+Russiae&hl=la&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjngIv249nzAhWSyIsKHejlB4cQ6AF6BAgCEAI#v=onepage&q=Regnum%20Russiae&f=false epistola]).</ref><ref>''Lodomeria'' est [[Volodimiria (Ucraina)|Volodimiriae Volhyniensis]] nomen corruptum.</ref> vel '''Ducatus Galiciae et Volhyniae''' fuit ducatus [[Ruthenia]]e, a duce [[Romanus Magnus|Romano Mstislai filio]] conditus anno 1199, cum Romanus Ducatum [[Galicia (urbs)|Galiciensem]] et [[Volhynia|Volhyniensem]] coniunxisset. Filius Romani [[Daniel (rex Rutheniae)|Daniel]] Regis titulum ab [[Innocentius V|Innocentio V]] Pontifice Romano accepit. Rex et nepos Danielis [[Georgius (rex Rutheniae)|Georgius]] nominabatur. Anno 1392 [[Polonia]] et [[Magnus Ducatus Lituaniae]] terras Galiciae et Lodomeriae dividerunt. Ab anno 1772, Polonia divisa, '''Regnum Galiciae et Lodomeriae''' terra coronae [[Imperium Austro-Hungaricum|Imperii Austro-Hungarici]] nominabatur. ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus externi== {{fontes geographici}} {{Formula:Ducatus Rutheniae}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Galiciae et Lodomeriae regnum}} {{Myrias|Historia}} [[Categoria:Ducatus Rutheniae]] [[Categoria:Antiquae civitates Europae|Galicia]] [[Categoria:Imperium Austro-Hungaricum]] [[Categoria:Galicia]] bwyu2s4idrh7ffwdb5p1loixtdp5y6z 0 295702 3960746 3855610 2026-05-19T15:17:01Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3960746 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Gundisalvus''', vulgo ''Gonzalo'' '''Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés''' ([[Matritum|Matriti]] mense Augusto [[1478]] natus; mortuus anno [[1557]]), fuit [[colonus]] [[scriptor]]que [[Hispania|Hispanus]]. Libri ''Dela natural hystoria delas Indias'' ([[1526]]) et ''La historia general delas Indias'' ([[1535]]), mox in alias linguas versi, divisiones constituunt [[Historia general y natural de las Indias, islas y tierra-firme del mar Océano|operis principalis]] Gundisalvi de Oviedo, cuius pars magna non ante annum [[1851]] divulgata erit. [[Fasciculus:Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés, La historia general de las Indias, 1535, title page (Biodiversity Heritage Library copy).jpg|thumb|Pagina tituli ornata primae editionis operis magni, cuius prima pars inscribitur ''La historia general delas'' [sic] ''Indias'' (1535).]] Ab anno aetatis quattuordecimo apud aulam regum catholicorum [[Ferdinandus II (rex Aragonum)|Ferdinandi]] et [[Isabella I (regina Castellae et Legionis)|Isabellae]] educatus est. Fodinis aureis insulae [[Hispaniola]]e anno [[1514]] praepositus est. His annis mythistoriam componebat, quae anno [[1519]] titulo ''Libro del muy esforzado e invencible caballero Don Claribalte'', duci [[Calabria]]e [[Ferdinandus (Dux Calabriae)|Ferdinando]] dicata, [[Valentia (Hispania)|Valentiae]] edita erit. Anno [[1523]] in Hispaniam reditus historiographus Indiarum Occidentalium creatus est. == Opera == [[Fasciculus:Drawing of pineapple from Oviedo, Natural y general hystoria, Huntington Library.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Ananas comosus|Ananas]] a Gundisalvo de Oviedo medio saeculo XVI pictus et descriptus. Manuscriptum apud [[bibliotheca Huntingtoniana|bibliothecam Huntingtonianam]] servatum.]] * 1519 : ''Libro del muy esforzado e invencible caballero Don Claribalte'' * 1526 : ''[[Historia general y natural de las Indias, islas y tierra-firme del mar Océano|Dela natural hystoria delas Indias]]''. Toleti; [https://web.archive.org/web/20210325084325/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/7331/view/1/1/ Textus]; [https://archive.org/details/ouiedodelanatura00fern/ textus] apud ''Internet Archive''; [https://hdl.huntington.org/digital/collection/p16003coll14/id/21340/rec/3 textus] apud Bibliothecam Huntingtonianam * 1535 : ''[[Historia general y natural de las Indias, islas y tierra-firme del mar Océano|La historia general delas Indias]]'' [https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000819539 Textus] * 1851-1855 : José Amador de los Ríos, ed., ''[[Historia general y natural de las Indias, islas y tierra-firme del mar Océano]]''. 4 voll. Matriti: Real Academia de la Historia, 1851-1855 [https://archive.org/details/gri_33125007267921 Pars 1] [https://archive.org/details/gri_33125007267988 Pars 2 vol. 1] [https://archive.org/details/historiageneral02fernguat pars 2 vol. 2] [https://archive.org/details/historiageneral04fernguat Pars 3] * 1880 : ''Las quinquagenas de la nobleza de España'' == Bibliographia == * Jesús Carrillo, "The 'Historia General y Natural de las Indias' by Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo" in ''Huntington Library Quarterly'' vol. 65 (2002) pp. 321–344 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3817978 JSTOR] * Kathleen Ann Myers; Nina M. Scott, ed., ''Fernández de Oviedo's chronicle of America: a new history for a New World''. Austinopoli: University of Texas Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-292-79502-0 == Nexus externi == * Manuscriptum ''Natural y General Hystoria de las Indias'' (1539/1548) apud Bibliothecam Huntingtonianam ** [https://hdl.huntington.org/digital/collection/p16003coll14/id/3958 vol. 1: series imaginum] ** [https://hdl.huntington.org/digital/collection/p16003coll14/id/4318 vol. 2: series imaginum] {{Lifetime|1478|1557|Oviedo Y Valdés, Gundisalvus Fernández De}} [[Categoria:Auctores Hispanici]] [[Categoria:Historici Hispaniae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores mythistoriarum Hispaniae]] t2a6v8p059u7vi8trc45gzn9f1pxsjf 0 296228 3960740 3932750 2026-05-19T14:55:53Z LilyKitty 18316 de domo Ruricidarum 3960740 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Vsevolodus''', anno 1030 natus et [[13 Aprilis]] 1093 [[Kiovia]]e mortuus, fuit [[Iaroslaus Sapiens|Iaroslai Sapientis]] et [[Ingigerda Olai filia|Ingigerda]]e filius quartus, quem pater, ut [[Chronica Nestoris]] dicit, plus quam fratres amavit. Cum patre Kioviae vixerat et Iaroslao anno 1054 mortuo [[ducatus Pereaslaviensis|Pereaslaviae]] et [[ducatus Rostoviensis|Rostoviae]] dux factus est, post annum 1073 [[ducatus Czernihoviensis|Czernihoviae]], annis 1076—1077 et ab anno 1078 usque ad mortem [[magni duces Kiovienses|magnus dux Kioviae]] [[Ruricidae|Ruricidarum]]. [[Vladimirus Monomachus|Vladimiri Monomachi]] et [[Eupraxia Vsevolodi filia|Eupraxiae]] [[Henricus IV (imperator)|Henrici IV imperatoris]] uxoris pater. ==Nexus externi== * [https://bigenc.ru/c/vsevolod-iaroslavich-2b06f9 Vsevolodus Iaroslai filius] in ''Encyclopaedia Russica magna'' *[[:s:ru:ЭСБЕ/Всеволод-Андрей_Ярославич| Vsevolodus Iaroslai filius]] in ''[[Lexicon encyclopaedicum Brockhaus et Efron|Lexico encyclopaedico Brockhaus et Efron]]'' {{ling|Russice}} {{Lifetime|1030|1093|Vsevolodus Iaroslai filius}} [[Categoria:Magni duces Kiovienses]] [[Categoria:Duces Rostovienses]] [[Categoria:Ruricidae]] [[Categoria:Duces Czernihovienses]] bui085hl962f6sgagi0wbr5gzw0orrl 0 297481 3960815 3658652 2026-05-20T01:48:52Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3960815 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Rain_over_Beinn_Eich,_Luss_Hills,_Scotland.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Pluvia]] super ''[[catchment]]'' [[Scotia|Scoticum]].]] '''Hydrologia''' ([[Graece]] ὕδωρ 'aqua' + λόγος 'studium') est [[scientia (ratio)|scientificum]] [[locus|loci]], [[motus]], distributionis, administrationisque [[aqua]]e in [[tellus|tellure]] aliisque [[planeta|planetis]] investigatio, [[circulus aquae|circulo aquae]], [[opes aquaticae|opibus aquaticis]], [[circumiecta|circumiectisque]] aquaticis sustinendis non exclusis. Qui hydrologiae studeat hydrologus appellatur. Hydrologi sunt [[eruditio|eruditi]] quos [[scientia (ratio)|scientia]] [[scientia telluris|telluris]] aut [[circumiecta|circumiectorum]], [[ingeniaria]] [[ingeniaria civilis|civilis]] aut [[natura]]lis, vel [[geographia physica]] tenet.<ref name="USGS">{{cite web | url = http://water.usgs.gov/edu/hydrology.html | title = What is hydrology and what do hydrologists do? | website = USA.gov | publisher = U.S. Geological Survey | access-date = 7 Octobris 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150919135804/http://water.usgs.gov/edu/hydrology.html | archive-date = 19 Septembris 2015 | url-status = dead }}</ref> ==Genera hydrologiae== * [[Administratio]] [[pelvis siccationis|pelvum siccationis]] coacervationem aquae tractat, per [[receptaculum aquae|receptacula]] administranda et [[inundatio]]nes prohibendas. * [[Hydrogeochemia]] est studium rationis [[mineralia|mineralium]] in aqua dissolutorum et eius effectuum in chemiam aquaticam. * [[Hydrogeologia]] est studium locationis et motus aquae subterraneae. * [[Hydroinformatica]] est adaptatio [[technologia]]e [[informatio]]nis ad hydrologiam et adhibitiones opum aquaticarum. * [[Hydrologia aquae superficialis]] est studium [[ratio]]num hydrologicarum quae ad vel prope superficiem telluris operantur. * [[Hydrologia chemica]] est studium [[chemia|chemicarum]] aquae [[proprietas|proprietatum]]. * [[Hydrologia isotopica]] est studium [[isotopum|isotopicarum]] aquae proprietatum. * [[Hydrometeorologia]] est studium translationis aquae et [[energia]]e inter [[terra]]m et [[superficies]] [[corpus aquae|corporum aquae]] et [[atmosphaera]]e inferioris. * [[Oecohydrologia]] est studium interactionum [[organismus|organismorum]] cum circulo aquae. * [[Qualitas aquae]] chemiam aquae in [[flumen|fluminibus]] et [[lacus|lacubus]] comprehendit, impuritatibus et solutis [[natura]]libus non exclusis. {{NexInt}} {{div col|4}} * [[Aestuarium]] * [[Aqua agriculturalis]] * [[Aqua dulcis]] * [[Clima]]tologia * [[Circumiecta naturalia]] * [[Corpus aquae]] * [[Cursus aquarius]] * [[Delta fluminis]] * [[Dendrotelma]] * [[Dies mundialis aquae]] * [[Diluvium lutosum]] * [[Divortium aquarum]] * [[Eluvio verna]] * [[Energia hydroelectrica]] * [[Erosio]] * [[Evaporatio]] * [[Fons]] * [[Fons calidus]] * [[Geologia]] * [[Geomorphologia]] * [[Glacies]] * [[Glaciologia]] * [[Hydraulica]] * [[Hydroelectricitas]] * [[Hydrogeologia]] * [[Hydrographia]] * [[Hydrologia (agricultura)]] * [[Hydrometeorologia]] * [[Hydrosphaera]] * [[Irrigatio]] * [[Lacus]] * [[Lacus subterraneus]] * [[Lacus supersalsus]] * [[Limnologia]] * [[Meteorologia]] * [[Moles]] * [[Oceanographia]] * [[Opes naturae]] * [[Palus]] * [[Pedologia]] * [[Phytotelma]] * [[Pons]] * [[Praecipitatio]] * [[Puteus]] * [[Ripa]] * [[Scientia solorum]] * [[Sedimentum|Sedimentatio]] * [[Siccitas]] * [[Sociohydrologia]] * [[Turris aquaria]] * [[Vapor]] * [[Marcus Vitruvius Pollio]] {{div col end}} ==Notae== <references/> [[Fasciculus:Caesarea_maritima_BW_3.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Aquaeductus]] [[imperium Romanum|Romana]] apud [[Caesarea Maritima|Caesaream Maritimam]], qui aquam ex [[mons|montibus]] [[Mons Carmel|Carmel]]{{dubsig}} ad [[colonia]]m fert.]] [[Fasciculus:Building a map of groundwater countours.gif|thumb|upright=1.2|Tabula formarum aquae subterraneae.]] [[Fasciculus:Iceberg_with_hole_near_Sandersons_Hope_2007-07-28_2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Aqua in statibus tribus: fluente (aqua in [[mare|mari]]), firmo ([[glacies|glacie]] in [[mons glacialis|monte glaciali]]), et gasiforme ([[vapor]]e in [[nubes|nubibus]]). Hydrologi omnes aquae formas investigant.]] ==Bibliographia== * Anderson, Malcolm G., et Jeffrey J. McDonnell, eds. [[2005]]. ''Encyclopedia of hydrological sciences.'' Hoboken Novae Caesareae: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-49103-9. * Denny, Mark W. [[1993]]. ''Air and Water: The Biology and Physics of Life's Media.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-08734-2. * Eslamian, S., ed. [[2014]]. ''Handbook of Engineering Hydrology, Vol. 1: Fundamentals and Applications.'' Francis and Taylor, CRC Group. * Eslamian, S., ed. [[2014]]. ''Handbook of Engineering Hydrology, Vol. 2: Modeling, Climate Change and Variability.'' Francis and Taylor, CRC Group. * Eslamian, S., ed. [[2014]]. ''Handbook of Engineering Hydrology, Vol. 3: Environmental Hydrology and Water Management.'' Francis and Taylor, CRC Group. * Franks, F., ed. (1972) [[1982]]. ''Water: A comprehensive treatise. Novi Eboraci: Plenum Press. * Gleick, P. H., ed. [[1998]]+. ''The World's Water: The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources.'' Vasingtoniae: Island Press.<!--published every two years, beginning in 1998--> [http://www.worldwater.org/ The World's Water, Island Press] * Hendriks, Martin R. [[2010]]. ''Introduction to physical hydrology.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-929684-2. * Hornberger, George M., Patricia L. Wiberg, Jeffrey P. Raffensperger, et Paolo P. D'Odorico. [[2014]]. ''Elements of physical hydrology.'' Ed. secunda. Baltimorae: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9781421413730. * Maidment, David R., ed. [[1993]]. ''Handbook of hydrology.'' Novi Eboraci: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-039732-5. * McCuen, Richard H. [[2005]]. ''Hydrologic analysis and design.'' Ed. tertia. Upper Saddle River Novae Caesareae: Pearson-Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-142424-6. * Postel, S. [[1992]]. ''Last Oasis: Facing Water Scarcity.'' Novi Eboraci: W. W. Norton and Company. * Reisner, M. [[1986]]. ''Cadillac Desert: The American West and Its Disappearing Water.'' Novi Eboraci: Penguin Books. * Selbmann, Sibylle. [[1995]]. ''Mythos Wasser, Symbolik und Kulturgeschichte.'' Karlsruhe: Badenia Verlag. ISBN 3-7617-0309-0 * Solomon, Steven. [[2010]]. ''Water: The Epic Struggle for Wealth, Power, and Civilization.'' Novi Eboraci: Harper. ISBN 978-0-06-054830-8. * Tölgyessy, J. [[1993]]. ''Chemistry and Biology of Water, Air, and Soil: Environmental Aspects,'' versio anglica. Amstelodami et Novi Eboraci: Elsevier. ISBN 0-444-98798-3 * United Nations. ''World Water Development Report.'' [http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/ UN World Water Development Report] * Viessman Jr., Warren, et Gary L. Lewis. [[2003]]. ''Introduction to hydrology.'' Ed. quinta. Upper Saddle River Novae Caesareqae3: Pearson Education. ISBN 0-673-99337-X. * Wennersten, John R. [[2012]]. ''Global Thirst: Water and Society in the 21st Century.'' Atglen Pennsylvaniae: Schiffer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7643-3973-8 * Winkler, Inga T. [[2012]]. ''The Human Right to Water: Significance, Legal Status, and Implications for Water Allocation.'' Portlandiae Oregoniae: Hart Press. ISBN 978-1-84946-283-9. ==Nexus externi== {{Wiktionary|Hydrology|hydrologiam,}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130601205453/http://floodrisk.net/ "Decision tree to choose an uncertainty method for hydrological and hydraulic modelling."] * [http://www.hydrology.nl/ Hydrology.nl.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140110213325/http://experimental-hydrology.net/ Wiki de hydrologia experimentali.] * [http://www.worldwater.org/ The World's Water Data Page,] www.worldwater.org [[Categoria:Ars ingeniaria]] [[Categoria:Circumiectus]] [[Categoria:Geographia physica]] [[Categoria:Hydrologia| ]] {{Myrias|Physica}} g5wb18z53p9qtweoe3xlm33vhpcf4zy 0 299473 3960844 3868521 2026-05-20T09:33:30Z ~2026-30180-04 209651 /* */ 3960844 wikitext text/x-wiki {{disambig2|regno Moscovitico|Danielis Galiciensis regnum|Regnum Russiae}} [[Fasciculus:Russian Tsardom 1500 to 1700.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Regnum Russicum: <br>{{Color box|#357505}} anno [[1500]]; {{Color box|#22b14c}} anno [[1600]]; {{Color box|#68ca84}} anno [[1700]].]] [[Fasciculus:Russia Mercator 1595.jpg|thumb|Russia a [[Gerardus Mercator|Mercator]]e delineata (1595).]] '''Regnum Russiae''' sive '''Regnum''' (vulgo ''Czarstvo''<ref>[[Iohannes Iacobus Hofmann|Iohannis Iacobi Hofmanni]] ''[[Lexicon Universale]]'' s.v. [http://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/hofmann/hof1/s1072a.html Czar].</ref>) '''Russicum'''<ref>[[Hermannus Conringius|Hermanni Conringii]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=Tug-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA49&dq=regnum+russicum&hl=la&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHioTMlNnzAhXEQ_EDHT8rC9QQ6AF6BAgGEAI#v=onepage&q=regnum%20russicum&f=false ''Examen rerum publicarum potentiorum totius orbis'', in collectione operum, vol. IV, Brunsvigae 1730, p. 49]; [[Ioannes Loccenius|Ioannis Loccenii]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=8i7Z5UtEjb8C&pg=PA503&dq=regnum+russicum&hl=la&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHioTMlNnzAhXEQ_EDHT8rC9QQ6AF6BAgIEAI#v=onepage&q=regnum%20russicum&f=false ''Historiae Suecanae libri VIII'', Francofurti et Lipsiae, 1676, p. 503]; [[Franciscus Henricus van West|Francisci Henrici van West]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=k_91x6gI0icC&pg=PA77&dq=regnum+russicum&hl=la&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHioTMlNnzAhXEQ_EDHT8rC9QQ6AF6BAgCEAI#v=onepage&q=regnum%20russicum&f=false ''De poena deportationis'', Amstelodami 1832, p. 77].</ref>, saepe et '''[[Moscovia]]''', fuit [[civitas]] [[Russia|Russica]] quae [[saeculum|saeculis]] [[saeculum 15|quinto decimo]], [[saeculum 16|sexto decimo]], [[saeculum 17|septimoque decimo]] vigebat. Eius initium saepissime annus [[1547]] habetur, quo anno diadema [[rex|regale]] [[Ioannes Severus|Ioanni Severo]] ''Caesari'' ([[czar]]i) impositum est; sed interdum et ab [[Ioannes Magnus|Ioanne Magno]] eius [[avus|avo]] [[historia]] regni Russici vel Moscovitici numeratur, quia Ioannes revera se Caesarem nominabat, et quo regnante Moscua [[Mosqua tertia Roma|Romae tertiae]] nomen cepit. Post annum [[1721]], cum [[Petrus Magnus]] titulum [[imperator|imperialem]] assumeret, non regni, sed [[Imperium Russicum|imperii]] nomen civitas Russica ferebat. ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus interni== * [[Tzares Russiae|Czares Russiae]] ==Fontes== * [[Basilius Ključevskij|Basilii Ključevskij]] [http://www.kulichki.com/inkwell/text/special/history/kluch/kluch25.htm lectiones de historia Russiae] {{ling|Russice}} [[Categoria:Antiquae civitates Europae]] [[Categoria:Historia Russiae]] {{Myrias|Historia}} 5l9clnbr1179yg2gx49z56qykv3x93u 3960845 3960844 2026-05-20T09:41:25Z ~2026-30180-04 209651 /* */ 3960845 wikitext text/x-wiki {{disambig2|regno Moscovitico|Danielis Galiciensis regnum|Regnum Russiae}} [[Fasciculus:Russian Tsardom 1500 to 1700.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Regnum Russicum: <br>{{Color box|#357505}} anno [[1500]]; {{Color box|#22b14c}} anno [[1600]]; {{Color box|#68ca84}} anno [[1700]].]] [[Fasciculus:Russia Mercator 1595.jpg|thumb|Russia a [[Gerardus Mercator|Mercator]]e delineata (1595).]] '''Regnum Russiae''' sive '''Regnum''' (vulgo ''Czarstvo''<ref>[[Iohannes Iacobus Hofmann|Iohannis Iacobi Hofmanni]] ''[[Lexicon Universale]]'' s.v. [http://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/hofmann/hof1/s1072a.html Czar].</ref>) '''Regnum Russicum'''<ref>[[Hermannus Conringius|Hermanni Conringii]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=Tug-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA49&dq=regnum+russicum&hl=la&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHioTMlNnzAhXEQ_EDHT8rC9QQ6AF6BAgGEAI#v=onepage&q=regnum%20russicum&f=false ''Examen rerum publicarum potentiorum totius orbis'', in collectione operum, vol. IV, Brunsvigae 1730, p. 49]; [[Ioannes Loccenius|Ioannis Loccenii]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=8i7Z5UtEjb8C&pg=PA503&dq=regnum+russicum&hl=la&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHioTMlNnzAhXEQ_EDHT8rC9QQ6AF6BAgIEAI#v=onepage&q=regnum%20russicum&f=false ''Historiae Suecanae libri VIII'', Francofurti et Lipsiae, 1676, p. 503]; [[Franciscus Henricus van West|Francisci Henrici van West]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=k_91x6gI0icC&pg=PA77&dq=regnum+russicum&hl=la&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHioTMlNnzAhXEQ_EDHT8rC9QQ6AF6BAgCEAI#v=onepage&q=regnum%20russicum&f=false ''De poena deportationis'', Amstelodami 1832, p. 77].</ref>, saepe et '''[[Moscovia]]''', fuit [[civitas]] [[Russia|Russica]] quae [[saeculum|saeculis]] [[saeculum 15|quinto decimo]], [[saeculum 16|sexto decimo]], [[saeculum 17|septimoque decimo]] vigebat. Eius initium saepissime annus [[1547]] habetur, quo anno diadema [[rex|regale]] [[Ioannes Severus|Ioanni Severo]] ''Caesari'' ([[czar]]i) impositum est; sed interdum et ab [[Ioannes Magnus|Ioanne Magno]] eius [[avus|avo]] [[historia]] regni Russici vel Moscovitici numeratur, quia Ioannes revera se Caesarem nominabat, et quo regnante Moscua [[Mosqua tertia Roma|Romae tertiae]] nomen cepit. Post annum [[1721]], cum [[Petrus Magnus]] titulum [[imperator|imperialem]] assumeret, non regni, sed [[Imperium Russicum|imperii]] nomen civitas Russica ferebat. ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus interni== * [[Tzares Russiae|Czares Russiae]] ==Fontes== * [[Basilius Ključevskij|Basilii Ključevskij]] [http://www.kulichki.com/inkwell/text/special/history/kluch/kluch25.htm lectiones de historia Russiae] {{ling|Russice}} [[Categoria:Antiquae civitates Europae]] [[Categoria:Historia Russiae]] {{Myrias|Historia}} 9f75dg6u7ygkmefffq1mkr0lw69gw8x 3960846 3960845 2026-05-20T09:42:16Z ~2026-30180-04 209651 /* */ 3960846 wikitext text/x-wiki {{disambig2|regno Moscovitico|Danielis Galiciensis regnum|Regnum Russiae}} [[Fasciculus:Russian Tsardom 1500 to 1700.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Regnum Russicum: <br>{{Color box|#357505}} anno [[1500]]; {{Color box|#22b14c}} anno [[1600]]; {{Color box|#68ca84}} anno [[1700]].]] [[Fasciculus:Russia Mercator 1595.jpg|thumb|Russia a [[Gerardus Mercator|Mercator]]e delineata (1595).]] '''Regnum Russiae''' sive '''Regnum''' (vulgo ''Czarstvo''<ref>[[Iohannes Iacobus Hofmann|Iohannis Iacobi Hofmanni]] ''[[Lexicon Universale]]'' s.v. [http://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/hofmann/hof1/s1072a.html Czar].</ref>) '''Regnum Russicum'''<ref>[[Hermannus Conringius|Hermanni Conringii]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=Tug-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA49&dq=regnum+russicum&hl=la&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHioTMlNnzAhXEQ_EDHT8rC9QQ6AF6BAgGEAI#v=onepage&q=regnum%20russicum&f=false ''Examen rerum publicarum potentiorum totius orbis'', in collectione operum, vol. IV, Brunsvigae 1730, p. 49]; [[Ioannes Loccenius|Ioannis Loccenii]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=8i7Z5UtEjb8C&pg=PA503&dq=regnum+russicum&hl=la&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHioTMlNnzAhXEQ_EDHT8rC9QQ6AF6BAgIEAI#v=onepage&q=regnum%20russicum&f=false ''Historiae Suecanae libri VIII'', Francofurti et Lipsiae, 1676, p. 503]; [[Franciscus Henricus van West|Francisci Henrici van West]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=k_91x6gI0icC&pg=PA77&dq=regnum+russicum&hl=la&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHioTMlNnzAhXEQ_EDHT8rC9QQ6AF6BAgCEAI#v=onepage&q=regnum%20russicum&f=false ''De poena deportationis'', Amstelodami 1832, p. 77].</ref>, saepe et '''[[Russia]]''', '''[[Galicia et Lodomeria]]''', '''[[Moscovia]]''', fuit [[civitas]] [[Russia|Russica]] quae [[saeculum|saeculis]] [[saeculum 15|quinto decimo]], [[saeculum 16|sexto decimo]], [[saeculum 17|septimoque decimo]] vigebat. Eius initium saepissime annus [[1547]] habetur, quo anno diadema [[rex|regale]] [[Ioannes Severus|Ioanni Severo]] ''Caesari'' ([[czar]]i) impositum est; sed interdum et ab [[Ioannes Magnus|Ioanne Magno]] eius [[avus|avo]] [[historia]] regni Russici vel Moscovitici numeratur, quia Ioannes revera se Caesarem nominabat, et quo regnante Moscua [[Mosqua tertia Roma|Romae tertiae]] nomen cepit. Post annum [[1721]], cum [[Petrus Magnus]] titulum [[imperator|imperialem]] assumeret, non regni, sed [[Imperium Russicum|imperii]] nomen civitas Russica ferebat. ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus interni== * [[Tzares Russiae|Czares Russiae]] ==Fontes== * [[Basilius Ključevskij|Basilii Ključevskij]] [http://www.kulichki.com/inkwell/text/special/history/kluch/kluch25.htm lectiones de historia Russiae] {{ling|Russice}} [[Categoria:Antiquae civitates Europae]] [[Categoria:Historia Russiae]] {{Myrias|Historia}} eas09j21gjnortd8sun484e8ewmkvrx 3960847 3960846 2026-05-20T09:46:47Z ~2026-30180-04 209651 /* */ 3960847 wikitext text/x-wiki {{disambig2|regno Moscovitico|Danielis Galiciensis regnum|Regnum Russiae}} [[Fasciculus:Russian Tsardom 1500 to 1700.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Regnum Russicum: <br>{{Color box|#357505}} anno [[1500]]; {{Color box|#22b14c}} anno [[1600]]; {{Color box|#68ca84}} anno [[1700]].]] [[Fasciculus:Russia Mercator 1595.jpg|thumb|Russia a [[Gerardus Mercator|Mercator]]e delineata (1595).]] '''Regnum Russiae''' sive '''Regnum Moscoviae''' (vulgo ''Czarstvo''<ref>[[Iohannes Iacobus Hofmann|Iohannis Iacobi Hofmanni]] ''[[Lexicon Universale]]'' s.v. [http://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/hofmann/hof1/s1072a.html Czar].</ref>) '''Regnum Russicum'''<ref>[[Hermannus Conringius|Hermanni Conringii]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=Tug-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA49&dq=regnum+russicum&hl=la&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHioTMlNnzAhXEQ_EDHT8rC9QQ6AF6BAgGEAI#v=onepage&q=regnum%20russicum&f=false ''Examen rerum publicarum potentiorum totius orbis'', in collectione operum, vol. IV, Brunsvigae 1730, p. 49]; [[Ioannes Loccenius|Ioannis Loccenii]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=8i7Z5UtEjb8C&pg=PA503&dq=regnum+russicum&hl=la&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHioTMlNnzAhXEQ_EDHT8rC9QQ6AF6BAgIEAI#v=onepage&q=regnum%20russicum&f=false ''Historiae Suecanae libri VIII'', Francofurti et Lipsiae, 1676, p. 503]; [[Franciscus Henricus van West|Francisci Henrici van West]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=k_91x6gI0icC&pg=PA77&dq=regnum+russicum&hl=la&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHioTMlNnzAhXEQ_EDHT8rC9QQ6AF6BAgCEAI#v=onepage&q=regnum%20russicum&f=false ''De poena deportationis'', Amstelodami 1832, p. 77].</ref>, saepe et '''[[Russia]]''', '''[[Galicia et Lodomeria]]''', '''[[Moscovia]]''', fuit [[civitas]] [[Russia|Russica]] quae [[saeculum|saeculis]] [[saeculum 15|quinto decimo]], [[saeculum 16|sexto decimo]], [[saeculum 17|septimoque decimo]] vigebat. Eius initium saepissime annus [[1547]] habetur, quo anno diadema [[rex|regale]] [[Ioannes Severus|Ioanni Severo]] ''Caesari'' ([[czar]]i) impositum est; sed interdum et ab [[Ioannes Magnus|Ioanne Magno]] eius [[avus|avo]] [[historia]] regni Russici vel Moscovitici numeratur, quia Ioannes revera se Caesarem nominabat, et quo regnante Moscua [[Mosqua tertia Roma|Romae tertiae]] nomen cepit. Post annum [[1721]], cum [[Petrus Magnus]] titulum [[imperator|imperialem]] assumeret, non regni, sed [[Imperium Russicum|imperii]] nomen civitas Russica ferebat. ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus interni== * [[Tzares Russiae|Czares Russiae]] ==Fontes== * [[Basilius Ključevskij|Basilii Ključevskij]] [http://www.kulichki.com/inkwell/text/special/history/kluch/kluch25.htm lectiones de historia Russiae] {{ling|Russice}} [[Categoria:Antiquae civitates Europae]] [[Categoria:Historia Russiae]] {{Myrias|Historia}} c6rgz28oa099z74a4phwo84qqzgu81r 3960848 3960847 2026-05-20T09:47:35Z ~2026-30180-04 209651 /* */ 3960848 wikitext text/x-wiki {{disambig2|Reno Russiae|Danielis Galiciensis Regnum|Regnum Russiae}} [[Fasciculus:Russian Tsardom 1500 to 1700.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Regnum Russicum: <br>{{Color box|#357505}} anno [[1500]]; {{Color box|#22b14c}} anno [[1600]]; {{Color box|#68ca84}} anno [[1700]].]] [[Fasciculus:Russia Mercator 1595.jpg|thumb|Russia a [[Gerardus Mercator|Mercator]]e delineata (1595).]] '''Regnum Russiae''' sive '''Regnum Russicum''' (vulgo ''Czarstvo''<ref>[[Iohannes Iacobus Hofmann|Iohannis Iacobi Hofmanni]] ''[[Lexicon Universale]]'' s.v. [http://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/hofmann/hof1/s1072a.html Czar].</ref>) '''Regnum Russicum'''<ref>[[Hermannus Conringius|Hermanni Conringii]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=Tug-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA49&dq=regnum+russicum&hl=la&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHioTMlNnzAhXEQ_EDHT8rC9QQ6AF6BAgGEAI#v=onepage&q=regnum%20russicum&f=false ''Examen rerum publicarum potentiorum totius orbis'', in collectione operum, vol. IV, Brunsvigae 1730, p. 49]; [[Ioannes Loccenius|Ioannis Loccenii]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=8i7Z5UtEjb8C&pg=PA503&dq=regnum+russicum&hl=la&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHioTMlNnzAhXEQ_EDHT8rC9QQ6AF6BAgIEAI#v=onepage&q=regnum%20russicum&f=false ''Historiae Suecanae libri VIII'', Francofurti et Lipsiae, 1676, p. 503]; [[Franciscus Henricus van West|Francisci Henrici van West]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=k_91x6gI0icC&pg=PA77&dq=regnum+russicum&hl=la&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHioTMlNnzAhXEQ_EDHT8rC9QQ6AF6BAgCEAI#v=onepage&q=regnum%20russicum&f=false ''De poena deportationis'', Amstelodami 1832, p. 77].</ref>, saepe et '''[[Russia]]''', '''[[Galicia et Lodomeria]]''', '''[[Moscovia]]''', fuit [[civitas]] [[Russia|Russica]] quae [[saeculum|saeculis]] [[saeculum 15|quinto decimo]], [[saeculum 16|sexto decimo]], [[saeculum 17|septimoque decimo]] vigebat. Eius initium saepissime annus [[1547]] habetur, quo anno diadema [[rex|regale]] [[Ioannes Severus|Ioanni Severo]] ''Caesari'' ([[czar]]i) impositum est; sed interdum et ab [[Ioannes Magnus|Ioanne Magno]] eius [[avus|avo]] [[historia]] regni Russici vel Moscovitici numeratur, quia Ioannes revera se Caesarem nominabat, et quo regnante Moscua [[Mosqua tertia Roma|Romae tertiae]] nomen cepit. Post annum [[1721]], cum [[Petrus Magnus]] titulum [[imperator|imperialem]] assumeret, non regni, sed [[Imperium Russicum|imperii]] nomen civitas Russica ferebat. ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus interni== * [[Tzares Russiae|Czares Russiae]] ==Fontes== * [[Basilius Ključevskij|Basilii Ključevskij]] [http://www.kulichki.com/inkwell/text/special/history/kluch/kluch25.htm lectiones de historia Russiae] {{ling|Russice}} [[Categoria:Antiquae civitates Europae]] [[Categoria:Historia Russiae]] {{Myrias|Historia}} elescbhzx002qqwqnq9mjemjtj2dae4 3960850 3960848 2026-05-20T09:50:42Z ~2026-30180-04 209651 /* */ 3960850 wikitext text/x-wiki {{disambig2|Reno Russiae|Danielis Galiciensis Regnum|Regnum Russiae}} [[Fasciculus:Russian Tsardom 1500 to 1700.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Regnum Russicum: <br>{{Color box|#357505}} anno [[1500]]; {{Color box|#22b14c}} anno [[1600]]; {{Color box|#68ca84}} anno [[1700]].]] [[Fasciculus:Russia Mercator 1595.jpg|thumb|Russia a [[Gerardus Mercator|Mercator]]e delineata (1595).]] '''Regnum Russiae''' sive '''Regnum Russicum''' (vulgo ''Czarstvo''<ref>[[Iohannes Iacobus Hofmann|Iohannis Iacobi Hofmanni]] ''[[Lexicon Universale]]'' s.v. [http://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/hofmann/hof1/s1072a.html Czar].</ref>) '''Regnum Russicum'''<ref>[[Hermannus Conringius|Hermanni Conringii]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=Tug-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA49&dq=regnum+russicum&hl=la&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHioTMlNnzAhXEQ_EDHT8rC9QQ6AF6BAgGEAI#v=onepage&q=regnum%20russicum&f=false ''Examen rerum publicarum potentiorum totius orbis'', in collectione operum, vol. IV, Brunsvigae 1730, p. 49]; [[Ioannes Loccenius|Ioannis Loccenii]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=8i7Z5UtEjb8C&pg=PA503&dq=regnum+russicum&hl=la&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHioTMlNnzAhXEQ_EDHT8rC9QQ6AF6BAgIEAI#v=onepage&q=regnum%20russicum&f=false ''Historiae Suecanae libri VIII'', Francofurti et Lipsiae, 1676, p. 503]; [[Franciscus Henricus van West|Francisci Henrici van West]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=k_91x6gI0icC&pg=PA77&dq=regnum+russicum&hl=la&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHioTMlNnzAhXEQ_EDHT8rC9QQ6AF6BAgCEAI#v=onepage&q=regnum%20russicum&f=false ''De poena deportationis'', Amstelodami 1832, p. 77].</ref>, saepe et '''[[Russia]]''', '''[[Galicia et Lodomeria]]''' posterioris et '''[[Moscovia]]''', fuit [[civitas]] [[Russia|Russica]] quae [[saeculum|saeculis]] [[saeculum 15|quinto decimo]], [[saeculum 16|sexto decimo]], [[saeculum 17|septimoque decimo]] vigebat. Eius initium saepissime annus [[1547]] habetur, quo anno diadema [[rex|regale]] [[Ioannes Severus|Ioanni Severo]] ''Caesari'' ([[czar]]i) impositum est; sed interdum et ab [[Ioannes Magnus|Ioanne Magno]] eius [[avus|avo]] [[historia]] regni Russici vel Moscovitici numeratur, quia Ioannes revera se Caesarem nominabat, et quo regnante Moscua [[Mosqua tertia Roma|Romae tertiae]] nomen cepit. Post annum [[1721]], cum [[Petrus Magnus]] titulum [[imperator|imperialem]] assumeret, non regni, sed [[Imperium Russicum|imperii]] nomen civitas Russica ferebat. ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus interni== * [[Tzares Russiae|Czares Russiae]] ==Fontes== * [[Basilius Ključevskij|Basilii Ključevskij]] [http://www.kulichki.com/inkwell/text/special/history/kluch/kluch25.htm lectiones de historia Russiae] {{ling|Russice}} [[Categoria:Antiquae civitates Europae]] [[Categoria:Historia Russiae]] {{Myrias|Historia}} pii4gacqk4up0firga5hpc3eke2fbee 3960851 3960850 2026-05-20T09:52:50Z ~2026-30180-04 209651 /* */ 3960851 wikitext text/x-wiki {{disambig2|Reno Russiae|Danielis Galiciensis Regnum|Regnum Russiae}} [[Fasciculus:Russian Tsardom 1500 to 1700.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Regnum Russicum: <br>{{Color box|#357505}} anno [[1500]]; {{Color box|#22b14c}} anno [[1600]]; {{Color box|#68ca84}} anno [[1700]].]] [[Fasciculus:Russia Mercator 1595.jpg|thumb|Russia a [[Gerardus Mercator|Mercator]]e delineata (1595).]] '''Regnum Russiae''' sive '''Regnum Russicum''' (vulgo ''Czarstvo''<ref>[[Iohannes Iacobus Hofmann|Iohannis Iacobi Hofmanni]] ''[[Lexicon Universale]]'' s.v. [http://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/hofmann/hof1/s1072a.html Czar].</ref>) '''Regnum Russicum'''<ref>[[Hermannus Conringius|Hermanni Conringii]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=Tug-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA49&dq=regnum+russicum&hl=la&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHioTMlNnzAhXEQ_EDHT8rC9QQ6AF6BAgGEAI#v=onepage&q=regnum%20russicum&f=false ''Examen rerum publicarum potentiorum totius orbis'', in collectione operum, vol. IV, Brunsvigae 1730, p. 49]; [[Ioannes Loccenius|Ioannis Loccenii]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=8i7Z5UtEjb8C&pg=PA503&dq=regnum+russicum&hl=la&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHioTMlNnzAhXEQ_EDHT8rC9QQ6AF6BAgIEAI#v=onepage&q=regnum%20russicum&f=false ''Historiae Suecanae libri VIII'', Francofurti et Lipsiae, 1676, p. 503]; [[Franciscus Henricus van West|Francisci Henrici van West]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=k_91x6gI0icC&pg=PA77&dq=regnum+russicum&hl=la&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHioTMlNnzAhXEQ_EDHT8rC9QQ6AF6BAgCEAI#v=onepage&q=regnum%20russicum&f=false ''De poena deportationis'', Amstelodami 1832, p. 77].</ref>, saepe et '''[[Russia]]''', '''Regnum Moscoviae''' posterioris et '''Regnum Galiciae et Lodomeriae''', fuit [[civitas]] [[Russia|Russica]] quae [[saeculum|saeculis]] [[saeculum 15|quinto decimo]], [[saeculum 16|sexto decimo]], [[saeculum 17|septimoque decimo]] vigebat. Eius initium saepissime annus [[1547]] habetur, quo anno diadema [[rex|regale]] [[Ioannes Severus|Ioanni Severo]] ''Caesari'' ([[czar]]i) impositum est; sed interdum et ab [[Ioannes Magnus|Ioanne Magno]] eius [[avus|avo]] [[historia]] regni Russici vel Moscovitici numeratur, quia Ioannes revera se Caesarem nominabat, et quo regnante Moscua [[Mosqua tertia Roma|Romae tertiae]] nomen cepit. Post annum [[1721]], cum [[Petrus Magnus]] titulum [[imperator|imperialem]] assumeret, non regni, sed [[Imperium Russicum|imperii]] nomen civitas Russica ferebat. ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus interni== * [[Tzares Russiae|Czares Russiae]] ==Fontes== * [[Basilius Ključevskij|Basilii Ključevskij]] [http://www.kulichki.com/inkwell/text/special/history/kluch/kluch25.htm lectiones de historia Russiae] {{ling|Russice}} [[Categoria:Antiquae civitates Europae]] [[Categoria:Historia Russiae]] {{Myrias|Historia}} 4r4y8kpv9n0hdmvfx1kjxhyacgbumwo 3960853 3960851 2026-05-20T09:55:31Z ~2026-30180-04 209651 /* */ 3960853 wikitext text/x-wiki {{disambig2|Reno Russiae|Danielis Galiciensis Regnum|Regnum Russiae}} [[Fasciculus:Russian Tsardom 1500 to 1700.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Regnum Russicum: <br>{{Color box|#357505}} anno [[1500]]; {{Color box|#22b14c}} anno [[1600]]; {{Color box|#68ca84}} anno [[1700]].]] [[Fasciculus:Russia Mercator 1595.jpg|thumb|Russia a [[Gerardus Mercator|Mercator]]e delineata (1595).]] '''Regnum Russiae''' sive '''Regnum Russicum''' (vulgo ''Czarstvo''<ref>[[Iohannes Iacobus Hofmann|Iohannis Iacobi Hofmanni]] ''[[Lexicon Universale]]'' s.v. [http://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/hofmann/hof1/s1072a.html Czar].</ref>) '''Regnum Russicum'''<ref>[[Hermannus Conringius|Hermanni Conringii]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=Tug-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA49&dq=regnum+russicum&hl=la&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHioTMlNnzAhXEQ_EDHT8rC9QQ6AF6BAgGEAI#v=onepage&q=regnum%20russicum&f=false ''Examen rerum publicarum potentiorum totius orbis'', in collectione operum, vol. IV, Brunsvigae 1730, p. 49]; [[Ioannes Loccenius|Ioannis Loccenii]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=8i7Z5UtEjb8C&pg=PA503&dq=regnum+russicum&hl=la&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHioTMlNnzAhXEQ_EDHT8rC9QQ6AF6BAgIEAI#v=onepage&q=regnum%20russicum&f=false ''Historiae Suecanae libri VIII'', Francofurti et Lipsiae, 1676, p. 503]; [[Franciscus Henricus van West|Francisci Henrici van West]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=k_91x6gI0icC&pg=PA77&dq=regnum+russicum&hl=la&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHioTMlNnzAhXEQ_EDHT8rC9QQ6AF6BAgCEAI#v=onepage&q=regnum%20russicum&f=false ''De poena deportationis'', Amstelodami 1832, p. 77].</ref>, saepe et '''[[Russia]]''', '''Regnum Moscoviae''' posterioris et '''Regnum Galiciae et Lodomeriae''', fuit [[civitas]] [[Russia|Russica]] quae [[saeculum|saeculis]] [[saeculum 15|quinto decimo]], [[saeculum 16|sexto decimo]], [[saeculum 17|septimoque decimo]] vigebat. Eius initium saepissime annus [[1547]] habetur, quo anno diadema [[rex|regale]] [[Ioannes Severus|Ioanni Severo]] ''Caesari'' ([[Czar]]i) i.e. Imperatori impositum est; sed interdum et ab [[Ioannes Magnus|Ioanne Magno]] eius [[avus|avo]] [[historia]] regni Russici vel Moscovitici numeratur, quia Ioannes revera se Caesarem nominabat, et quo regnante Moscua [[Mosqua tertia Roma|Romae tertiae]] nomen cepit. Post annum [[1721]], cum [[Petrus Magnus]] titulum [[imperator|imperialem]] assumeret, non regni, sed [[Imperium Russicum|imperii]] nomen civitas Russica ferebat. ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus interni== * [[Tzares Russiae|Czares Russiae]] ==Fontes== * [[Basilius Ključevskij|Basilii Ključevskij]] [http://www.kulichki.com/inkwell/text/special/history/kluch/kluch25.htm lectiones de historia Russiae] {{ling|Russice}} [[Categoria:Antiquae civitates Europae]] [[Categoria:Historia Russiae]] {{Myrias|Historia}} gfoqdtv4eduznqchdopboo2eq04fcxa 3960872 3960853 2026-05-20T11:02:33Z ~2026-30180-04 209651 /* */ 3960872 wikitext text/x-wiki {{disambig2|Regno Russiae|Danielis Galiciensis Regnum|Regnum Russiae}} [[Fasciculus:Russian Tsardom 1500 to 1700.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Regnum Russicum: <br>{{Color box|#357505}} anno [[1500]]; {{Color box|#22b14c}} anno [[1600]]; {{Color box|#68ca84}} anno [[1700]].]] [[Fasciculus:Russia Mercator 1595.jpg|thumb|Russia a [[Gerardus Mercator|Mercator]]e delineata (1595).]] '''Regnum Russiae''' sive '''Regnum Russicum''' (vulgo ''Czarstvo''<ref>[[Iohannes Iacobus Hofmann|Iohannis Iacobi Hofmanni]] ''[[Lexicon Universale]]'' s.v. [http://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/hofmann/hof1/s1072a.html Czar].</ref>) '''Regnum Russicum'''<ref>[[Hermannus Conringius|Hermanni Conringii]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=Tug-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA49&dq=regnum+russicum&hl=la&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHioTMlNnzAhXEQ_EDHT8rC9QQ6AF6BAgGEAI#v=onepage&q=regnum%20russicum&f=false ''Examen rerum publicarum potentiorum totius orbis'', in collectione operum, vol. IV, Brunsvigae 1730, p. 49]; [[Ioannes Loccenius|Ioannis Loccenii]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=8i7Z5UtEjb8C&pg=PA503&dq=regnum+russicum&hl=la&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHioTMlNnzAhXEQ_EDHT8rC9QQ6AF6BAgIEAI#v=onepage&q=regnum%20russicum&f=false ''Historiae Suecanae libri VIII'', Francofurti et Lipsiae, 1676, p. 503]; [[Franciscus Henricus van West|Francisci Henrici van West]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=k_91x6gI0icC&pg=PA77&dq=regnum+russicum&hl=la&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHioTMlNnzAhXEQ_EDHT8rC9QQ6AF6BAgCEAI#v=onepage&q=regnum%20russicum&f=false ''De poena deportationis'', Amstelodami 1832, p. 77].</ref>, saepe et '''[[Russia]]''', '''Regnum Moscoviae''' posterioris et '''Regnum Galiciae et Lodomeriae''', fuit [[civitas]] [[Russia|Russica]] quae [[saeculum|saeculis]] [[saeculum 15|quinto decimo]], [[saeculum 16|sexto decimo]], [[saeculum 17|septimoque decimo]] vigebat. Eius initium saepissime annus [[1547]] habetur, quo anno diadema [[rex|regale]] [[Ioannes Severus|Ioanni Severo]] ''Caesari'' ([[Czar]]i) i.e. Imperatori impositum est; sed interdum et ab [[Ioannes Magnus|Ioanne Magno]] eius [[avus|avo]] [[historia]] regni Russici vel Moscovitici numeratur, quia Ioannes revera se Caesarem nominabat, et quo regnante Moscua [[Mosqua tertia Roma|Romae tertiae]] nomen cepit. Post annum [[1721]], cum [[Petrus Magnus]] titulum [[imperator|imperialem]] assumeret, non regni, sed [[Imperium Russicum|imperii]] nomen civitas Russica ferebat. ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus interni== * [[Tzares Russiae|Czares Russiae]] ==Fontes== * [[Basilius Ključevskij|Basilii Ključevskij]] [http://www.kulichki.com/inkwell/text/special/history/kluch/kluch25.htm lectiones de historia Russiae] {{ling|Russice}} [[Categoria:Antiquae civitates Europae]] [[Categoria:Historia Russiae]] {{Myrias|Historia}} 4c5irj2dm2qxnurtrn0c41mzfku1gjw 3960873 3960872 2026-05-20T11:03:52Z ~2026-30180-04 209651 /* */ 3960873 wikitext text/x-wiki {{disambig2|Regno Russiae|Danielis Galiciensis Regnum|Regnum Galiciae et Lodomeriae}} [[Fasciculus:Russian Tsardom 1500 to 1700.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Regnum Russicum: <br>{{Color box|#357505}} anno [[1500]]; {{Color box|#22b14c}} anno [[1600]]; {{Color box|#68ca84}} anno [[1700]].]] [[Fasciculus:Russia Mercator 1595.jpg|thumb|Russia a [[Gerardus Mercator|Mercator]]e delineata (1595).]] '''Regnum Russiae''' sive '''Regnum Russicum''' (vulgo ''Czarstvo''<ref>[[Iohannes Iacobus Hofmann|Iohannis Iacobi Hofmanni]] ''[[Lexicon Universale]]'' s.v. [http://mateo.uni-mannheim.de/camenaref/hofmann/hof1/s1072a.html Czar].</ref>) '''Regnum Russicum'''<ref>[[Hermannus Conringius|Hermanni Conringii]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=Tug-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA49&dq=regnum+russicum&hl=la&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHioTMlNnzAhXEQ_EDHT8rC9QQ6AF6BAgGEAI#v=onepage&q=regnum%20russicum&f=false ''Examen rerum publicarum potentiorum totius orbis'', in collectione operum, vol. IV, Brunsvigae 1730, p. 49]; [[Ioannes Loccenius|Ioannis Loccenii]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=8i7Z5UtEjb8C&pg=PA503&dq=regnum+russicum&hl=la&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHioTMlNnzAhXEQ_EDHT8rC9QQ6AF6BAgIEAI#v=onepage&q=regnum%20russicum&f=false ''Historiae Suecanae libri VIII'', Francofurti et Lipsiae, 1676, p. 503]; [[Franciscus Henricus van West|Francisci Henrici van West]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=k_91x6gI0icC&pg=PA77&dq=regnum+russicum&hl=la&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHioTMlNnzAhXEQ_EDHT8rC9QQ6AF6BAgCEAI#v=onepage&q=regnum%20russicum&f=false ''De poena deportationis'', Amstelodami 1832, p. 77].</ref>, saepe et '''[[Russia]]''', '''Regnum Moscoviae''' posterioris et '''Regnum Galiciae et Lodomeriae''', fuit [[civitas]] [[Russia|Russica]] quae [[saeculum|saeculis]] [[saeculum 15|quinto decimo]], [[saeculum 16|sexto decimo]], [[saeculum 17|septimoque decimo]] vigebat. Eius initium saepissime annus [[1547]] habetur, quo anno diadema [[rex|regale]] [[Ioannes Severus|Ioanni Severo]] ''Caesari'' ([[Czar]]i) i.e. Imperatori impositum est; sed interdum et ab [[Ioannes Magnus|Ioanne Magno]] eius [[avus|avo]] [[historia]] regni Russici vel Moscovitici numeratur, quia Ioannes revera se Caesarem nominabat, et quo regnante Moscua [[Mosqua tertia Roma|Romae tertiae]] nomen cepit. Post annum [[1721]], cum [[Petrus Magnus]] titulum [[imperator|imperialem]] assumeret, non regni, sed [[Imperium Russicum|imperii]] nomen civitas Russica ferebat. ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus interni== * [[Tzares Russiae|Czares Russiae]] ==Fontes== * [[Basilius Ključevskij|Basilii Ključevskij]] [http://www.kulichki.com/inkwell/text/special/history/kluch/kluch25.htm lectiones de historia Russiae] {{ling|Russice}} [[Categoria:Antiquae civitates Europae]] [[Categoria:Historia Russiae]] {{Myrias|Historia}} 3v5m6nlcmh4uejp8mlagasbmbhdwpwz 0 299474 3960852 3647099 2026-05-20T09:53:35Z ~2026-30180-04 209651 /* */ 3960852 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT[[Regnum Russicum]] nh2aem7ufv798lbdbf217h2bigjlsj5 0 300824 3960787 3958960 2026-05-19T21:50:34Z LilyKitty 18316 de cellula Schwannia 3960787 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Neuron la.svg|thumb|Inter [[cellula Schwannia|cellulas Schwannias]] flavo [[color]]e distinctas et myelini vaginam circa axones efficientes cernuntur nodi Ranvieri.]] '''Nodus Ranvieri''' est brevis [[axon|axonum]] [[myelinum|myelini]] vagina tectorum pars ubi myelinum intermittiturː ibi sunt [[canalis ionticus|canales iontici]] quibus [[ion|ionta]] Na⁺ in [[cellula]]m intrare possunt et potentia electrica per [[Membrana cellulae|membranam]] [[Lipidum|lipideam]] iontibus impermeabilem creatur.<!--?--> Alibi enim myelinum axonem [[electricitas|electrice]] a [[liquor]]e extracellulari dissociat. Ita cum signum per axonem mittitur, inversio polorum electricorum non continua per totam membranam fit, sed a nodo Ranvieri ad proximum velut saltum facit. Quae conductio [[Fluxus electricus|electrici fluxus]] saltatoria dicitur, et celeritatem transmissionis multum auget<ref>Sherwood, Klandorf, Yancey, ''Animal physiologyː from Genes to Organisms'', 2013ː 4.3. Interpretatio Francogallicaː De Boeck, 2016 pp.126-9. </ref>. ==Notae== <references/> == Plura legere si cupis == * I. Lorena Arancibia-Carcamo, David Attwell. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20170922202528/http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1432396/1/art%253A10.1007%252Fs00401-014-1305-z.pdf The node of Ranvier in CNS pathology]", ''Acta Neuropathologica'', 2014ː 161–75. *Thomas Roux, ''[https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03278910/document Microglia-nodes of Ranvier interaction during repair]'', Parisiis, 2020 (Dissertatio academica). * Keiichiro Susuki, Matthew N Rasband, "[http://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC2745093&blobtype=pdf Molecular mechanisms of node of Ranvier formation]", ''Current Opinion in Cell Biology'' , 2008ː 616–23. * Joy C. Zagoren et Sergey Fedoroff, curatores. ''The node of Ranvier.'' Academic Press, 1984. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=7CG0A64Y7RQC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum.] == Nexus externi == *[https://institutducerveau-icm.org/fr/actualite/noeuds-de-ranvier-myeline-elements-essentiels-de-transmission-de-linflux-nerveux/ Institut du cerveau (Francogallice)] *[https://sciencebeta.com/ranvier-node/ ''Quid sint Ranvier nodi'' apud Sciencebeta (Anglice)]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Categoria:Systema nervosum]] [[Categoria:Neurohistologia]] 9t3scmdq03odqtwrvsvsk4odibmqv82 0 301723 3960834 3954342 2026-05-20T06:19:21Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3960834 wikitext text/x-wiki {{eventuscurrens}} {{Latinitas|-5}} [[Fasciculus:War in Ukraine (2022) en.png|thumb|Rerum status primo certaminis die.]] [[Fasciculus:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Tabula geographica]] incursionis.]] '''Incursio Russica in Ucrainam''', sive '''Operatio Militaris Specialis''' (publica appellatio [[Russia|Russica]]<ref>[[Russice]] 'специальной военной операции'. Confer haec verba praesidis Foederationis Russicae [[Vladimirus Putin|Vladimiri Putin]]: "In nexu ut in consensu cum articulo 51 partis{{dubsig}} 7 chartae Consociationis Nationum, cum sancione consilio Foederationis Russicae et consensu cum confirmatis Concilio Foederali die 22 Februarii istius anni foederibus de amicitia et auxilio mutuo cum Republica Populari Donetskensi et ReVladimirus Putinpublica Populari Luganskensi accipio ego solutionem{{dubsig}} praecipuum negotium militare habentem" ([http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/67843 ''В связи с этим в соответствии со статьёй 51 части 7 Устава ООН, с санкции Совета Федерации России и во исполнение ратифицированных Федеральным Собранием 22 февраля сего года договоров о дружбе и взаимопомощи с Донецкой Народной Республикой и Луганской Народной Республикой мною принято решение о проведении специальной военной операции'')]</ref>), inceptio est, cum [[arma]]tae [[miles|copiae]] Russicae die [[24 Februarii]] [[2022]] in [[Ucraina]]m invasissent [[Bellum Russo-Ucrainicum]] magnopere amplificantes, illud certamen, quod anno [[2014]] post [[Res Novae Dignitatis|Res Novas Dignitatis]] ([[Ucrainice]] Революція гідності) coeperat. Quae [[incursio magna|incursio]] maximum [[exsul]]um discrimen [[Europa]]eum post [[bellum mundanum secundum]] effecit,<ref name="Blake-2022-03-15">{{cite web |last=Blake |first=Daniel Keane, Elly |date=15 Martii [[2022]] |title=What is the Homes for Ukraine refugees scheme and how do you apply? |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/host-ukraine-refugee-scheme-uk-london-russia-war-apply-b987910.html |access-date=15 Martii 2022 |website=Evening Standard}}.</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ukrainian exodus could be Europe's biggest refugee crisis since World War II |newspaper=El Pais |date=3 Martii [[2022]] |url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2022-03-03/ukrainian-exodus-could-be-europes-biggest-refugee-crisis-since-world-war-ii.html}}.</ref> plus quam quinque et dimidio [[millio]]nibus Ucrainorum [[patria]]m relinquentibus<ref name="UNHCR-Ukraine">{{cite web |title=Situation Ukraine Refugee Situation |date=<!--kept up-to-date--> |website=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |url=https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraine |access-date=15 Martii 2022}}.</ref> atque quarta fere omnium [[incola]]rum parte a sedibus suis mota.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Rebecca |last1=Ratcliffe |first2=Abené |last2=Clayton |first3=Adam |last3=Gabbatt |first4=Léonie |last4=Chao-Fong |first5=Samantha |last5=Lock |first6=Tom |last6=Ambrose |date=19 Martii [[2022]] |title=Biden outlines 'consequences' if China aids Russia – as it happened |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2022/mar/18/russia-ukraine-war-latest-news-biden-to-warn-xi-against-backing-putin-as-russian-military-offensives-falter-live |access-date=28 Martii 2022 |archive-date=18 Martii 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329020321/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2022/mar/18/russia-ukraine-war-latest-news-biden-to-warn-xi-against-backing-putin-as-russian-military-offensives-falter-live |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=31 Martii [[2022]] |title=Ukraine war: Putin being misled by fearful advisers, US says |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60936117 |access-date=31 Martii 2022}}.</ref> [[Ordo mundi sanitarius]] rem statum necessitatis medicae esse declaravit.<ref>[https://www.who.int/emergencies/situations/ukraine-emergency OMS ad necessitatem medicam{{dubsig}} in Ucraina refert] {{Ling|Anglice}}.</ref><ref>Praeterea incursio [[Indutiae Olympicae|indutias Olympicas]] violavit.</ref> Bello Russo-Ucrainico anno 2014 exorto, Russia [[Crimaea a Foederatione Russica annexa|Crimaeam in suam dicionem redegit]], et [[secessionisticae vires Russicae in Donbas|secessionistae a Russia adiuvati]] partem [[regio]]nis [[Donbas]] in Ucraina orientali corripuerunt, [[bellum in Donbas|bellum regionale]] ibi moventes.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kirby |first=Jen |date=28 Februari [[2022]] |title=Putin's invasion of Ukraine, explained |url=https://www.vox.com/2022/2/23/22948534/russia-ukraine-war-putin-explosions-invasion-explained |access-date=28 Februarii 2022 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=28 Februarii [[2022]] |title=Conflict in Ukraine |url=https://cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/conflict-ukraine |access-date=28 Februarii 2022 |website=Global Conflict Tracker |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations}}.</ref> Russia anno [[2021]] exeunte [[praeludium incursionis Russicae in Ucrainam anno 2022|magnas vires militares]] ad fines suos cum Ucraina convocavit, ad fere 190,000 milia militum cum apparatu bellico praemittens. [[Vladimirus Putin]], praeses Russicus, oratione [[radio]]phonica inter invasionem sententias [[irredentismus Russicus|irredentisticas]] exposuit,<ref>{{cite news |date=26 Februarii [[2022]] |title=Russia's invasion of Ukraine |newspaper=The Economist]|url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2022/02/26/russias-invasion-of-ukraine |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=26 Februarii 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220226/https://www.economist.com/briefing/2022/02/26/russias-invasion-of-ukraine |archive-date=26 Februarii 2022 |quote=Though the target of Mr. Putin's tirade on February 21st was Ukraine, the former Soviet republics now in NATO, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, have cause for alarm over his irredentism.}}.</ref> Ucrainae [[ius civitatis|ius rei publicae]] esse negavit,<ref name="Putin Ukraine statehood">{{cite news |last=Perrigo |first=Billy |date=22 Februarii [[2022]] |title=How Putin's Denial of Ukraine's Statehood Rewrites History |url=https://time.com/6150046/ukraine-statehood-russia-history-putin/ |magazine=Time |access-date=28 Februarii 2022}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 Februarii 2022 |title=Putin Says He Does Not Plan to 'Restore Empire' |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/02/22/putin-says-he-does-not-plan-to-restore-empire-a76519 |access-date=2 Martii 2022 |website=The Moscow Times}}.</ref> ac falso<ref name="Tabarovsky-2022-02-27">{{cite web |last1=Tabarovsky |first1=Izabella |last2=Finkel |first2=Evgeny |author-link2= |date=27 Februarii [[2022]] |title=Statement on the War in Ukraine by Scholars of Genocide, Nazism and World War II |work=The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles |url=https://jewishjournal.com/news/worldwide/345515/statement-on-the-war-in-ukraine-by-scholars-of-genocide-nazism-and-world-war-ii/ |access-date=6 Aprilis 2022}}.</ref> affirmavit Ucrainam a [[neonazimus in Ucraina|neonazistis]] regi, qui [[Russi in Ucraina|ethnicam minoritatem Russicam]] insectarentur.<ref>Abbruzzese 2022.</ref> Praeterea dixit [[OTAN|Consociationem ex pacto Atlantico Septentrionali]] (CPAS) incolumitati [[respublica|rei publicae]] Russicae per [[amplificatio OTAN|amplificationem ad orientem]] ab [[anni 2000|annis 2000]] ineuntibus minitari, quam affirmationem CPAS in dubium vocavit.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 Ianuarii 2022 |title=NATO-Russia relations: the facts |url=https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_111767.htm |access-date=1 Martii 2022 |publisher=NATO |quote=NATO is a defensive alliance. Our purpose is to protect our member states. Every country that joins NATO undertakes to uphold its principles and policies. This includes the commitment that 'NATO does not seek confrontation and poses no threat to Russia,' as reaffirmed at the Brussels Summit this year. NATO enlargement is not directed against Russia. Every sovereign nation has the right to choose its own security arrangements. This is a fundamental principle of European security, one that Russia has also subscribed to and should respect. In fact, after the end of the Cold War, Russia committed to building an inclusive European security architecture, including through the Charter of Paris, the establishment of the OSCE, the creation of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, and the NATO-Russia Founding Act.}}.</ref> Russia postulavit, ne CPAS se ulterius extenderet nec umquam Ucrainam in consociationem reciperet.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wiegrefe |first=Klaus |date=15 Februarii [[2022]] |title=NATO's Eastward Expansion: Is Vladimir Putin Right? |work=Der Spiegel |url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/nato-s-eastward-expansion-is-vladimir-putin-right-a-bf318d2c-7aeb-4b59-8d5f-1d8c94e1964d |access-date=28 Februarii 2022}}.</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56720589 "Why did Russia invade Ukraine and what does Putin want?"] ([[BBC]]).</ref> [[Civitates Foederatae]] aliaeque [[civitas|civitates]] dixerunt Russiam Ucrainam oppugnare aut invadere velle; id autem legati Russici identidem usque ad diem 23 Februarii 2022 negabant,<ref>[https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_111767.htm "NATO-Russia relations: the facts,"] NATO. 27 Ianuarii 2022.</ref> quod falsum fuit, ut eventus manifesto (vide "Cursum" infra) mox docebant. [[Vladimirus Zelens'kyj]], praeses Ucrainae, [[diplomatia|relationes diplomaticas]] interrupit et [[lex militaris|legem militarem]] declaravit. [[Consociatio Nationum|Nationes Unitae]] et magnae civitates, inter quas [[Britanniarum Regnum]], [[Francia]], [[Germania]], [[Iaponia]], [[Italia]], [[Polonia]], et [[Hispania]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220224092119/https://www.conchovalleyhomepage.com/news/national-news/the-latest-europe-warns-of-airspace-risks-around-ukraine/ "Live updates: Hungary's Orban condemns Russian attack."]</ref><ref>[https://www.gazetaprawna.pl/wiadomosci/kraj/artykuly/8365614,sejm-potepil-stanowczo-rosyjska-agresje-i-wezwal-rosje-do-wycofania-sil-z-ukrainy.html Textus interretialis.]</ref> atque [[Unio Europaea]] rem gestam condemnaverunt.<ref>[https://euobserver.com/world/154423 "Massive EU sanctions to target Putin's war chest."]</ref> == Contextus == Ad causam incursionis intellegendam complura necessario consideranda sunt, quae Ucrainam et Russiam quodammodo inter se conectunt, scilicet historia pristina, historia [[Unio Sovietica|Unionis Sovieticae]], historia recentior [[cultura|culturae]] et [[civilitas|civilitatis]]. ===Historia pristina=== :''Paginae principales: [[Historia Ucrainae]], [[Historia Russiae]], [[Russia Kioviensis]], [[Rhos]], [[Ruricidae]]'' In [[Europa Orientalis|Europa Orientali]] [[civitas]] [[Russia Kioviensis|Russiae Kioviensis]] [[saeculum 9|saeculo nono]] orta est, nomen suum ex urbe [[Kiovia|Kioviensi]] trahens. Urbs magnum hodie habet momentum non solum Ucrainis, sed etiam Russis (qui eam saepius tamquam incunabula {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Cultura Russica|culturae Russicae|en|qid=Q1976715}} intuentur), propterea quod [[Ecclesia Orthodoxa Russica]] a [[Vladimirus I Magnus|Vladimiro I Magno]], qui anno [[988]] Kioviae [[Baptismus|baptizatus]] erat, originem suam trahit. [[Saeculum 14|Saeculo quarto decimo]] ineunte, postquam Russia Kioviensis invasione [[Imperium Mongolicum|Mongolo-Tartarorum]] annis inter [[1237]] et [[1240]] pervastata et infracta erat, duo maiora territoria in eadem regione exstiterunt: [[ducatus Volodimiriensis]], anno iam [[1157]] conditus et in septentriones et orientem solem spectans, et [[ducatus Kioviensis]], inter occasum solis et meridiem vergens, qui tandem anno [[1362]] [[Magnus Ducatus Lituaniae|Magno Ducatui Lituaniae]] adiunctus est. Ducatus Volodimiriensis pedetemptim in [[Magnus Ducatus Moscoviae|Magnum Ducatum Moscoviae]] commutatus est; pars meridionalis, tunc "confinium" inter [[Polonia|Poloniam]] et Russiam appellata ([[Lingua Slavica orientalis antiqua|lingua Slavica orientali antiqua]] ''ѹкраина/ukraina'' 'ad fines sita'), pro sua parte in [[Res Publica Utriusque Nationis|Rem Publicam Utriusque Nationis]] transiit. === Unio Sovietica dissoluta === :''Pagina principalis: [[Unio Rerum Publicarum Sovieticarum Socialisticarum]] (URSS)'' Ucraina, tempore Unionis Sovieticae (1922–1991) pars eiusdem societatis, anno [[1991]] exeunte Unionem Sovieticam nuper dissolutam reliquerat. Quam [[dissolutio Unionis Sovieticae|dissolutionem]] praeses Vladimirus Putin in oratione, quam mense Aprili anni [[2005]] habuit, maximam eversionem geopoliticam et tragoediam populum Russicum consecutam vocavit, cum multitudo civium Russicorum nunc extra fines Russicos viverent.<ref>[http://www.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/22931 Oratio ad contionem sociorum Foederationis Russicae, die 25 Aprilis 2005 habita: ''"Прежде всего следует признать, что крушение Советского Союза было крупнейшей геополитической катастрофой века. Для российского же народа оно стало настоящей драмой. Десятки миллионов наших сограждан и соотечественников оказались за пределами российской территории."'']</ref> Sed etiam aliis in orationibus affirmavit eosdem homines dolore dissolutae Unionis Sovieticae tantopere affectos esse, ut iis hucusque non contigisset differentias inter desideria et vivendi condiciones, quae nunc essent, diluere. Haec desideria praecipue Oleg Gazmanov, modorum factor Russicus, carmine suo ''Сделан в СССР +(Factus sum in URSS)'' celebravit.<ref>[https://lyricstranslate.com/en/sdelan-v-sssr-сделан-в-ссср-made-ussr.html Textus carminis ''Сделан в СССР'']</ref> === Historia recentior culturae et civilitatis === Hodie et Ucrainis et Russis sunt: * duae linguae ([[lingua Ucrainica]] et [[lingua Russica]]); * religiones propriae (variae Ecclesiae Orthodoxae Ucrainicae, Ecclesia Orthodoxa Russica); * culturae propriae; * conscientiae propriae (e. g. carmen patrium Ucrainicum, carmen patrium Russicum). Vere 2014 organizatio paramilitaris nomine [[regiminis Asov]] (nomen Ucrainicum ad verbum expressum: "grex seiunctus praecipuae rei gerendae militaris"<ref>Conspicua est similis dictio inter Russicum ''специальной (praecipuae) военной (militaris) операции (operationis)'' et Ucrainicum ''спеціального (praecipuae) призначення (missionis)''; pariter conspicua sunt insignia non-cyrillica et "Z" vehiculorum militarium Russicorum et "Ƶ" ([[hamus lupi]]) regiminis Asov</ref>), quae partim ultranationalistica, partim nazistica esse aestimatur, condita est. Potest fieri, ut scelera, quae a regimine Asov commissa esse dicuntur, una ex pluribus causis incursionis sit. == Cursus == === Phasis praeparatoria === '''Die 21 Februarii 2022'''<br/> Vladimirus Putin, praeses [[Foederatio Russica|Foederationis Russicae]] [[pactum Minscum secundum]] (diei [[12 Februarii]] [[2015]]) basem non esse declaravit. Eodem ab aliis nationibus non approbatas respublicas [[Res publica popularis Luganskensis|Prataliensem]] et [[Res publica popularis Donetskensis|Donetskensem]] approbavit. === Phasis prima (diebus 24 Februarii - 7 Aprilis) === '''Die 24 Februarii 2022'''<br/> Hora sexta [[Moscua|Moscuae]] ([[UTC+03:00]]) Vladimirus Putin, praeses Foederationis Russicae, cuiusdam operationis militaris initium annuntiavit, inter alia has praecipuas [[casus belli|causas]] afferens: se de amplificatione Consociationis ex pacto Atlantico Septentrionali (OTAN) in orientem versus deque ilius accessu infrastructurae militaris ad fines Russiae sollicitum esse, quod in territoriis finitimis, quae Russiae antiquitus propriae essent, quaedam "Anti-Russia" fieret Russis infesta; assumptionem Ucrainae a Consociatione ex pacto Atlantico Septentrionali non ferendam esse; civitates OTAN "nimios nationalistas et neonazistas in Ucraina" adiuvare, qui incolis [[Crimaea|Crimaeae]] ac [[Sebastopolis]] liberam voluntatem iteratae coniunctionis cum Russia numquam ignoturi essent; res publicas populares in regione Donbas sitas opem a Russia expetiisse; illos neonazistas etiam in Crimaeam ituros esse [[bellum]] gestum et, sicuti olim oboedientes adiutores [[Adolphus Hitler|Adolphi Hitler]], homines inermes necatum; res igitur a se postulare, ut prompte ac statim ageret; Russiam ipsam tutam esse non posse Ucraina semper minitante; se autem non omnem Ucrainam occupare, sed eam dearmare et pacare velle; civilitatem Russicam in [[Libertas|libertate]] positam esse, quod ius omnibus, etiam incolis Ucrainae, patere deberet; se [[Maiestas (ius constitutionale)|summam rerum potestatem]] illarum civitatum, quae post dissolutionem Unionis Sovieticae factae essent, agnoscere.<ref>http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/67843 {{Ling|Anglice}}</ref> [[Fasciculus:Житловий будинок у Києві (вул. Кошиця) після обстрілу.jpg|thumb|Kiovia, 25 Februarii]] '''Die 25 Februarii 2022'''<br/> Kioviae hora quarta ([[UTC+02:00]]) pugnam circum urbem exardescere et rochetas militares [[Bomba|bombasque]] iaci relatum est. Resolutio apud [[Consilium securitatis|Consilium Securitatis]] [[Consociatio Nationum|Nationum Unitarum]] contra Russiam repudiata est, [[Res publica popularis Sinarum|Sinis]] suffragio abstinentibus, cum Sinarum legatus dixisset Sinas de progressu in Ucraina sollicitas esse. [[Consilium Europae]] decrevit, ut Foederationi Russicae ius repraesentationis sine mora denegaretur.<ref>[https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/full-news/-/asset_publisher/y5xQt7QdunzT/content/council-of-europe-suspends-russia-s-rights-of-representation? Council of Europe suspends Russia’s rights of representation].</ref> '''Die 26 Februarii 2022'''<br/> [[Fasciculus:Apartment block in Kharkiv damaged during Russian invasion.jpg|thumb|Aedes [[Charcovia]]e effectu [[missile|missilis]] partim disruptae]] ''[[MV Namura Queen]],'' navis Iaponica generis ''[[bulk carrier]]' Russica [[Navis bellica|navi bellica]] oppugnata est. '''Die 27 Februarii 2022'''<br/> Praeses et dictator Vladimirus Putin rettulit se vires nucleares expedivisse<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/india/war-with-ukraine-putin-puts-nuclear-deterrence-forces-alert-2022-02-27/ Putin puts nuclear deterrent on alert].</ref>, quod summi magistratus principum civitatum OTAN verba provocantia adversum Russiam permitterent; qua de causa sese imperavisse, ut vires Russici exercitus ad deterrendum inservientes a ministro defensionis et a praeside consilii praetorii in praecipuum modum pugnandi redigerentur.<ref>swissinfo.ch, cum versione Russica: [https://web.archive.org/web/20220227190950/https://www.swissinfo.ch/rus/%D0%B2-%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC-%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5-%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8F%D1%8E%D1%82--%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%BD%D0%B5-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B5%D1%82-%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8B-%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F-%D1%80%D1%84/47385836 ''высшие должностные лица ведущих стран НАТО допускают и агрессивные высказывания в адрес нашей страны, поэтому приказываю министру обороны и начальнику Генерального штаба перевести силы сдерживания российской армии в особый режим несения боевого дежурства.'']</ref> Observatores [[Organizatio securitati cooperationique in Europa favendis|organizationis securitati cooperationique in Europa favendis (OSCE)]] Ucrainam reliquerunt. '''Die 28 Februarii 2022'''<br/> In [[Ruthenia Alba]], prope fines Ucrainae, disceptationes coeptae sunt. Tamen pugnae continuantur. '''Die 1 Martii 2022'''<br/> [[Mariupolis]], urbs maior in Ucraina meridionali sita cum magno portu affecta, prorsus fere cincta esse videtur, qua de causa [[Eduardus Basurin]], dux non agnitae rei publicae popularis Donetskensis, Mariupolitanis duos transitus humanitarios ex urbe secundum [[Via Europaea E58|Viam Europaeam E58]] versus Foederationem Russicam obtulit usque ad diem 2 Martii.<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-putin-news-03-01-22/h_0e3d20b474aa007bb1e4acc0d0fba984 Russian-backed separatist leader expects his forces to surround Mariupol on Tuesday] (CNN).</ref> Kioviae locus [[Babij Jar]] impetui militari Russico expositus erat.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220301173043/https://www.jpost.com/international/article-699034 Russians attack Babyn Yar Holocaust massacre site in Kyiv] (Jerusalem Post).</ref> '''Die 2 Martii 2022'''<br/> Vespere [[Suecia]] caelum suum brevi tempore [[aeroplanum insectatorium|aeroplanis insectatoriis]] Russicis generis [[SU-24]] et [[SU-27]] violatum esse nuntiavit.<ref>''Dagens nyheter'': [https://www.dn.se/sverige/ryska-stridsplan-krankte-svenskt-luftrum-helt-oacceptabelt/ Ryska stridsplan kränkte svenskt luftrum: "Helt oacceptabelt"] (Russica aeroplana insectatoria Suecicum spatium aerium violabant: "Prorsus inacceptabile").</ref> '''Die 4 Martii 2022'''<br/> Postquam impetus in [[Ergasterium atomicum Zaporizhia|officinam atomicam Zaporizhiensem]], officinam eius generis maximam Ucrainae, factus est, milites Russici eo loco potiti sunt.<ref>[https://globalnews.ca/news/8658032/ukraine-russua-nuclear-plant-fire Russia troops capture Europe's largest power plant in Ukraine after intense battle].</ref> '''Die 5 Martii 2022'''<br/> Mariupolitanis non contigisse videtur ex urbe per transitus humanitarios profugere. Societas medicorum nomine [[Medici sine finibus|medici sine finibus]] calamitatem humanitariam sic descripsit: "Condicio humanitaria Mariupoli est calamitosissima. Scimus ab administris nostris homines illic spe carentes saluti suae prospicere conari et, dum graves impetus continuantur, commeatus mox periculose defecturos esse. (…) Necesse est homines vitam cum dignitate vivere. Hoc significat: cum aditu ad [[Victus|victum]], aquam, [[Energia|vim electricam]], calefactorium."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200625000000/https://https//udn.com/news/story/121424/4659358://www.msf.org/human-dignity-and-life-must-be-respected-besieged-mariupol-ukraine ''Médecins Sans Frontières,'' Human dignity and life must be respected in besieged Mariupol, Ukraine.]</ref> '''Die 6 Martii 2022'''<br/> Impetus rochetarum factus est in institutum [[Physica nuclearis|physicae]] [[Charcovia|Charcoviensem]], in quo etiam [[reactorium nucleare]] inest.<ref>[https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-10583203/Russian-forces-fire-rockets-SECOND-nuclear-facility-Kharkiv.html Russian forces 'fire rockets at SECOND nuclear facility'.]</ref> Eodem die 4366 homines [[Contra bellum|bello]] [[Concursus populi|reclamantes]] in 56 urbibus Russicis custodiae mandati sunt, ita ut inde aestimari liceat numerum hominum, qui ab incursionis initio tota Russia comprehensi sunt, esse plus quam 10&thinsp;000.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/6/detentions-across-russia-anti-war-protests-monitor Thousands arrested across Russia at anti-war protests.]</ref> [[Ordo mundi sanitarius]] per [[Twitter]] sedem suam in Ucraina oppugnari nuntiavit.<ref>Ordo mundi sanitarius de [https://twitter.com/DrTedros/status/1500372569425387522?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1500372569425387522%7Ctwgr%5E%7Ctwcon%5Es1_&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tagesschau.de%2Fnewsticker%2Fliveblog-ukraine-sonntag-101.html oppugnatione sedis suae] {{Ling|Anglice}}.</ref> '''Die 7 Martii 2022'''<br/> Tertius congressus de [[Indutiae|indutiis]] fuit, sed nequiquam. '''Die 8 Martii 2022'''<br/> Consensus ad tutum transitum [[Fuga|fugituris]] dandum initus est. Eodem die, qui [[dies internationalis feminarum]] fuit, [[Manifestatio|manifestationes]] contra bellum exstiterunt [[Petropolis|Petropoli]], floribus ad monumentum ''Magni Patrii Belli'' (Russice ''пaмятник Великой Отечественной Bойне'') depositis.<ref>[https://zona.media/chronicle/soldrty-ukr#44899 Протесты против вторжения в Украину.]</ref> '''Die 9 Martii 2022'''<br/> Mariupoli impetus bombarum in [[valetudinarium]] [[Obstetricia|obstetricium]] factus est, quo multi homines necati sunt. Quam rem [[civitas Vaticana]] "inacceptabilem",<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/top-vatican-official-says-reported-bombing-childrens-hospital-ukraine-2022-03-09/ Top Vatican official says reported bombing of Ukraine children's hospital 'unacceptable']</ref> Vladimirus Zelens'kyj "atrocitatem" vocavit.<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2022/03/09/europe/russia-invasion-ukraine-evacuations-03-09-intl/index.html Russia's bombing of maternity and children's hospital an 'atrocity', Zelensky says] ([[CNN]]).</ref> '''Die 10 Martii 2022'''<br/> [[Attalea|Attaleae]], in urbe [[Turcia|Turciae]] meridionalis, [[Demetrius Kuleba]] et [[Sergius Lavrov]] egerunt de condicionibus indutiarum, sed frustra.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60687203 Ukraine war: No progress on ceasefire after Kyiv-Moscow talks] (BBC).</ref> '''Die 11 Martii 2022'''<br/> Impetus Russicos in urbes Kioviam et Mariupolim auctos esse nuntiatum est. Kioviae impetus ex aere plerumque ex orientali et septentrionali parte fieri videntur. Mariupolis etiamnunc circumcincta est pontibus ac viis in urbem destructis.<ref>[https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/76463/ Mariupol blocked. All bridges, approaches to town destroyed]</ref> Coniectiones telorum illic videntur continuari, senatu urbis nuntiante hucusque ad minimum 1582 imbelles necatos esse.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/ukraines-mariupol-says-1582-civilians-killed-by-russian-shelling-blockade-2022-03-11/ Ukraine's Mariupol says 1,582 civilians killed by Russian shelling and blockade]</ref> '''Die 12 Martii 2022'''<br/> Praeses Ucrainae iam 1300 milites Ucrainicos mortuos esse nuntiavit. [[Melitopolis|Melitopoli]], in urbe [[Regio Zaporizhiensis|regionis Zaporizhiensis]] Ucrainae, concursus populi factus est, incolis postulantibus, ut [[demarchus]] urbis, Ivan Fedorov, qui a copiis Russicis [[Decessio coacta|abductus]] esse dicebatur, in libertatem vindicaretur.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60719123 Ukraine war: Protests after Russians 'abduct' Melitopol mayor] (BBC).</ref> '''Die 13 Martii 2022'''<br/> Prope [[Leopolis|Leopolim]], circiter 30 chiliometra a Poloniae finibus, rochetas missas esse ferunt, quarum crepitus etiam in Polonia audiebatur.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220313072746/https://wiadomosci.onet.pl/swiat/inwazja-rosji-na-ukraine-jaworow-atak-niemal-30-km-od-granicy-z-polska/nh404rr?utm_source=tw_wiadomosci&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=onetsg_fb ''Nocny atak Rosjan. Niemal 30 km od granicy z Polską'' (Impetus nocturnus Russicus, fere 30 chiliometra a Poloniae finibus) {{Ling|Polonice}}.]</ref> '''Die 14 Martii 2022'''<br/> In emissione nuntiorum Russici [[Trames televisionis|tramitis televisionis]] nomine [[Canalis primus (trames televisionis)|''canalis primi'']] (Russice ''Первый канал'') [[Marina Ovsiannikova]] in cameram ostendit tabulam, in qua scripta erat bellum finiendum nec propagandae credendum esse.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-60745212 Ukraine war: Demonstrator disrupts Russia's flagship evening news broadcast] (BBC).</ref> '''Die 15 Martii 2022'''<br/> Congressus [[interrete|interretialis]] de indutiis habitus est. Dum Kioviae [[periculum]] impetus maximum fit, [[ignitegium]] per 35 [[hora]]s declaratum est.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/15/kyiv-to-impose-35-hour-curfew-amid-fresh-russian-attacks Kyiv to impose 35-hour curfew amid fresh Russian attacks]</ref> '''Die 16 Martii 2022'''<br/> Mariupoli nosocomium invasum est quadringentis fere civibus captis.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60757133 Ukraine war: Hostages as Russian forces occupy hospital, official says]</ref> Impetus bombarum in [[theatrum]], quo cives fugerant, factus est.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60772331 Russia attacks theatre sheltering civilians, Ukraine says]</ref> Russia omnis exclusa est a Consilio Europae, ex articulo 8 constituti eiusdem Consilii.<ref>[https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/-/the-russian-federation-is-excluded-from-the-council-of-europe The Russian Federation is excluded from the Council of Europe]</ref> [[Iudicium inter Civitates|Tribunal Internationale Hagense]] rectionem Russiae ab invasione in Ucrainam desistere iussit.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/16/un-international-court-of-justice-orders-russia-to-halt-invasion-of-ukraine UN international court of justice orders Russia to halt invasion of Ukraine]</ref> '''Die 18 Martii 2022'''<br/> Impetus bombarum in quaedam aedificia prope [[Aëroportus|aeroportum]] urbis Leopolis factus est.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60506682 Ukraine war in maps: Tracking the Russian invasion]</ref> Vladimirus Putin in stadio Moscovitensi festum dedit ad octo annos [[Annexatio|annexionis]] Crimaeae celebrandos.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60793319 Putin hails Crimae annexation war with lessions on heroism]</ref> [[Telum hypersonicum|Rochetam hypersonicam]] nomine [[Kh 47M2 Kinsal|''Kinsal'']] (Russice ''Кинжал'', Latine ''Pugio'') in [[Regio Ivano-Frankivskensis|regione Ivano-Frankivskensi]] in Ucraina occidentali adhibitam esse nuntiatum est.<ref>[https://ria.ru/20220319/sklad-1778982374.html Российские военные уничтожили скрад боеприпасов ВСУ ракетами "Кинжал".]</ref> [[Fasciculus:Garden of the Righteous, Warsaw, March 19, 2022 Protest.jpg|thumb|''Hortus Iustorum'' Varsoviae: arbor memorialis [[Anna Politkovskaja|Annae Politkovskaja]], die 19 Martii 2022]] '''Die 20 Martii 2022'''<br/> Mariupoli impetus bombarum in [[Schola artis|scholam artis]], quo cives fugerant, factus est quadringentis fere hominibus occisis. Quam rem Vladimirus Zelens'kyj [[scelus contra humanitatem]] vocavit.<ref>[https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-03-20/ukraine-zelenskyy-russia-war-crimes-mariupol/100925240 Ukrainian art school shelting 400 residents in Mariupoli hit by Russian bombs, city council says]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60814913 In Mariupoli, children bear the brunt of Vladimir Putin's war]</ref> '''Die 21 Martii 2022'''<br/> Mariupoli copiae Russicae, ut incolis facultatem urbis relinquendae facerent pariterque auxiliis humanitariis aditum in urbem ipsam darent, a Mariupolitanis [[Deditio|deditionem]] poposcerunt, id quod rectio Ucrainae reiecit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60816885 Ukraine conflict: Russia trying to starve Mariupol into surrender - MP]</ref> '''Die 23 Martii 2022'''<br/> Ad Kioviam copiae Russicae feruntur bombis [[Phosphorus|phosphoricis]] usae esse,<ref>[https://dip.org.ua/en/news-of-the-mfa-of-ukraine/russians-used-phosphorus-bombs-near-kiev/ Russians used phosphorus bombs near Kiev]</ref> id quod ex [[Conventus Genavenses|Conventibus Genavensibus]] nullo pacto fieri licet. Xenia Baulina, [[Diurnariorum ars|diurnaria]] Russa, Kioviae necata est.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60855732 Ukraine war: Russian journalist Oksana Baulina killed in Kyiv shelling]</ref> '''Die 24 Martii 2022'''<br/> Duces civitatum occidentalium, h. e. Consociationis ex pacto Atlantico Septentrionali (OTAN), civitatum G7, Unionis Europaeae, [[Bruxellae|Bruxellis]] convenerunt, ut consulerent, quomodo Ucraina adiuvari posset.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60849917 Western leaders meet to discuss Ukraine support]</ref> '''Die 25 Martii 2022'''<br/> [[Iosephus Biden]], praeses Civitatum Foederatarum, in Poloniam venit ad concordiam [[Solidaritas|solidaritatem]]<nowiki/>que cum populo Ucrainico affirmandam. Papa [[Franciscus (papa)|Franciscus]] pro populo Ucrainico oravit memor [[Vaticinatio|vaticinationis]] de pace, quae [[Fatima|Fatimae]], in oppido [[Portugallia|Portugalliae]], anno 1917 praedicta erat.<ref>[https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/popes-peace-prayer-ukraine-recalls-ancient-prophesy-83667038 Pope's peace prayer for Ukraine recalls Fatima prophecy]</ref> '''Die 26 Martii 2022'''<br/> Sergius Rudskoy, princeps consilii praetorii virium Russicarum, annuntiavit copias Russiae animum attenturas esse ad orientalem Ucrainae regionem "liberandam", significans fieri posse, ut [[strategia]] mutaretur.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60872358 Russia targets east Ukraine, says first phrase over]</ref> '''Die 27 Martii 2022'''<br/> Leopoli impetus bombarum factus est. '''Die 28 Martii 2022'''<br/> Urbs Mariupolis maxima ex parte destructa est et quadraginta milia hominum ab initio incursionis ad Russicum territorium abducti sunt.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60894142 Russia transfers thousands of Mariupol civilians to its territory]</ref> Diarium Russicum liberale, cui nomen est ''[[Novaya Gazeta]]'', exemplaria divulgare vetitum est iussu [[Censura|censurae]] Russicae.<ref>[https://abcnews.go.com/International/live-updates/russia-ukraine/?id=83390885#83721085 Russia-Ucraine live updates: Russia's Novaya Gazeta newspaper suspends publication]</ref> '''Die 29 Martii 2022'''<br/> [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] conventus de indutiis ineundis habitus est, in quo legatio Ucrainica proposuit, ut Ucraina [[Neutralitas|neutri parti se adiungeret]] et, ut solebat, [[Arma nuclearia|armis nuclearibus]] careret. Legatio Russica non mediocrem remissionem pugnarum annuntiavit, praesertim in regionibus Kioviensi et [[Czernihovia|Czernihoviensi]], id quod a civitatibus occidentalibus in dubium vocabatur.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-sets-ceasefire-goal-new-russia-talks-breakthrough-looks-distant-2022-03-29/ Russia promises to scale back Ukraine war but West sceptical]</ref> '''Die 30 Martii 2022'''<br/> Contra consensum indutiarum pridie deliberatum impetus bombarum Czernihoviae et Kioviae factus est.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60925713 War in Ukraine; Russia launches new attacks after peace promise]</ref> Secundum [[UNICEF]] plus quam [[Decies centena milia|duodecies centena milia]] impuberum ex patria in [[Exsilium|exsilium]] fugati sunt.<ref>[https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/two-million-refugee-children-flee-war-ukraine-search-safety-across-borders Two million refugee children flee war in Ukrainein search safety across borders]</ref> '''Die 31 Martii 2022'''<br/> Rectio Russiae poenis oeconomicis repugnans minata est se subvectionem gasii naturalis esse omissuram, si negotia cum civitatibus occidentalibus non per [[Rubelus Russicus|Rubelos]] expedirentur.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/business-60945248 Russia threatens to stop supplying gas if not paid in roubles]</ref> '''Die 1 Aprilis 2022'''<br/> [[Bielogroda|Bielogrodae]] in urbe Russiae tela ignifera ex duobus [[Helicopterum|helicopteris]] coniecta sunt in quoddam depositorium petrolei. Rectio Russiae culpam illius facti Ucrainae attribuit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60952125 War in Ucraine: Russia accuses Ukraine of attacking oildepot]</ref> Milites Russici [[ergasterium atomicum]] [[Czernobela|Czernobelense]] reliquerunt.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60945666 Ukraine war: Russian troops leave Chernobyl, Ukraine says]</ref> '''Die 2 Aprilis 2022'''<br/> Copiae Russicae a militibus Ucrainicis ex urbe Irpin in [[Regio Kioviensis|regione Kioviensi]] sita pulsae sunt.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60959667 Battle for Irpin: Russian forces pushed out of Kyiv suburb]</ref> '''Die 3 Aprilis 2022'''<br/> Kiovia contentione militum Ucrainicorum liberata est. At [[Genocidium in Bucha|Buchae]] in oppido regionis Kioviensis multi homines more abominabili [[Mina terrestris|minis terrestribus]] necati sunt, id quod praeses Vladimirus Zelens'kyj scelus belli et scelus contra humanitatem condemnavit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60970818 Ukraine war: Bucha street littered with burned-out tanks and corpes]</ref> [[Odessa|Odessae]] impetus bombarum in aedificia petrolei factus est. '''Die 4 Aprilis 2022'''<br/> Vladimirus Zelens'kyj ipse Bucham iit ea loca visum, ubi [[homicidium]] factum erat, et illud scelus [[genocidium]] atrox iudicavit. Rectione Russiae negante tamen exstant [[satelles artificialis|satellitum]] imagines, quae [[oratio]]ni Russicae repugnant.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/60981238 "Bucha killings: Satellite image of bodies site contradicts Russian claims."]</ref> Unio Europaea et Civitates Foederatae rem condemnaverunt, novam poenam contra Russiae rectionem postulantes.<ref>[https://www.cnbc.com/2022/04/04/ukraine-russia-facing-new-sanctions-after-alleged-atrocities-in-bucha.html Russia facing new sanctions after accusation of atrocities in Bucha, Ukraine]</ref> '''Die 5 Aprilis 2022'''<br/> Vladimirus Zelens'kyj, praeses Ucrainae, [[Concilium Salutis]] de bello et genocidio in Ucraina nec non de pace allocutus est ope [[Telecommunicatio|telecommunicationis]]. '''Die 6 Aprilis 2022'''<br/> Unio Europaea commercium [[Carbo|carbonis]] interdixit ut poena genocidii Buchae facti. Papa Franciscus pro genocidii victimis oravit [[Vexillum Ucrainae|vexillum Ucrainae]] ex Bucha allato tenens et rem atrocem condemnavit.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/pope-holding-ukrainian-flag-condemns-atrocities-such-massacre-bucha-2022-04-06/ "Pope kisses Ukrainian flag, condemns 'the massacre of Bucha.'"]</ref> '''Die 7 Aprilis 2022'''<br/> [[Conventus generalis (Nationes Unitae)|Conventus generalis Consociationis Nationum]] sententiam tulit, ut Russia e [[Consilium iurum humanorum Nationum Unitarum|Consilio iurum humanorum]] excluderetur.<ref>[https://thehill.com/policy/international/3261462-un-voting-to-suspend-russia-from-human-rights-council/ "UN votes to suspend Russia from human rights council over killing in Bucha."]</ref> === Phasis secunda (diebus 8 Aprilis - currentibus) === '''Die 8 Aprilis 2022'''<br/> In [[statio ferriviaria|stationem ferriviariam]] urbis Kramatorsk in [[Regio Donetskensis|regione Donetskensi]] in Ucraina orientali sitae impetus rochetarum factus est, quo saltem 52 homines ex ea urbe fugituri necati sunt.<ref>[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ukraine-russia-kramatorsk-train-station-donetsk-strike/ "Ukraine says at least 52 people killed in Russian rocket attack on Kramatorsk train station."]</ref> Vladimirus Zelens'kyj cum [[Boris Johnson]], [[primus minister|primo ministro]] [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britannarum Regni]], Kioviae convenit. Deinde cum [[Ursula de Leyen]], [[Commissio Europaea|Commissionis Europaeae]] praeside, collocutus est.<ref>[https://www.dw.com/en/ukraine-eu-chief-offers-kyiv-first-track-to-membership/a-61409635 Ukraine: EU chief offers Kyiv fast track to membership].</ref> '''Die 9 Aprilis 2022'''<br/> Corpora 132 civium Makariviae in oppido regionis Kioviensis reperta esse palam factum est.<ref>[https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20220409_19/ Bodies of 132 civilians reportedly found in Makariv, near Kyiv].</ref> '''Die 11 Aprilis 2022'''<br/> [[Carolus Nehammer]], primus minister [[Austria]]cus, Moscuam iit, ubi cum Vladimiro Putin collocutus finem belli impetrare conatus est.<ref>[https://globalnews.ca/news/8751491/austria-vladimir-putin-talks-russia-ukraine-war/ Austria's leader urges Vladimir Putin to stop Ukraine war durning in-person meeting].</ref> '''Die 12 Aprilis 2022'''<br/> Vladimirus Putin se incursionem continuare velle dixit, donec "nobile" propositum patriae assequeretur.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61077648 Ukraine war: Putin vows continue invation until noble aims met]</ref> [[Mariupolis|Mariupoli]] copiae Russicae portum urbis aggredientes [[Arma chemica|armis chemicis]] usae esse dicuntur.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61077641 Ukraine War: US "deeply concerned at report of Mariupol chemical attack].</ref> '''Die 13 Aprilis 2022'''<br/> Vladimirus Zelens'kyj invitationem [[Franciscus Gualterius Steinmeier|Francisci Gualterii Steinmeier]], praesidis Germaniae, rationibus politicis recusavit, quia ille tum, cum rerum externarum Germaniae minister erat, in gasio naturali ex Russia acquirendo iuverat.<ref>[https://www.teletrader.com/zelensky-refuses-to-host-germany-s-steinmeier-report/news/details/57672007 Zelensky refuses to host Germany-s Steinmeiner - report.]</ref> [[Fasciculus:Stamp of Ukraine s1985.jpg|thumb|[[Pittacium cursuale]] '''Die 14 Aprilis 2022'''<br/> Ucrainicum, duo dies ante [[navis|navem]] mersam publicatam, [[miles|militem]] Ucrainicum et navem pingit.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 Aprilis [[2022]] |title=Ukrainian soldiers who told Russian warship 'go f*** yourself' honoured on postal stamps |website=[[itv.com]] |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2022-04-14/ukrainian-soldiers-who-told-russian-warship-go-f-yourself-honoured-on-stamp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414202402/https://www.itv.com/news/2022-04-14/ukrainian-soldiers-who-told-russian-warship-go-f-yourself-honoured-on-stamp |archive-date=14 Aprilis 2022 |accessdate=14 Aprilis 2022}}.</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Michael |first=Chris |date=12 Martii [[2022]] |title=Ukraine reveals 'Russian warship, go fuck yourself!' postage stamp |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/12/ukraine-reveals-russian-warship-go-fuck-yourself-postage-stamp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312120555/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/12/ukraine-reveals-russian-warship-go-fuck-yourself-postage-stamp |archive-date=12 Martii 2022 |accessdate=14 Aprilis 2022}}.</ref>]] [[Moskva (navis bellica)|''Moskva'']], navis bellica et [[navis praetoria]] Classis Russicae, in [[Pontus Euxinus|Mari Nigro]] mersa est. Incertum erat, quomodo navis illud detrimentum passa esset, videlicet, an affecta esset [[missile|missilibus]] generis [[R 360 Neptunus (rocheta)|Neptuni]] (secundum rectionem Ucrainae), an [[Incendium|calamitate ignis]] (secundum rectionem Russiae).<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61114843 Russian warship Moskva has sunk - defence ministry].</ref> '''Die 15 Aprilis 2022'''<br/> Copiae Russicae tela ignifera in Kioviam coniecerunt, postquam navis bellica ''Moskva'' mersa est.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2022/apr/15/russia-ukraine-war-latest-russia-says-moskva-warship-has-sunk-after-ukraine-claims-missile-strike-live Russian Ukraine war latest: explosions in Kyiv after sinking of Russian warship; fighting reported at Mariupol steel plant - live].</ref> '''Die 16 Aprilis 2022'''<br/> Rectio Russiae epistulam diplomaticam ad Civitates Foederatas misit admonens, ut, si de praebitione [[Arma|armorum]] non destitissent, "consequentia non praedicenda" fierent.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61122074 Ukraine round-up: Russia sends warning to US]</ref> Insuper rectio Russiae tredecim hominibus politicis Britanniarum Regni, inter eos primo ministro [[Boris Johnson]], ingressum in Russiam interdixit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61126391 Ukraine war: Russia bans Boris Johson from country over Ukraine war].</ref> '''Die 17 Aprilis 2022'''<br/> Rectio Ucrainae condicionem a copiis Russicis positam, scilicet ut defensores urbis Mariupolis [[Deditio|arma deponerent]], reiecit. Papa Franciscus oratione sua, quam Romae per sollemnia [[Pascha (festum Christianum)|Paschatis]] habuerat, violentiam destructionemque a Russia actam condemnavit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61135894 Ukraine round-up: Ukraine defies Mariupol deadline as Kharkiv shelled].</ref> '''Die 18 Aprilis 2022'''<br/> Leopoli, in urbe Ucrainae occidentalis, quae incursione Russica hucusque intacta erat, primus impetus telorum igniferorum factus est, quo homines ex populo necatos esse ferunt.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61141817 Ukraine war: First civilian deaths in Lviv shatter sense of safety]</ref> '''Die 19 Aprilis 2022'''<br/> Vladimirus Zelens'kyj copias militares Russiae proelium magnum in regionibus [[regio Donetskensis|Donetskensi]] et [[regio Luganskensis|Luganskensi]] (Donbas coniunctim vocatis) inicitare affirmavit.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/ukraine-says-battle-donbas-has-begun-russia-pushing-east-2022-04-18/ Ukraine says 'Battle of Donbas' has begun, Russia pushing in east] (Reuters).</ref> [[Dionysius Šmyhal]] defensores civiles et milites Mariupolis usque ad ultimum sine deditione pugnaturos esse dixit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61135901 Ukraine war: Mariupol defenders will fight to the end, says PM] (BBC).