Vicipaedia lawiki https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicipaedia:Pagina_prima MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.3 first-letter Media Specialis Disputatio Usor Disputatio Usoris Vicipaedia Disputatio Vicipaediae Fasciculus Disputatio Fasciculi MediaWiki Disputatio MediaWiki Formula Disputatio Formulae Auxilium Disputatio Auxilii Categoria Disputatio Categoriae Porta Disputatio Portae Adumbratio Disputatio Adumbrationis TimedText TimedText talk Modulus Disputatio Moduli Event Event talk 0 1063 3961759 3717704 2026-05-25T22:21:03Z JimKillock 109532 Correctiones Latinae factae: "illuc intendebat" → "eo tendebat"; "protruderetur" → "promoveretur"; "argumentationis viis" → "argumentandi rationibus"; "clarissima usque fieret" → "in dies clarior fieret"; "possent" pro "posset"; "colebant" pro "posuerant"; "postulabat" pro "postulabant"; "in periculo versari" pro "periculo se offerre"; "haereticum" (orthographia); "muniverunt" pro "munivit"; "peractum" pro "actum". Adiuvante Claude AI (Anthropic). 3961759 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-2}} [[Fasciculus:Konzilseroeffnung 1.jpg|thumb|Patrum conciliarium pompa.]] [[Fasciculus:Konzilseroeffnung 2.jpg|thumb|Patres conciliares.]] [[Fasciculus: Second Vatican Council by Lothar Wolleh 005 – unframed.jpg|thumb|Photographema [[Lothar Wolleh]].]] [[Fasciculus: Second Vatican Council by Lothar Wolleh 007.jpg|thumb|Photographema [[Lothar Wolleh]].]] [[Fasciculus: Second Vatican Council by Lothar Wolleh 003.jpg|thumb|Photographema [[Lothar Wolleh]].]] [[Fasciculus: Second Vatican Council by Lothar Wolleh 004.jpg|thumb|Photographema [[Lothar Wolleh]]]] '''Concilium Vaticanum II''' ([[1962]]–[[1965]]) fuit vigesimum primum [[concilium oecumenicum]] [[Ecclesia Catholica|Ecclesiae Catholicae]]. == Proposita Concilii Vaticani II == Concilium Vaticanum II, cui tria milia [[episcopus|episcoporum]] et quadraginta quattuor interfuerunt, auctore [[Ioannes XXIII|Iohanne Papa XXIII]] per Constitutionem Apostolicam "[[Humanae salutis]]" qua indictum est, eo tendebat ut ecclesia apta redderetur, quae recentioribus orbis terrarum quaestionibus responderet; praeterea ut Christiani in unum colligerentur et [[pax gentium]] efficacius promoveretur. == Notae Concilii Vaticani II == === Ratio pastoralis === Concilium sibi proposuit veram fidem Catholicam, quam [[Ecclesia Catholica]] etiam tunc integram servavit, altius penetrare et explicare ita ut, aliis verbis aliisque argumentandi rationibus, in dies clarior fieret multis [[homo|hominibus]] Catholicis, qui non raro prae rerum fidei [[ignorantia]] alieni manebant ab ipsa [[vita]] ecclesiae.<ref>Paulus Papa VI rationem pastoralem Concilii exhibuit in ipsa inauguratione, die III Kalendas Octobres anno 1963.</ref> === Ratio oecumenica === Concilium Vaticanum II oecumenicum dicitur primum quia, tamquam Catholicum et universale, favebat progressui populi Christiani; tum quia fidem Catholicam profundius et rectius explicare volebat, modo et sermone, qui etiam a fratribus seiunctis possent vere comprehendi<ref>Confer decretum de oecumenismo "[[Unitatis Redintegratio]]", n. 11.</ref>; deinde quia [[ecclesia]]s et communitates, quae [[amicitia]]m cum [[Sedes Romana|Sede Romana]] colebant, advocabat ut in unam [[Christus|Christi]] ecclesiam tandem conligerentur. Quod non pauci homines ubicumque terrarum olim optabant et modo optant. === Ratio doctrinae === Ratio pastoralis et oecumenica concilii, ut par est, postulabat non modo ut fides summa [[intellegentia]] et puritate altius explicaretur, verum etiam ut clare et aperte definiretur. Quare Concilium Vaticanum II exhibuit veram et certam [[Iesus Christus|Iesu Christi]] [[doctrina]]m atque definivit quid esset de fide omnibus tenendum.<ref>Confer Col. Lac. tom. VII, col. 234.{{dubsig}}</ref> Ut exemplum afferatur de re, promulgata constitutione dogmatica de Ecclesia "[[Lumen Gentium]]," [[Paulus VI papa|Paulus Papa VI]], die undecimo Kalendas Decembres anno [[1964]], sic rationem doctrinae declaravit: "Pertractata est enim doctrina de Ecclesia atque exposita: ita opus Concilii Oecumenici Vaticani I est completum, quod pertinet ad doctrinam." == Brevis historia == Definito [[dogma]]te de [[infallibilitas|infallibilitate]] Romani Pontificis, quibusdam videbatur [[Ecclesia Catholica|Ecclesiae]] [[Oecumenicum Concilium|Concilio Oecumenico]] opus non esse. Verumtamen, die octavo Kalendas Februarias, anno [[1959]], tribus fere mensibus post quam electus erat, Ioannes Papa XXIII annuntiavit propositum indicendi concilium oecumenicum. Plerique concilii participes disciplinae emendationibus, [[mos|morum]] correctionibus et pristinarum consuetudinum restitutionibus assensi sunt. Quidam autem, quibus res ecclesiae in periculo versari videbantur, concilii scita repudiaverunt; inter quos erant quidam [[cardinalis|patres cardinales]] et [[episcopus|episcopi]], qui se socios fecerunt [[Coetus Internationalis Patrum]]. Horum tamen repudiatio non impedivit quominus concilium optimos suos fructus ederet. == Aestimatio concilii == Concilium Vaticanum II ita magnum effectum est, quale non fuit per totam [[historia]]m: fuit magnum pro populis et singulis hominibus; magnum pro ecclesia et pro universo hominum genere; pro mundo illius temporis et pro venturis generationibus. Concilium autem fuit primum quod nullum [[dogma]] definivit. Controversiam movit quia nonnullas [[doctrina]]s antea damnatas ascivit. Sunt qui concilium [[heresis|haereticum]] fuisse dicant. === Legatum Concilii === Omnia decreta, quibus patres subscripserunt, praesertim constitutio dogmatica de ecclesia et constitutio pastoralis de ecclesia in mundo huius temporis, prorsus converterunt animos et ingenia Catholicorum et ideo viam muniverunt pro restitutionibus et correctionibus morum ecclesiasticorum. === Fructus Concilii === Post Concilium Vaticanum II peractum, Paulus Papa VI instituit plurima apparitorum et scribarum corpora, quae studiis incumberent et exsequerentur praecepta concilii; idem ille instituit Synodum Episcoporum, quae certis temporibus fit quasi concilii continuatio. In praesentia, [[Codex Iuris Canonici]], [[Catechismus Catholicae Ecclesiae]], [[Missale Romanum]], et omnes [[liber (litterae)|libri]] [[liturgia|liturgici]], conferentiarum episcoporum disciplina et rationes, quas servat ecclesia erga alios Christianos, erga religiones non Christianas et respublicas sunt conspicuus fructus Concilii Vaticani II. == Documenta == === Constitutiones === * [[Dei Verbum]] - Constitutio dogmatica de divina revelatione * [[Gaudium et Spes]] - Constitutio pastoralis de ecclesia in mundo huius temporis * [[Lumen gentium]] - Constitutio dogmatica de ecclesia * [[Sacrosanctum Concilium]] - Constitutio de sacra [[liturgia]] === Decreta === * [[Ad Gentes]] - Decretum de activitate missionali ecclesiae * [[Apostolicam Actuositatem]] - Decretum de apostolatu laicorum * [[Christus Dominus]] - Decretum de pastorali episcoporum munere in ecclesia * [[Inter Mirifica]] - Decretum de instrumentis communicationis socialis * [[Optatam Totius]] - Decretum de institutione sacerdotali * [[Orientalium Ecclesiarum]] - Decretum de ecclesiis orientalibus catholicis * [[Perfectae Caritatis]] - Decretum de accomodata renovatione vitae religiosae * [[Presbyterorum Ordinis]] - Decretum de presbyterorum ministerio et vita * [[Unitatis Redintegratio]] - Decretum de oecumenismo === Declarationes === * [[Dignitatis humanae]] - Declaratio de libertate religiosa * [[Gravissimum Educationis]] - Declaratio de educatione christiana * [[Nostra Aetate]] - Declaratio de ecclesiae habitudine ad [[religio]]nes non-christianas == Nexus externi == * [http://www.vatican.va/latin/latin_council.html Archivum concilii] cum conventionibus {{Ling |Latine}} * [http://www.vaticanstate.va/IT/Altre_Istituzioni/Filmoteca_Vaticana.jsp Pelliculae] in Filmotheca{{dubsig}} Vaticana (fine pagina - pelliculae 5 et 6) {{Ling |Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}} * [http://www.stjosef.at/index.htm?konzil/konzil.htm~mainFrame De Concilio in www.stjosef.at] {{Ling |Germanice}} == Notae == <references/> {{RC-stipula}} [[Categoria:Concilia Oecumenica]] 3kzgu396tnbnjmkbjtl8w1pqkmbchwr 3961775 3961759 2026-05-25T23:49:23Z IacobusAmor 1163 3961775 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-2}} [[Fasciculus:Konzilseroeffnung 1.jpg|thumb|Patrum conciliarium pompa.]] [[Fasciculus:Konzilseroeffnung 2.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Patres conciliares.]] [[Fasciculus: Second Vatican Council by Lothar Wolleh 005 – unframed.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Photographema [[Lothar Wolleh]].]] [[Fasciculus: Second Vatican Council by Lothar Wolleh 007.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Photographema [[Lothar Wolleh]].]] [[Fasciculus: Second Vatican Council by Lothar Wolleh 003.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Photographema [[Lothar Wolleh]].]] [[Fasciculus: Second Vatican Council by Lothar Wolleh 004.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Photographema [[Lothar Wolleh]]]] '''Concilium Vaticanum II''' ([[1962]]–[[1965]]) fuit vigesimum primum [[concilium oecumenicum]] [[Ecclesia Catholica|Ecclesiae Catholicae]]. == Proposita Concilii Vaticani II == Concilium Vaticanum II, cui tria milia [[episcopus|episcoporum]] et quadraginta quattuor interfuerunt, [[auctor]]e [[Ioannes XXIII|Iohanne Papa XXIII]] per Constitutionem Apostolicam "[[Humanae salutis]]" qua indictum est, eo tendebat ut ecclesia apta redderetur, quae recentioribus orbis terrarum quaestionibus responderet; praeterea ut Christiani in unum colligerentur et [[pax gentium]] efficacius promoveretur. == Notae Concilii Vaticani II == === Ratio pastoralis === Concilium sibi proposuit veram fidem Catholicam, quam [[Ecclesia Catholica]] etiam tunc integram servavit, altius penetrare et explicare ita ut, aliis verbis aliisque argumentandi rationibus, in dies clarior fieret multis [[homo|hominibus]] Catholicis, qui non raro prae rerum fidei [[ignorantia]] alieni manebant ab ipsa [[vita]] ecclesiae.<ref>Paulus Papa VI rationem pastoralem Concilii exhibuit in ipsa inauguratione, die III Kalendas Octobres anno 1963.</ref> === Ratio oecumenica === Concilium Vaticanum II oecumenicum dicitur primum quia, tamquam Catholicum et universale, favebat progressui populi Christiani; tum quia fidem Catholicam profundius et rectius explicare volebat, modo et sermone, qui etiam a fratribus seiunctis possent vere comprehendi<ref>Confer decretum de oecumenismo "[[Unitatis Redintegratio]]", n. 11.</ref>; deinde quia [[ecclesia]]s et communitates, quae [[amicitia]]m cum [[Sedes Romana|Sede Romana]] colebant, advocabat ut in unam [[Christus|Christi]] ecclesiam tandem conligerentur. Quod non pauci homines ubicumque terrarum olim optabant et modo optant. === Ratio doctrinae === Ratio pastoralis et oecumenica concilii, ut par est, postulabat non modo ut fides summa [[intellegentia]] et puritate altius explicaretur, verum etiam ut clare et aperte definiretur. Quare Concilium Vaticanum II exhibuit veram et certam [[Iesus Christus|Iesu Christi]] [[doctrina]]m atque definivit quid esset de fide omnibus tenendum.<ref>Confer Col. Lac. tom. VII, col. 234.{{dubsig}}</ref> Ut exemplum afferatur de re, promulgata constitutione dogmatica de Ecclesia "[[Lumen Gentium]]," [[Paulus VI papa|Paulus Papa VI]], die undecimo Kalendas Decembres anno [[1964]], sic rationem doctrinae declaravit: "Pertractata est enim doctrina de Ecclesia atque exposita: ita opus Concilii Oecumenici Vaticani I est completum, quod pertinet ad doctrinam." == Brevis historia == Definito [[dogma]]te de [[infallibilitas|infallibilitate]] Romani Pontificis, quibusdam videbatur [[Ecclesia Catholica|Ecclesiae]] [[Oecumenicum Concilium|Concilio Oecumenico]] opus non esse. Verumtamen, die octavo Kalendas Februarias, anno [[1959]], tribus fere mensibus post quam electus erat, Ioannes Papa XXIII annuntiavit propositum indicendi concilium oecumenicum. Plerique concilii participes disciplinae emendationibus, [[mos|morum]] correctionibus et pristinarum consuetudinum restitutionibus assensi sunt. Quidam autem, quibus res ecclesiae in periculo versari videbantur, concilii scita repudiaverunt; inter quos erant quidam [[cardinalis|patres cardinales]] et [[episcopus|episcopi]], qui se socios fecerunt [[Coetus Internationalis Patrum]]. Horum tamen repudiatio non impedivit quominus concilium optimos suos fructus ederet. == Aestimatio concilii == Concilium Vaticanum II ita magnum effectum est, quale non fuit per totam [[historia]]m: fuit magnum pro populis et singulis hominibus; magnum pro ecclesia et pro universo hominum genere; pro mundo illius temporis et pro venturis generationibus. Concilium autem fuit primum quod nullum [[dogma]] definivit. Controversiam movit quia nonnullas [[doctrina]]s antea damnatas ascivit. Sunt qui concilium [[heresis|haereticum]] fuisse dicant. === Legatum Concilii === Omnia decreta, quibus patres subscripserunt, praesertim constitutio dogmatica de ecclesia et constitutio pastoralis de ecclesia in mundo huius temporis, prorsus converterunt animos et ingenia Catholicorum et ideo viam muniverunt pro restitutionibus et correctionibus morum ecclesiasticorum. === Fructus Concilii === Post Concilium Vaticanum II peractum, Paulus Papa VI instituit plurima apparitorum et scribarum corpora, quae studiis incumberent et exsequerentur praecepta concilii; idem ille instituit Synodum Episcoporum, quae certis temporibus fit quasi concilii continuatio. In praesentia, [[Codex Iuris Canonici]], [[Catechismus Catholicae Ecclesiae]], [[Missale Romanum]], et omnes [[liber (litterae)|libri]] [[liturgia|liturgici]], conferentiarum episcoporum disciplina et rationes, quas servat ecclesia erga alios Christianos, erga religiones non Christianas et respublicas sunt conspicuus fructus Concilii Vaticani II. == Documenta == === Constitutiones === * [[Dei Verbum]] - Constitutio dogmatica de divina revelatione * [[Gaudium et Spes]] - Constitutio pastoralis de ecclesia in mundo huius temporis * [[Lumen gentium]] - Constitutio dogmatica de ecclesia * [[Sacrosanctum Concilium]] - Constitutio de sacra [[liturgia]] === Decreta === * [[Ad Gentes]] - Decretum de activitate missionali ecclesiae * [[Apostolicam Actuositatem]] - Decretum de apostolatu laicorum * [[Christus Dominus]] - Decretum de pastorali episcoporum munere in ecclesia * [[Inter Mirifica]] - Decretum de instrumentis communicationis socialis * [[Optatam Totius]] - Decretum de institutione sacerdotali * [[Orientalium Ecclesiarum]] - Decretum de ecclesiis orientalibus catholicis * [[Perfectae Caritatis]] - Decretum de accomodata renovatione vitae religiosae * [[Presbyterorum Ordinis]] - Decretum de presbyterorum ministerio et vita * [[Unitatis Redintegratio]] - Decretum de oecumenismo === Declarationes === * [[Dignitatis humanae]] - Declaratio de libertate religiosa * [[Gravissimum Educationis]] - Declaratio de educatione christiana * [[Nostra Aetate]] - Declaratio de ecclesiae habitudine ad [[religio]]nes non-christianas == Nexus externi == * [http://www.vatican.va/latin/latin_council.html Archivum concilii] cum conventionibus {{Ling |Latine}} * [http://www.vaticanstate.va/IT/Altre_Istituzioni/Filmoteca_Vaticana.jsp Pelliculae] in Filmotheca{{dubsig}} Vaticana (fine pagina - pelliculae 5 et 6) {{Ling |Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}} * [http://www.stjosef.at/index.htm?konzil/konzil.htm~mainFrame De Concilio in www.stjosef.at] {{Ling |Theodisce}} == Notae == <references/> {{RC-stipula}} [[Categoria:Concilia Oecumenica]] fj66o2hwy0eku4j3ozc8cfi3mdo7z96 0 4290 3961690 3961632 2026-05-25T13:39:36Z IacobusAmor 1163 ~ (1K) 3961690 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-2}} {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Ferdinand Magellan.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Imago]] Ferdinandi Magellani [[saeculum|saeculo]] [[saeculum 16|16]] vel [[saeculum 17|17]] picta.]] '''Ferdinandus Magellanus''' ([[Lusitane]] ''Fernão de Magalhães''&thinsp;; natus circa [[1480]]; mortuus [[27 Aprilis]] [[1521]]) fuit [[explorator]] [[Portugallia|Lusitanus]]. [[Sabrosa]]e ortus, in Portugallia [[septentrio]]nali sitae, [[Carolus V (imperator)|Carolo I Regi Hispaniae]] servivit, [[via]]m petendo ad [[occidens|occidentem]] usque ad [Insulas Maluku|Insulas Condimentorum]](hodiernas [[Insulae Maluku|Insulas Maluku]] in [[Indonesia]] sitas). {{Creanda|en|Magellan expedition|Expeditio Magellanica}} annorum ab [[1519]] ad [[1522]] fuit prima expeditio quae ab [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceano Atlantico]] in [[Oceanus Pacificus|Pacificum]] [[navigatio|navigavit]] (a Magellano Mare Pacificum appellatum; effecta est transitus per [[Fretum Magellanicum|Fretum Magellani]]), et prima quae omnem transivit Pacificum. Expeditio primam [[Tellus|Telluris]] [[circumnavigatio]]nem complevit, quamquam Magellanus ipse totam navigationem non confecit, in [[litus|litore]] [[insula Mactan|insulae Mactan]] per [[Proelium Mactan]] in [[Philippinae|Philippinis]] interfectus. Nomen Magellani commemorant ''[[Spheniscus magellanicus]]'' familiae [[Spheniscidae|Spheniscidarum]], quem ipse primus [[Europa]]eorum observavit,<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20110823061128/http://www.globaltwitcher.com/artspec_information.asp?thingid=232 Magellanic penguin]."</ref> et [[Nebulae Magellanicae]], nunc [[galaxias]] nanas esse intellectae. Praeterea, [[asteroides]] [[4055 Magellan]] in eius honorem nominatus est. == Iuventus == [[Puer]]o tirocinio stipendio Regina Leonora<!--???--> eductus erat. Posterius [[iter]] faciebant<!--Qui erant? Ipse et regina?--> ad [[Asia Australis|Asiam Australem]] et [[Asia Orientalis|Orientalem]] et abhinc [[1509]] usque [[1511]] stipedium denuo pro Navarcho Almeida, Sequira, Serrano, gubernatore [[Alba Quercus (Novum Mexicum)|Albae Quercus]] merebat.<!--?--> Ad hunc [[1506]] anno bello Cannanore<!--?--> pedem [[vulnus|vulneratus]] est. Tunc, [[condimentum|condimenta]] ex [[Insulae Malucae|Insulis Moluccis]], similis ita per [[aureum]] apud Europeam magnopere quaesita erant. Quamquam, [[foedus Tordecillis]] iter per mundum occidentalem iuri Lusitano restringit. Igitur tunc Magellan ad Insulas Moluccas variis compendiariis studebat, praecipue per vias orientales. == Regressus == Anno [[1512]] Europeam regressus, [[Islamici]]s{{dubsig}} [[commercium]] accusatus apud cortem{{dubsig}} regnis{{dubsig}} Lusitanis offensas accepit. Anno [[1516]], [[Hispania]]m perrectus, [[Hispani]] civitatis acceptus, et Hispanis [[mos|morem]] nomen mutavit. Deinde ad regnum Hispanici [[Carolus V (imperator)|Carolum]],{{dubsig}} ad [[Insulae Moluccenses|Insulas Moluccenses]] iter consilium protulit quam [[rex]] accepit. == Circumnavigatio et casus == {{vide-etiam|Expeditio Magellanica}} Expeditionem paravit qua prima [[circumnavigatio|circumnavigaturus]] fuisset. Anno [[1519]], ad Asiam per viam occidentalem iter commisit cum classicula ex [[quinque]] navibus. Apud alios 240 [[nauta]]s erant [[Ioannes Sebastianus Elcano|Elcano]] navarchus vicarius et [[Antonius Pigafetta]] chronographus supernumerariusque, qui iter victuri fuissent. [[America Australis|Americam Australem]] attigit et [[Brasilia]]m visitavit, quae fuit terra [[Portugallia|Lusitana]]. [[Fretum]] advenit quod [[Fretum Magellanicum|nomen]] eius hodie fert. Hoc fretum, cuspem [[continens|continente]] dividens, [[oceanus|oceanos]] [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Atlanticum]] et [[Oceanus Pacificus|Pacificum]] coniungit. Hunc{{dubsig}} rebellionem subiugit, sed [[duo|duas]] [[navis|naves]] desideravit. Miros observabant quae sunt inter alios [[Sphenisciformes|aves sine pennae volatuque]] et [[Lama glama|dromedarii sine gibbo]]. [[Oceanus Pacificus|Oceanum Pacificum]] attigit, et tranquillitas eius observatus, nomen hodiernam appellavit. Oceanum transientes omnes naves duro magnopere passus erant, et alii esurie moriti fuerunt. Die [[13 Februarii]] [[1521]], insulas adventum quam appellata ab Magellano [[Insulae Latronum]] quod cleptas passus erat ex indigenis, nam nunc [[Insuae Marianae|Insulae Mariana]] et [[Guama]]. Die [[16 Martii]] [[1521]], insulae ''Homonhon'' [[Philippinae|Philippinarum]] adventum ab Magellano est, cum adhunc 150 nautis. Interprete Henrico communicare poterant. Vernaculo rege amicavit, sed apud rixam interfuit, ei pugnante litore Mactan interfectus fuit. [[Eduardus Barbosa]] eodem proelio mortuus est. Cetera fugerunt. Ex 237 Hispanicis, regressi sunt [[duodeviginti]] nautae die [[6 Septembris]], [[1522]], [[Ioannes Sebastianus Elcano|Ioanne Sebastiano Elcano]] duce. Unus eorum fuit [[Antonius Pigafetta]], qui totam expeditionem tradidit. == Notae == <references/> == Bibliographia == === Fontes primi === {{Pars vicificanda}} *{{Citation |last= Pigafetta |first= Antonio |authorlink= Antonio Pigafetta |title=Magellan's Voyage around the World |publisher=Arthur A. Clark |year= 1906 |isbn= |ref=harv}} (orig. ''[http://www.archive.org/details/primerviajeentor00piga Primer viaje en torno del globo]'' Retrieved on 2009-04-08). * [[Maximilianus Transylvanus]], ''De Moluccis insulis'', 1523, 1542. *{{Citation |last= Nowell |first= Charles E. ed. |title= Magellan's Voyage around the World: Three Contemporary Accounts |publisher=NU Press |location=Evanston |year= 1962 |isbn= }}. *<cite id=CITEREFStanley1874>''[http://dlxs.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=sea;cc=sea;sid=424383ff2ffa1020e1afb760b0fe4109;idno=sea061;view=toc The First Voyage Round the World, by Magellan]'', full text, English translation by Henry Stanley, 3rd Baron Stanley of Alderley, Londinii: Hakluyt, [1874] – six contemporary accounts of his voyage</cite>. *{{citation|last=Oliveira|first=Fernando|title=The Voyage of Ferdinand Magellan|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=MByAAAAAMAAJ|year=1550–1560|publication-date=2002|publisher=National Historical Institute|isbn=9789715381635}}, English translation by Peter Schreurs from the original Portuguese manuscript in the University Library of Lieden, The Netherlands. === Alii fontes === *{{Citation |last= Bergreen |first=Laurence |authorlink= Laurence Bergreen |title=Over the Edge of the World: Magellan's Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe |publisher=William Morrow |year= 2003 |month= 14 October|isbn= 9780066211732, ISBN 0-06-093638-X |laysummary= http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0066211735.asp }}. *{{Citation |last= Guillemard |first= Francis Henry Hill |title=The life of Ferdinand Magellan, and the first circumnavigation of the globe, 1480–1521 |publisher=G. Philip |year=1890 |url= http://www.archive.org/details/lifeofferdinandm00guil |accessdate=8 April 2009 }}. *{{Citation |last= Hildebrand |first=Arthur Sturges |title= Magellan |publisher=Harcourt, Brace & Co |location= Novi Eboraci |year= 1924 |isbn= 9781417914135 (reprint) }}. *{{Citation |last= Joyner |first= Tim |title=Magellan |publisher=International Marine Publishing |location= Camden, Me. |year=1992 |isbn= 9780070331280 }}. *{{Citation |last= Nunn |first= George E. |title= The Columbus and Magellan Concepts of South American Geography |year= 1932 |isbn= }}. *{{Citation |last= Parr |first= Charles M. |title= So Noble a Captain: The Life and Times of Ferdinand Magellan |publisher=Crowell |location=Novi Eboraci |year= 1953 |isbn= 0837185211, ISBN 0-8371-8521-1 }}. *{{Citation |last= Parry |first= J. H. |authorlink= J. H. Parry |title= The Discovery of South America |publisher=Taplinger |location= Novi Eboraci |year= 1979 |isbn= }}. *{{Citation |last= Parry |first= J. H. |title= The Discovery of the Sea |publisher=University of California Press |location= Berkley |year= 1981 |isbn= 978-0520042360 }}. *{{Citation |last= Parry |first= J. H. |title= The Spanish Seaborne Empire |publisher=Knopf |location= Novi Eboraci |year= 1970 |isbn= 978-0520071407 }}. *{{Citation |last= Pérez-Mallaína |first= Pablo E. |others= trans. Carla Rahn Phillips |title= Spain's Men of the Sea: Daily Life on the Indies Fleets in the Sixteenth Century |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location= Baltimore |year= 1998 |isbn= 9780801857461 |laysummary= http://www.marcusrediker.com/reviews/Perez_review.htm }}. *{{Citation |last= Roditi |first= Edouard |title= Magellan of the Pacific |publisher=Faber & Faber |location=Londinii |year= 1972 |isbn= 0571089453 }}. *{{Citation |last= Schurz |first=William L. |year=1922 |month=May |title= The Spanish Lake|journal=Hispanic American Historical Review |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=181–194 |id= |quote= |doi= 10.2307/2506024 |publisher=Duke University Press |postscript= . |jstor= 2506024 }}. *{{Citation |last= Thatcher |first=Oliver J. ed. |title=The Library of Original Sources |chapter= Vol. V: 9th to 16th Centuries |publisher=University Research Extension Co |year= 1907 |isbn= |pages= 41–57 |url= http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1519magellan.html |accessdate=8 April 2009 }}. *{{Citation |last= Wilford |first= John Noble |authorlink= John Noble Wilford |title= The Mapmakers |publisher=Knopf |location=Novi Eboraci |year= 2000 |isbn= 0375708502 |laysummary= http://www.cosmopolis.ch/english/cosmo33/history_cartography_mapmakers.htm }}. *{{Citation |last= Zweig |first= Stephanus |authorlink=Stephanus Zweig |title=Conqueror of the Seas: The Story of Magellan |publisher=Read Books|year= 2007 |isbn=1406760064 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=tLoWg9mMh04C&lpg=PA37&dq=cannanore%201506&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q=cannanore%201506 }}. (1K) {{Lifetime|1480|1521|Magellanus, Ferdinandus}} <!-- Military personnel killed in action People of Spanish colonial Philippines Portuguese Roman Catholics Deaths by blade weapons People from Vila Real District--> [[Categoria:Circumnavigatores]] [[Categoria:Exploratores Americae Australis]] [[Categoria:Exploratores Oceani Pacifici]] [[Categoria:Exploratores Portugallenses]] [[Categoria:Historia maritima Portugalliae]] [[Categoria:Incolae Portugalliae]] [[Categoria:Nautae]] [[Categoria:Necati]] [[Categoria:Philippinae]] {{1000 paginae}} {{Myrias|Homines}} eurcazzv9f7jhn5j30mjd7x94xrdqex 0 6922 3961757 3892118 2026-05-25T22:15:08Z LilyKitty 18316 eventa addo 3961757 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Calendarium-Maii}} '''25 Maii''' [[dies]] 145ª anni est (146ª [[Annus bisextilis|anni bisextilis]]) in [[Calendarium Gregorianum|calendario Gregoriano]]. 220 dies manent. Secundum [[calendarium Romanum]] est ''ante diem octavum Kalendas Iunias'', quae a.d. VIII Kal. Iun. abbreviantur. == Eventa == [[Fasciculus:Richard Cromwell (1626-1712), by Gerard Soest.jpg|thumb|left|95px|[[Richardus Cromwell]]]] === Saeculo 17 === * [[1659]] - [[Richardus Cromwell]], filius [[Olivarius Cromwell|Olivarii Cromwell]], ab officio Domini Protectoris [[Anglia]]e recedit. === Saeculo 19 === * [[1809]] - Proelium primum apud [[Bergisel]] factum: vigiles [[Tirolis|Tirolenses]] [[Andreas Hofer|Andrea Hofer]] duce exercitum [[Bavaria|Bavaricum]], qui [[Napoleo]]ne favente terram eorum occupaverat, vincunt. === Saeculo 20 === * [[1946]] - In [[Iordania]], postquam libertatem a [[Regnum Unitum|Regno Unito]] adepta est, regnum proprium proclamatur. * [[1963]] - [[Ordo unitatis Africanae]] decernitur. * [[1977]] - Pellicula fictionis scientiae ''[[Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope]]'' publicatur. * [[1993]] - [[Tribunal criminibus investigandis in quondam Iugoslavia perpetratis]] constituitur. === Saeculo 21 === * [[2002]] - [[Historia Vicipaediae Latinae|Vicipaedia Latina]] incipitur. * [[2008]] - ''[[Phoenix (navicula sideralis)|Phoenix]]'', inter stellas navicula sideralis administrationis [[NASA]], [[Mars (planeta)|Martem]] planetam advehitur. * [[2026]] - [[Epistula encyclica]] ''[[Magnifica humanitas]]'' a papa [[Leo XIV|Leone XIV]] publicatur. == Nati == === Saeculo 17 === * [[1616]] - [[Carolus Dolci]], [[pictor]] [[Italia]]nus (mortuus anno [[1686]]) === Saeculo 18 === * [[1713]] - [[Ioannes Stuart]], primus minister [[Britanniarum regnum|Britanniarum Regni]] (mortuus anno [[1792]]) * [[1762]] - [[Gualtherius Leake]], gubernator [[Mississippia]]e (mortuus anno [[1825]]) === Saeculo 19 === * [[1803]] - [[Radulphus Waldo Emerson]], [[scriptor]] et philosophus [[CFA|Americanus]] (mortuus [[1882]]) * [[1818]] - [[Iacobus Christophorus Burckhardt]], [[rerum gestarum scriptor]] [[Helvetia|Helveticus]] (mortuus anno [[1897]]) * [[1865]] ** [[Petrus Zeeman]], physicus [[Nederlandia|Nederlandicus]] (mortuus est anno [[1943]]) ** [[Fridericus Augustus III (rex Saxoniae)|Fridericus Augustus III]], rex [[Saxonia]]e (mortuus anno [[1932]]) ** [[Ioannes Raleigh Mott]], praedicator Americanus et praeses [[Societas Christiana Iuvenum|Societatis Christanae Iuvenum (YMCA)]] [[CFA|Americanus]] (mortuus anno [[1955]]) * [[1867]] - [[Ioannes Stuchell Fisher]], politicorum peritus Americanus factionis [[Factio Republicana (CFA)|Republicanae]] (mortuus anno [[1940]]) * 1882 - [[Alicia Herz]], pacifista Americana origine [[Germania|Germanica]] (mortua anno [[1965]]) * [[1888]] - [[Maximilianus Becker]], rerum politicarum peritus Germanicus factionis primo [[DVP]], deinde [[FDP]] (mortuus anno [[1960]]) * [[1889]] - [[Inguarus Sikorski]], constructor aeroplanorum et helicopterorum [[Russia|Russicus]] et Americanus (mortuus [[1972]]) === Saeculo 20 === * [[1909]] - [[Alfredus Kubel]], praeses ministrorum [[Saxonia Inferior|Saxoniae Inferioris]] (mortuus [[1999]]) * [[1921]] - [[Georgius Orelli]], scriptor et poeta Helveticus (mortuus anno [[2013]]) * [[1922]] - [[Henricus Berlinguer]], rerum politicarum peritus Italicus (mortuus anno [[1984]]) * [[1925]] ** [[Aldus Clementi]], [[compositor]] Italianus (mortuus anno [[2011]]) ** [[Claudius Pinoteau]], moderator cinematographicus [[Francia|Francicus]] (mortuus est anno [[2012]]) * [[1929]] - [[Werner Zeyer]], rerum politicarum peritus Germanicus (mortuus anno [[2000]]) * [[1931]] - [[Georgius Grečko]], cosmonauta [[URSS|Sovieticus]] (mortuus [[2017]]) * [[1939]] - [[Ioannes McKellen]], histrio Britannicus * [[1941]] - [[Helgus Dahl]], [[actor]] Sovieticus (mortuus [[1981]]) * [[1942]] - [[Alexander Kaljagin]], actor et moderator Sovieticus et Russicus * [[1944]] - [[Franklinus Oz]], actor et director Anglicus * [[1946]] - [[Washington Cruz]], sacerdos Congregationis Passionis Iesus Christi et a die [[2 Maii]] [[2002]] [[archiepiscopus]] [[Goyania]]e in [[Brasilia]] * [[1947]] - [[Petrus DeFazio]], rerum politicarum peritus Americanus factionis [[Factio Republicana (CFA)|Democraticae]] * [[1951]] - [[Franciscus Bayrou]], vir rerum politicarum peritus Francicus * [[1952]] - [[Petrus Stojanov]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Bulgaria]]e * [[1953]] ** [[Daniel Passarella]], pedilusor [[Argentina|Argentinus]] ** [[Caietanus Scirea]], pedilusor Italicus (mortuus anno [[1989]]) * 1955 - [[Alexander Burt]], rerum politicarum peritus Britannicus factionis [[Factio Conservativa (Britanniarum Regnum)|Conservativae]] * [[1957]] - [[Alexander Campbell]], politicorum peritus Britannicus * [[1959]] - [[Vladimirus Franz]], iurisprudens, compositor musicae et pictor [[Cechia|Cechicus]]. * [[1960]] - [[Amy Klobuchar]], rerum politicarum perita Americana factionis Democraticae * 1963 ** [[Torsten Albig]], vir publicus Germanicuset sodalis factionis [[SPD]]. ** [[Anna Consigny]], actrix Francica * [[1967]] - [[Lucas Nilis]], pedilusor [[Belgica|Belgicus]] * [[1982]] ** [[Daniel Braaten]], pediluso [[Norvegia|Norvegicus]] ** [[Rogerius Guerreiro]], pedilusor [[Polonia|Polonicus]] * [[1986]] - [[Ioannes Gouffran]], pedilusor Francicus == Mortui == === Saeculo 7 === * [[653]] - [[Bonifacius IV]], [[papa]] (natus anno [[550]]) === Saeculo 8 === * [[735]] - [[Beda]], auctor ''Historiae ecclesiasticae gentis Anglorum'' === Saeculo 11 === * [[1085]] - [[Gregorius VII]] papa (natus circa annum [[1020]]) === Saeculo 13 === * [[1261]] - [[Alexander IV]], papa (natus circiter [[1199]]). === Saeculo 16 === * [[1595]] - [[Philippus Nerius]], presbyter sanctus Italicus (natus est anno [[1515]]) === Saeculo 19 === * [[1813]] - [[Andreas Kaisarov]], diurnarius et poeta Russicus (natus anno [[1782]]) * [[1862]] - [[Ioannes Nestroy]], actor, [[cantor]], et scriptor praecipue [[Ludus scaenicus|fabularum scaenicarum]] [[Imperium Austro-Hungaricum|Austriacus]] (natus anno [[1802]]) * [[1899]] - [[Rosa Bonheur]], pictrix Francica (nata anno [[1822]]) === Saeculo 20 === * [[1911]] - [[Basilius Ključevskij]], historicus Russicus (natus [[1841]]) * [[1912]] - [[Augustinus Lane Crothers]], gubernator [[Terra Mariae|Terrae Mariae]] (natus anno [[1860]]) * [[1917]] - [[Maximus Bahdanovič]], poeta [[Ruthenia Alba|Albaruthenicus]] (natus [[1891]]) * [[1945]] - [[Damianus Bednyj]], poeta Russicus Sovieticus (natus [[1883]]) * [[1972]] - [[Asta Nielsen]], actrix [[Dania|Danica]] (nata anno [[1881]]) * [[1983]] - [[Idris I]], [[Libya]]e rex annis 1951 - [[1969]] (natus anno [[1890]]) === Saeculo 21 === * [[2010]] - [[Silvius Magnago]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Alta Athesia - Tirolis Meridionalis|Altae Athesiae - Tirolis Meridionalis]] (natus anno [[1914]]) * [[2014]] - [[Wojciech Jaruzelski]], generalis et politicus [[Polonia|Polonicus]]; natus est anno [[1923]] * [[2018]] - [[Hildegarda-Carola Puwak]], politica [[Romania|Dacoromana]]; (nata anno [[1949]]) * [[2020]] - [[Mors Georgii Floyd|Georgius Floyd]] victima violentiae vigilum in Civitatibus Foederatis (natus anno [[1973]]) == Festa et Feriae == * Sanctus [[Aldhelmus]], abbas et episcopus * Sanctus [[Beda|Beda Venerabilis]] * Sanctus Canius de Atella, episcopus et martyr * Sanctus Gerius, veneratus Potentiae in Piceno * Sanctus [[Gregorius VII]], papa * Sancta [[Magdalena Sophia Barata]], virgo * Sancta Maria Magdalena de Pazzis, virgo * Sanctus Sentius de Beda, martyr * Sanctus [[Urbanus I]], papa * Sanctus [[Zenobius]], epicopus Florentinus * Dies Libertatis (Iordania) * Dies Revolutionis (Argentina) * [[Dies Africae]] ([[Unio Africana]]) {{menses}} [[Categoria:Dies]] ap5dmnuucmbuoe4myii0n47ltp668mp 0 8915 3961728 3960116 2026-05-25T16:54:05Z ~2026-31369-23 209982 Nonnulla errata grammatica correxi. 3961728 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} [[Sanctus]] {{res|Philippus Romulus Nerius}} ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]] ''Filippo Romolo Neri''), fundator [[Oratorium (Congregatio)|Congregationis Oratorii]], homo fuit a Romanis tam amatus, ut usque ad hodie "Apostolus Romae" vocatur, locum occupans cum Sanctis [[Petrus|Petro]] et [[Paulus|Paulo]]. Natus [[Florentia]]e [[21 Iulii]] [[1515]] familiae piae, Sanctus Philippus educatus est a [[Ordo Praedicatorum|Dominicanis]] apud conventum Sancti Marci. Anno circa decimo sexto aetatis missus est ad fratrem patris, ut negotium sumeeret. Bonum et honorabile negotium hic praebuit ei, sed Filippus electus erat in maiora. Anno [[1553]] omnibus relictis [[Roma]]m peregrinavit, et ibi vitam egit valde devotam. Paulatim comedit, et die noctuque oravit, saepe in catacombis primitivis. Post tempus, vitam magis apostolicam accepit et anno [[1548]] fundans hospitium [[Sanctissima Trinitas Peregrinorum|Sanctissimae Trinitatis Peregrinorum]], cui opus erat peregrinos ad festos dies [[Iubilaeum|anni sancti]] inopes [[1550]] Romam advenientibus adiuvare. Propter claram sanctitatem eius multi Romani cum eo congregaverunt, et post ordinationem ad sacerdotium haec congregatio, formata sine ullo programmate, formam accepit amplius definitivam. Nonnulli viri magni illius temporis, tamquam [[Ioannes Petrus Aloysius Praenestinus]], [[Caesar Baronius]], et alii ei sociati sunt. Anno [[1575]] societas illa formam stabilem accepit a [[Sancta Sedes|Sancta Sede]], et postea florebat apud ecclesiam [[Sancta Maria in Valicella (ecclesia)|Sanctae Mariae in Valicella]]. Philippus tamen humilis noluit abandonare vitam simplicem, quam vixit apud ecclesiam Sancti Hieronimi a Caritate, et tantum versus finem suum vitam ad [[Ecclesia Nova|Ecclesiam Novam]] se transtulit. Insignus est miraculis, sed magis magna caritate, quae vitam decorabat. Initium dedit [[Gyrus septem ecclesiarum|itinerario septem ecclesiarum]] inter multa alia opera sui amoris, quae devotionem populi Romani valde excitabant. Successor in [[Congregatio Oratorii|Congregatione Oratorii]] erat [[Caesar Baronius]], [[historicus]] et [[cardinalis]]. == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biographici}} * [http://www.oratoriosanfilippo.org Procura Generalis Confoederationis Oratorii S. Philippi Nerii] * [http://www.institut-philipp-neri.de Institutus Sancti Philippi Nerii] [[Berolinum|Berolini]] {{Lifetime|1515|1595|Nerius, Philippus}} [[Categoria:Sancti]] [[Categoria:Incolae Italiae|Nerius, Philippus]] [[Categoria:Nati 1515]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1595]] bvic9y4cxu56jd4wtzqyyhskvcqwlf8 3961747 3961728 2026-05-25T20:19:18Z Grufo 64423 Casus obliquus rem praefert 3961747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} [[Sanctus]] {{res|Philippus Romulus Nerius}} ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]] ''Filippo Romolo Neri''), fundator [[Oratorium (Congregatio)|Congregationis Oratorii]], homo fuit a Romanis tam amatus, ut usque ad hodie "Apostolus Romae" vocatur, locum occupans cum Sanctis [[Petrus|Petro]] et [[Paulus|Paulo]]. Natus [[Florentia]]e [[21 Iulii]] [[1515]] familiae piae, Sanctus Philippus educatus est a [[Ordo Praedicatorum|Dominicanis]] apud conventum Sancti Marci. Anno circa decimo sexto aetatis missus est ad fratrem patris, ut negotium sumeeret. Bonum et honorabile negotium hic praebuit ei, sed Filippus electus erat in maiora. Anno [[1553]] omnibus rebus relictis [[Roma]]m peregrinavit, et ibi vitam egit valde devotam. Paulatim comedit, et die noctuque oravit, saepe in catacombis primitivis. Post tempus, vitam magis apostolicam accepit et anno [[1548]] fundans hospitium [[Sanctissima Trinitas Peregrinorum|Sanctissimae Trinitatis Peregrinorum]], cui opus erat peregrinos ad festos dies [[Iubilaeum|anni sancti]] inopes [[1550]] Romam advenientibus adiuvare. Propter claram sanctitatem eius multi Romani cum eo congregaverunt, et post ordinationem ad sacerdotium haec congregatio, formata sine ullo programmate, formam accepit amplius definitivam. Nonnulli viri magni illius temporis, tamquam [[Ioannes Petrus Aloysius Praenestinus]], [[Caesar Baronius]], et alii ei sociati sunt. Anno [[1575]] societas illa formam stabilem accepit a [[Sancta Sedes|Sancta Sede]], et postea florebat apud ecclesiam [[Sancta Maria in Valicella (ecclesia)|Sanctae Mariae in Valicella]]. Philippus tamen humilis noluit abandonare vitam simplicem, quam vixit apud ecclesiam Sancti Hieronimi a Caritate, et tantum versus finem suum vitam ad [[Ecclesia Nova|Ecclesiam Novam]] se transtulit. Insignus est miraculis, sed magis magna caritate, quae vitam decorabat. Initium dedit [[Gyrus septem ecclesiarum|itinerario septem ecclesiarum]] inter multa alia opera sui amoris, quae devotionem populi Romani valde excitabant. Successor in [[Congregatio Oratorii|Congregatione Oratorii]] erat [[Caesar Baronius]], [[historicus]] et [[cardinalis]]. == Nexus externi == {{Fontes biographici}} * [http://www.oratoriosanfilippo.org Procura Generalis Confoederationis Oratorii S. Philippi Nerii] * [http://www.institut-philipp-neri.de Institutus Sancti Philippi Nerii] [[Berolinum|Berolini]] {{Lifetime|1515|1595|Nerius, Philippus}} [[Categoria:Sancti]] [[Categoria:Incolae Italiae|Nerius, Philippus]] [[Categoria:Nati 1515]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1595]] 0davcewyel59eyd0j9acyx63vv73bha 0 11938 3961666 3960706 2026-05-25T12:04:38Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3961666 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Carboxylic Acid General Structure V.1.svg|thumb|upright=0.5|Generalis acidi carboxylici forma.]] [[Fasciculus:Carboxylate-resonance-hybrid.png|thumb|upright=0.5|[[Anion]] carboxylatum.]] [[Fasciculus:Carboxyl-3D-space-filling-labelled.png |thumb|upright=0.5|Forma acidi carboxylici in tribus dimensionibus.]] '''Acidum carboxylicum''' est [[compositum chemicum]] [[Chemia organica|organicum]] quod gregem carboxylicum (C(=O)OH) cum [[Radicale (chemia)|radicali]] organico (nota R, saepe alkylo, hoc est cum catena hydrocarbonea) coniungit.<ref>{{GoldBookRef|title=carboxylic acids|file=C00852}}</ref> Formula generalis est '''R–COOH,''' ubi ''R'' gregem alkyl describit. In [[aqua]] tepida [[Proton|protonem]] emittunt et [[anion|anionta]] formant COOH^-: ita sunt acida debilia. [[Acidum adipatum|Acida adipata]] quae in animalium cellulis energiam coacervant in [[Triglyceridum|triglyceridis]] sunt acida caboxylica<ref>C. Colette, L. Monnier. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1957255711702346 Acides gras : classification, fonction et équilibre entre les différentes familles]", ''Médecine des Maladies Métaboliques'', 2011: 237-245</ref>. [[Aminoacidum|Aminoacida]] e quibus [[Proteina|proteinae]] constant et gregem [[Acidum carboxylicum|carboxylum]] COOH et gregem aminum NH₂ praebent (e.g. [[glycinum]] NH₂CH₂COOH). == De nominibus == Secundum [[IUPAC]] nomen acidi e nomine alcani cognati addito suffixo -oïcum ducitur. [[Adiectivus]] ita formatum nomini "acido" adponitur. Ita ex [[Methanum|methano]] acidum methanoïcum, ex [[Ethanum|ethano]] acidum ethanoïcum, e propano [[Acidum propionicum|acidum propanoïcum]] etc. Revera primum quod simplicissimum e sua categoria est (H–COOH) [[acidum formicum]] vulgo appellatur quia in [[formica|formicarum]] veneno invenitur. Secundum [[acidum aceticum]] appellari solet quia in [[Acetum|aceto]] invenitur (CH₃–COOH). == De fabricatione == Acida carboxylica saepe ex oxidatione [[Alcohol|alcoholium]] primariorum aut [[Aldehydum|aldehydorum]] cognatorum oriuntur. Ita in aëre vinum ([[ethanolum]]) acetum (acidum ethanoïcum) naturaliter fit (CH₃CH₂OH + O₂</sub> → CH₃COOH + H₂O) . In laboratoriis ad citius oxidanda alcoholia et aldehyda saepe [[Kalium|kalii]] [[Manganum|permanganato]] utuntur. == Exempla == * [[Acidum adipatum]] * [[Acidum carbonicum]] * [[Acidum formicum]] * [[Acidum aceticum]] * [[Acidum propionicum]] {{NexInt}} * [[Acidum butyricum]] * [[Aminoacidum]] * [[Ester]] * [[Oxidatio]] ==Notae== <references/> == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Carboxylic_acids acida carboxylica] pertinent * [https://chimie.ens-lyon.fr/sites/default/files/2025-10/Cours-acides-carbo-et-derives-maelle-mosser-19-20.pdf Lectio ENS Lyon (Maella Mosser)] ==Bibliographia== *Riemenschneider, Wilhelm. [[2002]]. "Carboxylic Acids, Aliphatic." ''Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry.'' Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a05_235. ISBN 3527306730.. {{chem-stipula}} [[Categoria:Acida carboxylica|!]] {{Myrias|Physica}} 309cybxc0heai2aad3nbsaru0g4ynfe 3961667 3961666 2026-05-25T12:05:18Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3961667 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Carboxylic Acid General Structure V.1.svg|thumb|upright=0.5|Generalis acidi carboxylici forma.]] [[Fasciculus:Carboxylate-resonance-hybrid.png|thumb|upright=0.5|[[Anion]] carboxylatum.]] [[Fasciculus:Carboxyl-3D-space-filling-labelled.png |thumb|upright=0.5|Forma acidi carboxylici in tribus dimensionibus.]] '''Acidum carboxylicum''' est [[compositum chemicum]] [[Chemia organica|organicum]] quod gregem carboxylicum (C(=O)OH) cum [[Radicale (chemia)|radicali]] organico (nota R, saepe alkylo, hoc est cum catena hydrocarbonea) coniungit.<ref>{{GoldBookRef|title=carboxylic acids|file=C00852}}</ref> Formula generalis est '''R–COOH,''' ubi ''R'' gregem alkyl describit. In [[aqua]] tepida [[Proton|protonem]] emittunt et [[anion|anionta]] formant COOH^-: ita sunt acida debilia. [[Acidum adipatum|Acida adipata]] quae in animalium cellulis energiam coacervant in [[Triglyceridum|triglyceridis]] sunt acida caboxylica<ref>C. Colette, L. Monnier. "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1957255711702346 Acides gras : classification, fonction et équilibre entre les différentes familles]", ''Médecine des Maladies Métaboliques'', 2011: 237-245</ref>. [[Aminoacidum|Aminoacida]] e quibus [[Proteina|proteinae]] constant et gregem carboxylum COOH et gregem aminum NH₂ praebent (e.g. [[glycinum]] NH₂CH₂COOH). == De nominibus == Secundum [[IUPAC]] nomen acidi e nomine alcani cognati addito suffixo -oïcum ducitur. [[Adiectivus]] ita formatum nomini "acido" adponitur. Ita ex [[Methanum|methano]] acidum methanoïcum, ex [[Ethanum|ethano]] acidum ethanoïcum, e propano [[Acidum propionicum|acidum propanoïcum]] etc. Revera primum quod simplicissimum e sua categoria est (H–COOH) [[acidum formicum]] vulgo appellatur quia in [[formica|formicarum]] veneno invenitur. Secundum [[acidum aceticum]] appellari solet quia in [[Acetum|aceto]] invenitur (CH₃–COOH). == De fabricatione == Acida carboxylica saepe ex oxidatione [[Alcohol|alcoholium]] primariorum aut [[Aldehydum|aldehydorum]] cognatorum oriuntur. Ita in aëre vinum ([[ethanolum]]) acetum (acidum ethanoïcum) naturaliter fit (CH₃CH₂OH + O₂</sub> → CH₃COOH + H₂O) . In laboratoriis ad citius oxidanda alcoholia et aldehyda saepe [[Kalium|kalii]] [[Manganum|permanganato]] utuntur. == Exempla == * [[Acidum adipatum]] * [[Acidum carbonicum]] * [[Acidum formicum]] * [[Acidum aceticum]] * [[Acidum propionicum]] {{NexInt}} * [[Acidum butyricum]] * [[Aminoacidum]] * [[Ester]] * [[Oxidatio]] ==Notae== <references/> == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Carboxylic_acids acida carboxylica] pertinent * [https://chimie.ens-lyon.fr/sites/default/files/2025-10/Cours-acides-carbo-et-derives-maelle-mosser-19-20.pdf Lectio ENS Lyon (Maella Mosser)] ==Bibliographia== *Riemenschneider, Wilhelm. [[2002]]. "Carboxylic Acids, Aliphatic." ''Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry.'' Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a05_235. ISBN 3527306730.. {{chem-stipula}} [[Categoria:Acida carboxylica|!]] {{Myrias|Physica}} kiwv3p58unvrs55212i5fxn9j4q467q 0 16778 3961791 2408719 2026-05-26T02:24:40Z Bartholomite 116968 3961791 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa documenti pontificii Vicidatorum}} {{ores|Deus caritas est}} est [[encyclicae|encyclica epistula]] prima quam scripsit [[Papa]] [[Benedictus XVI]] in sua lingua materna, [[Theodisca]], circa annum Domini [[2005]]. Encyclica recogitat diversitates et proximitates ''[[eros|eri]]'' ''[[agape]]'' et ''[[logos|logi]]'' secundum disciplinas [[Iesus Christus|Iesu Christo]]. Similis Encyclica Papae [[Iohannes Paulus II|Iohanne Pauli II]] [[Redemptor Hominis|Redemptore Hominis]] praedictio pontificatorum [[Papa]]e [[Benedictus XVI]] creditur. == Nexus externus == * [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xvi_enc_20051225_deus-caritas-est_lt.html Textus Encyclicae] {{Ling| Latine}} {{reli-stipula}} {{Encyclicae epistulae a Benedicto XVI}} [[Categoria:Encyclicae Benedicti XVI]] [[Categoria:Scripta 2006]] he1ndi73yvhkvge9vtlqnj2knua4xa8 3961821 3961791 2026-05-26T05:25:51Z Bartholomite 116968 3961821 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa documenti pontificii Vicidatorum}} {{lres|Deus caritas est}} est [[encyclicae|encyclica epistula]] prima quam scripsit [[Papa]] [[Benedictus XVI]] in sua lingua materna, [[Theodisca]], circa annum Domini [[2005]]. Encyclica recogitat diversitates et proximitates ''[[eros|eri]]'' ''[[agape]]'' et ''[[logos|logi]]'' secundum disciplinas [[Iesus Christus|Iesu Christo]]. Similis Encyclica Papae [[Iohannes Paulus II|Iohanne Pauli II]] [[Redemptor Hominis|Redemptore Hominis]] praedictio pontificatorum [[Papa]]e [[Benedictus XVI]] creditur. == Nexus externus == * [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xvi_enc_20051225_deus-caritas-est_lt.html Textus Encyclicae] {{Ling| Latine}} {{titulus ad litteram}} {{reli-stipula}} {{Encyclicae epistulae a Benedicto XVI}} [[Categoria:Encyclicae Benedicti XVI]] [[Categoria:Scripta 2006]] 7ddt786gkqmxtivqwjtug91crxujkz1 3961825 3961821 2026-05-26T05:35:43Z Bartholomite 116968 3961825 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa documenti pontificii Vicidatorum}} {{lres|Deus caritas est}} [[incipit]] [[encyclicae|encyclica epistula]] prima quam scripsit [[Papa]] [[Benedictus XVI]] in sua lingua materna, [[Theodisca]], circa annum Domini [[2005]]. Encyclica recogitat diversitates et proximitates ''[[eros|eri]]'' ''[[agape]]'' et ''[[logos|logi]]'' secundum disciplinas [[Iesus Christus|Iesu Christo]]. Similis Encyclica Papae [[Iohannes Paulus II|Iohanne Pauli II]] [[Redemptor Hominis|Redemptore Hominis]] praedictio pontificatorum [[Papa]]e [[Benedictus XVI]] creditur. == Nexus externus == * [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xvi_enc_20051225_deus-caritas-est_lt.html Textus Encyclicae] {{Ling| Latine}} {{titulus ad litteram}} {{reli-stipula}} {{Encyclicae epistulae a Benedicto XVI}} [[Categoria:Encyclicae Benedicti XVI]] [[Categoria:Scripta 2006]] hsmgrh9zwutvxepv8ynjv4cu5i27h1u 14 17377 3961806 2409780 2026-05-26T03:17:30Z Grufo 64423 +{{Facienda}} 3961806 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Facienda | Formula {{Fn|titulus ad litteram}} omnibus paginis addenda est (vide paginas in [[:Categoria:Bullae|categoria bullarum]]) | Formula {{Fn|lres}} omnibus paginis addenda est (vide paginas in [[:Categoria:Bullae|categoria bullarum]]) }} [[Encyclica Epistula|Epistulae Encyclicae]] litterae [[papa|paparum sunt]]. Inter notissimas sunt: [[Categoria:Documenta Ecclesiae Catholicae]] [[Categoria:Documenta Latina]] imj7iww5or4sojupfj855okhqx0617d 0 19901 3961824 2410343 2026-05-26T05:31:42Z Bartholomite 116968 3961824 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa documenti pontificii Vicidatorum}} {{lres|Centesimus annus}} est [[encyclicae|encyclica epistula]] quam scripsit [[Papa]] [[Ioannes Paulus II]] anno [[1991]] in memoria centesimi anni editionis [[Leo XIII|Papae Leonis XIII]] [[encyclicae|encyclicae epistulae]] "[[Rerum novarum]]." == Nexus externus == *[http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_01051991_centesimus-annus_lt.html Textus Encyclicae ] {{titulus ad litteram}} {{reli-stipula}} {{Encyclicae epistulae a Ioanne Paulo II}} {{Encyclicae Sociales}} [[Categoria:Scripta 1991]] cmyxsx2pg2vx3wk87wj473n9cp3wyqh 0 25726 3961726 3871945 2026-05-25T16:25:29Z LilyKitty 18316 de historia 3961726 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rhenania''' ([[Germanice]]: ''Rheinland'') regio est circa [[Rhenus|Rheni]] ripas [[Germania|Germanicas]]. Hodie sita est in [[Terra Foederalis Germaniae|terris foederalibus]] [[Rhenania Septentrionalis-Vestfalia|Rhenania et Vestphalia]] nec non [[Rhenania-Palatinatus|Rhenania Palatina]]. Maximae [[urbs|urbes]] Rhenaniae sunt [[Aquae Mattiacae]], [[Aquisgranum]], [[Assindia]], [[Augusta Treverorum]], [[Bonna]], [[Colonia Agrippina]], [[Confluentia]], [[Dusseldorpium]], [[Moguntiacum]], [[Thuiscoburgum]]. Rhenanici homines hilares et aperti putantur. Celebri sunt [[carnelevarium|carnelevario]] Rhenano. Celebri (vel etiam famosi) Rhenanici sunt: *[[Conradus Adenauer]] *[[Ludovicus van Beethoven]] *[[Iosephus Goebbels]] *[[Editha Frank]] *[[Carolus Marx]] ==Historia prisca== Rhenania fuit [[Germania Superior|provincia Romana]] a tempore [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesaris]] ad aetatem [[Franci|Francorum]]. Augusta Treverorum iam Imperii caput fuit. Imperio Romano deleto, Rhenania fuit regio media in regno [[Austrasia]]e. Ab anno [[1925]]<ref>A Foedu Locarno.</ref> ad annum [[1936]]<ref>Ab [[incursio magna|incursione]] [[Nazismus|Natismi]] destructa est.</ref>, Rhenania [[zona dearmata]] fuit. == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Imago:Rheinland 1905.png|Rhenania anno [[1905]]° Image:Rhineland.jpg|Tabula geographica [[Anglice|Anglica]], quae autem a Rheno sinistram solum partem Rhenaniae indicat. </gallery> ==Notae== <references/> {{NexInt}} *[[6070 Rheinland]] [[Categoria:Germania]] [[Categoria:Regiones Europae]] jbz4k7fhfkdhpo5kv7a4b7d8qx6o2kt 0 31489 3961810 3903584 2026-05-26T03:50:32Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3961810 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:TitusBrandsma1932.jpg|thumb|Titus Brandsma (1932)]] Sanctus '''Titus Brandisma''' (natus Bolsward in provincia [[Frisia]] in [[Nederlandia]] die [[23 Februarii]] [[1881]]; necatus [[Dachanum|Dachani]] in [[Germania]] die [[26 Iulii]] [[1942]]) fuit [[sacerdos]], [[professor]], [[carmelitae|carmelita]], [[martyr]] [[Ecclesia Catholica|Catholicus]]. [[Beatificatio|Beatificatus]] est ab [[Ioannes Paulus II|Ioanne Paulo Papa II]] die [[3 Novembris]] [[1985]]. Patronus est [[Unio Internationalis Esperantistarum Catholicorum|esperantistarum catholicorum]]; eius dies festus 27 Iulii est.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220315094143/https://www.lokalkompass.de/bedburg-hau/c-kultur/seliger-titus-brandsma-gedenktag-27-juli_a6444 "Seliger Titus Brandsma, Gedenktag 27. Juli."]</ref> Die 15 Maii 2022 sanctus proclamatus est.<ref>[https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/events/event.dir.html/content/vaticanevents/en/2022/5/15/canonizzazione.html Res apud www.vatican.va].</ref> ==Vita== [[Fasciculus:Nijmegen - Plaquette bij het beeld van Titus Brandsma gemaakt door Gerard Mathot in de Thomas van Aquinostraat.jpg|thumb|Tabula commemorativa Noviomagi]] Brandsma discipulus gymnasium Franciscanorum ad Megen in [[Brabantia Septentrionalis|Brabantia Septentrionali]] fuit, ubi iam in adulescentia [[mystica]]e studere coepit. Quod desiderium apud [[carmelitae|Carmelitas]] in conventibus ad Boxmeer, Zenderen et Oss sitis, ubi tempus sacerdotale praeparatorium degebat, auctum est. Anno 1898 ipse carmelita factus est quippe qui istius ordinis vitam contemplativam vivacitate spiritali mixtam magni aestimaret. Anno 1901 [[Teresia Abulensis|Teresiae Abulensis]] scripta ad anthologiam magnam composuit. Ordinatus est sacerdos in aeternum secundum ordinem Melchisedech anno 1905. [[Roma]]e studiosus factus doctoratu in philosophicis anno 1909 laureatus est. ====Cursus honorum scientificus==== [[File:Katoliko.svg|thumb|Brandsma, patronus esperantistarum catholicorum]] Eodem anno professor in schola superiore Carmelitana ad Oss proclamatus est. Una cum confratibus tribus Teresianas res in [[lingua Nederlandica|linguam Batavicam]] vertere incohatus est. Tomus primus a Tito Brandsma solo confectus est. In tomum tertium autem, qui in lucem prolatus est anno 1926, conversionem operis maioris mystici tradidit, i.e. de ''Animae clausis''. Cum sub custodia Germanica esset biographiam alteram Teresiae pepigit. Quae post mortem anno 1946 edita est. Anno 1923 universitate catholica [[Noviomagus Batavorum|Noviomagensi]] condita professor nominatus est. Annis inter 1932 et 1933 rectoris magnifici munere functus est. Eius erant historia philosophiae argenteae instruenda necnon mystica maiorum localium tradenda. De mysticis inter Batavos symbolas plures exaravit. Brandsma in universitariis aedibus Institutum de historia mysticae Batavicae exploranda fundavit, cui incepto copiam textuum spiritalium antiquiorum addidit. Collectio ista ducentis in voluminibus sparsa et nostris diebus gravitudine non caret. Die 7 Maii 1968 ad laborem Brandsmaicum perficiendum institutum conditum est quod eius nomen portare dignatus est. Anno 1927 Brandsma periodicum praetitulatum "Ons Geestelijk Erf" fieri iussit. Neque ''Encyclopaedia Catholica'' annis inter 1933 et 1939 sine auxilio Titi creari potuit. Titus doctissimus umquam nec labores sacerdotales nec vitam monasticam neglexit. Itaque et Noviomagus et [[Moguntiacum]] monasteriis novis Carmelitarum gaudere potuerunt. In iuventute erudienda quoque excellebat. In rixis linguisticis [[Frisia]]e etiam feliciter mediatoris partes egit et iram excitatorum placavit. Anno 1917 cum aliis ''Roomsk Frysk Boun'' condidit et in praesidio de scientiis [[lingua Frisica|linguae Frisicae]] vulgandis consulebat. Itaque ex anno 1937 discipuli tirones multi sponte sua Frisicum idioma docti sunt. Anno post vel academia nomine ''Fryske-Akademie'' advenit! Titus indefessus ligamina inter catholicismum Romanum et Frisiam corroborabat et iam anno 1926 peregrinatio in vestigiis [[bonifatius (sanctus)|Sancti Bonifatii]] ad Dokkum organizata est. Anno 1937 societas culturalis ''Frisiae Catholicae'' primo convenit. ====Titus martyr==== Brandsma, qui variis commissionibus paedagogicis intererat, ante occupatores Germanos aequitatem discipulorum omnium sublineavit. Publice scripsit de barbaro momento in notionibus socialismi nationalis; eo agente discipuli Iudaei non statim ex scholis expulsi sunt. Ex anno 1935 diurnarios contra periculum Germanicum instruxerat. Cum Germani mense Decembri flagitavissent, ut in periodicis catholicis commentationes nazisticae apparerent, Titus egit. Archiepiscopo de Jong consentiente foliorum catholicorum redactores visitati sunt. Die 19 Ianuarii 1942 Brandsma proditus est et in [[carcer]]em missus est. Post multos cruciatus, in quibus servitia sacerdotalia erga captivos alios pergebat, die 26 Iulii in [[castra carceralia|castris carceralibus]] [[Dachanum|Dachani]] necatus est. Anno 1955 beatificationis processus incipiebat quae die 3 Novembris 1985 effecta est. Ex 15 Maii 2022 inter sanctos erit.<ref>[https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2022/03/04/0155/00334.html Concistoro Ordinario Pubblico per il voto su alcune cause di Canonizzazione, 4.3.2022]</ref> == Bibliographia == * H. W. F. Aukes, ''Het leven van Titus Brandsma'', Het Spectrum, Traiecti ad Rhenum 1961 * Redemptus Maria Valabek (ed.), ''Essays on Titus Brandsma. Carmelite, Educator, Journalist, Martyr'', Institutum Carmelitanum, Romae 1985, ISBN 88-7288-000-9 ==Nexus externi== {{commonscat|Titus Brandsma|Titum Brandsma}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20211203222112/http://esperokatolika.org/ek19811985/ek1985_11.htm#3 "La moderna martiro Tito Brandsma''.] Apud: Espero Katolika, 11/1985 *[https://web.archive.org/web/20220124172238/https://www.museumfederatiefryslan.nl/musea/titus-brandsmahuis/ Pagina domestica musei in eius memoriam erecti] * {{DNB-Portal|11867322X}} ==Notae== <references/> {{Lifetime|1881|1942|Brandsma, Titus}} [[Categoria:Carmelitae]] [[Categoria:Eruditi Nederlandiae]] [[Categoria:Esperantistae]] [[Categoria:Lingua Frisica]] [[Categoria:Necati]] [[Categoria:Philosophi]] [[Categoria:Presbyteri catholici]] [[Categoria:Sancti]] [[Categoria:Victimae Nazistarum]] ~ 4n8qyicx6otwfa64mm6d32h9pqu09y4 0 34039 3961736 3501964 2026-05-25T18:32:32Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3961736 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|37.27|N|24.54|E|source:wikidata|display=title}} {{L1}} {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Brainsik-ermoupoli.jpg|thumb|left|Portus [[Hermupolis]] insulae Syri]] '''Syros''' ([[Graece]] Σύρος, f.sg.) est insula [[Graecia]]e in catena [[Cyclades|Cycladum]] [[Mare Aegaeum|maris Aegaei]] sita, olim nomo vel praefecturae [[Cyclades (nomus Graeciae)|Cycladibus]] tributa, nunc [[Unitas regionalis (Graecia)|unitas regionalis]] et simul [[demus]] nomine ''Syros-Hermupolis'' ({{polytonic|Περιφερειακή ενότητα Σύρου, Δήμος Σύρου-Ερμούπολης}}) regionis [[Aegaeum Australe (regio Graeciae)|Aegaei Australis]]. Area insulae est 84 km², area unitatis regionalis, ad quam etiam insula non iam habitata [[Gyaros]] necnon aliae insulae parvae pertinent, est 102 km². Summus Syri mons, qui ad altitudinem 442 metrorum surgit, ''Pyrgos'' appellatur. Nomen insulae, quod "saxosa" valet, a [[Phoenices|Phoenicibus]] datum est, qui eam [[Saeculum 8 a.C.n.|saeculo octavo a.C.n.]] occupaverant. Caput insulae et administrativa [[demus|demi]] sedes, qui die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2011]] pristinis demis Hermupoli, Posidonia, Superiore Syro coniunctis factus est, est urbs [[Hermupolis]] (Ερμούπολη). == Indoles insulae == In Syro insula, cui fere 20 000 incolarum sunt, [[Holus|olera]], [[Olea|olivae]] [[frumentum]], [[vinum]] coluntur. Societas maximi momenti autem est [[navale]] nomine "Neorion", quod curationem ac reparationem magnarum [[navis|navium]] perficit. [[Periegesis]] nisi [[Graecia|Graecorum]] minoris momenti est. [[Piscator|Piscatio]], ut paene tota Graecia, ad res oeconimas iam vix quicquam confert. [[Fasciculus:Gallissas beach.jpg|thumb|left|Vicus Galessae et ora eius]] In insula occidentali, meridiana et orientali nonnullae orae (Cinion, Galessas, Phoenicas, Posidonia, Magnus Gyalos, Bare et Azolimnos) sunt. Insula septentrionalis difficilior aditu est. Paucis [[Mille passus|milibus]] a capite septentrionali in boreo-occidentem insula [[Gyaros]] non habitata sita est. [[Fasciculus:Syros emoupolis rathaus 240707.jpg|thumb|left|Curia Hermupoleos cum monumento [[Andreas Miaules|Miaulis]], praefecti classis.]] Locus medius est [[Hermupolis]]. Tempore [[Bellum rerum novarum Graecum|seditionis contra Turcas]] annis [[1820]] orta ([[1834]] publice urbs declarata est) mox medius rerum oeconomicarum locus Graeciae et portus maximi momenti facta, etsi postea gravitate [[Piraeus|Piraeo]] cessit, tamen adhuc magnificum urbis [[saeculum 19|saeculi undevicesimi]] aspectum praebet plurima aedifica stilo [[Neoclassicismus|neoclassico]], qui vocatur, aedificata asservantis. {{Vide-etiam|Hermupolis}} Urbs antiquior a regimine [[Respublica Veneta|Veneto]] repetens, quae in colle Hermupoli imminentem aedificata est, [[Ano Syros]] (i.e. ''Superior Syros'') appellatur. {{Vide-etiam|Ano Syros}} Portus insulae frequentatissimus est. Naves paene quaque dimidia hora invehuntur aut exeunt. Hinc cotidie quaevis Cycladum insula appetitur, [[Piraeus]] cotidie pluries. Aliae insulae sicut [[Rhodus]] vel [[Creta]] bis aut ter quot septimanis appetuntur. In insula austro-orientali prope Hermupolim parvum [[aëroportus]] est. Donec [[Canalis Corinthius]] aperiretur, portus Syri maximus Graeciae portus mercatorius fuit. Syros insula [[Cyclades|Cycladum]] quasi media Graecis locus periegeticus valde acceptus est, non solum ob multa aedificia [[Neoclassicismus|neoclassica]] Hermupoli conservata, sed etiam propter [[aleatorium]], quod non paucis incolis odio est. Incolae Syri olim paene omnes [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Catholici]] [[Ecclesia Latina|ritus Latini]] fuerunt. Circiter ab anno [[1820]] multis Graecis profugis ibi collocatis ([[Bellum rerum novarum Graecum]]), qui plurimi [[Ecclesiae Orthodoxae|Orthodoxi]] erant, pars Catholicorum usque ad hunc diem ad 40 % reducta est. Toto anno, imprimis autem die [[25 Martii]] in festo [[Annuntiatio Domini|Annuntiationis Domini]] et die [[15 Augusti]] in festo [[Assumptio Beatae Mariae Virginis|Assumptionis Beatae Mariae Virginis]] multi [[Peregrinatio (religio)|peregrini]], qui in [[Ecclesia Panagia Evangelistria|ecclesiam Panagiae Evangelistriae]] (Παναγία Ευαγγελίστρια sive Παναγία της Τήνου) [[Tenos|Teni]] insulae sitam confluunt, Syri pernoctant. == Historia == === Aevum Praehistoricum === Singula reperta insulam iam [[Aetas Ferrea|Aetate Ferrea posteriore]] habitatam fuisse demonstrant, sedes antiquissimae repertae ab [[Aetas Aenea|Aetate Aenea]] repetunt. Prope [[Chalandriana]]m (Χαλανδριανή) campus sepulcralis [[Cultura Cycladum|Culturae Cycladum]] 600 sepultos comprehendens repertus est, in insulae litore boreo-orientali castellum eiusdem culturae nomine [[Castrium (Syros)|Castrium]] (Καστρί) anno [[1898]] a [[Chrestos Tsuntas|Chresto Tsounta]] effossum est. === Antiquitas et Medium Aevum === Syros olim a [[Phoenices|Phoenicibus]] inhabitata esse videtur. In [[Homerus|Homeri]] [[Odyssea]] Syros [[Eumaeus|Eumaei]] subulci patria fuisse dicitur copioseque describitur<ref>Hom. Od. XV, 403 ss.</ref>. [[Saeculum 6 a.C.n.|Saeculo sexto a.C.n.]] ibi mythographus et cosmologus [[Pherecydes Syrius|Pherecydes]] vivebat, qui [[Pythagoras|Pythagorae]] magister habebatur. Quamvis a multis hominibus inhabitata tamen antiquitate nihil maioris egit. Medio Aevo incolae piratis vexati in insulam orientalem se receperunt et in colle meridiano portui hodiernae Hermupoleos imminente [[Ano Syros|Ano Syrum]] exstruxerunt. Postquam [[Constantinopolis]] anno [[1204]] [[Quarta expeditio sacra|quarta expeditione sacra]] ab equitibus [[Europa]]eis occupata est, ab anno [[1207]] usque ad annum [[1522]] ad [[Ducatus Archipelagi|Ducatum Archipelagi]] pertinebat. A gentibus nobilibus [[Respublica Veneta|Venetis]] recta insula mercaturae [[Respublica Veneta|Reipublicae Venetae]] optimum portum praesidiumque praebebat. === Novum Aevum === Anno [[1522]] [[Ariadenus Barbarussa]] [[cursarius]] expugnata Syros anno [[1566]] sub dicionem [[Imperium Ottomanicum|Imperii Ottomanici]] venit. Tamen Syro una cum [[Cyclades|Cycladibus]] privilegia sicut vectigalia reducta et libertas religiosa data sunt. Cum [[Ludovicus XIII]] (1610-1643) rex [[Francia]]e praesidium insulae suscepisset, anno [[1633]] [[Ordo Fratrum Minorum Capuccinorum|Capuccini]] conventum in insula collacaverunt. [[Ludovicus XV|Ludovico XV]] regnante [[Iesuitae]] anno [[1747]] [[monasterium]] aedificaverunt, alii [[ordo religiosus|ordines religiosi]] secuti sunt. [[Saeculum 18|Saeculo duodevicesimo]] solae 12 familiae [[Ecclesiae Orthodoxae|Orthodoxae]] in insula vivebant. [[Dioecesis Syrensis et Milensis|Dioecesis Syrensis]], iam a Venetis erecta, erat [[dioecesis]] [[Ecclesia Latina|Latina]], quae tum Syrum insulam amplexa est. A tempore Ottomanico usque ad hunc diem [[Archidioecesis Naxiensis, Andrensis, Tinensis, et Myconensis|Archidioecesi Naxiensi]] est [[Dioecesis suffraganea|suffraganea]]. [[Bellum rerum novarum Graecum|Bello rerum novarum Graeco]] insula [[neutralitas|neutralis]] fuit, ab anno [[1821]] autem plurimos profugos ex [[Asia Minor]]e, [[Chios|Chio]] et [[Psara]] venientes accepit. [[Hermupolis|Hermupoli]] anno [[1834]] condita multi filiorum "[[Franci|Francorum]]" vetere in urbe ("Palaeopolis") nomine [[Ano Syros]] manebant, locupletiores autem in novam urbem descenderunt. Situ ac sedulitate incolarum fortunata Syros [[saeculum 19|saeculo undevicesimo]] mercatura ac navibus construendis florebat. Ab anno [[1923]] post [[Bellum Graeco-Turcicum (1919-1922)|Bellum Graeco-Turcicum]] autem negotia cessaverunt. Proximis decenniis agri novis methodis culti et [[navale]] denuo conditum quendam progressum effecerunt.<ref>Historia Aevi Novi ''Siegfried Lauffer'' (p. 646-647) sequitur.</ref> == Res oeconomicae == Syros [[holus|olera]], [[olea]]s, [[frumentum]] et [[vinum]] effundit. Societas maximi momenti autem est [[navale]] nomine „Neorion“ (Νεώριο), quod naves curat reficitque. Quod rebus oeconomicis navalis in peius mutatis minore operariorum numero res adversas superare conatur. A Graecis insula valde frequentatur, sive recreandi causa, sive ut magistratus [[Aegaeum Boreale (regio Graeciae)|regionis]] adeant, [[periegesis]] autem peregrinorum minoris momenti est. [[Piscatio]], non aliter ac alibi in [[Graecia]], ut genus quaestus quasi periit. === Alimenta typica === * [[Lucumium]] (λουκούμι), dulcium quoddam originis [[Turcae|Turcicae]] a profugis [[Chios|Chiis]] medio saeculo undevicesimo introductum. * Aliud genus dulcii nomine [[Chalva]] (χαλβάς). * Caseus [[San Michale]] (Σαν Μιχάλη). * Locale genus [[farcimen|farciminis]], in quo est [[Foeniculum vulgare|feniculum]]. == Incolae notabiles == * [[Eumaeus]], persona [[Odyssea]]e * [[Pherecydes Syrius]] (circiter 600-550 a.C.n.), philosophus * [[Marcus Pascha]] (natus Μάρκος Αποστολίδης), medicus [[Sultanus|Sultani]] [[Ottomanidae|Ottomanici]], mortuus anno [[1888]] [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]], qui Syri scholam elementarem mediamque frequentavit. * [[Demetrius Bikelas]] (1835–1908), scriptor et primus praeses Societatis Internationalis Olympici (''International Olympic Committee'') * [[Emmanuel Rhoides]] (1836–1904), scriptor et diurnarius * [[Emmanuel Mpenaces]], demarchus [[Athenae|Athenarum]], hic natus anno [[1843]]. * [[Eleutherius Benizelus]] primus minister Graeciae, iuvenis hic habitabat. * [[Stamata Rebithe]] (1866-?), prima femina, quae [[Olympia (certamina)|Olympiis]] interfuit et curriculum "Marathonium" dictum cucurrit. * [[Antonius Gregorius Vuccino]] (Butsinos) [1891–1968), [[Archdioecesis Corcyrensis, Zacynthiensis et Cephaloniensis|Archiepiscopus Corcyrensis, Zacynthiensis et Cephaloniensis]] * [[Marcus Bambacares]] (Μάρκος Βαμβακάρης), natus [[1905]] in vico Danaco Syri (Δανακός Σύρου), mortuus [[1972]] [[Nicaea (Attica)|Nicaeae Atticae]], fuit notissimus [[Buzucium|buzucista]] Graecus. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * [[Theodorus Bent|J. Theodore Bent]], ''The Cyclades, or Life Among the Insular Greeks'' (Londinii: Longmans Green, 1885) [https://archive.org/details/cycladesorlifea01bentgoog/page/n327 pp. 304-328] {{Ling|Anglice}} * Vox ''Syros'', in: Siegfried Lauffer (Ed. / 1999): Griechenland. Lexikon der historischen Stätten. Von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart. Augustae Vindelicorum, p. 646-647 == Nexus externi == * [http://www.hermoupolis.gr/ Situs publicus demi Syro-Ermupoleos] (Anglice, Neograece) * [http://www.syros.aegean.gr/ Universitas Aegaea] Hermupoli (Anglice, Neograece) * [http://www.visitgreece.gr/en/greek_islands/cyclades/syros Syros] Situs publicus Societatis periegeticae Graecae (Anglice, Neograece) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130804165639/http://www.festivaloftheaegean.com/syros.html Festivalia Aegaea] {{Index demorum Aegaei Australis}} {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Syros| ]] [[Categoria:Demi Graeciae]] [[Categoria:Unitates regionales Graeciae]] [[Categoria:Aegaeum Australe]] 95xler6rly5wtalu7kbwsrfdpyuy6jw 0 34194 3961793 3780126 2026-05-26T02:28:33Z Bartholomite 116968 3961793 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa documenti pontificii Vicidatorum}} {{ores|Summorum pontificum}} est [[epistola apostolica]] [[papa]]e [[Benedictus XVI|Benedicti XVI]] ut [[Motu Proprio]] die [[7 Iulii]] [[2007]] promulgata quod decernit [[missa]]m in formula prae-conciliari (accurate missam [[Concilium Tridentinum|Tridentinam]] secundum Sancti [[Pius V|Pii V]] ritum a Sancto [[Ioannes XXIII|Ioanne XXIII]] papa emendatum) rursum licere. == Iudicia == Die [[29 Iulii]] [[2007]] in [[diarium|diario]] [[oeconomia|oeconomico]] [[Italia|Italico]] "''Il Sole 24 ore''" (id est Sol 24 horae) [[cardinalis]] [[Carolus Maria Martini]], insubmisse, reprehendit Motum Proprium papae Benedicti. {{NexInt}} Vide etiam papae [[Ioannes XXIII|Ioannis XXIII]] constitutionem apostolicam [[Veterum Sapientiae]] de usu [[Lingua Latina|linguae Latinae]] ==Nexus externi== * [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070707_summorum-pontificum_lt.html Textus motus proprii] * [http://www.kath.net/detail.php?id=18692 De motu proprio] in ''Kath net'' {{Ling|Latine}} * [http://www.sanctamissa.org/ Sancta Missa] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060705195324/http://www.latin-mass-society.org/masses.htm Index Missarum Latine in Anglia et Cambria] * [http://www.summorumpontificum.net/ De motu proprio] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080228012045/http://wdtprs.com/blog/ Sessiunculum] {{reli-stipula}} {{titulus italicus}} [[Categoria:Benedictus XVI]] [[Categoria:Ecclesia Catholica]] 19hcarbv7mm85r9v60rvobovl5htt3g 3961819 3961793 2026-05-26T05:23:43Z Bartholomite 116968 3961819 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa documenti pontificii Vicidatorum}} {{lres|Summorum pontificum}} est [[epistola apostolica]] [[papa]]e [[Benedictus XVI|Benedicti XVI]] ut [[Motu Proprio]] die [[7 Iulii]] [[2007]] promulgata quod decernit [[missa]]m in formula prae-conciliari (accurate missam [[Concilium Tridentinum|Tridentinam]] secundum Sancti [[Pius V|Pii V]] ritum a Sancto [[Ioannes XXIII|Ioanne XXIII]] papa emendatum) rursum licere. == Iudicia == Die [[29 Iulii]] [[2007]] in [[diarium|diario]] [[oeconomia|oeconomico]] [[Italia|Italico]] "''Il Sole 24 ore''" (id est Sol 24 horae) [[cardinalis]] [[Carolus Maria Martini]], insubmisse, reprehendit Motum Proprium papae Benedicti. {{NexInt}} Vide etiam papae [[Ioannes XXIII|Ioannis XXIII]] constitutionem apostolicam [[Veterum Sapientiae]] de usu [[Lingua Latina|linguae Latinae]] ==Nexus externi== * [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070707_summorum-pontificum_lt.html Textus motus proprii] * [http://www.kath.net/detail.php?id=18692 De motu proprio] in ''Kath net'' {{Ling|Latine}} * [http://www.sanctamissa.org/ Sancta Missa] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060705195324/http://www.latin-mass-society.org/masses.htm Index Missarum Latine in Anglia et Cambria] * [http://www.summorumpontificum.net/ De motu proprio] {{Ling|Anglice}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080228012045/http://wdtprs.com/blog/ Sessiunculum] {{reli-stipula}} {{titulus ad litteram}} [[Categoria:Benedictus XVI]] [[Categoria:Ecclesia Catholica]] ct77yian18d0flfic6382xnivrld3y1 0 34512 3961733 3854523 2026-05-25T18:20:47Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3961733 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pro pagina discretiva vide|syngrapha (discretiva)}} '''Syngrapha'''<ref>[[Cicero|Cic.]] ''[[epistulae ad familiares|fam.]]'' 7.17.1; ''[[epistulae ad Atticum|Att.]]'' 5.21.11 et alibi; [[Lucius Annaeus Seneca minor|Sen.]] ''[[de beneficiis|ben.]]'' 7.8.1.</ref> ([[Graece]] {{lang|grc|συγγραφή}}) est documentum seu perscriptio qua alicui mandatur ut conscriptori syngraphae vel tertiae personae statutam [[pecunia]]m statuto die solvat vel mittat. Syngraphae publicae<ref name=TM>[[Theodorus Meyer]]: ''Ius naturae speciale,'' pars 2. [[Friburgum Brisgoviae|Friburgi Brisgoviae]]: Herder; [[Vindobona]]e [[Argentoratum|Argentorati]], [[Monachium|Monachii]], [[Urbs Sancti Ludovici|S. Ludovi Americae]]. [[1900]]. Numero textus 255.</ref> autem ius repraesentant recipiendi annuam pensionem de certa pecuniae summa [[res publica|rei publicae]] creditae. Vel: '''Cambium'''<ref>Cf. ibidem No. 254</ref> est [[contractus]] de permutanda pecunia pro pecunia. Campsor [[mandatum solvendi|mandato solvendi]] mandat alio, si cambium accipiat, ut statuto die statutam summam pecuniae ipsi campsori vel tertio beneficiario solvat. Litterae campsoriae assecuratam [[obligatio]]nem pecuniae beneficiario certo tempore et loco persolvendae attestantur. Ipsae litterae instar pecuniae adhiberi solent. "Trassans"<ref name=lal>[http://dictionary.lawyers-and-laws.com/t/trassans]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{ling|Anglice}}</ref> trahit cambium et obligat "trassatum"<ref name=lal/> qui, si cambium acceptat, beneficiario vel "remittenti" pecuniam solvat certo die certa summa.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=r-6mTJOF6kkC&pg=PA45&lpg=PA45&dq=mandatum+solvendi&source=bl&ots=UI3iYJpRao&sig=B2xbzVp-UBBtbxe1jxq2RVVOqvQ&hl=en&ei=QTNQTY6rAsXrsgbH1pCRDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=trassans&f=false]</ref> Trassatus obligatur tum remittenti tum praesentanti vel eius indossatario ad restituendam pecuniam, si cambium vel acceptatum non sit vel non solutum, quamvis utroque casu interposito protestatione opus sit, qua neglecta obligatio ipsa omnino expirat. Trassatus, si cambium accipit, obligatur ad restituendam pecuniam praesentanti qui sit vel trassans vel remittens vel eius indossatarius. Si trassatus non solvit, praesentans agere potest et in trassatum et in trassantem. ==Nonnulli termini technici== *acceptatio<ref name=JS>[http://books.google.com/books?id=r-6mTJOF6kkC&pg=PA45&lpg=PA45&dq=mandatum+solvendi&source=bl&ots=UI3iYJpRao&sig=B2xbzVp-UBBtbxe1jxq2RVVOqvQ&hl=en&ei=QTNQTY6rAsXrsgbH1pCRDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=mandatum%20solvendi&f=false Commentaries on the law of bills of exchange: foreign and inland, as ... By Joseph Story] {{ling|Anglice|Latine}} </ref>, accepto, -are *cambium acceptum<ref>[http://www.archive.org/stream/decambiisstatut00stacgoog/decambiisstatut00stacgoog_djvu.txt De cambiis statuta Hamburgensia ann. 1603 et 1605 in Germania prima ... (1862)]</ref> *cambii exemplar primum, secundum etc.<ref name=IBB>[http://books.google.com/books?id=QKdDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA421&lpg=PA421&dq=trassatum+primum&source=bl&ots=cDrXbrJfQq&sig=qTJ3ik673ozrX1fXbMeIaXorfsI&hl=en&ei=tGNQTbzuD4HxsgbhismQDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CBgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=trassatum%20primum&f=false Ius Borussico-Brandenburgicum commune, Volumes 1-2]</ref> *cambium indossatum<ref name=AvL>[http://books.google.com/books?id=dWtDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA560&lpg=PA560&dq=indossatus&source=bl&ots=Yf1DhPv-yD&sig=HOgL4FfaSKSxmRP5WXtDfJHxe38&hl=en&ei=-V1QTb6RAYGLswbgkPmRDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CCYQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q&f=false Augustini Leyseri ... Meditationes ad pandectas: quibus ..., Volumes 3-4 By August von Leyser]</ref> *cambium proprium<ref name=Meyer/> *cambium siccum<ref>[https://docplayer.net/20863782-The-european-bill-of-exchange.html IEHC 2006 Helsinki Session 2 The European Bill of Exchange MARKUS A. DENZEL, Leipzig] {{ling|Anglice}}</ref> *cambium simplex<ref name=IBB/> *cambium trassatum<ref name=Meyer>[http://www.peterhug.ch/lexikon/wechsel Meyers Konversations-Lexikon, 1888] {{ling|Germanice}}</ref> *indossamentum<ref name=AvL/> *indossans<ref name=AvL/> *indossatarius<ref name=JGH/> *indossatorium<ref name=AvL/> *indossatorius<ref name=AvL/> *indossatus<ref name=JGH/> *litterae advisoriae<ref name=JS/><ref name=IBB/> *lit[t]era cambialis<ref name=IBB/> *remittens<ref name=JS/><ref name=JGH>[http://books.google.com/books?id=ZXlbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA491&lpg=PA491&dq=remittens+cambium&source=bl&ots=5yk2RNDZM6&sig=UjmY3Q1Jnj3ahR90WXHwbGtYa8o&hl=en&ei=rlpQTY3GPMHAswaJm7CPDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CBoQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=remittens%20cambium&f=false Io. Gottl. Heineccii ... opusculorum variorum sylloge By Johann Gottlieb Heineccius]</ref><ref name=IBB/> *trassatus, trassans<ref name=JS/><ref name=IBB/> *valuta<ref name=IBB/> {{NexInt}} *[[Bursa]] *[[Syngrapha nummaria]] *[[Syngraphus]] ==Nexus externus== *[http://books.google.com/books?id=PYdDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA3&lpg=PA3&dq=cambium+contractum&source=bl&ots=-C7vG9yiy6&sig=J6bKNmOl_gh3RAGt7qcqZ7ZIE-c&hl=en&ei=AU1QTaiGCMb4sgbHnYCQDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=cambium%20contractum&f=false Discursus legales de commercio, Volume 2 By Giuseppe Lorenzo Maria Casaregi, Quintyn Weytsen] *[http://jesz.ajk.elte.hu/babjak30.html Babják Ildikó Újkori váltóelméletek] {{ling|Hungarice}} *[http://books.google.com/books?id=-hAVAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA23&lpg=RA1-PA23&dq=trassatus&source=bl&ots=bmwmpM8BAF&sig=eHWOJzGICAdR67QzHQSbUebgk9U&hl=en&ei=YFhQTZGmJMrFswahrfSPDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=trassatus&f=false Opinio excelsae Regnicolaris deputationis motivis suffulta, pro ... By Hungary országgyülés] *[http://solomon.dlcr.alexanderstreet.com/cgi-bin/asp/philo/dlcr/getobject.pl?c.844:12:13.dlcr CAPUT XIII. QUAENAM SPECIES CONTRACTUS SIT CAMBIUM.]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ==Notae== <references/> [[Categoria:oeconomia]] [[Categoria:Monetae]] 1ain1ylors2tv1oh1pc6j6zrcz4qv70 0 36454 3961718 3865956 2026-05-25T15:30:28Z Makenzis 101971 3961718 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Data societatis pediludii | nomen = Udinese<br />''Utinensis'' | imago = 600px Colori di Udine.png | nomen plenum = Udinese Calcio<br />''Utinensis Pediludium'' | nomina alia = ''Zebrellae'' (Italice: Zebrette)<br />''Albi-nigri'' (Italice: Bianco-neri) | instituta = [[1896]] | domus = [[Stadium Fori Iulii]]<br />[[Utinum]], [[Forum Iulii|in Foro Iulii]], [[Italia|in Italia]] | capacitas = 40.919 | dominus = [[Francus Soldati]] | procurator = | liga = [[Series A]] | tempus = 2025-26 | locus = Series A, X }} {{Res|Udinese Calcio}}, vel modo {{Res|Udinese}} ([[Latine]]: ''Utinense Pediludium'') societas est [[Pediludium|pediludii]] [[Italia]]e [[Utinum|Utini]]. Condita est anno [[1896]] et in prima categoria italici pediludii ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]]: ''Serie A'') ludit. Nomine "Società Udinese di ginnastica e scherma" (Latine ''Utinensis Gymnicae et Gladiatoriae artis Societas'') instituta est. Haec societas adepta est anno [[1998]] collocationem tertiam serie A; anno [[2004]] adepta est collocationem quartam serie A. Eodem anno europaeo campionato lusit. == Stadium == Udinese in [[Stadium Fori Iulii|Stadio Fori Iulii]] [[Utinum|Utini]] ludit. Hoc stadium 40.919 spectatores continere potest. == Vestis campestris == * '''Vestis titularis''': Camisia alba nigris derectis cum lineis, hosa alba et mediae albae * '''Vestis altera''': Camisia caerulea, hosa caerulea et mediae caeruleae * '''Vestis tertia''': Camisia gilva et nigra, hosa gilva er mediae gilvae == Succesus == * '''Aglum-italicum Poculum (semel):''' 1978 * '''Mitropa Poculum (semel):''' 1979/80 * '''Intertoto Poculum (semel):''' 2000 == Celebri lusores == [[ File:Antonio di natale.JPG|thumb|[[Antonius Di Natale]]]] {| | * [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|20px|Italiae vexillum]] [[Valerius Bertotto]] * [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|20px|Italiae vexillum]] [[Francus Causio]] * [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|20px|Italiae vexillum]] [[Antonius Di Natale]] * [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|20px|Italiae vexillum]] [[Franciscus Graziani]] * [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|20px|Italiae vexillum]] [[Vincentius Iaquinta]] * [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|20px|Italiae vexillum]] [[Paulus Pulici]] * [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|20px|Italiae vexillum]] [[Aloisius Turci]] * [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|20px|Italiae vexillum]] [[Dino Zoff]] || * [[Fasciculus:Flag of Argentina.svg|20px|Argentinae vexillum]] [[Daniel Bertoni]] * [[Fasciculus:Flag of Argentina.svg|20px|Argentinae vexillum]] [[Nestor Sensini]] * [[Fasciculus:Flag of Brazil.svg|20px|Brasiliae vexillum]] [[Zico]] * [[Fasciculus:Flag of Brazil.svg|20px|Brasiliae vexillum]] [[Edinho]] * [[Fasciculus:Flag of Germany.svg|20px|Germaniae vexillum]] [[Oliverius Bierhoff]] * [[Fasciculus:Flag of Ghana.svg|20px|Ghanae vexillum]] [[Stephanus Appiah]] * [[Fasciculus:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg|border|20px|Rei publicae Bohemicae vexillum]] [[Marcus Jankulovski]] * [[Fasciculus:Flag of Denmark.svg|20px|Daniae vexillum]] [[Martinus Jorgensen]] |} == Celebri procuratores == * [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|20px|Italiae vexillum]] [[Albertus Zeccheroni]] * [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|20px|Italiae vexillum]] [[Lucianus Spalletti]] * [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|20px|Italiae vexillum]] [[Xerxis Cosmi]] * [[Fasciculus:Flag of England.svg|border|20px|Angliae vexillum]] [[Rex Hodgson]] * [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|20px|Italiae vexillum]] [[Franciscus Guidolin]] == Nexus externi == * [http://www.udinese.it/ Publica pagina] * [http://www.udinesechannel.it Udinese Channel]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{ludus-stipula}} {{Seriei Ae societates pedoludii}} [[Categoria:Societates italicae pediludii|Udinese]] [[Categoria:Utinum]] lrg64yt431earixnx4nwb2rd4trwgl9 0 40085 3961797 3707428 2026-05-26T02:41:11Z Bartholomite 116968 3961797 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa documenti pontificii Vicidatorum}} {{ores|Spe Salvi}} est secunda [[encyclicae|encyclica epistula]] pontificatus [[Papa]]e [[Benedictus XVI| Benedicti XVI]]. ''Spe salvi'' die [[30 Novembris]] 2007 promulgata est. == Nexus externi == * [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xvi_enc_20071130_spe-salvi_lt.html Textus encyclicae epistulae] {{Ling |Latine}} * [http://www.dolomiten.it/nachrichten/artikel.asp?KatID=d&p=5&ArtID=104199 De hac Encyclica in Südtirol-online die 23 Novembris 2007]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Ling |Germanice}} * [http://stephanscom.at/news/0/articles/2007/11/23/a13778/ De hac Encyclica in stephanscom.at] {{Ling |Germanice}} {{reli-stipula}} {{Encyclicae epistulae a Benedicto XVI}} [[Categoria:Encyclicae Benedicti XVI]] [[Categoria:Scripta 2007]] c4d8jak5wmotd1015zb6591xuw40g1g 3961798 3961797 2026-05-26T02:41:51Z Bartholomite 116968 3961798 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa documenti pontificii Vicidatorum}} {{ores|Spe salvi}} est secunda [[encyclicae|encyclica epistula]] pontificatus [[Papa]]e [[Benedictus XVI| Benedicti XVI]]. ''Spe salvi'' die [[30 Novembris]] 2007 promulgata est. == Nexus externi == * [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xvi_enc_20071130_spe-salvi_lt.html Textus encyclicae epistulae] {{Ling |Latine}} * [http://www.dolomiten.it/nachrichten/artikel.asp?KatID=d&p=5&ArtID=104199 De hac Encyclica in Südtirol-online die 23 Novembris 2007]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Ling |Germanice}} * [http://stephanscom.at/news/0/articles/2007/11/23/a13778/ De hac Encyclica in stephanscom.at] {{Ling |Germanice}} {{titulus italicus}} {{reli-stipula}} {{Encyclicae epistulae a Benedicto XVI}} [[Categoria:Encyclicae Benedicti XVI]] [[Categoria:Scripta 2007]] a25py83zcyhjjlvhop9n4apdllvu408 3961817 3961798 2026-05-26T05:22:23Z Bartholomite 116968 3961817 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa documenti pontificii Vicidatorum}} {{lres|Spe salvi}} est secunda [[encyclicae|encyclica epistula]] pontificatus [[Papa]]e [[Benedictus XVI| Benedicti XVI]]. ''Spe salvi'' die [[30 Novembris]] 2007 promulgata est. == Nexus externi == * [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xvi_enc_20071130_spe-salvi_lt.html Textus encyclicae epistulae] {{Ling |Latine}} * [http://www.dolomiten.it/nachrichten/artikel.asp?KatID=d&p=5&ArtID=104199 De hac Encyclica in Südtirol-online die 23 Novembris 2007]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Ling |Germanice}} * [http://stephanscom.at/news/0/articles/2007/11/23/a13778/ De hac Encyclica in stephanscom.at] {{Ling |Germanice}} {{titulus ad litteram}} {{reli-stipula}} {{Encyclicae epistulae a Benedicto XVI}} [[Categoria:Encyclicae Benedicti XVI]] [[Categoria:Scripta 2007]] rgb1brjkthdy605h43hx9yfc09143cs 3961826 3961817 2026-05-26T05:44:46Z Bartholomite 116968 3961826 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa documenti pontificii Vicidatorum}} {{lres|Spe salvi}} [[incipit]] secunda [[encyclicae|encyclica epistula]] pontificatus [[Papa]]e [[Benedictus XVI| Benedicti XVI]]. ''Spe salvi'' die [[30 Novembris]] 2007 promulgata est. == Incipit == Initium [[Paulus Tarsensis|Sancti Pauli]] [[Epistula ad Romanos|epistulam ad Romanos]] 8:24 refert: "Spe enim salvi facti sumus. Spes autem, quae videtur, non est spes: nam quod videt quis, quid sperat?" == Nexus externi == * [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xvi_enc_20071130_spe-salvi_lt.html Textus encyclicae epistulae] {{Ling |Latine}} * [http://stephanscom.at/news/0/articles/2007/11/23/a13778/ De hac Encyclica in stephanscom.at] {{Ling |Germanice}} {{titulus ad litteram}} {{reli-stipula}} {{Encyclicae epistulae a Benedicto XVI}} [[Categoria:Encyclicae Benedicti XVI]] [[Categoria:Scripta 2007]] aycp32g0lda3dzua4xfk175ol6c9d5h 0 41634 3961823 2419759 2026-05-26T05:28:33Z Bartholomite 116968 3961823 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa documenti pontificii Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Meister von Cefalù 001.jpg|thumb|200 px|left|[[Iesus Christus]] [[Pantocrator]]. Opus tesselatum ecclesiae cathedralis [[Cephaloedium|Cephaloedii]] ([[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]] Cefalù)]] {{lres|Redemptor hominis}} est primapapae [[Ioannes Paulus II|Ioannis Pauli II]] [[Encyclica Epistula|encyclica]], proposito [[pontifex|pontificatus]] dicata, id est [[Iesus Christus|Iesum Christum]] media pars [[Ecclesia Catholica|ecclesiae]] et [[theologia]]e nuntiare. Haec encyclica iam die [[4 Martii]] [[1979]], quattuor menses post electionem Caroli Woityla, promulgata est. ==Nexus externus== * [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_04031979_redemptor-hominis_lt.html Textus Encyclicae ] {{titulus ad litteram}} {{reli-stipula}} {{Encyclicae epistulae a Ioanne Paulo II}} [[Categoria:Scripta 1979]] bp2o9e88ti7x0r1eusl7g0w2mavrox8 0 41638 3961799 3941403 2026-05-26T02:53:28Z Bartholomite 116968 3961799 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa documenti pontificii Vicidatorum}} {{ores|Dives in misericordia}} est secunda [[Encyclica Epistula|encyclica]], die [[30 Novembris]] [[1980]] promulgata, papae [[Ioannes Paulus II|Ioannis Pauli II]], qui in hac encyclica a parabula [[Filius prodigus |filii prodigii]] proficendo de [[Divina Misericordia]] et [[homo |humana]] scripsit. == Nexus externus == *[http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_30111980_dives-in-misericordia_lt.html Textus Encyclicae ] {{titulus italicus}} {{reli-stipula}} {{Encyclicae epistulae a Ioanne Paulo II}} [[Categoria:Scripta 1980]] hoe4ili09i4e4e8feh78zuvyykvsefp 3961816 3961799 2026-05-26T05:21:43Z Bartholomite 116968 3961816 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa documenti pontificii Vicidatorum}} {{lres|Dives in misericordia}} est secunda [[Encyclica Epistula|encyclica]], die [[30 Novembris]] [[1980]] promulgata, papae [[Ioannes Paulus II|Ioannis Pauli II]], qui in hac encyclica a parabula [[Filius prodigus |filii prodigii]] proficendo de [[Divina Misericordia]] et [[homo |humana]] scripsit. == Nexus externus == *[http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_30111980_dives-in-misericordia_lt.html Textus Encyclicae ] {{titulus ad litteram}} {{reli-stipula}} {{Encyclicae epistulae a Ioanne Paulo II}} [[Categoria:Scripta 1980]] 000ahu4jsquoax5dwp0s77z74ohjp4w 0 42758 3961789 3892000 2026-05-26T02:16:53Z Bartholomite 116968 capsa 3961789 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa documenti pontificii Vicidatorum}} {{ores|Quadragesimo anno}} est [[encyclicae|encyclica epistula]] quam scripsit [[Pius XI|Pius Papa XI]] anno [[1931]] in [[memoria]] quadragesimi anni editionis [[Leo XIII|Papae Leonis XIII]] [[encyclicae|encyclicae epistulae]] ''[[Rerum Novarum]].'' == Nexus externi == {{vicifons|Quadragesimo Anno}} * [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_19310515_quadragesimo-anno_lt.html Textus Vaticani] {{reli-stipula}} {{Formula:Encyclicae epistulae a Pio XI}} {{Encyclicae Sociales}} [[Categoria:Encyclicae Pii XI]] [[Categoria:Scripta 1931]] 94zczjeic4qpy38h18ewrivb75vk7ul 3961802 3961789 2026-05-26T03:13:26Z Grufo 64423 +{{Titulus ad litteram}} 3961802 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Capsa documenti pontificii Vicidatorum}} {{lres|Quadragesimo anno}} incipit [[encyclicae|encyclica epistula]] quam [[Pius XI|Pius Papa XI]] anno [[1931]] scripsit in [[memoria]]m quadragesimi anni editionis [[Leo XIII|Papae Leonis XIII]] [[encyclicae|encyclicae epistulae]] “[[Rerum Novarum]]”. == Nexus externi == {{vicifons|Quadragesimo Anno}} * [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_19310515_quadragesimo-anno_lt.html Textus Vaticani] {{reli-stipula}} {{Formula:Encyclicae epistulae a Pio XI}} {{Encyclicae Sociales}} [[Categoria:Encyclicae Pii XI]] [[Categoria:Scripta 1931]] [[Categoria:Encyclicae]] 1oge71apz994plbhsktzlxb68d4zgq2 3961807 3961802 2026-05-26T03:22:01Z Grufo 64423 3961807 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Capsa documenti pontificii Vicidatorum}} {{lres|Quadragesimo anno}} [[incipit]] [[encyclicae|encyclica epistula]] quam [[Pius XI|Pius Papa XI]] anno [[1931]] scripsit in [[memoria]]m quadragesimi anni editionis [[Leo XIII|Papae Leonis XIII]] [[encyclicae|encyclicae epistulae]] “[[Rerum Novarum]]”. == Nexus externi == {{vicifons|Quadragesimo Anno}} * [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_19310515_quadragesimo-anno_lt.html Textus Vaticani] {{reli-stipula}} {{Formula:Encyclicae epistulae a Pio XI}} {{Encyclicae Sociales}} [[Categoria:Encyclicae Pii XI]] [[Categoria:Scripta 1931]] [[Categoria:Encyclicae]] gagw6822vxvhgzw9czmixmficvn75n3 0 42944 3961788 3891852 2026-05-26T02:15:38Z Bartholomite 116968 3961788 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Citatio|'' Rerum Novarum semel excitata cupidine, quae diu quidem commovet civitates, illud erat consecutorum ut commutationum studia a rationibus politicis in oeconomicarum cognatum genus aliquando deflueret''|Encyclicae Epistulae initium}} {{Capsa documenti pontificii Vicidatorum}} {{ores|Rerum Novarum}} est [[epistula encyclica]] [[papa]]e [[Leo XIII|Leonis XIII]] "de conditione opificum" die [[15 Maii]] [[1891]] editae, quae sunt primae in [[historia]]e paparum quae de [[iustitia socialis|rebus socialibus]] ac [[collegium opificum|collegio opifico]] tractat. Papa Leo XIII civitatibus leges petivit ad operarios tegendum, [[socialismus|socialismum]], et proelium inter divites pauperosque tamen recusavit. Quas secundum encyclicas litteras, dominium rerum privatum [[ius naturale|iure naturali]] hominum manet ac respectum [[ius laborandi|opificium salutem]] et [[dignitas|dignitatem humanam]] postulatur. {{NexInt}} *[[Laborem Exercens]] ==Nexus externi== {{vicifons|Rerum Novarum}} *[http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/leo_xiii/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_15051891_rerum-novarum_en.html Textus Encyclicae] {{Ling|Anglice}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070206051152/http://theol.uibk.ac.at/leseraum/quelltext/320.html Textus Encyclicae ] {{Ling|Germanice}} * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AlHSPV_k2R4&NR=1 De Encyclica in serie Papae Leoni XIII dicata] apud [[youtube]] {{Ling|Italice}} {{reli-stipula}} {{Formula:Encyclicae epistulae a Leone XIII}} {{Encyclicae Sociales}} [[Categoria:Encyclicae Leonis XIII]] [[Categoria:Scripta 1891]] 0nkvvfg235okt05z9ml0145yajodscv 3961803 3961788 2026-05-26T03:13:46Z Grufo 64423 +{{Titulus ad litteram}} 3961803 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Citatio|'' Rerum Novarum semel excitata cupidine, quae diu quidem commovet civitates, illud erat consecutorum ut commutationum studia a rationibus politicis in oeconomicarum cognatum genus aliquando deflueret''|Encyclicae Epistulae initium}} {{Capsa documenti pontificii Vicidatorum}} {{ldres|Rerum Novarum}} incipit [[epistula encyclica]] [[papa]]e [[Leo XIII|Leonis XIII]] "de conditione opificum" die [[15 Maii]] [[1891]] editae, quae sunt primae in [[historia]]e paparum quae de [[iustitia socialis|rebus socialibus]] ac [[collegium opificum|collegio opifico]] tractat. Papa Leo XIII civitatibus leges petivit ad operarios tegendum, [[socialismus|socialismum]], et proelium inter divites pauperosque tamen recusavit. Quas secundum encyclicas litteras, dominium rerum privatum [[ius naturale|iure naturali]] hominum manet ac respectum [[ius laborandi|opificium salutem]] et [[dignitas|dignitatem humanam]] postulatur. {{NexInt}} *[[Laborem Exercens]] ==Nexus externi== {{vicifons|Rerum Novarum}} *[http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/leo_xiii/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_15051891_rerum-novarum_en.html Textus Encyclicae] {{Ling|Anglice}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070206051152/http://theol.uibk.ac.at/leseraum/quelltext/320.html Textus Encyclicae ] {{Ling|Germanice}} * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AlHSPV_k2R4&NR=1 De Encyclica in serie Papae Leoni XIII dicata] apud [[youtube]] {{Ling|Italice}} {{reli-stipula}} {{Formula:Encyclicae epistulae a Leone XIII}} {{Encyclicae Sociales}} [[Categoria:Encyclicae Leonis XIII]] [[Categoria:Scripta 1891]] fyl57sny7ap04h18wb4a596mhiopqx0 3961804 3961803 2026-05-26T03:14:03Z Grufo 64423 3961804 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Citatio|'' Rerum Novarum semel excitata cupidine, quae diu quidem commovet civitates, illud erat consecutorum ut commutationum studia a rationibus politicis in oeconomicarum cognatum genus aliquando deflueret''|Encyclicae Epistulae initium}} {{Capsa documenti pontificii Vicidatorum}} {{lres|Rerum Novarum}} incipit [[epistula encyclica]] [[papa]]e [[Leo XIII|Leonis XIII]] "de conditione opificum" die [[15 Maii]] [[1891]] editae, quae sunt primae in [[historia]]e paparum quae de [[iustitia socialis|rebus socialibus]] ac [[collegium opificum|collegio opifico]] tractat. Papa Leo XIII civitatibus leges petivit ad operarios tegendum, [[socialismus|socialismum]], et proelium inter divites pauperosque tamen recusavit. Quas secundum encyclicas litteras, dominium rerum privatum [[ius naturale|iure naturali]] hominum manet ac respectum [[ius laborandi|opificium salutem]] et [[dignitas|dignitatem humanam]] postulatur. {{NexInt}} *[[Laborem Exercens]] ==Nexus externi== {{vicifons|Rerum Novarum}} *[http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/leo_xiii/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_15051891_rerum-novarum_en.html Textus Encyclicae] {{Ling|Anglice}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070206051152/http://theol.uibk.ac.at/leseraum/quelltext/320.html Textus Encyclicae ] {{Ling|Germanice}} * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AlHSPV_k2R4&NR=1 De Encyclica in serie Papae Leoni XIII dicata] apud [[youtube]] {{Ling|Italice}} {{reli-stipula}} {{Formula:Encyclicae epistulae a Leone XIII}} {{Encyclicae Sociales}} [[Categoria:Encyclicae Leonis XIII]] [[Categoria:Scripta 1891]] setg6dy02hlknwp21q9lq4z621sv6pt 3961805 3961804 2026-05-26T03:14:27Z Grufo 64423 3961805 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Citatio|'' Rerum Novarum semel excitata cupidine, quae diu quidem commovet civitates, illud erat consecutorum ut commutationum studia a rationibus politicis in oeconomicarum cognatum genus aliquando deflueret''|Encyclicae Epistulae initium}} {{Capsa documenti pontificii Vicidatorum}} {{lres|Rerum Novarum}} incipit [[epistula encyclica]] [[papa]]e [[Leo XIII|Leonis XIII]] “de conditione opificum” die [[15 Maii]] [[1891]] editae, quae sunt primae in [[historia]]e paparum quae de [[iustitia socialis|rebus socialibus]] ac [[collegium opificum|collegio opifico]] tractat. Papa Leo XIII civitatibus leges petivit ad operarios tegendum, [[socialismus|socialismum]], et proelium inter divites pauperosque tamen recusavit. Quas secundum encyclicas litteras, dominium rerum privatum [[ius naturale|iure naturali]] hominum manet ac respectum [[ius laborandi|opificium salutem]] et [[dignitas|dignitatem humanam]] postulatur. {{NexInt}} *[[Laborem Exercens]] ==Nexus externi== {{vicifons|Rerum Novarum}} *[http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/leo_xiii/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_15051891_rerum-novarum_en.html Textus Encyclicae] {{Ling|Anglice}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070206051152/http://theol.uibk.ac.at/leseraum/quelltext/320.html Textus Encyclicae ] {{Ling|Germanice}} * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AlHSPV_k2R4&NR=1 De Encyclica in serie Papae Leoni XIII dicata] apud [[youtube]] {{Ling|Italice}} {{reli-stipula}} {{Formula:Encyclicae epistulae a Leone XIII}} {{Encyclicae Sociales}} [[Categoria:Encyclicae Leonis XIII]] [[Categoria:Scripta 1891]] rqyu9f768ny61m762psmiwhfxx4xamv 3961808 3961805 2026-05-26T03:22:12Z Grufo 64423 3961808 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Citatio|'' Rerum Novarum semel excitata cupidine, quae diu quidem commovet civitates, illud erat consecutorum ut commutationum studia a rationibus politicis in oeconomicarum cognatum genus aliquando deflueret''|Encyclicae Epistulae initium}} {{Capsa documenti pontificii Vicidatorum}} {{lres|Rerum Novarum}} [[incipit]] [[epistula encyclica]] [[papa]]e [[Leo XIII|Leonis XIII]] “de conditione opificum” die [[15 Maii]] [[1891]] editae, quae sunt primae in [[historia]]e paparum quae de [[iustitia socialis|rebus socialibus]] ac [[collegium opificum|collegio opifico]] tractat. Papa Leo XIII civitatibus leges petivit ad operarios tegendum, [[socialismus|socialismum]], et proelium inter divites pauperosque tamen recusavit. Quas secundum encyclicas litteras, dominium rerum privatum [[ius naturale|iure naturali]] hominum manet ac respectum [[ius laborandi|opificium salutem]] et [[dignitas|dignitatem humanam]] postulatur. {{NexInt}} *[[Laborem Exercens]] ==Nexus externi== {{vicifons|Rerum Novarum}} *[http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/leo_xiii/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_15051891_rerum-novarum_en.html Textus Encyclicae] {{Ling|Anglice}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070206051152/http://theol.uibk.ac.at/leseraum/quelltext/320.html Textus Encyclicae ] {{Ling|Germanice}} * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AlHSPV_k2R4&NR=1 De Encyclica in serie Papae Leoni XIII dicata] apud [[youtube]] {{Ling|Italice}} {{reli-stipula}} {{Formula:Encyclicae epistulae a Leone XIII}} {{Encyclicae Sociales}} [[Categoria:Encyclicae Leonis XIII]] [[Categoria:Scripta 1891]] 20yb1w5jbgo99h32xx1xf89svzas0e2 0 43884 3961794 3891711 2026-05-26T02:31:43Z Bartholomite 116968 3961794 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa documenti pontificii Vicidatorum}} {{ores|Divinum illud munus}} est [[Encyclica Epistula|encyclica epistula]] [[papa]]e [[Leo XIII|Leonis XIII]] die [[9 Maii]] [[1897]] promulgata. Haec encyclica [[Spiritus Sanctus |Spirito Sancto]] et [[donum| donis]] eius dicata est. == Nexus internus == * [[Helena Guerra]] == Nexus externus == *[http://www.vatican.va/content/leo-xiii/la/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_09051897_divinum-illud-munus.html Textus encyclicae Latinus] {{reli-stipula}} {{titulus italicus}} {{Formula:Encyclicae epistulae a Leone XIII}} [[Categoria:Encyclicae Leonis XIII]] [[Categoria:Scripta 1897]] cio1h777t186vasdg0ick2asi8mrnbr 0 48873 3961715 3729858 2026-05-25T15:08:20Z JimKillock 109532 Capsa scholae Vicidatorum 3961715 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa scholae Vicidatorum}}{{charta locatrix |Angliae meridianae physica |marksize = 6 |width=400 |float=right |caption= Situs in Anglia meridiana |label=Collegium Etonense |lat_deg =51 |lat_min =29 |lon_deg = -0 | lon_min = -37 |position=left |background = }} '''Collegium Etonense'''<ref>Fons nominis communis: ''[http://books.google.de/books?id=jtgCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA279&lpg=PA279&dq=collegium+Etonense&source=web&ots=pYB6c0cplZ&sig=58iBbnFxe1Nf5O-hNUsu3mH_wxY&hl=de Introduction to the Literature of Europe]''</ref> vel '''de Etona'''<ref>Statutis conditoris "Collegium Regale beate Marie de Etona, vulgariter vero, ''The Kinges College of oure lady of Eton beside Windesore''": [https://web.archive.org/web/20211127002147/https://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/documents/about/statutes-and-ordinances-2007-updated-27th-august-2021.pdf ''King's College Cambridge: Statutes ... Ordinances 2007'']</ref> est regale collegium et schola publica [[oecotropheum|oecotrophei]] pueris destinata pro [[educatio secundaria|educatione secundaria]], anno [[1440]] a rege [[Henricus VI (rex Angliae)|Henrico VI]] condita, [[Etona]]e sita. Ibi sunt 1308 discipuli et 135 operatores. Sententia est "Floreat Etona". == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == [[Fasciculus:Canaletto (II) 005.