</ref> '''Die 20 Aprilis 2022'''<br/> Dux militaris [[Mariupolis]] ultimam petitionem subsidii postulavit, dum [[Fabrica (officina)|fabrica]] metallurgica nomine Asovstal (Ucrainice Азовсталь), in qua [[ferrum]] et [[chalybs]] efficiebatur quaeque illi et mille fere hominibus adhuc refugio est, magno impetui telorum igniferorum subicitur.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61159812 Ukraine war: Mariupol commander makes 'last' plea for help] (BBC).</ref> '''Die 21 Aprilis 2022'''<br/> Vladimirus Putin impetui in fabricam metallurgicam Asovstal finem fieri et ipsum locum occludi iussit, ut, dum multi homines in Asovstal includuntur, "ne musca quidem" evolare posset. Mariupoli magnum [[sepulcretum]] hominum necatorum ex caelo inventum est.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61179734 Ukraine round-up: Putin backs off storming of Asovstal as Mariupol 'mass graves' found].</ref> '''Die 22 Aprilis 2022'''<br/> Proelia in meridionali Ucraina et in orientali parte regionis Donbas aggravata sunt. Vladimirus Zelens'kyj dixit Russiam id agere, ut populus in iis regionibus occupatis habitans ad simulata suffragia vocaretur et, quibus factis, ita civitates fierent Russiae faventes.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61188943 Ukraine war: Russia aiming for full control of south].</ref> Ucraina [[Moskva (navis bellica)|''Moskvam'']], navem bellicam die 14 Aprilis 2022 in Ponto mersam, "hereditatem culturalem sub aqua" appellavit.<ref>[https://mezha.media/en/2022/04/22/moskva-cruiser-has-become-an-object-of-underwater-cultural-heritage-of-ukraine/ Moskva cruiser has become an object of underwater cultural heritage of Ukraine].</ref> '''Die 23 Aprilis 2022'''<br/> Duo duces Russici prope [[Chersonium]]<ref>[https://kyivindependent.com/uncategorized/military-intelligence-2-russian-generals-killed-near-kherson/ Military intelligence: 2 Russian generals killed near Kherson].</ref> octoque imbelles, in quibus infans puellula trimestris, [[Odessa]]e telis igniferis necati sunt.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2022/apr/23/russia-ukraine-war-latest-zelenskiy-warns-moscow-wants-to-capture-other-countries-as-moldova-expresses-concern-over-russian-plans-live Russia-Ukraine war: Baby killed in missile attack on Odesa; Zelenskiy says].</ref> '''Die 25 Aprilis 2022'''<br/> Antonius Blinken, [[Civitatum Foederatarum Secretarius Civitatis]], Vladimirum Zelens'kyj convenit [[Kiovia|Kioviae]], una cum Lloyd Austin, Civitatum Foederatarum Secretario Defensionis, qui se sperare dixit Russicas amissiones in Ucraina factas administrationem Russiae dehortaturas esse, ne talia facinora alibi repeterentur.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61214176 Ukraine news: US wants to see a weakened Russia]</ref> '''Die 26 Aprilis 2022'''<br/> [[Antonius Guterres]], Nationum Unitarum secretarius generalis, Vladimirum Putin Moscuae convenit, quocum de auxilio humanitario Mariupolim ferendo deque hominibus ex urbe oppugnata servandis locutus est.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/apr/26/un-guterres-putin-meeting-moscow-ukraine-war UN ready to evacuate people from Mariupol, says chief in Moscow visit]</ref> '''Die 27 Aprilis 2022'''<br/> Vladimirus Putin exteras civitates monuit, ut caverent, ne rebus, quae in Ucraina gererentur, se interponerent; si vero civitas aliqua sese interponere conata esset, illa rapidissimum responsum "fulminis more" afficeretur. [[Gazprom]] subvectionem gasii naturalis in Poloniam et [[Bulgaria]]m omisit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61252320 Ukraine war: Putin warns against foreign intervention]</ref> '''Die 28 Aprilis 2022'''<br/> Antonius Guterres Vladimirum Zelens'kyj Kioviae convenit profitens consilium securitatis efficere non potuisse, ut bellum evitaretur aut conficeretur, eamque impotentiam esse causam magnae frustrationis et irae. Vladimirus Zelens'kyj affirmavit Antonio Guterres copiam fuisse, ut omnia scelera bellica, quae a Russia in Ucraina essent commissa, videret ac testaretur.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61265635 Ukraine war: UN chief admits Security Council has failed]</ref> '''Die 29 Aprilis 2022'''<br/> Rectio Ucrainae persecutionem decem militum Russicorum inchoavit, qui arguuntur [[genocidium in Bucha|scelera bellica Buchae]] commisisse, in quibus cives imbelles cruciatos, violatos, necatos esse constat.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61269480 Ukraine launches hunt for Russian soldiers accused of Bucha war crimes]</ref> '''Die 30 Aprilis 2022'''<br/> Urbs [[Charcovia]] telis missilibus identidem quassata est, quamvis Vladimirus Zelens'kyj affirmavisset vires Ucrainicas in ea regione "belligerando aliquantum succedere".<ref>[https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220430-kharkiv-shelled-as-russia-maintains-its-offensive Kharkiv shelled as Russia maintains its offensive]</ref> '''Die 1 Maii 2022'''<br/> Aeroplana militaria Russica paulisper per spatium aerium et [[Suecia|Sueciae]]<ref>''Dagens nyheter'': [https://www.dn.se/sverige/ryskt-militarplan-har-krankt-svenskt-luftrum/ Aeroplanum militare Russicum spatium aerium Suecicum violavit.] {{Ling|Suecice}}</ref> et [[Dania|Daniae]]<ref>''Politiken'': [https://politiken.dk/indland/art8747811/»Russerne-sender-os-en-hilsen-og-siger-at-de-er-trætte-af-sanktioner« Russi nobis salutem mittunt dicuntque se sanctionibus satiatos esse.] {{Ling|Danice}}</ref> volaverunt. Mariupoli viginti fere cives fabricam metallurgicam Asovstal reliquerunt.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61285178 Mariupol civilians leave besieged Asovstal steelworks]</ref> '''Die 2 Maii 2022'''<br/> Sergius Lavrov, rerum externarum Russiae minister, in percontatione televisifica interrogatus, quemadmodum Russia asseverare posset se pro "de-nazificanda" Ucraina pugnare, praesertim cum praeses Vladimirus Zelens'kyj ipse esset [[Iudaeus]], aperte respondit "etiam Adolfum Hitler originem suam a Iudaeis traxisse; id omnino nihil significare".<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-61296682 Israel outrage at Sergei Lavrov's claim that Hitler was part Jewish]</ref> Quibus dictis Lavrov praesidem Ucrainae cum molitore [[Soa|Holocausti]] comparavit, id quod rectio [[Israel (civitas)|Israelis]] indignissime tulit, renuntians ea dicta esse cum inexcusabilem flagitiosissimamque pronuntiationem tum terribilem errorem historicum.<ref>[https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2022-05-02/israel-slams-russian-comments-nazism-antisemitism-ukraine Israel says Russian comments on Nazism and Ukraine are 'unforgivable']</ref> '''Die 3 Maii 2022'''<br/> Vladimirus Putin cum [[Emmanuel Macron|Emmanuele Macron]] diutissime per [[telephonum]] collocutus est, monens [[Consociatio ex pacto Atlantico Septentrionali|civitatibus occidentalibus]], si pacem voluissent, desinendum esse arma in Ucrainam mittere.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61313732 Ukaine war: Putin tells Macron West should stop sending arms]</ref> Russi impetum [[Missile|telorum missilium]] generis ''Onyx'' in aeroportum militarem [[Odessa|Odessensem]] fecerunt, ubi etiam [[aeronavium receptacula]], in quibus arma peregre illata deposita esse dicebantur, deleta sunt.<ref>[https://apa.az/en/cis-countries/russian-forces-hit-hangars-with-foreign-arms-in-odessa-with-onyx-missiles-375066 Russian forces hit hangars with foreign arms in Odessa with Onyx missiles]</ref> Ministerium rerum externarum Russicae Foederationis ea, quae Sergio Lavrov antea dicere placuerant, iteravit et defendit, nempe originem praesidis Zelens'kyj sententiae [[Cremlinus (Moscua)|Cremlinicae]] non repugnare, quominus Ucraina a "neonazistis" regeretur, insuper afferens rectionem Israelis "neonazistas" in Ucraina adiuvare.<ref>[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/russia-sergey-lavrov-hitler-remarks-accuses-israel-supporting-ukraine-neo-nazis/ Russia doubles down on foreign minister's Hitler remarks, accuses Israel of supporting "neo-Nazis" in Ukraine]</ref> '''Die 4 Maii 2022'''<br/> [[Unio Europaea]] complures novorum consiliorum rationes, fortasse acerrimas omnium, quas hucusque imponebat, proposuit, inter alia plenam interdictionem [[Petroleum|petrolei]] ex Russia importandi et sanctiones in eos, qui scelera belli commisisse putantur.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61318689 EU plans Russian oil ban and war crimes sanctions]</ref> Ministerium agri culturae Ucrainae nuntiavit Russiam 400&thinsp;000 tonnarum [[frumentum|frumenti]] e regionibus occupatis asportanda curavisse, tertiam igitur partem copiae frumenti, quae in regionibus [[Chersonium|Chersoniensi]], [[Zaporizhia|Zaporizhiensi]], Donetskensi et Luganskensi seposita erat; si copia rei frumentariae deinceps esset imminuta, [[Fames|famem]] instaturam esse;<ref>[https://www.republicworld.com/world-news/russia-ukraine-crisis/ukraine-claims-400000-tonnes-of-grain-stolen-by-russian-forces-from-occupied-areas-articleshow.html Ukraine Claims 400,000 Tonnes Of Grain 'stolen' By Russian Forces From Occupied Areas]</ref> urbem Mariupolim a mense Martio iam fame urgeri.<ref>[https://www.ft.com/content/af7996a9-8c16-4421-a5b3-390315d3c7dc ‘Hell on earth’: survivors recount the assault on Mariupol]</ref> Ministerium defensionis Russiae rettulit circiter 100 milites Russicos in quodam periculo [[Kaliningradum|Kaliningradi]] facto "simulasse" [[Rocheta|rochetas]] generis ''Iskander'' ad [[arma nuclearia]] portanda accommodatas "electronice mittere" necnon impetus, qui talem missionem sequi possent, prohibere.<ref>[https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/05/05/russia-simulates-nuclear-capable-strikes-near-eu-a77586 Russia Simulates Nuclear Strikes Near EU]</ref> '''Die 5 Maii 2022'''<br/> Antonius Guterres, secretarius generalis Nationum Unitarum, dixit omnia esse experienda, ut homines, qui sese in fabricam metallurgicam Asovstal confugissent, "ex iis locis infernis" eriperentur. Vladimirus Putin vires suas tutum transitum hominibus daturas esse affirmavit, si propugnatores Ucrainici sese dedituri essent. Rectio Israelis nuntiavit praesidem Putin se telephonice de dictis [[Antisemitismus|antisemiticis]] a ministro Lavrov elocutis excusavisse.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61342436 Mariupol fighting: More evacuations from besieged city on Friday, UN says]</ref> '''Die 6 Maii 2022'''<br/> Urgentibus causis [[Programma mundiale alimenti]] Nationum Unitarum expoposcit, ut [[portus]] in regione Odessensi rursus patefierent, ita ut [[Cibus|cibaria]], quae in Ucraina bello vexata proveniunt, libere in ceteras orbis terrarum partes evehi atque exportari possent ad instantem crisim famis coercendam.<ref>[https://www.wfp.org/news/wfp-calls-urgent-opening-ukrainian-ports-help-rein-global-hunger-crisis WFP calls for urgent opening of Ukrainian ports to help rein in global hunger crisis]</ref> '''Die 7 Maii 2022'''<br/> Vladimirus Zelens'kyj dixit Russiam, si de pacis condicionibus agere voluisset, in ea loca se recipere debere, quae ante incursionem tenuisset.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61359228 Ukraine war: Russia must withdraw to pre-invation position for a deal - Zelensky]</ref> Aliquot diebus ante iam negaverat se ullas indutias, quae copiis Russicis permitterent in regionibus occupatis manere, esse accepturum.<ref>[https://www.marketwatch.com/story/zelensky-says-ukraine-cant-accept-any-peace-deal-that-leaves-russian-troops-on-his-countrys-territory-01651699666 Zelensky says Ukraine can’t accept any peace deal that leaves Russian troops on his country’s territory]</ref> '''Die 9 Maii 2022'''<br/> Dum Moscuae [[Dies Victoriae]] in [[Forum Pulchrum|Foro Pulchro]] sollemni [[Pompa|pompa militari]] celebratus est, Vladimirus Putin orationem ad populum habuit, in qua vetera cum recentioribus coniunxit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61377886 Putin says Russia fighting for motherland in Ukraine in Victory Day speech]</ref> Dixit enim patriae defensionem semper sanctam fuisse, cum fatum eius in discrimen venisset; nunc autem novam "rem poenae" in regione Donbas geri et "[[Incursio magna|invasionem]]" in terras Russiae antiquitus proprias, addita Crimaea, palam praeparatam atque instructam esse; Kioviae comparationem [[Arma nuclearia|armorum nuclearium]] significatam esse; consociationem OTAN in territoriis Russiae adiacentibus omnia ad infrastructuram militarem pertinentia sedulo providere coepisse; periculum crevisse in dies; hanc aggressionem a Russia ad agendum coacta praeveniendo repulsam esse; illos, qui ''Magno Patrio Bello'' [[Nazismus|nazismum]] profligavissent, singulare exemplum [[Heros|virtutis fortitudinis]]<nowiki/>que in omne tempus Russis praebuisse; eos, qui nunc pugnarent, ea defendere, pro quibus eorum patres, avi, proavi pugnavissent.<ref>[http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/68366 Выступление Президента России на военном параде (Oratio praesidis Russiae in pompa militari habita): ''"Защита Родины, когда решалась её судьба, всегда была священной. (…) В открытую шла подготовка к очередной карательной операции на Донбассе, к вторжению на наши исторические земли, включая Крым. В Киеве заявляли о возможном приобретении ядерного оружия. Блок НАТО начал активное военное освоение прилегающих к нам территорий. (…) Опасность росла с каждым днём. (…) Россия дала упреждающий отпор агрессии. Это было вынужденное, своевременное и единственно правильное решение. (…) Те, кто сокрушил нацизм в годы Великой Отечественной войны, показали нам пример героизма на все времена. (…) Сегодня (они защищают) то, за что сражались (их) отцы и деды, прадеды."'']</ref> <br/> Dixit praeses Franciae, Emmanuel Macron, Russiae ad dignitatem suam offendere non debere, "non ad tentationem, non ad humiliationem, non ad ultionis spiritum nos dedamus, quia haec mala pacis vias iam nimis devastabant.."<ref>[https://lecourrier-du-soir.com/guerre-en-ukraine-macron-crache-le-morceau-la-paix-ne-se-construira-pas-dans-lhumiliation-de-la-russie/ Referentia secundum ''le courrier du soir'']{{Nexus deficit|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Ling|Francogallice}}</ref> '''Die 10 Maii 2022'''<br/> Emmanuel Macron, iterum praeses Franciae electus, [[Olaus Scholz|Olaum Scholz]], [[Cancellarius foederalis|cancellarium foederalem]] Germaniae, pridie [[Berolinum|Berolini]] convenerat, ubi in [[Conventus diurnariis edocendis|conventu diunariis edocendis]] de Ucraina in Unionem Europaeam accipienda locutus est, verens, ne essent complures anni, forsitan [[Decennium|decennia]], quoad Ucrainae liciturum esset sese ad Unionem Europaeam applicare.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61383632 Ukraine bid to join EU will take decades says Macron]</ref> Dum Odessae fiunt impetus rochetarum generis ''[[Kinsal]]'', relatum est milites Russicos tela in fabricam metallurgicam Asovstal conicere, ubi adhuc centum fere imbelles cum aliquot defensoribus ibi perseverarent.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-europe-61353374 Ukraine latest news: Mariupol official says civilians still in steelworks]</ref><ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/least-100-civilians-remain-ukrainian-city-mariupols-steel-works-mayors-aide-2022-05-10/ Ukraine says Russia pounding Mariupol steel works, mayor's aide says 100 civilians remain]</ref> '''Die 11 Maii 2022'''<br/> Ferunt copias Ucrainicas nonnullos [[Vicus rusticus|vicos rusticos]] ab urbe Charcovia ad septentriones et orientem solem vergentes a viribus Russicis recuperavisse illasque ad earum fines compulisse.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61378196 Ukraine war: Russia pushed back from Kharkiv - refort from front line]</ref> '''Die 12 Maii 2022'''<br/> Milites Russici instrumentis monitoriis deprehensi et excepti sunt, cum Ucrainos inermes peterent eosque a tergo necarent.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61425025 Ukraine conflict: Russian soldiers seen killing unarmed civilians]</ref> Postquam [[Saulus Niinistö]], praeses [[Finnia|Finniae]], et [[Sanna Marin]], prima ministra Finniae, sententiam suam aperuerunt, ut Finnia Consociationi ex pacto Atlantico Septentrionali quam celerrime sese adiungeret, ministerium rerum externarum Russiae nuntiavit Foederationem Russicam coactum iri consilia voluntati Finnicae respondentia inire, ut crescens comminatio securitatis suae reprimeretur.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/05/12/finland-nato-membership-russia-ukraine/ Finland moves to join NATO ‘without delay’ after Ukraine invasion]</ref> '''Die 14 Maii 2022'''<br/> Copiae militares Ucrainae Charcoviam post proelium severum liberaverunt. Sed curatores rei publicae bellum in Ucraina longum esse posse dixerunt.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/14/ukraine-has-won-the-battle-of-kharkiv-analysts-say-as-kyiv-warns-of-long-phase-of-war Ukraine has won the battle of Kharkiv, analysts says, as Kyiv warns of 'long phase of war']</ref> '''Die 16 Maii 2022'''<br/> [[Factio socialis democratica (Suecia)|Factio socialis democratica]] rectionis Sueciae voluntatem ad OTAN cum Finlandia participandum confirmat.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61456726 Ukraine war: Sweden and Finland confirm Nato plans in historic shift].</ref> '''Die 17 Maii 2022'''<br/> Mariupolis urbs octoginta dies oppugnata et destructa capta est.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61480988 Mariupol: The 80 days that left a flourishing city in ruins]</ref> '''Die 18 Maii 2022'''<br/> Antonius Guterres, secretarius generalis Nationum Unitarum discrimen alimentorum mundiale parere dixit, si portus Odessae non liberatur et reconstructus erit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61503049 Ukraine invation could cause global food crisis, UN warns]</ref> '''Die 20 Maii 2022'''<br/> Rectio Ucrainae ergasterium atomicum Zaporizhiense electricitatem ad Russiam non offere posse dixit, quia tempus longum necesse esset ad circuitum electricitatis illic conectendum, sicut tempus ad exstruendum [[pons|pontem]] inter Crimaeam et [[Paeninsula Tamanica|paeminsulam Tamanicam]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61524376 Ukraine says giant Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant can't supply Russia]</ref> '''Die 21 Maii 2022'''<br/> Collegium Russicum [[Gazprom]] subvectionem gazii naturalis in Finlandiam omisit, ratione stipendii sed, ut putatur, etiam voluntatis Finlandiae OTAN participandi.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61524933 Russia halts gas supplies to Finland]</ref> '''Die 23 Maii 2022'''<br/> Miles quidam Russicus civem necandi causa custodia perpetua damnatus est apud primum [[iudicium]] de sceleribus bellicis in Ucraina factum. Antea necem admiserat.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61549569 Ukraine war:]</ref> '''Die 24 Maii 2022'''<br/> Vladimirus Zelens'kyj, praeses Ucrainae, primum post incursionem Russicam Charcoviam visitavit ad copias Ucrainicas observandum.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61625512 Ucraine war: President Zelensky visits Kharkiv in first trip outside Kiyv region]</ref> Voris Bondarev, [[legatus (civilitas)|legatus diplomatiae]] Russicus officium suum abrogavit bellum sanguinarium et absurdum contra populos Ucrainicum Russicumque a Vladimiro Putin gestum [[motus contra bellum|condemnans]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61555390 Russian diplomat quits over war in Ukraine]</ref><ref>''Im Ministerium der Lügen. Ein russischer Diplomat über Moskaus Machtspiele, seinen Bruch mit dem Putin-Regime und die Zukunft Russlands'', Heyne Verlag, 2024, ISBN 978-3-453-21871-0</ref> '''Die 25 Maii 2022'''<br/> Proelium ad Severodonetsk, urbem regionis Luganskensis processit, dum [[via]] a Bakmut ad Severodonetsk ducens fons progressus Ucrainae facta est.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61578156 Severodonetsk: Battle for key road as fighting reaches Ukraine city]</ref> '''Die 26 Maii 2022'''<br/> Impetus bombarum in Charcovia factus est, qui octo homines inter quos [[infans|infantem]] quendam necavit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-europe-61593803 Ukraine war latest news: Shelling in Kharkiv kills eight including baby]</ref> '''Die 30 Maii 2022'''<br/> Unio Europaea unanima consensum de interdictione petroleum importandi decrevit.<ref>[https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2022/05/30/ukraine-war-live-updates/9992994002/ EU may have deal on oil embargo]</ref>. '''Die 31 Maii 2022'''<br/> Irina Venedictova, prosecutorix Ucrainae circa 15 milia actorum scelorum bellicorum Russicorum et actorum [[propaganda]]e investigenda esse dixit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61652467 Ukraine reports 15,000 suspected wars crimes]</ref> '''Die 1 Iunii 2022'''<br/> Rectio Russica Civitates Foederatas provisione missilium longius pertinentium proelium eminus aggravare dixit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-61655577 Ukraine war: Russia says US 'adding fuel to fire' by sending longer-range rockets]</ref> '''Die 3 Iunii 2022'''<br/> Post centum dies ab initio incursionis Russicae Vladimirus Zelens'kyj copias militares Russiae quintam partem territorii Ucrainae occupavisse dixit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61675915 Ukraine war:Zelensky says Russia controls a fifth of Ukrainian territory]</ref>, Secundum CREA<ref>Id est [[abbreviatio]] Anglica pro ''Centre for Resarch on Energy and Clean Air'' abhibita (Latine: Institutum pro [[energia]]m et aëra purum exquirens)</ref> organizationem Russia ab incursione ad hodie plus quam 90 [[billio]]nes [[$]] [[lucrum|lucri]] per negotium [[fomes fossilis|fomitum fossilium]] acquisivit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/business-61785111 Ukraine war: Russia earns $97bn on energy export since invasion] <!-- ? --> om/news/world-europe-61675915 Ukraine war:Zelensky says Russia controls a fifth of Ukrainian territory]</ref> '''Die 4 Iunii 2022'''<br/> [[Monasterium]] ligneum historicum in Mykolaiv, in oriente Severidonetsk incendio subiectum est impetus bombarum copiarum Russicarum causa.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61688829 Ukraine round-up: Defiance in Mykolaiv and a wooden monastery ablaze]</ref> '''Die 7 Iunii 2022'''<br/> Consilii Europaei legatus invasionem et politicam Russiae discriminis alimenti mundialis [[paupertas|paupertatem]] causantis et violationis [[securitas cibaria|securitatis cibariae]] apud Consilium securitatis Nationum Unitarum accusavit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61714234 Ukraine news: EU blames Russia for dood crisis prompting walkout]</ref> '''Die 8 Iunii 2022'''<br/> [[Iuris consultus]] et activista [[iurum humanorum defensor|iura humana defendens]] Russicos quosdam milites in Ucrainam irendum et pugnandum refugere dixit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61607184 The Russian soldiers refusing to fight in Ukraine]</ref> '''Die 9 Iunii 2022'''<br/> Caput [[Ordo mercaturae mundanae|Ordinis mercaturae mundanae]] crisem alimemtorum ratione incursionis Russicae aggravare dixit et monet.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/business-61727651 Ukraine war: WTO boss warns of global food crisis]</ref> Ac in [[regio Donetskensis|regione Donetskensi]] rectio sub regimine Russico militibus peregrinis<ref>Apud rectionem Russicam, [[miles mercennarius]] sunt.</ref> (duobus Britannicis et uno [[Marocum|Marocano]]) [[poena capitalis|poenam capitalem]] iudicat.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61751435 Ukraine round-up; Death sentences for foreign fighters and Putin upbeat on energy]</ref> '''Die 11 Iunii 2022'''<br/> Auxiliator Vladimiri Zelens'kyj circa 200 milites per diem ex bello necatos esse publicat. Sed rectio Ucrainae negotium de indutiis cum Russia non facere dixit<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61742736 Ukraine causalites: Kyiv losing up to 200 troops a day - Zelensky aide]</ref> '''Die 14 Iunii 2022'''<br/> Papa Franciscus I incursionem Russicam in Ucrainam ab OTAN provocatam esse posse dixit, quamquam impetum inhumanum a copiis Russiae peractum condemmavit.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/14/pope-francis-ukraine-war-provoked-russian-troops Pope Francis says Ukraine was perhaps somehow provoked']</ref> '''Die 16 Iunii 2022'''<br/> Emmanuel Macron, praeses Franciae, Olaus Scholz, primus minister Germaniae, et [[Marius Draghi]], primus minister [[Italia]]e, Kioviam visitaverunt et cum Vladimiro Zelens'kyj colloquium ad solidaritatem et integrationem Europaeam confirmandas fecerunt.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61828229 Ukraine war: EU leaders back immediate candidate status for Kyiv]</ref> '''Die 18 Iunii 2022'''<br/> Vladimirus Putin, praeses Russiae apud Conferentiam Internationalem Oeconomiae [[Petropolis|Petropoli]] habitam poenas oeconomicas a civitatibus occidentalibus et Unione Europaeae "[[dementia]]m et [[stupiditas|stupiditatem]]" dixit et condemnat.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61847300 Russia's Putin condemns 'mad and thoughtless' Western sanctions]</ref> '''Die 20 Iunii 2022'''<br/> Rectio Ucrainae [[musica]]m Russicam creatam vel performatam a hominibus Russicis post anno 1991 perfomandum publice ac [[litterae Russicae|libros]] e Russia importandum interdixit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61859593 Uknaine to ban music by some Russians in media and public spaces]</ref> Eodem die [[Ferrivia metropolitana Charcoviae|ferriviae metropolitanae]] atrium vehiculorum detrimentum maius passum est. '''Die 21 Iunii 2022'''<br/> Rectio Russiae rem "severem" parere causa interdictionis [[vectura]]e ferriviae ad [[Kaliningradum]] a [[Lituania]] interdictae dixit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61878929 Kalingrad: Russia warns Lithuania of consequences over rail transit blockade]</ref> '''Die 24 Iunii 2022'''<br/> Rectio Ucrainae militias suas e Severodonetsk, urbe regionis Luganskensis, regredi instituit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61920708 Ukraine war: Kyiv orders forces to withdraw from Severodonetsk]</ref> '''Die 27 Iunii 2022'''<br/> Conventus [[G8|Gregis Septem]] in Germania fuit et civitates occidentales solidaritatem cum Ucraina ad finem belli confirmaverunt.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61954445 Ukraine war: G7 pledges to stay with Ukraine untill the end]</ref> '''Die 28 Iunii 2022'''<br/> Impetus missilium in regionem Lysychansk factus est et plus quam 21 homines civiles necati sunt.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61954068 Ukraine war: Russian forces 'storming' besieged city of Lusychansk]</ref> '''Die 29 Iunii 2022'''<br/> Societas televisionis Ucrainae imaginem impetum missilium ad [[emporium (aedificium)|emporium]] in Kremenchuk [[regio Poltavensis|regionis Poltavensis]] a copiis Russicis factim publicavit ut testimonium sceleris bellici.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-61978727 Ukraine war: CCTV shows missile striking shopping mall in Kremenchuk]</ref> '''Die 30 Iunii 2022'''<br/> Copiae Russicae ex Insula Serpentis vel ''Zmiinyi'' in Pontu Euxino regressae sunt.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61992491 Snake Island: Why Russia couldn't hold on to stategic Black Sea outcrop]</ref> '''Die 2 Iulii 2022'''<br/> Officiales Ucrainae copias Russicae impetus missilium in Odessam fecisse dixerunt, a quibus 21 homines civiles (e quibus unum infans) necati sunt.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-62006743 Ukraine war: Russian missile strikes kill 21 in Odesa region - emergency service]</ref> '''Die 3 Iulii 2022'''<br/> Auctoritas Turciae navem [[frumentum]] e Berdynask Ucrainae exportantem et vexillo Russiae significatam in custodiam dedit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-62010113 Turkey detains Russian-flagged grain ship from Ukraine]</ref> '''Die 4 Iulii 2022'''<br/> Copiae Ucrainae urbem Lysychansk regionis Luganskensis sub rectionem copiarum Russicarum ire admiserunt.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-62030051 Ukraine confirms Russia captured eastern city Lysychansk]</ref> '''Die 7 Iulii 2022'''<br/> Iryna Venediktova, prosectorix generalis Ucrainae plus quam 21&thinsp;000 actores scelerum bellicorum investigendos esse puvlicat.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-62073669 Ukraine war: 21,000 alleged war crimes being investigated, prosector says]</ref> '''Die 11 Iulii 2022'''<br/> [[Diamesolabeta]] Ucrainae Oleh Kotenko circa septem milia magistratuum belli ratione deesse dixit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-62125343 Ukraine war: 7,200 Ukraine service personnel missing - ombudsmann].</ref> '''Die 12 Iulii 2022'''<br/> Praeses Ucrainae de admissione [[matrimonium hominum eiusdem sexus|matromonii hominum eiusdem sexus]] in bello consuluit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-62134804 Ukraine to consider legalising same-sex marriage amid war]</ref> '''Die 14 Iulii 2022'''<br/> Impetus missilium a copiis Russicis in [[Vinnicia]]m factus est, a quo saltem 23 homines necati sunt.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-62163071 Ukraine war: 23 killed in Russian rocket attack in Vinnytsia]</ref> '''Die 16 Iulii 2022'''<br/> Post inspectionem copiarum Russicarum [[minister defensionis (Russia)|minister defensionis Russicae]], [[Sergius Šoigu]], impetus in Ucrainam augendos esse declaravit. '''Die 19 Iulii 2022'''<br/> Vladimirus Putin in caput Iraniae, [[Teheranum]], iit et praesides Iraniae et Turciae, [[Ali Khamenei]] et [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]], de quaestionibus frumenti exportandi et de bello civili in [[Syria]] consuluit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-62218696 Ukraine war: Putin visits Iran in rare international trip]</ref> '''Die 21 Iulii 2022'''<br/> Sergius Lavrov, minister rerum externarum Russiae, obiectum proelii expandere, non solum in territorio orientali, dixit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-62231936 Ukraine war: Russia's Lavrov says ready to expand war aims]</ref> '''Die 23 Iulii 2022'''<br/> Impetus bombarum in [[portus|portu]] Odessae factus est paulo post consensum de [[commercium|commercio]] frumenti in ibi dercetum.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-62276392 Ukraine war: Explosions rock Ukrainian post hours after grain deal]</ref> '''Die 26 Iulii 2022'''<br/> [[Gazprom]] Russiae copiam [[gasium naturale|gasi naturali]] Unioni Europaea per viam ''Nord Stream'' oblatam porro limitare decrevit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/business-62291458 Gazprom: Norm Stream 1 to supply to EU to be cut further]</ref> '''Die 28 Iulii 2022'''<br/> Copiae Russicae cuidam urbi in [[regio Kioviensis|regione Kioviensi]] impetum missilium dedit, a quo quinque homines necati sunt.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-62339767 Ukraine war: Russia hits Kyiv area as Ukraine seeks to retake south]</ref> '''Die 30 Iulii 2022'''<br/> Rectio Ucrainae postulavit, ut investigatio Nationum Unitarum et [[motus internationalis Crucis Rubrae et Lunae Rubrae]] fieret de [[bello captus|bello captis]] sub copiis Russicis in carcero necatis vel tortis.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-62356211 Ukraine war: UN and Red Cross should investigate prison death, says Ukraine]</ref> '''Die 1 Augusti 2022'''<br/> Navis Ucrainae frumentum continens primum post inclusionem Russicam anni 2022 Russia consentiente ex Odessa iit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-62375580 Ukraine war: First grain ship leaves Under Russian deal]</ref> '''Die 3 Augusti 2022'''<br/> Raphael Grossi, praeses [[Procuratio energiae atomicae internationalis|IAEA]], [[ergasterium atomicum Zaporizhiense]] impetus Russici causa non iam gubernari dixit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-62412429 Ukraine war: IAEA says Zaporizhzhia nuclear plants out of control]</ref> '''Die 6 Augusti 2022'''<br/> Raphael Grossi, praeses IAEA impetus militaris ad Ergasterium atomicum Zaporizhiense [[calamitas|calamitatem]] realem et seriam fieri posse dixit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-62449982 Zaporizhzhia: Real risk of nuclear disaster in Ukraine - watchdog]</ref> '''Die 11 Augusti 2022'''<br/> Nationes Unitae et item civitates [[G8|G7]] impetum militarem ad [[Ergasterium atomicum Zaporizhiense]] condemnant. Postulatur ut res reveniat in manus Ucrainorum.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-62505815 UN alarm as Ukraine nuckear power plant shelled again]</ref> '''Die 16 Augusti 2022'''<br/> Copiae militares Ucrainae castra Russica in Crimaea destruerunt, quod a rectione Russica reprehensum est.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-62560041 Ukraine war: Russia blames sabotage for new Crimea blasts]</ref> '''Die 19 Augusti 2022'''<br/> Rectio Russiae [[petitio|postulationem]] Nationum Unitarum de armis a territorio apud Ergasterium atomicum Zaporizhiense removendis reiecit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-62602387 Ukraine war: Russia rejects call to demilitarise Zaporizhia nuclear power plant area]</ref> '''Die 24 Augusti 2022'''<br/> [[Curator supremus Nationum Unitarum iuribus humanis tuendis|Curator supremus Nationum Unitarum iuribus humanis tuendis impositus]] persecutionem [[bello captus|bello captorum]] Ucrainorum a copiis Russiae monuit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-62648340 Ukraine round-up: UN warns against trial of POWs and the return of top-flight football]</ref> '''Die 27 Augusti 2022''' <br/> In Russia gasium superfluum incenditur, quod civitates Europae negotiationum gasii ex Russia interdicunt.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-62692222 Ukraine ear round-up: Russia burns off its excess gas and war memerial torn down]</ref> '''Die 29 Augusti 2022''' <br/> [[Procuratio energiae atomicae internationalis]] legatos ad Ergasterium atomicum Zaporizhiense misit ad securitatem ergasterii protegendam.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-62710530 Ukraine war: UN team leaves for Zapirizhzhia nuclear plant]</ref> '''Die 4 Septembris 2022'''<br/> Vladimirus Zelenks'kyj politicam energiae Russicam condemnavit et dixit Russiam vitam normalem in Europa impedire velle.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-62786447 Ukraine war: Russia wants to destory Europeans' normal life, Zelensky says]</ref> '''Die 7 Septembris 2022'''<br/> Vladimirus Zelensk'kyj propositionem procurationis energiae atomicae internationalis valde aestimavit de [[zona dearmata]] in ergasterio atomico Zaporizhiensi creanda.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-62816114 Ukraine backs UN call for nuclear plant safe zone]</ref> Americani [[Corea Septemtrionalis|Coream Septemtrionalem]] arma Russiae oblaturam esse dixit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-62804825 Ukraine war: North Korea supplying Russia with weapons, says US]</ref> '''Die 11 Septembris 2022'''<br/> Milites Ucrainae [[regio Charcoviensis|regionem Charcoviensem]] recapiunt.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60506682 Ukraine war in map:Tracking the Russian invention]</ref> '''Die 14 Septembris 2022'''<br/> [[Xi Jinping]] ad [[Uzbecia|Uzbeciam]] iit et cum Vladimiro Putin colloquium de bello Ucrainae et auxilio reciproce ferendo habet.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-62885151 Xi and Putin to discuss Ukraine war at meeting - Kremlin]</ref> '''Die 16 Septembris 2022'''<br/> In Izyio regionis Charcoviensis, sepulcretum ex [[genocidium|homicidio magno]] inventum est.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-62931224 Ukraine war: Mass exhumations at Izynum forest graves site]</ref> '''Die 21 Septembris 2022'''<br/> Civitates occidentales apud [[Conventus generalis (Nationes Unitae)|conventum generalem Nationum Unitarum]] politicam Russicam condemnaverunt, quae [[annexatio]]nem Ucrainae per referendum fare conata est.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-62976560 Ukraine war:West condemns Russian plan for 'sham' Ukraine vote]</ref> '''Die 23 Septembris 2022'''<br/> Rectio Civitatum Foederatarum minas Vladimiri Putin ad usum [[arma nuclearia|armorum nucleariorum]] relatas asseveratas iudicat.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-63000444 Ukraine war: US says it takes Putin's nuclear threat seriously]</ref> '''Die 25 Septembris 2022'''<br/> Centeni homines in numerosis urbibus Russiae in custodiam dantur, qui [[conscriptio]]ni militum et bello in Ucraina gesto habitae intercesserunt. Ac [[manifestatio]]nes [[contra bellum]] fiunt.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63021118 Ukraine war: Hundreds arrested as Russian draft protests continue]</ref> '''Die 30 Septembris 2022'''<br/> Rectio Russica annexationem regionum Donetskensis, Luganskensis Zaporizhiensis et Chersonensis decretam publicavit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63072113 Russia to formally annex four Russia to formally annex four more areas of Ukraine]</ref> '''Die 2 Octobris 2022'''<br/> Copiae Russicae militum e regionis Donetskensis urbe Lyman, ubi sedes militaris Russica fuit, regressae sunt.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63102220 Ukraine war: Russia troops forced out of eastern town Lymann]</ref> '''Die 8 Octobris 2022'''<br/> [[Pons]] magnus inter Crimaeam et Russiam impetu bombarum laesus est.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63183404 Crimea bridge partly reopens after huge explosion]</ref> Hic pons post annexationem Crimaeae anno 2014 constructus erat. '''Die 10 Octobris 2022'''<br/> Impetus magnus bombarum in Kioviam factus est, quem Vladimirus Putin indignationem contra impetum ad pontem magnum Crimaeae fuisse dixit. Nationes Unitae et Civitates Foederatae Americae hunc impetum condemnaverunt.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63208897 Ukraine war: US condemns 'brutal' Russian strikes on Ukraine]</ref> '''Die 17 Octobris 2022'''<br/> Civitates Foederatae impetum Russicum bombarum in Kioviam a [[teleplanum|teleplanis]] militaribus ex [[Irania]] condemnaverunt, quod violationem resolutionis Nationum Unitarum esse dixerunt.<ref>[https://www.voanews.com/a/us-says-iranian-drone-supplies-to-russia-violate-un-resolution/6794394.html US says Iranian Drone Supplies to Russia violate UN Resolition]</ref> '''Die 18 Octobris 2022'''<br/> [[Aëroplanum]] Russicum destructum est, quo tredecim homines in aedibus quibusdam necati sunt.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63294701 Russian warplane crash kills 13 in apartment block]</ref> '''Die 30 Octobris 2022'''<br/> Rectio Russiae abrogationem commercii frumenti per Pontum Euxinum ducendi ratione militiae Ucrainae agressionis declaravit, quod discrimen alimentarium facere potest.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63439760 Ukraine war: Russia halts graindeal after 'massive' Black Sea Fleet attack]</ref> '''Die 9 Novembris 2022'''<br/> Milites Russiae e [[Chersonium|Chersonio]] recesserunt.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63573387 Kherson: Russia to withdraw troops from key Ukrainian city]</ref> '''Die 16 Novembris 2022'''<br/> Impetus missilis in Prezewodow urbem [[Polonia]]e factus est, quo duo homines necati sunt. Secundum investigationem [[OTAN]] hoc missile ex Ucraina missum est.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/63648958 Ukraine news: What happend in Poland missile blast?]</ref> '''Die 6 Decembris 2022'''<br/> Vladimirus Zelens'kyj regionem Donetskensem visitavit ad milites inspiciendum.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63881095 Ukraine war: Zelensky visits troops near 'most difficult' front line]</ref> '''Die 21 Decembris 2022'''<br/> Vladimirus Zelens'kyj [[Vasingtonia (D. C.)|Vasingtoniam]] in Civitatibus Foederatis visitavit et cum [[Iosephus Biden|Iosepho Biden]] collocutus est.<ref>[https://bbc.com/news/world-europe-64047058 Zelensky in Washington: Ukraine's leader heads to US for first foreign trip].</ref> '''Die 25 Ianuarii 2023'''<br/> Olaus Scholz, primus minister Germaniae, [[autocurrus armatus|autocurros armatos]] ''Leopard 2'' ad Ucrainam mittere decrevit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-64401211 Ukraine welcomes German tank move as 'first step']</ref> '''Die 20 Februarii 2023'''<br/> Iosephus Biden Kioviam visitat primum post incursionem in Ucrainam anno 2022 incohatam.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-europe-64702090 Ukraine war latest: Biden makes surprise visit to Kyiv ahead of Ukraine war anniversary].</ref> '''Die 24 Februarii 2023'''<br/> [[Conventus generalis (Nationes Unitae)|Conventus generalis Nationum Unitarum]] ante anniversarium incursionis resolutionem declaravit, quae Russiam condemnat.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-64748349 Ukraine war: UN condemns Russian invasion ahead of anniversary]</ref> '''Die 17 Martii 2023'''<br/> [[Iudicium Criminale Internationale]] publice Vladimirum Putin in custodia dari postulavit ratione scelerum bellicorum.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-60525350 What war crimes in Russia accused of?]</ref> '''Die 21 Martii 2023'''<br/> [[Fumio Kishida]], primus minister Iaponiae, Kioviam visitavit et cum Vladimiro Zelens'kyj collocutus est.<ref>[https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2023/03/22/national/politics-diplomacy/kishda-ukraine-visit-zelenskyy/ Kishida meets Zelenskyy for talks in surprise visit to Ukraine]</ref> '''Die 1 Aprilis 2023'''<br/> Russia rectione Ucrainica irascente praesidium [[Consilium securitatis|Consilii securitatis]] electa est.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-65146557 Russia assumes UN Security Council presidency despite Ukrainian anger]</ref> '''Die 3 Maii 2023'''<br/> [[Cremlinus (Moscua)|Cremlinus]] Moscuae [[teleplanum|teleplanorum]] impetui subiectus est, quod Vladimirus Zelens'kyj actionem rectionis Ucrainicae fuisse negat.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-65471904 Kremlin drone: Zelensky denies Ukraine attacked Putin or Moscow]</ref> '''Die 14 Maii 2023'''<br/> Vladimirus Zelens'kyj [[Civitas Vaticana|Civitatem Vaticanam]] visitavit et cum papa Francisco locutus est.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-65581170 Ukraine war: Pope tells Zelensky he is 'praying for peace']</ref> '''Die 20 Maii 2023'''<br/> Vladimirus Zelens'kyj [[Hirosima]]m visitavit cum [[Fumio Kishida]] collocutum et inter conventum [[G8|Gregis 7]] participatum.<ref>[https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2023/05/20/national/politics-diplomacy/zelenskyy-attend-g7-hiroshima-kishida/ Zelenskyy arrives in Hiroshima for talks with Kishida on G7 sidelines].</ref> '''Die 21 Maii 2023'''<br/> Vladiminus Zelens's kyj pro victimis [[bomba atomica|bombae atomicae]] apud [[Viridarium Memoriae Pacis Hiroshimae]] oravit. '''Die 22 Maii 2023'''<br/> Eugenius Prigožin, [[miles mercennarius]] Russicus et dux [[Grex Wagner|gregis Wagner]], se [[Bachmutum]] regimini militari Russico usque ad diem 1 Iunii 2023 traditurum promisit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-65670534 "Ukraine war: Wagner chief vows to hand Bakhmut to Russian army by June."]</ref> '''Die 1 Iunii 2023'''<br/> Tres mulieres, inter quas puella, Kioviae necatae sunt ab impetu missilis a militibus Russicis nocto emissi.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-65772840 "Ukraine war: Three killed in overnight missile attack on Kyiv."]</ref> '''Die 6 Iunii 2023'''<br/> [[Moles (agger)|Moles]] Kakhovkae fluminis [[Danapris]] prope [[Ergasterium atomicum Zaporizhia]] ab impetu destructa est, quod [[inundatio]]nem paravit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-65818705 "What we know about Nova Kakhovka dam attack."]</ref> ; Diebus 23-24 Iunii 2023 Grex Wagner mercennariorum, duce Eugenio Prigožin, praesidium urbis [[Rostovia ad Tanaim|Rostoviae ad Tanaim]] cepit, ducibus exercitus Russici aut expulsis aut persuasis, expeditionemque Moscuam versus statim suscepit. Vladimirus Putin poena traditoribus comminatus est.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-eurpe-66006142 "Putin vows to punish Wagner's Prigozhin.]{{Nexus deficit|date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Alexander Lukašenko]], [[Ruthenia Alba|Rutheniae Albae]] praeses Vladimirique Putin socius, se pactum inter copiam mercennariam regimenque Russicum composuisse nuntiavit. '''Die 17 Iulii 2023'''<br/> Pons magnus inter [[Crimaea (res publica)|Crimaeam]] et Russiam impetum subiectus est, quo duo homines necati sunt.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-66218869 Ukraine war: Two dead after 'attack' on Crimea bridge]</ref> '''Die 23 Iulii 2023'''<br/> Cathedralis Transfigurationis Odessana, quae [[patrimonium totius mundi]] participit, ab impetu missilis Russici destructa est. [[UNESCO]] hoc condemnat.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250214125523/https://ukraine.un.org/en/240086-odesa-unesco-strongly-condemns-repeated-attacks-against-cultural-heritage-including-world Odesa: UNESCO strongly condemns repeated attacks against cultural heritage, including World Heritage]</ref> '''Die 5 Septembris 2023'''<br/> [[Gim Jeong-eun]], dux [[Corea Septentrionalis|Coreae Septentrionalis]] in Russiam iit ad praesidem Vladimirum Putin visitandum et arma pro bello in Ucraina praebendum.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-66713476 Ukraine war: Kim Jong Un 'to visit Putin for waepons talk']</ref> '''Die 13 Septembris 2023'''<br/> Gim Jeong-eun, dux Coreae Septentrionalis et Vladimirus Putin colloquium agunt apud cosmodromum Vostochny in [[regio Amurensis|regione Amurensi]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-66783384 Vladimir Putin says military co-operation with North Corea a possibility]</ref> '''Die 18 Septembris 2023'''<br/> Rectio Ucrainae Poloniam, [[Slovacia]]m et [[Ungaria]]m apud [[Ordo mercaturae mundanae|Ordinem mercaturae mundanae]] accusavit, ut interdictiones mercatus [[frumentum|frumentorum]] ex Ucraina abrogaret.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-66849185 Ukraine sues EU neighbours over food imports ban]</ref> '''Die 19 Septembris 2023'''<br/> Vladimirus Zelens'kyj sedem [[Consociatio Nationum|Consociationis Nationum]] Novi Eboraci visitavit et in eius [[Conventus generalis (Nationes Unitae)|conventu generali]] orationem habuit dicens [[malum (ethica)|malm]] Russicum fideri non posse.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-66859639 Ukraine war: Russian "evil cannot be trusted", Zelensky tells UN.]</ref> '''Die 21 Septembris 2023'''<br/> Poloniae rectio non plura arma ad Ukrainam dare decrevit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-66873495 Poland no longer supplying weapons to Ukraine amid grain row.]</ref> '''Die 25 Novembris 2023'''<br/> Impetus teleplanorum ab initio incursionis maximus [[Kiovia]]e factus est.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-67529571 Ukraine war: Kyiv hit by biggest drone attack since war began]</ref> '''Die 26 Decembris 2023'''<br/> Rectio Russiae factum destructionis [[navis bellica|navis bellicae]] in [[Pontus Euxinus|Pontu Euxino]] ab impetu militari Ucrainae admisit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-67821515 Russia confirms damage to warship in Black Sea]</ref> '''Die 29 Decembris 2023'''<br/> Territoriae principales Ucrainae, inter eas [[Kiovia]], [[Leopolis]] et [[Odessa]], impetui bombarum a milite Russiae subiectae sunt, quo plus quam 12 homines necati sunt.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-67838428 Ukraine war: Wave of Russian air strikes reported across Ukraine]</ref> '''Die 23 Ianuarii 2024'''<br/> [[Kiovia]]e et [[Charcovia]]e impetus bombarum a missilibus Russicis factus est, quo quinque cives necati et 42 cives vulnerati sunt.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68066309 Ukraine war: Civilians killed in missile strikes on Kyiv and Kharkiv]</ref> '''Die 24 Ianuarii 2024'''<br/> Vladiminus Zelens'kyj investigationem internationalem de [[calamitas vehiculi aeris|calamitate vehiculi aeris]] in Russia facta poposcit, qua 65 [[bello captus|bello capti]] Ucrainici necati sunt.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68083739 Russia risked lives in downed plane, Volodymyr Zelensky says]</ref> '''Die 16 Februarii 2024'''<br/> [[Alexius Navalnyj]], [[activista]], qui se [[politica]]e Vladimiri Putin opponebat, mortuus est in [[carcer]]e.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68315943 Putin critic Alexei Navalny dies in Arctic Circle jail, says Russia].</ref>. '''Die 23 Februarii 2024'''<br/> Rectio Civitatum Foederatarum 500 poenas novas contra Russiam publicavit, ratione belli et oppressionis politicae, per quam Alexius Navalnyj mortuus est<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-68380251 US targets Russia with more than 500 new sanctions].</ref> '''Die 26 Februarii 2024'''<br/> Parlamentum [[Hungaria]]e participationem Sueciae ad OTAN admisit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68405893 Hungary's parliament clears path for Sweden's NATO membership]</ref> '''Die 29 Februarii 2024'''<br/> Vladimirus Putin civitates occidentales monuit contra interventionem militarem, postquam Emmanuelis Macron dimissionem copiarum consociationis [[OTAN]] in Ucrainam possibilem declaraverat.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68435163 Putin warns West against sending troops to Ukraine]</ref> '''Die 6 Martii 2024'''<br/> Impetus bombarum Odessae factus est, dum illic Vladimirus Zelens'kyj et [[Cyriacus Metsotaces (1968–)|Cyriacus Metsotaces]], primus minister Graeciae colloquebantur.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68492688 Ukraine war: Explosions hit Odesa as Zelensky meets Greek PM]</ref> '''Die 10 Martii 2024'''<br/> Franciscus papa a rectione Ucrainae "vexillum album" [[deditio]]nis demonstrandum esse poposcit, quod rectio Ucrainae statim repudiavit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68528217 Ukraine criticises Pope's 'white flag' comment]</ref> '''Die 16 Martii 2024'''<br/> [[Comitia]] praesidentialia Russiae alicubi per concursus contra regimen dictatorium Vladimiri Putin interrupta et actores interruptionis in custodiam lati sunt.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68576817 Russia election: Arrests for valdalism as bollot boxes targeted in Putin vote]</ref> <br/> Per comitia praesidentiali '''Die 11 Aprilis 2024'''<br/> [[Electrificina]] principalis prope Kioviam sita ab impetu bombarum Russico destructa est.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68788110 "Ukraine war: Key power plant near Kyiv destroyed by Russian strikes."]</ref> '''Die 2 Maii 2024'''<br/> Rectio Civitatum Foederatarum milites Russiae [[arma chemica|arma chemica]] in Ucraina usos esse [[Pactio de Armis Chemicis|pactionem de armis chemicis]] laedentes publicavit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68941220 Russia using chemical choking agents in Ukraine, US says]</ref> '''Die 10 Maii 2024'''<br/> Impetus magnus bombarum in Charcovia a militia Russiae factus est.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68994877 Ukraine: Hundreds flee Kharkiv area after Russian cross border attack]</ref> '''Die 25 Maii 2024'''<br/> Impetus bombarum Charcoviae in [[supermercatus|supermercatum]] a militia Russica factus est. A quo duo homines necati sunt.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cg33y9eedz7o Russian strike on Kharkiv supermerket kills two]</ref> '''Die 30 Maii 2024'''<br/> Rectio Russiae possibilitatem belli [[arma nuclearia|nuclearis]] monuit, postquam rectio Ucrainae se Russiam armis ab OTAN et [[mundus occidentalis|civitatibus occidentalibus]] praebitis percutere posse dixit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ceqq2zn3zw6o Moscow warns West after Ukraine told it can hit Russia with Western weapons]</ref> '''Die 8 Iulii 2024'''<br/> Militia Russiae [[valetudinarium|valetudinario]] puerilo Kioviae impetum missilium dedit, quo 41 homines necati et 166 [[vulnus|vulneribus]] subiecti sunt.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cl4y1pjk2dzo Children's hospital hit as Russian strikes kill dozens in Ukraine]</ref> '''Die 9 Iulii 2024'''<br/> Consilium securitatis Nationum Unitarum congressum emergentiae convocavit, quod impetus in Kiovia pridie factus crimen humanitarium fit.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240709161008/https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/07/1151881 Casualties rise in Ukraine amid escalating Russian attacks, Security Council hears]</ref> '''Die 4 Augusti 2024'''<br/> [[Vladimirus Zelens'kyj]] prima [[aëroplanum insectatorium|aëroplana insectatoria]] F-16 e Civitatibus Foederatis accipit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4ng1p72wlwo Ukraine receives first F-16 fighter jets - Zelensky]</ref> '''Die 9 Augusti 2024'''<br/> Milites Ucrainae in regionem [[Kurscha]]e impetum fecerunt, quod Russiam "contra [[tromocratia]]m" pugnare impellit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0qedq0penko Russia in 'contre-terror' mode over Ukraine attack]</ref> '''Die 15 Augusti 2024'''<br/> Iudicium [[Catharinopolis|Catharinopoli]] de Xenia Karelina, saltatrice nationalitatis Russicae et Americanae, sententiam [[culpa]]e, quia [[donum]] 51 [[dollarium|dollariorum]] pro Ucraina dederat, et poenam 12 annorum in carcere pronuntiavit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cp9rygl5k4jo US-Russian woman jailed for 12 years for $51 charity gift]</ref> '''Die 18 Augusti 2024'''<br/> Milites Ucrainae alterum pontem magnum Russiae in [[regio Kurschensis|regione Kurschensi]] destruxerunt.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5y36rdreq1o Ukraine says it has destroyed second Russian bridge]</ref> '''Die 29 Augusti 2024'''<br/> Rectio Ucrainae [[aëroplanum insectatorium]] F-16 Russico impetu destructum esse publicat.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd0532n9pdko Ukraine F-16 destroyed during Russian attack, BBC told]</ref> '''Die 2 Septembis 2024'''<br/> [[Vladimirus Putin]] [[Mongolia]]m visitavit, cuius rectio Statum Romae ad [[Tribunal criminale internationale]] ratam habet; sed auctoritas Mongoliae Putin non in custodiam dedit obligatione iuris internationalis neglecta.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwy527yex0no Putin welcomed in Monglogia despite ICC arrest warrant]</ref> '''Die 13 Septembris 2024'''<br/>Vladimirus Putin possibilitatem [[indictio belli|belli]] cum OTAN monet, si civitates OTAN rectioni Ucrainae missilia longe volantia darent.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crrlr87e5elo Putin draws news red line on long-range missiles]</ref> '''Die 23 Octobris 2024'''<br/> [[Alexander Lukašenko]] expeditionem [[miles|militis]] [[Res publica popularis democratica Coreana|Coreae Septemtrionalis]] periculium peiorem belli in Ucraina esse editoris [[BBC]] dixit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c62938gl6q1o North Korea troops in Ukraine would escalate conflict, Lukaschenko tells BBC]</ref> '''Die 9 Novembris 2024'''<br/> [[Donaldus Trump]], post reelectionem die 6 Nobembris 2024, rectionem Ucrainae pacem per [[indutiae|indutias]], non quaerendum [[territorium]] postulat.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/czxrwr078v7o Trump ally syas Ukraine focus must be peace, not territory]</ref> '''Die 16 Novembris 2024'''<br/> [[Olaus Scholz]] primus minister Germaniae Vladimirum Putin colloquium dedit, in quo expeditionem militis Corea Septemtrionalis periculum esse monet.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c75lxypz7wqo North Korean troops in Ukraine 'grave escalation' Scholtz tells Putin]</ref> '''Die 19 Novembris 2024'''<br/> Die post mille dies ab initii incursionis,<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9dl4w87d9zo 'Push Russia harder', Zelensky urges allies on war's 100-th day]</ref> miles Ukrainae [[missile]] longum quod Civitates Foederatarum rectionem{{dubsig}} Ucrainae dedit ad territorium Russiae usus est.{{dubsig}}<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0mzjm7knw7o Ukraine fires US-supplied longer-range missiles into Russia, Moscow says].</ref> '''Die 20 Novembris 2024'''<br/> Rectio Civitatum Foederatarum [[mina terrestris|minas terrrestres]] ad Ucrainam mittere decernat.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5yrejnnl8jo Anti-landmine groups criticise US for sending mines to Ukraine]</ref> '''Die 21 Novembris 2024'''<br/> Rectio Russiae [[ICBM]] novum impetu ad Ucraina uti publicavit.{{dubsig}}<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/live/c20726y20kvt Putin says Russia hit Ukraine with new intermediate-rage ballistic missile].</ref> Quod primus casus ICBM historice in bello usum est. '''Die 25 Decembris 2024'''<br/> [[Vladimirus Zelens'kyj]] impetum Russicum [[dies Christi natalis|die Christi natalis]] condemnavit, quod infrastructuras Ucrainae destruit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvgrn2xxqeno Zelensky condemns 'inhumane' Christmas Day attack]</ref> '''Die 14 Februarii 2025'''<br/> Restio{{dubsig}} Ucrainae impetum bombarum a [[teleplanum|teleeplano]]{{dubsig}} Russico ad [[ergasterium atomicum]] [[Czernobela]]e esse publicat.{{dubsig}}<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwyjvkggdnqo Cernobyl radiation shield hit by Russian drone, Ukraine says]</ref> '''Die 18 Februarii 2025'''<br/> Vladimirus Zelens'kyj Donaldum Trump in spacio{{dubsig}} [[fallacia]]e creta{{dubsig}} a Russia vivere dixit, quod [[Donaldus Trump]] popularitatem{{dubsig}} Vladimiro Zelens'kyj 4% dixit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvg1508r8jro Zekensky says Trump living in Russian 'disinformation space'].</ref> '''Die 19 Feburarii 2025'''<br/> Donaldus Trump Vladimirum Zelens'kyj [[dictator]]em ratione absentiae [[comitia]]e dixit, quod [[Olaus Scholz]], primus minister Germaniae et [[Keir Starmer]], primus minister Regni Britanniarum contra sunt et condemnaverunt.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cjev2j70v19o Trump calls Zelensky 'dictator' as rift between two leaders deepens]</ref> '''Die 23 Februarii 2025'''<br/> [[Vladimirus Zelens'kyj]] statum praedidis deponere ops dixit, si pacem et statum [[OTAN]] Ucrainae facere potest.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn9vx01evp9o Zelensky willing to give up presidency in exchange for Nato membership]</ref> '''Die 24 Februarii 2025'''<br/> [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] resolutione [[Conventus generalis (Nationes Unitae)|Conventus Generalis Nationum Unitae]] quae incursionem Russicae condemnat adversi est cum Russia, Israël, Coera Septemtionali, Sudania, Berarussia Hungaria.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c7435pnle0go US sides with Russia in UN reslutions on Ukraine]</ref> Haec resolutio decreta est pro 93 contra 8 et neuteres. Postea, [[Consilium securitatis]] resolutionem de indutis in Ucraina decreavit quae incursionem Russicam non dixit. '''Die 28 Februarii 2025'''<br/> Dum Vladimirus Zelens'kyj et [[Donaldus Trump]], praeses Civitatum Foederatarum cum [[Iacobus David Vance|J.D. Vance]], praeses vicarius Civitatum Foederarum ad [[Domus Alba|Domum Albam]] colloquuntur, J.D. Vance Vladimirum Zelens'kyj condemanvit publice de absentia gratia pro Civitatibus Foederatarum, negotii [[metalla nobilia|metallae nobiliae]] et negotii [[diplomatia]]e cum Russia. Diende Donaldus Trump Zelens'kyj condemavit publice de intentione "Tertii belli mundani", nisi indutiis cum Russia a negotii [[Vladimirus Putin|Vladimiro Putin]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c2erwgwy8vgo How the Trump-Zelensky talks collapsed in 10 minutes]</ref> '''Die 2 Martii 2025'''<br/> Primum minister Regni Britanniarum [[Keir Starmer]], praeses Franciae [[Emmanuel Macron]] et duces civitatum Europae in [[Britanniarum regnum|Britania]] colloqium fit, a quo auxilium pro securitate et pace Ucrainae amplificat.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9vygkzkkrvo Stamer announces 'coalition of willing' to guarantee Ukraine peace]</ref> '''Die 4 Martii 2025'''<br/> Rectio Civitatum Foederatum Donaldi Trump auxilium [[arma|militarium]] pro Ucraina suspendere decreavit.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/3/4/trump-pauses-military-aid-to-ukraine-after-bust-up-with-zelenskyy-reports Trump pauses military aid to Ukraine after bust-up with Zelenskyy]</ref> Sed Donaldus Trump epistulam ex Vladimiro Zelens'kyj accepit et aestimat, quae negitium pactis et [[opes naturae]] minerali in Ucrainae uti pro Civitatum Foederatarum admisit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cm2jzpn5j8do Trump says he appreciates Zelensky message on Ukraine peace]</ref> '''Die 5 Martii 2025'''<br/> [[Emmanuel Macron]] bombas [[arma nuclearia|nucleares]] pro alteribis civitatibus [[Europa]]e inpertere posse publicavit, post politica Civitatum Foederatarum quae rectionem Russiae pro sunt.<ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2025/03/05/macron-says-he-will-open-debate-on-using-french-nuclear-deterrence-to-protect-europe_6738859_4.html Macron proposes French nuclear extention, Ukraine troop deployment in case of ceasfire]</ref> '''Die 11 Martii 2025'''<br/> Post colloquium in [[Gedda]] Arabiae Saudianae, rectio Ucraina congressum de [[triginta]] diei indutiis per legatum Marci Rubio Civitatum Foederatatum admissit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2x5l8nv3mo US set present 30-day ceasefire offer to Russia]</ref> '''Die 18 Martii 2025'''<br/> Donaldus Trump cum Vladimiro Putin per [[telephonum]] locuti sunt, a quo consensus de indutiis non creare potest, sed de triginta diei suspentionem impetus ad [[infrastructura]]s energiae decreverunt.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/live/c3e4xzd8qq8t Putin agrees to halt strikes on Ukraine energy targets for 30 days. says after call with Trump]</ref> '''Die 20 Martii 2025'''<br/> Rectio Civitatum Foederatarum sub directione Donaldi Trump auxilium ad Laboratorium investigationis humanitarianae [[Universitas Yalensis|Universitatis Yalensis]] abrogavit, quod [[scelus bellicum|scelera bellica]] Russiae pro [[Tribunal criminale internationale|Tribunali criminali internationali]] investigat.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0rzygdn8w2o Trump administration withdraws from Russian war crime investigations]</ref> '''Die 25 Martii 2025'''<br/> Rectio Russiae et rectio Ucrainae consensum [[indutiae|indutis]] apud [[Pontus Euxinus|Mare Nigrum]] decreverunt.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5y2nvezdnwo Russia and Ukraine agree naval caesefire in Black Sea].</ref> '''Die 28 Martii 2025'''<br/> Vladimirus Putin rectionem novam Ucrainae sub [[Nationes Unitae|Nationibus Unitae]] creare postulat.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crlxl37wnnyo Putin floats idea of UN-led goverment in Ukraine]</ref> '''Die 31 Martii 2025'''<br/> Rectio Russiae Donaldum Trump cum [[ira]] de Russia esse et metum tariffi exercere posse dixit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/live/c70wjz2j04wt Russia says 'work ongoing' with US after Trump says he is 'angry' with Putin]</ref> '''Die 13 Aprilis 2025'''<br/> Impetus [[missile|missilis]] ballisico in [[Sumae|Sumis]] a milite Russico fit, quod plus quam 34 homines necati sunt.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4g4262x4x1o At least 34 people killed in Russian ballisic missileattack in Sumy]</ref> '''Die 24 Aprilis 2025'''<br/> Impetus missilis et [[teleplanum|telephani]]{{dubsig}} [[Kiovia]]e a milite Russico fit, quod plus quam duodecim homines necati et octoginta homines [[vulnus|vulnerales]]{{dubsig}} sunt.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd7v0lgg18xo Kyiv hit by deadly Russian missile and drone attack - officials].</ref> '''Die 30 Aprilis 2025'''<br/> Rectiones Civitatum Foederatarum America et Ucrainae negotium de [[ops naturalis|operis natunalibus]] signaverunt.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5ypw7pn9q3o US and Ukraine sign long-awated natural resources deal]</ref> '''Die 10 Maii 2025'''<br/> Doces Europae, sicit [[Keir Starmer]], [[Emmanuel Macron]], [[Fridericus Merz]] in Kioviam irent et solidaritatem pro indutis 30 dies indicaverunt.<ref>[http://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c87j03x9px2o European leaders pressure Rusia over 30-days Ukraine caesfire]</ref> '''Die 16 Maii 2025'''<br/> Legati Ucrainae et legati Russicae in [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] de indutis colloquitur sed in vana.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9wg599e79xo Ukraine and Russia far apart in direct talks, but prisoner swap agreed]</ref> '''Die 18 Maii 2025'''<br/> Impetus magnus a 273 [[teleplanum|teleplanis]] militaris in Kiovia et ceteris urbis Ucrainae fit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1ldm42eyzmo Russia launches war's largest drone attack ahead of Putin-Trump call, Ukraine says]</ref> '''Die 14 Iulii 2025'''<br/> [[Donaldus Trump]] post colloquium cum [[Marcus Rutte|Marco Rutte]], secretario generali [[OTAN]], rectionem Russiae metum tariffi magni et provisionem armarum pro Ucraina monet, nisi Russia ante 50 dias bellum in Ucraina non finit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/czdv20v9lp1o Trump threatens Russia with tarriffs while unveiling Ukraine weapons plan]</ref> '''Die 1 Augustii 2025'''<br/> Impetus magnus [[teleplanum|teleplano]] bombarum et [[missile|missilium]] ad [[Kiovia]]m fit, quod plus quam 28 homines necati sunt.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce930z8g9mvo Kyiv toll rises to 28 as wave of Russian strikes defies Trump ceasefire demand]</ref> '''Die 12 Augusti 2025'''<br/> Duces civitatum [[Unio Europaea|Unionis Europaeae]],i [[Hungaria]] excepta, integritatem territoriae protegere cum iure [[autonomia]]e Ucrainae, non vi postulat, dum [[Donaldus Trump]] negotium pacis cum [[Vladimirus Putin|Vladimiro Putin]] in [[Alasca]] die 15 Augusti dare publicavit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/clyrlvwx9rgo Ukraine's borders must not be changed by force, EU leaders says.]</ref> '''Die 15 Augusti 2025'''<br/> Colloquium inter Donaldum Trump et Vladimirum Putin in [[Alasca]] habetur.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/videos/c62wdzlnv1do How the Trump-Putin summit unfolded... in under two minutes.]</ref> '''Die 18 Augusti 2025'''<br/> Colloquium inter Donaldum Trump et [[Vladimirus Selenskius|Vladimiro Selenskio]] cum preside [[Europa]]e apud [[Cancellaria Oblonga]] fit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5yp4jggrj2o Trump-Zelensky: Four key takeaway from Ukraine talks in Wasignton.]</ref> '''Die 28 Augusti 2025'''<br/> Magnus bombarum impetus ad [[Kiovia]]m a milite{{dubsig}} Russico fit, a quo plus quam 23 homines necantur.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy9834jp9qno Kyiv in mourning after strikes as allies discuss military support.]</ref> '''Die 17 Octobris 2025'''<br/> Donaldus Trump [[Vladimirus Selenskius|Vladimirum Selenskium]] ad [[Domus Alba|Domum Albam]] invitat ad colloquium de medio{{dubsig}} finis belli, sed provisionem{{dubsig}} [[missile|missilis]] Tomahawk negat quod Seleskius quaesit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c93dqew8l3xo Zelensky fails to secure Tomahawk missiles at talks with Trump.]</ref> '''Die 28 Novembris 2025'''<br/> Vladimirus Selenskius de duce officii presidis Ucrainae, Andrea Yermak eius statum abrogare decernat, ratione [[corruptio]]nis politicae ad eius domum.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ckg9nd2wddno Zelensky's top adviser resigns after Ukrainian aint-corruption raid on his home].</ref> '''Die 24 Decembris 2025'''<br/> Vladimirus Selenskius possibilitatem apscessi{{dubsig}} militis ex territoria orientali et [[zona dearmata|zonae dearmatae]] per negotium cum Civitatibus Foederatarum indicat.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9d9wg2pwl1o Zelensky moves towards demilitarised zones in latist peace plan for Ukraine].</ref> '''Die 10 Aprilis 2026'''<br/> Rectio Russiae et Ucrainae de [[indutiae|indutiis]] tempore [[Pascha (festum Christianum)|Paschae]] [[Ecclesia Orthodoxa|Orthodoxae]] consensi sunt.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn0wkkwev2vo Russia and Ukraine agree to Orthdox Easter truce]</ref> == Notae == <references/> ==Bibliographia== *Abbruzzese, Jason. [[2022]]. "Putin says he is fighting a resurgence of Nazism. That's not true." NBC News, 24 Februarii 2022. [https://www.bbc.com/news/politics/politics-news/live-blog/russia-ukraine-conflict-live-updates-n1289655/ncrd1289673 Textus interretialis.]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{NexInt}} * [[Res publica popularis Donetskensis]] [[Categoria:Res militares]] [[Categoria:Russia]] [[Categoria:Ucraina]] [[Categoria:2022]] [[Categoria:2023]] [[Categoria:2024]] [[Categoria:2025]] ppyqd38es3vw2zewipm002nqgr7c9rt 0 306244 3960697 3960656 2026-05-19T12:48:13Z IacobusAmor 1163 3960697 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Disnomen}} {{Nomen | genus = Masculinum | origo = Hebraica | significatio = “Deus audebat” | imago = François Joseph Navez - Hagar in de woestijn - SA 2988 - Amsterdam Museum.jpg | capitulum = [[Ismael]] cum matre sua Agar }} {{res|Ismaël}} ([[Hebraice]] יִשְׁמָעֵאל‎, ''Yīšma'ēl''; [[Graece]] Ἰσμαήλ; [[Arabice]] إِسْمَٰعِيْل, ''ʾIsmāʿīl'') est [[praenomen]] masculinum quod e [[vocabulum|vocabulis]] Hebraicis ''yīšma<nowiki>'</nowiki>'' ("audebat") et ''El'' ("Deus") ducitur.<ref name=":0">''Behind the Name'', s.v. "[https://www.behindthename.com/name/ishmael Ishmael]". {{Ling|Anglice}}</ref><ref name=":02">Vide paginam "[https://www.etymonline.com/word/Ishmael Ishmael]" apud ''Online Etymology Dictionary''. {{Ling|Anglice}}.</ref> Apud [[Arabes]] forma {{res|Ismail}} usatur. In [[Latine|nostra lingua]] arcaica etiam ''Hismael'' scribitur; haec forma in [[Occultismus|occultismo]] frequentius adhibetur. == Homines == * [[Ismael]], persona Biblica * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ismaël Bassa||tr|qid=Q159378}} * [[Ismael Bullialdus]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ismaël Enver||tr|qid=Q153899}} * [[Ismael Gasprinskij]] * [[Ismail Kadare]] * [[Ismail Ould Bedde Ould Cheikh Sidiya]] * [[Ismail Ould Cheikh Ahmed]] * [[Ismail Merchant]] * [[Ismail Qemali]] * [[Ismail Sabri Yaakob]] == In operibus artificiosis == In ''[[Moby-Dick]],'' [[mythisoria]] ab [[Hermannus Melville|Hermanno Melville]] scripta, "Ismaël" (vulgo ''Ishmael'') est nomen [[narratio|narratoris]] historiae.<ref name=":0" /> == Notae == <references /> [[Categoria:Praenomina Hispanica]] [[Categoria:Praenomina masculina]] 4180omp8p39ysa4gr3ngmzjgjp6nnib 0 308654 3960830 3847595 2026-05-20T05:12:10Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3960830 wikitext text/x-wiki {{titulus italicus}} {{Latinitas|-3}} [[Fasciculus:Francesco_Turbanti_on_the_set_of_the_film.jpg |thumb|Franciscus Turbanti, primas cinematographicae,{{dubsig}} [[monachus]] qui Apocalypsim vicit.]] '''''Il Monaco che vinse l'Apocalisse'''''<ref>[https://www.cinematografo.it/film/il-monaco-che-vinse-lapocalisse-murx4836 'Cinematografo, Il Monaco che vinse l'Apocalisse].</ref> (''Monachus qui Apocalypsim vicit'', titulus internationalis ''Joachim and the Apocalypse''<ref>{{Imdb title|14824880|Joachim and the Apocalypse}}</ref>) est [[pellicula]] [[Italia|Italica]] genere historico et spirituali, anno [[2023]] edita, opus primum<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250429125123/https://filmitalia.org/it/film/157223/ Il Monaco che vinse l’Apocalisse (opera prima) – Film Italia]</ref> [[dispositor cinematographicus|dispositoris cinematographici]] Jordan River. [[Persona]] protagonista est monachus [[Ioachim Florensis]], qui cum [[expeditio sacra|expeditiones sacrae]] saeviant de [[Apocalypsis|Apocalypsi]] supervivendo cogitat.<ref>https://www.paroladivita.org/Cultura/Il-monaco-che-vinse-l-Apocalisse</ref> == Fabula == Tempora in quibus vivimus, [[bellum|bellis]], contentionibus, [[oeconomica|oeconomicis]], [[societas humana|socialibus]], et [[exsistentialismus|exsistentialibus]] discriminibus ac dubiis notatur. Quidam monachus, qui [[Medium Aevum|Medio Aevo]] vixit, quandam horum omnium {{Creanda|en|Vision (spirituality)|Visio (spiritualitas)|visionem}} habuit, ante nos octo saecula. In [[Silva Brutia]] in [[Bruttium|Bruttio]], [[imago|imagines]] rerum futurarum in figuras et symbola transformat, easque in ''[[Liber Figurarum|Libro Figurarum]]'' conscribit, qui vetustus {{Creanda|en|Illuminated manuscript|codex illuminatus}} ad nos pervenit, et nunc [[Oxonia]]e in [[Anglia]] servatur. == Cinematographia == [[Cinematographia]] inter [[20 Iunii]] [[2022]]<ref>[https://news.cinecitta.com/IT/it-it/news/53/90380/cutro-diventa-gerusalemme-nel-film-su-gioacchino-da-fiore.aspx Cutro diventa Gerusalemme nel film su Gioacchino da Fiore – Cinecittà News]</ref> et [[December|Decembrem]] [[2022]]<ref> [https://senalnews.com/en/content/delta-star-pictures-announces-film-inspired-of-the-founder-of-the-florensians-order Delta Star Pictures announces film inspired of the founder of the Florensians order – Señal News]</ref> in [[Bruttium|Bruttio]] et [[Latium|Latio]] facta est. ==Notae== <references/> ==Nexus externi== * {{Imdb title|14824880|Joachim and the Apocalypse}} * [https://www.ansa.it/calabria/notizie/2022/06/28/cinemacalanchi-del-marchesatonuovo-set-dopo-pasolini_7e5e4776-f19e-449b-bcc2-0fa9f6ca698e.html "ANSA.Calanchi del Marchesato,nuovo set dopo Pasolini."] [[Categoria:Pelliculae dramaticae]] [[Categoria:Pelliculae Italicae]] seiweirh233dthw9xwq1xjgabrjt632 2 313004 3960774 3954310 2026-05-19T20:32:47Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3960774 wikitext text/x-wiki [https://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_ergebnis.php] [https://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_url.php?s_sprache=en&p_publication=InscrIt-13-02,+00017] {{CIL|12|236}} {{AE|2007|00312}} {{AE|1979|00648}} {{AE|1922|00088}} {{CIL|6|501}} {{CIL|15|692}} {{CIL|15|693}} {{CIL|15|694}} {{CIL|15|695}} {{CIL|15|696}} {{CIL|15|697}} {{CIL|15|698}} {{CIL|15|699}} {{CIL|12|5678}} {{AE|2018|325}} {{CIL|13|5384}} {{CIL|13|80}} {{CIL|1|1503}} {{AE|2018|325}} {{CIL|6|988}} {{CIL|6|989}} {{CIL|6|990}} {{CIL|2|5041}} {{CIL|9|5564}} {{CIL|6|1304}} {{CIL|2|1964}} {{CIL|13|5380}} {{CIL|13|5381}} {{CIL|13|5384}} {{CIL|13|5368}} {{CIL|13|5366}} {{CIL|13|5371}} {{CIL|13|5373}} {{CIL|13|5375}} {{CIL|10|408}} {{CIL|15|554}} {{CIL|15|1087}} {{CIL|15|1024}} {{In usu}} CIL VI 28774 {{CIL|6|28774}} 53}} 1s{{2}} {{CIL|1|593}} {{AE|1986|333}} habet et in religionibus locum ad expiandas suffitu domos. sentitur vis eius et in aquis ferventibus, neque alia res facilius accenditur, quo apparet ignium vim magnam ei inesse. fulmina, fulgura quoque sulpuris odorem habent, ac lux ipsa eorum sulpurea est. } {| class="wikitable" |«Εἴπας 'Ἥλιε χαῖρε' Κλεόμβροτος Ὡμβρακιώτης ἥλατ΄ἀφ΄ὑψηλοῦ τείχεος εἰς Ἀίδην, {{chem|31|15|PO|4|3-}} sobkaj3asqg20ct9u8pdwq7hil5s7km 0 316885 3960704 3885333 2026-05-19T13:07:28Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3960704 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} '''Gubernium Vitebscense'''<ref>[https://www.pacelli-edition.de/dokument.html?idno=2859&biosInDoc=show Kritischen Online-Edition der Nuntiaturberichte Eugenio Pacellis (1917-1929)]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Dokument-Nr. 2859; [https://petergen.com/bovkalo/sp/mohylow1923.html Arxhidioecesis Mohiloviensis 1923].</ref> ([[Russice]] Витебская губерния) fuit [[gubernium|prisca administrativa]] [[Russia]]e pars, in parte septentrio-occidentali [[Russia Europaea|Russiae Europaeae]] sita, anno 1802 in [[Imperium Russicum|Imperio Russico]] et annoque [[1927]] in [[Ruthenia Alba]] abolita. Multoties reformabatur. Gubernii caput erat [[Vitebscum]]. [[Drissa]], [[Duneburgum]], [[Lepelium]], [[Nevelia]], [[Polotia]], [[Sebesium]], [[Velisia]] capita [[ujezd|circulorum]] gubernii Vitebscensis fuerunt; [[Suraszum]] urbs ''extra statum'' (''zaštatnyj'') mansit. [[Fasciculus:Санкт-Петербург, гений на аттике Московских ворот (23).jpg|thumb|left|Genius gubernii Vitebscensis in [[porta Mosquensis|porta Mosquensi]] Petropolitana]] ==Incolae noti== [[Leo Dovator]] in vico gubernii Vitebscensis natus est. ==Notae== <references /> ==Nexus externi== {{fontes geographici}} [[Categoria:Gubernia Imperii Russici|Vitebscense]] [[Categoria:Vitebscum]] qvdf5glm0o7sgruc7uqg8rmrr5q87yr 0 322457 3960745 3958983 2026-05-19T15:16:34Z Rei Momo 58149 3960745 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-3}} {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Image:Elena Cazzulani convention 70s.jpg|Right|thumb|240px|Helena Cazzulani, circiter annis '70]] [[Image:Elena Cazzulani and Giuseppina Ferazza.jpg|Right|thumb|240px|Helena Cazzulani, cum Iosephina ferazza, circiter annis '80]] '''Helena Cazzulani''',<ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827175601/http://www.istitutocazzulani.gov.it/sitovecchio/collegio_cazzulani/storia.html |title=C'era una volta il Collegio |publisher=istitutocazzulani.gov.it |accessdate=10 Ianuarii 2026}} {{Ling|Italice}}</ref> quae dicitur '''Ena''', nomine sponsa pleno ''Elena Cazzulani Allegri'' ([[Laus Nova|Laudis Novae]] nata die [[23 Decembris]] [[1920]]; [[Viglebanum|Viglebani]] mortua die [[17 Octobris]] [[2005]]), fuit [[poeta|poetria]] et [[scriptrix]] [[Italia|Italica]]. [[Salon (coetus)|Salon litterarium]] eius punctum referentiae culturae Laudensis et Lombardiae in genere fuit. Quaedam [[via]] Laudis Novae exstructa ei mortua dedicata est.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.comune.lodi.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/5907 |title=Intitolate tre nuove vie in zona Codignola |author=Comune di Lodi |date=24 Decembris 2014 |publisher=comune.lodi.it |accessdate=10 January 2026 |language=Italiana}}. {{Ling|Italice}}</ref> == Operae == * 1982: ''Cristina di Belgioioso'', Ed. Lodigraf, Laus Nova * 1983: ''Il muro sul ponte'', Ed. Lodigraf, Laus Nova * 1984: ''Giuseppina Strepponi, biografia'', Ed. Lodigraf, Laus Nova * 1985: en collaboration avec Gilberto Coletto : ''Francesco de Lemene. Poesia e teatro'', Ed. del Campus, Laus Nova * 1988: ''Il collegio Cazzulani'', Edizioni Lodigraf, Laus Nova * 1989: ''[[Maria Cosway|Maria Hadfield Cosway]]. Biografia, diari e scritti della fondatrice del collegio delle Dame Inglesi in Lodi'', Ed. L’Immagine, Laus Nova * 1991: ''Il viale delle ortensie'', Ed. L’Immagine, Laus Nova * 1992: ''Carlotta Ferrari da Lodi. Poetessa e musicista'', Ed. L’Immagine, Laus Nova * 1993: ''Ritorno al viale delle ortensie'', Ed. L'Immagine, Laus Nova * 1996: ''Il cielo comincia dal suolo'', Ed. L’Immagine, Laus Nova == Bibliographia == ; Autobiographica selecta * 2006: Ercole Ongaro, Il Lodigiano nel Novecento. La cultura, Franco Angeli, Mediolanum {{ISBN | 978-88-464-7142-0}} == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biographici}} {{Lifetime|1920|2008|Cazzulani, Helena}} [[Categoria:Auctores Italiani]] [[Categoria:Poetae Italiae]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae]] ozar5r23pxpe4ahpptmrus93s1bvze6 0 323445 3960683 3960625 2026-05-19T12:08:13Z IacobusAmor 1163 3960683 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Carolinus Malone Finch}} (vulgo ''Charlie''; natus [[Seattlum|Seattli]] die [[21 Februarii]] [[2003]]), {{res|charlieonnafriday}} tantum se appellans, est [[recitatio rapiana|recitator rapianus]] [[CFA|Americanus]]. Ei laus tribuitur quod [[sonus|sonum]] hodiernum [[hip hop]] Seattli formare adiuvit.<ref>Smith, O.R. (2022). "[https://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/music/highway-and-charlieonnafriday-who-recently-released-major-label-debuts-shape-seattles-hip-hop-sound/ Highway and Charlieonnafriday, who recently released major-label debuts, shape Seattle's hip-hop sound]". ''[[The Seattle Times]]''. {{ling|Anglice}}.</ref> ==Opera== * [[2022]]: ''OnnaFriday'' * [[2024]]: ''Wild Child'' In carmine ''"I Know"'' ex albo ''Ben'' anno [[2023]] a [[Macklemore]], collega rapiano Seattlensi, [[cantor|cantatus]] est. Album numerum duodevicesimum in indicibus ''[[Billboard]]'' attigit.<ref>[https://www.billboard.com/artist/macklemore/chart-history/tlp/ Macklemore] in ''Billboard 200''.</ref> ==Notae== <references/> ==Nexus externi== * [https://www.charlieonnafriday.com/ Situs interretialis] {{ling|Anglice}} * [https://secondhandsongs.com/artist/209827 De charlieonafriday] in ''SecondHandSongs'' {{ling|Anglice}} {{Bio-stipula}} {{Lifetime|2003||Finch, Carolinus Malone}} [[Categoria:Cantores Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Compositores Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Incolae Vasingtoniae civitatis]] [[Categoria:Rapiani]] ec4cem3erxwe8hwtivnsvy1jshme9f6 3960684 3960683 2026-05-19T12:10:14Z IacobusAmor 1163 3960684 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Carolinus{{dubsig}} Malone Finch}}<!--Anglice 'Caroline'. Nonne Carolus?--> (vulgo ''Charlie''; natus [[Seattlum|Seattli]] die [[21 Februarii]] [[2003]]), {{res|charlieonnafriday}} tantum se appellans, est [[recitatio rapiana|recitator rapianus]] [[CFA|Americanus]]. Ei laus tribuitur quod [[sonus|sonum]] hodiernum [[hip hop]] Seattli formare adiuvit.<ref>Smith, O.R. (2022). "[https://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/music/highway-and-charlieonnafriday-who-recently-released-major-label-debuts-shape-seattles-hip-hop-sound/ Highway and Charlieonnafriday, who recently released major-label debuts, shape Seattle's hip-hop sound]". ''[[The Seattle Times]]''. {{ling|Anglice}}.</ref> ==Opera== * [[2022]]: ''OnnaFriday'' * [[2024]]: ''Wild Child'' In carmine ''"I Know"'' ex albo ''Ben'' anno [[2023]] a [[Macklemore]], collega rapiano Seattlensi, [[cantor|cantatus]] est. Album numerum duodevicesimum in indicibus ''[[Billboard]]'' attigit.<ref>[https://www.billboard.com/artist/macklemore/chart-history/tlp/ Macklemore] in ''Billboard 200''.</ref> ==Notae== <references/> ==Nexus externi== * [https://www.charlieonnafriday.com/ Situs interretialis] {{ling|Anglice}} * [https://secondhandsongs.com/artist/209827 De charlieonafriday] in ''SecondHandSongs'' {{ling|Anglice}} {{Bio-stipula}} {{Lifetime|2003||Finch, Carolinus Malone}} [[Categoria:Cantores Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Compositores Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Incolae Vasingtoniae civitatis]] [[Categoria:Rapiani]] eplafcuy6rxdfpyltizc32jbio28ttz 0 323740 3960783 3958867 2026-05-19T21:09:03Z LilyKitty 18316 eventa addo 3960783 wikitext text/x-wiki <gallery> Exemplum.jpg|Descriptio 1 Exemplum.jpg|Descriptio 2 </gallery> {{Latinitas|-5}} [[Fasciculus:Middle East strikes, February 2026.png|thumb|Charta de impetus in Iraniam anno 2026]] '''Impetus Israëlis et Civitatum Foederatarum in Iraniam''' est [[bellum]] in [[Irania]]m quod ab impetus [[bomba]]rum [[Israël]] et [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum]] die [[28 Februarii]] [[2026]] initiat, ratione periculum [[arma nuclearia|armarum nuclearium]] abrogandi. A hic impetu, dux civitatis [[Ali Khamenei]] die 28 Februarii 2026 necatus est.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2dyz6p3weo Why did US and Israelattack Iran and how long could the war last?]</ref> Postea, rectio Iraniae impetum [[propugnaculum]] Israël et Civitatum Federatarum in [[Medius Oriens|Medio Oriente]] facit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c875rjd990go 'Everything has changed': Missile attacks shatter Dubai's safe heaven image]</ref> == Cursus belli == [[Fasciculus:2026 Iran war collage.jpg|thumb|Compilatio imaginum belli]] Dum [[Consilium securitatis]] rem die 28 Februarii 2026 disputat, [[Antonius Guterres]], secretarius generalis Consociationis Nationum, usum [[metus]] [[violentia]]e [[res militaris|militaris]] abstinere apud Articulum II [[Charta Nationum Unitarum|Chartae Consociationis Nationum]] et a medio [[diplomatia]]e rem solvere postulat.<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/02/1167062 Iran strikes 'squandered a change for diplomacy': Guterres]</ref> Legatus Franciae obligationem iuris internationali ad Iraniam postulat, dum legati Russiae Sinarumque impetum Israël et Civitatum Foederatarum condemnant. Papa [[Leo XIV]], dux [[civitas Vaticana|civitatis Vaticanae]], violentiam militarem negat et pacem non metu sed dialogo dicit.<ref>[https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2026-03/pope-leo-xiv-angelus-appeal-peace-middle-east-iran.html "Pope on Iran: Peace not built with mutual threats or death-dealing arms."]</ref> Die [[2 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Palatium Golestan]] ab impetu bombarum Civitatum Foederatarum destruitur.<ref>[https://www.euronews.com/culture/2026/03/03/unesco-expresses-concern-over-the-protection-of-cultural-heritage-sites-in-middle-east UNESCO expresses concern over the protection of cultural heritage sites in Middle East].</ref> Die [[3 Martii]] [[2026]], Ravina Shamdasi, socia [[Curator supremus Nationum Unitarum iuribus humanis tuendis|Curatoris supremi Consociationis Nationum iuribus humanis tuendis]] multos homines cives, inter eas, multas [[puella]]s ad [[ludus litterarius|scholam primariam]] Minab necatas esse quod violationem [[humanitarium belli ius|humanitarii belli iuris]] dicit.<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/03/1167071 "Iran crisis: Schoolgirls killed, thousands displaced and aid compromised."]</ref> Et [[Malala Yousafzai]] cum [[UNESCO]].<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/03/1167063 Deadly bombing of Iran primary school 7 a grave violation of humanitarian law': UNESCO].</ref> et [[Consilium iurum humanorum Nationum Unitarum]] hoc impetum condemnaverunt, quod plus quam 165 puellae necatae sunt.<ref>[https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-release/2026/03/un-experts-strongly-condemn-dealdly-missile-strike-girls-school-iran-call "UN experts strongly condemn dealdy missile strike on girls' schoolin Iran, call for independent investigation."]</ref> Die [[5 Martii]] [[2026]], rectio [[Hispania]]e contra bellum in Irania, impetum Israël et Civitatum Foederatarum condemavit, et provistionem propugnaculi in Hispania negat.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130819141428/http://https/://www.npr.org/2026/03/05/nx-s1-5737285/iran-war-spain-trump "A rift between Spain and Trump widens over Spanish opposition to the Iran war."]</ref> Die [[6 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Donaldus Trump]], praeses Civitatum Foederatarum, [[deditio]]nem sine conditione Iraniae postulat.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/6/no-deal-with-iran-except-unconditional-surrender-trump-says "'No deal with Iran: expect unciditional surrender, Trump says."]</ref> Die [[7 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Masudus Pezeshkian]], praeses Iraniae impetum militarem ad civitates [[Asia occidentalis|Medii Orientis]] confutare sed deditionem ad Civitates Foederatas America negare dixit.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/7/iran-to-halt-strikes-on-neighbours-unless-attacks-from-there-pezeshkian "Iran to halt strikes on neighbours unless attacks from there: Pezeshkian."].</ref> Die [[8 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Mojtaba Khamenei]] magnus dux Iraniae creatus est, post Ali Khamenei eius patrem.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c78xxg05w0zo "Who is Mojtaba Khamenei, Iran's news supreme leader?"]</ref> Die [[10 Martii]] [[2026]], <!--unus???--> auctoritas militariae Israëlis legatos Iraniae [[Berytus|Beryti]] in [[Libanus|Libano]] necavit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c2k8y7vy78no "War expands to central Beirut as Israeli strikes Iranians in luxury hotel."]</ref> Miletes Civitatum Foederatarum [[navis|naves]] Iraniae qui [[mina marina|minas marinas]] dandi{{dubsig}} apud [[Fretum Ormusense]] destruit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgrzken84q5o "US his minelaying ship in Iran after warning of 'intense' day of bombing."]</ref> Die [[11 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Procuratio energiae internationalis]] reservarium [[petroleum|petrolei]] emergentiae mittere decernavit, dum [[pretium]] petrolei in discrimine fit ratione claudendi [[Fretum Ormusense|Freti Ormusensi]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cly093xxlzzo Countries agree to record relaese of emergency oil reserves as prices surge]</ref> Die [[14 Martii]] [[2026]], Donaldus Trump vi militari impetum bombarum in insulam Kharg in [[Sinus Persicus|Sinu Persico]] dare publicat.{{dubsig}}<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8jxzlwvd8ro "Why had US targeted Iran's Kharg Island?"]</ref> Die [[17 Martii]] [[2026]], Ali Larijani, dux Consilii supremi securitatis nationalis ab impetu militatiae Israël necatus est.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c24deezq6meo Iranian security cheif Ali Larijani killed in air strike]</ref> [[Iosephus Clay Kent]], bello adversans, ab administratione Trumpiana se abdicavit.<ref>Stepansky, J. (17 Martii 2026). [https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/17/us-national-counterterrorism-center-director-joe-kent-resigns-over-iran-war US National Counterterrorism Center director Joe Kent resigns over Iran war]. ''[[Al Jazeera]]''. </ref> Die [[19 Martii]] 2026, [[Antonius Guterres]] secretarius generalis Consociationis Nationum colloquium [[Consilium Europaeum|Consilii Europaei]] participavit, et dixit Israël et Civitates Foederatarum bellum in Iran finire necesse est, a quo discrimen pretii energiae [[civitas provectibilis|civitatibus provectibilibus]] consequentiam [[tragoedia|tragicam]] fit.<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/03/1167165 Middle East war: 'Force of the law' must prevail over the law of force, urges Guterres].</ref> Die [[23 Martii]] 2026, Donaldus Trump, [[praeses Civitatum Foederatarum]] tempum{{dubsig}} impetus militaris ad [[electrificina]]m Iraniae quinque diei sustinere dixit.{{dubsig}}<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/23/trump-postpones-military-strikes-on-iranian-power-plants Trump postpones military strikes on Iranian power plants for five days].</ref> Die [[25 Martii]] 2026, activistae pro iuribus humanis Iraniae (HRANA) plus quam 3300 homines, inter eos 1464 cives et 217 [[impubes|impberes]] necati esse ab initio belli publicaverunt. Atque minister salutis Libani 1094 homines, inter eos 121 impberes necasi ab Israël vi militariae esse publicavit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2dyz6p3weo Why did US and Israel attack Iran and how long could the war last?]</ref> Die [[28 Martii]] 2026, [[exercitus]] Huthianus, qui cum auxilio Iraniae [[Bellum civile Iemeniense (anno 2015 incipiens)|Bellum civile Iemeniense]] contra rectionem Iemaniam pugnavit, impetum [[missile|missilis]] primum ad Israël dedit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd6l5n8jv4yo Iran-backed Houthis join war with attack against Israel].</ref> Die [[1 Aprilis]] 2026, Donaldus Trump praeses Civitatum Foederatarum orationem dedit: impetum vehementer duo vel tres hebdomas dare, a quo Iraniam ad "[[Aetas lapidea|Aetatem lapideam]]" mittere potest.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/2/bomb-back-to-the-stone-age-us-history-of-threats-and-carpet-bombing 'Bomb back to the Stone Age': US history of therats and carpet bombing]</ref> Die [[4 Aprilis]] 2026, [[Raphael Grossi]], praeses [[Procuratio energiae atomicae internationalis|Procurationis energiae atominae internationalis]] impetum ad [[ergasterium atomicum]] Bushehr ab Israël et Civitatibus Foederatarum profundus indicat.<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/04/1167250 UN nuclear agency chief 'deeply concerned' by reports of latest attack on Iran power plant]</ref> Die [[6 Aprilis]] 2026, rectio [[Irania]]e propositum [[indutiae|indutiarum]] conditione liberationis [[Fretum Ormusense|Freti Ormusensis]] e Civitatibus Foederatarum refusit.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/trump-vows-hell-iran-if-strait-stays-shut-says-deal-is-possible-2026-04-06/ Iran rejects ceasfire as Trump says entire country can be 'taken out']</ref> Die [[7 Aprilis]] 2026, apud [[Consilium securitatis]] resolutio de liberatione Freti Ormusensis negata est a "veto" [[Res publica popularis Sinarum|Rei publicae popularis Sinarum]] et [[Russia]]e.<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/04/1167261 Security Concil Russia and China veto resolution on Strait of Hormuz].</ref> Atque rectio Iraniae et Civitatum Foederatarum [[indutiae|indutias]] conditionales duo hebdomas cum liberatione securaque Freti Ormusensis consensae sunt.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/live/c5yw4g3z7qgt Iran and US agree to conditionaltwo-week ceasfire and opning of Hormuz strait.]</ref> Die [[9 Aprilis]] 2026, rectio [[Israël]] dialoum cum rectio [[Libanus|Libani]] conatur, quod negatio indutiarum in Libani contra [[Hizbullah]] indutias Iraniae praevenit.<ref>[https://www.edition.cnn.com/2026/04/09/world/live-news/iran-war-trump-us-ceasefire Israel says it wants talks with Lebanon as fight against Hezbollah threatens Iran ceasfire]</ref> Die [[10 Aprilis]] 2026, Delegatio Iraniae ad [[Islamabada]]m [[Pakistania]]e iit for talks with US pro negotio indutiae formalis die [[11 Aprilis]] 2026 cum Civitatum Foederatarum.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/4/10/iran-war-live-israeli-attacks-on-lebanon-threaten-us-iran-ceasefire-talks Iran war updates: Iranian dekegation arrives in Pakistan]</ref> Die [[12 Aprilis]] 2026, Colloqium negotii inter [[Iacobus David Vance|Iacobum David Vance]], praeses vicarius Civitatum Foederatarum et delegation Iraniae [[Masudus Pezeshkian|Masudi Pezeshkian]] per auxulium [[Shehbaz Sharif]] primus minister [[Pakistania]]e fuit, sed in vana quod rectio Iraniae creationem armae nuclearis non abrogare posse dixit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5y7k4y0veyo Iran talks ware major test for JD Vance. How did he do?]</ref> Die [[13 Aprilis]] 2026, [[Copiae militares Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Asia occidentalis|Oriente Medii]] (CENTCOM) a directione Donaldi Trump [[Fretum Ormusense]] claudendum est.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/14/how-many-ships-have-passed-the-strait-of-hormuz-and-how-many-were-attacked How many ship have passed the strait of Hormuz and how many ware attacked?]</ref> Die [[17 Aprilis]] 2026 [[Abbas Araghchi]], rerum externarum minister [[Irania|Iraniae]] [[Fretum Ormusense]] omnibus navibus mercatoriis aperiri, durantibus [[indutiae|indutiis]] et [[Libanus|Libani]], dixit.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-foreign-minister-says-passage-vessels-via-hormuz-strait-is-open-during-2026-04-17/ Iran's foreign minister says passage of vessels via Hormuz Strait is open during ceasefire]</ref> [[Donaldus Trump]] se autem eundem fretum vi certa Iranicis navibus clausum tenturum esse affirmavit, quoad negotia sua cum Irania omnino conficeret.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/trump-says-blockade-iran-in-full-force-until-deal-is-reached-2026-04-17/ Trump says blockade on Iran 'in full force' until deal is reached]</ref> Die [[20 Aprilis]] 2026, rectio Iraniae non propositum a quo delegationem rectionis ad Islamabadam mittere pro negatione indutis, temen conatus rectionis [[Pakistania]]e; quia Civitatum Foederatarum conditionem indutiarum violat et Fretum Ormusense clausum contra [[ius internationale]] tenet.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/20/pakistan-ready-for-multi-day-us-iran-talks-but-tehran-unsure-about-joining Iran says no talks with US for now, casting doubt over Pakistan efforts]</ref> Die [[21 Aprilis]] 2026, Donaldus Trump indutias cum Irania sustenere adhuc negitii perfecti erunt publicat.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cx297218m9vt Trump says he will extend Iran ceasefire until negociations conclude]</ref> Die [[25 Aprilis]] 2026, Donaldus Trump delegationem Civitatum Foederatarum ad Islamabadem mittere abrogavit, dum [[Abbas Araghchi]], minister reum externarum Iraniae et [[Shehbaz Sharif]] primus minister Pakistaniae colloqium pro pace fecit.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/25/trump-cancels-envoys-trip-to-pakistan-after-irans-araghchi-leaves-country Trump cancels US envoys' trip after Iran's Araghchi leaves Pakistan].</ref> Die [[27 Aprilis]] 2026, [[Abbas Araghchi]], minister rerum externarum Iraniae, et [[Vladimirus Putinus]], praeses Russiae, [[Petropolis|Petropoli]] colloquium fecerunt.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/27/iran-foreign-minister-in-russia-for-putin-talks Putin praises Iranian 'courage' as Teheran's foreign minister visits Russia].</ref> Die [[28 Aprilis]] 2026, ''Idemitsu Maru,'' magna [[navis petrolearia]], quam [[Idemitsu Kosan]], collegium Iaponicum possedet, [[fretum Ormusense]] cum admissione Iraniae ire potest.<ref>[https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20260429_08/ Tanker maneged by Japanese firm passes through Strait of Hormuz].</ref> Die [[29 Aprilis]] 2026, Donaldus Trumpius fretum Ormusense clausum cum metu et vi militari tenere dixit.<ref>[https://aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/29/trump-vows-to-maintein-iran-blockade-tehran-threaten-practical-action Trump vows to maintain Iran blockade, Tehran threatens 'practical' action].</ref> Die [[4 Maii]] 2026, Donaldus Trumpius "Propositum Libertatis" rem militariam de freto Ormusensi publicat.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4g437depzpo "What we know about Trump's 'Project Freedom' in Strait of Hormuz."]</ref> Die [[6 Maii]] 2026, Donaldus Trumpius "Propositum Libertatis" suspendet et memorundum de finis belli publicat.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvgzp74rvj5o Trump's hopes for an Iran peace deal come with caveats]</ref> Die [[8 Maii]] 2026, [[Abbas Araghchi]], minister rerum externarum Iraniae, audaces actiones{{dubsig}} [[res militaris|militares]] a Civitatibus Foederatarum condenmat, quod solutionem{{dubsig}} diplomaticam praevenit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c99lpn9ze8ro Iran accuses US of 'reckless military adventure'].</ref> Die [[19 Maii]] 2026, Donalus Trumpius impetum ad Iraniam suspendere ex postulatione civitatum [[Arabia]]e [[sinus Persicus|sinus Persoci]] dixit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c7079e55zjro Trump says ha called off new Iran attack at request of Gulf states]</ref> == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|2026 Iran war|De Impetu in Iraniam anni 2026}} [[Categoria:Historia Iraniae]] [[Categoria:Donaldus Trump]] [[Categoria:2026]] a47x4q02pkqeo7mxipsjpitnfllq78m 3960833 3960783 2026-05-20T05:55:11Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3960833 wikitext text/x-wiki <gallery> Exemplum.jpg|Descriptio 1 Exemplum.jpg|Descriptio 2 </gallery> {{Latinitas|-5}} [[Fasciculus:Middle East strikes, February 2026.png|thumb|Charta de impetus in Iraniam anno 2026]] '''Impetus Israëlis et Civitatum Foederatarum in Iraniam''' est [[bellum]] in [[Irania]]m quod ab impetus [[bomba]]rum [[Israël]] et [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum]] die [[28 Februarii]] [[2026]] initiat, ratione periculum [[arma nuclearia|armarum nuclearium]] abrogandi. A hic impetu, dux civitatis [[Ali Khamenei]] die 28 Februarii 2026 necatus est.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2dyz6p3weo Why did US and Israelattack Iran and how long could the war last?]</ref> Postea, rectio Iraniae impetum [[propugnaculum]] Israël et Civitatum Federatarum in [[Medius Oriens|Medio Oriente]] facit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c875rjd990go 'Everything has changed': Missile attacks shatter Dubai's safe heaven image]</ref> == Cursus belli == [[Fasciculus:2026 Iran war collage.jpg|thumb|Compilatio imaginum belli]] Dum [[Consilium securitatis]] rem die 28 Februarii 2026 disputat, [[Antonius Guterres]], secretarius generalis Consociationis Nationum, usum [[metus]] [[violentia]]e [[res militaris|militaris]] abstinere apud Articulum II [[Charta Nationum Unitarum|Chartae Consociationis Nationum]] et a medio [[diplomatia]]e rem solvere postulat.<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/02/1167062 Iran strikes 'squandered a change for diplomacy': Guterres]</ref> Legatus Franciae obligationem iuris internationali ad Iraniam postulat, dum legati Russiae Sinarumque impetum Israël et Civitatum Foederatarum condemnant. Papa [[Leo XIV]], dux [[civitas Vaticana|civitatis Vaticanae]], violentiam militarem negat et pacem non metu sed dialogo dicit.<ref>[https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2026-03/pope-leo-xiv-angelus-appeal-peace-middle-east-iran.html "Pope on Iran: Peace not built with mutual threats or death-dealing arms."]</ref> Die [[2 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Palatium Golestan]] ab impetu bombarum Civitatum Foederatarum destruitur.<ref>[https://www.euronews.com/culture/2026/03/03/unesco-expresses-concern-over-the-protection-of-cultural-heritage-sites-in-middle-east UNESCO expresses concern over the protection of cultural heritage sites in Middle East].</ref> Die [[3 Martii]] [[2026]], Ravina Shamdasi, socia [[Curator supremus Nationum Unitarum iuribus humanis tuendis|Curatoris supremi Consociationis Nationum iuribus humanis tuendis]] multos homines cives, inter eas, multas [[puella]]s ad [[ludus litterarius|scholam primariam]] Minab necatas esse quod violationem [[humanitarium belli ius|humanitarii belli iuris]] dicit.<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/03/1167071 "Iran crisis: Schoolgirls killed, thousands displaced and aid compromised."]</ref> Et [[Malala Yousafzai]] cum [[UNESCO]].<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/03/1167063 Deadly bombing of Iran primary school 7 a grave violation of humanitarian law': UNESCO].</ref> et [[Consilium iurum humanorum Nationum Unitarum]] hoc impetum condemnaverunt, quod plus quam 165 puellae necatae sunt.<ref>[https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-release/2026/03/un-experts-strongly-condemn-dealdly-missile-strike-girls-school-iran-call "UN experts strongly condemn dealdy missile strike on girls' schoolin Iran, call for independent investigation."]</ref> Die [[5 Martii]] [[2026]], rectio [[Hispania]]e contra bellum in Irania, impetum Israël et Civitatum Foederatarum condemavit, et provistionem propugnaculi in Hispania negat.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130819141428/http://https/://www.npr.org/2026/03/05/nx-s1-5737285/iran-war-spain-trump "A rift between Spain and Trump widens over Spanish opposition to the Iran war."]</ref> Die [[6 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Donaldus Trump]], praeses Civitatum Foederatarum, [[deditio]]nem sine conditione Iraniae postulat.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/6/no-deal-with-iran-except-unconditional-surrender-trump-says "'No deal with Iran: expect unciditional surrender, Trump says."]</ref> Die [[7 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Masudus Pezeshkian]], praeses Iraniae impetum militarem ad civitates [[Asia occidentalis|Medii Orientis]] confutare sed deditionem ad Civitates Foederatas America negare dixit.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/7/iran-to-halt-strikes-on-neighbours-unless-attacks-from-there-pezeshkian "Iran to halt strikes on neighbours unless attacks from there: Pezeshkian."].</ref> Die [[8 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Mojtaba Khamenei]] magnus dux Iraniae creatus est, post Ali Khamenei eius patrem.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c78xxg05w0zo "Who is Mojtaba Khamenei, Iran's news supreme leader?"]</ref> Die [[10 Martii]] [[2026]], <!--unus???--> auctoritas militariae Israëlis legatos Iraniae [[Berytus|Beryti]] in [[Libanus|Libano]] necavit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c2k8y7vy78no "War expands to central Beirut as Israeli strikes Iranians in luxury hotel."]</ref> Miletes Civitatum Foederatarum [[navis|naves]] Iraniae qui [[mina marina|minas marinas]] dandi{{dubsig}} apud [[Fretum Ormusense]] destruit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgrzken84q5o "US his minelaying ship in Iran after warning of 'intense' day of bombing."]</ref> Die [[11 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Procuratio energiae internationalis]] reservarium [[petroleum|petrolei]] emergentiae mittere decernavit, dum [[pretium]] petrolei in discrimine fit ratione claudendi [[Fretum Ormusense|Freti Ormusensi]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cly093xxlzzo Countries agree to record relaese of emergency oil reserves as prices surge]</ref> Die [[14 Martii]] [[2026]], Donaldus Trump vi militari impetum bombarum in insulam Kharg in [[Sinus Persicus|Sinu Persico]] dare publicat.{{dubsig}}<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8jxzlwvd8ro "Why had US targeted Iran's Kharg Island?"]</ref> Die [[17 Martii]] [[2026]], Ali Larijani, dux Consilii supremi securitatis nationalis ab impetu militatiae Israël necatus est.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c24deezq6meo Iranian security cheif Ali Larijani killed in air strike]</ref> [[Iosephus Clay Kent]], bello adversans, ab administratione Trumpiana se abdicavit.<ref>Stepansky, J. (17 Martii 2026). [https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/17/us-national-counterterrorism-center-director-joe-kent-resigns-over-iran-war US National Counterterrorism Center director Joe Kent resigns over Iran war]. ''[[Al Jazeera]]''. </ref> Die [[19 Martii]] 2026, [[Antonius Guterres]] secretarius generalis Consociationis Nationum colloquium [[Consilium Europaeum|Consilii Europaei]] participavit, et dixit Israël et Civitates Foederatarum bellum in Iran finire necesse est, a quo discrimen pretii energiae [[civitas provectibilis|civitatibus provectibilibus]] consequentiam [[tragoedia|tragicam]] fit.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260320134606/https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/03/1167165 Middle East war: 'Force of the law' must prevail over the law of force, urges Guterres].</ref> Die [[23 Martii]] 2026, Donaldus Trump, [[praeses Civitatum Foederatarum]] tempum{{dubsig}} impetus militaris ad [[electrificina]]m Iraniae quinque diei sustinere dixit.{{dubsig}}<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/23/trump-postpones-military-strikes-on-iranian-power-plants Trump postpones military strikes on Iranian power plants for five days].</ref> Die [[25 Martii]] 2026, activistae pro iuribus humanis Iraniae (HRANA) plus quam 3300 homines, inter eos 1464 cives et 217 [[impubes|impberes]] necati esse ab initio belli publicaverunt. Atque minister salutis Libani 1094 homines, inter eos 121 impberes necasi ab Israël vi militariae esse publicavit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2dyz6p3weo Why did US and Israel attack Iran and how long could the war last?]</ref> Die [[28 Martii]] 2026, [[exercitus]] Huthianus, qui cum auxilio Iraniae [[Bellum civile Iemeniense (anno 2015 incipiens)|Bellum civile Iemeniense]] contra rectionem Iemaniam pugnavit, impetum [[missile|missilis]] primum ad Israël dedit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd6l5n8jv4yo Iran-backed Houthis join war with attack against Israel].</ref> Die [[1 Aprilis]] 2026, Donaldus Trump praeses Civitatum Foederatarum orationem dedit: impetum vehementer duo vel tres hebdomas dare, a quo Iraniam ad "[[Aetas lapidea|Aetatem lapideam]]" mittere potest.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/2/bomb-back-to-the-stone-age-us-history-of-threats-and-carpet-bombing 'Bomb back to the Stone Age': US history of therats and carpet bombing]</ref> Die [[4 Aprilis]] 2026, [[Raphael Grossi]], praeses [[Procuratio energiae atomicae internationalis|Procurationis energiae atominae internationalis]] impetum ad [[ergasterium atomicum]] Bushehr ab Israël et Civitatibus Foederatarum profundus indicat.<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/04/1167250 UN nuclear agency chief 'deeply concerned' by reports of latest attack on Iran power plant]</ref> Die [[6 Aprilis]] 2026, rectio [[Irania]]e propositum [[indutiae|indutiarum]] conditione liberationis [[Fretum Ormusense|Freti Ormusensis]] e Civitatibus Foederatarum refusit.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/trump-vows-hell-iran-if-strait-stays-shut-says-deal-is-possible-2026-04-06/ Iran rejects ceasfire as Trump says entire country can be 'taken out']</ref> Die [[7 Aprilis]] 2026, apud [[Consilium securitatis]] resolutio de liberatione Freti Ormusensis negata est a "veto" [[Res publica popularis Sinarum|Rei publicae popularis Sinarum]] et [[Russia]]e.<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/04/1167261 Security Concil Russia and China veto resolution on Strait of Hormuz].</ref> Atque rectio Iraniae et Civitatum Foederatarum [[indutiae|indutias]] conditionales duo hebdomas cum liberatione securaque Freti Ormusensis consensae sunt.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/live/c5yw4g3z7qgt Iran and US agree to conditionaltwo-week ceasfire and opning of Hormuz strait.]</ref> Die [[9 Aprilis]] 2026, rectio [[Israël]] dialoum cum rectio [[Libanus|Libani]] conatur, quod negatio indutiarum in Libani contra [[Hizbullah]] indutias Iraniae praevenit.<ref>[https://www.edition.cnn.com/2026/04/09/world/live-news/iran-war-trump-us-ceasefire Israel says it wants talks with Lebanon as fight against Hezbollah threatens Iran ceasfire]</ref> Die [[10 Aprilis]] 2026, Delegatio Iraniae ad [[Islamabada]]m [[Pakistania]]e iit for talks with US pro negotio indutiae formalis die [[11 Aprilis]] 2026 cum Civitatum Foederatarum.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/4/10/iran-war-live-israeli-attacks-on-lebanon-threaten-us-iran-ceasefire-talks Iran war updates: Iranian dekegation arrives in Pakistan]</ref> Die [[12 Aprilis]] 2026, Colloqium negotii inter [[Iacobus David Vance|Iacobum David Vance]], praeses vicarius Civitatum Foederatarum et delegation Iraniae [[Masudus Pezeshkian|Masudi Pezeshkian]] per auxulium [[Shehbaz Sharif]] primus minister [[Pakistania]]e fuit, sed in vana quod rectio Iraniae creationem armae nuclearis non abrogare posse dixit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5y7k4y0veyo Iran talks ware major test for JD Vance. How did he do?]</ref> Die [[13 Aprilis]] 2026, [[Copiae militares Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Asia occidentalis|Oriente Medii]] (CENTCOM) a directione Donaldi Trump [[Fretum Ormusense]] claudendum est.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/14/how-many-ships-have-passed-the-strait-of-hormuz-and-how-many-were-attacked How many ship have passed the strait of Hormuz and how many ware attacked?]</ref> Die [[17 Aprilis]] 2026 [[Abbas Araghchi]], rerum externarum minister [[Irania|Iraniae]] [[Fretum Ormusense]] omnibus navibus mercatoriis aperiri, durantibus [[indutiae|indutiis]] et [[Libanus|Libani]], dixit.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-foreign-minister-says-passage-vessels-via-hormuz-strait-is-open-during-2026-04-17/ Iran's foreign minister says passage of vessels via Hormuz Strait is open during ceasefire]</ref> [[Donaldus Trump]] se autem eundem fretum vi certa Iranicis navibus clausum tenturum esse affirmavit, quoad negotia sua cum Irania omnino conficeret.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/trump-says-blockade-iran-in-full-force-until-deal-is-reached-2026-04-17/ Trump says blockade on Iran 'in full force' until deal is reached]</ref> Die [[20 Aprilis]] 2026, rectio Iraniae non propositum a quo delegationem rectionis ad Islamabadam mittere pro negatione indutis, temen conatus rectionis [[Pakistania]]e; quia Civitatum Foederatarum conditionem indutiarum violat et Fretum Ormusense clausum contra [[ius internationale]] tenet.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/20/pakistan-ready-for-multi-day-us-iran-talks-but-tehran-unsure-about-joining Iran says no talks with US for now, casting doubt over Pakistan efforts]</ref> Die [[21 Aprilis]] 2026, Donaldus Trump indutias cum Irania sustenere adhuc negitii perfecti erunt publicat.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cx297218m9vt Trump says he will extend Iran ceasefire until negociations conclude]</ref> Die [[25 Aprilis]] 2026, Donaldus Trump delegationem Civitatum Foederatarum ad Islamabadem mittere abrogavit, dum [[Abbas Araghchi]], minister reum externarum Iraniae et [[Shehbaz Sharif]] primus minister Pakistaniae colloqium pro pace fecit.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/25/trump-cancels-envoys-trip-to-pakistan-after-irans-araghchi-leaves-country Trump cancels US envoys' trip after Iran's Araghchi leaves Pakistan].</ref> Die [[27 Aprilis]] 2026, [[Abbas Araghchi]], minister rerum externarum Iraniae, et [[Vladimirus Putinus]], praeses Russiae, [[Petropolis|Petropoli]] colloquium fecerunt.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/27/iran-foreign-minister-in-russia-for-putin-talks Putin praises Iranian 'courage' as Teheran's foreign minister visits Russia].</ref> Die [[28 Aprilis]] 2026, ''Idemitsu Maru,'' magna [[navis petrolearia]], quam [[Idemitsu Kosan]], collegium Iaponicum possedet, [[fretum Ormusense]] cum admissione Iraniae ire potest.<ref>[https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20260429_08/ Tanker maneged by Japanese firm passes through Strait of Hormuz].</ref> Die [[29 Aprilis]] 2026, Donaldus Trumpius fretum Ormusense clausum cum metu et vi militari tenere dixit.<ref>[https://aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/29/trump-vows-to-maintein-iran-blockade-tehran-threaten-practical-action Trump vows to maintain Iran blockade, Tehran threatens 'practical' action].</ref> Die [[4 Maii]] 2026, Donaldus Trumpius "Propositum Libertatis" rem militariam de freto Ormusensi publicat.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4g437depzpo "What we know about Trump's 'Project Freedom' in Strait of Hormuz."]</ref> Die [[6 Maii]] 2026, Donaldus Trumpius "Propositum Libertatis" suspendet et memorundum de finis belli publicat.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvgzp74rvj5o Trump's hopes for an Iran peace deal come with caveats]</ref> Die [[8 Maii]] 2026, [[Abbas Araghchi]], minister rerum externarum Iraniae, audaces actiones{{dubsig}} [[res militaris|militares]] a Civitatibus Foederatarum condenmat, quod solutionem{{dubsig}} diplomaticam praevenit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c99lpn9ze8ro Iran accuses US of 'reckless military adventure'].</ref> Die [[19 Maii]] 2026, Donalus Trumpius impetum ad Iraniam suspendere ex postulatione civitatum [[Arabia]]e [[sinus Persicus|sinus Persoci]] dixit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c7079e55zjro Trump says ha called off new Iran attack at request of Gulf states]</ref> == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|2026 Iran war|De Impetu in Iraniam anni 2026}} [[Categoria:Historia Iraniae]] [[Categoria:Donaldus Trump]] [[Categoria:2026]] 6so1azllex8x0v850bzknhq5zyd0xek 0 324349 3960808 3957617 2026-05-20T00:22:44Z Grufo 64423 De citationibus 3960808 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | Titulus = | Imago = | Descriptio = | Categoria = | Numerus = | Auctor = | Argumenta = | Datum = | Lingua = | Album = | Praecedi = | Sequi = }} {{lres|O varium Fortune}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XIV reperitur.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25">{{Opus | titulus = De avaritia 1-25 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| O varium Fortune lubricum, dans dubium tribunal iudicum, non modicum paras huic premium, quem colere tua vult gratia et petere rote sublimia, dans dubia tamen, prepostere de stercore pauperem erigens, de rhetore consulem eligens. Edificat Fortuna, diruit; nunc abdicat, quos prius coluit; quos noluit, iterum vendicat hec opera sibi contraria, dans munera nimis labilia; mobilia sunt Sortis federa, que debiles ditans nobilitat et nobiles premens debilitat. Quid Dario regnasse profuit? Pompeïo quid Roma tribuit? Succubuit? uterque gladio. eligere media tutius quam petere rote sublimius et gravius a summo ruere: fit gravior lapsus a prosperis et durior ab ipsis asperis. Subsidio Fortune labilis cur prelio Troia tunc nobilis, nunc flebilis ruit incendio? quis sanguinis Romani gratiam, quis nominis Greci facundiam, quis gloriam fregit Carthaginis? Sors lubrica, que dedit, abstulit; hec unica que fovit, perculit. Nil gratius Fortune gratia, nil dulcius est inter dulcia quam gloria, si staret longius. sed labitur ut olus marcidum et sequitur agrum nunc floridum, quem aridum cras cernes. igitur improprium non edo canticum: o varium Fortune lubricum.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> }} == Descriptio == In hoc carmine, auctor naturam instabilem et mutabilem Fortunae describit, quae sine ordine hominum sortes evertit. Fortuna fingitur ut vis potens quae pauperes de stercore erigit et rhetores in consules mutat, sed eadem celeritate munera labilia rursus eripit. Haec "Sortis foedera" mobilia dicuntur, quia potentes debilitant et debiles nobilitant, rotam suam sine intermissione volvens.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> Argumentum per exempla historica illustratur, commemoratis claris viris et civitatibus quae ruinam fecerunt. Auctor de Dario, Pompeio, Troia, et Carthagine loquitur ut demonstret nihil in terris firmum esse; cuncta enim quae Sors lubrica dedit, eadem postea abstulit. Inde deducitur monitum morale: tutius est vitam mediam eligere quam fastigia petere, quia lapsus ab alta prosperitate semper gravior et durior sentitur.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> Denique carmen concluditur meditatione de fugacitate gloriae mundanae, quae comparatur olitibus marcidis vel agro qui hodie floret sed cras aridus erit. Quamvis Fortunae gratia dulcis videatur, eius brevitas omnem laetitiam corrumpit. Poeta igitur hanc lamentationem iustam esse confirmat, iterans versus initiales de lubricitate fati humani.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> == Investigatio critica == Hoc carmen Fortunam ut vim historicam tractat, quae per exempla antiquitatis variis modis instabilis demonstratur.<ref name="lehtonen-1995-p-31">{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131.</ref> Inter victimas casus enumerantur heroes urbesque praeclarae, sicut [[Troia]], [[Roma]], [[Carthago]], nec non [[Darius III|Darius]] et [[Pompeius]], qui licet gloria florerent, funditus eversi sunt.<ref>{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, pp. 132, 135.</ref> Fortuna hic depingitur velut iniquum iudicium, quod praemia fortuito distribuit, pauperes sine merito tollens et nobiles deiciens.<ref>{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, pp. 133, 135.</ref> Textus identidem ad [[Boethius|Boethii]] ''[[De consolatione philosophiae]]'' et ad [[Biblia|Sacras Scripturas]] alludit, crudelitatem Fortunae cum instabilitate mundi sublunaris confundens.<ref>{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, pp. 136, 139.</ref> Carmen ergo haberi potest [[exemplum]] de fati perfidia, quo lector monetur ut praesidium stabile quaerat potius quam summum rotae gradum petat.<ref>{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 135.</ref> Denique per structuram intertextualem vis Fortunae cum potestate [[Versus de nummo|Nummi]] conectitur (cf. [[Manus ferens munera|CB 1]]), quasi in hoc saeculo divina providentia illis viribus cedat.<ref name="lehtonen-1995-p-31" /> Hoc carmen seriem brevem compositionum inducit quae de varietate Fortunae eiusque instabilitate agunt. Argumentum praecipue nititur in facultate fati res humanas penitus commutandi, unde sumitur imago inops ex luto excitatus, secundum locum biblicum in [[Liber I Samuelis|Libro I Regum]] (II, 8) iam in aliis carminibus obvium. Haec vis commutatrix etiam in cursu honorum apparet, ubi rhetor in consulem evehitur, quod exemplum ex [[Iuvenalis|Iuvenale]] (VII, 197-198) diserte depromitur ad demonstrandum quomodo eadem vis et tollere homines et deicere possit.<ref name="rossi-2000-pp-240-241">{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, pp. 240–241.</ref> Ad mutabilitatem sortis illustrandam, auctor figuras historicas [[Darius III|Darii]] et [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompei]] adhibet, qui velut symbola casus politici habentur. Darius III, Persarum rex, ex litteris antiquis et carminibus epicis de Alexandro Magno scriptis — sicut in ''Alexandreide'' [[Gualterus de Castellione|Gualteri de Castellione]] — Medio Aevo notissimus erat. Pariter Pompei Magni fortuna, qui ex fastigio potentiae ad extremam miseriam uno die decidit, iam ab [[Ovidius|Ovidio]] et [[Marcus Annaeus Lucanus|Lucano]] tamquam documentum fragilitatis humanae celebrabatur. Hae narrationes, una cum memoria cladis Troianae, constantem admonitionem praebent de incertitudine rerum mundanarum.<ref name="rossi-2000-pp-240-241" /> == Investigatio palaeographica musica == In contextu codicum antiquorum qui carmen [[Carmina Burana|Burana]] 14 continent, praesertim in [[Bayerische Staatsbibliothek|Codice Burano]] (München, BSB, Clm 4660), investigatio palaeographica systemata notationis admodum diversa revelat. In folio 47v eiusdem manuscripti, carmen ''O varium Fortune lubricum'' notatione adiastematica exaratum est, quae lineis carens motum melodicum potius quam certam altitudinem sonorum graphice demonstrat. Haec neumarum typologia, in Bavaria circa annum 1230 usitata, interpretationem exigit per comparationem cum aliis fontibus coaevis, sicut codice Oxoniensi Digby 166 vel Florentino Pluteo 29.2, ubi structurae rhythmicae magis definitae inveniuntur.<ref name="examen-apium-cb-14">{{Opus | cognomen auctricis 1 = Venutti | nomen auctricis 1 = Anna | titulus = O varium Fortune lubricum (CB 14) | contextus = Examen Apium | url = https://www.examenapium.it/carmina/0-eds/014ovarium.html | tempus inspectionis = 2026-04-29 }}.</ref> Palaeographia musica huius carminis arcte cum structura metrica conectitur, quae versu decasyllabo (4+6) nititur, e modis [[Francia|Gallicis]] saeculi XII derivato. Analysis diastematica in aliis manuscriptis, sicut in codice Parisino (Bibl. nationale, Fr. 146) anni 1316, mutationes in notatione graphica ostendit, ubi ductus calami magis ad mensurabilitatem tendit. In codice Oxoniensi Rawlinson C 519, notae musicis signis superpositae textui motum ternarium sequuntur, quod cum natura proparoxytona versus Latini congruit. Investigatio ergo paleographica non solum formas signorum sed etiam necessitudinem inter accentum verborum et pondus notarum in membranis medii aevi illustrat.<ref name="examen-apium-cb-14" /> == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Rossi, 2006 | c = {{Opus | cognomen redactoris = Rossi | nomen redactoris = Petrus Victorius | titulus = Carmina Burana. Testo latino a fronte | annus = 2006 | annus primae editionis = 1989 | editio = 8 | locus = [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] | domus editoria = Tascabili Bompiani | isbn = 88-452-5307-4 | lingua = it }} }} * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] ccb3m7rl0c3pe2bp77mj81nyx6jwsxl 3960812 3960808 2026-05-20T00:52:40Z Grufo 64423 3960812 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}} {{Carmen Carminum Buranorum | titulus = | imago = | descriptio = | categoria = | numerus = | auctor = | argumenta = | tempus = | lingua = | contextus = | praecedens = | sequens = }} {{lres|O varium Fortune}} est initium [[carmen|carminis]] a [[Goliardia|discipulis vagantibus]] [[Latinitas medii aevi|Latine]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero XIV reperitur.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25">{{Opus | titulus = De avaritia 1-25 | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html }}.</ref> == Textus == {{Versus numerati| O varium Fortune lubricum, dans dubium tribunal iudicum, non modicum paras huic premium, quem colere tua vult gratia et petere rote sublimia, dans dubia tamen, prepostere de stercore pauperem erigens, de rhetore consulem eligens. Edificat Fortuna, diruit; nunc abdicat, quos prius coluit; quos noluit, iterum vendicat hec opera sibi contraria, dans munera nimis labilia; mobilia sunt Sortis federa, que debiles ditans nobilitat et nobiles premens debilitat. Quid Dario regnasse profuit? Pompeïo quid Roma tribuit? Succubuit? uterque gladio. eligere media tutius quam petere rote sublimius et gravius a summo ruere: fit gravior lapsus a prosperis et durior ab ipsis asperis. Subsidio Fortune labilis cur prelio Troia tunc nobilis, nunc flebilis ruit incendio? quis sanguinis Romani gratiam, quis nominis Greci facundiam, quis gloriam fregit Carthaginis? Sors lubrica, que dedit, abstulit; hec unica que fovit, perculit. Nil gratius Fortune gratia, nil dulcius est inter dulcia quam gloria, si staret longius. sed labitur ut olus marcidum et sequitur agrum nunc floridum, quem aridum cras cernes. igitur improprium non edo canticum: o varium Fortune lubricum.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> }} == Descriptio == In hoc carmine, auctor naturam instabilem et mutabilem Fortunae describit, quae sine ordine hominum sortes evertit. Fortuna fingitur ut vis potens quae pauperes de stercore erigit et rhetores in consules mutat, sed eadem celeritate munera labilia rursus eripit. Haec "Sortis foedera" mobilia dicuntur, quia potentes debilitant et debiles nobilitant, rotam suam sine intermissione volvens.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> Argumentum per exempla historica illustratur, commemoratis claris viris et civitatibus quae ruinam fecerunt. Auctor de Dario, Pompeio, Troia, et Carthagine loquitur ut demonstret nihil in terris firmum esse; cuncta enim quae Sors lubrica dedit, eadem postea abstulit. Inde deducitur monitum morale: tutius est vitam mediam eligere quam fastigia petere, quia lapsus ab alta prosperitate semper gravior et durior sentitur.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> Denique carmen concluditur meditatione de fugacitate gloriae mundanae, quae comparatur olitibus marcidis vel agro qui hodie floret sed cras aridus erit. Quamvis Fortunae gratia dulcis videatur, eius brevitas omnem laetitiam corrumpit. Poeta igitur hanc lamentationem iustam esse confirmat, iterans versus initiales de lubricitate fati humani.<ref name="de-avaritia-1-25" /> == Investigatio critica == Hoc carmen Fortunam ut vim historicam tractat, quae per exempla antiquitatis variis modis instabilis demonstratur.<ref name="lehtonen-1995-p-31">{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131.</ref> Inter victimas casus enumerantur heroes urbesque praeclarae, sicut [[Troia]], [[Roma]], [[Carthago]], nec non [[Darius III|Darius]] et [[Pompeius]], qui licet gloria florerent, funditus eversi sunt.<ref>{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, pp. 132, 135.</ref> Fortuna hic depingitur velut iniquum iudicium, quod praemia fortuito distribuit, pauperes sine merito tollens et nobiles deiciens.<ref>{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, pp. 133, 135.</ref> Textus identidem ad [[Boethius|Boethii]] ''[[De consolatione philosophiae]]'' et ad [[Biblia|Sacras Scripturas]] alludit, crudelitatem Fortunae cum instabilitate mundi sublunaris confundens.<ref>{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, pp. 136, 139.</ref> Carmen ergo haberi potest [[exemplum]] de fati perfidia, quo lector monetur ut praesidium stabile quaerat potius quam summum rotae gradum petat.<ref>{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 135.</ref> Denique per structuram intertextualem vis Fortunae cum potestate [[Versus de nummo|Nummi]] conectitur (cf. [[Manus ferens munera|CB 1]]), quasi in hoc saeculo divina providentia illis viribus cedat.<ref name="lehtonen-1995-p-31" /> Hoc carmen seriem brevem compositionum inducit quae de varietate Fortunae eiusque instabilitate agunt. Argumentum praecipue nititur in facultate fati res humanas penitus commutandi, unde sumitur imago inops ex luto excitatus, secundum locum biblicum in [[Liber I Samuelis|Libro I Regum]] (II, 8) iam in aliis carminibus obvium. Haec vis commutatrix etiam in cursu honorum apparet, ubi rhetor in consulem evehitur, quod exemplum ex [[Iuvenalis|Iuvenale]] (VII, 197-198) diserte depromitur ad demonstrandum quomodo eadem vis et tollere homines et deicere possit.<ref name="rossi-2000-pp-240-241">{{qc|Rossi, 2006}}, pp. 240–241.</ref> Ad mutabilitatem sortis illustrandam, auctor figuras historicas [[Darius III|Darii]] et [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus|Pompei]] adhibet, qui velut symbola casus politici habentur. Darius III, Persarum rex, ex litteris antiquis et carminibus epicis de Alexandro Magno scriptis — sicut in ''Alexandreide'' [[Gualterus de Castellione|Gualteri de Castellione]] — Medio Aevo notissimus erat. Pariter Pompei Magni fortuna, qui ex fastigio potentiae ad extremam miseriam uno die decidit, iam ab [[Ovidius|Ovidio]] et [[Marcus Annaeus Lucanus|Lucano]] tamquam documentum fragilitatis humanae celebrabatur. Hae narrationes, una cum memoria cladis Troianae, constantem admonitionem praebent de incertitudine rerum mundanarum.<ref name="rossi-2000-pp-240-241" /> == Investigatio palaeographica musica == In contextu codicum antiquorum qui carmen [[Carmina Burana|Burana]] 14 continent, praesertim in [[Bayerische Staatsbibliothek|Codice Burano]] (München, BSB, Clm 4660), investigatio palaeographica systemata notationis admodum diversa revelat. In folio 47v eiusdem manuscripti, carmen ''O varium Fortune lubricum'' notatione adiastematica exaratum est, quae lineis carens motum melodicum potius quam certam altitudinem sonorum graphice demonstrat. Haec neumarum typologia, in Bavaria circa annum 1230 usitata, interpretationem exigit per comparationem cum aliis fontibus coaevis, sicut codice Oxoniensi Digby 166 vel Florentino Pluteo 29.2, ubi structurae rhythmicae magis definitae inveniuntur.<ref name="examen-apium-cb-14">{{Opus | cognomen auctricis 1 = Venutti | nomen auctricis 1 = Anna | titulus = O varium Fortune lubricum (CB 14) | contextus = Examen Apium | url = https://www.examenapium.it/carmina/0-eds/014ovarium.html | tempus inspectionis = 2026-04-29 }}.</ref> Palaeographia musica huius carminis arcte cum structura metrica conectitur, quae versu decasyllabo (4+6) nititur, e modis [[Francia|Gallicis]] saeculi XII derivato. Analysis diastematica in aliis manuscriptis, sicut in codice Parisino (Bibl. nationale, Fr. 146) anni 1316, mutationes in notatione graphica ostendit, ubi ductus calami magis ad mensurabilitatem tendit. In codice Oxoniensi Rawlinson C 519, notae musicis signis superpositae textui motum ternarium sequuntur, quod cum natura proparoxytona versus Latini congruit. Investigatio ergo paleographica non solum formas signorum sed etiam necessitudinem inter accentum verborum et pondus notarum in membranis medii aevi illustrat.<ref name="examen-apium-cb-14" /> == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Rossi, 2006 | c = {{Opus | cognomen redactoris = Rossi | nomen redactoris = Petrus Victorius | titulus = Carmina Burana. Testo latino a fronte | annus = 2006 | annus primae editionis = 1989 | editio = 8 | locus = [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] | domus editoria = Tascabili Bompiani | isbn = 88-452-5307-4 | lingua = it }} }} * {{Ecce citatio | id = Lehtonen, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Lehtonen | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy | annus = 1995 | lingua = en | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]] | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]] | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4 }} }} {{Carmina Burana}} [[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]] [[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]] ssuxom9bdw27qb8z2ukr742r4q07iqd 0 324436 3960694 3959313 2026-05-19T12:42:40Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3960694 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{ores|In laudem Iustini Augusti minoris}}, est laudatio sub specie carminis epici [[Latine|Latini]], a [[Flavius Cresconius Corippus|Flavio Cresconio Corippo]] [[Africa]]no [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] in urbe anno fere [[566]] compositum. De morte imperatoris [[Iustinianus I|Iustiniani]] et successione [[Iustinus II|Iustini II]] agitur; praeponuntur praefatio Iustino ipsi directa et [[panegyricus]] quaestoris Anastasii (qui carmen omne fortasse commendaverat). == Bibliographia == ; Editiones et versiones * [[Averil Cameron]], ed. et interpr., ''Flavius Cresconius Corippus: In laudem Iustini Augusti minoris.'' Londinii: Athlone Press, 1976 ; Eruditio * A. D. Lee, "Abduction and Assassination: The Clandestine Face of Roman Diplomacy in Late Antiquity" in ''International History Review'' vol. 31 (2009) pp. 1-23 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40111053 JSTOR] == Nexus externi == {{Vicifons|Panegyricus in laudem Iustini Augusti|In laudem Iustini minoris}} {{Vicifons|Panegyricus in laudem Anastasii|Panegyricus Anastasii quaestoris}} [[Categoria:Carmina epica]] [[Categoria:Constantinopoleos scripta]] [[Categoria:Scripta 566]] 2tr056s2v749yr6s8658zt9m3myethd 3960700 3960694 2026-05-19T12:50:44Z IacobusAmor 1163 3960700 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{ores|In laudem Iustini Augusti minoris}}, est laudatio sub specie [[carmen epicum|carminis epici]] [[Latine|Latini]], a [[Flavius Cresconius Corippus|Flavio Cresconio Corippo]] [[Africa]]no [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] in urbe anno fere [[566]] compositum. De morte imperatoris [[Iustinianus I|Iustiniani]] et successione [[Iustinus II|Iustini II]] agitur; praeponuntur praefatio Iustino ipsi directa et [[panegyricus]] quaestoris Anastasii (qui carmen omne fortasse commendaverat). == Bibliographia == ; Editiones et versiones * [[Averil Cameron]], ed. et interpr., ''Flavius Cresconius Corippus: In laudem Iustini Augusti minoris.'' Londinii: Athlone Press, 1976 ; Eruditio * A. D. Lee, "Abduction and Assassination: The Clandestine Face of Roman Diplomacy in Late Antiquity" in ''International History Review'' vol. 31 (2009) pp. 1-23 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40111053 JSTOR] == Nexus externi == {{Vicifons|Panegyricus in laudem Iustini Augusti|In laudem Iustini minoris}} {{Vicifons|Panegyricus in laudem Anastasii|Panegyricus Anastasii quaestoris}} [[Categoria:Carmina epica]] [[Categoria:Constantinopoleos scripta]] [[Categoria:Scripta 566]] t5ioc4wh662t4vd1dcfvjya9j0a4khf 0 324935 3960821 3960646 2026-05-20T03:03:02Z Rafaelgarcia 1771 /* Historia et evolutio */ 3960821 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Augenda|2026|5}} [[Fasciculus:Radio&TV store 1961.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Taberna radiophona and televisoria vendens anno 1961.]] '''Electronica usui domestico destinata''' sunt [[electronica|apparatus electronici]] ad usum domesticum quotidianum, oblectationem, [[communicatio]]nem, et relaxationem destinati. Inter quae etiam hodie numeri possunt instrumenta domestica, ut [[machina lavandi|machinas lavandi]] et [[refrigeratorium|refrigeratoria]], quae [[moderamen|moderaminibus]] et [[interfacies|interfaciebus electronicis]] instructa sunt. ==Historia et evolutio== [[Radio]]phonica emissio ineunte saeculo vicesimo primum productum populare attulit: receptaculum radiophonicum. Postea accesserunt [[telephonum|telephona]], [[televisorium|televisoria]], [[calculatrum|calculatra]], [[camara photographica|camerae photographicae]], [[consoles lusoriae]], [[telephona mobilia]], [[computatra personalia]], et [[dispositivus MP3|dispositivos MP3]]. Annis bismillesimis decimis, tabernae haec instrumenta vendentes saepe [[GPS]], [[electronica autocinetica]], instrumenta [[musica synthetica]], [[machina karaoke|machinas karaoke]], et [[dispositivus visificus|dispositivos visificos]] (e.g. VCR, DVD, et Blu-ray) praebebant. Hodie etiam venduntur: [[perspicilla realitatis virtualis]], [[instrumenta domestica callida]] quae ad [[interrete]] connectunt, et [[technologiae gestabiles]]. Annis bismillesimis decimis, plurima haec instrumenta technologiis digitalibus nitebantur et cum [[industria computatralis|industriis computatralibus]] et [[industrai lusoria|lusoriis]] coaluerunt. Mercatus hic, a [[semiconductrum|semiconductris]] impulsus, anno bismillesimo vicesimo ad $2.9 trilliones pervenire sperabatur.<ref>{{cite news |title=Annualis Semiconductrorum venditio crescit 21.6 %, superat $400 Billiones primo vice |url=https://www.semiconductors.org/annual-semiconductor-sales-increase-21.6-percent-top-400-billion-for-first-time/ |access-date=11 October 2019 |work=[[Semiconductor Industry Association]] |date=5^o Februario 2018 |archive-date=30 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130013305/https://www.semiconductors.org/annual-semiconductor-sales-increase-21.6-percent-top-400-billion-for-first-time/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Res gestae== '''[[Radiophonia]] et [[tubus vacuus|Tubi Vacui]]:''' Initio [[phonographum|phonographa]] mechanica erant, sed annis 1920 radiophonia fundamentum productionis massivae iecit. Tubi vacui ad sonum amplificandum in grammophonis et radiophonis adhibiti sunt. [[Transistrum|'''Transistra''']]: Primis transistris a [[Ioannes Bardeen|Ioanne Bardeen]] et [[Gualterius Brattain|Gualterio Houser Brattain]] anno 1947 inventis, Sony hanc technologiam ad usum popularem convertit. [[Circuitus integratus|'''Circuitus integrati''']]''':''' Haec technologia instrumenta minioris dimensionis et provectiora reddidit, ut computatra personalia. '''Digitalizatio:''' Ab annis 1980, inductione [[Discus compactus|Discorum Compactorum (CD)]] et computatrorum, machinae ad [[Signum digitale|Signa digitalia]] transierunt, secundum [[Lex Mooriana|Legem Moorianam]] (Moore's Law) quae potentiam auxit et magnitudinem minuit. Anno 2004, haec industria $240 billiones valebat, cum dominatu Sony, Samsung, et Philips.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last1=Sodhi |first1=M. S. |last2=Lee |first2=S. |date=2007 |title=An Analysis of Sources of Risk in the Consumer Electronics Industry |journal=The Journal of the Operational Research Society |volume=58 |issue=11 |pages=1430–1439 |doi=10.1057/palgrave.jors.2602410 |jstor=4622837 |pmid=32226176 |pmc=7099209 |issn=0160-5682}}</ref> ==Fontes== [[en:Consumer electronics]] [[es:Electrónica de consumo]] [[zh:消費電子產品]] [[Categoria:Electronica]] [[Categoria:Electronica digitalis]] [[Categoria:Oeconomia]] <references /> e8m4ejpl9ckkdaccv4ngddkx7rggpqz 0 324953 3960859 3959427 2026-05-20T10:18:07Z Pippobuono 54500 nomen latinum 3960859 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Ahéville, Église Saint-Quirin 1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Aquilevilla: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Quirinus|Sancto Quirino]] dicata.]] {{res|Aquilevilla}}<ref>{{Graesse}}, t.1, p.125.</ref> ([[Francogallice]]: ''Ahéville'') est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 67 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Ahéville|Aquilevillam}} {{Fontes geographici}} == Notae == <references /> {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]] iqw1dm45etftq66qdnvkimua3euzkg1 3960860 3960859 2026-05-20T10:18:52Z Pippobuono 54500 Pippobuono movit paginam [[Ahéville]] ad [[Aquilevilla]]: nomen latine attestatur in Graesse 3960859 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Ahéville, Église Saint-Quirin 1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Aquilevilla: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Quirinus|Sancto Quirino]] dicata.]] {{res|Aquilevilla}}<ref>{{Graesse}}, t.1, p.125.</ref> ([[Francogallice]]: ''Ahéville'') est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 67 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Ahéville|Aquilevillam}} {{Fontes geographici}} == Notae == <references /> {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]] iqw1dm45etftq66qdnvkimua3euzkg1 1 324955 3960862 3959429 2026-05-20T10:18:52Z Pippobuono 54500 Pippobuono movit paginam [[Disputatio:Ahéville]] ad [[Disputatio:Aquilevilla]]: nomen latine attestatur in Graesse 3959429 wikitext text/x-wiki {{attributio|fr|Ahéville|235639811}} knyt0k7tm0sxunmo1wxp0x5pryv7ewi 0 325055 3960744 3960044 2026-05-19T15:12:58Z LilyKitty 18316 corrigendum et additamenta 3960744 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Sigvard Eklund.jpg|thumb|Sigvard Eklund anno 1961.]] '''Sigvard Arne Eklund''' (natus die [[19 Iunii]] [[1911]]; mortuus die [[30 Ianuarii]] [[2000]]) fuit [[politicus]] et [[legatus (civilitas)|legatus]] [[Suecia|Suecicus]] qui praeses [[Procuratio energiae atomicae internationalis|Procurationis energiae atomicae internationalis]] ab anno [[1961]] ad annum [[1981]] fuit.<ref>[https://runeberg.org/vemarvem/sthlm62/0347.html Vem är Vem? /Stor-Stockholm 1962]</ref> Et cum [[Ioannes Cockcroft|Ioanne Cockcroft]] pro [[energia nuclearis]] cooperavit. Alumnus [[Universitas Upsaliensis|Universitatis Upsaliensis]] ubi [[doctor]]is [[gradus academicus|gradum academicum]] anno 1946 acquisit deinde ut doctus [[physica nuclearis|physicae nuclearis]] apud [[Universitas Technica Regalis|Universitatem Technicam Regalem]] et socius [[Regia Academia Scientiarum Suecica|Regiae Academiae Scientiarum Suecicae]] lavoravit. == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Sigvard Eklund|Sigvard Eklund}} {{Rectores procurationis energiae atomicae internationalis}} {{Lifetime|1911|2000|Eklund, Sigvard Arne}} [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Upsaliensis]] [[Categoria:Politici Sueciae]] [[Categoria:Procuratio energiae atomicae internationalis]] sv1s2maecvekchcr09yge0r75dwfgc7 0 325081 3960748 3960633 2026-05-19T15:33:44Z Grufo 64423 Paginam auxi 3960748 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:MachDieMechanikEntwickelungTitlPg.jpg|thumb|Liber Ernesti Mach {{Op|De mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita}} ([[Theodisce]] {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}})<ref name="mach-1883">{{qc|Mach, 1883}}.</ref>]] In [[physica theoretica]], praesertim in disputationibus de theoriis [[gravitas (physica)|gravitatis]], {{res|principium Machianum}} seu {{res|coniectura Machiana}}<ref>{{qc|Von Bayer, 2001}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=VhJr9Qx8ohsC&dq=mach's+conjecture&pg=PA79 p. 79].</ref> appellatur hypothesis incerta quam [[Albertus Einstein]] [[Ernestus Mach|Ernesto Mach]], [[physicus|physico]] [[philosophus|philosopho]]<nowiki />que [[Austria]]co, attribuit, quae explicare conatur quomodo res [[rotatio|volventes]], exempli gratia [[gyroscopium|gyroscopia]] vel [[corpus caeleste|corpora caelestia]], ad [[systema relationum]] se referant. Secundum talem coniecturam, [[exsistentia]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|rotatio absoluta|rotationis absolutae|en|qid=Q4669833}}—quae distinctionem inter localia {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum inertiale|systemata inertialia|en|qid=Q192735}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum volvens|systemata volventia|en|qid=Q3310692}} infert—a distributione universali materiei pendet, ut hoc exemplum illustrat: {{Folium memoratum| Primum consiste atque sine ad latera tua [[bracchium|bracchia]] pendere laxa. Observa ut [[sidus|sidera]] fere immota maneant et bracchia tua fere recta deorsum pendeant. Deinde volve te ipsum ipsamve; sidera circa [[zenith]] volvi videbuntur, simulque bracchia tua [[vis centrifuga|vi centrifuga]] sursum trahentur. Profecto casus esset mirabilis si systema relationum inertiale, in quo tua bracchia libere pendebant, idem esset ac systema relationum in quo sidera quiescunt fixa, nisi aliqua interactio inter sidera et te exsisteret quae tuum systema relationum determinaret inertiale. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Stephanus Weinberg]] ([[1972]]). {{Op|Gravitation and Cosmology}}.<ref>{{qc|Weinberg, 1972}}, [https://archive.org/details/gravitationcosmo00stev_0/page/16/mode/2up p. 17]. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{Barbarice|lingua=en|First stand still, and let your arms hang loose at your sides. Observe that the stars are more or less unmoving, and that your arms hang more or less straight down. Then pirouette. The stars will seem to rotate around the zenith, and at the same time your arms will be drawn upward by centrifugal force. It would surely be a remarkable coincidence if the inertial frame, in which your arms hung freely, just happened to be the reference frame in which typical stars are at rest, unless there were some interaction between the stars and you that determined your inertial frame.}}”</ref> }} Principium Machianum statuit hanc rem non esse fortuitam, sed potius quandam exsistere {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|lex physica|legem|en=Physikalisches Gesetz}} quae [[motus|motum]] siderum remotissimorum cum locali {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum inertiale|systemate inertiali|en|qid=Q192735}} conectit. Nam si omnia sidera circa observatorem videantur circumagi, Mach censuit aliquam vim physicam efficere ut observator vim [[vis centrifuga|centrifugam]] sentiret. Hinc varia enuntiata principii, saepe obscura, orta sunt, velut: “[[massa]] alibi sita hic afficit [[inertia]]m”. Formula generalissima principii est: {{Ipse dixit| Leges physicae locales maximā compagine universi determinantur. |[[Stephanus Hawking|Hawking]] & {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Georgius Franciscus Rainerius Ellis|Ellis|en|qid=Q5538966}} ([[1973]]). {{Op|The Large Scale Structure of Space–Time}}.<ref>{{qc|Hawking & Ellis, 1973}}, p. 1. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=en|Local physical laws are determined by the large-scale structure of the universe}}”.</ref> }} Suasio Machiana magni momenti fuit in [[theoria relativitatis generalis|theoriae relativitatis generalis]] Einsteinianae ortu. Einstein enim intellexit distributionem universam materiei {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tensor metricus (theoria relativitatis)|tensorem metricum|en|qid=Q2045231}} determinare posse, quo definiatur quid systema putetur quoad rotationem quiescere. In nonnullis {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|solutiones exactae in theoria relativitatis generalis|solutionibus theoriae relativitatis generalis|en|qid=Q5419229}}, [[spatii temporisque tractio]] atque conservatio {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|momentum angulare|momenti angularis|en|qid=Q161254}} gravitationalis sic efficiunt ut hoc verum sit. Attamen, quum principium ipsum vagum sit, multae formulae diversae propositae sunt quae “principia Machiana” vocari possunt, quarum nonnullae falsae putantur. {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Metrica Gödeliana||en|qid=Q1559192}} universi volventis exemplum praebet quod principium Machianum quam maxime violare videtur. In tali enim exemplo sidera remota eo celerius celeriusque volvi videntur quo longius distent. Contradictio tamen quaestionem validitatis principii Machiani omnino non dirimit, quia exemplum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|lineae temporales clausae|lineas temporales clausas|en|qid=Q1876815}} admittit. == Historia == Ernestus Mach in libro {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}} anno [[1883]] edito suam doctrinam primum exposuit.<ref name="mach-1883" /> Ante eum similes sententiae etiam in libris [[Georgius Berkeleius|Georgii Berkeleii]] philosophi reperiebantur.<ref name="berkeleius-1721">{{qc|Berkeleius, 1721}}.</ref> Post Mach, liber {{Op|Motus absolutus an relativus?}} a fratribus [[Benedictus Friedlaender|Benedicto Friedlaender]] et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Immanuel Friedlaender|Immanuele Friedlaender|de|qid=Q89222}} anno [[1896]] editus nonnullas ideas principio Machiano similes continebat.<ref>{{qc|Friedlaender, 1896}}.</ref> == De usu Einsteiniano principii == Est in theoria relativitatis quaestio fundamentalis: si omnis motus relativus est, quomodo corporum [[inertia]] mensurari potest? Inertia enim respectu alicuius rei metienda est; sed cuius respectu si [[particula]]m solam in universo omnino vacuo fingamus? Nonnulli putaverunt talem particulam nullum motum (ne rotatorium quidem) habere posse. Ita principium Machianum interdum intellegitur affirmatio nullum motum tribui posse nisi alia corpora adsint. Sic ipse Mach scripsit: {{Folium memoratum| Experimentum [[Isaacus Newtonus|Newtonianum]] aquae in [[vas]]e volventis hoc tantum docet: vertiginem relativam aquae respectu [[paries|parietum]] vasis nullas [[vis centrifuga|vires centrifugas]] notabiles excitare; eas autem ex vertigine relativa respectu massae [[Tellus|Telluris]] ceterorumque corporum caelestium oriri. Nemo dicere potest quomodo experimentum finiturum esset si parietes vasis spissiores spissioresque atque graviores fierent, ac denique plurium [[mille passus|miliariorum passuum]] crassitudinem haberent. Unum tantum experimentum nobis conceditur, atque illud cum ceteris rebus nobis cognitis, non tamen cum figmentis nostris arbitrariis, componere debemus. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Ernestus Mach]] ([[1883]]). {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}}.<ref>{{qc|Mach, 1883}}, [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_x9Q2AAAAMAAJ/page/216/mode/2up pp. 216–217]. [[Theodisce|Th.]] “{{Barbarice|lingua=de|Der Versuch Newton's mit dem rotirenden Wassergefäss lehrt nur, dass die Relativdrehung des Wassers gegen die Gefässwände keine merklichen Centrifugalkräfte weckt, dass dieselben aber durch die Relativdrehung gegen die Masse der Erde und die übrigen Himmelskörper geweckt werden. Niemand kann sagen, wie der Versuch verlaufen würde, wenn die Gefässwände immer dicker und massiger, zuletzt mehrere Meilen dick würden. Es liegt nur der eine Versuch vor, und wir haben denselben mit den übrigen uns bekannten Thatsachen, nicht aber mit unsern willkürlichen Dichtungen in Einklang zu bringen.}}”</ref> }} Albertus Einstein fere hoc sensu videtur principium intellexisse: {{Ipse dixit|Inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oritur.|[[Albertus Einstein]], [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]].{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1={{*Cfr}} [[Albertus Einstein]], “Hoch geehrter Herr Kollege!”, [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]], apud {{qc|Wolters, 1987}}, p. 151, et apud {{qc|Misner, Thorne & Wheeler, 1973}}, p. 544: “{{omissis}} necessario sequitur ut inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oriatur, prorsus ut in tuis cogitationibus de experimento Newtoniano aquae in vase volventis {{omissis}} Si sphaera cava {{mvar|S}} circa axem per centrum eius transeuntem volvatur (respectu systematis stellarum fixarum sive “systematis quietis”), [[vis Coriolis|campus Coriolianus]] intra sphaeram cavam oriatur, id est planum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|pendulum Foucaultianum|penduli Foucaultiani|en|qid=Q178841}} (quamquam velocitate revera tam exiguā ut mensurari non possit) simul circumferatur.” [[Theodisce|Th.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=de|{{omissis}} es ergibt sich mit Notwendigkeit, daß die Trägheit in einer Art Wechselwirkung der Körper ihren Ursprung hat, ganz im Sinne Ihrer Überlegungen zum Newtonschen Eimer-Versuch {{omissis}} Rotiert die Schale {{mvar|S}} um eine durch ihren Mittelpunkt gehende Achse (relativ zum System der Fixsterne/‚Restsystem‘), so entsteht im Innern der Schale ein Coriolis-Feld, d. h. die Ebene des Foucault-Pendels wird (mit einer allerdings praktisch unmeßbar kleinen Geschwindigkeit) mitgenommen.}}”|2=Q178841|name=epistula-25-iunii-1913}}}} Nonnulla principii Machiani enuntiata cum [[holismus|holismo]] conectuntur. Mach enim intellegi potest suasisse ut theoriae gravitatis ad {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|relationalismus|doctrinas relationalisticas|en|qid=Q2142479}} pertinerent. Einstein in physicam hodiernam principium introduxit dum theoriam relativitatis generalis elaborabat; ipse quidem dicitur locutionem “principium Machianum” primus finxisse. Multum disputatur verene Mach novam legem physicam proponere voluerit, quoniam nusquam eam aperte enuntiavit. Scriptum quo Einstein maxime commotus est fuit liber Ernesti Mach {{Op|De mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita}},<ref name="mach-1883" /> in quo philosophus doctrinam Newtonianam de {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spatium tempusque absoluti|spatio absoluto|en|qid=Q19314}} refutavit, praesertim exsistentiam cuiusdam electi [[systema relationum|systematis relationum]] quod e celebri {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|argumentum Newtonianum vasis|argumento Newtoniano vasis|en|qid=Q2585683}} oriebatur. Newtonus in suis {{Op|[[Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica|Philosophiae naturalis principiis mathematicis]]}} demonstrare conatus est rotationem absolutam dignosci posse propter vires apparentes quae tantummodo in rotatione absoluta inveniuntur. Nam si vas aquā plenum volvitur, aqua primitus quiescit, deinde motus vasis aquae communicatur, quae curvatur atque propter vim centrifugam ad margines ascendit. Hoc experimentum demonstrat vires centrifugas non oriri nisi aqua respectu spatii absoluti rotetur (quod hic per systema relationum [[Tellus|Telluris]], vel potius {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|stellae fixae|stellarum fixarum|en|qid=Q430297}}, repraesentatur); contra autem, quum vas respectu aquae vertatur, nullae vires centrifugae gignuntur, quod indicat aquam quietam esse respectu spatii absoluti. Ex hoc Newtonus conclusit vires centrifugas e rotatione respectu spatii absoluti oriri. In libro suo Mach affirmat experimentum tantummodo demonstrare nullas vires centrifugas oriri dum aqua quoad vas non movetur; non licet tamen scire quid accideret si latera vasis immensum augerentur. Itaque, secundum Mach, notio motūs absoluti deserenda est atque omnis motus, sive uniformis sive acceleratus, tantummmodo respectu aliorum corporum intellegi potest ({{*ie}} non satis est dicere aquam rotari, sed necesse est determinare utrum respectu vasis an respectu Terrae rotetur). Hac ratione {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|vis ficticia|ficticiae vires|en|qid=Q212126}} quae motūs relativos ab “absolutis” distinguere videntur, non censendae sunt nisi effectūs peculiaris asymmetriae, in systemate nostro relationum exstantis, inter corpora quae in motu ponimus, quae parva sunt (velut vasa), et corpora quae quiescere credimus (Tellus et stellae remotae), quae multum maiora atque graviora sunt illis. Similem opinionem iam [[Georgius Berkeleius]] in opere {{Op|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|De Motu (Berkeleius)|De Motu|en|qid=Q171280}}}} defenderat.<ref name="berkeleius-1721" /> Haec physica ratio inertiam corporum ita determinare debet ut gravia remotaque corpora universi ad vires inertiales maxime conferant. Nescitur tamen verene Mach novam legem physicam inter corpora gravia proponere voluerit; verisimilius nihil aliud proposuit nisi simplicem “motūs in spatio redescriptionem” quin vocabulum spatii adhiberet.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}.</ref> Scitur tamen Einstein illa verba sic interpretatum esse, quasi quaedam nova actio physica inter corpora exsisteret, ut postea longa disputatio orta sit. Plerique physici censent Mach suum principium in theoriam physicam exactam, quae explicaret quomodo remota sidera inertiam corporum afficere possint, numquam redegisse. Ipse Mach principium suum numquam clare definivit.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, pp. 9–57.</ref> Quamquam Einstein eo maxime inspiratus est, principium Machianum non habetur fundamentum necessarium theoriae relativitatis generalis, licet tamen {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|principium aequivalentiae||en|qid=Q210546}} inter massam gravitationalem atque inertialem sit magnopere fundamentale. == De principio Machiano in theoria relativitatis generalis == Quum in theoria relativitatis generalis notiones simplices [[spatium|spatii]] [[tempus|temporis]]<nowiki />que non iam valeant, etiam obscurius fit quid “principium Machianum” proprie significetur. Saltem viginti et unum enuntiata principii proposita sunt, quorum alia putantur “magis Machiana” quam alia.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, p. 530.</ref> Enuntiatum debilissimum affirmat motum materiei ubilibet afficere posse quae systemata inertialia adhibenda sint alibi. Einstein, antequam theoriam relativitatis generalis perfecisset, effectum quendam invēnit quem interpretatus est principium Machianum probare. Concedatur magnam [[sphaera]]m cavam erga stellas fixas volvi; tum systema inertiale intra sphaeram cavam descriptum incipiet respectu stellarum fixarum [[praecessio|praecessare]]. Hic effectus nunc {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|effectus Lensianus–Thirringianus||en|qid=Q11083519}} appellatur. Einstein hac inventione adeo delectatus est ut Ernesto Mach hocmodo scriberet: {{Folium memoratum| {{omissis}} necessario sequitur ut inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oriatur, prorsus ut in tuis cogitationibus de experimento Newtoniano aquae in vase volventis {{omissis}} Si sphaera cava {{mvar|S}} circa axem per centrum eius transeuntem volvatur (respectu systematis stellarum fixarum sive “systematis quietis”), [[vis Coriolis|campus Coriolianus]] intra sphaeram cavam oriatur, id est planum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|pendulum Foucaultianum|penduli Foucaultiani|en|qid=Q178841}} (quamquam velocitate revera tam exiguā ut mensurari non possit) simul circumferatur. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Albertus Einstein]], [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]].<ref name="epistula-25-iunii-1913" /> }} Effectus Lensianus–Thirringianus certe satisfacit notioni generali secundum quam “materies alibi hic afficit inertiam”:<ref>{{qc|Bondi & Samuel, 1997}}, p. 121.</ref> si sphaera cava materiei abesset aut non volveretur, planum penduli non traheretur. Intra contextum huius effectūs sententia quoque secundum quam inertia “ex quadam interactione inter corpora” oritur putari potest vera. Quaestio tamen profundior videtur esse ipsa existentia “stellarum fixarum”, quas Einstein tractavit systema externum. Physici hodierni vestigia principii Machiani in “problemate valorum initialium” agnoscunt. Forma fortior principii Machiani ad spatitempora Wheeleriana–Machiana–Einsteiniana pertinet, quae postulant ut spatiumtempus sit {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|spatium compactum|spatialiter compactum|en|qid=Q381892}} atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|spatitempus globaliter hyperbolicum|globaliter hyperbolicum|en|qid=Q5570942}}. In talibus universis principium Machianum sic enuntiari potest: ''distributio materiei atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tensor energiae momentique|tensoris energiae momentique|en|qid=Q876346}} [[campus physicus|camporum]] (fortasse etiam aliarum rerum) quodam tempore universi systema inertiale in quolibet puncto universi determinat (ubi “quoddam tempus universi” ad quamlibet {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|superficies Cauchyana|superficiem Cauchyanam|en|qid=Q5054343}} electam refertur).<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, pp. 188–207.</ref> Alii quoque conati sunt theorias quam maxime Machianas construere, velut {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria Bransiana–Dickeana||en|qid=Q898809}} atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria gravitatis Hoyleana–Narlikariana||en|qid=Q17027715}}; sed plerique physici censent nullam ex his prosperam fuisse. In conventu peritorum [[Tubinga]]e anno [[1993]] habito, quum quaereretur “Estne theoria relativitatis generalis plene Machiana?”, tres responderunt “ita”, viginti duo “non”. Ad quaestionem “Estne relativitas generalis, condicionibus marginalibus aptis, valde Machiana?”, quattuordecim responderunt “ita”, septem “non”.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, p. 106.</ref> Einstein tamen persuasus erat relativitatem inertiae necessario validae theoriae gravitatis continendam esse: {{Folium memoratum| Tam vehementer eo tempore Einstein relativitati inertiae credebat ut anno [[1918]] tria principia quibus theoriae gravitatis satisfaciendum erat pari dignitate statuerit: # Principium relativitatis, per covariantiam generalem expressum. # Principium aequivalentiae. # Principium Machianum (quo vocabulo tum primum in litteris adhibito): “… ita ut quantitates g_μν omnino massā corporum, generalius tensore T_μν, determinentur.” Anno [[1922]], quum Einstein animadvertisset alios contentos esse sine hoc [tertio] criterio procedere, hoc addidit: “Haec beatitudo {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|posteri|posteris|en|qid=Q954025}} videbitur incomprehensibilis.” Dicendum est, ut ego videre possum, principium Machianum usque ad hunc diem physicam nullo modo provexisse. Dicendum quoque est originem inertiae esse manereque obscurissimum caput in [[physica particularum elementarium|theoria particularum]] et [[theoria quantica camporum|camporum]]. Itaque fortasse principium Machianum fructuosum fieri poterit, sed non sine theoria quantica. }}{{Norma dextra| ―{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Abrahamus Pais||en|qid=Q330492}} ([[1972]]). {{Op|‘Subtle is the Lord…’: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein}}.<ref>{{qc|Pais, 2005 [1982]}}, pp. 287–288: “So strongly did Einstein believe at that time in the relativity of inertia that in 1918 he stated as being on an equal footing three principles on which a satisfactory theory of gravitation should rest: # The principle of relativity as expressed by general covariance. # The principle of equivalence. # Mach's principle (the first time this term entered the literature): ... that the ''g_µν'' are completely determined by the mass of bodies, more generally by ''T_µν''. In 1922, Einstein noted that others were satisfied to proceed without this [third] criterion and added, ‘This contentedness will appear incomprehensible to a later generation however.’ It must be said that, as far as I can see, to this day, Mach's principle has not brought physics decisively farther. It must also be said that the origin of inertia is and remains the most obscure subject in the theory of particles and fields. Mach's principle may therefore have a future – but not without the quantum theory.”</ref> }} == Inductio inertialis == Anno [[1953]] physicus [[Universitas Cantabrigiensis|Cantabrigiensis]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Dionysius Gulielmus Sciama||en|qid=Q284336}}, [[lex universalis gravitationis Newtoniana|aequationi Newtonianae gravitatis]] terminum accelerationi proportionalem addendo, conatus est principium Machianum quantitative exprimere:<ref>{{qc|Sciama, 1953}}.</ref> : <math>F = G\frac{m_A m_B \mathbf{a}}{r c^2}</math> ubi {{mvar|r}} [[spatium]] inter particulas, {{mvar/G}} [[constans gravitatis|constantem gravitatis]], {{vect|a}} [[acceleratio]]nem relativam, atque {{mvar|c}} [[celeritas lucis|celeritatem lucis in vacuo]] indicant. Sciama effectum appellavit ''inductionem inertialem''. == Varia enuntiata principii == Sententia secundum quam “massa alibi sita inertiam hic afficit” multis modis expressa est. [[Hermannus Bondi]] et Iosephus Samuel undecim formulas collegerunt, quas a ''Mach0'' usque ad ''Mach10'' nominaverunt:<ref>{{qc|Bondi & Samuel, 1997}}.</ref> # <li value="0">Universum, secundum mediocrem motum galaxiarum remotorum, quoad systemata inertialia localia videtur non volvi.</li> # [[Constans gravitatis|Constans gravitatis Newtoniana]] {{mvar/G}} est campus dynamicus. # Corpus isolatum in spatio alioquin vacuo nullam inertiam percipit. # Systemata inertialia localia motu cosmico atque uniformitate materiei afficiuntur. # Universum est spatialiter clausum. # [[Energia]] totalis, momentum angulare et [[momentum|momentum lineare]] universi nulla sunt. # Massa inertialis uniformitate materiei universi afficitur. # Si tota materies tollatur, nullum spatium remaneat. # Quantitas <math>\Omega\ \stackrel{\text{def}}{=}\ 4 \pi \rho G T^2</math> est numerus definitus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|ordo magnitudinis|ordinis|en|qid=Q518730}} [[unus|unitatis]], ubi {{mvar|ρ}} densitatem mediam universi atque {{mvar|T}} {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tempus Hubbleanum||fr|qid=Q3517760}} indicant. # Theoria nulla elementa absoluta continet. # Rotationes et translationes rigidae universi observari nequeunt. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Barbour & Pfister, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen redactoris 1 = Barbour | nomen redactoris 1 = Iulianus B. | cognomen redactoris 2 = Pfister | nomen redactoris 2 = Herbertus | titulus = Mach's principle: from Newton's bucket to quantum gravity | lingua = en | annus = 1995 | series = Einstein Studies | volumen seriei = 6 | locus = [[Bostonia]]e | domus editoria = Birkhäuser | url = https://sites.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/papers/MachPrinciple.pdf | isbn = 978-3-7643-3823-7 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Berkeleius, 1721 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Berkeleius | nomen auctoris = Georgius | commentatio de auctore = Georgius Berkeleius | titulus = De motu; sive, de motus principio et natura, et de causa communicationis motuum | annus = 1721 | locus = [[Londinium|Londinii]] | domus editoria = Iacobus Tonson | url = https://archive.org/details/b30774299 | url forma pdf = https://archive.org/download/b30774299/b30774299.pdf }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Bondi & Samuel, 1997 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Bondi | nomen auctoris 1 = Hermannus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Hermannus Bondi | cognomen auctoris 2 = Samuel | nomen auctoris 2 = Iosephus | titulus = The Lense–Thirring Effect and Mach's Principle | contextus = Physics Letters A | volumen = 228 | fasciculus = 3 | annus = 1997 | paginae = 121–126 | bibcode = 1997PhLA..228..121B | doi = 10.1016/S0375-9601(97)00117-5 | s2cid = 15625102 | arxiv = gr-qc/9607009 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Hawking & Ellis, 1973 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Hawking | nomen auctoris 1 = Stephanus Gulielmus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Stephanus Hawking | cognomen auctoris 2 = Ellis | nomen auctoris 2 = Georgius Franciscus Rainerius | titulus = The Large Scale Structure of Space–Time | lingua = en | tempus = 1973 | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | url = https://archive.org/details/largescalestruct0000hawk | accessus ad url = sociis | isbn = 978-0-521-09906-4 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Friedlaender, 1896 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Friedlaender | nomen auctoris 1 = Benedictus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Benedictus Friedlaender | cognomen auctoris 2 = Friedlaender | nomen auctoris 2 = Immanuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Absolute oder relative Bewegung? | lingua = de | latine = Motus absolutus an relativus? | annus = 1896 | url = https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/BDVFSWTJNPOFICKAE2RVF2RNEGFRA67K | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]] | domus editoria = Leonhardus Simion }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen = Gasco | nomen = Enricus | titulus = Il contributo di Mach sull'origine dell'inerzia | lingua = it | latine = Conlatio Machiana ad originem inertiae | contextus = Quaderni di Storia della Fisica | volumen = 12 | paginae = 17–34 | annus = 2004 | url = https://www.vielbein.it/pdf/Articoli/Articolo.pdf | retrospectio = 20260518054822 | salus url = vivit | doi = 10.1393/qsf/i2003-10001-6 }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Mach, 1883 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Mach | nomen auctoris = Ernestus Valfridus Josephus Venceslaus | commentatio de auctore = Ernestus Mach | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt | lingua = de | latine = Mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita | annus = 1883 | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_x9Q2AAAAMAAJ | locus = [[Lipsia]]e | domus editoria = F. A. Brockhaus }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Misner, Thorne & Wheeler, 1973 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Misner | nomen auctoris 1 = Carolus Gulielmus | cognomen auctoris 2 = Thorne | nomen auctoris 2 = Kip Stephanus | commentatio de auctore 2 = Kip Thorne | cognomen auctoris 3 = Wheeler | nomen auctoris 3 = Ioannes Archibaldus | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Gravitation | annus = 1973 | domus editoria = W. H. Freeman and Company | locus = [[Franciscopolis (California)|Franciscopoli]] | url = https://physicsgg.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/misner_thorne_wheeler_gravitation_freema.pdf | retrospectio = 20240728193849 | salus url = vivit | isbn = 0-7167-0344-0 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Pais, 2005 [1982] | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Pais | nomen auctoris = Abrahamus | titulus = ‘Subtle is the Lord…’: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein | annus primae editionis = 1982 | annus = 2005 | domus editoria = Oxford University Press | locus = [[Oxonia]]e | url = https://horizons-2000.org/92.%20Misc%20Files/Reading/Subtle%20is%20the%20Lord--Abraham%20pais.pdf | retrospectio = 20250607173909 | salus url = vivit | isbn = 978-0-19-280672-7 }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen 1 = Pfister | nomen 1 = Herbertus | cognomen 2 = King | nomen 2 = Marcus | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Inertia and Gravitation: The Fundamental Nature and Structure of Space-Time | series = Lecture Notes in Physics | volumen seriei = 897 | annus = 2015 | locus = Heidelberg | domus editoria = Springer | doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-15036-9 | isbn = 978-3-319-15035-2 }}. * {{Opus | auctor 1 = Raine, D. J. | titulus = Mach's Principle in general relativity | contextus = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volumen = 171 | fasciculus = 3 | tempus = 1975 | paginae = 507–528 | bibcode = 1975MNRAS.171..507R | doi = 10.1093/mnras/171.3.507 | accessus ad doi = liberus }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Sciama, 1953 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Sciama | nomen auctoris = Dionysius Gulielmus | titulus = On the origin of inertia | lingua = en | latine = De origine inertiae | contextus = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volumen = 113 | paginae = 34–42 | url = https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953MNRAS.113...34S | url forma pdf = https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1953MNRAS.113...34S | annus = 1953 | annus compositionis = 1952 | doi = 10.1093/mnras/113.1.34 | bibcode = 1953MNRAS.113...34S }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Sciama | nomen auctoris = Dionysius Gulielmus | titulus = Modern Cosmology | tempus = 1971 | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | locus = [[Cantabrigia]]e | url = https://archive.org/details/ModernCosmology_901 | oclc = 6931707 }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Von Bayer, 2001 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Von Bayer | nomen auctoris = Iohannes Christianus | titulus = The Fermi Solution: Essays on Science | lingua = en | annus = 2001 | domus editoria = Courier Dover Publications | isbn = 0-486-41707-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VhJr9Qx8ohsC }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Weinberg, 1972 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Weinberg | nomen auctoris = Stephanus | commentatio de auctore = Stephanus Weinberg | titulus = Gravitation and Cosmology | lingua = en | annus = 1972 | domus editoria = John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | locus = [[Novum Eboracum|Novo Eboraco]], [[Londinium|Londinii]], [[Sydneium|Sydneii]], [[Torontum|Toronti]] | url = https://archive.org/details/gravitationcosmo00stev_0 | accessus ad url = sociis | isbn = 978-0-471-92567-5 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Wolters, 1987 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Wolters | nomen auctoris = Gereon | titulus = Mach I, Mach II, Einstein und die Relativitätstheorie: eine Fälschung und ihre Folgen | lingua = de | annus = 1987 | domus editoria = Walter de Gruyter | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Novum Eboracum|Novo Eboracum]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qg-hpQnob-cC | isbn = 9783110108255 }} }}. {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} * [[Aether luminifer]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Historia theoriae relativitatis generalis||en|qid=Q1936878}} * [[Relativitas generalis]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Rotatio absoluta||en|qid=Q4669833}} * [[Spatii temporisque tractio]] * [[Spatitempus]] * [[Systema relationum]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria Bransiana–Dickeana||en|qid=Q898809}} * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria gravitatis Hoyleana–Narlikariana||en|qid=Q17027715}} * [[Vis centrifuga]] {{div col end}} [[Categoria:Astronomia]] [[Categoria:Ernestus Mach]] [[Categoria:Albertus Einstein]] [[Categoria:Notiones in physica]] [[Categoria:Theoriae gravitationis]] [[Categoria:Rotatio]] [[Categoria:Philosophia]] [[Categoria:Physica]] qq7f5bgmeenbgprcqh4vwll7o8a0y5a 3960749 3960748 2026-05-19T15:34:35Z Grufo 64423 3960749 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:MachDieMechanikEntwickelungTitlPg.jpg|thumb|Liber Ernesti Mach {{Op|De mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita}} ([[Theodisce]] {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}})<ref name="mach-1883">{{qc|Mach, 1883}}.</ref>]] In [[physica theoretica]], praesertim in disputationibus de theoriis [[gravitas (physica)|gravitatis]], {{res|principium Machianum}} seu {{res|coniectura Machiana}}<ref>{{qc|Von Bayer, 2001}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=VhJr9Qx8ohsC&dq=mach's+conjecture&pg=PA79 p. 79].</ref> appellatur hypothesis incerta quam [[Albertus Einstein]] [[Ernestus Mach|Ernesto Mach]], [[physicus|physico]] [[philosophus|philosopho]]<nowiki />que [[Austria]]co, attribuit, quae explicare conatur quomodo res [[rotatio|volventes]], exempli gratia [[gyroscopium|gyroscopia]] vel [[corpus caeleste|corpora caelestia]], ad [[systema relationum]] se referant. Secundum talem coniecturam, [[exsistentia]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|rotatio absoluta|rotationis absolutae|en|qid=Q4669833}}—quae distinctionem inter localia {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum inertiale|systemata inertialia|en|qid=Q192735}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum volvens|systemata volventia|en|qid=Q3310692}} infert—a distributione universali materiei pendet, ut hoc exemplum illustrat: {{Folium memoratum| Primum consiste atque sine ad latera tua [[bracchium|bracchia]] pendere laxa. Observa ut [[sidus|sidera]] fere immota maneant et bracchia tua fere recta deorsum pendeant. Deinde volve te ipsum ipsamve; sidera circa [[zenith]] volvi videbuntur, simulque bracchia tua [[vis centrifuga|vi centrifuga]] sursum trahentur. Profecto casus esset mirabilis si systema relationum inertiale, in quo tua bracchia libere pendebant, idem esset ac systema relationum in quo sidera quiescunt fixa, nisi aliqua interactio inter sidera et te exsisteret quae tuum systema relationum determinaret inertiale. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Stephanus Weinberg]] ([[1972]]). {{Op|Gravitation and Cosmology}}.<ref>{{qc|Weinberg, 1972}}, [https://archive.org/details/gravitationcosmo00stev_0/page/16/mode/2up p. 17]. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{Barbarice|lingua=en|First stand still, and let your arms hang loose at your sides. Observe that the stars are more or less unmoving, and that your arms hang more or less straight down. Then pirouette. The stars will seem to rotate around the zenith, and at the same time your arms will be drawn upward by centrifugal force. It would surely be a remarkable coincidence if the inertial frame, in which your arms hung freely, just happened to be the reference frame in which typical stars are at rest, unless there were some interaction between the stars and you that determined your inertial frame.}}”</ref> }} Principium Machianum statuit hanc rem non esse fortuitam, sed potius quandam exsistere {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|lex physica|legem|en=Physikalisches Gesetz}} quae [[motus|motum]] siderum remotissimorum cum locali {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum inertiale|systemate inertiali|en|qid=Q192735}} conectit. Nam si omnia sidera circa observatorem videantur circumagi, Mach censuit aliquam vim physicam efficere ut observator vim [[vis centrifuga|centrifugam]] sentiret. Hinc varia enuntiata principii, saepe obscura, orta sunt, velut: “[[massa]] alibi sita hic afficit [[inertia]]m”. Formula generalissima principii est: {{Ipse dixit| Leges physicae locales maximā compagine universi determinantur. |[[Stephanus Hawking|Hawking]] & {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Georgius Franciscus Rainerius Ellis|Ellis|en|qid=Q5538966}} ([[1973]]). {{Op|The Large Scale Structure of Space–Time}}.<ref>{{qc|Hawking & Ellis, 1973}}, p. 1. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=en|Local physical laws are determined by the large-scale structure of the universe}}”.</ref> }} Suasio Machiana magni momenti fuit in [[theoria relativitatis generalis|theoriae relativitatis generalis]] Einsteinianae ortu. Einstein enim intellexit distributionem universam materiei {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tensor metricus (theoria relativitatis)|tensorem metricum|en|qid=Q2045231}} determinare posse, quo definiatur quid systema putetur quoad rotationem quiescere. In nonnullis {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|solutiones exactae in theoria relativitatis generalis|solutionibus theoriae relativitatis generalis|en|qid=Q5419229}}, [[spatii temporisque tractio]] atque conservatio {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|momentum angulare|momenti angularis|en|qid=Q161254}} gravitationalis sic efficiunt ut hoc verum sit. Attamen, quum principium ipsum vagum sit, multae formulae diversae propositae sunt quae “principia Machiana” vocari possunt, quarum nonnullae falsae putantur. {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Metrica Gödeliana||en|qid=Q1559192}} universi volventis exemplum praebet quod principium Machianum quam maxime violare videtur. In tali enim exemplo sidera remota eo celerius celeriusque volvi videntur quo longius distent. Contradictio tamen quaestionem validitatis principii Machiani omnino non dirimit, quia exemplum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|lineae temporales clausae|lineas temporales clausas|en|qid=Q1876815}} admittit. == Historia == Ernestus Mach in libro {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}} anno [[1883]] edito suam doctrinam primum exposuit.<ref name="mach-1883" /> Ante eum similes sententiae etiam in libris [[Georgius Berkeleius|Georgii Berkeleii]] philosophi reperiebantur.<ref name="berkeleius-1721">{{qc|Berkeleius, 1721}}.</ref> Post Mach, liber {{Op|Motus absolutus an relativus?}} a fratribus [[Benedictus Friedlaender|Benedicto Friedlaender]] et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Immanuel Friedlaender|Immanuele Friedlaender|de|qid=Q89222}} anno [[1896]] editus nonnullas ideas principio Machiano similes continebat.<ref>{{qc|Friedlaender, 1896}}.</ref> == De usu Einsteiniano principii == Est in theoria relativitatis quaestio fundamentalis: si omnis motus relativus est, quomodo corporum [[inertia]] mensurari potest? Inertia enim respectu alicuius rei metienda est; sed cuius respectu si [[particula]]m solam in universo omnino vacuo fingamus? Nonnulli putaverunt talem particulam nullum motum (ne rotatorium quidem) habere posse. Ita principium Machianum interdum intellegitur affirmatio nullum motum tribui posse nisi alia corpora adsint. Sic ipse Mach scripsit: {{Folium memoratum| Experimentum [[Isaacus Newtonus|Newtonianum]] aquae in [[vas]]e volventis hoc tantum docet: vertiginem relativam aquae respectu [[paries|parietum]] vasis nullas [[vis centrifuga|vires centrifugas]] notabiles excitare; eas autem ex vertigine relativa respectu massae [[Tellus|Telluris]] ceterorumque corporum caelestium oriri. Nemo dicere potest quomodo experimentum finiturum esset si parietes vasis spissiores spissioresque atque graviores fierent, ac denique plurium [[mille passus|miliariorum passuum]] crassitudinem haberent. Unum tantum experimentum nobis conceditur, atque illud cum ceteris rebus nobis cognitis, non tamen cum figmentis nostris arbitrariis, componere debemus. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Ernestus Mach]] ([[1883]]). {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}}.<ref>{{qc|Mach, 1883}}, [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_x9Q2AAAAMAAJ/page/216/mode/2up pp. 216–217]. [[Theodisce|Th.]] “{{Barbarice|lingua=de|Der Versuch Newton's mit dem rotirenden Wassergefäss lehrt nur, dass die Relativdrehung des Wassers gegen die Gefässwände keine merklichen Centrifugalkräfte weckt, dass dieselben aber durch die Relativdrehung gegen die Masse der Erde und die übrigen Himmelskörper geweckt werden. Niemand kann sagen, wie der Versuch verlaufen würde, wenn die Gefässwände immer dicker und massiger, zuletzt mehrere Meilen dick würden. Es liegt nur der eine Versuch vor, und wir haben denselben mit den übrigen uns bekannten Thatsachen, nicht aber mit unsern willkürlichen Dichtungen in Einklang zu bringen.}}”</ref> }} Albertus Einstein fere hoc sensu videtur principium intellexisse: {{Ipse dixit|Inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oritur.|[[Albertus Einstein]], [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]].{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1={{*Cfr}} A. Einstein, “Hoch geehrter Herr Kollege!”, [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]], apud {{qc|Wolters, 1987}}, p. 151, et apud {{qc|Misner, Thorne & Wheeler, 1973}}, p. 544: “{{omissis}} necessario sequitur ut inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oriatur, prorsus ut in tuis cogitationibus de experimento Newtoniano aquae in vase volventis {{omissis}} Si sphaera cava {{mvar|S}} circa axem per centrum eius transeuntem volvatur (respectu systematis stellarum fixarum sive “systematis quietis”), [[vis Coriolis|campus Coriolianus]] intra sphaeram cavam oriatur, id est planum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|pendulum Foucaultianum|penduli Foucaultiani|en|qid=Q178841}} (quamquam velocitate revera tam exiguā ut mensurari non possit) simul circumferatur.” [[Theodisce|Th.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=de|{{omissis}} es ergibt sich mit Notwendigkeit, daß die Trägheit in einer Art Wechselwirkung der Körper ihren Ursprung hat, ganz im Sinne Ihrer Überlegungen zum Newtonschen Eimer-Versuch {{omissis}} Rotiert die Schale {{mvar|S}} um eine durch ihren Mittelpunkt gehende Achse (relativ zum System der Fixsterne/‚Restsystem‘), so entsteht im Innern der Schale ein Coriolis-Feld, d. h. die Ebene des Foucault-Pendels wird (mit einer allerdings praktisch unmeßbar kleinen Geschwindigkeit) mitgenommen.}}”|2=Q178841|name=epistula-25-iunii-1913}}}} Nonnulla principii Machiani enuntiata cum [[holismus|holismo]] conectuntur. Mach enim intellegi potest suasisse ut theoriae gravitatis ad {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|relationalismus|doctrinas relationalisticas|en|qid=Q2142479}} pertinerent. Einstein in physicam hodiernam principium introduxit dum theoriam relativitatis generalis elaborabat; ipse quidem dicitur locutionem “principium Machianum” primus finxisse. Multum disputatur verene Mach novam legem physicam proponere voluerit, quoniam nusquam eam aperte enuntiavit. Scriptum quo Einstein maxime commotus est fuit liber Ernesti Mach {{Op|De mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita}},<ref name="mach-1883" /> in quo philosophus doctrinam Newtonianam de {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spatium tempusque absoluti|spatio absoluto|en|qid=Q19314}} refutavit, praesertim exsistentiam cuiusdam electi [[systema relationum|systematis relationum]] quod e celebri {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|argumentum Newtonianum vasis|argumento Newtoniano vasis|en|qid=Q2585683}} oriebatur. Newtonus in suis {{Op|[[Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica|Philosophiae naturalis principiis mathematicis]]}} demonstrare conatus est rotationem absolutam dignosci posse propter vires apparentes quae tantummodo in rotatione absoluta inveniuntur. Nam si vas aquā plenum volvitur, aqua primitus quiescit, deinde motus vasis aquae communicatur, quae curvatur atque propter vim centrifugam ad margines ascendit. Hoc experimentum demonstrat vires centrifugas non oriri nisi aqua respectu spatii absoluti rotetur (quod hic per systema relationum [[Tellus|Telluris]], vel potius {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|stellae fixae|stellarum fixarum|en|qid=Q430297}}, repraesentatur); contra autem, quum vas respectu aquae vertatur, nullae vires centrifugae gignuntur, quod indicat aquam quietam esse respectu spatii absoluti. Ex hoc Newtonus conclusit vires centrifugas e rotatione respectu spatii absoluti oriri. In libro suo Mach affirmat experimentum tantummodo demonstrare nullas vires centrifugas oriri dum aqua quoad vas non movetur; non licet tamen scire quid accideret si latera vasis immensum augerentur. Itaque, secundum Mach, notio motūs absoluti deserenda est atque omnis motus, sive uniformis sive acceleratus, tantummmodo respectu aliorum corporum intellegi potest ({{*ie}} non satis est dicere aquam rotari, sed necesse est determinare utrum respectu vasis an respectu Terrae rotetur). Hac ratione {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|vis ficticia|ficticiae vires|en|qid=Q212126}} quae motūs relativos ab “absolutis” distinguere videntur, non censendae sunt nisi effectūs peculiaris asymmetriae, in systemate nostro relationum exstantis, inter corpora quae in motu ponimus, quae parva sunt (velut vasa), et corpora quae quiescere credimus (Tellus et stellae remotae), quae multum maiora atque graviora sunt illis. Similem opinionem iam [[Georgius Berkeleius]] in opere {{Op|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|De Motu (Berkeleius)|De Motu|en|qid=Q171280}}}} defenderat.