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Collegium Etonense (Canaletto)|Collegium Etonense]] ab [[Ioannes Antonius Canaletto|Ioanne Antonio Canaletto]] anno [[1754]] pictum ([[Pinacotheca Nationalis (Britannia)|Pinacotheca Nationalis]] [[Londinium|Londinii]])]] * Tim Card, ''Eton Renewed: a history from 1860 to the present day''. Londinii: John Murray, 1994 * Tim Card, ''Eton established: a history from 1440 to 1860''. Londinii: John Murray, 2001 == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150316204252/http://www.etoncollege.com/Etoniana.aspx Etoniana] apud ''Eton College'' [[Categoria:Collegium Etonense|!]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1440]] h4rxht9z68syp6e3bxf8wd45an4h02r 3961720 3961715 2026-05-25T15:31:34Z JimKillock 109532 Articulus amplificatus. Additae sectiones: historia (institutio 1440, Waynflete, collegiales et oppidani; pericula sub Eduardo IV; reformatio); ratio erudiendi (regula loquendi Latine ex Malim 1561, finis regulae saeculo XVII, methodi docendi, Grammatica Latina, versus Bacchici, ludi scaenici, curriculum et emendationes); praemium Newcastle; Carmen Etonense. Fontes: Lyte (1911), Nevill (1911), Hoare (2020), Malim (1561), Waquet (2001). Auxilio Manus AI (manus.im) compositus. 3961720 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa scholae Vicidatorum}} '''Collegium Etonense''' (statutis conditoris plenius ''Collegium Regale Beatae Mariae de Etona prope Windesoram'', Anglice ''Eton College'' vel ''The King's College of Our Lady of Eton beside Windsor'')<ref>{{qc|id=King's College (2007)}}</ref> est regale collegium et schola publica oecotrophei pueris destinata pro educatione secundaria, anno [[1440]] a rege [[Henricus VI (rex Angliae)|Henrico VI]] condita, [[Etona]]e prope Windesoram sita. Schola, quae super ripas [[Tamesis]] fluminis iacet, inter celeberrimas ac vetustissimas totius Angliae institutiones scholasticas numeratur. Ibi hodie circiter 1300 discipuli erudiuntur. Sententia scholae est "Floreat Etona". == Historia == === De institutione et primis annis === Collegium conditum est die [[11 Octobris]] anno [[1440]] ab Henrico VI rege, qui eo tempore undevicesimum annum agebat. Rex scholae Winchesterensi (quae est [[Collegium Wintoniense]]), a [[Gulielmus de Wykeham|Gulielmo de Wykeham]] conditae, tamquam exemplari usus est; ipse enim Wintoniam pluries visitavit ut statuta describeret.<ref>{{qc|id=Lyte (1911)}}, pp. 3-5</ref> Ad novum collegium inchoandum, rex [[Gulielmus Waynflete|Gulielmum Waynflete]], magistrum Wintoniensem, primum praepositum (Anglice ''Provost'') Etonae nominavit, qui nonnullos scholares secum adduxit ut fundamenta iacerent.<ref>{{qc|id=Waynflete (DNB)}}</ref> Propositum regis primigenium erat providere gratuitam educationem septuaginta pueris pauperibus ac indigentibus, qui postea in Collegium Regale Cantabrigiae (Anglice ''King's College, Cambridge''), ab eodem rege anno [[1441]] conditum, ad altiorem doctrinam progrederentur.<ref>{{qc|id=Eton College (EN)}}</ref> Hi discipuli regii "collegiales" (Anglice ''Collegers'') nominati sunt. Mox tamen alii pueri, qui propriis sumptibus erudirentur et in oppido habitarent, admissi sunt; qui "oppidani" (Anglice ''Oppidans'', ex verbo Latino ''oppidum'') nuncupantur.<ref>{{qc|id=Eton History}}</ref> === De difficultatibus sub Eduardo IV === Cum Henricus VI anno [[1461]] a rege [[Eduardus IV (rex Angliae)|Eduardo IV]] throno deiectus esset, novus rex omnes concessiones reditusque collegio ademit, resque pretiosas ad sacellum Sancti Georgii Windesorae transtulit.<ref>{{qc|id=Lyte (1911)}}, pp. 58-62</ref> Secundum famam popularem, collegium ab interitu servatum est intercessione Ioannae Shore (Anglice ''Jane Shore''), regis Eduardi amasiae, cuius duo simulacra etiam hodie in domo Praepositi conservantur.<ref>{{qc|id=Nevill (1911)}}, p. 5</ref> Quamquam schola servata est, numerus sociorum ac reditus valde imminuti sunt, et aedificatio sacelli (quod rex Henricus maximum in Europa fieri voluerat) interrupta est; tantum chorus perfectus est, ante-sacello a Gulielmo Waynflete postea adiecto.<ref>{{qc|id=Eton College (EN)}}</ref> === Aevum litterarum renascentium et reformatio === Saeculo decimo sexto, collegium sub rege [[Henricus VIII (rex Angliae)|Henrico VIII]] et regina [[Elizabetha I (regina Angliae)|Elizabetha I]] florere perrexit. Tempore reformationis Anglicanae, nonnulli veteres Etonenses et socii pro fide Protestantium ad palum combusti sunt, inter quos Robertus Glover et Laurentius Saunders.<ref>{{qc|id=Nevill (1911)}}, p. 7</ref> == Ratio erudiendi ac usus linguae Latinae == === De linguae Latinae primatu === Ab origine usque ad medium saeculum decimum nonum, lingua Latina et Graeca antiqua erant unicae res quae in schola publice docebantur. Secundum consuetudinarium a Gulielmo Malim (magistro archididascalo) anno [[1561]] conscriptum, discipuli Latina sola loqui cogebantur.<ref>{{qc|id=Malim (1561)}}</ref> Ut hoc praeceptum servaretur, constituti sunt custodes ac monitores (qui Anglice ''prepositores'' vel ''prepostors'' dicuntur) in schola, in templis, et in areis lusoriis, qui eos notarent qui Anglice loquerentur vel sordes neglegerent.<ref>{{qc|id=Malim (1561)}}</ref> === De fine regulae Latinae loquendi === Quando haec regula loquendi Latine in usum desinere coeperit, fontes Etonenses non tradunt. Francisca Waquet tamen, quae historiam linguae Latinae in scholis Europaeis saeculis XVI–XX tractavit, docet usum Latinae locutionis in scholis Anglicanis et Europaeis saeculo decimo septimo sensim obsolevisse, dum lingua Gallica locum Latinae in rebus doctis occupavit.<ref>{{qc|id=Waquet (2001)}}, apud {{qc|id=Grafton (2001)}}</ref> Iam saeculo decimo septimo Ioannes Locke (1632–1704) et Ioannes Miltonius (1608–1674) scholas grammaticas reprehendebant quod Latinam non satis per sermonem vividum docerent, quod indicat regulam locutionis iam tum in multis scholis neglegi coepisse.<ref>{{qc|id=Grafton (2001)}}</ref> === De methodis docendi === Discipuli in schola inferiore (Anglice ''Lower School'') et superiore dividebantur. Eruditio praecipue in his rebus constabat:<ref>{{qc|id=Hoare (2020)}}</ref> * '''Rote memoria (Repetitio):''' Discipuli magnos textuum Latinorum Graecorumque locos memoriter discere et magistro recitare debebant. * '''Analysis grammatica (Construing):''' Textus classici diligenter azymati sunt secundum regulas syntaxis antequam Anglice verterentur. * '''Scriptio versuum:''' Sicut in aliis scholis grammaticis Anglicis, maxima laus tributa est facultati versus Latinos scribendi (praecipue hexametros et disticha elegiaca). Qui in hac arte excellebant, "electi" habebantur.<ref>{{qc|id=Kirtland (1909)}}</ref> === Grammatica Latina Etonensis === Ad usum scholarum, liber scholasticus famosissimus editus est, sub titulo ''Eton Latin Grammar'' cognitus, qui per saecula duodecim ac decimum nonum in omnibus fere scholis grammaticis Britanniae adhibebatur ad elementa linguae Latinae docenda.<ref>{{qc|id=Eton Latin Grammar}}</ref> In classe inferiore quae "Nonsense" vocabatur, pueri versus sine sensu sed metrice rectos componebant ut regulas prosodiae ediscerent.<ref>{{qc|id=Nevill (1911)}}, p. 63</ref> === Versus Bacchici === Consuetudo quaedam singularis Etonensis erat scriptio "versuum Bacchicorum" (Anglice ''Bacchus verses''). Diebus Shrovetide (id est ante Quadragesimam), discipuli versus Latinos in laudem vel vituperationem Bacchi, dei vini, componebant. Hi versus, coloratis fasciis ligati, in aula collegiali (Anglice ''College Hall'') appendebantur, ubi a magistris et visitatoribus legebantur. Ipse [[Richardus Porson]], philologus illustris, versus de Cyro Babylone capta exultante composuit, qui in bibliotheca servantur.<ref>{{qc|id=Nevill (1911)}}, p. 163</ref> [[Samuel Pepys]] hanc consuetudinem anno [[1666]] admiratus est.<ref>{{qc|id=Pepys (1666)}}</ref> === De ludis scaenicis Latinis === Durante hieme, discipuli fabulas scaenicas Latinas agere solebant. [[Nicolaus Udall]] (archididascalus inter 1534 et 1541) plures comoedias scripsit, inter quas ''Ralph Roister Doister'', quae prima comoedia Anglica habetur, structura tamen scaenica Latina et Terentiana instructa.<ref>{{qc|id=Udall (DNB)}}</ref> === De curriculo classico et emendationibus === Saeculo decimo nono, trias auctorum classicorum — Homerus, Vergilius, Horatius — a discipulis usque ad satietatem legebatur.<ref>{{qc|id=Lyte (1911)}}, p. 382</ref> Tamen emendatores scholam reprehenderunt quod scientias modernas neglegeret. Mathematicae disciplina anno [[1851]] demum inducta est, ne studia classica deperirent.<ref>{{qc|id=Hoare (2020)}}</ref> Comissio Clarendoniana anno [[1861]] instituta curriculum severe iudicavit, quod ad ''Public Schools Act'' anno [[1868]] duxit; exinde aliae linguae (sicut Francogallica ac Germanica) et scientiae physicae in ordinem studiorum admissae sunt.<ref>{{qc|id=Hoare (2020)}}</ref> Tantum sub praeside Antonio Chenevix-Trench decennio 1960 studia classica primatum absolutum amiserunt.<ref>{{qc|id=Hoare (2020)}}</ref> == Praemia ac Carmina == === De Praemio Newcastle === Anno [[1829]], Henricus Pelham-Clinton, quartus dux de Newcastle, praemium annuum instituit (Anglice ''Newcastle Scholarship''), quod etiam hodie est honoratissimum scholae praemium. Per centum et quinquaginta annos hoc examen severissimum fuit de lingua Graeca et Latina, historia antiqua, et theologia biblica.<ref>{{qc|id=Newcastle (Antigone)}}</ref> Inter victores fuerunt multi viri illustres sicut [[Gulielmus Ewart Gladstone]] (qui examinator fuit anno 1840), [[M. R. James]], et [[Douglas Hurd]].<ref>{{qc|id=Newcastle Scholarship (EN)}}</ref> === Carmen Etonense === Quamquam "Eton Boating Song" est celeberrimum carmen populare, carmen officiale scholae, "Carmen Etonense" nuncupatum, Latine canitur. Carmen compositum est ab Arturo Campbell Ainger (verbis) et Iosepho Barnby (musicis): :''Sonent voces omnium'' :''Liliorum florem,'' :''Decus et praesidium'' :''Munus et amorem...'' == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{ec|id=Eton College (EN)|c={{Opus|auctor=Vicipaedia Anglica|annus=2026|titulus=Eton College|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College}}}} * {{ec|id=Eton History|c={{Opus|auctor=Eton College|annus=2021|titulus=Our History|url=https://www.etoncollege.com/about-us/our-history/}}}} * {{ec|id=Eton Latin Grammar|c={{Opus|auctor=Taylor, G.|annus=1840|titulus=The Eton Latin Grammar|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_Latin_Grammar}}}} * {{ec|id=Hoare (2020)|c={{Opus|auctor=Hoare, Eleanor|annus=2020|titulus=Education, Education, Education: 500 Years of Learning at Eton College|opus=History of Education Society|url=https://collections.etoncollege.com/education-education-education-500-years-of-learning-at-eton-college/}}}} * {{ec|id=King's College (2007)|c={{Opus|auctor=King's College Cambridge|annus=2007|titulus=Statutes and Ordinances 2007|url=https://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/documents/about/statutes-and-ordinances-2007-updated-27th-august-2021.pdf}}}} * {{ec|id=Kirtland (1909)|c={{Opus|auctor=Kirtland, J. C.|annus=1909|titulus=Notes on the Teaching of Latin in England|opus=The Classical Weekly|volumen=2|numero=28|paginae=226-228|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4386046}}}} * {{ec|id=Lyte (1911)|c={{Opus|auctor=Lyte, H. C. Maxwell|annus=1911|titulus=A History of Eton College (1440-1910)|edition=4a|editor=Macmillan|url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/A_history_of_Eton_College_%28IA_historyofetoncol00cust%29.pdf}}}} * {{ec|id=Malim (1561)|c={{Opus|auctor=Malim, William|annus=1561|titulus=Consuetudinarium Vetus Scholae Etonensis|url=https://reedprepub.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/eton-college-intro2.pdf}}}} * {{ec|id=Nevill (1911)|c={{Opus|auctor=Nevill, Ralph|annus=1911|titulus=Floreat Etona: Anecdotes and Memories of Eton College|editor=Macmillan|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/53769/pg53769-images.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Newcastle (Antigone)|c={{Opus|auctor=Antigone Journal|annus=2022|titulus=The Newcastle Scholarship|url=https://antigonejournal.com/2022/10/newcastle-scholarship-eton/}}}} * {{ec|id=Newcastle Scholarship (EN)|c={{Opus|auctor=Vicipaedia Anglica|annus=2026|titulus=Newcastle Scholarship|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_Scholarship}}}} * {{ec|id=Pepys (1666)|c={{Opus|auctor=Pepys, Samuel|annus=1666|titulus=Diary of Samuel Pepys: Shrovetide 1666|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/53769/pg53769-images.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Udall (DNB)|c={{Opus|auctor=Dictionary of National Biography|annus=1885|titulus=Nicholas Udall|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Udall}}}} * {{ec|id=Waquet (2001)|c={{Opus|auctor=Waquet, Françoise|annus=2001|titulus=Latin, or the Empire of a Sign: From the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Centuries|editor=Verso|locus=Londinii|url=https://archive.org/details/latinorempireofs0000waqu}}}} * {{ec|id=Grafton (2001)|c={{Opus|auctor=Grafton, Anthony|annus=2001|titulus=Thank you for your letter (recensio libri Waquet)|opus=London Review of Books|volumen=23|numero=21|url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v23/n21/anthony-grafton/thank-you-for-your-letter}}}} * {{ec|id=Waynflete (DNB)|c={{Opus|auctor=Dictionary of National Biography|annus=1885|titulus=William Waynflete|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Waynflete}}}} [[Categoria:Collegium Etonense|!]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1440]] [[Categoria:Scholae in Britanniarum Regno]] [[Categoria:Educatio classica]] 7v4nnck6a0uzi8h2xq0991xfcxzu40i 3961721 3961720 2026-05-25T15:32:29Z JimKillock 109532 3961721 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa scholae Vicidatorum}}{{charta locatrix |Angliae meridianae physica |marksize = 6 |width=400 |float=right |caption= Situs in Anglia meridiana |label=Collegium Etonense |lat_deg =51 |lat_min =29 |lon_deg = -0 | lon_min = -37 |position=left |background = }} '''Collegium Etonense''' (statutis conditoris plenius ''Collegium Regale Beatae Mariae de Etona prope Windesoram'', Anglice ''Eton College'' vel ''The King's College of Our Lady of Eton beside Windsor'')<ref>{{qc|id=King's College (2007)}}</ref> est regale collegium et schola publica oecotrophei pueris destinata pro educatione secundaria, anno [[1440]] a rege [[Henricus VI (rex Angliae)|Henrico VI]] condita, [[Etona]]e prope Windesoram sita. Schola, quae super ripas [[Tamesis]] fluminis iacet, inter celeberrimas ac vetustissimas totius Angliae institutiones scholasticas numeratur. Ibi hodie circiter 1300 discipuli erudiuntur. Sententia scholae est "Floreat Etona". == Historia == === De institutione et primis annis === Collegium conditum est die [[11 Octobris]] anno [[1440]] ab Henrico VI rege, qui eo tempore undevicesimum annum agebat. Rex scholae Winchesterensi (quae est [[Collegium Wintoniense]]), a [[Gulielmus de Wykeham|Gulielmo de Wykeham]] conditae, tamquam exemplari usus est; ipse enim Wintoniam pluries visitavit ut statuta describeret.<ref>{{qc|id=Lyte (1911)}}, pp. 3-5</ref> Ad novum collegium inchoandum, rex [[Gulielmus Waynflete|Gulielmum Waynflete]], magistrum Wintoniensem, primum praepositum (Anglice ''Provost'') Etonae nominavit, qui nonnullos scholares secum adduxit ut fundamenta iacerent.<ref>{{qc|id=Waynflete (DNB)}}</ref> Propositum regis primigenium erat providere gratuitam educationem septuaginta pueris pauperibus ac indigentibus, qui postea in Collegium Regale Cantabrigiae (Anglice ''King's College, Cambridge''), ab eodem rege anno [[1441]] conditum, ad altiorem doctrinam progrederentur.<ref>{{qc|id=Eton College (EN)}}</ref> Hi discipuli regii "collegiales" (Anglice ''Collegers'') nominati sunt. Mox tamen alii pueri, qui propriis sumptibus erudirentur et in oppido habitarent, admissi sunt; qui "oppidani" (Anglice ''Oppidans'', ex verbo Latino ''oppidum'') nuncupantur.<ref>{{qc|id=Eton History}}</ref> === De difficultatibus sub Eduardo IV === Cum Henricus VI anno [[1461]] a rege [[Eduardus IV (rex Angliae)|Eduardo IV]] throno deiectus esset, novus rex omnes concessiones reditusque collegio ademit, resque pretiosas ad sacellum Sancti Georgii Windesorae transtulit.<ref>{{qc|id=Lyte (1911)}}, pp. 58-62</ref> Secundum famam popularem, collegium ab interitu servatum est intercessione Ioannae Shore (Anglice ''Jane Shore''), regis Eduardi amasiae, cuius duo simulacra etiam hodie in domo Praepositi conservantur.<ref>{{qc|id=Nevill (1911)}}, p. 5</ref> Quamquam schola servata est, numerus sociorum ac reditus valde imminuti sunt, et aedificatio sacelli (quod rex Henricus maximum in Europa fieri voluerat) interrupta est; tantum chorus perfectus est, ante-sacello a Gulielmo Waynflete postea adiecto.<ref>{{qc|id=Eton College (EN)}}</ref> === Aevum litterarum renascentium et reformatio === Saeculo decimo sexto, collegium sub rege [[Henricus VIII (rex Angliae)|Henrico VIII]] et regina [[Elizabetha I (regina Angliae)|Elizabetha I]] florere perrexit. Tempore reformationis Anglicanae, nonnulli veteres Etonenses et socii pro fide Protestantium ad palum combusti sunt, inter quos Robertus Glover et Laurentius Saunders.<ref>{{qc|id=Nevill (1911)}}, p. 7</ref> == Ratio erudiendi ac usus linguae Latinae == === De linguae Latinae primatu === Ab origine usque ad medium saeculum decimum nonum, lingua Latina et Graeca antiqua erant unicae res quae in schola publice docebantur. Secundum consuetudinarium a Gulielmo Malim (magistro archididascalo) anno [[1561]] conscriptum, discipuli Latina sola loqui cogebantur.<ref>{{qc|id=Malim (1561)}}</ref> Ut hoc praeceptum servaretur, constituti sunt custodes ac monitores (qui Anglice ''prepositores'' vel ''prepostors'' dicuntur) in schola, in templis, et in areis lusoriis, qui eos notarent qui Anglice loquerentur vel sordes neglegerent.<ref>{{qc|id=Malim (1561)}}</ref> === De fine regulae Latinae loquendi === Quando haec regula loquendi Latine in usum desinere coeperit, fontes Etonenses non tradunt. Francisca Waquet tamen, quae historiam linguae Latinae in scholis Europaeis saeculis XVI–XX tractavit, docet usum Latinae locutionis in scholis Anglicanis et Europaeis saeculo decimo septimo sensim obsolevisse, dum lingua Gallica locum Latinae in rebus doctis occupavit.<ref>{{qc|id=Waquet (2001)}}, apud {{qc|id=Grafton (2001)}}</ref> Iam saeculo decimo septimo Ioannes Locke (1632–1704) et Ioannes Miltonius (1608–1674) scholas grammaticas reprehendebant quod Latinam non satis per sermonem vividum docerent, quod indicat regulam locutionis iam tum in multis scholis neglegi coepisse.<ref>{{qc|id=Grafton (2001)}}</ref> === De methodis docendi === Discipuli in schola inferiore (Anglice ''Lower School'') et superiore dividebantur. Eruditio praecipue in his rebus constabat:<ref>{{qc|id=Hoare (2020)}}</ref> * '''Rote memoria (Repetitio):''' Discipuli magnos textuum Latinorum Graecorumque locos memoriter discere et magistro recitare debebant. * '''Analysis grammatica (Construing):''' Textus classici diligenter azymati sunt secundum regulas syntaxis antequam Anglice verterentur. * '''Scriptio versuum:''' Sicut in aliis scholis grammaticis Anglicis, maxima laus tributa est facultati versus Latinos scribendi (praecipue hexametros et disticha elegiaca). Qui in hac arte excellebant, "electi" habebantur.<ref>{{qc|id=Kirtland (1909)}}</ref> === Grammatica Latina Etonensis === Ad usum scholarum, liber scholasticus famosissimus editus est, sub titulo ''Eton Latin Grammar'' cognitus, qui per saecula duodecim ac decimum nonum in omnibus fere scholis grammaticis Britanniae adhibebatur ad elementa linguae Latinae docenda.<ref>{{qc|id=Eton Latin Grammar}}</ref> In classe inferiore quae "Nonsense" vocabatur, pueri versus sine sensu sed metrice rectos componebant ut regulas prosodiae ediscerent.<ref>{{qc|id=Nevill (1911)}}, p. 63</ref> === Versus Bacchici === Consuetudo quaedam singularis Etonensis erat scriptio "versuum Bacchicorum" (Anglice ''Bacchus verses''). Diebus Shrovetide (id est ante Quadragesimam), discipuli versus Latinos in laudem vel vituperationem Bacchi, dei vini, componebant. Hi versus, coloratis fasciis ligati, in aula collegiali (Anglice ''College Hall'') appendebantur, ubi a magistris et visitatoribus legebantur. Ipse [[Richardus Porson]], philologus illustris, versus de Cyro Babylone capta exultante composuit, qui in bibliotheca servantur.<ref>{{qc|id=Nevill (1911)}}, p. 163</ref> [[Samuel Pepys]] hanc consuetudinem anno [[1666]] admiratus est.<ref>{{qc|id=Pepys (1666)}}</ref> === De ludis scaenicis Latinis === Durante hieme, discipuli fabulas scaenicas Latinas agere solebant. [[Nicolaus Udall]] (archididascalus inter 1534 et 1541) plures comoedias scripsit, inter quas ''Ralph Roister Doister'', quae prima comoedia Anglica habetur, structura tamen scaenica Latina et Terentiana instructa.<ref>{{qc|id=Udall (DNB)}}</ref> === De curriculo classico et emendationibus === Saeculo decimo nono, trias auctorum classicorum — Homerus, Vergilius, Horatius — a discipulis usque ad satietatem legebatur.<ref>{{qc|id=Lyte (1911)}}, p. 382</ref> Tamen emendatores scholam reprehenderunt quod scientias modernas neglegeret. Mathematicae disciplina anno [[1851]] demum inducta est, ne studia classica deperirent.<ref>{{qc|id=Hoare (2020)}}</ref> Comissio Clarendoniana anno [[1861]] instituta curriculum severe iudicavit, quod ad ''Public Schools Act'' anno [[1868]] duxit; exinde aliae linguae (sicut Francogallica ac Germanica) et scientiae physicae in ordinem studiorum admissae sunt.<ref>{{qc|id=Hoare (2020)}}</ref> Tantum sub praeside Antonio Chenevix-Trench decennio 1960 studia classica primatum absolutum amiserunt.<ref>{{qc|id=Hoare (2020)}}</ref> == Praemia ac Carmina == === De Praemio Newcastle === Anno [[1829]], Henricus Pelham-Clinton, quartus dux de Newcastle, praemium annuum instituit (Anglice ''Newcastle Scholarship''), quod etiam hodie est honoratissimum scholae praemium. Per centum et quinquaginta annos hoc examen severissimum fuit de lingua Graeca et Latina, historia antiqua, et theologia biblica.<ref>{{qc|id=Newcastle (Antigone)}}</ref> Inter victores fuerunt multi viri illustres sicut [[Gulielmus Ewart Gladstone]] (qui examinator fuit anno 1840), [[M. R. James]], et [[Douglas Hurd]].<ref>{{qc|id=Newcastle Scholarship (EN)}}</ref> === Carmen Etonense === Quamquam "Eton Boating Song" est celeberrimum carmen populare, carmen officiale scholae, "Carmen Etonense" nuncupatum, Latine canitur. Carmen compositum est ab Arturo Campbell Ainger (verbis) et Iosepho Barnby (musicis): :''Sonent voces omnium'' :''Liliorum florem,'' :''Decus et praesidium'' :''Munus et amorem...'' == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{ec|id=Eton College (EN)|c={{Opus|auctor=Vicipaedia Anglica|annus=2026|titulus=Eton College|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College}}}} * {{ec|id=Eton History|c={{Opus|auctor=Eton College|annus=2021|titulus=Our History|url=https://www.etoncollege.com/about-us/our-history/}}}} * {{ec|id=Eton Latin Grammar|c={{Opus|auctor=Taylor, G.|annus=1840|titulus=The Eton Latin Grammar|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_Latin_Grammar}}}} * {{ec|id=Hoare (2020)|c={{Opus|auctor=Hoare, Eleanor|annus=2020|titulus=Education, Education, Education: 500 Years of Learning at Eton College|opus=History of Education Society|url=https://collections.etoncollege.com/education-education-education-500-years-of-learning-at-eton-college/}}}} * {{ec|id=King's College (2007)|c={{Opus|auctor=King's College Cambridge|annus=2007|titulus=Statutes and Ordinances 2007|url=https://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/documents/about/statutes-and-ordinances-2007-updated-27th-august-2021.pdf}}}} * {{ec|id=Kirtland (1909)|c={{Opus|auctor=Kirtland, J. C.|annus=1909|titulus=Notes on the Teaching of Latin in England|opus=The Classical Weekly|volumen=2|numero=28|paginae=226-228|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4386046}}}} * {{ec|id=Lyte (1911)|c={{Opus|auctor=Lyte, H. C. Maxwell|annus=1911|titulus=A History of Eton College (1440-1910)|edition=4a|editor=Macmillan|url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/A_history_of_Eton_College_%28IA_historyofetoncol00cust%29.pdf}}}} * {{ec|id=Malim (1561)|c={{Opus|auctor=Malim, William|annus=1561|titulus=Consuetudinarium Vetus Scholae Etonensis|url=https://reedprepub.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/eton-college-intro2.pdf}}}} * {{ec|id=Nevill (1911)|c={{Opus|auctor=Nevill, Ralph|annus=1911|titulus=Floreat Etona: Anecdotes and Memories of Eton College|editor=Macmillan|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/53769/pg53769-images.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Newcastle (Antigone)|c={{Opus|auctor=Antigone Journal|annus=2022|titulus=The Newcastle Scholarship|url=https://antigonejournal.com/2022/10/newcastle-scholarship-eton/}}}} * {{ec|id=Newcastle Scholarship (EN)|c={{Opus|auctor=Vicipaedia Anglica|annus=2026|titulus=Newcastle Scholarship|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_Scholarship}}}} * {{ec|id=Pepys (1666)|c={{Opus|auctor=Pepys, Samuel|annus=1666|titulus=Diary of Samuel Pepys: Shrovetide 1666|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/53769/pg53769-images.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Udall (DNB)|c={{Opus|auctor=Dictionary of National Biography|annus=1885|titulus=Nicholas Udall|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Udall}}}} * {{ec|id=Waquet (2001)|c={{Opus|auctor=Waquet, Françoise|annus=2001|titulus=Latin, or the Empire of a Sign: From the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Centuries|editor=Verso|locus=Londinii|url=https://archive.org/details/latinorempireofs0000waqu}}}} * {{ec|id=Grafton (2001)|c={{Opus|auctor=Grafton, Anthony|annus=2001|titulus=Thank you for your letter (recensio libri Waquet)|opus=London Review of Books|volumen=23|numero=21|url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v23/n21/anthony-grafton/thank-you-for-your-letter}}}} * {{ec|id=Waynflete (DNB)|c={{Opus|auctor=Dictionary of National Biography|annus=1885|titulus=William Waynflete|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Waynflete}}}} [[Categoria:Collegium Etonense|!]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1440]] [[Categoria:Scholae in Britanniarum Regno]] [[Categoria:Educatio classica]] olt4jpnc2asyblunkym0s7ou7ohawy7 0 49280 3961814 3552149 2026-05-26T05:20:13Z Bartholomite 116968 3961814 wikitext text/x-wiki {{videhom|Verbum Dei}} {{Capsa documenti pontificii Vicidatorum}} {{lres|Dei Verbum}} est constitutio dogmatica de divina revelatione cui [[Concilium Vaticanum Secundum]] assensus est et postea a papa [[Paulus VI|Paulo VI]] die [[18 Novembris]] [[1965]] promulgata est. == Editiones == * Lat.: {{AAS|1966|817}}–836 == Lege etiam == * [[Ioannes Guitton]], ''Regard sur le Concile''. Éditions Montaigne, Lutetiae 1963 * [[Iosephus Ratzinger]]: ''Zur Lage des Glaubens''. Neue Stadt, Monaci 1985, ISBN 3-87996-180-8 == Nexus externus == * [http://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19651118_dei-verbum_lt.html Textus ] {{Ling |Latine}} {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{reli-stipula}} [[Categoria:Textus Christiani]] [[Categoria:Ecclesia Catholica]] [[Categoria:Documenta Latina]] [[Categoria:Constitutiones Apostolicae]] kolfm94l8vq188kedi34rmvxn1t339d 0 49281 3961800 3721475 2026-05-26T02:56:30Z Bartholomite 116968 3961800 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa documenti pontificii Vicidatorum}} {{ores|Lumen gentium}} est [[dogma|constitutio dogmatica]] de [[Ecclesia Catholica]], cui [[Concilium Vaticanum Secundum]] die 16 [[Novembris]] 1964 assensus est et postea a papa [[Paulus VI|Paulo VI]] die [[21 Novembris]] [[1964]] promulgata est. ==Nexus externus== *[http://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_lt.html Textus ] {{Ling |Latine}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20071005180833/http://www.ratzinger.it//modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=109 ''Ecclesiologia Costitutionis Lumen gentium''] pagina anno 2000 a tunc cardinale [[Iosephus Ratzinger|Iosepho Ratzinger]] scripta. {{Ling |Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}} {{titulus italicus}} {{reli-stipula}} [[Categoria:Ecclesia Catholica]] [[Categoria:Ecclesiologia]] [[Categoria:Documenta Latina]] [[Categoria:Textus Christiani]] [[Categoria:Constitutiones Apostolicae]] nqzbwmd5bkj4lsczwkq5zclhh98ekok 3961815 3961800 2026-05-26T05:21:02Z Bartholomite 116968 3961815 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa documenti pontificii Vicidatorum}} {{lres|Lumen gentium}} est [[dogma|constitutio dogmatica]] de [[Ecclesia Catholica]], cui [[Concilium Vaticanum Secundum]] die 16 [[Novembris]] 1964 assensus est et postea a papa [[Paulus VI|Paulo VI]] die [[21 Novembris]] [[1964]] promulgata est. ==Nexus externus== *[http://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_lt.html Textus ] {{Ling |Latine}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20071005180833/http://www.ratzinger.it//modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=109 ''Ecclesiologia Costitutionis Lumen gentium''] pagina anno 2000 a tunc cardinale [[Iosephus Ratzinger|Iosepho Ratzinger]] scripta. {{Ling |Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}} {{titulus ad litteram}} {{reli-stipula}} [[Categoria:Ecclesia Catholica]] [[Categoria:Ecclesiologia]] [[Categoria:Documenta Latina]] [[Categoria:Textus Christiani]] [[Categoria:Constitutiones Apostolicae]] fbtk3c6g9q4517nl5zzmrjkud5s1i97 0 69461 3961831 3311025 2026-05-26T08:39:22Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3961831 wikitext text/x-wiki ''' Ubi lex voluit dixit, ubi noluit tacuit''' est [[brocardus]] [[Lingua Latina|Latinus]] cuius vis est si lex de re nulla praescribet, haec res ad hanc regulam non directam est. == Nexus externus == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081114201755/http://www.lta.frdm.fr/IMG/pdf/00000000-DocRef-Adages-Droit-francais-y-c-langue-latine.pdf De hac sententia apud sentetiarum iuridicarum glossarium (pdf) ] {{Ling|Francice}} {{ius-stipula}} [[Categoria:Brocardica]] k1npvtt1gwlk4qhgnruay13sz2dnvjy 0 70984 3961812 3958502 2026-05-26T04:47:18Z Surajr7 208394 3961812 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Jan_van_Eyck_091.jpg|thumb|''Ioannes de Eyck a se pictus.'' [[Pinacotheca Nationalis (Londinium)|Pinacotheca Nationalis]], [[Londinium|Londinii]].]] [[Fasciculus:Van Eyck - Arnolfini Portrait.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Nuptiae Ioannis Arnolfini]]'' [[Pinacotheca Nationalis (Londinium)|Pinacotheca]], [[Londinium|Londinii]].]] '''Ioannes de Eyck''' (natus ut putatur [[Maaseik]] in [[oppidum|oppido]] [[Limburgum (provincia Belgica)|Limburgensi]] circa annum [[1390]]; mortuus [[Brugae|Brugis]] anno [[1441]]) fuit [[pictor]] [[Flandria|Flandricus]]. Serviebat [[Haga]]e apud [[Ioannes III (dux Bavariae)|Ioannem de Bavaria]] ab anno [[1422]] usque ad annum [[1425]].<ref>Dorit-Maria Krenn et Joachim Wild, "fürste in der ferne". Das Herzogtum Niederbayern-Straubing-Holland 1353-1425. Haus der Bayerischen Geschichte (Hefte zur bayerischen Geschichte und Kultur 28), Augustae Vindelicorum 2003, pp. 40-45 [https://www.hdbg.eu/shop/web/uploads/742a3a4c322320a051fcf7378bb4dcfb.pdf PDF 1]{{Nexus deficit|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, [https://www.hdbg.eu/shop/web/uploads/95edaf68a3c9ce0c0d13418606a550d4.pdf PDF 2]{{Nexus deficit|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Deinde pictor aulae [[Philippus III (dux Burgundiae)|Philippi III]] ducis Burgundiae factus est. Cuius in servitio ducis non solum opera artis creabat, sed etiam munera diplomatica efficiebat. Ita anno [[1426]] Iohannes duo itinera fecit, alterum peregrinationem, quae terram sacram duxisse suspectatur, alterum secretum in "longinquas terras", fortasse in urbes imperii Ottomani. Octobri mense eiusdem anni stipendium pro alio "itinere secreto et longo" accepit.<ref>[http://vlaamseprimitieven.vlaamsekunstcollectie.be/en/biography/jan-van-eyck Chronicum vitae a Till-Holger Borchert]</ref> Ab anno [[1431]] ad annum mortis, Brugae vivebat. Anno 1436 denuo iter secretum pro Philippo fecit. Habebat uxorem nomine Margarita, quae nata est anno 1406. Penicillo tenuissimo modo [[Realismus (artes)|realistico]] pingebat. Picturis a nobis notis omnibus decennium ante mortem Joannis ascriptis non scimus multa de educatione eius in artibus, sed putatur eum prius icones libros ornantes effecisse. Etiam verisimile est eum ex tabulis a [[Robertus Campin|Roberto Campin]] (c. 1378-1444) pictis aliquot didicisse, ut realismum fortem, ut velati artem [[Symbolismus (artes)|symbolismi]]. Fortasse etiam scientia [[color]]um, qua ipse Iohannes praeclarus, colores stratis tenuibus translucentibusque extruens, originem ex Campin trahit.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jan-van-Eyck Biographia a Herbert Leon Kessler]</ref> ''[[Ara Gandavina]]'' (1432) magnum opus eius est, etiam ''[[coniuges Arnolfini]]'' (1434) famosissimi sunt. Ioannes de Eyck iam [[Saeculum 15|saeculo 15]] in [[Italia]] maxime aestimabatur testibus [[Kyriacus Anconitanus de Picenicollibus|Kyriaco Anconitano]] (1449) et [[Bartholomaeus Facius|Bartholomaeo Facio]], qui in suo libro ''De viris illustribus'' (1456) ita scripsit:<ref>J. A. Crowe, G. B. Cavalcaselle, ''[https://archive.org/stream/geschichtederalt00crow#page/410/mode/2up Geschichte der altniederländischen Malerei]'', bearbeitet von Anton Springer, 1875, p. 411 - 413</ref><ref>''[http://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb10050506_00100.html Bartholomaei Facii de Viris illustribus liber, nunc primum... in lucem erutus. Recensuit... vitamque auctoris addidit Laurentius Mehus]'', Florentiae 1745, p. 46s.</ref> <blockquote>"Joannes Gallicus nostri saeculi pictorum princeps iudicatus est, litterarum nonnihil doctus geometriae praesertim et earum artium, quae ad picturae ornamentum accederent, putaturque ob eam rem multa de colorum proprietatibus invenisse, quae ab antiquis tradita ex Plinii et aliorum auctorum lectione didicerat."</blockquote> Aliqua opera nunc perdita descripsit, inter ea [[mappa mundi|mappam mundi]] his verbis: <blockquote>"Eius est Mundi comprehensio orbiculari forma quam Philippo Belgarum Principi pinxit, quo nullum consummatius opus nostra aetate factum putatur, in quo non solum loca, situsque regionum, sed etiam locorum distantiam metiendo dignoscas."</blockquote> Porro tabulam balneum cum speculo depingentem: <blockquote>"Sunt item picturae eius nobiles apud Octavianum Cardinalem virum illustrem eximia forma feminae e balneo exeuntes occultiores corporis partes tenui linteo velatae, notabili rubore, e quis unius os tantummodo, pectesque demonstrans posteriores corporis partes per speculum pictum lateri oppositum ita expressit, ut et terga quemadmodum pectus videas. In eadem tabula est in balneo lucerna ardenti simillima, et anus, quae sudare videatur, catulus aquam lambens, et item equi, hominesque perbrevi statura, montes, nemora, pagi, castella tanto artificio elaborata, ut alia ab aliis quinquaginta millibus passuum distare credas. Sed nihil prope admirabilius in eodem opere, quam speculum in eadem tabula depictum, in quo quaecumque inibi descripta sunt, tanquam in vero speculo prospicias."</blockquote> == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Fasciculus:The Virgin with Chancellor Rolin by Jan van Eyck (Louvre).webp|Madonna cancellarii Rolin, [[Museum Lupariense]], [[Lutetia]]e Fasciculus:Eyck Margaret.jpg|Margarita de Eyck, Städtisches Museum für Schöne Kunst, [[Bruga]]e Fasciculus:Ghent Altarpiece Google Art Project.jpg| Ara Gandavina, Cathedralis [[Bavo Gandavensis|Sancti Bavonis]], [[Gandavum|Gandavi]] Fasciculus:Jan van Eyck 093.jpg|Homo cum [[caryophyllum|caryophyllo]], Gemäldegalerie, [[Berolinum|Berolini]] (imitatio anno circa 1475) Fasciculus:Anonymous - Christ on the Cross - 525 F - Gemäldegalerie.jpg|[[Christus]] crucifixus, Gemäldegalerie, Berolini Fasciculus:Jan van Eyck - Baudouin de Lannoy.jpg| [[Balduinus de Lannoy]], Gemäldegalerie, Berolini Fasciculus:Jan van Eyck 088.jpg|[[Ioannes Arnolfini]], Gemäldegalerie, Berolini Fasciculus:Eyck_madonna_kirche.jpg| Madonna in ecclesia, Staatliche Museen Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Berolini Fasciculus:Jan van Eyck - Diptych - WGA07587, left panel.jpg|Diptychum crucifixi et iudicii extremi, tabella sinistra, [[Museum Artium Metropolitanum]], [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]] Fasciculus:Jan van Eyck - Diptych - WGA07587, right panel.jpg|Diptychum crucifixi et judicii extremi, tabella dextra Fasciculus:Jan van Eyck - Léal Souvenir - National Gallery, London.jpg|[[Léal Souvenir]], [[Pinacotheca nationalis]], [[Londinium|Londinii]] </gallery> == Bibliographia == * [[Marina Belozerskaya|Belozerskaya, Marina]]. [[2000]]. Jan van Eyck's lost mappamundi: a token of fifteenth-century power politics. ''Journal of Early Modern History'' 4:45-84. [http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/157006500x00132 Textus apud brillonline, situm venalem.] == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Jan van Eyck|Ioannem de Eyck}} * [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jan-van-Eyck Biographia a Herbert Leon Kessler] * [http://www.wga.hu/html/e/eyck_van/jan/index.html De Ioanne de Eyck apud Web Gallery of Art] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130608091400/http://www.ask1.org/redaktion-72.html Mysterium de ara Gantiae] * [http://closertovaneyck.kikirpa.be Ara Gandavina] {{Lifetime|saeculo 14|1441|Eyck, Ioannes De}} [[Categoria:Artifices Flandriae]] [[Categoria:Iohannes de Eyck|!]] [[Categoria:Pictores Belgicae]] {{Myrias|Homines}} nvx76hi3odysxed355u4lef54sar7j6 3961828 3961812 2026-05-26T07:26:53Z Surajr7 208394 3961828 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Jan_van_Eyck_091.jpg|thumb|''Ioannes de Eyck a se pictus.'' [[Pinacotheca Nationalis (Londinium)|Pinacotheca Nationalis]], [[Londinium|Londinii]].]] [[Fasciculus:Van Eyck - Arnolfini Portrait.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Nuptiae Ioannis Arnolfini]]'' [[Pinacotheca Nationalis (Londinium)|Pinacotheca]], [[Londinium|Londinii]].]] '''Ioannes de Eyck''' (natus ut putatur [[Maaseik]] in [[oppidum|oppido]] [[Limburgum (provincia Belgica)|Limburgensi]] circa annum [[1390]]; mortuus [[Brugae|Brugis]] anno [[1441]]) fuit [[pictor]] [[Flandria|Flandricus]]. Serviebat [[Haga]]e apud [[Ioannes III (dux Bavariae)|Ioannem de Bavaria]] ab anno [[1422]] usque ad annum [[1425]].<ref>Dorit-Maria Krenn et Joachim Wild, "fürste in der ferne". Das Herzogtum Niederbayern-Straubing-Holland 1353-1425. Haus der Bayerischen Geschichte (Hefte zur bayerischen Geschichte und Kultur 28), Augustae Vindelicorum 2003, pp. 40-45 [https://www.hdbg.eu/shop/web/uploads/742a3a4c322320a051fcf7378bb4dcfb.pdf PDF 1]{{Nexus deficit|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, [https://www.hdbg.eu/shop/web/uploads/95edaf68a3c9ce0c0d13418606a550d4.pdf PDF 2]{{Nexus deficit|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Deinde pictor aulae [[Philippus III (dux Burgundiae)|Philippi III]] ducis Burgundiae factus est. Cuius in servitio ducis non solum opera artis creabat, sed etiam munera diplomatica efficiebat. Ita anno [[1426]] Iohannes duo itinera fecit, alterum peregrinationem, quae terram sacram duxisse suspectatur, alterum secretum in "longinquas terras", fortasse in urbes imperii Ottomani. Octobri mense eiusdem anni stipendium pro alio "itinere secreto et longo" accepit.<ref>[http://vlaamseprimitieven.vlaamsekunstcollectie.be/en/biography/jan-van-eyck Chronicum vitae a Till-Holger Borchert]</ref> Ab anno [[1431]] ad annum mortis, Brugae vivebat. Anno 1436 denuo iter secretum pro Philippo fecit. Habebat uxorem nomine Margarita, quae nata est anno 1406. Penicillo tenuissimo modo [[Realismus (artes)|realistico]] pingebat. Picturis a nobis notis omnibus decennium ante mortem Joannis ascriptis non scimus multa de educatione eius in artibus, sed putatur eum prius icones libros ornantes effecisse. Etiam verisimile est eum ex tabulis a [[Robertus Campin|Roberto Campin]] (c. 1378-1444) pictis aliquot didicisse, ut realismum fortem, ut velati artem [[Symbolismus (artes)|symbolismi]]. Fortasse etiam scientia [[color]]um, qua ipse Iohannes praeclarus, colores stratis tenuibus translucentibusque extruens, originem ex Campin trahit.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jan-van-Eyck Biographia a Herbert Leon Kessler]</ref> ''[[Ara Gandavina]]'' (1432) magnum opus eius est, etiam ''[[coniuges Arnolfini]]'' (1434) famosissimi sunt. Ioannes de Eyck iam [[Saeculum 15|saeculo 15]] in [[Italia]] maxime aestimabatur testibus [[Kyriacus Anconitanus de Picenicollibus|Kyriaco Anconitano]] (1449) et [[Bartholomaeus Facius|Bartholomaeo Facio]], qui in suo libro ''De viris illustribus'' (1456) ita scripsit:<ref>J. A. Crowe, G. B. Cavalcaselle, ''[https://archive.org/stream/geschichtederalt00crow#page/410/mode/2up Geschichte der altniederländischen Malerei]'', bearbeitet von Anton Springer, 1875, p. 411 - 413</ref><ref>''[http://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb10050506_00100.html Bartholomaei Facii de Viris illustribus liber, nunc primum... in lucem erutus. Recensuit... vitamque auctoris addidit Laurentius Mehus]'', Florentiae 1745, p. 46s.</ref> <blockquote>"Joannes Gallicus nostri saeculi pictorum princeps iudicatus est, litterarum nonnihil doctus geometriae praesertim et earum artium, quae ad picturae ornamentum accederent, putaturque ob eam rem multa de colorum proprietatibus invenisse, quae ab antiquis tradita ex Plinii et aliorum auctorum lectione didicerat."</blockquote> Aliqua opera nunc perdita descripsit, inter ea [[mappa mundi|mappam mundi]] his verbis: <blockquote>"Eius est Mundi comprehensio orbiculari forma quam Philippo Belgarum Principi pinxit, quo nullum consummatius opus nostra aetate factum putatur, in quo non solum loca, situsque regionum, sed etiam locorum distantiam metiendo dignoscas."</blockquote> Porro tabulam balneum cum speculo depingentem: <blockquote>"Sunt item picturae eius nobiles apud Octavianum Cardinalem virum illustrem eximia forma feminae e balneo exeuntes occultiores corporis partes tenui linteo velatae, notabili rubore, e quis unius os tantummodo, pectesque demonstrans posteriores corporis partes per speculum pictum lateri oppositum ita expressit, ut et terga quemadmodum pectus videas. In eadem tabula est in balneo lucerna ardenti simillima, et anus, quae sudare videatur, catulus aquam lambens, et item equi, hominesque perbrevi statura, montes, nemora, pagi, castella tanto artificio elaborata, ut alia ab aliis quinquaginta millibus passuum distare credas. Sed nihil prope admirabilius in eodem opere, quam speculum in eadem tabula depictum, in quo quaecumque inibi descripta sunt, tanquam in vero speculo prospicias."</blockquote> == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Fasciculus:The Virgin with Chancellor Rolin by Jan van Eyck (Louvre).webp|Madonna cancellarii Rolin, [[Museum Lupariense]], [[Lutetia]]e Fasciculus:Eyck Margaret.jpg|Margarita de Eyck, Städtisches Museum für Schöne Kunst, [[Bruga]]e Fasciculus:Ghent Altarpiece Google Art Project.jpg| Ara Gandavina, Cathedralis [[Bavo Gandavensis|Sancti Bavonis]], [[Gandavum|Gandavi]] Fasciculus:Jan van Eyck 093.jpg|Homo cum [[caryophyllum|caryophyllo]], Gemäldegalerie, [[Berolinum|Berolini]] (imitatio anno circa 1475) Fasciculus:Anonymous - Christ on the Cross - 525 F - Gemäldegalerie.jpg|[[Christus]] crucifixus, Gemäldegalerie, Berolini Fasciculus:Jan van Eyck - Baudouin de Lannoy.jpg| [[Balduinus de Lannoy]], Gemäldegalerie, Berolini Fasciculus:Jan van Eyck 088.jpg|[[Ioannes Arnolfini]], Gemäldegalerie, Berolini Fasciculus:Eyck_madonna_kirche.jpg| Madonna in ecclesia, Staatliche Museen Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Berolini Fasciculus:Jan van Eyck - Diptych - WGA07587, left panel.jpg|Diptychum crucifixi et iudicii extremi, tabella sinistra, [[Museum Artium Metropolitanum]], [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]] Fasciculus:Jan van Eyck - Diptych - WGA07587, right panel.jpg|Diptychum crucifixi et judicii extremi, tabella dextra Fasciculus:Eyck, Jan van - Portrait of a Young Man (Tymotheos) - National Gallery, London.jpg|[[Léal Souvenir]], [[Pinacotheca nationalis]], [[Londinium|Londinii]] </gallery> == Bibliographia == * [[Marina Belozerskaya|Belozerskaya, Marina]]. [[2000]]. Jan van Eyck's lost mappamundi: a token of fifteenth-century power politics. ''Journal of Early Modern History'' 4:45-84. [http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/157006500x00132 Textus apud brillonline, situm venalem.] == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Jan van Eyck|Ioannem de Eyck}} * [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jan-van-Eyck Biographia a Herbert Leon Kessler] * [http://www.wga.hu/html/e/eyck_van/jan/index.html De Ioanne de Eyck apud Web Gallery of Art] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130608091400/http://www.ask1.org/redaktion-72.html Mysterium de ara Gantiae] * [http://closertovaneyck.kikirpa.be Ara Gandavina] {{Lifetime|saeculo 14|1441|Eyck, Ioannes De}} [[Categoria:Artifices Flandriae]] [[Categoria:Iohannes de Eyck|!]] [[Categoria:Pictores Belgicae]] {{Myrias|Homines}} ahwh47k1y7j52d66jvnccru0r0jt6j6 0 72055 3961723 3872296 2026-05-25T15:54:20Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3961723 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus: Safien_Platz_Ansicht.jpg|thumb|Stosavia]] ''' Salugus ''' <ref>Cfr. {{LHH|1483|Safien}} </ref> ([[Germanice]] '' Safien '', [[Romancice]] Stussavgia) est parvus vicus [[Helvetia|Helveticus]] 318 incolarum (anno 2007) qui ad pagum [[Grisonia]]m pertinet. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Safien| Stosaviam}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140210042717/http://www.safien.ch/ Pagina officialis] * {{LHH|1483|Safien}} == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references /></div> {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Municipia Helvetiae]] [[Categoria:Grisonia]] n3g1cprhtdy07q42wb5dtkyko9aj29d 0 72782 3961790 2431904 2026-05-26T02:21:46Z Bartholomite 116968 3961790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa documenti pontificii Vicidatorum}} {{ores|Caritas in veritate}} est titulus tertiarum [[encyclicae|litterarum encyclicarum]] [[Papa]]e [[Benedictus XVI|Benedicti XVI]]. Edita est die [[7 Iulii]] [[2009]], et data [[29 Iunii]]. De integra humana maturatione in caritate et veritate tractat. Sex capita, introductionem, atque conclusionem habet. == Nexus externi == * [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xvi_enc_20090629_caritas-in-veritate_lt.html Encyclica epistula] * [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/encyclicals/index_en.htm Index Anglice scriptum qui ad coeterarum linguarum versiones nexus habet] {{Ling|Anglice|Francogallice|Germanice|Italiane|Polonice|Lusitane|Hispanice}} * [http://eucharistiemisericor.free.fr/index.php?page=2304092_encyclique De novae encyclicae editione] * [http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hS8o80-pzFgO16AGW9tGYGdp68jQD97O5OBO3 AP Nuntia de nova encyclica] {{reli-stipula}} {{Encyclicae Sociales}} {{Encyclicae epistulae a Benedicto XVI}} [[Categoria:Encyclicae Benedicti XVI]] [[Categoria:Encyclicae Sociales]] [[Categoria:Scripta 2009]] t290spgfg0146957anz5vjoi7bh0ujl 3961820 3961790 2026-05-26T05:24:40Z Bartholomite 116968 3961820 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa documenti pontificii Vicidatorum}} {{lres|Caritas in veritate}} est titulus tertiarum [[encyclicae|litterarum encyclicarum]] [[Papa]]e [[Benedictus XVI|Benedicti XVI]]. Edita est die [[7 Iulii]] [[2009]], et data [[29 Iunii]]. De integra humana maturatione in caritate et veritate tractat. Sex capita, introductionem, atque conclusionem habet. == Nexus externi == * [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xvi_enc_20090629_caritas-in-veritate_lt.html Encyclica epistula] * [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/encyclicals/index_en.htm Index Anglice scriptum qui ad coeterarum linguarum versiones nexus habet] {{Ling|Anglice|Francogallice|Germanice|Italiane|Polonice|Lusitane|Hispanice}} * [http://eucharistiemisericor.free.fr/index.php?page=2304092_encyclique De novae encyclicae editione] * [http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hS8o80-pzFgO16AGW9tGYGdp68jQD97O5OBO3 AP Nuntia de nova encyclica] {{titulus ad litteram}} {{reli-stipula}} {{Encyclicae Sociales}} {{Encyclicae epistulae a Benedicto XVI}} [[Categoria:Encyclicae Benedicti XVI]] [[Categoria:Encyclicae Sociales]] [[Categoria:Scripta 2009]] 2dlror82lxuc8d9bypaw58ifn8gng4r 10 73269 3961787 2215722 2026-05-26T02:11:35Z Bartholomite 116968 3961787 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nav |Titulus=[[Encyclica Epistula|Epistulae Encyclicae]] Sociales |Formula=Encyclicae Sociales |Imago = [[Fasciculus:Papa Leone XIII (3x4 cropped).jpeg|100px|Leo papa XIII]] |Textus= '''[[Rerum novarum]]''' ([[Leo XIII]], [[1891]]) • '''[[Quadragesimo anno]]''' ([[Pius XI]], [[1931]]) • '''[[Mater et magistra]]''' ([[Ioannes XXIII]], [[1961]]) • '''[[Pacem in terris]]''' (Ioannes XXIII, [[1963]]) • '''[[Populorum progressio]]''' ([[Paulus VI]], [[1967]]) • '''[[Laborem exercens]]''' ([[Ioannes Paulus II]], [[1981]]) • '''[[Sollicitudo rei socialis]]''' (Ioannes Paulus II, [[1987]]) • '''[[Centesimus annus]]''' (Ioannes Paulus II, [[1991]]) • '''[[Caritas in veritate]]''' ([[Benedictus XVI]], [[2009]]) • '''[[Laudato si']]''' ([[Franciscus (papa)|Franciscus]], [[2015]] • '''[[Magnifica humanitas]]''' ([[Leo XIV]], [[2026]]) }} <noinclude> [[Categoria:Formulae]] {{DEFAULTSORT:!}} </noinclude> [[Categoria:Encyclicae Sociales]] 0wnx6vohhdqz2t8dxw4t7ulbhdwe1cz 0 73696 3961811 3548756 2026-05-26T04:29:28Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3961811 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Torcular''' est instrumentum in quo, si [[cochlea|cochleis]] torquetur, duo operimenta concluduntur, quibus res quaelibet sive comprimatur sive firme teneatur (ut vel ab opifice vel fabro tractetur). Varia genera torcularis sunt: [[Fasciculus:Vajco.png|thumb|left|Torcularia scamnaria quae in officina usurpantur. 1.Ansa 2.Cochlea 3.Mala (pars fixa) 4.Maxilla (pars mobilis) 5.Cochlea retinens]][[Fasciculus:Wine_press_from_16th_century.jpg|thumb|right|Torcular uvarum 16mi saeculi duabus cochleis instructum]] * '''Torcular uvarum''' quod adhibetur ad uvas aut mala comprimendas ut sucus extrahatur ad [[vinum]] et [[pomacium]] conficiendam. * '''Torcular officinae''' quod in scamno fabri aptum adhibetur ad stricte tenendum alicuius rei ut convenienter tractetur. * '''Torcular librorum''' quo glutinator librorum libros primit ut paginae perplanae fiant * '''Torcular florum''' quo [[botanista]]e et collectores florum silvestrium utuntur ad flores complanandas ut in libro serventur. Vetstigia torcularis omnium antiquissimi, abhinc annis fere 6&nbsp;000 constructi, in [[Armenia]] reperta sunt in caverna [[Areni 1]]. == Bibliographia == * William Lee Adams, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20191230105927/http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/01/11/archaeologists-unearth-the-worlds-oldest-wine-press/ Archaeologists Unearth the World’s Oldest Wine Press]" in ''[[Time]]'' (11 Ianuarii 2011) [[Categoria:Instrumenta]] [[Categoria:Vini confectio]] 2al1dt3za6aaq7efoy86s27dir0pfwr 0 77193 3961739 3307575 2026-05-25T19:17:57Z Vysotsky 36282 +/- fasc 3961739 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:GoropiusBecanus.jpg|thumb|Iohannes Goropius Becanus.]] '''Iohannes Goropius Becanus''' (natus ''Jan Gerartsen'' [[Goropum|Goropi]] in Hilvarenbeek [[municipium|municipio]] anno [[1519]]; mortuus [[1572]]) fuit [[medicus]], [[linguista]], et [[humanista]] [[Nederlandia|Nederlandicus]]. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Johannes Goropius Becanus|Iohannem Goropium Becanum}} * [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/adam/adam2/s222.html Melchior Adam Iohannis Goropii Becani vita] {{Ling|Latine}} * [http://www.cubra.nl/dodenakker/goropiusbecanus.htm Biographia] apud paginas interretiales'' Cultureel Brabant'' {{bio-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Goropius Becanus, Iohannes}} [[Categoria:Nati 1519]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1572]] [[Categoria:Eruditi Nederlandiae]] [[Categoria:Humanistae]] [[Categoria:Linguistae]] [[Categoria:Medici Nederlandiae]] bjizxqzksobsb2fvy5yap7yrh6ibivo 0 79531 3961834 3713173 2026-05-26T10:53:16Z CommonsDelinker 1422 [[c:COM:CDC|automaton]]: Substituens [[File:Arrival_Ceremony_for_His_Excellency_Carlos_Lleras_Restrepo_of_Columbia_-_DPLA_-_7d1be55a12acccb3eaf4d03881147cc6.gif]] pro File:Lleras_and_Nixon.gif. CommonsDelinker hanc rationem dedit: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed 3961834 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L}} {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Arrival Ceremony for His Excellency Carlos Lleras Restrepo of Columbia - DPLA - 7d1be55a12acccb3eaf4d03881147cc6.gif|thumb|Carolus Lleras Restrepo cum [[Richardus Nixon| Richardus Nixon]] et uxoribus eorum]] ''' Carolus Lleras Restrepo''' (vulgo Carlos Lleras Restrepo; Bogotae natus die [[12 Aprilis]] [[1908]]; ibidem mortuus die [[27 Septembris]] [[1994]]), causidicus, fuit politicorum peritus [[factio liberalis (Columbia)|factionis liberalis]] qui a die [[7 Augusti]] [[1966]] usque ad diem [[7 Augusti]] [[1970]] [[Columbia]]e praeses fuit. == Nexus externus == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090627021418/http://www.lablaa.org/blaavirtual/ayudadetareas/poli/poli73.htm Charta] praesedum Columbiae, e Biliotheca Luis Angel Arango {{Praesides Columbiae}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lleras Restrepo, Carolus}} [[Categoria:Praesides Columbiae]] [[Categoria:Nati 1908]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1994]] [[Categoria:Causidici]] 8f08x917pppxmc4bnpx1wnxwc2nw44q 0 80191 3961780 3947581 2026-05-26T00:12:15Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3961780 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Dirk Niebel 1c399 0357.jpg|thumb|Theodericus Niebel anno 2011]] '''Theodericus''' (vulgo: ''Dirk'') '''Niebel''' (natus [[29 Martii]] [[1963]] [[Hamburgum|Hamburgi]]) vir publicus Theodiscus et sodalis [[Factio Democratica Liberalis Germaniae|Factionis Democraticae Liberalis Germaniae]] est. == Iuventus et munus == Post scholam finitam Niebel anno [[1983]] miles et postea Succenturio maior factus est et nunc centurio veteranus est. Ab anno [[1991]] in universitate exercitus Theodisci [[Manhemium|Manhemii]] administrationi studebat et diploma accepit. Annis [[1993]] - [[1998]] oppido Sinsheim apud [[Heidelberga]]m conciliator laboris laboravit. == Cursus honorum == Niebel ab anno [[1977]] sodalis [[Unio iuvenilis|Unionis Iuvenilis]] et [[1979]] etiam [[CDU]] fuit, sed anno [[1981]] eas reliquit et anno [[1990]] sodalis FDP factus est. Anno [[1998]] Niebel in [[Dieta Foederalis Germaniae|Dietam Foederalem]] electus est et ad annum 2013 mansit. Annis [[2005]] - [[2009]] Niebel [[secretarius generalis FDP]] fuit. Post electionem anni 2009 Niebel [[28 Octobris]] ab [[Angela Merkel]] (CDU) [[Administer Foederalis Collaborationis Oeconomicae]] nominatus est. Nonnulli homines quam ob rem mirati sunt, quod Niebel et factio sua semper dixerant hoc administerium esse inutile et itaque tollendum. Anno 2013 autem noniam legatus electus est, quod factio FDP minus quam 5 per centum suffragiorum acceperat. == Nexus externi == {{commonscat|Dirk Niebel}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130601104026/http://www.dirk-niebel.de/ Pagina personalis (Lingua Theodisca] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091030212913/http://www.bundestag.de/bundestag/abgeordnete/bio/N/niebedi0.html Curriculum vitae in pagina Dietae Foederalis Germaniae] {{Administri Foederales Collaborationis Oeconomicae (Germania)}} {{Consilium Ministrorum Merkel II}} {{Secretarii Generales FDP}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Niebel, Theodericus}} [[Categoria:Nati 1963]] [[Categoria:Legati Diaetae foederalis Germaniae]] [[Categoria:Administri Foederales Collaborationis Oeconomicae]] [[Categoria:Secretarii generales FDP]] [[Categoria:Homines vivi]] qvptv0sqymkr6jwgckxjwp6nm5pi2m4 0 81107 3961809 2435889 2026-05-26T03:26:42Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3961809 wikitext text/x-wiki ''' Tina Rosenberg''' (nata in ''[[Brooklin]]'', [[Urbs Novum Eboracum |Urbe Novo Eboraco]] anno [[1960]]) est illustris [[scriptrix]] [[CFA |Americana]]. Anno [[1995]] operis ''The Haunted Land: Facing Europe’s Ghosts After Communism '' gratia praemium ''[[National Book Award]]'' accepit. ==Opera== * ''The Haunted Land: Facing Europe's Ghosts After Communism'' - [[Random House]] - 1996 * ''Children of Cain: Violence and the Violent in Latin America'' - Random House == Nexus externus == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090915214705/http://www.pulitzer.org/biography/1996-General-Nonfiction De Tina Rosenberg] apud www.pulitzer.org {{scriptor-stipula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rosenberg, Tina}} [[Categoria:Nati 1960]] [[Categoria:Homines vivi]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]] 6ffg9sg8qftnllww9g8hz5rh66upise 0 91972 3961725 3328987 2026-05-25T16:13:42Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3961725 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Sir Stuart Bell MP black and white.jpg|thumb|Stuart Bell]] '''Stuart Bell''' (natus in ''[[High Spen]]'' die [[16 Maii]] [[1938]], mortuus die [[13 Octobris]] [[2012]]) fuit rerum politicarum peritus [[Regnum Unitum|Britannicus]] factionis [[Factio Laboris|Laboris]] qui inter alia a die [[9 Iunii]] [[1984]] munere populi ''Merthyr Middlesbrough'' in [[Parlamentum Britannicum|Parlamento Britannico]] fungitur. == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091108155004/http://www.stuartbellmp.org/ Stuart Bell] pagina interretialis * [http://www.theyworkforyou.com/mp/stuart_bell/middlesbrough De Stuart Bell] apud TheyWorkForYou.com {{bio-stipula}} {{Lifetime|1938|2012|Bell, Stuart}} [[Categoria:Legati Parlamento Britannico]] qo5wiv9kq7sbww888bruny0orhz3y0p 0 98640 3961833 2443671 2026-05-26T09:23:59Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3961833 wikitext text/x-wiki ''' Un ballo in maschera''' est opus lyricum a [[Iosephus Verdi |Iosepho Verdi]] scriptum secundum [[Andrea Somma|Andreae Sommae]] libellum, qui huius materiam ex [[Eugenius Scribe| Eugenii Scribe]] ''[[Gustave III, ou Le Bal masqué ]]'' , pro [[compositor]]e [[Daniel Auber |Daniele Auber]] anno [[1833]] creato, libello repetit. Primus ''Un ballo in maschera'' actum est [[Roma]]e die [[17 Februarii]] [[1859]]. " == Nexus externi == {{Commonscat|Un ballo in maschera}} *[http://www.klassika.info/Komponisten/Verdi/Oper/21_Ballo/index.html De hoc opere] {{Ling|Germanice}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20051124224610/http://opera.stanford.edu/Verdi/Ballo/libretto.html Operis libelli] {{Ling|Italice}} {{Opera Verdi|Un ballo in maschera| }} {{musica-stipula}} [[Categoria:Opera lyrica]] [[Categoria:Musica 1859]] [[Categoria:Iosephus Verdi]] c65ucjxngtsgtd43hwyc4pswzgm0u1n 0 98720 3961832 3930600 2026-05-26T09:19:06Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3961832 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Flickr - The U.S. Army - www.Army.mil (105).jpg|thumb|[[Homo|Homines]] umbrellis descensoriis utuntur.]] [[Fasciculus:Homo Volans.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|''Homo Volans.'' [[Adumbratio]] [[Faustus Verantius|Fausti Verantii]] quae umbrellam descensoriam suae designationis pingit, opere [[Leonardus Vincius|Leonardi Vincii]] innitens (circa [[1595]]).]] '''Umbrella descensoria''',<ref>[http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/institutions_connected/latinitas/documents/rc_latinitas_20040601_lexicon_it.html#p ''Lexicon recentis Latinitatis,'' s.v. ''paracadute''].</ref> sive '''decidiculum''',<ref>John C. Traupman, ''Conversational Latin for Oral Proficiency,'' ed. tertia (2003), 356; ''Latin and English Dictionary,'' ed. tertia (Novi Eboraci: Bantam Books, 2007), 613, s.v. ''parachute.'' .</ref> est [[instrumentum]] quod rei [[motus|motum]] per [[atmosphaera]]m tardat, [[impedimentum|impedimento]]<!--?drag (Traupman)--> creato, vel in decidiculo [[aer]]is inferciendi<!--?ram-air--> [[sublevatio]]ne<!--?lift--> aerodynamica, effecta. == Notae == <references/> ==Bibliographia== * Lucas, John. [[1973]]. ''The big umbrella: the history of the parachute from Da Vinci to Apollo.'' Praefatio Douglas Bader. Londinii: Elm Tree Books. ISBN 0241022940. *Mirsky, Steve. [[2019]]. [https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/volunteers-jumped-with-or-without-a-parachute-to-gauge-its-effectiveness/ "Volunteers Jumped with or without a Parachute to Gauge Its Effectiveness."] ''Scientific American,'' 1 Martii 2019. *Moolman, Valerie. [[1980]]. ''The Road to Kitty Hawk.'' Novi Eboraci: Time-Life Books. ISBN 9780809432608. *Peck, James L. H. [[1945]]. "How Armies Hit The Silk." ''Popular Science,'' Iunius. [https://books.google.com/books?id=xiADAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA128 Google Books.] *Pell, Smith, et C. S. Gordon. [[2003]]. "Parachute Use to Prevent Death and Major Trauma Related to Gravitational Challenge: Systematic Review of Randomised Controlled Trials." ''British Medical Journal'' 327, no. 7429 (20 Decembris)): 1459–61. ISSN 0959-8138. PMID 14684649. *Soden, Garrett. [[2005]]. ''Defying Gravity: Land Divers, Roller Coasters, Gravity Bums, and the Human Obsession with Falling.''Novi Eboraci: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-32656-7. [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Defying_Gravity/B4K0rfx_E_kC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA18&printsec=frontcover Google Books.] *van den Broek, Marc. [[2019]]. ''Leonardo da Vinci Spirits of Invention: A Search for Traces.'' Hamburgi: A.TE.M. ISBN 978-3-00-063700-1. * White, Lynn. [[1968]]. "The Invention of the Parachute." ''Technology and Culture'' 9, no. 3 (Iulius): 462–67. {{doi|10.2307/3101655}}. JSTOR 3101655. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Parachutes|umbrellas descensorias}} {{Victionarium|Parachute|umbrellam descensoriam}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100716104628/http://www.fallschirmspringen.at/fshistorie.htm De historia umbrellaarum descensoriarum.] * [http://www.ParachuteHistory.com De historia umbrellarum descensoriarum.] * [http://www.cspa.ca Situs proprius,] The Canadian Sport Parachuting Association. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150721231237/http://www.uspa.org/USPAMembers/Competition/History/tabid/135/Default.aspx Situs proprius.] The United States Parachute Association. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090817181505/http://www.scientificamericanpast.com/Scientific%20American%201910%20to%201919/4/med/sci671913page520.htm "A Safety Parachuite for Airmen."] ''Scientific American,'' 7 Iunii 1913. De primo descensu ex aeroplano volante. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081011031006/http://peosoldier.army.mil/ "Program Executive Office Soldier."] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210508111802/http://www.skydivesf.com/skydiving/skydiving%20instruction.htm De educatione skydiving.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160421021656/http://para2000.org/book/index.html Liber ''Para2000.''] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080730070121/http://www.canopypiloting.co.za/ "The 2nd FAI World Championships in Canopy Piloting – 2008 at Pretoria Skydiving Club South Africa."] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110727034650/http://contentdm.lindahall.org/cdm4/browse.php?CISOROOT=%2Fparachute Parachute History Collection apud Linda Hall Library.] * [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k65550611/f17.item.r=kavanagh%201910.langFR.zoom "Numéro La Revue aérienne / directeur Emile Mousset."] De prima muliere quae umbrella descensoria usa est. * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ya33hEMwCd0 ''Everard Calthrop Parachutist: Drop From Tower Bridge Part 1'' (1918).] [[Pellicula]] de descensu ex Tower Bridge per bellum mundanum primum.<!-- {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727034650/http://contentdm.lindahall.org/cdm4/browse.php?CISOROOT=%2Fparachute |date=July 27, 2011 }} --> [[Categoria:Aerinavigatio]] [[Categoria:Inventiones Franciae]] [[Categoria:Inventiones Sinarum]] [[Categoria:Res volantes]] {{Myrias|Technologia}} 53j8duq5teq4es4purevegx59tq59ie 0 117863 3961773 2453632 2026-05-25T23:40:59Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3961773 wikitext text/x-wiki ''' The Roommate ''' est pellicula a [[moderator cinematographicus|moderatore cinematographico]] [[Dania|Danico]] [[Christianus E. Christiansen|Christiano E. Christiansen]] ducta et anno [[2011]] edita. In hac pellicula hi [[histrio]]nes agunt: * [[Leighton Meester]]: Rebecca Evans * [[Minka Kelly]]: Sara Matthews * [[Cam Gigandet]]: Stephen Morterelli * [[Danneel Harris]]: Irene Crew * [[Alyson Michalka]]: Tracy Morgan * [[Catharina Graham]]: Kim Johnson * [[Matthaeus Lanter]]: Jason Tanner * [[Ryan Doom]]: Rick Shaefer * [[Helena Franklin]]: Jessica Smith * [[Carrie Finklea]]: Marina Hudgens * [[Gulielmus Zane]]: Professor Roberts * [[Francisca Fisher]]: Rebeccae mater * [[Thomas Arana]]: Rebeccae pater == Nexus externi == * {{Imdb title|1265990|hac pellicula}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110309024804/http://www.theroommate-movie.com/ Pelliculae pagina interretialis] {{cine-stipula}} [[Categoria:Pelliculae Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Pelliculae 2011]] [[Categoria:Pelliculae dramaticae]] 298j3oi41zqf2vvnvd7k0ker96ixaov 0 121269 3961703 3952895 2026-05-25T14:16:35Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* De nomine Latino */ 3961703 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Gueberschwihr 064.JPG|thumb|250 px|Gueberschwihr: despectus in vicum]] ''' Gueberschwihr''' ([[Germanice]] '''Geberschweier'''<ref>Nomina Germanica varie scripta apud [https://www.crhf.net/fr/index.php?t=villages&d=villages&c=villages&f=show&lieu=790 CRHF]</ref>) est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 807 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Rhenus Superior|Rheni Superioris]] et ab anno [[2021]] [[Communitas Europaea Alsatiae|Communitatis Europaeae Alsatiae]] in regione orientali olim [[Alsatia]], post autem diem [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2016]] [[Alsatia Campania Arduenna et Lotharingia]] et nunc ex plebiscito ''Grand Est'' appellata. == De nomine Latino == Anno [[728]] primum invenitur ''Villare Eberhardo<ref> Franz Xaver Kraus, ''Kunst und Alterthum in Elsass-Lothringen. Beschreibende Statistik. Band II: Ober-Elsass'': [https://books.google.de/books?id=DvFYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA95#v=onepage&q&f=false 95-98].</ref>'', deinde duodecimo saeculo ''Gebliswilre.''<ref>[https://dicotopo.cths.fr/places/P01793109 Dictionnaire topographique]</ref> Fuerunt qui etymologiam ex nomine Theodesco ''Giebel'', 'fastigium', proponerent sed dubium est: etenim in [[Toponymum|toponymis]] Galloromanis villare plerumque [[onomastica|anthroponymo]] postponitur. Nihilominus in [[insigne|insigni communis]] fastigium pictum est. == Historia == Gueberschwihr in possessionibus [[episcopus|episcoporum]] [[Argentoratum|Argentorati]] Medio Aevo versabatur quae in [[Alsatia]] Superiore "Mundat" aut "Hochmundat" appellabantur et quibus capitalis urbs fuit [[Rubeacum]]. Anno [[1680]] possessiones episcopales Franciae adnexae sunt. == De oeconomia == Vicus iamdiu [[vitis]] culturae et [[vinum|vini]] fabricationi deditus est. ==Notae== <references/> == Plura legere si cupis == *Jacky Barbes, Marlyse Hertzog, Gérard Hertzog. ''Gueberschwihr, 100 ans de vie'', [[Monasterium in valle Sancti Gregorii|Monasterii in valle Sancti Gregorii]], Lefranc, 1990 *Laurent Zind et Bernardette Burn, ''Histoire de la commune et de la paroisse de Gueberschwihr'', Colmariae, Alsatia, 1989. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Rheni Superioris]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Gueberschwihr|Gueberschwihr}} * {{INSEE commune|68111|de=Gueberschwihr}} * [http://cassini.ehess.fr/cassini/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=16309 De hoc communi apud cassini.ehess.fr] {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia Praefecturae Rheni Superioris]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Rheni superioris]] hxi21pisxv1no5462w9pqqr75lt3qu3 0 123776 3961686 3961576 2026-05-25T12:58:59Z Pippobuono 54500 nomina latina 3961686 wikitext text/x-wiki Hic est index communium [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] praefecturae [[Francia|Francicae]], cui subsunt communia 515 numero. [[Fasciculus:Vosges-Position.png|thumb|Situs praefecturae]] [[Fasciculus: Senones vu du Petit Paris.jpg|thumb|Despectus in ''[[ Senones ]]'']] {| class="wikitable sortable" ! [[INSEE|Numerus INSEE]] ! [[Numerus cursualis]] ! [[Commune]] |- | 88001 | 88270 | [[Les Ableuvenettes]] |- | 88002 | 88500 | [[Ahéville]] |- | 88003 | 88140 | [[Aingeville]] |- | 88004 | 88320 | [[Ainvelle (Vosegus)|Ainvelle]] |- | 88005 | 88110 | [[Allarmont]] |- | 88006 | 88500 | [[Ambacourt]] |- | 88007 | 88410 | [[Ameuvelle]] |- | 88008 | 88700 | [[Anglemont]] |- | 88009 | 88650 | [[Anould]] |- | 88010 | 88170 | [[Aouze]] |- | 88011 | 88380 | [[Arches (Vosegus)|Arches]] |- | 88012 | 88380 | [[Archettes]] |- | 88013 | 88170 | [[Aroffe]] |- | 88014 | 88430 | [[Arrentès-de-Corcieux]] |- | 88015 | 88300 | [[Attignéville]] |- | 88016 | 88260 | [[Attigny (Vosegus)|Attigny]] |- | 88017 | 88300 | [[Aulnois]] |- | 88018 | 88640 | [[Aumontzey]] |- | 88019 | 88300 | [[Autigny-la-Tour]] |- | 88020 | 88300 | [[Autreville (Vosegus)|Autreville]] |- | 88021 | 88700 | [[Autrey (Vosegus)|Autrey]] |- | 88022 | 88140 | [[Auzainvilliers]] |- | 88023 | 88500 | [[Avillers (Vosegus)|Avillers]] |- | 88024 | 88130 | [[Avrainville (Vosegus)|Avrainville]] |- | 88025 | 88630 | [[Avranville]] |- | 88026 | 88600 | [[Aydoilles]] |- | 88027 | 88330 | [[Badménil-aux-Bois]] |- | 88028 | 88460 | [[La Baffe]] |- | 88029 | 88240 | [[Bains-les-Bains]] |- | 88030 | 88270 | [[Bainville-aux-Saules]] |- | 88031 | 88170 | [[Balléville]] |- | 88032 | 88520 | [[Ban-de-Laveline]] |- | 88033 | 88210 | [[Ban-de-Sapt]] |- | 88106 | 88230 | [[Ban-sur-Meurthe-Clefcy]] |- | 88035 | 88640 | [[Barbey-Seroux]] |- | 88036 | 88300 | [[Barville (Vosegus)|Barville]] |- | 88037 | 88120 | [[Basse-sur-le-Rupt]] |- | 88038 | 88130 | [[Battexey]] |- | 88039 | 88500 | [[Baudricourt]] |- | 88040 | 88150 | [[Bayecourt]] |- | 88041 | 88270 | [[Bazegney]] |- | 88042 | 88700 | [[Bazien]] |- | 88043 | 88500 | [[Bazoilles-et-Ménil]] |- | 88044 | 88300 | [[Bazoilles-sur-Meuse]] |- | 88045 | 88300 | [[Beaufremont]] |- | 88046 | 88600 | [[Beauménil]] |- | 88047 | 88270 | [[Begnécourt]] |- | 88048 | 88370 | [[Bellefontaine (Vosegus)|Bellefontaine]] |- | 88049 | 88260 | [[Belmont-lès-Darney]] |- | 88050 | 88600 | [[Belmont-sur-Buttant]] |- | 88051 | 88800 | [[Belmont-sur-Vair]] |- | 88052 | 88260 | [[Belrupt]] |- | 88053 | 88210 | [[Belval (Vosegus)|Belval]] |- | 88054 | 88520 | [[Bertrimoutier]] |- | 88055 | 88450 | [[Bettegney-Saint-Brice]] |- | 88056 | 88500 | [[Bettoncourt]] |- | 88057 | 88490 | [[Le Beulay]] |- | 88058 | 88170 | [[Biécourt]] |- | 88059 | 88430 | [[Biffontaine]] |- | 88060 | 88500 | [[Blémerey (Vosegus)|Blémerey]] |- | 88061 | 88410 | [[Bleurville]] |- | 88062 | 88320 | [[Blevaincourt]] |- | 88063 | 88270 | [[Bocquegney]] |- | 88064 | 88600 | [[Bois-de-Champ]] |- | 88065 | 88260 | [[Bonvillet]] |- | 88066 | 88500 | [[Boulaincourt]] |- | 88068 | 88470 | [[La Bourgonce]] |- | 88069 | 88270 | [[Bouxières-aux-Bois]] |- | 88070 | 88130 | [[Bouxurulles]] |- | 88071 | 88270 | [[Bouzemont]] |- | 88073 | 88130 | [[Brantigny]] |- | 88074 | 88350 | [[Brechainville]] |- | 88075 | 88250 | [[La Bresse]] |- | 88076 | 88600 | [[Brouvelieures]] |- | 88077 | 88700 | [[Brû]] |- | 88078 | 88600 | [[Bruyères]] |- | 88079 | 88140 | [[Bulgnéville]] |- | 88080 | 88700 | [[Bult]] |- | 88081 | 88540 | [[Bussang]] |- | 88082 | 88110 | [[Celles-sur-Plaine]] |- | 88083 | 88300 | [[Certilleux]] |- | 88084 | 88130 | [[Chamagne]] |- | 88085 | 88640 | [[Champdray]] |- | 88086 | 88600 | [[Ducis Campus|Champ-le-Duc]] |- | 88087 | 88000 | [[Chantraine (commune)|Chantraine]] |- | 88088 | 88240 | [[La Chapelle-aux-Bois]] |- | 88089 | 88600 | [[La Chapelle-devant-Bruyères]] |- | 88090 | 88130 | [[Carpinia]] |- | 88091 | 88460 | [[Charmois-devant-Bruyères]] |- | 88092 | 88270 | [[Charmois-l'Orgueilleux]] |- | 88093 | 88210 | [[Châtas]] |- | 88094 | 88330 | [[Châtel-sur-Moselle]] |- | 88095 | 88170 | [[Châtenois (Vosegus)|Châtenois]] |- | 88096 | 88410 | [[Châtillon-sur-Saône]] |- | 88097 | 88500 | [[Chauffecourt]] |- | 88098 | 88390 | [[Chaumousey]] |- | 88099 | 88150 | [[Chavelot]] |- | 88100 | 88500 | [[Chef-Haut]] |- | 88101 | 88460 | [[Cheniménil]] |- | 88102 | 88630 | [[Chermisey]] |- | 88103 | 88270 | [[Circourt]] |- | 88104 | 88300 | [[Circourt-sur-Mouzon]] |- | 88105 | 88410 | [[Claudon]] |- | 88107 | 88630 | [[Clérey-la-Côte]] |- | 88108 | 88240 | [[Le Clerjus]] |- | 88109 | 88120 | [[Cleurie]] |- | 88110 | 88700 | [[Clézentaine]] |- | 88111 | 88100 | [[Coinches]] |- | 88112 | 88490 | [[Colroy-la-Grande]] |- | 88113 | 88490 | [[Combrimont]] |- | 88114 | 88140 | [[Gundrecivilla]] |- | 88115 | 88430 | [[Corcieux]] |- | 88116 | 88310 | [[Cornimont]] |- | 88117 | 88170 | [[Courcelles-sous-Châtenois]] |- | 88118 | 88630 | [[Coussey]] |- | 88119 | 88140 | [[Crainvilliers]] |- | 88120 | 88520 | [[La Croix-aux-Mines]] |- | 88121 | 88330 | [[Damas-aux-Bois]] |- | 88122 | 88270 | [[Damas-et-Bettegney]] |- | 88123 | 88320 | [[Damblain]] |- | 88124 | 88260 | [[Darney]] |- | 88125 | 88170 | [[Darney-aux-Chênes]] |- | 88126 | 88390 | [[Darnieulles]] |- | 88127 | 88700 | [[Deinvillers]] |- | 88128 | 88210 | [[Denipaire]] |- | 88129 | 88270 | [[Derbamont]] |- | 88130 | 88600 | [[Destord]] |- | 88131 | 88600 | [[Deycimont]] |- | 88132 | 88000 | [[Deyvillers]] |- | 88133 | 88000 | [[Dignonville]] |- | 88134 | 88000 | [[Dinozé]] |- | 88135 | 88460 | [[Docelles]] |- | 88136 | 88000 | [[Dogneville]] |- | 88137 | 88170 | [[Dolaincourt]] |- | 88138 | 88260 | [[Dombasle-devant-Darney]] |- | 88139 | 88500 | [[Dombasle-en-Xaintois]] |- | 88140 | 88140 | [[Dombrot-le-Sec]] |- | 88141 | 88170 | [[Dombrot-sur-Vair]] |- | 88144 | 88500 | [[Domèvre-sous-Montfort]] |- | 88142 | 88390 | [[Domèvre-sur-Avière]] |- | 88143 | 88330 | [[Domèvre-sur-Durbion]] |- | 88145 | 88600 | [[Domfaing]] |- | 88146 | 88800 | [[Domjulien]] |- | 88147 | 88390 | [[Dommartin-aux-Bois]] |- | 88148 | 88200 | [[Domnus Martinus (Romaricus Mons)]] |- | 88149 | 88260 | [[Dommartin-lès-Vallois]] |- | 88150 | 88170 | [[Dommartin-sur-Vraine]] |- | 88151 | 88270 | [[Dompaire]] |- | 88152 | 88600 | [[Dompierre (Vosegus)|Dompierre]] |- | 88153 | 88700 | [[Domptail]] |- | 88154 | 88630 | [[Domnum Remigium]] |- | 88155 | 88500 | [[Domvallier]] |- | 88156 | 88700 | [[Doncières]] |- | 88157 | 88220 | [[Dounoux]] |- | 88158 | 88510 | [[Éloyes]] |- | 88159 | 88650 | [[Entre-deux-Eaux]] |- | 88160 | 88000 | [[Spinalium]] |- | 88161 | 88260 | [[Escles]] |- | 88162 | 88260 | [[Esley]] |- | 88163 | 88130 | [[Essegney]] |- | 88164 | 88500 | [[Estrennes]] |- | 88165 | 88480 | [[Étival-Clairefontaine]] |- | 88166 | 88450 | [[Évaux-et-Ménil]] |- | 88167 | 88460 | [[Faucompierre]] |- | 88168 | 88700 | [[Fauconcourt]] |- | 88169 | 88600 | [[Fays (Vosegus)|Fays]] |- | 88170 | 88360 | [[Ferdrupt]] |- | 88171 | 88410 | [[Fignévelle]] |- | 88172 | 88600 | [[Fiménil]] |- | 88173 | 88130 | [[Florémont]] |- | 88174 | 88390 | [[Fomerey]] |- | 88175 | 88600 | [[Fontenay (Vosegus)|Fontenay]] |- | 88176 | 88240 | [[Fontenoy-le-Château]] |- | 88177 | 88530 | [[La Forge (Vosegus)|La Forge]] |- | 88178 | 88390 | [[Les Forges (Vosegus)|Les Forges]] |- | 88179 | 88320 | [[Fouchécourt (Vosegus)|Fouchécourt]] |- | 88180 | 88320 | [[Frain]] |- | 88181 | 88230 | [[Fraize]] |- | 88182 | 88490 | [[Frapelle]] |- | 88183 | 88630 | [[Frebécourt]] |- | 88184 | 88600 | [[Fremifontaine]] |- | 88185 | 88500 | [[Frenelle-la-Grande]] |- | 88186 | 88500 | [[Frenelle-la-Petite]] |- | 88187 | 88270 | [[Frénois (Vosegus)|Frénois]] |- | 88188 | 88160 | [[Fresse-sur-Moselle]] |- | 88189 | 88350 | [[Fréville (Vosegus)|Fréville]] |- | 88190 | 88440 | [[Frizon]] |- | 88192 | 88270 | [[Gelvécourt-et-Adompt]] |- | 88193 | 88520 | [[Gemaingoutte]] |- | 88194 | 88170 | [[Gemmelaincourt]] |- | 88195 | 88140 | [[Gendreville]] |- | 88196 | 88400 | [[Gérardmer]] |- | 88197 | 88120 | [[Gerbamont]] |- | 88198 | 88430 | [[Gerbépal]] |- | 88199 | 88320 | [[Gignéville]] |- | 88200 | 88390 | [[Gigney]] |- | 88201 | 88390 | [[Girancourt]] |- | 88202 | 88500 | [[Gircourt-lès-Viéville]] |- | 88203 | 88600 | [[Girecourt-sur-Durbion]] |- | 88204 | 88150 | [[Girmont]] |- | 88205 | 88340 | [[Girmont-Val-d'Ajol]] |- | 88206 | 88170 | [[Gironcourt-sur-Vraine]] |- | 88208 | 88410 | [[Godoncourt]] |- | 88209 | 88190 | [[Golbey]] |- | 88210 | 88270 | [[Gorhey]] |- | 88212 | 88350 | [[Grand (Vosegus)|Grand]] |- | 88213 | 88490 | [[La Grande-Fosse]] |- | 88215 | 88210 | [[Grandrupt]] |- | 88214 | 88240 | [[Grandrupt-de-Bains]] |- | 88216 | 88600 | [[Grandvillers]] |- | 88218 | 88640 | [[Granges-sur-Vologne]] |- | 88219 | 88630 | [[Greux]] |- | 88220 | 88410 | [[Grignoncourt]] |- | 88221 | 88240 | [[Gruey-lès-Surance]] |- | 88222 | 88600 | [[Gugnécourt]] |- | 88223 | 88450 | [[Gugney-aux-Aulx]] |- | 88224 | 88330 | [[Hadigny-les-Verrières]] |- | 88225 | 88220 | [[Hadol]] |- | 88226 | 88270 | [[Hagécourt]] |- | 88227 | 88300 | [[Hagnéville-et-Roncourt]] |- | 88228 | 88330 | [[Haillainville]] |- | 88229 | 88300 | [[Harchéchamp]] |- | 88230 | 88700 | [[Hardancourt]] |- | 88231 | 88800 | [[Haréville]] |- | 88232 | 88300 | [[Harmonville]] |- | 88233 | 88270 | [[Harol]] |- | 88234 | 88240 | [[Harsault]] |- | 88235 | 88240 | [[Hautmougey]] |- | 88236 | 88240 | [[La Haye (Vosegus)|La Haye]] |- | 88237 | 88270 | [[Hennecourt]] |- | 88238 | 88260 | [[Hennezel]] |- | 88239 | 88130 | [[Hergugney]] |- | 88240 | 88600 | [[Herpelmont]] |- | 88241 | 88170 | [[Houécourt]] |- | 88242 | 88300 | [[Houéville]] |- | 88243 | 88700 | [[Housseras]] |- | 88244 | 88430 | [[La Houssière]] |- | 88245 | 88210 | [[Hurbache]] |- | 88246 | 88500 | [[Hymont]] |- | 88247 | 88150 | [[Igney (Vosegus)|Igney]] |- | 88248 | 88320 | [[Isches]] |- | 88249 | 88300 | [[Jainvillotte]] |- | 88250 | 88550 | [[Jarménil]] |- | 88251 | 88700 | [[Jeanménil]] |- | 88252 | 88260 | [[Jésonville]] |- | 88253 | 88000 | [[Jeuxey]] |- | 88254 | 88500 | [[Jorxey]] |- | 88255 | 88630 | [[Jubainville]] |- | 88256 | 88640 | [[Jussarupt]] |- | 88257 | 88500 | [[Juvaincourt]] |- | 88258 | 88320 | [[Lamarche]] |- | 88259 | 88300 | [[Landaville]] |- | 88260 | 88130 | [[Langley (Vosegus)|Langley]] |- | 88261 | 88600 | [[Laval-sur-Vologne]] |- | 88262 | 88600 | [[Laveline-devant-Bruyères]] |- | 88263 | 88640 | [[Laveline-du-Houx]] |- | 88264 | 88270 | [[Légéville-et-Bonfays]] |- | 88265 | 88300 | [[Lemmecourt]] |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! [[INSEE|Numerus INSEE]] ! [[Numerus cursualis]] ! [[Commune]] |- | 88266 | 88600 | [[Lépanges-sur-Vologne]] |- | 88267 | 88260 | [[Lerrain]] |- | 88268 | 88490 | [[Lesseux]] |- | 88269 | 88400 | [[Liézey]] |- | 88270 | 88350 | [[Liffol-le-Grand]] |- | 88271 | 88800 | [[Lignéville]] |- | 88272 | 88410 | [[Lironcourt]] |- | 88273 | 88000 | [[Longchamp (Vosegus)|Longchamp]] |- | 88274 | 88170 | [[Longchamp-sous-Châtenois]] |- | 88275 | 88490 | [[Lubine]] |- | 88276 | 88490 | [[Lusse]] |- | 88277 | 88110 | [[Luvigny]] |- | 88278 | 88170 | [[Maconcourt]] |- | 88279 | 88270 | [[Madecourt]] |- | 88280 | 88450 | [[Madegney]] |- | 88281 | 88270 | [[Madonne-et-Lamerey]] |- | 88282 | 88240 | [[Le Magny (Vosegus)|Le Magny]] |- | 88283 | 88140 | [[Malaincourt]] |- | 88284 | 88650 | [[Mandray]] |- | 88285 | 88800 | [[Mandres-sur-Vair]] |- | 88286 | 88130 | [[Marainville-sur-Madon]] |- | 88287 | 88320 | [[Marey (Vosegus)|Marey]] |- | 88288 | 88270 | [[Maroncourt]] |- | 88289 | 88320 | [[Martigny-les-Bains]] |- | 88290 | 88300 | [[Martigny-les-Gerbonvaux]] |- | 88291 | 88410 | [[Martinvelle]] |- | 88292 | 88500 | [[Mattaincourt]] |- | 88293 | 88630 | [[Maxey-sur-Meuse]] |- | 88294 | 88150 | [[Mazeley]] |- | 88295 | 88500 | [[Mazirot]] |- | 88296 | 88140 | [[Médonville]] |- | 88297 | 88600 | [[Méménil]] |- | 88298 | 88700 | [[Ménarmont]] |- | 88302 | 88160 | [[Le Ménil]] |- | 88300 | 88210 | [[Ménil-de-Senones]] |- | 88299 | 88500 | [[Ménil-en-Xaintois]] |- | 88301 | 88700 | [[Ménil-sur-Belvitte]] |- | 88303 | 88630 | [[Midrevaux]] |- | 88304 | 88500 | [[Mirecourt]] |- | 88305 | 88630 | [[Moncel-sur-Vair]] |- | 88306 | 88210 | [[Le Mont]] |- | 88309 | 88800 | [[Monthureux-le-Sec]] |- | 88310 | 88410 | [[Monthureux-sur-Saône]] |- | 88307 | 88320 | [[Mont-lès-Lamarche]] |- | 88308 | 88300 | [[Mont-lès-Neufchâteau]] |- | 88311 | 88240 | [[Montmotier]] |- | 88312 | 88170 | [[Morelmaison]] |- | 88313 | 88330 | [[Moriville]] |- | 88314 | 88320 | [[Morizécourt]] |- | 88315 | 88600 | [[Mortagne (Vosegus)|Mortagne]] |- | 88316 | 88140 | [[Morville (Vosegus)|Morville]] |- | 88317 | 88210 | [[Moussey (Vosegus)|Moussey]] |- | 88318 | 88700 | [[Moyemont]] |- | 88319 | 88420 | [[Moyenmoutier]] |- | 88320 | 88100 | [[Nayemont-les-Fosses]] |- | 88321 | 88300 | [[Neocastrum]] |- | 88322 | 88600 | [[La Neuveville-devant-Lépanges]] |- | 88324 | 88170 | [[La Neuveville-sous-Châtenois]] |- | 88325 | 88800 | [[La Neuveville-sous-Montfort]] |- | 88326 | 88100 | [[Neuvillers-sur-Fave]] |- | 88327 | 88440 | [[Nomexy]] |- | 88328 | 88470 | [[Nompatelize]] |- | 88330 | 88260 | [[Nonville (Vosegus)|Nonville]] |- | 88331 | 88600 | [[Nonzeville]] |- | 88332 | 88800 | [[Norroy]] |- | 88333 | 88700 | [[Nossoncourt]] |- | 88334 | 88500 | [[Oëlleville]] |- | 88335 | 88500 | [[Offroicourt]] |- | 88336 | 88170 | [[Ollainville (Vosegus)|Ollainville]] |- | 88337 | 88150 | [[Oncourt]] |- | 88338 | 88700 | [[Ortoncourt]] |- | 88340 | 88700 | [[Padoux]] |- | 88341 | 88100 | [[Pair-et-Grandrupt]] |- | 88342 | 88330 | [[Pallegney]] |- | 88343 | 88800 | [[Parey-sous-Montfort]] |- | 88344 | 88350 | [[Pargny-sous-Mureau]] |- | 88345 | 88490 | [[La Petite-Fosse]] |- | 88346 | 88210 | [[La Petite-Raon]] |- | 88347 | 88270 | [[Pierrefitte (Vosegus)|Pierrefitte]] |- | 88348 | 88600 | [[Pierrepont-sur-l'Arentèle]] |- | 88349 | 88230 | [[Plainfaing]] |- | 88350 | 88170 | [[Pleuvezain]] |- | 88351 | 88370 | [[Plombières-les-Bains]] |- | 88352 | 88300 | [[Pompierre]] |- | 88353 | 88260 | [[Pont-lès-Bonfays]] |- | 88354 | 88500 | [[Pont-sur-Madon]] |- | 88355 | 88330 | [[Portieux]] |- | 88356 | 88600 | [[Les Poulières]] |- | 88357 | 88500 | [[Poussay]] |- | 88358 | 88550 | [[Pouxeux]] |- | 88359 | 88600 | [[Prey (Vosegus)|Prey]] |- | 88360 | 88260 | [[Provenchères-lès-Darney]] |- | 88361 | 88490 | [[Provenchères-sur-Fave]] |- | 88362 | 88210 | [[Le Puid]] |- | 88363 | 88630 | [[Punerot]] |- | 88364 | 88500 | [[Puzieux (Vosegus)|Puzieux]] |- | 88365 | 88270 | [[Racécourt]] |- | 88366 | 88170 | [[Rainville (Vosegus)|Rainville]] |- | 88367 | 88700 | [[Rambervillers]] |- | 88368 | 88500 | [[Ramecourt (Vosegus)|Ramecourt]] |- | 88369 | 88160 | [[Ramonchamp]] |- | 88370 | 88270 | [[Rancourt (Vosegus)|Rancourt]] |- | 88371 | 88220 | [[Raon-aux-Bois]] |- | 88372 | 88110 | [[Raon-l'Étape]] |- | 88373 | 88110 | [[Raon-sur-Plaine]] |- | 88374 | 88130 | [[Rapey]] |- | 88375 | 88520 | [[Raves (Vosegus)|Raves]] |- | 88376 | 88300 | [[Rebeuville]] |- | 88377 | 88410 | [[Regnévelle]] |- | 88378 | 88450 | [[Regney]] |- | 88379 | 88330 | [[Rehaincourt]] |- | 88380 | 88640 | [[Rehaupal]] |- | 88381 | 88260 | [[Relanges]] |- | 88382 | 88500 | [[Remicourt (Vosegus)|Remicourt]] |- | 88383 | 88200 | [[Romarici Mons]] |- | 88386 | 88100 | [[Remomeix]] |- | 88385 | 88800 | [[Remoncourt (Vosegus)|Remoncourt]] |- | 88387 | 88170 | [[Removille]] |- | 88388 | 88390 | [[Renauvoid]] |- | 88389 | 88500 | [[Repel]] |- | 88390 | 88320 | [[Robécourt]] |- | 88391 | 88120 | [[Rochesson]] |- | 88392 | 88320 | [[Rocourt (Vosegus)|Rocourt]] |- | 88393 | 88300 | [[Rollainville]] |- | 88394 | 88320 | [[Romain-aux-Bois]] |- | 88395 | 88700 | [[Romont (Vosegus)|Romont]] |- | 88398 | 88600 | [[Les Rouges-Eaux]] |- | 88399 | 88460 | [[Le Roulier]] |- | 88400 | 88500 | [[Rouvres-en-Xaintois]] |- | 88401 | 88170 | [[Rouvres-la-Chétive]] |- | 88402 | 88700 | [[Roville-aux-Chênes]] |- | 88403 | 88500 | [[Rozerotte]] |- | 88404 | 88320 | [[Rozières-sur-Mouzon]] |- | 88406 | 88130 | [[Rugney]] |- | 88407 | 88630 | [[Ruppes]] |- | 88408 | 88360 | [[Rupt-sur-Moselle]] |- | 88409 | 88120 | [[Saint-Amé]] |- | 88411 | 88260 | [[Saint-Baslemont]] |- | 88412 | 88700 | [[Saint-Benoît-la-Chipotte]] |- | 88413 | 88100 | [[Sanctus Deodatus (urbs)|Sanctus Deodatus]] |- | 88410 | 88700 | [[Sainte-Barbe (Vosegus)|Sainte-Barbe]] |- | 88418 | 88700 | [[Sainte-Hélène (Vosegus)|Sainte-Hélène]] |- | 88424 | 88100 | [[Sainte-Marguerite (Vosegus)|Sainte-Marguerite]] |- | 88415 | 88200 | [[Saint-Étienne-lès-Remiremont]] |- | 88416 | 88700 | [[Saint-Genest (Vosegus)|Saint-Genest]] |- | 88417 | 88700 | [[Saint-Gorgon (Vosegus)|Saint-Gorgon]] |- | 88419 | 88210 | [[Saint-Jean-d'Ormont]] |- | 88421 | 88410 | [[Saint-Julien (Vosegus)|Saint-Julien]] |- | 88423 | 88650 | [[Saint-Léonard (Vosegus)|Saint-Léonard]] |- | 88425 | 88700 | [[Saint-Maurice-sur-Mortagne]] |- | 88426 | 88560 | [[Saint-Maurice-sur-Moselle]] |- | 88427 | 88170 | [[Saint-Menge]] |- | 88428 | 88470 | [[Saint-Michel-sur-Meurthe]] |- | 88429 | 88200 | [[Saint-Nabord]] |- | 88430 | 88140 | [[Saint-Ouen-lès-Parey]] |- | 88431 | 88170 | [[Saint-Paul (Vosegus)|Saint-Paul]] |- | 88432 | 88700 | [[Saint-Pierremont (Vosegus)|Saint-Pierremont]] |- | 88433 | 88500 | [[Saint-Prancher]] |- | 88434 | 88800 | [[Saint-Remimont (Vosegus)|Saint-Remimont]] |- | 88435 | 88480 | [[Saint-Remy (Vosegus)|Saint-Remy]] |- | 88436 | 88210 | [[Saint-Stail]] |- | 88437 | 88270 | [[Saint-Vallier (Vosegus)|Saint-Vallier]] |- | 88438 | 88470 | [[La Salle (Vosegus)|La Salle]] |- | 88439 | 88390 | [[Sanchey]] |- | 88440 | 88170 | [[Sandaucourt]] |- | 88441 | 88260 | [[Sans-Vallois]] |- | 88442 | 88120 | [[Sapois (Vosegus)|Sapois]] |- | 88443 | 88300 | [[Sartes]] |- | 88444 | 88210 | [[Le Saulcy]] |- | 88445 | 88580 | [[Saulcy-sur-Meurthe]] |- | 88446 | 88140 | [[Saulxures-lès-Bulgnéville]] |- | 88447 | 88290 | [[Saulxures-sur-Moselotte]] |- | 88448 | 88140 | [[Sauville (Vosegus)|Sauville]] |- | 88449 | 88130 | [[Savigny (Vosegus)|Savigny]] |- | 88450 | 88320 | [[Senaide]] |- | 88451 | 88210 | [[Senones (Vosegus)|Senones]] |- | 88452 | 88260 | [[Senonges]] |- | 88453 | 88630 | [[Seraumont]] |- | 88454 | 88600 | [[Sercœur]] |- | 88455 | 88320 | [[Serécourt]] |- | 88456 | 88320 | [[Serocourt]] |- | 88457 | 88630 | [[Sionne]] |- | 88458 | 88130 | [[Socourt]] |- | 88459 | 88170 | [[Soncourt]] |- | 88460 | 88630 | [[Soulosse-sous-Saint-Élophe]] |- | 88461 | 88140 | [[Suriauville]] |- | 88462 | 88120 | [[Le Syndicat]] |- | 88463 | 88100 | [[Taintrux]] |- | 88464 | 88460 | [[Tendon (Vosegus)|Tendon]] |- | 88465 | 88150 | [[Thaon-les-(Vosegus)]] |- | 88466 | 88800 | [[They-sous-Montfort]] |- | 88467 | 88290 | [[Thiéfosse]] |- | 88468 | 88160 | [[Le Thillot]] |- | 88469 | 88500 | [[Thiraucourt]] |- | 88470 | 88530 | [[Le Tholy]] |- | 88471 | 88410 | [[Les Thons]] |- | 88472 | 88260 | [[Thuillières]] |- | 88473 | 88320 | [[Tignécourt]] |- | 88474 | 88300 | [[Tilleux]] |- | 88475 | 88320 | [[Tollaincourt]] |- | 88476 | 88500 | [[Totainville]] |- | 88477 | 88350 | [[Trampot]] |- | 88478 | 88300 | [[Tranqueville-Graux]] |- | 88479 | 88240 | [[Trémonzey]] |- | 88480 | 88130 | [[Ubexy]] |- | 88481 | 88220 | [[Uriménil]] |- | 88482 | 88140 | [[Urville (Vosegus)|Urville]] |- | 88483 | 88390 | [[Uxegney]] |- | 88484 | 88220 | [[Usminga]] |- | 88485 | 88140 | [[La Vacheresse-et-la-Rouillie]] |- | 88486 | 88120 | [[Vainiacum]] |- | 88487 | 88340 | [[Le Val-d'Ajol]] |- | 88488 | 88270 | [[Valefridicurtis]] |- | 88489 | 88270 | [[Vallis Regia (Vosegus)|Vallis Regia]] |- | 88490 | 88800 | [[Vallis Regia Sicca]] |- | 88491 | 88260 | [[Tres Valesii]] |- | 88492 | 88230 | [[Le Valtin]] |- | 88493 | 88450 | [[Varmonzey]] |- | 88494 | 88500 | [[Vaubexy]] |- | 88495 | 88000 | [[Waldinivilla]] |- | 88496 | 88140 | [[Valdonis curtis (Vosegus)|Valdonis curtis]] |- | 88497 | 88330 | [[Wauxoncuria]] |- | 88498 | 88200 | [[Vecoux]] |- | 88499 | 88270 | [[Velotte-et-Tatignécourt]] |- | 88500 | 88310 | [[Ventron]] |- | 88501 | 88210 | [[Le Vermont]] |- | 88502 | 88600 | [[Vervezelle]] |- | 88503 | 88110 | [[Vexaincourt]] |- | 88504 | 88170 | [[Vicherey]] |- | 88505 | 88430 | [[Vienville]] |- | 88506 | 88210 | [[Vieux-Moulin (Vosegus)|Vieux-Moulin]] |- | 88507 | 88500 | [[Villers (Vosegus)|Villers]] |- | 88508 | 88270 | [[Ville-sur-Illon]] |- | 88509 | 88150 | [[Villoncourt]] |- | 88510 | 88320 | [[Villotte]] |- | 88511 | 88350 | [[Villouxel]] |- | 88512 | 88600 | [[Viménil]] |- | 88513 | 88450 | [[Vincey]] |- | 88514 | 88170 | [[Viocourt]] |- | 88515 | 88260 | [[Vioménil]] |- | 88516 | 88800 | [[Vittel]] |- | 88517 | 88260 | [[Viviers-le-Gras]] |- | 88518 | 88500 | [[Viviers-lès-Offroicourt]] |- | 88519 | 88470 | [[La Voivre (Vosegus)|La Voivre]] |- | 88520 | 88240 | [[Les Voivres]] |- | 88521 | 88700 | [[Vomécourt]] |- | 88522 | 88500 | [[Vomécourt-sur-Madon]] |- | 88523 | 88170 | [[Vouxey]] |- | 88524 | 88140 | [[Vrécourt]] |- | 88525 | 88500 | [[Vroville]] |- | 88526 | 88520 | [[Wisembach]] |- | 88527 | 88700 | [[Xaffévillers]] |- | 88528 | 88460 | [[Xamontarupt]] |- | 88529 | 88130 | [[Xaronval]] |- | 88530 | 88220 | [[Scatiniacum]] |- | 88531 | 88400 | [[Xonrupt-Longemer]] |- | 88532 | 88330 | [[Zincourt]] |} {{Indices communium praefecturarum Franciae}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi|!]] do7af4hiexolewv9uz4l4hp2n83x3bz 0 148695 3961708 3952240 2026-05-25T14:34:50Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3961708 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} [[Fasciculus:Statte (TA) - municipio.jpg|thumb|[[Turris]] municipalis.]] '''Statiae''' {{victio|Statiae|arum|f}}, seu '''Aquae Statiae''' ([[Italiane]] ''Statte'') sunt [[oppidum]] et [[Commune Italiae|commune]] [[Italia|Italicum]], circiter 14&thinsp;170 incolarum, in [[Provincia Tarentina]] [[Regio Italiae|Regionis]] [[Apulia]]e sita. Incolae Statienses appellantur. == Ecclesia Catholica Romana == * [[Archidioecesis Tarentina]] == Municipia finitima == * [[Crispianum]], * [[Massa Afra]], * [[Mons Mesula]], * [[Tarentum]] {{NexInt}} * [[Sallentum]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Statte (Italy)|Statias}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140301021632/http://www.comune.statte.ta.it/ Situs interretialis communis proprius.] == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Fasciculus:Corona di comune.svg|[[Signum]] municipii Italiae. Imago:Map of comune of Statte (province of Taranto, region Apulia, Italy).svg|Collocatio finium Municipii in Provincia Tarentina. Fasciculus:Statte Panorama da Sud FotoDelGiudice.jpg|[[Panorama]] Statiarum. </gallery> {{urbs-stipula}} [[Categoria:Municipia in provincia Tarenti]] [[Categoria:Municipia in Sallento]] cplu14mwqqzdzt5pozx5xiwjnlb0gqa 0 155745 3961696 3824893 2026-05-25T13:59:08Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3961696 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Σπυρίδων Τρικούπης (1788-1873), Ελαιογραφία Σπυρίδωνα Προσαλέντη.jpg|thumb|Spyridon Tricupes]] '''Spyridon Tricupes''' (Graece ''{{lang|el|Σπυρίδων Τρικούπης}}''; natus [[20 Aprilis]] [[1788]] [[Mesolongi]], mortuus [[24 Februarii]] [[1873]]) fuit vir publicus ac rerum gestarum scriptor [[Graecia|Graecus]]. == Institutio == Tricupes Lutetiae ac Londinii studebat. == Familia == Filius eius [[Charilaus Tricupes]] septies praeses ministrorum Graeciae fuit. == Cursus honorum == Postquam [[Otho (rex Graeciae)|Otho]] regnum accepit, Tricupes die [[6 Februarii]] [[1833]] praeses ministrorum factus est. Hunc magistratum ad diem [[24 Octobris]] [[1833]] administravit. Annis [[1835]] - [[1838]] atque [[1841]] - [[1843]] legatus patriae suae [[Londinium|Londinii]], anno [[1849]]/[[1850|50]] [[Lutetia]]e et deinde ad usque annum [[1861]] iterum Londinii fuit. == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Spyridon Trikoupis|Spyridonem Tricupem}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220705163311/https://www.sansimera.gr/biographies/2573 De Sypridone Tricupe] apud ''San Semera'' {{ling|Neograece}} {{Primi ministri Graeciae}} {{bio-stipula}} {{Lifetime|1788|1873|Tricupes, Spyridon}} [[Categoria:Alumni universitatum et scholarum Londiniensium]] [[Categoria:Alumni universitatum et scholarum Parisiensium]] [[Categoria:Primi ministri Graeciae]] [[Categoria:Legati Graeciae]] [[Categoria:Historici Graeciae]] kgjlcosjaey4je3p9p7il8k3ld7sru9 0 169422 3961727 3789472 2026-05-25T16:31:10Z LilyKitty 18316 exemplos addo 3961727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-2}} '''Zona dearmata'''{{Convertimus}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Oren|first1=Michael|title=Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East|date=June 3, 2003|publisher=Presidio Press|isbn=0345461924|page=7|accessdate=28 August 2014}}</ref> est area plerumque terminus inter duos vel plures potestates [[res militaris|militari]] (aut [[pactio|foedera]]) ubi actio militari est interdicta plerumque per pacem foederis vel indutiam, et confinum internationalis fit. Plerumque zonarum dearmatorum habetur [[territorium neutrum]] quia utrumque prohibeantur id gubernare. == Exempli zonae dearmatae == *[[Alandia]] *[[Antarctica]] *Inter [[Gibraltaria]]m et Hispaniam *Inter [[Septa]]m et [[Melia]]m *[[Svalbardum]] *[[Zona dearmata Coreana]] {{NexInt}} *[[Ecechiria]] *[[Neutralitas]] == Bibliographia == <div class="references-small"><references/> [[Categoria:Res militares|!]] [[Categoria:Geographia|!]] {{Myrias|Societas}} 47pgy68z6cnzqljqvpmtge1kzlxg7v2 3961777 3961727 2026-05-25T23:56:06Z IacobusAmor 1163 ~ (10K) 3961777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-3}} '''Zona dearmata'''{{Convertimus}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Oren|first1=Michael|title=Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East|date=3 Iunii 2003|publisher=Presidio Press|isbn=0345461924|page=7|accessdate=28 Augusti 2014}}.