<ref name="berkeleius-1721" /> Haec physica ratio inertiam corporum ita determinare debet ut gravia remotaque corpora universi ad vires inertiales maxime conferant. Nescitur tamen verene Mach novam legem physicam inter corpora gravia proponere voluerit; verisimilius nihil aliud proposuit nisi simplicem “motūs in spatio redescriptionem” quin vocabulum spatii adhiberet.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}.</ref> Scitur tamen Einstein illa verba sic interpretatum esse, quasi quaedam nova actio physica inter corpora exsisteret, ut postea longa disputatio orta sit. Plerique physici censent Mach suum principium in theoriam physicam exactam, quae explicaret quomodo remota sidera inertiam corporum afficere possint, numquam redegisse. Ipse Mach principium suum numquam clare definivit.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, pp. 9–57.</ref> Quamquam Einstein eo maxime inspiratus est, principium Machianum non habetur fundamentum necessarium theoriae relativitatis generalis, licet tamen {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|principium aequivalentiae||en|qid=Q210546}} inter massam gravitationalem atque inertialem sit magnopere fundamentale. == De principio Machiano in theoria relativitatis generalis == Quum in theoria relativitatis generalis notiones simplices [[spatium|spatii]] [[tempus|temporis]]<nowiki />que non iam valeant, etiam obscurius fit quid “principium Machianum” proprie significetur. Saltem viginti et unum enuntiata principii proposita sunt, quorum alia putantur “magis Machiana” quam alia.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, p. 530.</ref> Enuntiatum debilissimum affirmat motum materiei ubilibet afficere posse quae systemata inertialia adhibenda sint alibi. Einstein, antequam theoriam relativitatis generalis perfecisset, effectum quendam invēnit quem interpretatus est principium Machianum probare. Concedatur magnam [[sphaera]]m cavam erga stellas fixas volvi; tum systema inertiale intra sphaeram cavam descriptum incipiet respectu stellarum fixarum [[praecessio|praecessare]]. Hic effectus nunc {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|effectus Lensianus–Thirringianus||en|qid=Q11083519}} appellatur. Einstein hac inventione adeo delectatus est ut Ernesto Mach hocmodo scriberet: {{Folium memoratum| {{omissis}} necessario sequitur ut inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oriatur, prorsus ut in tuis cogitationibus de experimento Newtoniano aquae in vase volventis {{omissis}} Si sphaera cava {{mvar|S}} circa axem per centrum eius transeuntem volvatur (respectu systematis stellarum fixarum sive “systematis quietis”), [[vis Coriolis|campus Coriolianus]] intra sphaeram cavam oriatur, id est planum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|pendulum Foucaultianum|penduli Foucaultiani|en|qid=Q178841}} (quamquam velocitate revera tam exiguā ut mensurari non possit) simul circumferatur. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Albertus Einstein]], [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]].<ref name="epistula-25-iunii-1913" /> }} Effectus Lensianus–Thirringianus certe satisfacit notioni generali secundum quam “materies alibi hic afficit inertiam”:<ref>{{qc|Bondi & Samuel, 1997}}, p. 121.</ref> si sphaera cava materiei abesset aut non volveretur, planum penduli non traheretur. Intra contextum huius effectūs sententia quoque secundum quam inertia “ex quadam interactione inter corpora” oritur putari potest vera. Quaestio tamen profundior videtur esse ipsa existentia “stellarum fixarum”, quas Einstein tractavit systema externum. Physici hodierni vestigia principii Machiani in “problemate valorum initialium” agnoscunt. Forma fortior principii Machiani ad spatitempora Wheeleriana–Machiana–Einsteiniana pertinet, quae postulant ut spatiumtempus sit {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|spatium compactum|spatialiter compactum|en|qid=Q381892}} atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|spatitempus globaliter hyperbolicum|globaliter hyperbolicum|en|qid=Q5570942}}. In talibus universis principium Machianum sic enuntiari potest: ''distributio materiei atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tensor energiae momentique|tensoris energiae momentique|en|qid=Q876346}} [[campus physicus|camporum]] (fortasse etiam aliarum rerum) quodam tempore universi systema inertiale in quolibet puncto universi determinat (ubi “quoddam tempus universi” ad quamlibet {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|superficies Cauchyana|superficiem Cauchyanam|en|qid=Q5054343}} electam refertur).<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, pp. 188–207.</ref> Alii quoque conati sunt theorias quam maxime Machianas construere, velut {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria Bransiana–Dickeana||en|qid=Q898809}} atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria gravitatis Hoyleana–Narlikariana||en|qid=Q17027715}}; sed plerique physici censent nullam ex his prosperam fuisse. In conventu peritorum [[Tubinga]]e anno [[1993]] habito, quum quaereretur “Estne theoria relativitatis generalis plene Machiana?”, tres responderunt “ita”, viginti duo “non”. Ad quaestionem “Estne relativitas generalis, condicionibus marginalibus aptis, valde Machiana?”, quattuordecim responderunt “ita”, septem “non”.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, p. 106.</ref> Einstein tamen persuasus erat relativitatem inertiae necessario validae theoriae gravitatis continendam esse: {{Folium memoratum| Tam vehementer eo tempore Einstein relativitati inertiae credebat ut anno [[1918]] tria principia quibus theoriae gravitatis satisfaciendum erat pari dignitate statuerit: # Principium relativitatis, per covariantiam generalem expressum. # Principium aequivalentiae. # Principium Machianum (quo vocabulo tum primum in litteris adhibito): “… ita ut quantitates g_μν omnino massā corporum, generalius tensore T_μν, determinentur.” Anno [[1922]], quum Einstein animadvertisset alios contentos esse sine hoc [tertio] criterio procedere, hoc addidit: “Haec beatitudo {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|posteri|posteris|en|qid=Q954025}} videbitur incomprehensibilis.” Dicendum est, ut ego videre possum, principium Machianum usque ad hunc diem physicam nullo modo provexisse. Dicendum quoque est originem inertiae esse manereque obscurissimum caput in [[physica particularum elementarium|theoria particularum]] et [[theoria quantica camporum|camporum]]. Itaque fortasse principium Machianum fructuosum fieri poterit, sed non sine theoria quantica. }}{{Norma dextra| ―{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Abrahamus Pais||en|qid=Q330492}} ([[1972]]). {{Op|‘Subtle is the Lord…’: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein}}.<ref>{{qc|Pais, 2005 [1982]}}, pp. 287–288: “So strongly did Einstein believe at that time in the relativity of inertia that in 1918 he stated as being on an equal footing three principles on which a satisfactory theory of gravitation should rest: # The principle of relativity as expressed by general covariance. # The principle of equivalence. # Mach's principle (the first time this term entered the literature): ... that the ''g_µν'' are completely determined by the mass of bodies, more generally by ''T_µν''. In 1922, Einstein noted that others were satisfied to proceed without this [third] criterion and added, ‘This contentedness will appear incomprehensible to a later generation however.’ It must be said that, as far as I can see, to this day, Mach's principle has not brought physics decisively farther. It must also be said that the origin of inertia is and remains the most obscure subject in the theory of particles and fields. Mach's principle may therefore have a future – but not without the quantum theory.”</ref> }} == Inductio inertialis == Anno [[1953]] physicus [[Universitas Cantabrigiensis|Cantabrigiensis]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Dionysius Gulielmus Sciama||en|qid=Q284336}}, [[lex universalis gravitationis Newtoniana|aequationi Newtonianae gravitatis]] terminum accelerationi proportionalem addendo, conatus est principium Machianum quantitative exprimere:<ref>{{qc|Sciama, 1953}}.</ref> : <math>F = G\frac{m_A m_B \mathbf{a}}{r c^2}</math> ubi {{mvar|r}} [[spatium]] inter particulas, {{mvar/G}} [[constans gravitatis|constantem gravitatis]], {{vect|a}} [[acceleratio]]nem relativam, atque {{mvar|c}} [[celeritas lucis|celeritatem lucis in vacuo]] indicant. Sciama effectum appellavit ''inductionem inertialem''. == Varia enuntiata principii == Sententia secundum quam “massa alibi sita inertiam hic afficit” multis modis expressa est. [[Hermannus Bondi]] et Iosephus Samuel undecim formulas collegerunt, quas a ''Mach0'' usque ad ''Mach10'' nominaverunt:<ref>{{qc|Bondi & Samuel, 1997}}.</ref> # <li value="0">Universum, secundum mediocrem motum galaxiarum remotorum, quoad systemata inertialia localia videtur non volvi.</li> # [[Constans gravitatis|Constans gravitatis Newtoniana]] {{mvar/G}} est campus dynamicus. # Corpus isolatum in spatio alioquin vacuo nullam inertiam percipit. # Systemata inertialia localia motu cosmico atque uniformitate materiei afficiuntur. # Universum est spatialiter clausum. # [[Energia]] totalis, momentum angulare et [[momentum|momentum lineare]] universi nulla sunt. # Massa inertialis uniformitate materiei universi afficitur. # Si tota materies tollatur, nullum spatium remaneat. # Quantitas <math>\Omega\ \stackrel{\text{def}}{=}\ 4 \pi \rho G T^2</math> est numerus definitus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|ordo magnitudinis|ordinis|en|qid=Q518730}} [[unus|unitatis]], ubi {{mvar|ρ}} densitatem mediam universi atque {{mvar|T}} {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tempus Hubbleanum||fr|qid=Q3517760}} indicant. # Theoria nulla elementa absoluta continet. # Rotationes et translationes rigidae universi observari nequeunt. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Barbour & Pfister, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen redactoris 1 = Barbour | nomen redactoris 1 = Iulianus B. | cognomen redactoris 2 = Pfister | nomen redactoris 2 = Herbertus | titulus = Mach's principle: from Newton's bucket to quantum gravity | lingua = en | annus = 1995 | series = Einstein Studies | volumen seriei = 6 | locus = [[Bostonia]]e | domus editoria = Birkhäuser | url = https://sites.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/papers/MachPrinciple.pdf | isbn = 978-3-7643-3823-7 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Berkeleius, 1721 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Berkeleius | nomen auctoris = Georgius | commentatio de auctore = Georgius Berkeleius | titulus = De motu; sive, de motus principio et natura, et de causa communicationis motuum | annus = 1721 | locus = [[Londinium|Londinii]] | domus editoria = Iacobus Tonson | url = https://archive.org/details/b30774299 | url forma pdf = https://archive.org/download/b30774299/b30774299.pdf }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Bondi & Samuel, 1997 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Bondi | nomen auctoris 1 = Hermannus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Hermannus Bondi | cognomen auctoris 2 = Samuel | nomen auctoris 2 = Iosephus | titulus = The Lense–Thirring Effect and Mach's Principle | contextus = Physics Letters A | volumen = 228 | fasciculus = 3 | annus = 1997 | paginae = 121–126 | bibcode = 1997PhLA..228..121B | doi = 10.1016/S0375-9601(97)00117-5 | s2cid = 15625102 | arxiv = gr-qc/9607009 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Hawking & Ellis, 1973 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Hawking | nomen auctoris 1 = Stephanus Gulielmus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Stephanus Hawking | cognomen auctoris 2 = Ellis | nomen auctoris 2 = Georgius Franciscus Rainerius | titulus = The Large Scale Structure of Space–Time | lingua = en | tempus = 1973 | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | url = https://archive.org/details/largescalestruct0000hawk | accessus ad url = sociis | isbn = 978-0-521-09906-4 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Friedlaender, 1896 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Friedlaender | nomen auctoris 1 = Benedictus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Benedictus Friedlaender | cognomen auctoris 2 = Friedlaender | nomen auctoris 2 = Immanuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Absolute oder relative Bewegung? | lingua = de | latine = Motus absolutus an relativus? | annus = 1896 | url = https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/BDVFSWTJNPOFICKAE2RVF2RNEGFRA67K | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]] | domus editoria = Leonhardus Simion }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen = Gasco | nomen = Enricus | titulus = Il contributo di Mach sull'origine dell'inerzia | lingua = it | latine = Conlatio Machiana ad originem inertiae | contextus = Quaderni di Storia della Fisica | volumen = 12 | paginae = 17–34 | annus = 2004 | url = https://www.vielbein.it/pdf/Articoli/Articolo.pdf | retrospectio = 20260518054822 | salus url = vivit | doi = 10.1393/qsf/i2003-10001-6 }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Mach, 1883 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Mach | nomen auctoris = Ernestus Valfridus Josephus Venceslaus | commentatio de auctore = Ernestus Mach | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt | lingua = de | latine = Mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita | annus = 1883 | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_x9Q2AAAAMAAJ | locus = [[Lipsia]]e | domus editoria = F. A. Brockhaus }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Misner, Thorne & Wheeler, 1973 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Misner | nomen auctoris 1 = Carolus Gulielmus | cognomen auctoris 2 = Thorne | nomen auctoris 2 = Kip Stephanus | commentatio de auctore 2 = Kip Thorne | cognomen auctoris 3 = Wheeler | nomen auctoris 3 = Ioannes Archibaldus | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Gravitation | annus = 1973 | domus editoria = W. H. Freeman and Company | locus = [[Franciscopolis (California)|Franciscopoli]] | url = https://physicsgg.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/misner_thorne_wheeler_gravitation_freema.pdf | retrospectio = 20240728193849 | salus url = vivit | isbn = 0-7167-0344-0 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Pais, 2005 [1982] | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Pais | nomen auctoris = Abrahamus | titulus = ‘Subtle is the Lord…’: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein | annus primae editionis = 1982 | annus = 2005 | domus editoria = Oxford University Press | locus = [[Oxonia]]e | url = https://horizons-2000.org/92.%20Misc%20Files/Reading/Subtle%20is%20the%20Lord--Abraham%20pais.pdf | retrospectio = 20250607173909 | salus url = vivit | isbn = 978-0-19-280672-7 }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen 1 = Pfister | nomen 1 = Herbertus | cognomen 2 = King | nomen 2 = Marcus | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Inertia and Gravitation: The Fundamental Nature and Structure of Space-Time | series = Lecture Notes in Physics | volumen seriei = 897 | annus = 2015 | locus = Heidelberg | domus editoria = Springer | doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-15036-9 | isbn = 978-3-319-15035-2 }}. * {{Opus | auctor 1 = Raine, D. J. | titulus = Mach's Principle in general relativity | contextus = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volumen = 171 | fasciculus = 3 | tempus = 1975 | paginae = 507–528 | bibcode = 1975MNRAS.171..507R | doi = 10.1093/mnras/171.3.507 | accessus ad doi = liberus }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Sciama, 1953 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Sciama | nomen auctoris = Dionysius Gulielmus | titulus = On the origin of inertia | lingua = en | latine = De origine inertiae | contextus = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volumen = 113 | paginae = 34–42 | url = https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953MNRAS.113...34S | url forma pdf = https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1953MNRAS.113...34S | annus = 1953 | annus compositionis = 1952 | doi = 10.1093/mnras/113.1.34 | bibcode = 1953MNRAS.113...34S }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Sciama | nomen auctoris = Dionysius Gulielmus | titulus = Modern Cosmology | tempus = 1971 | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | locus = [[Cantabrigia]]e | url = https://archive.org/details/ModernCosmology_901 | oclc = 6931707 }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Von Bayer, 2001 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Von Bayer | nomen auctoris = Iohannes Christianus | titulus = The Fermi Solution: Essays on Science | lingua = en | annus = 2001 | domus editoria = Courier Dover Publications | isbn = 0-486-41707-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VhJr9Qx8ohsC }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Weinberg, 1972 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Weinberg | nomen auctoris = Stephanus | commentatio de auctore = Stephanus Weinberg | titulus = Gravitation and Cosmology | lingua = en | annus = 1972 | domus editoria = John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | locus = [[Novum Eboracum|Novo Eboraco]], [[Londinium|Londinii]], [[Sydneium|Sydneii]], [[Torontum|Toronti]] | url = https://archive.org/details/gravitationcosmo00stev_0 | accessus ad url = sociis | isbn = 978-0-471-92567-5 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Wolters, 1987 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Wolters | nomen auctoris = Gereon | titulus = Mach I, Mach II, Einstein und die Relativitätstheorie: eine Fälschung und ihre Folgen | lingua = de | annus = 1987 | domus editoria = Walter de Gruyter | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Novum Eboracum|Novo Eboracum]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qg-hpQnob-cC | isbn = 9783110108255 }} }}. {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} * [[Aether luminifer]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Historia theoriae relativitatis generalis||en|qid=Q1936878}} * [[Relativitas generalis]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Rotatio absoluta||en|qid=Q4669833}} * [[Spatii temporisque tractio]] * [[Spatitempus]] * [[Systema relationum]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria Bransiana–Dickeana||en|qid=Q898809}} * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria gravitatis Hoyleana–Narlikariana||en|qid=Q17027715}} * [[Vis centrifuga]] {{div col end}} [[Categoria:Astronomia]] [[Categoria:Ernestus Mach]] [[Categoria:Albertus Einstein]] [[Categoria:Notiones in physica]] [[Categoria:Theoriae gravitationis]] [[Categoria:Rotatio]] [[Categoria:Philosophia]] [[Categoria:Physica]] 62rr742qqfe5lvukb99yf637fmpipfz 3960750 3960749 2026-05-19T15:36:21Z Grufo 64423 3960750 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:MachDieMechanikEntwickelungTitlPg.jpg|thumb|Liber Ernesti Mach {{Op|De mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita}} ([[Theodisce]] {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}})<ref name="mach-1883">{{qc|Mach, 1883}}.</ref>]] In [[physica theoretica]], praesertim in disputationibus de theoriis [[gravitas (physica)|gravitatis]], {{res|principium Machianum}} seu {{res|coniectura Machiana}}<ref>{{qc|Von Bayer, 2001}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=VhJr9Qx8ohsC&dq=mach's+conjecture&pg=PA79 p. 79].</ref> appellatur hypothesis incerta quam [[Albertus Einstein]] [[Ernestus Mach|Ernesto Mach]], [[physicus|physico]] [[philosophus|philosopho]]<nowiki />que [[Austria]]co, attribuit, quae explicare conatur quomodo res [[rotatio|volventes]], exempli gratia [[gyroscopium|gyroscopia]] vel [[corpus caeleste|corpora caelestia]], ad [[systema relationum]] se referant. Secundum talem coniecturam, [[exsistentia]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|rotatio absoluta|rotationis absolutae|en|qid=Q4669833}}—quae distinctionem inter localia {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum inertiale|systemata inertialia|en|qid=Q192735}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum volvens|systemata volventia|en|qid=Q3310692}} infert—a distributione universali materiei pendet, ut hoc exemplum illustrat: {{Folium memoratum| Primum consiste atque sine ad latera tua [[bracchium|bracchia]] pendere laxa. Observa ut [[sidus|sidera]] fere immota maneant et bracchia tua fere recta deorsum pendeant. Deinde volve te ipsum ipsamve; sidera circa [[zenith]] volvi videbuntur, simulque bracchia tua [[vis centrifuga|vi centrifuga]] sursum trahentur. Profecto casus esset mirabilis si systema relationum inertiale, in quo tua bracchia libere pendebant, idem esset ac systema relationum in quo sidera quiescunt fixa, nisi aliqua interactio inter sidera et te exsisteret quae tuum systema relationum determinaret inertiale. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Stephanus Weinberg]] ([[1972]]). {{Op|Gravitation and Cosmology}}.<ref>{{qc|Weinberg, 1972}}, [https://archive.org/details/gravitationcosmo00stev_0/page/16/mode/2up p. 17]. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{Barbarice|lingua=en|First stand still, and let your arms hang loose at your sides. Observe that the stars are more or less unmoving, and that your arms hang more or less straight down. Then pirouette. The stars will seem to rotate around the zenith, and at the same time your arms will be drawn upward by centrifugal force. It would surely be a remarkable coincidence if the inertial frame, in which your arms hung freely, just happened to be the reference frame in which typical stars are at rest, unless there were some interaction between the stars and you that determined your inertial frame.}}”</ref> }} Principium Machianum statuit hanc rem non esse fortuitam, sed potius quandam exsistere {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|lex physica|legem|en=Physikalisches Gesetz}} quae [[motus|motum]] siderum remotissimorum cum locali {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum inertiale|systemate inertiali|en|qid=Q192735}} conectit. Nam si omnia sidera circa observatorem videantur circumagi, Mach censuit aliquam vim physicam efficere ut observator vim [[vis centrifuga|centrifugam]] sentiret. Hinc varia enuntiata principii, saepe obscura, orta sunt, velut: “[[massa]] alibi sita hic afficit [[inertia]]m”. Formula generalissima principii est: {{Ipse dixit| Leges physicae locales maximā compagine universi determinantur. |[[Stephanus Hawking|Hawking]] & {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Georgius Franciscus Rainerius Ellis|Ellis|en|qid=Q5538966}} ([[1973]]). {{Op|The Large Scale Structure of Space–Time}}.<ref>{{qc|Hawking & Ellis, 1973}}, p. 1. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=en|Local physical laws are determined by the large-scale structure of the universe}}”.</ref> }} Suasio Machiana magni momenti fuit in [[theoria relativitatis generalis|theoriae relativitatis generalis]] Einsteinianae ortu. Einstein enim intellexit distributionem universam materiei {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tensor metricus (theoria relativitatis)|tensorem metricum|en|qid=Q2045231}} determinare posse, quo definiatur quid systema putetur quoad rotationem quiescere. In nonnullis {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|solutiones exactae in theoria relativitatis generalis|solutionibus theoriae relativitatis generalis|en|qid=Q5419229}}, [[spatii temporisque tractio]] atque conservatio {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|momentum angulare|momenti angularis|en|qid=Q161254}} gravitationalis sic efficiunt ut hoc verum sit. Attamen, quum principium ipsum vagum sit, multae formulae diversae propositae sunt quae “principia Machiana” vocari possunt, quarum nonnullae falsae putantur. {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Metrica Gödeliana||en|qid=Q1559192}} universi volventis exemplum praebet quod principium Machianum quam maxime violare videtur. In tali enim exemplo sidera remota eo celerius celeriusque volvi videntur quo longius distent. Contradictio tamen quaestionem validitatis principii Machiani omnino non dirimit, quia exemplum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|lineae temporales clausae|lineas temporales clausas|en|qid=Q1876815}} admittit. == Historia == Ernestus Mach in libro {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}} anno [[1883]] edito suam doctrinam primum exposuit.<ref name="mach-1883" /> Ante eum similes sententiae etiam in libris [[Georgius Berkeleius|Georgii Berkeleii]] philosophi reperiebantur.<ref name="berkeleius-1721">{{qc|Berkeleius, 1721}}.</ref> Post Mach, liber {{Op|Motus absolutus an relativus?}} a fratribus [[Benedictus Friedlaender|Benedicto Friedlaender]] et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Immanuel Friedlaender|Immanuele Friedlaender|de|qid=Q89222}} anno [[1896]] editus nonnullas ideas principio Machiano similes continebat.<ref>{{qc|Friedlaender, 1896}}.</ref> == De usu Einsteiniano principii == Est in theoria relativitatis quaestio fundamentalis: si omnis motus relativus est, quomodo corporum [[inertia]] mensurari potest? Inertia enim respectu alicuius rei metienda est; sed cuius respectu si [[particula]]m solam in universo omnino vacuo fingamus? Nonnulli putaverunt talem particulam nullum motum (ne rotatorium quidem) habere posse. Ita principium Machianum interdum intellegitur affirmatio nullum motum tribui posse nisi alia corpora adsint. Sic ipse Mach scripsit: {{Folium memoratum| Experimentum [[Isaacus Newtonus|Newtonianum]] aquae in [[vas]]e volventis hoc tantum docet: vertiginem relativam aquae respectu [[paries|parietum]] vasis nullas [[vis centrifuga|vires centrifugas]] notabiles excitare; eas autem ex vertigine relativa respectu massae [[Tellus|Telluris]] ceterorumque corporum caelestium oriri. Nemo dicere potest quomodo experimentum finiturum esset si parietes vasis spissiores spissioresque atque graviores fierent, ac denique plurium [[mille passus|miliariorum passuum]] crassitudinem haberent. Unum tantum experimentum nobis conceditur, atque illud cum ceteris rebus nobis cognitis, non tamen cum figmentis nostris arbitrariis, componere debemus. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Ernestus Mach]] ([[1883]]). {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}}.<ref>{{qc|Mach, 1883}}, [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_x9Q2AAAAMAAJ/page/216/mode/2up pp. 216–217]. [[Theodisce|Th.]] “{{Barbarice|lingua=de|Der Versuch Newton's mit dem rotirenden Wassergefäss lehrt nur, dass die Relativdrehung des Wassers gegen die Gefässwände keine merklichen Centrifugalkräfte weckt, dass dieselben aber durch die Relativdrehung gegen die Masse der Erde und die übrigen Himmelskörper geweckt werden. Niemand kann sagen, wie der Versuch verlaufen würde, wenn die Gefässwände immer dicker und massiger, zuletzt mehrere Meilen dick würden. Es liegt nur der eine Versuch vor, und wir haben denselben mit den übrigen uns bekannten Thatsachen, nicht aber mit unsern willkürlichen Dichtungen in Einklang zu bringen.}}”</ref> }} Albertus Einstein fere hoc sensu videtur principium intellexisse: {{Ipse dixit|Inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oritur.|[[Albertus Einstein]], [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]].{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1={{*Cfr}} A. Einstein, “Hoch geehrter Herr Kollege!”, [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]], apud {{qc|Wolters, 1987}}, p. 151, et apud {{qc|Misner, Thorne & Wheeler, 1973}}, p. 544: “{{omissis}} necessario sequitur ut inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oriatur, prorsus ut in tuis cogitationibus de experimento Newtoniano aquae in vase volventis {{omissis}} Si sphaera cava {{mvar|S}} circa axem per centrum eius transeuntem volvatur (respectu systematis stellarum fixarum sive “systematis quietis”), [[vis Coriolis|campus Coriolianus]] intra sphaeram cavam oriatur, id est planum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|pendulum Foucaultianum|penduli Foucaultiani|en|qid=Q178841}} (quamquam velocitate revera tam exiguā ut mensurari non possit) simul circumferatur.” [[Theodisce|Th.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=de|{{omissis}} es ergibt sich mit Notwendigkeit, daß die Trägheit in einer Art Wechselwirkung der Körper ihren Ursprung hat, ganz im Sinne Ihrer Überlegungen zum Newtonschen Eimer-Versuch {{omissis}} Rotiert die Schale {{mvar|S}} um eine durch ihren Mittelpunkt gehende Achse (relativ zum System der Fixsterne/‚Restsystem‘), so entsteht im Innern der Schale ein Coriolis-Feld, d. h. die Ebene des Foucault-Pendels wird (mit einer allerdings praktisch unmeßbar kleinen Geschwindigkeit) mitgenommen.}}”|2=Q178841|name=epistula-25-iunii-1913}}}} Nonnulla principii Machiani enuntiata cum [[holismus|holismo]] conectuntur. Mach enim intellegi potest suasisse ut theoriae gravitatis ad {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|relationalismus|doctrinas relationalisticas|en|qid=Q2142479}} pertinerent. Einstein in physicam hodiernam principium introduxit dum theoriam relativitatis generalis elaborabat; ipse quidem dicitur locutionem “principium Machianum” primus finxisse. Multum disputatur verene Mach novam legem physicam proponere voluerit, quoniam nusquam eam aperte enuntiavit. Scriptum quo Einstein maxime commotus est fuit liber Ernesti Mach {{Op|De mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita}},<ref name="mach-1883" /> in quo philosophus doctrinam Newtonianam de {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spatium tempusque absoluti|spatio absoluto|en|qid=Q19314}} refutavit, praesertim exsistentiam cuiusdam electi [[systema relationum|systematis relationum]] quod e celebri {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|argumentum Newtonianum vasis|argumento Newtoniano vasis|en|qid=Q2585683}} oriebatur. Newtonus in suis {{Op|[[Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica|Philosophiae naturalis principiis mathematicis]]}} demonstrare conatus est rotationem absolutam dignosci posse propter vires apparentes quae tantummodo in rotatione absoluta inveniuntur. Nam si vas aquā plenum volvitur, aqua primitus quiescit, deinde motus vasis aquae communicatur, quae curvatur atque propter vim centrifugam ad margines ascendit. Hoc experimentum demonstrat vires centrifugas non oriri nisi aqua respectu spatii absoluti rotetur (quod hic per systema relationum [[Tellus|Telluris]], vel potius {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|stellae fixae|stellarum fixarum|en|qid=Q430297}}, repraesentatur); contra autem, quum vas respectu aquae vertatur, nullae vires centrifugae gignuntur, quod indicat aquam quietam esse respectu spatii absoluti. Ex hoc Newtonus conclusit vires centrifugas e rotatione respectu spatii absoluti oriri. In libro suo Mach affirmat experimentum tantummodo demonstrare nullas vires centrifugas oriri dum aqua quoad vas non movetur; non licet tamen scire quid accideret si latera vasis immensum augerentur. Itaque, secundum Mach, notio motūs absoluti deserenda est atque omnis motus, sive uniformis sive acceleratus, tantummmodo respectu aliorum corporum intellegi potest ({{*ie}} non satis est dicere aquam rotari, sed necesse est determinare utrum respectu vasis an respectu Terrae rotetur). Hac ratione {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|vis ficticia|ficticiae vires|en|qid=Q212126}} quae motūs relativos ab “absolutis” distinguere videntur, non censendae sunt nisi effectūs peculiaris asymmetriae, in systemate nostro relationum exstantis, inter corpora quae in motu ponimus, quae parva sunt (velut vasa), et corpora quae quiescere credimus (Tellus et stellae remotae), quae multum maiora atque graviora sunt illis. Similem opinionem iam [[Georgius Berkeleius]] in opere {{Op|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|De Motu (Berkeleius)|De Motu|en|qid=Q171280}}}} defenderat.<ref name="berkeleius-1721" /> Haec physica ratio inertiam corporum ita determinare debet ut gravia remotaque corpora universi ad vires inertiales maxime conferant. Nescitur tamen verene Mach novam legem physicam inter corpora gravia proponere voluerit; verisimilius nihil aliud proposuit nisi simplicem “motūs in spatio redescriptionem” quin vocabulum spatii adhiberet.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}.</ref> Scitur tamen Einstein illa verba sic interpretatum esse, quasi quaedam nova actio physica inter corpora exsisteret, ut postea longa disputatio orta sit. Plerique physici censent Mach suum principium in theoriam physicam exactam, quae explicaret quomodo remota sidera inertiam corporum afficere possint, numquam redegisse. Ipse Mach principium suum numquam clare definivit.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, pp. 9–57.</ref> Quamquam Einstein eo maxime inspiratus est, principium Machianum non habetur fundamentum necessarium theoriae relativitatis generalis, licet tamen {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|principium aequivalentiae||en|qid=Q210546}} inter massam gravitationalem atque inertialem sit magnopere fundamentale. == De principio Machiano in theoria relativitatis generalis == Quum in theoria relativitatis generalis notiones simplices [[spatium|spatii]] [[tempus|temporis]]<nowiki />que non iam valeant, etiam obscurius fit quid “principium Machianum” proprie significetur. Saltem viginti et unum enuntiata principii proposita sunt, quorum alia putantur “magis Machiana” quam alia.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, p. 530.</ref> Enuntiatum debilissimum affirmat motum materiei ubilibet afficere posse quae systemata inertialia adhibenda sint alibi. Einstein, antequam theoriam relativitatis generalis perfecisset, effectum quendam invēnit quem interpretatus est principium Machianum probare. Concedatur magnam [[sphaera]]m cavam erga stellas fixas volvi; tum systema inertiale intra sphaeram cavam descriptum incipiet respectu stellarum fixarum [[praecessio|praecessare]]. Hic effectus nunc {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|effectus Lensianus–Thirringianus||en|qid=Q11083519}} appellatur. Einstein hac inventione adeo delectatus est ut Ernesto Mach hocmodo scriberet: {{Folium memoratum| {{omissis}} necessario sequitur ut inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oriatur, prorsus ut in tuis cogitationibus de experimento Newtoniano aquae in vase volventis {{omissis}} Si sphaera cava {{mvar|S}} circa axem per centrum eius transeuntem volvatur (respectu systematis stellarum fixarum sive “systematis quietis”), [[vis Coriolis|campus Coriolianus]] intra sphaeram cavam oriatur, id est planum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|pendulum Foucaultianum|penduli Foucaultiani|en|qid=Q178841}} (quamquam velocitate revera tam exiguā ut mensurari non possit) simul circumferatur. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Albertus Einstein]], [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]].<ref name="epistula-25-iunii-1913" /> }} Effectus Lensianus–Thirringianus certe satisfacit notioni generali secundum quam “materies alibi hic afficit inertiam”:<ref>{{qc|Bondi & Samuel, 1997}}, p. 121.</ref> si sphaera cava materiei abesset aut non volveretur, planum penduli non traheretur. Intra contextum huius effectūs sententia quoque secundum quam inertia “ex quadam interactione inter corpora” oritur putari potest vera. Quaestio tamen profundior videtur esse ipsa existentia “stellarum fixarum”, quas Einstein tractavit systema externum. Physici hodierni vestigia principii Machiani in “problemate valorum initialium” agnoscunt. Forma fortior principii Machiani ad spatitempora Wheeleriana–Machiana–Einsteiniana pertinet, quae postulant ut spatiumtempus sit {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|spatium compactum|spatialiter compactum|en|qid=Q381892}} atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|spatitempus globaliter hyperbolicum|globaliter hyperbolicum|en|qid=Q5570942}}. In talibus universis principium Machianum sic enuntiari potest: ''distributio materiei atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tensor energiae momentique|tensoris energiae momentique|en|qid=Q876346}} [[campus physicus|camporum]] (fortasse etiam aliarum rerum) quodam tempore universi systema inertiale in quolibet puncto universi determinat (ubi “quoddam tempus universi” ad quamlibet {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|superficies Cauchyana|superficiem Cauchyanam|en|qid=Q5054343}} electam refertur).<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, pp. 188–207.</ref> Alii quoque conati sunt theorias quam maxime Machianas construere, velut {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria Bransiana–Dickeana||en|qid=Q898809}} atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria gravitatis Hoyleana–Narlikariana||en|qid=Q17027715}}; sed plerique physici censent nullam ex his prosperam fuisse. In conventu peritorum [[Tubinga]]e anno [[1993]] habito, quum quaereretur “Estne theoria relativitatis generalis plene Machiana?”, tres responderunt “ita”, viginti duo “non”. Ad quaestionem “Estne relativitas generalis, condicionibus marginalibus aptis, valde Machiana?”, quattuordecim responderunt “ita”, septem “non”.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, p. 106.</ref> Einstein tamen persuasus erat relativitatem inertiae necessario validae theoriae gravitatis continendam esse: {{Folium memoratum| Tam vehementer eo tempore Einstein relativitati inertiae credebat ut anno [[1918]] tria principia quibus theoriae gravitatis satisfaciendum erat pari dignitate statuerit: # Principium relativitatis, per covariantiam generalem expressum. # Principium aequivalentiae. # Principium Machianum (quo vocabulo tum primum in litteris adhibito): “… ita ut quantitates g_μν omnino massā corporum, generalius tensore T_μν, determinentur.” Anno [[1922]], quum Einstein animadvertisset alios contentos esse sine hoc [tertio] criterio procedere, hoc addidit: “Haec beatitudo {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|posteri|posteris|en|qid=Q954025}} videbitur incomprehensibilis.” Dicendum est, ut ego videre possum, principium Machianum usque ad hunc diem physicam nullo modo provexisse. Dicendum quoque est originem inertiae esse manereque obscurissimum caput in [[physica particularum elementarium|theoria particularum]] et [[theoria quantica camporum|camporum]]. Itaque fortasse principium Machianum fructuosum fieri poterit, sed non sine theoria quantica. }}{{Norma dextra| ―{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Abrahamus Pais||en|qid=Q330492}} ([[1972]]). {{Op|‘Subtle is the Lord…’: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein}}.<ref>{{qc|Pais, 2005 [1982]}}, pp. 287–288. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=en|So strongly did Einstein believe at that time in the relativity of inertia that in 1918 he stated as being on an equal footing three principles on which a satisfactory theory of gravitation should rest:}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|The principle of relativity as expressed by general covariance.}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|The principle of equivalence.}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|Mach's principle (the first time this term entered the literature): ... that the ''g_µν'' are completely determined by the mass of bodies, more generally by ''T_µν''.}} {{barbarice|lingua=en|In 1922, Einstein noted that others were satisfied to proceed without this [third] criterion and added, ‘This contentedness will appear incomprehensible to a later generation however.’}} {{barbarice|lingua=en|It must be said that, as far as I can see, to this day, Mach's principle has not brought physics decisively farther. It must also be said that the origin of inertia is and remains the most obscure subject in the theory of particles and fields. Mach's principle may therefore have a future—but not without the quantum theory.}}”</ref> }} == Inductio inertialis == Anno [[1953]] physicus [[Universitas Cantabrigiensis|Cantabrigiensis]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Dionysius Gulielmus Sciama||en|qid=Q284336}}, [[lex universalis gravitationis Newtoniana|aequationi Newtonianae gravitatis]] terminum accelerationi proportionalem addendo, conatus est principium Machianum quantitative exprimere:<ref>{{qc|Sciama, 1953}}.</ref> : <math>F = G\frac{m_A m_B \mathbf{a}}{r c^2}</math> ubi {{mvar|r}} [[spatium]] inter particulas, {{mvar/G}} [[constans gravitatis|constantem gravitatis]], {{vect|a}} [[acceleratio]]nem relativam, atque {{mvar|c}} [[celeritas lucis|celeritatem lucis in vacuo]] indicant. Sciama effectum appellavit ''inductionem inertialem''. == Varia enuntiata principii == Sententia secundum quam “massa alibi sita inertiam hic afficit” multis modis expressa est. [[Hermannus Bondi]] et Iosephus Samuel undecim formulas collegerunt, quas a ''Mach0'' usque ad ''Mach10'' nominaverunt:<ref>{{qc|Bondi & Samuel, 1997}}.</ref> # <li value="0">Universum, secundum mediocrem motum galaxiarum remotorum, quoad systemata inertialia localia videtur non volvi.</li> # [[Constans gravitatis|Constans gravitatis Newtoniana]] {{mvar/G}} est campus dynamicus. # Corpus isolatum in spatio alioquin vacuo nullam inertiam percipit. # Systemata inertialia localia motu cosmico atque uniformitate materiei afficiuntur. # Universum est spatialiter clausum. # [[Energia]] totalis, momentum angulare et [[momentum|momentum lineare]] universi nulla sunt. # Massa inertialis uniformitate materiei universi afficitur. # Si tota materies tollatur, nullum spatium remaneat. # Quantitas <math>\Omega\ \stackrel{\text{def}}{=}\ 4 \pi \rho G T^2</math> est numerus definitus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|ordo magnitudinis|ordinis|en|qid=Q518730}} [[unus|unitatis]], ubi {{mvar|ρ}} densitatem mediam universi atque {{mvar|T}} {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tempus Hubbleanum||fr|qid=Q3517760}} indicant. # Theoria nulla elementa absoluta continet. # Rotationes et translationes rigidae universi observari nequeunt. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Barbour & Pfister, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen redactoris 1 = Barbour | nomen redactoris 1 = Iulianus B. | cognomen redactoris 2 = Pfister | nomen redactoris 2 = Herbertus | titulus = Mach's principle: from Newton's bucket to quantum gravity | lingua = en | annus = 1995 | series = Einstein Studies | volumen seriei = 6 | locus = [[Bostonia]]e | domus editoria = Birkhäuser | url = https://sites.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/papers/MachPrinciple.pdf | isbn = 978-3-7643-3823-7 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Berkeleius, 1721 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Berkeleius | nomen auctoris = Georgius | commentatio de auctore = Georgius Berkeleius | titulus = De motu; sive, de motus principio et natura, et de causa communicationis motuum | annus = 1721 | locus = [[Londinium|Londinii]] | domus editoria = Iacobus Tonson | url = https://archive.org/details/b30774299 | url forma pdf = https://archive.org/download/b30774299/b30774299.pdf }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Bondi & Samuel, 1997 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Bondi | nomen auctoris 1 = Hermannus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Hermannus Bondi | cognomen auctoris 2 = Samuel | nomen auctoris 2 = Iosephus | titulus = The Lense–Thirring Effect and Mach's Principle | contextus = Physics Letters A | volumen = 228 | fasciculus = 3 | annus = 1997 | paginae = 121–126 | bibcode = 1997PhLA..228..121B | doi = 10.1016/S0375-9601(97)00117-5 | s2cid = 15625102 | arxiv = gr-qc/9607009 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Hawking & Ellis, 1973 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Hawking | nomen auctoris 1 = Stephanus Gulielmus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Stephanus Hawking | cognomen auctoris 2 = Ellis | nomen auctoris 2 = Georgius Franciscus Rainerius | titulus = The Large Scale Structure of Space–Time | lingua = en | tempus = 1973 | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | url = https://archive.org/details/largescalestruct0000hawk | accessus ad url = sociis | isbn = 978-0-521-09906-4 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Friedlaender, 1896 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Friedlaender | nomen auctoris 1 = Benedictus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Benedictus Friedlaender | cognomen auctoris 2 = Friedlaender | nomen auctoris 2 = Immanuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Absolute oder relative Bewegung? | lingua = de | latine = Motus absolutus an relativus? | annus = 1896 | url = https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/BDVFSWTJNPOFICKAE2RVF2RNEGFRA67K | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]] | domus editoria = Leonhardus Simion }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen = Gasco | nomen = Enricus | titulus = Il contributo di Mach sull'origine dell'inerzia | lingua = it | latine = Conlatio Machiana ad originem inertiae | contextus = Quaderni di Storia della Fisica | volumen = 12 | paginae = 17–34 | annus = 2004 | url = https://www.vielbein.it/pdf/Articoli/Articolo.pdf | retrospectio = 20260518054822 | salus url = vivit | doi = 10.1393/qsf/i2003-10001-6 }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Mach, 1883 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Mach | nomen auctoris = Ernestus Valfridus Josephus Venceslaus | commentatio de auctore = Ernestus Mach | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt | lingua = de | latine = Mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita | annus = 1883 | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_x9Q2AAAAMAAJ | locus = [[Lipsia]]e | domus editoria = F. A. Brockhaus }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Misner, Thorne & Wheeler, 1973 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Misner | nomen auctoris 1 = Carolus Gulielmus | cognomen auctoris 2 = Thorne | nomen auctoris 2 = Kip Stephanus | commentatio de auctore 2 = Kip Thorne | cognomen auctoris 3 = Wheeler | nomen auctoris 3 = Ioannes Archibaldus | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Gravitation | annus = 1973 | domus editoria = W. H. Freeman and Company | locus = [[Franciscopolis (California)|Franciscopoli]] | url = https://physicsgg.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/misner_thorne_wheeler_gravitation_freema.pdf | retrospectio = 20240728193849 | salus url = vivit | isbn = 0-7167-0344-0 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Pais, 2005 [1982] | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Pais | nomen auctoris = Abrahamus | titulus = ‘Subtle is the Lord…’: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein | annus primae editionis = 1982 | annus = 2005 | domus editoria = Oxford University Press | locus = [[Oxonia]]e | url = https://horizons-2000.org/92.%20Misc%20Files/Reading/Subtle%20is%20the%20Lord--Abraham%20pais.pdf | retrospectio = 20250607173909 | salus url = vivit | isbn = 978-0-19-280672-7 }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen 1 = Pfister | nomen 1 = Herbertus | cognomen 2 = King | nomen 2 = Marcus | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Inertia and Gravitation: The Fundamental Nature and Structure of Space-Time | series = Lecture Notes in Physics | volumen seriei = 897 | annus = 2015 | locus = Heidelberg | domus editoria = Springer | doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-15036-9 | isbn = 978-3-319-15035-2 }}. * {{Opus | auctor 1 = Raine, D. J. | titulus = Mach's Principle in general relativity | contextus = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volumen = 171 | fasciculus = 3 | tempus = 1975 | paginae = 507–528 | bibcode = 1975MNRAS.171..507R | doi = 10.1093/mnras/171.3.507 | accessus ad doi = liberus }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Sciama, 1953 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Sciama | nomen auctoris = Dionysius Gulielmus | titulus = On the origin of inertia | lingua = en | latine = De origine inertiae | contextus = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volumen = 113 | paginae = 34–42 | url = https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953MNRAS.113...34S | url forma pdf = https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1953MNRAS.113...34S | annus = 1953 | annus compositionis = 1952 | doi = 10.1093/mnras/113.1.34 | bibcode = 1953MNRAS.113...34S }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Sciama | nomen auctoris = Dionysius Gulielmus | titulus = Modern Cosmology | tempus = 1971 | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | locus = [[Cantabrigia]]e | url = https://archive.org/details/ModernCosmology_901 | oclc = 6931707 }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Von Bayer, 2001 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Von Bayer | nomen auctoris = Iohannes Christianus | titulus = The Fermi Solution: Essays on Science | lingua = en | annus = 2001 | domus editoria = Courier Dover Publications | isbn = 0-486-41707-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VhJr9Qx8ohsC }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Weinberg, 1972 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Weinberg | nomen auctoris = Stephanus | commentatio de auctore = Stephanus Weinberg | titulus = Gravitation and Cosmology | lingua = en | annus = 1972 | domus editoria = John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | locus = [[Novum Eboracum|Novo Eboraco]], [[Londinium|Londinii]], [[Sydneium|Sydneii]], [[Torontum|Toronti]] | url = https://archive.org/details/gravitationcosmo00stev_0 | accessus ad url = sociis | isbn = 978-0-471-92567-5 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Wolters, 1987 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Wolters | nomen auctoris = Gereon | titulus = Mach I, Mach II, Einstein und die Relativitätstheorie: eine Fälschung und ihre Folgen | lingua = de | annus = 1987 | domus editoria = Walter de Gruyter | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Novum Eboracum|Novo Eboracum]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qg-hpQnob-cC | isbn = 9783110108255 }} }}. {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} * [[Aether luminifer]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Historia theoriae relativitatis generalis||en|qid=Q1936878}} * [[Relativitas generalis]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Rotatio absoluta||en|qid=Q4669833}} * [[Spatii temporisque tractio]] * [[Spatitempus]] * [[Systema relationum]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria Bransiana–Dickeana||en|qid=Q898809}} * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria gravitatis Hoyleana–Narlikariana||en|qid=Q17027715}} * [[Vis centrifuga]] {{div col end}} [[Categoria:Astronomia]] [[Categoria:Ernestus Mach]] [[Categoria:Albertus Einstein]] [[Categoria:Notiones in physica]] [[Categoria:Theoriae gravitationis]] [[Categoria:Rotatio]] [[Categoria:Philosophia]] [[Categoria:Physica]] 2zfd2zqnkuohray4phqv5rcox5paj8a 3960751 3960750 2026-05-19T15:38:22Z Grufo 64423 /* De principio Machiano in theoria relativitatis generalis */ 3960751 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:MachDieMechanikEntwickelungTitlPg.jpg|thumb|Liber Ernesti Mach {{Op|De mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita}} ([[Theodisce]] {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}})<ref name="mach-1883">{{qc|Mach, 1883}}.</ref>]] In [[physica theoretica]], praesertim in disputationibus de theoriis [[gravitas (physica)|gravitatis]], {{res|principium Machianum}} seu {{res|coniectura Machiana}}<ref>{{qc|Von Bayer, 2001}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=VhJr9Qx8ohsC&dq=mach's+conjecture&pg=PA79 p. 79].</ref> appellatur hypothesis incerta quam [[Albertus Einstein]] [[Ernestus Mach|Ernesto Mach]], [[physicus|physico]] [[philosophus|philosopho]]<nowiki />que [[Austria]]co, attribuit, quae explicare conatur quomodo res [[rotatio|volventes]], exempli gratia [[gyroscopium|gyroscopia]] vel [[corpus caeleste|corpora caelestia]], ad [[systema relationum]] se referant. Secundum talem coniecturam, [[exsistentia]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|rotatio absoluta|rotationis absolutae|en|qid=Q4669833}}—quae distinctionem inter localia {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum inertiale|systemata inertialia|en|qid=Q192735}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum volvens|systemata volventia|en|qid=Q3310692}} infert—a distributione universali materiei pendet, ut hoc exemplum illustrat: {{Folium memoratum| Primum consiste atque sine ad latera tua [[bracchium|bracchia]] pendere laxa. Observa ut [[sidus|sidera]] fere immota maneant et bracchia tua fere recta deorsum pendeant. Deinde volve te ipsum ipsamve; sidera circa [[zenith]] volvi videbuntur, simulque bracchia tua [[vis centrifuga|vi centrifuga]] sursum trahentur. Profecto casus esset mirabilis si systema relationum inertiale, in quo tua bracchia libere pendebant, idem esset ac systema relationum in quo sidera quiescunt fixa, nisi aliqua interactio inter sidera et te exsisteret quae tuum systema relationum determinaret inertiale. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Stephanus Weinberg]] ([[1972]]). {{Op|Gravitation and Cosmology}}.<ref>{{qc|Weinberg, 1972}}, [https://archive.org/details/gravitationcosmo00stev_0/page/16/mode/2up p. 17]. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{Barbarice|lingua=en|First stand still, and let your arms hang loose at your sides. Observe that the stars are more or less unmoving, and that your arms hang more or less straight down. Then pirouette. The stars will seem to rotate around the zenith, and at the same time your arms will be drawn upward by centrifugal force. It would surely be a remarkable coincidence if the inertial frame, in which your arms hung freely, just happened to be the reference frame in which typical stars are at rest, unless there were some interaction between the stars and you that determined your inertial frame.}}”</ref> }} Principium Machianum statuit hanc rem non esse fortuitam, sed potius quandam exsistere {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|lex physica|legem|en=Physikalisches Gesetz}} quae [[motus|motum]] siderum remotissimorum cum locali {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum inertiale|systemate inertiali|en|qid=Q192735}} conectit. Nam si omnia sidera circa observatorem videantur circumagi, Mach censuit aliquam vim physicam efficere ut observator vim [[vis centrifuga|centrifugam]] sentiret. Hinc varia enuntiata principii, saepe obscura, orta sunt, velut: “[[massa]] alibi sita hic afficit [[inertia]]m”. Formula generalissima principii est: {{Ipse dixit| Leges physicae locales maximā compagine universi determinantur. |[[Stephanus Hawking|Hawking]] & {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Georgius Franciscus Rainerius Ellis|Ellis|en|qid=Q5538966}} ([[1973]]). {{Op|The Large Scale Structure of Space–Time}}.<ref>{{qc|Hawking & Ellis, 1973}}, p. 1. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=en|Local physical laws are determined by the large-scale structure of the universe}}”.</ref> }} Suasio Machiana magni momenti fuit in [[theoria relativitatis generalis|theoriae relativitatis generalis]] Einsteinianae ortu. Einstein enim intellexit distributionem universam materiei {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tensor metricus (theoria relativitatis)|tensorem metricum|en|qid=Q2045231}} determinare posse, quo definiatur quid systema putetur quoad rotationem quiescere. In nonnullis {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|solutiones exactae in theoria relativitatis generalis|solutionibus theoriae relativitatis generalis|en|qid=Q5419229}}, [[spatii temporisque tractio]] atque conservatio {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|momentum angulare|momenti angularis|en|qid=Q161254}} gravitationalis sic efficiunt ut hoc verum sit. Attamen, quum principium ipsum vagum sit, multae formulae diversae propositae sunt quae “principia Machiana” vocari possunt, quarum nonnullae falsae putantur. {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Metrica Gödeliana||en|qid=Q1559192}} universi volventis exemplum praebet quod principium Machianum quam maxime violare videtur. In tali enim exemplo sidera remota eo celerius celeriusque volvi videntur quo longius distent. Contradictio tamen quaestionem validitatis principii Machiani omnino non dirimit, quia exemplum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|lineae temporales clausae|lineas temporales clausas|en|qid=Q1876815}} admittit. == Historia == Ernestus Mach in libro {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}} anno [[1883]] edito suam doctrinam primum exposuit.<ref name="mach-1883" /> Ante eum similes sententiae etiam in libris [[Georgius Berkeleius|Georgii Berkeleii]] philosophi reperiebantur.<ref name="berkeleius-1721">{{qc|Berkeleius, 1721}}.</ref> Post Mach, liber {{Op|Motus absolutus an relativus?}} a fratribus [[Benedictus Friedlaender|Benedicto Friedlaender]] et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Immanuel Friedlaender|Immanuele Friedlaender|de|qid=Q89222}} anno [[1896]] editus nonnullas ideas principio Machiano similes continebat.<ref>{{qc|Friedlaender, 1896}}.</ref> == De usu Einsteiniano principii == Est in theoria relativitatis quaestio fundamentalis: si omnis motus relativus est, quomodo corporum [[inertia]] mensurari potest? Inertia enim respectu alicuius rei metienda est; sed cuius respectu si [[particula]]m solam in universo omnino vacuo fingamus? Nonnulli putaverunt talem particulam nullum motum (ne rotatorium quidem) habere posse. Ita principium Machianum interdum intellegitur affirmatio nullum motum tribui posse nisi alia corpora adsint. Sic ipse Mach scripsit: {{Folium memoratum| Experimentum [[Isaacus Newtonus|Newtonianum]] aquae in [[vas]]e volventis hoc tantum docet: vertiginem relativam aquae respectu [[paries|parietum]] vasis nullas [[vis centrifuga|vires centrifugas]] notabiles excitare; eas autem ex vertigine relativa respectu massae [[Tellus|Telluris]] ceterorumque corporum caelestium oriri. Nemo dicere potest quomodo experimentum finiturum esset si parietes vasis spissiores spissioresque atque graviores fierent, ac denique plurium [[mille passus|miliariorum passuum]] crassitudinem haberent. Unum tantum experimentum nobis conceditur, atque illud cum ceteris rebus nobis cognitis, non tamen cum figmentis nostris arbitrariis, componere debemus. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Ernestus Mach]] ([[1883]]). {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}}.<ref>{{qc|Mach, 1883}}, [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_x9Q2AAAAMAAJ/page/216/mode/2up pp. 216–217]. [[Theodisce|Th.]] “{{Barbarice|lingua=de|Der Versuch Newton's mit dem rotirenden Wassergefäss lehrt nur, dass die Relativdrehung des Wassers gegen die Gefässwände keine merklichen Centrifugalkräfte weckt, dass dieselben aber durch die Relativdrehung gegen die Masse der Erde und die übrigen Himmelskörper geweckt werden. Niemand kann sagen, wie der Versuch verlaufen würde, wenn die Gefässwände immer dicker und massiger, zuletzt mehrere Meilen dick würden. Es liegt nur der eine Versuch vor, und wir haben denselben mit den übrigen uns bekannten Thatsachen, nicht aber mit unsern willkürlichen Dichtungen in Einklang zu bringen.}}”</ref> }} Albertus Einstein fere hoc sensu videtur principium intellexisse: {{Ipse dixit|Inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oritur.|[[Albertus Einstein]], [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]].{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1={{*Cfr}} A. Einstein, “Hoch geehrter Herr Kollege!”, [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]], apud {{qc|Wolters, 1987}}, p. 151, et apud {{qc|Misner, Thorne & Wheeler, 1973}}, p. 544: “{{omissis}} necessario sequitur ut inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oriatur, prorsus ut in tuis cogitationibus de experimento Newtoniano aquae in vase volventis {{omissis}} Si sphaera cava {{mvar|S}} circa axem per centrum eius transeuntem volvatur (respectu systematis stellarum fixarum sive “systematis quietis”), [[vis Coriolis|campus Coriolianus]] intra sphaeram cavam oriatur, id est planum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|pendulum Foucaultianum|penduli Foucaultiani|en|qid=Q178841}} (quamquam velocitate revera tam exiguā ut mensurari non possit) simul circumferatur.” [[Theodisce|Th.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=de|{{omissis}} es ergibt sich mit Notwendigkeit, daß die Trägheit in einer Art Wechselwirkung der Körper ihren Ursprung hat, ganz im Sinne Ihrer Überlegungen zum Newtonschen Eimer-Versuch {{omissis}} Rotiert die Schale {{mvar|S}} um eine durch ihren Mittelpunkt gehende Achse (relativ zum System der Fixsterne/‚Restsystem‘), so entsteht im Innern der Schale ein Coriolis-Feld, d. h. die Ebene des Foucault-Pendels wird (mit einer allerdings praktisch unmeßbar kleinen Geschwindigkeit) mitgenommen.}}”|2=Q178841|name=epistula-25-iunii-1913}}}} Nonnulla principii Machiani enuntiata cum [[holismus|holismo]] conectuntur. Mach enim intellegi potest suasisse ut theoriae gravitatis ad {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|relationalismus|doctrinas relationalisticas|en|qid=Q2142479}} pertinerent. Einstein in physicam hodiernam principium introduxit dum theoriam relativitatis generalis elaborabat; ipse quidem dicitur locutionem “principium Machianum” primus finxisse. Multum disputatur verene Mach novam legem physicam proponere voluerit, quoniam nusquam eam aperte enuntiavit. Scriptum quo Einstein maxime commotus est fuit liber Ernesti Mach {{Op|De mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita}},<ref name="mach-1883" /> in quo philosophus doctrinam Newtonianam de {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spatium tempusque absoluti|spatio absoluto|en|qid=Q19314}} refutavit, praesertim exsistentiam cuiusdam electi [[systema relationum|systematis relationum]] quod e celebri {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|argumentum Newtonianum vasis|argumento Newtoniano vasis|en|qid=Q2585683}} oriebatur. Newtonus in suis {{Op|[[Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica|Philosophiae naturalis principiis mathematicis]]}} demonstrare conatus est rotationem absolutam dignosci posse propter vires apparentes quae tantummodo in rotatione absoluta inveniuntur. Nam si vas aquā plenum volvitur, aqua primitus quiescit, deinde motus vasis aquae communicatur, quae curvatur atque propter vim centrifugam ad margines ascendit. Hoc experimentum demonstrat vires centrifugas non oriri nisi aqua respectu spatii absoluti rotetur (quod hic per systema relationum [[Tellus|Telluris]], vel potius {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|stellae fixae|stellarum fixarum|en|qid=Q430297}}, repraesentatur); contra autem, quum vas respectu aquae vertatur, nullae vires centrifugae gignuntur, quod indicat aquam quietam esse respectu spatii absoluti. Ex hoc Newtonus conclusit vires centrifugas e rotatione respectu spatii absoluti oriri. In libro suo Mach affirmat experimentum tantummodo demonstrare nullas vires centrifugas oriri dum aqua quoad vas non movetur; non licet tamen scire quid accideret si latera vasis immensum augerentur. Itaque, secundum Mach, notio motūs absoluti deserenda est atque omnis motus, sive uniformis sive acceleratus, tantummmodo respectu aliorum corporum intellegi potest ({{*ie}} non satis est dicere aquam rotari, sed necesse est determinare utrum respectu vasis an respectu Terrae rotetur). Hac ratione {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|vis ficticia|ficticiae vires|en|qid=Q212126}} quae motūs relativos ab “absolutis” distinguere videntur, non censendae sunt nisi effectūs peculiaris asymmetriae, in systemate nostro relationum exstantis, inter corpora quae in motu ponimus, quae parva sunt (velut vasa), et corpora quae quiescere credimus (Tellus et stellae remotae), quae multum maiora atque graviora sunt illis. Similem opinionem iam [[Georgius Berkeleius]] in opere {{Op|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|De Motu (Berkeleius)|De Motu|en|qid=Q171280}}}} defenderat.<ref name="berkeleius-1721" /> Haec physica ratio inertiam corporum ita determinare debet ut gravia remotaque corpora universi ad vires inertiales maxime conferant. Nescitur tamen verene Mach novam legem physicam inter corpora gravia proponere voluerit; verisimilius nihil aliud proposuit nisi simplicem “motūs in spatio redescriptionem” quin vocabulum spatii adhiberet.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}.</ref> Scitur tamen Einstein illa verba sic interpretatum esse, quasi quaedam nova actio physica inter corpora exsisteret, ut postea longa disputatio orta sit. Plerique physici censent Mach suum principium in theoriam physicam exactam, quae explicaret quomodo remota sidera inertiam corporum afficere possint, numquam redegisse. Ipse Mach principium suum numquam clare definivit.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, pp. 9–57.</ref> Quamquam Einstein eo maxime inspiratus est, principium Machianum non habetur fundamentum necessarium theoriae relativitatis generalis, licet tamen {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|principium aequivalentiae||en|qid=Q210546}} inter massam gravitationalem atque inertialem sit magnopere fundamentale. == De principio Machiano in theoria relativitatis generalis == Quum in theoria relativitatis generalis notiones simplices [[spatium|spatii]] [[tempus|temporis]]<nowiki />que non iam valeant, etiam obscurius fit quid “principium Machianum” proprie significetur. Saltem viginti et unum enuntiata principii proposita sunt, quorum alia putantur “magis Machiana” quam alia.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, p. 530.</ref> Enuntiatum debilissimum affirmat motum materiei ubilibet afficere posse quae systemata inertialia adhibenda sint alibi. Einstein, antequam theoriam relativitatis generalis perfecisset, effectum quendam invēnit quem interpretatus est principium Machianum probare. Concedatur magnam [[sphaera]]m cavam erga stellas fixas volvi; tum systema inertiale intra sphaeram cavam descriptum incipiet respectu stellarum fixarum [[praecessio|praecessare]]. Hic effectus nunc {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|effectus Lensianus–Thirringianus||en|qid=Q11083519}} appellatur. Einstein hac inventione adeo delectatus est ut Ernesto Mach hocmodo scriberet: {{Folium memoratum| {{omissis}} necessario sequitur ut inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oriatur, prorsus ut in tuis cogitationibus de experimento Newtoniano aquae in vase volventis {{omissis}} Si sphaera cava {{mvar|S}} circa axem per centrum eius transeuntem volvatur (respectu systematis stellarum fixarum sive “systematis quietis”), [[vis Coriolis|campus Coriolianus]] intra sphaeram cavam oriatur, id est planum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|pendulum Foucaultianum|penduli Foucaultiani|en|qid=Q178841}} (quamquam velocitate revera tam exiguā ut mensurari non possit) simul circumferatur. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Albertus Einstein]], [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]].<ref name="epistula-25-iunii-1913" /> }} Effectus Lensianus–Thirringianus certe satisfacit notioni generali secundum quam “materies alibi hic afficit inertiam”:<ref>{{qc|Bondi & Samuel, 1997}}, p. 121.</ref> si sphaera cava materiei abesset aut non volveretur, planum penduli non traheretur. Intra contextum huius effectūs sententia quoque secundum quam inertia “ex quadam interactione inter corpora” oritur putari potest vera. Quaestio tamen profundior videtur esse ipsa existentia “stellarum fixarum”, quas Einstein tractavit systema externum. Physici hodierni vestigia principii Machiani in “problemate valorum initialium” agnoscunt. Forma fortior principii Machiani ad spatitempora Wheeleriana–Machiana–Einsteiniana pertinet, quae postulant ut spatiumtempus sit {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|spatium compactum|spatialiter compactum|en|qid=Q381892}} atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|spatitempus globaliter hyperbolicum|globaliter hyperbolicum|en|qid=Q5570942}}. In talibus universis principium Machianum sic enuntiari potest: ''distributio materiei atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tensor energiae momentique|tensoris energiae momentique|en|qid=Q876346}} [[campus physicus|camporum]] (fortasse etiam aliarum rerum) quodam tempore universi systema inertiale in quolibet puncto universi determinat (ubi “quoddam tempus universi” ad quamlibet {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|superficies Cauchyana|superficiem Cauchyanam|en|qid=Q5054343}} electam refertur).<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, pp. 188–207.</ref> Alii quoque conati sunt theorias quam maxime Machianas construere, velut {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria Bransiana–Dickeana||en|qid=Q898809}} atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria gravitatis Hoyleana–Narlikariana||en|qid=Q17027715}}; sed plerique physici censent nullam ex his prosperam fuisse. In conventu peritorum [[Tubinga]]e anno [[1993]] habito, quum quaereretur “Estne theoria relativitatis generalis plene Machiana?”, tres responderunt “ita”, viginti duo “non”. Ad quaestionem “Estne relativitas generalis, condicionibus marginalibus aptis, valde Machiana?”, quattuordecim responderunt “ita”, septem “non”.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, p. 106.</ref> Einstein tamen persuasus erat relativitatem inertiae necessario validae theoriae gravitatis continendam esse: {{Folium memoratum| Tam vehementer eo tempore Einstein relativitati inertiae credebat ut anno [[1918]] tria principia quibus theoriae gravitatis satisfaciendum erat pari dignitate statuerit: # Principium relativitatis, per covariantiam generalem expressum. # Principium aequivalentiae. # Principium Machianum (quo vocabulo tum primum in litteris adhibito): “… ita ut quantitates {{mvar|g_μν}} omnino massā corporum, generalius tensore {{mvar|T_μν}}, determinentur.” Anno [[1922]], quum Einstein animadvertisset alios contentos esse sine hoc [tertio] criterio procedere, hoc addidit: “Haec beatitudo {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|posteri|posteris|en|qid=Q954025}} videbitur incomprehensibilis.” Dicendum est, ut ego videre possum, principium Machianum usque ad hunc diem physicam nullo modo provexisse. Dicendum quoque est originem inertiae esse manereque obscurissimum caput in [[physica particularum elementarium|theoria particularum]] et [[theoria quantica camporum|camporum]]. Itaque fortasse principium Machianum fructuosum fieri poterit, sed non sine theoria quantica. }}{{Norma dextra| ―{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Abrahamus Pais||en|qid=Q330492}} ([[1972]]). {{Op|‘Subtle is the Lord…’: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein}}.<ref>{{qc|Pais, 2005 [1982]}}, pp. 287–288. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=en|So strongly did Einstein believe at that time in the relativity of inertia that in 1918 he stated as being on an equal footing three principles on which a satisfactory theory of gravitation should rest:}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|The principle of relativity as expressed by general covariance.}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|The principle of equivalence.}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|Mach's principle (the first time this term entered the literature): ... that the ''g_µν'' are completely determined by the mass of bodies, more generally by ''T_µν''.}} {{barbarice|lingua=en|In 1922, Einstein noted that others were satisfied to proceed without this [third] criterion and added, ‘This contentedness will appear incomprehensible to a later generation however.’}} {{barbarice|lingua=en|It must be said that, as far as I can see, to this day, Mach's principle has not brought physics decisively farther. It must also be said that the origin of inertia is and remains the most obscure subject in the theory of particles and fields. Mach's principle may therefore have a future—but not without the quantum theory.}}”</ref> }} == Inductio inertialis == Anno [[1953]] physicus [[Universitas Cantabrigiensis|Cantabrigiensis]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Dionysius Gulielmus Sciama||en|qid=Q284336}}, [[lex universalis gravitationis Newtoniana|aequationi Newtonianae gravitatis]] terminum accelerationi proportionalem addendo, conatus est principium Machianum quantitative exprimere:<ref>{{qc|Sciama, 1953}}.</ref> : <math>F = G\frac{m_A m_B \mathbf{a}}{r c^2}</math> ubi {{mvar|r}} [[spatium]] inter particulas, {{mvar/G}} [[constans gravitatis|constantem gravitatis]], {{vect|a}} [[acceleratio]]nem relativam, atque {{mvar|c}} [[celeritas lucis|celeritatem lucis in vacuo]] indicant. Sciama effectum appellavit ''inductionem inertialem''. == Varia enuntiata principii == Sententia secundum quam “massa alibi sita inertiam hic afficit” multis modis expressa est. [[Hermannus Bondi]] et Iosephus Samuel undecim formulas collegerunt, quas a ''Mach0'' usque ad ''Mach10'' nominaverunt:<ref>{{qc|Bondi & Samuel, 1997}}.</ref> # <li value="0">Universum, secundum mediocrem motum galaxiarum remotorum, quoad systemata inertialia localia videtur non volvi.</li> # [[Constans gravitatis|Constans gravitatis Newtoniana]] {{mvar/G}} est campus dynamicus. # Corpus isolatum in spatio alioquin vacuo nullam inertiam percipit. # Systemata inertialia localia motu cosmico atque uniformitate materiei afficiuntur. # Universum est spatialiter clausum. # [[Energia]] totalis, momentum angulare et [[momentum|momentum lineare]] universi nulla sunt. # Massa inertialis uniformitate materiei universi afficitur. # Si tota materies tollatur, nullum spatium remaneat. # Quantitas <math>\Omega\ \stackrel{\text{def}}{=}\ 4 \pi \rho G T^2</math> est numerus definitus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|ordo magnitudinis|ordinis|en|qid=Q518730}} [[unus|unitatis]], ubi {{mvar|ρ}} densitatem mediam universi atque {{mvar|T}} {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tempus Hubbleanum||fr|qid=Q3517760}} indicant. # Theoria nulla elementa absoluta continet. # Rotationes et translationes rigidae universi observari nequeunt. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Barbour & Pfister, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen redactoris 1 = Barbour | nomen redactoris 1 = Iulianus B. | cognomen redactoris 2 = Pfister | nomen redactoris 2 = Herbertus | titulus = Mach's principle: from Newton's bucket to quantum gravity | lingua = en | annus = 1995 | series = Einstein Studies | volumen seriei = 6 | locus = [[Bostonia]]e | domus editoria = Birkhäuser | url = https://sites.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/papers/MachPrinciple.pdf | isbn = 978-3-7643-3823-7 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Berkeleius, 1721 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Berkeleius | nomen auctoris = Georgius | commentatio de auctore = Georgius Berkeleius | titulus = De motu; sive, de motus principio et natura, et de causa communicationis motuum | annus = 1721 | locus = [[Londinium|Londinii]] | domus editoria = Iacobus Tonson | url = https://archive.org/details/b30774299 | url forma pdf = https://archive.org/download/b30774299/b30774299.pdf }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Bondi & Samuel, 1997 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Bondi | nomen auctoris 1 = Hermannus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Hermannus Bondi | cognomen auctoris 2 = Samuel | nomen auctoris 2 = Iosephus | titulus = The Lense–Thirring Effect and Mach's Principle | contextus = Physics Letters A | volumen = 228 | fasciculus = 3 | annus = 1997 | paginae = 121–126 | bibcode = 1997PhLA..228..121B | doi = 10.1016/S0375-9601(97)00117-5 | s2cid = 15625102 | arxiv = gr-qc/9607009 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Hawking & Ellis, 1973 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Hawking | nomen auctoris 1 = Stephanus Gulielmus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Stephanus Hawking | cognomen auctoris 2 = Ellis | nomen auctoris 2 = Georgius Franciscus Rainerius | titulus = The Large Scale Structure of Space–Time | lingua = en | tempus = 1973 | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | url = https://archive.org/details/largescalestruct0000hawk | accessus ad url = sociis | isbn = 978-0-521-09906-4 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Friedlaender, 1896 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Friedlaender | nomen auctoris 1 = Benedictus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Benedictus Friedlaender | cognomen auctoris 2 = Friedlaender | nomen auctoris 2 = Immanuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Absolute oder relative Bewegung? | lingua = de | latine = Motus absolutus an relativus? | annus = 1896 | url = https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/BDVFSWTJNPOFICKAE2RVF2RNEGFRA67K | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]] | domus editoria = Leonhardus Simion }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen = Gasco | nomen = Enricus | titulus = Il contributo di Mach sull'origine dell'inerzia | lingua = it | latine = Conlatio Machiana ad originem inertiae | contextus = Quaderni di Storia della Fisica | volumen = 12 | paginae = 17–34 | annus = 2004 | url = https://www.vielbein.it/pdf/Articoli/Articolo.pdf | retrospectio = 20260518054822 | salus url = vivit | doi = 10.1393/qsf/i2003-10001-6 }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Mach, 1883 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Mach | nomen auctoris = Ernestus Valfridus Josephus Venceslaus | commentatio de auctore = Ernestus Mach | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt | lingua = de | latine = Mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita | annus = 1883 | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_x9Q2AAAAMAAJ | locus = [[Lipsia]]e | domus editoria = F. A. Brockhaus }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Misner, Thorne & Wheeler, 1973 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Misner | nomen auctoris 1 = Carolus Gulielmus | cognomen auctoris 2 = Thorne | nomen auctoris 2 = Kip Stephanus | commentatio de auctore 2 = Kip Thorne | cognomen auctoris 3 = Wheeler | nomen auctoris 3 = Ioannes Archibaldus | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Gravitation | annus = 1973 | domus editoria = W. H. Freeman and Company | locus = [[Franciscopolis (California)|Franciscopoli]] | url = https://physicsgg.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/misner_thorne_wheeler_gravitation_freema.pdf | retrospectio = 20240728193849 | salus url = vivit | isbn = 0-7167-0344-0 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Pais, 2005 [1982] | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Pais | nomen auctoris = Abrahamus | titulus = ‘Subtle is the Lord…’: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein | annus primae editionis = 1982 | annus = 2005 | domus editoria = Oxford University Press | locus = [[Oxonia]]e | url = https://horizons-2000.org/92.%20Misc%20Files/Reading/Subtle%20is%20the%20Lord--Abraham%20pais.pdf | retrospectio = 20250607173909 | salus url = vivit | isbn = 978-0-19-280672-7 }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen 1 = Pfister | nomen 1 = Herbertus | cognomen 2 = King | nomen 2 = Marcus | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Inertia and Gravitation: The Fundamental Nature and Structure of Space-Time | series = Lecture Notes in Physics | volumen seriei = 897 | annus = 2015 | locus = Heidelberg | domus editoria = Springer | doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-15036-9 | isbn = 978-3-319-15035-2 }}. * {{Opus | auctor 1 = Raine, D. J. | titulus = Mach's Principle in general relativity | contextus = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volumen = 171 | fasciculus = 3 | tempus = 1975 | paginae = 507–528 | bibcode = 1975MNRAS.171..507R | doi = 10.1093/mnras/171.3.507 | accessus ad doi = liberus }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Sciama, 1953 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Sciama | nomen auctoris = Dionysius Gulielmus | titulus = On the origin of inertia | lingua = en | latine = De origine inertiae | contextus = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volumen = 113 | paginae = 34–42 | url = https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953MNRAS.113...34S | url forma pdf = https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1953MNRAS.113...34S | annus = 1953 | annus compositionis = 1952 | doi = 10.1093/mnras/113.1.34 | bibcode = 1953MNRAS.113...34S }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Sciama | nomen auctoris = Dionysius Gulielmus | titulus = Modern Cosmology | tempus = 1971 | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | locus = [[Cantabrigia]]e | url = https://archive.org/details/ModernCosmology_901 | oclc = 6931707 }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Von Bayer, 2001 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Von Bayer | nomen auctoris = Iohannes Christianus | titulus = The Fermi Solution: Essays on Science | lingua = en | annus = 2001 | domus editoria = Courier Dover Publications | isbn = 0-486-41707-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VhJr9Qx8ohsC }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Weinberg, 1972 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Weinberg | nomen auctoris = Stephanus | commentatio de auctore = Stephanus Weinberg | titulus = Gravitation and Cosmology | lingua = en | annus = 1972 | domus editoria = John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | locus = [[Novum Eboracum|Novo Eboraco]], [[Londinium|Londinii]], [[Sydneium|Sydneii]], [[Torontum|Toronti]] | url = https://archive.org/details/gravitationcosmo00stev_0 | accessus ad url = sociis | isbn = 978-0-471-92567-5 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Wolters, 1987 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Wolters | nomen auctoris = Gereon | titulus = Mach I, Mach II, Einstein und die Relativitätstheorie: eine Fälschung und ihre Folgen | lingua = de | annus = 1987 | domus editoria = Walter de Gruyter | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Novum Eboracum|Novo Eboracum]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qg-hpQnob-cC | isbn = 9783110108255 }} }}. {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} * [[Aether luminifer]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Historia theoriae relativitatis generalis||en|qid=Q1936878}} * [[Relativitas generalis]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Rotatio absoluta||en|qid=Q4669833}} * [[Spatii temporisque tractio]] * [[Spatitempus]] * [[Systema relationum]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria Bransiana–Dickeana||en|qid=Q898809}} * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria gravitatis Hoyleana–Narlikariana||en|qid=Q17027715}} * [[Vis centrifuga]] {{div col end}} [[Categoria:Astronomia]] [[Categoria:Ernestus Mach]] [[Categoria:Albertus Einstein]] [[Categoria:Notiones in physica]] [[Categoria:Theoriae gravitationis]] [[Categoria:Rotatio]] [[Categoria:Philosophia]] [[Categoria:Physica]] fays20jrjg43bypcy5jb1dl8egfqwh6 3960752 3960751 2026-05-19T15:47:33Z Grufo 64423 /* De principio Machiano in theoria relativitatis generalis */ 3960752 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:MachDieMechanikEntwickelungTitlPg.jpg|thumb|Liber Ernesti Mach {{Op|De mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita}} ([[Theodisce]] {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}})<ref name="mach-1883">{{qc|Mach, 1883}}.</ref>]] In [[physica theoretica]], praesertim in disputationibus de theoriis [[gravitas (physica)|gravitatis]], {{res|principium Machianum}} seu {{res|coniectura Machiana}}<ref>{{qc|Von Bayer, 2001}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=VhJr9Qx8ohsC&dq=mach's+conjecture&pg=PA79 p. 79].</ref> appellatur hypothesis incerta quam [[Albertus Einstein]] [[Ernestus Mach|Ernesto Mach]], [[physicus|physico]] [[philosophus|philosopho]]<nowiki />que [[Austria]]co, attribuit, quae explicare conatur quomodo res [[rotatio|volventes]], exempli gratia [[gyroscopium|gyroscopia]] vel [[corpus caeleste|corpora caelestia]], ad [[systema relationum]] se referant. Secundum talem coniecturam, [[exsistentia]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|rotatio absoluta|rotationis absolutae|en|qid=Q4669833}}—quae distinctionem inter localia {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum inertiale|systemata inertialia|en|qid=Q192735}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum volvens|systemata volventia|en|qid=Q3310692}} infert—a distributione universali materiei pendet, ut hoc exemplum illustrat: {{Folium memoratum| Primum consiste atque sine ad latera tua [[bracchium|bracchia]] pendere laxa. Observa ut [[sidus|sidera]] fere immota maneant et bracchia tua fere recta deorsum pendeant. Deinde volve te ipsum ipsamve; sidera circa [[zenith]] volvi videbuntur, simulque bracchia tua [[vis centrifuga|vi centrifuga]] sursum trahentur. Profecto casus esset mirabilis si systema relationum inertiale, in quo tua bracchia libere pendebant, idem esset ac systema relationum in quo sidera quiescunt fixa, nisi aliqua interactio inter sidera et te exsisteret quae tuum systema relationum determinaret inertiale. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Stephanus Weinberg]] ([[1972]]). {{Op|Gravitation and Cosmology}}.<ref>{{qc|Weinberg, 1972}}, [https://archive.org/details/gravitationcosmo00stev_0/page/16/mode/2up p. 17]. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{Barbarice|lingua=en|First stand still, and let your arms hang loose at your sides. Observe that the stars are more or less unmoving, and that your arms hang more or less straight down. Then pirouette. The stars will seem to rotate around the zenith, and at the same time your arms will be drawn upward by centrifugal force. It would surely be a remarkable coincidence if the inertial frame, in which your arms hung freely, just happened to be the reference frame in which typical stars are at rest, unless there were some interaction between the stars and you that determined your inertial frame.}}”</ref> }} Principium Machianum statuit hanc rem non esse fortuitam, sed potius quandam exsistere {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|lex physica|legem|en=Physikalisches Gesetz}} quae [[motus|motum]] siderum remotissimorum cum locali {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum inertiale|systemate inertiali|en|qid=Q192735}} conectit. Nam si omnia sidera circa observatorem videantur circumagi, Mach censuit aliquam vim physicam efficere ut observator vim [[vis centrifuga|centrifugam]] sentiret. Hinc varia enuntiata principii, saepe obscura, orta sunt, velut: “[[massa]] alibi sita hic afficit [[inertia]]m”. Formula generalissima principii est: {{Ipse dixit| Leges physicae locales maximā compagine universi determinantur. |[[Stephanus Hawking|Hawking]] & {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Georgius Franciscus Rainerius Ellis|Ellis|en|qid=Q5538966}} ([[1973]]). {{Op|The Large Scale Structure of Space–Time}}.<ref>{{qc|Hawking & Ellis, 1973}}, p. 1. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=en|Local physical laws are determined by the large-scale structure of the universe}}”.</ref> }} Suasio Machiana magni momenti fuit in [[theoria relativitatis generalis|theoriae relativitatis generalis]] Einsteinianae ortu. Einstein enim intellexit distributionem universam materiei {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tensor metricus (theoria relativitatis)|tensorem metricum|en|qid=Q2045231}} determinare posse, quo definiatur quid systema putetur quoad rotationem quiescere. In nonnullis {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|solutiones exactae in theoria relativitatis generalis|solutionibus theoriae relativitatis generalis|en|qid=Q5419229}}, [[spatii temporisque tractio]] atque conservatio {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|momentum angulare|momenti angularis|en|qid=Q161254}} gravitationalis sic efficiunt ut hoc verum sit. Attamen, quum principium ipsum vagum sit, multae formulae diversae propositae sunt quae “principia Machiana” vocari possunt, quarum nonnullae falsae putantur. {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Metrica Gödeliana||en|qid=Q1559192}} universi volventis exemplum praebet quod principium Machianum quam maxime violare videtur. In tali enim exemplo sidera remota eo celerius celeriusque volvi videntur quo longius distent. Contradictio tamen quaestionem validitatis principii Machiani omnino non dirimit, quia exemplum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|lineae temporales clausae|lineas temporales clausas|en|qid=Q1876815}} admittit. == Historia == Ernestus Mach in libro {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}} anno [[1883]] edito suam doctrinam primum exposuit.<ref name="mach-1883" /> Ante eum similes sententiae etiam in libris [[Georgius Berkeleius|Georgii Berkeleii]] philosophi reperiebantur.<ref name="berkeleius-1721">{{qc|Berkeleius, 1721}}.</ref> Post Mach, liber {{Op|Motus absolutus an relativus?}} a fratribus [[Benedictus Friedlaender|Benedicto Friedlaender]] et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Immanuel Friedlaender|Immanuele Friedlaender|de|qid=Q89222}} anno [[1896]] editus nonnullas ideas principio Machiano similes continebat.<ref>{{qc|Friedlaender, 1896}}.</ref> == De usu Einsteiniano principii == Est in theoria relativitatis quaestio fundamentalis: si omnis motus relativus est, quomodo corporum [[inertia]] mensurari potest? Inertia enim respectu alicuius rei metienda est; sed cuius respectu si [[particula]]m solam in universo omnino vacuo fingamus? Nonnulli putaverunt talem particulam nullum motum (ne rotatorium quidem) habere posse. Ita principium Machianum interdum intellegitur affirmatio nullum motum tribui posse nisi alia corpora adsint. Sic ipse Mach scripsit: {{Folium memoratum| Experimentum [[Isaacus Newtonus|Newtonianum]] aquae in [[vas]]e volventis hoc tantum docet: vertiginem relativam aquae respectu [[paries|parietum]] vasis nullas [[vis centrifuga|vires centrifugas]] notabiles excitare; eas autem ex vertigine relativa respectu massae [[Tellus|Telluris]] ceterorumque corporum caelestium oriri. Nemo dicere potest quomodo experimentum finiturum esset si parietes vasis spissiores spissioresque atque graviores fierent, ac denique plurium [[mille passus|miliariorum passuum]] crassitudinem haberent. Unum tantum experimentum nobis conceditur, atque illud cum ceteris rebus nobis cognitis, non tamen cum figmentis nostris arbitrariis, componere debemus. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Ernestus Mach]] ([[1883]]). {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}}.<ref>{{qc|Mach, 1883}}, [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_x9Q2AAAAMAAJ/page/216/mode/2up pp. 216–217]. [[Theodisce|Th.]] “{{Barbarice|lingua=de|Der Versuch Newton's mit dem rotirenden Wassergefäss lehrt nur, dass die Relativdrehung des Wassers gegen die Gefässwände keine merklichen Centrifugalkräfte weckt, dass dieselben aber durch die Relativdrehung gegen die Masse der Erde und die übrigen Himmelskörper geweckt werden. Niemand kann sagen, wie der Versuch verlaufen würde, wenn die Gefässwände immer dicker und massiger, zuletzt mehrere Meilen dick würden. Es liegt nur der eine Versuch vor, und wir haben denselben mit den übrigen uns bekannten Thatsachen, nicht aber mit unsern willkürlichen Dichtungen in Einklang zu bringen.}}”</ref> }} Albertus Einstein fere hoc sensu videtur principium intellexisse: {{Ipse dixit|Inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oritur.|[[Albertus Einstein]], [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]].{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1={{*Cfr}} A. Einstein, “Hoch geehrter Herr Kollege!”, [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]], apud {{qc|Wolters, 1987}}, p. 151, et apud {{qc|Misner, Thorne & Wheeler, 1973}}, p. 544: “{{omissis}} necessario sequitur ut inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oriatur, prorsus ut in tuis cogitationibus de experimento Newtoniano aquae in vase volventis {{omissis}} Si sphaera cava {{mvar|S}} circa axem per centrum eius transeuntem volvatur (respectu systematis stellarum fixarum sive “systematis quietis”), [[vis Coriolis|campus Coriolianus]] intra sphaeram cavam oriatur, id est planum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|pendulum Foucaultianum|penduli Foucaultiani|en|qid=Q178841}} (quamquam velocitate revera tam exiguā ut mensurari non possit) simul circumferatur.” [[Theodisce|Th.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=de|{{omissis}} es ergibt sich mit Notwendigkeit, daß die Trägheit in einer Art Wechselwirkung der Körper ihren Ursprung hat, ganz im Sinne Ihrer Überlegungen zum Newtonschen Eimer-Versuch {{omissis}} Rotiert die Schale {{mvar|S}} um eine durch ihren Mittelpunkt gehende Achse (relativ zum System der Fixsterne/‚Restsystem‘), so entsteht im Innern der Schale ein Coriolis-Feld, d. h. die Ebene des Foucault-Pendels wird (mit einer allerdings praktisch unmeßbar kleinen Geschwindigkeit) mitgenommen.