</ref> est [[regio]] plerumque terminus inter duos vel plures potestates [[res militaris|militari]] (aut [[pactio|foedera]]) ubi actio militari interdicitur plerumque per [[pax|pacem]] foederis vel indutiam, et confinum inter gentes fit. Plerumque zonarum dearmatorum habetur [[territorium neutrum]] quia utrumque prohibeantur id gubernare. == Exempli zonae dearmatae == *[[Alandia]] *[[Antarctica]] *Inter [[Gibraltaria]]m et Hispaniam *Inter [[Septa]]m et [[Melia]]m *[[Svalbardum]] *[[Zona dearmata Coreana]] {{NexInt}} *[[Ecechiria]] *[[Neutralitas]] == Bibliographia == <references/> [[Categoria:Geographia|!]] [[Categoria:Res militares|!]] {{Myrias|Societas}} s6v5xt4setujtml5yi0yxv4en7vf713 0 174002 3961702 3961612 2026-05-25T14:15:15Z IacobusAmor 1163 Augenda 3961702 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Augenda|2026|5}} '''Iacobus de Barbari''' ([[Venetia (urbs)|Venetiis]] circa annum [[1475]] natus; [[Mechlinia]]e in praesenti [[Belgia]] ante mense Iulium [[1516]] mortuus) fuit [[pictor]] [[Italia]]nus. == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Fasciculus:Jacopo_de%27_barbari%2C_testa_di_cristo%2C_1503_ca.JPG|[[Iesus Christus|Christi]] caput Fasciculus:Jacopo de' Barbari - Dead Partridge with Iron Gauntlets and Crossbow Arrows (1504).jpg|Natura mortua Pacioli.jpg|[[Lucas Pacioli]]. Opus quod aliqui putant Iacobum de Barbari pinxisse </gallery> ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Jacopo de&#39; Barbari|Iacobi de Barbari opera}} {{bio-stipula}} {{Lifetime |saeculo 15 |saeculo 16|de Barbari, Iacobus}} [[Categoria:Pictores Italiae]] [[Categoria:Renascentia]] fas41f8dq3hochrfd7aoiy3tq9cs7kp 0 176375 3961813 3948890 2026-05-26T04:47:19Z Surajr7 208394 3961813 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Non stipula}} [[Fasciculus:Ghent Altarpiece Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Retrotabulum cum ''Agno Mystico,'' [[Gandavum|Gandavi]], a fratribus ab Eyck pictum.]] '''Retrotabulum''' est posticum [[altare|altaris]],<ref>''Retrotabulum'' in Ducangio. Vide etiam ''Gallia Christiana, in provincias ecclesiasticas distributa'' (Parisiis: Typographia Regia, 1739), 83: "posita sunt ad '''retrotabulum''' altaris S. Johannis.''"</ref> seu eius ornamentum, quod sive tabulae pictae erant sive scalpturae. == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references/></div> [[Categoria:Religiones]] [[Categoria:Traditio]] ghu7lf2soehm7gu504mhqmwylpn85yn 0 188261 3961707 3906079 2026-05-25T14:32:46Z Makenzis 101971 3961707 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa societatis pediludii | nomen = Torino FC<br />''[[Augusta Taurinorum]]'' | nomen plenum = Torino Football Club<br />''Societas Pediludii Augusta Taurinorum'' | nomina alia = ''Taurus'' (Italice: Toro) | instituta = [[1906]] | domus = [[Stadium Olympicum Taurinense]]<br />[[Augusta Taurinorum|Augustae Taurinorum]], [[Pedemontium|in Piedemontio]], [[Italia|in Italia]] | capacitas = 28.177 | dominus = [[Urbanus Cairo]] | procurator = [[Marcus Baroni]] | liga = [[Series A]] | tempus = 2025-26 | locus = Series A, XII }} '''Torino Football Club''' ('Augustae Taurinorum Consociatio Pediludii'), vulgo '''Torino''' et '''Toro''' tantum, est societas [[pediludium|pediludii]] [[annus|anno]] [[1906]] [[Augusta Taurinorum|Augustae Taurinorum]] condita, quae a sua conditione septem [[Series A]] vicit. Omnes [[Augusta Taurinorum|Taurinenses]] memorant quid [[annus|anno]] [[1949]] accidit: [[aëroplanum]] quo societatis lusores utebantur de [[caelum|caelo]] cecidit, omnes interficiens. == Celebri lusores == * [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|20px|Italiae vexillum]] [[Ioannes Lentini]] * [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|20px|Italiae vexillum]] [[Valerius Bacigalupo]] * [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|20px|Italiae vexillum]] [[Iosephus Dossena]] * [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|20px|Italiae vexillum]] [[Adolphus Baloncieri]] * [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|20px|Italiae vexillum]] [[Ludovicus Rossetti]] * [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|20px|Italiae vexillum]] [[Iulius Libonatti]] * [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|20px|Italiae vexillum]] [[Giorgius Ferrini]] * [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|20px|Italiae vexillum]] [[Paulus Pulici]] * [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|20px|Italiae vexillum]] [[Valentinus Mazzola]] * [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|20px|Italiae vexillum]] [[Franciscus Graziani]] * [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|20px|Italiae vexillum]] [[Francus Ossola]] * [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|20px|Italiae vexillum]] [[Aldus Serena]] * [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|20px|Italiae vexillum]] [[Renatus Zaccarelli]] * [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|20px|Italiae vexillum]] [[Claudius Sala]] * [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|20px|Italiae vexillum]] [[Andreas Belotti]] == Praeclari procuratores == [[Fasciculus:Vittorio Pozzo 534 400 px.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Victorius Pozzo]]]] * [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|20px|Italiae vexillum]] [[Victorius Pozzo]] * [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|20px|Italiae vexillum]] [[Adolhus Balancieri]] * [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|20px|Italiae vexillum]] [[Nereus Rocco]] == Nexus externi == * [http://www.torinofc.it/index.php "Torino FC."] * [http://www.toro.it/ toro.it Situs interretialis societatis proprius.] {{Seriei Ae societates pedoludii}} [[Categoria:Augusta Taurinorum]] [[Categoria:Societates italicae pediludii|Torino]] egfdxfquw5uoii056t5gxxwrn16pyki 0 188302 3961711 3953781 2026-05-25T14:52:26Z Makenzis 101971 3961711 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa societatis pediludii | nomen = Sassuolo<br />''Saxulum'' | nomen plenum = Unione Sportiva Sassuolo Calcio | imago = 600px sassuolo verde nero.png | descriptio imaginis = Saxuli vexillum | instituta = [[1920]] | domus = [[Stadium Vexillum Italicum]]<br />[[Regium Lepidi|Regii Lepidi]], [[Aemilia-Romania|in Aemiliis-Romania]], [[Italia|in Italia]] | capacitas = 20.048 | dominus = Carolus Rossi | procurator = | liga = [[Series A]] | tempus = 2025-26 | locus = Series A, XI }} '''Unione Sportiva Sassuolo Calcio''' est societas italica [[pediludium|pediludii]] [[Saxulum|Saxuli]], condita [[annus|anno]] [[1920]]. Tempore 2013-14 in [[Series A|Serie A]] ludit, antea ad maximam categoriam numquam pervenit. == Vestis campestris == * '''Vestis titularis''': Camisia [[viridis]] [[nigris]] derectis cum lineis * '''Vestis altera''': Camisia [[albus|alba]] * '''Vestis tertia''': Camisia [[caeruleus|caerulea]] == Nexus externi == * [http://www.sassuolocalcio.it/ Pagina interretialis officialis] {{Seriei Ae societates pedoludii}} [[Categoria:Societates italicae pediludii|Sassuolo]] [[Categoria:Saxulum]] jqs4w3ana032bipi6o1tfhdj90xcgm4 3961713 3961711 2026-05-25T14:55:34Z IacobusAmor 1163 3961713 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa societatis pediludii | nomen = Sassuolo<br />''Saxulum'' | nomen plenum = Unione Sportiva Sassuolo Calcio | imago = 600px sassuolo verde nero.png | descriptio imaginis = Saxuli vexillum | instituta = [[1920]] | domus = [[Stadium Vexillum Italicum]]<br />[[Regium Lepidi|Regii Lepidi]], [[Aemilia-Romania|in Aemiliis-Romania]], [[Italia|in Italia]] | capacitas = 20.048 | dominus = Carolus Rossi | procurator = | liga = [[Series A]] | tempus = 2025-26 | locus = Series A, XI }} '''Unione Sportiva Sassuolo Calcio''' est societas italica [[pediludium|pediludii]] [[Saxulum|Saxuli]] [[annus|anno]] [[1920]] condita. Tempore 2013-14 in [[Series A|Serie A]] lusit, antea ad maximam categoriam numquam pervenit. == Vestis campestris == * '''Vestis titularis''': Camisia [[viridis]] [[nigris]] derectis cum lineis * '''Vestis altera''': Camisia [[albus|alba]] * '''Vestis tertia''': Camisia [[caeruleus|caerulea]] == Nexus externi == * [http://www.sassuolocalcio.it/ Pagina interretialis officialis] {{Seriei Ae societates pedoludii}} [[Categoria:Saxulum]] [[Categoria:Societates italicae pediludii|Sassuolo]] 7vq6e7v1uvfi9hllvzsg1lzwu0u35f8 0 188631 3961724 3933531 2026-05-25T16:02:23Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3961724 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Ozone cycle.svg|thumb|Circulus [[ozonum|Ozoni]]-[[oxygenium|Oxygenii]] in strato ozontis.]] '''Stratum ozontis''',<ref>[[Nicolaus Gross|Nicolai Gross]] [http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/lexico/geographica4.htm ''Vocabula geographica.'']</ref> vel '''ozonosphaera''',{{MLAL ref|.envr ozone layer|252}}<ref>[[Latinitas (periodicum)|Latinitas, "Commentarii linguae Latinae excolendae provehendaeque,"]] [https://books.google.ru/books?id=YTczAAAAIAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=ozonicum vol. 28-29 (1980), p. 58].</ref><ref>Vel fortasse ''orbis ozonicus'' et ''{{dubium|tabulatum}} ozoniferum.''</ref> est [[regio]] [[stratosphaera telluris|stratosphaerae]] [[Tellus|Telluris]], altitudine inter quindecim et 35 [[chiliometrum|chiliometra]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ozonelayer.noaa.gov/science/basics.htm|title=Science: Ozone Basics.|accessdate=2007-01-29}}.</ref> quae maiorem partem [[radiatio ultraviolacea|radiationis ultraviolacea]]e ex [[sol]]e absorbet. Ex accumulatione [[ozonum|ozoni]] (O₃) maiore quam in aliis regionibus [[aër|atmosphaerae]] constat, quamvis talis pars cum aliis [[gas]]ibus comparata sit etiamtunc parva (10 partes per [[decies centena milia|decies centenas milias]] – comparetur cum parte [[oxygenium|oxygenii]] biatomici O₂ quam [[animal|animalia]] respirant, 21%). At stratum ozontis organismos in tellure viventes a [[Radiatio ultraviolacea|radiatione ultraviolacea]] tuetur et vitae necessarium videtur. == De foramine in strato ozontis == Ozon in [[atmosphaera]] elata quae vulgo stratosphaera appellatur formatur cum [[Radiatio ultraviolacea|radii UV]] a sole emissi moleculas dioxygenii (O₂) percutiunt atque eas secant in duos atomos. Tum atomus O singularis, quod [[Radicale (chemia)|radicale]] est duos [[Electron|electrones]] impares praebens, celeriter cum O₂ [[Reactio chemica|reagit]] quocum O₃ format. Stratum ozontis fit a quo omnes [[Organismus|organismi]] in tellure viventes a radiatione ultraviolacea proteguntur: nam cum radii solis ozonum rursus secant in O et O₂ multa energia periculosa absorbetur. Et atomi O rursus ozonum redintegrant ita ut in naturalibus conditionibus quantitas ozoni stabilis maneat etiamsi secundum anni tempora fluctuatur. Ab anno 1970 investigatores docere coeperunt substantias nonnullas ex industria humana enatas, imprimis [[Nitrogenium|nitrogenii]] oxida [[Aëroplanum|aëroplanis]] emissa<ref>Crutzen (1970).</ref> et [[Chlorofluori carbonida|chlorofluori carbonida]] (CFC)<ref>Molina et Rowland (1974).</ref> ozon delere. Nam si [[Radicale chemicum|radicale chemicum]] O cum alia molecula quam [[Oxygenium|dioxygenio]] cohaeret e cyclo ozontis exiit, eo magis quod [[chlorus]] [[catalysis|catalytice]] agit. Et anno 1985 magnum foramen in strato ozontis renuntiatum est super [[antarctica]], quod vitae terrestri exitium minabatur<ref>J. Shanklin (2010).</ref>. Anno [[1987]] [[Protocollum Montis Regii]] nunc a 197 (hoc est paene universis) civitatibus ratum substantiarum CFC prohibitionem iubebat: quod protocollum generi humano fortasse saluti fuit<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20240701224537/https://www.forbes.fr/environnement/linterdiction-des-cfc-a-permis-a-la-planete-de-ne-pas-devenir-une-terre-brulee-selon-une-etude/ L’interdiction des CFC a permis à la planète de ne pas devenir une « terre brûlée],'' Forbes, 2021.</ref>. Certe abhinc foramen minui et status ozontis meliorari videntur. Anno [[1995]] [[Paulus Iosephus Crutzen]], [[Marius Iosephus Molina]]<ref>[https://news.mit.edu/1995/molina MIT News].</ref> et [[Franciscus Sherwood Rowland]] simul [[Praemium Nobelianum chemiae|praemio Nobeliano]] honorati sunt ob eorum studia de ozonte. {{NexInt}} * [[Atmosphaera telluris]] * [[Protocollum Montis Regii]] ==Notae== <references/> == Plura legere si cupis == * Colin Baird et Michael Cann, "Stratosperic chemistry: the ozone layer" in ''Environmental chemistry'', ed. quinta, 2012: cap.2. [https://archive.org/details/environmentalche0000bair/page/n9/mode/2up Hic] capitis summarium habes. * [[Paulus Iosephus Crutzen|Paul J. Crutzen]], "[https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-27460-7_3 The influence of nitrogen oxides on the atmospheric ozone content]", ''Quaterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society'', 1970: 320-325 *[[Marius Iosephus Molina]] et [[Franciscus Sherwood Rowland]], "[https://escholarship.org/uc/item/13q9n640 Stratospheric sink for chlorofluoromethanes: chlorine atom-catalysed destruction of ozone]", ''[[Nature]]'', 1974: 810-2 *[[Franciscus Sherwood Rowland|F. Sherwood Rowland]], "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27855550 Chlorofluorocarbons and the Depletion of Stratospheric Ozone]", ''American Scientist'', 1989: 36-45 *Jonathan Shanklin , "[https://acd-ext.gsfc.nasa.gov/People/Stolarski/history_files/465034a.pdf Reflections on the ozone hole]", ''Nature'', 2010(465): 34–35 == Nexus externi == *[https://ozonewatch.gsfc.nasa.gov/ NASA Ozone hole watch] {{physica-stipula}} [[Categoria:Atmosphaera]] [[Categoria:Meteorologia]] mm1bhgrs5jyn7f31gp90b3cfry6lr0a 0 211828 3961729 3436799 2026-05-25T17:23:57Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3961729 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:17-Surg%C3%A8res-logis-seigneurial.jpg |thumb|Surgères: vici conciliabulum]] [[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 17434.png|thumb|left|250px|Surgères: communis tabula]] ''' Surgères ''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 6'498 incolarum (anno [[2011]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Carantonus Maritimus|Carantoni Maritimi]] in regione occidentali [[Pictaviensis et Carantoni]]s . {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Carantoni Maritimi|Indicem communium praefecturae Carantoni Maritimi]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat| Surgères | Surgères }} * {{INSEE commune|17434|de=Surgères}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210902074646/https://www.ville-surgeres.fr/ Surgères pagina interretialis] {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Carantoni Maritimi]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Carantoni maritimi]] p5bupltwcmb8yl9oatrsj2ltxww3jpc 0 214790 3961704 3796460 2026-05-25T14:22:16Z LilyKitty 18316 de Sirenes 3961704 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|1}} [[Fasciculus:Stöwer Titanic.jpg|thumb|Naufragium [[RMS Titanic|Titanicis]]]] '''Naufragium''' est [[navis]] [[temeritas|excidium]] plenum aut partim in mari, subductionem et summersum complectens. [[Nationes Unitae|Consociatio Nationum]] aestimat tricies centena milia reliquiarum navium in fundo maris esse.<ref name="Arango2007">{{cite news|last=Arango |first=Tim |url=http://money.cnn.tv/2007/09/10/news/companies/odyssey_treasure_fortune.fortune/index.htm |title=Curse of the $500 million sunken treasure |publisher=Money.cnn.tv |date=2007-09-11 |accessdate=2009-09-19}}.</ref> ==Clara naufragia per annos digesta== *1744, [[HMS Victory (1737)|''Victory'']] *1816, [[Medusa (navis|Medusa]]<ref>Ex quo opus ''[[Ratis Medusae]]'' a [[Theodorus Géricault|Theodoro Géricault]] creatus est.</ref> *1820 [[Essex (navis balaenarius)|''Essex'']] *1912, [[RMS Titanic|''Titanic'']] *1915, [[RMS Lusitania|''Lusitania'']] *1987, [[MV Doña Paz|''Domina Pax'']] *1994, [[MS Estonia|''Estonia'']] *2012, [[Naufragium navis ''Costa Concordia''|''Costa Concordia'']] == Notae == <references/> {{NexInt}} *[[Sirenes]] *[[Tabula Carneadis]] {{stipula}} [[Categoria:Naufragia|!]] mm6xppmpb2pi58j17wcog1ykbyp2951 0 216487 3961675 3765033 2026-05-25T12:28:52Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3961675 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:14.25 Sophia (Wisdom) in the Celsus Library in Ephesus.JPG|thumb|[[Personificatio]] [[sapientia]]e ([[Graece]] ''Σοφία'') in [[Bibliographia Celsus|Bibliographia Celsi]] [[Ephesus|Ephesi]] in [[Turcia]].]] {{Videdis|Sophia}} '''Sophia''' ([[Graece]] σοφία 'sapientia') est prima notio in [[philosophia Hellenica|philosophia]] et [[religio Hellenica|religione]] [[Hellenismus|Hellenica]], [[Platonismus|Platonismo]], [[Gnosticismus|Gnosticismo]], [[Ecclesia Orthodoxa|Christianitate Orthodoxa]], [[Christianitas esoterica|Christianitate esoterica]], et [[mysticismus Christianus|mysticismo Christiano]]. [[Sophiologia]] est studium [[philosophia|philosophicum]] quod [[sapientia]]m, et studium [[theologia|theologicum]] quod sapientiam [[deus|dei]] [[Biblia Sacra|biblici]], tractat. Sophia ut [[dea]] [[sapientia]]e a Gnosticis, nonnullis gregibus [[Neopaganismus|Neopaganis]] [[Aetas Nova|Aetatis Novae]], et adsectatoribus [[spiritualitas deae|spiritualitatis deae]] a [[feminismus|feminismo]] motis colitur. In [[Christianitas|Christianitate]] [[Ecclesia Orthodoxa|Orthodoxa]] et [[Ecclesia Catholica|Romana Catholica]], Sophia, vel potius ''hagia sophia'' ([[Graece]], 'sapientia sacra'), est expressio secundae [[Trinitas|Trinitatis Sanctae]] personae intellectae, ut in dedicatione [[templum|templi]] [[Hagia Sophia]] [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] siti, et in [[Vetus Testamentum|Testamento Vetere]], ut in [[Liber Proverbiorum]] 9:1 dicitur, sed non [[angelus]] vel [[dea]].<!-- ==Notae== <div class="references-small"><references/></div>--> [[Fasciculus:Holy Wisdom (1812, Russian museum).jpg|thumb|''Sophia, Sapientia Sacra.'' [[Icon]] [[Ucraina|Ucrainianum]] ([[Kyiv]]), 1812.]] [[Fasciculus:Hagia Sophia Mars 2013.jpg|thumb|Exterior pars [[templum|templi]] [[Hagia Sophia|Hagiae Sophiae]], 2013.]] ==Bibliographia== *Hunt, Priscilla. [[2000]]. The Novgorod Sophia Icon and "The Problem of Old Russian Culture" between Orthodoxy and Sophiology. ''Symposion: A Journal of Russian Thought'' 4–5:1–41. *Hunt, Priscilla. [[2006]]. Andrei Rublev’s Old Testament Trinity Icon in Cultural Context. In ''The Trinity-Sergius Lavr in Russian History and Culture: Readings in Russian Religious Culture,'' vol. 3, ed. Deacon Vladimir Tsurikov, 99–122. Jordanville Novi Eboraci: Holy Trinity Seminary Press. *Hunt, Priscilla. [[2007]]. Confronting the End: The Interpretation of the Last Judgment in a Novgorod Wisdom Icon. ''Byzantino-Slavica'' 65:275–325. *Hunt, Priscilla. [[2008]]. The Wisdom Iconography of Light: The Genesis, Meaning and Iconographic Realization of a Symbol. ''"Spor o Sofii" v Khristianskoi Kul’ture,'' ed. V. L. Ianin et A. E. Musin. Novgorodskii Gos. Universitet. *Matthews, Caitlin. [[1991]]. ''Sophia: Goddess of Wisdom.'' Londinii: Mandala. ISBN 0044405901. *Meehan, Brenda. [[1996]]. Wisdom/Sophia, Russian identity, and Western Feminist Theology. ''Cross Currents'' 46(2):149–168. *Perdue, Leo G. [[2007]]. ''Wisdom Literature: A Theological History.'' Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664229191. *Schipflinger, Thomas. [[1988]], [[1998]]. ''Sophia-Maria.'' York Beach Cenomannicae: Samuel Wiser. ISBN 1578630223. *Versluis, Arthur. [[1994]]. ''Theosophia: Hidden Dimensions of Christianity.'' Hudson Novi Eboraci: Lindisfarne Press. ISBN 0940262649. *Versluis, Arthur. [[1999]]. ''Wisdom’s Children: A Christian Esoteric Tradition.'' Albaniae Novi Eboraci: SUNY Press. ISBN 0791443302. *Versluis, Arthur, ed. [[2000]]. ''Wisdom’s Book: The Sophia Anthology.'' St. Paul Minnesotae: Paragon House. ISBN 1557787832. {{NexInt}} *[[Christologia]] *[[Sophiologia]] *[[Sufismus]] *[[Theosophia]] *[[251 Sophia]] (asteroides) [[Fasciculus:Meister des Hildegardis-Codex 002.jpg|thumb|[[Opus artis]] in [[codex|codice]] [[Medium Aevum|mediaevali]] visionem [[Hildegardis Bingensis]] [[Ecclesia]]e et Sophiae depingit.]] ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Saint Sophia|Sanctam Sophiam}} *Priscilla Hunt, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110819235431/http://lesserg4mini.cs.umass.edu/~lesser/Priscilla_Academic/Articles.html Commentarii de Sapientia Divina] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20071016173047/http://timelessmyths.com/mirrors/gnostic.php Dark Mirrors of Heaven: Cosmogonia Gnostica] *[http://www.northernway.org/sophia.html Sophia: Goddess of Wisdom & God's Bride] *[http://www.crcsite.org/ViriginSophia.htm Virgin Sophia,] Bibliotheca Rosicruciana {{DEFAULTSORT:Sophia (Sapientia)}} [[Categoria:Deae]] [[Categoria:Gnosticismus]] [[Categoria:Mysticismus Christianus]] [[Categoria:Notiones philosophicae]] [[Categoria:Sophiologia]] 7qf871dh2tc3vfbuztathv4untle7c5 0 216488 3961676 3799637 2026-05-25T12:34:40Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3961676 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Holy Wisdom (1812, Russian museum).jpg|thumb|[[Theotokos]] ut ''Sophia, Sapientia Sacra.'' [[Icon]] [[Ucraina|Ucrainiana]], [[Kiovia]]e inventa, [[1812]].]] [[Fasciculus:SophiaMystical.jpg|thumb|Depictio mystica [[Sophia (sapientia)|Sophiae]] in ''Geheime Figuren der [[Rosicrucianismus|Rosenkreuzer]],'' [[Altona (Hamburgum)|Altonae]], [[1785]].]] '''Sophiologia''' ([[Graece]] Σοφία 'sapientia' + ''logos'' 'studium') est notio [[philosophia|philosophica]] de [[sapientia]] notioque [[theologia|theologica]] de sapientia unius [[deus|dei]]. Sophiologia radices in [[civilizatio]]ne [[Hellenismus|Hellenistica]] et [[Platonismus|Platonismo]] agit, quia [[Sophia (sapientia)|Sophia]] maiores partes in paene omnibus [[Gnosis|Christianitatis Gnosticae]] sectis egit. Alii Sophiam [[deitas|deitatem]] sui iuris; alii eam vicariam [[Nupta Christi|Nuptae Christi]] ([[Apocalypsis]] 19), alii [[femina (sexus)|femineum]] [[Deus|Dei]] aspectum, [[sapientia]]m repraesentantem ([[liber Proverbiorum|Proverbia]] 8 et 9), aliique notionem [[theologia|theologicam]] de sapientia Dei vident. ==Christianitas== ===Ecclesia Orthodoxa=== In [[Ecclesia Orthodoxa]], sophiologia sophianismum valere habetur, qui [[haeresis#Haeresis religiosa|haeresia]] condemnatus est a [[Patriarcha Moscuensis|Patriarcha Moscuensi]]<ref>"The teaching of Professor and Archpriest S. N. Bulgakov—which, by its peculiar and arbitrary (Sophian) interpretation, often distorts the dogmas of the Orthodox faith, which in some of its points directly repeats false teachings already condemned by conciliar decisions of the Church" Moscow Patriarchate (1935) Decision No. 93.</ref> aliisque Orthodoxis [[hierarcha|hierarchis]], qui "doctrinam Archipresbyteri [[Sergius Bulgakov|Sergii Bulgakov]] de Sophia Sapientia Dei hereticam agnoscere" constituerunt.<ref>[[Anglice]]: "recognize the teaching of Archpriest Sergei Bulgakov on Sophia the Wisdom of God as heretical."</ref><ref>Bishops' Council of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad, ''Decision of the Bishops' Council of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad of the 17/30 October 1935 concerning the new teaching of Archpriest Sergei Bulgakov on Sophia, the Wisdom of God.''</ref> Repraesentationes personificatae Sapientiae Sacrae (Ἁγία Σοφία), vel Sapientiae Dei, inter Orthodoxos ad personam [[Iesus Christus|Iesu Christi]] attingunt, ut in actis [[Concilium Nicaenum Secundum|Concilii Oecumenici Septimi]] monstratur: <!--GET THE ORIGINAL, WHEN IT'S FOUND-->"Our Lord Jesus Christ, our true God, the self-existent Wisdom of God the Father, Who manifested Himself in the flesh, and by His great and divine dispensation (lit., economy) freed us from the snares of idolatry, clothing Himself in our nature, restored it through the cooperation of the Spirit, Who shares His mind."<ref>Actus Concilii Secundi Nicaeensis, https://web.archive.org/web/20090830014339/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/nicea2.html.</ref> Recentius, adfirmatum est, "Ex [[antiquitas|aevo antiquo]], multae [[civitas|civitates]] Orthodoxae [[templum|templa]] Domino Iesu Christo ut Sophia Dei consecraverunt."<ref>[[Anglice]]: "From the most ancient times and onwards many Orthodox countries have been consecrating churches to the Lord Jesus Christ as the Wisdom of God."</ref><ref>Seraphim Sobolev, ''The New Teaching Concerning Sophia the Wisdom of God'' (1935), p. 121.</ref> Sunt quidem [[icon]]es et [[cathedralis|cathedrales]] Orthodoxae quibus sunt [[nomen proprium|nomina propria]] saepe 'Sancta Sophia' appellata, sed ad certum hominem Sophia appellatum, humanum aut divinum, non attingunt; potius, translata falsa locutionis Ἁγία Σοφία ('Sapientia Sacra') sunt, quae est [[consuetudo]] in Ecclesiis Orthodoxis ad attingendum Christum adhibita. {{NexInt}} * [[Christianitas esoterica]] *[[Christianitas Gnostica]] *[[Gnosticismus]] *[[Hagia Sophia]] *[[Mysticismus Christianus]] *[[Nüwa]] *[[Phronesis]] *[[Pistis Sophia]] *[[Sophia Sacra]] *[[Sophia (sapientia)|Sophia]] *[[Sophismus]] *[[Theosophia]]<!-- *[[Chokhmah]] + *[[Heavenly Mother (Latter Day Saints)]] *[[The Sophia of Jesus Christ|Sophia of Jesus Christ]] *[[The Order of Christ Sophia]]--> ;Homines *[[Sergius Bulgakov]] *[[Ioanna Leade]] *[[Paulus Florenskij]] *[[Theophilus Antiochensis]] *[[Valentinus (Gnosticus)|Valentinus]] *[[Vladimirus Solov'ëv]] ==Notae== <div class="references-small"><references/></div> ==Bibliographia== *[[Sergius Bulgakov|Bulgakov, Sergei]]. [[1993]]. ''Sophia, the Wisdom of God: An Outline of Sophiology.'' Library of Russian Philosophy. Lindisfarne Books. ISBN 0940262606, ISBN 9780940262607. *Donskikh, Oleg A. [[1995]]. Cultural Roots of Russian Sophiology. ''Sophia'' 34(2):38–57. *Hunt, Priscilla. [[2000]]. The Novgorod Sophia Icon and "The Problem of Old Russian Culture" Between Orthodoxy and Sophiology. ''Symposion: A Journal of Russian Thought'' 4–5:1–41. *Hunt, Priscilla. [[2007]]. Confronting the End: The Interpretation of the Last Judgment in a Novgorod Wisdom Icon. ''Byzantino-Slavica'' 65:275-325. *Hunt, Priscilla. [[2009]]. The Wisdom Iconography of Light: The Genesis, Meaning and Iconographic Realization of a Symbol. ''Byzantinoslavica'' 67. *Hunt, Priscilla. [[2006]]. Andrei Rublev’s Old Testament Trinity Icon in Cultural Context. In ''The Trinity: Sergius Lavr in Russian History and Culture.'' Readings in Russian Religious Culture, 3, ed. Deacon Vladimir Tsurikov, 99–122. Jordanville Novi Eboraci: Holy Trinity Seminary Press. *Matthews, Caitlin. [[1991]]. ''Sophia: Goddess of Wisdom.'' Londinii: Mandala. ISBN 0044405901. *Meehan, Brenda, [[1996]]. Wisdom/Sophia, Russian Identity, and Western Feminist Theology. ''Cross Currents'' 46(2):149–168. *Newman, Barbara. [[2002]]. ''God and the Goddesses: Vision, Poetry, and Belief in the Middle Ages.'' University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 9780812236910. *Schipflinger, Thomas. [[1998]]. ''Sophia-Maria.''<!--(in German: 1988; English translation: York Beach, ME: Samuel Wiser, 1998-->. ISBN 1578630223. *Sergeev, Mikhail. [[2007]]. ''Sophiology in Russian Orthodoxy: Solov’ev, Bulgakov, Losskii, Berdiaev.'' Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 0773456090, ISBN 9780773456099.<!--[http://google.com/search?q=cache:WRNtvYLZse0J:www.georgefox.edu/academics/undergrad/departments/soc-swk/ree/Sergeev_Orthodoxy_April%25202001.pdf+n.+o.+lossky+sophiology&cd=9&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us]--> *Versluis, Arthur. [[1994]]. ''Theosophia: Hidden Dimensions of Christianity.'' Hudson Novi Eboraci: Lindisfarne Press. ISBN 0940262649.*Versluis, Arthur. [[1999]]. ''Wisdom’s Children: A Christian Esoteric Tradition.'' Albaniae Novi Eboraci: SUNY Press. ISBN 0791443302. *Versluis, Arthur, ed. [[2000]]. ''Wisdom’s Book: The Sophia Anthology.'' St. Paul Minnesotae: Paragon House. ISBN 1557787832. ==Nexus externi== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20130313215429/http://www.ifil.uz.zgora.pl/index.php?id=86,187,0,0,1,0 Lilianna Kiejzik on the emergence of the study of Sophia (Sophiology) in Russian philosophy,] www.ifil.uz.zgora.pl *[https://web.archive.org/web/20091027121737/http://geocities.com/sbulgakovsociety/seiling_florensk_conf_final.rtf Jonathan Seiling, ''Kant's Third Antinomy and Spinoza's Substance in the Sophiology of Florenskii and Bulgakov,''] web.archive.org<!--Presented at Florensky conference in Moscow, September 2005--> ===In aliis traditionibus=== *[http://www.northernway.org/sophia.html Sophia: Goddess of Wisdom and God's Bride,] www.northernway.org *[http://www.crcsite.org/ViriginSophia.htm Virgo Sophia,] www.crcsite.org (Bibliotheca Rosicruciana) *[https://web.archive.org/web/20071016173047/http://timelessmyths.com/mirrors/gnostic.php Obscura Caeli Specula: Cosmogonia Gnostica,] www.timelessmyths.com<!-- *[http://web.archive.org/web/20091027121808/http://geocities.com/sbulgakovsociety/sergeev_sophia_bibliography.doc Bibliography] - From Mikhail Sergeev, ''Sophiology in Russian Orthodoxy: Solov’ev, Bulgakov, Losskii and Berdiaev.'' Lewiston, Maine: The Edwin Mellen Press, 2006--> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110819235431/http://lesserg4mini.cs.umass.edu/~lesser/Priscilla_Academic/Articles.html Commentarii de Sapientia Divina, a Priscilla Hunt compositi,] lesserg4mini.cs.umass.edu [[Categoria:Sophiologia| ]] gnb2pqod8zlf7lm97esxdvoz33fp7n3 0 221234 3961665 3727232 2026-05-25T12:04:01Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3961665 wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox |name = ''Solidago'' |image = Solidago virgaurea var. leiocarpa 02-2.jpg |image_caption = ''[[Solidago virgaurea]]'' var. ''leiocarpa'' |regnum = [[Plantae]] |unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]] |unranked_classis = [[Eudicotyledones]] |unranked_ordo = [[Asteridae]] |ordo = [[Asterales]] |familia = [[Asteraceae]] |tribus = [[Astereae]] |genus = '''''Solidago''''' |genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] |subdivision_ranks = [[Species]] |subdivision = Circa 100–120; vide commentarium. |}} '''''Solidago''''' est [[genus (taxinomia)|genus]] circa 100<ref name=fna>{{cite web | url = http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=130659 | title = ''Solidago'' | work = Flora of North America}}</ref> ad 120<ref name=china>"[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=130659 Solidago]" in ''[[Flora of China]]''</ref> [[species|specierum]] [[Angiospermae|plantarum florentium]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Asteraceae|Asteracearum]]. Quarum plurimae sunt species [[planta perennis|perennes]] [[herba]]ceae in agris apertis sicut [[pratum|pratis]], campis latissime patentibus herbisque obsitis<!--prairies-->, et [[savanna]]s inventae. Plerumque in [[America Septentrionalis|America Septentrionali]] [[endemismus|endemicae]] sunt, et nonnullae species in [[Mexicum|Mexico]], [[America Australis|America Australi]], et [[Eurasia]] inveniuntur.<ref name=fna/> Nonnullae species [[America]]nae in [[Europa]]m aliasque [[tellus|orbis terrarum]] [[regio]]nes introductae sunt. ==Diversitas== [[Fasciculus:Solidago nemoralis 2.jpg|thumb|''[[Solidago nemoralis]]'']] [[Fasciculus:Solidago albopilosa.jpg|thumb|''[[Solidago albopilosa]]'']] [[Fasciculus:Solidago gigantea01.jpg|thumb|''[[Solidago gigantea]]'']] [[Fasciculus:Solidago canadensis at Kadavoor.jpg|thumb|''[[Solidago canadensis]]'' in [[Kerala]]]] [[Fasciculus:GoldenrodGallFlyLarva.jpg|thumb|Tumor in ''Solidagine'' sp. a [[musca]] ''[[Eurosta solidaginis]]'' factus]] [[Fasciculus:Solidago multiradiata (6120997092).jpg|thumb|''[[Solidago multiradiata]]'']] [[Fasciculus:Solidago velutina ssp sparsiflora 10.jpg|thumb|''[[Solidago velutina]]'' ssp. ''sparsiflora'']] [[Fasciculus:Solidago spectabilis 4.jpg|thumb|''[[Solidago spectabilis]]'']] [[Fasciculus:Great Golden Digger Wasp (Sphex ichneumoneus) (8155898363).jpg|thumb|''Solidago'' sp. cum [[vespa]] ''[[Sphex ichneumoneus|Sphege ichneumoneo]]'']] [[Fasciculus:Solidago simplex ssp. randii var. ontarioensis fruit.jpg|thumb|[[Fructus]] ''[[Solidago simplex|Solidaginis simplicis]]'']] [[Fasciculus:Solidago ptarmicoides 5474302.jpg|thumb|''[[Solidago ptarmicoides]]'']] Inter species plantae sequentes.<ref name=fna/><ref name=china/><ref name=itis>[http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=36223 ''Solidago''.] Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).</ref><ref>[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?11278 GRIN Species Records of ''Solidago''.] Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).</ref> *''[[Solidago albopilosa]]'' <small>E.L.Braun</small> *''[[Solidago altiplanities]]'' <small>C.E.S. Taylor & R.J.Taylor</small> *''[[Solidago altissima]]'' <small>L.</small> *''[[Solidago arenicola]]'' <small>Keener & Kral</small> *''[[Solidago arguta]]'' <small>Ait.</small> **''Solidago arguta''. var. ''arguta'' **''Solidago arguta'' var. ''boottii'' <small>(Hook.) Palmer & Steyermark</small> **''Solidago arguta'' var. ''caroliniana'' <small>Gray</small> **''Solidago arguta'' var. ''harrisii'' <small>(Steele) Cronq.</small> *''[[Solidago auriculata]]'' <small>Shuttlw. ex Blake</small> *''[[Solidago bicolor]]'' <small>L.</small> *''[[Solidago brachyphylla]]'' <small>Chapman</small> *''[[Solidago buckleyi]]'' <small>Torr. & Gray</small> *''[[Solidago caesia]]'' <small>L.</small> **''Solidago caesia'' var. ''caesia'' <small>L.</small> **''Solidago caesia'' var. ''zedia'' <small>R.E.Cook & Semple</small> *''[[Solidago canadensis]]'' L. **''Solidago canadensis'' var. ''canadensis'' **''Solidago canadensis'' var. ''hargeri'' <small>Fern.</small> *''[[Solidago chilensis]]'' <small>Meyen</small> *''[[Solidago curtisii]]'' <small>Torr. & A.Gray</small> *''[[Solidago dahurica]]'' <small>(Kitagawa) Kitagawa ex Juzepczuk</small> *''[[Solidago decurrens]]'' <small>Loureiro</small> *''[[Solidago delicatula]]'' <small>Small</small> *''[[Solidago drummondii]]'' <small>Torr. & A.Gray.</small> *''[[Solidago elongata]]'' <small>Nutt.</small> *''[[Solidago erecta]]'' <small>Nutt.</small> *''[[Solidago faucibus]]'' <small>Wieboldt</small> *''[[Solidago fistulosa]]'' <small>P.Mill.</small> *''[[Solidago flexicaulis]]'' <small>L.</small> *''[[Solidago gattingeri]]'' <small>Chapman</small> *''[[Solidago gigantea]]'' <small>Ait.</small> *''[[Solidago glomerata]]'' <small>Michx.</small> *''[[Solidago guiradonis]]'' <small>A.Gray</small> *''[[Solidago hispida]]'' <small>Muhl. ex Willd.</small> *''[[Solidago houghtonii]]'' <small>Torr. & A.Gray ex A.Gray</small> *''[[Solidago juliae]]'' <small>G.L.Nesom</small> *''[[Solidago juncea]]'' <small>Ait.</small> *''[[Solidago kralii]]'' <small>Semple</small> *''[[Solidago lancifolia]]'' <small>Torr. & A.Gray</small> *''[[Solidago latissimifolia]]'' <small>P.Mill.</small> *''[[Solidago leavenworthii]]'' <small>Torr. & A.Gray</small> *''[[Solidago leiocarpa]]'' <small>DC. in DC. &. A.DC.</small> *''[[Solidago lepida]]'' <small>DC.</small> *''[[Solidago ludoviciana]]'' <small>(Gray) Small</small> *''[[Solidago macrophylla]]'' <small>Pursh</small> *''[[Solidago microglossa]]'' <small>DC.</small> *''[[Solidago minutissima]]'' <small>(Makino) Kitam.</small> *''[[Solidago missouriensis]]'' <small>Nutt.</small> *''[[Solidago mollis]]'' <small>Bartl.</small> *''[[Solidago multiradiata]]'' <small>Ait.</small> *''[[Solidago nana]]'' <small>Nutt.</small> *''[[Solidago nemoralis]]'' <small>Ait.</small> **''Solidago nemoralis'' ssp. ''decemflora'' <small>(DC.) Brammall</small> **''Solidago nemoralis'' ssp. ''nemoralis'' <small>Ait.</small> *''[[Solidago nitida]]'' <small>Torr. & A.Gray</small> *''[[Solidago odora]]'' <small>Ait.</small> **''Solidago odora'' ssp. ''chapmanii'' <small>(Gray) Semple</small> **''Solidago odora'' ssp. ''odora'' *''[[Solidago ohioensis]]'' <small>Riddell</small> *''[[Solidago ouachitensis]]'' <small>C.E.S.Taylor & R.J.Taylor</small> *''[[Solidago pacifica]]'' <small>Juzepczuk</small> *''[[Solidago patula]]'' <small>Muhl. ex Willd.</small> **''Solidago patula'' ssp. ''patula'' **''Solidago patula'' ssp. ''strictula'' <small>Torr. & A.Gray</small> *''[[Solidago petiolaris]]'' <small>Ait.</small> *''[[Solidago pinetorum]]'' <small>Small</small> *''[[Solidago plumosa]]'' <small>Small</small> *''[[Solidago ptarmicoides]]'' <small>(Torr. & A.Gray) B.Boivin</small> *''[[Solidago puberula]]'' <small>Nutt.</small> **''Solidago puberula'' ssp. ''puberula'' **''Solidago puberula'' ssp. ''pulverulenta'' <small>(Nutt.) Semple</small> *''[[Solidago pulchra]]'' <small>Small</small> *''[[Solidago radula]]'' <small>Nutt.</small> *''[[Solidago riddellii]]'' <small>Frank ex Riddell</small> *''[[Solidago rigida]]'' <small>L.</small> **''Solidagi rigida'' ssp. ''glabrata'' <small>(E.L.Braun) S.B.Heard & Semple</small> **''Solidagi rigida'' ssp. ''humilis'' <small>(Porter) S.B.Heard & Semple</small> **''Solidagi rigida'' ssp. ''rigida'' *''[[Solidago roanensis]]'' <small>Porter</small> *''[[Solidago rugosa]]'' <small>P.Mill.</small> **''Solidago rugosa'' ssp. ''aspera'' **''Solidago rugosa'' ssp. ''rugosa'' *''[[Solidago rupestris]]'' <small>Raf.</small> *''[[Solidago sciaphila]]'' <small>Steele</small> *''[[Solidago sempervirens]]'' <small>L.</small> **''Solidago sempervirens'' ssp. ''mexicana'' <small>(L.) Semple</small> **''Solidago sempervirens'' ssp. ''sempervirens'' *''[[Solidago shortii]]'' <small>Torr. & A.Gray</small> *''[[Solidago simplex]]'' <small>Kunth</small> **''Solidago simplex'' ssp. ''randii'' <small>(Porter) Ringius</small> **''Solidago simplex'' ssp. ''simplex'' *''[[Solidago spathulata]]'' <small>DC.</small> *''[[Solidago speciosa]]'' <small>Nutt.</small> **''Solidago speciosa'' ssp. ''pallida'' <small>(Porter) Semple</small> **''Solidago speciosa'' ssp. ''speciosa'' *''[[Solidago spectabilis]]'' <small>(D.C.Eat.) A.Gray</small> *''[[Solidago sphacelata]]'' <small>Raf.</small> *''[[Solidago spithamaea]]'' <small>M.A.Curtis</small> *''[[Solidago squarrosa]]'' <small>Nutt.</small> *''[[Solidago stricta]]'' <small>Ait.</small> *''[[Solidago tarda]]'' <small>Mack.</small> *''[[Solidago tortifolia]]'' <small>Ell.</small> *''[[Solidago uliginosa]]'' <small>Nutt.</small> *''[[Solidago ulmifolia]]'' <small>Muhl. ex Willd.</small> **''Solidago ulmifolia'' var. ''palmeri'' <small>Cronq.</small> **''Solidago ulmifolia'' var. ''ulmifolia'' *''[[Solidago velutina]]'' <small>DC.</small> **''Solidago velutina'' ssp. ''californica'' <small>(Nutt.) Semple</small> **''Solidago velutina'' ssp. ''sparsiflora'' <small>(A.Gray) Semple</small> **''Solidago velutina'' ssp. ''velutina'' *''[[Solidago verna]]'' <small>M.A.Curtis</small> *''[[Solidago villosicarpa]]'' <small>LeBlond</small> *''[[Solidago virgaurea]]'' <small>L.</small> *''[[Solidago wrightii]]'' <small>A.Gray</small> ===Hybridae naturales=== *''Solidago'' × ''asperula'' <small>Desf.</small> (''S. rugosa'' × ''S. sempervirens'') *''Solidago'' × ''beaudryi'' <small>Boivin</small> (''S. rugosa'' × ''S. uliginosa'') *''Solidago'' × ''calcicola'' <small>(Fernald) Fernald</small> *''Solidago'' × ''erskinei'' <small>Boivin</small> (''S. canadensis'' × ''S. sempervirens'') *''Solidago'' × ''ovata'' <small>Friesner</small> (''S. sphacelata'' × ''S. ulmifolia'') *''Solidago'' × ''ulmicaesia'' <small>Friesner</small> (''S. caesia'' × ''S. ulmifolia'') ===Species olim comprehensa=== *''[[Solidago californica]]'' <small>Nutt.</small> (''Solidago velutina'' ssp. ''califonica'') ==Notae== <div class="references-small"><references/></div> ==Nexus externi== {{CommuniaCat|Solidago|''Solidaginem''}} {{Wikispecies|Solidago|''Solidaginem''}} {{Fontes de plantis}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20051120004631/http://www.ontariowildflower.com/goldenrods.htm "Goldenrod identification,"] ''Andy's Northern Ontario Wildflowers'' *[https://web.archive.org/web/20181231092251/http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/group.php?id=2 "Goldenrods Group,"] ''Ontario Wildflowers'' *[http://www.jcsemple.uwaterloo.ca/goldenrods.htm "''Solidago'': Goldenrods,"] ''Astereae Lab, University of Waterloo'' [[Categoria:Genera plantarum]]{{Titulus italicus}} [[Categoria:Solidago|!]] [[Categoria:Taxa Linnaei]] m0e7q6haly5t2ftjfnjc6k1m73ckkcd 0 257968 3961763 3866258 2026-05-25T23:01:08Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3961763 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} [[Fasciculus:The Catcher in the Rye (1951, first edition cover).jpg|thumb|Titulus editionis primae.]] '''''The Catcher in the Rye''''' ('Exceptor inter [[secale]]') est [[mythistoria]] [[auctor]]e [[J. D. Salinger]], die [[16 Iulii]] anno [[1951]] edita.<ref>Ulin 2010.</ref> [[Liber]] controversus, primum adultis editus, lectoribus [[adolescentia|adulescentibus]] gratissimus factus est propter eius materiam [[anxietas|angoris]]<!--angst--> [[adulescentia|adulescentium]], [[solitudo|solitudinis]], et [[alienatio socialis|alienationis socialis]].<ref>Costello et Bloom 2010.</ref><ref>Carte 2000.</ref> In paene omnes [[lingua]]s maiores conversus est.<ref>Magill 1991: 1803.</ref> Circa 250&thinsp;000 exemplarium quotannis venduntur, totis venditionibus plus 65 milliones exemplarium.<ref>Secundum [[List of best-selling books]], commentarius prior (Yardley 2004) plus 20 millione dicit.</ref> [[Holden Caulfield]], [[protagonista]] [[mythistoria]]e, [[icon]] [[rebellio adulescentium|rebellionis adulescentium]] facta est.<ref>Elizabeth Webber et Mike Feinsilber, ''Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of Allusions,'' p. 105.</ref> [[Mythistoria]] etiam multiplices tractat res [[identitas (scientia socialis)|identitatis]], iuncturae, amissionis, coniunctionis. Haec mythistoria inter [[centum]] optimas [[litterae Civitatum Foederatarum|mythistorias Anglicas]] post [[1923]] scriptas in ''[[Time (magazina)|Time]]'' comprehensa est,<ref>Grossman et Lacayo 2005.</ref> et a [[Modern Library]] et eius lectoribus una ex [[Modern Library 100 Best Novels|centum optimis mythistoriis Anglicis saeculi vicensimi]] aestimata est.<ref>Guinn 2001.</ref> Anno [[2003]], loco quinto decimo in ''[[The Big Read]]'' inspectione [[BBC]] perscripta est.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/bigread/top100.shtml "The Big Read"], BBC, Aprili 2003.</ref> == Notae == <references /> === Bibliographia === * Barnett, David. 2022. "[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/sep/11/rare-signed-edition-the-catcher-in-the-rye-on-sale-for-255000-jd-salinger Rare signed edition of The Catcher in the Rye on sale for £225,000.]" ''[[The Guardian]]'', 11 Septembris 2022. * Carte, Michael. [[2000]]. [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-28671475_ITM Carte Blanche: Famous Firsts.] ''Booklist,'' 15 Novembris. * Costello, Donald P., et Harold Bloom. [[2000]]. The Language of "The Catcher in the Rye." ''Bloom's Modern Critical Interpretations: The Catcher in the Rye,'' 11–20. Literary Reference Center. EBSCO. 1 Decembris. * Graham, Sarah. [[2007]]. ''J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye.'' Routledge. ISBN 0-415-34452-2. * Grossman, Lev, et Richard Lacayo. [[2005]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120729162224/http://entertainment.time.com/2005/10/16/all-time-100-novels/ All-Time 100 Novels: The Complete List.] ''[[Time]],'' 16 Octobris. * Guinn, Jeff. [[2001]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210201065739/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=ET&p_theme=et&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EDCAD301800C85B&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D "Catcher in the Rye" still influences 50 years later.] ''Erie Times-News,'' 10 Augusti. *McCrum, Robert. [[2015]]. [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/feb/02/100-best-novels-catcher-in-the-rye-jd-salinger-holden-caulfield The 100 best novels: No 72 – The Catcher in the Rye by JD Salinger (1951).] ''[[The Guardian]],'' 2 Februarii 2015. * Magill, Frank N. [[1991]]. ''Magill's Survey of American Literature.'' Novi Eboraci: Marshall Cavendish Corporation. ISBN 1-85435-437-X. * Rohrer, Finalo. [[2009]]. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8084931.stm The why of the Rye.] ''BBC News Magazine,'' 5 Iunii. BBC. * Steinle, Pamela Hunt. [[2000]]. ''In Cold Fear: ''The Catcher in the Rye'' Censorship Controversies and Postwar American Character.'' Ohio State University Press. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160331042330/https://ohiostatepress.org/index.htm?%2Fbooks%2Fbook%2520pages%2Fsteinle%2520in.html De libro.] * Ulin, David L. [[2010]]. [http://www.latimes.com/features/books/la-et-salinger29-2010jan29,0,578438.story J. D. Salinger: a gift of words and silence.] ''Los Angeles Times,'' 20 Ianuarii. * Yardley, Jonathan. [[2004]]. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A43680-2004Oct18.html J. D. Salinger's Holden Caulfield, Aging Gracelessly.] ''[[The Washington Post]],'' 13 Octobris. == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160928091148/http://www.bookdrum.com/books/the-catcher-in-the-rye/9780140237504/index.html Imago libri.] Book Drum. * [http://www.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/books/06/03/salinger.catcher.lawsuit/index.html "Lawsuit targets 'rip-off' of ''Catcher in the Rye.''"] [[CNN]]. * [http://www.mansionbooks.com/BookDetail.php?bk=213 Photographemata editionis primae.] {{DEFAULTSORT:Catcher in the Rye, The}} [[Categoria:Mythistoriae Anglicae]] [[Categoria:Mythistoriae Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Scripta 1951]] {{Myrias|Ars}} 1k3jm0wx05l48v1pu26k0m3c4ogly8m 0 258189 3961719 3944154 2026-05-25T15:30:46Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3961719 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Stephanus Secco''' (vulgo ''Stefano Secco'', [[Mediolanum|Mediolano]] die [[15 Decembris]] [[1970]] natus) est praeclarus orbis [[tenor]], [[cantor]] et actor [[Italia|Italicus]]. == Biographia == Natus Mediolano anno [[1970]] cum [[Albertus Soresina|Alberto Soresina]] studuit.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160215100250/http://stefanosecco.altervista.org/lastsite/biografia.html Eius biographia]</ref> Etiam studuit cum [[Leyla Gencer]] et [[Renata Scotto]]. Anno [[2016]], mense Ianuario, in [[theatrum|theatro]] ''La Fenice'', cum [[Nadina Sierra]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160307102948/http://www.quotidiano.net/concerto-capodanno-fenice-1.1612509 «Concerto di Capodanno: alla Fenice si apre il 2016 in musica.»]</ref> cecinit. == Operae == * ''[[Simon Boccanegra]]'' Iosephi Verdi, Opéra de Paris (2006), Grand théâtre du Liceu (2008) * ''[[Don Carlos]]'', Opéra de Paris (2008) * ''[[Rigoletto]]'', acting the duke, Opéra de Paris (2008) * Hoffmann, Opéra de Paris (2012) * ''[[Carmen]]'', Don José, [[La Fenice]], Venice (2013) * ''Requiem'' Iosephi verdi, [[Budapest]] (2013) == Pelliculae == * [[2009]]: ''[[Tosca]]'', Mario Cavaradossi * [[2009]]: ''[[Macbeth]]'', Macduff * [[2011]]: ''Romeo et Juliette'', Romeo * [[2012]]: ''[[Les contes d'Hoffmann]], Hoffmann == Notae == <references /> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Stefano Secco|Stephanum Secco|nexus=fractus}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160620065901/http://www.stefanosecco.com/ Eius pagina officialis] {{bio-stipula}} {{Lifetime|1970||Secco, Stephanus}} [[Categoria:Theatri lyrici cantores]] [[Categoria:Cantores Italiae]] [[Categoria:Actores Italiae]] 4lzjdbb5asrat0mc06t6bo2uzk2rwst 0 258506 3961732 3961656 2026-05-25T18:16:17Z Ziv 172423 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Postau coat of arms.svg]] → [[File:DEU Postau COA.svg]] [[c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]] · Harmonisation of a fileset 3961732 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L}} {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} '''Circulus Landishutensis''', vel '''Pagus Landishutensis''', in [[Provincia (Germania)|provincia]] [[Bavaria inferior]]e situs, [[Landishuta]]m [[urbs|urbem]] circumdat, [[caput (urbs)|caput]] sed non partem eius. Anno [[1972]], formam hodiernam accepit. Hic [[circulus]] est secundus quoad aream post circulum Passaviensem et confinis ad pagos Bavariae Inferioris Kelheim (in occidente), Boiodurum-Bogen, Dingolfing-Landau et Rottal-Aenum (in oriente), praeterea ad [[Palatinatus Superior|Palatinatum Superiorem]] in septentrionibus, et ad [[Bavaria Superior|Bavariam Superiorem]] in meridie et occidente. == Insigne == [[Insigne]] circuli monstrat in alto [[rhombus|rhombos]] [[Bavaria]]e et sub eis insigne comitum Prisonum (Theodisce ''Preysing'') ut exempli tot [[nobilis|nobilium]] sedum in rure dispersarum. == Natura terrestris == Ager huius circuli praeter [[vallis|valles]] fluminum (praecipue [[Isara (Bavaricus)|Isarae]] et [[Filsa]]e), quae [[Danuvius|Danuvium]] petunt, permultis [[collis|collibus]] conspersus est. Hi colles [[Aevum glain ciale|aevo glaciali]] orti sunt. Quorum altissimus (525 m supra mare) in meridie pagi invenitur. Ager circum Landishutam [[creta (minerale)|cretam]] lutumque figulare praebet, quo iam a temporibus antiquis ad fabricationem laterum posteaque etiam vasorum fictilium usi sunt. [[Fornax]] figularis e temporibus tardo-antiquitatis provinciae Romanae, prope Landishutam reperta, in museo artis tegulariae (theodisce ''Ziegel- und Kalkmuseum'') in viculo Flintsbach (nunc pars Fori Winzer) ostentatur. == Historia et cultura == Iam aetatibus [[Aetas lapidea|lapidea]], [[Aetas aënea|aënea]] et [[Aetas ferrea|ferrea]] in valle Isarae homines vivebant.<ref>Diercke Lexikon Deutschland (1988). Augustae Vindelicorum: Weltbild Verlag {{ling|Theodisce}}</ref> Aetate Romana sub imperatore [[Claudius (imperator)|Claudio]] haec regio pars provinciae [[Raetia]]e facta est.<ref>Christophorus Thoma: Hightech im Hügelland - Der Landkreis Landshut (2002). Landishutae: Circulus Landishutensis (editor)</ref>. Cum in parte ad sinistram Isarae iacente colonisatio praecipue in vicis facta sit, in parte ad dextram fluvii confiniente villae singulae dispersae dominantur. Toti terrae arces nobilium et ecclesiae Gothicae latericiae propriae sunt. == Communia circuli == Circulo Landishutensi sunt 35 communia, inter quae duae urbes et septem fora. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="float:left; margin-right:1em" |+ Urbes ! Urbs || Insigne || Area<br /><small>km²</small> || Incolae<br /><small>31 Decembris 2014</small> || Spissitudo<br /><small>per km²</small> || Altitudo<br /><small>supra mare</small> |- || '''[[Rottenburg ad Laaber]]''' ||align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Rottenburg COA.svg|30px]] ||align="center" | 90.15 ||align="center"| 7&thinsp;827 ||align="center" | 87 ||align="center" | 453 |- || '''[[Vilsbiburg]]''' || align="center" |[[Fasciculus:Wappen_Vilsbiburg.svg|30px]] || align="center"|{{nts|68.85}}||align="center"|11&thinsp;535||align="center" |168||align="center" |{{nts|449}} |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="float:left; margin-right:1em" |+ Fora ! Forum || Insigne || Area<br /><small>km²</small> || Incolae<br /><small>31 Decembris 2014</small> || Spissitudo<br /><small>per km²</small> || Altitudo<br /><small>supra mare</small> |- | '''[[Altdorfium (Bavaria Inferior)|Altdorfium]]'''<ref name="Altdorfium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Altdorf' in Latinam "Altdorfium" sive "Palaeocomē" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Altdorf (Niederbayern) COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|23.05}} || align="center"| {{nts|11&thinsp;158}} || align="center" | {{nts|484}} || align="center" |{{nts|399}} |- || '''[[Ergolding]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Ergolding COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|37.16}} || align="center" | 12&thinsp;193 || align="center" |{{nts|328}} || align="center" |{{nts|392}} |- || '''[[Ergoldsbach]]''' || align="center" |[[Fasciculus:DEU Ergoldsbach COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|57.06}} || align="center" | {{nts|7&thinsp;709}} ||align="center" | {{nts|135}} || align="center" |{{nts|416}} |- || '''[[Essenbach]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:Wappen_Essenbach.svg|30px]] || {{nts|83.57}} || align="center" | {{nts|11&thinsp;804}} || align="center" | {{nts|141}} || align="center" |{{nts|391}} |- || '''[[Felda]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Velden (Vils) COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|49.4}} || align="center" | 6&thinsp;909 || align="center" | {{nts|140}} || align="center" |{{nts|477}} |- || '''[[Geisenhausen]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Geisenhausen COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|62.54}} ||align="center" | {{nts|6&thinsp;896}} ||align="center" | {{nts|110}} || align="center" |{{nts|460}} |- || '''[[Pfeffenhausen]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:Pfeffenhausen coat of arms.svg|30px]] || {{nts|71.79}} ||align="center|{{nts|4&thinsp;932}}||align="center" | {{nts|69}} || align="center" |{{nts|436}} |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="float:left" |+ Alia communia ! Commune || Insigne || Area<br /><small>km²</small> || Incolae<br /><small>31 Decembris 2014</small> || Spissitudo<br /><small>per km²</small> || Altitudo<br /><small>supra mare</small> |- | '''[[Adalahkewa]]'''<ref>Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20170326102611/http://www.wittmann.de/einsatzgebiete/adlkofen ''www.wittmann.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Name Adlkofen taucht zum ersten Mal als Grafschaft Adalahkevva in einer Urkunde auf, die Kaiser Otto der Große kurz vor seinem Tod 973 in Merseburg ausstellte (...)".</ref> || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Adlkofen COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|47.82}} || align="center" | {{nts|4&thinsp;078}} || align="center" | {{nts|85}} || align="center" |{{nts|499}} |- | '''[[Aham]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Aham COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|38}} || align="center" |{{nts|1&thinsp;958}} || align="center" | {{nts|52}}|| align="center" |{{nts|420}} |- | '''[[Altfraunhofen]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Altfraunhofen COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|24.28}} || align="center" | {{nts|2&thinsp;317}} || align="center" | {{nts|95}} || align="center" |{{nts|466}} |- | '''[[Bodenkircha]]'''<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/monumentaboica01karagoog/monumentaboica01karagoog_djvu.txt ''Monumenta Boica''], ubi dicitur "(...) praedium ecclesiae Bodenkircha (...)".</ref> || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Bodenkirchen COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|62}} || align="center" | {{nts| 5&thinsp;246}} || align="center" | {{nts|85}}|| align="center" |{{nts|470}} |- | '''[[Bruckberga (Bavaria Inferior)|Bruckberga]]'''<ref name="Bruckberga">Theodiscum toponymum ''Bruckberg'' in Latinam "Bruckberga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/details/ned-kbn-all-00001637-001/page/222/mode/2up?q=Bruckberga ''P. Bertii commentariorum rerum germanicarum libri tres''], ubi dicitur "(...) Bruckbergae Baro (...)".</ref> || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Bruckberg (Niederbayern) COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|51.11}} || align="center" | {{nts|5&thinsp;336}} || align="center" | {{nts| 104}} || align="center" |{{nts|427}} |- | '''[[Bocha]]'''<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Buch am Erlbach COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|26.71}} || align="center" | {{nts|3&thinsp;739}} || align="center" | {{nts| 140}} || align="center" |{{nts| 441}} |- | '''[[Ehinga (Landishuta)|Ehinga]]'''<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Eching (Kreis Landshut) COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|30.1}} || align="center" | {{nts| 3&thinsp;903}} || align="center" | {{nts|130}} || align="center" | {{nts|405}} |- | '''[[Furth (Niederbayern)|Furth]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Furth (Niederbayern) COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|20.97}} || align="center" | {{nts|3&thinsp;529}} || align="center" | {{nts|168}} || align="center" |{{nts|428}} |- | '''[[Gerzen]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Gerzen (Landshut) COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|17}} || align="center" | {{nts|1&thinsp;824}} || align="center" |{{nts|107}} || align="center" |{{nts|433}} |- | '''[[Hohenthann]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:Wappen von Hohenthann.svg|30px]] || {{nts|68.32}} || align="center" | {{nts|4&thinsp;063}} || align="center" | {{nts|59}} || align="center" |{{nts|487}} |- | '''[[Kröning]]''' || align="center" ||| {{nts|39.61}} || align="center" | 2&thinsp;011 || align="center" | {{nts|51}} || align="center" |{{nts|458}} |- | '''[[Kumhausen]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Kumhausen COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|37.07}} || align="center" | 5&thinsp;351 || align="center" | {{nts|144}} || align="center" |{{nts|500}} |- | '''[[Neufahrn in Bavaria Inferiori]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:Neufahrn_in_NiederbayernWappen.jpeg|30px]] || {{nts|38.76}} || align="center" | {{nts|4&thinsp;017}} || align="center" | {{nts| 104}} || align="center" |{{nts|404}} |- | '''[[Neufraunhofen]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Neufraunhofen COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|17.94}} || align="center" | 1&thinsp;072 || align="center" | {{nts|60}} || align="center" |{{nts|495}} |- | '''[[Niederaichbach]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Niederaichbach COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|34.06}} || align="center" | {{nts|3&thinsp;975}} || align="center" | {{nts|117}} || align="center" |{{nts|376}} |- | '''[[Obersüßbach]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Obersüßbach COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|23.58}} || align="center" | {{nts|1&thinsp;734}} || align="center" | {{nts|472}} || align="center" |{{nts|472}} |- | '''[[Piparpah]]'''<ref>Vide [https://francia.ahlfeldt.se/page/documents/13500 ''Regnum Francorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) Bayerbach , as possession ''Sindbertus episcopus tradidit hereditatem suam in loco, qui dicitur Svnnihhinga, et Piparpah'' (...)".</ref> || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:Bayerbach_Ergoldsbach_coat_of_arms.svg|30px]] || {{nts|25.42}} || align="center" | {{nts|1&thinsp;809}} || align="center" | {{nts| 71}} || align="center" |{{nts|409}} |- | '''[[Postau]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Postau COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|34.84}} || align="center" | {{nts|1&thinsp;620}} || align="center"| {{nts|48}} || align="center" |{{nts|388}} |- | '''[[Purgipach]]'''<ref>Vide [https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Abhandlungen-Akademie-Bayern-hist_2-1837_0001-0119.pdf ''Einführung und Beleuchtung''], ubi dicitur "(...) Vodalricus de purgipach (...)".</ref> || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Baierbach COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|16.76}} || align="center" | {{nts|791}} || align="center" | {{nts|47}} || align="center" |{{nts|418}} |- | '''[[Schalkham]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Schalkham COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|22.71}} || align="center" | {{nts|860}} || align="center"| {{nts|38}} || align="center" |{{nts|430}} |- | '''[[Tiefenbach (prope Landshut)|Tiefenbach]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:Gemeindewappen_Tiefenbach_Lkr._Landshut.svg|30px]] || {{nts|24.72}} || align="center" | {{nts|3&thinsp;792}} || align="center" | {{nts| 153}} || align="center" |{{nts|454}} |- | '''[[Vilsheim]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Vilsheim COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|21.7}} || align="center" | {{nts|2&thinsp;491}} || align="center" | {{nts|115}} || align="center" |{{nts|467}} |- | '''[[Weihmichl]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:Weihmichl_coat_of_arms.svg|30px]] || {{nts|32.16}} || align="center" |2&thinsp;483 || align="center" | {{nts|77}} || align="center" |{{nts|440}} |- | '''[[Weng (ad Isaram)|Weng]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:Weng_coat_of_arms.svg|30px]] || {{nts|15.62}} || align="center" | {{nts|1&thinsp;434}} || align="center" | {{nts|92}} || align="center" |{{nts|379}} |- | '''[[Wörth an der Isar|Wörth a.d.Isar]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Wörth an der Isar COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|4.84}} || align="center" | {{nts|2&thinsp;837}} || align="center" | {{nts|586}} || align="center" |{{nts|369}} |- | '''[[Wurmsham]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Wurmsham COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|28.14}} || align="center" | {{nts|1&thinsp;353}} || align="center" | {{nts|48}} || align="center" |{{nts|480}} |- |} <div style="clear:both"></div> '''[[Societas administrativa|Societates administrativae]]''' # S. a. Altfraunhofen<br />(formata e communibus Altfraunhofen et Baierbach) # S. a. Ergoldsbach<br />(formata e foro Ergoldsbach et communi Bayerbach prope Ergoldsbach) # S. a. Furth<br />(formata e communibus Furth, Obersüßbach, et Weihmichl) # S. a. Gerzen<br />(formata e communibus Aham, Gerzen, Kröning, et Schalkham) # S. a. Felda<br />(formata e foro Velda et communibus Neufraunhofen et Wurmsham) # S. a. Wörth ad Isaram <br />(formata e communibus Postau, Weng et Wörth ad Isaram) == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Schlossstraße 4 (Kronwinkl).JPG|Arx Kronwinkl (comitum Prisonum) Hohenthann-Brauhausstraße-1-Schloss.jpg|[[Palatium]] in Hohenthann Pfarrkirche Vilsbiburg.JPG|Ecclesia parochialis [[Assumptio Beatae Mariae Virginis|assumptioni B.M.V.]] dicata in Vilsbiburg Kirchberg (Hohenthann).jpg|Villa rustica </gallery> == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == {{fontes geographici}} [[Categoria:Circuli terrae Bavariae|Landishutensis circulus]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1972]] mzkrco1qym793wemdgahsmjgghbx9bx 3961734 3961732 2026-05-25T18:20:55Z Ziv 172423 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Wappen Vilsbiburg.svg]] → [[File:DEU Vilsbiburg COA.svg]] [[c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]] · Harmonisation of a fileset 3961734 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L}} {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} '''Circulus Landishutensis''', vel '''Pagus Landishutensis''', in [[Provincia (Germania)|provincia]] [[Bavaria inferior]]e situs, [[Landishuta]]m [[urbs|urbem]] circumdat, [[caput (urbs)|caput]] sed non partem eius. Anno [[1972]], formam hodiernam accepit. Hic [[circulus]] est secundus quoad aream post circulum Passaviensem et confinis ad pagos Bavariae Inferioris Kelheim (in occidente), Boiodurum-Bogen, Dingolfing-Landau et Rottal-Aenum (in oriente), praeterea ad [[Palatinatus Superior|Palatinatum Superiorem]] in septentrionibus, et ad [[Bavaria Superior|Bavariam Superiorem]] in meridie et occidente. == Insigne == [[Insigne]] circuli monstrat in alto [[rhombus|rhombos]] [[Bavaria]]e et sub eis insigne comitum Prisonum (Theodisce ''Preysing'') ut exempli tot [[nobilis|nobilium]] sedum in rure dispersarum. == Natura terrestris == Ager huius circuli praeter [[vallis|valles]] fluminum (praecipue [[Isara (Bavaricus)|Isarae]] et [[Filsa]]e), quae [[Danuvius|Danuvium]] petunt, permultis [[collis|collibus]] conspersus est. Hi colles [[Aevum glain ciale|aevo glaciali]] orti sunt. Quorum altissimus (525 m supra mare) in meridie pagi invenitur. Ager circum Landishutam [[creta (minerale)|cretam]] lutumque figulare praebet, quo iam a temporibus antiquis ad fabricationem laterum posteaque etiam vasorum fictilium usi sunt. [[Fornax]] figularis e temporibus tardo-antiquitatis provinciae Romanae, prope Landishutam reperta, in museo artis tegulariae (theodisce ''Ziegel- und Kalkmuseum'') in viculo Flintsbach (nunc pars Fori Winzer) ostentatur. == Historia et cultura == Iam aetatibus [[Aetas lapidea|lapidea]], [[Aetas aënea|aënea]] et [[Aetas ferrea|ferrea]] in valle Isarae homines vivebant.<ref>Diercke Lexikon Deutschland (1988). Augustae Vindelicorum: Weltbild Verlag {{ling|Theodisce}}</ref> Aetate Romana sub imperatore [[Claudius (imperator)|Claudio]] haec regio pars provinciae [[Raetia]]e facta est.<ref>Christophorus Thoma: Hightech im Hügelland - Der Landkreis Landshut (2002). Landishutae: Circulus Landishutensis (editor)</ref>. Cum in parte ad sinistram Isarae iacente colonisatio praecipue in vicis facta sit, in parte ad dextram fluvii confiniente villae singulae dispersae dominantur. Toti terrae arces nobilium et ecclesiae Gothicae latericiae propriae sunt. == Communia circuli == Circulo Landishutensi sunt 35 communia, inter quae duae urbes et septem fora. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="float:left; margin-right:1em" |+ Urbes ! Urbs || Insigne || Area<br /><small>km²</small> || Incolae<br /><small>31 Decembris 2014</small> || Spissitudo<br /><small>per km²</small> || Altitudo<br /><small>supra mare</small> |- || '''[[Rottenburg ad Laaber]]''' ||align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Rottenburg COA.svg|30px]] ||align="center" | 90.15 ||align="center"| 7&thinsp;827 ||align="center" | 87 ||align="center" | 453 |- || '''[[Vilsbiburg]]''' || align="center" |[[Fasciculus:DEU Vilsbiburg COA.svg|30px]] || align="center"|{{nts|68.85}}||align="center"|11&thinsp;535||align="center" |168||align="center" |{{nts|449}} |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="float:left; margin-right:1em" |+ Fora ! Forum || Insigne || Area<br /><small>km²</small> || Incolae<br /><small>31 Decembris 2014</small> || Spissitudo<br /><small>per km²</small> || Altitudo<br /><small>supra mare</small> |- | '''[[Altdorfium (Bavaria Inferior)|Altdorfium]]'''<ref name="Altdorfium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Altdorf' in Latinam "Altdorfium" sive "Palaeocomē" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Altdorf (Niederbayern) COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|23.05}} || align="center"| {{nts|11&thinsp;158}} || align="center" | {{nts|484}} || align="center" |{{nts|399}} |- || '''[[Ergolding]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Ergolding COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|37.16}} || align="center" | 12&thinsp;193 || align="center" |{{nts|328}} || align="center" |{{nts|392}} |- || '''[[Ergoldsbach]]''' || align="center" |[[Fasciculus:DEU Ergoldsbach COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|57.06}} || align="center" | {{nts|7&thinsp;709}} ||align="center" | {{nts|135}} || align="center" |{{nts|416}} |- || '''[[Essenbach]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:Wappen_Essenbach.svg|30px]] || {{nts|83.57}} || align="center" | {{nts|11&thinsp;804}} || align="center" | {{nts|141}} || align="center" |{{nts|391}} |- || '''[[Felda]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Velden (Vils) COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|49.4}} || align="center" | 6&thinsp;909 || align="center" | {{nts|140}} || align="center" |{{nts|477}} |- || '''[[Geisenhausen]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Geisenhausen COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|62.54}} ||align="center" | {{nts|6&thinsp;896}} ||align="center" | {{nts|110}} || align="center" |{{nts|460}} |- || '''[[Pfeffenhausen]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:Pfeffenhausen coat of arms.svg|30px]] || {{nts|71.79}} ||align="center|{{nts|4&thinsp;932}}||align="center" | {{nts|69}} || align="center" |{{nts|436}} |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="float:left" |+ Alia communia ! Commune || Insigne || Area<br /><small>km²</small> || Incolae<br /><small>31 Decembris 2014</small> || Spissitudo<br /><small>per km²</small> || Altitudo<br /><small>supra mare</small> |- | '''[[Adalahkewa]]'''<ref>Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20170326102611/http://www.wittmann.de/einsatzgebiete/adlkofen ''www.wittmann.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Name Adlkofen taucht zum ersten Mal als Grafschaft Adalahkevva in einer Urkunde auf, die Kaiser Otto der Große kurz vor seinem Tod 973 in Merseburg ausstellte (...)".</ref> || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Adlkofen COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|47.82}} || align="center" | {{nts|4&thinsp;078}} || align="center" | {{nts|85}} || align="center" |{{nts|499}} |- | '''[[Aham]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Aham COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|38}} || align="center" |{{nts|1&thinsp;958}} || align="center" | {{nts|52}}|| align="center" |{{nts|420}} |- | '''[[Altfraunhofen]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Altfraunhofen COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|24.28}} || align="center" | {{nts|2&thinsp;317}} || align="center" | {{nts|95}} || align="center" |{{nts|466}} |- | '''[[Bodenkircha]]'''<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/monumentaboica01karagoog/monumentaboica01karagoog_djvu.txt ''Monumenta Boica''], ubi dicitur "(...) praedium ecclesiae Bodenkircha (...)".</ref> || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Bodenkirchen COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|62}} || align="center" | {{nts| 5&thinsp;246}} || align="center" | {{nts|85}}|| align="center" |{{nts|470}} |- | '''[[Bruckberga (Bavaria Inferior)|Bruckberga]]'''<ref name="Bruckberga">Theodiscum toponymum ''Bruckberg'' in Latinam "Bruckberga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/details/ned-kbn-all-00001637-001/page/222/mode/2up?q=Bruckberga ''P. Bertii commentariorum rerum germanicarum libri tres''], ubi dicitur "(...) Bruckbergae Baro (...)".</ref> || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Bruckberg (Niederbayern) COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|51.11}} || align="center" | {{nts|5&thinsp;336}} || align="center" | {{nts| 104}} || align="center" |{{nts|427}} |- | '''[[Bocha]]'''<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Buch am Erlbach COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|26.71}} || align="center" | {{nts|3&thinsp;739}} || align="center" | {{nts| 140}} || align="center" |{{nts| 441}} |- | '''[[Ehinga (Landishuta)|Ehinga]]'''<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Eching (Kreis Landshut) COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|30.1}} || align="center" | {{nts| 3&thinsp;903}} || align="center" | {{nts|130}} || align="center" | {{nts|405}} |- | '''[[Furth (Niederbayern)|Furth]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Furth (Niederbayern) COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|20.97}} || align="center" | {{nts|3&thinsp;529}} || align="center" | {{nts|168}} || align="center" |{{nts|428}} |- | '''[[Gerzen]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Gerzen (Landshut) COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|17}} || align="center" | {{nts|1&thinsp;824}} || align="center" |{{nts|107}} || align="center" |{{nts|433}} |- | '''[[Hohenthann]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:Wappen von Hohenthann.svg|30px]] || {{nts|68.32}} || align="center" | {{nts|4&thinsp;063}} || align="center" | {{nts|59}} || align="center" |{{nts|487}} |- | '''[[Kröning]]''' || align="center" ||| {{nts|39.61}} || align="center" | 2&thinsp;011 || align="center" | {{nts|51}} || align="center" |{{nts|458}} |- | '''[[Kumhausen]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Kumhausen COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|37.07}} || align="center" | 5&thinsp;351 || align="center" | {{nts|144}} || align="center" |{{nts|500}} |- | '''[[Neufahrn in Bavaria Inferiori]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:Neufahrn_in_NiederbayernWappen.jpeg|30px]] || {{nts|38.76}} || align="center" | {{nts|4&thinsp;017}} || align="center" | {{nts| 104}} || align="center" |{{nts|404}} |- | '''[[Neufraunhofen]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Neufraunhofen COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|17.94}} || align="center" | 1&thinsp;072 || align="center" | {{nts|60}} || align="center" |{{nts|495}} |- | '''[[Niederaichbach]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Niederaichbach COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|34.06}} || align="center" | {{nts|3&thinsp;975}} || align="center" | {{nts|117}} || align="center" |{{nts|376}} |- | '''[[Obersüßbach]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Obersüßbach COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|23.58}} || align="center" | {{nts|1&thinsp;734}} || align="center" | {{nts|472}} || align="center" |{{nts|472}} |- | '''[[Piparpah]]'''<ref>Vide [https://francia.ahlfeldt.se/page/documents/13500 ''Regnum Francorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) Bayerbach , as possession ''Sindbertus episcopus tradidit hereditatem suam in loco, qui dicitur Svnnihhinga, et Piparpah'' (...)".</ref> || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:Bayerbach_Ergoldsbach_coat_of_arms.svg|30px]] || {{nts|25.42}} || align="center" | {{nts|1&thinsp;809}} || align="center" | {{nts| 71}} || align="center" |{{nts|409}} |- | '''[[Postau]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Postau COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|34.84}} || align="center" | {{nts|1&thinsp;620}} || align="center"| {{nts|48}} || align="center" |{{nts|388}} |- | '''[[Purgipach]]'''<ref>Vide [https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Abhandlungen-Akademie-Bayern-hist_2-1837_0001-0119.pdf ''Einführung und Beleuchtung''], ubi dicitur "(...) Vodalricus de purgipach (...)".</ref> || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Baierbach COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|16.76}} || align="center" | {{nts|791}} || align="center" | {{nts|47}} || align="center" |{{nts|418}} |- | '''[[Schalkham]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Schalkham COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|22.71}} || align="center" | {{nts|860}} || align="center"| {{nts|38}} || align="center" |{{nts|430}} |- | '''[[Tiefenbach (prope Landshut)|Tiefenbach]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:Gemeindewappen_Tiefenbach_Lkr._Landshut.svg|30px]] || {{nts|24.72}} || align="center" | {{nts|3&thinsp;792}} || align="center" | {{nts| 153}} || align="center" |{{nts|454}} |- | '''[[Vilsheim]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Vilsheim COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|21.7}} || align="center" | {{nts|2&thinsp;491}} || align="center" | {{nts|115}} || align="center" |{{nts|467}} |- | '''[[Weihmichl]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:Weihmichl_coat_of_arms.svg|30px]] || {{nts|32.16}} || align="center" |2&thinsp;483 || align="center" | {{nts|77}} || align="center" |{{nts|440}} |- | '''[[Weng (ad Isaram)|Weng]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:Weng_coat_of_arms.svg|30px]] || {{nts|15.62}} || align="center" | {{nts|1&thinsp;434}} || align="center" | {{nts|92}} || align="center" |{{nts|379}} |- | '''[[Wörth an der Isar|Wörth a.d.Isar]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Wörth an der Isar COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|4.84}} || align="center" | {{nts|2&thinsp;837}} || align="center" | {{nts|586}} || align="center" |{{nts|369}} |- | '''[[Wurmsham]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Wurmsham COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|28.14}} || align="center" | {{nts|1&thinsp;353}} || align="center" | {{nts|48}} || align="center" |{{nts|480}} |- |} <div style="clear:both"></div> '''[[Societas administrativa|Societates administrativae]]''' # S. a. Altfraunhofen<br />(formata e communibus Altfraunhofen et Baierbach) # S. a. Ergoldsbach<br />(formata e foro Ergoldsbach et communi Bayerbach prope Ergoldsbach) # S. a. Furth<br />(formata e communibus Furth, Obersüßbach, et Weihmichl) # S. a. Gerzen<br />(formata e communibus Aham, Gerzen, Kröning, et Schalkham) # S. a. Felda<br />(formata e foro Velda et communibus Neufraunhofen et Wurmsham) # S. a. Wörth ad Isaram <br />(formata e communibus Postau, Weng et Wörth ad Isaram) == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Schlossstraße 4 (Kronwinkl).JPG|Arx Kronwinkl (comitum Prisonum) Hohenthann-Brauhausstraße-1-Schloss.jpg|[[Palatium]] in Hohenthann Pfarrkirche Vilsbiburg.JPG|Ecclesia parochialis [[Assumptio Beatae Mariae Virginis|assumptioni B.M.V.]] dicata in Vilsbiburg Kirchberg (Hohenthann).jpg|Villa rustica </gallery> == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == {{fontes geographici}} [[Categoria:Circuli terrae Bavariae|Landishutensis circulus]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1972]] d2axnl3esx93yjbud4btgyoefatgusl 3961735 3961734 2026-05-25T18:25:38Z Ziv 172423 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Pfeffenhausen coat of arms.svg]] → [[File:DEU Pfeffenhausen COA.svg]] [[c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]] · Harmonisation of a fileset 3961735 wikitext text/x-wiki {{L}} {{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}} '''Circulus Landishutensis''', vel '''Pagus Landishutensis''', in [[Provincia (Germania)|provincia]] [[Bavaria inferior]]e situs, [[Landishuta]]m [[urbs|urbem]] circumdat, [[caput (urbs)|caput]] sed non partem eius. Anno [[1972]], formam hodiernam accepit. Hic [[circulus]] est secundus quoad aream post circulum Passaviensem et confinis ad pagos Bavariae Inferioris Kelheim (in occidente), Boiodurum-Bogen, Dingolfing-Landau et Rottal-Aenum (in oriente), praeterea ad [[Palatinatus Superior|Palatinatum Superiorem]] in septentrionibus, et ad [[Bavaria Superior|Bavariam Superiorem]] in meridie et occidente. == Insigne == [[Insigne]] circuli monstrat in alto [[rhombus|rhombos]] [[Bavaria]]e et sub eis insigne comitum Prisonum (Theodisce ''Preysing'') ut exempli tot [[nobilis|nobilium]] sedum in rure dispersarum. == Natura terrestris == Ager huius circuli praeter [[vallis|valles]] fluminum (praecipue [[Isara (Bavaricus)|Isarae]] et [[Filsa]]e), quae [[Danuvius|Danuvium]] petunt, permultis [[collis|collibus]] conspersus est. Hi colles [[Aevum glain ciale|aevo glaciali]] orti sunt. Quorum altissimus (525 m supra mare) in meridie pagi invenitur. Ager circum Landishutam [[creta (minerale)|cretam]] lutumque figulare praebet, quo iam a temporibus antiquis ad fabricationem laterum posteaque etiam vasorum fictilium usi sunt. [[Fornax]] figularis e temporibus tardo-antiquitatis provinciae Romanae, prope Landishutam reperta, in museo artis tegulariae (theodisce ''Ziegel- und Kalkmuseum'') in viculo Flintsbach (nunc pars Fori Winzer) ostentatur. == Historia et cultura == Iam aetatibus [[Aetas lapidea|lapidea]], [[Aetas aënea|aënea]] et [[Aetas ferrea|ferrea]] in valle Isarae homines vivebant.<ref>Diercke Lexikon Deutschland (1988). Augustae Vindelicorum: Weltbild Verlag {{ling|Theodisce}}</ref> Aetate Romana sub imperatore [[Claudius (imperator)|Claudio]] haec regio pars provinciae [[Raetia]]e facta est.<ref>Christophorus Thoma: Hightech im Hügelland - Der Landkreis Landshut (2002). Landishutae: Circulus Landishutensis (editor)</ref>. Cum in parte ad sinistram Isarae iacente colonisatio praecipue in vicis facta sit, in parte ad dextram fluvii confiniente villae singulae dispersae dominantur. Toti terrae arces nobilium et ecclesiae Gothicae latericiae propriae sunt. == Communia circuli == Circulo Landishutensi sunt 35 communia, inter quae duae urbes et septem fora. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="float:left; margin-right:1em" |+ Urbes ! Urbs || Insigne || Area<br /><small>km²</small> || Incolae<br /><small>31 Decembris 2014</small> || Spissitudo<br /><small>per km²</small> || Altitudo<br /><small>supra mare</small> |- || '''[[Rottenburg ad Laaber]]''' ||align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Rottenburg COA.svg|30px]] ||align="center" | 90.15 ||align="center"| 7&thinsp;827 ||align="center" | 87 ||align="center" | 453 |- || '''[[Vilsbiburg]]''' || align="center" |[[Fasciculus:DEU Vilsbiburg COA.svg|30px]] || align="center"|{{nts|68.85}}||align="center"|11&thinsp;535||align="center" |168||align="center" |{{nts|449}} |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="float:left; margin-right:1em" |+ Fora ! Forum || Insigne || Area<br /><small>km²</small> || Incolae<br /><small>31 Decembris 2014</small> || Spissitudo<br /><small>per km²</small> || Altitudo<br /><small>supra mare</small> |- | '''[[Altdorfium (Bavaria Inferior)|Altdorfium]]'''<ref name="Altdorfium">Theodiscum toponymum ''Altdorf' in Latinam "Altdorfium" sive "Palaeocomē" verti solet. V.gr. vide {{Graesse}}.</ref> || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Altdorf (Niederbayern) COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|23.05}} || align="center"| {{nts|11&thinsp;158}} || align="center" | {{nts|484}} || align="center" |{{nts|399}} |- || '''[[Ergolding]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Ergolding COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|37.16}} || align="center" | 12&thinsp;193 || align="center" |{{nts|328}} || align="center" |{{nts|392}} |- || '''[[Ergoldsbach]]''' || align="center" |[[Fasciculus:DEU Ergoldsbach COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|57.06}} || align="center" | {{nts|7&thinsp;709}} ||align="center" | {{nts|135}} || align="center" |{{nts|416}} |- || '''[[Essenbach]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:Wappen_Essenbach.svg|30px]] || {{nts|83.57}} || align="center" | {{nts|11&thinsp;804}} || align="center" | {{nts|141}} || align="center" |{{nts|391}} |- || '''[[Felda]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Velden (Vils) COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|49.4}} || align="center" | 6&thinsp;909 || align="center" | {{nts|140}} || align="center" |{{nts|477}} |- || '''[[Geisenhausen]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Geisenhausen COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|62.54}} ||align="center" | {{nts|6&thinsp;896}} ||align="center" | {{nts|110}} || align="center" |{{nts|460}} |- || '''[[Pfeffenhausen]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Pfeffenhausen COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|71.79}} ||align="center|{{nts|4&thinsp;932}}||align="center" | {{nts|69}} || align="center" |{{nts|436}} |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="float:left" |+ Alia communia ! Commune || Insigne || Area<br /><small>km²</small> || Incolae<br /><small>31 Decembris 2014</small> || Spissitudo<br /><small>per km²</small> || Altitudo<br /><small>supra mare</small> |- | '''[[Adalahkewa]]'''<ref>Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20170326102611/http://www.wittmann.de/einsatzgebiete/adlkofen ''www.wittmann.de''], ubi dicitur "(...) Der Name Adlkofen taucht zum ersten Mal als Grafschaft Adalahkevva in einer Urkunde auf, die Kaiser Otto der Große kurz vor seinem Tod 973 in Merseburg ausstellte (...)".</ref> || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Adlkofen COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|47.82}} || align="center" | {{nts|4&thinsp;078}} || align="center" | {{nts|85}} || align="center" |{{nts|499}} |- | '''[[Aham]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Aham COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|38}} || align="center" |{{nts|1&thinsp;958}} || align="center" | {{nts|52}}|| align="center" |{{nts|420}} |- | '''[[Altfraunhofen]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Altfraunhofen COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|24.28}} || align="center" | {{nts|2&thinsp;317}} || align="center" | {{nts|95}} || align="center" |{{nts|466}} |- | '''[[Bodenkircha]]'''<ref>Vide [https://archive.org/stream/monumentaboica01karagoog/monumentaboica01karagoog_djvu.txt ''Monumenta Boica''], ubi dicitur "(...) praedium ecclesiae Bodenkircha (...)".</ref> || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Bodenkirchen COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|62}} || align="center" | {{nts| 5&thinsp;246}} || align="center" | {{nts|85}}|| align="center" |{{nts|470}} |- | '''[[Bruckberga (Bavaria Inferior)|Bruckberga]]'''<ref name="Bruckberga">Theodiscum toponymum ''Bruckberg'' in Latinam "Bruckberga" verti solet. V.gr. vide [https://archive.org/details/ned-kbn-all-00001637-001/page/222/mode/2up?q=Bruckberga ''P. Bertii commentariorum rerum germanicarum libri tres''], ubi dicitur "(...) Bruckbergae Baro (...)".</ref> || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Bruckberg (Niederbayern) COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|51.11}} || align="center" | {{nts|5&thinsp;336}} || align="center" | {{nts| 104}} || align="center" |{{nts|427}} |- | '''[[Bocha]]'''<ref name="Orbis Latinus A-D">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].</ref> || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Buch am Erlbach COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|26.71}} || align="center" | {{nts|3&thinsp;739}} || align="center" | {{nts| 140}} || align="center" |{{nts| 441}} |- | '''[[Ehinga (Landishuta)|Ehinga]]'''<ref name="Orbis Latinus E-M">[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913 ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E-M''].</ref> || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Eching (Kreis Landshut) COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|30.1}} || align="center" | {{nts| 3&thinsp;903}} || align="center" | {{nts|130}} || align="center" | {{nts|405}} |- | '''[[Furth (Niederbayern)|Furth]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Furth (Niederbayern) COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|20.97}} || align="center" | {{nts|3&thinsp;529}} || align="center" | {{nts|168}} || align="center" |{{nts|428}} |- | '''[[Gerzen]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Gerzen (Landshut) COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|17}} || align="center" | {{nts|1&thinsp;824}} || align="center" |{{nts|107}} || align="center" |{{nts|433}} |- | '''[[Hohenthann]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:Wappen von Hohenthann.svg|30px]] || {{nts|68.32}} || align="center" | {{nts|4&thinsp;063}} || align="center" | {{nts|59}} || align="center" |{{nts|487}} |- | '''[[Kröning]]''' || align="center" ||| {{nts|39.61}} || align="center" | 2&thinsp;011 || align="center" | {{nts|51}} || align="center" |{{nts|458}} |- | '''[[Kumhausen]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Kumhausen COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|37.07}} || align="center" | 5&thinsp;351 || align="center" | {{nts|144}} || align="center" |{{nts|500}} |- | '''[[Neufahrn in Bavaria Inferiori]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:Neufahrn_in_NiederbayernWappen.jpeg|30px]] || {{nts|38.76}} || align="center" | {{nts|4&thinsp;017}} || align="center" | {{nts| 104}} || align="center" |{{nts|404}} |- | '''[[Neufraunhofen]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Neufraunhofen COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|17.94}} || align="center" | 1&thinsp;072 || align="center" | {{nts|60}} || align="center" |{{nts|495}} |- | '''[[Niederaichbach]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Niederaichbach COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|34.06}} || align="center" | {{nts|3&thinsp;975}} || align="center" | {{nts|117}} || align="center" |{{nts|376}} |- | '''[[Obersüßbach]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Obersüßbach COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|23.58}} || align="center" | {{nts|1&thinsp;734}} || align="center" | {{nts|472}} || align="center" |{{nts|472}} |- | '''[[Piparpah]]'''<ref>Vide [https://francia.ahlfeldt.se/page/documents/13500 ''Regnum Francorum''], ubi dicitur "(...) Bayerbach , as possession ''Sindbertus episcopus tradidit hereditatem suam in loco, qui dicitur Svnnihhinga, et Piparpah'' (...)".</ref> || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:Bayerbach_Ergoldsbach_coat_of_arms.svg|30px]] || {{nts|25.42}} || align="center" | {{nts|1&thinsp;809}} || align="center" | {{nts| 71}} || align="center" |{{nts|409}} |- | '''[[Postau]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Postau COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|34.84}} || align="center" | {{nts|1&thinsp;620}} || align="center"| {{nts|48}} || align="center" |{{nts|388}} |- | '''[[Purgipach]]'''<ref>Vide [https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Abhandlungen-Akademie-Bayern-hist_2-1837_0001-0119.pdf ''Einführung und Beleuchtung''], ubi dicitur "(...) Vodalricus de purgipach (...)".</ref> || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Baierbach COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|16.76}} || align="center" | {{nts|791}} || align="center" | {{nts|47}} || align="center" |{{nts|418}} |- | '''[[Schalkham]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Schalkham COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|22.71}} || align="center" | {{nts|860}} || align="center"| {{nts|38}} || align="center" |{{nts|430}} |- | '''[[Tiefenbach (prope Landshut)|Tiefenbach]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:Gemeindewappen_Tiefenbach_Lkr._Landshut.svg|30px]] || {{nts|24.72}} || align="center" | {{nts|3&thinsp;792}} || align="center" | {{nts| 153}} || align="center" |{{nts|454}} |- | '''[[Vilsheim]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Vilsheim COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|21.7}} || align="center" | {{nts|2&thinsp;491}} || align="center" | {{nts|115}} || align="center" |{{nts|467}} |- | '''[[Weihmichl]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:Weihmichl_coat_of_arms.svg|30px]] || {{nts|32.16}} || align="center" |2&thinsp;483 || align="center" | {{nts|77}} || align="center" |{{nts|440}} |- | '''[[Weng (ad Isaram)|Weng]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:Weng_coat_of_arms.svg|30px]] || {{nts|15.62}} || align="center" | {{nts|1&thinsp;434}} || align="center" | {{nts|92}} || align="center" |{{nts|379}} |- | '''[[Wörth an der Isar|Wörth a.d.Isar]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Wörth an der Isar COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|4.84}} || align="center" | {{nts|2&thinsp;837}} || align="center" | {{nts|586}} || align="center" |{{nts|369}} |- | '''[[Wurmsham]]''' || align="center" | [[Fasciculus:DEU Wurmsham COA.svg|30px]] || {{nts|28.14}} || align="center" | {{nts|1&thinsp;353}} || align="center" | {{nts|48}} || align="center" |{{nts|480}} |- |} <div style="clear:both"></div> '''[[Societas administrativa|Societates administrativae]]''' # S. a. Altfraunhofen<br />(formata e communibus Altfraunhofen et Baierbach) # S. a. Ergoldsbach<br />(formata e foro Ergoldsbach et communi Bayerbach prope Ergoldsbach) # S. a. Furth<br />(formata e communibus Furth, Obersüßbach, et Weihmichl) # S. a. Gerzen<br />(formata e communibus Aham, Gerzen, Kröning, et Schalkham) # S. a. Felda<br />(formata e foro Velda et communibus Neufraunhofen et Wurmsham) # S. a. Wörth ad Isaram <br />(formata e communibus Postau, Weng et Wörth ad Isaram) == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Schlossstraße 4 (Kronwinkl).JPG|Arx Kronwinkl (comitum Prisonum) Hohenthann-Brauhausstraße-1-Schloss.jpg|[[Palatium]] in Hohenthann Pfarrkirche Vilsbiburg.JPG|Ecclesia parochialis [[Assumptio Beatae Mariae Virginis|assumptioni B.M.V.]] dicata in Vilsbiburg Kirchberg (Hohenthann).jpg|Villa rustica </gallery> == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == {{fontes geographici}} [[Categoria:Circuli terrae Bavariae|Landishutensis circulus]] [[Categoria:Constituta 1972]] s99x88ntg0k4mgds1pe5r2knn4lkod3 0 262511 3961784 3843805 2026-05-26T01:56:39Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3961784 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thomas Matthaeus''' ([[Anglice]] ''Matthew'') '''McGrath''' (prope [[Sheldon (Dacota Septentrionalis)|Sheldon]] [[Dacota Septentrionalis|Dacotae Septentrionalis]], [[20 Novembris]] [[1916]]; [[Minneapolis|Minneapoli]] [[Minnesota]]e, [[20 Septembris]] [[1990]]) fuit [[poeta]] [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanus]].<ref>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AFfqbTjG7OkC&pg=PA806&dq=Thomas+McGrath&cd=2#v=onepage&q=Thomas%20McGrath&f=false| chapter=Thomas McGrath| title=A Literary history of the American West| publisher=TCU Press| year= 1987| isbn= 9780875650210.}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121024220153/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/8450837.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS&date=Sep+22,+1990&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post&edition=&startpage=B6&desc=Thomas+McGrath "Thomas McGrath," ''The Washington Post,''] 22 Septembris 1990.</ref> Gradum [[Artium Baccalaureatus|Artium Baccalaureati]] in [[Universitas Dacotae Septentrionalis|Universitate Dacotae Septentrionalis]] apud Grand Forks obtinuit. In [[Insulae Aleutiae|Insulis Aleutiis]] in [[Exercitus Civitatum Foederatarum|Copiis Aereis Exercitus Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Secundum bellum mundanum|secundo bello mundano]] meruit. [[Stipendium Rhodense|Stipendio Rhodensi]] [[Universitas Oxoniensis|Universitatem Oxoniensem]] frequentavit; studiis postgraduatis etiam in [[Universitas Civica Ludovicianensis|Universitate Civica Ludovicianensi]] apud [[Rubribaculum]] institit. In [[Collegium Colbiense|Collegio Colbiensi]] in [[Cenomannica]] et [[Universitas Civica Californiensis apud Angelopolim|Collegio Civico Angelopolitis]] docuit, ex quo amotus est propter eius testimonium, ut testis inimicus, pro [[House Committee on Un-American Activities]] anno [[1953]]. Deinde in [[Universitas Civica Dacotae Septentrionalis|Universitate Civica Dacotae Septentrionalis]] et [[Universitas Civica Minnesotae apud Moorhead|Universitate Civica Minnesotae apud Moorhead]] docuit. [[Uxor]]em ter duxit et unum [[filius|filium]] genuit. McGrath plerumque de sua [[vita]] et anxietibus [[societas humana|socialibus]] scribere solebat. [[Liber|Libro]] ''Letter to an Imaginary Friend'' praecipue innotuit, [[poema]]te partim inter [[1957]] et [[1985]] edito et textus cunctus anno [[1997]] a [[Copper Canyon Press]].<ref>[http://www.poetryfoundation.org/archive/poet.html?id=4563 "Thomas McGrath,"] ''Poetry Foundation.''</ref> ==Opera== *''First Manifesto,'' A. Swallow (Baton Rouge), 1940. *"The Dialectics of Love", in 'Three Young Poets: Thomas McGrath, William Peterson, James Franklin Lewis,'' ed. Alan Swallow. Press of James A. Decker (Prairie City Illinoesiae), 1942. *''To Walk a Crooked Mile,'' Swallow Press (Novi Eboraci), 1947. *''Longshot O'Leary's Garland of Practical Poesie,'' International Publishers (Novi Eboraci), 1949. *''Witness to the Times!'' private impressum, 1954. *''Figures from a Double World,'' Alan Swallow (Denverii), 1955. *''The gates of ivory, the gates of horn,'' Mainstream Publishers, 1957. Ed. 2a., Another Chicago Press, 1987 ISBN 9780961464424. *''Clouds,'' Melmont Publishers, 1959. *''The Beautiful Things,'' Vanguard Press, 1960. *''Letter to an Imaginary Friend,'' Pars I, Alan Swallow, 1962. **Cum parte II, Swallow Press (Sicagi), 1970. **Partes III et IV, Copper Canyon Press, 1985. **Omnes partes cum novis rebus selectis, Copper Canyon Press (Port Townsend Vasingtoniae), 1997. ISBN 9781556590771. *''New and Selected Poems,'' Alan Swallow, 1964. *''The Movie at the End of the World: Collected Poems,'' Swallow Press, 1972. *''Poems for Little People,'' [Gloucester], circa 1973. *''Voyages to the Inland Sea #3,'' Center for Contemporary Poetry, 1973. *''Voices from beyond the Wall,'' Territorial Press (Moorhead Minnesotae), 1974. *''A Sound of One Hand: Poems,'' Minnesota Writers Publishing House (St. Peter Minnesotae), 1975. *''Open Songs: Sixty Short Poems,'' Uzzano (Mount Carroll Illinoesiae), 1977. ISBN 9780930600006. *''Letters to Tomasito,'' graphica a Randall W. Scholes facta, Holy Cow! Press (in Urbe Sancti Pauli de Minnesota), 1977. ISBN 9780930100018. *''Trinc: Praises II; A Poem,'' Copper Canyon Press, 1979. *''Waiting for the Angel,'' Uzzano (Menomonie Visconsiniae), 1979. ISBN 9780930600075. *''Passages toward the Dark,'' Copper Canyon Press, 1982. ISBN 9780914742630. *''Echoes inside the Labyrinth,'' Thunder's Mouth Press, 1983. ISBN 9780938410133. *''Longshot O'Leary Counsels Direct Action: Poems,'' West End Press, 1983. ISBN 9780931122286. *''Selected Poems, 1938-1988,'' Copper Canyon Press, 1988. ISBN 9781556590122. *''This coffin has no handles: a novel,'' Thunder's Mouth Press, 1988. ISBN 9780938410638. *''Death Song,'' ed. Sam Hamill, Copper Canyon Press, 1991. ISBN 9781556590351. ==Notae== <div class="references-small"><references/></div> ==Bibliographia== *Gibbons, Reginald, et Terrence Des Pres. [[1987]]. ''Thomas McGrath: life and the poem.'' Northwestern University. Iterum impressum [[1992]], University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252018527. *Stern, Frederick E., ed. [[1988]]. ''The Revolutionary Poet in the United States: The Poetry of Thomas McGrath.'' Columbiae Missuriae: University of Missouri. ISBN 0826206824. ==Nexus externi==<!-- *[http://www2.tcu.edu/depts/prs/amwest/pdf/wl0806.pdf Bibliographia selecta.] PDF.--> *Blei, Norbert. [[2008]]. [http://poetrydispatch.wordpress.com/2008/06/24/thomas-mcgrath-death-song-poems/ thomas mcgrath | death song poems.] ''Poetry Dispatch,'' 24 Iunii. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20081216054004/http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/m_r/mcgrath/mcgrath.htm Thomas McGrath.] ''Modern American Poetry,'' Universitas Illinoesiae *[http://www.thecie.org/mcgrath/ ''The Movie at the End of the World.'']{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Pellicula documentaria de poeta. {{DEFAULTSORT:McGrath, Thomas}} [[Categoria:Nati 1916]] [[Categoria:Mortui 1990]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Civicae Ludovicianensis]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Dacotae Septentrionalis]] [[Categoria:Auctores Anglici]] [[Categoria:Incolae Dacotae Septentrionalis]] [[Categoria:Milites]] [[Categoria:Participes secundi belli mundani]] [[Categoria:Poetae Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Professores Collegii Colbiani]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Civicae Californiensis apud Angelopolim]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Civicae Dacotae Septentrionalis]] [[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Civicae Minnesotensis apud Moorhead]] [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Oxoniensis]] <!--American Rhodes Scholars (vel Discipuli R.?)--> [[Categoria:Socii Guggenheimiani]] [[Categoria:Sodales Factionis Communisticae Civitatum Foederatarum]] kc8z4r6ojwn87k0hrsm0rredjrp80r2 0 265939 3961829 3256825 2026-05-26T07:26:55Z Surajr7 208394 3961829 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Eyck, Jan van - Portrait of a Young Man (Tymotheos) - National Gallery, London.jpg|thumb|568x568px|''Léal Souvenir'', oleum in quercu, 33.3&nbsp;cm × 18.9&nbsp;cm., in [[Pinacotheca Nationalis (Britannia)|Pinacotheca nationali]] [[Londinium|Londinii]]]] '''''Léal Souvenir''''' (aliter '''''Timotheus''''' vel '''''Imago viri''''') est parva tabula [[quercus|quercea]] [[oleum|oleo]] picta [[Iohannes de Eyck|Iohannis de Eyck]], [[pictor]]is [[Batavia|Batavi]]. Hominem in tabula pictus non cognovimus, sed vultus eius proprius hominem verum ostendit, et non hominem idealem inter pictores [[Renascentia]]e septentrionalis usitatum;<ref name="S42">Smith, 42</ref> etiam vultus magnus et iucundus aliquantum cum [[corpus|corpore]] tenui discrepat. Lineamenta eius simplicia et rustica, sed cogitabunda descripta sunt. Nonnulli eruditi, ut [[Ervinus Panofsky]], tristitiam in eius habito invenerunt. Homo socius satis magnus [[Philippus III (dux Burgundiae)|Philippi III]], [[Index Ducum Burgundiae|ducis Burgundiae]], fuisse videtur, ut pictor aulae ducalis eum pingeret. Homo pictus sedet ante [[pluteus|pluteum]] lapideum, tribus titulis inscriptum.<ref name="p80">Panofsky, 80</ref> Iohannes de Eyck non omnino linguas Graecas et Latinas comprehendebat et errores facere solebat, itaque haec inscriptiones varie ab eruditis leguntur. Primus titulus, Graece scriptus, est "TYΜ. ωΘΕΟC", qui fortasse, sed haud certe, cum nomine [[Timotheus Milesius|Timothei Milesii]] coniungendus est.<ref name="p212">Paviot, 212</ref> Panofsky igitur postulavit hominem pictum fuisse clarum aulae Philippi musicum.<ref name="w650">Wood, 650</ref> Secundus titulus, "LEAL SOVVENIR" ([[Francogallice]] ''léal souvenir'', 'fidelis memoria') indicat imaginem esse monumentum mortui. Tertius titulus continet nomen pictoris et diem confectionis: "Actu[m] an[n]o d[omi]ni.1432.10.die octobris.a.ioh[anne] de eyck".<ref name="B37">Bauman, 37</ref> Quia haec verba ad linguam iurisprudentiae pertinere videntur, nonnulli eruditi censent hominem pictum fuisse iuris consultum vel quemdam ministrum iuridicialem Philippi. Tabula anno 1857 acquisita est a [[Pinacotheca Nationalis (Britannia)|Pinacotheca nationali]] [[Londinium|Londinii]], ubi perpetuo ostenditur. == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references /></div> == Bibliographia == * Bauman, Guy. "Early Flemish Portraits 1425–1525". ''The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin'', volume&nbsp;43, No.&nbsp;4, Spring, 1986 * [[Till-Holger Borchert|Borchert, Till-Holger]]. ''Van Eyck''. London: Taschen, 2008. ISBN 3-8228-5687-8 * [[Lorne Campbell (art historian)|Campbell, Lorne]]. ''The Fifteenth-Century Netherlandish Paintings''. London: National Gallery, 1998. ISBN 0-300-07701-7 * Dhanens, Elisabeth. ''Hubert and Jan van&nbsp;Eyck''. New York: Tabard Press, 1980. ISBN 0-914427-00-8 * [[Craig Harbison|Harbison, Craig]]. ''Jan van Eyck, The Play of Realism''. London: Reaktion Books, 1991. ISBN 0-948462-18-3 * Jones, Susan Frances. ''Van Eyck to Gossaert''. London: National Gallery, 2011. ISBN 978-1-85709-504-3 * Kemperdick, Stephan. ''The Early Portrait, from the Collection of the Prince of Liechtenstein and the Kunstmuseum Basel''. Munich: Prestel, 2006. ISBN 3-7913-3598-7 * Meiss, Millard. "'Nicholas Albergati' and the Chronology of Jan van Eyck's Portraits". ''Burlington Magazine'', volume&nbsp;94, No.&nbsp;590, May 1952 * Pächt, Otto. ''Van Eyck and the Founders of Early Netherlandish Painting''. 1999. London: Harvey Miller Publishers. ISBN 1-872501-28-1 * [[Erwin Panofsky|Panofsky, Erwin]]. "Who Is Jan van Eyck's 'Tymotheos'?". ''Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes'', volume&nbsp;12v, 1949 * Paviot, Jacques. "The Sitter for Jan van Eyck's 'Leal Sovvenir". ''Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes'', volume&nbsp;58, 1995 * [[Jeffrey Chipps Smith|Smith, Jeffrey Chipps]]. ''The Northern Renaissance''. London: Phaidon Press, 2004. ISBN 0-7148-3867-5 * Upton, Joel Morgan. ''Petrus Christus: His Place in Fifteenth-Century Flemish painting''. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1989 ISBN 0-271-00672-2 * [[William Henry James Weale|Weale, W. H. J.]]. ''Hubert and John Van Eyck, their life and work''. London: J. Lane Company, 1908 * Wood, Wendy. "A new identification of the sitter in Jan van Eyck's Tymotheus portrait". ''The Art Bulletin'', volume&nbsp;60, No.&nbsp;4, December 1978 == Nexus externi == * [https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/jan-van-eyck-portrait-of-a-man-leal-souvenir De hac tabula] in Pinacotheca nationali [[Categoria:Effigies]] [[Categoria:Iohannes de Eyck]] [[Categoria:Confecta 1432]] [[Categoria:Pinacotheca Nationalis (Britannia)]] 31qt3r4ju21xqimcnznoww3wacrx714 0 268450 3961716 3823989 2026-05-25T15:09:47Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3961716 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:IstvanErtl.JPG|thumb|Stephanus Ertl mense Maio 2008]] '''Stephanus (natus ''István'') Ertl''' (natus in [[Hungaria]] anno [[1965]]) est [[paedagogia|paedagogus]], [[philologia|philologus]], [[interpres]] et [[lingua Esperantica|esperantista]] [[Hungaria|Hungaricus]], qui in [[Luxemburgum|Luxemburgo]] habitat. == Vita == In Hungaria, Ertl professor in gymnasio fuit. Annis inter 2002 et 2003 [[bruxellae|Bruxellis]] agens informatorius fuit Retis Europaei contra [[rassismus|odium phyleticum]]. Anno 2003 interpres [[lingua Hungarica|linguae Hungaricae]] primus officialis in suprema rationum aut fisci curia (''Cour des comptes européenne'') creatus est. Mense Februario 2023 in matrimonium duxit histrionem [[estonia|Estonicam]] [[Carolina Vahtrik|Carolinam Vahtrik]].<ref>[https://www.ohtuleht.ee/elu/1090419/palju-onne-naitleja-liina-vahtrik-soudis-abieluranda-armastus-on-tohutu "Näitleja Liina Vahtrik sõudis abieluranda: armastus on tohutu!"] - Apud: ''Õhtulet'', 17 Augusti 2023</ref> ==In Esperanticis== Esperantista factus est Ertl anno 1977 cum sua sponte [[liber definitivus|libri definitivi]] paginas versatus esset. Anno 1980 cursum Georgii Mihalkov participavit. [[Calata Hieronis|Calatae Hieronis]] ipse Esperanticum idioma docuit cum anno 1986 tum anno 1987. Ibidem sodalitatem Viridis aquilae ''(Verda aglo)'' condidit. Annis inter 1986 et 1988 linguam Hungaricam instruxit in cursibus piratarum qui nuncupabantur. Praelectiones de litteris Esperanticis annis inter 1990 et 1991 in [[Universitas Scientiarum Budapestinensis|Universitate Scientiarum Budapestini]] et inde ab 1999 [[Posnania]]e in universitate ab [[Adam Mickiewicz]] nominata ''(Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu)'' dedit. Stephanus Ertl periodica ''Internacia Pedagogia Revuo'' ([[Associatio Esperanticum docentium internationalis|Associationis Esperanticum docentium internationalis]]; 1987-1991), ''Opus Nigrum'' (1987-1990), ''Kontakto'' (1990-1991) et ''Esperanto'' ([[Universalis Societas Esperantica|Universalis Societatis Esperanticae]], 1992-2001) moderatus est. Anno 2001 una cum duobus aliis officialibus laborem pro citata societata terminavit, cum nonnulli antistites male effrenateque sese gessissent. Anno 2003 a Stephano Ertl et aliis modernum atque inusitatum periodicum interretiale ''[[Liberum Folium]]'' in lucem prolatum est. Ertl etiam operam dedit in periodico ''Literatura Foiro'' parando et operam dat in redactionibus periodicorum ''Beletra Almanako'', ''[[Unda Esperantici]]'' et ''Kontakto'' ([[Associatio iuventutis Esperanticae internationalis|Associationis iuventutis Esperanticae internationalis/UEA]]). Tractationes eius interdum apud ''[[Monato]]'' quoque legi possunt. Tamen labor officialis pro UEA denuo resusceptus est: Ertl membrum consilii UEA est inde ab anno 2013; annis inter 2004 et 2010 in curatione consilii operam navabat, annis inter 2005 et 2008 in curatione de novis magistratibus eligendis. Inter praefectos numeratur apud Associationem internationalem de libertatibus ethnicis (Internacia Komitato por Etnaj Liberecoj / IKEL; inde ab anno 2005), apud Academiam Esperanticam in litteris (Akademio Literatura de Esperanto, inde ab anno 2007), apud [[Associatio diunariorum Esperanticorum internationalis|Associationem diunariorum Esperanticorum internationalem]] (inde ab anno 2008), apud Opus fundatum Grabowski (Fondaĵo Grabowski, inde ab anno 2008). Tirocinia de interpretationis arte [[argentoratum|Argentorati]] fecit in Instituto interpretum et relationum internationalium. In multis colloquiis ubi de rebus linguisticis agebatur, Ertl ipse ex tempore et libenter interpretabatur in linguam Esperanticam. == Opera == === Ipsius === *''Lajos Tárkony kaj la Budapeŝta Skolo'' (indagatio litterarum, 1990) *''Tiu toskana septembro'' (una cum Conrado Tavanti, fabula criminalis, 1990) *''Esperanto kaj la estonteca plurlingvismo.'' Disputatio cum [[humbertus Eco|Humberto Eco]] (Francisco Lo Jacomo adiuvant, 1994) *Carmina duo et [[prosa|pedestres]] fabulae quinque in volumine ''Ek al Leg'!'' (1991), ''Tempo fuĝas'' (1995), ''Sferoj 10'' (2000), ''Mondoj'' (2001) et ''Vizaĝoj'' (2010). *Tractationes ''Struktura kaj socilingvistika esploro de Esperanto'' (1997), ''Abunda fonto. Memorlibro omaĝe al Prof. [[stephanus Szerdahelyi|István Szerdahelyi]]'' (2009), ''La arto labori kune. Festlibro por [[hunfridus Tonkin|Humphrey Tonkin]]'' (2009) et ''Dek gazetoj'' (2010) *Rememoriae in ''Hermann: Fragmente / Fragmentoj'' (2000), ''Lee Chong-Yeong, gvidanto nia'' (2009) et ''Abunda fonto'' (2009) *''[[La Postdomo]]'' (fabula Milesia parva satirica, 2003) *''Provizore'' (poemata, 2004). === Moderationes === Curavit versionem Anglicam ''The Infant Race'' carminis [[Gulielmus Auld|Gulielmi Auld]] praetitulati ''La infana raso'' (converterat Girvan McKay). === Conversiones === In linguam Esperanticam: *''Stilekzercoj'' [[raimundus Queneau|Raimundi Queneau]] (1986, 2006) *''Pri feliĉa vivado'' (tractatio philosophica [[Lucius Annaeus Seneca minor|Senecae minoris]] (1991, 2015) *''Kaj ni solas'' (carmina, 1991), [[Henricus Kahlau|Henrici Kahlau]] *''Mi ĉiam tia rememoru vin'' (florilegium poeseos Bulgaricae de amore, 1992) *''Esplorvojaĝo'' (1994) [[iulius Verne|Iulii Verne]] *''Unuminutaj noveloj'' (1995), [[stephanus Örkény|Stephani Örkény]] *''Klaŭstralio'' (utopica, 1997, 2005), [[Stephanus Bejczy|Stephani Bejczy]] *Unu novelo en ''Omaĝe al Aldecoa'' (1999), [[Ignatius Aldecoa|Ignatii Aldecoa]] *''Sensorteco'' (mythistoria, 2003), [[Emericus Kertész|Emerici Kertész]] *''Ĉu nur-angla Eŭropo? Defio al lingva politiko'' (monographia, 2004), [[Robertus Phillipson|Roberti Phillipson]] *''La unufoja lando'' (carmina, 2005) [[Thomas Venclova|Thomae Venclova]] *''La sekreta miraklo'' (anthologia, 2008) [[Georgius Ludovicus Borges|Georgii Ludovici Borges]] *''Podlaĥia antologio'' (2009, lectio probatoria - conversio in partibus) *''Unu nekredebla Facebook-vivo en sesdek unu simplaj meditoj'' (2011), Arjen van Veelen *''La aventuroj de Ŝerloko Holmso '' (2013, partim), [[arthurus Conan Doyle|Arthuri Conan Doyle]] *''Mi inventas la mondon '' (2015, lectio probatoria - conversio in partibus), [[Vislava Szymborska|Vislavae Szymborska]] *''Konsilo de ateisto: kredu je Dio '' (2015, partim), [[Stephanus Sigmond|Stephani Sigmond]] Aparuerunt eius conversiones: in linguam Francogallicam ex opere [[Michael Kornis|Michaelis Kornisi]]; in linguam Hungaricam ab Stephano Ertl conversi sunt auctores hi: [[Gulielmus Auld]], [[Georgius Ludovicus Borges]], [[Dino Buzzati]], [[Remco Campert]], [[Alfonso Rodríguez Castelao]], [[Carolus Coleiro]], [[Ioannes Echenoz]], [[Floor Haakman]], [[Quintus Horatius Flaccus]], [[Petrus Joukl]], [[Edwin de Kock]], [[Marius Luzi]], [[Stephanus MacGill]], [[Meva Maron]], [[Rogerius Martin du Gard]], [[Maurus Nervi]], [[Tonnus Oosterhoff]], [[Georgius Orten]], [[Rainerius Maria Rilke]], [[Petrus Ronsardus]], [[Eduardus Gy. Rózsa]], [[Georgius Simenon]], [[Nasos Vajenas]], [[Iulius Verne]], [[Uwe Weiss]]; Mentio facienda est etiam de istius hominis conversionibus ex lingua Esperantica in linguam Hungaricam opusculorum horum: *''La infana raso'' ([[Gulielus Auld]]) (A gyermeki faj, 1987), *''Varmas en Romo'' ([[Conradus Tavanti]]) (Hőség Rómában, 1988), *''Kumeŭaŭa, la filo de la ĝangalo'' ([[Tiburtius Sekelj]]) (Kumevava, az őserdő fia, 1988), *''La finna vojo'' ([[Urho Kekkonen]]) (A finn út, 1989), *''Kazinski venas tro malfrue'' ([[Deck Dorval]]) (A gyilkos későn érkezik, 1990), *''Maskerado ĉirkaŭ la morto'' ([[Theodorus Schwartz]]) (Álarcban, 2002). === Alia === Stephanus Ertl scripsit in editionibus his periodici cui titulus ''Beletra Almanako'': BA1, BA3-4, BA6, BA8-10, BA 13, BA 19-20, BA22-23. ==Vide etiam== *[[Associatio Esperantica Luxemburgensis]] == Nexus externi == *[https://web.archive.org/web/20111030114516/http://www.everk.it/pdf/la-infana-raso-angla.pdf Inceptum ''The Infant Race''] *[http://www.geocities.com/origlit/roman/ertl.html Elenchus de Stephani Ertl litteris et eius litterarum acceptu] *[http://www.osiek.org/lagazeto/aut/istvan-ertl.html Tractationes apud ''La Gazeto''] *[http://search.obvsg.at/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?dscnt=0&scp.scps=scope%3A(ONB_aleph_esperanto)&tab=onb_sondersammlungen&mode=Basic&vl(freeText0)=istvan+ertl&vid=ONB&fn=search Stephanus Ertl in Catalogo collectionis Vindobonensis de linguis excogitatis]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *[http://nol.hu/mozaik/20130603-ezernyelvmester?ref=sso Tractatio de Ertl ampla diei 3 Iunii 2013 in Hungarica ephemeride ''Népszabadság''] ==Notae== <References/> {{lifetime|1965||Ertl, Stephanus}} [[categoria:Auctores Esperantici]] [[categoria:Diurnarii Hungariae]] [[categoria:Esperantistae]] [[categoria:Incolae Luxemburgi]] [[categoria:Interpretes]] [[categoria:Paedagogi]] [[categoria:Philologi Hungariae]] [[categoria:Scriptores Hungariae]] [[categoria:Interpretes textuum Esperanticorum]] 9ygm6755lfqdkg2el29a73almwcx27o 0 272882 3961830 3907522 2026-05-26T07:54:17Z YariDarling 82488 3961830 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Grace in winter, contemporary ballet.jpg|thumb|Nisi huic ballatrici satis collagenorum potiorum esset, tanta arte ballare nequiret.]] '''Collagenum'''{{FD ref}} est praecipuum [[textus conexivus|textus conexivi]] [[animal]]ium [[proteina]], quo massa [[corpus|corporis]] [[mammalia|mammalium]] maxime abundat (26% totius massae proteinorum; in homine c. 6% ponderis corporis). Collagenum ubique invenitur, sicut in [[musculus|musculis]], [[cartilago|cartilagine]], [[vas sanguineum|vasis sanguineis]], [[cornea|cornea oculi]], [[discus intervertebralis|disco intervertebrali]], [[intestinum|intestinis]]. Collageni species duodetriginta sunt, quae ordine [[aminoacidum|aminoacidorum]] paululum inter se differunt et in [[textus (biologia)|textibus]] unius cuiusque speciei propriis inveniuntur. Plurimum collageni speciei I in [[os (anatomia ossis)|osse]] sed etiam in [[tendo|tendinibus]], [[ligamentum|ligamentis]], [[dermis|dermide]], [[cutis|cuti]] est. Collageni speciei II plurimum in cartilagine, speciei III autem in [[textus adiposus|textu adiposo]] reperitur. Fibrae collageni tensioni mire restere possunt. == De fibris == [[Fasciculus:Collagentriplehelix.png|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Figura triplicis helicis tropocollageni.]] Fibrae collageni nascuntur ex procollageno, quod ex cellulis textus conexivi, praesertim [[fibroblastus|fibroblastis]], exsistit. Quae enim cellulae procollagenum in spatium externum excernunt una cum [[enzymum|enzymis]], quae ibi procollagenum in tropocollagenum findunt. Fibrae autem tropocollageni aliae iuxta alias positae natura inclinant mutuo complexu implicari ita ut covalentia inter fibras vincula efficiantur. == De moleculari structura == [[Fasciculus:4-hydroxyproline (Hyp).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Hydroxyprolinum]] frequenter in collageno inventum.]] Structura primaria collageni , hoc est sequentia [[Aminoacidum|aminoacidorum]], sui generis estː nam tertium quemque locum [[Glycinum|glycinum]] occupat, inter quos plerumque [[Prolinum|prolinum]] et hydroxyprolinum (hoc est prolinum cui per [[Vitaminum C|acidum ascorbum]] appendix -OH adnexa est) inseruntur sed etiam [[lysinum]]. Ita catena e triplicibus constat (plerumque Glycinum-Prolinum-Hydroxyprolinum) et helicem angustam laevorsum sese volventem format in qua pars lateralis glycini semper mediam helicem spectat, dum partes laterales ceterorum aminoacidorum extrorsus spectant (structura secundaria). Tres helices huiusmodi in [[Reticulum endoplasmaticum|reticulo endoplasmatico]] cohaerent ut tropocollageni [[Molecula|moleculam]] efficiant, quae helix triplex dici potest dextrorsum sese volvens (structura quaternaria). Helices per pontes [[Vinculum chemicum|covalentes]] cohaerent postquam nonnulla aminoacida mutationes [[Enzymum|enzymis]] moderatas acceperint (ut [[oxidatio|oxidationem]] lysinorum in hydroxylysina)<ref>Charlotte Pratt et Kathleen Cornely, ''Essential Biochemistry'', Wiley, 2018ː V.3. In versione Francogallica, De Boeck, 2019 pp.136-140.</ref>. == De pathologia == Collagenum sive per [[Mutatio genetica|mutationem geneticam]] sive ob enzymaticam penuriam deficiens multorum morborum causa invenitur e quibus notissimi sunt [[Osteogenesis imperfecta|osteogenesis imperfecta]] cum ossa fragilia et depravata sunt, et [[scorbutus]] qui e [[Vitaminum C|vitamini C]] penuria oriri solet. Ehlers-Danlos syndroma quoque et [[arthrosis]] quoddam genus ad collagenum vitiosum referuntur. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == [[Fasciculus:4-hydroxylysine (Hyl).jpg|thumb|Hydroxylysinum, molecula quae pontes inter helices efficit.]] * Brodsky B.;Ramshaw J. A. (1997) The Collagen Triple-Helix Structure. ''Matrix Biololy'' 15: 545-554. * Exposito, Jean-Yves ; Cluzel, Caroline ; Garrone, Robert ; Lethias, Claire (2002) [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.10162/full Evolution of collagens], ''The Anatomical Record'' 268 (3): 302–16. *Sylvie Ricard-Blum, "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3003457/ The Collagen Family]", ''Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol'', 2011 * Saad, Mohamed (1994) ''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B3L_EN9hIuFTTkhuN2lrWEU4RDQ/view Low resolution structure and packing investigations of collagen crystalline domains in tendon using Synchrotron Radiation X-rays, Structure factors determination, evaluation of Isomorphous Replacement methods and other modeling].'' Dissertatio doctoralis, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble 1. == Nexus externi == *[http://www.lmm.jussieu.fr/~neukirch/files/overheads/triple-helice.pdf Mechanica triplicis helicis (Francogallice)] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20240607065943/http://biochimiedesproteines.espaceweb.usherbrooke.ca/3f.html Biochemia collageni (Francogallice)] *[https://www.aquaportail.com/dictionnaire/definition/15071/tropocollagene Tropocollagenum apud Aquaportail] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20240118165438/https://jiotower.org/fr/biochimie-structurelle-collag%C3%A8ne/ Biochemia structuralis] [[Categoria:Cytologia]] [[Categoria:Matrix extracellularis]] [[Categoria:Proteinae]] [[Categoria:Textus conexivi]] aezl0lrraqa04r10aydn6ebopda88sr 0 273413 3961717 3862596 2026-05-25T15:24:00Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3961717 wikitext text/x-wiki {{capsa hominis Vicidata}} '''Stephanus''' vulgo ''István'' '''Nemere''' (natus ad [[Quinque Ecclesiae|Quinque Ecclesias]] die [[8 Novembris]] [[1944]]; mortuus die [[15 Novembris]] [[2024]]<ref>[https://www.liberafolio.org/2024/11/15/istvan-nemere-en-vivdangero/ "István Nemere forpasis"] - necrologus apud [[Liberum Folium]]</ref>) fuit [[bibliothecarius]], [[auctor]], et [[interpres]] [[Hungaria|Hungarus]]. ==Vita et litterae== Nemere anno 1962 [[lingua Esperantica|esperantista]] factus est. Opera pangebat et [[lingua Hungarica]] et [[lingua Esperantica|Lingua internationali]]. Argumenta in operibus varia valde sunt: agitur modo de criminibus, modo de [[scientia ficticia]], de amore politicaque. Momentum psychologicum in operibus haud deest. Argumenta fabularum autem consulto potius mundo extra motionem Esperanticam depromere solebat. Diversa munera implebat, inter alia in [[anatomia|anatomicis]] et in sanitariis. In [[Polonia]] annos sex vivebat ubi in [[matrimonium]] duxit feminam Polonicam et multum in linguam Hungaricam convertit. Liber primus Hungarice scriptus anno [[1974]] editus est. Summatim duocenti libri editi sunt, quorum quinta pars idiomate Esperantico scripta. Usque mensem Decembrem 2020 libros DCCXLV exaravit. <ref>Cf. [https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemere_Istv%C3%A1n_m%C5%B1veinek_list%C3%A1ja conspectum omnium operum]</ref>. Affirmavit se in Hungaria tantummodo plus quam duodecim milliones librorum vendidisse.<ref>Balla István: [https://hvg.hu/kultura/20180514_Az_ember_akinek_700_konyve_jelent_meg_ja_mar_701__interju_Nemere_Istvannal "Az ember, akinek 700 könyve jelent meg…, bocs, nem is, most már 701"], colloquium percontativum apud: hvg, 14.5.2018</ref> Mythistoria ''Krias la silento'' (2002) cerpebat e vita scriptoris praemio Nobeliano honorati [[Iaponia|Iaponici]] [[Kenzaburo Oe]], cuius fabula Milesia 個人的な体験, ''Kojinteki na taiken'' (1964) aequat initium mythistoriae supra citatae Stephani Nemere. Fabula Romanicia posterior domini Oe, 万延元年のフットボール, ''Man'en gan'nen no futtobōru'' (1967), in conversione Anglica appellabatur ''The Silent Cry'': en titulum qui ratione Esperantica (La silenta krio) operi Nemere traditus est. ==Officia in Esperantistarum motione== Ter praemium "La Verko de la Jaro" obtinuit. Ipse praeses fuit Esperantistarum apud associationem [[PEN Internationalis|PEN internationalem]]. Annis 1960 moderator commentariorum qui ''Gepatra Bulteno'' inscribebantur et ubi agebatur de colligendis hominibus sermonis patrii Esperantici. Disposuit conventus primos Familiarum Esperanticarum (REF - Renkontiĝo de Esperantistaj Familioj), quibus lingua cotidiana Esperanticum est. == Opera Esperantico idiomate exarata == * ''La naŭa kanalo'' (fabellarum florilegium 1981) * ''La fermita urbo'' (mythistoria 1982; editio altera 2000) * ''La blinda birdo'' (mythistoria 1983) * ''Sur kampo granita'' (mythistoria 1983; reeldono 1987). Anno 1997 conversio Hollandica edita est praetitulata ''Op een veld van graniet''. * Febro'' (romano 1984) * ''La monto'' (mythistoria 1984) * ''La alta akvo'' (mythistoria 1985) * ''Serĉu mian songon'' (mythistoria 1987) * ''Terra'' (mythistoria 1987) * ''Dum vi estis kun ni'' (mythistoria 1988) * ''Vivi estas danĝere'' (mythistoria 1988) * ''Vi povas morti nur dufoje'' (mythistoria 1989) * ''Pigre pasas la nokto'' (mythistoria 1992) * ''Krokize de mia ĝardeno'' (fabellae 1992) * ''Nesto de viperoj'' (mythistoria 1994) * ''Amparolo'' (fabellae 1997) * ''Serĉu, kaj vi trovos'' (mythistoria 1999) * ''Vizito sur la Teron'' (mythistoria 2001) * ''Krias la silento'' (mythistoria 2002) * ''Vismar'' (mythistoria 2008) * ''Serpentoj en la puto'' (mythistoria 2009) * ''Jesa'' (mythistoria 2009) ==Bibliographia== *''Nemere István''; összeáll. Csőryné Bezerédy Ágnes, Kovács Enikő; II. Rákóczi Ferenc Megyei Könyvtár, Miskolc 1987 *''Az agykápráztat Nemere István''; Városi Tanács Művelődési Osztály–Írók Tanácsadó Irodája, Szentendre–Aquinci 1989 *''Nemere István művei''; Magyar Eszperantó Szövetség, Aquinci 1990 *''Nemere István irodalmi munkássága. Annotált ajánló bibliográfia''; összeáll. Cs. Bezerédy Ágnes, Csiszár Jolán; II. Rákóczi Ferenc Megyei Könyvtár, Miskolc 1992 *''Az első 150 regényem''; Libroservo, Aquinci 1992 (Klubkönyvtár) *''Nemere István. Az író és világa''; Interview mit Báló Ottília, Vincze Attila; Szamárfül, Orfű 2007 *''Nemere István Csengelén''; Csengelei Krónika, Csengele 2008 *''Nemere 70''; szerk. Képes Gábor, Vancsó Éva; Magyar Scifitörténeti Társaság, Aquinci 2014 == Nexus externi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070212235123/http://www.nemere.hu/eszperanto.htm Pagina domestica] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040910002722/http://www.geocities.com/origlit/roman/nemere.html Biographia, opera, criticae] apud OLE * [https://web.archive.org/web/20041112051904/http://www.nol.hu/cikk/339268/ Die anniversarii LX, commentatvit Vincze Attila Tamás] apud: ''Népszabadság'', 8.11.2004 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250426160012/https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?ccl_term=wau=jx20050721021+or+wkw=jx20050721021&func=find-c&local_base=skc Interpretationes lingua Bohemica] *[https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemere_Istv%C3%A1n_m%C5%B1veinek_list%C3%A1ja Elenchus operum omnium] *[https://katalogo.uea.org/katalogo.php?trovu=jes&auxtoro=Istv%C3%A1n+Nemere&liste=jes Libri qui emendentur apud UEA] *[https://mek.oszk.hu/00000/00019/html/n/i009549.htm Nemere in elencho auctorum contemporaneorum (1945-1997)] *[https://search.onb.ac.at/primo-explore/search?query=any,contains,Istv%C3%A1n%20Nemere&tab=default_tab&search_scope=ONB_gesamtbestand&vid=ONB&offset=0 Opera ab et de Nemere scripta in catalogo Vindobonensi maximo de linguis constructis invenienda] ==Notae== <references/> {{lifetime|1944|2024|Nemere, Stephanus}} [[Categoria:Auctores Esperantici]] [[Categoria:Auctores Hungarici]] [[Categoria:Bibliothecarii]] [[Categoria:Interpretes]] [[Categoria:Scriptores Hungariae]] eal16u7ai0wsatw7f8oapoail0s6boo 0 281459 3961687 3767705 2026-05-25T13:00:58Z Pippobuono 54500 nexint 3961687 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Plumberae''' sive '''aquae Plomberiae'''<ref>[http://cths.fr/dico-topo/affiche-vedettes.php?cdep=88&cpage=326 "de Plumberis, 1475 ... Plomberiæ Aquæ, 1768" (etc.)]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} apud ''Dictionnaire topographique de la France''</ref> (Francogallice ''Plombières-les-Bains'') est oppidum [[Francia|Francicum]] et commune praefecturae [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]]. Aquae minerales, quae e fonte huius loci exsurgunt, a visitatoribus sanitatis causa sumuntur. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]] == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Ambroise Bouloumié, ''Guide aux eaux minerales des Vosges: Vittel--Contrexéville--Plombières--Bains--Luxeuil--Bourbonne--Gérardmer''. Lutetiae: Hachette, 1879 [https://archive.org/details/b20385481 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * Jean Paul Rothiot, ed., ''Des sources au thermalisme : Vittel, Contrexéville : actes des Journées d'études vosgiennes, Contrexéville, Vittel, 27 et 28 octobre 2001''. Nanceii: Association d'historiens de l'Est, 2002 [https://web.archive.org/web/20190626203218/http://www.bmi.agglo-epinal.fr/PORTPAT/doc/SYRACUSE/342944/des-sources-au-thermalisme-vittel-contrexeville-actes-des-journees-d-etudes-vosgiennes-contrexeville%3F_lg%3Dfr-FR Citatio huius libri] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Plombières-les-Bains|Plumberas}} {{Fontes geographici}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]] [[Categoria:Thermae Franciae]] 72anqmeel3n8gjilxb25bgae3vjig0o 3961692 3961687 2026-05-25T13:47:06Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3961692 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Plumberae''' sive '''aquae Plomberiae'''<ref>[https://dicotopo.cths.fr/places/P85657690 "de Plumberis, 1475 ... Plomberiæ Aquæ, 1768" (etc.)] apud ''Dictionnaire topographique de la France''</ref> (Francogallice ''Plombières-les-Bains'') est oppidum [[Francia|Francicum]] et commune praefecturae [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]]. Aquae minerales, quae e fonte huius loci exsurgunt, a visitatoribus sanitatis causa sumuntur. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]] == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Ambroise Bouloumié, ''Guide aux eaux minerales des Vosges: Vittel--Contrexéville--Plombières--Bains--Luxeuil--Bourbonne--Gérardmer''. Lutetiae: Hachette, 1879 [https://archive.org/details/b20385481 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * Jean Paul Rothiot, ed., ''Des sources au thermalisme : Vittel, Contrexéville : actes des Journées d'études vosgiennes, Contrexéville, Vittel, 27 et 28 octobre 2001''. Nanceii: Association d'historiens de l'Est, 2002 [https://web.archive.org/web/20190626203218/http://www.bmi.agglo-epinal.fr/PORTPAT/doc/SYRACUSE/342944/des-sources-au-thermalisme-vittel-contrexeville-actes-des-journees-d-etudes-vosgiennes-contrexeville%3F_lg%3Dfr-FR Citatio huius libri] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Plombières-les-Bains|Plumberas}} {{Fontes geographici}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]] [[Categoria:Thermae Franciae]] 58ghwcm0qyykgld0dwnea8co8tajgbj 3961698 3961692 2026-05-25T14:04:05Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3961698 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidata}} '''Plumberae''' sive '''Aquae Plomberiae'''<ref>[https://dicotopo.cths.fr/places/P85657690 "de Plumberis, 1475 ... Plomberiæ Aquæ, 1768" (etc.)] apud ''Dictionnaire topographique de la France''</ref> (Francogallice ''Plombières-les-Bains'') est oppidum [[Francia|Francicum]] et commune praefecturae [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]]. Aquae minerales, quae e fonte huius loci exsurgunt, a visitatoribus sanitatis causa sumuntur. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]] == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * Ambroise Bouloumié, ''Guide aux eaux minerales des Vosges: Vittel--Contrexéville--Plombières--Bains--Luxeuil--Bourbonne--Gérardmer''. Lutetiae: Hachette, 1879 [https://archive.org/details/b20385481 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive'' * Jean Paul Rothiot, ed., ''Des sources au thermalisme : Vittel, Contrexéville : actes des Journées d'études vosgiennes, Contrexéville, Vittel, 27 et 28 octobre 2001''. Nanceii: Association d'historiens de l'Est, 2002 [https://web.archive.org/web/20190626203218/http://www.bmi.agglo-epinal.fr/PORTPAT/doc/SYRACUSE/342944/des-sources-au-thermalisme-vittel-contrexeville-actes-des-journees-d-etudes-vosgiennes-contrexeville%3F_lg%3Dfr-FR Citatio huius libri] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Plombières-les-Bains|Plumberas}} {{Fontes geographici}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]] [[Categoria:Thermae Franciae]] k6etxwglra10rfeypl7xe6wsjdrnayq 0 288767 3961700 3958856 2026-05-25T14:09:07Z LilyKitty 18316 de origine ritus 3961700 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dies Africae''' est dies inter gentes pro [[Africa]] die [[25 Maii]] quique anno celebratur ab [[Unio Africana|Unione Africana]], ad [[libertas|liberationem]] Africae contra [[colonialismus|colonialismum]] et [[usurpatio]]nem promovendum. Hac die anno [[1963]], [[Ordo unitatis Africanae]] constituta est.<ref>Qoud origo dies Africae est.</ref> Post desolutionem Ordinis a creatione Unionis Africae anno [[2001]], eadem diem ab Unione Africa et multis civitatibus Africae celabatur. == Notae == <references/> {{NexInt}} *[[Dies impuberum Africanorum]] *[[Pan-Africanismus]] *[[Dies Europae]] == Nexus externi == *[https://www.gov.za/AfricaDay2020 Situs publicus] [[Categoria:Ritus Maii]] [[Categoria:Africa]] [[Categoria:Unio Africana]] [[Categoria:Societates internationales]] 7p9v7o65gr1p2ea44v6j4ehrfzq40b0 0 289331 3961778 3944291 2026-05-25T23:56:40Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3961778 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Rocky Horror Show 03.jpg|thumb|''The Rocky Horror Show.'']] '''Theatrum musicum'''{{Convertimus}}<ref>Etiam ''phantasticum poëma musicum'' et ''spectaculum canentium, loquentium, cantantium'': Stefan Feihl, ed., ''Neues Lateinlexikon'' (Königswinter: Lempertz, 1998, ISBN 978-3-933070-01-2), 259.</ref><ref>[https://www.pineknobamp.com "Musical Theater"] apud situm pineknobamp, [[9 Iunii]] [[2020]].</ref> ([[Anglice]] ''musical theater'') est [[Civitates Foederatae|Americanum]] [[theatrum|theatri]] [[musicus|musici]] [[ars activa|artis activae]] [[genus (ars)|genus]] populo gratissimum. Ubi adhibentur [[dialogus|dialogi]], [[cantilena]]e, [[saltatio]]nes, et varii effectus excitantes. ==Historia et ratio paucis verbis== Plerumque in duobus actibus argumenta evolvuntur. [[Historia]] annis [[1920]] [[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]] incohata est; praeter scaenas [[Broadway]] [[Manhata]]e in vico Neoebofracensi mox etiam [[Londinium|Londinii]] [[theatrum|theatra]] artem colebant. Nostris autem diebus in [[orbis terrarum|toto mundo]] generi isti musico favetur aut cum aliis spectaculis aut in locis exclusive generi citato reservatis. Productiones nonnumquam magni constant (lingua vernacula ''en-suite-productions''), et fit ut [[histrio]]nes cantantes atque saltantes diuturnas lustrationes in orbe terrarum faciat. Multa etiam [[pellicula|pelliculis]] enarrata sunt. Quod ad argumenta attinet [[satura|satirica]] cum [[tragoedia|tragica]] diversorum temporum locorumque miscentur. Neque critica socialis politicave abest. Multi modi variati genus istud novum moverunt, inter quos [[musica pop]], musicae saltatoria et delectabilis, [[swing]], [[soul]], [[rock and roll]]. Historice elementa reprehenduntur e [[drama]]te, [[comoedia]], [[mims|mimis]], [[melodrama]]te. Summatim agitur de artificiis et litterariis et musicis speciei captantis. ==Compositores generis citati== Ecce compositores eorumque opera notiora: {{Div col|cols = 2}}<small> * [[Lionel Bart]] (''[[Oliver!]]'') * [[Irving Berlin]] (''[[Annie Get Your Gun]],'' ''[[Call Me Madam]]'') * [[Leonardus Bernstein]] (''[[On the Town]],'' ''[[Trouble in Tahiti]],'' ''[[West Side Story]],'' ''[[Wonderful Town]]'') * [[Warren Casey]] et [[Barry Gibb]] (''[[Grease]]'') * [[Cy Coleman]] (''[[Sweet Charity]]'') * [[Georgius Fenton]] (''[[Mrs Henderson Presents]]'') * [[Georgius Gershwin]] (''Lady, Be Good''; ''Oh, Kay!''; ''Funny Face''; ''Girl Crazy''; ''Of Thee I Sing''; ''Pardon My English'') * [[Marvin Hamlisch]] (''[[A Chorus Line]]'') * [[David Heneker]] (''[[Half a Sixpence]]'') * [[Ieremias Herman]] (''Hello, Dolly!''; ''Mame''; ''La Cage aux Folles'') * [[Elton John]] (''Aida, The Lion King, Billy Elliot'') * [[Ioannes Kander]] (''Cabaret, Chicago, The Act, Kuss der Spinnenfrau'') * [[Hieronymus Kern]] (''Sally, Show Boat'') * [[Henricus Krieger]] (''Dreamgirls'') * [[Cyndi Lauper]] (''Kinky Boots'') * [[Sylvester Levay]] (''Elisabeth''; ''Mozart!''; ''Rebecca'') * [[Franciscus Loesser]] (''Guys and Dolls, How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying'') * [[Fridericus Loewe]] (''Brigadoon, Paint Your Wagon, My Fair Lady, Camelot, Gigi'') * [[Robertus Lopez]] (''Avenue Q, The Book of Mormon'') * [[Galt MacDermot]] (''Hair'') * [[Henricus Mancini]] (''Victor/Victoria'') * [[Alanus Menken]] (''Little Shop of Horrors, Beauty and the Beast, The Hunchback of Notre Dame, The Little Mermaid, Sister Act, Newsies, Aladdin'') * [[Lin-Manuel Miranda]] (''Hamilton'') * [[Ricardus O’Brien]] (''The Rocky Horror Show'') * [[Cole Porter]] (''Gay Divorce''; ''Anything Goes''; ''Kiss Me, Kate''; ''Can-Can''; ''Silk Stockings'') * [[Ricardus Rodgers]] et [[Oscar Hammerstein II]] (''Oklahoma!, Carousel, South Pacific, The King and I, The Sound of Music'') * [[Ricardus Rodgers]] et [[Laurentius Hart]] (''On Your Toes, Babes in Arms, The Boys from Syracuse, Pal Joey'') * [[Claudius Michael Schönberg]] (''Les Misérables, Miss Saigon, Martin Guerre'') * [[Stephanus Schwartz]] (''Wicked: The Untold Story of the Witches of Oz'') * [[Marcus Shaiman]] (''Hairspray, Catch Me If You Can'') * [[Ricardus M. Sherman]] et [[Robertus B. Sherman]] (''Mary Poppins'') * [[Stephanus Sondheim]] (''Follies, Sweeney Todd, Sunday in the Park with George, Into the Woods''; et textus cantuum in ''West Side Story'' et ''Gypsy'') * [[Iacobus Steinman]] (''Tanz der Vampire, Bat Out of Hell'') * [[Carolus Strouse]] (''Bye Bye Birdie, Annie'') * [[Iulius Styne]] (''Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, Gypsy, Funny Girl'') * [[Jeanine Tesori]] (''Thoroughly Modern Millie'') * [[Björn Ulvaeus]] et [[Benny Andersson]] (''Chess, Mamma Mia!'') * [[Harry Warren]] (''42nd Street'') * [[Andreas Lloyd Webber]] (''Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat, Jesus Christ Superstar, Evita, Cats, Starlight Express, Phanton of the Opera, Aspects of Love, Sunset Boulevard, Love Never Dies'') * [[Franciscus Wildhorn]] (''Jekyll & Hyde''; ''Victor/Victoria,'' partim) * [[Meredith Willson]] (''The Music Man, The Unsinkable Molly Brown'') * [[Maury Yeston]] (''[[Titanic]]'') * [[Vincentius Youmans]] (''[[No, No, Nanette]]'') </small>{{Div col end}} ==Notae== <references/> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Musicals|theatrum musicum}} ;Theodisce * [https://web.archive.org/web/20201030053550/http://musicalinsider.io/ musicalinsider.io – Nova]. * [http://www.musicalzentrale.de/ Musicalzentrale: quid ubi detur]. * [http://www.thatsmusical.de/ That’s Musical: conspectus et lexicon]. * [http://www.musical1.de/ Musical1.de: nova, histriones, lexicon]. * [http://www.deutsches-musicalarchiv.de/ Archivum Germanicum] . * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200813105838/http://www.musicalszene.de/ Musicalszene.de]. * [http://www.musicallexikon.eu/ www.musicallexikon.eu - quid post annum 1945 ubi prima vice spectari potuerit]. ;Anglice {{div col|2}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151002204746/http://ibdb.com/index.php Internet Broadway Database] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200811095532/http://guidetomusicaltheatre.com/ The Guide to Musical Theatre] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200610033704/http://www.musicalheaven.com/ Musical Heaven] * [http://www.musicals101.com/ Musicals 101] * [https://www.londontheatre.co.uk/ London Theatre Guide] * [http://www.theatrebee.com/ Theatre Bee] * [http://www.theatremonkey.com/ TheatreMonkey] * [http://www.whatsonstage.com/ WhatsOnStage] * [http://www.westendframe.com/ West End Frame] * [http://www.officiallondontheatre.co.uk/ Official London Theatre] * [http://www.getintolondontheatre.co.uk/ Get into London Theatre] * [http://www.lovetheatre.com/ LoveTheatre – London Shows] * [http://www.playbill.com/ Playbill] * [https://www.broadwayworld.com/ Broadway World] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210126135611/http://www.castalbumdb.com/ Cast Album Database] * [http://castalbums.org/ Cast Albums] * [https://www.allmusicals.com/ Musical Lyrics] {{div col end}} [[Categoria:Genera musica]] [[Categoria:Genera theatri]] {{Myrias|Ars}} hf2ab433cyqg3r4i8co0zfeoc1pdns4 0 301258 3961827 3668672 2026-05-26T05:48:16Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3961827 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Three Saint Hierarchas.jpg|thumb|[[Icon]] Trium Hierarcharum.]] [[Fasciculus:Goldberg Church in Kharkiv 2.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Ecclesia Trium Hierarcharum [[Charcovia]]e.]] '''Tres Hierarchae''' ([[Graece]] ''{{lang|grc|οἱ Τρεῖς Ἱεράρχαι}}'') in [[Christianitas Orientalis|Christianitate Orientali]] sunt [[Basilius Magnus]] et [[Gregorius Nazianzenus]] et [[Ioannes Chrysostomus]], [[Episcopus|episcopi]] [[sanctus|sancti]]que [[saeculum 4|quarti saeculi]], qui magni momenti in doctrinae formatione erant. Multae ecclesiae eis dicatae sunt. Festum eorum die [[30 Ianuarii]] celebratur. In [[Ecclesia Romana Catholica]] inter [[Doctor Ecclesiae|doctores ecclesiae]] numerantur. Illi saeculo quarto, ecclesiasticae historiae momento cruciali, christianos ex angustiis communitatis eduxerunt, ut viverent cum aliis in mundo quasi in dialogo sociali et intellectuali. In theologia christiana creanda quoque maximi momenti fuerunt isti tres viri. Qui oecumenici sunt et ubique in traditionibus tam orientali quam occidentali veneratione fruuntur. In orthodoxae fidei christifidelibus insuper patroni cultus atque eruditiones habentur. == Origo termini== In orthodoxis hierarcha est homo qui in re accurate difinita ius dicat. In catholicis voce ordinarii substituatur. Constantinopoli saeculo XII rixae ortae sunt, qui istorum trium maioris gravitudinis esset. Erant qui dicerent Basilium propter asceticam vim alios superare. Alii Ioannem Chrysostomum maluerunt ob eius vim rhetoricam ad peccatores in viam rectam convertendos. Grex tertius autem Gregorio theologo palmam ferendam esse putaverunt homeliis splendidis factis, quibus vel [[Arianismus]] pelli posset. Basilius die 1 Ianuario, Gregorius die 25 Ianuario, Chrystostomus die 27 Ianuario diem suam propriam habent. Denique visionem anno 1084 habuit [[Ioannes Mauropus]] episcopus [[Euchaita|Euchaitorum]] quae aequitatem omnium approbavit. Inde circa annum 1100 dies 30 Ianuarii ab imperatore [[alexius I Comnenus|Alexio I]] festus dies publice declaratus est.<ref>David Parry; David Melling (edd.) (1999). ''The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity''. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-18966-1, p. 491–492</ref> {{NexInt}} *[[Patristica]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Three Holy Hierarchs|Tres Hierarchas}} * [https://www.goarch.org/-/feast-of-the-three-holy-fathers-great-hierarchs-and-ecumenical-teachers-basil-the-great-gregory-the-theologian-and-john-chrysostom De festo Trium Hierarcharum] apud situm Archidioecesis Graecae Orthodoxae Americae {{ling|Anglice}} * [https://orthodoxwiki.org/Three_Holy_Hierarchs De Tribus Hierarchis] apud OrthodoxWiki {{ling|Anglice}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220129190618/https://www.sansimera.gr/articles/731 De Tribus Hierarchis] apud {{lang|el|Σαν Σήμερα}} {{ling|Neograece}} * [https://pravoslavie.ru/40001.html De Tribus Hierarchis] apud {{lang|ru|Православие}}.Ru {{ling|Russice}} * [http://www.glaubenszeugen.de/kalender/h/kalh048.htm Calendarium oecumenicum] ==Notae== <references/> [[Categoria:Ecclesiae Orientales]] [[Categoria:Greges humani enumerati]] [[Categoria:Sancti]] ph8btfqwmdtf2q7vakzyjy3aa82k2us 0 309672 3961668 3891881 2026-05-25T12:08:55Z InternetArchiveBot 139091 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 3961668 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Immaculate Conception (Peoria, Illinois) - statue of Christ the King.jpg|thumb|[[Statua]] Christi regis in fano Sanctae Mariae; [[Peoria]]e in urbe [[Illinoesia]]na.]] '''Sollemnitas Domini Nostri Iesu Christi Universorum Regis''', vulgo '''Festus Christi Regis''', '''Dominica Christi Regis''', et '''Dominica Regni Christi''' appellata,<ref>[https://www.moravian.org/southern/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/2013-Updated-Lectionary-Complete-for-the-Web-table.pdf Lectionarium Unitatis Fratrum.]</ref> est [[dies festus]] in [[annus liturgicus|anno liturgico]] qui verum [[Regnum Christi|Christi Regnum]] exprimit. Nuper in [[calendarium]] liturgicum insertus est, anno [[1925]] a [[Pius XI|Pio Papa XI]] pro [[Ritus Romanus|Ritu Romano]] [[Ecclesia Catholica|Ecclesiae Catholicae]] institutus. [[Ecclesia]]e [[Lutheranismus|Lutherana]], [[Anglicanismus|Anglicana]], {{Creanda|en|Moravian Church|Ecclesia Moraviana|Moraviana}}, [[Methodismus|Methodista]], {{Creanda|en|Church of the Nazarene|Ecclesia Nazareni|Nazarena}}, {{Creanda|en|Reformed Tradition|Traditio Reformata|Reformata}}, et {{Creanda|en|United Protestant|Protestans Coniuncta}} Festum Christi Regis etiam celebrant, qui in {{Creanda|en|Revised Common Lectionary|Commune Lectionarium Retractum|Communi Lectionario Retracto}} continetur.<ref>''Revised Common Lectionary Daily Readings'' Proposed by the Consultation on Common Texts, Augsburg Fortress, 2005, pp. 304–305, ISBN 0806649305.</ref> Ecclesiae quidem Methodista, Anglicana, et Presbyteriana hoc festum saepe observant partem liturgici {{Creanda|en|Kingdomtide|Tempus Regni|Temporis Regni}}, quod inter Quartam Dominicam ante [[Adventus|Adventum]] et Sollemnitatem Christi Regis fit. ==In Ritu Romano== [[Pius XI]] [[pontifex maximus]] hoc festum in [[epistula encyclica|encyclica]] ''Quas primas'' anno [[1925]] instituit. Itaque omnibus [[civitas sui iuris|civitatibus]] [[oboedientia]] erga [[iesus Christus|Iesum Christum]] necessaria ante oculos poneretur. Insuper creatura omnis faciat radices suas in Christo agnoscat. Ex anno 1969, quando [[ecclesia Latina|ritus Latinus]] multis modis mutatus est, in [[annus liturgicus|anni liturgici]] ultima die Dominica celebratur. Prima autem celebratio die [[31 Octobris]] [[1925]] facta est, unde semper ultimis dominicis Octobribus (usque annum 1969). == Fontes biblici == Ecce loci [[biblia|scripturarum sacrarum]] quibus fulcitur notio de regno Christi: [[Iacobus (patriarcha)|Iacobus]]: ''Non auferetur sceptrum de Iuda et baculus ducis de pedibus eius, donec veniat ille, cuius est, et cui erit oboedientia gentium.'' (Gen 49,10) [[Ieremias]]: ''Ecce dies veniunt, dicit Dominus, et suscitabo David germen iustum; et regnabit rex et sapiens erit et faciet iudicium et iustitiam in terra.'' (Ier 23,5) == Christologicum fundamentum== Agitur de notione christologica de potestate Christi in creatura quam fecerat Dominus. Terminus regis electus est, qui temporibus antiquis ubique maiestatem expressit. Namque Christo munus regium implendum est praeter munus sacerdotale et munus propheticum. Distinctio fit inter regnum gratiae in terris (quod curat [[Ecclesia militans]]) et regnum gloriae in caelis et in paradiso (quod magis spectat [[ecclesia triumphans|Ecclesiam triumphantem]]). [[Eusebius Pamphili]] inter primos fuit qui de triade munerum Salvatoris loquitur. == Festum ipsum == Ecclesia docet [[mundus|mundum]] Christi morte, resurrectione, ascensione in caelos conversum esse. Anno [[1936]], cathedralis ecclesia ad [[Mullingar]] in [[Hibernia]] sibi patrocinium elegit, papa volente. Christus asseclas ad victoriam ducat. Necesse est ut imperet ad regnum divinum erigendum. Paulo post festum novum [[adventus]] incohatur qui nos ad praesepium [[nativitas Iesu|Iesu pueruli]] ducat. Ante annum 1925 Georgius et [[Martha de Noaillat]]<ref>[https://de.findagrave.com/memorial/30692231/marthe-de_noaillat sepulcrum ascetae]{{Nexus deficit|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> operam dederant de tali festo instituendo. Tunc exhortantur papae [[Benedictus XV]] et Pius XI ut huius rei socii et adiutores colligantur. Denique post sex annos multitudo christifidelium festum de universali regno postulatura est. [[Sancta Sedes]] definitionem quam diligentissimam consequitur, ne res laudabilis ab irrisoribus inimicis falso explicetur, neve sententiae ambiguae expromi possint. Motus magni momenti [[Paray-le-Monial]] in museo ''Musée du Hiéron'' nascitur, ut [[sacratissimum cor Iesu]] rectionem orbis universi patret. Omnibus bene paratis die 11 Decembris 1925 encyclicam [[Quas primas]] promulgari licet. == Bibliographia == * Édouard Hugon, ''La Fête spéciale du Christ-Roi'', Éditions Pierre Téqui, Lutetiae 1928 * Georges Thuot, ''Le Christ, Notre Roi'', éditions ''L'Imprimerie populaire'', Ad Montem Regium 1935 * Simone de Noaillat, ''Marthe de Noaillat. 1865-1926''. * Père Théotime de Saint-Just, ''La Royauté sociale de N.S. Jésus-Christ, d'après le cardinal Pie'', Éditions de Chiré, Chiré-en-Montreuil 1988. * Michel Viot, ''Dieu et l’État: signification de la fête du Christ-Roi'', Éditions Via Romana, Versaliis 2013. *Christoph Joosten: ''Das Christkönigsfest. Liturgie im Spannungsfeld zwischen Frömmigkeit und Politik. Francke'', Tubingae 2002, ISBN 3-7720-3271-0 (thesis doctoralis, Bochum 2000). ==Nexus externi== {{Commonscat|Christ the King|festum Christi Regis}} *[http://katholisch-informiert.ch/2010/11/christus-konig-ist-ein-hochfest/ "Christus König ist ein Hochfest".] - Apud: Katholisch-informiert.ch * [http://www.liturgiecatholique.fr/Qu-est-ce-que-la-fete-du-Christ.html "La solennité du Christ-Roi de l'univers"] *[https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/la/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_11121925_quas-primas.html encyclica ''Quas primas''] *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QHNls_RAGPU hymnus ''Christus vincit, Christus regnat, Christus imperat''] ==Notae== <references/> [[Categoria:Feriae Christianae]] [[Categoria:Iesus]] [[Categoria:Pius XI]] odtz4l79kwkfhv2f0nsckomm2a76tvp 0 317211 3961749 3960230 2026-05-25T20:46:04Z Bartholomite 116968 3961749 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Papa |Nomen papae=Leonem PP. XIV |Nomen=Robertus Franciscus Prevost, |Natus=[[14 Septembris]] [[1955]] |Decessor=[[Franciscus (papa)|Franciscus]] |Papa=[[2025]]– }} {{Res|Leo XIV}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.today.it/attualita/papa-leonem-xiv-verbale-accettazione.html|title="Leonem XIV": il nome scritto sul 'rogito' di accettazione del nuovo pontefice}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rainews.it/video/2025/05/lannuncio-dellhabemus-papam-leone-xiv-si-presenta-al-mondo-la-prima-preghiera-e-per-la-pace-36af2500-8ba5-4c8e-8642-793422c59fd4.html|title=L'annuncio dell'Habemus Papam, Leone XIV si presenta al mondo: "La prima preghiera è per la pace"}}.</ref><ref>*{{cite web|url=https://media.osservatoreromano.va/media/osservatoreromano/pdf/free/2025/05/QUO_2025_106_0905.pdf|title=HABEMUS PAPAM qui sibi nomen imposuit Robertum Franciscum Prevost LEONEM XIV}}.</ref> (natus {{barbarice|lingua=en|Robert Francis Prevost}},<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YKDP4e0ekvc&t=5s Old Video of New Pope Leo XIV- Greeting from Bishop of Chiclayo, Mons. Robert Prevost Martínez (OSA)] [[8 Maii]] [[2025]]. Chalice Canada via [[YouTube]].</ref> [[Latine|nostra lingua]] ''Robertus Franciscus Prevostius,''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ephemerisnuntii.eu/leolat/COLLECTANEA%20PAPALIA.pdf|title=Novus Papa verbis effert limites apertos, tutelam climatis, vaccinationes – Leo XIV. sententias profert politicas|last1=Gross|first1=Nicolaus|year=[[2025]]|website=Ephemeris|date=|page=13|last2=Zukowski|first2=Iris}}: "Iam mense Martio a.2025 idem retificium denuntiaverat Robertum Franciscum Prevostium, qui illo tempore adhuc fuerat cardinalis."</ref> [[Sicagum|Sicagi]] die [[14 Septembris]] [[1955]]) est [[Episcopus Romanus]], [[papa]] [[Ecclesia Catholica|Ecclesiae Catholicae]], et [[dux civitatis|dux]] [[Civitas Vaticana|Civitatis Vaticanae]]. Qui electus est in [[conclave papale anni 2025|conclave papale]] die [[8 Maii]] [[2025]] post [[mors et funus Papae Francisci|mortem et funus Papae Francisci]]. Primus papa e [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatibus Foederatis]] oriundus, primus ex [[America Septentrionalis|America Septentrionali]], primusque [[civis]] [[Peruvia|Peruvianus]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250508191224/https://abc7.com/post/pope-leo-fun-facts-cardinal-robert-prevost/16358644/ Res.]</ref> secundus ex omni [[America]], primus papa est [[Ordo Sancti Augustini|Ordinis Fratrum Sancti Augustini]],<ref> https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2025-05/biography-of-robert-francis-prevost-pope-leo-xiv.html Res.]</ref> quamquam septimus qui [[Regula Sancti Augustini|Regulam Sancti Augustini]] sequitur,<ref>Alii fuerunt [[Honorius II]], [[Innocentius II]], [[Lucius II]], [[Hadrianus IV]], [[Gregorius VIII]], [[Eugenius IV]].</ref> [[Eugenius IV|Eugenio IV]] ([[1383]]–[[1447]]) succedens. == De vita == Robertus Franciscus Prevost [[Sicagum|Sicagi]] die [[14 Septembris]] [[1955]] natus est. Duos fratres habet.<ref>[https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2025-05/biography-of-robert-francis-prevost-pope-leo-xiv.html Res.]</ref> Ab anno [[2001]] ad annum [[2013]] fuit [[Prioratus|prior generalis]] [[Ordo Sancti Augustini|ordinis Augustinorum]], dehinc inter annos [[2015]] et [[2023]] [[episcopus]] [[Chiclayium|Chiclayii]] in [[Regio Lambayequensis|Regione Lamayequensi]] in [[Peruvia]]. Leo [[sententia (gnome)|sententiam]] [[insigne|insignium]] episcopalium excerpit homiliae cuidam istius [[augustinus Hipponensis|Augustini]] (''Enarrationes in Psalmos'' 127,3), nempe: ''Nos multi in illo uno unum''.<ref>S. Aurelii Augustini: ''Enarrationes in Psalmos''. In [[Patrologia Latina]], vol. 37, col. 1679 ([https://www.augustinus.it/latino/esposizioni_salmi/index2.htm textus]).</ref> Anno [[2023]] a [[Franciscus (papa)|Francisco]] ad Praefectum Dicasterii pro Episcopis designatus est, ac postea eodem anno [[cardinalis]] creatus est. Die [[8 Maii]] [[2025]] per [[Conclave anni 2025|conclave]] electus est [[papa]]. Nomen sibi imposuit Leonis XIV,<ref>[https://www.mdr.de/nachrichten/welt/panorama/neuer-papst-wahl-vatikan-100.html “US-Kardinal Robert Francis Prevost zum Papst gewählt”] - apud MDR.de, 8 Maii 2025.</ref> primum a [[Leo XIII|Leone XIII]] ([[1810]]–[[1903]]), papā qui eum maxime incitaverat quoniam [[Iura oeconomica, socialia et culturalia|iura socialia]] protegere studuerat.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mLiSyHFTmtA Res.]</ref> [[Multilinguismus|Linguis quinque]] loquitur: [[Anglice]], [[Francogallice]], [[Hispanice]], [[Italiane]], et [[Lingua Lusitana|Lusitanice]], ac [[Latine|Latinam]] et [[Theodisce|Theodiscam]] legere dicitur.<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2025/05/08/world/pope-leo-xiv-robert-prevost-wwk-intl-latam Res.]</ref><ref>[https://www.ncronline.org/vatican/vatican-news/papal-front-runner-interest-polyglot-us-cardinal-prevost-rises-italian Res.]</ref> == Visitationes apostolicae == Hic index die 25 Maii 2026 inspectus est. === 2025 === * [[Asisium]] in [[Italia]] die [[20 Novembris]]. * [[Turcia]] die [[27 Novembris|27]]–[[30 Novembris]]. * [[Libanus]] die 30 Novembris–[[2 Decembris]] === 2026 === * [[Monacum]] die [[28 Martii]]. * [[Algeria]] die [[13 Aprilis|13]]–[[15 Aprilis]]. * [[Cammarunia]] die 15–[[18 Aprilis]]. * [[Angolia]] die 18–[[21 Aprilis]]. * [[Guinea Aequinoctialis]] die 21–[[23 Aprilis]]. * [[Pompeii]] et [[Neapolis]] in Italia die [[8 Maii]]. * [[Acerrae (Campania)|Acerrae]] in Italia die [[23 Maii]]. == Epistula encyclica == Die [[25 Maii]] [[2026]] Leo XIV [[epistula encyclica|epistolam encyclicam]] primam, ''[[Magnifica humanitas]]'', promulgavit. == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Leo XIV|Leonem XIV}} {{Fontes biographici}} * [https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/documentation/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_prevost_rf.html Prevost in sede interretiali Sedis Apostolicae] {{Papae}} {{Lifetime|1955||Leo XIV}} [[Categoria:Alumni apud Angelicum]] [[Categoria:Augustiniani]] [[Categoria:Leo XIV|!]] [[Categoria:Papae]] [[Categoria:Sicagum]] kd3ujhktzq26vwhi670xw1obyh6rhm7 3961750 3961749 2026-05-25T21:16:35Z LilyKitty 18316 de prima Epistula encyclica eius 3961750 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Papa |Nomen papae=Leonem PP. XIV |Nomen=Robertus Franciscus Prevost, |Natus=[[14 Septembris]] [[1955]] |Decessor=[[Franciscus (papa)|Franciscus]] |Papa=[[2025]]– }} {{Res|Leo XIV}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.today.it/attualita/papa-leonem-xiv-verbale-accettazione.html|title="Leonem XIV": il nome scritto sul 'rogito' di accettazione del nuovo pontefice}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rainews.it/video/2025/05/lannuncio-dellhabemus-papam-leone-xiv-si-presenta-al-mondo-la-prima-preghiera-e-per-la-pace-36af2500-8ba5-4c8e-8642-793422c59fd4.html|title=L'annuncio dell'Habemus Papam, Leone XIV si presenta al mondo: "La prima preghiera è per la pace"}}.</ref><ref>*{{cite web|url=https://media.osservatoreromano.va/media/osservatoreromano/pdf/free/2025/05/QUO_2025_106_0905.pdf|title=HABEMUS PAPAM qui sibi nomen imposuit Robertum Franciscum Prevost LEONEM XIV}}.</ref> (natus {{barbarice|lingua=en|Robert Francis Prevost}},<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YKDP4e0ekvc&t=5s Old Video of New Pope Leo XIV- Greeting from Bishop of Chiclayo, Mons. Robert Prevost Martínez (OSA)] [[8 Maii]] [[2025]]. Chalice Canada via [[YouTube]].</ref> [[Latine|nostra lingua]] ''Robertus Franciscus Prevostius,''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ephemerisnuntii.eu/leolat/COLLECTANEA%20PAPALIA.pdf|title=Novus Papa verbis effert limites apertos, tutelam climatis, vaccinationes – Leo XIV. sententias profert politicas|last1=Gross|first1=Nicolaus|year=[[2025]]|website=Ephemeris|date=|page=13|last2=Zukowski|first2=Iris}}: "Iam mense Martio a.2025 idem retificium denuntiaverat Robertum Franciscum Prevostium, qui illo tempore adhuc fuerat cardinalis."</ref> [[Sicagum|Sicagi]] die [[14 Septembris]] [[1955]]) est [[Episcopus Romanus]], [[papa]] [[Ecclesia Catholica|Ecclesiae Catholicae]], et [[dux civitatis|dux]] [[Civitas Vaticana|Civitatis Vaticanae]]. Qui electus est in [[conclave papale anni 2025|conclave papale]] die [[8 Maii]] [[2025]] post [[mors et funus Papae Francisci|mortem et funus Papae Francisci]]. Primus papa e [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitatibus Foederatis]] oriundus, primus ex [[America Septentrionalis|America Septentrionali]], primusque [[civis]] [[Peruvia|Peruvianus]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250508191224/https://abc7.com/post/pope-leo-fun-facts-cardinal-robert-prevost/16358644/ Res.]</ref> secundus ex omni [[America]], primus papa est [[Ordo Sancti Augustini|Ordinis Fratrum Sancti Augustini]],<ref> https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2025-05/biography-of-robert-francis-prevost-pope-leo-xiv.html Res.]</ref> quamquam septimus qui [[Regula Sancti Augustini|Regulam Sancti Augustini]] sequitur,<ref>Alii fuerunt [[Honorius II]], [[Innocentius II]], [[Lucius II]], [[Hadrianus IV]], [[Gregorius VIII]], [[Eugenius IV]].</ref> [[Eugenius IV|Eugenio IV]] ([[1383]]–[[1447]]) succedens. == De vita == Robertus Franciscus Prevost [[Sicagum|Sicagi]] die [[14 Septembris]] [[1955]] natus est. Duos fratres habet.<ref>[https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2025-05/biography-of-robert-francis-prevost-pope-leo-xiv.html Res.]</ref> Ab anno [[2001]] ad annum [[2013]] fuit [[Prioratus|prior generalis]] [[Ordo Sancti Augustini|ordinis Augustinorum]], dehinc inter annos [[2015]] et [[2023]] [[episcopus]] [[Chiclayium|Chiclayii]] in [[Regio Lambayequensis|Regione Lamayequensi]] in [[Peruvia]]. Leo [[sententia (gnome)|sententiam]] [[insigne|insignium]] episcopalium excerpit homiliae cuidam istius [[augustinus Hipponensis|Augustini]] (''Enarrationes in Psalmos'' 127,3), nempe: ''Nos multi in illo uno unum''.<ref>S. Aurelii Augustini: ''Enarrationes in Psalmos''. In [[Patrologia Latina]], vol. 37, col. 1679 ([https://www.augustinus.it/latino/esposizioni_salmi/index2.htm textus]).</ref> Anno [[2023]] a [[Franciscus (papa)|Francisco]] ad Praefectum Dicasterii pro Episcopis designatus est, ac postea eodem anno [[cardinalis]] creatus est. Die [[8 Maii]] [[2025]] per [[Conclave anni 2025|conclave]] electus est [[papa]]. Nomen sibi imposuit Leonis XIV,<ref>[https://www.mdr.de/nachrichten/welt/panorama/neuer-papst-wahl-vatikan-100.html “US-Kardinal Robert Francis Prevost zum Papst gewählt”] - apud MDR.de, 8 Maii 2025.</ref> primum a [[Leo XIII|Leone XIII]] ([[1810]]–[[1903]]), papā qui eum maxime incitaverat quoniam [[Iura oeconomica, socialia et culturalia|iura socialia]] protegere studuerat.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mLiSyHFTmtA Res.]</ref> Die [[15 Maii]] [[2026]], [[Epistula encyclica|Epistula encyclicam]] primam eius ''[[Magnifica humanitas]]'' scripsit quae die [[25 Maii]] 2026 publicata est.<ref>[https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2026-05/pope-leo-xiv-encyclical-magnifica-humanitas-ai.html Pope Leo's 'Magnifica humanitas': AI must serve humanity not concentrate power]</ref> [[Multilinguismus|Linguis quinque]] loquitur: [[Anglice]], [[Francogallice]], [[Hispanice]], [[Italiane]], et [[Lingua Lusitana|Lusitanice]], ac [[Latine|Latinam]] et [[Theodisce|Theodiscam]] legere dicitur.<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2025/05/08/world/pope-leo-xiv-robert-prevost-wwk-intl-latam Res.]</ref><ref>[https://www.ncronline.org/vatican/vatican-news/papal-front-runner-interest-polyglot-us-cardinal-prevost-rises-italian Res.]</ref> == Visitationes apostolicae == Hic index die 25 Maii 2026 inspectus est. === 2025 === * [[Asisium]] in [[Italia]] die [[20 Novembris]]. * [[Turcia]] die [[27 Novembris|27]]–[[30 Novembris]]. * [[Libanus]] die 30 Novembris–[[2 Decembris]] === 2026 === * [[Monacum]] die [[28 Martii]]. * [[Algeria]] die [[13 Aprilis|13]]–[[15 Aprilis]]. * [[Cammarunia]] die 15–[[18 Aprilis]]. * [[Angolia]] die 18–[[21 Aprilis]]. * [[Guinea Aequinoctialis]] die 21–[[23 Aprilis]]. * [[Pompeii]] et [[Neapolis]] in Italia die [[8 Maii]]. * [[Acerrae (Campania)|Acerrae]] in Italia die [[23 Maii]]. == Epistula encyclica == Die [[25 Maii]] [[2026]] Leo XIV [[epistula encyclica|epistolam encyclicam]] primam, ''[[Magnifica humanitas]]'', promulgavit. == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Leo XIV|Leonem XIV}} {{Fontes biographici}} * [https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/documentation/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_prevost_rf.html Prevost in sede interretiali Sedis Apostolicae] {{Papae}} {{Lifetime|1955||Leo XIV}} [[Categoria:Alumni apud Angelicum]] [[Categoria:Augustiniani]] [[Categoria:Leo XIV|!]] [[Categoria:Papae]] [[Categoria:Sicagum]] nftlgy6zdqvcc7nsj94xrva5mvp2q0e 0 317322 3961768 3917210 2026-05-25T23:12:50Z Bartholomite 116968 /* Nexus externi */ 3961768 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pagina non annexa}} {{Pagina polienda}} {{res|Ecclesia Sanctae Mariae Assumptionis}} ([[Anglice]] {{barbarice|lingua=en|Saint Mary of the Assumption Church}}) est antiquum [[Archidioecesis Chicagiensis]] [[Ecclesia Catholica|Ecclesiae Catholicae]] [[templum]] parochiale, quod [[Riverdale (Chicago)|Riverdale]], in uno ex [[sectores communitarii Chicagiensis|sectoribus communitatis]] [[Sicagum|Sicagi]] in [[Illinoesia]], situm est. [[Aedificium]], anno [[1886]] conditum annoque [[1957]] modo [[Architectura Renascentia|Renascentiae]] simpliciore refectum, nunc desaffectata{{dubsig}} est. Parochia anno [[2011]] post fusionem{{dubsig}} cum vicina parochia clausa est. Locus notus est praesertim quod Robertus Franciscus Prevost, postea [[Leo XIV]] [[papa]], id [[puer]] frequentavit. == Locus == Templum ad 310 E. 137th Street patet, in vico [[Riverdale (Chicago)|Riverdale]], in ripa meridionali Chicagi, prope fines cum municipio [[Dolton (Illinois)|Dolton]]. Administrative pertinet ad [[Archidioecesis Chicagiensis]] et hodie intra territorium parochiae Christi Nostri Salvatoris, in [[South Holland (Illinois)|South Holland]] sitae, iacet<ref name="christ">{{Cite web |title=Parochia Christi Nostri Salvatoris |url=https://christoursaviorparish.org/ |accessdate=2025-05-10 |language=en}}.</ref>. == Historia == Anno 1886, circiter triginta familiae Catholicae Germano-Americanae, praecipue in industria ferroviaria laborantes, in Riverdale sub ductu Nicolai Mueller, Henrici Stieman, et Matthiae Huechler congregatae sunt, ut ab archiepiscopo [[Patricius Feehan]] creationem parochiae peterent. Ante hoc, fideles ad [[Blue Island (Illinois)|Blue Island]] vel [[Pullman (Chicago)|Pullman]] pro [[Missa]] ire debebant. Feehan petitionem accepit et parochiam [[Benedictini]]s commisit. Prima ecclesia anno 1887 completa est, una cum schola parochiali a [[Pauperes Servae Iesu Christi]] directa. Anno 1903, propter incrementum parochiae, administratio ad presbyteros dioecesanos archidioecesis transiit, et presbyterium anno 1905 constructum est<ref name="arch1920">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/archdioceseofchi00desp/page/518/mode/1up |title=Archidioecesis Chicagiensis: Antecedentes et Progressus |year=1920 |publisher=Des Plaines, Ill.: St. Mary’s Training School Press |others=Catholic Theological Union}}</ref><ref name="dir2007">{{Cite book |author=Kantowicz, Edwardus |url=https://archive.org/details/archdiocesofchic0000edit/mode/1up |title=Directorium Archidioecesis Chicagiensis 2007 |year=2007 |publisher=Archdiocese Pastoral Center |others=Internet Archive}}</ref>. Mense Maio 1917, aedificium ecclesiam et scholam coniungens constructum est, et prima missa ibi mane Natalis Domini eodem anno celebrata est. Magistri huius aedificii erant sodales [[Sorores Caritatis Christianae]]<ref name="arch1920" />. Post [[Bellum Mundanum Secundum]], incrementum demographicum vici ad constructionem novae ecclesiae, anno 1957 completae, duxit<ref name="dir2007" />. Robertus Franciscus Prevost, futurus [[Leo XIV]], in hac parochia crevit, ubi [[acolythus]] et membrum chori fuit. Diplomatium scholae primariae parochialis anno 1969 obtinuit<ref name="tribune">{{Cite web |author=Moilanen, Samantha |date=2025-05-08 |title=White Sox, Pizza Aurelii et Missa Sanctae Mariae: Meridionalis Chicagiensis papa fit |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2025/05/08/robert-prevost-chicago-pope-xiv/ |website=Chicago Tribune |accessdate=2025-05-09 |language=en}}</ref>. Ab annis 1980, numerus catholicorum in regione propter deindustrializationem et [[disinvestitio]]nem decrevit. Anno 2011, parochia tantum 125 familias registratas habebat. Tunc cum parochia Reginae Apostolorum fusa est, ut parochia Sanctae Mariae Reginae Apostolorum formaretur<ref name="cc2011">{{Cite web |author=Martin, Michelle |date=2011-07-31 |title=Novissima parochia: Sancta Maria Regina Apostolorum |url=https://www.chicagocatholic.com/chicagoland/-/article/2011/07/31/newest-parish-st-mary-queen-of-apostles |website=Chicago Catholic |accessdate=2025-05-09 |language=en}}</ref>. Anno 2019, haec parochia iterum cum parochiis Sancti Iudae Apostoli et Spiritus Sancti in [[South Holland (Illinois)|South Holland]] fusa est, ut parochia Christi Nostri Salvatoris formaretur, in antiqua ecclesia Sancti Iudae Apostoli sita<ref name="cc2019">{{Cite web |author=Chicago Catholic |date=2019-01-23 |title=Novae structurae parochiales per Renew My Church formatae |url=https://www.chicagocatholic.com/chicagoland/-/article/2019/01/23/new-parish-structures-formed-through-renew-my-church |website=Chicago Catholic |accessdate=2025-05-09 |language=en}}</ref>. == Status hodiernus == Ab anno 2011 clausura, ecclesia venditas est possessori privato, Iosepho Hall (anno 2022), et in ruinam cecidit. Anno 2025, aedificium signa deteriorationis gravis ostendit: tectum perforatum, fenestrae fractae, parietes [[graffiti]] operti, damna aquae, et [[confessionalia]] a personis sine tecto ut latrinae adhibita. Solae [[vitrales fenestrae]] relative integrae manent<ref name="suntimes">{{Cite web |author=Placek, Christophorus |date=2025-05-09 |title=Sancta Maria Assumptionis: Potestne nexus cum Papa Leone XIV ecclesiam vacuam in Meridionali Lato salvare? |url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/architecture-design/2025/05/09/st-mary-of-the-assumption-can-its-connection-to-pope-leo-xiv-save-a-vacant-far-south-side-church |website=Chicago Sun-Times |accessdate=2025-05-10 | vi language=en}}</ref><ref name="bcc">{{Cite web |author=Block Club Chicago |date=2025-05-09 |title=Intra ecclesiam vacuam Meridionalis Latus ubi Papa Leo XIV initium fecit |url=https://blockclubchicago.org/2025/05/09/peek-inside-the-vacant-south-side-church-where-pope-leo-xiv-got-his-start/ |website=Block Club Chicago |accessdate=2025-05-10 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="nbc">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-09 |title=Vide intra: Imagines interius ecclesiae vacuae ubi Papa Leo XIV puer frequentavit |url=https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/see-inside-pictures-show-inside-of-vacant-church-pope-leo-xiv-attended-as-child/3742466/ |website=NBC Chicago |accessdate=2025-05-10 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="rmf">{{Cite web |author=RMF24 |date=2025-05-10 |title=Ecclesia in ruinam versa est. Loca iuventutis Leonis XIV oblita detegimus |url=https://www.rmf24.pl/raporty/raport-konklawe-2025/news-kosciol-zmienil-sie-w-ruine-odkrywamy-zapomniane-miejsca-z-m,nId,7963158 |website=RMF24 |accessdate=2025-05-11 |language=pl}}</ref>. In vico declinatione oeconomica et desertione multarum domorum notato sita, ecclesia post Maium 2025 propter nexum cum [[Leo XIV]] attentionem trahit. Incepta communitatis et defensores patrimonii proposuerunt aedificium conservare vel rehabilitare, sed nulla concreta consilia usque ad Maium 2025 confirmata erant<ref name="suntimes" /><ref name="rmf" />. == Pinacotheca == <gallery> File:Saint_Mary_of_the_Assumption_Church_and_School_Riverdale,_Illinois_Circa_1920_01.jpg|Aedificium ecclesiam et scholam coniungens, circa 1920. </gallery> == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == {{Fontes geographici}} * [https://christoursaviorparish.org/ Situs interretialis Parochiae Christi Nostri Salvatoris] [[Categoria:Ecclesiae Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Leo XIV]] [[Categoria:Sicagum]] jjdrk31el38zc1jl80avubwih8fs6bb 3961769 3961768 2026-05-25T23:17:29Z Bartholomite 116968 /* Pinacotheca */ 3961769 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pagina non annexa}} {{Pagina polienda}} {{res|Ecclesia Sanctae Mariae Assumptionis}} ([[Anglice]] {{barbarice|lingua=en|Saint Mary of the Assumption Church}}) est antiquum [[Archidioecesis Chicagiensis]] [[Ecclesia Catholica|Ecclesiae Catholicae]] [[templum]] parochiale, quod [[Riverdale (Chicago)|Riverdale]], in uno ex [[sectores communitarii Chicagiensis|sectoribus communitatis]] [[Sicagum|Sicagi]] in [[Illinoesia]], situm est. [[Aedificium]], anno [[1886]] conditum annoque [[1957]] modo [[Architectura Renascentia|Renascentiae]] simpliciore refectum, nunc desaffectata{{dubsig}} est. Parochia anno [[2011]] post fusionem{{dubsig}} cum vicina parochia clausa est. Locus notus est praesertim quod Robertus Franciscus Prevost, postea [[Leo XIV]] [[papa]], id [[puer]] frequentavit. == Locus == Templum ad 310 E. 137th Street patet, in vico [[Riverdale (Chicago)|Riverdale]], in ripa meridionali Chicagi, prope fines cum municipio [[Dolton (Illinois)|Dolton]]. Administrative pertinet ad [[Archidioecesis Chicagiensis]] et hodie intra territorium parochiae Christi Nostri Salvatoris, in [[South Holland (Illinois)|South Holland]] sitae, iacet<ref name="christ">{{Cite web |title=Parochia Christi Nostri Salvatoris |url=https://christoursaviorparish.org/ |accessdate=2025-05-10 |language=en}}.</ref>. == Historia == Anno 1886, circiter triginta familiae Catholicae Germano-Americanae, praecipue in industria ferroviaria laborantes, in Riverdale sub ductu Nicolai Mueller, Henrici Stieman, et Matthiae Huechler congregatae sunt, ut ab archiepiscopo [[Patricius Feehan]] creationem parochiae peterent. Ante hoc, fideles ad [[Blue Island (Illinois)|Blue Island]] vel [[Pullman (Chicago)|Pullman]] pro [[Missa]] ire debebant. Feehan petitionem accepit et parochiam [[Benedictini]]s commisit. Prima ecclesia anno 1887 completa est, una cum schola parochiali a [[Pauperes Servae Iesu Christi]] directa. Anno 1903, propter incrementum parochiae, administratio ad presbyteros dioecesanos archidioecesis transiit, et presbyterium anno 1905 constructum est<ref name="arch1920">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/archdioceseofchi00desp/page/518/mode/1up |title=Archidioecesis Chicagiensis: Antecedentes et Progressus |year=1920 |publisher=Des Plaines, Ill.: St. Mary’s Training School Press |others=Catholic Theological Union}}</ref><ref name="dir2007">{{Cite book |author=Kantowicz, Edwardus |url=https://archive.org/details/archdiocesofchic0000edit/mode/1up |title=Directorium Archidioecesis Chicagiensis 2007 |year=2007 |publisher=Archdiocese Pastoral Center |others=Internet Archive}}</ref>. Mense Maio 1917, aedificium ecclesiam et scholam coniungens constructum est, et prima missa ibi mane Natalis Domini eodem anno celebrata est. Magistri huius aedificii erant sodales [[Sorores Caritatis Christianae]]<ref name="arch1920" />. Post [[Bellum Mundanum Secundum]], incrementum demographicum vici ad constructionem novae ecclesiae, anno 1957 completae, duxit<ref name="dir2007" />. Robertus Franciscus Prevost, futurus [[Leo XIV]], in hac parochia crevit, ubi [[acolythus]] et membrum chori fuit. Diplomatium scholae primariae parochialis anno 1969 obtinuit<ref name="tribune">{{Cite web |author=Moilanen, Samantha |date=2025-05-08 |title=White Sox, Pizza Aurelii et Missa Sanctae Mariae: Meridionalis Chicagiensis papa fit |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2025/05/08/robert-prevost-chicago-pope-xiv/ |website=Chicago Tribune |accessdate=2025-05-09 |language=en}}</ref>. Ab annis 1980, numerus catholicorum in regione propter deindustrializationem et [[disinvestitio]]nem decrevit. Anno 2011, parochia tantum 125 familias registratas habebat. Tunc cum parochia Reginae Apostolorum fusa est, ut parochia Sanctae Mariae Reginae Apostolorum formaretur<ref name="cc2011">{{Cite web |author=Martin, Michelle |date=2011-07-31 |title=Novissima parochia: Sancta Maria Regina Apostolorum |url=https://www.chicagocatholic.com/chicagoland/-/article/2011/07/31/newest-parish-st-mary-queen-of-apostles |website=Chicago Catholic |accessdate=2025-05-09 |language=en}}</ref>. Anno 2019, haec parochia iterum cum parochiis Sancti Iudae Apostoli et Spiritus Sancti in [[South Holland (Illinois)|South Holland]] fusa est, ut parochia Christi Nostri Salvatoris formaretur, in antiqua ecclesia Sancti Iudae Apostoli sita<ref name="cc2019">{{Cite web |author=Chicago Catholic |date=2019-01-23 |title=Novae structurae parochiales per Renew My Church formatae |url=https://www.chicagocatholic.com/chicagoland/-/article/2019/01/23/new-parish-structures-formed-through-renew-my-church |website=Chicago Catholic |accessdate=2025-05-09 |language=en}}</ref>. == Status hodiernus == Ab anno 2011 clausura, ecclesia venditas est possessori privato, Iosepho Hall (anno 2022), et in ruinam cecidit. Anno 2025, aedificium signa deteriorationis gravis ostendit: tectum perforatum, fenestrae fractae, parietes [[graffiti]] operti, damna aquae, et [[confessionalia]] a personis sine tecto ut latrinae adhibita. Solae [[vitrales fenestrae]] relative integrae manent<ref name="suntimes">{{Cite web |author=Placek, Christophorus |date=2025-05-09 |title=Sancta Maria Assumptionis: Potestne nexus cum Papa Leone XIV ecclesiam vacuam in Meridionali Lato salvare? |url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/architecture-design/2025/05/09/st-mary-of-the-assumption-can-its-connection-to-pope-leo-xiv-save-a-vacant-far-south-side-church |website=Chicago Sun-Times |accessdate=2025-05-10 | vi language=en}}</ref><ref name="bcc">{{Cite web |author=Block Club Chicago |date=2025-05-09 |title=Intra ecclesiam vacuam Meridionalis Latus ubi Papa Leo XIV initium fecit |url=https://blockclubchicago.org/2025/05/09/peek-inside-the-vacant-south-side-church-where-pope-leo-xiv-got-his-start/ |website=Block Club Chicago |accessdate=2025-05-10 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="nbc">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-09 |title=Vide intra: Imagines interius ecclesiae vacuae ubi Papa Leo XIV puer frequentavit |url=https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/see-inside-pictures-show-inside-of-vacant-church-pope-leo-xiv-attended-as-child/3742466/ |website=NBC Chicago |accessdate=2025-05-10 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="rmf">{{Cite web |author=RMF24 |date=2025-05-10 |title=Ecclesia in ruinam versa est. Loca iuventutis Leonis XIV oblita detegimus |url=https://www.rmf24.pl/raporty/raport-konklawe-2025/news-kosciol-zmienil-sie-w-ruine-odkrywamy-zapomniane-miejsca-z-m,nId,7963158 |website=RMF24 |accessdate=2025-05-11 |language=pl}}</ref>. In vico declinatione oeconomica et desertione multarum domorum notato sita, ecclesia post Maium 2025 propter nexum cum [[Leo XIV]] attentionem trahit. Incepta communitatis et defensores patrimonii proposuerunt aedificium conservare vel rehabilitare, sed nulla concreta consilia usque ad Maium 2025 confirmata erant<ref name="suntimes" /><ref name="rmf" />. == Pinacotheca == <gallery> Saint Mary of the Assumption Church and School Riverdale, Illinois Circa 1920 01.jpg|Aedificium ecclesiam et scholam coniungens, circa 1920. Saint Mary of the Assumption Church combined church and school building 1.jpg|Schola relicta anno 2025. Saint Mary of the Assumption Church Riverdale, Chicago, Illinois Roof Hole and Stained Glass Detail.jpg|Foramen in tecto ecclesiae anno 2025. </gallery> == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == {{Fontes geographici}} * [https://christoursaviorparish.org/ Situs interretialis Parochiae Christi Nostri Salvatoris] [[Categoria:Ecclesiae Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Leo XIV]] [[Categoria:Sicagum]] fea3v0mhskugtoxrxfd4fp1amfk4ywx 0 317435 3961792 3890712 2026-05-26T02:26:09Z Bartholomite 116968 capsa 3961792 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}} {{Capsa documenti pontificii Vicidatorum}} {{ores|Dilexit nos}} est quarta [[papa]]e [[Franciscus (papa)|Francisci]] [[Epistula Encyclica|epistula encyclica]], die [[24 Octobris]] [[2024]] [[Roma]]e edita, cuius titulus iterum datus est ''De humano et divino amore Iesu Christi cordis.'' [[Sacrum Cor Iesu|Sacratissimo Cordi Iesu]] colendo dedicata est, ut encyclicae ''[[Haurietis aquas]]'' [[Pius XII|Pii XII]], ''[[Miserentissimus Redemptor]]'' et ''[[Caritate Christi compulsi]]'' [[Pius XI|Pii XI]] et ''[[Annum sacrum]]'' [[Leo XIII|Leonis XIII]]. Amorem Sacri Cordis ut fundationem doctrinarum socialium encyclicarum Francisci priorum ''[[Laudato si']]'' et ''[[Fratres omnes]]'' ponit. "Dilexit nos" sunt [[Paulus Tarsensis|Pauli apostoli]] verba ex ''[[Epistula ad Romanos]]''. ==Epistulae argumentum== * Caput I. Momentum cordis. * Caput II. Gestus et amoris verba * Caput III. Hoc est cor, quod tantopere dilexit * Caput IV. Amor, qui dat potum * Caput V. Amor pro amore == Nexus externi == * [https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/la/encyclicals/documents/20241024-enciclica-dilexit-nos.html Textus Latinus] * Brockhaus, Hannah (2024-10-24). ''[https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/260057/sacred-heart-encyclical-key-to-pope-francis-pontificate-theologian-says Theologian: Sacred Heart encyclical 'key' to Francis' pontificate]''. Catholic News Agency * Wimmer, AC. ''[https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/260051/pope-francis-releases-first-sacred-heart-encyclical-in-nearly-70-years-connects-devotion-to-ai-digital-age Sacred Heart shows path forward in AI Era, Pope Francis says in new encyclical 'Dilexit Nos']''. Catholic News Agency {{Formula:Encyclicae epistulae a Francisco}} [[Categoria:Encyclicae Francisci]] [[Categoria:Sacrum Cor]] [[Categoria:Scripta 2024]] h5x4l34zpjuof7fw9fftvnk2iijnrkp 3961822 3961792 2026-05-26T05:26:27Z Bartholomite 116968 3961822 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Capsa documenti pontificii Vicidatorum}} {{lres|Dilexit nos}} est quarta [[papa]]e [[Franciscus (papa)|Francisci]] [[Epistula Encyclica|epistula encyclica]], die [[24 Octobris]] [[2024]] [[Roma]]e edita, cuius titulus iterum datus est ''De humano et divino amore Iesu Christi cordis.'' [[Sacrum Cor Iesu|Sacratissimo Cordi Iesu]] colendo dedicata est, ut encyclicae ''[[Haurietis aquas]]'' [[Pius XII|Pii XII]], ''[[Miserentissimus Redemptor]]'' et ''[[Caritate Christi compulsi]]'' [[Pius XI|Pii XI]] et ''[[Annum sacrum]]'' [[Leo XIII|Leonis XIII]]. Amorem Sacri Cordis ut fundationem doctrinarum socialium encyclicarum Francisci priorum ''[[Laudato si']]'' et ''[[Fratres omnes]]'' ponit. "Dilexit nos" sunt [[Paulus Tarsensis|Pauli apostoli]] verba ex ''[[Epistula ad Romanos]]''. ==Epistulae argumentum== * Caput I. Momentum cordis. * Caput II. Gestus et amoris verba * Caput III. Hoc est cor, quod tantopere dilexit * Caput IV. Amor, qui dat potum * Caput V. Amor pro amore == Nexus externi == * [https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/la/encyclicals/documents/20241024-enciclica-dilexit-nos.html Textus Latinus] * Brockhaus, Hannah (2024-10-24). ''[https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/260057/sacred-heart-encyclical-key-to-pope-francis-pontificate-theologian-says Theologian: Sacred Heart encyclical 'key' to Francis' pontificate]''. Catholic News Agency * Wimmer, AC. ''[https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/260051/pope-francis-releases-first-sacred-heart-encyclical-in-nearly-70-years-connects-devotion-to-ai-digital-age Sacred Heart shows path forward in AI Era, Pope Francis says in new encyclical 'Dilexit Nos']''. Catholic News Agency {{Formula:Encyclicae epistulae a Francisco}} [[Categoria:Encyclicae Francisci]] [[Categoria:Sacrum Cor]] [[Categoria:Scripta 2024]] iig0purvrtqe39cn2tomwlhsv0niae8 0 320549 3961760 3950284 2026-05-25T22:28:18Z JimKillock 109532 Correctiones Latinae: "consideratus" → "habitus"; "innovativum" → "novam"; "experimentas" → "experimenta" (neutrum); "reliquiae" → "anaglyptha" (pro relief); "directam dialogum" → "directum dialogum" (masc.); "ethicae et culturalis" → "ethicam et culturalem"; "testimoni" → "testimonii"; "Hic unicus patrimonium" → "Hoc unicum patrimonium" (neutrum); "Contrario contemporaneis" → "Contra contemporaneos"; "confluit" → "confluunt"; "Tempium" → "Templum"; adiuvante Claude AI (Anthropic). 3961760 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-6}} [[Fasciculus:Emilio Sommariva (1883 - 1956) Ritratto dello scultore Giannino Castiglioni (1884-1971).jpg|thumb|Ioanninus Castiglionius.]] {{res|Ioanninus Castiglionius}}{{FD ref}} (natus ''Gioannino Castiglione'' [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] die [[4 Maii]] [[1884]]; [[Liernia]]e mortuus die [[27 Augusti]] [[1971]]) fuit [[sculptor]] [[Italia|Italicus]], inter maximos [[saeculum 20|saeculi vicensimi]] habitus. Innotuit operibus monumentalibus quae disciplinam classicam cum nova arte coniunxerunt, ac pater fuit Achillis, Petri Iacobi, et Livi Castiglioniorum, clarorum [[artifex|artificum]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Designatioi|designandi|en|qid=Q82604}} Italici. Giannino{{dubsig}} Castiglioni{{dubsig}}, proto-designator{{dubsig}} et habitus conditor [[Design italian|design Italici]]{{dubsig}}, fuit magister filiorum suorum [[Achille Castiglioni]]{{dubsig}}, [[Pier Giacomo Castiglioni]]{{dubsig}}, et [[Livio Castiglioni]]{{dubsig}}, qui facti sunt praecipui [[Design industriale|design industrialis Italici]]{{dubsig}}. Per eorum novam [[Metodo Castiglioni|Methodum Castiglioni]]{{dubsig}}, in{{dubsig}} Lierna ad [[Lacus Comensis|lacum Comensem]]{{dubsig}} conceptam, adiuverunt{{dubsig}} ad definiendum [[Made in Italy]]{{dubsig}}, per orbem notum et celebratum. Eorum opera hodie exhibentur in [[Museum of Modern Art|MoMA Novi Eboraci]]{{dubsig}}. == Vita == Ioanninus Castiglionius Mediolani natus est die 4 Maii 1884. Studuit apud [[Academia Brera|Academiam Brerensem]] in urbe patria, ubi [[ars plastica|artes plasticas]] et [[sculptura]]s didicit. Primum in Italia, deinde in aliis [[regio]]nibus, operibus monumentalibus se dedicavit, praesertim [[sacellum|sacellis]], [[sacrarium|sacrariis]], et [[monumentum|monumentis]] militaribus. == Analysis critica == Giannino{{dubsig}} Castiglioni{{dubsig}} hodie universaliter agnoscitur non solum ut praecipuus [[sculptura|sculptor]] Europae [[Saeculum XX]], sed etiam ut figura determinans in [[Sculptura Mundi|sculptura mundi]] saeculi vicesimi. Opera eius profundum dialogum inter [[Ars Classica|traditionem classicam]] et [[Ars Moderna|modernitatem]]{{dubsig}} repraesentat, valores universales ut [[Spiritualitas|spiritualitatem]], [[Memoria Collectiva|memoriam collectivam]]{{dubsig}} et [[Identitas Culturalis|identitatem culturalem]] coniungens, atque significanter afficit [[Design Industrialis]]{{dubsig}} hodiernus per [[Methodus Castiglioni]]{{dubsig}}, ut{{dubsig}} proto-designatio Italica recognita<ref>Franco Russoli, ''La scultura italiana del Novecento'', Milano, Electa, 1968.</ref>. Creatio eius spatia urbana et sacra in loci aestheticae experientiae et meditationis philosophicae transformat, faciens [[Lierna]]{{dubsig}} circa [[Lacus Comensis|Lacum Comensem]]{{dubsig}} punctum inter gentes pro [[Turismus Culturalis|artibus peregrinantibus]],{{dubsig}} [[Critici Artis|criticis]]{{dubsig}} et [[Collectores Artis|collectoribus]]{{dubsig}}.<ref>Giovanni Agosti, ''Maestri lombardi del Novecento'', Milano, Skira, 2019.</ref> Contra contemporaneos ut [[Marino Marini]]{{dubsig}} vel [[Giacomo Manzù]],{{dubsig}} qui ad introspectivas et personales experimenta{{dubsig}} inclinati sunt, Castiglioni{{dubsig}} "[[Realismus Monumentalis|realismum monumentalem]]"{{dubsig}} evolvit, ubi claritas figurativa et densitas symbolica cum complexitate{{dubsig}} conceptuali confluunt, dialogum cum traditione et modernitate constituentes<ref>Paolo Biscottini, ''Arte sacra a Milano nel XX secolo'', Milano, Vita e Pensiero, 2004.</ref>. [[Portae Sancti Ambrosii (Cathedrale Mediolanensis)|Portae]] [[Duomo Mediolanensis]],{{dubsig}} [[Relief|anaglyptha]]{{dubsig}} sacra, cycli sculpturales [[Universitas Catholica Sacri Cordis (Mediolanum)|Universitatis Catholicae Sacri Cordis]] et magni [[monumentum|monumenta]] in toto orbe corpus constituunt, ubi omnis opus est "[[Locus Memoriae|locus memoriae]]", condensans historiam, spiritualitatem, et reflectionem{{dubsig}} [[ethica|ethicam]] et [[cultura|culturalem]] saeculi XX.<ref>Andrea Spiriti, ''Scultura sacra e memoria civile nel Novecento lombardo'', Como, NodoLibri, 2011.<!-- + pagina? --></ref> Peritia eius in [[Aes|aere]] et [[Relief|anaglyphis]], una cum rara narratione visibili{{dubsig}} etiam in [[Pictura|picturis]], demonstrat unicam facultatem ad memoriam collectivam et problemata philosophico-existentialia in imagines evocativas transferendi<ref>Franco Russoli, op. cit.</ref>. Castiglioni{{dubsig}} conceptum [[Monumentalitas|artis monumentalis modernae]] redefinit{{dubsig}} ut{{dubsig}} synthesis [[Spiritus|spiritualitatis]], testimonii historici et valoris aesthetici absoluti, creando opera quae directum dialogum cum publico globali et critica internationali instaurant<ref>Paolo Biscottini, op. cit.</ref>. Recuperatio [[Sketch|schematum]] et [[Modellus Praeparatorius|modellorum praeparatoriorum]]{{dubsig}} in{{dubsig}} annis recentibus plenam creativam autonomiam operum eius confirmavit, ostendens energiam compositivam, tensionem formalem et elegantiam methodologicam<ref>Giovanni Agosti, op. cit.</ref>. Hoc unicum patrimonium Castiglioni{{dubsig}} consolidat ut{{dubsig}} figura indispensabilis pro [[Collectores Artis|collectoribus]] et [[Musea|museis internationalibus]], adiuvans [[Lierna]] ut{{dubsig}} nexus itinerariorum artisticorum et culturalium circa [[Lacus Comensis|Lacum Comensem]].{{dubsig}} Per Castiglioni,{{dubsig}} [[sculptura Italica]] plene in circuitu [[Ars Mundi|artis mundi]] inseritur: capacitas eius ad coniungendum [[Monumentalitas|monumentalitatem]], [[Ars Sacra|sacralitatem]] et [[Ars Moderna|innovationem]] eum non solum nationalem referentiam facit, sed magistrum universalem, cuius pondus conceptuale et potentia expressiva aequat [[Auguste Rodin]]{{dubsig}}, [[Aristide Maillol]]{{dubsig}}, vel [[Henry Moore]]{{dubsig}}<ref>Andrea Spiriti, op. cit.</ref>. Omnis opus fit intensa et meditativa experientia aesthetica, capax attrahendi visitatores, studiosos et amatores artis ex toto orbe. == Opera selecta == * Sculpturae pro [[Duomo Mediolanense|Cathedrali Mediolanensi]] (porta principalis). * Monumenta militum in [[Monte Grappa]] et [[Redipuglia]]{{dubsig}} (Sacrarium Militare). * ''Templum Ossarium Timavi'' in Carnia.{{dubsig}} * Monumentum in honorem Papae Pii XI in [[Desio]]{{dubsig}}. * Sculpturae pro ''Palatio Legislativo'' [[Montevideo]] in [[Uraquaria]]. == Hereditas == Castiglionius unus ex praestantissimis sculptoribus Italicis saeculi vicensimi habetur. Multa eius opera in Italia et extra patriam visuntur. Per filios suos Achillem, Petrum Iacobum, et Livium, notos artifices designandi, etiam fundamenta posuit quod pater designandi Italici appellatur. Eius [[ars]] cum [[Lierna]], vico in ripa [[Lacus Comensis|Lacus Comensis]]{{dubsig}}, coniungitur, ubi diu vixit et ubi complura opera effinxit; ita vicus ipse tamquam [[museum]] sub divo describitur. == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Giannino Castiglioni|Ioanninum Castiglionium}} * [http://www.fondazionecastiglioni.it/ Situs interretialis Operis Fundati Castiglioniani.]