}}”|2=Q178841|name=epistula-25-iunii-1913}}}} Nonnulla principii Machiani enuntiata cum [[holismus|holismo]] conectuntur. Mach enim intellegi potest suasisse ut theoriae gravitatis ad {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|relationalismus|doctrinas relationalisticas|en|qid=Q2142479}} pertinerent. Einstein in physicam hodiernam principium introduxit dum theoriam relativitatis generalis elaborabat; ipse quidem dicitur locutionem “principium Machianum” primus finxisse. Multum disputatur verene Mach novam legem physicam proponere voluerit, quoniam nusquam eam aperte enuntiavit. Scriptum quo Einstein maxime commotus est fuit liber Ernesti Mach {{Op|De mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita}},<ref name="mach-1883" /> in quo philosophus doctrinam Newtonianam de {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spatium tempusque absoluti|spatio absoluto|en|qid=Q19314}} refutavit, praesertim exsistentiam cuiusdam electi [[systema relationum|systematis relationum]] quod e celebri {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|argumentum Newtonianum vasis|argumento Newtoniano vasis|en|qid=Q2585683}} oriebatur. Newtonus in suis {{Op|[[Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica|Philosophiae naturalis principiis mathematicis]]}} demonstrare conatus est rotationem absolutam dignosci posse propter vires apparentes quae tantummodo in rotatione absoluta inveniuntur. Nam si vas aquā plenum volvitur, aqua primitus quiescit, deinde motus vasis aquae communicatur, quae curvatur atque propter vim centrifugam ad margines ascendit. Hoc experimentum demonstrat vires centrifugas non oriri nisi aqua respectu spatii absoluti rotetur (quod hic per systema relationum [[Tellus|Telluris]], vel potius {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|stellae fixae|stellarum fixarum|en|qid=Q430297}}, repraesentatur); contra autem, quum vas respectu aquae vertatur, nullae vires centrifugae gignuntur, quod indicat aquam quietam esse respectu spatii absoluti. Ex hoc Newtonus conclusit vires centrifugas e rotatione respectu spatii absoluti oriri. In libro suo Mach affirmat experimentum tantummodo demonstrare nullas vires centrifugas oriri dum aqua quoad vas non movetur; non licet tamen scire quid accideret si latera vasis immensum augerentur. Itaque, secundum Mach, notio motūs absoluti deserenda est atque omnis motus, sive uniformis sive acceleratus, tantummmodo respectu aliorum corporum intellegi potest ({{*ie}} non satis est dicere aquam rotari, sed necesse est determinare utrum respectu vasis an respectu Terrae rotetur). Hac ratione {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|vis ficticia|ficticiae vires|en|qid=Q212126}} quae motūs relativos ab “absolutis” distinguere videntur, non censendae sunt nisi effectūs peculiaris asymmetriae, in systemate nostro relationum exstantis, inter corpora quae in motu ponimus, quae parva sunt (velut vasa), et corpora quae quiescere credimus (Tellus et stellae remotae), quae multum maiora atque graviora sunt illis. Similem opinionem iam [[Georgius Berkeleius]] in opere {{Op|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|De Motu (Berkeleius)|De Motu|en|qid=Q171280}}}} defenderat.<ref name="berkeleius-1721" /> Haec physica ratio inertiam corporum ita determinare debet ut gravia remotaque corpora universi ad vires inertiales maxime conferant. Nescitur tamen verene Mach novam legem physicam inter corpora gravia proponere voluerit; verisimilius nihil aliud proposuit nisi simplicem “motūs in spatio redescriptionem” quin vocabulum spatii adhiberet.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}.</ref> Scitur tamen Einstein illa verba sic interpretatum esse, quasi quaedam nova actio physica inter corpora exsisteret, ut postea longa disputatio orta sit. Plerique physici censent Mach suum principium in theoriam physicam exactam, quae explicaret quomodo remota sidera inertiam corporum afficere possint, numquam redegisse. Ipse Mach principium suum numquam clare definivit.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, pp. 9–57.</ref> Quamquam Einstein eo maxime inspiratus est, principium Machianum non habetur fundamentum necessarium theoriae relativitatis generalis, licet tamen {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|principium aequivalentiae||en|qid=Q210546}} inter massam gravitationalem atque inertialem sit magnopere fundamentale. == De principio Machiano in theoria relativitatis generalis == Quum in theoria relativitatis generalis notiones simplices [[spatium|spatii]] [[tempus|temporis]]<nowiki />que non iam valeant, etiam obscurius fit quid “principium Machianum” proprie significetur. Saltem viginti et unum enuntiata principii proposita sunt, quorum alia putantur “magis Machiana” quam alia.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, p. 530.</ref> Enuntiatum debilissimum affirmat motum materiei ubilibet afficere posse quae systemata inertialia adhibenda sint alibi. Einstein, antequam theoriam relativitatis generalis perfecisset, effectum quendam invēnit quem interpretatus est principium Machianum probare. Concedatur magnam [[sphaera]]m cavam erga stellas fixas volvi; tum systema inertiale intra sphaeram cavam descriptum incipiet respectu stellarum fixarum [[praecessio|praecessare]]. Hic effectus nunc {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|effectus Lensianus–Thirringianus||en|qid=Q11083519}} appellatur. Einstein hac inventione adeo delectatus est ut Ernesto Mach hocmodo scriberet: {{Folium memoratum| {{omissis}} necessario sequitur ut inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oriatur, prorsus ut in tuis cogitationibus de experimento Newtoniano aquae in vase volventis {{omissis}} Si sphaera cava {{mvar|S}} circa axem per centrum eius transeuntem volvatur (respectu systematis stellarum fixarum sive “systematis quietis”), [[vis Coriolis|campus Coriolianus]] intra sphaeram cavam oriatur, id est planum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|pendulum Foucaultianum|penduli Foucaultiani|en|qid=Q178841}} (quamquam velocitate revera tam exiguā ut mensurari non possit) simul circumferatur. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Albertus Einstein]], [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]].<ref name="epistula-25-iunii-1913" /> }} Effectus Lensianus–Thirringianus certe satisfacit notioni generali secundum quam “materies alibi hic afficit inertiam”:<ref>{{qc|Bondi & Samuel, 1997}}, p. 121.</ref> si sphaera cava materiei abesset aut non volveretur, planum penduli non traheretur. Intra contextum huius effectūs sententia quoque secundum quam inertia “ex quadam interactione inter corpora” oritur putari potest vera. Quaestio tamen profundior videtur esse ipsa existentia “stellarum fixarum”, quas Einstein tractavit systema externum. Physici hodierni vestigia principii Machiani in “problemate valorum initialium” agnoscunt. Forma fortior principii Machiani ad spatitempora Wheeleriana–Machiana–Einsteiniana pertinet, quae postulant ut spatiumtempus sit {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|spatium compactum|spatialiter compactum|en|qid=Q381892}} atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|spatitempus globaliter hyperbolicum|globaliter hyperbolicum|en|qid=Q5570942}}. In talibus universis principium Machianum sic enuntiari potest: ''distributio materiei atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tensor energiae momentique|tensoris energiae momentique|en|qid=Q876346}} [[campus physicus|camporum]] (fortasse etiam aliarum rerum) quodam tempore universi systema inertiale in quolibet puncto universi determinat (ubi “quoddam tempus universi” ad quamlibet {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|superficies Cauchyana|superficiem Cauchyanam|en|qid=Q5054343}} electam refertur).<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, pp. 188–207.</ref> Alii quoque conati sunt theorias quam maxime Machianas construere, velut {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria Bransiana–Dickeana||en|qid=Q898809}} atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria gravitatis Hoyleana–Narlikariana||en|qid=Q17027715}}; sed plerique physici censent nullam ex his prosperam fuisse. In conventu peritorum [[Tubinga]]e anno [[1993]] habito, quum quaereretur “Estne relativitas generalis plene Machiana?”, tres responderunt “ita”, viginti duo “non”. Ad quaestionem “Estne relativitas generalis, condicionibus marginalibus aptis, valde Machiana?”, quattuordecim responderunt “ita”, septem “non”.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, p. 106.</ref> Einstein tamen persuasus erat relativitatem inertiae necessario validae theoriae gravitatis continendam esse: {{Folium memoratum| Tam vehementer eo tempore Einstein relativitati inertiae credebat ut anno [[1918]] tria principia quibus theoriae gravitatis satisfaciendum erat pari dignitate statuerit: # Principium relativitatis, per covariantiam generalem expressum. # Principium aequivalentiae. # Principium Machianum (quo vocabulo tum primum in litteris adhibito): “… ita ut quantitates {{mvar|g_μν}} omnino massā corporum, generalius tensore {{mvar|T_μν}}, determinentur.” Anno [[1922]], quum Einstein animadvertisset alios contentos esse sine hoc [tertio] criterio procedere, hoc addidit: “Haec beatitudo {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|posteri|posteris|en|qid=Q954025}} videbitur incomprehensibilis.” Dicendum est, ut ego videre possum, principium Machianum usque ad hunc diem physicam nullo modo provexisse. Dicendum quoque est originem inertiae esse manereque obscurissimum caput in [[physica particularum elementarium|theoria particularum]] et [[theoria quantica camporum|camporum]]. Itaque fortasse principium Machianum fructuosum fieri poterit, sed non sine theoria quantica. }}{{Norma dextra| ―{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Abrahamus Pais||en|qid=Q330492}} ([[1972]]). {{Op|‘Subtle is the Lord…’: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein}}.<ref>{{qc|Pais, 2005 [1982]}}, pp. 287–288. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=en|So strongly did Einstein believe at that time in the relativity of inertia that in 1918 he stated as being on an equal footing three principles on which a satisfactory theory of gravitation should rest:}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|The principle of relativity as expressed by general covariance.}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|The principle of equivalence.}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|Mach's principle (the first time this term entered the literature): ... that the ''g_µν'' are completely determined by the mass of bodies, more generally by ''T_µν''.}} {{barbarice|lingua=en|In 1922, Einstein noted that others were satisfied to proceed without this [third] criterion and added, ‘This contentedness will appear incomprehensible to a later generation however.’}} {{barbarice|lingua=en|It must be said that, as far as I can see, to this day, Mach's principle has not brought physics decisively farther. It must also be said that the origin of inertia is and remains the most obscure subject in the theory of particles and fields. Mach's principle may therefore have a future—but not without the quantum theory.}}”</ref> }} == Inductio inertialis == Anno [[1953]] physicus [[Universitas Cantabrigiensis|Cantabrigiensis]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Dionysius Gulielmus Sciama||en|qid=Q284336}}, [[lex universalis gravitationis Newtoniana|aequationi Newtonianae gravitatis]] terminum accelerationi proportionalem addendo, conatus est principium Machianum quantitative exprimere:<ref>{{qc|Sciama, 1953}}.</ref> : <math>F = G\frac{m_A m_B \mathbf{a}}{r c^2}</math> ubi {{mvar|r}} [[spatium]] inter particulas, {{mvar/G}} [[constans gravitatis|constantem gravitatis]], {{vect|a}} [[acceleratio]]nem relativam, atque {{mvar|c}} [[celeritas lucis|celeritatem lucis in vacuo]] indicant. Sciama effectum appellavit ''inductionem inertialem''. == Varia enuntiata principii == Sententia secundum quam “massa alibi sita inertiam hic afficit” multis modis expressa est. [[Hermannus Bondi]] et Iosephus Samuel undecim formulas collegerunt, quas a ''Mach0'' usque ad ''Mach10'' nominaverunt:<ref>{{qc|Bondi & Samuel, 1997}}.</ref> # <li value="0">Universum, secundum mediocrem motum galaxiarum remotorum, quoad systemata inertialia localia videtur non volvi.</li> # [[Constans gravitatis|Constans gravitatis Newtoniana]] {{mvar/G}} est campus dynamicus. # Corpus isolatum in spatio alioquin vacuo nullam inertiam percipit. # Systemata inertialia localia motu cosmico atque uniformitate materiei afficiuntur. # Universum est spatialiter clausum. # [[Energia]] totalis, momentum angulare et [[momentum|momentum lineare]] universi nulla sunt. # Massa inertialis uniformitate materiei universi afficitur. # Si tota materies tollatur, nullum spatium remaneat. # Quantitas <math>\Omega\ \stackrel{\text{def}}{=}\ 4 \pi \rho G T^2</math> est numerus definitus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|ordo magnitudinis|ordinis|en|qid=Q518730}} [[unus|unitatis]], ubi {{mvar|ρ}} densitatem mediam universi atque {{mvar|T}} {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tempus Hubbleanum||fr|qid=Q3517760}} indicant. # Theoria nulla elementa absoluta continet. # Rotationes et translationes rigidae universi observari nequeunt. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Barbour & Pfister, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen redactoris 1 = Barbour | nomen redactoris 1 = Iulianus B. | cognomen redactoris 2 = Pfister | nomen redactoris 2 = Herbertus | titulus = Mach's principle: from Newton's bucket to quantum gravity | lingua = en | annus = 1995 | series = Einstein Studies | volumen seriei = 6 | locus = [[Bostonia]]e | domus editoria = Birkhäuser | url = https://sites.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/papers/MachPrinciple.pdf | isbn = 978-3-7643-3823-7 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Berkeleius, 1721 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Berkeleius | nomen auctoris = Georgius | commentatio de auctore = Georgius Berkeleius | titulus = De motu; sive, de motus principio et natura, et de causa communicationis motuum | annus = 1721 | locus = [[Londinium|Londinii]] | domus editoria = Iacobus Tonson | url = https://archive.org/details/b30774299 | url forma pdf = https://archive.org/download/b30774299/b30774299.pdf }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Bondi & Samuel, 1997 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Bondi | nomen auctoris 1 = Hermannus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Hermannus Bondi | cognomen auctoris 2 = Samuel | nomen auctoris 2 = Iosephus | titulus = The Lense–Thirring Effect and Mach's Principle | contextus = Physics Letters A | volumen = 228 | fasciculus = 3 | annus = 1997 | paginae = 121–126 | bibcode = 1997PhLA..228..121B | doi = 10.1016/S0375-9601(97)00117-5 | s2cid = 15625102 | arxiv = gr-qc/9607009 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Hawking & Ellis, 1973 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Hawking | nomen auctoris 1 = Stephanus Gulielmus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Stephanus Hawking | cognomen auctoris 2 = Ellis | nomen auctoris 2 = Georgius Franciscus Rainerius | titulus = The Large Scale Structure of Space–Time | lingua = en | tempus = 1973 | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | url = https://archive.org/details/largescalestruct0000hawk | accessus ad url = sociis | isbn = 978-0-521-09906-4 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Friedlaender, 1896 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Friedlaender | nomen auctoris 1 = Benedictus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Benedictus Friedlaender | cognomen auctoris 2 = Friedlaender | nomen auctoris 2 = Immanuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Absolute oder relative Bewegung? | lingua = de | latine = Motus absolutus an relativus? | annus = 1896 | url = https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/BDVFSWTJNPOFICKAE2RVF2RNEGFRA67K | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]] | domus editoria = Leonhardus Simion }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen = Gasco | nomen = Enricus | titulus = Il contributo di Mach sull'origine dell'inerzia | lingua = it | latine = Conlatio Machiana ad originem inertiae | contextus = Quaderni di Storia della Fisica | volumen = 12 | paginae = 17–34 | annus = 2004 | url = https://www.vielbein.it/pdf/Articoli/Articolo.pdf | retrospectio = 20260518054822 | salus url = vivit | doi = 10.1393/qsf/i2003-10001-6 }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Mach, 1883 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Mach | nomen auctoris = Ernestus Valfridus Josephus Venceslaus | commentatio de auctore = Ernestus Mach | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt | lingua = de | latine = Mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita | annus = 1883 | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_x9Q2AAAAMAAJ | locus = [[Lipsia]]e | domus editoria = F. A. Brockhaus }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Misner, Thorne & Wheeler, 1973 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Misner | nomen auctoris 1 = Carolus Gulielmus | cognomen auctoris 2 = Thorne | nomen auctoris 2 = Kip Stephanus | commentatio de auctore 2 = Kip Thorne | cognomen auctoris 3 = Wheeler | nomen auctoris 3 = Ioannes Archibaldus | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Gravitation | annus = 1973 | domus editoria = W. H. Freeman and Company | locus = [[Franciscopolis (California)|Franciscopoli]] | url = https://physicsgg.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/misner_thorne_wheeler_gravitation_freema.pdf | retrospectio = 20240728193849 | salus url = vivit | isbn = 0-7167-0344-0 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Pais, 2005 [1982] | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Pais | nomen auctoris = Abrahamus | titulus = ‘Subtle is the Lord…’: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein | annus primae editionis = 1982 | annus = 2005 | domus editoria = Oxford University Press | locus = [[Oxonia]]e | url = https://horizons-2000.org/92.%20Misc%20Files/Reading/Subtle%20is%20the%20Lord--Abraham%20pais.pdf | retrospectio = 20250607173909 | salus url = vivit | isbn = 978-0-19-280672-7 }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen 1 = Pfister | nomen 1 = Herbertus | cognomen 2 = King | nomen 2 = Marcus | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Inertia and Gravitation: The Fundamental Nature and Structure of Space-Time | series = Lecture Notes in Physics | volumen seriei = 897 | annus = 2015 | locus = Heidelberg | domus editoria = Springer | doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-15036-9 | isbn = 978-3-319-15035-2 }}. * {{Opus | auctor 1 = Raine, D. J. | titulus = Mach's Principle in general relativity | contextus = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volumen = 171 | fasciculus = 3 | tempus = 1975 | paginae = 507–528 | bibcode = 1975MNRAS.171..507R | doi = 10.1093/mnras/171.3.507 | accessus ad doi = liberus }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Sciama, 1953 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Sciama | nomen auctoris = Dionysius Gulielmus | titulus = On the origin of inertia | lingua = en | latine = De origine inertiae | contextus = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volumen = 113 | paginae = 34–42 | url = https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953MNRAS.113...34S | url forma pdf = https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1953MNRAS.113...34S | annus = 1953 | annus compositionis = 1952 | doi = 10.1093/mnras/113.1.34 | bibcode = 1953MNRAS.113...34S }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Sciama | nomen auctoris = Dionysius Gulielmus | titulus = Modern Cosmology | tempus = 1971 | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | locus = [[Cantabrigia]]e | url = https://archive.org/details/ModernCosmology_901 | oclc = 6931707 }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Von Bayer, 2001 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Von Bayer | nomen auctoris = Iohannes Christianus | titulus = The Fermi Solution: Essays on Science | lingua = en | annus = 2001 | domus editoria = Courier Dover Publications | isbn = 0-486-41707-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VhJr9Qx8ohsC }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Weinberg, 1972 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Weinberg | nomen auctoris = Stephanus | commentatio de auctore = Stephanus Weinberg | titulus = Gravitation and Cosmology | lingua = en | annus = 1972 | domus editoria = John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | locus = [[Novum Eboracum|Novo Eboraco]], [[Londinium|Londinii]], [[Sydneium|Sydneii]], [[Torontum|Toronti]] | url = https://archive.org/details/gravitationcosmo00stev_0 | accessus ad url = sociis | isbn = 978-0-471-92567-5 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Wolters, 1987 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Wolters | nomen auctoris = Gereon | titulus = Mach I, Mach II, Einstein und die Relativitätstheorie: eine Fälschung und ihre Folgen | lingua = de | annus = 1987 | domus editoria = Walter de Gruyter | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Novum Eboracum|Novo Eboracum]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qg-hpQnob-cC | isbn = 9783110108255 }} }}. {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} * [[Aether luminifer]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Historia theoriae relativitatis generalis||en|qid=Q1936878}} * [[Relativitas generalis]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Rotatio absoluta||en|qid=Q4669833}} * [[Spatii temporisque tractio]] * [[Spatitempus]] * [[Systema relationum]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria Bransiana–Dickeana||en|qid=Q898809}} * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria gravitatis Hoyleana–Narlikariana||en|qid=Q17027715}} * [[Vis centrifuga]] {{div col end}} [[Categoria:Astronomia]] [[Categoria:Ernestus Mach]] [[Categoria:Albertus Einstein]] [[Categoria:Notiones in physica]] [[Categoria:Theoriae gravitationis]] [[Categoria:Rotatio]] [[Categoria:Philosophia]] [[Categoria:Physica]] 3pvwlgnurq3lkq6f92oulnozjo41f25 3960753 3960752 2026-05-19T15:54:18Z Grufo 64423 3960753 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:MachDieMechanikEntwickelungTitlPg.jpg|thumb|Liber Ernesti Mach {{Op|De mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita}} ([[Theodisce]] {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}})<ref name="mach-1883">{{qc|Mach, 1883}}.</ref>]] In [[physica theoretica]], praesertim in disputationibus de theoriis [[gravitas (physica)|gravitatis]], {{res|principium Machianum}} seu {{res|coniectura Machiana}}<ref>{{qc|Von Bayer, 2001}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=VhJr9Qx8ohsC&dq=mach's+conjecture&pg=PA79 p. 79].</ref> appellatur hypothesis incerta quam [[Albertus Einstein]] [[Ernestus Mach|Ernesto Mach]], [[physicus|physico]] [[philosophus|philosopho]]<nowiki />que [[Austria]]co, attribuit, quae explicare conatur quomodo res [[rotatio|volventes]], exempli gratia [[gyroscopium|gyroscopia]] vel [[corpus caeleste|corpora caelestia]], ad [[systema relationum]] se referant. Secundum talem coniecturam, [[exsistentia]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|rotatio absoluta|rotationis absolutae|en|qid=Q4669833}}—quae distinctionem inter localia {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum inertiale|systemata inertialia|en|qid=Q192735}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum volvens|systemata volventia|en|qid=Q3310692}} infert—a distributione universali materiei pendet, ut hoc exemplum illustrat: {{Folium memoratum| Primum consiste atque sine ad latera tua [[bracchium|bracchia]] pendere laxa. Observa ut [[sidus|sidera]] fere immota maneant et bracchia tua fere recta deorsum pendeant. Deinde volve te ipsum ipsamve; sidera circa [[zenith]] volvi videbuntur, simulque bracchia tua [[vis centrifuga|vi centrifuga]] sursum trahentur. Profecto casus esset mirabilis si systema relationum inertiale, in quo tua bracchia libere pendebant, idem esset ac systema relationum in quo sidera quiescunt fixa, nisi aliqua interactio inter sidera et te exsisteret quae tuum systema relationum determinaret inertiale. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Stephanus Weinberg]] ([[1972]]). {{Op|Gravitation and Cosmology}}.<ref>{{qc|Weinberg, 1972}}, [https://archive.org/details/gravitationcosmo00stev_0/page/16/mode/2up p. 17]. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{Barbarice|lingua=en|First stand still, and let your arms hang loose at your sides. Observe that the stars are more or less unmoving, and that your arms hang more or less straight down. Then pirouette. The stars will seem to rotate around the zenith, and at the same time your arms will be drawn upward by centrifugal force. It would surely be a remarkable coincidence if the inertial frame, in which your arms hung freely, just happened to be the reference frame in which typical stars are at rest, unless there were some interaction between the stars and you that determined your inertial frame.}}”</ref> }} Principium Machianum statuit hanc rem non esse fortuitam, sed potius quandam exsistere {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|lex physica|legem|en=Physikalisches Gesetz}} quae [[motus|motum]] siderum remotissimorum cum locali {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum inertiale|systemate inertiali|en|qid=Q192735}} conectit. Nam si omnia sidera circa observatorem videantur circumagi, Mach censuit aliquam vim physicam efficere ut observator [[vis centrifuga|vim centrifugam]] sentiret. Hinc varia enuntiata principii, saepe obscura, orta sunt, velut: “[[massa]] alibi sita hic afficit [[inertia]]m”. Formula generalissima principii est: {{Ipse dixit| Leges physicae locales maximā compagine universi determinantur. |[[Stephanus Hawking|Hawking]] & {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Georgius Franciscus Rainerius Ellis|Ellis|en|qid=Q5538966}} ([[1973]]). {{Op|The Large Scale Structure of Space–Time}}.<ref>{{qc|Hawking & Ellis, 1973}}, p. 1. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=en|Local physical laws are determined by the large-scale structure of the universe}}”.</ref> }} Suasio Machiana magni momenti fuit in [[theoria relativitatis generalis|theoriae relativitatis generalis]] Einsteinianae ortu. Einstein enim intellexit distributionem universam materiei {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tensor metricus (theoria relativitatis)|tensorem metricum|en|qid=Q2045231}} determinare posse, quo definiatur quid systema putetur quoad rotationem quiescere. In nonnullis {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|solutiones exactae in theoria relativitatis generalis|solutionibus theoriae relativitatis generalis|en|qid=Q5419229}}, [[spatii temporisque tractio]] atque conservatio {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|momentum angulare|momenti angularis|en|qid=Q161254}} gravitationalis sic efficiunt ut hoc verum sit. Attamen, quum principium ipsum vagum sit, multae formulae diversae propositae sunt quae “principia Machiana” vocari possunt, quarum nonnullae falsae putantur. {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Metrica Gödeliana||en|qid=Q1559192}} universi volventis exemplum praebet quod principium Machianum quam maxime violare videtur. In tali enim exemplo sidera remota eo celerius celeriusque volvi videntur quo longius distent. Contradictio tamen quaestionem validitatis principii Machiani omnino non dirimit, quia exemplum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|lineae temporales clausae|lineas temporales clausas|en|qid=Q1876815}} admittit. == Historia == Ernestus Mach in libro {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}} anno [[1883]] edito suam doctrinam primum exposuit.<ref name="mach-1883" /> Ante eum similes sententiae etiam in libris [[Georgius Berkeleius|Georgii Berkeleii]] philosophi reperiebantur.<ref name="berkeleius-1721">{{qc|Berkeleius, 1721}}.</ref> Post Mach, liber {{Op|Motus absolutus an relativus?}} a fratribus [[Benedictus Friedlaender|Benedicto Friedlaender]] et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Immanuel Friedlaender|Immanuele Friedlaender|de|qid=Q89222}} anno [[1896]] editus nonnullas ideas principio Machiano similes continebat.<ref>{{qc|Friedlaender, 1896}}.</ref> == De usu Einsteiniano principii == Est in theoria relativitatis quaestio fundamentalis: si omnis motus relativus est, quomodo corporum [[inertia]] mensurari potest? Inertia enim respectu alicuius rei metienda est; sed cuius respectu si [[particula]]m solam in universo omnino vacuo fingamus? Nonnulli putaverunt talem particulam nullum motum (ne rotatorium quidem) habere posse. Ita principium Machianum interdum intellegitur affirmatio nullum motum tribui posse nisi alia corpora adsint. Sic ipse Mach scripsit: {{Folium memoratum| Experimentum [[Isaacus Newtonus|Newtonianum]] aquae in [[vas]]e volventis hoc tantum docet: vertiginem relativam aquae respectu [[paries|parietum]] vasis nullas [[vis centrifuga|vires centrifugas]] notabiles excitare; eas autem ex vertigine relativa respectu massae [[Tellus|Telluris]] ceterorumque corporum caelestium oriri. Nemo dicere potest quomodo experimentum finiturum esset si parietes vasis spissiores spissioresque atque graviores fierent, ac denique plurium [[mille passus|miliariorum passuum]] crassitudinem haberent. Unum tantum experimentum nobis conceditur, atque illud cum ceteris rebus nobis cognitis, non tamen cum figmentis nostris arbitrariis, componere debemus. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Ernestus Mach]] ([[1883]]). {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}}.<ref>{{qc|Mach, 1883}}, [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_x9Q2AAAAMAAJ/page/216/mode/2up pp. 216–217]. [[Theodisce|Th.]] “{{Barbarice|lingua=de|Der Versuch Newton's mit dem rotirenden Wassergefäss lehrt nur, dass die Relativdrehung des Wassers gegen die Gefässwände keine merklichen Centrifugalkräfte weckt, dass dieselben aber durch die Relativdrehung gegen die Masse der Erde und die übrigen Himmelskörper geweckt werden. Niemand kann sagen, wie der Versuch verlaufen würde, wenn die Gefässwände immer dicker und massiger, zuletzt mehrere Meilen dick würden. Es liegt nur der eine Versuch vor, und wir haben denselben mit den übrigen uns bekannten Thatsachen, nicht aber mit unsern willkürlichen Dichtungen in Einklang zu bringen.}}”</ref> }} Albertus Einstein fere hoc sensu videtur principium intellexisse: {{Ipse dixit|Inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oritur.|[[Albertus Einstein]], [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]].{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1={{*Cfr}} A. Einstein, “Hoch geehrter Herr Kollege!”, [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]], apud {{qc|Wolters, 1987}}, p. 151, et apud {{qc|Misner, Thorne & Wheeler, 1973}}, p. 544: “{{omissis}} necessario sequitur ut inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oriatur, prorsus ut in tuis cogitationibus de experimento Newtoniano aquae in vase volventis {{omissis}} Si sphaera cava {{mvar|S}} circa axem per centrum eius transeuntem volvatur (respectu systematis stellarum fixarum sive “systematis quietis”), [[vis Coriolis|campus Coriolianus]] intra sphaeram cavam oriatur, id est planum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|pendulum Foucaultianum|penduli Foucaultiani|en|qid=Q178841}} (quamquam velocitate revera tam exiguā ut mensurari non possit) simul circumferatur.” [[Theodisce|Th.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=de|{{omissis}} es ergibt sich mit Notwendigkeit, daß die Trägheit in einer Art Wechselwirkung der Körper ihren Ursprung hat, ganz im Sinne Ihrer Überlegungen zum Newtonschen Eimer-Versuch {{omissis}} Rotiert die Schale {{mvar|S}} um eine durch ihren Mittelpunkt gehende Achse (relativ zum System der Fixsterne/‚Restsystem‘), so entsteht im Innern der Schale ein Coriolis-Feld, d. h. die Ebene des Foucault-Pendels wird (mit einer allerdings praktisch unmeßbar kleinen Geschwindigkeit) mitgenommen.}}”|2=Q178841|name=epistula-25-iunii-1913}}}} Nonnulla principii Machiani enuntiata cum [[holismus|holismo]] conectuntur. Mach enim intellegi potest suasisse ut theoriae gravitatis ad {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|relationalismus|doctrinas relationalisticas|en|qid=Q2142479}} pertinerent. Einstein in physicam hodiernam principium introduxit dum theoriam relativitatis generalis elaborabat; ipse quidem dicitur locutionem “principium Machianum” primus finxisse. Multum disputatur verene Mach novam legem physicam proponere voluerit, quoniam nusquam eam aperte enuntiavit. Scriptum quo Einstein maxime commotus est fuit liber Ernesti Mach {{Op|De mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita}},<ref name="mach-1883" /> in quo philosophus doctrinam Newtonianam de {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spatium tempusque absoluti|spatio absoluto|en|qid=Q19314}} refutavit, praesertim exsistentiam cuiusdam electi [[systema relationum|systematis relationum]] quod e celebri {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|argumentum Newtonianum vasis|argumento Newtoniano vasis|en|qid=Q2585683}} oriebatur. Newtonus in suis {{Op|[[Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica|Philosophiae naturalis principiis mathematicis]]}} demonstrare conatus est rotationem absolutam dignosci posse propter vires apparentes quae tantummodo in rotatione absoluta inveniuntur. Nam si vas aquā plenum volvitur, aqua primitus quiescit, deinde motus vasis aquae communicatur, quae curvatur atque propter vim centrifugam ad margines ascendit. Hoc experimentum demonstrat vires centrifugas non oriri nisi aqua respectu spatii absoluti rotetur (quod hic per systema relationum [[Tellus|Telluris]], vel potius {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|stellae fixae|stellarum fixarum|en|qid=Q430297}}, repraesentatur); contra autem, quum vas respectu aquae vertatur, nullae vires centrifugae gignuntur, quod indicat aquam quietam esse respectu spatii absoluti. Ex hoc Newtonus conclusit vires centrifugas e rotatione respectu spatii absoluti oriri. In libro suo Mach affirmat experimentum tantummodo demonstrare nullas vires centrifugas oriri dum aqua quoad vas non movetur; non licet tamen scire quid accideret si latera vasis immensum augerentur. Itaque, secundum Mach, notio motūs absoluti deserenda est atque omnis motus, sive uniformis sive acceleratus, tantummmodo respectu aliorum corporum intellegi potest ({{*ie}} non satis est dicere aquam rotari, sed necesse est determinare utrum respectu vasis an respectu Terrae rotetur). Hac ratione {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|vis ficticia|ficticiae vires|en|qid=Q212126}} quae motūs relativos ab “absolutis” distinguere videntur, nihil aliud censendae sunt nisi effectūs peculiaris asymmetriae, in systemate nostro relationum exstantis, inter corpora quae in motu ponimus, quae parva sunt (velut vasa), et corpora quae quiescere credimus (Tellus et stellae remotae), quae multum maiora atque graviora sunt illis. Similem opinionem iam [[Georgius Berkeleius]] in opere {{Op|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|De Motu (Berkeleius)|De Motu|en|qid=Q171280}}}} defenderat.<ref name="berkeleius-1721" /> Haec physica ratio inertiam corporum ita determinare debet ut gravia remotaque corpora universi ad vires inertiales maxime conferant. Nescitur tamen verene Mach novam legem physicam inter corpora gravia proponere voluerit; verisimilius nihil aliud proposuit nisi simplicem “motūs in spatio redescriptionem” quin vocabulum spatii adhiberet.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}.</ref> Scitur tamen Einstein illa verba sic interpretatum esse, quasi quaedam nova actio physica inter corpora exsisteret, ut postea longa disputatio orta sit. Plerique physici censent Mach suum principium in theoriam physicam exactam, quae explicaret quomodo remota sidera inertiam corporum afficere possint, numquam redegisse. Ipse Mach principium suum numquam clare definivit.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, pp. 9–57.</ref> Quamquam Einstein eo maxime inspiratus est, principium Machianum non habetur fundamentum necessarium theoriae relativitatis generalis, licet tamen {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|principium aequivalentiae||en|qid=Q210546}} inter massam gravitationalem atque inertialem sit magnopere fundamentale. == De principio Machiano in theoria relativitatis generalis == Quum in theoria relativitatis generalis notiones simplices [[spatium|spatii]] [[tempus|temporis]]<nowiki />que non iam valeant, etiam obscurius fit quid “principium Machianum” proprie significetur. Saltem viginti et unum enuntiata principii proposita sunt, quorum alia putantur “magis Machiana” quam alia.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, p. 530.</ref> Enuntiatum debilissimum affirmat motum materiei ubilibet afficere posse quae systemata inertialia adhibenda sint alibi. Einstein, antequam theoriam relativitatis generalis perfecisset, effectum quendam invēnit quem interpretatus est principium Machianum probare. Concedatur magnam [[sphaera]]m cavam erga stellas fixas volvi; tum systema inertiale intra sphaeram cavam descriptum incipiet respectu stellarum fixarum [[praecessio|praecessare]]. Hic effectus nunc {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|effectus Lensianus–Thirringianus||en|qid=Q11083519}} appellatur. Einstein hac inventione adeo delectatus est ut Ernesto Mach hocmodo scriberet: {{Folium memoratum| {{omissis}} necessario sequitur ut inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oriatur, prorsus ut in tuis cogitationibus de experimento Newtoniano aquae in vase volventis {{omissis}} Si sphaera cava {{mvar|S}} circa axem per centrum eius transeuntem volvatur (respectu systematis stellarum fixarum sive “systematis quietis”), [[vis Coriolis|campus Coriolianus]] intra sphaeram cavam oriatur, id est planum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|pendulum Foucaultianum|penduli Foucaultiani|en|qid=Q178841}} (quamquam velocitate revera tam exiguā ut mensurari non possit) simul circumferatur. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Albertus Einstein]], [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]].<ref name="epistula-25-iunii-1913" /> }} Effectus Lensianus–Thirringianus certe satisfacit notioni generali secundum quam “materies alibi hic afficit inertiam”:<ref>{{qc|Bondi & Samuel, 1997}}, p. 121.</ref> si sphaera cava materiei abesset aut non volveretur, planum penduli non traheretur. Intra contextum huius effectūs sententia quoque secundum quam inertia “ex quadam interactione inter corpora” oritur putari potest vera. Quaestio tamen profundior videtur esse ipsa existentia “stellarum fixarum”, quas Einstein tractavit systema externum. Physici hodierni vestigia principii Machiani in “problemate valorum initialium” agnoscunt. Forma fortior principii Machiani ad spatitempora Wheeleriana–Machiana–Einsteiniana pertinet, quae postulant ut spatiumtempus sit {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|spatium compactum|spatialiter compactum|en|qid=Q381892}} atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|spatitempus globaliter hyperbolicum|globaliter hyperbolicum|en|qid=Q5570942}}. In talibus universis principium Machianum sic enuntiari potest: ''distributio materiei atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tensor energiae momentique|tensoris energiae momentique|en|qid=Q876346}} [[campus physicus|camporum]] (fortasse etiam aliarum rerum) quodam tempore universi systema inertiale in quolibet puncto universi determinat (ubi “quoddam tempus universi” ad quamlibet {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|superficies Cauchyana|superficiem Cauchyanam|en|qid=Q5054343}} electam refertur).<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, pp. 188–207.</ref> Alii quoque conati sunt theorias quam maxime Machianas construere, velut {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria Bransiana–Dickeana||en|qid=Q898809}} atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria gravitatis Hoyleana–Narlikariana||en|qid=Q17027715}}; sed plerique physici censent nullam ex his prosperam fuisse. In conventu peritorum [[Tubinga]]e anno [[1993]] habito, quum quaereretur “Estne relativitas generalis plene Machiana?”, tres responderunt “ita”, viginti duo “non”. Ad quaestionem “Estne relativitas generalis, condicionibus marginalibus aptis, valde Machiana?”, quattuordecim responderunt “ita”, septem “non”.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, p. 106.</ref> Einstein tamen persuasus erat relativitatem inertiae necessario validae theoriae gravitatis continendam esse: {{Folium memoratum| Tam vehementer eo tempore Einstein relativitati inertiae credebat ut anno [[1918]] tria principia quibus theoriae gravitatis satisfaciendum erat pari dignitate statuerit: # Principium relativitatis, per covariantiam generalem expressum. # Principium aequivalentiae. # Principium Machianum (quo vocabulo tum primum in litteris adhibito): “… ita ut quantitates {{mvar|g_μν}} omnino massā corporum, generalius tensore {{mvar|T_μν}}, determinentur.” Anno [[1922]], quum Einstein animadvertisset alios contentos esse sine hoc [tertio] criterio procedere, hoc addidit: “Haec beatitudo {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|posteri|posteris|en|qid=Q954025}} videbitur incomprehensibilis.” Dicendum est, ut ego videre possum, principium Machianum usque ad hunc diem physicam nullo modo provexisse. Dicendum quoque est originem inertiae esse manereque obscurissimum caput in [[physica particularum elementarium|theoria particularum]] et [[theoria quantica camporum|camporum]]. Itaque fortasse principium Machianum fructuosum fieri poterit, sed non sine theoria quantica. }}{{Norma dextra| ―{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Abrahamus Pais||en|qid=Q330492}} ([[1972]]). {{Op|‘Subtle is the Lord…’: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein}}.<ref>{{qc|Pais, 2005 [1982]}}, pp. 287–288. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=en|So strongly did Einstein believe at that time in the relativity of inertia that in 1918 he stated as being on an equal footing three principles on which a satisfactory theory of gravitation should rest:}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|The principle of relativity as expressed by general covariance.}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|The principle of equivalence.}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|Mach's principle (the first time this term entered the literature): ... that the ''g_µν'' are completely determined by the mass of bodies, more generally by ''T_µν''.}} {{barbarice|lingua=en|In 1922, Einstein noted that others were satisfied to proceed without this [third] criterion and added, ‘This contentedness will appear incomprehensible to a later generation however.’}} {{barbarice|lingua=en|It must be said that, as far as I can see, to this day, Mach's principle has not brought physics decisively farther. It must also be said that the origin of inertia is and remains the most obscure subject in the theory of particles and fields. Mach's principle may therefore have a future—but not without the quantum theory.}}”</ref> }} == Inductio inertialis == Anno [[1953]] physicus [[Universitas Cantabrigiensis|Cantabrigiensis]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Dionysius Gulielmus Sciama||en|qid=Q284336}}, [[lex universalis gravitationis Newtoniana|aequationi Newtonianae gravitatis]] terminum accelerationi proportionalem addendo, conatus est principium Machianum quantitative exprimere:<ref>{{qc|Sciama, 1953}}.</ref> : <math>F = G\frac{m_A m_B \mathbf{a}}{r c^2}</math> ubi {{mvar|r}} [[spatium]] inter particulas, {{mvar/G}} [[constans gravitatis|constantem gravitatis]], {{vect|a}} [[acceleratio]]nem relativam, atque {{mvar|c}} [[celeritas lucis|celeritatem lucis in vacuo]] indicant. Sciama effectum appellavit ''inductionem inertialem''. == Varia enuntiata principii == Sententia secundum quam “massa alibi sita inertiam hic afficit” multis modis expressa est. [[Hermannus Bondi]] et Iosephus Samuel undecim formulas collegerunt, quas a ''Mach0'' usque ad ''Mach10'' nominaverunt:<ref>{{qc|Bondi & Samuel, 1997}}.</ref> # <li value="0">Universum, secundum mediocrem motum galaxiarum remotorum, quoad systemata inertialia localia videtur non volvi.</li> # [[Constans gravitatis|Constans gravitatis Newtoniana]] {{mvar/G}} est campus dynamicus. # Corpus isolatum in spatio alioquin vacuo nullam inertiam percipit. # Systemata inertialia localia motu cosmico atque uniformitate materiei afficiuntur. # Universum est spatialiter clausum. # [[Energia]] totalis, momentum angulare et [[momentum|momentum lineare]] universi nulla sunt. # Massa inertialis uniformitate materiei universi afficitur. # Si tota materies tollatur, nullum spatium remaneat. # Quantitas <math>\Omega\ \stackrel{\text{def}}{=}\ 4 \pi \rho G T^2</math> est numerus definitus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|ordo magnitudinis|ordinis|en|qid=Q518730}} [[unus|unitatis]], ubi {{mvar|ρ}} densitatem mediam universi atque {{mvar|T}} {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tempus Hubbleanum||fr|qid=Q3517760}} indicant. # Theoria nulla elementa absoluta continet. # Rotationes et translationes rigidae universi observari nequeunt. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Barbour & Pfister, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen redactoris 1 = Barbour | nomen redactoris 1 = Iulianus B. | cognomen redactoris 2 = Pfister | nomen redactoris 2 = Herbertus | titulus = Mach's principle: from Newton's bucket to quantum gravity | lingua = en | annus = 1995 | series = Einstein Studies | volumen seriei = 6 | locus = [[Bostonia]]e | domus editoria = Birkhäuser | url = https://sites.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/papers/MachPrinciple.pdf | isbn = 978-3-7643-3823-7 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Berkeleius, 1721 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Berkeleius | nomen auctoris = Georgius | commentatio de auctore = Georgius Berkeleius | titulus = De motu; sive, de motus principio et natura, et de causa communicationis motuum | annus = 1721 | locus = [[Londinium|Londinii]] | domus editoria = Iacobus Tonson | url = https://archive.org/details/b30774299 | url forma pdf = https://archive.org/download/b30774299/b30774299.pdf }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Bondi & Samuel, 1997 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Bondi | nomen auctoris 1 = Hermannus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Hermannus Bondi | cognomen auctoris 2 = Samuel | nomen auctoris 2 = Iosephus | titulus = The Lense–Thirring Effect and Mach's Principle | contextus = Physics Letters A | volumen = 228 | fasciculus = 3 | annus = 1997 | paginae = 121–126 | bibcode = 1997PhLA..228..121B | doi = 10.1016/S0375-9601(97)00117-5 | s2cid = 15625102 | arxiv = gr-qc/9607009 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Hawking & Ellis, 1973 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Hawking | nomen auctoris 1 = Stephanus Gulielmus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Stephanus Hawking | cognomen auctoris 2 = Ellis | nomen auctoris 2 = Georgius Franciscus Rainerius | titulus = The Large Scale Structure of Space–Time | lingua = en | tempus = 1973 | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | url = https://archive.org/details/largescalestruct0000hawk | accessus ad url = sociis | isbn = 978-0-521-09906-4 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Friedlaender, 1896 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Friedlaender | nomen auctoris 1 = Benedictus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Benedictus Friedlaender | cognomen auctoris 2 = Friedlaender | nomen auctoris 2 = Immanuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Absolute oder relative Bewegung? | lingua = de | latine = Motus absolutus an relativus? | annus = 1896 | url = https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/BDVFSWTJNPOFICKAE2RVF2RNEGFRA67K | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]] | domus editoria = Leonhardus Simion }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen = Gasco | nomen = Enricus | titulus = Il contributo di Mach sull'origine dell'inerzia | lingua = it | latine = Conlatio Machiana ad originem inertiae | contextus = Quaderni di Storia della Fisica | volumen = 12 | paginae = 17–34 | annus = 2004 | url = https://www.vielbein.it/pdf/Articoli/Articolo.pdf | retrospectio = 20260518054822 | salus url = vivit | doi = 10.1393/qsf/i2003-10001-6 }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Mach, 1883 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Mach | nomen auctoris = Ernestus Valfridus Josephus Venceslaus | commentatio de auctore = Ernestus Mach | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt | lingua = de | latine = Mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita | annus = 1883 | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_x9Q2AAAAMAAJ | locus = [[Lipsia]]e | domus editoria = F. A. Brockhaus }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Misner, Thorne & Wheeler, 1973 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Misner | nomen auctoris 1 = Carolus Gulielmus | cognomen auctoris 2 = Thorne | nomen auctoris 2 = Kip Stephanus | commentatio de auctore 2 = Kip Thorne | cognomen auctoris 3 = Wheeler | nomen auctoris 3 = Ioannes Archibaldus | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Gravitation | annus = 1973 | domus editoria = W. H. Freeman and Company | locus = [[Franciscopolis (California)|Franciscopoli]] | url = https://physicsgg.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/misner_thorne_wheeler_gravitation_freema.pdf | retrospectio = 20240728193849 | salus url = vivit | isbn = 0-7167-0344-0 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Pais, 2005 [1982] | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Pais | nomen auctoris = Abrahamus | titulus = ‘Subtle is the Lord…’: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein | annus primae editionis = 1982 | annus = 2005 | domus editoria = Oxford University Press | locus = [[Oxonia]]e | url = https://horizons-2000.org/92.%20Misc%20Files/Reading/Subtle%20is%20the%20Lord--Abraham%20pais.pdf | retrospectio = 20250607173909 | salus url = vivit | isbn = 978-0-19-280672-7 }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen 1 = Pfister | nomen 1 = Herbertus | cognomen 2 = King | nomen 2 = Marcus | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Inertia and Gravitation: The Fundamental Nature and Structure of Space-Time | series = Lecture Notes in Physics | volumen seriei = 897 | annus = 2015 | locus = Heidelberg | domus editoria = Springer | doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-15036-9 | isbn = 978-3-319-15035-2 }}. * {{Opus | auctor 1 = Raine, D. J. | titulus = Mach's Principle in general relativity | contextus = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volumen = 171 | fasciculus = 3 | tempus = 1975 | paginae = 507–528 | bibcode = 1975MNRAS.171..507R | doi = 10.1093/mnras/171.3.507 | accessus ad doi = liberus }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Sciama, 1953 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Sciama | nomen auctoris = Dionysius Gulielmus | titulus = On the origin of inertia | lingua = en | latine = De origine inertiae | contextus = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volumen = 113 | paginae = 34–42 | url = https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953MNRAS.113...34S | url forma pdf = https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1953MNRAS.113...34S | annus = 1953 | annus compositionis = 1952 | doi = 10.1093/mnras/113.1.34 | bibcode = 1953MNRAS.113...34S }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Sciama | nomen auctoris = Dionysius Gulielmus | titulus = Modern Cosmology | tempus = 1971 | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | locus = [[Cantabrigia]]e | url = https://archive.org/details/ModernCosmology_901 | oclc = 6931707 }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Von Bayer, 2001 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Von Bayer | nomen auctoris = Iohannes Christianus | titulus = The Fermi Solution: Essays on Science | lingua = en | annus = 2001 | domus editoria = Courier Dover Publications | isbn = 0-486-41707-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VhJr9Qx8ohsC }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Weinberg, 1972 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Weinberg | nomen auctoris = Stephanus | commentatio de auctore = Stephanus Weinberg | titulus = Gravitation and Cosmology | lingua = en | annus = 1972 | domus editoria = John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | locus = [[Novum Eboracum|Novo Eboraco]], [[Londinium|Londinii]], [[Sydneium|Sydneii]], [[Torontum|Toronti]] | url = https://archive.org/details/gravitationcosmo00stev_0 | accessus ad url = sociis | isbn = 978-0-471-92567-5 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Wolters, 1987 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Wolters | nomen auctoris = Gereon | titulus = Mach I, Mach II, Einstein und die Relativitätstheorie: eine Fälschung und ihre Folgen | lingua = de | annus = 1987 | domus editoria = Walter de Gruyter | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Novum Eboracum|Novo Eboracum]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qg-hpQnob-cC | isbn = 9783110108255 }} }}. {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} * [[Aether luminifer]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Historia theoriae relativitatis generalis||en|qid=Q1936878}} * [[Relativitas generalis]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Rotatio absoluta||en|qid=Q4669833}} * [[Spatii temporisque tractio]] * [[Spatitempus]] * [[Systema relationum]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria Bransiana–Dickeana||en|qid=Q898809}} * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria gravitatis Hoyleana–Narlikariana||en|qid=Q17027715}} * [[Vis centrifuga]] {{div col end}} [[Categoria:Astronomia]] [[Categoria:Ernestus Mach]] [[Categoria:Albertus Einstein]] [[Categoria:Notiones in physica]] [[Categoria:Theoriae gravitationis]] [[Categoria:Rotatio]] [[Categoria:Philosophia]] [[Categoria:Physica]] bkxfa7xdpaher6qfio2cb90w24e0pey 3960754 3960753 2026-05-19T15:54:50Z Grufo 64423 3960754 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:MachDieMechanikEntwickelungTitlPg.jpg|thumb|Liber Ernesti Mach {{Op|De mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita}} ([[Theodisce]] {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}})<ref name="mach-1883">{{qc|Mach, 1883}}.</ref>]] In [[physica theoretica]], praesertim in disputationibus de theoriis [[gravitas (physica)|gravitatis]], {{res|principium Machianum}} seu {{res|coniectura Machiana}}<ref>{{qc|Von Bayer, 2001}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=VhJr9Qx8ohsC&dq=mach's+conjecture&pg=PA79 p. 79].</ref> appellatur hypothesis incerta quam [[Albertus Einstein]] [[Ernestus Mach|Ernesto Mach]], [[physicus|physico]] [[philosophus|philosopho]]<nowiki />que [[Austria]]co, attribuit, quae explicare conatur quomodo res [[rotatio|volventes]], exempli gratia [[gyroscopium|gyroscopia]] vel [[corpus caeleste|corpora caelestia]], ad [[systema relationum]] se referant. Secundum talem coniecturam, [[exsistentia]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|rotatio absoluta|rotationis absolutae|en|qid=Q4669833}}—quae distinctionem inter localia {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum inertiale|systemata inertialia|en|qid=Q192735}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum volvens|systemata volventia|en|qid=Q3310692}} infert—a distributione universali materiei pendet, ut hoc exemplum illustrat: {{Folium memoratum| Primum consiste atque sine ad latera tua [[bracchium|bracchia]] pendere laxa. Observa ut [[sidus|sidera]] fere immota maneant et bracchia tua fere recta deorsum pendeant. Deinde volve te ipsum ipsamve; sidera circa [[zenith]] volvi videbuntur, simulque bracchia tua [[vis centrifuga|vi centrifuga]] sursum trahentur. Profecto casus esset mirabilis si systema relationum inertiale, in quo tua bracchia libere pendebant, idem esset ac systema relationum in quo sidera quiescunt fixa, nisi aliqua interactio inter sidera et te exsisteret quae tuum systema relationum determinaret inertiale. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Stephanus Weinberg]] ([[1972]]). {{Op|Gravitation and Cosmology}}.<ref>{{qc|Weinberg, 1972}}, [https://archive.org/details/gravitationcosmo00stev_0/page/16/mode/2up p. 17]. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{Barbarice|lingua=en|First stand still, and let your arms hang loose at your sides. Observe that the stars are more or less unmoving, and that your arms hang more or less straight down. Then pirouette. The stars will seem to rotate around the zenith, and at the same time your arms will be drawn upward by centrifugal force. It would surely be a remarkable coincidence if the inertial frame, in which your arms hung freely, just happened to be the reference frame in which typical stars are at rest, unless there were some interaction between the stars and you that determined your inertial frame.}}”</ref> }} Principium Machianum statuit hanc rem non esse fortuitam, sed potius quandam exsistere {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|lex physica|legem|en=Physikalisches Gesetz}} quae [[motus|motum]] siderum remotissimorum cum locali {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum inertiale|systemate inertiali|en|qid=Q192735}} conectit. Nam si omnia sidera circa observatorem videantur circumagi, Mach censuit aliquam vim physicam efficere ut observator [[vis centrifuga|vim centrifugam]] sentiret. Hinc varia enuntiata principii, saepe obscura, orta sunt, velut: “[[massa]] alibi sita hic afficit [[inertia]]m”. Formula generalissima principii est: {{Ipse dixit| Leges physicae locales maximā compagine universi determinantur. |[[Stephanus Hawking|Hawking]] & {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Georgius Franciscus Rainerius Ellis|Ellis|en|qid=Q5538966}} ([[1973]]). {{Op|The Large Scale Structure of Space–Time}}.<ref>{{qc|Hawking & Ellis, 1973}}, p. 1. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=en|Local physical laws are determined by the large-scale structure of the universe}}”.</ref> }} Suasio Machiana magni momenti fuit in [[theoria relativitatis generalis|theoriae relativitatis generalis]] Einsteinianae ortu. Einstein enim intellexit distributionem universam materiei {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tensor metricus (theoria relativitatis)|tensorem metricum|en|qid=Q2045231}} determinare posse, quo definiatur quid systema putetur quoad rotationem quiescere. In nonnullis {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|solutiones exactae in theoria relativitatis generalis|solutionibus theoriae relativitatis generalis|en|qid=Q5419229}}, [[spatii temporisque tractio]] atque conservatio {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|momentum angulare|momenti angularis|en|qid=Q161254}} gravitationalis sic efficiunt ut hoc verum sit. Attamen, quum principium ipsum vagum sit, multae formulae diversae propositae sunt quae “principia Machiana” vocari possunt, quarum nonnullae falsae putantur. {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Metrica Gödeliana||en|qid=Q1559192}} universi volventis exemplum praebet quod principium Machianum quam maxime violare videtur. In tali enim exemplo sidera remota eo celerius celeriusque volvi videntur quo longius distent. Contradictio tamen quaestionem validitatis principii Machiani omnino non dirimit, quia exemplum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|lineae temporales clausae|lineas temporales clausas|en|qid=Q1876815}} admittit. == Historia == Ernestus Mach in libro {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}} anno [[1883]] edito suam doctrinam primum exposuit.<ref name="mach-1883" /> Ante eum similes sententiae etiam in libris [[Georgius Berkeleius|Georgii Berkeleii]] philosophi reperiebantur.<ref name="berkeleius-1721">{{qc|Berkeleius, 1721}}.</ref> Post Mach, liber {{Op|Motus absolutus an relativus?}} a fratribus [[Benedictus Friedlaender|Benedicto Friedlaender]] et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Immanuel Friedlaender|Immanuele Friedlaender|de|qid=Q89222}} anno [[1896]] editus nonnullas ideas principio Machiano similes continebat.<ref>{{qc|Friedlaender, 1896}}.</ref> == De usu Einsteiniano principii == Est in theoria relativitatis quaestio fundamentalis: si omnis motus relativus est, quomodo corporum [[inertia]] mensurari potest? Inertia enim respectu alicuius rei metienda est; sed cuius respectu si [[particula]]m solam in universo omnino vacuo fingamus? Nonnulli putaverunt talem particulam nullum motum (ne rotatorium quidem) habere posse. Ita principium Machianum interdum intellegitur affirmatio nullum motum tribui posse nisi alia corpora adsint. Sic ipse Mach scripsit: {{Folium memoratum| Experimentum [[Isaacus Newtonus|Newtonianum]] aquae in [[vas]]e volventis hoc tantum docet: vertiginem relativam aquae respectu [[paries|parietum]] vasis nullas [[vis centrifuga|vires centrifugas]] notabiles excitare; eas autem ex vertigine relativa respectu massae [[Tellus|Telluris]] ceterorumque corporum caelestium oriri. Nemo dicere potest quomodo experimentum finiturum esset si parietes vasis spissiores spissioresque atque graviores fierent, ac denique plurium [[mille passus|miliariorum passuum]] crassitudinem haberent. Unum tantum experimentum nobis conceditur, atque illud cum ceteris rebus nobis cognitis, non tamen cum figmentis nostris arbitrariis, componere debemus. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Ernestus Mach]] ([[1883]]). {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}}.<ref>{{qc|Mach, 1883}}, [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_x9Q2AAAAMAAJ/page/216/mode/2up pp. 216–217]. [[Theodisce|Th.]] “{{Barbarice|lingua=de|Der Versuch Newton's mit dem rotirenden Wassergefäss lehrt nur, dass die Relativdrehung des Wassers gegen die Gefässwände keine merklichen Centrifugalkräfte weckt, dass dieselben aber durch die Relativdrehung gegen die Masse der Erde und die übrigen Himmelskörper geweckt werden. Niemand kann sagen, wie der Versuch verlaufen würde, wenn die Gefässwände immer dicker und massiger, zuletzt mehrere Meilen dick würden. Es liegt nur der eine Versuch vor, und wir haben denselben mit den übrigen uns bekannten Thatsachen, nicht aber mit unsern willkürlichen Dichtungen in Einklang zu bringen.}}”</ref> }} Albertus Einstein fere hoc sensu videtur principium intellexisse: {{Ipse dixit|Inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oritur.|[[Albertus Einstein]], [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]].{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1={{*Cfr}} A. Einstein, “Hoch geehrter Herr Kollege!”, [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]], apud {{qc|Wolters, 1987}}, p. 151, et apud {{qc|Misner, Thorne & Wheeler, 1973}}, p. 544: “{{omissis}} necessario sequitur ut inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oriatur, prorsus ut in tuis cogitationibus de experimento Newtoniano aquae in vase volventis {{omissis}} Si sphaera cava {{mvar|S}} circa axem per centrum eius transeuntem volvatur (respectu systematis stellarum fixarum sive “systematis quietis”), [[vis Coriolis|campus Coriolianus]] intra sphaeram cavam oriatur, id est planum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|pendulum Foucaultianum|penduli Foucaultiani|en|qid=Q178841}} (quamquam velocitate revera tam exiguā ut mensurari non possit) simul circumferatur.” [[Theodisce|Th.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=de|{{omissis}} es ergibt sich mit Notwendigkeit, daß die Trägheit in einer Art Wechselwirkung der Körper ihren Ursprung hat, ganz im Sinne Ihrer Überlegungen zum Newtonschen Eimer-Versuch {{omissis}} Rotiert die Schale {{mvar|S}} um eine durch ihren Mittelpunkt gehende Achse (relativ zum System der Fixsterne/‚Restsystem‘), so entsteht im Innern der Schale ein Coriolis-Feld, d. h. die Ebene des Foucault-Pendels wird (mit einer allerdings praktisch unmeßbar kleinen Geschwindigkeit) mitgenommen.}}”|2=Q178841|name=epistula-25-iunii-1913}}}} Nonnulla principii Machiani enuntiata cum [[holismus|holismo]] conectuntur. Mach enim intellegi potest suasisse ut theoriae gravitatis ad {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|relationalismus|doctrinas relationalisticas|en|qid=Q2142479}} pertinerent. Einstein in physicam hodiernam principium introduxit dum theoriam relativitatis generalis elaborabat; ipse quidem dicitur locutionem “principium Machianum” primus finxisse. Multum disputatur verene Mach novam legem physicam proponere voluerit, quoniam nusquam eam aperte enuntiavit. Scriptum quo Einstein maxime commotus est fuit liber Ernesti Mach {{Op|De mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita}},<ref name="mach-1883" /> in quo philosophus doctrinam Newtonianam de {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spatium tempusque absoluti|spatio absoluto|en|qid=Q19314}} refutavit, praesertim exsistentiam cuiusdam electi [[systema relationum|systematis relationum]] quod e celebri {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|argumentum Newtonianum vasis|argumento Newtoniano vasis|en|qid=Q2585683}} oriebatur. Newtonus in suis {{Op|[[Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica|Philosophiae naturalis principiis mathematicis]]}} demonstrare conatus est rotationem absolutam dignosci posse propter vires apparentes quae tantummodo in rotatione absoluta inveniuntur. Nam si vas aquā plenum volvitur, aqua primitus quiescit, deinde motus vasis aquae communicatur, quae curvatur atque propter vim centrifugam ad margines ascendit. Hoc experimentum demonstrat vires centrifugas non oriri nisi aqua respectu spatii absoluti rotetur (quod hic per systema relationum [[Tellus|Telluris]], vel potius {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|stellae fixae|stellarum fixarum|en|qid=Q430297}}, repraesentatur); contra autem, quum vas respectu aquae vertatur, nullae vires centrifugae gignuntur, quod indicat aquam quietam esse respectu spatii absoluti. Ex hoc Newtonus conclusit vires centrifugas e rotatione respectu spatii absoluti oriri. In libro suo Mach affirmat experimentum tantummodo demonstrare nullas vires centrifugas oriri dum aqua quoad vas non movetur; non licet tamen scire quid accideret si latera vasis immensum augerentur. Itaque, secundum Mach, notio motūs absoluti deserenda est atque omnis motus, sive uniformis sive acceleratus, tantummmodo respectu aliorum corporum intellegi potest ({{*ie}} non satis est dicere aquam rotari, sed necesse est determinare utrum respectu vasis an respectu Terrae rotetur). Hac ratione {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|vis ficticia|ficticiae vires|en|qid=Q212126}} quae motūs relativos ab “absolutis” distinguere videntur, nihil aliud censendae sunt nisi effectūs peculiaris asymmetriae, in systemate nostro relationum exstantis, inter corpora quae in motu ponimus, quae parva sunt (velut vasa), et corpora quae quiescere credimus (velut Tellus et stellae remotae), quae multum maiora atque graviora sunt illis. Similem opinionem iam [[Georgius Berkeleius]] in opere {{Op|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|De Motu (Berkeleius)|De Motu|en|qid=Q171280}}}} defenderat.<ref name="berkeleius-1721" /> Haec physica ratio inertiam corporum ita determinare debet ut gravia remotaque corpora universi ad vires inertiales maxime conferant. Nescitur tamen verene Mach novam legem physicam inter corpora gravia proponere voluerit; verisimilius nihil aliud proposuit nisi simplicem “motūs in spatio redescriptionem” quin vocabulum spatii adhiberet.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}.</ref> Scitur tamen Einstein illa verba sic interpretatum esse, quasi quaedam nova actio physica inter corpora exsisteret, ut postea longa disputatio orta sit. Plerique physici censent Mach suum principium in theoriam physicam exactam, quae explicaret quomodo remota sidera inertiam corporum afficere possint, numquam redegisse. Ipse Mach principium suum numquam clare definivit.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, pp. 9–57.</ref> Quamquam Einstein eo maxime inspiratus est, principium Machianum non habetur fundamentum necessarium theoriae relativitatis generalis, licet tamen {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|principium aequivalentiae||en|qid=Q210546}} inter massam gravitationalem atque inertialem sit magnopere fundamentale. == De principio Machiano in theoria relativitatis generalis == Quum in theoria relativitatis generalis notiones simplices [[spatium|spatii]] [[tempus|temporis]]<nowiki />que non iam valeant, etiam obscurius fit quid “principium Machianum” proprie significetur. Saltem viginti et unum enuntiata principii proposita sunt, quorum alia putantur “magis Machiana” quam alia.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, p. 530.</ref> Enuntiatum debilissimum affirmat motum materiei ubilibet afficere posse quae systemata inertialia adhibenda sint alibi. Einstein, antequam theoriam relativitatis generalis perfecisset, effectum quendam invēnit quem interpretatus est principium Machianum probare. Concedatur magnam [[sphaera]]m cavam erga stellas fixas volvi; tum systema inertiale intra sphaeram cavam descriptum incipiet respectu stellarum fixarum [[praecessio|praecessare]]. Hic effectus nunc {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|effectus Lensianus–Thirringianus||en|qid=Q11083519}} appellatur. Einstein hac inventione adeo delectatus est ut Ernesto Mach hocmodo scriberet: {{Folium memoratum| {{omissis}} necessario sequitur ut inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oriatur, prorsus ut in tuis cogitationibus de experimento Newtoniano aquae in vase volventis {{omissis}} Si sphaera cava {{mvar|S}} circa axem per centrum eius transeuntem volvatur (respectu systematis stellarum fixarum sive “systematis quietis”), [[vis Coriolis|campus Coriolianus]] intra sphaeram cavam oriatur, id est planum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|pendulum Foucaultianum|penduli Foucaultiani|en|qid=Q178841}} (quamquam velocitate revera tam exiguā ut mensurari non possit) simul circumferatur. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Albertus Einstein]], [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]].<ref name="epistula-25-iunii-1913" /> }} Effectus Lensianus–Thirringianus certe satisfacit notioni generali secundum quam “materies alibi hic afficit inertiam”:<ref>{{qc|Bondi & Samuel, 1997}}, p. 121.</ref> si sphaera cava materiei abesset aut non volveretur, planum penduli non traheretur. Intra contextum huius effectūs sententia quoque secundum quam inertia “ex quadam interactione inter corpora” oritur putari potest vera. Quaestio tamen profundior videtur esse ipsa existentia “stellarum fixarum”, quas Einstein tractavit systema externum. Physici hodierni vestigia principii Machiani in “problemate valorum initialium” agnoscunt. Forma fortior principii Machiani ad spatitempora Wheeleriana–Machiana–Einsteiniana pertinet, quae postulant ut spatiumtempus sit {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|spatium compactum|spatialiter compactum|en|qid=Q381892}} atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|spatitempus globaliter hyperbolicum|globaliter hyperbolicum|en|qid=Q5570942}}. In talibus universis principium Machianum sic enuntiari potest: ''distributio materiei atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tensor energiae momentique|tensoris energiae momentique|en|qid=Q876346}} [[campus physicus|camporum]] (fortasse etiam aliarum rerum) quodam tempore universi systema inertiale in quolibet puncto universi determinat (ubi “quoddam tempus universi” ad quamlibet {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|superficies Cauchyana|superficiem Cauchyanam|en|qid=Q5054343}} electam refertur).<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, pp. 188–207.</ref> Alii quoque conati sunt theorias quam maxime Machianas construere, velut {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria Bransiana–Dickeana||en|qid=Q898809}} atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria gravitatis Hoyleana–Narlikariana||en|qid=Q17027715}}; sed plerique physici censent nullam ex his prosperam fuisse. In conventu peritorum [[Tubinga]]e anno [[1993]] habito, quum quaereretur “Estne relativitas generalis plene Machiana?”, tres responderunt “ita”, viginti duo “non”. Ad quaestionem “Estne relativitas generalis, condicionibus marginalibus aptis, valde Machiana?”, quattuordecim responderunt “ita”, septem “non”.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, p. 106.</ref> Einstein tamen persuasus erat relativitatem inertiae necessario validae theoriae gravitatis continendam esse: {{Folium memoratum| Tam vehementer eo tempore Einstein relativitati inertiae credebat ut anno [[1918]] tria principia quibus theoriae gravitatis satisfaciendum erat pari dignitate statuerit: # Principium relativitatis, per covariantiam generalem expressum. # Principium aequivalentiae. # Principium Machianum (quo vocabulo tum primum in litteris adhibito): “… ita ut quantitates {{mvar|g_μν}} omnino massā corporum, generalius tensore {{mvar|T_μν}}, determinentur.” Anno [[1922]], quum Einstein animadvertisset alios contentos esse sine hoc [tertio] criterio procedere, hoc addidit: “Haec beatitudo {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|posteri|posteris|en|qid=Q954025}} videbitur incomprehensibilis.” Dicendum est, ut ego videre possum, principium Machianum usque ad hunc diem physicam nullo modo provexisse. Dicendum quoque est originem inertiae esse manereque obscurissimum caput in [[physica particularum elementarium|theoria particularum]] et [[theoria quantica camporum|camporum]]. Itaque fortasse principium Machianum fructuosum fieri poterit, sed non sine theoria quantica. }}{{Norma dextra| ―{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Abrahamus Pais||en|qid=Q330492}} ([[1972]]). {{Op|‘Subtle is the Lord…’: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein}}.<ref>{{qc|Pais, 2005 [1982]}}, pp. 287–288. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=en|So strongly did Einstein believe at that time in the relativity of inertia that in 1918 he stated as being on an equal footing three principles on which a satisfactory theory of gravitation should rest:}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|The principle of relativity as expressed by general covariance.}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|The principle of equivalence.}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|Mach's principle (the first time this term entered the literature): ... that the ''g_µν'' are completely determined by the mass of bodies, more generally by ''T_µν''.}} {{barbarice|lingua=en|In 1922, Einstein noted that others were satisfied to proceed without this [third] criterion and added, ‘This contentedness will appear incomprehensible to a later generation however.’}} {{barbarice|lingua=en|It must be said that, as far as I can see, to this day, Mach's principle has not brought physics decisively farther. It must also be said that the origin of inertia is and remains the most obscure subject in the theory of particles and fields. Mach's principle may therefore have a future—but not without the quantum theory.}}”</ref> }} == Inductio inertialis == Anno [[1953]] physicus [[Universitas Cantabrigiensis|Cantabrigiensis]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Dionysius Gulielmus Sciama||en|qid=Q284336}}, [[lex universalis gravitationis Newtoniana|aequationi Newtonianae gravitatis]] terminum accelerationi proportionalem addendo, conatus est principium Machianum quantitative exprimere:<ref>{{qc|Sciama, 1953}}.</ref> : <math>F = G\frac{m_A m_B \mathbf{a}}{r c^2}</math> ubi {{mvar|r}} [[spatium]] inter particulas, {{mvar/G}} [[constans gravitatis|constantem gravitatis]], {{vect|a}} [[acceleratio]]nem relativam, atque {{mvar|c}} [[celeritas lucis|celeritatem lucis in vacuo]] indicant. Sciama effectum appellavit ''inductionem inertialem''. == Varia enuntiata principii == Sententia secundum quam “massa alibi sita inertiam hic afficit” multis modis expressa est. [[Hermannus Bondi]] et Iosephus Samuel undecim formulas collegerunt, quas a ''Mach0'' usque ad ''Mach10'' nominaverunt:<ref>{{qc|Bondi & Samuel, 1997}}.</ref> # <li value="0">Universum, secundum mediocrem motum galaxiarum remotorum, quoad systemata inertialia localia videtur non volvi.</li> # [[Constans gravitatis|Constans gravitatis Newtoniana]] {{mvar/G}} est campus dynamicus. # Corpus isolatum in spatio alioquin vacuo nullam inertiam percipit. # Systemata inertialia localia motu cosmico atque uniformitate materiei afficiuntur. # Universum est spatialiter clausum. # [[Energia]] totalis, momentum angulare et [[momentum|momentum lineare]] universi nulla sunt. # Massa inertialis uniformitate materiei universi afficitur. # Si tota materies tollatur, nullum spatium remaneat. # Quantitas <math>\Omega\ \stackrel{\text{def}}{=}\ 4 \pi \rho G T^2</math> est numerus definitus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|ordo magnitudinis|ordinis|en|qid=Q518730}} [[unus|unitatis]], ubi {{mvar|ρ}} densitatem mediam universi atque {{mvar|T}} {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tempus Hubbleanum||fr|qid=Q3517760}} indicant. # Theoria nulla elementa absoluta continet. # Rotationes et translationes rigidae universi observari nequeunt. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Barbour & Pfister, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen redactoris 1 = Barbour | nomen redactoris 1 = Iulianus B. | cognomen redactoris 2 = Pfister | nomen redactoris 2 = Herbertus | titulus = Mach's principle: from Newton's bucket to quantum gravity | lingua = en | annus = 1995 | series = Einstein Studies | volumen seriei = 6 | locus = [[Bostonia]]e | domus editoria = Birkhäuser | url = https://sites.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/papers/MachPrinciple.pdf | isbn = 978-3-7643-3823-7 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Berkeleius, 1721 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Berkeleius | nomen auctoris = Georgius | commentatio de auctore = Georgius Berkeleius | titulus = De motu; sive, de motus principio et natura, et de causa communicationis motuum | annus = 1721 | locus = [[Londinium|Londinii]] | domus editoria = Iacobus Tonson | url = https://archive.org/details/b30774299 | url forma pdf = https://archive.org/download/b30774299/b30774299.pdf }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Bondi & Samuel, 1997 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Bondi | nomen auctoris 1 = Hermannus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Hermannus Bondi | cognomen auctoris 2 = Samuel | nomen auctoris 2 = Iosephus | titulus = The Lense–Thirring Effect and Mach's Principle | contextus = Physics Letters A | volumen = 228 | fasciculus = 3 | annus = 1997 | paginae = 121–126 | bibcode = 1997PhLA..228..121B | doi = 10.1016/S0375-9601(97)00117-5 | s2cid = 15625102 | arxiv = gr-qc/9607009 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Hawking & Ellis, 1973 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Hawking | nomen auctoris 1 = Stephanus Gulielmus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Stephanus Hawking | cognomen auctoris 2 = Ellis | nomen auctoris 2 = Georgius Franciscus Rainerius | titulus = The Large Scale Structure of Space–Time | lingua = en | tempus = 1973 | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | url = https://archive.org/details/largescalestruct0000hawk | accessus ad url = sociis | isbn = 978-0-521-09906-4 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Friedlaender, 1896 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Friedlaender | nomen auctoris 1 = Benedictus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Benedictus Friedlaender | cognomen auctoris 2 = Friedlaender | nomen auctoris 2 = Immanuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Absolute oder relative Bewegung? | lingua = de | latine = Motus absolutus an relativus? | annus = 1896 | url = https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/BDVFSWTJNPOFICKAE2RVF2RNEGFRA67K | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]] | domus editoria = Leonhardus Simion }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen = Gasco | nomen = Enricus | titulus = Il contributo di Mach sull'origine dell'inerzia | lingua = it | latine = Conlatio Machiana ad originem inertiae | contextus = Quaderni di Storia della Fisica | volumen = 12 | paginae = 17–34 | annus = 2004 | url = https://www.vielbein.it/pdf/Articoli/Articolo.pdf | retrospectio = 20260518054822 | salus url = vivit | doi = 10.1393/qsf/i2003-10001-6 }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Mach, 1883 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Mach | nomen auctoris = Ernestus Valfridus Josephus Venceslaus | commentatio de auctore = Ernestus Mach | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt | lingua = de | latine = Mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita | annus = 1883 | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_x9Q2AAAAMAAJ | locus = [[Lipsia]]e | domus editoria = F. A. Brockhaus }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Misner, Thorne & Wheeler, 1973 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Misner | nomen auctoris 1 = Carolus Gulielmus | cognomen auctoris 2 = Thorne | nomen auctoris 2 = Kip Stephanus | commentatio de auctore 2 = Kip Thorne | cognomen auctoris 3 = Wheeler | nomen auctoris 3 = Ioannes Archibaldus | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Gravitation | annus = 1973 | domus editoria = W. H. Freeman and Company | locus = [[Franciscopolis (California)|Franciscopoli]] | url = https://physicsgg.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/misner_thorne_wheeler_gravitation_freema.pdf | retrospectio = 20240728193849 | salus url = vivit | isbn = 0-7167-0344-0 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Pais, 2005 [1982] | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Pais | nomen auctoris = Abrahamus | titulus = ‘Subtle is the Lord…’: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein | annus primae editionis = 1982 | annus = 2005 | domus editoria = Oxford University Press | locus = [[Oxonia]]e | url = https://horizons-2000.org/92.%20Misc%20Files/Reading/Subtle%20is%20the%20Lord--Abraham%20pais.pdf | retrospectio = 20250607173909 | salus url = vivit | isbn = 978-0-19-280672-7 }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen 1 = Pfister | nomen 1 = Herbertus | cognomen 2 = King | nomen 2 = Marcus | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Inertia and Gravitation: The Fundamental Nature and Structure of Space-Time | series = Lecture Notes in Physics | volumen seriei = 897 | annus = 2015 | locus = Heidelberg | domus editoria = Springer | doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-15036-9 | isbn = 978-3-319-15035-2 }}. * {{Opus | auctor 1 = Raine, D. J. | titulus = Mach's Principle in general relativity | contextus = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volumen = 171 | fasciculus = 3 | tempus = 1975 | paginae = 507–528 | bibcode = 1975MNRAS.171..507R | doi = 10.1093/mnras/171.3.507 | accessus ad doi = liberus }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Sciama, 1953 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Sciama | nomen auctoris = Dionysius Gulielmus | titulus = On the origin of inertia | lingua = en | latine = De origine inertiae | contextus = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volumen = 113 | paginae = 34–42 | url = https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953MNRAS.113...34S | url forma pdf = https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1953MNRAS.113...34S | annus = 1953 | annus compositionis = 1952 | doi = 10.1093/mnras/113.1.34 | bibcode = 1953MNRAS.113...34S }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Sciama | nomen auctoris = Dionysius Gulielmus | titulus = Modern Cosmology | tempus = 1971 | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | locus = [[Cantabrigia]]e | url = https://archive.org/details/ModernCosmology_901 | oclc = 6931707 }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Von Bayer, 2001 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Von Bayer | nomen auctoris = Iohannes Christianus | titulus = The Fermi Solution: Essays on Science | lingua = en | annus = 2001 | domus editoria = Courier Dover Publications | isbn = 0-486-41707-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VhJr9Qx8ohsC }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Weinberg, 1972 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Weinberg | nomen auctoris = Stephanus | commentatio de auctore = Stephanus Weinberg | titulus = Gravitation and Cosmology | lingua = en | annus = 1972 | domus editoria = John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | locus = [[Novum Eboracum|Novo Eboraco]], [[Londinium|Londinii]], [[Sydneium|Sydneii]], [[Torontum|Toronti]] | url = https://archive.org/details/gravitationcosmo00stev_0 | accessus ad url = sociis | isbn = 978-0-471-92567-5 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Wolters, 1987 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Wolters | nomen auctoris = Gereon | titulus = Mach I, Mach II, Einstein und die Relativitätstheorie: eine Fälschung und ihre Folgen | lingua = de | annus = 1987 | domus editoria = Walter de Gruyter | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Novum Eboracum|Novo Eboracum]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qg-hpQnob-cC | isbn = 9783110108255 }} }}. {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} * [[Aether luminifer]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Historia theoriae relativitatis generalis||en|qid=Q1936878}} * [[Relativitas generalis]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Rotatio absoluta||en|qid=Q4669833}} * [[Spatii temporisque tractio]] * [[Spatitempus]] * [[Systema relationum]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria Bransiana–Dickeana||en|qid=Q898809}} * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria gravitatis Hoyleana–Narlikariana||en|qid=Q17027715}} * [[Vis centrifuga]] {{div col end}} [[Categoria:Astronomia]] [[Categoria:Ernestus Mach]] [[Categoria:Albertus Einstein]] [[Categoria:Notiones in physica]] [[Categoria:Theoriae gravitationis]] [[Categoria:Rotatio]] [[Categoria:Philosophia]] [[Categoria:Physica]] hw0e7fnls1orbj94qjddkkx9bjulxpt 3960760 3960754 2026-05-19T17:50:52Z Grufo 64423 3960760 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:MachDieMechanikEntwickelungTitlPg.jpg|thumb|Liber Ernesti Mach {{Op|De mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita}} ([[Theodisce]] {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}})<ref name="mach-1883">{{qc|Mach, 1883}}.</ref>]] In [[physica theoretica]], praesertim in disputationibus de theoriis [[gravitas (physica)|gravitatis]], {{res|principium Machianum}} seu {{res|coniectura Machiana}}<ref>{{qc|Von Bayer, 2001}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=VhJr9Qx8ohsC&dq=mach's+conjecture&pg=PA79 p. 79].</ref> appellatur hypothesis vaga quam [[Albertus Einstein]] [[Ernestus Mach|Ernesto Mach]], [[physicus|physico]] [[philosophus|philosopho]]<nowiki />que [[Austria]]co, attribuit, quae explicare conatur quomodo res [[rotatio|volventes]], exempli gratia [[gyroscopium|gyroscopia]] vel [[corpus caeleste|corpora caelestia]], ad [[systema relationum]] se referant. Secundum talem coniecturam, [[exsistentia]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|rotatio absoluta|rotationis absolutae|en|qid=Q4669833}}—quae distinctionem inter localia {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum inertiale|systemata inertialia|en|qid=Q192735}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum volvens|systemata volventia|en|qid=Q3310692}} infert—a distributione universali materiei pendet, ut hoc exemplum illustrat: {{Folium memoratum| Primum consiste atque sine ad latera tua [[bracchium|bracchia]] pendere laxa. Observa ut [[sidus|sidera]] fere immota maneant et bracchia tua fere recta deorsum pendeant. Deinde volve te ipsum ipsamve; sidera circa [[zenith]] volvi videbuntur, simulque bracchia tua [[vis centrifuga|vi centrifuga]] sursum trahentur. Profecto casus esset mirabilis si systema relationum inertiale, in quo tua bracchia libere pendebant, idem esset ac systema relationum in quo sidera quiescunt fixa, nisi aliqua interactio inter sidera et te exsisteret quae tuum systema relationum determinaret inertiale. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Stephanus Weinberg]] ([[1972]]). {{Op|Gravitation and Cosmology}}.<ref>{{qc|Weinberg, 1972}}, [https://archive.org/details/gravitationcosmo00stev_0/page/16/mode/2up p. 17]. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{Barbarice|lingua=en|First stand still, and let your arms hang loose at your sides. Observe that the stars are more or less unmoving, and that your arms hang more or less straight down. Then pirouette. The stars will seem to rotate around the zenith, and at the same time your arms will be drawn upward by centrifugal force. It would surely be a remarkable coincidence if the inertial frame, in which your arms hung freely, just happened to be the reference frame in which typical stars are at rest, unless there were some interaction between the stars and you that determined your inertial frame.}}”</ref> }} Principium Machianum statuit hanc rem non esse fortuitam, sed potius quandam exsistere {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|lex physica|legem|en=Physikalisches Gesetz}} quae [[motus|motum]] siderum remotissimorum cum locali {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum inertiale|systemate inertiali|en|qid=Q192735}} conectit. Nam si omnia sidera circa observatorem videantur circumagi, Mach censuit aliquam vim physicam efficere ut observator [[vis centrifuga|vim centrifugam]] sentiret. Hinc varia enuntiata principii, saepe obscura, orta sunt, velut: “[[massa]] alibi sita hic afficit [[inertia]]m”. Formula generalissima principii est: {{Ipse dixit| Leges physicae locales maximā compagine universi determinantur. |[[Stephanus Hawking|Hawking]] & {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Georgius Franciscus Rainerius Ellis|Ellis|en|qid=Q5538966}} ([[1973]]). {{Op|The Large Scale Structure of Space–Time}}.<ref>{{qc|Hawking & Ellis, 1973}}, p. 1. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=en|Local physical laws are determined by the large-scale structure of the universe}}”.</ref> }} Suasio Machiana magni momenti fuit in [[theoria relativitatis generalis|theoriae relativitatis generalis]] Einsteinianae ortu. Einstein enim intellexit distributionem universam materiei {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tensor metricus (theoria relativitatis)|tensorem metricum|en|qid=Q2045231}} determinare posse, quo definiatur quid systema putetur quoad rotationem quiescere. In nonnullis {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|solutiones exactae in theoria relativitatis generalis|solutionibus theoriae relativitatis generalis|en|qid=Q5419229}}, [[spatii temporisque tractio]] atque conservatio {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|momentum angulare|momenti angularis|en|qid=Q161254}} gravitationalis sic efficiunt ut hoc verum sit. Attamen, quum principium ipsum vagum sit, multae formulae diversae propositae sunt quae “principia Machiana” vocari possunt, quarum nonnullae falsae putantur. {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Metrica Gödeliana||en|qid=Q1559192}} universi volventis exemplum praebet quod principium Machianum quam maxime violare videtur. In tali enim exemplo sidera remota eo celerius celeriusque volvi videntur quo longius distent. Contradictio tamen quaestionem validitatis principii Machiani omnino non dirimit, quia exemplum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|lineae temporales clausae|lineas temporales clausas|en|qid=Q1876815}} admittit. == Historia == Ernestus Mach in libro {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}} anno [[1883]] edito suam doctrinam primum exposuit.<ref name="mach-1883" /> Ante eum similes sententiae etiam in libris [[Georgius Berkeleius|Georgii Berkeleii]] philosophi reperiebantur.<ref name="berkeleius-1721">{{qc|Berkeleius, 1721}}.</ref> Post Mach, liber {{Op|Motus absolutus an relativus?}} a fratribus [[Benedictus Friedlaender|Benedicto Friedlaender]] et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Immanuel Friedlaender|Immanuele Friedlaender|de|qid=Q89222}} anno [[1896]] editus nonnullas ideas principio Machiano similes continebat.<ref>{{qc|Friedlaender, 1896}}.