{{Nexus deficit|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [https://www.duomomilano.it/ Situs interretialis Cathedralis Mediolanensis.] {{Lifetime|1884|1971|Castiglionius, Ioanninus}} [[Categoria:Mediolanenses]] [[Categoria:Sculptores Italici]] obudaqveb9mqfy4fnra21xptdfpk57d 3961776 3961760 2026-05-25T23:52:20Z IacobusAmor 1163 3961776 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-6}} [[Fasciculus:Emilio Sommariva (1883 - 1956) Ritratto dello scultore Giannino Castiglioni (1884-1971).jpg|thumb|Ioanninus Castiglionius.]] {{res|Ioanninus Castiglionius}}{{FD ref}} (natus ''Gioannino Castiglione'' [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] die [[4 Maii]] [[1884]]; [[Liernia]]e mortuus die [[27 Augusti]] [[1971]]) fuit [[sculptor]] [[Italia|Italicus]], inter maximos [[saeculum 20|saeculi vicensimi]] habitus. Innotuit operibus monumentalibus quae disciplinam classicam cum nova arte coniunxerunt, ac pater fuit Achillis, Petri Iacobi, et Livi Castiglioniorum, clarorum [[artifex|artificum]] {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Designatioi|designandi|en|qid=Q82604}} Italici. Giannino{{dubsig}} Castiglioni{{dubsig}}, proto-designator{{dubsig}} et habitus conditor [[Design italian|design Italici]]{{dubsig}}, fuit magister filiorum suorum [[Achille Castiglioni]]{{dubsig}}, [[Pier Giacomo Castiglioni]]{{dubsig}}, et [[Livio Castiglioni]]{{dubsig}}, qui facti sunt praecipui [[Design industriale|design industrialis Italici]]{{dubsig}}. Per eorum novam [[Metodo Castiglioni|Methodum Castiglioni]]{{dubsig}}, in{{dubsig}} Lierna ad [[Lacus Comensis|lacum Comensem]]{{dubsig}} conceptam, adiuverunt{{dubsig}} ad definiendum [[Made in Italy]]{{dubsig}}, per orbem notum et celebratum. Eorum opera hodie exhibentur in [[Museum of Modern Art|MoMA Novi Eboraci]]{{dubsig}}. == Vita == Ioanninus Castiglionius Mediolani natus est die 4 Maii 1884. Studuit apud [[Academia Brera|Academiam Brerensem]] in urbe patria, ubi [[ars plastica|artes plasticas]] et [[sculptura]]s didicit. Primum in Italia, deinde in aliis [[regio]]nibus, operibus monumentalibus se dedicavit, praesertim [[sacellum|sacellis]], [[sacrarium|sacrariis]], et [[monumentum|monumentis]] militaribus. == Analysis critica == Giannino{{dubsig}} Castiglioni{{dubsig}} hodie universaliter agnoscitur non solum ut praecipuus [[sculptura|sculptor]] Europae [[Saeculum XX]], sed etiam ut figura determinans in [[Sculptura Mundi|sculptura mundi]] saeculi vicesimi. Opera eius profundum dialogum inter [[Ars Classica|traditionem classicam]] et [[Ars Moderna|modernitatem]]{{dubsig}} repraesentat, valores universales ut [[Spiritualitas|spiritualitatem]], [[Memoria Collectiva|memoriam collectivam]]{{dubsig}} et [[Identitas Culturalis|identitatem culturalem]] coniungens, atque significanter afficit [[Design Industrialis]]{{dubsig}} hodiernus per [[Methodus Castiglioni]]{{dubsig}}, ut{{dubsig}} proto-designatio Italica recognita<ref>Franco Russoli, ''La scultura italiana del Novecento'', Milano, Electa, 1968.</ref>. Creatio eius spatia urbana et sacra in loci aestheticae experientiae et meditationis philosophicae transformat, faciens [[Lierna]]{{dubsig}} circa [[Lacus Comensis|Lacum Comensem]]{{dubsig}} punctum inter gentes pro [[Turismus Culturalis|artibus peregrinantibus]],{{dubsig}} [[Critici Artis|criticis]]{{dubsig}} et [[Collectores Artis|collectoribus]]{{dubsig}}.<ref>Giovanni Agosti, ''Maestri lombardi del Novecento'', Milano, Skira, 2019.</ref> Contra contemporaneos ut [[Marino Marini]]{{dubsig}} vel [[Giacomo Manzù]],{{dubsig}} qui ad introspectivas et personales experimenta{{dubsig}} inclinati sunt, Castiglioni{{dubsig}} "[[Realismus Monumentalis|realismum monumentalem]]"{{dubsig}} evolvit, ubi claritas figurativa et densitas symbolica cum complexitate{{dubsig}} conceptuali confluunt, dialogum cum traditione et modernitate constituentes<ref>Paolo Biscottini, ''Arte sacra a Milano nel XX secolo'', Milano, Vita e Pensiero, 2004.</ref>. [[Portae Sancti Ambrosii (Cathedrale Mediolanensis)|Portae]] [[Duomo Mediolanensis]],{{dubsig}} [[Relief|anaglyptha]]{{dubsig}} sacra, cycli sculpturales [[Universitas Catholica Sacri Cordis (Mediolanum)|Universitatis Catholicae Sacri Cordis]] et magni [[monumentum|monumenta]] in toto orbe corpus constituunt, ubi omnis opus est "[[Locus Memoriae|locus memoriae]]", condensans historiam, spiritualitatem, et reflectionem{{dubsig}} [[ethica|ethicam]] et [[cultura|culturalem]] saeculi XX.<ref>Andrea Spiriti, ''Scultura sacra e memoria civile nel Novecento lombardo'', Como, NodoLibri, 2011.<!-- + pagina? --></ref> Peritia eius in [[Aes|aere]] et [[Relief|anaglyphis]], una cum rara narratione visibili{{dubsig}} etiam in [[Pictura|picturis]], demonstrat unicam facultatem ad memoriam collectivam et problemata philosophico-existentialia in imagines evocativas transferendi<ref>Franco Russoli, op. cit.</ref>. Castiglioni{{dubsig}} conceptum [[Monumentalitas|artis monumentalis modernae]] redefinit{{dubsig}} ut{{dubsig}} synthesis [[Spiritus|spiritualitatis]], testimonii historici et valoris aesthetici absoluti, creando opera quae directum dialogum cum publico globali et critica internationali instaurant<ref>Paolo Biscottini, op. cit.</ref>. Recuperatio [[Sketch|schematum]] et [[Modellus Praeparatorius|modellorum praeparatoriorum]]{{dubsig}} in{{dubsig}} annis recentibus plenam creativam autonomiam operum eius confirmavit, ostendens energiam compositivam, tensionem formalem et elegantiam methodologicam<ref>Giovanni Agosti, op. cit.</ref>. Hoc unicum patrimonium Castiglioni{{dubsig}} consolidat ut{{dubsig}} figura indispensabilis pro [[Collectores Artis|collectoribus]] et [[Musea|museis internationalibus]], adiuvans [[Lierna]] ut{{dubsig}} nexus itinerariorum artisticorum et culturalium circa [[Lacus Comensis|Lacum Comensem]].{{dubsig}} Per Castiglioni, [[sculptura Italica]] plene in circuitu [[Ars Mundi|artis mundi]] inseritur: capacitas eius ad coniungendum [[Monumentalitas|monumentalitatem]], [[Ars Sacra|sacralitatem]] et [[Ars Moderna|innovationem]] eum non solum nationalem referentiam facit, sed magistrum universalem, cuius pondus conceptuale et potentia expressiva aequat [[Auguste Rodin]]{{dubsig}}, [[Aristide Maillol]]{{dubsig}}, vel [[Henry Moore]]{{dubsig}}<ref>Andrea Spiriti, op. cit.</ref>. Omnis opus fit intensa et meditativa experientia aesthetica, capax attrahendi visitatores, studiosos et amatores artis ex toto orbe. == Opera selecta == * Sculpturae pro [[Duomo Mediolanense|Cathedrali Mediolanensi]] (porta principalis). * Monumenta militum in [[Monte Grappa]] et [[Redipuglia]]{{dubsig}} (Sacrarium Militare). * ''Templum Ossarium Timavi'' in Carnia.{{dubsig}} * Monumentum in honorem Papae Pii XI in [[Desio]]{{dubsig}}. * Sculpturae pro ''Palatio Legislativo'' [[Montevideo]] in [[Uraquaria]]. == Hereditas == Castiglionius unus ex praestantissimis sculptoribus Italicis saeculi vicensimi habetur. Multa eius opera in Italia et extra patriam visuntur. Per filios suos Achillem, Petrum Iacobum, et Livium, notos artifices designandi, etiam fundamenta posuit quod pater designandi Italici appellatur. Eius [[ars]] cum [[Lierna]], vico in ripa [[Lacus Comensis|Lacus Comensis]], coniungitur, ubi diu vixit et complura opera effinxit; ita vicus ipse tamquam [[museum]] sub divo describitur. == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Giannino Castiglioni|Ioanninum Castiglionium}} * [http://www.fondazionecastiglioni.it/ Situs interretialis Operis Fundati Castiglioniani.]{{Nexus deficit|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [https://www.duomomilano.it/ Situs interretialis Cathedralis Mediolanensis.] {{Lifetime|1884|1971|Castiglionius, Ioanninus}} [[Categoria:Mediolanenses]] [[Categoria:Sculptores Italici]] jyha36x2gm7ay593sf8fe4q93wn0fvm 0 320671 3961689 3916771 2026-05-25T13:32:26Z Makenzis 101971 3961689 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-2}} '''Associatio Pediludii Florentiae Florentina'''{{FD ref}} ([[Italiane]] ''Associazione Calcio Firenze Fiorentina''), sive '''ACF Florentina''' vel '''Florentina''' tantum, est [[Italia|Italica]] [[Pediludium|pediludii]] societas, [[Florentia]]e in [[Tuscia]] sita. Nunc (annis [[Serie A 2025-2026|2025-2026]]) in [[Serie A]], prima pediludii Italiae categoria, ludit. {{Capsa societatis pediludii | nomen = ACF Fiorentina <br />''APF Florentina'' | imago = ACF Fiorentina - logo (Italy, 2022).svg | nomen plenum = Associazione Calcio Firenze Fiorentina <br />''Associatio Pediludii Florentia Florentina'' | nomina alia = ''Purpurei'' (Italice: Viola)<br />''Liliatii'' (Italice: Gigliati) | instituta = [[1926]] | domus = [[Stadium Artemius Franchi]]<br />[[Florentia]], [[Tuscia|in Tuscia]],<br />[[Italia|in Italia]] | capacitas = 43.147 | dominus = [[Rochus Commisso]] | procurator = [[Stefanus Pioli]] | liga = [[Serie A|Series A]] | tempus = 2025-26 | locus = Series A, XV. }} == Historia == Fiorentina nata est anno [[1926]] (die [[29 Augusti]]) e [[Luigi Ridolfi Vay da Verazzano]], cum coniunctionem ''Palestra Ginnastica Fiorentina Libertas'' et ''Club Sportivo Firenze''. == Victoriae == * 2 [[Serie A]]: 1955-1956, 1968-1969. * 6 [[Coppa Italia]]: 1939-1940, 1960-1961, 1965-1966, 1974-1975, 1995-1996, 2000-2001. * 1 [[Supercoppa italiana]]: 1996. * 1 [[Poculum Poculium|Coppa delle Coppe]]: 1960-1961. * 1 [[Mitropa Cup]]: 1966. * 1 [[Poculum Italia-Anglia|Coppa di Lega Italo-Inglese]]: 1975. * 1 [[Poculum Grasshoppers|Coppa Grasshoppers]]: 1952-1957. * 1 [[Poculum James and Thomas Hogg-Poculum Transatlantic|Trofeo Hogg-Coppa Transatlantica]]: 2014. * 3 [[Serie B]]: 1930-1931, 1938-1939, 1993-1994. * 1 [[Serie C|Serie C2]]: 2002-2003. * 1 [[Supercoppa Serie C|Supercoppa Serie C2]]: 2003. * 1 [[Pirelli Cup]]: 2004. * 1 [[Poculum "Costa del Sol"|Costa del Sol]]: 2014. * 1 [[Memorial Baretti]]: 1989. * 4 [[Poculum Renatus Dall'Ara|Coppa Renato Dall'Ara]]: 1965-1966, 1974-1975, 1995-1996, 2000-2001. * 3 [[Memorial Cecchi Gori]]: 1995, 1997, 2000. * 1 [[Visit Malta Tournament]]: 2019. * 1 [[Opel Cup]]: 2018. * 1 [[Super Mecz]]: 2014. * 1 [[Poculum Pratum|Coppa Triangolare di Prato]]: 1995. * 1 [[Poculum Castelnovus Forum Clodii|Coppa Triangolare di Castelnuovo di Garfagnana]]: 2004. * 1 [[Cup of Tradition]]: 2018. * 1 [[International Cup]]: 2022. * 1 [[Poculum La Nazione|Coppa "La Nazione"]]: 1959. * 1 [[Poculum belli Tusciae|Campionato Toscano di guerra]]: 1944-1945. == Lusores 2025-2026 == {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" !N. !Ruolo !Calciatore |- |1 |P |Luca Lezzerini |- |2 |D |Dodô |- |5 |D |Marin Pongračić |- |6 |D |Luca Ranieri (C) |- |7 |C |Simon Sohm |- |8 |C |Rolando Mandragora |- |9 |A |Edin Džeko |- |10 |A |Albert Guðmundsson |- |11 |C |Abdelhamid Sabiri |- |14 |C |Hans Nicolussi Caviglia |- |15 |D |Pietro Comuzzo |- |18 |D |Pablo Marí |- |20 |A |Moise Kean |- |21 |D |Robin Gosens |- |22 |C |Jacopo Fazzini |} | {| class="wikitable" !N. !Ruolo !Calciatore |- |23 |D |Eman Košpo |- |24 |C |Amir Richardson |- |26 |D |Mattia Viti |- |27 |C |Cher Ndour |- |29 |D |Niccolò Fortini |- |30 |P |Tommaso Martinelli |- |43 |P |David de Gea |- |44 |C |Nicolò Fagioli |- |48 |D |Tariq Lamptey |- |60 |D |Eddy Kouadio |- |61 |A |Riccardo Braschi |- |65 |D |Fabiano Parisi |- |91 |A |Roberto Piccoli |- |99 |A |Christian Kouamé |} |} {{NexInt}} * [[Florentia]] * [[Stefanus Pioli]] * [[Serie A]] * [[Serie A 2025-2026]] * [[Tuscia]] == Nexus externi == *[https://www.acffiorentina.com/ Situs interretialis ACF Florentinae proprius.] [[Categoria:Pediludium italicum]] 1zsrpa8so8c4x2qglrp00lhunogkpqg 0 320938 3961672 3919285 2026-05-25T12:20:45Z Makenzis 101971 3961672 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Consociatio Disportiva Lupiae''' ([[Italiane]] ''Unione Sportiva Lecce''), sive '''US Lecce''' tantum, est [[Italia|Italica]] [[Pediludium|pediludii]] societas, [[Lupiae|Lupiis]] in [[Apulia]] sita. Nunc (annis [[Serie A 2025-2026|2025-2026]]) in [[Serie A]], prima pediludii Italiae categoria, ludit. {{Capsa societatis pediludii | nomen = US Lecce <br />''CD Lupiae'' | imago = 600px bordered Blue HEX-1F2980 striped Red HEX-ED1B23 Yellow HEX-FFF200.svg | nomen plenum = Associazione Sportiva Lecce <br />''Consociatio Disportiva Lupiae'' | nomina alia = ''Sallentini'' (Italice: Salentini)<br />''Lupi'' (Italice: Lupi) | instituta = [[1908]] | domus = [[Stadium Via del Mare]]<br />[[Lupiae]], [[Apulia|in Apulia]],<br />[[Italia|in Italia]] | capacitas = 31.461 | dominus = [[Saverius Sticchi Damiani]] | procurator = [[Eusebius Di Francesco]] | liga = [[Serie A|Series A]] | tempus = 2025-26 | locus = Series A, XVII. }} == Historia == ''Sporting Club Lecce'' natus est annus [[1908]] (die [[15 Martii]]) cum activitates quoque in [[ludus gymnicus campestris]] et [[birotatio]]. == Victoriae == * 2 [[Serie B]] (2009-2010, 2021-2022) * 4 [[Serie C]] (1945-1946, 1975-1976, 1995-1996, 2017-2018) * 1 [[Coppa Italia Serie C]] (1975-1976) * 1 [[Anglo-Italian Semiprofessional Tournament]] (1976) * 1 [[Serie A|Prima Divisione Sud]] (1928-1929) == Lusores 2025-2026 == {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" !N. !R. !Lusor |- |1 |P |Christian Früchtl |- |3 |D |Corrie Ndaba |- |4 |D |Kialonda Gaspar |- |5 |D |Jamil Siebert |- |6 |C |Álex Sala |- |7 |A |Tete Morente |- |8 |C |Hamza Rafia |- |9 |A |Nikola Štulić |- |10 |C |Medon Berisha |- |11 |A |Konan N'Dri |- |13 |D |Matias Perez |- |14 |C |Þórir Jóhann Helgason |- |17 |D |Danilo Veiga |- |18 |D |Gaby Jean |- |19 |A |Lameck Banda |- |20 |C |Ylber Ramadani |- |21 |D |Christ-Owen Kouassi |- |22 |A |Francesco Camarda |} | {| class="wikitable" !N. !R. !Lusor |- |23 |A |Riccardo Sottil |- |25 |D |Antonino Gallo |- |28 |C |Olaf Gorter |- |29 |C |Lassana Coulibaly |- |30 |P |Wladimiro Falcone (C) |- |32 |P |Jasper Samooja |- |33 |P |Plamen Penev |- |36 |C |Filip Marchwiński |- |44 |D |Tiago Gabriel |- |50 |A |Santiago Pierotti |- |75 |C |Balthazar Pierret |- |77 |C |Mohamed Kaba |- |80 |C |Niko Kovač |- |93 |C |Youssef Maleh |- | |D |Cristian Pehlivanov |- | |D |Elijah Scott |- | |D |Frédéric Guilbert |} |} == Nexus interni == * [[Eusebius Di Francesco]] * [[Lupiae]] * [[Serie A]] * [[Serie A 2025-2026]] == Nexus externi == *[https://uslecce.it/ Situs interretialis US Lecce.] [[Categoria:Pediludium italicum]] {{Nexus absunt}} fh5z323x88afzq1geppplhgrfdd5yku 4 322505 3961753 3960565 2026-05-25T21:51:58Z MediaWiki message delivery 62628 /* Tech News: 2026-22 */ nova pars 3961753 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__<nowiki />[[Categoria:Vicipaedia]][[Categoria:Fora Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]]{{Capsa paginae|1= Haec pagina nuntios technicos qui e [[MediaVici]] proveniunt praebet. Vide etiam [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2016|nuntios anni 2016]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2017|nuntios anni 2017]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2018|nuntios anni 2018]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2019|nuntios anni 2019]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2020|nuntios anni 2020]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2021|nuntios anni 2021]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2022|nuntios anni 2022]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2023|nuntios anni 2023]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2024|nuntios anni 2024]] et [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2025|nuntios anni 2025]]. }} == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-03</span> == {{Accepta|Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2025|Tech News: 2026-03|Nuntia ad novum annum mota --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]}} <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * As part of the current work of Community Tech team on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W372|Multiple watchlists]] project, the display of [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]] will be updated as a first step towards multiple watchlists. Additionally, the pagination on [[Special:Search|Search]] will be updated too, as a part of the work on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W186|Revamp pagination / page navigation]] wish. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411596] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] is a MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that lets you see your watchlists from different wikis on the same page. It was recently updated to look more like the regular [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]], such as preparing it for temporary accounts in IP masking (including rerouting user links to contributions pages), making page titles bold, and opening links in edit summaries and tags in new browser tabs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398361][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298919][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273526][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286309] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where global blocks did not have the option to disable sending emails, has now been fixed, and will be available for use in the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401293] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Citation tool|VisualEditor citation tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] now support "map" as a reference type. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411083] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]/[[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.11|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W03"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:32, 12 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29907192 --> == Thank You for Last Year – Join Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 == {{Accepta|Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2025|Thank You for Last Year – Join Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Nuntium ad novum annum motum --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]}} Dear Wikimedia communities, We hope you are doing well, and we wish you a happy New Year. ''Last year, we captured light. This year, we’ll capture legacy.'' In 2025, communities around the world shared the glow of Ramadan nights and the warmth of collective iftars. In 2026, ''Wiki Loves Ramadan'' is expanding, bringing more stories, more cultures, and deeper global connections across Wikimedia projects. We invite you to explore the ''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026'' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Meta page]] to learn how you can participate and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/Participating communities|sign up]] your community. 📷 ''Photo campaign on '' [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Wikimedia Commons]] If you have questions about the project, please refer to the FAQs: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ/|Meta-Wiki]] * [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ|Wikimedia Commons]] ''Early registration for updates is now open via the '''[[m:Special:RegisterForEvent/2710|Event page]]''''' ''Stay connected and receive updates:'' * [https://t.me/WikiLovesRamadan Telegram channel] * [https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/wikilovesramadan.lists.wikimedia.org/ Mailing list] We look forward to collaborating with you and your community. '''The Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 Organizing Team''' 19:45, 16 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29879549 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> ;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 Dear Wiki Community, We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia. The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects. ;About the Campaign '''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices. ;What Can Participants Write About? Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to: * Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations * Folk dances, music, and traditional performances * Women and queer figures in folklore * Women in mythology and oral traditions * Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives * Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends * Folk games, sports, and cultural practices Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools. ;How to Sign Up as an Organizer Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community: # Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] # Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool # Prepare a local article list and clearly mention: #* Campaign timeline #* Local and international prizes # Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]] # Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]''' ;Campaign Tools The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants: * '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats. * '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]''' ;Learn More & Get Support For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''. If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via: * '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]''' * Email us using details on the contact page. ;Join Us We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia. Thank you and best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]''' ---- ''Stay connected:'' [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> == Invitation to Host Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 in Your Country == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Hello everyone, We are delighted to invite Wikimedia affiliates, user groups, and community organizations worldwide to participate in '''Wiki Loves Folklore 2026''', an international initiative dedicated to documenting and celebrating folk culture across the globe. ;About Wiki Loves Folklore '''Wiki Loves Folklore''' is an annual international photography competition hosted on Wikimedia Commons. The campaign runs from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and encourages photographers, cultural enthusiasts, and community members to contribute photographs that highlight: * Folk traditions and rituals * Cultural festivals and celebrations * Traditional attire and crafts * Performing arts, music, and dance * Everyday practices rooted in folk heritage Through this campaign, we aim to preserve and promote diverse folk cultures and make them freely accessible to the world. [[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026|Project page on Wikimedia Commons]] ; Host a Local Edition As we celebrate the '''eight edition''' of Wiki Loves Folklore, we warmly invite communities to organize a local edition in their country or region. Hosting a local campaign is a great opportunity to: * Increase visibility of your region’s folk culture * Engage new contributors in your community * Enrich Wikimedia Commons with high-quality cultural content '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026/Organize|Sign up to organize]]:''' If your team prefers to organize the competition in ''either February or March only'', please feel free to let us know. If you are unable to organize, we encourage you to share this opportunity with other interested groups or organizations in your region. ;Get in Touch If you have any questions, need support, or would like to explore collaboration opportunities, please feel free to contact us via: * The project Talk pages * Email: '''support@wikilovesfolklore.org''' We are also happy to connect via an online meeting if your team would like to discuss planning or coordination in more detail. Warm regards, '''The Wiki Loves Folklore International Team''' </div> [[Usor:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:MediaWiki message delivery|disputatio]]) 13:21, 18 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=29228188 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-04</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The tray shown on [[Special:Diff|Special:Diff]] in mobile view has been redesigned. It is now collapsed by default, and incorporates a link to undo the edit being viewed, making it easier for mobile editors and reviewers to take action while keeping the interface uncluttered. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402297] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now automatically determines the text direction (ensuring correct display of sites with unusual domain names) and shows detailed descriptions for log actions. Later this week, a new permanent link for page creations and CSS classes for each entry element will be added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T412505][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287929][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262768][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414135] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the previously observed issue in Vector 2022, where anchor link targets were obscured by the sticky header, has now been addressed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406114] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As mentioned in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|October 2025 deprecation announcement]], MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin sunsetting all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the MediaWiki REST API the week of January 26. Changes are expected to roll out to all wikis on or before January 30th. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found, compared, and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox]. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in Phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board]. * Interactive reference documentation for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia REST API|Wikimedia REST API]] has moved. Requests to API docs previously hosted through [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase|RESTBase]] (e.g.: <code dir=ltr>https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/</code>) are now redirected to the [[w:en:Special:RestSandbox|REST Sandbox]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|WMF Wikidata Platform team]] (WDP) has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|January 2026 newsletter]]. It includes updates on the legacy full-graph endpoint decommissioning, the User-Agent policy change, the monthly Blazegraph migration office hours, and efforts to reduce regressions caused by the legacy endpoint shutdown. As a reminder, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/WDP team updates|subscribe to the WDP newsletter]]! * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.12|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications opened mid-December and will close soon or when capacity is reached. It's a two-day, technically oriented hackathon bringing together Wikimedians from the region. Hope to see you there! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W04"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:29, 19 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29943403 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Annual review of the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 9 February 2026. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]])<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> 21:01, 19 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29905753 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-05</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia Foundation invites comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Year1 Reflections and Proposed Way Forward 2026 Update|proposed future]] of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] until 28 February. * All users with registered accounts can now use passkeys for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). Passkeys are a simple way to log in without using a second device. They verify the user's identity using a fingerprint, face scan, or a PIN code. To set up a passkey, first set up a regular 2FA method. Currently, to log in with a passkey, users must also use a password. Later this quarter, passwordless login will allow users to log in with a single click and a passkey. Users with advanced rights will also be required to have 2FA enabled. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project. * Unregistered contributors on blocked IPs or blocked IP ranges can now interact on-wiki to appeal a block by creating a temporary account to appeal a block on the user talk page, unless the "prevent this user from editing their own talk page" is enabled. This solves the problem of logged-out users unable to use the default unblock process via user talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398673] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) methods description on the management page has been updated. It is now clearer and easier for users to understand and make use of. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332385] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new AbuseFilter variable, <code>account_type</code>, has been added to provide a reliable way to determine the account type being created in the <code>createaccount</code> and <code>autocreateaccount</code> actions. As part of this change, the variable <code>accountname</code> has been renamed to <code>account_name</code>, and <code>accountname</code> is now deprecated. Edit filter managers should update any filters that use hardcoded account type checks or the deprecated variable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414049] * Image thumbnails that are requested in non-standard sizes, and using non-standard methods such as direct requests to <code dir=ltr><nowiki>upload.wikimedia.org/…</nowiki></code> will stop working in the near future. This change is to prevent ongoing external abuse by web-scrapers and bots. Some users with custom CSS/JS, Interface Admins who can fix gadgets and local skins, and Tool-authors, will need to update their code to use standard thumbnail sizes. [[phab:T414805|Details, search-links, and examples of how to fix them, are available in the task]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.13|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W05"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:17, 26 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29969530 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-06</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The "{{int:pageinfo-toolboxlink}}" feature, which gives validating information about a page ([{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=info}} example]), now automatically includes a table of contents. If there is a local [[{{ns:8}}:Pageinfo-header]] page created by individual users, it can now be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363726] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, VisualEditor previously added bold or italic formatting inside link descriptions, making the wikicode complex. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409669] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * There was no XML dump on 20 January. Additionally, from now on, dumps will be generated once per month only. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414389] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team removed support for all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/API:REST%20API MediaWiki REST API]. All API users currently calling those endpoints are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''Weekly highlight''' * Users are reminded that the Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W06"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:43, 2 Februarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30000986 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-07</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Logged-in contributors who manage large or complex watchlists can now organise and filter watched pages in ways that improve their workflows with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|Watchlist labels]] feature. By adding custom labels (for example: pages you created, pages being monitored for vandalism, or discussion pages) users can more quickly identify what needs attention, reduce cognitive load, and respond more efficiently. This improves watchlist usability, especially for highly active editors. * A new feature available on [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] shows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] that are likely operated by the same person, and so makes patrolling less time-consuming. Upon checking contributions of a temporary account, users with access to temporary account IP addresses can now see a view of contributions from the related temporary accounts. The feature looks up all the IPs associated with a given temporary account within the data retention period and shows all the contributions of all temporary accounts that have used these IPs. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts#February 2026: Improvements to the patroller tooling|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415674] * When editors preview a wikitext edit, the reminder box that they are only seeing a preview (which is shown at the top), now has a grey/neutral background instead of a yellow/warning background. This makes it easier to distinguish preview notes from actual warnings (for example, edit conflicts or problematic redirect targets), which will now be shown in separate warning or error boxes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414742] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now properly supports more than one Wikibase site, for example both [[d:|Wikidata]] and [[testwikidata:|testwikidata]]. In addition, issues regarding text direction have been fixed for users who prefer Wikidata or other Wikibase sites in right-to-left (RTL) languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415440][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415458] * The automatic "magic links" for ISBN, RFC, and PMID numbers have been [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic links|deprecated in wikitext since 2021]] due to inflexibility and difficulties with localization. Several wikis have successfully replaced RFC and PMID magic links with equivalent external links, but a template was often required to replace the functionality of the ISBN magic link. There is now a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#isbn|built-in parser function]] <code dir=ltr><nowiki>{{#isbn}}</nowiki></code> available to replace the basic functionality of the ISBN magic link. This makes it easier for wikis who wish to migrate off of the deprecated magic link functionality to do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T145604] * Two new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35401|Jju]] ([[w:kaj:|<code>w:kaj:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413283] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q1186896|Nawat]] ([[w:ppl:|<code>w:ppl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413273] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new global user group has been created: [[{{int:grouppage-local-bot}}|{{int:group-local-bot}}]]. It will be used internally by the software to allow community bots to bypass rate limits that are applied to abusive [[w:en:Web scraping|web scrapers]]. Accounts that are approved as bots on at least one Wikimedia wiki will be automatically added to this group. It will not change what user permissions the bot has. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415588] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Spring 2026|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Spring 2026]] will be held March 25–27 in Salt Lake City, USA. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AZBWVI46SDEB65PGR5J6E4TYOQQEZXM7/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W07"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:29, 9 Februarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30026671 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-08</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Team]] will be performing a cleanup of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Etherpad|Etherpad]] instance, the web-based editor for real-time collaborative document editing. All pads will be permanently deleted after 30 April, 2026 – if there are still migration projects in progress at that point the team can revisit the date on a case by case basis. Please create local backups of any content you wish to keep, as deleted data cannot be recovered. This cleanup helps reduce database size and minimize infrastructure footprint. Etherpad will continue to support real-time collaboration, but long-term storage should not be expected. Additional cleanups may occur in the future without prior notice. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415237] '''Updates for editors''' * The Information Retrieval team will be launching an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|Android mobile app experiment]] that tests hybrid search capabilities which can handle both semantic and keyword queries. The improvement of on-platform search will enable readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. The experiment will first be launched on Greek Wikipedia in late February, followed by English, French, and Portuguese in March. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/08/semantic-search-making-it-easier-to-find-the-information-readers-want/ Read more] on Diff blog. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Information_Retrieval] * The Reader Growth team will run [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.10.2 Mobile Table of Contents|an experiment]] for mobile web users, that adds a table of contents and automatically expands all article sections, to learn more about navigation issues they face. The test will be available on Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. * Previously, site notices ([[{{ns:8}}:Sitenotice]] and [[{{ns:8}}:Anonnotice]]) would only render on the desktop site. Now, they will render on all platforms. Users on mobile web will now see these notices and be informed. Site administrators should be prepared to test and fix notices on mobile devices to avoid interference with articles. To opt out, interface admins can add <code dir="ltr">#siteNotice { display: none; }</code> to [[{{ns:8}}:Minerva.css]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138572][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416644] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue on [[Special:RecentChanges|Special:RecentChanges]] has been fixed. Previously, clicking hide in the active filters caused the "view new changes since…" button to disappear, though it should have remained visible. The button now behaves as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406339] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * New documentation is now available to help editors debug on-site search features. It supports troubleshooting when pages do not appear in results, when ranking seems unexpected, and when you need to inspect what content is being indexed, helping make search behavior easier to understand and analyze. [[mw:Help:CirrusSearch/Debug|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411169] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W08"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:16, 16 Februarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30086330 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-09</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Reference Check|Reference Check]] has been deployed to English Wikipedia, completing its rollout across all Wikipedias. The feature prompts newcomers to add a citation before publishing new content, helping reduce common citation-related reverts and improve verifiability. In A/B testing, the impact was substantial: newcomers shown Reference Check were approximately 2.2 times more likely to include a reference on desktop and about 17.5 times more likely on mobile web. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/reference_check_ab_test_report_final_2025.html] '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:InterwikiSorting|InterwikiSorting extension]], which allowed for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interwiki sorting order|sorting of interwiki links]], has been undeployed from Wikipedia. As a result, editors who had enabled interwiki link sorting in non-compact mode (full list format) will now see links reordered. The links moving forward will be listed in the alphabetical order of language code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253764] * Later this week, people who are editing a page-section using the mobile visual editor, will notice a new "Edit full page" button. When tapped, you will be able to edit the entire article. This helps when the change you want to make is outside the section you initially opened. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409112] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|The Reader Experience team]] is inviting editors to assess whether dark mode should still be considered "beta" on their wiki, based on their experience of how well it functions on desktop and mobile. If the feature is deemed mature, editors can update the interface messages in <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:skin-theme-description</code> and <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Vector-night-mode-beta-tag</code> to indicate that dark mode is ready and no longer considered beta. * The improved [[mw:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Activity_Tab|Activity tab]] which displays user-insights is now available to all users of the Wikipedia iOS app (version 7.9.0 and later). Following earlier A/B testing that showed higher account creation among users with access to the feature, it has been rolled out to 100% of users along with some updates. The Activity tab now shows your edited articles in the timeline, offers editing impact insights like contribution counts and article view trends, and customization options to improve in-app experience for users. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug that prevented [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] from working on mobile has now been fixed, restoring full functionality. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415303] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that makes this possible continues to improve. The latest upgrade is the inclusion of a [[mw:Extension:GlobalWatchlist#hook|new hook]], <code dir=ltr>ext.globalwatchlist.rebuild</code>, which fires after each watchlist rebuild. This allows you to run gadgets and user scripts for the Special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275159] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W09"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:03, 23 Februarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30119102 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-10</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikipedia 25 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments|Birthday mode]] is now live on Betawi, Breton, Chinese, Czech, Dutch, English, French, Gorontalo, Indonesian, Italian, Luxembourgish, Madurese, Sicilian, Spanish, Thai, and Vietnamese Wikipedias! This limited-time campaign feature celebrates 25 years of Wikipedia with a birthday mascot, Baby Globe. When turned on, Baby Globe is shown on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments/article configuration|~2,500 articles]], waiting to be discovered by readers. Communities can choose to turn Birthday mode on by getting consensus from their community and asking an admin to enable the feature and customize it via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments#Community Configuration Demo|community configuration]] on the local wiki. '''Updates for editors''' * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to Swedish Wikipedia, Polish Wikipedia and [[:phab:T418209|a couple of other wikis]]. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|try the feature]] on these projects or on testwiki and [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing betawiki]. Learnings from the first pilot wiki German Wikipedia have been [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Learnings|published in a report]]. Reach out to the Wikimedia Deutschland team if you are [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|interested in becoming a pilot wiki]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Paste check|Paste Check]] will become available at all Wikipedias this week. The feature prompts newcomers who are pasting text they are not likely to have written into VisualEditor to consider whether doing so risks a copyright violation. Paste Check [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tags|tags]] all edits where it is shown for potential review. Local administrators can configure various aspects of the feature via [[{{#special:EditChecks}}]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Paste Check#A/B Experiment|Research]] across 22 wikis found that Paste Check resulted in an 18% decrease in relative reverted-edits compared to the control group. Translators can [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw-editcheck&filter=&optional=1&action=translate help to localize] this and related features. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] will be standardizing the user menu in the top right for all mobile users so that it is closer to the desktop experience. Currently this user menu is only visible to users with Advanced Mobile Controls (AMC) turned on. The only change is that a couple buttons previously in the left-side menu will move to the top right for users who do not have AMC turned on. This change is expected to go out March 9 and seeks to improve the user interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413912] * Starting in the week of March 2, the emails sent out when an email address was added, removed, or changed for an account will switch to a substantially nicer and clearer HTML email from the prior plaintext one. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410807] * Notifications are currently limited to 2,000 historic entries per user, and extend back to 2013 when the feature was released. This is going to be changed to only store Notifications from the last 5 years, but up to 10,000 of them. This will help with long-term infrastructure health and help to prevent more recent notifications from disappearing too soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page continues to see improvements. The latest update improves label usage experience. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] now allows activating the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback languages|language fallback system]] for Wikidata items without labels in the viewed language, and showing those labels in the user’s preferred Wikidata language if no <code dir=ltr>uselang=</code> URL parameter is provided. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373686][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416111] * The Wikipedia Android team has started a beta test of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|hybrid search]] on Greek Wikipedia. Hybrid search capabilities can handle both semantic and keyword queries enabling readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. * For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Currently, 2FA is required to use the group, but not to be a member of it. Given that this model still has some vulnerabilities, the situation will [[phab:T418580|gradually change in March]]. Members of these groups will be unable to disable last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the second half of March, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. This applies to: CentralNotice administrators, checkusers, interface administrators, suppressors, Wikidata staff, Wikifunctions staff, WMF Office IT and WMF Trust & Safety. Nothing will change for other users. See the linked task for deployment schedule. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418580] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue preventing users from creating an instance in [https://www.wikibase.cloud/ Wikibase.cloud] has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416807] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], over the next month the Wikimedia Foundation will implement global API rate limits across our APIs. In early March, stricter limits will be applied to unidentified requests from outside Toolforge/WMCS and API requests that are made from web browsers. In April, higher limits will be applied to identified traffic. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * The Wikidata Query Service Linked Data Fragment (LDF) endpoint will be decommissioned in February. This endpoint served limited traffic, which was successfully migrated to other data access methods that were better suited to support existing use cases. The hardware used to support the LDF endpoint will be reallocated to support the ongoing backend migration efforts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415696] * The new Parsoid parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], improving platform sustainability and making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. Parsoid is now the default parser on 488 WMF wikis (268 Wikipedias), now covering more than 10% of all Wikipedia page views. * The process and criteria for [[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise#Access|requesting exceptional access]] to the high volume feed of the ''Wikimedia Enterprise'' APIs (at no cost for mission-aligned usecases), [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Enterprise#Exceptional access criteria|have now been published]]. This is to provide more thorough and clearer documentation for users. * [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Tech Blog], the blog dedicated to the Wikimedia technical community [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2026/02/24/a-tech-blog-diff/ will be migrating] to [[diffblog:|Diff]], the community news and event blog. The migration should be complete in April 2026, after which new posts will be accepted for publishing. Readers will be able to access posts – old and new – on the landing page at https://diff.wikimedia.org/techblog. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.18|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W10"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:51, 2 Martii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30137798 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-11</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. * Last week, all wikis had 2 hours of read-only time, and extended unavailability for user-scripts and gadgets. This was due to a security incident which has since been resolved. Work is ongoing to prevent re-occurrences. For current information please see the [[m:Steward's noticeboard#Statement on Meta about today's user script security incident|post on the Stewards' noticeboard]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Product Safety and Integrity/March 2026 User Script Incident|translations]]). '''Updates for editors''' * Users facing multiple blocks on mobile will now see the reasons for each block separately, instead of a generic message. This helps them understand why they are blocked and what steps they can take to resolve the issue. For example, users affected for using common VPNs (such as [[Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|iCloud Private Relay]]) will receive clearer guidance on what they need to do to start editing again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357118] * Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] will become available as a beta feature within the visual editor at all Wikipedias. This feature proactively suggests various types of actions that people can consider taking to improve Wikipedia articles, and learn about related guidelines. The feature is locally configurable, and can also be locally expanded with custom Suggestions. Current settings can be seen at [[Special:EditChecks]] and there are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators %E2%80%93 local customization|instructions for how administrators can customize]] the links to point to local guidelines. The feature is connected to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit check]] which suggests improvements while someone is writing new content. In the future, the Editing team plans to evaluate the feature's impact with newcomers through a controlled experiment. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404600] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where the cursor became misaligned during the use of CodeMirror’s syntax highlighting, which makes wikitext and code easier to read, has now been fixed. This problem specifically affected users who defined a font rule in a custom stylesheet while creating a new topic with DiscussionTools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418793] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * API rate limiting update: To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], global API rate limits will be applied this week to requests without a compliant User-Agent that originate from outside Toolforge/WMCS and to unauthenticated requests made from web browsers. Higher limits will be applied to identified traffic in April. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * The new GraphQL API has been released. The API was developed as a flexible alternative to select features of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS), to improve developer experience and foster adaptability, and efficient data access. Try it out and [[d:Wikidata:Wikibase GraphQL#Feedback and development|give feedback]]. You can also [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/GraphQLAPI/apply sign up for usability tests]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|PTAC Unsupported Tools Working Group]] continued improvements to [[commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons#|Video2Commons]] in February, with fixes addressing authentication errors, large-file handling, task queue visibility, and clearer upload behavior. Work is still ongoing in some areas, including changes related to deprecated server-side uploads. Read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group#February 2026|this update]] to learn more. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Article Guidance team invites experienced Wikipedia editors from selected [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators#Collaborators|pilot wikis]] and interested contributors from other Wikipedias to fill out this questionnaire which is available in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfmLeVWnxmsCbPoI_UF2jyRcn73WRGWCVPHzerXb4Cz97X_Ag/viewform English], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd6rzr4XXQw8r4024fE3geTPFe13M_6w7Mitj-YJi0sOlWTAw/viewform?usp=header Arabic], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdok3-RfB18lcugYTUMGkpwmqG_8p760Wv4dCXitOXOszjUDw/viewform?usp=header Bengali], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfjTfYp4jEo0akA4B1e-Nfg3QZPCudUjhJzHzzDi6AHyAaMGA/viewform?usp=header Japanese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScteVoI29Aue4xc72dekk-6RYtvmMgQxzMI900UOawrFrSTWg/viewform?usp=header Portuguese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSetdxnYwL3ub2vqA7awCg5hJZPMIYcDPaiTe12rY9h0GYnVlw/viewform?usp=header Persian], and [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScNvfJF-Ot-4pzA4qAN771_0QDJ4Li19YcUsaTgSKW8Nc7U_Q/viewform?usp=header Turkish]. Your answers will help the team customize guidance for less experienced editors and help them learn community policies and practices while creating an article. Learn more [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|on the project page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W11"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:52, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30213008 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-12</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature, also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], has been used for wikitext syntax highlighting since November 2024. It will be promoted out of beta by May 2026 in order to bring improvements and new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Features|features]] to all editors who use the standard syntax highlighter. If you have any questions or concerns about promoting the feature out of beta, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|please share]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * Some changes to local user groups are performed by stewards on Meta-Wiki and logged there only. Now, interwiki rights changes will be logged both on Meta-Wiki and the wiki of the target user to make it easier to access a full record of user's rights changes on a local wiki. Past log entries for such changes will be backfilled in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6055] * On wikis using [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]], the number of pending changes shown on [[{{#Special:PendingChanges}}]] previously counted pages which were no longer pending review, because they have been removed from the system without being reviewed, e.g. due to being deleted, moved to a different namespace, or due to wiki configuration changes. The count will be correct now. On some wikis the number shown will be much smaller than before. There should be no change to the list of pages itself. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413016] * Wikifunctions composition language has been rewritten, resulting in a new version of the language. This change aims to increase service stability by reducing the orchestrator's memory consumption. This rewrite also enables substantial latency reduction, code simplification, and better abstractions, which will open the door to later feature additions. Read more about [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-11|the changes]]. * Users can now sort search results alphabetically by page title. The update gives an additional option to finding pages more easily and quickly. Previously, results could be sorted by Edit date, Creation date, or Relevance. To use the new option, open 'Advanced Search' on the search results page and select 'Alphabetically' under 'Sorting Order'. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403775] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons from importing files from Flickr has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419263] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new special page, [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}]], has been created to list transcluded pages that are flagged as containing lint errors to help users discover them easily. The list is sorted by the number of transclusions with errors. For example: [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}/night-mode-unaware-background-color]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170874] * Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature have been using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages, for some time now. Along with promoting CodeMirror 6 out of beta, the plan is to replace CodeEditor as the standard editor for these content models by May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|Feedback or concerns are welcome]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] JavaScript modules will soon be upgraded to CodeMirror 6. Leading up to the upgrade, loading the <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror</code> or <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.lib</code> modules from gadgets and user scripts was deprecated in July 2025. The use of the <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.switch</code> hook was also deprecated in March 2025. Contributors can now make their scripts or gadgets compatible with CodeMirror 6. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror#Gadgets and user scripts|migration guide]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373720] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team is expanding coverage of REST API module definitions to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API/Extensions|extension APIs]]. REST API modules are groups of related endpoints that can be independently managed and versioned. Modules now exist for [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414470 GrowthExperiments] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419053 Wikifunctions] APIs. As we migrate extension APIs to this structure, documentation will move out of the main MediaWiki OpenAPI spec and REST Sandbox view, and will instead be accessible via module-specific options in the dropdown on the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox] (i.e., [[{{#Special:RestSandbox}}]], available on all wiki projects). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] extension provides different pieces of information about the wiki where the module is being used via the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual|mw.site]] library. Starting last week, the library also provides a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.site.wikiId|way]] of accessing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Wiki ID|wiki ID]] that can be used to facilitate cross-wiki module maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146616] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|2026 Coolest Tool Award]] celebrating outstanding community tools, is now open for nominations! Nominate your favorite tool using the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/435684?lang=en nomination survey] form by 23 March 2026. For more information on privacy and data handling, please see the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Coolest_Tool_Award_2026_Survey_Privacy_Statement|survey privacy statement]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W12"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:35, 16 Martii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30260505 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-13</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikimedia site users can now log in without a password using passkeys. This is a secure method supported by fingerprint, facial recognition, or PIN. With this change, all users who opt for passwordless login will find it easier, faster, and more secure to log in to their accounts using any device. The new passkey login option currently appears as an autofill suggestion in the username field. An additional [[phab:T417120|"Log in with passkey" button]] will soon be available for users who have already registered a passkey. This update will improve security and user experience. The [[c:File:Passwordless_login_screencast.webm|screen recording]] demonstrates the passwordless login process step by step. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia site users can now export their notifications older than 5 years using a [[toolforge:echo-chamber|new Toolforge tool]]. This will ensure that users retain their important notifications and avoid them being lost based on the planned change to delete notifications older than 5 years, as previously announced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * Wikipedia editors in Indonesian, Thai, Turkish, and Simple English now have access to Special:PersonalDashboard. This is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Dashboard|early version of an experience]] that introduces newer editors to patrolling workflows, making it easier for them to move from making edits to participating in more advanced moderation work on their project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402647] * The [[Special:Block]] now has two minor interface changes. Administrators can now easily perform indefinite blocks through a dedicated radio button in the expiry section. Also, choosing an indefinite expiry provides a different set of common reasons to select from, which can be changed at: [[MediaWiki:Ipbreason-indef-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401823] * Mobile editors [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Logged-out|at several wikis]] can now see an improved logged-out edit warning, thanks to the recent updates from the Growth team. These changes released last week are part of ongoing efforts and tests to enhance [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|account creation experience on mobile]] and then increase participation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408484] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented mobile web users from seeing the block information when affected by multiple blocks has been fixed. They can now see messages of all the blocks currently affecting them when they access Wikipedia. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Images built using Toolforge will soon get the upgraded buildpacks version, bringing support for newer language versions and other upstream improvements and fixes. If you use Toolforge Build Service, review the recent [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EMYTA32EV2V5SQ2JIEOD2CL66YFIZEKV/ cloud-announce email] and update your build configuration as necessary to ensure your tools are compatible. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Toolforge/Building_container_images&oldid=2392097#Buildpack_environment_upgrade_process][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380127] * The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal] documentation wiki will shut down in June 2026. API keys created on the API Portal will continue to work normally. api.wikimedia.org endpoints will be deprecated gradually starting in July 2026. Documentation on the API Portal is moving to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is considering improvements to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|automatically generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Please check out the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|proposed solutions]] and participate in the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|request for comment]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W13"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:50, 23 Martii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30268305 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-14</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Beta version of [[abstract:|Abstract Wikipedia]] a new Wikimedia project which is language-independent, was launched last week. The project allows communities to build Wikipedia articles in their native language, which can be readily accessed by other users in their own languages. The wiki is powered by instructions from Wikifunctions and also based on structured content from Wikidata. [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-26|Read more]]. '''Updates for editors''' * The Growth team is running an A/B test to evaluate a clearer, more user-friendly message that promotes account creation on wikis. Currently when logged-out mobile users begin editing, they see a jarring warning message that can feel abrupt and discouraging. This also presents temporary account editing as the default rather than encouraging account creation. The test is running on ten Wikipedias, including Arabic, French, Spanish and German. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#2. Improve logged-out warning message (T415160)|Read more]]. * The Wikimedia Apps team is inviting feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|how editing should work on the Wikipedia mobile apps]]. The discussion focuses on improving how users access editing tools when they tap "Edit". This is part of a broader effort to convert readers who develop an interest in editing, to access a more user-friendly pathway to start contributing. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:45}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:45|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where citation fetching from the large newspaper archive [https://www.newspapers.com Newspapers.com] was no longer working, due to a block in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|Citoid]] requests, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419903] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W14"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:25, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30329462 --> == Join the sixth Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia 2026.png|right|250px|thumb|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%27s_Cultural_Diplomacy_Month_2026|Join our campaign!]] {{int:please-translate}} Dear Wikipedians! [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the sixth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from '''1st April''' until '''30th April 2026'''. The initiative aims to promote knowledge about Ukrainian culture abroad by creating and improving Wikipedia articles in multiple languages. This year marks the sixth edition of the campaign, which will focus on contemporary culture, making today’s artistic voices and practices more visible to international audiences. 🧩'''How to participate?''' Choose an article from the suggested list → Write an article in your language, or improve an existing one according to the rules → Add your contribution to the contest page and calculate your points → Win prizes and receive a certificate of participation → Become a promoter of truthful knowledge about Ukraine. 🧩'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Check our main page for more information]]'''. '''If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.''' If not, then we encourage you to translate the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|landing page of the contest]] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCDM2026banner&messages=&language=en&x=D banner] into your own language. Also, we set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in this challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) 04:35, 1 April 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:OlesiaLukaniuk_(WMUA)/list_of_wikis&oldid=28552112 --> == Action Required: Update templates/modules for electoral maps (Migrating from P1846 to P14226) == Hello everyone, This is a notice regarding an ongoing data migration on Wikidata that may affect your election-related templates and Lua modules (such as <code>Module:Itemgroup/list</code>). '''The Change:'''<br /> Currently, many templates pull electoral maps from Wikidata using the property [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]], combined with the qualifier [[:d:Property:P180|P180]]: [[:d:Q19571328|Q19571328]]. We are migrating this data (across roughly 4,000 items) to a newly created, dedicated property: '''[[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]]'''. '''What You Need To Do:'''<br /> To ensure your templates and infoboxes do not break or lose their maps, please update your local code to fetch data from [[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]] instead of the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] + [[:d:Property:P180|P180]] structure. A [[m:Wikidata/Property Migration: P1846 to P14226/List|list of pages]] was generated using Wikimedia Global Search. '''Deadline:'''<br /> We are temporarily retaining the old data on [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] to allow for a smooth transition. However, to complete the data cleanup on Wikidata, the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] statements will be removed after '''May 1, 2026'''. Please update your modules and templates before this date to prevent any disruption to your wiki's election articles. Let us know if you have any questions or need assistance with the query logic. Thank you for your help! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] using [[Usor:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:MediaWiki message delivery|disputatio]]) 17:11, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29941252 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-15</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] now includes a new group goal-setting feature, enabling organizers to set and track event goals such as the number of articles created and participating contributors in real time. Similarly, participants can work toward shared targets and see their collective impact as the event unfolds. The feature is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Learn more in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Collaborative contributions#Goal setting|the documentation]]. * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|watchlist labels]] feature (announced in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Tech News 2026-07]]) is now available via VisualEditor, the source editor, and the 'watchstar' (or watch link, for skins that don't have a star icon). Previously it was only possible to assign labels via [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]]. In all three places it is a new field following the expiry field. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where talk pages on mobile with Parsoid are unusable after empty section headers, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419171] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]], which lets editors add details to an existing reference without duplicating it, will be gradually rolled out to [[phab:T414094|more wikis]] later this year. Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] gadget are encouraged to update their version (typically at [[m:MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js|MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]] as shown [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1344408362 here]) to ensure compatibility. Other reference-related gadgets may also be affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416304] * All Wikinews editions will be closed and switched to read-only mode on 4 May 2026. Content will remain accessible, but no new edits or articles can be added. This closure was approved by the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation following extended discussions. [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard#Board of Trustees Approves Closure of Wikinews|Read more]]. * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Action API|Action API]] has had several formats for requested output. One of them, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>format=php</nowiki></code></bdi>, is being removed soon. Please ensure your scripts or bots use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Data formats#Output|JSON format]]. This removal should affect very few scripts and bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T118538] * The [[Special:NamespaceInfo|Special:NamespaceInfo]] page now includes namespace aliases. For example "WP" for the "Project" ("Wikipedia") namespace on the German Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381455] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W15"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:18, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30362761 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-16</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Experienced editors are invited to [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Main_Page test] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature, designed to help less-experienced editors create well-structured, policy-compliant Wikipedia articles. Testing instructions are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide|available]]. Also, after reviewing [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance the outlines], please provide feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Article guidance|project talk page]]. Based on your input, the feature will be refined and transferred to the pilot Wikipedias to translate and adapt. Check out [[c:File:Article Guidance workflow demo - April 2026.webm|the video]] explaining the feature. '''Updates for editors''' * On most wikis, all autoconfirmed users can now use [[Special:ChangeContentModel|Special:ChangeContentModel]] page to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|create new pages with custom content models]], such as mass message lists, making custom page formats more accessible. Check [[Special:ListGroupRights|Special:ListGroupRights]] for the status of your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248294] * The Growth team has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account_Creation_Experiments|account creation experiment]] to evaluate whether adding an account creation button to the mobile web header increases new account registrations and encourages more mobile users to contribute to the wikis. The experiment is currently live on Hindi, Indonesian, Bengali, Thai, and Hebrew Wikipedia, and targets 10% of logged-out mobile web users. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where VisualEditor could get stuck loading on Windows devices with animations turned off, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382856] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting later this week, {{int:group-abusefilter}} who have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature enabled will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] as the editor at [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]]. This is part of the broader effort to make the user experience more consistent across all editors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399673][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * Tools and bots that access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications/API|Notifications API]] (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=query&meta=notifications</nowiki></code></bdi>) will need to update their OAuth or BotPassword grants to also include access to private notifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421991] * Due to a library upgrade, listings on category pages may be displayed out of order starting on Monday, 20th April. A migration script will be run to correct this, and will take hours to days depending on the size of the wiki (up to a week for English Wikipedia). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T422544] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W16"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:18, 13 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30380527 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-17</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * After two years of development, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]], also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], is to be promoted out of beta on Tuesday, April 21. It brings better code and wikitext readability, reduction in typing errors, and other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|benefits]] to all users of the standard syntax highlighter. A huge thank you to volunteer [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/p/Bhsd/ Bhsd] who developed many of the new features, including [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Code folding|code folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linting]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * A major update to the Wikipedia app for iOS is now rolling out, redesigning the interface to align with Apple's latest "Liquid Glass" visual design. [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia/id324715238 Download the latest version] and explore the update. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading lists]] is a feature which allows readers to save articles to a list for reading later. This feature is now in beta on Arabic, French, Indonesian, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and by default for all new accounts on all Wikipedias. * An experiment which explores extending [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Page Previews to mobile web]] will be launched in the week of April 20 on Arabic, English, French, Italian, Polish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. Page Previews are pop-ups that display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and a link to open the full article of a blue link, thereby improving content discovery. The feature is already available on desktop and in the apps. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology#Template|Read more about this experiment and others]]. * On several wikis, logged-in editors who haven't [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email confirmation|confirmed their email addresses]] can now see a banner encouraging them to do so. Having the email address confirmed allows a user to restore access to the account if they lose it. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Encouraging users to confirm their email addresses|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421366] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:15}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:15|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where editing very large wiki pages in the 2017 wikitext editor caused slow loading, preview and scrolling lag, and performance issues when selecting, cutting, or pasting content, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184857] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As part of the promotion of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] from a beta feature, all users will use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * The <code>mirrors.wikimedia.org</code> service for Debian and Ubuntu users will sunset and stop working on May 15. The resources for the service will be replaced with new and better options. Some users may need to switch to a different server which should take about a minute. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LJYRIS4WB66HIRCAO4GIDTXCMDVZRBMA/ You can read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416707] * The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> table will be removed from [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|wikireplicas]]. If your tools or queries access <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> directly, please update them to use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>file</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>filerevision</nowiki></code></bdi> table before 28 May. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T28741] * Following the recent implementation of global API rate limits on unidentified traffic, the Wikimedia Foundation will continue efforts to ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]] by applying global limits to identified API traffic beginning the last week of April. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Attribution API|Attribution API]] is now available as a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Stability policy|beta]]. The API fetches information for crediting Wikimedia articles and media files wherever they are used. Reference documentation is available through the REST Sandbox special page available on all Wikimedia wikis (such as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=attribution.v0-beta&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST sandbox on English Wikipedia]). Share your feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Attribution API|project talk page]]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W17"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14:59, 20 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30432763 --> == Request for comment (global AI policy) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies for writing in English. {{int:Please-translate}} A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[Usor:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:MediaWiki message delivery|disputatio]]) 00:58, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) </bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30424282 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * There is a change in how new users are autoconfirmed that will improve anti-vandalism protection. Currently, users who have had an account for a few days and made a few edits are automatically added to the [[{{int:grouppage-autoconfirmed/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}|{{int:group-autoconfirmed}}]] group. This configuration tends to be exploited by some vandals, who create accounts and start to use them only after some time. To mitigate this, the configuration will be updated next week so that – for the purpose of becoming autoconfirmed – the account age will be counted from their first edit, instead of registration date. The numeric value of the age threshold will remain the same. This change will be deployed only to wikis which require at least one edit as part of the autoconfirmation conditions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418484] * All Wikipedia users with new accounts and those who activated the "automatically enable most beta features" option in their preference can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|reading lists]] beta feature to save articles for later reading. This helps organize reading interests in one place for convenient access. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where infobox images have huge padding in Firefox, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As a reminder, the global API rate limits will be applied this week to identified API traffic. This is to help ensure [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]]. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, including the actual rate limits, see [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.26|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:05, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30458046 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-19</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] team invites experienced editors of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators|pilot Wikipedias]]—Arabic, Bangla, Japanese, Portuguese, Persian, Turkish, Simple English, Spanish, and French—to help translate and adapt [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance sample outlines]. These outlines will guide editors in creating clear, well-structured, and policy-compliant articles when using [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Special:NewArticle the feature] once it is launched in May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|Simple instructions]] on how to translate and adapt the outlines are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] has published [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|draft recommendations]] on a model that affiliates can follow when contributing to the technical space. Community members are invited to provide feedback on the recommendation until May 8th [[:m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|on the talk page]]. * The number of available thumbnail size preferences in MediaWiki is being reduced to three standardized options—Small (180px), Regular (250px), and Large (400px), as part of ongoing efforts to improve performance and reduce strain on thumbnail services. As a result, existing preferences will be mapped to the nearest new size (for example, smaller selections like 120px or 150px will render at 180px, while larger ones like 300px or 360px will render at 400px). The preferences interface will soon be updated to reflect these changes, and users who wish to opt out or provide feedback can do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424909] * From now on, even when a permission expires automatically, users will receive an Echo notification similar to the standard notification for permission changes. There is a difference between this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]] in that the latter reminds users a week ''before'' the rights are due to expire, so that they can renew the rights. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the problem where the ULS language selector in [[m:Special:Translate|Special:Translate]] would scroll vertically when it shouldn't, has been resolved. Previously, when users opened the "Translate to English" dropdown and typed certain inputs, the dialog would scroll vertically by a few pixels even when there was enough space to display all results. The dropdown no longer shifts unnecessarily when filtering languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358864] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]], which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page, continues to improve. For example, watchlists for Wikibase sites such as [[:d:|Wikidata]] now support [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EntitySchema|EntitySchema]] elements for better tracking. The Live Updates mode now refreshes the special page every 60 seconds to comply with the updated [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] for improved real-time responsiveness. Additionally, a directionality bug that displayed links as "changes 3" instead of "3 changes" in mixed-direction lists has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415450][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424422][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418091] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The second phase of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] has been rolled out to reduce the [[diffblog:2026/03/26/quo-vadis-crawlers-progress-and-whats-next-on-safeguarding-our-infrastructure/|impact of AI crawlers]] and ensure fair, sustainable access to Wikimedia resources, prioritising human and mission-aligned traffic. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits#Limits|Limits]] have been shifted from per-hour to per-minute, producing smoother traffic patterns and more predictable API load. Community users are not expected to be affected, and no action is required. Early indications show some User-Agent-based requestors are adjusting behaviour, and around 64% of automated API traffic has been identified. Monitoring continues, and Wikimedia Enterprise remains available for commercial support. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.27|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W19"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:42, 4 Maii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30498077 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-20</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Community Tech has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/How to write a good wish|new guidance]] explaining how wishes on Community Wishlist are triaged and prioritized. The documentation is intended to help contributors write stronger proposals by clarifying the factors that influence prioritization decisions. Beyond vote counts, the guidance highlights considerations such as potential impact on the community when determining which wishes move forward. '''Updates for editors''' * The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment to test a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Share_Card|Share Card feature]] that allows readers to create visually engaging cards from Wikipedia articles or selected article sections and share them online, with each card linking back to the original article to help expand readership and article discovery. The mobile-only A/B test will be available to a portion of readers on Arabic, Chinese, French, Vietnamese, and English Wikipedia to better understand reading and sharing habits, and is scheduled to begin the week of May 18 and run for four weeks. * The Android and iOS Wikipedia apps recently released the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/25th_Birthday_Reading_Challenge|25-day reading challenge]] into Beta, as part of efforts to drive reader engagement by encouraging users to complete reading milestones. To track their reading streak during the challenge, App users can add a widget featuring Baby Globe to their home screen. The challenge officially begins May 11. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:17}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:17|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the global preference for enabling syntax highlighting in wikitext could unexpectedly disable itself after being turned on, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425286] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader module <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.ui.input</nowiki></code></bdi>, deprecated since [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|September 2023]], will be removed this week. There is a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420125] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W20"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:20, 11 Maii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30524429 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-21</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Abstract Wikipedia team has identified five potential pilot wikis to assess their interest in adopting abstract articles on their wikis. The pilots are Malayalam, Bengali, Dagbani, Arabic, and Indonesian Wikipedia. The feedback period will be open until May 22. If your community is interested in becoming a pilot, [[m:Talk:Abstract Wikipedia|let us know on Meta]]. '''Updates for editors''' * An experiment to show [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]] to logged-out readers on mobile web will launch on May 18 across German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu Wikipedias, and will run for one month. The effort supports broader goals of helping readers save and organize articles for later reading, while encouraging habits that could lead to future Wikipedia contributions. * To support a bookmark button in the Reading List beta feature, the "Tools > Action" menu has been updated to display icons, including the watch star indicator that helps editors identify temporarily watched articles. The icons now also match those used on mobile, improving consistency across platforms. The change is currently limited to the actions menu and mainly affects editors with privileged user rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T426008] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] was released as an [[w:en:A/B test|A/B test]] for newcomer editors on the mobile website at [[phab:T421189|~15 Wikipedias]]. The experiment will measure the impact that Suggestion Mode has on the proportion of newcomer mobile web edit sessions that result in constructive (un-reverted) article edits. The experiment will also evaluate the feature's impact on editor retention, and monitor changes in revert and block rates. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue in the Wikipedia Android app where images could sometimes fail to load after opening a recommended reading list notification, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418231] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|Wikidata Platform team]] has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/Backend Replacement|backend replacement recommendation]] and accompanying [[wikitech:Wikidata Query Service/WDQS Architecture re-design|technical architecture]] for the migration of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) away from Blazegraph. Feedback is invited until May 25th 2026, especially on potential gaps and impacts on advanced use cases. Wikidata community members and WDQS users are also encouraged to help identify high-impact tools and workflows that may need attention on [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/High-Impact Use Cases|this page]]. Feedback can be shared on the [[d:Wikidata talk:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update|Migration talk page]] or during the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Blazegraph Migration Office Hours|next office hour]]. See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|WDP team newsletter]] for more details. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * On English, French, Japanese, and a few other Wikipedias, there was a [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|trial of hCaptcha]], a third-party bot detection service. The trial showed that hCaptcha effectively detects and deters some bad-faith automated activity, on its own and by giving [[w:en:Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)/Archive 225#Introducing SuggestedInvestigations|checkusers and stewards]] signals to look into. Because the results were positive, hCaptcha will be rolled out across all wikis over the next few weeks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|See the hCaptcha project page]] for technical information about the implementation and privacy protections. [[diffblog:2026/05/04/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha-part-2/|Learn more]]. * The latest Community Tech update is now available, with progress across several Community Wishlist initiatives, including Reading Lists expansion from the mobile app to the website, new language support for "Who Wrote That" and the Personal Dashboard, improvements to 3D rendering and Charts, and upcoming work on talk page sorting, audio playback, and editing workflows. The update also shares current priorities, wishlist status trends, and opportunities for community feedback on future focus areas and the Wikimedia Foundation’s 2026–2027 Annual Plan. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 13, 2026: Latest updates from the Community Tech team|Read the full newsletter for details]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W21"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:21, 18 Maii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30539262 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-22</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Following a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#LOWM|successful account creation experiment]], an improved logged-out edit warning message will be deployed to all Wikimedia wikis in the first week of June. The change will only affect logged-out users on mobile web who open an editing session. The updated experience is designed to encourage account creation more clearly, while still allowing users to edit with temporary accounts. Results from the experiment showed a significant increase in account creation, with a 27% relative lift among users shown the updated message. As expected, as more people funnel into account creation, temporary accounts decreased by a relative 16%. The experiment did not show any significant changes in constructive edit rates or other monitored contributor metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424595] '''Updates for editors''' * For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Members of these groups will be unable to disable the last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the next few weeks, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. Notably, this applies to bureaucrats. See the linked tasks for deployment schedules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423119][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423120] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] will run an [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on [[:phab:T415904|10 wikis]], testing [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/Reference Previews|potential improvements for Reference Previews]]. The experiment will run for ~2 weeks at the end of May / beginning of June and will affect 10% of desktop readers on the participating wikis. * After two successful experiments, the Reader Growth team is rolling out an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature for all Wikipedias on mobile on May 25. This means that anyone who has all beta features on by default will start to see this feature, and others can check the box to turn it on in their preferences. The beta feature will include a carousel of all an article's images at the top of the article, with controls for editors to [[mw:Readers/Reader_Growth/Image_Browsing#Phase_2.1_beta_feature|exclude images from the article's carousel or to exclude an article from the feature entirely]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, three dimensional STL files were being rendered incorrectly by the media viewer 3D extension which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416723] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The legacy CSS classes <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tright</nowiki></code></bdi> have been replaced with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatright</nowiki></code></bdi> as the former do not work consistently across all MediaWiki platforms, notably mobile web and mobile apps. Projects relying on these classes are encouraged to review related usage and plan for migration. Please note that <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatright</nowiki></code></bdi> may also be deprecated in future, although there are currently no plans to do so. [[phab:T426452|Read more]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W22"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:51, 25 Maii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30584502 --> ly6d91d6fbxu6ihlf0r0kx1s5yeuluz 3961779 3961753 2026-05-25T23:57:08Z IacobusAmor 1163 3961779 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__<nowiki />[[Categoria:Vicipaedia]][[Categoria:Fora Vicipaediae|{{PAGENAME}}]]{{Capsa paginae|1= Haec pagina nuntios technicos qui e [[MediaVici]] proveniunt praebet. Vide etiam [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2016|nuntios anni 2016]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2017|nuntios anni 2017]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2018|nuntios anni 2018]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2019|nuntios anni 2019]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2020|nuntios anni 2020]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2021|nuntios anni 2021]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2022|nuntios anni 2022]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2023|nuntios anni 2023]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2024|nuntios anni 2024]] et [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2025|nuntios anni 2025]]. }} == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-03</span> == {{Accepta|Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2025|Tech News: 2026-03|Nuntia ad novum annum mota --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]}} <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * As part of the current work of Community Tech team on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W372|Multiple watchlists]] project, the display of [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]] will be updated as a first step towards multiple watchlists. Additionally, the pagination on [[Special:Search|Search]] will be updated too, as a part of the work on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W186|Revamp pagination / page navigation]] wish. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411596] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] is a MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that lets you see your watchlists from different wikis on the same page. It was recently updated to look more like the regular [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]], such as preparing it for temporary accounts in IP masking (including rerouting user links to contributions pages), making page titles bold, and opening links in edit summaries and tags in new browser tabs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398361][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298919][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273526][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286309] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where global blocks did not have the option to disable sending emails, has now been fixed, and will be available for use in the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401293] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Citation tool|VisualEditor citation tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] now support "map" as a reference type. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411083] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]/[[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.11|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W03"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:32, 12 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29907192 --> == Thank You for Last Year – Join Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 == {{Accepta|Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2025|Thank You for Last Year – Join Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Nuntium ad novum annum motum --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]}} Dear Wikimedia communities, We hope you are doing well, and we wish you a happy New Year. ''Last year, we captured light. This year, we’ll capture legacy.'' In 2025, communities around the world shared the glow of Ramadan nights and the warmth of collective iftars. In 2026, ''Wiki Loves Ramadan'' is expanding, bringing more stories, more cultures, and deeper global connections across Wikimedia projects. We invite you to explore the ''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026'' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Meta page]] to learn how you can participate and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/Participating communities|sign up]] your community. 📷 ''Photo campaign on '' [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Wikimedia Commons]] If you have questions about the project, please refer to the FAQs: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ/|Meta-Wiki]] * [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ|Wikimedia Commons]] ''Early registration for updates is now open via the '''[[m:Special:RegisterForEvent/2710|Event page]]''''' ''Stay connected and receive updates:'' * [https://t.me/WikiLovesRamadan Telegram channel] * [https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/wikilovesramadan.lists.wikimedia.org/ Mailing list] We look forward to collaborating with you and your community. '''The Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 Organizing Team''' 19:45, 16 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29879549 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> ;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 Dear Wiki Community, We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia. The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects. ;About the Campaign '''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices. ;What Can Participants Write About? Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to: * Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations * Folk dances, music, and traditional performances * Women and queer figures in folklore * Women in mythology and oral traditions * Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives * Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends * Folk games, sports, and cultural practices Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools. ;How to Sign Up as an Organizer Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community: # Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] # Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool # Prepare a local article list and clearly mention: #* Campaign timeline #* Local and international prizes # Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]] # Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]''' ;Campaign Tools The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants: * '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats. * '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]''' ;Learn More & Get Support For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''. If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via: * '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]''' * Email us using details on the contact page. ;Join Us We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia. Thank you and best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]''' ---- ''Stay connected:'' [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> == Invitation to Host Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 in Your Country == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Hello everyone, We are delighted to invite Wikimedia affiliates, user groups, and community organizations worldwide to participate in '''Wiki Loves Folklore 2026''', an international initiative dedicated to documenting and celebrating folk culture across the globe. ;About Wiki Loves Folklore '''Wiki Loves Folklore''' is an annual international photography competition hosted on Wikimedia Commons. The campaign runs from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and encourages photographers, cultural enthusiasts, and community members to contribute photographs that highlight: * Folk traditions and rituals * Cultural festivals and celebrations * Traditional attire and crafts * Performing arts, music, and dance * Everyday practices rooted in folk heritage Through this campaign, we aim to preserve and promote diverse folk cultures and make them freely accessible to the world. [[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026|Project page on Wikimedia Commons]] ; Host a Local Edition As we celebrate the '''eight edition''' of Wiki Loves Folklore, we warmly invite communities to organize a local edition in their country or region. Hosting a local campaign is a great opportunity to: * Increase visibility of your region’s folk culture * Engage new contributors in your community * Enrich Wikimedia Commons with high-quality cultural content '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026/Organize|Sign up to organize]]:''' If your team prefers to organize the competition in ''either February or March only'', please feel free to let us know. If you are unable to organize, we encourage you to share this opportunity with other interested groups or organizations in your region. ;Get in Touch If you have any questions, need support, or would like to explore collaboration opportunities, please feel free to contact us via: * The project Talk pages * Email: '''support@wikilovesfolklore.org''' We are also happy to connect via an online meeting if your team would like to discuss planning or coordination in more detail. Warm regards, '''The Wiki Loves Folklore International Team''' </div> [[Usor:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:MediaWiki message delivery|disputatio]]) 13:21, 18 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=29228188 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-04</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The tray shown on [[Special:Diff|Special:Diff]] in mobile view has been redesigned. It is now collapsed by default, and incorporates a link to undo the edit being viewed, making it easier for mobile editors and reviewers to take action while keeping the interface uncluttered. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402297] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now automatically determines the text direction (ensuring correct display of sites with unusual domain names) and shows detailed descriptions for log actions. Later this week, a new permanent link for page creations and CSS classes for each entry element will be added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T412505][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287929][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262768][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414135] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the previously observed issue in Vector 2022, where anchor link targets were obscured by the sticky header, has now been addressed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406114] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As mentioned in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|October 2025 deprecation announcement]], MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin sunsetting all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the MediaWiki REST API the week of January 26. Changes are expected to roll out to all wikis on or before January 30th. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found, compared, and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox]. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in Phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board]. * Interactive reference documentation for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia REST API|Wikimedia REST API]] has moved. Requests to API docs previously hosted through [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase|RESTBase]] (e.g.: <code dir=ltr>https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/</code>) are now redirected to the [[w:en:Special:RestSandbox|REST Sandbox]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|WMF Wikidata Platform team]] (WDP) has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|January 2026 newsletter]]. It includes updates on the legacy full-graph endpoint decommissioning, the User-Agent policy change, the monthly Blazegraph migration office hours, and efforts to reduce regressions caused by the legacy endpoint shutdown. As a reminder, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/WDP team updates|subscribe to the WDP newsletter]]! * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.12|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications opened mid-December and will close soon or when capacity is reached. It's a two-day, technically oriented hackathon bringing together Wikimedians from the region. Hope to see you there! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W04"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:29, 19 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29943403 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Annual review of the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 9 February 2026. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]])<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> 21:01, 19 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29905753 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-05</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia Foundation invites comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Year1 Reflections and Proposed Way Forward 2026 Update|proposed future]] of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] until 28 February. * All users with registered accounts can now use passkeys for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). Passkeys are a simple way to log in without using a second device. They verify the user's identity using a fingerprint, face scan, or a PIN code. To set up a passkey, first set up a regular 2FA method. Currently, to log in with a passkey, users must also use a password. Later this quarter, passwordless login will allow users to log in with a single click and a passkey. Users with advanced rights will also be required to have 2FA enabled. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project. * Unregistered contributors on blocked IPs or blocked IP ranges can now interact on-wiki to appeal a block by creating a temporary account to appeal a block on the user talk page, unless the "prevent this user from editing their own talk page" is enabled. This solves the problem of logged-out users unable to use the default unblock process via user talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398673] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) methods description on the management page has been updated. It is now clearer and easier for users to understand and make use of. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332385] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new AbuseFilter variable, <code>account_type</code>, has been added to provide a reliable way to determine the account type being created in the <code>createaccount</code> and <code>autocreateaccount</code> actions. As part of this change, the variable <code>accountname</code> has been renamed to <code>account_name</code>, and <code>accountname</code> is now deprecated. Edit filter managers should update any filters that use hardcoded account type checks or the deprecated variable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414049] * Image thumbnails that are requested in non-standard sizes, and using non-standard methods such as direct requests to <code dir=ltr><nowiki>upload.wikimedia.org/…</nowiki></code> will stop working in the near future. This change is to prevent ongoing external abuse by web-scrapers and bots. Some users with custom CSS/JS, Interface Admins who can fix gadgets and local skins, and Tool-authors, will need to update their code to use standard thumbnail sizes. [[phab:T414805|Details, search-links, and examples of how to fix them, are available in the task]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.13|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W05"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:17, 26 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29969530 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-06</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The "{{int:pageinfo-toolboxlink}}" feature, which gives validating information about a page ([{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=info}} example]), now automatically includes a table of contents. If there is a local [[{{ns:8}}:Pageinfo-header]] page created by individual users, it can now be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363726] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, VisualEditor previously added bold or italic formatting inside link descriptions, making the wikicode complex. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409669] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * There was no XML dump on 20 January. Additionally, from now on, dumps will be generated once per month only. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414389] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team removed support for all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/API:REST%20API MediaWiki REST API]. All API users currently calling those endpoints are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''Weekly highlight''' * Users are reminded that the Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W06"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:43, 2 Februarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30000986 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-07</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Logged-in contributors who manage large or complex watchlists can now organise and filter watched pages in ways that improve their workflows with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|Watchlist labels]] feature. By adding custom labels (for example: pages you created, pages being monitored for vandalism, or discussion pages) users can more quickly identify what needs attention, reduce cognitive load, and respond more efficiently. This improves watchlist usability, especially for highly active editors. * A new feature available on [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] shows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] that are likely operated by the same person, and so makes patrolling less time-consuming. Upon checking contributions of a temporary account, users with access to temporary account IP addresses can now see a view of contributions from the related temporary accounts. The feature looks up all the IPs associated with a given temporary account within the data retention period and shows all the contributions of all temporary accounts that have used these IPs. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts#February 2026: Improvements to the patroller tooling|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415674] * When editors preview a wikitext edit, the reminder box that they are only seeing a preview (which is shown at the top), now has a grey/neutral background instead of a yellow/warning background. This makes it easier to distinguish preview notes from actual warnings (for example, edit conflicts or problematic redirect targets), which will now be shown in separate warning or error boxes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414742] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now properly supports more than one Wikibase site, for example both [[d:|Wikidata]] and [[testwikidata:|testwikidata]]. In addition, issues regarding text direction have been fixed for users who prefer Wikidata or other Wikibase sites in right-to-left (RTL) languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415440][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415458] * The automatic "magic links" for ISBN, RFC, and PMID numbers have been [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic links|deprecated in wikitext since 2021]] due to inflexibility and difficulties with localization. Several wikis have successfully replaced RFC and PMID magic links with equivalent external links, but a template was often required to replace the functionality of the ISBN magic link. There is now a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#isbn|built-in parser function]] <code dir=ltr><nowiki>{{#isbn}}</nowiki></code> available to replace the basic functionality of the ISBN magic link. This makes it easier for wikis who wish to migrate off of the deprecated magic link functionality to do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T145604] * Two new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35401|Jju]] ([[w:kaj:|<code>w:kaj:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413283] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q1186896|Nawat]] ([[w:ppl:|<code>w:ppl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413273] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new global user group has been created: [[{{int:grouppage-local-bot}}|{{int:group-local-bot}}]]. It will be used internally by the software to allow community bots to bypass rate limits that are applied to abusive [[w:en:Web scraping|web scrapers]]. Accounts that are approved as bots on at least one Wikimedia wiki will be automatically added to this group. It will not change what user permissions the bot has. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415588] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Spring 2026|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Spring 2026]] will be held March 25–27 in Salt Lake City, USA. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AZBWVI46SDEB65PGR5J6E4TYOQQEZXM7/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W07"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:29, 9 Februarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30026671 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-08</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Team]] will be performing a cleanup of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Etherpad|Etherpad]] instance, the web-based editor for real-time collaborative document editing. All pads will be permanently deleted after 30 April, 2026 – if there are still migration projects in progress at that point the team can revisit the date on a case by case basis. Please create local backups of any content you wish to keep, as deleted data cannot be recovered. This cleanup helps reduce database size and minimize infrastructure footprint. Etherpad will continue to support real-time collaboration, but long-term storage should not be expected. Additional cleanups may occur in the future without prior notice. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415237] '''Updates for editors''' * The Information Retrieval team will be launching an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|Android mobile app experiment]] that tests hybrid search capabilities which can handle both semantic and keyword queries. The improvement of on-platform search will enable readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. The experiment will first be launched on Greek Wikipedia in late February, followed by English, French, and Portuguese in March. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/08/semantic-search-making-it-easier-to-find-the-information-readers-want/ Read more] on Diff blog. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Information_Retrieval] * The Reader Growth team will run [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.10.2 Mobile Table of Contents|an experiment]] for mobile web users, that adds a table of contents and automatically expands all article sections, to learn more about navigation issues they face. The test will be available on Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. * Previously, site notices ([[{{ns:8}}:Sitenotice]] and [[{{ns:8}}:Anonnotice]]) would only render on the desktop site. Now, they will render on all platforms. Users on mobile web will now see these notices and be informed. Site administrators should be prepared to test and fix notices on mobile devices to avoid interference with articles. To opt out, interface admins can add <code dir="ltr">#siteNotice { display: none; }</code> to [[{{ns:8}}:Minerva.css]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138572][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416644] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue on [[Special:RecentChanges|Special:RecentChanges]] has been fixed. Previously, clicking hide in the active filters caused the "view new changes since…" button to disappear, though it should have remained visible. The button now behaves as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406339] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * New documentation is now available to help editors debug on-site search features. It supports troubleshooting when pages do not appear in results, when ranking seems unexpected, and when you need to inspect what content is being indexed, helping make search behavior easier to understand and analyze. [[mw:Help:CirrusSearch/Debug|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411169] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W08"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:16, 16 Februarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30086330 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-09</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Reference Check|Reference Check]] has been deployed to English Wikipedia, completing its rollout across all Wikipedias. The feature prompts newcomers to add a citation before publishing new content, helping reduce common citation-related reverts and improve verifiability. In A/B testing, the impact was substantial: newcomers shown Reference Check were approximately 2.2 times more likely to include a reference on desktop and about 17.5 times more likely on mobile web. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/reference_check_ab_test_report_final_2025.html] '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:InterwikiSorting|InterwikiSorting extension]], which allowed for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interwiki sorting order|sorting of interwiki links]], has been undeployed from Wikipedia. As a result, editors who had enabled interwiki link sorting in non-compact mode (full list format) will now see links reordered. The links moving forward will be listed in the alphabetical order of language code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253764] * Later this week, people who are editing a page-section using the mobile visual editor, will notice a new "Edit full page" button. When tapped, you will be able to edit the entire article. This helps when the change you want to make is outside the section you initially opened. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409112] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|The Reader Experience team]] is inviting editors to assess whether dark mode should still be considered "beta" on their wiki, based on their experience of how well it functions on desktop and mobile. If the feature is deemed mature, editors can update the interface messages in <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:skin-theme-description</code> and <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Vector-night-mode-beta-tag</code> to indicate that dark mode is ready and no longer considered beta. * The improved [[mw:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Activity_Tab|Activity tab]] which displays user-insights is now available to all users of the Wikipedia iOS app (version 7.9.0 and later). Following earlier A/B testing that showed higher account creation among users with access to the feature, it has been rolled out to 100% of users along with some updates. The Activity tab now shows your edited articles in the timeline, offers editing impact insights like contribution counts and article view trends, and customization options to improve in-app experience for users. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug that prevented [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] from working on mobile has now been fixed, restoring full functionality. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415303] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that makes this possible continues to improve. The latest upgrade is the inclusion of a [[mw:Extension:GlobalWatchlist#hook|new hook]], <code dir=ltr>ext.globalwatchlist.rebuild</code>, which fires after each watchlist rebuild. This allows you to run gadgets and user scripts for the Special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275159] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W09"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:03, 23 Februarii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30119102 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-10</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikipedia 25 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments|Birthday mode]] is now live on Betawi, Breton, Chinese, Czech, Dutch, English, French, Gorontalo, Indonesian, Italian, Luxembourgish, Madurese, Sicilian, Spanish, Thai, and Vietnamese Wikipedias! This limited-time campaign feature celebrates 25 years of Wikipedia with a birthday mascot, Baby Globe. When turned on, Baby Globe is shown on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments/article configuration|~2,500 articles]], waiting to be discovered by readers. Communities can choose to turn Birthday mode on by getting consensus from their community and asking an admin to enable the feature and customize it via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments#Community Configuration Demo|community configuration]] on the local wiki. '''Updates for editors''' * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to Swedish Wikipedia, Polish Wikipedia and [[:phab:T418209|a couple of other wikis]]. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|try the feature]] on these projects or on testwiki and [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing betawiki]. Learnings from the first pilot wiki German Wikipedia have been [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Learnings|published in a report]]. Reach out to the Wikimedia Deutschland team if you are [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|interested in becoming a pilot wiki]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Paste check|Paste Check]] will become available at all Wikipedias this week. The feature prompts newcomers who are pasting text they are not likely to have written into VisualEditor to consider whether doing so risks a copyright violation. Paste Check [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tags|tags]] all edits where it is shown for potential review. Local administrators can configure various aspects of the feature via [[{{#special:EditChecks}}]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Paste Check#A/B Experiment|Research]] across 22 wikis found that Paste Check resulted in an 18% decrease in relative reverted-edits compared to the control group. Translators can [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw-editcheck&filter=&optional=1&action=translate help to localize] this and related features. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] will be standardizing the user menu in the top right for all mobile users so that it is closer to the desktop experience. Currently this user menu is only visible to users with Advanced Mobile Controls (AMC) turned on. The only change is that a couple buttons previously in the left-side menu will move to the top right for users who do not have AMC turned on. This change is expected to go out March 9 and seeks to improve the user interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413912] * Starting in the week of March 2, the emails sent out when an email address was added, removed, or changed for an account will switch to a substantially nicer and clearer HTML email from the prior plaintext one. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410807] * Notifications are currently limited to 2,000 historic entries per user, and extend back to 2013 when the feature was released. This is going to be changed to only store Notifications from the last 5 years, but up to 10,000 of them. This will help with long-term infrastructure health and help to prevent more recent notifications from disappearing too soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page continues to see improvements. The latest update improves label usage experience. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] now allows activating the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback languages|language fallback system]] for Wikidata items without labels in the viewed language, and showing those labels in the user’s preferred Wikidata language if no <code dir=ltr>uselang=</code> URL parameter is provided. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373686][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416111] * The Wikipedia Android team has started a beta test of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|hybrid search]] on Greek Wikipedia. Hybrid search capabilities can handle both semantic and keyword queries enabling readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. * For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Currently, 2FA is required to use the group, but not to be a member of it. Given that this model still has some vulnerabilities, the situation will [[phab:T418580|gradually change in March]]. Members of these groups will be unable to disable last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the second half of March, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. This applies to: CentralNotice administrators, checkusers, interface administrators, suppressors, Wikidata staff, Wikifunctions staff, WMF Office IT and WMF Trust & Safety. Nothing will change for other users. See the linked task for deployment schedule. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418580] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue preventing users from creating an instance in [https://www.wikibase.cloud/ Wikibase.cloud] has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416807] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], over the next month the Wikimedia Foundation will implement global API rate limits across our APIs. In early March, stricter limits will be applied to unidentified requests from outside Toolforge/WMCS and API requests that are made from web browsers. In April, higher limits will be applied to identified traffic. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * The Wikidata Query Service Linked Data Fragment (LDF) endpoint will be decommissioned in February. This endpoint served limited traffic, which was successfully migrated to other data access methods that were better suited to support existing use cases. The hardware used to support the LDF endpoint will be reallocated to support the ongoing backend migration efforts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415696] * The new Parsoid parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], improving platform sustainability and making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. Parsoid is now the default parser on 488 WMF wikis (268 Wikipedias), now covering more than 10% of all Wikipedia page views. * The process and criteria for [[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise#Access|requesting exceptional access]] to the high volume feed of the ''Wikimedia Enterprise'' APIs (at no cost for mission-aligned usecases), [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Enterprise#Exceptional access criteria|have now been published]]. This is to provide more thorough and clearer documentation for users. * [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Tech Blog], the blog dedicated to the Wikimedia technical community [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2026/02/24/a-tech-blog-diff/ will be migrating] to [[diffblog:|Diff]], the community news and event blog. The migration should be complete in April 2026, after which new posts will be accepted for publishing. Readers will be able to access posts – old and new – on the landing page at https://diff.wikimedia.org/techblog. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.18|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W10"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:51, 2 Martii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30137798 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-11</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. * Last week, all wikis had 2 hours of read-only time, and extended unavailability for user-scripts and gadgets. This was due to a security incident which has since been resolved. Work is ongoing to prevent re-occurrences. For current information please see the [[m:Steward's noticeboard#Statement on Meta about today's user script security incident|post on the Stewards' noticeboard]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Product Safety and Integrity/March 2026 User Script Incident|translations]]). '''Updates for editors''' * Users facing multiple blocks on mobile will now see the reasons for each block separately, instead of a generic message. This helps them understand why they are blocked and what steps they can take to resolve the issue. For example, users affected for using common VPNs (such as [[Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|iCloud Private Relay]]) will receive clearer guidance on what they need to do to start editing again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357118] * Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] will become available as a beta feature within the visual editor at all Wikipedias. This feature proactively suggests various types of actions that people can consider taking to improve Wikipedia articles, and learn about related guidelines. The feature is locally configurable, and can also be locally expanded with custom Suggestions. Current settings can be seen at [[Special:EditChecks]] and there are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators %E2%80%93 local customization|instructions for how administrators can customize]] the links to point to local guidelines. The feature is connected to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit check]] which suggests improvements while someone is writing new content. In the future, the Editing team plans to evaluate the feature's impact with newcomers through a controlled experiment. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404600] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where the cursor became misaligned during the use of CodeMirror’s syntax highlighting, which makes wikitext and code easier to read, has now been fixed. This problem specifically affected users who defined a font rule in a custom stylesheet while creating a new topic with DiscussionTools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418793] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * API rate limiting update: To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], global API rate limits will be applied this week to requests without a compliant User-Agent that originate from outside Toolforge/WMCS and to unauthenticated requests made from web browsers. Higher limits will be applied to identified traffic in April. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * The new GraphQL API has been released. The API was developed as a flexible alternative to select features of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS), to improve developer experience and foster adaptability, and efficient data access. Try it out and [[d:Wikidata:Wikibase GraphQL#Feedback and development|give feedback]]. You can also [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/GraphQLAPI/apply sign up for usability tests]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|PTAC Unsupported Tools Working Group]] continued improvements to [[commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons#|Video2Commons]] in February, with fixes addressing authentication errors, large-file handling, task queue visibility, and clearer upload behavior. Work is still ongoing in some areas, including changes related to deprecated server-side uploads. Read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group#February 2026|this update]] to learn more. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Article Guidance team invites experienced Wikipedia editors from selected [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators#Collaborators|pilot wikis]] and interested contributors from other Wikipedias to fill out this questionnaire which is available in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfmLeVWnxmsCbPoI_UF2jyRcn73WRGWCVPHzerXb4Cz97X_Ag/viewform English], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd6rzr4XXQw8r4024fE3geTPFe13M_6w7Mitj-YJi0sOlWTAw/viewform?usp=header Arabic], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdok3-RfB18lcugYTUMGkpwmqG_8p760Wv4dCXitOXOszjUDw/viewform?usp=header Bengali], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfjTfYp4jEo0akA4B1e-Nfg3QZPCudUjhJzHzzDi6AHyAaMGA/viewform?usp=header Japanese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScteVoI29Aue4xc72dekk-6RYtvmMgQxzMI900UOawrFrSTWg/viewform?usp=header Portuguese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSetdxnYwL3ub2vqA7awCg5hJZPMIYcDPaiTe12rY9h0GYnVlw/viewform?usp=header Persian], and [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScNvfJF-Ot-4pzA4qAN771_0QDJ4Li19YcUsaTgSKW8Nc7U_Q/viewform?usp=header Turkish]. Your answers will help the team customize guidance for less experienced editors and help them learn community policies and practices while creating an article. Learn more [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|on the project page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W11"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:52, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30213008 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-12</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature, also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], has been used for wikitext syntax highlighting since November 2024. It will be promoted out of beta by May 2026 in order to bring improvements and new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Features|features]] to all editors who use the standard syntax highlighter. If you have any questions or concerns about promoting the feature out of beta, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|please share]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * Some changes to local user groups are performed by stewards on Meta-Wiki and logged there only. Now, interwiki rights changes will be logged both on Meta-Wiki and the wiki of the target user to make it easier to access a full record of user's rights changes on a local wiki. Past log entries for such changes will be backfilled in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6055] * On wikis using [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]], the number of pending changes shown on [[{{#Special:PendingChanges}}]] previously counted pages which were no longer pending review, because they have been removed from the system without being reviewed, e.g. due to being deleted, moved to a different namespace, or due to wiki configuration changes. The count will be correct now. On some wikis the number shown will be much smaller than before. There should be no change to the list of pages itself. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413016] * Wikifunctions composition language has been rewritten, resulting in a new version of the language. This change aims to increase service stability by reducing the orchestrator's memory consumption. This rewrite also enables substantial latency reduction, code simplification, and better abstractions, which will open the door to later feature additions. Read more about [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-11|the changes]]. * Users can now sort search results alphabetically by page title. The update gives an additional option to finding pages more easily and quickly. Previously, results could be sorted by Edit date, Creation date, or Relevance. To use the new option, open 'Advanced Search' on the search results page and select 'Alphabetically' under 'Sorting Order'. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403775] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons from importing files from Flickr has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419263] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new special page, [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}]], has been created to list transcluded pages that are flagged as containing lint errors to help users discover them easily. The list is sorted by the number of transclusions with errors. For example: [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}/night-mode-unaware-background-color]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170874] * Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature have been using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages, for some time now. Along with promoting CodeMirror 6 out of beta, the plan is to replace CodeEditor as the standard editor for these content models by May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|Feedback or concerns are welcome]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] JavaScript modules will soon be upgraded to CodeMirror 6. Leading up to the upgrade, loading the <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror</code> or <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.lib</code> modules from gadgets and user scripts was deprecated in July 2025. The use of the <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.switch</code> hook was also deprecated in March 2025. Contributors can now make their scripts or gadgets compatible with CodeMirror 6. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror#Gadgets and user scripts|migration guide]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373720] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team is expanding coverage of REST API module definitions to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API/Extensions|extension APIs]]. REST API modules are groups of related endpoints that can be independently managed and versioned. Modules now exist for [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414470 GrowthExperiments] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419053 Wikifunctions] APIs. As we migrate extension APIs to this structure, documentation will move out of the main MediaWiki OpenAPI spec and REST Sandbox view, and will instead be accessible via module-specific options in the dropdown on the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox] (i.e., [[{{#Special:RestSandbox}}]], available on all wiki projects). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] extension provides different pieces of information about the wiki where the module is being used via the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual|mw.site]] library. Starting last week, the library also provides a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.site.wikiId|way]] of accessing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Wiki ID|wiki ID]] that can be used to facilitate cross-wiki module maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146616] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|2026 Coolest Tool Award]] celebrating outstanding community tools, is now open for nominations! Nominate your favorite tool using the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/435684?lang=en nomination survey] form by 23 March 2026. For more information on privacy and data handling, please see the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Coolest_Tool_Award_2026_Survey_Privacy_Statement|survey privacy statement]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W12"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:35, 16 Martii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30260505 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-13</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikimedia site users can now log in without a password using passkeys. This is a secure method supported by fingerprint, facial recognition, or PIN. With this change, all users who opt for passwordless login will find it easier, faster, and more secure to log in to their accounts using any device. The new passkey login option currently appears as an autofill suggestion in the username field. An additional [[phab:T417120|"Log in with passkey" button]] will soon be available for users who have already registered a passkey. This update will improve security and user experience. The [[c:File:Passwordless_login_screencast.webm|screen recording]] demonstrates the passwordless login process step by step. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia site users can now export their notifications older than 5 years using a [[toolforge:echo-chamber|new Toolforge tool]]. This will ensure that users retain their important notifications and avoid them being lost based on the planned change to delete notifications older than 5 years, as previously announced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * Wikipedia editors in Indonesian, Thai, Turkish, and Simple English now have access to Special:PersonalDashboard. This is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Dashboard|early version of an experience]] that introduces newer editors to patrolling workflows, making it easier for them to move from making edits to participating in more advanced moderation work on their project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402647] * The [[Special:Block]] now has two minor interface changes. Administrators can now easily perform indefinite blocks through a dedicated radio button in the expiry section. Also, choosing an indefinite expiry provides a different set of common reasons to select from, which can be changed at: [[MediaWiki:Ipbreason-indef-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401823] * Mobile editors [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Logged-out|at several wikis]] can now see an improved logged-out edit warning, thanks to the recent updates from the Growth team. These changes released last week are part of ongoing efforts and tests to enhance [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|account creation experience on mobile]] and then increase participation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408484] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented mobile web users from seeing the block information when affected by multiple blocks has been fixed. They can now see messages of all the blocks currently affecting them when they access Wikipedia. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Images built using Toolforge will soon get the upgraded buildpacks version, bringing support for newer language versions and other upstream improvements and fixes. If you use Toolforge Build Service, review the recent [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EMYTA32EV2V5SQ2JIEOD2CL66YFIZEKV/ cloud-announce email] and update your build configuration as necessary to ensure your tools are compatible. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Toolforge/Building_container_images&oldid=2392097#Buildpack_environment_upgrade_process][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380127] * The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal] documentation wiki will shut down in June 2026. API keys created on the API Portal will continue to work normally. api.wikimedia.org endpoints will be deprecated gradually starting in July 2026. Documentation on the API Portal is moving to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is considering improvements to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|automatically generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Please check out the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|proposed solutions]] and participate in the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|request for comment]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W13"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:50, 23 Martii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30268305 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-14</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Beta version of [[abstract:|Abstract Wikipedia]] a new Wikimedia project which is language-independent, was launched last week. The project allows communities to build Wikipedia articles in their native language, which can be readily accessed by other users in their own languages. The wiki is powered by instructions from Wikifunctions and also based on structured content from Wikidata. [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-26|Read more]]. '''Updates for editors''' * The Growth team is running an A/B test to evaluate a clearer, more user-friendly message that promotes account creation on wikis. Currently when logged-out mobile users begin editing, they see a jarring warning message that can feel abrupt and discouraging. This also presents temporary account editing as the default rather than encouraging account creation. The test is running on ten Wikipedias, including Arabic, French, Spanish and German. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#2. Improve logged-out warning message (T415160)|Read more]]. * The Wikimedia Apps team is inviting feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|how editing should work on the Wikipedia mobile apps]]. The discussion focuses on improving how users access editing tools when they tap "Edit". This is part of a broader effort to convert readers who develop an interest in editing, to access a more user-friendly pathway to start contributing. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:45}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:45|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where citation fetching from the large newspaper archive [https://www.newspapers.com Newspapers.com] was no longer working, due to a block in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|Citoid]] requests, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419903] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W14"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:25, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30329462 --> == Join the sixth Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia 2026.png|right|250px|thumb|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%27s_Cultural_Diplomacy_Month_2026|Join our campaign!]] {{int:please-translate}} Dear Wikipedians! [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the sixth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from '''1st April''' until '''30th April 2026'''. The initiative aims to promote knowledge about Ukrainian culture abroad by creating and improving Wikipedia articles in multiple languages. This year marks the sixth edition of the campaign, which will focus on contemporary culture, making today’s artistic voices and practices more visible to international audiences. 🧩'''How to participate?''' Choose an article from the suggested list → Write an article in your language, or improve an existing one according to the rules → Add your contribution to the contest page and calculate your points → Win prizes and receive a certificate of participation → Become a promoter of truthful knowledge about Ukraine. 🧩'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Check our main page for more information]]'''. '''If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.''' If not, then we encourage you to translate the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|landing page of the contest]] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCDM2026banner&messages=&language=en&x=D banner] into your own language. Also, we set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in this challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) 04:35, 1 April 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:OlesiaLukaniuk_(WMUA)/list_of_wikis&oldid=28552112 --> == Action Required: Update templates/modules for electoral maps (Migrating from P1846 to P14226) == Hello everyone, This is a notice regarding an ongoing data migration on Wikidata that may affect your election-related templates and Lua modules (such as <code>Module:Itemgroup/list</code>). '''The Change:'''<br /> Currently, many templates pull electoral maps from Wikidata using the property [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]], combined with the qualifier [[:d:Property:P180|P180]]: [[:d:Q19571328|Q19571328]]. We are migrating this data (across roughly 4,000 items) to a newly created, dedicated property: '''[[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]]'''. '''What You Need To Do:'''<br /> To ensure your templates and infoboxes do not break or lose their maps, please update your local code to fetch data from [[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]] instead of the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] + [[:d:Property:P180|P180]] structure. A [[m:Wikidata/Property Migration: P1846 to P14226/List|list of pages]] was generated using Wikimedia Global Search. '''Deadline:'''<br /> We are temporarily retaining the old data on [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] to allow for a smooth transition. However, to complete the data cleanup on Wikidata, the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] statements will be removed after '''May 1, 2026'''. Please update your modules and templates before this date to prevent any disruption to your wiki's election articles. Let us know if you have any questions or need assistance with the query logic. Thank you for your help! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] using [[Usor:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:MediaWiki message delivery|disputatio]]) 17:11, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29941252 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-15</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] now includes a new group goal-setting feature, enabling organizers to set and track event goals such as the number of articles created and participating contributors in real time. Similarly, participants can work toward shared targets and see their collective impact as the event unfolds. The feature is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Learn more in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Collaborative contributions#Goal setting|the documentation]]. * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|watchlist labels]] feature (announced in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Tech News 2026-07]]) is now available via VisualEditor, the source editor, and the 'watchstar' (or watch link, for skins that don't have a star icon). Previously it was only possible to assign labels via [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]]. In all three places it is a new field following the expiry field. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where talk pages on mobile with Parsoid are unusable after empty section headers, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419171] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]], which lets editors add details to an existing reference without duplicating it, will be gradually rolled out to [[phab:T414094|more wikis]] later this year. Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] gadget are encouraged to update their version (typically at [[m:MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js|MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]] as shown [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1344408362 here]) to ensure compatibility. Other reference-related gadgets may also be affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416304] * All Wikinews editions will be closed and switched to read-only mode on 4 May 2026. Content will remain accessible, but no new edits or articles can be added. This closure was approved by the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation following extended discussions. [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard#Board of Trustees Approves Closure of Wikinews|Read more]]. * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Action API|Action API]] has had several formats for requested output. One of them, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>format=php</nowiki></code></bdi>, is being removed soon. Please ensure your scripts or bots use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Data formats#Output|JSON format]]. This removal should affect very few scripts and bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T118538] * The [[Special:NamespaceInfo|Special:NamespaceInfo]] page now includes namespace aliases. For example "WP" for the "Project" ("Wikipedia") namespace on the German Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381455] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W15"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:18, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30362761 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-16</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Experienced editors are invited to [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Main_Page test] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature, designed to help less-experienced editors create well-structured, policy-compliant Wikipedia articles. Testing instructions are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide|available]]. Also, after reviewing [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance the outlines], please provide feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Article guidance|project talk page]]. Based on your input, the feature will be refined and transferred to the pilot Wikipedias to translate and adapt. Check out [[c:File:Article Guidance workflow demo - April 2026.webm|the video]] explaining the feature. '''Updates for editors''' * On most wikis, all autoconfirmed users can now use [[Special:ChangeContentModel|Special:ChangeContentModel]] page to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|create new pages with custom content models]], such as mass message lists, making custom page formats more accessible. Check [[Special:ListGroupRights|Special:ListGroupRights]] for the status of your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248294] * The Growth team has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account_Creation_Experiments|account creation experiment]] to evaluate whether adding an account creation button to the mobile web header increases new account registrations and encourages more mobile users to contribute to the wikis. The experiment is currently live on Hindi, Indonesian, Bengali, Thai, and Hebrew Wikipedia, and targets 10% of logged-out mobile web users. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where VisualEditor could get stuck loading on Windows devices with animations turned off, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382856] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting later this week, {{int:group-abusefilter}} who have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature enabled will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] as the editor at [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]]. This is part of the broader effort to make the user experience more consistent across all editors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399673][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * Tools and bots that access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications/API|Notifications API]] (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=query&meta=notifications</nowiki></code></bdi>) will need to update their OAuth or BotPassword grants to also include access to private notifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421991] * Due to a library upgrade, listings on category pages may be displayed out of order starting on Monday, 20th April. A migration script will be run to correct this, and will take hours to days depending on the size of the wiki (up to a week for English Wikipedia). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T422544] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W16"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:18, 13 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30380527 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-17</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * After two years of development, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]], also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], is to be promoted out of beta on Tuesday, April 21. It brings better code and wikitext readability, reduction in typing errors, and other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|benefits]] to all users of the standard syntax highlighter. A huge thank you to volunteer [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/p/Bhsd/ Bhsd] who developed many of the new features, including [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Code folding|code folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linting]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * A major update to the Wikipedia app for iOS is now rolling out, redesigning the interface to align with Apple's latest "Liquid Glass" visual design. [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia/id324715238 Download the latest version] and explore the update. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading lists]] is a feature which allows readers to save articles to a list for reading later. This feature is now in beta on Arabic, French, Indonesian, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and by default for all new accounts on all Wikipedias. * An experiment which explores extending [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Page Previews to mobile web]] will be launched in the week of April 20 on Arabic, English, French, Italian, Polish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. Page Previews are pop-ups that display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and a link to open the full article of a blue link, thereby improving content discovery. The feature is already available on desktop and in the apps. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology#Template|Read more about this experiment and others]]. * On several wikis, logged-in editors who haven't [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email confirmation|confirmed their email addresses]] can now see a banner encouraging them to do so. Having the email address confirmed allows a user to restore access to the account if they lose it. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Encouraging users to confirm their email addresses|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421366] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:15}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:15|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where editing very large wiki pages in the 2017 wikitext editor caused slow loading, preview and scrolling lag, and performance issues when selecting, cutting, or pasting content, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184857] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As part of the promotion of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] from a beta feature, all users will use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * The <code>mirrors.wikimedia.org</code> service for Debian and Ubuntu users will sunset and stop working on May 15. The resources for the service will be replaced with new and better options. Some users may need to switch to a different server which should take about a minute. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LJYRIS4WB66HIRCAO4GIDTXCMDVZRBMA/ You can read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416707] * The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> table will be removed from [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|wikireplicas]]. If your tools or queries access <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> directly, please update them to use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>file</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>filerevision</nowiki></code></bdi> table before 28 May. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T28741] * Following the recent implementation of global API rate limits on unidentified traffic, the Wikimedia Foundation will continue efforts to ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]] by applying global limits to identified API traffic beginning the last week of April. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Attribution API|Attribution API]] is now available as a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Stability policy|beta]]. The API fetches information for crediting Wikimedia articles and media files wherever they are used. Reference documentation is available through the REST Sandbox special page available on all Wikimedia wikis (such as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=attribution.v0-beta&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST sandbox on English Wikipedia]). Share your feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Attribution API|project talk page]]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W17"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14:59, 20 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30432763 --> == Request for comment (global AI policy) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies for writing in English. {{int:Please-translate}} A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[Usor:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:MediaWiki message delivery|disputatio]]) 00:58, 26 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) </bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30424282 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * There is a change in how new users are autoconfirmed that will improve anti-vandalism protection. Currently, users who have had an account for a few days and made a few edits are automatically added to the [[{{int:grouppage-autoconfirmed/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}|{{int:group-autoconfirmed}}]] group. This configuration tends to be exploited by some vandals, who create accounts and start to use them only after some time. To mitigate this, the configuration will be updated next week so that – for the purpose of becoming autoconfirmed – the account age will be counted from their first edit, instead of registration date. The numeric value of the age threshold will remain the same. This change will be deployed only to wikis which require at least one edit as part of the autoconfirmation conditions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418484] * All Wikipedia users with new accounts and those who activated the "automatically enable most beta features" option in their preference can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|reading lists]] beta feature to save articles for later reading. This helps organize reading interests in one place for convenient access. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where infobox images have huge padding in Firefox, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As a reminder, the global API rate limits will be applied this week to identified API traffic. This is to help ensure [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]]. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, including the actual rate limits, see [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.26|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:05, 27 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30458046 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-19</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] team invites experienced editors of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators|pilot Wikipedias]]—Arabic, Bangla, Japanese, Portuguese, Persian, Turkish, Simple English, Spanish, and French—to help translate and adapt [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance sample outlines]. These outlines will guide editors in creating clear, well-structured, and policy-compliant articles when using [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Special:NewArticle the feature] once it is launched in May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|Simple instructions]] on how to translate and adapt the outlines are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] has published [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|draft recommendations]] on a model that affiliates can follow when contributing to the technical space. Community members are invited to provide feedback on the recommendation until May 8th [[:m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|on the talk page]]. * The number of available thumbnail size preferences in MediaWiki is being reduced to three standardized options—Small (180px), Regular (250px), and Large (400px), as part of ongoing efforts to improve performance and reduce strain on thumbnail services. As a result, existing preferences will be mapped to the nearest new size (for example, smaller selections like 120px or 150px will render at 180px, while larger ones like 300px or 360px will render at 400px). The preferences interface will soon be updated to reflect these changes, and users who wish to opt out or provide feedback can do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424909] * From now on, even when a permission expires automatically, users will receive an Echo notification similar to the standard notification for permission changes. There is a difference between this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]] in that the latter reminds users a week ''before'' the rights are due to expire, so that they can renew the rights. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the problem where the ULS language selector in [[m:Special:Translate|Special:Translate]] would scroll vertically when it shouldn't, has been resolved. Previously, when users opened the "Translate to English" dropdown and typed certain inputs, the dialog would scroll vertically by a few pixels even when there was enough space to display all results. The dropdown no longer shifts unnecessarily when filtering languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358864] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]], which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page, continues to improve. For example, watchlists for Wikibase sites such as [[:d:|Wikidata]] now support [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EntitySchema|EntitySchema]] elements for better tracking. The Live Updates mode now refreshes the special page every 60 seconds to comply with the updated [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] for improved real-time responsiveness. Additionally, a directionality bug that displayed links as "changes 3" instead of "3 changes" in mixed-direction lists has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415450][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424422][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418091] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The second phase of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] has been rolled out to reduce the [[diffblog:2026/03/26/quo-vadis-crawlers-progress-and-whats-next-on-safeguarding-our-infrastructure/|impact of AI crawlers]] and ensure fair, sustainable access to Wikimedia resources, prioritising human and mission-aligned traffic. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits#Limits|Limits]] have been shifted from per-hour to per-minute, producing smoother traffic patterns and more predictable API load. Community users are not expected to be affected, and no action is required. Early indications show some User-Agent-based requestors are adjusting behaviour, and around 64% of automated API traffic has been identified. Monitoring continues, and Wikimedia Enterprise remains available for commercial support. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.27|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W19"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:42, 4 Maii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30498077 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-20</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Community Tech has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/How to write a good wish|new guidance]] explaining how wishes on Community Wishlist are triaged and prioritized. The documentation is intended to help contributors write stronger proposals by clarifying the factors that influence prioritization decisions. Beyond vote counts, the guidance highlights considerations such as potential impact on the community when determining which wishes move forward. '''Updates for editors''' * The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment to test a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Share_Card|Share Card feature]] that allows readers to create visually engaging cards from Wikipedia articles or selected article sections and share them online, with each card linking back to the original article to help expand readership and article discovery. The mobile-only A/B test will be available to a portion of readers on Arabic, Chinese, French, Vietnamese, and English Wikipedia to better understand reading and sharing habits, and is scheduled to begin the week of May 18 and run for four weeks. * The Android and iOS Wikipedia apps recently released the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/25th_Birthday_Reading_Challenge|25-day reading challenge]] into Beta, as part of efforts to drive reader engagement by encouraging users to complete reading milestones. To track their reading streak during the challenge, App users can add a widget featuring Baby Globe to their home screen. The challenge officially begins May 11. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:17}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:17|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the global preference for enabling syntax highlighting in wikitext could unexpectedly disable itself after being turned on, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425286] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader module <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.ui.input</nowiki></code></bdi>, deprecated since [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|September 2023]], will be removed this week. There is a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420125] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W20"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:20, 11 Maii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30524429 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-21</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Abstract Wikipedia team has identified five potential pilot wikis to assess their interest in adopting abstract articles on their wikis. The pilots are Malayalam, Bengali, Dagbani, Arabic, and Indonesian Wikipedia. The feedback period will be open until May 22. If your community is interested in becoming a pilot, [[m:Talk:Abstract Wikipedia|let us know on Meta]]. '''Updates for editors''' * An experiment to show [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]] to logged-out readers on mobile web will launch on May 18 across German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu Wikipedias, and will run for one month. The effort supports broader goals of helping readers save and organize articles for later reading, while encouraging habits that could lead to future Wikipedia contributions. * To support a bookmark button in the Reading List beta feature, the "Tools > Action" menu has been updated to display icons, including the watch star indicator that helps editors identify temporarily watched articles. The icons now also match those used on mobile, improving consistency across platforms. The change is currently limited to the actions menu and mainly affects editors with privileged user rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T426008] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] was released as an [[w:en:A/B test|A/B test]] for newcomer editors on the mobile website at [[phab:T421189|~15 Wikipedias]]. The experiment will measure the impact that Suggestion Mode has on the proportion of newcomer mobile web edit sessions that result in constructive (un-reverted) article edits. The experiment will also evaluate the feature's impact on editor retention, and monitor changes in revert and block rates. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue in the Wikipedia Android app where images could sometimes fail to load after opening a recommended reading list notification, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418231] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|Wikidata Platform team]] has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/Backend Replacement|backend replacement recommendation]] and accompanying [[wikitech:Wikidata Query Service/WDQS Architecture re-design|technical architecture]] for the migration of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) away from Blazegraph. Feedback is invited until May 25th 2026, especially on potential gaps and impacts on advanced use cases. Wikidata community members and WDQS users are also encouraged to help identify high-impact tools and workflows that may need attention on [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/High-Impact Use Cases|this page]]. Feedback can be shared on the [[d:Wikidata talk:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update|Migration talk page]] or during the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Blazegraph Migration Office Hours|next office hour]]. See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|WDP team newsletter]] for more details. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * On English, French, Japanese, and a few other Wikipedias, there was a [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|trial of hCaptcha]], a third-party bot detection service. The trial showed that hCaptcha effectively detects and deters some bad-faith automated activity, on its own and by giving [[w:en:Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)/Archive 225#Introducing SuggestedInvestigations|checkusers and stewards]] signals to look into. Because the results were positive, hCaptcha will be rolled out across all wikis over the next few weeks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|See the hCaptcha project page]] for technical information about the implementation and privacy protections. [[diffblog:2026/05/04/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha-part-2/|Learn more]]. * The latest Community Tech update is now available, with progress across several Community Wishlist initiatives, including Reading Lists expansion from the mobile app to the website, new language support for "Who Wrote That" and the Personal Dashboard, improvements to 3D rendering and Charts, and upcoming work on talk page sorting, audio playback, and editing workflows. The update also shares current priorities, wishlist status trends, and opportunities for community feedback on future focus areas and the Wikimedia Foundation’s 2026–2027 Annual Plan. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 13, 2026: Latest updates from the Community Tech team|Read the full newsletter for details]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W21"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:21, 18 Maii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30539262 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-22</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Following a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#LOWM|successful account creation experiment]], an improved logged-out edit warning message will be deployed to all Wikimedia wikis in the first week of June. The change will only affect logged-out users on mobile web who open an editing session. The updated experience is designed to encourage account creation more clearly, while still allowing users to edit with temporary accounts. Results from the experiment showed a significant increase in account creation, with a 27% relative lift among users shown the updated message. As expected, as more people funnel into account creation, temporary accounts decreased by a relative 16%. The experiment did not show any significant changes in constructive edit rates or other monitored contributor metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424595] '''Updates for editors''' * For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Members of these groups will be unable to disable the last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the next few weeks, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. Notably, this applies to bureaucrats. See the linked tasks for deployment schedules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423119][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423120] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] will run an [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on [[:phab:T415904|10 wikis]], testing [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/Reference Previews|potential improvements for Reference Previews]]. The experiment will run for ~2 weeks at the end of May / beginning of June and will affect 10% of desktop readers on the participating wikis. * After two successful experiments, the Reader Growth team is rolling out an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature for all Wikipedias on mobile on May 25. This means that anyone who has all beta features on by default will start to see this feature, and others can check the box to turn it on in their preferences. The beta feature will include a carousel of all an article's images at the top of the article, with controls for editors to [[mw:Readers/Reader_Growth/Image_Browsing#Phase_2.1_beta_feature|exclude images from the article's carousel or to exclude an article from the feature entirely]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, three dimensional STL files were being rendered incorrectly by the media viewer 3D extension which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416723] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The legacy CSS classes <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tright</nowiki></code></bdi> have been replaced with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatright</nowiki></code></bdi> as the former do not work consistently across all MediaWiki platforms, notably mobile web and mobile apps. Projects relying on these classes are encouraged to review related usage and plan for migration. Please note that <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatright</nowiki></code></bdi> may also be deprecated in future, although there are currently no plans to do so. [[phab:T426452|Read more]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W22"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:51, 25 Maii 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30584502 --> ngsudvbe3sx8kijx2egceld90vs93yw 0 324958 3961680 3959440 2026-05-25T12:57:04Z Pippobuono 54500 nomen latine 3961680 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Xertigny, Église Sainte-Walburge.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Scatiniacum: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Walpurgis (abbatissa Heidenhemensis)|Sanctae Walpurgi]] dicata.]] {{res|Scatiniacum}} seu '''Certiniacus'''<ref>{{Graesse}}, t.3, p.336.</ref> ([[Francogallice]] ''Xertigny'') est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] {{formatnum:2589}} incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Xertigny|Scatiniacum}} {{Fontes geographici}} == Notae == <references /> {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]] 8bv8o0wqqjx28937vrk9tvmsufwpihl 3961681 3961680 2026-05-25T12:57:20Z Pippobuono 54500 correctio 3961681 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Xertigny, Église Sainte-Walburge.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Scatiniacum: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Walpurgis (abbatissa Heidenhemensis)|Sanctae Walpurgi]] dicata.]] {{res|Scatiniacum}} seu '''Certiniacus'''<ref>{{Graesse}}, t.3, p.343.</ref> ([[Francogallice]] ''Xertigny'') est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] {{formatnum:2589}} incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Xertigny|Scatiniacum}} {{Fontes geographici}} == Notae == <references /> {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]] 6r22vbx0djj6ij6su8aj6j6aah9kd3w 3961682 3961681 2026-05-25T12:57:40Z Pippobuono 54500 Pippobuono movit paginam [[Xertigny]] ad [[Scatiniacum]]: nomen latine attestatur in Graesse 3961681 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Xertigny, Église Sainte-Walburge.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Scatiniacum: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Walpurgis (abbatissa Heidenhemensis)|Sanctae Walpurgi]] dicata.]] {{res|Scatiniacum}} seu '''Certiniacus'''<ref>{{Graesse}}, t.3, p.343.</ref> ([[Francogallice]] ''Xertigny'') est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] {{formatnum:2589}} incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]]. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Xertigny|Scatiniacum}} {{Fontes geographici}} == Notae == <references /> {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]] 6r22vbx0djj6ij6su8aj6j6aah9kd3w 1 324959 3961684 3959441 2026-05-25T12:57:40Z Pippobuono 54500 Pippobuono movit paginam [[Disputatio:Xertigny]] ad [[Disputatio:Scatiniacum]]: nomen latine attestatur in Graesse 3959441 wikitext text/x-wiki {{attributio|fr|Xertigny|235307477}} jvw7f5jnzpqart9f8cz95zmlc4jkdvo 0 325082 3961781 3961342 2026-05-26T01:33:43Z Pseudo-philodoxia 207639 typo 3961781 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Hasse diagram of powerset of 3.svg|thumb|Subclasses classis <math>\{x, y, z\},</math> sub {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Inclusio classium|theoria inclusionis classium|en=Set inclusion}} intellectae. Forma {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|diagramma Hasseanum|diagrammatis Hasseani|en|qid=Q901446}} nomen “reticuli” suadet.]] {{res|Reticulum}}{{Convertimus|barbarice=reticolo|sicut=[[Italice]]}} in [[mathematica]] est {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|structura algebraica||en|qid=Q205464}} duas per operationes associativas et commutativas definita. Quae operationes appellantur ∧ et ∨; ad invicem ita relantur ut, omni A et B, # A ∧ (A ∨ B) = A ∨ (A ∧ B) = A # A ∧ A = A ∨ A = A{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1=Stricte dictum, hoc non est axioma, quia a primo axiomati deduci potest: A ∧ A = A ∧ (A ∨ (A ∧ B)) = A; {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|dualitas (mathematica)|duali modo|en|qid=Q1755512}}, A ∨ A = A ∨ (A ∧ (A ∨ B)) = A.|2=Q1755512}} Haec [[axioma]]ta, per quae reticulum definitur, sunt ''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|auto-dualis|auto-dualia|en|qid=Q2872559}}'' {{*ie}}, his in axiomatibus ∧ cum ∨ commutari potest dum axiomata eadem remanebunt. Hac ergo substitutione omnis lex reticulorum in aliam legem reticulorum transformari potest. Sunt alia axiomata quae proprietates quorumdam (non omnium) reticulorum exprimunt. Exempli gratia, per axioma modularitatis, quae statuit A ∧ (B ∨ C) = (A ∧ B) ∨ C quotienscumque A ∧ C = C, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|reticulum modulare||en|qid=Q1538614}} definitur; atque per axioma distributivitatis, quae statuit A ∧ (B ∨ C) esse (A ∧ B) ∨ (A ∧ C)—vel aequivalenter A ∨ (B ∧ C) esse (A ∨ B) ∧ (A ∨ C)—{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|reticulum distributivum||en|qid=Q2363730}} definitur. Axiomata sunt tam modularitatis quam distributivitatis auto-dualia. Omne reticulum est {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}} sub ordinis relatione ≤ quae statuit A ≤ B quotienscumque A = A ∧ B. Omnis {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|algebra Booleana (structura)|algebra Booleana|en|qid=Q4973304}} est reticulum distributivum. Omnes (et solae) algebrae aggregationum sub operationibus unionis <math>\cup</math> et intersectionis <math>\cap</math> sunt reticula distributiva. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Rédei | nomen auctoris 1 = Vladislavus | titulus = Algebra | annus = 1967 | locus = [[Londinium|Londinii]], [[Oxonia|Oxoniae]], [[Edinburgum|Edinburgi]], [[Neo-Eboracum|Neo-Eboraci]], [[Torontum|Toronti]], [[Lutetia|Lutetiae]], [[Sydneium|Sydnei]], [[Brunsvicum|Brunsvici]] | domus editoria = Pergamon Press | lccn = 64-24548 | volumen seriei = 1 }} [[Categoria:Algebra abstracta]] [[Categoria:Logica]] [[Categoria:Mathematica|!]] [[Categoria:Structurae mathematicae]] cmukefgnea58hz5n4a0vohobhiu5v5i 3961783 3961781 2026-05-26T01:51:58Z Pseudo-philodoxia 207639 Adduntur divisiones textus 3961783 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Hasse diagram of powerset of 3.svg|thumb|Subclasses classis <math>\{x, y, z\},</math> sub {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Inclusio classium|theoria inclusionis classium|en=Set inclusion}} intellectae. Forma {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|diagramma Hasseanum|diagrammatis Hasseani|en|qid=Q901446}} nomen “reticuli” suadet.]] {{res|Reticulum}}{{Convertimus|barbarice=reticolo|sicut=[[Italice]]}} in [[mathematica]] est {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|structura algebraica||en|qid=Q205464}} duas per operationes associativas et commutativas definita. Quae operationes appellantur ∧ et ∨; ad invicem ita relantur ut, omni A et B, # A ∧ (A ∨ B) = A ∨ (A ∧ B) = A # A ∧ A = A ∨ A = A{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1=Stricte dictum, hoc non est axioma, quia a primo axiomati deduci potest: A ∧ A = A ∧ (A ∨ (A ∧ B)) = A; {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|dualitas (mathematica)|duali modo|en|qid=Q1755512}}, A ∨ A = A ∨ (A ∧ (A ∨ B)) = A.|2=Q1755512}} Haec [[axioma]]ta, per quae reticulum definitur, sunt ''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|auto-dualis|auto-dualia|en|qid=Q2872559}}'' {{*ie}}, his in axiomatibus ∧ cum ∨ commutari potest dum axiomata eadem remanebunt. Hac ergo substitutione omnis lex reticulorum in aliam legem reticulorum transformari potest. == Genera reticulorum == Sunt alia axiomata quae proprietates quorumdam (non omnium) reticulorum exprimunt. Exempli gratia, per axioma modularitatis, quae statuit A ∧ (B ∨ C) = (A ∧ B) ∨ C quotienscumque A ∧ C = C, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|reticulum modulare||en|qid=Q1538614}} definitur; atque per axioma distributivitatis, quae statuit A ∧ (B ∨ C) esse (A ∧ B) ∨ (A ∧ C)—vel aequivalenter A ∨ (B ∧ C) esse (A ∨ B) ∧ (A ∨ C)—{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|reticulum distributivum||en|qid=Q2363730}} definitur. Axiomata sunt tam modularitatis quam distributivitatis auto-dualia. == Exempla == Omnis {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|algebra Booleana (structura)|algebra Booleana|en|qid=Q4973304}} est reticulum distributivum. Omnes (et solae) algebrae aggregationum sub operationibus unionis <math>\cup</math> et intersectionis <math>\cap</math> sunt reticula distributiva. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Rédei | nomen auctoris 1 = Vladislavus | titulus = Algebra | annus = 1967 | locus = [[Londinium|Londinii]], [[Oxonia|Oxoniae]], [[Edinburgum|Edinburgi]], [[Neo-Eboracum|Neo-Eboraci]], [[Torontum|Toronti]], [[Lutetia|Lutetiae]], [[Sydneium|Sydnei]], [[Brunsvicum|Brunsvici]] | domus editoria = Pergamon Press | lccn = 64-24548 | volumen seriei = 1 }} [[Categoria:Algebra abstracta]] [[Categoria:Logica]] [[Categoria:Mathematica|!]] [[Categoria:Structurae mathematicae]] jizv8nnryjn3fiz4jivd0smbngpv8xp 3961785 3961783 2026-05-26T02:00:06Z Pseudo-philodoxia 207639 additur altera definitio 3961785 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Hasse diagram of powerset of 3.svg|thumb|Subclasses classis <math>\{x, y, z\},</math> sub {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Inclusio classium|theoria inclusionis classium|en=Set inclusion}} intellectae. Forma {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|diagramma Hasseanum|diagrammatis Hasseani|en|qid=Q901446}} nomen “reticuli” suadet.]] {{res|Reticulum}}{{Convertimus|barbarice=reticolo|sicut=[[Italice]]}} in [[mathematica]] est {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|structura algebraica||en|qid=Q205464}} duas per operationes associativas et commutativas definita. Quae operationes appellantur ∧ ({{Convertimus|occursio|barbarice=meet}}, infimum) et ∨ ({{Convertimus|junctio|barbarice=join}}, supremum). == Definitio prima == Omni reticulo, operationes junctionis (∨) et occursionis (∧) ad invicem ita relantur ut, omni A et B, # A ∧ (A ∨ B) = A ∨ (A ∧ B) = A # A ∧ A = A ∨ A = A{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1=Stricte dictum, hoc non est axioma, quia a primo axiomati deduci potest: A ∧ A = A ∧ (A ∨ (A ∧ B)) = A; {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|dualitas (mathematica)|duali modo|en|qid=Q1755512}}, A ∨ A = A ∨ (A ∧ (A ∨ B)) = A.|2=Q1755512}} Haec [[axioma]]ta, per quae reticulum defini potest, sunt ''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|auto-dualis|auto-dualia|en|qid=Q2872559}}'' {{*ie}}, his in axiomatibus ∧ cum ∨ commutari potest dum axiomata eadem remanebunt. Hac ergo substitutione omnis lex reticulorum in aliam legem reticulorum transformari potest. == Definitio altera == Reticulum etiam defini potest ut aggregatio partim ordinata cum ordinis relatione ≤ in quo # omnibus A, B est infimum A ∧ B: idest, omni C, C ≤ A ∧ B quotienscumque C ≤ A et C ≤ B. # omnibus A, B est supremum A ∨ B: idest, omni C, C ≥ A ∨ B quotienscumque C ≥ A et C ≥ B. == Genera reticulorum == Sunt alia axiomata quae proprietates quorumdam (non omnium) reticulorum exprimunt. Exempli gratia, per axioma modularitatis, quae statuit A ∧ (B ∨ C) = (A ∧ B) ∨ C quotienscumque A ∧ C = C, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|reticulum modulare||en|qid=Q1538614}} definitur; atque per axioma distributivitatis, quae statuit A ∧ (B ∨ C) esse (A ∧ B) ∨ (A ∧ C)—vel aequivalenter A ∨ (B ∧ C) esse (A ∨ B) ∧ (A ∨ C)—{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|reticulum distributivum||en|qid=Q2363730}} definitur. Axiomata sunt tam modularitatis quam distributivitatis auto-dualia. == Exempla == Omnis {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|algebra Booleana (structura)|algebra Booleana|en|qid=Q4973304}} est reticulum distributivum. Omnes (et solae) algebrae aggregationum sub operationibus unionis <math>\cup</math> et intersectionis <math>\cap</math> sunt reticula distributiva. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Rédei | nomen auctoris 1 = Vladislavus | titulus = Algebra | annus = 1967 | locus = [[Londinium|Londinii]], [[Oxonia|Oxoniae]], [[Edinburgum|Edinburgi]], [[Neo-Eboracum|Neo-Eboraci]], [[Torontum|Toronti]], [[Lutetia|Lutetiae]], [[Sydneium|Sydnei]], [[Brunsvicum|Brunsvici]] | domus editoria = Pergamon Press | lccn = 64-24548 | volumen seriei = 1 }} [[Categoria:Algebra abstracta]] [[Categoria:Logica]] [[Categoria:Mathematica|!]] [[Categoria:Structurae mathematicae]] 0ltwjxbfe87uva3ncj9ec97um1a761y 3961786 3961785 2026-05-26T02:01:13Z Pseudo-philodoxia 207639 nexus additur Vicidatae 3961786 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Hasse diagram of powerset of 3.svg|thumb|Subclasses classis <math>\{x, y, z\},</math> sub {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Inclusio classium|theoria inclusionis classium|en=Set inclusion}} intellectae. Forma {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|diagramma Hasseanum|diagrammatis Hasseani|en|qid=Q901446}} nomen “reticuli” suadet.]] {{res|Reticulum}}{{Convertimus|barbarice=reticolo|sicut=[[Italice]]}} in [[mathematica]] est {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|structura algebraica||en|qid=Q205464}} duas per operationes associativas et commutativas definita. Quae operationes appellantur ∧ ({{Convertimus|occursio|barbarice=meet}}, infimum) et ∨ ({{Convertimus|junctio|barbarice=join}}, supremum). == Definitio prima == Omni reticulo, operationes junctionis (∨) et occursionis (∧) ad invicem ita relantur ut, omni A et B, # A ∧ (A ∨ B) = A ∨ (A ∧ B) = A # A ∧ A = A ∨ A = A{{safesubst:Annotatio cum paginis creandis|1=Stricte dictum, hoc non est axioma, quia a primo axiomati deduci potest: A ∧ A = A ∧ (A ∨ (A ∧ B)) = A; {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|dualitas (mathematica)|duali modo|en|qid=Q1755512}}, A ∨ A = A ∨ (A ∧ (A ∨ B)) = A.|2=Q1755512}} Haec [[axioma]]ta, per quae reticulum defini potest, sunt ''{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|auto-dualis|auto-dualia|en|qid=Q2872559}}'' {{*ie}}, his in axiomatibus ∧ cum ∨ commutari potest dum axiomata eadem remanebunt. Hac ergo substitutione omnis lex reticulorum in aliam legem reticulorum transformari potest. == Definitio altera == Reticulum etiam defini potest ut {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|aggregatio partim ordinata||en|qid=Q474715}} cum ordinis relatione ≤ in quo # omnibus A, B est infimum A ∧ B: idest, omni C, C ≤ A ∧ B quotienscumque C ≤ A et C ≤ B. # omnibus A, B est supremum A ∨ B: idest, omni C, C ≥ A ∨ B quotienscumque C ≥ A et C ≥ B. == Genera reticulorum == Sunt alia axiomata quae proprietates quorumdam (non omnium) reticulorum exprimunt. Exempli gratia, per axioma modularitatis, quae statuit A ∧ (B ∨ C) = (A ∧ B) ∨ C quotienscumque A ∧ C = C, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|reticulum modulare||en|qid=Q1538614}} definitur; atque per axioma distributivitatis, quae statuit A ∧ (B ∨ C) esse (A ∧ B) ∨ (A ∧ C)—vel aequivalenter A ∨ (B ∧ C) esse (A ∨ B) ∧ (A ∨ C)—{{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|reticulum distributivum||en|qid=Q2363730}} definitur. Axiomata sunt tam modularitatis quam distributivitatis auto-dualia. == Exempla == Omnis {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|algebra Booleana (structura)|algebra Booleana|en|qid=Q4973304}} est reticulum distributivum. Omnes (et solae) algebrae aggregationum sub operationibus unionis <math>\cup</math> et intersectionis <math>\cap</math> sunt reticula distributiva. == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{Opus | cognomen auctoris 1 = Rédei | nomen auctoris 1 = Vladislavus | titulus = Algebra | annus = 1967 | locus = [[Londinium|Londinii]], [[Oxonia|Oxoniae]], [[Edinburgum|Edinburgi]], [[Neo-Eboracum|Neo-Eboraci]], [[Torontum|Toronti]], [[Lutetia|Lutetiae]], [[Sydneium|Sydnei]], [[Brunsvicum|Brunsvici]] | domus editoria = Pergamon Press | lccn = 64-24548 | volumen seriei = 1 }} [[Categoria:Algebra abstracta]] [[Categoria:Logica]] [[Categoria:Mathematica|!]] [[Categoria:Structurae mathematicae]] hgnz3ecfop7dz6sv06r8k182nmx0vfg 0 325121 3961709 3961660 2026-05-25T14:36:01Z Neander 1973 /* Actus primus: Ad flumen Scaldim */ 3961709 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Lohengrin-kitsch.jpg|thumb|Lohengrin cycno vectus.]] {{res|Lohengrin}} est drama melicum sive ''opera'' [[musica romantica|romantici]] [[genus (ars)|generis]] a [[Ricardus Wagner|Ricardo Wagner]] scriptum et compositum. Quod drama trium actuum primum [[Vimaria]]e die [[28 Augusti]] anno [[1850]] duce [[Franciscus Liszt|Francisco Liszt]] actum est. Wagner ipse primae actioni interesse nequivit, quia anno [[1849]] propter participatum [[tumultus Maii mensis Dresdae]] exulatus erat. "Lohengrin" non solum in "[[Parsifal (melodrama)|Parsifal]]", poemate epico a [[Wolfram von Eschenbach]] scripto, sed etiam in operibus duorum ignotorum poetarum Francogallicorum saeculo XIII exeunte scriptis positum est. == De historia == "Lohengrin" ultimum opus Wagnerianum generis romantici est, et non ante quam in hoc opere historia cum mytho convenit, nam eventum mythicum in historicum insertum est contextum, qui accurate ad annum [[933]] referri potest, quo [[Henricus I (rex Francorum orientalium)|Henricus Auceps]], rex Saxonum, apud [[Ritteburgum]] ad flumen [[Unstrut]] [[Hungaria|Hungaros]] vicit. Oratio Henrici Aucipitis in actu primo ad orationem regis ad populum Saxonicum habitam refert, quam memoriae tradiderat [[Vidukindus Corbeius]] in [[Res gestae Saxonicae|Rebus gestis]]. Wagner actionem operis [[Antverpia]]m transtulit, ut eventa historica cum [[Eques Cycneus|Equite Cycneo]], mytho a [[Rhenania inferior]]e oriundo, coniungere posset. Non erat [[ducatus Brabantiae]] illo tempore, sed ''Gaugrafschaft'' eiusdem nominis. Cum Henrico Aucupi (876–936) contigerit, ut omnes tribus Franconiae orientalis belligerantes in hac expeditione uniret, a motu nationali aetatis Wagnerianae veneratus est antecessor imperii (''Reich'') Germanici uniti. Ad ''operam'' intellegendam prodest, quod anno 1849 Wagner tumultus Dresdensis particeps erat fautor partis democraticae radicalis. Etiam scriptis suis aequalibus rebus historicis utitur materia prima, ex qua mundum mythicum creare conatur, in quo historia et mythus inter se commisceantur. Wagner etiam symbola Christiana (e.g. sanctum graal) cum mythis paganis aequat, quos archetypos totius humanitatis exhibet. == Argumentum == Tempus dramatis in saeculo millesimo ineunte positum est, et res Antverpiae geruntur. === Actus primus: Ad flumen [[Scaldis|Scaldim]] === Henricus Auceps, rex Germanorum, bellum contra Hungaros suscepturus ad copias colligendas in Brabantiam venit. Dux Brabantiae, qui iam pridem mortuus est, filium Godofridum et filiam Elsam reliquit, quorum tutor comes Fridericus de Telramundo constitutus est. Quodam die Elsa cum Godofrido fratre in silva ambulatum it, sed sine eo redit. Fridericus de Telramundo dicit Godofridum ab Elsa necatum esse, quae pro eo Brabantiam regnare vellet. Fridericus antea Elsam in matrimonium ducere voluerat, sed nunc Ortrudam, stirpem [[Radbodus|Radbodi]], principis [[Frisia]]e, in uxorem duxit. Fridericus Brabantiam sibi vindicat, quod propinquus ducis defuncti sit, et familia Ortrudae antea patriam regeret. Henricus rex Elsam ad locum adduci iubet, quaeritque, an rea sit necis fratris sui. Elsa hoc negat. Fridericus autem declarat se paratum esse ad pugnandum contra quemvis heroa, qui Elsam defendere cupiat. Elsa dicit se talem in somnio vidisse equitem. Rex Auceps praeconi suo imperat, ut hunc equitem arcessat. Post duas evocationes, eques in scapha cycno tracta advenit. Elsa se equiti, si eam defendat, nupturam esse pollicetur. Eques cycneus consentit sed ea condicione, ut Elsa numquam, quis sit aut unde veniat, quaerat. Eques cycneus Fridericum in [[duellum|duello]] superat, sed vitam eius servat. Rex Fridericum exsulat. === Actus secundus: In arce Antverpiensi === Fridericus et Ortruda exsules in gradibus arcis Antverpiensis stant. Fridericus Ortrudae iratus est ex huius mendacio, nam re vera Elsa Godofridum non necavit. Ortruda autem Fridericum ad credendum inducit equitem arcanum magia usum esse: Eques, si vel minimum vulnus acceperit aut nomen eius revelatum erit, potestatem suam amittet. Hoc tempore, Elsa ad fenestram arcis venit. Ortruda Fridericum dimittit et Elsam suspiciosam in equitem cycneum facere conatur. Elsa nihil [[malum (ethica)|mali]] de equite adiutore c0gitare potest, sed Ortrudam miseratur polliceturque se ab equite, ut Friderico ignoscat, rogaturam esse. Primo mane, castellani ad locum conveniunt. Praeco regius Fridericum exlegem declaratum esse; praeterea, Lohengrinum titulum [[dux|ducis]] recusavisse et protectorem Brabantiae appellari mavelle. Ortruda, simulac Elsa et Lohengrinus cum rege et comitibus eius in ecclesiam ingrediuntur, vestibus pulchris induta apparet accusans Lohengrinum magum esse, cuius nomen ne ipsa quidem Elsa scit. Telramundus quoque apparet affirmatque se iniuste, cum nomen adversarii sui ignoret, victum esse. Lohengrin quis sit dicere recusat: soli Elsae respondebit. Elsa eum de fidelitate sua confirmat. In ecclesiam itur. === Actus tertius: in thalamo, ad Scaldim === Elsa timere coepit ne, si nomen mariti sui nesciat, eum amittat. Itaque ex invito equite cycneo nomen exprimit. Subito Fridericus cubiculum intrat equitem vulneraturus, sed hic illum gladio occidit, et sociis Friderici imperat, ut corpus Friderici ad Scaldim deferant, ubi rex et copiae eius opperiuntur, et eo cum Elsa proficiscitur, ut nomen suum revelet. Ad Scaldim, revelat se esse Lohengrinum, filium Parsifalis. Se ad [[ordo|ordinem]] castelli Montsalvat pertinere dicit, cuius munus est calicem graal custodire. Si quis ex equitibus castellum relinquat, vi calicis adiuvabuntur, sed si nomen eorum patefiat, redire debeant. Advenit scapha a cygno tracta advenit. Eques Elsae cornu, gladium et anulum dat rogatque, ut ea fratri suo det, quem adhuc vivere dicit. Eo momento advenit Ortruda, quae ei nuntiat Gottfriedum in cycnum scapham trahentem a se transformatum esse. Hoc audito, Lohengrin in genua procumbit ad precandum. Columba alba supra eum apparet et, ad horrorem Ortrudae, Gottfried ad veram formam redit. Lohengrin scapham adscendit. A columba e conspectu extrahitur. Elsa in bracchiis Gottfriedi moritur. == Personae == ; Primariae * Lohengrinus, ''eques graal'' – [[tenor]] * Elsa von Brabant, ''Brabantiae ducis filia'' – [[soprano]] * Fridricus von Telramundus, ''comes Brabantiensis'' – [[barytonos]] * Ortruda, ''uxor Telramundi'' – [[mezzosoprano]] ; Secundariae * Henricus Auceps, ''rex Germanorum'' – [[basso]] * Praeco regius – [[bassobarytonus]] * Nobiles quattuor – duo [[tenores]], duo bassi * Ancillae quattuor – duae sopranae, duae altae * Godofridus, ''Elsae frater'' – persona muta Comites et nobiles, feminae nobiles, vassalli, famuli ([[chorus]]) [[Categoria:Opera lyrica]] gfxpg8gcnyw43rh8usyzdjisxciwja4 0 325201 3961737 3961621 2026-05-25T18:49:41Z ~2026-31298-31 209988 /* Historia */ 3961737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-6}} [[File:Efteling The House of the Five Senses.jpg|thumb|Porta Eftelingis.]] {{res|Efteling}} est [[consaeptum oblectaminum]] sive hortum attractionum in [[Nederlandia|Nederlandiam]], in provincia [[Brabantia Septentrionalis]] , ornatum in themam [[Fabella puerilis|fabellarum puerilium]]. Quamquam horto naturalis anno [[1933]] nomine ''I.R. Athleticae et Ambulandi Horto'' aperuit, datum maxime acceptum [[31 Maii]] [[1952]] est; quando Silviae Fabularum apertum est. == Historia == Primus horto athleticae et ambulandi Francisco Josepho Klijno atque Emilio Rietra anno 1933 aperietur, sed anno 1950 Petrus Reijnderus consilium Silviam Fabularum construere proponet, ubi fabulae statuis modus immobilibus, modus mobilibus depingentur. Huic causa [[Antonius Picus|Antonium Picum]] Reijdenrus contactavit, pictorem fabularum Nederlandiensem notam. 31 maii 1952 Silvia Fabularum aperuit, deinde in proxima nonnulli allii attraciones aperuerunt, ut Forum Antonii Pici, in honorem creator Silviae Fabularum et pater Eftelingis. Anno [[1973]], Antonius Picus in pensionem vasit, et discipulus eius, [[Tonius Vennis]] creatorem capitalem novum factus est. Primus attractio Magnus qui a Vennis constructum est, ''Castellum Spiritorum'', spectaculum terribilis horribilisque anno [[1978]] fuit. Attractiones allii fuerunt ''Python'', curriculum retroflexum albinum classicum, ''Gondoletta'', naves parvae quae lentuliter lace vehentur, ''Semiluna'', navis magna qui in altum et in deorsum vadit atque ''Festa Carnelevarii'', iter per culturas diversas. Deinde, anno [[1986]] Efteling attractio de cultura Arabica, nomine ''Fata Morgana'' construxit, ducem Tonius Vennis. Post, anno [[1992]] iter per terras magicas fabularumque siv ''Volatum Somniorum'' aperuit annoque [[1990]] ''Terra Lavorum'' cum statuis personarum mirarum. Anno [[1996]] ''Villa Volta'', villa versans, biennio post ''Avis Rok'', curriculum retroflexum intra muros, aperuerunt. Anno [[2002]], anniversarium quinquagesimum horti, Tonius Vennis in pensionem vasit; neque novus creator capitalis sequitor, sed consilium plurimi creatorum. Anno [[2004]] Carolus Wilhelmenus, unus e illud consilium creatorum, ''Volator Hollandicus'' designavit, anno [[2007]] tamen attractio aperietur, ob moras deliveratione partium cursus. Renatus Merkelbachius musicam componit componitorque capitalis factus est. Anno [[2010]] aperuit curriculum retroflexum ligneum nomine ''Georgius atque Draco'', fundatum in legendam [[Georgius (sanctus)|sanctis Georgii]] qui draconem oppugnebatur. Anno [[2015]] ultimum usque nunc curriculum retroflexum Efteling construxit, nomine ''Baro 1898'', in themam fodinam aurei, altoque lapsus verticale, designatus Sandro Bruine. Anno [[2017]] ingens castellum apruit medio hortinis Eftelingis, nomine '' Symbolica'', ''Palatium Fantasiae'' dicitur, et cursus tenebris est. Attractio magnus ultimus anno [[2024]] construxit Efteling, nomine ''Saltatio Macabris'', loce ubi ''Castellum Spiritorum'' fuit. == Nexus externi == {{Fontes geographici}} * [http://www.efteling.com/ Situs interretialis] [[Categoria:Constituta 1952]] [[Categoria:Brabantia]] [[Categoria:Consaepta oblectatoria]] s5t3po998uxn6n7xufi3noe5xr6e4gi 3961738 3961737 2026-05-25T18:49:59Z ~2026-31298-31 209988 /* Historia */ 3961738 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Latinitas|-6}} [[File:Efteling The House of the Five Senses.jpg|thumb|Porta Eftelingis.]] {{res|Efteling}} est [[consaeptum oblectaminum]] sive hortum attractionum in [[Nederlandia|Nederlandiam]], in provincia [[Brabantia Septentrionalis]] , ornatum in themam [[Fabella puerilis|fabellarum puerilium]]. Quamquam horto naturalis anno [[1933]] nomine ''I.R. Athleticae et Ambulandi Horto'' aperuit, datum maxime acceptum [[31 Maii]] [[1952]] est; quando Silviae Fabularum apertum est. == Historia == Primus horto athleticae et ambulandi Francisco Josepho Klijno atque Emilio Rietra anno 1933 aperietur, sed anno 1950 Petrus Reijnderus consilium Silviam Fabularum construere proponet, ubi fabulae statuis modus immobilibus, modus mobilibus depingentur. Huic causa [[Antonius Picus|Antonium Picum]] Reijdenrus contactavit, pictorem fabularum Nederlandiensem notam. 31 maii 1952 Silvia Fabularum aperuit, deinde in proxima nonnulli allii attraciones aperuerunt, ut Forum Antonii Pici, in honorem creator Silviae Fabularum et pater Eftelingis. Anno [[1973]], Antonius Picus in pensionem vasit, et discipulus eius, [[Tonius Vennis]] creatorem capitalem novum factus est. Primus attractio magnus qui a Vennis constructum est, ''Castellum Spiritorum'', spectaculum terribilis horribilisque anno [[1978]] fuit. Attractiones allii fuerunt ''Python'', curriculum retroflexum albinum classicum, ''Gondoletta'', naves parvae quae lentuliter lace vehentur, ''Semiluna'', navis magna qui in altum et in deorsum vadit atque ''Festa Carnelevarii'', iter per culturas diversas. Deinde, anno [[1986]] Efteling attractio de cultura Arabica, nomine ''Fata Morgana'' construxit, ducem Tonius Vennis. Post, anno [[1992]] iter per terras magicas fabularumque siv ''Volatum Somniorum'' aperuit annoque [[1990]] ''Terra Lavorum'' cum statuis personarum mirarum. Anno [[1996]] ''Villa Volta'', villa versans, biennio post ''Avis Rok'', curriculum retroflexum intra muros, aperuerunt. Anno [[2002]], anniversarium quinquagesimum horti, Tonius Vennis in pensionem vasit; neque novus creator capitalis sequitor, sed consilium plurimi creatorum. Anno [[2004]] Carolus Wilhelmenus, unus e illud consilium creatorum, ''Volator Hollandicus'' designavit, anno [[2007]] tamen attractio aperietur, ob moras deliveratione partium cursus. Renatus Merkelbachius musicam componit componitorque capitalis factus est. Anno [[2010]] aperuit curriculum retroflexum ligneum nomine ''Georgius atque Draco'', fundatum in legendam [[Georgius (sanctus)|sanctis Georgii]] qui draconem oppugnebatur. Anno [[2015]] ultimum usque nunc curriculum retroflexum Efteling construxit, nomine ''Baro 1898'', in themam fodinam aurei, altoque lapsus verticale, designatus Sandro Bruine. Anno [[2017]] ingens castellum apruit medio hortinis Eftelingis, nomine '' Symbolica'', ''Palatium Fantasiae'' dicitur, et cursus tenebris est. Attractio magnus ultimus anno [[2024]] construxit Efteling, nomine ''Saltatio Macabris'', loce ubi ''Castellum Spiritorum'' fuit. == Nexus externi == {{Fontes geographici}} * [http://www.efteling.com/ Situs interretialis] [[Categoria:Constituta 1952]] [[Categoria:Brabantia]] [[Categoria:Consaepta oblectatoria]] 8lkwtxkemqf8bjy4unzehg63hgkg7b6 0 325202 3961669 3961662 2026-05-25T12:12:56Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* In biologia */ 3961669 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Primary-amine-2D-general.svg|thumb|Structura aminorum primariorum.]] Aminum est categoria [[Compositum chemicum|compositorum chemicorum]] [[Chemia organica|organicorum]] quae unum aut plures atomos [[Nitrogenium|nitrogenii]] comprehendunt et quorum structura ex [[ammonia]] (NH₃) derivata est. Nam si in locum unius aut plurium [[Hydrogenium|hydrogeniorum]] [[Radicale (chemia)|radicale]] organicum sive aliphatum sive cyclicum posueris aminum habebis. Amina primaria dicuntur si unum radicale organicum habent ut methylaminum CH₃NH₂, secundaria si duo ut dimethylaminum (CH₃)₂NH, tertiaria si tria ut trimethylaminum (CH₃)₃N. In [[Solutio (chemia)|solutione]] amina sunt leviter [[Basis (chemia)|basica]]. Eorum grex functionalis NH₂ [[Vinculum chemicum|vincula hydrogenica]] formare potest. Si duo greges amina in eadem [[molecula]] sunt diaminum dicitur, si tres triaminum, si plures polyaminum. == In biologia == Magni momenti sunt amina in biologia tam in [[Acidum nucleicum|acidis nucleïcis]] (bases [[Purinum|puricae]] et [[Pyrimidinum|pyrimidicae]] quae in [[Nucleotidum|nucleotidis]] [[ADN]] et [[ARN]] inveniuntur amina cyclica sunt) quam in [[Proteina|proteinis]] quae ex [[Aminoacidum|aminoacidis]] constant. Aminoacida et gregem aminum NH₂ et gregem [[Acidum carboxylicum|carboxylum]] COOH praebent (e.g. [[glycinum]] NH₂CH₂COOH): quocirca moleculae hybridae dici possunt, et [[acidum|acidae]] et basicae. Multi [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissores]] quoque sunt amina. In aqua si PH acidum aut neutrum est {{chem|NH|2|}} [[ion|ionizatur]] in {{chem|NH|3|+}} ({{chem|NH|2|}} invenitur cum PH supra 11). In corpore humano igitur grex aminum ionizatum est. Taeter odor [[Putrefactio|putrescentis]] [[caro|carnis]] e dissolutione compositorum nitrogenii oritur. Diamina duo imprimis in culpa inveniuntur: putrescinum NH₂(CH₂)₄NH₂ et cadaverinum NH₂(CH₂)₅NH₂<ref>Ashiq Hussain et alii, "[https://www.pnas.org/doi/epdf/10.1073/pnas.1318596110 High-affinity olfactory receptor for the death-associated odor cadaverine]", ''PNAS'', 2013: 19579-19584. Beatriz del Rio et alii, "[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-36239-w The biogenic amines putrescine and cadaverine show in vitro cytotoxicity at concentrations that can be found in foods]", ''Scientific Reports'', 2019: 120.</ref>. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *A.S. Smith, ''The Chemistry of open-chain organic nitrogen compounds. Volume I, Functions derived from ammonia, amines, amides, imines, nitriles, isocyanates'', Novi Eboraci, 1965 == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Amines amina] pertinent * Manon Leconte, [https://perso.ens-lyon.fr/manon.leconte/pedago/fichiers/orga/amines/amines.pdf ENS Lyon lectio] *[https://chimieorganique.faidherbe.org/amind.htm Lectio Faidherbe] [[Categoria:Composita organica]] [[Categoria:Metabolismus nitrogenii]] [[Categoria:Composita nitrogenii]] 4vnbjaf8fcfafnev1hhsxfou1grcxzr 3961670 3961669 2026-05-25T12:13:27Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* In biologia */ 3961670 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Primary-amine-2D-general.svg|thumb|Structura aminorum primariorum.]] Aminum est categoria [[Compositum chemicum|compositorum chemicorum]] [[Chemia organica|organicorum]] quae unum aut plures atomos [[Nitrogenium|nitrogenii]] comprehendunt et quorum structura ex [[ammonia]] (NH₃) derivata est. Nam si in locum unius aut plurium [[Hydrogenium|hydrogeniorum]] [[Radicale (chemia)|radicale]] organicum sive aliphatum sive cyclicum posueris aminum habebis. Amina primaria dicuntur si unum radicale organicum habent ut methylaminum CH₃NH₂, secundaria si duo ut dimethylaminum (CH₃)₂NH, tertiaria si tria ut trimethylaminum (CH₃)₃N. In [[Solutio (chemia)|solutione]] amina sunt leviter [[Basis (chemia)|basica]]. Eorum grex functionalis NH₂ [[Vinculum chemicum|vincula hydrogenica]] formare potest. Si duo greges amina in eadem [[molecula]] sunt diaminum dicitur, si tres triaminum, si plures polyaminum. == In biologia == Magni momenti sunt amina in biologia tam in [[Acidum nucleicum|acidis nucleïcis]] (bases [[Purinum|puricae]] et [[Pyrimidinum|pyrimidicae]] quae in [[Nucleotidum|nucleotidis]] [[ADN]] et [[ARN]] inveniuntur amina cyclica sunt) quam in [[Proteina|proteinis]] quae ex [[Aminoacidum|aminoacidis]] constant. Aminoacida et gregem aminum NH₂ et gregem [[Acidum carboxylicum|carboxylum]] COOH praebent (e.g. [[glycinum]] NH₂CH₂COOH): quocirca moleculae hybridae dici possunt, et [[acidum|acidae]] et basicae. Multi [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissores]] quoque sunt amina. In aqua si [[PH]] acidum aut neutrum est {{chem|NH|2|}} [[ion|ionizatur]] in {{chem|NH|3|+}} ({{chem|NH|2|}} invenitur cum PH supra 11). In corpore humano igitur grex aminum ionizatum est. Taeter odor [[Putrefactio|putrescentis]] [[caro|carnis]] e dissolutione compositorum nitrogenii oritur. Diamina duo imprimis in culpa inveniuntur: putrescinum NH₂(CH₂)₄NH₂ et cadaverinum NH₂(CH₂)₅NH₂<ref>Ashiq Hussain et alii, "[https://www.pnas.org/doi/epdf/10.1073/pnas.1318596110 High-affinity olfactory receptor for the death-associated odor cadaverine]", ''PNAS'', 2013: 19579-19584. Beatriz del Rio et alii, "[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-36239-w The biogenic amines putrescine and cadaverine show in vitro cytotoxicity at concentrations that can be found in foods]", ''Scientific Reports'', 2019: 120.</ref>. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *A.S. Smith, ''The Chemistry of open-chain organic nitrogen compounds. Volume I, Functions derived from ammonia, amines, amides, imines, nitriles, isocyanates'', Novi Eboraci, 1965 == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Amines amina] pertinent * Manon Leconte, [https://perso.ens-lyon.fr/manon.leconte/pedago/fichiers/orga/amines/amines.pdf ENS Lyon lectio] *[https://chimieorganique.faidherbe.org/amind.htm Lectio Faidherbe] [[Categoria:Composita organica]] [[Categoria:Metabolismus nitrogenii]] [[Categoria:Composita nitrogenii]] 55xla59w8cgnxcjrdz056q127814swo 3961671 3961670 2026-05-25T12:18:26Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* In biologia */ 3961671 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Primary-amine-2D-general.svg|thumb|Structura aminorum primariorum.]] Aminum est categoria [[Compositum chemicum|compositorum chemicorum]] [[Chemia organica|organicorum]] quae unum aut plures atomos [[Nitrogenium|nitrogenii]] comprehendunt et quorum structura ex [[ammonia]] (NH₃) derivata est. Nam si in locum unius aut plurium [[Hydrogenium|hydrogeniorum]] [[Radicale (chemia)|radicale]] organicum sive aliphatum sive cyclicum posueris aminum habebis. Amina primaria dicuntur si unum radicale organicum habent ut methylaminum CH₃NH₂, secundaria si duo ut dimethylaminum (CH₃)₂NH, tertiaria si tria ut trimethylaminum (CH₃)₃N. In [[Solutio (chemia)|solutione]] amina sunt leviter [[Basis (chemia)|basica]]. Eorum grex functionalis NH₂ [[Vinculum chemicum|vincula hydrogenica]] formare potest. Si duo greges amina in eadem [[molecula]] sunt diaminum dicitur, si tres triaminum, si plures polyaminum. == In biologia == Magni momenti sunt amina in biologia tam in [[Acidum nucleicum|acidis nucleïcis]] (bases [[Purinum|puricae]] et [[Pyrimidinum|pyrimidicae]] quae in [[Nucleotidum|nucleotidis]] [[ADN]] et [[ARN]] inveniuntur amina cyclica sunt) quam in [[Proteina|proteinis]] quae ex [[Aminoacidum|aminoacidis]] constant. Aminoacida et gregem aminum NH₂ et gregem [[Acidum carboxylicum|carboxylum]] COOH praebent (e.g. [[glycinum]] NH₂CH₂COOH): quocirca moleculae hybridae dici possunt, et [[acidum|acidae]] et basicae. Multi [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissores]] quoque sunt amina ut dopamina<ref>Formula C₈H₁₁NO₂.</ref>. In aqua si [[PH]] acidum aut neutrum est {{chem|NH|2|}} [[ion|ionizatur]] in {{chem|NH|3|+}} ({{chem|NH|2|}} invenitur cum PH supra 11). In corpore humano igitur grex aminum ionizatum est. Taeter odor [[Putrefactio|putrescentis]] [[caro|carnis]] e dissolutione compositorum nitrogenii oritur. Diamina duo imprimis in culpa inveniuntur: putrescinum NH₂(CH₂)₄NH₂ et cadaverinum NH₂(CH₂)₅NH₂<ref>Ashiq Hussain et alii, "[https://www.pnas.org/doi/epdf/10.1073/pnas.1318596110 High-affinity olfactory receptor for the death-associated odor cadaverine]", ''PNAS'', 2013: 19579-19584. Beatriz del Rio et alii, "[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-36239-w The biogenic amines putrescine and cadaverine show in vitro cytotoxicity at concentrations that can be found in foods]", ''Scientific Reports'', 2019: 120.</ref>. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *A.S. Smith, ''The Chemistry of open-chain organic nitrogen compounds. Volume I, Functions derived from ammonia, amines, amides, imines, nitriles, isocyanates'', Novi Eboraci, 1965 == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Amines amina] pertinent * Manon Leconte, [https://perso.ens-lyon.fr/manon.leconte/pedago/fichiers/orga/amines/amines.pdf ENS Lyon lectio] *[https://chimieorganique.faidherbe.org/amind.htm Lectio Faidherbe] [[Categoria:Composita organica]] [[Categoria:Metabolismus nitrogenii]] [[Categoria:Composita nitrogenii]] 5l32hdzg1ofewf489de6qilds7onuj5 3961673 3961671 2026-05-25T12:21:17Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* In biologia */ 3961673 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Primary-amine-2D-general.svg|thumb|Structura aminorum primariorum.]] Aminum est categoria [[Compositum chemicum|compositorum chemicorum]] [[Chemia organica|organicorum]] quae unum aut plures atomos [[Nitrogenium|nitrogenii]] comprehendunt et quorum structura ex [[ammonia]] (NH₃) derivata est. Nam si in locum unius aut plurium [[Hydrogenium|hydrogeniorum]] [[Radicale (chemia)|radicale]] organicum sive aliphatum sive cyclicum posueris aminum habebis. Amina primaria dicuntur si unum radicale organicum habent ut methylaminum CH₃NH₂, secundaria si duo ut dimethylaminum (CH₃)₂NH, tertiaria si tria ut trimethylaminum (CH₃)₃N. In [[Solutio (chemia)|solutione]] amina sunt leviter [[Basis (chemia)|basica]]. Eorum grex functionalis NH₂ [[Vinculum chemicum|vincula hydrogenica]] formare potest. Si duo greges amina in eadem [[molecula]] sunt diaminum dicitur, si tres triaminum, si plures polyaminum. == In biologia == Magni momenti sunt amina in biologia tam in [[Acidum nucleicum|acidis nucleïcis]] (bases [[Purinum|puricae]] et [[Pyrimidinum|pyrimidicae]] quae in [[Nucleotidum|nucleotidis]] [[ADN]] et [[ARN]] inveniuntur amina cyclica sunt) quam in [[Proteina|proteinis]] quae ex [[Aminoacidum|aminoacidis]] constant. Aminoacida et gregem aminum NH₂ et gregem [[Acidum carboxylicum|carboxylum]] COOH praebent (e.g. [[glycinum]] NH₂CH₂COOH): quocirca moleculae hybridae dici possunt, et [[acidum|acidae]] et basicae. Multi [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissores]] quoque sunt amina ut dopamina<ref>Formula C₈H₁₁NO₂. Nomen [[IUPAC|UIPAC]]: 4-(2-aminoéthyl)benzène-1,2-diol.</ref>. In aqua si [[PH]] acidum aut neutrum est {{chem|NH|2|}} [[ion|ionizatur]] in {{chem|NH|3|+}} ({{chem|NH|2|}} invenitur cum PH supra 11). In corpore humano igitur grex aminum ionizatum est. Taeter odor [[Putrefactio|putrescentis]] [[caro|carnis]] e dissolutione compositorum nitrogenii oritur. Diamina duo imprimis in culpa inveniuntur: putrescinum NH₂(CH₂)₄NH₂ et cadaverinum NH₂(CH₂)₅NH₂<ref>Ashiq Hussain et alii, "[https://www.pnas.org/doi/epdf/10.1073/pnas.1318596110 High-affinity olfactory receptor for the death-associated odor cadaverine]", ''PNAS'', 2013: 19579-19584. Beatriz del Rio et alii, "[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-36239-w The biogenic amines putrescine and cadaverine show in vitro cytotoxicity at concentrations that can be found in foods]", ''Scientific Reports'', 2019: 120.</ref>. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *A.S. Smith, ''The Chemistry of open-chain organic nitrogen compounds. Volume I, Functions derived from ammonia, amines, amides, imines, nitriles, isocyanates'', Novi Eboraci, 1965 == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Amines amina] pertinent * Manon Leconte, [https://perso.ens-lyon.fr/manon.leconte/pedago/fichiers/orga/amines/amines.pdf ENS Lyon lectio] *[https://chimieorganique.faidherbe.org/amind.htm Lectio Faidherbe] [[Categoria:Composita organica]] [[Categoria:Metabolismus nitrogenii]] [[Categoria:Composita nitrogenii]] mm7q93s69qi73n1u9ll6qomrztku3lu 3961674 3961673 2026-05-25T12:24:17Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* In biologia */ 3961674 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Primary-amine-2D-general.svg|thumb|Structura aminorum primariorum.]] Aminum est categoria [[Compositum chemicum|compositorum chemicorum]] [[Chemia organica|organicorum]] quae unum aut plures atomos [[Nitrogenium|nitrogenii]] comprehendunt et quorum structura ex [[ammonia]] (NH₃) derivata est. Nam si in locum unius aut plurium [[Hydrogenium|hydrogeniorum]] [[Radicale (chemia)|radicale]] organicum sive aliphatum sive cyclicum posueris aminum habebis. Amina primaria dicuntur si unum radicale organicum habent ut methylaminum CH₃NH₂, secundaria si duo ut dimethylaminum (CH₃)₂NH, tertiaria si tria ut trimethylaminum (CH₃)₃N. In [[Solutio (chemia)|solutione]] amina sunt leviter [[Basis (chemia)|basica]]. Eorum grex functionalis NH₂ [[Vinculum chemicum|vincula hydrogenica]] formare potest. Si duo greges amina in eadem [[molecula]] sunt diaminum dicitur, si tres triaminum, si plures polyaminum. == In biologia == Magni momenti sunt amina in biologia tam in [[Acidum nucleicum|acidis nucleïcis]] ([[Basis nucleici acidi|bases]] [[Purinum|puricae]] et [[Pyrimidinum|pyrimidicae]] quae in [[Nucleotidum|nucleotidis]] [[ADN]] et [[ARN]] inveniuntur amina cyclica sunt) quam in [[Proteina|proteinis]] quae ex [[Aminoacidum|aminoacidis]] constant. Aminoacida et gregem aminum NH₂ et gregem [[Acidum carboxylicum|carboxylum]] COOH praebent (e.g. [[glycinum]] NH₂CH₂COOH): quocirca moleculae hybridae dici possunt, et [[acidum|acidae]] et basicae. Multi [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissores]] quoque sunt amina ut dopamina<ref>Formula C₈H₁₁NO₂. Nomen [[IUPAC|UIPAC]]: 4-(2-aminoéthyl)benzène-1,2-diol.</ref>. In aqua si [[PH]] acidum aut neutrum est {{chem|NH|2|}} [[ion|ionizatur]] in {{chem|NH|3|+}} ({{chem|NH|2|}} invenitur cum PH supra 11). In corpore humano igitur grex aminum ionizatum est. Taeter odor [[Putrefactio|putrescentis]] [[caro|carnis]] e dissolutione compositorum nitrogenii oritur. Diamina duo imprimis in culpa inveniuntur: putrescinum NH₂(CH₂)₄NH₂ et cadaverinum NH₂(CH₂)₅NH₂<ref>Ashiq Hussain et alii, "[https://www.pnas.org/doi/epdf/10.1073/pnas.1318596110 High-affinity olfactory receptor for the death-associated odor cadaverine]", ''PNAS'', 2013: 19579-19584. Beatriz del Rio et alii, "[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-36239-w The biogenic amines putrescine and cadaverine show in vitro cytotoxicity at concentrations that can be found in foods]", ''Scientific Reports'', 2019: 120.</ref>. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *A.S. Smith, ''The Chemistry of open-chain organic nitrogen compounds. Volume I, Functions derived from ammonia, amines, amides, imines, nitriles, isocyanates'', Novi Eboraci, 1965 == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Amines amina] pertinent * Manon Leconte, [https://perso.ens-lyon.fr/manon.leconte/pedago/fichiers/orga/amines/amines.pdf ENS Lyon lectio] *[https://chimieorganique.faidherbe.org/amind.htm Lectio Faidherbe] [[Categoria:Composita organica]] [[Categoria:Metabolismus nitrogenii]] [[Categoria:Composita nitrogenii]] 8badxp8jx1z04k101bmtzobutr1852y 3961693 3961674 2026-05-25T13:54:38Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* In biologia */ 3961693 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Primary-amine-2D-general.svg|thumb|Structura aminorum primariorum.]] Aminum est categoria [[Compositum chemicum|compositorum chemicorum]] [[Chemia organica|organicorum]] quae unum aut plures atomos [[Nitrogenium|nitrogenii]] comprehendunt et quorum structura ex [[ammonia]] (NH₃) derivata est. Nam si in locum unius aut plurium [[Hydrogenium|hydrogeniorum]] [[Radicale (chemia)|radicale]] organicum sive aliphatum sive cyclicum posueris aminum habebis. Amina primaria dicuntur si unum radicale organicum habent ut methylaminum CH₃NH₂, secundaria si duo ut dimethylaminum (CH₃)₂NH, tertiaria si tria ut trimethylaminum (CH₃)₃N. In [[Solutio (chemia)|solutione]] amina sunt leviter [[Basis (chemia)|basica]]. Eorum grex functionalis NH₂ [[Vinculum chemicum|vincula hydrogenica]] formare potest. Si duo greges amina in eadem [[molecula]] sunt diaminum dicitur, si tres triaminum, si plures polyaminum. == In biologia == Magni momenti sunt amina in biologia tam in [[Acidum nucleicum|acidis nucleïcis]] ([[Basis nucleici acidi|bases]] [[Purinum|puricae]] et [[Pyrimidinum|pyrimidicae]] quae in [[Nucleotidum|nucleotidis]] [[ADN]] et [[ARN]] inveniuntur amina cyclica sunt) quam in [[Proteina|proteinis]] quae ex [[Aminoacidum|aminoacidis]] constant. Aminoacida et gregem aminum NH₂ et gregem [[Acidum carboxylicum|carboxylum]] COOH praebent (e.g. [[glycinum]] NH₂CH₂COOH): quocirca moleculae hybridae dici possunt, et [[acidum|acidae]] et basicae. Multi [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissores]] quoque sunt amina ut dopamina<ref>Formula C₈H₁₁NO₂. Nomen [[IUPAC|UIPAC]]: 4-(2-aminoéthyl)benzène-1,2-diol.</ref>. In aqua si [[PH]] acidum aut neutrum est {{chem|NH|2|}} [[ion|ionizatur]] in {{chem|NH|3|+}} ({{chem|NH|2|}} invenitur cum PH supra 11). In corpore humano igitur grex aminum ionizatum est. Taeter odor [[Putrefactio|putrescentis]] [[caro|carnis]] e dissolutione compositorum nitrogenii oritur. Diamina duo imprimis in culpa inveniuntur: putrescinum NH₂(CH₂)₄NH₂ et cadaverinum NH₂(CH₂)₅NH₂<ref>Ashiq Hussain et alii, "[https://www.pnas.org/doi/epdf/10.1073/pnas.1318596110 High-affinity olfactory receptor for the death-associated odor cadaverine]", ''PNAS'', 2013: 19579-19584. Beatriz del Rio et alii, "[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-36239-w The biogenic amines putrescine and cadaverine show in vitro cytotoxicity at concentrations that can be found in foods]", ''Scientific Reports'', 2019: 120.</ref>. In aqua carboxyla acida et amina inter se [[Reactio chemica|reagunt]] et [[Amidum|amida]] formant per [[Condensatio|condensationem]] dimissa molecula aquae: * R-COOH + NH₂-R R-CONH-R + H₂O In [[Peptida|peptidis]] aminoacida ita inter sese nectuntur. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *A.S. Smith, ''The Chemistry of open-chain organic nitrogen compounds. Volume I, Functions derived from ammonia, amines, amides, imines, nitriles, isocyanates'', Novi Eboraci, 1965 == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Amines amina] pertinent * Manon Leconte, [https://perso.ens-lyon.fr/manon.leconte/pedago/fichiers/orga/amines/amines.pdf ENS Lyon lectio] *[https://chimieorganique.faidherbe.org/amind.htm Lectio Faidherbe] [[Categoria:Composita organica]] [[Categoria:Metabolismus nitrogenii]] [[Categoria:Composita nitrogenii]] r16gr7lyloyb6gxsgorer2grmnd6i8o 3961694 3961693 2026-05-25T13:57:18Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* In biologia */ 3961694 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Primary-amine-2D-general.svg|thumb|Structura aminorum primariorum.]] Aminum est categoria [[Compositum chemicum|compositorum chemicorum]] [[Chemia organica|organicorum]] quae unum aut plures atomos [[Nitrogenium|nitrogenii]] comprehendunt et quorum structura ex [[ammonia]] (NH₃) derivata est. Nam si in locum unius aut plurium [[Hydrogenium|hydrogeniorum]] [[Radicale (chemia)|radicale]] organicum sive aliphatum sive cyclicum posueris aminum habebis. Amina primaria dicuntur si unum radicale organicum habent ut methylaminum CH₃NH₂, secundaria si duo ut dimethylaminum (CH₃)₂NH, tertiaria si tria ut trimethylaminum (CH₃)₃N. In [[Solutio (chemia)|solutione]] amina sunt leviter [[Basis (chemia)|basica]]. Eorum grex functionalis NH₂ [[Vinculum chemicum|vincula hydrogenica]] formare potest. Si duo greges amina in eadem [[molecula]] sunt diaminum dicitur, si tres triaminum, si plures polyaminum. == In biologia == Magni momenti sunt amina in biologia tam in [[Acidum nucleicum|acidis nucleïcis]] ([[Basis nucleici acidi|bases]] [[Purinum|puricae]] et [[Pyrimidinum|pyrimidicae]] quae in [[Nucleotidum|nucleotidis]] [[ADN]] et [[ARN]] inveniuntur amina cyclica sunt) quam in [[Proteina|proteinis]] quae ex [[Aminoacidum|aminoacidis]] constant. Aminoacida et gregem aminum NH₂ et gregem [[Acidum carboxylicum|carboxylum]] COOH praebent (e.g. [[glycinum]] NH₂CH₂COOH): quocirca moleculae hybridae dici possunt, et [[acidum|acidae]] et basicae. Multi [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissores]] quoque sunt amina ut dopamina<ref>Formula C₈H₁₁NO₂. Nomen [[IUPAC|UIPAC]]: 4-(2-aminoéthyl)benzène-1,2-diol.</ref>. In aqua si [[PH]] acidum aut neutrum est {{chem|NH|2|}} [[ion|ionizatur]] in {{chem|NH|3|+}} ({{chem|NH|2|}} invenitur cum PH supra 11). In corpore humano igitur grex aminum ionizatum est. Taeter odor [[Putrefactio|putrescentis]] [[caro|carnis]] e dissolutione compositorum nitrogenii oritur. Diamina duo imprimis in culpa inveniuntur: putrescinum NH₂(CH₂)₄NH₂ et cadaverinum NH₂(CH₂)₅NH₂<ref>Ashiq Hussain et alii, "[https://www.pnas.org/doi/epdf/10.1073/pnas.1318596110 High-affinity olfactory receptor for the death-associated odor cadaverine]", ''PNAS'', 2013: 19579-19584. Beatriz del Rio et alii, "[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-36239-w The biogenic amines putrescine and cadaverine show in vitro cytotoxicity at concentrations that can be found in foods]", ''Scientific Reports'', 2019: 120.</ref>. In aqua carboxyla acida et amina inter se [[Reactio chemica|reagunt]] et [[Amidum|amida]] formant per [[Condensatio|condensationem]] dimissa molecula aquae: * R-COOH + NH₂-R R-CONH-R + H₂O In [[Peptidum|peptidis]] aminoacida ita inter sese nectuntur. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *A.S. Smith, ''The Chemistry of open-chain organic nitrogen compounds. Volume I, Functions derived from ammonia, amines, amides, imines, nitriles, isocyanates'', Novi Eboraci, 1965 == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Amines amina] pertinent * Manon Leconte, [https://perso.ens-lyon.fr/manon.leconte/pedago/fichiers/orga/amines/amines.pdf ENS Lyon lectio] *[https://chimieorganique.faidherbe.org/amind.htm Lectio Faidherbe] [[Categoria:Composita organica]] [[Categoria:Metabolismus nitrogenii]] [[Categoria:Composita nitrogenii]] acm75bom15s5oej47xqxrzrfh3irro2 3961695 3961694 2026-05-25T13:58:04Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* In biologia */ 3961695 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Primary-amine-2D-general.svg|thumb|Structura aminorum primariorum.]] Aminum est categoria [[Compositum chemicum|compositorum chemicorum]] [[Chemia organica|organicorum]] quae unum aut plures atomos [[Nitrogenium|nitrogenii]] comprehendunt et quorum structura ex [[ammonia]] (NH₃) derivata est. Nam si in locum unius aut plurium [[Hydrogenium|hydrogeniorum]] [[Radicale (chemia)|radicale]] organicum sive aliphatum sive cyclicum posueris aminum habebis. Amina primaria dicuntur si unum radicale organicum habent ut methylaminum CH₃NH₂, secundaria si duo ut dimethylaminum (CH₃)₂NH, tertiaria si tria ut trimethylaminum (CH₃)₃N. In [[Solutio (chemia)|solutione]] amina sunt leviter [[Basis (chemia)|basica]]. Eorum grex functionalis NH₂ [[Vinculum chemicum|vincula hydrogenica]] formare potest. Si duo greges amina in eadem [[molecula]] sunt diaminum dicitur, si tres triaminum, si plures polyaminum. == In biologia == Magni momenti sunt amina in biologia tam in [[Acidum nucleicum|acidis nucleïcis]] ([[Basis nucleici acidi|bases]] [[Purinum|puricae]] et [[Pyrimidinum|pyrimidicae]] quae in [[Nucleotidum|nucleotidis]] [[ADN]] et [[ARN]] inveniuntur amina cyclica sunt) quam in [[Proteina|proteinis]] quae ex [[Aminoacidum|aminoacidis]] constant. Aminoacida et gregem aminum NH₂ et gregem [[Acidum carboxylicum|carboxylum]] COOH praebent (e.g. [[glycinum]] NH₂CH₂COOH): quocirca moleculae hybridae dici possunt, et [[acidum|acidae]] et basicae. Multi [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissores]] quoque sunt amina ut dopamina<ref>Formula C₈H₁₁NO₂. Nomen [[IUPAC|UIPAC]]: 4-(2-aminoéthyl)benzène-1,2-diol.</ref>. In aqua si [[PH]] acidum aut neutrum est {{chem|NH|2|}} [[ion|ionizatur]] in {{chem|NH|3|+}} ({{chem|NH|2|}} invenitur cum PH supra 11). In corpore humano igitur grex aminum ionizatum est. Taeter odor [[Putrefactio|putrescentis]] [[caro|carnis]] e dissolutione compositorum nitrogenii oritur. Diamina duo imprimis in culpa inveniuntur: putrescinum NH₂(CH₂)₄NH₂ et cadaverinum NH₂(CH₂)₅NH₂<ref>Ashiq Hussain et alii, "[https://www.pnas.org/doi/epdf/10.1073/pnas.1318596110 High-affinity olfactory receptor for the death-associated odor cadaverine]", ''PNAS'', 2013: 19579-19584. Beatriz del Rio et alii, "[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-36239-w The biogenic amines putrescine and cadaverine show in vitro cytotoxicity at concentrations that can be found in foods]", ''Scientific Reports'', 2019: 120.</ref>. In aqua carboxyla acida et amina inter se [[Reactio chemica|reagunt]] et [[Amidum|amida]] formant per [[Condensatio|condensationem]] dimissa molecula aquae: * R-COOH + NH₂-R → R-CONH-R + H₂O In [[Peptidum|peptidis]] aminoacida ita inter sese nectuntur. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *A.S. Smith, ''The Chemistry of open-chain organic nitrogen compounds. Volume I, Functions derived from ammonia, amines, amides, imines, nitriles, isocyanates'', Novi Eboraci, 1965 == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Amines amina] pertinent * Manon Leconte, [https://perso.ens-lyon.fr/manon.leconte/pedago/fichiers/orga/amines/amines.pdf ENS Lyon lectio] *[https://chimieorganique.faidherbe.org/amind.htm Lectio Faidherbe] [[Categoria:Composita organica]] [[Categoria:Metabolismus nitrogenii]] [[Categoria:Composita nitrogenii]] 8e38w40uu5satm1r24gllofoaqwlqnp 3961697 3961695 2026-05-25T14:02:26Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* In biologia */ 3961697 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Primary-amine-2D-general.svg|thumb|Structura aminorum primariorum.]] Aminum est categoria [[Compositum chemicum|compositorum chemicorum]] [[Chemia organica|organicorum]] quae unum aut plures atomos [[Nitrogenium|nitrogenii]] comprehendunt et quorum structura ex [[ammonia]] (NH₃) derivata est. Nam si in locum unius aut plurium [[Hydrogenium|hydrogeniorum]] [[Radicale (chemia)|radicale]] organicum sive aliphatum sive cyclicum posueris aminum habebis. Amina primaria dicuntur si unum radicale organicum habent ut methylaminum CH₃NH₂, secundaria si duo ut dimethylaminum (CH₃)₂NH, tertiaria si tria ut trimethylaminum (CH₃)₃N. In [[Solutio (chemia)|solutione]] amina sunt leviter [[Basis (chemia)|basica]]. Eorum grex functionalis NH₂ [[Vinculum chemicum|vincula hydrogenica]] formare potest. Si duo greges amina in eadem [[molecula]] sunt diaminum dicitur, si tres triaminum, si plures polyaminum. == In biologia == [[Fasciculus:Amide-general.png|thumb|Structura amidorum.]] Magni momenti sunt amina in biologia tam in [[Acidum nucleicum|acidis nucleïcis]] ([[Basis nucleici acidi|bases]] [[Purinum|puricae]] et [[Pyrimidinum|pyrimidicae]] quae in [[Nucleotidum|nucleotidis]] [[ADN]] et [[ARN]] inveniuntur amina cyclica sunt) quam in [[Proteina|proteinis]] quae ex [[Aminoacidum|aminoacidis]] constant. Aminoacida et gregem aminum NH₂ et gregem [[Acidum carboxylicum|carboxylum]] COOH praebent (e.g. [[glycinum]] NH₂CH₂COOH): quocirca moleculae hybridae dici possunt, et [[acidum|acidae]] et basicae. Multi [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissores]] quoque sunt amina ut dopamina<ref>Formula C₈H₁₁NO₂. Nomen [[IUPAC|UIPAC]]: 4-(2-aminoéthyl)benzène-1,2-diol.</ref>. In aqua si [[PH]] acidum aut neutrum est {{chem|NH|2|}} [[ion|ionizatur]] in {{chem|NH|3|+}} ({{chem|NH|2|}} invenitur cum PH supra 11). In corpore humano igitur grex aminum ionizatum est. Taeter odor [[Putrefactio|putrescentis]] [[caro|carnis]] e dissolutione compositorum nitrogenii oritur. Diamina duo imprimis in culpa inveniuntur: putrescinum NH₂(CH₂)₄NH₂ et cadaverinum NH₂(CH₂)₅NH₂<ref>Ashiq Hussain et alii, "[https://www.pnas.org/doi/epdf/10.1073/pnas.1318596110 High-affinity olfactory receptor for the death-associated odor cadaverine]", ''PNAS'', 2013: 19579-19584. Beatriz del Rio et alii, "[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-36239-w The biogenic amines putrescine and cadaverine show in vitro cytotoxicity at concentrations that can be found in foods]", ''Scientific Reports'', 2019: 120.</ref>. In aqua carboxyla acida et amina inter se [[Reactio chemica|reagunt]] et [[Amidum|amida]] formant per [[Condensatio|condensationem]] dimissa molecula aquae: * R-COOH + NH₂-R → R-CONH-R + H₂O In [[Peptidum|peptidis]] aminoacida ita inter sese nectuntur. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *A.S. Smith, ''The Chemistry of open-chain organic nitrogen compounds. Volume I, Functions derived from ammonia, amines, amides, imines, nitriles, isocyanates'', Novi Eboraci, 1965 == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Amines amina] pertinent * Manon Leconte, [https://perso.ens-lyon.fr/manon.leconte/pedago/fichiers/orga/amines/amines.pdf ENS Lyon lectio] *[https://chimieorganique.faidherbe.org/amind.htm Lectio Faidherbe] [[Categoria:Composita organica]] [[Categoria:Metabolismus nitrogenii]] [[Categoria:Composita nitrogenii]] 8nvdceaq1zl84r2tq90fhyecxwvl6dv 3961699 3961697 2026-05-25T14:08:58Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 /* In biologia */ 3961699 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Primary-amine-2D-general.svg|thumb|Structura aminorum primariorum.]] Aminum est categoria [[Compositum chemicum|compositorum chemicorum]] [[Chemia organica|organicorum]] quae unum aut plures atomos [[Nitrogenium|nitrogenii]] comprehendunt et quorum structura ex [[ammonia]] (NH₃) derivata est. Nam si in locum unius aut plurium [[Hydrogenium|hydrogeniorum]] [[Radicale (chemia)|radicale]] organicum sive aliphatum sive cyclicum posueris aminum habebis. Amina primaria dicuntur si unum radicale organicum habent ut methylaminum CH₃NH₂, secundaria si duo ut dimethylaminum (CH₃)₂NH, tertiaria si tria ut trimethylaminum (CH₃)₃N. In [[Solutio (chemia)|solutione]] amina sunt leviter [[Basis (chemia)|basica]]. Eorum grex functionalis NH₂ [[Vinculum chemicum|vincula hydrogenica]] formare potest. Si duo greges amina in eadem [[molecula]] sunt diaminum dicitur, si tres triaminum, si plures polyaminum. == In biologia == [[Fasciculus:Amide-general.png|thumb|Structura amidorum.]] Magni momenti sunt amina in biologia tam in [[Acidum nucleicum|acidis nucleïcis]] ([[Basis nucleici acidi|bases]] [[Purinum|puricae]] et [[Pyrimidinum|pyrimidicae]] quae in [[Nucleotidum|nucleotidis]] [[ADN]] et [[ARN]] inveniuntur amina cyclica sunt) quam in [[Proteina|proteinis]] quae ex [[Aminoacidum|aminoacidis]] constant. Aminoacida et gregem aminum NH₂ et gregem [[Acidum carboxylicum|carboxylum]] COOH praebent (e.g. [[glycinum]] NH₂CH₂COOH): quocirca moleculae hybridae dici possunt, et [[acidum|acidae]] et basicae. Multi [[Neurotransmissor|neurotransmissores]] quoque sunt amina ut [[dopamina]]<ref>Formula C₈H₁₁NO₂. Nomen [[IUPAC|UIPAC]]: 4-(2-aminoéthyl)benzène-1,2-diol.</ref>. In aqua si [[PH]] acidum aut neutrum est {{chem|NH|2|}} [[ion|ionizatur]] in {{chem|NH|3|+}} ({{chem|NH|2|}} invenitur cum PH supra 11). In corpore humano igitur grex aminum ionizatum est. Taeter odor [[Putrefactio|putrescentis]] [[caro|carnis]] e dissolutione compositorum nitrogenii oritur. Diamina duo imprimis in culpa inveniuntur: putrescinum NH₂(CH₂)₄NH₂ et cadaverinum NH₂(CH₂)₅NH₂<ref>Ashiq Hussain et alii, "[https://www.pnas.org/doi/epdf/10.1073/pnas.1318596110 High-affinity olfactory receptor for the death-associated odor cadaverine]", ''PNAS'', 2013: 19579-19584. Beatriz del Rio et alii, "[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-36239-w The biogenic amines putrescine and cadaverine show in vitro cytotoxicity at concentrations that can be found in foods]", ''Scientific Reports'', 2019: 120.</ref>. In aqua carboxyla acida et amina inter se [[Reactio chemica|reagunt]] et [[Amidum|amida]] formant per [[Condensatio|condensationem]] dimissa molecula aquae: * R-COOH + NH₂-R → R-CONH-R + H₂O In [[Peptidum|peptidis]] aminoacida ita inter sese nectuntur. == Notae == <references /> == Plura legere si cupis == *A.S. Smith, ''The Chemistry of open-chain organic nitrogen compounds. Volume I, Functions derived from ammonia, amines, amides, imines, nitriles, isocyanates'', Novi Eboraci, 1965 == Nexus externi == *[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Amines amina] pertinent * Manon Leconte, [https://perso.ens-lyon.fr/manon.leconte/pedago/fichiers/orga/amines/amines.pdf ENS Lyon lectio] *[https://chimieorganique.faidherbe.org/amind.htm Lectio Faidherbe] [[Categoria:Composita organica]] [[Categoria:Metabolismus nitrogenii]] [[Categoria:Composita nitrogenii]] 88h57kmdgxjhky9lqk4l69n4xy9znn4 0 325216 3961701 3961647 2026-05-25T14:13:03Z IacobusAmor 1163 ~ 3961701 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}} {{res|Henricus Bright}} (baptizatus die [[26 Octobris]] [[1562]]; mortuus die [[4 Martii]] [[1627]]) fuit [[clericus]] et [[paedagogus]] [[Anglia|Anglicus]], qui triginta octo annos munere archididascali in [[Schola Regia Wigorniensis|Schola Regia Wigorniensi]]<!--King's School, Worcester--> functus est. [[Auctor]]es coaevi sicut [[Thomas Fuller]] et [[Antonius Wood]] eum ut praeceptorem eximium, praesertim in [[lingua|linguis]] [[Latine|Latina]], [[Graece|Graeca]], et [[Hebraice|Hebraica]], laudaverunt.<ref>{{qc|id=Wood (1691)}}.</ref><ref>{{qc|id=Fuller (1662)}}, p. 376.</ref> Aetas eius summum fastigium [[scriptura]]e Neolatinae et instructionis per linguam Latinam repraesentat. Multi [[discipulus|discipuli]] eius peritia in {{Creanda|en|Classical language|Lingua classica|linguis classicis}} et [[theologia|rebus theologicis]] innotuerunt. == Vita et fama == Henricus Bright in ecclesia Sancti Petri Magni Wigorniae die 26 Octobris 1562 baptizatus est. Filius natu maximus fuit Iacobi Bright, qui artem chirothecarum faciendarum exercebat.<ref>{{qc|id=Worcester Cathedral Library (2018)}}</ref> Probabiliter in ipsa Schola Regia Wigorniensi educatus, in Collegium Aenei Nasi Oxoniae anno 1580 ut "plebeius" matriculavit. Ad Collegium de Balliolo translatus, gradum Baccalaurei Artium anno 1584 et Magistri Artium anno 1587 suscepit, et socius eiusdem collegii anno 1585 electus est.<ref>{{qc|id=Macdonald (1936)}}</ref> Anno 1589, a decano et capitulo Wigorniensi archididascalus Scholae Regiae nominatus est. Praeter munus scholasticum, nonnulla beneficia ecclesiastica tenuit, inter quae rectorias in Broadwas (1591), Tredington (1606), et Warndon (1615), necnon canonicatus in cathedralibus Herefordiensi (1607) et Wigorniensi (1619).<ref>{{qc|id=Craze (1972)}}</ref> Anno 1622 thesaurarius Cathedralis Wigorniensis factus est.<ref>{{qc|id=Worcester Cathedral Library (2018)}}</ref> Anno 1609 fundum Brockbury in paroecia Colwall emit. Thomas Fuller in opere suo ''History of the Worthies of England'' eum valde laudavit, scribens eum a Divina Providentia in ea urbe collocatum esse, ut iuventuti tam Angliae quam Cambriae lumen grammaticae communicaret.<ref>{{qc|id=Fuller (1662)}}, p. 376</ref> Discipuli quidem e Cambria scholam frequentabant, et Bright effecit ut capitulum cathedralis exhibitiones pecuniarias praeberet iis quos ad universitates mittebat.<ref>{{qc|id=Leach (1913)}}</ref> Nihilominus, apud quosdam discipulos famam saevitiae habuit. [[Thomas Hall]] (1610–1665), minister presbyterianus et ipse alumnus Scholae Regiae sub Bright, in autobiographia sua manuscripta, quae in chartis eius relicta est, hanc severitatem commemoravit.<ref>{{qc|id=Thomas (2015)}}</ref> Idem Hall postea inter discipulos notabiles Brightii numeratur, cum Oxoniam anno 1624 ut exhibitionarius Collegii de Balliolo missus esset. == Familia == [[Fasciculus:Armorial Bearings of the BRIGHT family of Colwall, Herefordshire.png|thumb|upright=0.8|Insignia gentilitia familiae Bright.]] Bright bis uxorem duxit. Primo Mariae Tovey nupsit, ex qua filiam Mariam (natam 1596) genuit. Secundo Ioannam Berkeley in matrimonium duxit, filiam Rolandi Berkeley, mercatoris pannorum divitis et legati ad parlamentum, atque sororem Roberti Berkeley iudicis.<ref>{{qc|id=Burke (1895)}}, p. 451.</ref> Ex hoc matrimonio unum filium, Robertum (1617–1665), et tres filias (Dorotheam, Iocosam, et Catharinam) habuit. Robertus fundum Brockbury hereditate accepit, qui per multa saecula in familia mansit. == Epitaphium == [[Fasciculus:Monument HenryBright WorcesterCathedral.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Monumentum]] Henrici Bright in Cathedrali Wigorniensi, cum [[epitaphium|epitaphio]] ab Iosepho Hall scripto.]] Eius [[monumentum]] in Cathedrali Wigorniensi exstat, epitaphium gerens ab Iosepho Hall, tunc decano Wigorniensi, compositum. Textus incipit verbis: "Mane, Hospes, et lege. Magister Henricus Bright, celeberrimus Gymnasiarcha, qui Scholae Regiae istic fundatae per totos quadraginta annos summa cum laude praefuit."<ref>{{qc|id=Fuller (1662)}}, p. 376.</ref> Epitaphium peritiam eius in litteris Latinis, Graecis, et Hebraicis celebrat, necnon pietatem et laborem in theologia et ecclesia. == Discipuli notabiles == Bright discipulos suos saepe ad universitatem Oxoniensem mittebat. Inter notissimos fuerunt: * [[Iohannes Beale]], clericus et scriptor scientificus. * [[Samuel Butler]], poeta et scriptor satyricus, auctor operis ''Hudibras''.<ref>{{qc|id=Macdonald (1936)}}</ref> * [[Ioannes Doughtie]], canonicus Abbatiae Westmonasteriensis. * [[Thomas Good]], magister Collegii de Balliolo. * [[Thomas Hall]], minister presbyterianus. * [[Rogerus Maynwaring]], decanus Wigorniensis et episcopus Menevensis. * [[Franciscus Potter]], commentator biblicus et socius Regalis Societatis. * [[Ioannes Vaughan]], iudex et politicus. * [[Eduardus Winslow]], unus ex Patribus Peregrinis (''Pilgrim Fathers'') et olim gubernator [[Colonia Plimmutensis|Coloniae Plimmutensis]].<ref>{{qc|id=Worcester Cathedral Library (2018)}}.</ref> == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{ec|id=Burke (1895)|c={{Formula:Opus|auctor=Burke, Bernard|annus=1895|titulus=A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Colonial Gentry|volumen=2|editor=Harrison & Sons|locus=London|url=https://archive.org/details/genealogical02burk}}}} * {{ec|id=Craze (1972)|c={{Formula:Opus|auctor=Craze, Michael|annus=1972|titulus=King's School, Worcester, 1541–1971|editor=Ebenezer Baylis & Son|locus=Worcester}}}} * {{ec|id=Fuller (1662)|c={{Formula:Opus|auctor=Fuller, Thomas|annus=1662|titulus=The History of the Worthies of England|volumen=3|editor=Thomas Tegg|locus=London|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9caYkksKnggC}}}} * {{ec|id=Leach (1913)|c={{Formula:Opus|auctor=Leach, Arthur Francis|annus=1913|titulus=Documents illustrating early education in Worcester, 685 to 1700|editor=Worcestershire Historical Society|locus=London}}}} * {{ec|id=Macdonald (1936)|c={{Formula:Opus|auctor=Macdonald, A.|annus=1936|titulus=A History of the King's School, Worcester|editor=Ernest Benn Ltd|locus=London}}}} * {{ec|id=Wood (1691)|c={{Formula:Opus|auctor=Wood, Anthony|annus=1691|titulus=Athenae Oxonienses|editor=Tho. Bennet|locus=London}}}} * {{ec|id=Thomas (2015)|c={{Formula:Opus|auctor=Thomas, Denise (ed.)|annus=2015|titulus=The Autobiography and Library of Thomas Hall, B.D. (1610–1665)|volumen=26|editor=Worcestershire Historical Society|locus=Worcester|series=New Series}}}} * {{ec|id=Worcester Cathedral Library (2018)|c={{Formula:Opus|auctor=Worcester Cathedral Library|annus=2018|titulus="Ignorance is the curse of God, knowledge is the wing wherewith we fly to heaven". W.Shakespeare (Henry VI Pt 2)|url=https://worcestercathedrallibrary.wordpress.com/2018/11/17/ignorance-is-the-curse-of-god-knowledge-is-the-wing-wherewith-we-fly-to-heaven-w-shakespeare-henry-vi-pt-2/}}}} {{Anni vitae|1562|1627|Bright, Henricus}} [[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Oxoniensis]] [[Categoria:Clerici Angliae]] 45yfx5mk9dl0yad6ebhxfflzd01w6pu 0 325217 3961705 3961643 2026-05-25T14:28:00Z JimKillock 109532 /* Consequentiae et responsa */ 3961705 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}}{{Capsa libri Vicidatorum}} '''''Defensio pro Populo Anglicano''''' (sive plene ''Ioannis Miltoni Angli pro Populo Anglicano Defensio contra Claudii Anonymi, aliàs Salmasii, Defensionem Regiam'') est opus polemicum Latinum ab [[Ioannes Miltonus|Ioanne Miltono]] scriptum et anno 1651 editum.<ref>{{qc|id=Alvis (1999)}}, p. 99</ref> Hoc opus a re publica Angliae (Anglice ''Commonwealth of England'') mandatum est ut actiones Parlamenti, praecipue supplicium regis Caroli I, contra accusationes Claudii Salmasii defenderentur.<ref>{{qc|id=Bryson (2001)}}</ref> Miltonus, qui munere Secretarii a linguis peregrinis in Consilio Status fungebatur, hoc libro ius populi contra tyrannidem vindicavit.<ref>{{qc|id=Cavendish (1999)}}</ref> == Contextus historicus == Postquam rex Carolus I mense Ianuario anni 1649 decollatus est, regimini novo necesse erat actiones suas coram Europa iustificare.<ref>{{qc|id=Cavendish (1999)}}</ref> Claudius Salmasius, vir doctissimus et professor in Academia Lugduno-Batava, opus inscriptum ''Defensio Regia pro Carolo I'' mense Novembri 1649 edidit, in quo rebelles Anglicos parricidii et regicidii accusavit.<ref>{{qc|id=Bryson (2001)}}</ref><ref>{{qc|id=Encyclopædia Britannica (1911)}}</ref> Hoc opus, ut creditur, a Carolo II exule pecunia sustentatum est.<ref>{{qc|id=Bryson (2001)}}</ref> Ad hanc provocationem respondendam, Consilium Status Angliae Miltono negotium dedit ut refutationem scriberet. Miltonus, quamquam oculorum acie iam laborabat, per annum 1650 huic operi operam dedit, quod tandem die 24 Februarii 1651 in lucem prodiit.<ref>{{qc|id=Bryson (2001)}}</ref> == Historia typographica: Guilielmus Dugard == Historia typographica ''Defensionis'' singularis est et controversiis plena. Guilielmus Dugard (1606–1662), magister scholae et typographus Londiniensis, ante annum 1650 amicus intimus Miltoni erat.<ref>{{qc|id=DNB Dugard (1888)}}</ref> Anno 1649 Dugard, qui praelum privatum possidebat, ''Defensionem Regiam pro Carolo Primo'' Claudii Salmasii typis mandaverat — id est ipsum opus regicidii accusatorium cui Miltonus postea respondit.<ref>{{qc|id=DNB Dugard (1888)}}</ref> Hoc facto, die 1 Februarii 1649/50, Consilium Status Dugard in carcerem Novae Portae (Anglice ''Newgate'') coniecit, praelum eius et instrumenta typographica (quingentis libris aestimata) confiscavit, et Societatem Mercatorum Scissorum (cuius scholae Dugard praeerat) iussit ut eum ab officio removerent.<ref>{{qc|id=Oundle (1950)}}, pp. 712–716</ref> Uxor eius et sex liberi domo expulsi sunt. Post mensem unum in carcere, Dugard liberatus est. Secundum ''Dictionarium Biographiae Nationalis'', liberationem eius amicus eius Miltonus effecit, qui apud iudicem Iohannem Bradshaw auctoritatem habebat.<ref>{{qc|id=DNB Dugard (1888)}}</ref> Masson autem, in ''Vita Miltoni'', censet Miltonum ipsum, ut Secretarium Latinum Consilii Status, interventorem fuisse, dum Dugard ipse liberationem suam Iacobo Harrington adscribebat.<ref>{{qc|id=Oundle (1950)}}, p. 1235</ref> Die 2 Aprilis 1650, Consilium Status praelum Dugardo restituit, ea condicione ut eo in damnum rei publicae non uteretur.<ref>{{qc|id=Oundle (1950)}}, p. 1203</ref> Eodem anno, per litteras a Bradshaw scriptas, Dugard in munus suum scholasticum apud Mercatores Scissores restitutus est. Ita Dugard, qui ''Defensionem Regiam'' Salmasii impresserat, nunc ''Defensionem pro Populo Anglicano'' Miltoni — responsionem directam illi ipsi operi — ex eodem praelo edidit, et titulum ''Typographus Consilii Status'' (Anglice ''Printer to the Council of State'') adeptus est.<ref>{{qc|id=DNB Dugard (1888)}}</ref> Masson hanc rem ita exposuit: Dugard Salmasii librum imprimere conatus erat; iam librum Miltoni contra Salmasium imprimebat — et in hac ipsa mutatione explicatio liberationis eius e carcere latere videtur.<ref>{{qc|id=Oundle (1950)}}, p. 1235</ref> Bibliographus F. F. Madan, in dissertatione ''Milton, Salmasius, and Dugard'' (''The Library'', 1923), historiam editionum huius operis accuratissime investigavit. Madan demonstravit editionem primam (quarto, 205 paginarum) tribus emissionibus in prima parte mensis Februarii 1650/1 prodiisse, et editionem folio (263 paginarum) mense Octobri 1651 in lucem emissam esse.<ref>{{qc|id=Madan (1923)}}</ref> Multae aliae editiones, in quibus imprimitur ''Typis Du Gardianis'', re vera non a Dugardo sed ab aliis typographis Europaeis, praesertim Amstelodami apud Ludovicum Elzevirium, impressae sunt — id est tituli paginae mentiebantur de loco et typographo.<ref>{{qc|id=Madan (1923)}}</ref> Die 5 Martii 1650/1, Consilium Status ordinavit ut ''liber Miltoni'' a Comitatu Examinationum inspiceretur et, si videretur, reimpressionis causa emendaretur — ex quo editio folio nata est.<ref>{{qc|id=Oundle (1950)}}, p. 1469</ref> Alia controversia circa Dugard et Miltonum versatur in ''Eikone Basilike'' (libro qui sermonem regis Caroli I morientis continere dicebatur). Narratur Dugard, dum editionem huius libri imprimebat, a Miltono compulsum esse ut precem ex ''Arcadia'' Philippi Sidneii (''Precatio Pamelae'' dicta) operi insereret, quo fama libri regalistici laederetur — quam precem Miltonus postea in ''Eikonoklaste'' irrisit.<ref>{{qc|id=DNB Dugard (1888)}}</ref> Haec narratio, quamvis saepe repetita, a Madano et aliis in dubium vocata est.<ref>{{qc|id=Oundle (1950)}}, pp. 807–861</ref> == Argumenta et stilus == Miltonus in libro suo principium iuris divini regum (Anglice ''divine right of kings'') vehementer repudiavit. Argumentatus est reges non a Deo directe, sed a populo institutos esse, ideoque populum ius habere tyrannos deponendi et puniendi.<ref>{{qc|id=Bryson (2001)}}</ref> Stilus operis acerbus est et plenus invectivarum contra Salmasium (quod argumentum ad hominem vocatur). Miltonus adversarium suum inconstantiae accusavit et asseveravit eum a filio Caroli I centum Iacobis (nummis aureis) corruptum esse ut ''Defensionem Regiam'' scriberet.<ref>{{qc|id=Alvis (1999)}}, p. 264</ref> Quamquam lingua admodum aspera usus est, responsum Miltoni ab eruditis efficax habitum est.<ref>{{qc|id=Nuttall (1907)}}</ref> Tamen quidam critici, sicut Georgius Saintsbury, opus propter nimiam polemicam et prolixitatem in singulis punctis refutandis vituperaverunt.<ref>{{qc|id=Ward & Waller (1907-21)}}</ref> == Receptio in Europa et fama Miltoni == Opus statim post publicationem per totam Europam divulgatum est et valde populare factum est, pluribus editionibus anno 1651 impressis.<ref>{{qc|id=Miller (1990)}}, p. 300</ref> Miltonus, cuius peritia linguae Latinae antea minus nota erat, propter puritatem stili Latini et eruditionem in hoc libro demonstratam magnam famam Europaeam celeriter consecutus est.<ref>{{qc|id=Encyclopædia Britannica (1911 Milton)}}</ref> Responsum eius ab eruditis tamquam "annihilatio" Salmasii habitum est, et existimatur libros Miltoni et proelia Cromwelli praecipue famam rei publicae Anglicae foris auxisse.<ref>{{qc|id=Encyclopædia Britannica (1911 Milton)}}</ref> Tamen, quia opus regicidium defendebat, in multis partibus Europae damnationem provocavit. In Gallia, liber ob rationes politicas Lutetiae et Tolosae publice combustus est,<ref>{{qc|id=Haight & Grannis (1978)}}</ref> et in Germania a Dieta Imperii (''Reichstag'') interdictus est.<ref>{{qc|id=Berghaus (1983)}}</ref> Quamquam liber interdictus erat, clam in Europa circulabatur et ab eruditis legebatur. Epigrammata Neolatina ab episcopo Lutherano Lundensi, Peder Winstrup, et iurisconsulto Georgio Christophoro Walther scripta ostendunt quomodo prosa Latina Miltoni in culturam Europaeam penetraverit.<ref>{{qc|id=Vozar (2022)}}, pp. 115-124</ref> Praeterea dicitur reginam Christinam Sueciae, ad cuius aulam Salmasius degebat, opus Miltoni admiratam esse, quod ad frigidiorem receptionem Salmasii contulerit.<ref>{{qc|id=Wren (2025)}}</ref> == Fama Miltoni in Anglia == Ante ''Defensionem pro Populo Anglicano'', Miltonus in Anglia notus erat praecipue ut auctor poematum et libellorum de rebus ecclesiasticis, non ut vir publicus primae auctoritatis. Hoc opus eius statum mutavit. Consilium Status iam die 8 Ianuarii 1650 Miltono negotium dederat ut Salmasio responderet, quia timebatur ne ''Defensio Regia'' relationes rei publicae cum exteris nationibus laederet.<ref>{{qc|id=Antiquates (1692)}}</ref> Miltonus hoc officium libenter suscepit et opus suum praecipuum in prosa Latina esse iudicavit.<ref>{{qc|id=Antiquates (1692)}}</ref> Post publicationem, Miltonus in Anglia vox publica rei publicae factus est. Quamquam munus eius Secretarii a linguis peregrinis proprie humile erat; ut Birrell scripsit, "erat tantum scriba in servitio rei publicae"; ''Defensio'' ei dignitatem longe maiorem contulit.<ref>{{qc|id=Birrell (1896)}}</ref> Iam anno 1652, cum Miltonus omnino caecus factus esset, Consilium Status eum in munere retinuit, quod testimonium est magnae aestimationis qua habebatur.<ref>{{qc|id=Lewalski (2000)}}, pp. 258-259</ref> Thurloe, secretarius Cromwelli, eum breviter ut "caecum qui litteras Latinas scribebat" descripsit — quae descriptio, quamvis frigida, ostendit Miltonum etiam post caecitatem in administratione publica perseverasse.<ref>{{qc|id=Birrell (1896)}}</ref> Tamen Birrell et alii observaverunt controversiam hanc maiorem famam Miltoni in Europa quam in Anglia peperisse, quia Latine scripta erat et eruditis exteris magis nota erat quam civibus Anglicis. In Anglia, Miltonus magis ut servus publicus quam ut vates agnoscebatur, nec nominis eius magna mentio fit apud historicos coaevos, ut Clarendonium et Whitlocum.<ref>{{qc|id=Birrell (1896)}}</ref> Nihilominus, ''Defensio'' fundamentum posuit ex quo Miltonus post Restaurationem (1660) ut poeta magnus et libertatis defensor ab Anglis honorari coepit. Anno 1660, post reditum Caroli II, Parliamentum omnia exemplaria ''Defensionis'' destrui iussit, quod vim et periculum operis etiam tum agnoscebatur.<ref>{{qc|id=Antiquates (1692)}}</ref> Miltonus ipse aliquamdiu latuit et in custodiam traditus fuit, sed tandem, quia non ipse regicidium perpetraverat sed solum defenderat, incolumis dimissus est.<ref>{{qc|id=Birrell (1896)}}</ref> == Consequentiae et responsa == Salmasius ipse, dum vixit, nullum responsum edidit, quamquam fragmentum post mortem eius anno 1660 publicatum est.<ref>{{qc|id=Encyclopædia Britannica (1911)}}</ref> Anno autem 1651 Antverpiae apparuit responsum anonymum, inscriptum ''Pro Rege et Populo Anglicano Apologia'', quod a clerico regialista Ioanne Rowland scriptum esse postea compertum est.<ref>{{qc|id=Lewalski (2000)}}, pp. 258-259</ref> Huic operi, Miltoni nomine, nepos eius Ioannes Phillips anno 1652 respondit (''Joannis Philippi Angli Responsio''), quamvis credatur Miltonum ipsum textum nepotis sui ante publicationem correxisse et expolivisse.<ref>{{qc|id=Lewalski (2000)}}, pp. 258-259</ref><ref>{{qc|id=Ayers (1962)}}, pp. 66-72</ref> [[Fasciculus:John-milton.jpg|thumb|Ioannes Miltonus, auctor operis.]] Anno 1654, Miltonus ipse sequelam huius operis edidit, inscriptam ''Defensio Secunda'', in qua rem publicam Olivarii Cromwelli ulterius defendit.<ref>{{qc|id=Keeble (2003)}}, p. 134</ref> == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{ec|id=Alvis (1999)|c={{Formula:Opus|editor=John Alvis|annus=1999|titulus=Areopagitica and Other Political Writings of John Milton|locus=Indianapolis|editor_libri=Liberty Fund|isbn=0-86597-197-8}}}} * {{ec|id=Antiquates (1692)|c={{Formula:Opus|annus=1692|titulus=A defence of the People of england, by john milton: In answer to Salmasius's Defence of the King|locus=s.l.|editor_libri=s.n.|nota=Antiquates Fine and Rare Books, ref. 30991|url=https://antiquates.co.uk/rare-books/antiquarian-book/30991/}}}} * {{ec|id=Ayers (1962)|c={{Formula:Opus|auctor=Robert W. Ayers|annus=1962|titulus=The John Phillips-John Milton Angli Responsio: Editions and Relations|opus=The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America|volumen=56|fasciculus=1|paginae=66-72|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24300976}}}} * {{ec|id=Birrell (1896)|c={{Formula:Opus|auctor=Augustine Birrell|annus=1896|titulus=John Milton|opus=Obiter Dicta: Second Series|locus=Londinii|editor_libri=Elliot Stock|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/21793/pg21793-images.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Bryson (2001)|c={{Formula:Opus|auctor=Michael Bryson|annus=2001|titulus=Background for the Defense of the English People|url=http://www.michaelbryson.net/miltonweb/defense1.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Cavendish (1999)|c={{Formula:Opus|auctor=Richard Cavendish|annus=1999|titulus=Milton appointed Latin Secretary|opus=History Today|volumen=49|fasciculus=3|url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/milton-appointed-latin-secretary}}}} * {{ec|id=Berghaus (1983)|c={{Formula:Opus|auctor=Günter Berghaus|annus=1983|titulus=A Case of Censorship of Milton in Germany: On an Unknown Edition of the "Pro Populo Anglicano Defensio"|opus=Milton Quarterly|volumen=17|fasciculus=3|paginae=61-70|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24464671}}}} * {{ec|id=DNB Dugard (1888)|c={{Formula:Opus|auctor=John Westby Gibson|annus=1888|titulus=Dugard, William|opus=Dictionary of National Biography|volumen=16|editor=Leslie Stephen|locus=Londinii|editor_libri=Smith, Elder and Co.|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Dugard,_William}}}} * {{ec|id=Encyclopædia Britannica (1911 Milton)|c={{Formula:Opus|editor=Hugh Chisholm|annus=1911|titulus=Milton, John|opus=Encyclopædia Britannica|volumen=18|editio=11|locus=Cantabrigiae|editor_libri=Cambridge University Press|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Milton,_John}}}} * {{ec|id=Encyclopædia Britannica (1911)|c={{Formula:Opus|editor=Hugh Chisholm|annus=1911|titulus=Salmasius, Claudius|opus=Encyclopædia Britannica|volumen=24|editio=11|locus=Cantabrigiae|editor_libri=Cambridge University Press|pagina=81|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Salmasius,_Claudius}}}} * {{ec|id=Haight & Grannis (1978)|c={{Formula:Opus|auctor=Anne Lyon Haight, Chandler B. Grannis|annus=1978|titulus=Banned Books 387 B.C. to 1978 A.D.|locus=Novi Eboraci|editor_libri=R.R. Bowker Co.}}}} * {{ec|id=Keeble (2003)|c={{Formula:Opus|auctor=N. H. Keeble|annus=2003|titulus=Milton and Puritanism|opus=A Companion to Milton|editor=Thomas Corns|locus=Oxoniae|editor_libri=Blackwell Publishing|pagina=134}}}} * {{ec|id=Lewalski (2000)|c={{Formula:Opus|auctor=Barbara K. Lewalski|annus=2000|titulus=The Life of John Milton|locus=Oxoniae|editor_libri=Blackwell Publishing|isbn=978-0-631-17665-7}}}} * {{ec|id=Madan (1923)|c={{Formula:Opus|auctor=F. F. Madan|annus=1923|titulus=Milton, Salmasius, and Dugard|opus=The Library|series=4|volumen=4|fasciculus=2|paginae=119-145|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/library/s4-IV.2.119}}}} * {{ec|id=Miller (1990)|c={{Formula:Opus|auctor=Leo Miller|annus=1990|titulus=In defence of Milton's Pro populo anglicano defensio|opus=Renaissance Studies|volumen=4|fasciculus=3|paginae=300|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-4658.1990.tb00216.x}}}} * {{ec|id=Oundle (1950)|c={{Formula:Opus|annus=1950|titulus=Appendix IX: William Dugard|opus=The Oundle School Register|locus=Oundelae|editor_libri=Oundle School|paginae=704-720|url=https://oundle-heritage.daisy.websds.net/Filename.ashx?systemFileName=OUHOS00038.pdf}}}} * {{ec|id=Nuttall (1907)|c={{Formula:Opus|editor=James Wood|annus=1907|titulus=Salmasius, Claudius|opus=The Nuttall Encyclopædia|locus=Londinii et Novi Eboraci|editor_libri=Frederick Warne & Co|url=https://www.fromoldbooks.org/Wood-NuttallEncyclopaedia/s/salmasius.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Vozar (2022)|c={{Formula:Opus|auctor=Thomas Matthew Vozar|annus=2022|titulus=Neo-Latin Epigrams on Milton by Peder Winstrup, Bishop of Lund, and the Rothenburg Jurist Georg Christoph Walther|opus=Humanistica Lovaniensia|volumen=71|fasciculus=1|paginae=115-124|url=https://poj.peeters-leuven.be/content.php?id=3292317&url=article}}}} * {{ec|id=Ward & Waller (1907-21)|c={{Formula:Opus|editor=A. W. Ward, A. R. Waller|annus=1907-21|titulus=His Latin writings|opus=The Cambridge History of English and American Literature|volumen=VII|locus=Novi Eboraci|editor_libri=G.P. Putnam's Sons|url=http://www.bartleby.com/217/0520.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Wren (2025)|c={{Formula:Opus|auctor=J. R. Wren|annus=2025|titulus=The Complete Works of John Milton: Volume VII: Latin Defences|editor_libri=Oxford University Press}}}} 7qi9yn91fx5eivym71tb7cft82fz3mm 3961712 3961705 2026-05-25T14:53:58Z IacobusAmor 1163 ~ 3961712 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}}{{Capsa libri Vicidatorum}} '''''Defensio pro Populo Anglicano''''' (sive plene ''Ioannis Miltoni Angli pro Populo Anglicano Defensio contra Claudii Anonymi, aliàs Salmasii, Defensionem Regiam'') est opus polemicum Latinum ab [[Ioannes Miltonus|Ioanne Miltono]] scriptum et anno [[1651]] editum.<ref>{{qc|id=Alvis (1999)}}, p. 99</ref> Hoc opus a re publica Angliae (Anglice ''Commonwealth of England'') mandatum est ut actiones Parlamenti, praecipue supplicium regis [[Carolus I (rex Angliae)|Caroli I]] [[Rex Angliae|regis]], contra accusationes [[Claudius Salmasius|Claudii Salmasii]] defenderentur.<ref>{{qc|id=Bryson (2001)}}</ref> Miltonus, qui munere Secretarii a linguis peregrinis in Consilio Status fungebatur, hoc libro ius populi contra [[tyrannis|tyrannidem]] vindicavit.<ref>{{qc|id=Cavendish (1999)}}</ref> == Contextus historicus == Postquam rex Carolus I mense Ianuario anni 1649 decollatus est, regimini novo necesse erat actiones suas coram Europa iustificare.<ref>{{qc|id=Cavendish (1999)}}</ref> Claudius Salmasius, vir doctissimus et professor in Academia Lugduno-Batava, opus inscriptum ''Defensio Regia pro Carolo I'' mense Novembri 1649 edidit, in quo rebelles Anglicos parricidii et regicidii accusavit.<ref>{{qc|id=Bryson (2001)}}</ref><ref>{{qc|id=Encyclopædia Britannica (1911)}}</ref> Hoc opus, ut creditur, a Carolo II exule pecunia sustentatum est.<ref>{{qc|id=Bryson (2001)}}</ref> Ad hanc provocationem respondendam, Consilium Status Angliae Miltono negotium dedit ut refutationem scriberet. Miltonus, quamquam oculorum acie iam laborabat, per annum 1650 huic operi operam dedit, quod tandem die 24 Februarii 1651 in lucem prodiit.<ref>{{qc|id=Bryson (2001)}}</ref> == Historia typographica: Guilielmus Dugard == Historia typographica ''Defensionis'' singularis est et controversiis plena. Guilielmus Dugard (1606–1662), magister scholae et typographus Londiniensis, ante annum 1650 amicus intimus Miltoni erat.<ref>{{qc|id=DNB Dugard (1888)}}</ref> Anno 1649 Dugard, qui praelum privatum possidebat, ''Defensionem Regiam pro Carolo Primo'' Claudii Salmasii typis mandaverat — id est ipsum opus regicidii accusatorium cui Miltonus postea respondit.<ref>{{qc|id=DNB Dugard (1888)}}</ref> Hoc facto, die 1 Februarii 1649/50, Consilium Status Dugard in carcerem Novae Portae (Anglice ''Newgate'') coniecit, praelum eius et instrumenta typographica (quingentis libris aestimata) confiscavit, et Societatem Mercatorum Scissorum (cuius scholae Dugard praeerat) iussit ut eum ab officio removerent.<ref>{{qc|id=Oundle (1950)}}, pp. 712–716</ref> Uxor eius et sex liberi domo expulsi sunt. Post mensem unum in carcere, Dugard liberatus est. Secundum ''Dictionarium Biographiae Nationalis'', liberationem eius amicus eius Miltonus effecit, qui apud iudicem Iohannem Bradshaw auctoritatem habebat.<ref>{{qc|id=DNB Dugard (1888)}}</ref> Masson autem, in ''Vita Miltoni'', censet Miltonum ipsum, ut Secretarium Latinum Consilii Status, interventorem fuisse, dum Dugard ipse liberationem suam Iacobo Harrington adscribebat.<ref>{{qc|id=Oundle (1950)}}, p. 1235</ref> Die 2 Aprilis 1650, Consilium Status praelum Dugardo restituit, ea condicione ut eo in damnum rei publicae non uteretur.<ref>{{qc|id=Oundle (1950)}}, p. 1203</ref> Eodem anno, per litteras a Bradshaw scriptas, Dugard in munus suum scholasticum apud Mercatores Scissores restitutus est. Ita Dugard, qui ''Defensionem Regiam'' Salmasii impresserat, nunc ''Defensionem pro Populo Anglicano'' Miltoni — responsionem directam illi ipsi operi — ex eodem praelo edidit, et titulum ''Typographus Consilii Status'' (Anglice ''Printer to the Council of State'') adeptus est.<ref>{{qc|id=DNB Dugard (1888)}}</ref> Masson hanc rem ita exposuit: Dugard Salmasii librum imprimere conatus erat; iam librum Miltoni contra Salmasium imprimebat — et in hac ipsa mutatione explicatio liberationis eius e carcere latere videtur.<ref>{{qc|id=Oundle (1950)}}, p. 1235</ref> Bibliographus F. F. Madan, in dissertatione ''Milton, Salmasius, and Dugard'' (''The Library'', 1923), historiam editionum huius operis accuratissime investigavit. Madan demonstravit editionem primam (quarto, 205 paginarum) tribus emissionibus in prima parte mensis Februarii 1650/1 prodiisse, et editionem folio (263 paginarum) mense Octobri 1651 in lucem emissam esse.<ref>{{qc|id=Madan (1923)}}</ref> Multae aliae editiones, in quibus imprimitur ''Typis Du Gardianis'', re vera non a Dugardo sed ab aliis typographis Europaeis, praesertim Amstelodami apud Ludovicum Elzevirium, impressae sunt — id est tituli paginae mentiebantur de loco et typographo.<ref>{{qc|id=Madan (1923)}}</ref> Die 5 Martii 1650/1, Consilium Status ordinavit ut ''liber Miltoni'' a Comitatu Examinationum inspiceretur et, si videretur, reimpressionis causa emendaretur — ex quo editio folio nata est.<ref>{{qc|id=Oundle (1950)}}, p. 1469</ref> Alia controversia circa Dugard et Miltonum versatur in ''Eikone Basilike'' (libro qui sermonem regis Caroli I morientis continere dicebatur). Narratur Dugard, dum editionem huius libri imprimebat, a Miltono compulsum esse ut precem ex ''Arcadia'' Philippi Sidneii (''Precatio Pamelae'' dicta) operi insereret, quo fama libri regalistici laederetur — quam precem Miltonus postea in ''Eikonoklaste'' irrisit.<ref>{{qc|id=DNB Dugard (1888)}}</ref> Haec narratio, quamvis saepe repetita, a Madano et aliis in dubium vocata est.<ref>{{qc|id=Oundle (1950)}}, pp. 807–861</ref> == Argumenta et stilus == Miltonus in libro suo principium iuris divini regum (Anglice ''divine right of kings'') vehementer repudiavit. Argumentatus est reges non a Deo directe, sed a populo institutos esse, ideoque populum ius habere tyrannos deponendi et puniendi.<ref>{{qc|id=Bryson (2001)}}</ref> Stilus operis acerbus est et plenus invectivarum contra Salmasium (quod argumentum ad hominem vocatur). Miltonus adversarium suum inconstantiae accusavit et asseveravit eum a filio Caroli I centum Iacobis (nummis aureis) corruptum esse ut ''Defensionem Regiam'' scriberet.<ref>{{qc|id=Alvis (1999)}}, p. 264</ref> Quamquam lingua admodum aspera usus est, responsum Miltoni ab eruditis efficax habitum est.<ref>{{qc|id=Nuttall (1907)}}</ref> Tamen quidam critici, sicut Georgius Saintsbury, opus propter nimiam polemicam et prolixitatem in singulis punctis refutandis vituperaverunt.<ref>{{qc|id=Ward & Waller (1907-21)}}</ref> == Receptio in Europa et fama Miltoni == Opus statim post publicationem per totam Europam divulgatum est et valde populare factum est, pluribus editionibus anno 1651 impressis.<ref>{{qc|id=Miller (1990)}}, p. 300</ref> Miltonus, cuius peritia linguae Latinae antea minus nota erat, propter puritatem stili Latini et eruditionem in hoc libro demonstratam magnam famam Europaeam celeriter consecutus est.<ref>{{qc|id=Encyclopædia Britannica (1911 Milton)}}</ref> Responsum eius ab eruditis tamquam "annihilatio" Salmasii habitum est, et existimatur libros Miltoni et proelia Cromwelli praecipue famam rei publicae Anglicae foris auxisse.<ref>{{qc|id=Encyclopædia Britannica (1911 Milton)}}</ref> Tamen, quia opus regicidium defendebat, in multis partibus Europae damnationem provocavit. In Gallia, liber ob rationes politicas Lutetiae et Tolosae publice combustus est,<ref>{{qc|id=Haight & Grannis (1978)}}</ref> et in Germania a Dieta Imperii (''Reichstag'') interdictus est.<ref>{{qc|id=Berghaus (1983)}}</ref> Quamquam liber interdictus erat, clam in Europa circulabatur et ab eruditis legebatur. Epigrammata Neolatina ab episcopo Lutherano Lundensi, Peder Winstrup, et iurisconsulto Georgio Christophoro Walther scripta ostendunt quomodo prosa Latina Miltoni in culturam Europaeam penetraverit.<ref>{{qc|id=Vozar (2022)}}, pp. 115-124</ref> Praeterea dicitur reginam Christinam Sueciae, ad cuius aulam Salmasius degebat, opus Miltoni admiratam esse, quod ad frigidiorem receptionem Salmasii contulerit.<ref>{{qc|id=Wren (2025)}}</ref> == Fama Miltoni in Anglia == Ante ''Defensionem pro Populo Anglicano'', Miltonus in Anglia notus erat praecipue ut auctor poematum et libellorum de rebus ecclesiasticis, non ut vir publicus primae auctoritatis. Hoc opus eius statum mutavit. Consilium Status iam die 8 Ianuarii 1650 Miltono negotium dederat ut Salmasio responderet, quia timebatur ne ''Defensio Regia'' relationes rei publicae cum exteris nationibus laederet.<ref>{{qc|id=Antiquates (1692)}}</ref> Miltonus hoc officium libenter suscepit et opus suum praecipuum in prosa Latina esse iudicavit.<ref>{{qc|id=Antiquates (1692)}}</ref> Post publicationem, Miltonus in Anglia vox publica rei publicae factus est. Quamquam munus eius Secretarii a linguis peregrinis proprie humile erat; ut Birrell scripsit, "erat tantum scriba in servitio rei publicae"; ''Defensio'' ei dignitatem longe maiorem contulit.<ref>{{qc|id=Birrell (1896)}}</ref> Iam anno 1652, cum Miltonus omnino caecus factus esset, Consilium Status eum in munere retinuit, quod testimonium est magnae aestimationis qua habebatur.<ref>{{qc|id=Lewalski (2000)}}, pp. 258-259</ref> Thurloe, secretarius Cromwelli, eum breviter ut "caecum qui litteras Latinas scribebat" descripsit — quae descriptio, quamvis frigida, ostendit Miltonum etiam post caecitatem in administratione publica perseverasse.<ref>{{qc|id=Birrell (1896)}}</ref> Tamen Birrell et alii observaverunt controversiam hanc maiorem famam Miltoni in Europa quam in Anglia peperisse, quia Latine scripta erat et eruditis exteris magis nota erat quam civibus Anglicis. In Anglia, Miltonus magis ut servus publicus quam ut vates agnoscebatur, nec nominis eius magna mentio fit apud historicos coaevos, ut Clarendonium et Whitlocum.<ref>{{qc|id=Birrell (1896)}}</ref> Nihilominus, ''Defensio'' fundamentum posuit ex quo Miltonus post Restaurationem (1660) ut poeta magnus et libertatis defensor ab Anglis honorari coepit. Anno 1660, post reditum Caroli II, Parliamentum omnia exemplaria ''Defensionis'' destrui iussit, quod vim et periculum operis etiam tum agnoscebatur.<ref>{{qc|id=Antiquates (1692)}}</ref> Miltonus ipse aliquamdiu latuit et in custodiam traditus fuit, sed tandem, quia non ipse regicidium perpetraverat sed solum defenderat, incolumis dimissus est.<ref>{{qc|id=Birrell (1896)}}</ref> == Consequentiae et responsa == Salmasius ipse, dum vixit, nullum responsum edidit, quamquam fragmentum post mortem eius anno 1660 publicatum est.<ref>{{qc|id=Encyclopædia Britannica (1911)}}</ref> Anno autem 1651 Antverpiae apparuit responsum anonymum, inscriptum ''Pro Rege et Populo Anglicano Apologia'', quod a clerico regialista Ioanne Rowland scriptum esse postea compertum est.<ref>{{qc|id=Lewalski (2000)}}, pp. 258-259</ref> Huic operi, Miltoni nomine, nepos eius Ioannes Phillips anno 1652 respondit (''Joannis Philippi Angli Responsio''), quamvis credatur Miltonum ipsum textum nepotis sui ante publicationem correxisse et expolivisse.<ref>{{qc|id=Lewalski (2000)}}, pp. 258-259</ref><ref>{{qc|id=Ayers (1962)}}, pp. 66-72</ref> Anno 1654, Miltonus ipse sequelam huius operis edidit, inscriptam ''Defensio Secunda'', in qua rem publicam Olivarii Cromwelli ulterius defendit.<ref>{{qc|id=Keeble (2003)}}, p. 134</ref> == Notae == [[Fasciculus:John-milton.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Ioannes Miltonus, auctor operis.]] {{div col|3}} <references /> {{div col end}} == Bibliographia == * {{ec|id=Alvis (1999)|c={{Formula:Opus|editor=John Alvis|annus=1999|titulus=Areopagitica and Other Political Writings of John Milton|locus=Indianapolis|editor_libri=Liberty Fund|isbn=0-86597-197-8}}}} * {{ec|id=Antiquates (1692)|c={{Formula:Opus|annus=1692|titulus=A defence of the People of england, by john milton: In answer to Salmasius's Defence of the King|locus=s.l.|editor_libri=s.n.|nota=Antiquates Fine and Rare Books, ref. 30991|url=https://antiquates.co.uk/rare-books/antiquarian-book/30991/}}}} * {{ec|id=Ayers (1962)|c={{Formula:Opus|auctor=Robert W. Ayers|annus=1962|titulus=The John Phillips-John Milton Angli Responsio: Editions and Relations|opus=The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America|volumen=56|fasciculus=1|paginae=66-72|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24300976}}}} * {{ec|id=Birrell (1896)|c={{Formula:Opus|auctor=Augustine Birrell|annus=1896|titulus=John Milton|opus=Obiter Dicta: Second Series|locus=Londinii|editor_libri=Elliot Stock|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/21793/pg21793-images.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Bryson (2001)|c={{Formula:Opus|auctor=Michael Bryson|annus=2001|titulus=Background for the Defense of the English People|url=http://www.michaelbryson.net/miltonweb/defense1.