</ref> == De usu Einsteiniano principii == Est in theoria relativitatis quaestio fundamentalis: si omnis motus relativus est, quomodo corporum [[inertia]] mensurari potest? Inertia enim respectu alicuius rei metienda est; sed cuius respectu si [[particula]]m solam in universo omnino vacuo fingamus? Nonnulli putaverunt talem particulam nullum motum (ne rotatorium quidem) habere posse. Ita principium Machianum interdum intellegitur affirmatio nullum motum tribui posse nisi alia corpora adsint. Sic ipse Mach scripsit: {{Folium memoratum| Experimentum [[Isaacus Newtonus|Newtonianum]] aquae in [[vas]]e volventis hoc tantum docet: vertiginem relativam aquae respectu [[paries|parietum]] vasis nullas [[vis centrifuga|vires centrifugas]] notabiles excitare; eas autem ex vertigine relativa respectu massae [[Tellus|Telluris]] ceterorumque corporum caelestium oriri. Nemo dicere potest quomodo experimentum finiturum esset si parietes vasis spissiores spissioresque atque graviores fierent, ac denique plurium [[mille passus|miliariorum passuum]] crassitudinem haberent. Unum tantum experimentum nobis conceditur, atque illud cum ceteris rebus nobis cognitis, non tamen cum figmentis nostris arbitrariis, componere debemus. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Ernestus Mach]] ([[1883]]). {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}}.<ref>{{qc|Mach, 1883}}, [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_x9Q2AAAAMAAJ/page/216/mode/2up pp. 216–217]. [[Theodisce|Th.]] “{{Barbarice|lingua=de|Der Versuch Newton's mit dem rotirenden Wassergefäss lehrt nur, dass die Relativdrehung des Wassers gegen die Gefässwände keine merklichen Centrifugalkräfte weckt, dass dieselben aber durch die Relativdrehung gegen die Masse der Erde und die übrigen Himmelskörper geweckt werden. Niemand kann sagen, wie der Versuch verlaufen würde, wenn die Gefässwände immer dicker und massiger, zuletzt mehrere Meilen dick würden. Es liegt nur der eine Versuch vor, und wir haben denselben mit den übrigen uns bekannten Thatsachen, nicht aber mit unsern willkürlichen Dichtungen in Einklang zu bringen.}}”</ref> }} Albertus Einstein fere hoc sensu videtur principium intellexisse: {{Ipse dixit|Inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oritur.|[[Albertus Einstein]], [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]].{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1={{*Cfr}} A. Einstein, “Hoch geehrter Herr Kollege!”, [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]], apud {{qc|Wolters, 1987}}, p. 151, et apud {{qc|Misner, Thorne & Wheeler, 1973}}, p. 544: “{{omissis}} necessario sequitur ut inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oriatur, prorsus ut in tuis cogitationibus de experimento Newtoniano aquae in vase volventis {{omissis}} Si sphaera cava {{mvar|S}} circa axem per centrum eius transeuntem volvatur (respectu systematis stellarum fixarum sive “systematis quietis”), [[vis Coriolis|campus Coriolianus]] intra sphaeram cavam oriatur, id est planum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|pendulum Foucaultianum|penduli Foucaultiani|en|qid=Q178841}} (quamquam velocitate revera tam exiguā ut mensurari non possit) simul circumferatur.” [[Theodisce|Th.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=de|{{omissis}} es ergibt sich mit Notwendigkeit, daß die Trägheit in einer Art Wechselwirkung der Körper ihren Ursprung hat, ganz im Sinne Ihrer Überlegungen zum Newtonschen Eimer-Versuch {{omissis}} Rotiert die Schale {{mvar|S}} um eine durch ihren Mittelpunkt gehende Achse (relativ zum System der Fixsterne/‚Restsystem‘), so entsteht im Innern der Schale ein Coriolis-Feld, d. h. die Ebene des Foucault-Pendels wird (mit einer allerdings praktisch unmeßbar kleinen Geschwindigkeit) mitgenommen.}}”|2=Q178841|name=epistula-25-iunii-1913}}}} Nonnulla principii Machiani enuntiata cum [[holismus|holismo]] conectuntur. Mach enim intellegi potest suasisse ut theoriae gravitatis ad {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|relationalismus|doctrinas relationalisticas|en|qid=Q2142479}} pertinerent. Einstein in physicam hodiernam principium introduxit dum theoriam relativitatis generalis elaborabat; ipse quidem dicitur locutionem “principium Machianum” primus finxisse. Multum disputatur verene Mach novam legem physicam proponere voluerit, quoniam nusquam eam aperte enuntiavit. Scriptum quo Einstein maxime commotus est fuit liber Ernesti Mach {{Op|De mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita}},<ref name="mach-1883" /> in quo philosophus doctrinam Newtonianam de {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spatium tempusque absoluti|spatio absoluto|en|qid=Q19314}} refutavit, praesertim exsistentiam cuiusdam electi [[systema relationum|systematis relationum]] quod e celebri {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|argumentum Newtonianum vasis|argumento Newtoniano vasis|en|qid=Q2585683}} oriebatur. Newtonus in suis {{Op|[[Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica|Philosophiae naturalis principiis mathematicis]]}} demonstrare conatus est rotationem absolutam dignosci posse propter vires apparentes quae tantummodo in rotatione absoluta inveniuntur. Nam si vas aquā plenum volvitur, aqua primitus quiescit, deinde motus vasis aquae communicatur, quae curvatur atque propter vim centrifugam ad margines ascendit. Hoc experimentum demonstrat vires centrifugas non oriri nisi aqua respectu spatii absoluti rotetur (quod hic per systema relationum [[Tellus|Telluris]], vel potius {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|stellae fixae|stellarum fixarum|en|qid=Q430297}}, repraesentatur); contra autem, quum vas respectu aquae vertatur, nullae vires centrifugae gignuntur, quod indicat aquam quietam esse respectu spatii absoluti. Ex hoc Newtonus conclusit vires centrifugas e rotatione respectu spatii absoluti oriri. In libro suo Mach affirmat experimentum tantummodo demonstrare nullas vires centrifugas oriri dum aqua quoad vas non movetur; non licet tamen scire quid accideret si latera vasis immensum augerentur. Itaque, secundum Mach, notio motūs absoluti deserenda est atque omnis motus, sive uniformis sive acceleratus, tantummmodo respectu aliorum corporum intellegi potest ({{*ie}} non satis est dicere aquam rotari, sed necesse est determinare utrum respectu vasis an respectu Terrae rotetur). Hac ratione {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|vis ficticia|ficticiae vires|en|qid=Q212126}} quae motūs relativos ab “absolutis” distinguere videntur, nihil aliud censendae sunt nisi effectūs peculiaris asymmetriae, in systemate nostro relationum exstantis, inter corpora quae in motu ponimus, quae parva sunt (velut vasa), et corpora quae quiescere credimus (velut Tellus et stellae remotae), quae multum maiora atque graviora sunt illis. Similem opinionem iam [[Georgius Berkeleius]] in opere {{Op|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|De Motu (Berkeleius)|De Motu|en|qid=Q171280}}}} defenderat.<ref name="berkeleius-1721" /> Haec physica ratio inertiam corporum ita determinare debet ut gravia remotaque corpora universi ad vires inertiales maxime conferant. Nescitur tamen verene Mach novam legem physicam inter corpora gravia proponere voluerit; verisimilius nihil aliud proposuit nisi simplicem “motūs in spatio redescriptionem” quin vocabulum spatii adhiberet.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}.</ref> Scitur tamen Einstein illa verba sic interpretatum esse, quasi quaedam nova actio physica inter corpora exsisteret, ut postea longa disputatio orta sit. Plerique physici censent Mach suum principium in theoriam physicam exactam, quae explicaret quomodo remota sidera inertiam corporum afficere possint, numquam redegisse. Ipse Mach principium suum numquam clare definivit.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, pp. 9–57.</ref> Quamquam Einstein eo maxime inspiratus est, principium Machianum non habetur fundamentum necessarium theoriae relativitatis generalis, licet tamen {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|principium aequivalentiae||en|qid=Q210546}} inter massam gravitationalem atque inertialem sit magnopere fundamentale. == De principio Machiano in theoria relativitatis generalis == Quum in theoria relativitatis generalis notiones simplices [[spatium|spatii]] [[tempus|temporis]]<nowiki />que non iam valeant, etiam obscurius fit quid “principium Machianum” proprie significetur. Saltem viginti et unum enuntiata principii proposita sunt, quorum alia putantur “magis Machiana” quam alia.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, p. 530.</ref> Enuntiatum debilissimum affirmat motum materiei ubilibet afficere posse quae systemata inertialia adhibenda sint alibi. Einstein, antequam theoriam relativitatis generalis perfecisset, effectum quendam invēnit quem interpretatus est principium Machianum probare. Concedatur magnam [[sphaera]]m cavam erga stellas fixas volvi; tum systema inertiale intra sphaeram cavam descriptum incipiet respectu stellarum fixarum [[praecessio|praecessare]]. Hic effectus nunc {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|effectus Lensianus–Thirringianus||en|qid=Q11083519}} appellatur. Einstein hac inventione adeo delectatus est ut Ernesto Mach hocmodo scriberet: {{Folium memoratum| {{omissis}} necessario sequitur ut inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oriatur, prorsus ut in tuis cogitationibus de experimento Newtoniano aquae in vase volventis {{omissis}} Si sphaera cava {{mvar|S}} circa axem per centrum eius transeuntem volvatur (respectu systematis stellarum fixarum sive “systematis quietis”), [[vis Coriolis|campus Coriolianus]] intra sphaeram cavam oriatur, id est planum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|pendulum Foucaultianum|penduli Foucaultiani|en|qid=Q178841}} (quamquam velocitate revera tam exiguā ut mensurari non possit) simul circumferatur. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Albertus Einstein]], [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]].<ref name="epistula-25-iunii-1913" /> }} Effectus Lensianus–Thirringianus certe satisfacit notioni generali secundum quam “materies alibi hic afficit inertiam”:<ref>{{qc|Bondi & Samuel, 1997}}, p. 121.</ref> si sphaera cava materiei abesset aut non volveretur, planum penduli non traheretur. Intra contextum huius effectūs sententia quoque secundum quam inertia “ex quadam interactione inter corpora” oritur putari potest vera. Quaestio tamen profundior videtur esse ipsa existentia “stellarum fixarum”, quas Einstein tractavit systema externum. Physici hodierni vestigia principii Machiani in “problemate valorum initialium” agnoscunt. Forma fortior principii Machiani ad spatitempora Wheeleriana–Machiana–Einsteiniana pertinet, quae postulant ut spatiumtempus sit {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|spatium compactum|spatialiter compactum|en|qid=Q381892}} atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|spatitempus globaliter hyperbolicum|globaliter hyperbolicum|en|qid=Q5570942}}. In talibus universis principium Machianum sic enuntiari potest: ''distributio materiei atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tensor energiae momentique|tensoris energiae momentique|en|qid=Q876346}} [[campus physicus|camporum]] (fortasse etiam aliarum rerum) quodam tempore universi systema inertiale in quolibet puncto universi determinat (ubi “quoddam tempus universi” ad quamlibet {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|superficies Cauchyana|superficiem Cauchyanam|en|qid=Q5054343}} electam refertur).<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, pp. 188–207.</ref> Alii quoque conati sunt theorias quam maxime Machianas construere, velut {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria Bransiana–Dickeana||en|qid=Q898809}} atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria gravitatis Hoyleana–Narlikariana||en|qid=Q17027715}}; sed plerique physici censent nullam ex his prosperam fuisse. In conventu peritorum [[Tubinga]]e anno [[1993]] habito, quum quaereretur “Estne relativitas generalis plene Machiana?”, tres responderunt “ita”, viginti duo “non”. Ad quaestionem “Estne relativitas generalis, condicionibus marginalibus aptis, valde Machiana?”, quattuordecim responderunt “ita”, septem “non”.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, p. 106.</ref> Einstein tamen persuasus erat relativitatem inertiae necessario validae theoriae gravitatis continendam esse: {{Folium memoratum| Tam vehementer eo tempore Einstein relativitati inertiae credebat ut anno [[1918]] tria principia quibus theoriae gravitatis satisfaciendum erat pari dignitate statuerit: # Principium relativitatis, per covariantiam generalem expressum. # Principium aequivalentiae. # Principium Machianum (quo vocabulo tum primum in litteris adhibito): “… ita ut quantitates {{mvar|g_μν}} omnino massā corporum, generalius tensore {{mvar|T_μν}}, determinentur.” Anno [[1922]], quum Einstein animadvertisset alios contentos esse sine hoc [tertio] criterio procedere, hoc addidit: “Haec beatitudo {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|posteri|posteris|en|qid=Q954025}} videbitur incomprehensibilis.” Dicendum est, ut ego videre possum, principium Machianum usque ad hunc diem physicam nullo modo provexisse. Dicendum quoque est originem inertiae esse manereque obscurissimum caput in [[physica particularum elementarium|theoria particularum]] et [[theoria quantica camporum|camporum]]. Itaque fortasse principium Machianum fructuosum fieri poterit, sed non sine theoria quantica. }}{{Norma dextra| ―{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Abrahamus Pais||en|qid=Q330492}} ([[1972]]). {{Op|‘Subtle is the Lord…’: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein}}.<ref>{{qc|Pais, 2005 [1982]}}, pp. 287–288. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=en|So strongly did Einstein believe at that time in the relativity of inertia that in 1918 he stated as being on an equal footing three principles on which a satisfactory theory of gravitation should rest:}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|The principle of relativity as expressed by general covariance.}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|The principle of equivalence.}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|Mach's principle (the first time this term entered the literature): ... that the ''g_µν'' are completely determined by the mass of bodies, more generally by ''T_µν''.}} {{barbarice|lingua=en|In 1922, Einstein noted that others were satisfied to proceed without this [third] criterion and added, ‘This contentedness will appear incomprehensible to a later generation however.’}} {{barbarice|lingua=en|It must be said that, as far as I can see, to this day, Mach's principle has not brought physics decisively farther. It must also be said that the origin of inertia is and remains the most obscure subject in the theory of particles and fields. Mach's principle may therefore have a future—but not without the quantum theory.}}”</ref> }} == Inductio inertialis == Anno [[1953]] physicus [[Universitas Cantabrigiensis|Cantabrigiensis]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Dionysius Gulielmus Sciama||en|qid=Q284336}}, [[lex universalis gravitationis Newtoniana|aequationi Newtonianae gravitatis]] terminum accelerationi proportionalem addendo, conatus est principium Machianum quantitative exprimere:<ref>{{qc|Sciama, 1953}}.</ref> : <math>F = G\frac{m_A m_B \mathbf{a}}{r c^2}</math> ubi {{mvar|r}} [[spatium]] inter particulas, {{mvar/G}} [[constans gravitatis|constantem gravitatis]], {{vect|a}} [[acceleratio]]nem relativam, atque {{mvar|c}} [[celeritas lucis|celeritatem lucis in vacuo]] indicant. Sciama effectum appellavit ''inductionem inertialem''. == Varia enuntiata principii == Sententia secundum quam “massa alibi sita inertiam hic afficit” multis modis expressa est. [[Hermannus Bondi]] et Iosephus Samuel undecim formulas collegerunt, quas a ''Mach0'' usque ad ''Mach10'' nominaverunt:<ref>{{qc|Bondi & Samuel, 1997}}.</ref> # <li value="0">Universum, secundum mediocrem motum galaxiarum remotorum, quoad systemata inertialia localia videtur non volvi.</li> # [[Constans gravitatis|Constans gravitatis Newtoniana]] {{mvar/G}} est campus dynamicus. # Corpus isolatum in spatio alioquin vacuo nullam inertiam percipit. # Systemata inertialia localia motu cosmico atque uniformitate materiei afficiuntur. # Universum est spatialiter clausum. # [[Energia]] totalis, momentum angulare et [[momentum|momentum lineare]] universi nulla sunt. # Massa inertialis uniformitate materiei universi afficitur. # Si tota materies tollatur, nullum spatium remaneat. # Quantitas <math>\Omega\ \stackrel{\text{def}}{=}\ 4 \pi \rho G T^2</math> est numerus definitus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|ordo magnitudinis|ordinis|en|qid=Q518730}} [[unus|unitatis]], ubi {{mvar|ρ}} densitatem mediam universi atque {{mvar|T}} {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tempus Hubbleanum||fr|qid=Q3517760}} indicant. # Theoria nulla elementa absoluta continet. # Rotationes et translationes rigidae universi observari nequeunt. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Barbour & Pfister, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen redactoris 1 = Barbour | nomen redactoris 1 = Iulianus B. | cognomen redactoris 2 = Pfister | nomen redactoris 2 = Herbertus | titulus = Mach's principle: from Newton's bucket to quantum gravity | lingua = en | annus = 1995 | series = Einstein Studies | volumen seriei = 6 | locus = [[Bostonia]]e | domus editoria = Birkhäuser | url = https://sites.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/papers/MachPrinciple.pdf | isbn = 978-3-7643-3823-7 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Berkeleius, 1721 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Berkeleius | nomen auctoris = Georgius | commentatio de auctore = Georgius Berkeleius | titulus = De motu; sive, de motus principio et natura, et de causa communicationis motuum | annus = 1721 | locus = [[Londinium|Londinii]] | domus editoria = Iacobus Tonson | url = https://archive.org/details/b30774299 | url forma pdf = https://archive.org/download/b30774299/b30774299.pdf }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Bondi & Samuel, 1997 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Bondi | nomen auctoris 1 = Hermannus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Hermannus Bondi | cognomen auctoris 2 = Samuel | nomen auctoris 2 = Iosephus | titulus = The Lense–Thirring Effect and Mach's Principle | contextus = Physics Letters A | volumen = 228 | fasciculus = 3 | annus = 1997 | paginae = 121–126 | bibcode = 1997PhLA..228..121B | doi = 10.1016/S0375-9601(97)00117-5 | s2cid = 15625102 | arxiv = gr-qc/9607009 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Hawking & Ellis, 1973 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Hawking | nomen auctoris 1 = Stephanus Gulielmus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Stephanus Hawking | cognomen auctoris 2 = Ellis | nomen auctoris 2 = Georgius Franciscus Rainerius | titulus = The Large Scale Structure of Space–Time | lingua = en | tempus = 1973 | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | url = https://archive.org/details/largescalestruct0000hawk | accessus ad url = sociis | isbn = 978-0-521-09906-4 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Friedlaender, 1896 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Friedlaender | nomen auctoris 1 = Benedictus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Benedictus Friedlaender | cognomen auctoris 2 = Friedlaender | nomen auctoris 2 = Immanuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Absolute oder relative Bewegung? | lingua = de | latine = Motus absolutus an relativus? | annus = 1896 | url = https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/BDVFSWTJNPOFICKAE2RVF2RNEGFRA67K | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]] | domus editoria = Leonhardus Simion }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen = Gasco | nomen = Enricus | titulus = Il contributo di Mach sull'origine dell'inerzia | lingua = it | latine = Conlatio Machiana ad originem inertiae | contextus = Quaderni di Storia della Fisica | volumen = 12 | paginae = 17–34 | annus = 2004 | url = https://www.vielbein.it/pdf/Articoli/Articolo.pdf | retrospectio = 20260518054822 | salus url = vivit | doi = 10.1393/qsf/i2003-10001-6 }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Mach, 1883 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Mach | nomen auctoris = Ernestus Valfridus Josephus Venceslaus | commentatio de auctore = Ernestus Mach | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt | lingua = de | latine = Mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita | annus = 1883 | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_x9Q2AAAAMAAJ | locus = [[Lipsia]]e | domus editoria = F. A. Brockhaus }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Misner, Thorne & Wheeler, 1973 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Misner | nomen auctoris 1 = Carolus Gulielmus | cognomen auctoris 2 = Thorne | nomen auctoris 2 = Kip Stephanus | commentatio de auctore 2 = Kip Thorne | cognomen auctoris 3 = Wheeler | nomen auctoris 3 = Ioannes Archibaldus | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Gravitation | annus = 1973 | domus editoria = W. H. Freeman and Company | locus = [[Franciscopolis (California)|Franciscopoli]] | url = https://physicsgg.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/misner_thorne_wheeler_gravitation_freema.pdf | retrospectio = 20240728193849 | salus url = vivit | isbn = 0-7167-0344-0 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Pais, 2005 [1982] | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Pais | nomen auctoris = Abrahamus | titulus = ‘Subtle is the Lord…’: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein | annus primae editionis = 1982 | annus = 2005 | domus editoria = Oxford University Press | locus = [[Oxonia]]e | url = https://horizons-2000.org/92.%20Misc%20Files/Reading/Subtle%20is%20the%20Lord--Abraham%20pais.pdf | retrospectio = 20250607173909 | salus url = vivit | isbn = 978-0-19-280672-7 }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen 1 = Pfister | nomen 1 = Herbertus | cognomen 2 = King | nomen 2 = Marcus | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Inertia and Gravitation: The Fundamental Nature and Structure of Space-Time | series = Lecture Notes in Physics | volumen seriei = 897 | annus = 2015 | locus = Heidelberg | domus editoria = Springer | doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-15036-9 | isbn = 978-3-319-15035-2 }}. * {{Opus | auctor 1 = Raine, D. J. | titulus = Mach's Principle in general relativity | contextus = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volumen = 171 | fasciculus = 3 | tempus = 1975 | paginae = 507–528 | bibcode = 1975MNRAS.171..507R | doi = 10.1093/mnras/171.3.507 | accessus ad doi = liberus }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Sciama, 1953 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Sciama | nomen auctoris = Dionysius Gulielmus | titulus = On the origin of inertia | lingua = en | latine = De origine inertiae | contextus = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volumen = 113 | paginae = 34–42 | url = https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953MNRAS.113...34S | url forma pdf = https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1953MNRAS.113...34S | annus = 1953 | annus compositionis = 1952 | doi = 10.1093/mnras/113.1.34 | bibcode = 1953MNRAS.113...34S }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Sciama | nomen auctoris = Dionysius Gulielmus | titulus = Modern Cosmology | tempus = 1971 | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | locus = [[Cantabrigia]]e | url = https://archive.org/details/ModernCosmology_901 | oclc = 6931707 }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Von Bayer, 2001 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Von Bayer | nomen auctoris = Iohannes Christianus | titulus = The Fermi Solution: Essays on Science | lingua = en | annus = 2001 | domus editoria = Courier Dover Publications | isbn = 0-486-41707-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VhJr9Qx8ohsC }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Weinberg, 1972 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Weinberg | nomen auctoris = Stephanus | commentatio de auctore = Stephanus Weinberg | titulus = Gravitation and Cosmology | lingua = en | annus = 1972 | domus editoria = John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | locus = [[Novum Eboracum|Novo Eboraco]], [[Londinium|Londinii]], [[Sydneium|Sydneii]], [[Torontum|Toronti]] | url = https://archive.org/details/gravitationcosmo00stev_0 | accessus ad url = sociis | isbn = 978-0-471-92567-5 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Wolters, 1987 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Wolters | nomen auctoris = Gereon | titulus = Mach I, Mach II, Einstein und die Relativitätstheorie: eine Fälschung und ihre Folgen | lingua = de | annus = 1987 | domus editoria = Walter de Gruyter | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Novum Eboracum|Novo Eboracum]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qg-hpQnob-cC | isbn = 9783110108255 }} }}. {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} * [[Aether luminifer]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Historia theoriae relativitatis generalis||en|qid=Q1936878}} * [[Relativitas generalis]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Rotatio absoluta||en|qid=Q4669833}} * [[Spatii temporisque tractio]] * [[Spatitempus]] * [[Systema relationum]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria Bransiana–Dickeana||en|qid=Q898809}} * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria gravitatis Hoyleana–Narlikariana||en|qid=Q17027715}} * [[Vis centrifuga]] {{div col end}} [[Categoria:Astronomia]] [[Categoria:Ernestus Mach]] [[Categoria:Albertus Einstein]] [[Categoria:Notiones in physica]] [[Categoria:Theoriae gravitationis]] [[Categoria:Rotatio]] [[Categoria:Philosophia]] [[Categoria:Physica]] gsbdfkt223yp74o4p4p0qf8kix9270p 3960802 3960760 2026-05-19T23:46:44Z Grufo 64423 svg 3960802 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Ernst Mach, Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwickelung.svg|thumb|Liber Ernesti Mach {{Op|De mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita}} ([[Theodisce]] {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}})<ref name="mach-1883">{{qc|Mach, 1883}}.</ref>]] In [[physica theoretica]], praesertim in disputationibus de theoriis [[gravitas (physica)|gravitatis]], {{res|principium Machianum}} seu {{res|coniectura Machiana}}<ref>{{qc|Von Bayer, 2001}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=VhJr9Qx8ohsC&dq=mach's+conjecture&pg=PA79 p. 79].</ref> appellatur hypothesis vaga quam [[Albertus Einstein]] [[Ernestus Mach|Ernesto Mach]], [[physicus|physico]] [[philosophus|philosopho]]<nowiki />que [[Austria]]co, attribuit, quae explicare conatur quomodo res [[rotatio|volventes]], exempli gratia [[gyroscopium|gyroscopia]] vel [[corpus caeleste|corpora caelestia]], ad [[systema relationum]] se referant. Secundum talem coniecturam, [[exsistentia]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|rotatio absoluta|rotationis absolutae|en|qid=Q4669833}}—quae distinctionem inter localia {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum inertiale|systemata inertialia|en|qid=Q192735}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum volvens|systemata volventia|en|qid=Q3310692}} infert—a distributione universali materiei pendet, ut hoc exemplum illustrat: {{Folium memoratum| Primum consiste atque sine ad latera tua [[bracchium|bracchia]] pendere laxa. Observa ut [[sidus|sidera]] fere immota maneant et bracchia tua fere recta deorsum pendeant. Deinde volve te ipsum ipsamve; sidera circa [[zenith]] volvi videbuntur, simulque bracchia tua [[vis centrifuga|vi centrifuga]] sursum trahentur. Profecto casus esset mirabilis si systema relationum inertiale, in quo tua bracchia libere pendebant, idem esset ac systema relationum in quo sidera quiescunt fixa, nisi aliqua interactio inter sidera et te exsisteret quae tuum systema relationum determinaret inertiale. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Stephanus Weinberg]] ([[1972]]). {{Op|Gravitation and Cosmology}}.<ref>{{qc|Weinberg, 1972}}, [https://archive.org/details/gravitationcosmo00stev_0/page/16/mode/2up p. 17]. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{Barbarice|lingua=en|First stand still, and let your arms hang loose at your sides. Observe that the stars are more or less unmoving, and that your arms hang more or less straight down. Then pirouette. The stars will seem to rotate around the zenith, and at the same time your arms will be drawn upward by centrifugal force. It would surely be a remarkable coincidence if the inertial frame, in which your arms hung freely, just happened to be the reference frame in which typical stars are at rest, unless there were some interaction between the stars and you that determined your inertial frame.}}”</ref> }} Principium Machianum statuit hanc rem non esse fortuitam, sed potius quandam exsistere {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|lex physica|legem|en=Physikalisches Gesetz}} quae [[motus|motum]] siderum remotissimorum cum locali {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum inertiale|systemate inertiali|en|qid=Q192735}} conectit. Nam si omnia sidera circa observatorem videantur circumagi, Mach censuit aliquam vim physicam efficere ut observator [[vis centrifuga|vim centrifugam]] sentiret. Hinc varia enuntiata principii, saepe obscura, orta sunt, velut: “[[massa]] alibi sita hic afficit [[inertia]]m”. Formula generalissima principii est: {{Ipse dixit| Leges physicae locales maximā compagine universi determinantur. |[[Stephanus Hawking|Hawking]] & {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Georgius Franciscus Rainerius Ellis|Ellis|en|qid=Q5538966}} ([[1973]]). {{Op|The Large Scale Structure of Space–Time}}.<ref>{{qc|Hawking & Ellis, 1973}}, p. 1. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=en|Local physical laws are determined by the large-scale structure of the universe}}”.</ref> }} Suasio Machiana magni momenti fuit in [[theoria relativitatis generalis|theoriae relativitatis generalis]] Einsteinianae ortu. Einstein enim intellexit distributionem universam materiei {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tensor metricus (theoria relativitatis)|tensorem metricum|en|qid=Q2045231}} determinare posse, quo definiatur quid systema putetur quoad rotationem quiescere. In nonnullis {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|solutiones exactae in theoria relativitatis generalis|solutionibus theoriae relativitatis generalis|en|qid=Q5419229}}, [[spatii temporisque tractio]] atque conservatio {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|momentum angulare|momenti angularis|en|qid=Q161254}} gravitationalis sic efficiunt ut hoc verum sit. Attamen, quum principium ipsum vagum sit, multae formulae diversae propositae sunt quae “principia Machiana” vocari possunt, quarum nonnullae falsae putantur. {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Metrica Gödeliana||en|qid=Q1559192}} universi volventis exemplum praebet quod principium Machianum quam maxime violare videtur. In tali enim exemplo sidera remota eo celerius celeriusque volvi videntur quo longius distent. Contradictio tamen quaestionem validitatis principii Machiani omnino non dirimit, quia exemplum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|lineae temporales clausae|lineas temporales clausas|en|qid=Q1876815}} admittit. == Historia == Ernestus Mach in libro {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}} anno [[1883]] edito suam doctrinam primum exposuit.<ref name="mach-1883" /> Ante eum similes sententiae etiam in libris [[Georgius Berkeleius|Georgii Berkeleii]] philosophi reperiebantur.<ref name="berkeleius-1721">{{qc|Berkeleius, 1721}}.</ref> Post Mach, liber {{Op|Motus absolutus an relativus?}} a fratribus [[Benedictus Friedlaender|Benedicto Friedlaender]] et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Immanuel Friedlaender|Immanuele Friedlaender|de|qid=Q89222}} anno [[1896]] editus nonnullas ideas principio Machiano similes continebat.<ref>{{qc|Friedlaender, 1896}}.</ref> == De usu Einsteiniano principii == Est in theoria relativitatis quaestio fundamentalis: si omnis motus relativus est, quomodo corporum [[inertia]] mensurari potest? Inertia enim respectu alicuius rei metienda est; sed cuius respectu si [[particula]]m solam in universo omnino vacuo fingamus? Nonnulli putaverunt talem particulam nullum motum (ne rotatorium quidem) habere posse. Ita principium Machianum interdum intellegitur affirmatio nullum motum tribui posse nisi alia corpora adsint. Sic ipse Mach scripsit: {{Folium memoratum| Experimentum [[Isaacus Newtonus|Newtonianum]] aquae in [[vas]]e volventis hoc tantum docet: vertiginem relativam aquae respectu [[paries|parietum]] vasis nullas [[vis centrifuga|vires centrifugas]] notabiles excitare; eas autem ex vertigine relativa respectu massae [[Tellus|Telluris]] ceterorumque corporum caelestium oriri. Nemo dicere potest quomodo experimentum finiturum esset si parietes vasis spissiores spissioresque atque graviores fierent, ac denique plurium [[mille passus|miliariorum passuum]] crassitudinem haberent. Unum tantum experimentum nobis conceditur, atque illud cum ceteris rebus nobis cognitis, non tamen cum figmentis nostris arbitrariis, componere debemus. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Ernestus Mach]] ([[1883]]). {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}}.<ref>{{qc|Mach, 1883}}, [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_x9Q2AAAAMAAJ/page/216/mode/2up pp. 216–217]. [[Theodisce|Th.]] “{{Barbarice|lingua=de|Der Versuch Newton's mit dem rotirenden Wassergefäss lehrt nur, dass die Relativdrehung des Wassers gegen die Gefässwände keine merklichen Centrifugalkräfte weckt, dass dieselben aber durch die Relativdrehung gegen die Masse der Erde und die übrigen Himmelskörper geweckt werden. Niemand kann sagen, wie der Versuch verlaufen würde, wenn die Gefässwände immer dicker und massiger, zuletzt mehrere Meilen dick würden. Es liegt nur der eine Versuch vor, und wir haben denselben mit den übrigen uns bekannten Thatsachen, nicht aber mit unsern willkürlichen Dichtungen in Einklang zu bringen.}}”</ref> }} Albertus Einstein fere hoc sensu videtur principium intellexisse: {{Ipse dixit|Inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oritur.|[[Albertus Einstein]], [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]].{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1={{*Cfr}} A. Einstein, “Hoch geehrter Herr Kollege!”, [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]], apud {{qc|Wolters, 1987}}, p. 151, et apud {{qc|Misner, Thorne & Wheeler, 1973}}, p. 544: “{{omissis}} necessario sequitur ut inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oriatur, prorsus ut in tuis cogitationibus de experimento Newtoniano aquae in vase volventis {{omissis}} Si sphaera cava {{mvar|S}} circa axem per centrum eius transeuntem volvatur (respectu systematis stellarum fixarum sive “systematis quietis”), [[vis Coriolis|campus Coriolianus]] intra sphaeram cavam oriatur, id est planum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|pendulum Foucaultianum|penduli Foucaultiani|en|qid=Q178841}} (quamquam velocitate revera tam exiguā ut mensurari non possit) simul circumferatur.” [[Theodisce|Th.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=de|{{omissis}} es ergibt sich mit Notwendigkeit, daß die Trägheit in einer Art Wechselwirkung der Körper ihren Ursprung hat, ganz im Sinne Ihrer Überlegungen zum Newtonschen Eimer-Versuch {{omissis}} Rotiert die Schale {{mvar|S}} um eine durch ihren Mittelpunkt gehende Achse (relativ zum System der Fixsterne/‚Restsystem‘), so entsteht im Innern der Schale ein Coriolis-Feld, d. h. die Ebene des Foucault-Pendels wird (mit einer allerdings praktisch unmeßbar kleinen Geschwindigkeit) mitgenommen.}}”|2=Q178841|name=epistula-25-iunii-1913}}}} Nonnulla principii Machiani enuntiata cum [[holismus|holismo]] conectuntur. Mach enim intellegi potest suasisse ut theoriae gravitatis ad {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|relationalismus|doctrinas relationalisticas|en|qid=Q2142479}} pertinerent. Einstein in physicam hodiernam principium introduxit dum theoriam relativitatis generalis elaborabat; ipse quidem dicitur locutionem “principium Machianum” primus finxisse. Multum disputatur verene Mach novam legem physicam proponere voluerit, quoniam nusquam eam aperte enuntiavit. Scriptum quo Einstein maxime commotus est fuit liber Ernesti Mach {{Op|De mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita}},<ref name="mach-1883" /> in quo philosophus doctrinam Newtonianam de {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spatium tempusque absoluti|spatio absoluto|en|qid=Q19314}} refutavit, praesertim exsistentiam cuiusdam electi [[systema relationum|systematis relationum]] quod e celebri {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|argumentum Newtonianum vasis|argumento Newtoniano vasis|en|qid=Q2585683}} oriebatur. Newtonus in suis {{Op|[[Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica|Philosophiae naturalis principiis mathematicis]]}} demonstrare conatus est rotationem absolutam dignosci posse propter vires apparentes quae tantummodo in rotatione absoluta inveniuntur. Nam si vas aquā plenum volvitur, aqua primitus quiescit, deinde motus vasis aquae communicatur, quae curvatur atque propter vim centrifugam ad margines ascendit. Hoc experimentum demonstrat vires centrifugas non oriri nisi aqua respectu spatii absoluti rotetur (quod hic per systema relationum [[Tellus|Telluris]], vel potius {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|stellae fixae|stellarum fixarum|en|qid=Q430297}}, repraesentatur); contra autem, quum vas respectu aquae vertatur, nullae vires centrifugae gignuntur, quod indicat aquam quietam esse respectu spatii absoluti. Ex hoc Newtonus conclusit vires centrifugas e rotatione respectu spatii absoluti oriri. In libro suo Mach affirmat experimentum tantummodo demonstrare nullas vires centrifugas oriri dum aqua quoad vas non movetur; non licet tamen scire quid accideret si latera vasis immensum augerentur. Itaque, secundum Mach, notio motūs absoluti deserenda est atque omnis motus, sive uniformis sive acceleratus, tantummmodo respectu aliorum corporum intellegi potest ({{*ie}} non satis est dicere aquam rotari, sed necesse est determinare utrum respectu vasis an respectu Terrae rotetur). Hac ratione {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|vis ficticia|ficticiae vires|en|qid=Q212126}} quae motūs relativos ab “absolutis” distinguere videntur, nihil aliud censendae sunt nisi effectūs peculiaris asymmetriae, in systemate nostro relationum exstantis, inter corpora quae in motu ponimus, quae parva sunt (velut vasa), et corpora quae quiescere credimus (velut Tellus et stellae remotae), quae multum maiora atque graviora sunt illis. Similem opinionem iam [[Georgius Berkeleius]] in opere {{Op|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|De Motu (Berkeleius)|De Motu|en|qid=Q171280}}}} defenderat.<ref name="berkeleius-1721" /> Haec physica ratio inertiam corporum ita determinare debet ut gravia remotaque corpora universi ad vires inertiales maxime conferant. Nescitur tamen verene Mach novam legem physicam inter corpora gravia proponere voluerit; verisimilius nihil aliud proposuit nisi simplicem “motūs in spatio redescriptionem” quin vocabulum spatii adhiberet.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}.</ref> Scitur tamen Einstein illa verba sic interpretatum esse, quasi quaedam nova actio physica inter corpora exsisteret, ut postea longa disputatio orta sit. Plerique physici censent Mach suum principium in theoriam physicam exactam, quae explicaret quomodo remota sidera inertiam corporum afficere possint, numquam redegisse. Ipse Mach principium suum numquam clare definivit.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, pp. 9–57.</ref> Quamquam Einstein eo maxime inspiratus est, principium Machianum non habetur fundamentum necessarium theoriae relativitatis generalis, licet tamen {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|principium aequivalentiae||en|qid=Q210546}} inter massam gravitationalem atque inertialem sit magnopere fundamentale. == De principio Machiano in theoria relativitatis generalis == Quum in theoria relativitatis generalis notiones simplices [[spatium|spatii]] [[tempus|temporis]]<nowiki />que non iam valeant, etiam obscurius fit quid “principium Machianum” proprie significetur. Saltem viginti et unum enuntiata principii proposita sunt, quorum alia putantur “magis Machiana” quam alia.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, p. 530.</ref> Enuntiatum debilissimum affirmat motum materiei ubilibet afficere posse quae systemata inertialia adhibenda sint alibi. Einstein, antequam theoriam relativitatis generalis perfecisset, effectum quendam invēnit quem interpretatus est principium Machianum probare. Concedatur magnam [[sphaera]]m cavam erga stellas fixas volvi; tum systema inertiale intra sphaeram cavam descriptum incipiet respectu stellarum fixarum [[praecessio|praecessare]]. Hic effectus nunc {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|effectus Lensianus–Thirringianus||en|qid=Q11083519}} appellatur. Einstein hac inventione adeo delectatus est ut Ernesto Mach hocmodo scriberet: {{Folium memoratum| {{omissis}} necessario sequitur ut inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oriatur, prorsus ut in tuis cogitationibus de experimento Newtoniano aquae in vase volventis {{omissis}} Si sphaera cava {{mvar|S}} circa axem per centrum eius transeuntem volvatur (respectu systematis stellarum fixarum sive “systematis quietis”), [[vis Coriolis|campus Coriolianus]] intra sphaeram cavam oriatur, id est planum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|pendulum Foucaultianum|penduli Foucaultiani|en|qid=Q178841}} (quamquam velocitate revera tam exiguā ut mensurari non possit) simul circumferatur. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Albertus Einstein]], [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]].<ref name="epistula-25-iunii-1913" /> }} Effectus Lensianus–Thirringianus certe satisfacit notioni generali secundum quam “materies alibi hic afficit inertiam”:<ref>{{qc|Bondi & Samuel, 1997}}, p. 121.</ref> si sphaera cava materiei abesset aut non volveretur, planum penduli non traheretur. Intra contextum huius effectūs sententia quoque secundum quam inertia “ex quadam interactione inter corpora” oritur putari potest vera. Quaestio tamen profundior videtur esse ipsa existentia “stellarum fixarum”, quas Einstein tractavit systema externum. Physici hodierni vestigia principii Machiani in “problemate valorum initialium” agnoscunt. Forma fortior principii Machiani ad spatitempora Wheeleriana–Machiana–Einsteiniana pertinet, quae postulant ut spatiumtempus sit {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|spatium compactum|spatialiter compactum|en|qid=Q381892}} atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|spatitempus globaliter hyperbolicum|globaliter hyperbolicum|en|qid=Q5570942}}. In talibus universis principium Machianum sic enuntiari potest: ''distributio materiei atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tensor energiae momentique|tensoris energiae momentique|en|qid=Q876346}} [[campus physicus|camporum]] (fortasse etiam aliarum rerum) quodam tempore universi systema inertiale in quolibet puncto universi determinat (ubi “quoddam tempus universi” ad quamlibet {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|superficies Cauchyana|superficiem Cauchyanam|en|qid=Q5054343}} electam refertur).<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, pp. 188–207.</ref> Alii quoque conati sunt theorias quam maxime Machianas construere, velut {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria Bransiana–Dickeana||en|qid=Q898809}} atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria gravitatis Hoyleana–Narlikariana||en|qid=Q17027715}}; sed plerique physici censent nullam ex his prosperam fuisse. In conventu peritorum [[Tubinga]]e anno [[1993]] habito, quum quaereretur “Estne relativitas generalis plene Machiana?”, tres responderunt “ita”, viginti duo “non”. Ad quaestionem “Estne relativitas generalis, condicionibus marginalibus aptis, valde Machiana?”, quattuordecim responderunt “ita”, septem “non”.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, p. 106.</ref> Einstein tamen persuasus erat relativitatem inertiae necessario validae theoriae gravitatis continendam esse: {{Folium memoratum| Tam vehementer eo tempore Einstein relativitati inertiae credebat ut anno [[1918]] tria principia quibus theoriae gravitatis satisfaciendum erat pari dignitate statuerit: # Principium relativitatis, per covariantiam generalem expressum. # Principium aequivalentiae. # Principium Machianum (quo vocabulo tum primum in litteris adhibito): “… ita ut quantitates {{mvar|g_μν}} omnino massā corporum, generalius tensore {{mvar|T_μν}}, determinentur.” Anno [[1922]], quum Einstein animadvertisset alios contentos esse sine hoc [tertio] criterio procedere, hoc addidit: “Haec beatitudo {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|posteri|posteris|en|qid=Q954025}} videbitur incomprehensibilis.” Dicendum est, ut ego videre possum, principium Machianum usque ad hunc diem physicam nullo modo provexisse. Dicendum quoque est originem inertiae esse manereque obscurissimum caput in [[physica particularum elementarium|theoria particularum]] et [[theoria quantica camporum|camporum]]. Itaque fortasse principium Machianum fructuosum fieri poterit, sed non sine theoria quantica. }}{{Norma dextra| ―{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Abrahamus Pais||en|qid=Q330492}} ([[1972]]). {{Op|‘Subtle is the Lord…’: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein}}.<ref>{{qc|Pais, 2005 [1982]}}, pp. 287–288. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=en|So strongly did Einstein believe at that time in the relativity of inertia that in 1918 he stated as being on an equal footing three principles on which a satisfactory theory of gravitation should rest:}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|The principle of relativity as expressed by general covariance.}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|The principle of equivalence.}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|Mach's principle (the first time this term entered the literature): ... that the ''g_µν'' are completely determined by the mass of bodies, more generally by ''T_µν''.}} {{barbarice|lingua=en|In 1922, Einstein noted that others were satisfied to proceed without this [third] criterion and added, ‘This contentedness will appear incomprehensible to a later generation however.’}} {{barbarice|lingua=en|It must be said that, as far as I can see, to this day, Mach's principle has not brought physics decisively farther. It must also be said that the origin of inertia is and remains the most obscure subject in the theory of particles and fields. Mach's principle may therefore have a future—but not without the quantum theory.}}”</ref> }} == Inductio inertialis == Anno [[1953]] physicus [[Universitas Cantabrigiensis|Cantabrigiensis]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Dionysius Gulielmus Sciama||en|qid=Q284336}}, [[lex universalis gravitationis Newtoniana|aequationi Newtonianae gravitatis]] terminum accelerationi proportionalem addendo, conatus est principium Machianum quantitative exprimere:<ref>{{qc|Sciama, 1953}}.</ref> : <math>F = G\frac{m_A m_B \mathbf{a}}{r c^2}</math> ubi {{mvar|r}} [[spatium]] inter particulas, {{mvar/G}} [[constans gravitatis|constantem gravitatis]], {{vect|a}} [[acceleratio]]nem relativam, atque {{mvar|c}} [[celeritas lucis|celeritatem lucis in vacuo]] indicant. Sciama effectum appellavit ''inductionem inertialem''. == Varia enuntiata principii == Sententia secundum quam “massa alibi sita inertiam hic afficit” multis modis expressa est. [[Hermannus Bondi]] et Iosephus Samuel undecim formulas collegerunt, quas a ''Mach0'' usque ad ''Mach10'' nominaverunt:<ref>{{qc|Bondi & Samuel, 1997}}.</ref> # <li value="0">Universum, secundum mediocrem motum galaxiarum remotorum, quoad systemata inertialia localia videtur non volvi.</li> # [[Constans gravitatis|Constans gravitatis Newtoniana]] {{mvar/G}} est campus dynamicus. # Corpus isolatum in spatio alioquin vacuo nullam inertiam percipit. # Systemata inertialia localia motu cosmico atque uniformitate materiei afficiuntur. # Universum est spatialiter clausum. # [[Energia]] totalis, momentum angulare et [[momentum|momentum lineare]] universi nulla sunt. # Massa inertialis uniformitate materiei universi afficitur. # Si tota materies tollatur, nullum spatium remaneat. # Quantitas <math>\Omega\ \stackrel{\text{def}}{=}\ 4 \pi \rho G T^2</math> est numerus definitus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|ordo magnitudinis|ordinis|en|qid=Q518730}} [[unus|unitatis]], ubi {{mvar|ρ}} densitatem mediam universi atque {{mvar|T}} {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tempus Hubbleanum||fr|qid=Q3517760}} indicant. # Theoria nulla elementa absoluta continet. # Rotationes et translationes rigidae universi observari nequeunt. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Barbour & Pfister, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen redactoris 1 = Barbour | nomen redactoris 1 = Iulianus B. | cognomen redactoris 2 = Pfister | nomen redactoris 2 = Herbertus | titulus = Mach's principle: from Newton's bucket to quantum gravity | lingua = en | annus = 1995 | series = Einstein Studies | volumen seriei = 6 | locus = [[Bostonia]]e | domus editoria = Birkhäuser | url = https://sites.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/papers/MachPrinciple.pdf | isbn = 978-3-7643-3823-7 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Berkeleius, 1721 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Berkeleius | nomen auctoris = Georgius | commentatio de auctore = Georgius Berkeleius | titulus = De motu; sive, de motus principio et natura, et de causa communicationis motuum | annus = 1721 | locus = [[Londinium|Londinii]] | domus editoria = Iacobus Tonson | url = https://archive.org/details/b30774299 | url forma pdf = https://archive.org/download/b30774299/b30774299.pdf }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Bondi & Samuel, 1997 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Bondi | nomen auctoris 1 = Hermannus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Hermannus Bondi | cognomen auctoris 2 = Samuel | nomen auctoris 2 = Iosephus | titulus = The Lense–Thirring Effect and Mach's Principle | contextus = Physics Letters A | volumen = 228 | fasciculus = 3 | annus = 1997 | paginae = 121–126 | bibcode = 1997PhLA..228..121B | doi = 10.1016/S0375-9601(97)00117-5 | s2cid = 15625102 | arxiv = gr-qc/9607009 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Hawking & Ellis, 1973 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Hawking | nomen auctoris 1 = Stephanus Gulielmus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Stephanus Hawking | cognomen auctoris 2 = Ellis | nomen auctoris 2 = Georgius Franciscus Rainerius | titulus = The Large Scale Structure of Space–Time | lingua = en | tempus = 1973 | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | url = https://archive.org/details/largescalestruct0000hawk | accessus ad url = sociis | isbn = 978-0-521-09906-4 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Friedlaender, 1896 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Friedlaender | nomen auctoris 1 = Benedictus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Benedictus Friedlaender | cognomen auctoris 2 = Friedlaender | nomen auctoris 2 = Immanuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Absolute oder relative Bewegung? | lingua = de | latine = Motus absolutus an relativus? | annus = 1896 | url = https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/BDVFSWTJNPOFICKAE2RVF2RNEGFRA67K | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]] | domus editoria = Leonhardus Simion }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen = Gasco | nomen = Enricus | titulus = Il contributo di Mach sull'origine dell'inerzia | lingua = it | latine = Conlatio Machiana ad originem inertiae | contextus = Quaderni di Storia della Fisica | volumen = 12 | paginae = 17–34 | annus = 2004 | url = https://www.vielbein.it/pdf/Articoli/Articolo.pdf | retrospectio = 20260518054822 | salus url = vivit | doi = 10.1393/qsf/i2003-10001-6 }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Mach, 1883 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Mach | nomen auctoris = Ernestus Valfridus Josephus Venceslaus | commentatio de auctore = Ernestus Mach | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt | lingua = de | latine = Mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita | annus = 1883 | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_x9Q2AAAAMAAJ | locus = [[Lipsia]]e | domus editoria = F. A. Brockhaus }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Misner, Thorne & Wheeler, 1973 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Misner | nomen auctoris 1 = Carolus Gulielmus | cognomen auctoris 2 = Thorne | nomen auctoris 2 = Kip Stephanus | commentatio de auctore 2 = Kip Thorne | cognomen auctoris 3 = Wheeler | nomen auctoris 3 = Ioannes Archibaldus | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Gravitation | annus = 1973 | domus editoria = W. H. Freeman and Company | locus = [[Franciscopolis (California)|Franciscopoli]] | url = https://physicsgg.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/misner_thorne_wheeler_gravitation_freema.pdf | retrospectio = 20240728193849 | salus url = vivit | isbn = 0-7167-0344-0 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Pais, 2005 [1982] | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Pais | nomen auctoris = Abrahamus | titulus = ‘Subtle is the Lord…’: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein | annus primae editionis = 1982 | annus = 2005 | domus editoria = Oxford University Press | locus = [[Oxonia]]e | url = https://horizons-2000.org/92.%20Misc%20Files/Reading/Subtle%20is%20the%20Lord--Abraham%20pais.pdf | retrospectio = 20250607173909 | salus url = vivit | isbn = 978-0-19-280672-7 }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen 1 = Pfister | nomen 1 = Herbertus | cognomen 2 = King | nomen 2 = Marcus | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Inertia and Gravitation: The Fundamental Nature and Structure of Space-Time | series = Lecture Notes in Physics | volumen seriei = 897 | annus = 2015 | locus = Heidelberg | domus editoria = Springer | doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-15036-9 | isbn = 978-3-319-15035-2 }}. * {{Opus | auctor 1 = Raine, D. J. | titulus = Mach's Principle in general relativity | contextus = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volumen = 171 | fasciculus = 3 | tempus = 1975 | paginae = 507–528 | bibcode = 1975MNRAS.171..507R | doi = 10.1093/mnras/171.3.507 | accessus ad doi = liberus }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Sciama, 1953 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Sciama | nomen auctoris = Dionysius Gulielmus | titulus = On the origin of inertia | lingua = en | latine = De origine inertiae | contextus = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volumen = 113 | paginae = 34–42 | url = https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953MNRAS.113...34S | url forma pdf = https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1953MNRAS.113...34S | annus = 1953 | annus compositionis = 1952 | doi = 10.1093/mnras/113.1.34 | bibcode = 1953MNRAS.113...34S }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Sciama | nomen auctoris = Dionysius Gulielmus | titulus = Modern Cosmology | tempus = 1971 | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | locus = [[Cantabrigia]]e | url = https://archive.org/details/ModernCosmology_901 | oclc = 6931707 }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Von Bayer, 2001 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Von Bayer | nomen auctoris = Iohannes Christianus | titulus = The Fermi Solution: Essays on Science | lingua = en | annus = 2001 | domus editoria = Courier Dover Publications | isbn = 0-486-41707-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VhJr9Qx8ohsC }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Weinberg, 1972 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Weinberg | nomen auctoris = Stephanus | commentatio de auctore = Stephanus Weinberg | titulus = Gravitation and Cosmology | lingua = en | annus = 1972 | domus editoria = John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | locus = [[Novum Eboracum|Novo Eboraco]], [[Londinium|Londinii]], [[Sydneium|Sydneii]], [[Torontum|Toronti]] | url = https://archive.org/details/gravitationcosmo00stev_0 | accessus ad url = sociis | isbn = 978-0-471-92567-5 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Wolters, 1987 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Wolters | nomen auctoris = Gereon | titulus = Mach I, Mach II, Einstein und die Relativitätstheorie: eine Fälschung und ihre Folgen | lingua = de | annus = 1987 | domus editoria = Walter de Gruyter | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Novum Eboracum|Novo Eboracum]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qg-hpQnob-cC | isbn = 9783110108255 }} }}. {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} * [[Aether luminifer]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Historia theoriae relativitatis generalis||en|qid=Q1936878}} * [[Relativitas generalis]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Rotatio absoluta||en|qid=Q4669833}} * [[Spatii temporisque tractio]] * [[Spatitempus]] * [[Systema relationum]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria Bransiana–Dickeana||en|qid=Q898809}} * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria gravitatis Hoyleana–Narlikariana||en|qid=Q17027715}} * [[Vis centrifuga]] {{div col end}} [[Categoria:Astronomia]] [[Categoria:Ernestus Mach]] [[Categoria:Albertus Einstein]] [[Categoria:Notiones in physica]] [[Categoria:Theoriae gravitationis]] [[Categoria:Rotatio]] [[Categoria:Philosophia]] [[Categoria:Physica]] 3h3yoo0iq2mvgtx75qqqhuckpyl62t2 3960803 3960802 2026-05-19T23:55:31Z Grufo 64423 /* De usu Einsteiniano principii */ Minora 3960803 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Ernst Mach, Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwickelung.svg|thumb|Liber Ernesti Mach {{Op|De mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita}} ([[Theodisce]] {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}})<ref name="mach-1883">{{qc|Mach, 1883}}.</ref>]] In [[physica theoretica]], praesertim in disputationibus de theoriis [[gravitas (physica)|gravitatis]], {{res|principium Machianum}} seu {{res|coniectura Machiana}}<ref>{{qc|Von Bayer, 2001}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=VhJr9Qx8ohsC&dq=mach's+conjecture&pg=PA79 p. 79].</ref> appellatur hypothesis vaga quam [[Albertus Einstein]] [[Ernestus Mach|Ernesto Mach]], [[physicus|physico]] [[philosophus|philosopho]]<nowiki />que [[Austria]]co, attribuit, quae explicare conatur quomodo res [[rotatio|volventes]], exempli gratia [[gyroscopium|gyroscopia]] vel [[corpus caeleste|corpora caelestia]], ad [[systema relationum]] se referant. Secundum talem coniecturam, [[exsistentia]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|rotatio absoluta|rotationis absolutae|en|qid=Q4669833}}—quae distinctionem inter localia {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum inertiale|systemata inertialia|en|qid=Q192735}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum volvens|systemata volventia|en|qid=Q3310692}} infert—a distributione universali materiei pendet, ut hoc exemplum illustrat: {{Folium memoratum| Primum consiste atque sine ad latera tua [[bracchium|bracchia]] pendere laxa. Observa ut [[sidus|sidera]] fere immota maneant et bracchia tua fere recta deorsum pendeant. Deinde volve te ipsum ipsamve; sidera circa [[zenith]] volvi videbuntur, simulque bracchia tua [[vis centrifuga|vi centrifuga]] sursum trahentur. Profecto casus esset mirabilis si systema relationum inertiale, in quo tua bracchia libere pendebant, idem esset ac systema relationum in quo sidera quiescunt fixa, nisi aliqua interactio inter sidera et te exsisteret quae tuum systema relationum determinaret inertiale. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Stephanus Weinberg]] ([[1972]]). {{Op|Gravitation and Cosmology}}.<ref>{{qc|Weinberg, 1972}}, [https://archive.org/details/gravitationcosmo00stev_0/page/16/mode/2up p. 17]. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{Barbarice|lingua=en|First stand still, and let your arms hang loose at your sides. Observe that the stars are more or less unmoving, and that your arms hang more or less straight down. Then pirouette. The stars will seem to rotate around the zenith, and at the same time your arms will be drawn upward by centrifugal force. It would surely be a remarkable coincidence if the inertial frame, in which your arms hung freely, just happened to be the reference frame in which typical stars are at rest, unless there were some interaction between the stars and you that determined your inertial frame.}}”</ref> }} Principium Machianum statuit hanc rem non esse fortuitam, sed potius quandam exsistere {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|lex physica|legem|en=Physikalisches Gesetz}} quae [[motus|motum]] siderum remotissimorum cum locali {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum inertiale|systemate inertiali|en|qid=Q192735}} conectit. Nam si omnia sidera circa observatorem videantur circumagi, Mach censuit aliquam vim physicam efficere ut observator [[vis centrifuga|vim centrifugam]] sentiret. Hinc varia enuntiata principii, saepe obscura, orta sunt, velut: “[[massa]] alibi sita hic afficit [[inertia]]m”. Formula generalissima principii est: {{Ipse dixit| Leges physicae locales maximā compagine universi determinantur. |[[Stephanus Hawking|Hawking]] & {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Georgius Franciscus Rainerius Ellis|Ellis|en|qid=Q5538966}} ([[1973]]). {{Op|The Large Scale Structure of Space–Time}}.<ref>{{qc|Hawking & Ellis, 1973}}, p. 1. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=en|Local physical laws are determined by the large-scale structure of the universe}}”.</ref> }} Suasio Machiana magni momenti fuit in [[theoria relativitatis generalis|theoriae relativitatis generalis]] Einsteinianae ortu. Einstein enim intellexit distributionem universam materiei {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tensor metricus (theoria relativitatis)|tensorem metricum|en|qid=Q2045231}} determinare posse, quo definiatur quid systema putetur quoad rotationem quiescere. In nonnullis {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|solutiones exactae in theoria relativitatis generalis|solutionibus theoriae relativitatis generalis|en|qid=Q5419229}}, [[spatii temporisque tractio]] atque conservatio {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|momentum angulare|momenti angularis|en|qid=Q161254}} gravitationalis sic efficiunt ut hoc verum sit. Attamen, quum principium ipsum vagum sit, multae formulae diversae propositae sunt quae “principia Machiana” vocari possunt, quarum nonnullae falsae putantur. {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Metrica Gödeliana||en|qid=Q1559192}} universi volventis exemplum praebet quod principium Machianum quam maxime violare videtur. In tali enim exemplo sidera remota eo celerius celeriusque volvi videntur quo longius distent. Contradictio tamen quaestionem validitatis principii Machiani omnino non dirimit, quia exemplum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|lineae temporales clausae|lineas temporales clausas|en|qid=Q1876815}} admittit. == Historia == Ernestus Mach in libro {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}} anno [[1883]] edito suam doctrinam primum exposuit.<ref name="mach-1883" /> Ante eum similes sententiae etiam in libris [[Georgius Berkeleius|Georgii Berkeleii]] philosophi reperiebantur.<ref name="berkeleius-1721">{{qc|Berkeleius, 1721}}.</ref> Post Mach, liber {{Op|Motus absolutus an relativus?}} a fratribus [[Benedictus Friedlaender|Benedicto Friedlaender]] et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Immanuel Friedlaender|Immanuele Friedlaender|de|qid=Q89222}} anno [[1896]] editus nonnullas ideas principio Machiano similes continebat.<ref>{{qc|Friedlaender, 1896}}.</ref> == De usu Einsteiniano principii == Est in theoria relativitatis quaestio fundamentalis: si omnis motus relativus est, quomodo corporum [[inertia]] mensurari potest? Inertia enim respectu alicuius rei metienda est; sed cuius respectu si [[particula]]m solam in universo omnino vacuo fingamus? Nonnulli putabant talem particulam nullum motum lineare habere posse. Ita principium Machianum interdum intellegitur affirmatio omnino nullum motum, ne rotatorium quidem, tribui posse nisi alia corpora adsint. Sic ipse Mach scripsit: {{Folium memoratum| Experimentum [[Isaacus Newtonus|Newtonianum]] aquae in [[vas]]e volventis hoc tantum docet: vertiginem relativam aquae respectu [[paries|parietum]] vasis nullas [[vis centrifuga|vires centrifugas]] notabiles excitare; eas autem ex vertigine relativa respectu massae [[Tellus|Telluris]] ceterorumque corporum caelestium oriri. Nemo dicere potest quomodo experimentum finiturum esset si parietes vasis spissiores spissioresque atque graviores fierent, ac denique plurium [[mille passus|miliariorum passuum]] crassitudinem haberent. Unum tantum experimentum nobis conceditur, atque illud cum ceteris rebus nobis cognitis, non tamen cum figmentis nostris arbitrariis, componere debemus. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Ernestus Mach]] ([[1883]]). {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}}.<ref>{{qc|Mach, 1883}}, [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_x9Q2AAAAMAAJ/page/216/mode/2up pp. 216–217]. [[Theodisce|Th.]] “{{Barbarice|lingua=de|Der Versuch Newton's mit dem rotirenden Wassergefäss lehrt nur, dass die Relativdrehung des Wassers gegen die Gefässwände keine merklichen Centrifugalkräfte weckt, dass dieselben aber durch die Relativdrehung gegen die Masse der Erde und die übrigen Himmelskörper geweckt werden. Niemand kann sagen, wie der Versuch verlaufen würde, wenn die Gefässwände immer dicker und massiger, zuletzt mehrere Meilen dick würden. Es liegt nur der eine Versuch vor, und wir haben denselben mit den übrigen uns bekannten Thatsachen, nicht aber mit unsern willkürlichen Dichtungen in Einklang zu bringen.}}”</ref> }} Albertus Einstein fere hoc sensu videtur principium intellexisse: {{Ipse dixit|Inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oritur.|[[Albertus Einstein]], [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]].{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1={{*Cfr}} A. Einstein, “Hoch geehrter Herr Kollege!”, [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]], apud {{qc|Wolters, 1987}}, p. 151, et apud {{qc|Misner, Thorne & Wheeler, 1973}}, p. 544: “{{omissis}} necessario sequitur ut inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oriatur, prorsus ut in tuis cogitationibus de experimento Newtoniano aquae in vase volventis {{omissis}} Si sphaera cava {{mvar|S}} circa axem per centrum eius transeuntem volvatur (respectu systematis stellarum fixarum sive “systematis quietis”), [[vis Coriolis|campus Coriolianus]] intra sphaeram cavam oriatur, id est planum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|pendulum Foucaultianum|penduli Foucaultiani|en|qid=Q178841}} (quamquam velocitate revera tam exiguā ut mensurari non possit) simul circumferatur.” [[Theodisce|Th.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=de|{{omissis}} es ergibt sich mit Notwendigkeit, daß die Trägheit in einer Art Wechselwirkung der Körper ihren Ursprung hat, ganz im Sinne Ihrer Überlegungen zum Newtonschen Eimer-Versuch {{omissis}} Rotiert die Schale {{mvar|S}} um eine durch ihren Mittelpunkt gehende Achse (relativ zum System der Fixsterne/‚Restsystem‘), so entsteht im Innern der Schale ein Coriolis-Feld, d. h. die Ebene des Foucault-Pendels wird (mit einer allerdings praktisch unmeßbar kleinen Geschwindigkeit) mitgenommen.}}”|2=Q178841|name=epistula-25-iunii-1913}}}} Nonnulla principii Machiani enuntiata cum [[holismus|holismo]] conectuntur. Mach enim intellegi potest suasisse ut theoriae gravitatis ad {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|relationalismus|doctrinas relationalisticas|en|qid=Q2142479}} pertinerent. Einstein in physicam hodiernam principium introduxit dum theoriam relativitatis generalis elaborabat; ipse quidem dicitur locutionem “principium Machianum” primus finxisse. Multum disputatur verene Mach novam legem physicam proponere voluerit, quoniam nusquam eam aperte enuntiavit. Scriptum quo Einstein maxime commotus est fuit liber Ernesti Mach {{Op|De mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita}},<ref name="mach-1883" /> in quo philosophus doctrinam Newtonianam de {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spatium tempusque absoluti|spatio absoluto|en|qid=Q19314}} refutavit, praesertim exsistentiam cuiusdam electi [[systema relationum|systematis relationum]] quod e celebri {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|argumentum Newtonianum vasis|argumento Newtoniano vasis|en|qid=Q2585683}} oriebatur. Newtonus in suis {{Op|[[Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica|Philosophiae naturalis principiis mathematicis]]}} demonstrare conatus est rotationem absolutam dignosci posse propter vires apparentes quae tantummodo in rotatione absoluta inveniuntur. Nam si vas aquā plenum volvitur, aqua primitus quiescit, deinde motus vasis aquae communicatur, quae curvatur atque propter vim centrifugam ad margines ascendit. Hoc experimentum demonstrat vires centrifugas non oriri nisi aqua respectu spatii absoluti rotetur (quod hic per systema relationum [[Tellus|Telluris]], vel potius {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|stellae fixae|stellarum fixarum|en|qid=Q430297}}, repraesentatur); contra autem, quum vas respectu aquae vertatur, nullae vires centrifugae gignuntur, quod indicat aquam quietam esse respectu spatii absoluti. Ex hoc Newtonus conclusit vires centrifugas e rotatione respectu spatii absoluti oriri. In libro suo Mach affirmat experimentum tantummodo demonstrare nullas vires centrifugas oriri dum aqua quoad vas non movetur; non licet tamen scire quid accideret si latera vasis immensum augerentur. Itaque, secundum Mach, notio motūs absoluti deserenda est atque omnis motus, sive uniformis sive acceleratus, tantummmodo respectu aliorum corporum intellegi potest ({{*ie}} non satis est dicere aquam rotari, sed necesse est determinare utrum respectu vasis an respectu Terrae rotetur). Hac ratione {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|vis ficticia|ficticiae vires|en|qid=Q212126}} quae motūs relativos ab “absolutis” distinguere videntur, nihil aliud censendae sunt nisi effectūs peculiaris asymmetriae, in systemate nostro relationum exstantis, inter corpora quae in motu ponimus, quae parva sunt (velut vasa), et corpora quae quiescere credimus (velut Tellus et stellae remotae), quae multum maiora atque graviora sunt illis. Similem opinionem iam [[Georgius Berkeleius]] in opere {{Op|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|De Motu (Berkeleius)|De Motu|en|qid=Q171280}}}} defenderat.<ref name="berkeleius-1721" /> Haec physica ratio inertiam corporum ita determinare debet ut gravia remotaque corpora universi ad vires inertiales maxime conferant. Nescitur tamen verene Mach novam legem physicam inter corpora gravia proponere voluerit; verisimilius nihil aliud proposuit nisi simplicem “motūs in spatio redescriptionem” quin vocabulum spatii adhiberet.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}.</ref> Scitur tamen Einstein illa verba sic interpretatum esse, quasi quaedam nova actio physica inter corpora exsisteret, ut postea longa disputatio orta sit. Plerique physici censent Mach suum principium in theoriam physicam exactam, quae explicaret quomodo remota sidera inertiam corporum afficere possint, numquam redegisse. Ipse Mach principium suum numquam clare definivit.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, pp. 9–57.</ref> Quamquam Einstein eo maxime inspiratus est, principium Machianum non habetur fundamentum necessarium theoriae relativitatis generalis, licet tamen {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|principium aequivalentiae||en|qid=Q210546}} inter massam gravitationalem atque inertialem sit magnopere fundamentale. == De principio Machiano in theoria relativitatis generalis == Quum in theoria relativitatis generalis notiones simplices [[spatium|spatii]] [[tempus|temporis]]<nowiki />que non iam valeant, etiam obscurius fit quid “principium Machianum” proprie significetur. Saltem viginti et unum enuntiata principii proposita sunt, quorum alia putantur “magis Machiana” quam alia.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, p. 530.</ref> Enuntiatum debilissimum affirmat motum materiei ubilibet afficere posse quae systemata inertialia adhibenda sint alibi. Einstein, antequam theoriam relativitatis generalis perfecisset, effectum quendam invēnit quem interpretatus est principium Machianum probare. Concedatur magnam [[sphaera]]m cavam erga stellas fixas volvi; tum systema inertiale intra sphaeram cavam descriptum incipiet respectu stellarum fixarum [[praecessio|praecessare]]. Hic effectus nunc {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|effectus Lensianus–Thirringianus||en|qid=Q11083519}} appellatur. Einstein hac inventione adeo delectatus est ut Ernesto Mach hocmodo scriberet: {{Folium memoratum| {{omissis}} necessario sequitur ut inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oriatur, prorsus ut in tuis cogitationibus de experimento Newtoniano aquae in vase volventis {{omissis}} Si sphaera cava {{mvar|S}} circa axem per centrum eius transeuntem volvatur (respectu systematis stellarum fixarum sive “systematis quietis”), [[vis Coriolis|campus Coriolianus]] intra sphaeram cavam oriatur, id est planum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|pendulum Foucaultianum|penduli Foucaultiani|en|qid=Q178841}} (quamquam velocitate revera tam exiguā ut mensurari non possit) simul circumferatur. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Albertus Einstein]], [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]].<ref name="epistula-25-iunii-1913" /> }} Effectus Lensianus–Thirringianus certe satisfacit notioni generali secundum quam “materies alibi hic afficit inertiam”:<ref>{{qc|Bondi & Samuel, 1997}}, p. 121.</ref> si sphaera cava materiei abesset aut non volveretur, planum penduli non traheretur. Intra contextum huius effectūs sententia quoque secundum quam inertia “ex quadam interactione inter corpora” oritur putari potest vera. Quaestio tamen profundior videtur esse ipsa existentia “stellarum fixarum”, quas Einstein tractavit systema externum. Physici hodierni vestigia principii Machiani in “problemate valorum initialium” agnoscunt. Forma fortior principii Machiani ad spatitempora Wheeleriana–Machiana–Einsteiniana pertinet, quae postulant ut spatiumtempus sit {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|spatium compactum|spatialiter compactum|en|qid=Q381892}} atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|spatitempus globaliter hyperbolicum|globaliter hyperbolicum|en|qid=Q5570942}}. In talibus universis principium Machianum sic enuntiari potest: ''distributio materiei atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tensor energiae momentique|tensoris energiae momentique|en|qid=Q876346}} [[campus physicus|camporum]] (fortasse etiam aliarum rerum) quodam tempore universi systema inertiale in quolibet puncto universi determinat (ubi “quoddam tempus universi” ad quamlibet {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|superficies Cauchyana|superficiem Cauchyanam|en|qid=Q5054343}} electam refertur).<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, pp. 188–207.</ref> Alii quoque conati sunt theorias quam maxime Machianas construere, velut {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria Bransiana–Dickeana||en|qid=Q898809}} atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria gravitatis Hoyleana–Narlikariana||en|qid=Q17027715}}; sed plerique physici censent nullam ex his prosperam fuisse. In conventu peritorum [[Tubinga]]e anno [[1993]] habito, quum quaereretur “Estne relativitas generalis plene Machiana?”, tres responderunt “ita”, viginti duo “non”. Ad quaestionem “Estne relativitas generalis, condicionibus marginalibus aptis, valde Machiana?”, quattuordecim responderunt “ita”, septem “non”.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, p. 106.</ref> Einstein tamen persuasus erat relativitatem inertiae necessario validae theoriae gravitatis continendam esse: {{Folium memoratum| Tam vehementer eo tempore Einstein relativitati inertiae credebat ut anno [[1918]] tria principia quibus theoriae gravitatis satisfaciendum erat pari dignitate statuerit: # Principium relativitatis, per covariantiam generalem expressum. # Principium aequivalentiae. # Principium Machianum (quo vocabulo tum primum in litteris adhibito): “… ita ut quantitates {{mvar|g_μν}} omnino massā corporum, generalius tensore {{mvar|T_μν}}, determinentur.” Anno [[1922]], quum Einstein animadvertisset alios contentos esse sine hoc [tertio] criterio procedere, hoc addidit: “Haec beatitudo {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|posteri|posteris|en|qid=Q954025}} videbitur incomprehensibilis.” Dicendum est, ut ego videre possum, principium Machianum usque ad hunc diem physicam nullo modo provexisse. Dicendum quoque est originem inertiae esse manereque obscurissimum caput in [[physica particularum elementarium|theoria particularum]] et [[theoria quantica camporum|camporum]]. Itaque fortasse principium Machianum fructuosum fieri poterit, sed non sine theoria quantica. }}{{Norma dextra| ―{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Abrahamus Pais||en|qid=Q330492}} ([[1972]]). {{Op|‘Subtle is the Lord…’: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein}}.<ref>{{qc|Pais, 2005 [1982]}}, pp. 287–288. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=en|So strongly did Einstein believe at that time in the relativity of inertia that in 1918 he stated as being on an equal footing three principles on which a satisfactory theory of gravitation should rest:}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|The principle of relativity as expressed by general covariance.}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|The principle of equivalence.}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|Mach's principle (the first time this term entered the literature): ... that the ''g_µν'' are completely determined by the mass of bodies, more generally by ''T_µν''.}} {{barbarice|lingua=en|In 1922, Einstein noted that others were satisfied to proceed without this [third] criterion and added, ‘This contentedness will appear incomprehensible to a later generation however.’}} {{barbarice|lingua=en|It must be said that, as far as I can see, to this day, Mach's principle has not brought physics decisively farther. It must also be said that the origin of inertia is and remains the most obscure subject in the theory of particles and fields. Mach's principle may therefore have a future—but not without the quantum theory.}}”</ref> }} == Inductio inertialis == Anno [[1953]] physicus [[Universitas Cantabrigiensis|Cantabrigiensis]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Dionysius Gulielmus Sciama||en|qid=Q284336}}, [[lex universalis gravitationis Newtoniana|aequationi Newtonianae gravitatis]] terminum accelerationi proportionalem addendo, conatus est principium Machianum quantitative exprimere:<ref>{{qc|Sciama, 1953}}.</ref> : <math>F = G\frac{m_A m_B \mathbf{a}}{r c^2}</math> ubi {{mvar|r}} [[spatium]] inter particulas, {{mvar/G}} [[constans gravitatis|constantem gravitatis]], {{vect|a}} [[acceleratio]]nem relativam, atque {{mvar|c}} [[celeritas lucis|celeritatem lucis in vacuo]] indicant. Sciama effectum appellavit ''inductionem inertialem''. == Varia enuntiata principii == Sententia secundum quam “massa alibi sita inertiam hic afficit” multis modis expressa est. [[Hermannus Bondi]] et Iosephus Samuel undecim formulas collegerunt, quas a ''Mach0'' usque ad ''Mach10'' nominaverunt:<ref>{{qc|Bondi & Samuel, 1997}}.</ref> # <li value="0">Universum, secundum mediocrem motum galaxiarum remotorum, quoad systemata inertialia localia videtur non volvi.</li> # [[Constans gravitatis|Constans gravitatis Newtoniana]] {{mvar/G}} est campus dynamicus. # Corpus isolatum in spatio alioquin vacuo nullam inertiam percipit. # Systemata inertialia localia motu cosmico atque uniformitate materiei afficiuntur. # Universum est spatialiter clausum. # [[Energia]] totalis, momentum angulare et [[momentum|momentum lineare]] universi nulla sunt. # Massa inertialis uniformitate materiei universi afficitur. # Si tota materies tollatur, nullum spatium remaneat. # Quantitas <math>\Omega\ \stackrel{\text{def}}{=}\ 4 \pi \rho G T^2</math> est numerus definitus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|ordo magnitudinis|ordinis|en|qid=Q518730}} [[unus|unitatis]], ubi {{mvar|ρ}} densitatem mediam universi atque {{mvar|T}} {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tempus Hubbleanum||fr|qid=Q3517760}} indicant. # Theoria nulla elementa absoluta continet. # Rotationes et translationes rigidae universi observari nequeunt. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Barbour & Pfister, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen redactoris 1 = Barbour | nomen redactoris 1 = Iulianus B. | cognomen redactoris 2 = Pfister | nomen redactoris 2 = Herbertus | titulus = Mach's principle: from Newton's bucket to quantum gravity | lingua = en | annus = 1995 | series = Einstein Studies | volumen seriei = 6 | locus = [[Bostonia]]e | domus editoria = Birkhäuser | url = https://sites.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/papers/MachPrinciple.pdf | isbn = 978-3-7643-3823-7 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Berkeleius, 1721 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Berkeleius | nomen auctoris = Georgius | commentatio de auctore = Georgius Berkeleius | titulus = De motu; sive, de motus principio et natura, et de causa communicationis motuum | annus = 1721 | locus = [[Londinium|Londinii]] | domus editoria = Iacobus Tonson | url = https://archive.org/details/b30774299 | url forma pdf = https://archive.org/download/b30774299/b30774299.pdf }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Bondi & Samuel, 1997 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Bondi | nomen auctoris 1 = Hermannus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Hermannus Bondi | cognomen auctoris 2 = Samuel | nomen auctoris 2 = Iosephus | titulus = The Lense–Thirring Effect and Mach's Principle | contextus = Physics Letters A | volumen = 228 | fasciculus = 3 | annus = 1997 | paginae = 121–126 | bibcode = 1997PhLA..228..121B | doi = 10.1016/S0375-9601(97)00117-5 | s2cid = 15625102 | arxiv = gr-qc/9607009 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Hawking & Ellis, 1973 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Hawking | nomen auctoris 1 = Stephanus Gulielmus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Stephanus Hawking | cognomen auctoris 2 = Ellis | nomen auctoris 2 = Georgius Franciscus Rainerius | titulus = The Large Scale Structure of Space–Time | lingua = en | tempus = 1973 | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | url = https://archive.org/details/largescalestruct0000hawk | accessus ad url = sociis | isbn = 978-0-521-09906-4 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Friedlaender, 1896 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Friedlaender | nomen auctoris 1 = Benedictus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Benedictus Friedlaender | cognomen auctoris 2 = Friedlaender | nomen auctoris 2 = Immanuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Absolute oder relative Bewegung? | lingua = de | latine = Motus absolutus an relativus? | annus = 1896 | url = https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/BDVFSWTJNPOFICKAE2RVF2RNEGFRA67K | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]] | domus editoria = Leonhardus Simion }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen = Gasco | nomen = Enricus | titulus = Il contributo di Mach sull'origine dell'inerzia | lingua = it | latine = Conlatio Machiana ad originem inertiae | contextus = Quaderni di Storia della Fisica | volumen = 12 | paginae = 17–34 | annus = 2004 | url = https://www.vielbein.it/pdf/Articoli/Articolo.pdf | retrospectio = 20260518054822 | salus url = vivit | doi = 10.1393/qsf/i2003-10001-6 }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Mach, 1883 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Mach | nomen auctoris = Ernestus Valfridus Josephus Venceslaus | commentatio de auctore = Ernestus Mach | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt | lingua = de | latine = Mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita | annus = 1883 | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_x9Q2AAAAMAAJ | locus = [[Lipsia]]e | domus editoria = F. A. Brockhaus }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Misner, Thorne & Wheeler, 1973 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Misner | nomen auctoris 1 = Carolus Gulielmus | cognomen auctoris 2 = Thorne | nomen auctoris 2 = Kip Stephanus | commentatio de auctore 2 = Kip Thorne | cognomen auctoris 3 = Wheeler | nomen auctoris 3 = Ioannes Archibaldus | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Gravitation | annus = 1973 | domus editoria = W. H. Freeman and Company | locus = [[Franciscopolis (California)|Franciscopoli]] | url = https://physicsgg.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/misner_thorne_wheeler_gravitation_freema.pdf | retrospectio = 20240728193849 | salus url = vivit | isbn = 0-7167-0344-0 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Pais, 2005 [1982] | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Pais | nomen auctoris = Abrahamus | titulus = ‘Subtle is the Lord…’: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein | annus primae editionis = 1982 | annus = 2005 | domus editoria = Oxford University Press | locus = [[Oxonia]]e | url = https://horizons-2000.org/92.%20Misc%20Files/Reading/Subtle%20is%20the%20Lord--Abraham%20pais.pdf | retrospectio = 20250607173909 | salus url = vivit | isbn = 978-0-19-280672-7 }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen 1 = Pfister | nomen 1 = Herbertus | cognomen 2 = King | nomen 2 = Marcus | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Inertia and Gravitation: The Fundamental Nature and Structure of Space-Time | series = Lecture Notes in Physics | volumen seriei = 897 | annus = 2015 | locus = Heidelberg | domus editoria = Springer | doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-15036-9 | isbn = 978-3-319-15035-2 }}. * {{Opus | auctor 1 = Raine, D. J. | titulus = Mach's Principle in general relativity | contextus = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volumen = 171 | fasciculus = 3 | tempus = 1975 | paginae = 507–528 | bibcode = 1975MNRAS.171..507R | doi = 10.1093/mnras/171.3.507 | accessus ad doi = liberus }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Sciama, 1953 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Sciama | nomen auctoris = Dionysius Gulielmus | titulus = On the origin of inertia | lingua = en | latine = De origine inertiae | contextus = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volumen = 113 | paginae = 34–42 | url = https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953MNRAS.113...34S | url forma pdf = https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1953MNRAS.113...34S | annus = 1953 | annus compositionis = 1952 | doi = 10.1093/mnras/113.1.34 | bibcode = 1953MNRAS.113...34S }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Sciama | nomen auctoris = Dionysius Gulielmus | titulus = Modern Cosmology | tempus = 1971 | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | locus = [[Cantabrigia]]e | url = https://archive.org/details/ModernCosmology_901 | oclc = 6931707 }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Von Bayer, 2001 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Von Bayer | nomen auctoris = Iohannes Christianus | titulus = The Fermi Solution: Essays on Science | lingua = en | annus = 2001 | domus editoria = Courier Dover Publications | isbn = 0-486-41707-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VhJr9Qx8ohsC }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Weinberg, 1972 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Weinberg | nomen auctoris = Stephanus | commentatio de auctore = Stephanus Weinberg | titulus = Gravitation and Cosmology | lingua = en | annus = 1972 | domus editoria = John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | locus = [[Novum Eboracum|Novo Eboraco]], [[Londinium|Londinii]], [[Sydneium|Sydneii]], [[Torontum|Toronti]] | url = https://archive.org/details/gravitationcosmo00stev_0 | accessus ad url = sociis | isbn = 978-0-471-92567-5 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Wolters, 1987 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Wolters | nomen auctoris = Gereon | titulus = Mach I, Mach II, Einstein und die Relativitätstheorie: eine Fälschung und ihre Folgen | lingua = de | annus = 1987 | domus editoria = Walter de Gruyter | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Novum Eboracum|Novo Eboracum]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qg-hpQnob-cC | isbn = 9783110108255 }} }}. {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} * [[Aether luminifer]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Historia theoriae relativitatis generalis||en|qid=Q1936878}} * [[Relativitas generalis]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Rotatio absoluta||en|qid=Q4669833}} * [[Spatii temporisque tractio]] * [[Spatitempus]] * [[Systema relationum]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria Bransiana–Dickeana||en|qid=Q898809}} * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria gravitatis Hoyleana–Narlikariana||en|qid=Q17027715}} * [[Vis centrifuga]] {{div col end}} [[Categoria:Astronomia]] [[Categoria:Ernestus Mach]] [[Categoria:Albertus Einstein]] [[Categoria:Notiones in physica]] [[Categoria:Theoriae gravitationis]] [[Categoria:Rotatio]] [[Categoria:Philosophia]] [[Categoria:Physica]] gbbuuaiu257w3213qhq98tzomvodqie 3960811 3960803 2026-05-20T00:45:43Z Grufo 64423 3960811 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Ernst Mach, Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwickelung.svg|thumb|Liber Ernesti Mach {{Op|De mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita}} ([[Theodisce]] {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}})<ref name="mach-1883">{{qc|Mach, 1883}}.</ref>]] In [[physica theoretica]], praesertim in disputationibus de theoriis [[gravitas (physica)|gravitatis]], {{res|principium Machianum}} seu {{res|coniectura Machiana}}<ref>{{qc|Von Bayer, 2001}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=VhJr9Qx8ohsC&dq=mach's+conjecture&pg=PA79 p. 79].</ref> appellatur hypothesis vaga quam [[Albertus Einstein]] [[Ernestus Mach|Ernesto Mach]], [[physicus|physico]] [[philosophus|philosopho]]<nowiki />que [[Austria]]co, attribuit, quae explicare conatur quomodo res [[rotatio|volventes]], exempli gratia [[gyroscopium|gyroscopia]] vel [[corpus caeleste|corpora caelestia]], ad [[systema relationum]] se referant. Secundum talem coniecturam, [[exsistentia]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|rotatio absoluta|rotationis absolutae|en|qid=Q4669833}}—quae distinctionem inter localia {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum inertiale|systemata inertialia|en|qid=Q192735}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum volvens|systemata volventia|en|qid=Q3310692}} infert—a distributione universali materiei pendet, ut hoc exemplum illustrat: {{Folium memoratum| Primum consiste atque sine ad latera tua [[bracchium|bracchia]] pendere laxa. Observa ut [[sidus|sidera]] fere immota maneant et bracchia tua fere recta deorsum pendeant. Deinde volve te ipsum ipsamve; sidera circa [[zenith]] volvi videbuntur, simulque bracchia tua [[vis centrifuga|vi centrifuga]] sursum trahentur. Profecto casus esset mirabilis si systema relationum inertiale, in quo tua bracchia libere pendebant, idem esset ac systema relationum in quo sidera quiescunt fixa, nisi aliqua interactio inter sidera et te exsisteret quae tuum systema relationum determinaret inertiale. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Stephanus Weinberg]] ([[1972]]). {{Op|Gravitation and Cosmology}}.<ref>{{qc|Weinberg, 1972}}, [https://archive.org/details/gravitationcosmo00stev_0/page/16/mode/2up p. 17]. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{Barbarice|lingua=en|First stand still, and let your arms hang loose at your sides. Observe that the stars are more or less unmoving, and that your arms hang more or less straight down. Then pirouette. The stars will seem to rotate around the zenith, and at the same time your arms will be drawn upward by centrifugal force. It would surely be a remarkable coincidence if the inertial frame, in which your arms hung freely, just happened to be the reference frame in which typical stars are at rest, unless there were some interaction between the stars and you that determined your inertial frame.}}”</ref> }} Principium Machianum statuit hanc rem non esse fortuitam, sed potius quandam exsistere {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|lex physica|legem|de|qid=Q214070}} quae [[motus|motum]] siderum remotissimorum cum locali {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum inertiale|systemate inertiali|en|qid=Q192735}} conectit. Nam si omnia sidera circa observatorem videantur circumagi, Mach censuit aliquam vim physicam efficere ut observator [[vis centrifuga|vim centrifugam]] sentiret. Hinc varia enuntiata principii, saepe obscura, orta sunt, velut: “[[massa]] alibi sita hic afficit [[inertia]]m”. Formula generalissima principii est: {{Ipse dixit| Leges physicae locales maximā compagine universi determinantur. |[[Stephanus Hawking|Hawking]] & {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Georgius Franciscus Rainerius Ellis|Ellis|en|qid=Q5538966}} ([[1973]]). {{Op|The Large Scale Structure of Space–Time}}.<ref>{{qc|Hawking & Ellis, 1973}}, p. 1. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=en|Local physical laws are determined by the large-scale structure of the universe}}”.</ref> }} Suasio Machiana magni momenti fuit in [[theoria relativitatis generalis|theoriae relativitatis generalis]] Einsteinianae ortu. Einstein enim intellexit distributionem universam materiei {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tensor metricus (theoria relativitatis)|tensorem metricum|en|qid=Q2045231}} determinare posse, quo definiatur quid systema putetur quoad rotationem quiescere. In nonnullis {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|solutiones exactae in theoria relativitatis generalis|solutionibus theoriae relativitatis generalis|en|qid=Q5419229}}, [[spatii temporisque tractio]] atque conservatio {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|momentum angulare|momenti angularis|en|qid=Q161254}} gravitationalis sic efficiunt ut hoc verum sit. Attamen, quum principium ipsum vagum sit, multae formulae diversae propositae sunt quae “principia Machiana” vocari possunt, quarum nonnullae falsae putantur. {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Metrica Gödeliana||en|qid=Q1559192}} universi volventis exemplum praebet quod principium Machianum quam maxime violare videtur. In tali enim exemplo sidera remota eo celerius celeriusque volvi videntur quo longius distent. Contradictio tamen quaestionem validitatis principii Machiani omnino non dirimit, quia exemplum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|lineae temporales clausae|lineas temporales clausas|en|qid=Q1876815}} admittit. == Historia == Ernestus Mach in libro {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}} anno [[1883]] edito suam doctrinam primum exposuit.<ref name="mach-1883" /> Ante eum similes sententiae etiam in libris [[Georgius Berkeleius|Georgii Berkeleii]] philosophi reperiebantur.<ref name="berkeleius-1721">{{qc|Berkeleius, 1721}}.</ref> Post Mach, liber {{Op|Motus absolutus an relativus?}} a fratribus [[Benedictus Friedlaender|Benedicto Friedlaender]] et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Immanuel Friedlaender|Immanuele Friedlaender|de|qid=Q89222}} anno [[1896]] editus nonnullas ideas principio Machiano similes continebat.<ref>{{qc|Friedlaender, 1896}}.</ref> == De usu Einsteiniano principii == Est in theoria relativitatis quaestio fundamentalis: si omnis motus relativus est, quomodo corporum [[inertia]] mensurari potest? Inertia enim respectu alicuius rei metienda est; sed cuius respectu si [[particula]]m solam in universo omnino vacuo fingamus? Nonnulli putabant talem particulam nullum motum lineare habere posse. Ita principium Machianum interdum intellegitur affirmatio omnino nullum motum, ne rotatorium quidem, tribui posse nisi alia corpora adsint. Sic ipse Mach scripsit: {{Folium memoratum| Experimentum [[Isaacus Newtonus|Newtonianum]] aquae in [[vas]]e volventis hoc tantum docet: vertiginem relativam aquae respectu [[paries|parietum]] vasis nullas [[vis centrifuga|vires centrifugas]] notabiles excitare; eas autem ex vertigine relativa respectu massae [[Tellus|Telluris]] ceterorumque corporum caelestium oriri. Nemo dicere potest quomodo experimentum finiturum esset si parietes vasis spissiores spissioresque atque graviores fierent, ac denique plurium [[mille passus|miliariorum passuum]] crassitudinem haberent. Unum tantum experimentum nobis conceditur, atque illud cum ceteris rebus nobis cognitis, non tamen cum figmentis nostris arbitrariis, componere debemus. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Ernestus Mach]] ([[1883]]). {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}}.<ref>{{qc|Mach, 1883}}, [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_x9Q2AAAAMAAJ/page/216/mode/2up pp. 216–217]. [[Theodisce|Th.]] “{{Barbarice|lingua=de|Der Versuch Newton's mit dem rotirenden Wassergefäss lehrt nur, dass die Relativdrehung des Wassers gegen die Gefässwände keine merklichen Centrifugalkräfte weckt, dass dieselben aber durch die Relativdrehung gegen die Masse der Erde und die übrigen Himmelskörper geweckt werden. Niemand kann sagen, wie der Versuch verlaufen würde, wenn die Gefässwände immer dicker und massiger, zuletzt mehrere Meilen dick würden. Es liegt nur der eine Versuch vor, und wir haben denselben mit den übrigen uns bekannten Thatsachen, nicht aber mit unsern willkürlichen Dichtungen in Einklang zu bringen.}}”</ref> }} Albertus Einstein fere hoc sensu videtur principium intellexisse: {{Ipse dixit|Inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oritur.|[[Albertus Einstein]], [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]].{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1={{*Cfr}} A. Einstein, “Hoch geehrter Herr Kollege!”, [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]], apud {{qc|Wolters, 1987}}, p. 151, et apud {{qc|Misner, Thorne & Wheeler, 1973}}, p. 544: “{{omissis}} necessario sequitur ut inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oriatur, prorsus ut in tuis cogitationibus de experimento Newtoniano aquae in vase volventis {{omissis}} Si sphaera cava {{mvar|S}} circa axem per centrum eius transeuntem volvatur (respectu systematis stellarum fixarum sive “systematis quietis”), [[vis Coriolis|campus Coriolianus]] intra sphaeram cavam oriatur, id est planum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|pendulum Foucaultianum|penduli Foucaultiani|en|qid=Q178841}} (quamquam velocitate revera tam exiguā ut mensurari non possit) simul circumferatur.” [[Theodisce|Th.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=de|{{omissis}} es ergibt sich mit Notwendigkeit, daß die Trägheit in einer Art Wechselwirkung der Körper ihren Ursprung hat, ganz im Sinne Ihrer Überlegungen zum Newtonschen Eimer-Versuch {{omissis}} Rotiert die Schale {{mvar|S}} um eine durch ihren Mittelpunkt gehende Achse (relativ zum System der Fixsterne/‚Restsystem‘), so entsteht im Innern der Schale ein Coriolis-Feld, d. h. die Ebene des Foucault-Pendels wird (mit einer allerdings praktisch unmeßbar kleinen Geschwindigkeit) mitgenommen.}}”|2=Q178841|name=epistula-25-iunii-1913}}}} Nonnulla principii Machiani enuntiata cum [[holismus|holismo]] conectuntur. Mach enim intellegi potest suasisse ut theoriae gravitatis ad {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|relationalismus|doctrinas relationalisticas|en|qid=Q2142479}} pertinerent. Einstein in physicam hodiernam principium introduxit dum theoriam relativitatis generalis elaborabat; ipse quidem dicitur locutionem “principium Machianum” primus finxisse. Multum disputatur verene Mach novam legem physicam proponere voluerit, quoniam nusquam eam aperte enuntiavit. Scriptum quo Einstein maxime commotus est fuit liber Ernesti Mach {{Op|De mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita}},<ref name="mach-1883" /> in quo philosophus doctrinam Newtonianam de {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spatium tempusque absoluti|spatio absoluto|en|qid=Q19314}} refutavit, praesertim exsistentiam cuiusdam electi [[systema relationum|systematis relationum]] quod e celebri {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|argumentum Newtonianum vasis|argumento Newtoniano vasis|en|qid=Q2585683}} oriebatur. Newtonus in suis {{Op|[[Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica|Philosophiae naturalis principiis mathematicis]]}} demonstrare conatus est rotationem absolutam dignosci posse propter vires apparentes quae tantummodo in rotatione absoluta inveniuntur. Nam si vas aquā plenum volvitur, aqua primitus quiescit, deinde motus vasis aquae communicatur, quae curvatur atque propter vim centrifugam ad margines ascendit. Hoc experimentum demonstrat vires centrifugas non oriri nisi aqua respectu spatii absoluti rotetur (quod hic per systema relationum [[Tellus|Telluris]], vel potius {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|stellae fixae|stellarum fixarum|en|qid=Q430297}}, repraesentatur); contra autem, quum vas respectu aquae vertatur, nullae vires centrifugae gignuntur, quod indicat aquam quietam esse respectu spatii absoluti. Ex hoc Newtonus conclusit vires centrifugas e rotatione respectu spatii absoluti oriri. In libro suo Mach affirmat experimentum tantummodo demonstrare nullas vires centrifugas oriri dum aqua quoad vas non movetur; non licet tamen scire quid accideret si latera vasis immensum augerentur. Itaque, secundum Mach, notio motūs absoluti deserenda est atque omnis motus, sive uniformis sive acceleratus, tantummmodo respectu aliorum corporum intellegi potest ({{*ie}} non satis est dicere aquam rotari, sed necesse est determinare utrum respectu vasis an respectu Terrae rotetur). Hac ratione {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|vis ficticia|ficticiae vires|en|qid=Q212126}} quae motūs relativos ab “absolutis” distinguere videntur, nihil aliud censendae sunt nisi effectūs peculiaris asymmetriae, in systemate nostro relationum exstantis, inter corpora quae in motu ponimus, quae parva sunt (velut vasa), et corpora quae quiescere credimus (velut Tellus et stellae remotae), quae multum maiora atque graviora sunt illis. Similem opinionem iam [[Georgius Berkeleius]] in opere {{Op|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|De Motu (Berkeleius)|De Motu|en|qid=Q171280}}}} defenderat.<ref name="berkeleius-1721" /> Haec physica ratio inertiam corporum ita determinare debet ut gravia remotaque corpora universi ad vires inertiales maxime conferant. Nescitur tamen verene Mach novam legem physicam inter corpora gravia proponere voluerit; verisimilius nihil aliud proposuit nisi simplicem “motūs in spatio redescriptionem” quin vocabulum spatii adhiberet.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}.</ref> Scitur tamen Einstein illa verba sic interpretatum esse, quasi quaedam nova actio physica inter corpora exsisteret, ut postea longa disputatio orta sit. Plerique physici censent Mach suum principium in theoriam physicam exactam, quae explicaret quomodo remota sidera inertiam corporum afficere possint, numquam redegisse. Ipse Mach principium suum numquam clare definivit.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, pp. 9–57.</ref> Quamquam Einstein eo maxime inspiratus est, principium Machianum non habetur fundamentum necessarium theoriae relativitatis generalis, licet tamen {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|principium aequivalentiae||en|qid=Q210546}} inter massam gravitationalem atque inertialem sit magnopere fundamentale. == De principio Machiano in theoria relativitatis generalis == Quum in theoria relativitatis generalis notiones simplices [[spatium|spatii]] [[tempus|temporis]]<nowiki />que non iam valeant, etiam obscurius fit quid “principium Machianum” proprie significetur. Saltem viginti et unum enuntiata principii proposita sunt, quorum alia putantur “magis Machiana” quam alia.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, p. 530.</ref> Enuntiatum debilissimum affirmat motum materiei ubilibet afficere posse quae systemata inertialia adhibenda sint alibi. Einstein, antequam theoriam relativitatis generalis perfecisset, effectum quendam invēnit quem interpretatus est principium Machianum probare. Concedatur magnam [[sphaera]]m cavam erga stellas fixas volvi; tum systema inertiale intra sphaeram cavam descriptum incipiet respectu stellarum fixarum [[praecessio|praecessare]]. Hic effectus nunc {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|effectus Lensianus–Thirringianus||en|qid=Q11083519}} appellatur. Einstein hac inventione adeo delectatus est ut Ernesto Mach hocmodo scriberet: {{Folium memoratum| {{omissis}} necessario sequitur ut inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oriatur, prorsus ut in tuis cogitationibus de experimento Newtoniano aquae in vase volventis {{omissis}} Si sphaera cava {{mvar|S}} circa axem per centrum eius transeuntem volvatur (respectu systematis stellarum fixarum sive “systematis quietis”), [[vis Coriolis|campus Coriolianus]] intra sphaeram cavam oriatur, id est planum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|pendulum Foucaultianum|penduli Foucaultiani|en|qid=Q178841}} (quamquam velocitate revera tam exiguā ut mensurari non possit) simul circumferatur. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Albertus Einstein]], [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]].<ref name="epistula-25-iunii-1913" /> }} Effectus Lensianus–Thirringianus certe satisfacit notioni generali secundum quam “materies alibi hic afficit inertiam”:<ref>{{qc|Bondi & Samuel, 1997}}, p. 121.</ref> si sphaera cava materiei abesset aut non volveretur, planum penduli non traheretur. Intra contextum huius effectūs sententia quoque secundum quam inertia “ex quadam interactione inter corpora” oritur putari potest vera. Quaestio tamen profundior videtur esse ipsa existentia “stellarum fixarum”, quas Einstein tractavit systema externum. Physici hodierni vestigia principii Machiani in “problemate valorum initialium” agnoscunt. Forma fortior principii Machiani ad spatitempora Wheeleriana–Machiana–Einsteiniana pertinet, quae postulant ut spatiumtempus sit {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|spatium compactum|spatialiter compactum|en|qid=Q381892}} atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|spatitempus globaliter hyperbolicum|globaliter hyperbolicum|en|qid=Q5570942}}. In talibus universis principium Machianum sic enuntiari potest: ''distributio materiei atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tensor energiae momentique|tensoris energiae momentique|en|qid=Q876346}} [[campus physicus|camporum]] (fortasse etiam aliarum rerum) quodam tempore universi systema inertiale in quolibet puncto universi determinat (ubi “quoddam tempus universi” ad quamlibet {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|superficies Cauchyana|superficiem Cauchyanam|en|qid=Q5054343}} electam refertur).<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, pp. 188–207.</ref> Alii quoque conati sunt theorias quam maxime Machianas construere, velut {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria Bransiana–Dickeana||en|qid=Q898809}} atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria gravitatis Hoyleana–Narlikariana||en|qid=Q17027715}}; sed plerique physici censent nullam ex his prosperam fuisse. In conventu peritorum [[Tubinga]]e anno [[1993]] habito, quum quaereretur “Estne relativitas generalis plene Machiana?”, tres responderunt “ita”, viginti duo “non”. Ad quaestionem “Estne relativitas generalis, condicionibus marginalibus aptis, valde Machiana?”, quattuordecim responderunt “ita”, septem “non”.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, p. 106.</ref> Einstein tamen persuasus erat relativitatem inertiae necessario validae theoriae gravitatis continendam esse: {{Folium memoratum| Tam vehementer eo tempore Einstein relativitati inertiae credebat ut anno [[1918]] tria principia quibus theoriae gravitatis satisfaciendum erat pari dignitate statuerit: # Principium relativitatis, per covariantiam generalem expressum. # Principium aequivalentiae. # Principium Machianum (quo vocabulo tum primum in litteris adhibito): “… ita ut quantitates {{mvar|g_μν}} omnino massā corporum, generalius tensore {{mvar|T_μν}}, determinentur.” Anno [[1922]], quum Einstein animadvertisset alios contentos esse sine hoc [tertio] criterio procedere, hoc addidit: “Haec beatitudo {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|posteri|posteris|en|qid=Q954025}} videbitur incomprehensibilis.” Dicendum est, ut ego videre possum, principium Machianum usque ad hunc diem physicam nullo modo provexisse. Dicendum quoque est originem inertiae esse manereque obscurissimum caput in [[physica particularum elementarium|theoria particularum]] et [[theoria quantica camporum|camporum]]. Itaque fortasse principium Machianum fructuosum fieri poterit, sed non sine theoria quantica. }}{{Norma dextra| ―{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Abrahamus Pais||en|qid=Q330492}} ([[1972]]). {{Op|‘Subtle is the Lord…’: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein}}.<ref>{{qc|Pais, 2005 [1982]}}, pp. 287–288. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=en|So strongly did Einstein believe at that time in the relativity of inertia that in 1918 he stated as being on an equal footing three principles on which a satisfactory theory of gravitation should rest:}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|The principle of relativity as expressed by general covariance.}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|The principle of equivalence.}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|Mach's principle (the first time this term entered the literature): ... that the ''g_µν'' are completely determined by the mass of bodies, more generally by ''T_µν''.}} {{barbarice|lingua=en|In 1922, Einstein noted that others were satisfied to proceed without this [third] criterion and added, ‘This contentedness will appear incomprehensible to a later generation however.’}} {{barbarice|lingua=en|It must be said that, as far as I can see, to this day, Mach's principle has not brought physics decisively farther. It must also be said that the origin of inertia is and remains the most obscure subject in the theory of particles and fields. Mach's principle may therefore have a future—but not without the quantum theory.}}”</ref> }} == Inductio inertialis == Anno [[1953]] physicus [[Universitas Cantabrigiensis|Cantabrigiensis]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Dionysius Gulielmus Sciama||en|qid=Q284336}}, [[lex universalis gravitationis Newtoniana|aequationi Newtonianae gravitatis]] terminum accelerationi proportionalem addendo, conatus est principium Machianum quantitative exprimere:<ref>{{qc|Sciama, 1953}}.</ref> : <math>F = G\frac{m_A m_B \mathbf{a}}{r c^2}</math> ubi {{mvar|r}} [[spatium]] inter particulas, {{mvar/G}} [[constans gravitatis|constantem gravitatis]], {{vect|a}} [[acceleratio]]nem relativam, atque {{mvar|c}} [[celeritas lucis|celeritatem lucis in vacuo]] indicant. Sciama effectum appellavit ''inductionem inertialem''. == Varia enuntiata principii == Sententia secundum quam “massa alibi sita inertiam hic afficit” multis modis expressa est. [[Hermannus Bondi]] et Iosephus Samuel undecim formulas collegerunt, quas a ''Mach0'' usque ad ''Mach10'' nominaverunt:<ref>{{qc|Bondi & Samuel, 1997}}.</ref> # <li value="0">Universum, secundum mediocrem motum galaxiarum remotorum, quoad systemata inertialia localia videtur non volvi.</li> # [[Constans gravitatis|Constans gravitatis Newtoniana]] {{mvar/G}} est campus dynamicus. # Corpus isolatum in spatio alioquin vacuo nullam inertiam percipit. # Systemata inertialia localia motu cosmico atque uniformitate materiei afficiuntur. # Universum est spatialiter clausum. # [[Energia]] totalis, momentum angulare et [[momentum|momentum lineare]] universi nulla sunt. # Massa inertialis uniformitate materiei universi afficitur. # Si tota materies tollatur, nullum spatium remaneat. # Quantitas <math>\Omega\ \stackrel{\text{def}}{=}\ 4 \pi \rho G T^2</math> est numerus definitus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|ordo magnitudinis|ordinis|en|qid=Q518730}} [[unus|unitatis]], ubi {{mvar|ρ}} densitatem mediam universi atque {{mvar|T}} {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tempus Hubbleanum||fr|qid=Q3517760}} indicant. # Theoria nulla elementa absoluta continet. # Rotationes et translationes rigidae universi observari nequeunt. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Barbour & Pfister, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen redactoris 1 = Barbour | nomen redactoris 1 = Iulianus B. | cognomen redactoris 2 = Pfister | nomen redactoris 2 = Herbertus | titulus = Mach's principle: from Newton's bucket to quantum gravity | lingua = en | annus = 1995 | series = Einstein Studies | volumen seriei = 6 | locus = [[Bostonia]]e | domus editoria = Birkhäuser | url = https://sites.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/papers/MachPrinciple.pdf | isbn = 978-3-7643-3823-7 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Berkeleius, 1721 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Berkeleius | nomen auctoris = Georgius | commentatio de auctore = Georgius Berkeleius | titulus = De motu; sive, de motus principio et natura, et de causa communicationis motuum | annus = 1721 | locus = [[Londinium|Londinii]] | domus editoria = Iacobus Tonson | url = https://archive.org/details/b30774299 | url forma pdf = https://archive.org/download/b30774299/b30774299.pdf }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Bondi & Samuel, 1997 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Bondi | nomen auctoris 1 = Hermannus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Hermannus Bondi | cognomen auctoris 2 = Samuel | nomen auctoris 2 = Iosephus | titulus = The Lense–Thirring Effect and Mach's Principle | contextus = Physics Letters A | volumen = 228 | fasciculus = 3 | annus = 1997 | paginae = 121–126 | bibcode = 1997PhLA..228..121B | doi = 10.1016/S0375-9601(97)00117-5 | s2cid = 15625102 | arxiv = gr-qc/9607009 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Hawking & Ellis, 1973 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Hawking | nomen auctoris 1 = Stephanus Gulielmus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Stephanus Hawking | cognomen auctoris 2 = Ellis | nomen auctoris 2 = Georgius Franciscus Rainerius | titulus = The Large Scale Structure of Space–Time | lingua = en | tempus = 1973 | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | url = https://archive.org/details/largescalestruct0000hawk | accessus ad url = sociis | isbn = 978-0-521-09906-4 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Friedlaender, 1896 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Friedlaender | nomen auctoris 1 = Benedictus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Benedictus Friedlaender | cognomen auctoris 2 = Friedlaender | nomen auctoris 2 = Immanuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Absolute oder relative Bewegung? | lingua = de | latine = Motus absolutus an relativus? | annus = 1896 | url = https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/BDVFSWTJNPOFICKAE2RVF2RNEGFRA67K | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]] | domus editoria = Leonhardus Simion }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen = Gasco | nomen = Enricus | titulus = Il contributo di Mach sull'origine dell'inerzia | lingua = it | latine = Conlatio Machiana ad originem inertiae | contextus = Quaderni di Storia della Fisica | volumen = 12 | paginae = 17–34 | annus = 2004 | url = https://www.vielbein.it/pdf/Articoli/Articolo.pdf | retrospectio = 20260518054822 | salus url = vivit | doi = 10.1393/qsf/i2003-10001-6 }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Mach, 1883 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Mach | nomen auctoris = Ernestus Valfridus Josephus Venceslaus | commentatio de auctore = Ernestus Mach | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt | lingua = de | latine = Mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita | annus = 1883 | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_x9Q2AAAAMAAJ | locus = [[Lipsia]]e | domus editoria = F. A. Brockhaus }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Misner, Thorne & Wheeler, 1973 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Misner | nomen auctoris 1 = Carolus Gulielmus | cognomen auctoris 2 = Thorne | nomen auctoris 2 = Kip Stephanus | commentatio de auctore 2 = Kip Thorne | cognomen auctoris 3 = Wheeler | nomen auctoris 3 = Ioannes Archibaldus | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Gravitation | annus = 1973 | domus editoria = W. H. Freeman and Company | locus = [[Franciscopolis (California)|Franciscopoli]] | url = https://physicsgg.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/misner_thorne_wheeler_gravitation_freema.pdf | retrospectio = 20240728193849 | salus url = vivit | isbn = 0-7167-0344-0 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Pais, 2005 [1982] | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Pais | nomen auctoris = Abrahamus | titulus = ‘Subtle is the Lord…’: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein | annus primae editionis = 1982 | annus = 2005 | domus editoria = Oxford University Press | locus = [[Oxonia]]e | url = https://horizons-2000.org/92.%20Misc%20Files/Reading/Subtle%20is%20the%20Lord--Abraham%20pais.pdf | retrospectio = 20250607173909 | salus url = vivit | isbn = 978-0-19-280672-7 }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen 1 = Pfister | nomen 1 = Herbertus | cognomen 2 = King | nomen 2 = Marcus | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Inertia and Gravitation: The Fundamental Nature and Structure of Space-Time | series = Lecture Notes in Physics | volumen seriei = 897 | annus = 2015 | locus = Heidelberg | domus editoria = Springer | doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-15036-9 | isbn = 978-3-319-15035-2 }}. * {{Opus | auctor 1 = Raine, D. J. | titulus = Mach's Principle in general relativity | contextus = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volumen = 171 | fasciculus = 3 | tempus = 1975 | paginae = 507–528 | bibcode = 1975MNRAS.171..507R | doi = 10.1093/mnras/171.3.507 | accessus ad doi = liberus }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Sciama, 1953 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Sciama | nomen auctoris = Dionysius Gulielmus | titulus = On the origin of inertia | lingua = en | latine = De origine inertiae | contextus = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volumen = 113 | paginae = 34–42 | url = https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953MNRAS.113...34S | url forma pdf = https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1953MNRAS.113...34S | annus = 1953 | annus compositionis = 1952 | doi = 10.1093/mnras/113.1.34 | bibcode = 1953MNRAS.113...34S }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Sciama | nomen auctoris = Dionysius Gulielmus | titulus = Modern Cosmology | tempus = 1971 | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | locus = [[Cantabrigia]]e | url = https://archive.org/details/ModernCosmology_901 | oclc = 6931707 }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Von Bayer, 2001 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Von Bayer | nomen auctoris = Iohannes Christianus | titulus = The Fermi Solution: Essays on Science | lingua = en | annus = 2001 | domus editoria = Courier Dover Publications | isbn = 0-486-41707-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VhJr9Qx8ohsC }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Weinberg, 1972 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Weinberg | nomen auctoris = Stephanus | commentatio de auctore = Stephanus Weinberg | titulus = Gravitation and Cosmology | lingua = en | annus = 1972 | domus editoria = John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | locus = [[Novum Eboracum|Novo Eboraco]], [[Londinium|Londinii]], [[Sydneium|Sydneii]], [[Torontum|Toronti]] | url = https://archive.org/details/gravitationcosmo00stev_0 | accessus ad url = sociis | isbn = 978-0-471-92567-5 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Wolters, 1987 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Wolters | nomen auctoris = Gereon | titulus = Mach I, Mach II, Einstein und die Relativitätstheorie: eine Fälschung und ihre Folgen | lingua = de | annus = 1987 | domus editoria = Walter de Gruyter | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Novum Eboracum|Novo Eboracum]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qg-hpQnob-cC | isbn = 9783110108255 }} }}. {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} * [[Aether luminifer]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Historia theoriae relativitatis generalis||en|qid=Q1936878}} * [[Relativitas generalis]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Rotatio absoluta||en|qid=Q4669833}} * [[Spatii temporisque tractio]] * [[Spatitempus]] * [[Systema relationum]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria Bransiana–Dickeana||en|qid=Q898809}} * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria gravitatis Hoyleana–Narlikariana||en|qid=Q17027715}} * [[Vis centrifuga]] {{div col end}} [[Categoria:Astronomia]] [[Categoria:Ernestus Mach]] [[Categoria:Albertus Einstein]] [[Categoria:Notiones in physica]] [[Categoria:Theoriae gravitationis]] [[Categoria:Rotatio]] [[Categoria:Philosophia]] [[Categoria:Physica]] t55iar7nyfpdgrulqiqtaindp3vehrw 3960814 3960811 2026-05-20T01:06:41Z Grufo 64423 3960814 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Ernst Mach, Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwickelung.svg|thumb|Liber Ernesti Mach {{Op|De mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita}} ([[Theodisce]] {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}})<ref name="mach-1883">{{qc|Mach, 1883}}.</ref>]] In [[physica theoretica]], praesertim in disputationibus de theoriis [[gravitas (physica)|gravitatis]], {{res|principium Machianum}} seu {{res|coniectura Machiana}}<ref>{{qc|Von Bayer, 2001}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=VhJr9Qx8ohsC&dq=mach's+conjecture&pg=PA79 p. 79].</ref> appellatur hypothesis vaga quam [[Albertus Einstein]] [[Ernestus Mach|Ernesto Mach]], [[physicus|physico]] [[philosophus|philosopho]]<nowiki />que [[Austria]]co, attribuit, quae explicare conatur quomodo res [[rotatio|volventes]], exempli gratia [[gyroscopium|gyroscopia]] vel [[corpus caeleste|corpora caelestia]], ad [[systema relationum]] se referant. Secundum talem coniecturam, [[exsistentia]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|rotatio absoluta|rotationis absolutae|en|qid=Q4669833}}—quae distinctionem inter localia {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum inertiale|systemata inertialia|en|qid=Q192735}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum volvens|systemata volventia|en|qid=Q3310692}} infert—a distributione universali materiei pendet, ut hoc exemplum illustrat: {{Folium memoratum| Primum consiste atque sine ad latera tua [[bracchium|bracchia]] pendere laxa. Observa ut [[sidus|sidera]] fere immota maneant et bracchia tua fere recta deorsum pendeant. Deinde volve te ipsum ipsamve; sidera circa [[zenith]] volvi videbuntur, simulque bracchia tua [[vis centrifuga|vi centrifuga]] sursum trahentur. Profecto esset casus mirabilis si systema relationum inertiale, in quo tua bracchia libere pendebant, idem esset ac systema relationum in quo sidera quiescunt fixa, nisi aliqua interactio inter sidera et te exsisteret quae tuum systema relationum determinaret inertiale. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Stephanus Weinberg]] ([[1972]]). {{Op|Gravitation and Cosmology}}.<ref>{{qc|Weinberg, 1972}}, [https://archive.org/details/gravitationcosmo00stev_0/page/16/mode/2up p. 17]. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{Barbarice|lingua=en|First stand still, and let your arms hang loose at your sides. Observe that the stars are more or less unmoving, and that your arms hang more or less straight down. Then pirouette. The stars will seem to rotate around the zenith, and at the same time your arms will be drawn upward by centrifugal force. It would surely be a remarkable coincidence if the inertial frame, in which your arms hung freely, just happened to be the reference frame in which typical stars are at rest, unless there were some interaction between the stars and you that determined your inertial frame.}}”</ref> }} Principium Machianum statuit hanc rem non esse fortuitam, sed potius quandam exsistere {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|lex physica|legem|de|qid=Q214070}} quae [[motus|motum]] siderum remotissimorum cum locali {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum inertiale|systemate inertiali|en|qid=Q192735}} conectit. Nam si omnia sidera circa observatorem videntur circumagi, Mach censuit aliquam vim physicam efficere ut observator [[vis centrifuga|vim centrifugam]] sentiat. Hinc varia enuntiata principii, saepe vaga, orta sunt, velut: “[[massa]] alibi sita hic afficit [[inertia]]m”. Formula generalissima principii est: {{Ipse dixit| Leges physicae locales maximā compagine universi determinantur. |[[Stephanus Hawking|Hawking]] & {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Georgius Franciscus Rainerius Ellis|Ellis|en|qid=Q5538966}} ([[1973]]). {{Op|The Large Scale Structure of Space–Time}}.<ref>{{qc|Hawking & Ellis, 1973}}, p. 1. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=en|Local physical laws are determined by the large-scale structure of the universe}}”.</ref> }} Suasio Machiana magni momenti fuit in [[theoria relativitatis generalis|theoriae relativitatis generalis]] Einsteinianae ortu. Einstein enim intellexit distributionem universam materiei {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tensor metricus (theoria relativitatis)|tensorem metricum|en|qid=Q2045231}} determinare posse, quo definiatur quid systema putetur quoad rotationem quiescere. In nonnullis {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|solutiones exactae in theoria relativitatis generalis|solutionibus theoriae relativitatis generalis|en|qid=Q5419229}}, [[spatii temporisque tractio]] atque conservatio {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|momentum angulare|momenti angularis|en|qid=Q161254}} gravitationalis sic efficiunt ut hoc verum sit. Attamen, quum principium ipsum vagum sit, multae formulae diversae propositae sunt quae “principia Machiana” vocari possunt, quarum nonnullae falsae putantur. {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Metrica Gödeliana||en|qid=Q1559192}} universi volventis exemplum praebet quod principium Machianum quam maxime violare videtur. In tali enim exemplo sidera remota eo celerius celeriusque volvi videntur quo longius distent. Contradictio tamen quaestionem validitatis principii Machiani omnino non dirimit, quia exemplum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|lineae temporales clausae|lineas temporales clausas|en|qid=Q1876815}} admittit. == Historia == Ernestus Mach in libro anno [[1883]] edito {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}} ({{Op|De mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita}}) suam doctrinam primum exposuit.<ref name="mach-1883" /> Ante eum similes sententiae etiam in libris [[Georgius Berkeleius|Georgii Berkeleii]] philosophi reperiebantur.<ref name="berkeleius-1721">{{qc|Berkeleius, 1721}}.</ref> Post Mach, liber {{Op|Motus absolutus an relativus?}} a fratribus [[Benedictus Friedlaender|Benedicto Friedlaender]] et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Immanuel Friedlaender|Immanuele Friedlaender|de|qid=Q89222}} anno [[1896]] editus nonnullas ideas principio Machiano similes continebat.<ref>{{qc|Friedlaender, 1896}}.</ref> == De usu Einsteiniano principii == Est in theoria relativitatis quaestio fundamentalis: si omnis motus relativus est, quomodo corporum [[inertia]] mensurari potest? Inertia enim respectu alicuius rei metienda est; sed cuius respectu si [[particula]]m solam in universo omnino vacuo fingamus? Nonnulli putabant talem particulam nullum motum lineare habere posse. Ita principium Machianum interdum intellegitur affirmatio omnino nullum motum, ne rotatorium quidem, tribui posse nisi alia corpora adsint. Sic ipse Mach scripsit: {{Folium memoratum| Experimentum [[Isaacus Newtonus|Newtonianum]] aquae in [[vas]]e volventis hoc tantum docet: vertiginem relativam aquae respectu [[paries|parietum]] vasis nullas [[vis centrifuga|vires centrifugas]] notabiles excitare; eas autem ex vertigine relativa respectu massae [[Tellus|Telluris]] ceterorumque corporum caelestium oriri. Nemo dicere potest quomodo experimentum finiturum esset si parietes vasis spissiores spissioresque atque graviores fierent, ac denique plurium [[mille passus|miliariorum passuum]] crassitudinem haberent. Unum tantum experimentum nobis conceditur, atque illud cum ceteris rebus nobis cognitis, non tamen cum figmentis nostris arbitrariis, componere debemus. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Ernestus Mach]] ([[1883]]). {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}}.<ref>{{qc|Mach, 1883}}, [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_x9Q2AAAAMAAJ/page/216/mode/2up pp. 216–217]. [[Theodisce|Th.]] “{{Barbarice|lingua=de|Der Versuch Newton's mit dem rotirenden Wassergefäss lehrt nur, dass die Relativdrehung des Wassers gegen die Gefässwände keine merklichen Centrifugalkräfte weckt, dass dieselben aber durch die Relativdrehung gegen die Masse der Erde und die übrigen Himmelskörper geweckt werden. Niemand kann sagen, wie der Versuch verlaufen würde, wenn die Gefässwände immer dicker und massiger, zuletzt mehrere Meilen dick würden. Es liegt nur der eine Versuch vor, und wir haben denselben mit den übrigen uns bekannten Thatsachen, nicht aber mit unsern willkürlichen Dichtungen in Einklang zu bringen.}}”</ref> }} Albertus Einstein fere hoc sensu videtur principium intellexisse: {{Ipse dixit|Inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oritur.|[[Albertus Einstein]], [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]].{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1={{*Cfr}} A. Einstein, “Hoch geehrter Herr Kollege!”, [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]], apud {{qc|Wolters, 1987}}, p. 151, et apud {{qc|Misner, Thorne & Wheeler, 1973}}, p. 544: “{{omissis}} necessario sequitur ut inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oriatur, prorsus ut in tuis cogitationibus de experimento Newtoniano aquae in vase volventis {{omissis}} Si sphaera cava {{mvar|S}} circa axem per centrum eius transeuntem volvatur (respectu systematis stellarum fixarum sive “systematis quietis”), [[vis Coriolis|campus Coriolianus]] intra sphaeram cavam oriatur, id est planum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|pendulum Foucaultianum|penduli Foucaultiani|en|qid=Q178841}} (quamquam velocitate revera tam exiguā ut mensurari non possit) simul circumferatur.” [[Theodisce|Th.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=de|{{omissis}} es ergibt sich mit Notwendigkeit, daß die Trägheit in einer Art Wechselwirkung der Körper ihren Ursprung hat, ganz im Sinne Ihrer Überlegungen zum Newtonschen Eimer-Versuch {{omissis}} Rotiert die Schale {{mvar|S}} um eine durch ihren Mittelpunkt gehende Achse (relativ zum System der Fixsterne/‚Restsystem‘), so entsteht im Innern der Schale ein Coriolis-Feld, d. h. die Ebene des Foucault-Pendels wird (mit einer allerdings praktisch unmeßbar kleinen Geschwindigkeit) mitgenommen.}}”|2=Q178841|name=epistula-25-iunii-1913}}}} Nonnulla principii Machiani enuntiata cum [[holismus|holismo]] conectuntur. Mach enim intellegi potest suasisse ut theoriae gravitatis ad {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|relationalismus|doctrinas relationalisticas|en|qid=Q2142479}} pertinerent. Einstein in physicam hodiernam principium introduxit dum theoriam relativitatis generalis elaborabat; ipse quidem dicitur locutionem “principium Machianum” primus finxisse. Multum disputatur verene Mach novam legem physicam proponere voluerit, quoniam nusquam aperte enuntiavit. Scriptum quo Einstein maxime commotus est fuit liber Ernesti Mach {{Op|De mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita}},<ref name="mach-1883" /> in quo philosophus doctrinam Newtonianam de {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spatium tempusque absoluti|spatio absoluto|en|qid=Q19314}} refutavit, praesertim exsistentiam cuiusdam electi [[systema relationum|systematis relationum]] quod e celebri {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|argumentum Newtonianum vasis|argumento Newtoniano vasis|en|qid=Q2585683}} oriebatur. Newtonus in suis {{Op|[[Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica|Philosophiae naturalis principiis mathematicis]]}} demonstrare conatus est rotationem absolutam dignosci posse propter vires apparentes quae tantummodo in rotatione absoluta inveniuntur. Nam si vas aquā plenum volvitur, aqua primitus quiescit, deinde motus vasis aquae communicatur, quae curvatur atque propter vim centrifugam ad margines ascendit. Hoc experimentum demonstrat vires centrifugas non oriri nisi aqua respectu spatii absoluti rotetur (quod hic per systema relationum [[Tellus|Telluris]], vel potius {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|stellae fixae|stellarum fixarum|en|qid=Q430297}}, repraesentatur); contra autem, quum vas respectu aquae vertatur, nullae vires centrifugae gignuntur, quod indicat aquam quietam esse respectu spatii absoluti. Ex hoc Newtonus conclusit vires centrifugas e rotatione respectu spatii absoluti oriri. In libro suo Mach affirmat experimentum tantummodo demonstrare nullas vires centrifugas oriri dum aqua quoad vas non movetur; non licet tamen scire quid accideret si latera vasis immensum augerentur. Itaque, secundum Mach, notio motūs absoluti deserenda est atque omnis motus, sive uniformis sive acceleratus, tantummmodo respectu aliorum corporum intellegi potest ({{*ie}} non satis est dicere aquam rotari, sed necesse est determinare utrum respectu vasis an respectu Terrae rotetur). Hac ratione {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|vis ficticia|ficticiae vires|en|qid=Q212126}} quae motūs relativos ab “absolutis” distinguere videntur, nihil aliud censendae sunt nisi effectūs peculiaris asymmetriae, in systemate nostro relationum exstantis, inter corpora quae in motu ponimus, quae parva sunt (velut vasa), et corpora quae quiescere credimus (velut Tellus et stellae remotae), quae multum maiora atque graviora sunt illis. Similem opinionem iam [[Georgius Berkeleius]] in opere {{Op|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|De Motu (Berkeleius)|De Motu|en|qid=Q171280}}}} defenderat.<ref name="berkeleius-1721" /> Haec physica ratio inertiam corporum ita determinare debet ut gravia remotaque corpora universi ad vires inertiales maxime conferant. Nescitur tamen verene Mach novam legem physicam inter corpora gravia proponere voluerit; verisimilius nihil aliud proposuit nisi simplicem “motūs in spatio redescriptionem” quin vocabulum spatii adhiberet.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}.</ref> Scitur tamen Einstein illa verba sic interpretatum esse, quasi quaedam nova actio physica inter corpora exsisteret, ut postea longa disputatio orta sit. Plerique physici censent Mach suum principium in theoriam physicam exactam, quae explicaret quomodo remota sidera inertiam corporum afficere possint, numquam redegisse. Ipse Mach principium suum numquam clare definivit.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, pp. 9–57.</ref> Quamquam Einstein eo maxime inspiratus est, principium Machianum non habetur fundamentum necessarium theoriae relativitatis generalis, licet tamen {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|principium aequivalentiae||en|qid=Q210546}} inter massam gravitationalem atque inertialem sit magnopere fundamentale. == De principio Machiano in theoria relativitatis generalis == Quum in theoria relativitatis generalis notiones simplices [[spatium|spatii]] [[tempus|temporis]]<nowiki />que non iam valeant, etiam obscurius fit quid “principium Machianum” proprie significetur. Saltem viginti et unum enuntiata principii proposita sunt, quorum alia putantur “magis Machiana” quam alia.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, p. 530.</ref> Enuntiatum debilissimum affirmat motum materiei ubilibet afficere posse quae systemata inertialia adhibenda sint alibi. Einstein, antequam theoriam relativitatis generalis perfecisset, effectum quendam invēnit quem interpretatus est principium Machianum probare. Concedatur magnam [[sphaera]]m cavam erga stellas fixas volvi; tum systema inertiale intra sphaeram cavam descriptum incipiet respectu stellarum fixarum [[praecessio|praecessare]]. Hic effectus nunc {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|effectus Lensianus–Thirringianus||en|qid=Q11083519}} appellatur. Einstein hac inventione adeo delectatus est ut Ernesto Mach hocmodo scriberet: {{Folium memoratum| {{omissis}} necessario sequitur ut inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oriatur, prorsus ut in tuis cogitationibus de experimento Newtoniano aquae in vase volventis {{omissis}} Si sphaera cava {{mvar|S}} circa axem per centrum eius transeuntem volvatur (respectu systematis stellarum fixarum sive “systematis quietis”), [[vis Coriolis|campus Coriolianus]] intra sphaeram cavam oriatur, id est planum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|pendulum Foucaultianum|penduli Foucaultiani|en|qid=Q178841}} (quamquam velocitate revera tam exiguā ut mensurari non possit) simul circumferatur. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Albertus Einstein]], [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]].<ref name="epistula-25-iunii-1913" /> }} Effectus Lensianus–Thirringianus certe satisfacit notioni generali secundum quam “materies alibi hic afficit inertiam”:<ref>{{qc|Bondi & Samuel, 1997}}, p. 121.</ref> si sphaera cava materiei abesset aut non volveretur, planum penduli non traheretur. Intra contextum huius effectūs sententia quoque secundum quam inertia “ex quadam interactione inter corpora” oritur putari potest vera. Quaestio tamen profundior videtur esse ipsa existentia “stellarum fixarum”, quas Einstein tractavit systema externum. Physici hodierni vestigia principii Machiani in “problemate valorum initialium” agnoscunt. Forma fortior principii Machiani ad spatitempora Wheeleriana–Machiana–Einsteiniana pertinet, quae postulant ut spatiumtempus sit {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|spatium compactum|spatialiter compactum|en|qid=Q381892}} atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|spatitempus globaliter hyperbolicum|globaliter hyperbolicum|en|qid=Q5570942}}. In talibus universis principium Machianum sic enuntiari potest: ''distributio materiei atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tensor energiae momentique|tensoris energiae momentique|en|qid=Q876346}} [[campus physicus|camporum]] (fortasse etiam aliarum rerum) quodam tempore universi systema inertiale in quolibet puncto universi determinat (ubi “quoddam tempus universi” ad quamlibet {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|superficies Cauchyana|superficiem Cauchyanam|en|qid=Q5054343}} electam refertur).<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, pp. 188–207.</ref> Alii quoque conati sunt theorias quam maxime Machianas construere, velut {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria Bransiana–Dickeana||en|qid=Q898809}} atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria gravitatis Hoyleana–Narlikariana||en|qid=Q17027715}}; sed plerique physici censent nullam ex his prosperam fuisse. In conventu peritorum [[Tubinga]]e anno [[1993]] habito, quum quaereretur “Estne relativitas generalis plene Machiana?”, tres responderunt “ita”, viginti duo “non”. Ad quaestionem “Estne relativitas generalis, condicionibus marginalibus aptis, valde Machiana?”, quattuordecim responderunt “ita”, septem “non”.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, p. 106.</ref> Einstein tamen persuasus erat relativitatem inertiae necessario validae theoriae gravitatis continendam esse: {{Folium memoratum| Adeo vehementer illo tempore Einstein relativitati inertiae credebat ut anno [[1918]] tria principia quibus theoriae gravitatis satisfaciendum erat pari dignitate statuerit: # Principium relativitatis, per covariantiam generalem expressum. # Principium aequivalentiae. # Principium Machianum (quo vocabulo tum primum in litteris adhibito): “… ita ut quantitates {{mvar|g_μν}} omnino massā corporum, generalius tensore {{mvar|T_μν}}, determinentur.” Anno [[1922]], quum Einstein animadvertisset alios contentos esse sine hoc [tertio] criterio procedere, hoc addidit: “Haec beatitudo {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|posteri|posteris|en|qid=Q954025}} videbitur incomprehensibilis.” Dicendum est, ut ego videre possum, principium Machianum usque ad hunc diem nullo modo [[physica]]m provexisse. Dicendum quoque est originem inertiae esse manereque obscurissimum caput in [[physica particularum elementarium|theoria particularum]] et [[theoria quantica camporum|camporum]]. Itaque fortasse principium Machianum fructuosum fieri poterit, sed non sine theoria quantica. }}{{Norma dextra| ―{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Abrahamus Pais||en|qid=Q330492}} ([[1972]]). {{Op|‘Subtle is the Lord…’: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein}}.<ref>{{qc|Pais, 2005 [1982]}}, pp. 287–288. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=en|So strongly did Einstein believe at that time in the relativity of inertia that in 1918 he stated as being on an equal footing three principles on which a satisfactory theory of gravitation should rest:}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|The principle of relativity as expressed by general covariance.}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|The principle of equivalence.}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|Mach's principle (the first time this term entered the literature): ... that the ''g_µν'' are completely determined by the mass of bodies, more generally by ''T_µν''.}} {{barbarice|lingua=en|In 1922, Einstein noted that others were satisfied to proceed without this [third] criterion and added, ‘This contentedness will appear incomprehensible to a later generation however.’}} {{barbarice|lingua=en|It must be said that, as far as I can see, to this day, Mach's principle has not brought physics decisively farther. It must also be said that the origin of inertia is and remains the most obscure subject in the theory of particles and fields. Mach's principle may therefore have a future—but not without the quantum theory.}}”</ref> }} == Inductio inertialis == Anno [[1953]] physicus [[Universitas Cantabrigiensis|Cantabrigiensis]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Dionysius Gulielmus Sciama||en|qid=Q284336}}, [[lex universalis gravitationis Newtoniana|aequationi Newtonianae gravitatis]] terminum accelerationi proportionalem addendo, conatus est principium Machianum quantitative exprimere:<ref>{{qc|Sciama, 1953}}.</ref> : <math>F = G\frac{m_A m_B \mathbf{a}}{r c^2}</math> ubi {{mvar|r}} [[spatium]] inter particulas, {{mvar/G}} [[constans gravitatis|constantem gravitatis]], {{vect|a}} [[acceleratio]]nem relativam, atque {{mvar|c}} [[celeritas lucis|celeritatem lucis in vacuo]] indicant. Sciama effectum appellavit ''inductionem inertialem''. == Varia enuntiata principii == Sententia secundum quam “massa alibi sita inertiam hic afficit” multis modis expressa est. [[Hermannus Bondi]] et Iosephus Samuel undecim formulas collegerunt, quas a ''Mach0'' usque ad ''Mach10'' nominaverunt:<ref>{{qc|Bondi & Samuel, 1997}}.</ref> # <li value="0">Universum, secundum mediocrem motum galaxiarum remotorum, quoad systemata inertialia localia videtur non volvi.</li> # [[Constans gravitatis|Constans gravitatis Newtoniana]] {{mvar/G}} est campus dynamicus. # Corpus isolatum in spatio alioquin vacuo nullam inertiam percipit. # Systemata inertialia localia motu cosmico atque uniformitate materiei afficiuntur. # Universum est spatialiter clausum. # [[Energia]] totalis, momentum angulare et [[momentum|momentum lineare]] universi nulla sunt. # Massa inertialis uniformitate materiei universi afficitur. # Si tota materies tollatur, nullum spatium remaneat. # Quantitas <math>\Omega\ \stackrel{\text{def}}{=}\ 4 \pi \rho G T^2</math> est numerus definitus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|ordo magnitudinis|ordinis|en|qid=Q518730}} [[unus|unitatis]], ubi {{mvar|ρ}} densitatem mediam universi atque {{mvar|T}} {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tempus Hubbleanum||fr|qid=Q3517760}} indicant. # Theoria nulla elementa absoluta continet. # Rotationes et translationes rigidae universi observari nequeunt. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Barbour & Pfister, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen redactoris 1 = Barbour | nomen redactoris 1 = Iulianus B. | cognomen redactoris 2 = Pfister | nomen redactoris 2 = Herbertus | titulus = Mach's principle: from Newton's bucket to quantum gravity | lingua = en | annus = 1995 | series = Einstein Studies | volumen seriei = 6 | locus = [[Bostonia]]e | domus editoria = Birkhäuser | url = https://sites.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/papers/MachPrinciple.pdf | isbn = 978-3-7643-3823-7 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Berkeleius, 1721 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Berkeleius | nomen auctoris = Georgius | commentatio de auctore = Georgius Berkeleius | titulus = De motu; sive, de motus principio et natura, et de causa communicationis motuum | annus = 1721 | locus = [[Londinium|Londinii]] | domus editoria = Iacobus Tonson | url = https://archive.org/details/b30774299 | url forma pdf = https://archive.org/download/b30774299/b30774299.pdf }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Bondi & Samuel, 1997 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Bondi | nomen auctoris 1 = Hermannus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Hermannus Bondi | cognomen auctoris 2 = Samuel | nomen auctoris 2 = Iosephus | titulus = The Lense–Thirring Effect and Mach's Principle | contextus = Physics Letters A | volumen = 228 | fasciculus = 3 | annus = 1997 | paginae = 121–126 | bibcode = 1997PhLA..228..121B | doi = 10.1016/S0375-9601(97)00117-5 | s2cid = 15625102 | arxiv = gr-qc/9607009 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Hawking & Ellis, 1973 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Hawking | nomen auctoris 1 = Stephanus Gulielmus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Stephanus Hawking | cognomen auctoris 2 = Ellis | nomen auctoris 2 = Georgius Franciscus Rainerius | titulus = The Large Scale Structure of Space–Time | lingua = en | tempus = 1973 | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | url = https://archive.org/details/largescalestruct0000hawk | accessus ad url = sociis | isbn = 978-0-521-09906-4 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Friedlaender, 1896 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Friedlaender | nomen auctoris 1 = Benedictus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Benedictus Friedlaender | cognomen auctoris 2 = Friedlaender | nomen auctoris 2 = Immanuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Absolute oder relative Bewegung? | lingua = de | latine = Motus absolutus an relativus? | annus = 1896 | url = https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/BDVFSWTJNPOFICKAE2RVF2RNEGFRA67K | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]] | domus editoria = Leonhardus Simion }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen = Gasco | nomen = Enricus | titulus = Il contributo di Mach sull'origine dell'inerzia | lingua = it | latine = Conlatio Machiana ad originem inertiae | contextus = Quaderni di Storia della Fisica | volumen = 12 | paginae = 17–34 | annus = 2004 | url = https://www.vielbein.it/pdf/Articoli/Articolo.pdf | retrospectio = 20260518054822 | salus url = vivit | doi = 10.1393/qsf/i2003-10001-6 }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Mach, 1883 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Mach | nomen auctoris = Ernestus Valfridus Josephus Venceslaus | commentatio de auctore = Ernestus Mach | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt | lingua = de | latine = Mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita | annus = 1883 | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_x9Q2AAAAMAAJ | locus = [[Lipsia]]e | domus editoria = F. A. Brockhaus }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Misner, Thorne & Wheeler, 1973 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Misner | nomen auctoris 1 = Carolus Gulielmus | cognomen auctoris 2 = Thorne | nomen auctoris 2 = Kip Stephanus | commentatio de auctore 2 = Kip Thorne | cognomen auctoris 3 = Wheeler | nomen auctoris 3 = Ioannes Archibaldus | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Gravitation | annus = 1973 | domus editoria = W. H. Freeman and Company | locus = [[Franciscopolis (California)|Franciscopoli]] | url = https://physicsgg.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/misner_thorne_wheeler_gravitation_freema.pdf | retrospectio = 20240728193849 | salus url = vivit | isbn = 0-7167-0344-0 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Pais, 2005 [1982] | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Pais | nomen auctoris = Abrahamus | titulus = ‘Subtle is the Lord…’: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein | annus primae editionis = 1982 | annus = 2005 | domus editoria = Oxford University Press | locus = [[Oxonia]]e | url = https://horizons-2000.org/92.%20Misc%20Files/Reading/Subtle%20is%20the%20Lord--Abraham%20pais.pdf | retrospectio = 20250607173909 | salus url = vivit | isbn = 978-0-19-280672-7 }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen 1 = Pfister | nomen 1 = Herbertus | cognomen 2 = King | nomen 2 = Marcus | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Inertia and Gravitation: The Fundamental Nature and Structure of Space-Time | series = Lecture Notes in Physics | volumen seriei = 897 | annus = 2015 | locus = Heidelberg | domus editoria = Springer | doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-15036-9 | isbn = 978-3-319-15035-2 }}. * {{Opus | auctor 1 = Raine, D. J. | titulus = Mach's Principle in general relativity | contextus = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volumen = 171 | fasciculus = 3 | tempus = 1975 | paginae = 507–528 | bibcode = 1975MNRAS.171..507R | doi = 10.1093/mnras/171.3.507 | accessus ad doi = liberus }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Sciama, 1953 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Sciama | nomen auctoris = Dionysius Gulielmus | titulus = On the origin of inertia | lingua = en | latine = De origine inertiae | contextus = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volumen = 113 | paginae = 34–42 | url = https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953MNRAS.113...34S | url forma pdf = https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1953MNRAS.113...34S | annus = 1953 | annus compositionis = 1952 | doi = 10.1093/mnras/113.1.34 | bibcode = 1953MNRAS.113...34S }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Sciama | nomen auctoris = Dionysius Gulielmus | titulus = Modern Cosmology | tempus = 1971 | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | locus = [[Cantabrigia]]e | url = https://archive.org/details/ModernCosmology_901 | oclc = 6931707 }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Von Bayer, 2001 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Von Bayer | nomen auctoris = Iohannes Christianus | titulus = The Fermi Solution: Essays on Science | lingua = en | annus = 2001 | domus editoria = Courier Dover Publications | isbn = 0-486-41707-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VhJr9Qx8ohsC }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Weinberg, 1972 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Weinberg | nomen auctoris = Stephanus | commentatio de auctore = Stephanus Weinberg | titulus = Gravitation and Cosmology | lingua = en | annus = 1972 | domus editoria = John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | locus = [[Novum Eboracum|Novo Eboraco]], [[Londinium|Londinii]], [[Sydneium|Sydneii]], [[Torontum|Toronti]] | url = https://archive.org/details/gravitationcosmo00stev_0 | accessus ad url = sociis | isbn = 978-0-471-92567-5 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Wolters, 1987 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Wolters | nomen auctoris = Gereon | titulus = Mach I, Mach II, Einstein und die Relativitätstheorie: eine Fälschung und ihre Folgen | lingua = de | annus = 1987 | domus editoria = Walter de Gruyter | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Novum Eboracum|Novo Eboracum]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qg-hpQnob-cC | isbn = 9783110108255 }} }}. {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} * [[Aether luminifer]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Historia theoriae relativitatis generalis||en|qid=Q1936878}} * [[Relativitas generalis]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Rotatio absoluta||en|qid=Q4669833}} * [[Spatii temporisque tractio]] * [[Spatitempus]] * [[Systema relationum]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria Bransiana–Dickeana||en|qid=Q898809}} * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria gravitatis Hoyleana–Narlikariana||en|qid=Q17027715}} * [[Vis centrifuga]] {{div col end}} [[Categoria:Astronomia]] [[Categoria:Ernestus Mach]] [[Categoria:Albertus Einstein]] [[Categoria:Notiones in physica]] [[Categoria:Theoriae gravitationis]] [[Categoria:Rotatio]] [[Categoria:Philosophia]] [[Categoria:Physica]] 5fcqnbgzbv66idw0plj3dx111qptly8 3960823 3960814 2026-05-20T03:39:29Z Grufo 64423 3960823 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Ernst Mach, Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwickelung.svg|thumb|Liber Ernesti Mach {{Op|De mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita}} ([[Theodisce]] {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}})<ref name="mach-1883">{{qc|Mach, 1883}}.</ref>]] In [[physica theoretica]], praesertim in disputationibus de theoriis [[gravitas (physica)|gravitatis]], {{res|principium Machianum}} seu {{res|coniectura Machiana}}<ref>{{qc|Von Bayer, 2001}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=VhJr9Qx8ohsC&dq=mach's+conjecture&pg=PA79 p. 79].</ref> appellatur hypothesis vaga quam [[Albertus Einstein]] [[Ernestus Mach|Ernesto Mach]], [[physicus|physico]] [[philosophus|philosopho]]<nowiki />que [[Austria]]co, attribuit, quae explicare conatur quomodo res [[rotatio|volventes]], exempli gratia [[gyroscopium|gyroscopia]] vel [[corpus caeleste|corpora caelestia]], ad [[systema relationum]] se referant. Secundum talem coniecturam, [[exsistentia]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|rotatio absoluta|rotationis absolutae|en|qid=Q4669833}}—quae distinctionem inter localia {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum inertiale|systemata inertialia|en|qid=Q192735}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum volvens|systemata volventia|en|qid=Q3310692}} infert—a distributione universali [[materies|materiei]] pendet, ut hoc exemplum illustrat: {{Folium memoratum| Primum consiste atque sine ad latera tua [[bracchium|bracchia]] pendere laxa. Observa ut [[sidus|sidera]] fere immota maneant et bracchia tua fere recta deorsum pendeant. Deinde volve te ipsum ipsamve; sidera circa [[zenith]] volvi videbuntur, simulque bracchia tua [[vis centrifuga|vi centrifuga]] sursum trahentur. Profecto esset casus mirabilis si systema relationum inertiale, in quo tua bracchia libere pendebant, idem esset ac systema relationum in quo sidera quiescunt fixa, nisi aliqua interactio inter sidera et te exsisteret quae tuum systema relationum determinaret inertiale. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Stephanus Weinberg]] ([[1972]]). {{Op|Gravitation and Cosmology}}.<ref>{{qc|Weinberg, 1972}}, [https://archive.org/details/gravitationcosmo00stev_0/page/16/mode/2up p. 17]. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{Barbarice|lingua=en|First stand still, and let your arms hang loose at your sides. Observe that the stars are more or less unmoving, and that your arms hang more or less straight down. Then pirouette. The stars will seem to rotate around the zenith, and at the same time your arms will be drawn upward by centrifugal force. It would surely be a remarkable coincidence if the inertial frame, in which your arms hung freely, just happened to be the reference frame in which typical stars are at rest, unless there were some interaction between the stars and you that determined your inertial frame.}}”</ref> }} Principium Machianum statuit hanc rem non esse fortuitam, sed potius quandam exsistere {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|lex physica|legem|de|qid=Q214070}} quae [[motus|motum]] siderum remotissimorum cum locali {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum inertiale|systemate inertiali|en|qid=Q192735}} conectit. Nam si omnia sidera circa observatorem videntur circumagi, Mach censuit aliquam vim physicam efficere ut observator [[vis centrifuga|vim centrifugam]] sentiat. Hinc varia enuntiata principii, saepe vaga, orta sunt, velut: “[[massa]] alibi sita hic afficit [[inertia]]m”. Formula generalissima principii est: {{Ipse dixit| Leges physicae locales maximā compagine universi determinantur. |[[Stephanus Hawking|Hawking]] & {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Georgius Franciscus Rainerius Ellis|Ellis|en|qid=Q5538966}} ([[1973]]). {{Op|The Large Scale Structure of Space–Time}}.<ref>{{qc|Hawking & Ellis, 1973}}, p. 1. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=en|Local physical laws are determined by the large-scale structure of the universe}}”.</ref> }} Suasio Machiana magni momenti fuit in [[theoria relativitatis generalis|theoriae relativitatis generalis]] Einsteinianae ortu. Einstein enim intellexit distributionem universam materiei {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tensor metricus (theoria relativitatis)|tensorem metricum|en|qid=Q2045231}} determinare posse, quo definiatur quid systema putetur quoad rotationem quiescere. In nonnullis {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|solutiones exactae in theoria relativitatis generalis|solutionibus theoriae relativitatis generalis|en|qid=Q5419229}}, [[spatii temporisque tractio]] atque conservatio {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|momentum angulare|momenti angularis|en|qid=Q161254}} gravitationalis sic efficiunt ut hoc verum sit. Attamen, quum principium ipsum vagum sit, multae formulae diversae propositae sunt quae “principia Machiana” vocari possunt, quarum nonnullae falsae putantur. {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Metrica Gödeliana||en|qid=Q1559192}} universi volventis exemplum praebet quod principium Machianum quam maxime violare videtur. In tali enim exemplo sidera remota eo celerius celeriusque volvi videntur quo longius distent. Contradictio tamen quaestionem validitatis principii Machiani omnino non dirimit, quia exemplum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|lineae temporales clausae|lineas temporales clausas|en|qid=Q1876815}} admittit. == Historia == Ernestus Mach in libro anno [[1883]] edito {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}} ({{Op|De mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita}}) suam doctrinam primum exposuit.<ref name="mach-1883" /> Ante eum similes sententiae etiam in libris [[Georgius Berkeleius|Georgii Berkeleii]] philosophi reperiebantur.<ref name="berkeleius-1721">{{qc|Berkeleius, 1721}}.</ref> Post Mach, liber {{Op|Motus absolutus an relativus?}} a fratribus [[Benedictus Friedlaender|Benedicto Friedlaender]] et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Immanuel Friedlaender|Immanuele Friedlaender|de|qid=Q89222}} anno [[1896]] editus nonnullas ideas principio Machiano similes continebat.<ref>{{qc|Friedlaender, 1896}}.</ref> == De usu Einsteiniano principii == Est in theoria relativitatis quaestio fundamentalis: si omnis motus relativus est, quomodo corporum [[inertia]] mensurari potest? Inertia enim respectu alicuius rei metienda est; sed cuius respectu si [[particula]]m solam in universo omnino vacuo fingamus? Nonnulli putabant talem particulam nullum motum lineare habere posse. Ita principium Machianum interdum intellegitur affirmatio omnino nullum motum, ne rotatorium quidem, tribui posse nisi alia corpora adsint. Sic ipse Mach scripsit: {{Folium memoratum| Experimentum [[Isaacus Newtonus|Newtonianum]] aquae in [[vas]]e volventis hoc tantum docet: vertiginem relativam aquae respectu [[paries|parietum]] vasis nullas [[vis centrifuga|vires centrifugas]] notabiles excitare; eas autem ex vertigine relativa respectu massae [[Tellus|Telluris]] ceterorumque corporum caelestium oriri. Nemo dicere potest quomodo experimentum finiturum esset si parietes vasis spissiores spissioresque atque graviores fierent, ac denique plurium [[mille passus|miliariorum passuum]] crassitudinem haberent. Unum tantum experimentum nobis conceditur, atque illud cum ceteris rebus nobis cognitis, non tamen cum figmentis nostris arbitrariis, componere debemus. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Ernestus Mach]] ([[1883]]). {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}}.<ref>{{qc|Mach, 1883}}, [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_x9Q2AAAAMAAJ/page/216/mode/2up pp. 216–217]. [[Theodisce|Th.]] “{{Barbarice|lingua=de|Der Versuch Newton's mit dem rotirenden Wassergefäss lehrt nur, dass die Relativdrehung des Wassers gegen die Gefässwände keine merklichen Centrifugalkräfte weckt, dass dieselben aber durch die Relativdrehung gegen die Masse der Erde und die übrigen Himmelskörper geweckt werden. Niemand kann sagen, wie der Versuch verlaufen würde, wenn die Gefässwände immer dicker und massiger, zuletzt mehrere Meilen dick würden. Es liegt nur der eine Versuch vor, und wir haben denselben mit den übrigen uns bekannten Thatsachen, nicht aber mit unsern willkürlichen Dichtungen in Einklang zu bringen.}}”</ref> }} Albertus Einstein fere hoc sensu videtur principium intellexisse: {{Ipse dixit|Inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oritur.|[[Albertus Einstein]], [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]].{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1={{*Cfr}} A. Einstein, “Hoch geehrter Herr Kollege!”, [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]], apud {{qc|Wolters, 1987}}, p. 151, et apud {{qc|Misner, Thorne & Wheeler, 1973}}, p. 544: “{{omissis}} necessario sequitur ut inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oriatur, prorsus ut in tuis cogitationibus de experimento Newtoniano aquae in vase volventis {{omissis}} Si sphaera cava {{mvar|S}} circa axem per centrum eius transeuntem volvatur (respectu systematis stellarum fixarum sive “systematis quietis”), [[vis Coriolis|campus Coriolianus]] intra sphaeram cavam oriatur, id est planum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|pendulum Foucaultianum|penduli Foucaultiani|en|qid=Q178841}} (quamquam velocitate revera tam exiguā ut mensurari non possit) simul circumferatur.” [[Theodisce|Th.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=de|{{omissis}} es ergibt sich mit Notwendigkeit, daß die Trägheit in einer Art Wechselwirkung der Körper ihren Ursprung hat, ganz im Sinne Ihrer Überlegungen zum Newtonschen Eimer-Versuch {{omissis}} Rotiert die Schale {{mvar|S}} um eine durch ihren Mittelpunkt gehende Achse (relativ zum System der Fixsterne/‚Restsystem‘), so entsteht im Innern der Schale ein Coriolis-Feld, d. h. die Ebene des Foucault-Pendels wird (mit einer allerdings praktisch unmeßbar kleinen Geschwindigkeit) mitgenommen.}}”|2=Q178841|name=epistula-25-iunii-1913}}}} Nonnulla principii Machiani enuntiata cum [[holismus|holismo]] conectuntur. Mach enim intellegi potest suasisse ut theoriae gravitatis ad {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|relationalismus|doctrinas relationalisticas|en|qid=Q2142479}} pertinerent. Einstein in physicam hodiernam principium introduxit dum theoriam relativitatis generalis elaborabat; ipse quidem dicitur locutionem “principium Machianum” primus finxisse. Multum disputatur verene Mach novam legem physicam proponere voluerit, quoniam nusquam aperte enuntiavit. Scriptum quo Einstein maxime commotus est fuit liber Ernesti Mach {{Op|De mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita}},<ref name="mach-1883" /> in quo philosophus doctrinam Newtonianam de {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spatium tempusque absoluti|spatio absoluto|en|qid=Q19314}} refutavit, praesertim exsistentiam cuiusdam electi [[systema relationum|systematis relationum]] quod e celebri {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|argumentum Newtonianum vasis|argumento Newtoniano vasis|en|qid=Q2585683}} oriebatur. Newtonus in suis {{Op|[[Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica|Philosophiae naturalis principiis mathematicis]]}} demonstrare conatus est rotationem absolutam dignosci posse propter vires apparentes quae tantummodo in rotatione absoluta inveniuntur. Nam si vas aquā plenum volvitur, aqua primitus quiescit, deinde motus vasis aquae communicatur, quae curvatur atque propter vim centrifugam ad margines ascendit. Hoc experimentum demonstrat vires centrifugas non oriri nisi aqua respectu spatii absoluti rotetur (quod hic per systema relationum [[Tellus|Telluris]], vel potius {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|stellae fixae|stellarum fixarum|en|qid=Q430297}}, repraesentatur); contra autem, quum vas respectu aquae vertatur, nullae vires centrifugae gignuntur, quod indicat aquam quietam esse respectu spatii absoluti. Ex hoc Newtonus conclusit vires centrifugas e rotatione respectu spatii absoluti oriri. In libro suo Mach affirmat experimentum tantummodo demonstrare nullas vires centrifugas oriri dum aqua quoad vas non movetur; non licet tamen scire quid accideret si latera vasis immensum augerentur. Itaque, secundum Mach, notio motūs absoluti deserenda est atque omnis motus, sive uniformis sive acceleratus, tantummmodo respectu aliorum corporum intellegi potest ({{*ie}} non satis est dicere aquam rotari, sed necesse est determinare utrum respectu vasis an respectu Terrae rotetur). Hac ratione {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|vis ficticia|ficticiae vires|en|qid=Q212126}} quae motūs relativos ab “absolutis” distinguere videntur, nihil aliud censendae sunt nisi effectūs peculiaris asymmetriae, in systemate nostro relationum exstantis, inter corpora quae in motu ponimus, quae parva sunt (velut vasa), et corpora quae quiescere credimus (velut Tellus et stellae remotae), quae multum maiora atque graviora sunt illis. Similem opinionem iam [[Georgius Berkeleius]] in opere {{Op|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|De Motu (Berkeleius)|De Motu|en|qid=Q171280}}}} defenderat.<ref name="berkeleius-1721" /> Haec physica ratio inertiam corporum ita determinare debet ut gravia remotaque corpora universi ad vires inertiales maxime conferant. Nescitur tamen verene Mach novam legem physicam inter corpora gravia proponere voluerit; verisimilius nihil aliud proposuit nisi simplicem “motūs in spatio redescriptionem” quin vocabulum spatii adhiberet.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}.</ref> Scitur tamen Einstein illa verba sic interpretatum esse, quasi quaedam nova actio physica inter corpora exsisteret, ut postea longa disputatio orta sit. Plerique physici censent Mach suum principium in theoriam physicam exactam, quae explicaret quomodo remota sidera inertiam corporum afficere possint, numquam redegisse. Ipse Mach principium suum numquam clare definivit.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, pp. 9–57.</ref> Quamquam Einstein eo maxime inspiratus est, principium Machianum non habetur fundamentum necessarium theoriae relativitatis generalis, licet tamen {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|principium aequivalentiae||en|qid=Q210546}} inter massam gravitationalem atque inertialem sit magnopere fundamentale. == De principio Machiano in theoria relativitatis generalis == Quum in theoria relativitatis generalis notiones simplices [[spatium|spatii]] [[tempus|temporis]]<nowiki />que non iam valeant, etiam obscurius fit quid “principium Machianum” proprie significetur. Saltem viginti et unum enuntiata principii proposita sunt, quorum alia putantur “magis Machiana” quam alia.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, p. 530.</ref> Enuntiatum debilissimum affirmat motum materiei ubilibet afficere posse quae systemata inertialia adhibenda sint alibi. Einstein, antequam theoriam relativitatis generalis perfecisset, effectum quendam invēnit quem interpretatus est principium Machianum probare. Concedatur magnam [[sphaera]]m cavam erga stellas fixas volvi; tum systema inertiale intra sphaeram cavam descriptum incipiet respectu stellarum fixarum [[praecessio|praecessare]]. Hic effectus nunc {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|effectus Lensianus–Thirringianus||en|qid=Q11083519}} appellatur. Einstein hac inventione adeo delectatus est ut Ernesto Mach hocmodo scriberet: {{Folium memoratum| {{omissis}} necessario sequitur ut inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oriatur, prorsus ut in tuis cogitationibus de experimento Newtoniano aquae in vase volventis {{omissis}} Si sphaera cava {{mvar|S}} circa axem per centrum eius transeuntem volvatur (respectu systematis stellarum fixarum sive “systematis quietis”), [[vis Coriolis|campus Coriolianus]] intra sphaeram cavam oriatur, id est planum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|pendulum Foucaultianum|penduli Foucaultiani|en|qid=Q178841}} (quamquam velocitate revera tam exiguā ut mensurari non possit) simul circumferatur. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Albertus Einstein]], [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]].<ref name="epistula-25-iunii-1913" /> }} Effectus Lensianus–Thirringianus certe satisfacit notioni generali secundum quam “materies alibi hic afficit inertiam”:<ref>{{qc|Bondi & Samuel, 1997}}, p. 121.</ref> si sphaera cava materiei abesset aut non volveretur, planum penduli non traheretur. Intra contextum huius effectūs sententia quoque secundum quam inertia “ex quadam interactione inter corpora” oritur putari potest vera. Quaestio tamen profundior videtur esse ipsa existentia “stellarum fixarum”, quas Einstein tractavit systema externum. Physici hodierni vestigia principii Machiani in “problemate valorum initialium” agnoscunt. Forma fortior principii Machiani ad spatitempora Wheeleriana–Machiana–Einsteiniana pertinet, quae postulant ut spatiumtempus sit {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|spatium compactum|spatialiter compactum|en|qid=Q381892}} atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|spatitempus globaliter hyperbolicum|globaliter hyperbolicum|en|qid=Q5570942}}. In talibus universis principium Machianum sic enuntiari potest: ''distributio materiei atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tensor energiae momentique|tensoris energiae momentique|en|qid=Q876346}} materiei [[campus physicus|camporum]]<nowiki />que (fortasse etiam aliarum rerum), quodam tempore universi visa, systema inertiale in quolibet puncto universi determinat (ubi “quoddam tempus universi” ad quamlibet {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|superficies Cauchyana|superficiem Cauchyanam|en|qid=Q5054343}} electam refertur).<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, pp. 188–207.</ref> Alii quoque conati sunt theorias quam maxime Machianas construere, velut {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria Bransiana–Dickeana||en|qid=Q898809}} atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria gravitatis Hoyleana–Narlikariana||en|qid=Q17027715}}; sed plerique physici censent nullam ex his prosperam fuisse. In conventu peritorum [[Tubinga]]e anno [[1993]] habito, quum quaereretur “Estne relativitas generalis plene Machiana?”, tres responderunt “ita”, viginti duo “non”. Ad quaestionem “Estne relativitas generalis, condicionibus marginalibus aptis, valde Machiana?”, quattuordecim responderunt “ita”, septem “non”.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, p. 106.</ref> Einstein tamen persuasus erat relativitatem inertiae necessario validae theoriae gravitatis continendam esse: {{Folium memoratum| Adeo vehementer illo tempore Einstein relativitati inertiae credebat ut anno [[1918]] tria principia quibus theoriae gravitatis satisfaciendum erat pari dignitate statuerit: # Principium relativitatis, per covariantiam generalem expressum. # Principium aequivalentiae. # Principium Machianum (quo vocabulo tum primum in litteris adhibito): “… ita ut quantitates {{mvar|g_μν}} omnino massā corporum, generalius tensore {{mvar|T_μν}}, determinentur.” Anno [[1922]], quum Einstein animadvertisset alios contentos esse sine hoc [tertio] criterio procedere, hoc addidit: “Haec beatitudo {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|posteri|posteris|en|qid=Q954025}} videbitur incomprehensibilis.” Dicendum est, ut ego videre possum, principium Machianum usque ad hunc diem nullo modo [[physica]]m provexisse. Dicendum quoque est originem inertiae esse manereque obscurissimum caput in [[physica particularum elementarium|theoria particularum]] et [[theoria quantica camporum|camporum]]. Itaque fortasse principium Machianum fructuosum fieri poterit, sed non sine theoria quantica. }}{{Norma dextra| ―{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Abrahamus Pais||en|qid=Q330492}} ([[1972]]). {{Op|‘Subtle is the Lord…’: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein}}.<ref>{{qc|Pais, 2005 [1982]}}, pp. 287–288. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=en|So strongly did Einstein believe at that time in the relativity of inertia that in 1918 he stated as being on an equal footing three principles on which a satisfactory theory of gravitation should rest:}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|The principle of relativity as expressed by general covariance.}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|The principle of equivalence.}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|Mach's principle (the first time this term entered the literature): ... that the ''g_µν'' are completely determined by the mass of bodies, more generally by ''T_µν''.}} {{barbarice|lingua=en|In 1922, Einstein noted that others were satisfied to proceed without this [third] criterion and added, ‘This contentedness will appear incomprehensible to a later generation however.’}} {{barbarice|lingua=en|It must be said that, as far as I can see, to this day, Mach's principle has not brought physics decisively farther. It must also be said that the origin of inertia is and remains the most obscure subject in the theory of particles and fields. Mach's principle may therefore have a future—but not without the quantum theory.}}”</ref> }} == Inductio inertialis == Anno [[1953]] physicus [[Universitas Cantabrigiensis|Cantabrigiensis]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Dionysius Gulielmus Sciama||en|qid=Q284336}}, [[lex universalis gravitationis Newtoniana|aequationi Newtonianae gravitatis]] terminum accelerationi proportionalem addendo, conatus est principium Machianum quantitative exprimere:<ref>{{qc|Sciama, 1953}}.</ref> : <math>F = G\frac{m_A m_B \mathbf{a}}{r c^2}</math> ubi {{mvar|r}} [[spatium]] inter particulas, {{mvar/G}} [[constans gravitatis|constantem gravitatis]], {{vect|a}} [[acceleratio]]nem relativam, atque {{mvar|c}} [[celeritas lucis|celeritatem lucis in vacuo]] indicant. Sciama effectum appellavit ''inductionem inertialem''. == Varia enuntiata principii == Sententia secundum quam “massa alibi sita inertiam hic afficit” multis modis expressa est. [[Hermannus Bondi]] et Iosephus Samuel undecim formulas collegerunt, quas a ''Mach0'' usque ad ''Mach10'' nominaverunt:<ref>{{qc|Bondi & Samuel, 1997}}.</ref> # <li value="0">Universum, secundum mediocrem motum galaxiarum remotorum, quoad systemata inertialia localia videtur non volvi.</li> # [[Constans gravitatis|Constans gravitatis Newtoniana]] {{mvar/G}} est campus dynamicus. # Corpus isolatum in spatio alioquin vacuo nullam inertiam percipit. # Systemata inertialia localia motu cosmico atque uniformitate materiei afficiuntur. # Universum est spatialiter clausum. # [[Energia]] totalis, momentum angulare et [[momentum|momentum lineare]] universi nulla sunt. # Massa inertialis uniformitate materiei universi afficitur. # Si tota materies tollatur, nullum spatium remaneat. # Quantitas <math>\Omega\ \stackrel{\text{def}}{=}\ 4 \pi \rho G T^2</math> est numerus definitus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|ordo magnitudinis|ordinis|en|qid=Q518730}} [[unus|unitatis]], ubi {{mvar|ρ}} densitatem mediam universi atque {{mvar|T}} {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tempus Hubbleanum||fr|qid=Q3517760}} indicant. # Theoria nulla elementa absoluta continet. # Rotationes et translationes rigidae universi observari nequeunt. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Barbour & Pfister, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen redactoris 1 = Barbour | nomen redactoris 1 = Iulianus B. | cognomen redactoris 2 = Pfister | nomen redactoris 2 = Herbertus | titulus = Mach's principle: from Newton's bucket to quantum gravity | lingua = en | annus = 1995 | series = Einstein Studies | volumen seriei = 6 | locus = [[Bostonia]]e | domus editoria = Birkhäuser | url = https://sites.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/papers/MachPrinciple.pdf | isbn = 978-3-7643-3823-7 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Berkeleius, 1721 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Berkeleius | nomen auctoris = Georgius | commentatio de auctore = Georgius Berkeleius | titulus = De motu; sive, de motus principio et natura, et de causa communicationis motuum | annus = 1721 | locus = [[Londinium|Londinii]] | domus editoria = Iacobus Tonson | url = https://archive.org/details/b30774299 | url forma pdf = https://archive.org/download/b30774299/b30774299.pdf }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Bondi & Samuel, 1997 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Bondi | nomen auctoris 1 = Hermannus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Hermannus Bondi | cognomen auctoris 2 = Samuel | nomen auctoris 2 = Iosephus | titulus = The Lense–Thirring Effect and Mach's Principle | contextus = Physics Letters A | volumen = 228 | fasciculus = 3 | annus = 1997 | paginae = 121–126 | bibcode = 1997PhLA..228..121B | doi = 10.1016/S0375-9601(97)00117-5 | s2cid = 15625102 | arxiv = gr-qc/9607009 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Hawking & Ellis, 1973 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Hawking | nomen auctoris 1 = Stephanus Gulielmus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Stephanus Hawking | cognomen auctoris 2 = Ellis | nomen auctoris 2 = Georgius Franciscus Rainerius | titulus = The Large Scale Structure of Space–Time | lingua = en | tempus = 1973 | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | url = https://archive.org/details/largescalestruct0000hawk | accessus ad url = sociis | isbn = 978-0-521-09906-4 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Friedlaender, 1896 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Friedlaender | nomen auctoris 1 = Benedictus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Benedictus Friedlaender | cognomen auctoris 2 = Friedlaender | nomen auctoris 2 = Immanuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Absolute oder relative Bewegung? | lingua = de | latine = Motus absolutus an relativus? | annus = 1896 | url = https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/BDVFSWTJNPOFICKAE2RVF2RNEGFRA67K | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]] | domus editoria = Leonhardus Simion }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen = Gasco | nomen = Enricus | titulus = Il contributo di Mach sull'origine dell'inerzia | lingua = it | latine = Conlatio Machiana ad originem inertiae | contextus = Quaderni di Storia della Fisica | volumen = 12 | paginae = 17–34 | annus = 2004 | url = https://www.vielbein.it/pdf/Articoli/Articolo.pdf | retrospectio = 20260518054822 | salus url = vivit | doi = 10.1393/qsf/i2003-10001-6 }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Mach, 1883 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Mach | nomen auctoris = Ernestus Valfridus Josephus Venceslaus | commentatio de auctore = Ernestus Mach | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt | lingua = de | latine = Mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita | annus = 1883 | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_x9Q2AAAAMAAJ | locus = [[Lipsia]]e | domus editoria = F. A. Brockhaus }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Misner, Thorne & Wheeler, 1973 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Misner | nomen auctoris 1 = Carolus Gulielmus | cognomen auctoris 2 = Thorne | nomen auctoris 2 = Kip Stephanus | commentatio de auctore 2 = Kip Thorne | cognomen auctoris 3 = Wheeler | nomen auctoris 3 = Ioannes Archibaldus | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Gravitation | annus = 1973 | domus editoria = W. H. Freeman and Company | locus = [[Franciscopolis (California)|Franciscopoli]] | url = https://physicsgg.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/misner_thorne_wheeler_gravitation_freema.pdf | retrospectio = 20240728193849 | salus url = vivit | isbn = 0-7167-0344-0 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Pais, 2005 [1982] | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Pais | nomen auctoris = Abrahamus | titulus = ‘Subtle is the Lord…’: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein | annus primae editionis = 1982 | annus = 2005 | domus editoria = Oxford University Press | locus = [[Oxonia]]e | url = https://horizons-2000.org/92.%20Misc%20Files/Reading/Subtle%20is%20the%20Lord--Abraham%20pais.pdf | retrospectio = 20250607173909 | salus url = vivit | isbn = 978-0-19-280672-7 }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen 1 = Pfister | nomen 1 = Herbertus | cognomen 2 = King | nomen 2 = Marcus | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Inertia and Gravitation: The Fundamental Nature and Structure of Space-Time | series = Lecture Notes in Physics | volumen seriei = 897 | annus = 2015 | locus = Heidelberg | domus editoria = Springer | doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-15036-9 | isbn = 978-3-319-15035-2 }}. * {{Opus | auctor 1 = Raine, D. J. | titulus = Mach's Principle in general relativity | contextus = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volumen = 171 | fasciculus = 3 | tempus = 1975 | paginae = 507–528 | bibcode = 1975MNRAS.171..507R | doi = 10.1093/mnras/171.3.507 | accessus ad doi = liberus }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Sciama, 1953 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Sciama | nomen auctoris = Dionysius Gulielmus | titulus = On the origin of inertia | lingua = en | latine = De origine inertiae | contextus = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volumen = 113 | paginae = 34–42 | url = https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953MNRAS.113...34S | url forma pdf = https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1953MNRAS.113...34S | annus = 1953 | annus compositionis = 1952 | doi = 10.1093/mnras/113.1.34 | bibcode = 1953MNRAS.113...34S }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Sciama | nomen auctoris = Dionysius Gulielmus | titulus = Modern Cosmology | tempus = 1971 | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | locus = [[Cantabrigia]]e | url = https://archive.org/details/ModernCosmology_901 | oclc = 6931707 }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Von Bayer, 2001 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Von Bayer | nomen auctoris = Iohannes Christianus | titulus = The Fermi Solution: Essays on Science | lingua = en | annus = 2001 | domus editoria = Courier Dover Publications | isbn = 0-486-41707-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VhJr9Qx8ohsC }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Weinberg, 1972 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Weinberg | nomen auctoris = Stephanus | commentatio de auctore = Stephanus Weinberg | titulus = Gravitation and Cosmology | lingua = en | annus = 1972 | domus editoria = John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | locus = [[Novum Eboracum|Novo Eboraco]], [[Londinium|Londinii]], [[Sydneium|Sydneii]], [[Torontum|Toronti]] | url = https://archive.org/details/gravitationcosmo00stev_0 | accessus ad url = sociis | isbn = 978-0-471-92567-5 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Wolters, 1987 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Wolters | nomen auctoris = Gereon | titulus = Mach I, Mach II, Einstein und die Relativitätstheorie: eine Fälschung und ihre Folgen | lingua = de | annus = 1987 | domus editoria = Walter de Gruyter | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Novum Eboracum|Novo Eboracum]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qg-hpQnob-cC | isbn = 9783110108255 }} }}. {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} * [[Aether luminifer]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Historia theoriae relativitatis generalis||en|qid=Q1936878}} * [[Relativitas generalis]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Rotatio absoluta||en|qid=Q4669833}} * [[Spatii temporisque tractio]] * [[Spatitempus]] * [[Systema relationum]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria Bransiana–Dickeana||en|qid=Q898809}} * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria gravitatis Hoyleana–Narlikariana||en|qid=Q17027715}} * [[Vis centrifuga]] {{div col end}} [[Categoria:Astronomia]] [[Categoria:Ernestus Mach]] [[Categoria:Albertus Einstein]] [[Categoria:Notiones in physica]] [[Categoria:Theoriae gravitationis]] [[Categoria:Rotatio]] [[Categoria:Philosophia]] [[Categoria:Physica]] p4vc8x59oicphrsez4zsleskuyzre80 3960826 3960823 2026-05-20T03:46:47Z Grufo 64423 3960826 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Ernst Mach, Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwickelung.svg|thumb|Liber Ernesti Mach {{Op|De mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita}} ([[Theodisce]] {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}})<ref name="mach-1883">{{qc|Mach, 1883}}.</ref>]] In [[physica theoretica]], praesertim in disputationibus de theoriis [[gravitas (physica)|gravitatis]], {{res|principium Machianum}} seu {{res|coniectura Machiana}}<ref>{{qc|Von Bayer, 2001}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=VhJr9Qx8ohsC&dq=mach's+conjecture&pg=PA79 p. 79].</ref> appellatur hypothesis vaga quam [[Albertus Einstein]] [[Ernestus Mach|Ernesto Mach]], [[physicus|physico]] [[philosophus|philosopho]]<nowiki />que [[Austria]]co, attribuit, quae explicare conatur quomodo res [[rotatio|volventes]], exempli gratia [[gyroscopium|gyroscopia]] vel [[corpus caeleste|corpora caelestia]], ad [[systema relationum]] se referant. Secundum talem coniecturam, [[exsistentia]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|rotatio absoluta|rotationis absolutae|en|qid=Q4669833}}—quae distinctionem inter localia {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum inertiale|systemata inertialia|en|qid=Q192735}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum volvens|systemata volventia|en|qid=Q3310692}} infert—a distributione universali [[materies|materiei]] pendet, ut hoc exemplum illustrat: {{Folium memoratum| Primum consiste atque sine ad latera tua [[bracchium|bracchia]] pendere laxa. Observa ut [[sidus|sidera]] fere immota maneant et bracchia tua fere recta deorsum pendeant. Deinde volve te ipsum ipsamve; sidera circa [[zenith]] volvi videbuntur, simulque bracchia tua [[vis centrifuga|vi centrifuga]] sursum trahentur. Profecto esset casus mirabilis si systema relationum inertiale, in quo tua bracchia libere pendebant, idem esset ac systema relationum in quo sidera quiescunt fixa, nisi aliqua interactio inter sidera et te exsisteret quae tuum systema relationum determinaret inertiale. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Stephanus Weinberg]] ([[1972]]). {{Op|Gravitation and Cosmology}}.<ref>{{qc|Weinberg, 1972}}, [https://archive.org/details/gravitationcosmo00stev_0/page/16/mode/2up p. 17]. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{Barbarice|lingua=en|First stand still, and let your arms hang loose at your sides. Observe that the stars are more or less unmoving, and that your arms hang more or less straight down. Then pirouette. The stars will seem to rotate around the zenith, and at the same time your arms will be drawn upward by centrifugal force. It would surely be a remarkable coincidence if the inertial frame, in which your arms hung freely, just happened to be the reference frame in which typical stars are at rest, unless there were some interaction between the stars and you that determined your inertial frame.}}”</ref> }} Principium Machianum statuit hanc rem non esse fortuitam, sed potius quandam exsistere {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|lex physica|legem|de|qid=Q214070}} quae [[motus|motum]] siderum remotissimorum cum locali {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum inertiale|systemate inertiali|en|qid=Q192735}} conectit. Nam si omnia sidera circa observatorem videntur circumagi, Mach censuit aliquam vim physicam efficere ut observator [[vis centrifuga|vim centrifugam]] sentiat. Hinc varia enuntiata principii, saepe vaga, orta sunt, velut: “[[massa]] alibi sita hic afficit [[inertia]]m”. Formula generalissima principii est: {{Ipse dixit| Leges physicae locales maximā compagine universi determinantur. |[[Stephanus Hawking|Hawking]] & {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Georgius Franciscus Rainerius Ellis|Ellis|en|qid=Q5538966}} ([[1973]]). {{Op|The Large Scale Structure of Space–Time}}.<ref>{{qc|Hawking & Ellis, 1973}}, p. 1. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=en|Local physical laws are determined by the large-scale structure of the universe}}”.</ref> }} Suasio Machiana magni momenti fuit in [[theoria relativitatis generalis|theoriae relativitatis generalis]] Einsteinianae ortu. Einstein enim intellexit distributionem universam materiei {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tensor metricus (theoria relativitatis)|tensorem metricum|en|qid=Q2045231}} determinare posse, quo definiatur quid systema putetur quoad rotationem quiescere. In nonnullis {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|solutiones exactae in theoria relativitatis generalis|solutionibus theoriae relativitatis generalis|en|qid=Q5419229}}, [[spatii temporisque tractio]] atque conservatio {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|momentum angulare|momenti angularis|en|qid=Q161254}} gravitationalis sic efficiunt ut hoc verum sit. Attamen, quum principium ipsum vagum sit, multae formulae diversae propositae sunt quae “principia Machiana” vocari possunt, quarum nonnullae falsae putantur. {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Metrica Gödeliana||en|qid=Q1559192}} universi volventis exemplum praebet quod principium Machianum quam maxime violare videtur. In tali enim exemplo sidera remota eo celerius celeriusque volvi videntur quo longius distent. Contradictio tamen quaestionem validitatis principii Machiani omnino non dirimit, quia exemplum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|lineae temporales clausae|lineas temporales clausas|en|qid=Q1876815}} admittit. == Historia == Ernestus Mach in libro anno [[1883]] edito {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}} ({{Op|De mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita}}) suam doctrinam primum exposuit.<ref name="mach-1883" /> Ante eum similes sententiae etiam in libris [[Georgius Berkeleius|Georgii Berkeleii]] philosophi reperiebantur.<ref name="berkeleius-1721">{{qc|Berkeleius, 1721}}.</ref> Post Mach, liber {{Op|Motus absolutus an relativus?}} a fratribus [[Benedictus Friedlaender|Benedicto Friedlaender]] et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Immanuel Friedlaender|Immanuele Friedlaender|de|qid=Q89222}} anno [[1896]] editus nonnullas ideas principio Machiano similes continebat.<ref>{{qc|Friedlaender, 1896}}.</ref> == De usu Einsteiniano principii == Est in theoria relativitatis quaestio fundamentalis: si omnis motus relativus est, quomodo corporum [[inertia]] mensurari potest? Inertia enim respectu alicuius rei metienda est; sed cuius respectu si [[particula]]m solam in universo omnino vacuo fingamus? Nonnulli putabant talem particulam nullum motum lineare habere posse. Ita principium Machianum interdum intellegitur affirmatio omnino nullum motum, ne rotatorium quidem, tribui posse nisi alia corpora adsint. Sic ipse Mach scripsit: {{Folium memoratum| Experimentum [[Isaacus Newtonus|Newtonianum]] aquae in [[vas]]e volventis hoc tantum docet: vertiginem relativam aquae respectu [[paries|parietum]] vasis nullas [[vis centrifuga|vires centrifugas]] notabiles excitare; eas autem ex vertigine relativa respectu massae [[Tellus|Telluris]] ceterorumque corporum caelestium oriri. Nemo dicere potest quomodo experimentum finiturum esset si parietes vasis spissiores spissioresque atque graviores fierent, ac denique plurium [[mille passus|milium passuum]] crassitudinem haberent. Unum tantum experimentum nobis conceditur, atque illud cum ceteris rebus nobis cognitis, non tamen cum figmentis nostris arbitrariis, componere debemus. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Ernestus Mach]] ([[1883]]). {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}}.<ref>{{qc|Mach, 1883}}, [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_x9Q2AAAAMAAJ/page/216/mode/2up pp. 216–217]. [[Theodisce|Th.]] “{{Barbarice|lingua=de|Der Versuch Newton's mit dem rotirenden Wassergefäss lehrt nur, dass die Relativdrehung des Wassers gegen die Gefässwände keine merklichen Centrifugalkräfte weckt, dass dieselben aber durch die Relativdrehung gegen die Masse der Erde und die übrigen Himmelskörper geweckt werden. Niemand kann sagen, wie der Versuch verlaufen würde, wenn die Gefässwände immer dicker und massiger, zuletzt mehrere Meilen dick würden. Es liegt nur der eine Versuch vor, und wir haben denselben mit den übrigen uns bekannten Thatsachen, nicht aber mit unsern willkürlichen Dichtungen in Einklang zu bringen.}}”</ref> }} Albertus Einstein fere hoc sensu videtur principium intellexisse: {{Ipse dixit|Inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oritur.|[[Albertus Einstein]], [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]].{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1={{*Cfr}} A. Einstein, “Hoch geehrter Herr Kollege!”, [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]], apud {{qc|Wolters, 1987}}, p. 151, et apud {{qc|Misner, Thorne & Wheeler, 1973}}, p. 544: “{{omissis}} necessario sequitur ut inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oriatur, prorsus ut in tuis cogitationibus de experimento Newtoniano aquae in vase volventis {{omissis}} Si sphaera cava {{mvar|S}} circa axem per centrum eius transeuntem volvatur (respectu systematis stellarum fixarum sive “systematis quietis”), [[vis Coriolis|campus Coriolianus]] intra sphaeram cavam oriatur, id est planum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|pendulum Foucaultianum|penduli Foucaultiani|en|qid=Q178841}} (quamquam velocitate revera tam exiguā ut mensurari non possit) simul circumferatur.” [[Theodisce|Th.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=de|{{omissis}} es ergibt sich mit Notwendigkeit, daß die Trägheit in einer Art Wechselwirkung der Körper ihren Ursprung hat, ganz im Sinne Ihrer Überlegungen zum Newtonschen Eimer-Versuch {{omissis}} Rotiert die Schale {{mvar|S}} um eine durch ihren Mittelpunkt gehende Achse (relativ zum System der Fixsterne/‚Restsystem‘), so entsteht im Innern der Schale ein Coriolis-Feld, d. h. die Ebene des Foucault-Pendels wird (mit einer allerdings praktisch unmeßbar kleinen Geschwindigkeit) mitgenommen.}}”|2=Q178841|name=epistula-25-iunii-1913}}}} Nonnulla principii Machiani enuntiata cum [[holismus|holismo]] conectuntur. Mach enim intellegi potest suasisse ut theoriae gravitatis ad {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|relationalismus|doctrinas relationalisticas|en|qid=Q2142479}} pertinerent. Einstein in physicam hodiernam principium introduxit dum theoriam relativitatis generalis elaborabat; ipse quidem dicitur locutionem “principium Machianum” primus finxisse. Multum disputatur verene Mach novam legem physicam proponere voluerit, quoniam nusquam aperte enuntiavit. Scriptum quo Einstein maxime commotus est fuit liber Ernesti Mach {{Op|De mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita}},<ref name="mach-1883" /> in quo philosophus doctrinam Newtonianam de {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spatium tempusque absoluti|spatio absoluto|en|qid=Q19314}} refutavit, praesertim exsistentiam cuiusdam electi [[systema relationum|systematis relationum]] quod e celebri {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|argumentum Newtonianum vasis|argumento Newtoniano vasis|en|qid=Q2585683}} oriebatur. Newtonus in suis {{Op|[[Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica|Philosophiae naturalis principiis mathematicis]]}} demonstrare conatus est rotationem absolutam dignosci posse propter vires apparentes quae tantummodo in rotatione absoluta inveniuntur. Nam si vas aquā plenum volvitur, aqua primitus quiescit, deinde motus vasis aquae communicatur, quae curvatur atque propter vim centrifugam ad margines ascendit. Hoc experimentum demonstrat vires centrifugas non oriri nisi aqua respectu spatii absoluti rotetur (quod hic per systema relationum [[Tellus|Telluris]], vel potius {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|stellae fixae|stellarum fixarum|en|qid=Q430297}}, repraesentatur); contra autem, quum vas respectu aquae vertatur, nullae vires centrifugae gignuntur, quod indicat aquam quietam esse respectu spatii absoluti. Ex hoc Newtonus conclusit vires centrifugas e rotatione respectu spatii absoluti oriri. In libro suo Mach affirmat experimentum tantummodo demonstrare nullas vires centrifugas oriri dum aqua quoad vas non movetur; non licet tamen scire quid accideret si latera vasis immensum augerentur. Itaque, secundum Mach, notio motūs absoluti deserenda est atque omnis motus, sive uniformis sive acceleratus, tantummmodo respectu aliorum corporum intellegi potest ({{*ie}} non satis est dicere aquam rotari, sed necesse est determinare utrum respectu vasis an respectu Terrae rotetur). Hac ratione {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|vis ficticia|ficticiae vires|en|qid=Q212126}} quae motūs relativos ab “absolutis” distinguere videntur, nihil aliud censendae sunt nisi effectūs peculiaris asymmetriae, in systemate nostro relationum exstantis, inter corpora quae in motu ponimus, quae parva sunt (velut vasa), et corpora quae quiescere credimus (velut Tellus et stellae remotae), quae multum maiora atque graviora sunt illis. Similem opinionem iam [[Georgius Berkeleius]] in opere {{Op|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|De Motu (Berkeleius)|De Motu|en|qid=Q171280}}}} defenderat.<ref name="berkeleius-1721" /> Haec physica ratio inertiam corporum ita determinare debet ut gravia remotaque corpora universi ad vires inertiales maxime conferant. Nescitur tamen verene Mach novam legem physicam inter corpora gravia proponere voluerit; verisimilius nihil aliud proposuit nisi simplicem “motūs in spatio redescriptionem” quin vocabulum spatii adhiberet.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}.</ref> Scitur tamen Einstein illa verba sic interpretatum esse, quasi quaedam nova actio physica inter corpora exsisteret, ut postea longa disputatio orta sit. Plerique physici censent Mach suum principium in theoriam physicam exactam, quae explicaret quomodo remota sidera inertiam corporum afficere possint, numquam redegisse. Ipse Mach principium suum numquam clare definivit.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, pp. 9–57.</ref> Quamquam Einstein eo maxime inspiratus est, principium Machianum non habetur fundamentum necessarium theoriae relativitatis generalis, licet tamen {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|principium aequivalentiae||en|qid=Q210546}} inter massam gravitationalem atque inertialem sit magnopere fundamentale. == De principio Machiano in theoria relativitatis generalis == Quum in theoria relativitatis generalis notiones simplices [[spatium|spatii]] [[tempus|temporis]]<nowiki />que non iam valeant, etiam obscurius fit quid “principium Machianum” proprie significetur. Saltem viginti et unum enuntiata principii proposita sunt, quorum alia putantur “magis Machiana” quam alia.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, p. 530.</ref> Enuntiatum debilissimum affirmat motum materiei ubilibet afficere posse quae systemata inertialia adhibenda sint alibi. Einstein, antequam theoriam relativitatis generalis perfecisset, effectum quendam invēnit quem interpretatus est principium Machianum probare. Concedatur magnam [[sphaera]]m cavam erga stellas fixas volvi; tum systema inertiale intra sphaeram cavam descriptum incipiet respectu stellarum fixarum [[praecessio|praecessare]]. Hic effectus nunc {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|effectus Lensianus–Thirringianus||en|qid=Q11083519}} appellatur. Einstein hac inventione adeo delectatus est ut Ernesto Mach hocmodo scriberet: {{Folium memoratum| {{omissis}} necessario sequitur ut inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oriatur, prorsus ut in tuis cogitationibus de experimento Newtoniano aquae in vase volventis {{omissis}} Si sphaera cava {{mvar|S}} circa axem per centrum eius transeuntem volvatur (respectu systematis stellarum fixarum sive “systematis quietis”), [[vis Coriolis|campus Coriolianus]] intra sphaeram cavam oriatur, id est planum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|pendulum Foucaultianum|penduli Foucaultiani|en|qid=Q178841}} (quamquam velocitate revera tam exiguā ut mensurari non possit) simul circumferatur. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Albertus Einstein]], [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]].<ref name="epistula-25-iunii-1913" /> }} Effectus Lensianus–Thirringianus certe satisfacit notioni generali secundum quam “materies alibi hic afficit inertiam”:<ref>{{qc|Bondi & Samuel, 1997}}, p. 121.</ref> si sphaera cava materiei abesset aut non volveretur, planum penduli non traheretur. Intra contextum huius effectūs sententia quoque secundum quam inertia “ex quadam interactione inter corpora” oritur putari potest vera. Quaestio tamen profundior videtur esse ipsa existentia “stellarum fixarum”, quas Einstein tractavit systema externum. Physici hodierni vestigia principii Machiani in “problemate valorum initialium” agnoscunt. Forma fortior principii Machiani ad spatitempora Wheeleriana–Machiana–Einsteiniana pertinet, quae postulant ut spatiumtempus sit {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|spatium compactum|spatialiter compactum|en|qid=Q381892}} atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|spatitempus globaliter hyperbolicum|globaliter hyperbolicum|en|qid=Q5570942}}. In talibus universis principium Machianum sic enuntiari potest: ''distributio materiei atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tensor energiae momentique|tensoris energiae momentique|en|qid=Q876346}} materiei [[campus physicus|camporum]]<nowiki />que (fortasse etiam aliarum rerum), quodam tempore universi visa, systema inertiale in quolibet puncto universi determinat (ubi “quoddam tempus universi” ad quamlibet {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|superficies Cauchyana|superficiem Cauchyanam|en|qid=Q5054343}} electam refertur).<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, pp. 188–207.</ref> Alii quoque conati sunt theorias quam maxime Machianas construere, velut {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria Bransiana–Dickeana||en|qid=Q898809}} atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria gravitatis Hoyleana–Narlikariana||en|qid=Q17027715}}; sed plerique physici censent nullam ex his prosperam fuisse. In conventu peritorum [[Tubinga]]e anno [[1993]] habito, quum quaereretur “Estne relativitas generalis plene Machiana?”, tres responderunt “ita”, viginti duo “non”. Ad quaestionem “Estne relativitas generalis, condicionibus marginalibus aptis, valde Machiana?”, quattuordecim responderunt “ita”, septem “non”.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, p. 106.</ref> Einstein tamen persuasus erat relativitatem inertiae necessario validae theoriae gravitatis continendam esse: {{Folium memoratum| Adeo vehementer illo tempore Einstein relativitati inertiae credebat ut anno [[1918]] tria principia quibus theoriae gravitatis satisfaciendum erat pari dignitate statuerit: # Principium relativitatis, per covariantiam generalem expressum. # Principium aequivalentiae. # Principium Machianum (quo vocabulo tum primum in litteris adhibito): “… ita ut quantitates {{mvar|g_μν}} omnino massā corporum, generalius tensore {{mvar|T_μν}}, determinentur.” Anno [[1922]], quum Einstein animadvertisset alios contentos esse sine hoc [tertio] criterio procedere, hoc addidit: “Haec beatitudo {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|posteri|posteris|en|qid=Q954025}} videbitur incomprehensibilis.” Dicendum est, ut ego videre possum, principium Machianum usque ad hunc diem nullo modo [[physica]]m provexisse. Dicendum quoque est originem inertiae esse manereque obscurissimum caput in [[physica particularum elementarium|theoria particularum]] et [[theoria quantica camporum|camporum]]. Itaque fortasse principium Machianum fructuosum fieri poterit, sed non sine theoria quantica. }}{{Norma dextra| ―{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Abrahamus Pais||en|qid=Q330492}} ([[1972]]). {{Op|‘Subtle is the Lord…’: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein}}.<ref>{{qc|Pais, 2005 [1982]}}, pp. 287–288. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=en|So strongly did Einstein believe at that time in the relativity of inertia that in 1918 he stated as being on an equal footing three principles on which a satisfactory theory of gravitation should rest:}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|The principle of relativity as expressed by general covariance.}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|The principle of equivalence.}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|Mach's principle (the first time this term entered the literature): ... that the ''g_µν'' are completely determined by the mass of bodies, more generally by ''T_µν''.}} {{barbarice|lingua=en|In 1922, Einstein noted that others were satisfied to proceed without this [third] criterion and added, ‘This contentedness will appear incomprehensible to a later generation however.’}} {{barbarice|lingua=en|It must be said that, as far as I can see, to this day, Mach's principle has not brought physics decisively farther. It must also be said that the origin of inertia is and remains the most obscure subject in the theory of particles and fields. Mach's principle may therefore have a future—but not without the quantum theory.}}”</ref> }} == Inductio inertialis == Anno [[1953]] physicus [[Universitas Cantabrigiensis|Cantabrigiensis]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Dionysius Gulielmus Sciama||en|qid=Q284336}}, [[lex universalis gravitationis Newtoniana|aequationi Newtonianae gravitatis]] terminum accelerationi proportionalem addendo, conatus est principium Machianum quantitative exprimere:<ref>{{qc|Sciama, 1953}}.</ref> : <math>F = G\frac{m_A m_B \mathbf{a}}{r c^2}</math> ubi {{mvar|r}} [[spatium]] inter particulas, {{mvar/G}} [[constans gravitatis|constantem gravitatis]], {{vect|a}} [[acceleratio]]nem relativam, atque {{mvar|c}} [[celeritas lucis|celeritatem lucis in vacuo]] indicant. Sciama effectum appellavit ''inductionem inertialem''. == Varia enuntiata principii == Sententia secundum quam “massa alibi sita inertiam hic afficit” multis modis expressa est. [[Hermannus Bondi]] et Iosephus Samuel undecim formulas collegerunt, quas a ''Mach0'' usque ad ''Mach10'' nominaverunt:<ref>{{qc|Bondi & Samuel, 1997}}.</ref> # <li value="0">Universum, secundum mediocrem motum galaxiarum remotorum, quoad systemata inertialia localia videtur non volvi.</li> # [[Constans gravitatis|Constans gravitatis Newtoniana]] {{mvar/G}} est campus dynamicus. # Corpus isolatum in spatio alioquin vacuo nullam inertiam percipit. # Systemata inertialia localia motu cosmico atque uniformitate materiei afficiuntur. # Universum est spatialiter clausum. # [[Energia]] totalis, momentum angulare et [[momentum|momentum lineare]] universi nulla sunt. # Massa inertialis uniformitate materiei universi afficitur. # Si tota materies tollatur, nullum spatium remaneat. # Quantitas <math>\Omega\ \stackrel{\text{def}}{=}\ 4 \pi \rho G T^2</math> est numerus definitus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|ordo magnitudinis|ordinis|en|qid=Q518730}} [[unus|unitatis]], ubi {{mvar|ρ}} densitatem mediam universi atque {{mvar|T}} {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tempus Hubbleanum||fr|qid=Q3517760}} indicant. # Theoria nulla elementa absoluta continet. # Rotationes et translationes rigidae universi observari nequeunt. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Barbour & Pfister, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen redactoris 1 = Barbour | nomen redactoris 1 = Iulianus B. | cognomen redactoris 2 = Pfister | nomen redactoris 2 = Herbertus | titulus = Mach's principle: from Newton's bucket to quantum gravity | lingua = en | annus = 1995 | series = Einstein Studies | volumen seriei = 6 | locus = [[Bostonia]]e | domus editoria = Birkhäuser | url = https://sites.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/papers/MachPrinciple.pdf | isbn = 978-3-7643-3823-7 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Berkeleius, 1721 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Berkeleius | nomen auctoris = Georgius | commentatio de auctore = Georgius Berkeleius | titulus = De motu; sive, de motus principio et natura, et de causa communicationis motuum | annus = 1721 | locus = [[Londinium|Londinii]] | domus editoria = Iacobus Tonson | url = https://archive.org/details/b30774299 | url forma pdf = https://archive.org/download/b30774299/b30774299.pdf }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Bondi & Samuel, 1997 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Bondi | nomen auctoris 1 = Hermannus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Hermannus Bondi | cognomen auctoris 2 = Samuel | nomen auctoris 2 = Iosephus | titulus = The Lense–Thirring Effect and Mach's Principle | contextus = Physics Letters A | volumen = 228 | fasciculus = 3 | annus = 1997 | paginae = 121–126 | bibcode = 1997PhLA..228..121B | doi = 10.1016/S0375-9601(97)00117-5 | s2cid = 15625102 | arxiv = gr-qc/9607009 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Hawking & Ellis, 1973 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Hawking | nomen auctoris 1 = Stephanus Gulielmus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Stephanus Hawking | cognomen auctoris 2 = Ellis | nomen auctoris 2 = Georgius Franciscus Rainerius | titulus = The Large Scale Structure of Space–Time | lingua = en | tempus = 1973 | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | url = https://archive.org/details/largescalestruct0000hawk | accessus ad url = sociis | isbn = 978-0-521-09906-4 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Friedlaender, 1896 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Friedlaender | nomen auctoris 1 = Benedictus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Benedictus Friedlaender | cognomen auctoris 2 = Friedlaender | nomen auctoris 2 = Immanuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Absolute oder relative Bewegung? | lingua = de | latine = Motus absolutus an relativus? | annus = 1896 | url = https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/BDVFSWTJNPOFICKAE2RVF2RNEGFRA67K | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]] | domus editoria = Leonhardus Simion }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen = Gasco | nomen = Enricus | titulus = Il contributo di Mach sull'origine dell'inerzia | lingua = it | latine = Conlatio Machiana ad originem inertiae | contextus = Quaderni di Storia della Fisica | volumen = 12 | paginae = 17–34 | annus = 2004 | url = https://www.vielbein.it/pdf/Articoli/Articolo.pdf | retrospectio = 20260518054822 | salus url = vivit | doi = 10.1393/qsf/i2003-10001-6 }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Mach, 1883 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Mach | nomen auctoris = Ernestus Valfridus Josephus Venceslaus | commentatio de auctore = Ernestus Mach | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt | lingua = de | latine = Mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita | annus = 1883 | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_x9Q2AAAAMAAJ | locus = [[Lipsia]]e | domus editoria = F. A. Brockhaus }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Misner, Thorne & Wheeler, 1973 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Misner | nomen auctoris 1 = Carolus Gulielmus | cognomen auctoris 2 = Thorne | nomen auctoris 2 = Kip Stephanus | commentatio de auctore 2 = Kip Thorne | cognomen auctoris 3 = Wheeler | nomen auctoris 3 = Ioannes Archibaldus | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Gravitation | annus = 1973 | domus editoria = W. H. Freeman and Company | locus = [[Franciscopolis (California)|Franciscopoli]] | url = https://physicsgg.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/misner_thorne_wheeler_gravitation_freema.pdf | retrospectio = 20240728193849 | salus url = vivit | isbn = 0-7167-0344-0 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Pais, 2005 [1982] | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Pais | nomen auctoris = Abrahamus | titulus = ‘Subtle is the Lord…’: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein | annus primae editionis = 1982 | annus = 2005 | domus editoria = Oxford University Press | locus = [[Oxonia]]e | url = https://horizons-2000.org/92.%20Misc%20Files/Reading/Subtle%20is%20the%20Lord--Abraham%20pais.pdf | retrospectio = 20250607173909 | salus url = vivit | isbn = 978-0-19-280672-7 }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen 1 = Pfister | nomen 1 = Herbertus | cognomen 2 = King | nomen 2 = Marcus | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Inertia and Gravitation: The Fundamental Nature and Structure of Space-Time | series = Lecture Notes in Physics | volumen seriei = 897 | annus = 2015 | locus = Heidelberg | domus editoria = Springer | doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-15036-9 | isbn = 978-3-319-15035-2 }}. * {{Opus | auctor 1 = Raine, D. J. | titulus = Mach's Principle in general relativity | contextus = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volumen = 171 | fasciculus = 3 | tempus = 1975 | paginae = 507–528 | bibcode = 1975MNRAS.171..507R | doi = 10.1093/mnras/171.3.507 | accessus ad doi = liberus }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Sciama, 1953 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Sciama | nomen auctoris = Dionysius Gulielmus | titulus = On the origin of inertia | lingua = en | latine = De origine inertiae | contextus = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volumen = 113 | paginae = 34–42 | url = https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953MNRAS.113...34S | url forma pdf = https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1953MNRAS.113...34S | annus = 1953 | annus compositionis = 1952 | doi = 10.1093/mnras/113.1.34 | bibcode = 1953MNRAS.113...34S }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Sciama | nomen auctoris = Dionysius Gulielmus | titulus = Modern Cosmology | tempus = 1971 | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | locus = [[Cantabrigia]]e | url = https://archive.org/details/ModernCosmology_901 | oclc = 6931707 }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Von Bayer, 2001 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Von Bayer | nomen auctoris = Iohannes Christianus | titulus = The Fermi Solution: Essays on Science | lingua = en | annus = 2001 | domus editoria = Courier Dover Publications | isbn = 0-486-41707-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VhJr9Qx8ohsC }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Weinberg, 1972 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Weinberg | nomen auctoris = Stephanus | commentatio de auctore = Stephanus Weinberg | titulus = Gravitation and Cosmology | lingua = en | annus = 1972 | domus editoria = John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | locus = [[Novum Eboracum|Novo Eboraco]], [[Londinium|Londinii]], [[Sydneium|Sydneii]], [[Torontum|Toronti]] | url = https://archive.org/details/gravitationcosmo00stev_0 | accessus ad url = sociis | isbn = 978-0-471-92567-5 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Wolters, 1987 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Wolters | nomen auctoris = Gereon | titulus = Mach I, Mach II, Einstein und die Relativitätstheorie: eine Fälschung und ihre Folgen | lingua = de | annus = 1987 | domus editoria = Walter de Gruyter | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Novum Eboracum|Novo Eboracum]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qg-hpQnob-cC | isbn = 9783110108255 }} }}. {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} * [[Aether luminifer]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Historia theoriae relativitatis generalis||en|qid=Q1936878}} * [[Relativitas generalis]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Rotatio absoluta||en|qid=Q4669833}} * [[Spatii temporisque tractio]] * [[Spatitempus]] * [[Systema relationum]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria Bransiana–Dickeana||en|qid=Q898809}} * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria gravitatis Hoyleana–Narlikariana||en|qid=Q17027715}} * [[Vis centrifuga]] {{div col end}} [[Categoria:Astronomia]] [[Categoria:Ernestus Mach]] [[Categoria:Albertus Einstein]] [[Categoria:Notiones in physica]] [[Categoria:Theoriae gravitationis]] [[Categoria:Rotatio]] [[Categoria:Philosophia]] [[Categoria:Physica]] dzmxjk9kai4ee4rjdw91nxlidk8aa59 3960827 3960826 2026-05-20T03:52:32Z Grufo 64423 URL correxi 3960827 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Ernst Mach, Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwickelung.svg|thumb|Liber Ernesti Mach {{Op|De mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita}} ([[Theodisce]] {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}})<ref name="mach-1883">{{qc|Mach, 1883}}.</ref>]] In [[physica theoretica]], praesertim in disputationibus de theoriis [[gravitas (physica)|gravitatis]], {{res|principium Machianum}} seu {{res|coniectura Machiana}}<ref>{{qc|Von Bayer, 2001}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=VhJr9Qx8ohsC&dq=mach's+conjecture&pg=PA79 p. 79].</ref> appellatur hypothesis vaga quam [[Albertus Einstein]] [[Ernestus Mach|Ernesto Mach]], [[physicus|physico]] [[philosophus|philosopho]]<nowiki />que [[Austria]]co, attribuit, quae explicare conatur quomodo res [[rotatio|volventes]], exempli gratia [[gyroscopium|gyroscopia]] vel [[corpus caeleste|corpora caelestia]], ad [[systema relationum]] se referant. Secundum talem coniecturam, [[exsistentia]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|rotatio absoluta|rotationis absolutae|en|qid=Q4669833}}—quae distinctionem inter localia {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum inertiale|systemata inertialia|en|qid=Q192735}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum volvens|systemata volventia|en|qid=Q3310692}} infert—a distributione universali [[materies|materiei]] pendet, ut hoc exemplum illustrat: {{Folium memoratum| Primum consiste atque sine ad latera tua [[bracchium|bracchia]] pendere laxa. Observa ut [[sidus|sidera]] fere immota maneant et bracchia tua fere recta deorsum pendeant. Deinde volve te ipsum ipsamve; sidera circa [[zenith]] volvi videbuntur, simulque bracchia tua [[vis centrifuga|vi centrifuga]] sursum trahentur. Profecto esset casus mirabilis si systema relationum inertiale, in quo tua bracchia libere pendebant, idem esset ac systema relationum in quo sidera quiescunt fixa, nisi aliqua interactio inter sidera et te exsisteret quae tuum systema relationum determinaret inertiale. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Stephanus Weinberg]] ([[1972]]). {{Op|Gravitation and Cosmology}}.<ref>{{qc|Weinberg, 1972}}, [https://archive.org/details/gravitationcosmo00stev_0/page/16/mode/2up p. 17]. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{Barbarice|lingua=en|First stand still, and let your arms hang loose at your sides. Observe that the stars are more or less unmoving, and that your arms hang more or less straight down. Then pirouette. The stars will seem to rotate around the zenith, and at the same time your arms will be drawn upward by centrifugal force. It would surely be a remarkable coincidence if the inertial frame, in which your arms hung freely, just happened to be the reference frame in which typical stars are at rest, unless there were some interaction between the stars and you that determined your inertial frame.}}”</ref> }} Principium Machianum statuit hanc rem non esse fortuitam, sed potius quandam exsistere {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|lex physica|legem|de|qid=Q214070}} quae [[motus|motum]] siderum remotissimorum cum locali {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|systema relationum inertiale|systemate inertiali|en|qid=Q192735}} conectit. Nam si omnia sidera circa observatorem videntur circumagi, Mach censuit aliquam vim physicam efficere ut observator [[vis centrifuga|vim centrifugam]] sentiat. Hinc varia enuntiata principii, saepe vaga, orta sunt, velut: “[[massa]] alibi sita hic afficit [[inertia]]m”. Formula generalissima principii est: {{Ipse dixit| Leges physicae locales maximā compagine universi determinantur. |[[Stephanus Hawking|Hawking]] & {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Georgius Franciscus Rainerius Ellis|Ellis|en|qid=Q5538966}} ([[1973]]). {{Op|The Large Scale Structure of Space–Time}}.<ref>{{qc|Hawking & Ellis, 1973}}, p. 1. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=en|Local physical laws are determined by the large-scale structure of the universe}}”.</ref> }} Suasio Machiana magni momenti fuit in [[theoria relativitatis generalis|theoriae relativitatis generalis]] Einsteinianae ortu. Einstein enim intellexit distributionem universam materiei {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tensor metricus (theoria relativitatis)|tensorem metricum|en|qid=Q2045231}} determinare posse, quo definiatur quid systema putetur quoad rotationem quiescere. In nonnullis {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|solutiones exactae in theoria relativitatis generalis|solutionibus theoriae relativitatis generalis|en|qid=Q5419229}}, [[spatii temporisque tractio]] atque conservatio {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|momentum angulare|momenti angularis|en|qid=Q161254}} gravitationalis sic efficiunt ut hoc verum sit. Attamen, quum principium ipsum vagum sit, multae formulae diversae propositae sunt quae “principia Machiana” vocari possunt, quarum nonnullae falsae putantur. {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Metrica Gödeliana||en|qid=Q1559192}} universi volventis exemplum praebet quod principium Machianum quam maxime violare videtur. In tali enim exemplo sidera remota eo celerius celeriusque volvi videntur quo longius distent. Contradictio tamen quaestionem validitatis principii Machiani omnino non dirimit, quia exemplum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|lineae temporales clausae|lineas temporales clausas|en|qid=Q1876815}} admittit. == Historia == Ernestus Mach in libro anno [[1883]] edito {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}} ({{Op|De mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita}}) suam doctrinam primum exposuit.<ref name="mach-1883" /> Ante eum similes sententiae etiam in libris [[Georgius Berkeleius|Georgii Berkeleii]] philosophi reperiebantur.<ref name="berkeleius-1721">{{qc|Berkeleius, 1721}}.</ref> Post Mach, liber {{Op|Motus absolutus an relativus?}} a fratribus [[Benedictus Friedlaender|Benedicto Friedlaender]] et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Immanuel Friedlaender|Immanuele Friedlaender|de|qid=Q89222}} anno [[1896]] editus nonnullas ideas principio Machiano similes continebat.<ref>{{qc|Friedlaender, 1896}}.</ref> == De usu Einsteiniano principii == Est in theoria relativitatis quaestio fundamentalis: si omnis motus relativus est, quomodo corporum [[inertia]] mensurari potest? Inertia enim respectu alicuius rei metienda est; sed cuius respectu si [[particula]]m solam in universo omnino vacuo fingamus? Nonnulli putabant talem particulam nullum motum lineare habere posse. Ita principium Machianum interdum intellegitur affirmatio omnino nullum motum, ne rotatorium quidem, tribui posse nisi alia corpora adsint. Sic ipse Mach scripsit: {{Folium memoratum| Experimentum [[Isaacus Newtonus|Newtonianum]] aquae in [[vas]]e volventis hoc tantum docet: vertiginem relativam aquae respectu [[paries|parietum]] vasis nullas [[vis centrifuga|vires centrifugas]] notabiles excitare; eas autem ex vertigine relativa respectu massae [[Tellus|Telluris]] ceterorumque corporum caelestium oriri. Nemo dicere potest quomodo experimentum finiturum esset si parietes vasis spissiores spissioresque atque graviores fierent, ac denique plurium [[mille passus|milium passuum]] crassitudinem haberent. Unum tantum experimentum nobis conceditur, atque illud cum ceteris rebus nobis cognitis, non tamen cum figmentis nostris arbitrariis, componere debemus. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Ernestus Mach]] ([[1883]]). {{Op|Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt}}.<ref>{{qc|Mach, 1883}}, [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_x9Q2AAAAMAAJ/page/216/mode/2up pp. 216–217]. [[Theodisce|Th.]] “{{Barbarice|lingua=de|Der Versuch Newton's mit dem rotirenden Wassergefäss lehrt nur, dass die Relativdrehung des Wassers gegen die Gefässwände keine merklichen Centrifugalkräfte weckt, dass dieselben aber durch die Relativdrehung gegen die Masse der Erde und die übrigen Himmelskörper geweckt werden. Niemand kann sagen, wie der Versuch verlaufen würde, wenn die Gefässwände immer dicker und massiger, zuletzt mehrere Meilen dick würden. Es liegt nur der eine Versuch vor, und wir haben denselben mit den übrigen uns bekannten Thatsachen, nicht aber mit unsern willkürlichen Dichtungen in Einklang zu bringen.}}”</ref> }} Albertus Einstein fere hoc sensu videtur principium intellexisse: {{Ipse dixit|Inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oritur.|[[Albertus Einstein]], [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]].{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1={{*Cfr}} A. Einstein, “Hoch geehrter Herr Kollege!”, [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]], apud {{qc|Wolters, 1987}}, p. 151, et apud {{qc|Misner, Thorne & Wheeler, 1973}}, p. 544: “{{omissis}} necessario sequitur ut inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oriatur, prorsus ut in tuis cogitationibus de experimento Newtoniano aquae in vase volventis {{omissis}} Si sphaera cava {{mvar|S}} circa axem per centrum eius transeuntem volvatur (respectu systematis stellarum fixarum sive “systematis quietis”), [[vis Coriolis|campus Coriolianus]] intra sphaeram cavam oriatur, id est planum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|pendulum Foucaultianum|penduli Foucaultiani|en|qid=Q178841}} (quamquam velocitate revera tam exiguā ut mensurari non possit) simul circumferatur.” [[Theodisce|Th.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=de|{{omissis}} es ergibt sich mit Notwendigkeit, daß die Trägheit in einer Art Wechselwirkung der Körper ihren Ursprung hat, ganz im Sinne Ihrer Überlegungen zum Newtonschen Eimer-Versuch {{omissis}} Rotiert die Schale {{mvar|S}} um eine durch ihren Mittelpunkt gehende Achse (relativ zum System der Fixsterne/‚Restsystem‘), so entsteht im Innern der Schale ein Coriolis-Feld, d. h. die Ebene des Foucault-Pendels wird (mit einer allerdings praktisch unmeßbar kleinen Geschwindigkeit) mitgenommen.}}”|2=Q178841|name=epistula-25-iunii-1913}}}} Nonnulla principii Machiani enuntiata cum [[holismus|holismo]] conectuntur. Mach enim intellegi potest suasisse ut theoriae gravitatis ad {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|relationalismus|doctrinas relationalisticas|en|qid=Q2142479}} pertinerent. Einstein in physicam hodiernam principium introduxit dum theoriam relativitatis generalis elaborabat; ipse quidem dicitur locutionem “principium Machianum” primus finxisse. Multum disputatur verene Mach novam legem physicam proponere voluerit, quoniam nusquam aperte enuntiavit. Scriptum quo Einstein maxime commotus est fuit liber Ernesti Mach {{Op|De mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita}},<ref name="mach-1883" /> in quo philosophus doctrinam Newtonianam de {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spatium tempusque absoluti|spatio absoluto|en|qid=Q19314}} refutavit, praesertim exsistentiam cuiusdam electi [[systema relationum|systematis relationum]] quod e celebri {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|argumentum Newtonianum vasis|argumento Newtoniano vasis|en|qid=Q2585683}} oriebatur. Newtonus in suis {{Op|[[Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica|Philosophiae naturalis principiis mathematicis]]}} demonstrare conatus est rotationem absolutam dignosci posse propter vires apparentes quae tantummodo in rotatione absoluta inveniuntur. Nam si vas aquā plenum volvitur, aqua primitus quiescit, deinde motus vasis aquae communicatur, quae curvatur atque propter vim centrifugam ad margines ascendit. Hoc experimentum demonstrat vires centrifugas non oriri nisi aqua respectu spatii absoluti rotetur (quod hic per systema relationum [[Tellus|Telluris]], vel potius {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|stellae fixae|stellarum fixarum|en|qid=Q430297}}, repraesentatur); contra autem, quum vas respectu aquae vertatur, nullae vires centrifugae gignuntur, quod indicat aquam quietam esse respectu spatii absoluti. Ex hoc Newtonus conclusit vires centrifugas e rotatione respectu spatii absoluti oriri. In libro suo Mach affirmat experimentum tantummodo demonstrare nullas vires centrifugas oriri dum aqua quoad vas non movetur; non licet tamen scire quid accideret si latera vasis immensum augerentur. Itaque, secundum Mach, notio motūs absoluti deserenda est atque omnis motus, sive uniformis sive acceleratus, tantummmodo respectu aliorum corporum intellegi potest ({{*ie}} non satis est dicere aquam rotari, sed necesse est determinare utrum respectu vasis an respectu Terrae rotetur). Hac ratione {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|vis ficticia|ficticiae vires|en|qid=Q212126}} quae motūs relativos ab “absolutis” distinguere videntur, nihil aliud censendae sunt nisi effectūs peculiaris asymmetriae, in systemate nostro relationum exstantis, inter corpora quae in motu ponimus, quae parva sunt (velut vasa), et corpora quae quiescere credimus (velut Tellus et stellae remotae), quae multum maiora atque graviora sunt illis. Similem opinionem iam [[Georgius Berkeleius]] in opere {{Op|{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|De Motu (Berkeleius)|De Motu|en|qid=Q171280}}}} defenderat.<ref name="berkeleius-1721" /> Haec physica ratio inertiam corporum ita determinare debet ut gravia remotaque corpora universi ad vires inertiales maxime conferant. Nescitur tamen verene Mach novam legem physicam inter corpora gravia proponere voluerit; verisimilius nihil aliud proposuit nisi simplicem “motūs in spatio redescriptionem” quin vocabulum spatii adhiberet.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}.</ref> Scitur tamen Einstein illa verba sic interpretatum esse, quasi quaedam nova actio physica inter corpora exsisteret, ut postea longa disputatio orta sit. Plerique physici censent Mach suum principium in theoriam physicam exactam, quae explicaret quomodo remota sidera inertiam corporum afficere possint, numquam redegisse. Ipse Mach principium suum numquam clare definivit.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, pp. 9–57.</ref> Quamquam Einstein eo maxime inspiratus est, principium Machianum non habetur fundamentum necessarium theoriae relativitatis generalis, licet tamen {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|principium aequivalentiae||en|qid=Q210546}} inter massam gravitationalem atque inertialem sit magnopere fundamentale. == De principio Machiano in theoria relativitatis generalis == Quum in theoria relativitatis generalis notiones simplices [[spatium|spatii]] [[tempus|temporis]]<nowiki />que non iam valeant, etiam obscurius fit quid “principium Machianum” proprie significetur. Saltem viginti et unum enuntiata principii proposita sunt, quorum alia putantur “magis Machiana” quam alia.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, p. 530.</ref> Enuntiatum debilissimum affirmat motum materiei ubilibet afficere posse quae systemata inertialia adhibenda sint alibi. Einstein, antequam theoriam relativitatis generalis perfecisset, effectum quendam invēnit quem interpretatus est principium Machianum probare. Concedatur magnam [[sphaera]]m cavam erga stellas fixas volvi; tum systema inertiale intra sphaeram cavam descriptum incipiet respectu stellarum fixarum [[praecessio|praecessare]]. Hic effectus nunc {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|effectus Lensianus–Thirringianus||en|qid=Q11083519}} appellatur. Einstein hac inventione adeo delectatus est ut Ernesto Mach hocmodo scriberet: {{Folium memoratum| {{omissis}} necessario sequitur ut inertia ex quadam interactione inter corpora oriatur, prorsus ut in tuis cogitationibus de experimento Newtoniano aquae in vase volventis {{omissis}} Si sphaera cava {{mvar|S}} circa axem per centrum eius transeuntem volvatur (respectu systematis stellarum fixarum sive “systematis quietis”), [[vis Coriolis|campus Coriolianus]] intra sphaeram cavam oriatur, id est planum {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|pendulum Foucaultianum|penduli Foucaultiani|en|qid=Q178841}} (quamquam velocitate revera tam exiguā ut mensurari non possit) simul circumferatur. }}{{Norma dextra| ―[[Albertus Einstein]], [[Turicum|Turici]], die [[25 Iunii]] [[1913]].<ref name="epistula-25-iunii-1913" /> }} Effectus Lensianus–Thirringianus certe satisfacit notioni generali secundum quam “materies alibi hic afficit inertiam”:<ref>{{qc|Bondi & Samuel, 1997}}, p. 121.</ref> si sphaera cava materiei abesset aut non volveretur, planum penduli non traheretur. Intra contextum huius effectūs sententia quoque secundum quam inertia “ex quadam interactione inter corpora” oritur putari potest vera. Quaestio tamen profundior videtur esse ipsa existentia “stellarum fixarum”, quas Einstein tractavit systema externum. Physici hodierni vestigia principii Machiani in “problemate valorum initialium” agnoscunt. Forma fortior principii Machiani ad spatitempora Wheeleriana–Machiana–Einsteiniana pertinet, quae postulant ut spatiumtempus sit {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|spatium compactum|spatialiter compactum|en|qid=Q381892}} atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|spatitempus globaliter hyperbolicum|globaliter hyperbolicum|en|qid=Q5570942}}. In talibus universis principium Machianum sic enuntiari potest: ''distributio materiei atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tensor energiae momentique|tensoris energiae momentique|en|qid=Q876346}} materiei [[campus physicus|camporum]]<nowiki />que (fortasse etiam aliarum rerum), quodam tempore universi visa, systema inertiale in quolibet puncto universi determinat (ubi “quoddam tempus universi” ad quamlibet {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|superficies Cauchyana|superficiem Cauchyanam|en|qid=Q5054343}} electam refertur).<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, pp. 188–207.</ref> Alii quoque conati sunt theorias quam maxime Machianas construere, velut {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria Bransiana–Dickeana||en|qid=Q898809}} atque {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria gravitatis Hoyleana–Narlikariana||en|qid=Q17027715}}; sed plerique physici censent nullam ex his prosperam fuisse. In conventu peritorum [[Tubinga]]e anno [[1993]] habito, quum quaereretur “Estne relativitas generalis plene Machiana?”, tres responderunt “ita”, viginti duo “non”. Ad quaestionem “Estne relativitas generalis, condicionibus marginalibus aptis, valde Machiana?”, quattuordecim responderunt “ita”, septem “non”.<ref>{{qc|Barbour & Pfister, 1995}}, p. 106.</ref> Einstein tamen persuasus erat relativitatem inertiae necessario validae theoriae gravitatis continendam esse: {{Folium memoratum| Adeo vehementer illo tempore Einstein relativitati inertiae credebat ut anno [[1918]] tria principia quibus theoriae gravitatis satisfaciendum erat pari dignitate statuerit: # Principium relativitatis, per covariantiam generalem expressum. # Principium aequivalentiae. # Principium Machianum (quo vocabulo tum primum in litteris adhibito): “… ita ut quantitates {{mvar|g_μν}} omnino massā corporum, generalius tensore {{mvar|T_μν}}, determinentur.” Anno [[1922]], quum Einstein animadvertisset alios contentos esse sine hoc [tertio] criterio procedere, hoc addidit: “Haec beatitudo {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|posteri|posteris|en|qid=Q954025}} videbitur incomprehensibilis.” Dicendum est, ut ego videre possum, principium Machianum usque ad hunc diem nullo modo [[physica]]m provexisse. Dicendum quoque est originem inertiae esse manereque obscurissimum caput in [[physica particularum elementarium|theoria particularum]] et [[theoria quantica camporum|camporum]]. Itaque fortasse principium Machianum fructuosum fieri poterit, sed non sine theoria quantica. }}{{Norma dextra| ―{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Abrahamus Pais||en|qid=Q330492}} ([[1972]]). {{Op|‘Subtle is the Lord…’: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein}}.<ref>{{qc|Pais, 2005 [1982]}}, pp. 287–288. [[Anglice|Angl.]] “{{barbarice|lingua=en|So strongly did Einstein believe at that time in the relativity of inertia that in 1918 he stated as being on an equal footing three principles on which a satisfactory theory of gravitation should rest:}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|The principle of relativity as expressed by general covariance.}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|The principle of equivalence.}} # {{barbarice|lingua=en|Mach's principle (the first time this term entered the literature): ... that the ''g_µν'' are completely determined by the mass of bodies, more generally by ''T_µν''.}} {{barbarice|lingua=en|In 1922, Einstein noted that others were satisfied to proceed without this [third] criterion and added, ‘This contentedness will appear incomprehensible to a later generation however.’}} {{barbarice|lingua=en|It must be said that, as far as I can see, to this day, Mach's principle has not brought physics decisively farther. It must also be said that the origin of inertia is and remains the most obscure subject in the theory of particles and fields. Mach's principle may therefore have a future—but not without the quantum theory.}}”</ref> }} == Inductio inertialis == Anno [[1953]] physicus [[Universitas Cantabrigiensis|Cantabrigiensis]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Dionysius Gulielmus Sciama||en|qid=Q284336}}, [[lex universalis gravitationis Newtoniana|aequationi Newtonianae gravitatis]] terminum accelerationi proportionalem addendo, conatus est principium Machianum quantitative exprimere:<ref>{{qc|Sciama, 1953}}.</ref> : <math>F = G\frac{m_A m_B \mathbf{a}}{r c^2}</math> ubi {{mvar|r}} [[spatium]] inter particulas, {{mvar/G}} [[constans gravitatis|constantem gravitatis]], {{vect|a}} [[acceleratio]]nem relativam, atque {{mvar|c}} [[celeritas lucis|celeritatem lucis in vacuo]] indicant. Sciama effectum appellavit ''inductionem inertialem''. == Varia enuntiata principii == Sententia secundum quam “massa alibi sita inertiam hic afficit” multis modis expressa est. [[Hermannus Bondi]] et Iosephus Samuel undecim formulas collegerunt, quas a ''Mach0'' usque ad ''Mach10'' nominaverunt:<ref>{{qc|Bondi & Samuel, 1997}}.</ref> # <li value="0">Universum, secundum mediocrem motum galaxiarum remotorum, quoad systemata inertialia localia videtur non volvi.</li> # [[Constans gravitatis|Constans gravitatis Newtoniana]] {{mvar/G}} est campus dynamicus. # Corpus isolatum in spatio alioquin vacuo nullam inertiam percipit. # Systemata inertialia localia motu cosmico atque uniformitate materiei afficiuntur. # Universum est spatialiter clausum. # [[Energia]] totalis, momentum angulare et [[momentum|momentum lineare]] universi nulla sunt. # Massa inertialis uniformitate materiei universi afficitur. # Si tota materies tollatur, nullum spatium remaneat. # Quantitas <math>\Omega\ \stackrel{\text{def}}{=}\ 4 \pi \rho G T^2</math> est numerus definitus {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|ordo magnitudinis|ordinis|en|qid=Q518730}} [[unus|unitatis]], ubi {{mvar|ρ}} densitatem mediam universi atque {{mvar|T}} {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|tempus Hubbleanum||fr|qid=Q3517760}} indicant. # Theoria nulla elementa absoluta continet. # Rotationes et translationes rigidae universi observari nequeunt. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Barbour & Pfister, 1995 | c = {{Opus | cognomen redactoris 1 = Barbour | nomen redactoris 1 = Iulianus B. | cognomen redactoris 2 = Pfister | nomen redactoris 2 = Herbertus | titulus = Mach's principle: from Newton's bucket to quantum gravity | lingua = en | annus = 1995 | series = Einstein Studies | volumen seriei = 6 | locus = [[Bostonia]]e | domus editoria = Birkhäuser | url = https://sites.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/papers/MachPrinciple.pdf | isbn = 978-3-7643-3823-7 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Berkeleius, 1721 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Berkeleius | nomen auctoris = Georgius | commentatio de auctore = Georgius Berkeleius | titulus = De motu; sive, de motus principio et natura, et de causa communicationis motuum | annus = 1721 | locus = [[Londinium|Londinii]] | domus editoria = Iacobus Tonson | url = https://archive.org/details/b30774299 | url forma pdf = https://archive.org/download/b30774299/b30774299.pdf }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Bondi & Samuel, 1997 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Bondi | nomen auctoris 1 = Hermannus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Hermannus Bondi | cognomen auctoris 2 = Samuel | nomen auctoris 2 = Iosephus | titulus = The Lense–Thirring Effect and Mach's Principle | contextus = Physics Letters A | volumen = 228 | fasciculus = 3 | annus = 1997 | paginae = 121–126 | bibcode = 1997PhLA..228..121B | doi = 10.1016/S0375-9601(97)00117-5 | s2cid = 15625102 | arxiv = gr-qc/9607009 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Hawking & Ellis, 1973 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Hawking | nomen auctoris 1 = Stephanus Gulielmus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Stephanus Hawking | cognomen auctoris 2 = Ellis | nomen auctoris 2 = Georgius Franciscus Rainerius | titulus = The Large Scale Structure of Space–Time | lingua = en | tempus = 1973 | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | url = https://archive.org/details/largescalestruct0000hawk | accessus ad url = sociis | isbn = 978-0-521-09906-4 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Friedlaender, 1896 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Friedlaender | nomen auctoris 1 = Benedictus | commentatio de auctore 1 = Benedictus Friedlaender | cognomen auctoris 2 = Friedlaender | nomen auctoris 2 = Immanuel | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Absolute oder relative Bewegung? | lingua = de | latine = Motus absolutus an relativus? | annus = 1896 | url = https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/BDVFSWTJNPOFICKAE2RVF2RNEGFRA67K | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]] | domus editoria = Leonhardus Simion }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen = Gasco | nomen = Enricus | titulus = Il contributo di Mach sull'origine dell'inerzia | lingua = it | latine = Conlatio Machiana ad originem inertiae | contextus = Quaderni di Storia della Fisica | volumen = 12 | paginae = 17–34 | annus = 2004 | url = https://www.vielbein.it/pdf/Articoli/Articolo.pdf | retrospectio = 20260518054822 | salus url = vivit | doi = 10.1393/qsf/i2003-10001-6 }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Mach, 1883 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Mach | nomen auctoris = Ernestus Valfridus Josephus Venceslaus | commentatio de auctore = Ernestus Mach | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt | lingua = de | latine = Mechanica secundum suum progressum historice criticeque exposita | annus = 1883 | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_x9Q2AAAAMAAJ | locus = [[Lipsia]]e | domus editoria = F. A. Brockhaus }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Misner, Thorne & Wheeler, 1973 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Misner | nomen auctoris 1 = Carolus Gulielmus | cognomen auctoris 2 = Thorne | nomen auctoris 2 = Kip Stephanus | commentatio de auctore 2 = Kip Thorne | cognomen auctoris 3 = Wheeler | nomen auctoris 3 = Ioannes Archibaldus | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Gravitation | annus = 1973 | domus editoria = W. H. Freeman and Company | locus = [[Franciscopolis (California)|Franciscopoli]] | url = https://physicsgg.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/misner_thorne_wheeler_gravitation_freema.pdf | retrospectio = 20240728193849 | salus url = vivit | isbn = 0-7167-0344-0 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Pais, 2005 [1982] | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Pais | nomen auctoris = Abrahamus | titulus = ‘Subtle is the Lord…’: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein | annus primae editionis = 1982 | annus = 2005 | domus editoria = Oxford University Press | locus = [[Oxonia]]e | url = https://horizons-2000.org/92.%20Misc%20Files/Reading/Subtle%20is%20the%20Lord--Abraham%20pais.pdf | retrospectio = 20250607173909 | salus url = vivit | isbn = 978-0-19-280672-7 }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen 1 = Pfister | nomen 1 = Herbertus | cognomen 2 = King | nomen 2 = Marcus | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Inertia and Gravitation: The Fundamental Nature and Structure of Space-Time | series = Lecture Notes in Physics | volumen seriei = 897 | annus = 2015 | locus = Heidelberg | domus editoria = Springer | doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-15036-9 | isbn = 978-3-319-15035-2 }}. * {{Opus | auctor 1 = Raine, D. J. | titulus = Mach's Principle in general relativity | contextus = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volumen = 171 | fasciculus = 3 | tempus = 1975 | paginae = 507–528 | bibcode = 1975MNRAS.171..507R | doi = 10.1093/mnras/171.3.507 | accessus ad doi = liberus }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Sciama, 1953 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Sciama | nomen auctoris = Dionysius Gulielmus | titulus = On the origin of inertia | lingua = en | latine = De origine inertiae | contextus = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volumen = 113 | paginae = 34–42 | url = https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953MNRAS.113...34S | url forma pdf = https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1953MNRAS.113...34S | annus = 1953 | annus compositionis = 1952 | doi = 10.1093/mnras/113.1.34 | bibcode = 1953MNRAS.113...34S }} }}. * {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Sciama | nomen auctoris = Dionysius Gulielmus | titulus = Modern Cosmology | tempus = 1971 | domus editoria = Cambridge University Press | locus = [[Cantabrigia]]e | url = https://archive.org/details/moderncosmology0000scia | accessus ad url = sociis | oclc = 6931707 }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Von Bayer, 2001 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Von Bayer | nomen auctoris = Iohannes Christianus | titulus = The Fermi Solution: Essays on Science | lingua = en | annus = 2001 | domus editoria = Courier Dover Publications | isbn = 0-486-41707-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VhJr9Qx8ohsC }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Weinberg, 1972 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Weinberg | nomen auctoris = Stephanus | commentatio de auctore = Stephanus Weinberg | titulus = Gravitation and Cosmology | lingua = en | annus = 1972 | domus editoria = John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | locus = [[Novum Eboracum|Novo Eboraco]], [[Londinium|Londinii]], [[Sydneium|Sydneii]], [[Torontum|Toronti]] | url = https://archive.org/details/gravitationcosmo00stev_0 | accessus ad url = sociis | isbn = 978-0-471-92567-5 }} }}. * {{Ecce citatio | id = Wolters, 1987 | c = {{Opus | cognomen auctoris = Wolters | nomen auctoris = Gereon | titulus = Mach I, Mach II, Einstein und die Relativitätstheorie: eine Fälschung und ihre Folgen | lingua = de | annus = 1987 | domus editoria = Walter de Gruyter | locus = [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Novum Eboracum|Novo Eboracum]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qg-hpQnob-cC | isbn = 9783110108255 }} }}. {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} * [[Aether luminifer]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Historia theoriae relativitatis generalis||en|qid=Q1936878}} * [[Relativitas generalis]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Rotatio absoluta||en|qid=Q4669833}} * [[Spatii temporisque tractio]] * [[Spatitempus]] * [[Systema relationum]] * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria Bransiana–Dickeana||en|qid=Q898809}} * {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Theoria gravitatis Hoyleana–Narlikariana||en|qid=Q17027715}} * [[Vis centrifuga]] {{div col end}} [[Categoria:Astronomia]] [[Categoria:Ernestus Mach]] [[Categoria:Albertus Einstein]] [[Categoria:Notiones in physica]] [[Categoria:Theoriae gravitationis]] [[Categoria:Rotatio]] [[Categoria:Philosophia]] [[Categoria:Physica]] o0uey1yl4wg7h4kqgwzer70q4pv3nht 0 325082 3960685 3960637 2026-05-19T12:13:38Z IacobusAmor 1163 3960685 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Hasse diagram of powerset of 3.svg|thumb|Subclasses classis <math>\{x, y, z\},</math> sub {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Inclusio classium|theoria inclusionis classium|en=Set inclusion}} intellectae. Forma {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|diagramma Hasseanum|diagrammatis Hasseani|en|qid=Q901446}} nomen “reticuli” suadet.]] {{res|Reticulum}}{{Convertimus|barbarice=reticolo|sicut=[[Italice]]}} in [[mathematica]] est {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|structura algebraica||en|qid=Q205464}} duas per operationes associativas et commutativas definita. Hae operationes appellantur ∧ et ∨; ad invicem ita relantur ut, omni A et B, # A ∧ (A ∨ B) = A ∨ (A ∧ B) = A # A ∧ A = A ∨ A = A Haec [[axioma]]ta, per quae reticulum definitur, sunt ''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|auto-dualis|auto-dualia|en|qid=Q2872559}}'' {{*ie}}, his in axiomatibus ∧ cum ∨ commutari potest dum axiomata eadem remanebunt. Hac ergo substitutione omnis lex reticulorum in aliam legem reticulorum transformari potest. Sunt alia axiomata quae proprietates quorumdam (non omnium) reticulorum exprimunt. Exempli gratia, per axioma modularitatis, quae statuit A ∧ (B ∨ C) = (A ∧ B) ∨ C quotienscumque A ∧ C = C, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|reticulum modulare||en|qid=Q1538614}} definitur; atque per axioma distributivitatis, quae statuit A ∧ (B ∨ C) esse (A ∧ B) ∨ (A ∧ C)—vel aequivalenter A ∨ (B ∧ C) esse (A ∨ B) ∧ (A ~ C)—{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|reticulum distributivum||en|qid=Q2363730}} definitur. Axiomata sunt tam modularitatis quam distributivitatis auto-dualia. Omne reticulum est {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}} sub ordinis relatione ≤ quae statuit A ≤ B quotienscumque A = A ∧ B. Omnis {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|algebra Booleana (structura)|algebra Booleana|en|qid=Q4973304}} est reticulum distributivum. Omnes (et solae) algebrae aggregationum sub operationibus unionis <math>\cup</math> et intersectionis <math>\cap</math> sunt reticula distributiva. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Rédei | nomen auctoris 1 = Vladislavus | titulus = Algebra | annus = 1967 | locus = [[Londinium|Londinii]], [[Oxonia|Oxoniae]], [[Edinburgum|Edinburgi]], [[Neo-Eboracum|Neo-Eboraci]], [[Torontum|Toronti]], [[Lutetia|Lutetiae]], [[Sydneium|Sydnei]], [[Brunsvicum|Brunsvici]] | domus editoria = Pergamon Press | lccn = 64-24548 | volumen seriei = 1 }}{{dubcat}} gmykmvvy1jilybf56niir212q3iy0kq 0 325100 3960686 3960608 2026-05-19T12:16:37Z IacobusAmor 1163 3960686 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Thomas Hall}} (natus [[Vigornia]]e circa [[22 Iulii]] [[1610]]; mortuus [[Norton Regis|Norton Regis]] [[13 Aprilis]] [[1665]]) fuit [[clericus]] [[Anglia|Anglicus]], minister [[Presbyterianismus|Presbyterianus]], magister scholae, et [[scriptor]] prolixus. Per totam vitam suam in [[parochia]] Kings Norton [[Vigorniensis comitatus]] ministravit et docuit. Notus est ob scripta polemica et theologica, quibus orthodoxiam Presbyterianam defendit et sectas radicales, astrologiam, ac consuetudines populares oppugnavit. Post Actum Uniformitatis anni 1662 eiectus, in paupertate obiit, sed bibliothecam suam, quam ipse fundaverat, paroeciae Kings Norton legavit.<ref name="gordon-1890-p91">{{qc|Gordon, 1890}}, p. 91.</ref><ref name="thomas-2011-abstract">{{qc|Thomas, 2011}}, abstract.</ref> == Vita == === Pueritia et educatio === Thomas Hall natus est in parochia Sancti Andreae, Vigorniae, filius Ricardi Hall, pannarii, et uxoris eius Elizabethae, natae Bonner.<ref name="gordon-1890-p91" /> Educatus est in Schola Regia Vigorniensi sub Henrico Bright (obiit 1626), magistro suo temporis celeberrimo. Anno 1624, in [[Collegium de Balliolo (Oxonia)|Collegium de Balliolo]] Oxoniae, ut exhibitioner, matriculavit. Cum tutorem suum neglegentem invenisset, ad [[Collegium Pembrochiae (Oxonia)|Collegium Pembrochiae]], quod nuper fundatum erat, se transtulit, ubi sub Thoma Lushington, philosophiae doctrina insigni, studuit. Gradum Artium Baccalaurei die 7 Februarii 1629 suscepit.<ref name="gordon-1890-p91" /> === Ministerium Kings Nortoni === In comitatum Vigorniensem reversus, Hall magister scholae privatae factus est et in capellis parochiae Kings Norton praedicavit, ubi frater eius, Iohannes Hall, vicarius de Bromsgrove, curatus perpetuus erat. Quamquam initio conformista erat, ob frequentationem lectionum Puritanarum Birminghamiae, Presbyterianus factus est. Frater eius mox beneficium Kings Norton ei resignavit. Quia beneficium parvi valoris erat, Hall etiam magisterium Scholae Grammaticae, a rege [[Eduardus VI (rex Angliae)|Eduardo VI]] fundatae, obtinuit.<ref name="gordon-1890-p91" /><ref name="thomas-2013-p170">{{qc|Thomas, 2013}}, p. 170.</ref> === Bellum Civile et Interregnum === Tempore [[Bellum Civile Anglicum|Belli Civilis Anglici]], Hall, secundum Edmundum Calamy, “saepe spoliatus et quinquies incarceratus” est. Honores maiores, cum factio eius in potestate esset, recusavit. Anno 1652, gradum Baccalaurei in Theologia (B.D.) ab Universitate Oxoniensi accepit, ea condicione ut sermonem Latinum et sermonem Anglicum haberet.<ref name="gordon-1890-p91" /> Quamquam Presbyterianus rigidus erat, consociationi Vigorniensi a [[Ricardus Baxter|Ricardo Baxter]] anno 1653 propositae non se iunxit, sed petitioni Vigorniensi pro retentione decimarum et ministerii stabilis subscripsit. Membrum presbyterii Kenilworth in comitatu Warwicensi factus est.<ref name="gordon-1890-p91" /><ref name="hughes-2003-p235">{{qc|Hughes, 2003}}, p. 235.</ref> === Eiectio et mors === Post [[Restauratio Anglica|Restorationem]], Hall per [[Actus Uniformitatis (1662)|Actum Uniformitatis]] anni 1662 eiectus est. In magna paupertate vixit, sed ab amicis sustentatus est. Obiit die 13 Aprilis 1665 et in coemeterio Kings Norton sepultus est.<ref name="gordon-1890-p91" /> Nepos eius fuit Iohannes Hall (1633–1710), Episcopus Bristoliensis.<ref name="gordon-1890-p91" /> == Bibliothecae == Hall fuit, ut Wood scripsit, “amator librorum et doctrinae, vitae retiratae et obscurae”. Cum bibliotheca prima Birminghamiensis in schola grammatica instituta esset, multos libros contulit et a fratribus suis plures libros collegit. Postea similem bibliothecam in Kings Norton fundavit; paroecia, eius hortatu, aedificium erexit, et Hall omnes libros suos pro usu publico transtulit.<ref name="gordon-1890-p91" /><ref name="thomas-2015-p47">{{qc|Thomas, 2015}}, p. 47.</ref> Bibliotheca Birminghamiensis una ex primis bibliothecis publicis Angliae habita est, sed, quia origines Puritanas habebat, post Restorationem anni 1660 dissipata est.<ref name="gordon-1890-p91" /> Bibliotheca Kings Nortoni, cui Hall libros suos legavit, adhuc exstat et circiter 1140 volumina, pleraque saeculi decimi septimi, continet.<ref name="thomas-2015-p47" /> == Theologia et opiniones == === Presbyterianismus === Hall fuit Presbyterianus “altus”, qui pro ecclesia nationali stabat et ordinationem presbyterianam contra episcopatum et contra ministros sine vocatione legitima defendit.<ref name="hughes-2003-p235" /> In opere suo ''The Pulpit Guarded'' (1651), argumentis decem et septem probavit personas privatas praedicare sine vocatione non licere.<ref name="gordon-1890-p91" /> === Controversia de educatione === In opere suo ''Histrio-mastix, or A Whip for Webster'' (1654), Hall respondit libro ''Academiarum Examen'' (1654) Iohannis Webster, qui reformationem radicalem universitatum propugnabat. Hall ex positione Aristotelica argumentatus est et systema educationis traditionalis defendit. Debus notavit Hallum ex “positione Aristotelica inflexibili” argumentatum esse.<ref name="debus-2002-p406-p409">{{qc|Debus, 2002}}, pp. 406, 409.</ref> Christophorus Hill opus ''Vindiciae Literarum'' (1654), quod eadem de causa scriptum est, “hystericum” appellavit.<ref>{{qc|Hill, |1997}}, p. 51.</ref> Alii opponentes ''Examinis'' fuerunt Seth Ward et Iohannes Wilkins, qui ''Vindiciae Academiarum'' (1654) scripserunt.<ref name="gordon-1890-p91" /> === Astrologia === Hall astrologiam acriter oppugnavit, eam in ''Histrio-mastix'' associans cum “temperamento Familistico-Aequatore-Magico”. Haec oppugnatio a Keitho Thomas in opere suo ''Religion and the Decline of Magic'' notata est.<ref name="thomas-1973-p436-p446">{{qc|Thomas, 1973}}, pp. 436, 446.</ref> === Sectas radicales === Hall in multis operibus sectas radicales oppugnavit, inter quas Baptistas, Quakeros, Millenarios, et Monarchistas Quintos. In ''The Font Guarded'' (1652) baptismum infantium defendit contra Thomam Collier et Iohannem Tombes. In ''Chiliastomastix Redivivus'' (1657) opinionem Millenariam refutavit et Monarchistas Quintos, quorum “practicae periculosae” schisma et seditionem in ecclesia et civitate ostendebant, monuit.<ref name="gordon-1890-p91" /> === Consuetudines populares === Anno 1660, Hall edidit ''Funebria Florae, The Downfall of May-games'', in quo ludos Maiales et consuetudines populares tamquam reliquias paganas et profanas damnavit. In hoc opere scripsit: “Duo pali Maiales in parochia mea erecti erant, unus furto ablatus, alter a papista professo donatus.”<ref name="victoria-county-history-1913-kings-norton">{{qc|Victoria County History, 1913}}, King's Norton.</ref> == Opera == [[Fasciculus:Hall - The Font Guarded.jpg|thumb|''The Font Guarded'' (1652)]] Haec sunt opera praecipua Thomae Hall:<ref name="gordon-1890-p91" /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Annus !! Titulus !! Argumentum |- | 1651 || ''Wisdoms Conquest'' || Translatio ex Ovidii ''Metamorphosibus'' XIII |- | 1651 || ''The Pulpit Guarded with XVII. Arguments'' || Contra praedicatores sine vocatione |- | 1652 || ''The Font Guarded with XX. Arguments'' || Pro baptismo infantium; contra Collier et Tombes |- | 1654 || ''Comarum Ἀκοσμία. The Loathsomnesse of Long Haire'' || Contra crines longos et ornatum femineum |- | 1654 || ''Centuria Sacra'' || Regulae ad intelligendum Scripturas Sacras |- | 1654 || ''Rhetorica Sacra'' || Tropi et figurae in Scripturis Sacris |- | 1654 || ''Histrio-mastix. A Whip for Webster'' || Contra ''Academiarum Examen'' Iohannis Webster |- | 1655 || ''Vindiciae Literarum; the Schools Guarded'' || Pro doctrina humanitatis in servitium theologiae |- | 1655 || ''Phaetons Folly'' || Translatio ex Ovidii ''Metamorphosibus'' II et ''Tristibus'' |- | 1657 || ''Chiliastomastix Redivivus, sive Homesus Enervatus'' || Contra Millenarios et Monarchistas Quintos |- | 1658 || ''A Practical and Polemical Commentary on 2 Tim. iii. iv.'' || Commentarius in Epistulam Pauli ad Timotheum |- | 1658 || ''Tὸ ὅλος τῆς γῆς: sive Apologia pro Ministerio Evangelico'' (Francofurti) || Pro ministerio evangelico; etiam Anglice edita 1660 |- | 1659 || ''Samaria's Downfall'' || Commentarius in Oseam XIII, cum impetu in Salomonem Eccles |- | 1660 || ''The Beauty of Magistracy'' || Expositio Psalmi 82; scriptum cum Georgio Swinnocke |- | 1660 || ''Funebria Florae. The Downfall of May-games'' || Contra ludos Maiales |- | 1661 || ''An Exposition: [Amos, iv–ix.]'' || Commentarius in Amos |} == Familia == Pater Thomae Hall fuit Ricardus Hall, pannarius Vigorniensis. Frater eius, Iohannes Hall, vicarius de Bromsgrove, beneficium Kings Norton ei resignavit. Nepos eius fuit Iohannes Hall (1633–1710), filius fratris, qui postea Episcopus Bristoliensis factus est et Magister Collegii Pembrochiae Oxoniensis.<ref name="gordon-1890-p91" /> == Notae == {{Reflist}} == Bibliographia == * {{Ecce citatio | id = Debus, 2002 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Debus | nomen = Allen G. | titulus = The Chemical Philosophy: Paracelsian Science and Medicine in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries | annus = 2002 | paginae = 406, 409 | locus = [[Novum Eboracum|Novo Eboraco]] | domus editoria = Dover Publications }} }} * {{Ecce citatio | id = Gordon, 1890 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Gordon | nomen = Alexander | cognomen redactoris = Stephen | nomen redactoris = Leslie | cognomen redactoris 2 = Lee | nomen redactoris 2 = Sidney | nomenclatura = compendiaria | titulus = Dictionary of National Biography | contextus = Hall, Thomas (1610–1665) | volumen = 24 | annus = 1890 | pagina = 91 | locus = [[Londinium|Londinii]] | domus editoria = Smith, Elder & Co | url = https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Hall,_Thomas_(1610-1665) }} }} * {{Ecce citatio | id = Hill, 1997 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Hill | nomen = Christopher | titulus = Intellectual Origins of the English Revolution, revisited | annus = 1997 | pagina = 51 | locus = [[Oxonia]]e | domus editoria = Clarendon Press }} }} * {{Ecce citatio | id = Hughes, 2003 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Hughes | nomen = Ann | cognomen redactoris = Tyacke | nomen redactoris = Nicholas | titulus = England's Long Reformation, 1500–1800 | contextus = "Popular" Presbyterianism in the 1640s and 1650s: the cases of Thomas Edwards and Thomas Hall | annus = 2003 | pagina = 235 | locus = [[Londinium|Londinii]] | domus editoria = Routledge }} }} * {{Ecce citatio | id = Thomas, 1973 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Thomas | nomen = Keith | titulus = Religion and the Decline of Magic | annus = 1973 | paginae = 436, 446 | locus = [[Londinium|Londinii]] | domus editoria = Penguin Books }} }} * {{Ecce citatio | id = Thomas, 2011 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Thomas | nomen = Denise | titulus = Religious polemic, print culture and pastoral ministry: Thomas Hall B.D. (1610-1665) and the promotion of Presbyterian orthodoxy in the English Revolution | genus = doctoralis dissertatio | annus = 2011 | domus editoria = University of Birmingham | url = https://etheses.bham.ac.uk/id/eprint/2831/ }} }} * {{Ecce citatio | id = Thomas, 2013 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Thomas | nomen = Denise | titulus = The Pastoral Ministry of Thomas Hall (1610–1665) in the English Revolution | contextus = Midland History | volumen = 38 | fasciculus = 2 | annus = 2013 | paginae = 169–193 | doi = 10.1179/0047729X13Z.00000000025 }} }} * {{Ecce citatio | id = Thomas, 2015 | c = {{Opus | cognomen = Thomas | nomen = Denise | titulus = Collecting and Reading for Godly Reformation in Mid-Seventeenth Century Worcestershire: Thomas Hall of Kings Norton and His Books | contextus = Midland History | volumen = 40 | fasciculus = 1 | annus = 2015 | paginae = 40–62 | doi = 10.1179/0047729X15Z.00000000047 }} }} * {{Ecce citatio | id = Victoria County History, 1913 | c = {{Opus | omnes auctores aliique = Victoria County History | titulus = A History of the County of Worcester | contextus = Parishes: King's Norton | volumen = 3 | annus = 1913 | locus = London | domus editoria = British History Online | url = https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/worcs/vol3/pp179-191 }} }} == Nexus externi == * [https://www.prdl.org/author_view.php?a_id=330 Opera Thomae Hall] apud Post-Reformation Digital Library * [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Hall,_Thomas_(1610-1665) Articulus de Thoma Hall] in ''Dictionary of National Biography'' {{Lifetime|1610|1665|Hall, Thomas}} [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Oxoniensis]] [[Categoria:Clerici Angliae]] [[Categoria:Presbyteri Ecclesiae Anglicae]] [[Categoria:Presbyteriani]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Angliae]] ic2eb9a033y0o8x56ev7pnqr4j94x11 0 325118 3960682 3960620 2026-05-19T12:05:32Z IacobusAmor 1163 3960682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{Capsa societatis | nomen = The Seattle Times | imago = The Seattle Times logo.svg | de_imagine = [[Logotypus]] | fundatus = 1886 | praetorium = [[Seattlum]] | dux = Ryan Blethen | opus = [[Diarium]] }} {{ores|The Seattle Times}} ('Tempora Seattlensia') est [[diarium]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanum]], [[Seattlum|Seattli]] quotidie editum. Quod diarium, die [[2 Maii]] [[1886]] ab Thoma H. Dempsey et Iudo R. Andrews conditum. undecim [[Praemium Pulitzer|Praemia Pulitzerana]] accepit. == Bibliographia== * Crowley, Gualterius (2006). [https://www.historylink.org/File/7896 ''The Seattle Times'' publishes its first edition edited by new co-owner Alden J. Blethen on August 10, 1896]. ''HistoryLink''. * Meany, Edmundus S. (1923). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23908638 Newspapers of Washington Territory]. ''The Washington Historical Quarterly, 14''. == Nexus externi == * [https://www.seattletimes.com/ Situs interretialis] {{Diarium-stipula}} [[Categoria:Diaria Anglice edita]] [[Categoria:Diaria in Civitatibus Foederatis edita]] [[Categoria:Praemium Pulitzer]] [[Categoria:Seattlum]] retntdpcyra7utyv83ad8abqar6x576 0 325119 3960689 2026-05-19T12:27:21Z IacobusAmor 1163 Redirect 3960689 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Animalium soni]] j1kb69r7dyou3opb2an6ln3k9zidkhl 2 325120 3960724 2026-05-19T14:06:12Z Andronikos Komnenos 1527 Prima adumbratio 3960724 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Babel|ro-2|en-4|fr-4|pt-2|la-4|grc-2|el-1|es-1|it-1}} [[en:User:Andronikos Komnenos]] 2akrt8d32grvvh05lbgludj6qoymwlo 3960726 3960724 2026-05-19T14:12:05Z Andronikos Komnenos 1527 3960726 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Babel|ro-2|en-4|fr-4|pt-2|la-4|grc-2|el-1|es-1|it-1}} [[en:User:Andronikos Komnenos]] [[ro:Utilizator:Andronikos Komnenos]] oeizlaidto0btwkv5yxcmdnxqpgyif9 0 325121 3960755 2026-05-19T16:14:19Z Neander 1973 Paginam instituit, scribens '[[Fasciculus:Lohengrin-kitsch.jpg|thumb|Lohengrin cycno vectus.]] {{res|Lohengrin}} est drama melicum sive ''opera'' [[musica romantica|romantici]] [[genus (ars)|generis]] a [[Ricardus Wagner|Ricardo Wagner]] scriptum et compositum. Quod drama trium actuum primum [[Vimaria]]e die [[28 Augusti]] anno [[1850]] duce [[Franciscus Liszt|Francisco Liszt]] actum est. Wagner ipse primae actioni interesse nequivit, quia anno [[1849]] propter participatum tumultus Ma...' 3960755 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Lohengrin-kitsch.jpg|thumb|Lohengrin cycno vectus.]] {{res|Lohengrin}} est drama melicum sive ''opera'' [[musica romantica|romantici]] [[genus (ars)|generis]] a [[Ricardus Wagner|Ricardo Wagner]] scriptum et compositum. Quod drama trium actuum primum [[Vimaria]]e die [[28 Augusti]] anno [[1850]] duce [[Franciscus Liszt|Francisco Liszt]] actum est. Wagner ipse primae actioni interesse nequivit, quia anno [[1849]] propter participatum [[tumultus Maii mensis Dresdae]] exulatus erat. "Lohengrin" non solum in "[[Parsifal (melodrama)|Parsifal]]", poemate epico a [[Wolfram von Eschenbach]] scripto, sed etiam in operibus duorum ignotorum poetarum Francogallicorum saeculo XIII exeunte scriptis positum est. == De historia == "Lohengrin" ultimum opus Wagnerianum generis romantici est, et non ante quam in hoc opere historia cum mytho convenit, nam eventum mythicum in historicum insertum est contextum, qui accurate ad annum [[933]] referri potest, quo [[Henricus I (rex Francorum orientalium)|Henricus Auceps]], rex Saxonum, apud [[Ritteburgum]] ad flumen [[Unstrut]] [[Hungaria|Hungaros]] vicit. [[Categoria:Opera lyrica]] 90i7to6hzjg3kh47abe5dj6r91ztia0 0 325122 3960762 2026-05-19T18:08:28Z Grufo 64423 Redirectionem creavi 3960762 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [['Alīkūš]] ij118wso1s3j5u3gwwwrtp2jr8014cn 0 325123 3960772 2026-05-19T20:10:24Z Pippobuono 54500 ventus rotundus 3960772 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Ventus Rotundus]] 5jie3fnhde7ordomzy2ant5ivis3e4i 0 325124 3960773 2026-05-19T20:24:15Z Pippobuono 54500 creatio a documentatione francica 3960773 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Ventron 04 (fcm).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Ventus Rotundus: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Claudius|Sancto Claudio]] dicata.]] {{res|Ventus Rotundus}}<ref>{{Graesse}}, t.3, p. 588</ref> (Francogallice ''Ventron'') est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 805 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]]. == Cives notabiles == * [[Petrus-Iosephus Formet]] (1724-1784), melius notus nomine ''Frater Iosephus'', eremita, hic mortuus est. * [[Nicolaus Géhin]] (1753-1828), parochus, postea vir politicus, hic natus est. * [[Teresia Leduc]] (1934-1988), nartatrix Alpina, hic nata est. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Ventron|Ventus Rotundus}} {{Fontes geographici}} == Notae == <references /> {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]] 9skakkz5r5s9u1tcbhaya62b9iokogx 0 325125 3960804 2026-05-20T00:15:20Z Grufo 64423 Forma caduca pagina ad entitatem Vicidatorum [[:d:Q139856221]] nectendam 3960804 wikitext text/x-wiki Forma caduca pagina ad entitatem Vicidatorum [[:d:Q139856221]] nectendam. #REDIRECT [[Mons Albanus (Latium)#Apud priscos Latinos]] ev6hm2eznsltpp7rvmty3uj4j3xm230 3960805 3960804 2026-05-20T00:15:53Z Grufo 64423 Redirectionem restitui 3960805 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Mons Albanus (Latium)#Apud priscos Latinos]] {{De hac redirectione}} ti6ieihv5lwfaw9hbynsaf090tn2gmk 1 325126 3960822 2026-05-20T03:03:19Z IacobusAmor 1163 IacobusAmor 3960822 wikitext text/x-wiki == Definitio == "Insulae Malvinae sunt insulae et partes Falklandiae, territorii Argentinae," Re vera? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 03:03, 20 Maii 2026 (UTC) jhbrcoewqjram8js2wnwv65bpi2urm2 3960825 3960822 2026-05-20T03:41:56Z Grufo 64423 /* Definitio */ Minime 3960825 wikitext text/x-wiki == Definitio == "Insulae Malvinae sunt insulae et partes Falklandiae, territorii Argentinae," Re vera? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 03:03, 20 Maii 2026 (UTC) : Minime. [[Specialis:Diff/3960818/3960824|Sententiam emendavi]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 03:41, 20 Maii 2026 (UTC) 1rgkoc9qp4zul64ogb2h16nnkfcrzik 4 325127 3960831 2026-05-20T05:20:40Z Grufo 64423 Census anni 2026 paravi 3960831 wikitext text/x-wiki Hic est census Vicipaediae anni [[2026]]. {{annales/omnia anni|2026}} [[Categoria:Census Vicipaediani|2026]] eoxqvnwrt0anr4hxt3ys4yslzljpnfi 0 325128 3960838 2026-05-20T07:52:58Z Pippobuono 54500 creatio a documentatione francica 3960838 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Velotte-et-Tatignécourt, Église Saint-Philippe.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Velotte-et-Tatignécourt: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Philippus|sancto Philippo]] dicata.]] {{res|Velotte-et-Tatignécourt}} est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 158 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]]. == Historia == Velotte iam pars pagi [[Dompaire]] erat, Tatignécourt autem pars pagi [[Valfroicourt]]. Coniunctio eorum ab anno [[1796]] originem ducit. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Velotte-et-Tatignécourt|Velotte-et-Tatignécourt}} {{Fontes geographici}} {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]] g2diadqeqintuyshtuumify483liyek 1 325129 3960839 2026-05-20T07:54:47Z Pippobuono 54500 attributio 3960839 wikitext text/x-wiki {{attributio|fr|Velotte-et-Tatignécourt|236129054}} dr6u9kwa18cee57n2gifdc54d2xgei6 0 325130 3960856 2026-05-20T10:03:04Z Pippobuono 54500 Valefridicurtis 3960856 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Valefridicurtis]] g1mtb29q987pde1kjvazrq6ve1wdp3x 0 325131 3960857 2026-05-20T10:11:52Z Pippobuono 54500 creatio a documentatione francica 3960857 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Eglise de Valfroicourt (88).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Valefridicurtis: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Assumptio]]ni [[Maria (mater Iesu)|Nostrae Dominae]] dicata.]] {{res|Valefridicurtis}}<ref>{{Graesse}}, t.3, p. 558</ref> (Francogallice ''Valfroicourt'') est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 228 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]]. == Cives notabiles == * [[Nicolaus Franciscus Delpierre]] (1753-1812), vir politicus, hic natus est. * [[Antonius Franciscus Delpierre]] (1764-1854), [[Baro (gradus nobilitatis)|Baro]], vir politicus, hic natus et mortuus est. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Valfroicourt|Valefridicurtem}} {{Fontes geographici}} == Notae == <references /> {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]] g2359frb3ckc88bdxksze6jx41pp4yd 1 325132 3960858 2026-05-20T10:14:05Z Pippobuono 54500 attributio 3960858 wikitext text/x-wiki {{attributio|fr|Valfroicourt|236125095}} 76wslb764yu08glgy1gqvkqo4kuoab2 0 325133 3960861 2026-05-20T10:18:52Z Pippobuono 54500 Pippobuono movit paginam [[Ahéville]] ad [[Aquilevilla]]: nomen latine attestatur in Graesse 3960861 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Aquilevilla]] chkj8gghezuwiyizaqdzskfaosv5pjo 1 325134 3960863 2026-05-20T10:18:52Z Pippobuono 54500 Pippobuono movit paginam [[Disputatio:Ahéville]] ad [[Disputatio:Aquilevilla]]: nomen latine attestatur in Graesse 3960863 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Disputatio:Aquilevilla]] rswanv1m6z8etebvp5r5c5v1yqyu7jv 0 325135 3960865 2026-05-20T10:25:34Z Pippobuono 54500 Donoparium 3960865 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Donoparium]] rexrxo0j9rcinajtnjjuq9w1xoa8k3c 0 325136 3960868 2026-05-20T10:51:48Z Pippobuono 54500 creatio a documentatione francica 3960868 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Dompaire, Eglise Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Laviéville 2.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Donoparium: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Ioannes Baptista|Sancto Ioanni Baptistae]] dicata, in viculo Laviéville.]] {{res|Donoparium}}, seu '''Domparium'''<ref>{{Graesse}}, t.1, p. 661</ref> (Francogallice ''Dompaire'') est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] {{formatnum:1077}} incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]]. == Historia == Viculi Craincourt (iam non exstat), Laviéville et Naglaincourt Dompaire anno 1836 adiuncti sunt. Proelium Donoparii fuit pugna cum curribus armatis diebus 12, 13, et [[14 Septembris]] anni [[1944]] inter exercitus Francicos et Germanicos prope Donoparium in Montibus Vesogi. Haec pugna pars Expeditionis Lotharingiae in Fronte Occidentali per [[Secundum bellum mundanum]] erat. Copiae Francicae plerumque circa Divisionem Secundam Blindatam sub imperio [[Philippus Leclerc de Hauteclocque|Generalis Leclerc]] ordinatae sunt. == Cives notabiles == * [[Nicolaus Antoine]], olim parochus Donoparii, sacerdos [[refractarius]], damnatus anno [[1794]], a Tribunali Vesogi Revolutionario, apud [[Mirecourt]] supplicio affectus est. * [[Iosephus Franciscus Mangin]] (1758-1818), architectus Franco-Americanus, notus ob designationem, inter alia, Curiae Urbis [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]] (cum [[Ioannes McComb|Ioanne McComb iuniore]]) et pristinae Cathedralis Sancti Patricii Novi Eboraci, hic natus est. * [[Victor Vautré]] (1770-1849), miles Revolutionis Francicae et Primi Imperii, [[Baro (gradus nobilitatis)|Baro]] creatus et ad gradum generalis brigadieri promotus tempore [[Restitutio monarchiae Francicae|Restitutionis monarchiae]] anno 1816, hic natus est. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Dompaire|Donoparium}} {{Fontes geographici}} == Notae == <references /> {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]] ctlesm00xwkpd7s9co9toc0dka7rl4o 1 325137 3960869 2026-05-20T10:53:10Z Pippobuono 54500 attributio 3960869 wikitext text/x-wiki {{attributio|fr|Dompaire|235521094}} ezgol5utpqundm2ngmefs89ylnlqk67