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Cavendish (1999)|c={{Formula:Opus|auctor=Richard Cavendish|annus=1999|titulus=Milton appointed Latin Secretary|opus=History Today|volumen=49|fasciculus=3|url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/milton-appointed-latin-secretary}}}} * {{ec|id=Berghaus (1983)|c={{Formula:Opus|auctor=Günter Berghaus|annus=1983|titulus=A Case of Censorship of Milton in Germany: On an Unknown Edition of the "Pro Populo Anglicano Defensio"|opus=Milton Quarterly|volumen=17|fasciculus=3|paginae=61-70|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24464671}}}} * {{ec|id=DNB Dugard (1888)|c={{Formula:Opus|auctor=John Westby Gibson|annus=1888|titulus=Dugard, William|opus=Dictionary of National Biography|volumen=16|editor=Leslie Stephen|locus=Londinii|editor_libri=Smith, Elder and Co.|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Dugard,_William}}}} * {{ec|id=Encyclopædia Britannica (1911 Milton)|c={{Formula:Opus|editor=Hugh Chisholm|annus=1911|titulus=Milton, John|opus=Encyclopædia Britannica|volumen=18|editio=11|locus=Cantabrigiae|editor_libri=Cambridge University Press|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Milton,_John}}}} * {{ec|id=Encyclopædia Britannica (1911)|c={{Formula:Opus|editor=Hugh Chisholm|annus=1911|titulus=Salmasius, Claudius|opus=Encyclopædia Britannica|volumen=24|editio=11|locus=Cantabrigiae|editor_libri=Cambridge University Press|pagina=81|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Salmasius,_Claudius}}}} * {{ec|id=Haight & Grannis (1978)|c={{Formula:Opus|auctor=Anne Lyon Haight, Chandler B. Grannis|annus=1978|titulus=Banned Books 387 B.C. to 1978 A.D.|locus=Novi Eboraci|editor_libri=R.R. Bowker Co.}}}} * {{ec|id=Keeble (2003)|c={{Formula:Opus|auctor=N. H. Keeble|annus=2003|titulus=Milton and Puritanism|opus=A Companion to Milton|editor=Thomas Corns|locus=Oxoniae|editor_libri=Blackwell Publishing|pagina=134}}}} * {{ec|id=Lewalski (2000)|c={{Formula:Opus|auctor=Barbara K. Lewalski|annus=2000|titulus=The Life of John Milton|locus=Oxoniae|editor_libri=Blackwell Publishing|isbn=978-0-631-17665-7}}}} * {{ec|id=Madan (1923)|c={{Formula:Opus|auctor=F. F. Madan|annus=1923|titulus=Milton, Salmasius, and Dugard|opus=The Library|series=4|volumen=4|fasciculus=2|paginae=119-145|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/library/s4-IV.2.119}}}} * {{ec|id=Miller (1990)|c={{Formula:Opus|auctor=Leo Miller|annus=1990|titulus=In defence of Milton's Pro populo anglicano defensio|opus=Renaissance Studies|volumen=4|fasciculus=3|paginae=300|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-4658.1990.tb00216.x}}}} * {{ec|id=Oundle (1950)|c={{Formula:Opus|annus=1950|titulus=Appendix IX: William Dugard|opus=The Oundle School Register|locus=Oundelae|editor_libri=Oundle School|paginae=704-720|url=https://oundle-heritage.daisy.websds.net/Filename.ashx?systemFileName=OUHOS00038.pdf}}}} * {{ec|id=Nuttall (1907)|c={{Formula:Opus|editor=James Wood|annus=1907|titulus=Salmasius, Claudius|opus=The Nuttall Encyclopædia|locus=Londinii et Novi Eboraci|editor_libri=Frederick Warne & Co|url=https://www.fromoldbooks.org/Wood-NuttallEncyclopaedia/s/salmasius.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Vozar (2022)|c={{Formula:Opus|auctor=Thomas Matthew Vozar|annus=2022|titulus=Neo-Latin Epigrams on Milton by Peder Winstrup, Bishop of Lund, and the Rothenburg Jurist Georg Christoph Walther|opus=Humanistica Lovaniensia|volumen=71|fasciculus=1|paginae=115-124|url=https://poj.peeters-leuven.be/content.php?id=3292317&url=article}}}} * {{ec|id=Ward & Waller (1907-21)|c={{Formula:Opus|editor=A. W. Ward, A. R. Waller|annus=1907-21|titulus=His Latin writings|opus=The Cambridge History of English and Ame*rican Literature|volumen=VII|locus=Novi Eboraci|editor_libri=G.P. Putnam's Sons|url=http://www.bartleby.com/217/0520.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Wren (2025)|c={{Formula:Opus|auctor=J. R. Wren|annus=2025|titulus=The Complete Works of John Milton: Volume VII: Latin Defences|editor_libri=Oxford University Press}}}}{{dubcat}} gzfz0qmvgab6fnk5e9e2dye6enfpy5b 3961722 3961712 2026-05-25T15:48:30Z JimKillock 109532 /* Historia typographica: Guilielmus Dugard */ 3961722 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}}{{Capsa libri Vicidatorum}} '''''Defensio pro Populo Anglicano''''' (sive plene ''Ioannis Miltoni Angli pro Populo Anglicano Defensio contra Claudii Anonymi, aliàs Salmasii, Defensionem Regiam'') est opus polemicum Latinum ab [[Ioannes Miltonus|Ioanne Miltono]] scriptum et anno [[1651]] editum.<ref>{{qc|id=Alvis (1999)}}, p. 99</ref> Hoc opus a re publica Angliae (Anglice ''Commonwealth of England'') mandatum est ut actiones Parlamenti, praecipue supplicium regis [[Carolus I (rex Angliae)|Caroli I]] [[Rex Angliae|regis]], contra accusationes [[Claudius Salmasius|Claudii Salmasii]] defenderentur.<ref>{{qc|id=Bryson (2001)}}</ref> Miltonus, qui munere Secretarii a linguis peregrinis in Consilio Status fungebatur, hoc libro ius populi contra [[tyrannis|tyrannidem]] vindicavit.<ref>{{qc|id=Cavendish (1999)}}</ref> == Contextus historicus == Postquam rex Carolus I mense Ianuario anni 1649 decollatus est, regimini novo necesse erat actiones suas coram Europa iustificare.<ref>{{qc|id=Cavendish (1999)}}</ref> Claudius Salmasius, vir doctissimus et professor in Academia Lugduno-Batava, opus inscriptum ''Defensio Regia pro Carolo I'' mense Novembri 1649 edidit, in quo rebelles Anglicos parricidii et regicidii accusavit.<ref>{{qc|id=Bryson (2001)}}</ref><ref>{{qc|id=Encyclopædia Britannica (1911)}}</ref> Hoc opus, ut creditur, a Carolo II exule pecunia sustentatum est.<ref>{{qc|id=Bryson (2001)}}</ref> Ad hanc provocationem respondendam, Consilium Status Angliae Miltono negotium dedit ut refutationem scriberet. Miltonus, quamquam oculorum acie iam laborabat, per annum 1650 huic operi operam dedit, quod tandem die 24 Februarii 1651 in lucem prodiit.<ref>{{qc|id=Bryson (2001)}}</ref> == Historia typographica: Guilielmus Du-Gard == Historia typographica ''Defensionis'' singularis est et controversiis plena. [[Guilielmus Du-Gard]] (1606–1662), magister scholae et typographus Londiniensis, ante annum 1650 amicus intimus Miltoni erat.<ref>{{qc|id=DNB Du-Gard (1888)}}</ref> Anno 1649 Du-Gard, qui praelum privatum possidebat, ''Defensionem Regiam pro Carolo Primo'' Claudii Salmasii typis mandaverat — id est ipsum opus regicidii accusatorium cui Miltonus postea respondit.<ref>{{qc|id=DNB Du-Gard (1888)}}</ref> Hoc facto, die 1 Februarii 1649/50, Consilium Status Du-Gard in carcerem Novae Portae (Anglice ''Newgate'') coniecit, praelum eius et instrumenta typographica (quingentis libris aestimata) confiscavit, et Societatem Mercatorum Scissorum (cuius scholae Du-Gard praeerat) iussit ut eum ab officio removerent.<ref>{{qc|id=Oundle (1950)}}, pp. 712–716</ref> Uxor eius et sex liberi domo expulsi sunt. Post mensem unum in carcere, Du-Gard liberatus est. Secundum ''Dictionarium Biographiae Nationalis'', liberationem eius amicus eius Miltonus effecit, qui apud iudicem Iohannem Bradshaw auctoritatem habebat.<ref>{{qc|id=DNB Du-Gard (1888)}}</ref> Masson autem, in ''Vita Miltoni'', censet Miltonum ipsum, ut Secretarium Latinum Consilii Status, interventorem fuisse, dum Du-Gard ipse liberationem suam Iacobo Harrington adscribebat.<ref>{{qc|id=Oundle (1950)}}, p. 1235</ref> Die 2 Aprilis 1650, Consilium Status praelum Du-Gardo restituit, ea condicione ut eo in damnum rei publicae non uteretur.<ref>{{qc|id=Oundle (1950)}}, p. 1203</ref> Eodem anno, per litteras a Bradshaw scriptas, Du-Gard in munus suum scholasticum apud Mercatores Scissores restitutus est. Ita Du-Gard, qui ''Defensionem Regiam'' Salmasii impresserat, nunc ''Defensionem pro Populo Anglicano'' Miltoni — responsionem directam illi ipsi operi — ex eodem praelo edidit, et titulum ''Typographus Consilii Status'' (Anglice ''Printer to the Council of State'') adeptus est.<ref>{{qc|id=DNB Du-Gard (1888)}}</ref> Masson hanc rem ita exposuit: Du-Gard Salmasii librum imprimere conatus erat; iam librum Miltoni contra Salmasium imprimebat — et in hac ipsa mutatione explicatio liberationis eius e carcere latere videtur.<ref>{{qc|id=Oundle (1950)}}, p. 1235</ref> Bibliographus F. F. Madan, in dissertatione ''Milton, Salmasius, and Du-Gard'' (''The Library'', 1923), historiam editionum huius operis accuratissime investigavit. Madan demonstravit editionem primam (quarto, 205 paginarum) tribus emissionibus in prima parte mensis Februarii 1650/1 prodiisse, et editionem folio (263 paginarum) mense Octobri 1651 in lucem emissam esse.<ref>{{qc|id=Madan (1923)}}</ref> Multae aliae editiones, in quibus imprimitur ''Typis Du Gardianis'', re vera non a Du-Gardo sed ab aliis typographis Europaeis, praesertim Amstelodami apud Ludovicum Elzevirium, impressae sunt — id est tituli paginae mentiebantur de loco et typographo.<ref>{{qc|id=Madan (1923)}}</ref> Die 5 Martii 1650/1, Consilium Status ordinavit ut ''liber Miltoni'' a Comitatu Examinationum inspiceretur et, si videretur, reimpressionis causa emendaretur — ex quo editio folio nata est.<ref>{{qc|id=Oundle (1950)}}, p. 1469</ref> Alia controversia circa Du-Gard et Miltonum versatur in ''Eikone Basilike'' (libro qui sermonem regis Caroli I morientis continere dicebatur). Narratur Du-Gard, dum editionem huius libri imprimebat, a Miltono compulsum esse ut precem ex ''Arcadia'' Philippi Sidneii (''Precatio Pamelae'' dicta) operi insereret, quo fama libri regalistici laederetur — quam precem Miltonus postea in ''Eikonoklaste'' irrisit.<ref>{{qc|id=DNB Du-Gard (1888)}}</ref> Haec narratio, quamvis saepe repetita, a Madano et aliis in dubium vocata est.<ref>{{qc|id=Oundle (1950)}}, pp. 807–861</ref> == Argumenta et stilus == Miltonus in libro suo principium iuris divini regum (Anglice ''divine right of kings'') vehementer repudiavit. Argumentatus est reges non a Deo directe, sed a populo institutos esse, ideoque populum ius habere tyrannos deponendi et puniendi.<ref>{{qc|id=Bryson (2001)}}</ref> Stilus operis acerbus est et plenus invectivarum contra Salmasium (quod argumentum ad hominem vocatur). Miltonus adversarium suum inconstantiae accusavit et asseveravit eum a filio Caroli I centum Iacobis (nummis aureis) corruptum esse ut ''Defensionem Regiam'' scriberet.<ref>{{qc|id=Alvis (1999)}}, p. 264</ref> Quamquam lingua admodum aspera usus est, responsum Miltoni ab eruditis efficax habitum est.<ref>{{qc|id=Nuttall (1907)}}</ref> Tamen quidam critici, sicut Georgius Saintsbury, opus propter nimiam polemicam et prolixitatem in singulis punctis refutandis vituperaverunt.<ref>{{qc|id=Ward & Waller (1907-21)}}</ref> == Receptio in Europa et fama Miltoni == Opus statim post publicationem per totam Europam divulgatum est et valde populare factum est, pluribus editionibus anno 1651 impressis.<ref>{{qc|id=Miller (1990)}}, p. 300</ref> Miltonus, cuius peritia linguae Latinae antea minus nota erat, propter puritatem stili Latini et eruditionem in hoc libro demonstratam magnam famam Europaeam celeriter consecutus est.<ref>{{qc|id=Encyclopædia Britannica (1911 Milton)}}</ref> Responsum eius ab eruditis tamquam "annihilatio" Salmasii habitum est, et existimatur libros Miltoni et proelia Cromwelli praecipue famam rei publicae Anglicae foris auxisse.<ref>{{qc|id=Encyclopædia Britannica (1911 Milton)}}</ref> Tamen, quia opus regicidium defendebat, in multis partibus Europae damnationem provocavit. In Gallia, liber ob rationes politicas Lutetiae et Tolosae publice combustus est,<ref>{{qc|id=Haight & Grannis (1978)}}</ref> et in Germania a Dieta Imperii (''Reichstag'') interdictus est.<ref>{{qc|id=Berghaus (1983)}}</ref> Quamquam liber interdictus erat, clam in Europa circulabatur et ab eruditis legebatur. Epigrammata Neolatina ab episcopo Lutherano Lundensi, Peder Winstrup, et iurisconsulto Georgio Christophoro Walther scripta ostendunt quomodo prosa Latina Miltoni in culturam Europaeam penetraverit.<ref>{{qc|id=Vozar (2022)}}, pp. 115-124</ref> Praeterea dicitur reginam Christinam Sueciae, ad cuius aulam Salmasius degebat, opus Miltoni admiratam esse, quod ad frigidiorem receptionem Salmasii contulerit.<ref>{{qc|id=Wren (2025)}}</ref> == Fama Miltoni in Anglia == Ante ''Defensionem pro Populo Anglicano'', Miltonus in Anglia notus erat praecipue ut auctor poematum et libellorum de rebus ecclesiasticis, non ut vir publicus primae auctoritatis. Hoc opus eius statum mutavit. Consilium Status iam die 8 Ianuarii 1650 Miltono negotium dederat ut Salmasio responderet, quia timebatur ne ''Defensio Regia'' relationes rei publicae cum exteris nationibus laederet.<ref>{{qc|id=Antiquates (1692)}}</ref> Miltonus hoc officium libenter suscepit et opus suum praecipuum in prosa Latina esse iudicavit.<ref>{{qc|id=Antiquates (1692)}}</ref> Post publicationem, Miltonus in Anglia vox publica rei publicae factus est. Quamquam munus eius Secretarii a linguis peregrinis proprie humile erat; ut Birrell scripsit, "erat tantum scriba in servitio rei publicae"; ''Defensio'' ei dignitatem longe maiorem contulit.<ref>{{qc|id=Birrell (1896)}}</ref> Iam anno 1652, cum Miltonus omnino caecus factus esset, Consilium Status eum in munere retinuit, quod testimonium est magnae aestimationis qua habebatur.<ref>{{qc|id=Lewalski (2000)}}, pp. 258-259</ref> Thurloe, secretarius Cromwelli, eum breviter ut "caecum qui litteras Latinas scribebat" descripsit — quae descriptio, quamvis frigida, ostendit Miltonum etiam post caecitatem in administratione publica perseverasse.<ref>{{qc|id=Birrell (1896)}}</ref> Tamen Birrell et alii observaverunt controversiam hanc maiorem famam Miltoni in Europa quam in Anglia peperisse, quia Latine scripta erat et eruditis exteris magis nota erat quam civibus Anglicis. In Anglia, Miltonus magis ut servus publicus quam ut vates agnoscebatur, nec nominis eius magna mentio fit apud historicos coaevos, ut Clarendonium et Whitlocum.<ref>{{qc|id=Birrell (1896)}}</ref> Nihilominus, ''Defensio'' fundamentum posuit ex quo Miltonus post Restaurationem (1660) ut poeta magnus et libertatis defensor ab Anglis honorari coepit. Anno 1660, post reditum Caroli II, Parliamentum omnia exemplaria ''Defensionis'' destrui iussit, quod vim et periculum operis etiam tum agnoscebatur.<ref>{{qc|id=Antiquates (1692)}}</ref> Miltonus ipse aliquamdiu latuit et in custodiam traditus fuit, sed tandem, quia non ipse regicidium perpetraverat sed solum defenderat, incolumis dimissus est.<ref>{{qc|id=Birrell (1896)}}</ref> == Consequentiae et responsa == Salmasius ipse, dum vixit, nullum responsum edidit, quamquam fragmentum post mortem eius anno 1660 publicatum est.<ref>{{qc|id=Encyclopædia Britannica (1911)}}</ref> Anno autem 1651 Antverpiae apparuit responsum anonymum, inscriptum ''Pro Rege et Populo Anglicano Apologia'', quod a clerico regialista Ioanne Rowland scriptum esse postea compertum est.<ref>{{qc|id=Lewalski (2000)}}, pp. 258-259</ref> Huic operi, Miltoni nomine, nepos eius Ioannes Phillips anno 1652 respondit (''Joannis Philippi Angli Responsio''), quamvis credatur Miltonum ipsum textum nepotis sui ante publicationem correxisse et expolivisse.<ref>{{qc|id=Lewalski (2000)}}, pp. 258-259</ref><ref>{{qc|id=Ayers (1962)}}, pp. 66-72</ref> Anno 1654, Miltonus ipse sequelam huius operis edidit, inscriptam ''Defensio Secunda'', in qua rem publicam Olivarii Cromwelli ulterius defendit.<ref>{{qc|id=Keeble (2003)}}, p. 134</ref> == Notae == [[Fasciculus:John-milton.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Ioannes Miltonus, auctor operis.]] {{div col|3}} <references /> {{div col end}} == Bibliographia == * {{ec|id=Alvis (1999)|c={{Formula:Opus|editor=John Alvis|annus=1999|titulus=Areopagitica and Other Political Writings of John Milton|locus=Indianapolis|editor_libri=Liberty Fund|isbn=0-86597-197-8}}}} * {{ec|id=Antiquates (1692)|c={{Formula:Opus|annus=1692|titulus=A defence of the People of england, by john milton: In answer to Salmasius's Defence of the King|locus=s.l.|editor_libri=s.n.|nota=Antiquates Fine and Rare Books, ref. 30991|url=https://antiquates.co.uk/rare-books/antiquarian-book/30991/}}}} * {{ec|id=Ayers (1962)|c={{Formula:Opus|auctor=Robert W. Ayers|annus=1962|titulus=The John Phillips-John Milton Angli Responsio: Editions and Relations|opus=The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America|volumen=56|fasciculus=1|paginae=66-72|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24300976}}}} * {{ec|id=Birrell (1896)|c={{Formula:Opus|auctor=Augustine Birrell|annus=1896|titulus=John Milton|opus=Obiter Dicta: Second Series|locus=Londinii|editor_libri=Elliot Stock|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/21793/pg21793-images.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Bryson (2001)|c={{Formula:Opus|auctor=Michael Bryson|annus=2001|titulus=Background for the Defense of the English People|url=http://www.michaelbryson.net/miltonweb/defense1.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Cavendish (1999)|c={{Formula:Opus|auctor=Richard Cavendish|annus=1999|titulus=Milton appointed Latin Secretary|opus=History Today|volumen=49|fasciculus=3|url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/milton-appointed-latin-secretary}}}} * {{ec|id=Berghaus (1983)|c={{Formula:Opus|auctor=Günter Berghaus|annus=1983|titulus=A Case of Censorship of Milton in Germany: On an Unknown Edition of the "Pro Populo Anglicano Defensio"|opus=Milton Quarterly|volumen=17|fasciculus=3|paginae=61-70|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24464671}}}} * {{ec|id=DNB Dugard (1888)|c={{Formula:Opus|auctor=John Westby Gibson|annus=1888|titulus=Dugard, William|opus=Dictionary of National Biography|volumen=16|editor=Leslie Stephen|locus=Londinii|editor_libri=Smith, Elder and Co.|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Dugard,_William}}}} * {{ec|id=Encyclopædia Britannica (1911 Milton)|c={{Formula:Opus|editor=Hugh Chisholm|annus=1911|titulus=Milton, John|opus=Encyclopædia Britannica|volumen=18|editio=11|locus=Cantabrigiae|editor_libri=Cambridge University Press|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Milton,_John}}}} * {{ec|id=Encyclopædia Britannica (1911)|c={{Formula:Opus|editor=Hugh Chisholm|annus=1911|titulus=Salmasius, Claudius|opus=Encyclopædia Britannica|volumen=24|editio=11|locus=Cantabrigiae|editor_libri=Cambridge University Press|pagina=81|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Salmasius,_Claudius}}}} * {{ec|id=Haight & Grannis (1978)|c={{Formula:Opus|auctor=Anne Lyon Haight, Chandler B. Grannis|annus=1978|titulus=Banned Books 387 B.C. to 1978 A.D.|locus=Novi Eboraci|editor_libri=R.R. Bowker Co.}}}} * {{ec|id=Keeble (2003)|c={{Formula:Opus|auctor=N. H. Keeble|annus=2003|titulus=Milton and Puritanism|opus=A Companion to Milton|editor=Thomas Corns|locus=Oxoniae|editor_libri=Blackwell Publishing|pagina=134}}}} * {{ec|id=Lewalski (2000)|c={{Formula:Opus|auctor=Barbara K. Lewalski|annus=2000|titulus=The Life of John Milton|locus=Oxoniae|editor_libri=Blackwell Publishing|isbn=978-0-631-17665-7}}}} * {{ec|id=Madan (1923)|c={{Formula:Opus|auctor=F. F. Madan|annus=1923|titulus=Milton, Salmasius, and Dugard|opus=The Library|series=4|volumen=4|fasciculus=2|paginae=119-145|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/library/s4-IV.2.119}}}} * {{ec|id=Miller (1990)|c={{Formula:Opus|auctor=Leo Miller|annus=1990|titulus=In defence of Milton's Pro populo anglicano defensio|opus=Renaissance Studies|volumen=4|fasciculus=3|paginae=300|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-4658.1990.tb00216.x}}}} * {{ec|id=Oundle (1950)|c={{Formula:Opus|annus=1950|titulus=Appendix IX: William Dugard|opus=The Oundle School Register|locus=Oundelae|editor_libri=Oundle School|paginae=704-720|url=https://oundle-heritage.daisy.websds.net/Filename.ashx?systemFileName=OUHOS00038.pdf}}}} * {{ec|id=Nuttall (1907)|c={{Formula:Opus|editor=James Wood|annus=1907|titulus=Salmasius, Claudius|opus=The Nuttall Encyclopædia|locus=Londinii et Novi Eboraci|editor_libri=Frederick Warne & Co|url=https://www.fromoldbooks.org/Wood-NuttallEncyclopaedia/s/salmasius.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Vozar (2022)|c={{Formula:Opus|auctor=Thomas Matthew Vozar|annus=2022|titulus=Neo-Latin Epigrams on Milton by Peder Winstrup, Bishop of Lund, and the Rothenburg Jurist Georg Christoph Walther|opus=Humanistica Lovaniensia|volumen=71|fasciculus=1|paginae=115-124|url=https://poj.peeters-leuven.be/content.php?id=3292317&url=article}}}} * {{ec|id=Ward & Waller (1907-21)|c={{Formula:Opus|editor=A. W. Ward, A. R. Waller|annus=1907-21|titulus=His Latin writings|opus=The Cambridge History of English and Ame*rican Literature|volumen=VII|locus=Novi Eboraci|editor_libri=G.P. Putnam's Sons|url=http://www.bartleby.com/217/0520.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Wren (2025)|c={{Formula:Opus|auctor=J. R. Wren|annus=2025|titulus=The Complete Works of John Milton: Volume VII: Latin Defences|editor_libri=Oxford University Press}}}}{{dubcat}} du94pcg7gdflwdb21l0fydxyk9vk6ee 0 325219 3961677 2026-05-25T12:42:00Z Pippobuono 54500 creatio a documentatione francica 3961677 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:La Rouillie, Église Saint-Nicolas.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|La Vacheresse-et-la-Rouillie: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Nicolaus|Sancto Nicolao]] dicata, in viculo La Rouillie.]] {{res|La Vacheresse-et-la-Rouillie}} est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 134 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]]. Pars communis nomine ''La Vacheresse'' latine ''Vaccaria'' seu ''Vecharicia'' dicitur.<ref>{{Graesse}}, t.3, p. 553.</ref> {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|La Vacheresse-et-la-Rouillie|La Vacheresse-et-la-Rouillie}} {{Fontes geographici}} == Notae == <references /> {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]] kq761wj60tpifh54jbhluoeox7xp20c 3961691 3961677 2026-05-25T13:43:10Z Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus 2059 3961691 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:La Rouillie, Église Saint-Nicolas.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|La Vacheresse-et-la-Rouillie: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Nicolaus|Sancto Nicolao]] dicata, in viculo La Rouillie.]] {{res|La Vacheresse-et-la-Rouillie}} est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 134 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]]. Pars communis nomine ''La Vacheresse'' latine ''Vaccaria'' seu ''Vachericia'' dicitur.<ref>{{Graesse}}, t.3, p. 553.</ref> {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|La Vacheresse-et-la-Rouillie|La Vacheresse-et-la-Rouillie}} {{Fontes geographici}} == Notae == <references /> {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]] amly9sxyfd596esywzliznc4gz5xfxl 3961714 3961691 2026-05-25T14:56:13Z IacobusAmor 1163 3961714 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:La Rouillie, Église Saint-Nicolas.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|La Vacheresse-et-la-Rouillie: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Nicolaus|Sancto Nicolao]] dicata, in viculo La Rouillie.]] {{res|La Vacheresse-et-la-Rouillie}} est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 134 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]]. Pars communis nomine ''La Vacheresse'' latine ''Vaccaria'' seu ''Vachericia'' dicitur.<ref>{{Graesse}}, t.3, p. 553.</ref> {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|La Vacheresse-et-la-Rouillie|La Vacheresse-et-la-Rouillie}} {{Fontes geographici}} == Notae == <references /> {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]] kkhi7wspbu89sgarzc58v9m9afm555v 1 325220 3961678 2026-05-25T12:43:33Z Pippobuono 54500 attributio 3961678 wikitext text/x-wiki {{attributio|fr|La Vacheresse-et-la-Rouillie|235591781}} l74geyizstvglan9b24ybfktoaaffoy 0 325221 3961679 2026-05-25T12:52:01Z Pippobuono 54500 creatio a documentatione francica 3961679 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Uzemain, Eglise Sainte-Madeleine.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Usminga: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Maria Magdalena|Sanctae Mariae Magadalenaes]] dicata.]] {{res|Usminga}} seu '''Huizemainum'''<ref>{{Graesse}}, t.3, p. 550</ref> (Francogallice ''Uzemain'') est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] {{formatnum:1046}} incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Vosegus (praefectura Franciae)|Vosegi]] in regione [[Magnus Oriens|Magno Oriente]]. == Cives notabiles == * [[Christianus Champy]] (1885-1962), vir politicus, medicus, et biologus, hic natus est. * [[Mauritius Poirot]] (1910-1981), magister scholarum et politicus, hic natus est. {{NexInt}} * [[Index communium praefecturae Vosegi]] == Nexus externi == {{CommuniaCat|Uzemain|Usmingam}} {{Fontes geographici}} == Notae == <references /> {{geo-stipula}} [[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Vosegi]] [[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Vosegi]] q9o7lk97a6be86dh2yp8tlv6m5e75v3 0 325222 3961683 2026-05-25T12:57:40Z Pippobuono 54500 Pippobuono movit paginam [[Xertigny]] ad [[Scatiniacum]]: nomen latine attestatur in Graesse 3961683 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Scatiniacum]] 7813tefkere9l1p6316fqicbtg3njua 1 325223 3961685 2026-05-25T12:57:40Z Pippobuono 54500 Pippobuono movit paginam [[Disputatio:Xertigny]] ad [[Disputatio:Scatiniacum]]: nomen latine attestatur in Graesse 3961685 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Disputatio:Scatiniacum]] lyir9b1os0o2nqpc8i5jx7z5x7af6lc 1 325224 3961688 2026-05-25T13:03:06Z Pippobuono 54500 attributio| 3961688 wikitext text/x-wiki {{attributio|fr|Uzemain|236508037}} ejk11aia4cepma34n561wnk2xry1mgy 0 325225 3961706 2026-05-25T14:30:50Z Davide2025 196606 Paginam instituit, scribens ''''[[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Italica]]''' == Rivalitates primae == === Antiquae === Antiquitus, rivalitates turmae Italicae maxime cum [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Austriaca|Austria]], [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Hungarica|Hungaria]], [[Turma pedilusoria nationalis Uruguaiana|Uraquaria]] et [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Cechoslovacica|Cechoslovacia]] fuerant; deinde, a claris manibus [[America Australis|Americae Australis]] (Turma Pedilusoria N...' 3961706 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Italica]]''' == Rivalitates primae == === Antiquae === Antiquitus, rivalitates turmae Italicae maxime cum [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Austriaca|Austria]], [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Hungarica|Hungaria]], [[Turma pedilusoria nationalis Uruguaiana|Uraquaria]] et [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Cechoslovacica|Cechoslovacia]] fuerant; deinde, a claris manibus [[America Australis|Americae Australis]] ([[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Argentina|Argentina]] [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Brasiliensis|Brasiliaque]]) et [[Europa]]e ([[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Francica|Francia]], [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Germanica|Germania]], [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Anglica|Anglia]], [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Hispanica|Hispania]]) eae substitutae sunt. Italia praeterea primatum singularem habet: universa certamina ab Azzurri victa vel in ipsa Italia ([[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (1934)|Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium 1934]] et [[Certamen Europaeum Pediludii 1968]]) vel quomodocumque apud [[Caput (urbs)|capita]] rivalium Europaearum ([[Lutetia|Lutetiae]] [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (1938)|Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium 1938]]; [[Matritum|Matriti]] [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (1982)|Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium 1982]]; [[Berolinum|Berolini]] [[Olympia aestiva 1936|Ludos Olympicos 1936]] et [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (2006)|Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium 2006]]; [[Londinium|Londinii]] [[Certamen Europaeum Pediludii 2020]]) erant: quocirca Italia poculum vicit in omnia magna capita [[Europa Occidentalis|Europae Occidentalis]]. === Francia === Rivalitas inter Italiam ac [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Francica|Franciam]] inveteratissima est, non solum in [[Pediludium|pediludio]]. Nam pridem necessitudo inter duas civitates varia est, et ab affectu aestimationibusque confirmata et a mutuis derisionibus aemulationeque attenuata: lusiones etiam [[Oeconomia|oeconomiae]] atque [[Cultura|culturae]] ostentationes sunt. Sic hi lusus a diurnariis faventibusque semper sat expectantur atque a pedilusoribus tenaciter streneque ludentur. Praeterea, [[Italia - Francia 6-2|primissima lusio]] in turmae Italicae historia contra ipsam Franciam lusa est, [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] anno [[1910]], qua Italia adversarios prorus superavit, vincens 6-2. Tamen vera contentio initiavit [[Anni 1990|annis 1990]], cum Turma Francica, quae sedes [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (1998)|Certaminis Mundani Pedilusorii 1998]] erant, apud seriem exclusoriam 8 manuus profligavit Italiam post poenalibus. [[Roterodamum|Roterodami]] post duas annos Italia ac Francia [[Certaminis Europaei Pediludii 2000]] finalem luserunt: turma Italica victura erat, sed denique Francia lusionem aequavit atque certamen vicit cum lege golden goal. Sed Italia extempulo ulta est: [[Berolinum|Berolini]] Francia a Turma Italica profligata est post poenalibus in [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (2006)|Certaminis Mundani Pedilusorii 2006]] finali, lusu accesissimo. === Germania === Rivalitas inter Italiam ac [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Germanica|Germania]] (ut [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Germanica Occidentalis|Germania Occidentalis]] a [[1949]] usque ad [[1990]]) saepe "Lusio Europaea" cognominatur, etiam quod hae turmae vincentissimae Europae tellurisque sunt. Primus lusus [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] anno [[1923]] evenit, cum Italia Germaniam superavit 3-1: ex hoc typicae lusiones incohaverunt, sed vera rivalitas initiavit die [[17 Iunii]] [[1970]]. [[Mexicopolis|Mexicopoli]], apud [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (1970)|Certaminis Mundani Pedilusorii 1970]] semifinalem contra Germaniam, Italia eam profligavit 4-3 post temporibus additiciis: haec lusio "[[Lusus Saeculi]]" (Italice Partita del secolo, Germanice Jahrhundertspiel, Hispanice Partido del siglo) cognita erit. Italia ac Germania quoque [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (1982)|Certaminis Mundani Pedilusorii 1982]] finalem luserunt, qua [[Matritum|Matriti]] turma Italica turmam Germanicam devicit 3-1 vincens tertium mundiale. Res curiosa de turmis pedilusoriis: ex eo tempore cum una Certaminis Mundani sedes est, altera id vincit. Germania [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (1990)|Certamen Mundanum Italiae 1990]] contra [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Argentina|Argentinam]] (quae primumdum Italiam deleverat) vicit 1-0; Italia (quae primumdum Germaniam deleverat) [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (2006)|Certamen Mundanum Germaniae 2006]] contra [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Francica|Franciam]] vicit 2-0. Germaniae frequentissimae clades contra Italiam Germanicis molestissimae sunt: Italia "perniciosissimus incubus pediludicum" et "[[Nemesis]]" appellatur atque Wolfgangus Niersbach, praeses [[Foederatio Pedilusoria Germanica|Foederationis Pedilusoriae Germanicae]] a [[2012]] usque ad [[2015]], putavit quomodocumque lusionem contra Italiam non solum ludum, sed etiam "certamen de decore splendoreque" esse. === Anglia === Rivalitas inter Italiam ac [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Anglica|Angliam]] praecipue ob doctrinam dissimilem est; non solum turmarum, sed etiam societates aemulissimae sunt (in certamina Europae). Romae anno 1933 prima lusio a turmis aequata est. Secunda ut "[[Pugna Higburiensis]]" nota est: paulo ante Italia [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (1934)|Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium 1934]] vicerat atque hic lusus quomodo lusio [[Imperium|imperii]] pediludii globalis ostentus erat. Post duas minuta Ludovicus Monti, mediocampista Italiae, infortunium accepit et tunc permutationes inter lusores non erant: Italia totam lusionem lusura erant sine homine, sic Anglia mox tres metas perfecit. Deinde lusio magnam pugnam facta est in tempus secundum: [[Iosephus Meazza]] duas metas perfecit et is exeunte tempore tignum portae quoque icit. Idcirco Anglia vicit 3-2 sed lusores Italici, ob optimam operam, ut "Leones Higburienses" iure celebrantur. Recentissime, Italia ac Anglia lusionem gravem luserunt: [[Certaminis Europaei Pediludii 2020]] finalem. [[Londinium|Londinii]] Italia vicit post poenalibus, evadens denuo turma optima Europae (post victoria anni [[1968]]). === Hispania === Rivalitas inter Italiam ac [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Hispanica|Hispaniam]] saepe "Lusio Mediterranea" cognominatur atque recentissima omnium contentionum est etenim aetas laetissima turmae Hispanicae solum in [[Millennium 3|tertio millennio]] incepit profecitque. [[Antverpia|Antverpiae]] anno 1920 prima lusio inter Italiam ac Hispaniam, in semifinales [[Olympia aestiva 1920|certaminis pedilusorii ludorum Olympicorum]], lusa est: turma Hispanica vicit 2-0. Tamen postibi rivalitas inter civitates fuit praesertim in certaminibus [[UEFA]]: societates pedilusoriae quae invicem orbem imperaverunt. Praeterea crebri lusus magnam amicitiam inter turmas iuveniles genuerunt (attamen rivales putantur quia valentissimae ex omnibus sunt). Vicissatim culmen lusionum turmarum maiorum finalis [[Certaminis Europaei Pediludii 2012]] fuit: Hispania Italiam subegit 4-0, vincens tertium Certamen Europaeum Pediludii. === Brasilia === Rivalitas inter Italiam ac [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Brasiliensis|Brasiliam]] in lingua Lusitana "clássico mundial" et in lingua Italiana "derby del Mondo" a duabus nationibus appellatur: nam turmas valentissimas ex orbe cogit, quae in universum novem Certamina Mundana Pedilusoria vicerunt. Propter magnam longinquitatem nationum, lusiones contra Brasiliam solum in certamina intercontinentalia esse potest (vel in lusibus amice lusis), autem cum turmis Europaeis rivalitas vivior est propter propinquitatem geographicam. Duae finales Certaminis Mundani Pedilusorii ab his nationibus actae sunt (res unica in hoc certamine, sed lusio finalis [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Germanica|Germania]]-[[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Argentina|Argentina]] primatum antecessit quia in tribus editionibus evenit). Semifinalis [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (1938)|Certaminis Mundani Pedilusorii 1938]] prima lusio Italiae contra Brasiliam fuit. Brasiliani arroganter putaverunt se expedite Italiam superaturos esse, sic clarum pedilusorem Leônidas in panca reliquerunt atque locos [[Aëroplanum|aeroplani]] ad [[Lutetia|Lutetiam]] (sedem finalis) iam praeoccupaverunt. Tamen turma Italica, a Victorio Pozzo ducta, lusionem vicit 2-1 atque finalem contra [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Hungarica|Hungariam]] 4-2. Lusus apud [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (1970)|Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium]] sequens anno [[1970]] evenit, [[Mexicopolis|Mexicopoli]] in finale contra Italiam. Turma Brasiliana vicit 4-1, postquam Italia in tempore primo lusionem exaequaverat, sic Brasilia certe et definite Scyphum [[Iulius Rimet|Iulii Rimet]] cepit: nam erat norma a [[FIFA]] promulgata qua constitutum erat hunc scyphum (praemium antiquum pro victores certaminis) turmae vincenti tria Certamina Mundana Pedilusoria assignatum iri; quoniam et Italia et Brasilia, ante id tempus, duos mundiales vicerant, haec lusio magna erat. Tamen Italia Brasiliam ulcisci in [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (1982)|Certamine Mundano Pedilusorio 1982]]: turma Italica inopinabilem victoriam 3-2 in secunda serie coetuum contra Brasiliam perfecit, quapropter faventes Brasiliani quoque nunc eam cognoscunt ut "[[Tragoedia Sarriensis|tragoediam Sarriensem]]". Ab hac lusione, Italia nec unquam Brasiliam vicit, sed multi alii lusus lusi sunt: in finale [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (1994)|Certaminis Mundani Pedilusorii 1994]], turma Brasiliana contra Italiam, ab Henrico Sacchi ductam, vicit post poenalibus, primum in historia finalium actis. == Rivalitates secundariae == === [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Argentina|Argentina]] === Haec non est acerrima rivalitas, sed est praecipue lusio familiaris-internationalis: nam maior pars Argentinorum [[Avus|avos]] Italicos habet. Praeterea, societates pedilusoriae insignissimae ex Argentina (Boca Juniors et River Plate) a [[Genua|Genuensibus]] conditae sunt. [[Roma|Romae]] anno [[1954]], in lusione amice lusa, primus concursus inter turmis accidit: Italici contra Argentinos vicerunt 2-0. Unica controversia turmarum anno [[1990]] fuit, cum Italia (civitas quae sedes [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (1990)|Certaminis Mundani Pedilusorii 1990]] erat) ab Argentina in semifinalibus vinta est post poenalibus ludens in stadio [[SSC Napoli|Societatis Pedilusoriae Neapolitanae]] (manus [[Didacus Maradona|Didaci Hermanni Maradona]]): in finale, apud stadium Olympicum Romae, plausores Italiae Germaniam Occidentalem faverunt atque Maradona, capitanus Argentinae, spectatores sibilantes propalam insultavit. === [[Turma pedilusoria nationalis Uruguaiana|Uraquaria]] === [[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]] turma Uruquariana contra Italiam vicerat 3-2 in semifinalibus [[Olympia aestiva 1928|certaminis pediludii ludorum Olympicorum aestivorum 1928]]: haec fuerat primissima lusio Italiae contra Uruquariam. Post multos annos, Italia ac Uruquaria iterum luserunt, in [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (1970)|Certamine Mundano Pedilusorio 1970]], aequantes 0-0 atque seriem exclusoriam 8 manuum comprehendentes. Postillac in serie exclusoria 16 manuum [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (1990)|Certaminis Mundani Pedilusorii 1990]] turma Italica autem turmam Uruquarianam profligavit 2-0. In [[Millennium 3|tertio millennio]], Italia contra Uruquariam finalem de tertio loco [[Scyphi Confoederationum FIFA 2013]] vicit post poenalibus. At in [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (2014)|Certamine Mundano Pedilusorio 2014]] turma Uruquariana Italiam eliminavit, iam in serie coetuum, vincens 1-0. === Ceterae === Rivalitas adtenuatior minorque contra [[Turma Pediludica Nationalis Helvetica|Helvetiam]] est, maxime ab Italicis emigrantibus illuc; alioquin, etiam ob propinquitatem geographicam, Helvetia frequentissima omnium adversariorum turmae Italicae est. Aliae fortiores lusiones (historiciores quam pedilusoriores) contra [[Turma Pediludica Nationalis Slovenica|Sloveniam]] et [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Croatica|Croatiam]], turmas nuper conditas, sunt: quamquam rivales veluti [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Francica|Francia]] vel [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Germanica|Germania]] non sunt, in his lusibus faventes Italici, plerumque quieti, quasdam rixas fecerunt. Significabilis eventus amicalis contra Sloveniam die [[21 Augusti]] [[2002]] fuit, qui missio Brunonis Pizzul (commentatoris turmae Italicae) quoque esse debebat. [[Tergeste|Tergesti]] (urbe Italiae historice ab ipsa Slovenia repetita) Italia victa est 1-0, sed est memorata principaliter ob conflictum inter aliquos spectatores, irruptiones faventium in campo et lites quoque inter pedilusores. Ceterae rivalitates a raris fortuitisque lusionibus describuntur. Necessarius est [[Turma Pediludica Nationalis Chilensis|Chiliam]] atque "[[Pugnam Urbis Sancti Iacobi]]" memorari: haec rivalitas anno [[1962]] incepit conclusitque, postquam diurnaria Italica incommodam res contra Chiliam scripserant controversias intentionemque gignentes. Illa lusio infelix, sed postea ii tranquilli fuerunt. Memoriae satis infaustae propter turmas [[Scandinavia|Scandinavicas]] [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Danica|Daniam]] ac [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Suecica|Sueciam]], quae in [[Certamine Europaeo Pediludii 2004]] lusionem aequaverunt 2-2 Italiam eliminantes, supersunt. Singillatim, Italia propter ipsam Sueciam [[Certamen mundanum pedilusorium (2018)|Certamini Mundano Pedilusorio 2018]] non interfuit, in qualificatione victa; in miro quodam casu, ea quoque neque in [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (1958)|Certamine Mundano Pedilusorio 1958]] neque in [[Certamine Europaeo Pediludii 1992]] qualificationes superavit: utraque in Suecia acta sunt. Amarius etiam utraeque [[Corea]]e memorantur. [[Turma Pediludica Nationalis Coreae Septentrionalis|Corea Septentrionalis]] incredibiliter Azzurri (qui, ob infortunium Iacobi Bulgarelli, sine homine diu luserunt) in serie coetuum [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (1966)|Certaminis Mundani Pedilusorii 1966]] profligavit, vincens 1-0; [[Turma Pediludica Nationalis Coreae Meridionalis|Corea Meridionalis]], quae cum [[Iaponia]] [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (2002)|Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium 2002]] celebravit, autem Italiam in serie exclusoria 16 manuum deiecit, in turpi lusione propter arbitria Briani Moreno. Post ea tempora, Italia has turmas numquam concucurrerunt. [[Categoria:Pediludium italicum]] [[Categoria:Turmae Nationales Pediludii]] mrqh404b80xhbfy5n40g5dvcdqh1c2w 3961710 3961706 2026-05-25T14:49:31Z IacobusAmor 1163 Augenda &c + res fontibus caret. 3961710 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Augenda|2026|5}} {{Vicificanda}} {{Pagina non annexa}} {{Latinitas|-5}} '''[[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Italica]]''' == Rivalitates primae == === Antiquae === Antiquitus, rivalitates turmae Italicae maxime cum [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Austriaca|Austria]], [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Hungarica|Hungaria]], [[Turma pedilusoria nationalis Uruguaiana|Uraquaria]] et [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Cechoslovacica|Cechoslovacia]] fuerant; deinde, a claris manibus [[America Australis|Americae Australis]] ([[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Argentina|Argentina]] [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Brasiliensis|Brasiliaque]]) et [[Europa]]e ([[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Francica|Francia]], [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Germanica|Germania]], [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Anglica|Anglia]], [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Hispanica|Hispania]]) eae substitutae sunt. Italia praeterea primatum singularem habet: universa certamina ab Azzurri victa vel in ipsa Italia ([[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (1934)|Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium 1934]] et [[Certamen Europaeum Pediludii 1968]]) vel quomodocumque apud [[Caput (urbs)|capita]] rivalium Europaearum ([[Lutetia|Lutetiae]] [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (1938)|Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium 1938]]; [[Matritum|Matriti]] [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (1982)|Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium 1982]]; [[Berolinum|Berolini]] [[Olympia aestiva 1936|Ludos Olympicos 1936]] et [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (2006)|Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium 2006]]; [[Londinium|Londinii]] [[Certamen Europaeum Pediludii 2020]]) erant: quocirca Italia poculum vicit in omnia magna capita [[Europa Occidentalis|Europae Occidentalis]]. === Francia === Rivalitas inter Italiam ac [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Francica|Franciam]] inveteratissima est, non solum in [[Pediludium|pediludio]]. Nam pridem necessitudo inter duas civitates varia est, et ab affectu aestimationibusque confirmata et a mutuis derisionibus aemulationeque attenuata: lusiones etiam [[Oeconomia|oeconomiae]] atque [[Cultura|culturae]] ostentationes sunt. Sic hi lusus a diurnariis faventibusque semper sat expectantur atque a pedilusoribus tenaciter streneque ludentur. Praeterea, [[Italia - Francia 6-2|primissima lusio]] in turmae Italicae historia contra ipsam Franciam lusa est, [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] anno [[1910]], qua Italia adversarios prorus superavit, vincens 6-2. Tamen vera contentio initiavit [[Anni 1990|annis 1990]], cum Turma Francica, quae sedes [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (1998)|Certaminis Mundani Pedilusorii 1998]] erant, apud seriem exclusoriam 8 manuus profligavit Italiam post poenalibus. [[Roterodamum|Roterodami]] post duas annos Italia ac Francia [[Certaminis Europaei Pediludii 2000]] finalem luserunt: turma Italica victura erat, sed denique Francia lusionem aequavit atque certamen vicit cum lege golden goal. Sed Italia extempulo ulta est: [[Berolinum|Berolini]] Francia a Turma Italica profligata est post poenalibus in [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (2006)|Certaminis Mundani Pedilusorii 2006]] finali, lusu accesissimo. === Germania === Rivalitas inter Italiam ac [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Germanica|Germania]] (ut [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Germanica Occidentalis|Germania Occidentalis]] a [[1949]] usque ad [[1990]]) saepe "Lusio Europaea" cognominatur, etiam quod hae turmae vincentissimae Europae tellurisque sunt. Primus lusus [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] anno [[1923]] evenit, cum Italia Germaniam superavit 3-1: ex hoc typicae lusiones incohaverunt, sed vera rivalitas initiavit die [[17 Iunii]] [[1970]]. [[Mexicopolis|Mexicopoli]], apud [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (1970)|Certaminis Mundani Pedilusorii 1970]] semifinalem contra Germaniam, Italia eam profligavit 4-3 post temporibus additiciis: haec lusio "[[Lusus Saeculi]]" (Italice Partita del secolo, Germanice Jahrhundertspiel, Hispanice Partido del siglo) cognita erit. Italia ac Germania quoque [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (1982)|Certaminis Mundani Pedilusorii 1982]] finalem luserunt, qua [[Matritum|Matriti]] turma Italica turmam Germanicam devicit 3-1 vincens tertium mundiale. Res curiosa de turmis pedilusoriis: ex eo tempore cum una Certaminis Mundani sedes est, altera id vincit. Germania [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (1990)|Certamen Mundanum Italiae 1990]] contra [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Argentina|Argentinam]] (quae primumdum Italiam deleverat) vicit 1-0; Italia (quae primumdum Germaniam deleverat) [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (2006)|Certamen Mundanum Germaniae 2006]] contra [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Francica|Franciam]] vicit 2-0. Germaniae frequentissimae clades contra Italiam Germanicis molestissimae sunt: Italia "perniciosissimus incubus pediludicum" et "[[Nemesis]]" appellatur atque Wolfgangus Niersbach, praeses [[Foederatio Pedilusoria Germanica|Foederationis Pedilusoriae Germanicae]] a [[2012]] usque ad [[2015]], putavit quomodocumque lusionem contra Italiam non solum ludum, sed etiam "certamen de decore splendoreque" esse. === Anglia === Rivalitas inter Italiam ac [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Anglica|Angliam]] praecipue ob doctrinam dissimilem est; non solum turmarum, sed etiam societates aemulissimae sunt (in certamina Europae). Romae anno 1933 prima lusio a turmis aequata est. Secunda ut "[[Pugna Higburiensis]]" nota est: paulo ante Italia [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (1934)|Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium 1934]] vicerat atque hic lusus quomodo lusio [[Imperium|imperii]] pediludii globalis ostentus erat. Post duas minuta Ludovicus Monti, mediocampista Italiae, infortunium accepit et tunc permutationes inter lusores non erant: Italia totam lusionem lusura erant sine homine, sic Anglia mox tres metas perfecit. Deinde lusio magnam pugnam facta est in tempus secundum: [[Iosephus Meazza]] duas metas perfecit et is exeunte tempore tignum portae quoque icit. Idcirco Anglia vicit 3-2 sed lusores Italici, ob optimam operam, ut "Leones Higburienses" iure celebrantur. Recentissime, Italia ac Anglia lusionem gravem luserunt: [[Certaminis Europaei Pediludii 2020]] finalem. [[Londinium|Londinii]] Italia vicit post poenalibus, evadens denuo turma optima Europae (post victoria anni [[1968]]). === Hispania === Rivalitas inter Italiam ac [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Hispanica|Hispaniam]] saepe "Lusio Mediterranea" cognominatur atque recentissima omnium contentionum est etenim aetas laetissima turmae Hispanicae solum in [[Millennium 3|tertio millennio]] incepit profecitque. [[Antverpia|Antverpiae]] anno 1920 prima lusio inter Italiam ac Hispaniam, in semifinales [[Olympia aestiva 1920|certaminis pedilusorii ludorum Olympicorum]], lusa est: turma Hispanica vicit 2-0. Tamen postibi rivalitas inter civitates fuit praesertim in certaminibus [[UEFA]]: societates pedilusoriae quae invicem orbem imperaverunt. Praeterea crebri lusus magnam amicitiam inter turmas iuveniles genuerunt (attamen rivales putantur quia valentissimae ex omnibus sunt). Vicissatim culmen lusionum turmarum maiorum finalis [[Certaminis Europaei Pediludii 2012]] fuit: Hispania Italiam subegit 4-0, vincens tertium Certamen Europaeum Pediludii. === Brasilia === Rivalitas inter Italiam ac [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Brasiliensis|Brasiliam]] in lingua Lusitana "clássico mundial" et in lingua Italiana "derby del Mondo" a duabus nationibus appellatur: nam turmas valentissimas ex orbe cogit, quae in universum novem Certamina Mundana Pedilusoria vicerunt. Propter magnam longinquitatem nationum, lusiones contra Brasiliam solum in certamina intercontinentalia esse potest (vel in lusibus amice lusis), autem cum turmis Europaeis rivalitas vivior est propter propinquitatem geographicam. Duae finales Certaminis Mundani Pedilusorii ab his nationibus actae sunt (res unica in hoc certamine, sed lusio finalis [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Germanica|Germania]]-[[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Argentina|Argentina]] primatum antecessit quia in tribus editionibus evenit). Semifinalis [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (1938)|Certaminis Mundani Pedilusorii 1938]] prima lusio Italiae contra Brasiliam fuit. Brasiliani arroganter putaverunt se expedite Italiam superaturos esse, sic clarum pedilusorem Leônidas in panca reliquerunt atque locos [[Aëroplanum|aeroplani]] ad [[Lutetia|Lutetiam]] (sedem finalis) iam praeoccupaverunt. Tamen turma Italica, a Victorio Pozzo ducta, lusionem vicit 2-1 atque finalem contra [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Hungarica|Hungariam]] 4-2. Lusus apud [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (1970)|Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium]] sequens anno [[1970]] evenit, [[Mexicopolis|Mexicopoli]] in finale contra Italiam. Turma Brasiliana vicit 4-1, postquam Italia in tempore primo lusionem exaequaverat, sic Brasilia certe et definite Scyphum [[Iulius Rimet|Iulii Rimet]] cepit: nam erat norma a [[FIFA]] promulgata qua constitutum erat hunc scyphum (praemium antiquum pro victores certaminis) turmae vincenti tria Certamina Mundana Pedilusoria assignatum iri; quoniam et Italia et Brasilia, ante id tempus, duos mundiales vicerant, haec lusio magna erat. Tamen Italia Brasiliam ulcisci in [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (1982)|Certamine Mundano Pedilusorio 1982]]: turma Italica inopinabilem victoriam 3-2 in secunda serie coetuum contra Brasiliam perfecit, quapropter faventes Brasiliani quoque nunc eam cognoscunt ut "[[Tragoedia Sarriensis|tragoediam Sarriensem]]". Ab hac lusione, Italia nec unquam Brasiliam vicit, sed multi alii lusus lusi sunt: in finale [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (1994)|Certaminis Mundani Pedilusorii 1994]], turma Brasiliana contra Italiam, ab Henrico Sacchi ductam, vicit post poenalibus, primum in historia finalium actis. == Rivalitates secundariae == === [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Argentina|Argentina]] === Haec non est acerrima rivalitas, sed est praecipue lusio familiaris-internationalis: nam maior pars Argentinorum [[Avus|avos]] Italicos habet. Praeterea, societates pedilusoriae insignissimae ex Argentina (Boca Juniors et River Plate) a [[Genua|Genuensibus]] conditae sunt. [[Roma|Romae]] anno [[1954]], in lusione amice lusa, primus concursus inter turmis accidit: Italici contra Argentinos vicerunt 2-0. Unica controversia turmarum anno [[1990]] fuit, cum Italia (civitas quae sedes [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (1990)|Certaminis Mundani Pedilusorii 1990]] erat) ab Argentina in semifinalibus vinta est post poenalibus ludens in stadio [[SSC Napoli|Societatis Pedilusoriae Neapolitanae]] (manus [[Didacus Maradona|Didaci Hermanni Maradona]]): in finale, apud stadium Olympicum Romae, plausores Italiae Germaniam Occidentalem faverunt atque Maradona, capitanus Argentinae, spectatores sibilantes propalam insultavit. === [[Turma pedilusoria nationalis Uruguaiana|Uraquaria]] === [[Amstelodamum|Amstelodami]] turma Uruquariana contra Italiam vicerat 3-2 in semifinalibus [[Olympia aestiva 1928|certaminis pediludii ludorum Olympicorum aestivorum 1928]]: haec fuerat primissima lusio Italiae contra Uruquariam. Post multos annos, Italia ac Uruquaria iterum luserunt, in [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (1970)|Certamine Mundano Pedilusorio 1970]], aequantes 0-0 atque seriem exclusoriam 8 manuum comprehendentes. Postillac in serie exclusoria 16 manuum [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (1990)|Certaminis Mundani Pedilusorii 1990]] turma Italica autem turmam Uruquarianam profligavit 2-0. In [[Millennium 3|tertio millennio]], Italia contra Uruquariam finalem de tertio loco [[Scyphi Confoederationum FIFA 2013]] vicit post poenalibus. At in [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (2014)|Certamine Mundano Pedilusorio 2014]] turma Uruquariana Italiam eliminavit, iam in serie coetuum, vincens 1-0. === Ceterae === Rivalitas adtenuatior minorque contra [[Turma Pediludica Nationalis Helvetica|Helvetiam]] est, maxime ab Italicis emigrantibus illuc; alioquin, etiam ob propinquitatem geographicam, Helvetia frequentissima omnium adversariorum turmae Italicae est. Aliae fortiores lusiones (historiciores quam pedilusoriores) contra [[Turma Pediludica Nationalis Slovenica|Sloveniam]] et [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Croatica|Croatiam]], turmas nuper conditas, sunt: quamquam rivales veluti [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Francica|Francia]] vel [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Germanica|Germania]] non sunt, in his lusibus faventes Italici, plerumque quieti, quasdam rixas fecerunt. Significabilis eventus amicalis contra Sloveniam die [[21 Augusti]] [[2002]] fuit, qui missio Brunonis Pizzul (commentatoris turmae Italicae) quoque esse debebat. [[Tergeste|Tergesti]] (urbe Italiae historice ab ipsa Slovenia repetita) Italia victa est 1-0, sed est memorata principaliter ob conflictum inter aliquos spectatores, irruptiones faventium in campo et lites quoque inter pedilusores. Ceterae rivalitates a raris fortuitisque lusionibus describuntur. Necessarius est [[Turma Pediludica Nationalis Chilensis|Chiliam]] atque "[[Pugnam Urbis Sancti Iacobi]]" memorari: haec rivalitas anno [[1962]] incepit conclusitque, postquam diurnaria Italica incommodam res contra Chiliam scripserant controversias intentionemque gignentes. Illa lusio infelix, sed postea ii tranquilli fuerunt. Memoriae satis infaustae propter turmas [[Scandinavia|Scandinavicas]] [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Danica|Daniam]] ac [[Turma Pedilusoria Nationalis Suecica|Sueciam]], quae in [[Certamine Europaeo Pediludii 2004]] lusionem aequaverunt 2-2 Italiam eliminantes, supersunt. Singillatim, Italia propter ipsam Sueciam [[Certamen mundanum pedilusorium (2018)|Certamini Mundano Pedilusorio 2018]] non interfuit, in qualificatione victa; in miro quodam casu, ea quoque neque in [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (1958)|Certamine Mundano Pedilusorio 1958]] neque in [[Certamine Europaeo Pediludii 1992]] qualificationes superavit: utraque in Suecia acta sunt. Amarius etiam utraeque [[Corea]]e memorantur. [[Turma Pediludica Nationalis Coreae Septentrionalis|Corea Septentrionalis]] incredibiliter Azzurri (qui, ob infortunium Iacobi Bulgarelli, sine homine diu luserunt) in serie coetuum [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (1966)|Certaminis Mundani Pedilusorii 1966]] profligavit, vincens 1-0; [[Turma Pediludica Nationalis Coreae Meridionalis|Corea Meridionalis]], quae cum [[Iaponia]] [[Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (2002)|Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium 2002]] celebravit, autem Italiam in serie exclusoria 16 manuum deiecit, in turpi lusione propter arbitria Briani Moreno. Post ea tempora, Italia has turmas numquam concucurrerunt. [[Categoria:Pediludium italicum]] [[Categoria:Turmae Nationales Pediludii]] {{Nexus absunt}} q8pv5ecpfmjl2k8i4nzwqbftayxvb6l 0 325227 3961740 2026-05-25T19:47:29Z JimKillock 109532 Novus articulus de Traditionis custodes (motu proprio Francisci, 2021) creatus. Sectiones: contextus historicus (Ioannes Paulus II, Benedictus XVI, Summorum Pontificum); praescripta principalia (art. 1–8); epistula comitans; instructiones subsequentes (Responsa, 2021; Desiderio desideravi, 2022; Rescriptum, 2023); receptio (Burke, Müller, USCCB, FSSP, Una Voce); applicatio. Fontes: AAS 113 (2021); AAS 114 (2021); AAS 115 (2023). Auxilio Manus AI (manus.im) compositus. 3961740 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa documenti pontificii Vicidatorum}} '''''Traditionis custodes''''' (Latine: "Custodes Traditionis") est [[epistula apostolica]] [[motu proprio]] data a [[Papa Franciscus|Papa Francisco]] die 16 Iulii 2021 promulgata. Documentum de usu [[Missa Tridentina|Missalis Romani]] ante [[Concilium Vaticanum II]] editi agit eiusque celebrationem valde restringit. Simul abrogat normas priores a [[Papa Benedictus XVI|Benedicto XVI]] in ''[[Summorum Pontificum]]'' (2007) et a [[Papa Ioannes Paulus II|Ioanne Paulo II]] in ''Quattuor abhinc annos'' (1984) ac ''Ecclesia Dei'' (1988) constitutas.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021)}}</ref> Epistulam apostolicam comitatur epistula pastoralis ad episcopos catholicos totius orbis, in qua Franciscus rationes suae decisionis exponit.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> [[Congregatio de Cultu Divino et Disciplina Sacramentorum]] in instructione officiali (''responsa'') declaravit textum Latinum ''Traditionis custodes'' esse "textum officialem qui adhibendus est".<ref>{{qc|id=Congregatio de Cultu Divino (2021)}}</ref> == Contextus historicus == === Instaurationes liturgicae post Concilium Vaticanum II === Anno 1969, prima nova editio Missalis Romani iuxta decreta [[Concilium Vaticanum II|Concilii Vaticani II]] promulgata est, novam formam liturgiae Missae Ritus Romani constituens. Haec editio, saepe "Missa Pauli VI" vocata, anno 1970 publici iuris facta est.<ref>{{qc|id=Paulus VI (1969)}}</ref> Missale Romanum anni 1962, ultima editio Missalis Tridentini, quod a [[Concilium Tridentinum|Concilio Tridentino]] ortum ducit et sub [[Papa Pius V|Pio V]] anno 1570 promulgatum est, ita in usum ordinarium substitutum est. === Concessiones Ioannis Pauli II === [[Papa Ioannes Paulus II|Ioannes Paulus II]] anno 1984 per documentum ''Quattuor abhinc annos'' episcopis facultatem dedit permittendi usum Missalis Romani anni 1962 sub certis condicionibus.<ref>{{qc|id=Congregatio de Cultu Divino (1984)}}</ref> Anno 1988, post consecrationes illicitas episcoporum a [[Marcellus Lefebvre|Marcello Lefebvre]] factas, Ioannes Paulus II motu proprio ''Ecclesia Dei'' edidit, in quo usum Missalis antiquioris amplius concessit et Commissionem Pontificiam "Ecclesia Dei" instituit ad fidelium traditioni adhaerentes curandos.<ref>{{qc|id=Ioannes Paulus II (1988)}}</ref> === Summorum Pontificum (2007) === Anno 2007, [[Papa Benedictus XVI|Benedictus XVI]] per motu proprio ''Summorum Pontificum'' declaravit Missale Romanum a [[Papa Pius V|Pio V]] promulgatum et a [[Papa Ioannes XXIII|Ioanne XXIII]] anno 1962 editum numquam abrogatum esse. Illud "Formam Extraordinariam" Ritus Romani nominavit, Missam autem Pauli VI "Formam Ordinariam".<ref>{{qc|id=Benedictus XVI (2007)}}</ref> Benedictus statuit quemlibet sacerdotem Ritus Latini posse utramque formam celebrare sine expressa licentia episcopi vel Sanctae Sedis. Sperabat has "duas formas usum Ritus Romani" se mutuo "dituras" esse neque divisionem in Ecclesia causaturas.<ref>{{qc|id=Benedictus XVI (2007)}}</ref> === Ante promulgationem === Anno 2020, Congregatio pro Doctrina Fidei quaestionarium ad episcopos catholicos totius orbis misit de applicatione ''Summorum Pontificum'' in eorum dioecesibus.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> Exitus huius consultationis publici iuris non facti sunt. Papa Franciscus postea dixit responsa episcoporum "statum qui me sollicitat et contristat" revelare et eum persuasisse de necessitate interveniendi.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> Mense Maio 2021, paucos ante menses quam ''Traditionis custodes'' promulgata est, fama erat Franciscum in coetu clauso cum membris Conferentiae Episcopalis Italicae dixisse se textum restrictivum approbare paratum esse.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> Documentum promulgatum est duobus post diebus quam Franciscus ex nosocomio, ubi novem dies fuerat, rediit. == Praescripta principalia == Litterae apostolicae in octo articulos dividuntur. '''Articulus primus''' declarat libros liturgicos a [[Papa Paulus VI|Paulo VI]] et [[Papa Ioannes Paulus II|Ioanne Paulo II]] post Concilium Vaticanum II promulgatos esse "unicam expressionem ''legis orandi'' Ritus Romani".<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021)}}</ref> Hoc verbum "unica expressio" significat Formam Extraordinariam iam non esse alteram expressionem eiusdem ''legis orandi'', ut Benedictus XVI docuerat. '''Articulus secundus''' statuit episcopum dioecesanum esse "moderatorem, promotorem atque custodem" totius vitae liturgicae in sua Ecclesia particulari, eiusque esse "exclusivam competentiam" permittendi usum Missalis Romani anni 1962 in sua dioecesi, iuxta Sedis Apostolicae lineamenta.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021)}}</ref> '''Articulus tertius''' episcopis in quorum dioecesibus coetus Missam Tridentinam celebrantes iam exsistunt mandat ut: # Verificent hos coetus validitatem et legitimitatem instaurationis liturgicae Concilii Vaticani II non excludere. # Unum vel plures locos designent (sed non ecclesias paroeciales, nec novas paroecias personales erigendo) ubi hi coetus ad Eucharistiam celebrandam convenire possint. # Dies statuant quibus celebrationes eucharisticae iuxta Missale anni 1962 permittuntur, in quibus lectiones lingua vernacula proclamandae sunt. # Presbyterum delegatum designent, Latine peritum et pastorali cura praeditum, qui hos coetus curet. # Verificent utrum paroeciae personales pro his fidelibus erectae spirituali eorum incremento efficaciter inserviant. # Impediant ne novi coetus constituantur.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021)}}</ref> '''Articuli quartus et quintus''' praecipiunt ut presbyteri post promulgationem huius documenti ordinati, qui Missale anni 1962 adhibere velint, petitionem formalem ad episcopum dioecesanum mittant, qui ante concessionem a Sede Apostolica licentiam rogabit. Presbyteri qui iam iuxta Missale anni 1962 celebrant debent ab episcopo licentiam ad hanc facultatem servandam petere.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021)}}</ref> '''Articuli sextus et septimus''' iurisdictionem super instituta vitae consecratae et societates vitae apostolicae a Pontificia Commissione "Ecclesia Dei" erecta ad Congregationem pro Institutis Vitae Consecratae et Societatibus Vitae Apostolicae transferunt. Haec Congregatio et Congregatio de Cultu Divino et Disciplina Sacramentorum auctoritatem Sanctae Sedis in his rebus exercent.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021)}}</ref> '''Articulus octavus''' omnes normas, dispositiones, concessiones et consuetudines priores quae huic motu proprio non conformes sunt abrogat. Dispositiones statim vim obtinuerunt.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021)}}</ref> == Epistula comitans == Simul cum ''Traditionis custodes'', Papa Franciscus epistulam pastoralem ad episcopos totius orbis misit, in qua rationes suae decisionis exposuit, eodem modo quo Benedictus XVI epistulam comitantem ad ''Summorum Pontificum'' miserat. === De intentionibus praedecessorum === Franciscus in hac epistula explicat concessiones a Ioanne Paulo II et Benedicto XVI factas "praecipue motivatas fuisse desiderio sanandi schisma cum motu Mons. Lefebvre". Addit se credere "multos in Ecclesia hanc facultatem occasionem habuisse libere adoptandi Missale Romanum a S. Pio V promulgatum eoque utendi modo parallelo cum Missali Romano a S. Paulo VI promulgato".<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> Franciscus commemorat Benedictum XVI in ''Summorum Pontificum'' timorem divisionis "infundatum" vocavisse et sperasse duas formas se mutuo "dituras" esse. Sed Franciscus dicit exitus consultationis episcoporum "statum qui me sollicitat et contristat" revelare: "Occasio a S. Ioanne Paulo II oblata et, maiori cum magnanimitate, a Benedicto XVI, ad recuperandam unitatem corporis ecclesialis cum diversis sensibus liturgicis, saepe graviter neglecta est. [...] Exploitata est ad distantias augendas, diversitates roborandas, et dissensiones fovendas quae Ecclesiam laedunt, eius iter impediunt et eam periculo divisionis exponunt."<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> === De Concilio Vaticano II === Franciscus dicit se dolere de abusibus liturgicis "ex utraque parte", sed praecipue se tristari quod "usus instrumentalis Missalis Romani anni 1962 saepe characterizatur reiectione non solum instaurationis liturgicae, sed ipsius Concilii Vaticani II, asserendo, assertionibus infundatis et insustentabilibus, id Traditionem et 'veram Ecclesiam' prodidisse". Franciscus hanc assertionem reicit et dicit: "Dubitare de Concilio est dubitare de intentionibus ipsorum Patrum qui potestatem suam collegialem modo solemni ''cum Petro et sub Petro'' in Concilio oecumenico exercuerunt, et, in ultima analysi, dubitare de ipso Spiritu Sancto qui Ecclesiam ducit."<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> === De unitate Ecclesiae === Franciscus "rationem finalem" suae decisionis esse dicit quod "magis magisque in verbis et atitudinibus multorum manifesta est arcta connexio inter electionem celebrationum iuxta libros liturgicos ante Concilium Vaticanum II et reiectionem Ecclesiae eiusque institutionum nomine eius quod vocatur 'vera Ecclesia'". Propter hoc, "in defensionem unitatis Corporis Christi, cogor facultatem a praedecessoribus meis concessam revocare."<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> Ad episcopos appellans, Franciscus scribit: "Dum in exercitio ministerii mei in servitium unitatis hanc decisionem suscipio, vos rogo ut hanc sarcinam mecum participetis tamquam formam participationis in sollicitudine pro tota Ecclesia episcopis propria."<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> == Instructiones et clarificationes subsequentes == === Responsa ad dubia (2021) === Die 18 Decembris 2021, Congregatio de Cultu Divino et Disciplina Sacramentorum responsa ad undecim dubia de applicatione ''Traditionis custodes'' edidit, approbante Papa Francisco. Haec documenta, die 4 Decembris 2021 data, inter alia statuerunt: * Missam Tridentinam in ecclesia paroeciali celebrari posse solum si locus alius omnino non adest, cum licentia tum episcopi tum Congregationis, sed haec celebratio in horarium paroeciale non inserenda est. * Sacramenta confirmationis et ordinationis secundum Pontificale Romanum antiquum omnino vetita esse; sacramenta baptismi, paenitentiae, matrimonii, unctionis infirmorum et exsequiarum iuxta Rituale Romanum anni 1952 solum in paroecis personalibus permitti. * Sacerdotes qui concelebrare recusant, praesertim in Missa Chrismatis cum episcopo in Feria V Hebdomadae Sanctae, licentiam celebrandi Missam Tridentinam obtinere non posse. * Lectiones in Missa Tridentina semper lingua vernacula proclamandas esse, adhibitis translationibus a Conferentia Episcopali approbatis. * Licentiam celebrandi Missam Tridentinam ad territorium episcopi concedentis restrictam esse, et sacerdotem semel tantum in die Missam Tridentinam celebrare posse.<ref>{{qc|id=Congregatio de Cultu Divino (2021)}}</ref> === Desiderio desideravi (2022) === Die 29 Iunii 2022, Papa Franciscus epistulam apostolicam ''Desiderio desideravi'' promulgavit, in qua iterum affirmavit se ''Traditionis custodes'' scripsisse quia libri liturgici Pauli VI et Ioannis Pauli II "fidelitatem instaurationis Concilii" praebent et quia Franciscus vult "Ecclesiam in varietate tot linguarum unam eandemque orationem tollere quae eius unitatem exprimere valeat". Addit: "Ad illam formam ritualem redire non possumus quam Patres Concilii [...] reformandam esse censuerunt."<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2022)}}</ref> === Rescriptum (2023) === Die 21 Februarii 2023, Sancta Sedes rescriptum papale edidit, a Cardinali Arthuro Roche, Praefecto Dicasterio pro Cultu Divino, scriptum et die praecedenti a Papa approbatum. Rescriptum clarius statuit dispensationes a restrictionibus ''Traditionis custodes'' (secundum canonem 87 Codicis Iuris Canonici) Sedi Apostolicae reservari, ita episcopis prohibens quominus suas proprias dispensationes concedant.<ref>{{qc|id=Roche (2023)}}</ref> == Receptio == === In Ecclesia Catholica === Receptio ''Traditionis custodes'' in Ecclesia Catholica valde divisa fuit. Cardinalis Gualterius Kasper documentum laudavit, asserens "maximam partem" catholicorum Missae Tridentinae adversam esse et quosdam asseclas Missae Tridentinae Benedictum XVI ad divisionem adhibuisse.<ref>{{qc|id=Kasper (2021)}}</ref> Conferentia Episcoporum Civitatum Foederatarum, per praesidem suum Iosephum Horatium Gomez, documentum accepit, episcopos hortans ad "curam, patientiam, iustitiam et caritatem" in applicatione.<ref>{{qc|id=Gomez (2021)}}</ref> Conferentia Episcoporum Galliae similiter documentum accepit, fidelibus Missae Tridentinae adhaerentes "aestimationem" suam exprimendo.<ref>{{qc|id=Conferentia Episcoporum Galliae (2021)}}</ref> Cardinalis Raimundus Leo Burke, olim Praefectus Supremi Tribunalis Signaturae Apostolicae, documentum "severum et revolutionarium" vocavit et dubitavit de potestate papae usum ritus antiqui revocandi.<ref>{{qc|id=Burke (2021)}}</ref> Cardinalis Gerhardus Ludovicus Müller, olim Praefectus Congregationis pro Doctrina Fidei, documentum "durum" descripsit.<ref>{{qc|id=Müller (2021)}}</ref> Cardinalis Iosephus Zen declaravit "multas generalizationes tendentiosas in documentis corda multorum bonorum hominum plus quam expectatum laesisse".<ref>{{qc|id=Zen (2021)}}</ref> Georgius Gänswein, secretarius Papae Emeriti Benedicti XVI, in libro ''Nient'altro che la verità'' (2023) scripsit Benedictum ''Traditionis custodes'' "cum dolore in corde" legisse et restrictionem Missae Tridentinae "errorem" esse censuisse, quia "conatum pacificationis in periculum posuerit".<ref>{{qc|id=Gänswein (2023)}}</ref> === Catholici traditionalistae === Catholici traditionalistae documentum statim ut "impetum in ipsos et in liturgiam antiquam" perceperunt.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> Iosephus Shaw, praeses Societatis Missae Latinae Angliae et Cambriae, documentum "stupendum" vocavit et dixit Franciscum "omnino solvisse dispositiones ''Summorum Pontificum''".<ref>{{qc|id=Shaw (2021)}}</ref> Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri (FSSP) "cum admiratione" documentum accepit et "magnam tristitiam" expressit de rationibus adductis ad usum Missalis Ioannis XXIII limitandum, quod "centrum charismatissui" est.<ref>{{qc|id=Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri (2021)}}</ref> Tamen, die 21 Februarii 2022, Fraternitas nuntiavit Papam Franciscum die 4 Februarii eis dixisse instituta quorum ratio existendi usus Missalis Tridentini est a motu proprio non affici, et decretum speciale emisisse quo membris FSSP facultas celebrandi Missam et sacramenta iuxta editiones typicas librorum liturgicorum anni 1962 concessa est.<ref>{{qc|id=Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri (2022)}}</ref> ''Foederatio Internationalis Una Voce'' declarationem officialem edidit in qua reiecit assertionem eos qui Missis Tridentinis intersunt Ecclesiae Catholicae et Concilio Vaticano II inoboedientes esse.<ref>{{qc|id=Una Voce (2021)}}</ref> Davides Pagliarani, Superior Generalis Societatis Sancti Pii X, scripsit: "Aetas 'hermeneuticae continuitatis', cum suis aequivocationibus, illusionibus et conatibus impossibilibus, radicitus finita est." Addidit Missam Tridentinam "conceptionem vitae christianae exprimere et tradere quae omnino incompatibilis est cum ecclesiologia ex Concilio Vaticano II orta".<ref>{{qc|id=Pagliarani (2021)}}</ref> === Academici === Curtius Martens, professor iuris canonici in Universitate Catholica Americae, notavit terminum "Forma Extraordinaria" in nova legislatione non amplius adhiberi et episcopis dioecesanis "latam responsabilitatem" datam esse quoad usum liturgiae prioris.<ref>{{qc|id=Martens (2021)}}</ref> Christophorus Bellitto, professor historiae Ecclesiae in Universitate Kean, dixit Franciscum recte intervenisse, notans decisionem Benedicti XVI "multas consequentias non intentas habuisse quae non solum Ecclesiam diviserunt sed etiam relationes cum Iudaeis turbaverint".<ref>{{qc|id=Bellitto (2021)}}</ref> Martinus Klöckener, professor liturgiae in Universitate Friburgensi, documentum ut "correctionem necessariam" approbionis Benedicti accepit, notans id auctoritatem episcopis localium restauravisse.<ref>{{qc|id=Klöckener (2021)}}</ref> === Opinio publica === Investigatio mensis Septembris 2021 a ''Pew Research Center'' in Civitatibus Foederatis facta invenit circiter duas ex tribus partes catholicorum Americanorum novarum restrictionum ignaros esse. Inter catholicos qui singulis hebdomadibus Missam frequentant, 29% restrictiones improbaverunt, 11% approbaverunt, 17% nullam opinionem habuerunt, et 42% earum ignari erant.<ref>{{qc|id=Pew Research Center (2021)}}</ref> == Applicatio == === America Centralis === Die 20 Iulii 2021, Conferentia Episcopalis Costaricae statuit nullam Missam Tridentinam in ullis dioecesibus suis permitti.<ref>{{qc|id=Conferentia Episcopalis Costaricae (2021)}}</ref> === Civitates Foederatae === Secundum ''The Pillar'', ante ''Traditionis custodes'' 657 loca in Civitatibus Foederatis erant ubi Missa Tridentina regulariter celebrabatur. Nonnulli episcopi Americani (sicut Scharfenberger, Aquila, et Cordileone) affirmaverunt Missam Tridentinam in suis dioecesibus continuaturam esse.<ref>{{qc|id=The Pillar (2021)}}</ref> Mense Decembri 2021, Cardinalis Blasius Cupich in Archidioecesi Chicagiensi restrictiones imposuit, inter alia vetando Missas Tridentinas in primis Dominicis cuiusque mensis et in Nativitate Domini, Triduo Paschali et Dominica Pentecostes.<ref>{{qc|id=Cupich (2021)}}</ref> === Britannia === In Anglia, prima paroecia personalis pro celebratione Missae Tridentinae anno 2018 erecta erat, tribus annis ante ''Traditionis custodes''. Conferentia Episcopalis Angliae et Cambriae declarationem generalem non edidit. Quidam episcopi Missas Tridentinas statim prohibuerunt, alii licentias temporarias concesserunt donec documentum diligentius examinassent.<ref>{{qc|id=The Tablet (2021)}}</ref> Mense Februario 2024, Cardinalis Vincentius Nichols nuntiavit Missam Tridentinam pro Triduo Paschali, quae quotannis in ecclesia Sanctae Mariae Moorfields celebrari solebat, cancellatam esse, quod primum erat ex annis 1990 ut Triduum iuxta ritus antiquos in Archidioecesi Westmonasteriensi non celebraretur.<ref>{{qc|id=Nichols (2024)}}</ref> == Vide etiam == * [[Summorum Pontificum]] * [[Missa Tridentina]] * [[Concilium Vaticanum II]] * [[Sacrosanctum Concilium]] * [[Desiderio desideravi]] * [[Papa Franciscus]] == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{ec|id=Franciscus (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Franciscus PP.|annus=2021|titulus=Litterae Apostolicae Motu Proprio datae Traditionis Custodes de usu librorum liturgicorum instaurationem Concilii Vaticani II antecedentium|opus=Acta Apostolicae Sedis|volumen=113|paginae=793–796|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/la/motu_proprio/documents/20210716-motu-proprio-traditionis-custodes.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Franciscus (2021a)|c={{Opus|auctor=Franciscus PP.|annus=2021|titulus=Epistula ad Episcopos totius orbis comitans Litteras Apostolicas Motu Proprio datas Traditionis Custodes|opus=Acta Apostolicae Sedis|volumen=113|paginae=802–811|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/letters/2021/documents/20210716-lettera-vescovi-liturgia.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Congregatio de Cultu Divino (1984)|c={{Opus|auctor=Congregatio de Cultu Divino|annus=1984|titulus=Quattuor abhinc annos (Epistula Circularis)}}}} * {{ec|id=Ioannes Paulus II (1988)|c={{Opus|auctor=Ioannes Paulus II PP.|annus=1988|titulus=Litterae Apostolicae Motu Proprio datae Ecclesia Dei|opus=Acta Apostolicae Sedis|volumen=80|paginae=1495–1498|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/la/motu_proprio/documents/hf_jp-ii_motu-proprio_02071988_ecclesia-dei.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Benedictus XVI (2007)|c={{Opus|auctor=Benedictus XVI PP.|annus=2007|titulus=Litterae Apostolicae Motu Proprio datae Summorum Pontificum|opus=Acta Apostolicae Sedis|volumen=99|paginae=777–781|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/la/motu_proprio/documents/hf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070707_summorum-pontificum.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Paulus VI (1969)|c={{Opus|auctor=Paulus VI PP.|annus=1969|titulus=Missale Romanum (editio typica)}}}} * {{ec|id=Congregatio de Cultu Divino (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Congregatio de Cultu Divino et Disciplina Sacramentorum|annus=2021|titulus=Responsa ad dubia de quibusdam provisionibus Litterarum Apostolicarum Motu Proprio datarum Traditionis Custodes|opus=Acta Apostolicae Sedis|volumen=114|paginae=139–149|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccdds/documents/rc_con_ccdds_doc_20211204_responsa-ad-dubia-tradizionis-custodes_en.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Franciscus (2022)|c={{Opus|auctor=Franciscus PP.|annus=2022|titulus=Epistula Apostolica Desiderio desideravi de liturgica formatione Populi Dei|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/apost_letters/documents/20220629-lettera-ap-desiderio-desideravi.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Roche (2023)|c={{Opus|auctor=Roche, Arthur|annus=2023|titulus=Rescriptum ex Audientia SS.mi|opus=Acta Apostolicae Sedis|volumen=115|paginae=370–371|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccdds/documents/rc_con_ccdds_doc_20230220_rescriptum-traditionis-custodes_en.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Burke (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Burke, Raymond Leo|annus=2021|titulus=Statement on the Motu Proprio Traditionis Custodes|url=https://www.cardinalburke.com/articles/statement-on-traditionis-custodes}}}} * {{ec|id=Müller (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Müller, Gerhard Ludwig|annus=2021|titulus=Commentaria de Traditionis Custodes}}}} * {{ec|id=Zen (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Zen, Iosephus|annus=2021|titulus=Declaratio de Traditionis Custodes|opus=Blog personalis}}}} * {{ec|id=Kasper (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Kasper, Walter|annus=2021|titulus=Commentaria de Traditionis Custodes}}}} * {{ec|id=Gomez (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Gomez, José Horacio|annus=2021|titulus=Statement on Motu Proprio Traditionis Custodes|editor=United States Conference of Catholic Bishops}}}} * {{ec|id=Conferentia Episcoporum Galliae (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Conférence des Évêques de France|annus=2021|titulus=Déclaration sur le Motu Proprio Traditionis Custodes}}}} * {{ec|id=Shaw (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Shaw, Joseph|annus=2021|titulus=Declaratio de Traditionis Custodes|editor=Latin Mass Society of England and Wales}}}} * {{ec|id=Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri|annus=2021|titulus=Communiqué on Traditionis Custodes|url=https://www.fssp.org/en/communique-of-the-priestly-fraternity-of-saint-peter/}}}} * {{ec|id=Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri (2022)|c={{Opus|auctor=Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri|annus=2022|titulus=Official Communiqué: Decree of Pope Francis granting faculties to the FSSP|url=https://www.fssp.org/en/decree-of-pope-francis-granting-faculties-to-the-fssp/}}}} * {{ec|id=Una Voce (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Foederatio Internationalis Una Voce|annus=2021|titulus=Statement on Traditionis Custodes}}}} * {{ec|id=Pagliarani (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Pagliarani, Davides|annus=2021|titulus=Epistula de Traditionis Custodes|editor=Societas Sancti Pii X}}}} * {{ec|id=Gänswein (2023)|c={{Opus|auctor=Gänswein, Georg|annus=2023|titulus=Nient'altro che la verità|editor=Piemme}}}} * {{ec|id=Martens (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Martens, Kurt|annus=2021|titulus=Commentaria de Traditionis Custodes|editor=Catholic University of America}}}} * {{ec|id=Bellitto (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Bellitto, Christopher|annus=2021|titulus=Commentaria de Traditionis Custodes|editor=Kean University}}}} * {{ec|id=Klöckener (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Klöckener, Martin|annus=2021|titulus=Commentaria de Traditionis Custodes|editor=Universitas Friburgensis}}}} * {{ec|id=Pew Research Center (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Pew Research Center|annus=2021|titulus=Survey on U.S. Catholic Awareness of Traditionis Custodes|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/11/23/most-u-s-catholics-unaware-of-pope-francis-new-restrictions-on-traditional-latin-mass/}}}} * {{ec|id=Conferentia Episcopalis Costaricae (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Conferentia Episcopalis Costaricae|annus=2021|titulus=Declaratio de Traditionis Custodes}}}} * {{ec|id=The Pillar (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=The Pillar|annus=2021|titulus=Review of the Latin Mass Directory in the United States}}}} * {{ec|id=Cupich (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Cupich, Blasius|annus=2021|titulus=Norms for the Implementation of Traditionis Custodes in the Archdiocese of Chicago}}}} * {{ec|id=The Tablet (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=The Tablet|annus=2021|titulus=Reactions to Traditionis Custodes in England and Wales}}}} * {{ec|id=Nichols (2024)|c={{Opus|auctor=Nichols, Vincent|annus=2024|titulus=Declaratio de Missa Tridentina in Triduo Paschali|editor=Archidioecesis Westmonasteriensis}}}} [[Categoria:Documenta Papae Francisci]] [[Categoria:Documenta ecclesiastica anni 2021]] [[Categoria:Liturgia catholica]] [[Categoria:Missa Tridentina]] 0iofj9xdchrkhx75s9hooq0l7dv2aqp 3961744 3961740 2026-05-25T19:49:51Z JimKillock 109532 titulus italicus 3961744 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}}{{Capsa documenti pontificii Vicidatorum}} '''''Traditionis custodes''''' (Latine: "Custodes Traditionis") est [[epistula apostolica]] [[motu proprio]] data a [[Papa Franciscus|Papa Francisco]] die 16 Iulii 2021 promulgata. Documentum de usu [[Missa Tridentina|Missalis Romani]] ante [[Concilium Vaticanum II]] editi agit eiusque celebrationem valde restringit. Simul abrogat normas priores a [[Papa Benedictus XVI|Benedicto XVI]] in ''[[Summorum Pontificum]]'' (2007) et a [[Papa Ioannes Paulus II|Ioanne Paulo II]] in ''Quattuor abhinc annos'' (1984) ac ''Ecclesia Dei'' (1988) constitutas.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021)}}</ref> Epistulam apostolicam comitatur epistula pastoralis ad episcopos catholicos totius orbis, in qua Franciscus rationes suae decisionis exponit.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> [[Congregatio de Cultu Divino et Disciplina Sacramentorum]] in instructione officiali (''responsa'') declaravit textum Latinum ''Traditionis custodes'' esse "textum officialem qui adhibendus est".<ref>{{qc|id=Congregatio de Cultu Divino (2021)}}</ref> == Contextus historicus == === Instaurationes liturgicae post Concilium Vaticanum II === Anno 1969, prima nova editio Missalis Romani iuxta decreta [[Concilium Vaticanum II|Concilii Vaticani II]] promulgata est, novam formam liturgiae Missae Ritus Romani constituens. Haec editio, saepe "Missa Pauli VI" vocata, anno 1970 publici iuris facta est.<ref>{{qc|id=Paulus VI (1969)}}</ref> Missale Romanum anni 1962, ultima editio Missalis Tridentini, quod a [[Concilium Tridentinum|Concilio Tridentino]] ortum ducit et sub [[Papa Pius V|Pio V]] anno 1570 promulgatum est, ita in usum ordinarium substitutum est. === Concessiones Ioannis Pauli II === [[Papa Ioannes Paulus II|Ioannes Paulus II]] anno 1984 per documentum ''Quattuor abhinc annos'' episcopis facultatem dedit permittendi usum Missalis Romani anni 1962 sub certis condicionibus.<ref>{{qc|id=Congregatio de Cultu Divino (1984)}}</ref> Anno 1988, post consecrationes illicitas episcoporum a [[Marcellus Lefebvre|Marcello Lefebvre]] factas, Ioannes Paulus II motu proprio ''Ecclesia Dei'' edidit, in quo usum Missalis antiquioris amplius concessit et Commissionem Pontificiam "Ecclesia Dei" instituit ad fidelium traditioni adhaerentes curandos.<ref>{{qc|id=Ioannes Paulus II (1988)}}</ref> === Summorum Pontificum (2007) === Anno 2007, [[Papa Benedictus XVI|Benedictus XVI]] per motu proprio ''Summorum Pontificum'' declaravit Missale Romanum a [[Papa Pius V|Pio V]] promulgatum et a [[Papa Ioannes XXIII|Ioanne XXIII]] anno 1962 editum numquam abrogatum esse. Illud "Formam Extraordinariam" Ritus Romani nominavit, Missam autem Pauli VI "Formam Ordinariam".<ref>{{qc|id=Benedictus XVI (2007)}}</ref> Benedictus statuit quemlibet sacerdotem Ritus Latini posse utramque formam celebrare sine expressa licentia episcopi vel Sanctae Sedis. Sperabat has "duas formas usum Ritus Romani" se mutuo "dituras" esse neque divisionem in Ecclesia causaturas.<ref>{{qc|id=Benedictus XVI (2007)}}</ref> === Ante promulgationem === Anno 2020, Congregatio pro Doctrina Fidei quaestionarium ad episcopos catholicos totius orbis misit de applicatione ''Summorum Pontificum'' in eorum dioecesibus.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> Exitus huius consultationis publici iuris non facti sunt. Papa Franciscus postea dixit responsa episcoporum "statum qui me sollicitat et contristat" revelare et eum persuasisse de necessitate interveniendi.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> Mense Maio 2021, paucos ante menses quam ''Traditionis custodes'' promulgata est, fama erat Franciscum in coetu clauso cum membris Conferentiae Episcopalis Italicae dixisse se textum restrictivum approbare paratum esse.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> Documentum promulgatum est duobus post diebus quam Franciscus ex nosocomio, ubi novem dies fuerat, rediit. == Praescripta principalia == Litterae apostolicae in octo articulos dividuntur. '''Articulus primus''' declarat libros liturgicos a [[Papa Paulus VI|Paulo VI]] et [[Papa Ioannes Paulus II|Ioanne Paulo II]] post Concilium Vaticanum II promulgatos esse "unicam expressionem ''legis orandi'' Ritus Romani".<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021)}}</ref> Hoc verbum "unica expressio" significat Formam Extraordinariam iam non esse alteram expressionem eiusdem ''legis orandi'', ut Benedictus XVI docuerat. '''Articulus secundus''' statuit episcopum dioecesanum esse "moderatorem, promotorem atque custodem" totius vitae liturgicae in sua Ecclesia particulari, eiusque esse "exclusivam competentiam" permittendi usum Missalis Romani anni 1962 in sua dioecesi, iuxta Sedis Apostolicae lineamenta.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021)}}</ref> '''Articulus tertius''' episcopis in quorum dioecesibus coetus Missam Tridentinam celebrantes iam exsistunt mandat ut: # Verificent hos coetus validitatem et legitimitatem instaurationis liturgicae Concilii Vaticani II non excludere. # Unum vel plures locos designent (sed non ecclesias paroeciales, nec novas paroecias personales erigendo) ubi hi coetus ad Eucharistiam celebrandam convenire possint. # Dies statuant quibus celebrationes eucharisticae iuxta Missale anni 1962 permittuntur, in quibus lectiones lingua vernacula proclamandae sunt. # Presbyterum delegatum designent, Latine peritum et pastorali cura praeditum, qui hos coetus curet. # Verificent utrum paroeciae personales pro his fidelibus erectae spirituali eorum incremento efficaciter inserviant. # Impediant ne novi coetus constituantur.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021)}}</ref> '''Articuli quartus et quintus''' praecipiunt ut presbyteri post promulgationem huius documenti ordinati, qui Missale anni 1962 adhibere velint, petitionem formalem ad episcopum dioecesanum mittant, qui ante concessionem a Sede Apostolica licentiam rogabit. Presbyteri qui iam iuxta Missale anni 1962 celebrant debent ab episcopo licentiam ad hanc facultatem servandam petere.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021)}}</ref> '''Articuli sextus et septimus''' iurisdictionem super instituta vitae consecratae et societates vitae apostolicae a Pontificia Commissione "Ecclesia Dei" erecta ad Congregationem pro Institutis Vitae Consecratae et Societatibus Vitae Apostolicae transferunt. Haec Congregatio et Congregatio de Cultu Divino et Disciplina Sacramentorum auctoritatem Sanctae Sedis in his rebus exercent.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021)}}</ref> '''Articulus octavus''' omnes normas, dispositiones, concessiones et consuetudines priores quae huic motu proprio non conformes sunt abrogat. Dispositiones statim vim obtinuerunt.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021)}}</ref> == Epistula comitans == Simul cum ''Traditionis custodes'', Papa Franciscus epistulam pastoralem ad episcopos totius orbis misit, in qua rationes suae decisionis exposuit, eodem modo quo Benedictus XVI epistulam comitantem ad ''Summorum Pontificum'' miserat. === De intentionibus praedecessorum === Franciscus in hac epistula explicat concessiones a Ioanne Paulo II et Benedicto XVI factas "praecipue motivatas fuisse desiderio sanandi schisma cum motu Mons. Lefebvre". Addit se credere "multos in Ecclesia hanc facultatem occasionem habuisse libere adoptandi Missale Romanum a S. Pio V promulgatum eoque utendi modo parallelo cum Missali Romano a S. Paulo VI promulgato".<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> Franciscus commemorat Benedictum XVI in ''Summorum Pontificum'' timorem divisionis "infundatum" vocavisse et sperasse duas formas se mutuo "dituras" esse. Sed Franciscus dicit exitus consultationis episcoporum "statum qui me sollicitat et contristat" revelare: "Occasio a S. Ioanne Paulo II oblata et, maiori cum magnanimitate, a Benedicto XVI, ad recuperandam unitatem corporis ecclesialis cum diversis sensibus liturgicis, saepe graviter neglecta est. [...] Exploitata est ad distantias augendas, diversitates roborandas, et dissensiones fovendas quae Ecclesiam laedunt, eius iter impediunt et eam periculo divisionis exponunt."<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> === De Concilio Vaticano II === Franciscus dicit se dolere de abusibus liturgicis "ex utraque parte", sed praecipue se tristari quod "usus instrumentalis Missalis Romani anni 1962 saepe characterizatur reiectione non solum instaurationis liturgicae, sed ipsius Concilii Vaticani II, asserendo, assertionibus infundatis et insustentabilibus, id Traditionem et 'veram Ecclesiam' prodidisse". Franciscus hanc assertionem reicit et dicit: "Dubitare de Concilio est dubitare de intentionibus ipsorum Patrum qui potestatem suam collegialem modo solemni ''cum Petro et sub Petro'' in Concilio oecumenico exercuerunt, et, in ultima analysi, dubitare de ipso Spiritu Sancto qui Ecclesiam ducit."<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> === De unitate Ecclesiae === Franciscus "rationem finalem" suae decisionis esse dicit quod "magis magisque in verbis et atitudinibus multorum manifesta est arcta connexio inter electionem celebrationum iuxta libros liturgicos ante Concilium Vaticanum II et reiectionem Ecclesiae eiusque institutionum nomine eius quod vocatur 'vera Ecclesia'". Propter hoc, "in defensionem unitatis Corporis Christi, cogor facultatem a praedecessoribus meis concessam revocare."<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> Ad episcopos appellans, Franciscus scribit: "Dum in exercitio ministerii mei in servitium unitatis hanc decisionem suscipio, vos rogo ut hanc sarcinam mecum participetis tamquam formam participationis in sollicitudine pro tota Ecclesia episcopis propria."<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> == Instructiones et clarificationes subsequentes == === Responsa ad dubia (2021) === Die 18 Decembris 2021, Congregatio de Cultu Divino et Disciplina Sacramentorum responsa ad undecim dubia de applicatione ''Traditionis custodes'' edidit, approbante Papa Francisco. Haec documenta, die 4 Decembris 2021 data, inter alia statuerunt: * Missam Tridentinam in ecclesia paroeciali celebrari posse solum si locus alius omnino non adest, cum licentia tum episcopi tum Congregationis, sed haec celebratio in horarium paroeciale non inserenda est. * Sacramenta confirmationis et ordinationis secundum Pontificale Romanum antiquum omnino vetita esse; sacramenta baptismi, paenitentiae, matrimonii, unctionis infirmorum et exsequiarum iuxta Rituale Romanum anni 1952 solum in paroecis personalibus permitti. * Sacerdotes qui concelebrare recusant, praesertim in Missa Chrismatis cum episcopo in Feria V Hebdomadae Sanctae, licentiam celebrandi Missam Tridentinam obtinere non posse. * Lectiones in Missa Tridentina semper lingua vernacula proclamandas esse, adhibitis translationibus a Conferentia Episcopali approbatis. * Licentiam celebrandi Missam Tridentinam ad territorium episcopi concedentis restrictam esse, et sacerdotem semel tantum in die Missam Tridentinam celebrare posse.<ref>{{qc|id=Congregatio de Cultu Divino (2021)}}</ref> === Desiderio desideravi (2022) === Die 29 Iunii 2022, Papa Franciscus epistulam apostolicam ''Desiderio desideravi'' promulgavit, in qua iterum affirmavit se ''Traditionis custodes'' scripsisse quia libri liturgici Pauli VI et Ioannis Pauli II "fidelitatem instaurationis Concilii" praebent et quia Franciscus vult "Ecclesiam in varietate tot linguarum unam eandemque orationem tollere quae eius unitatem exprimere valeat". Addit: "Ad illam formam ritualem redire non possumus quam Patres Concilii [...] reformandam esse censuerunt."<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2022)}}</ref> === Rescriptum (2023) === Die 21 Februarii 2023, Sancta Sedes rescriptum papale edidit, a Cardinali Arthuro Roche, Praefecto Dicasterio pro Cultu Divino, scriptum et die praecedenti a Papa approbatum. Rescriptum clarius statuit dispensationes a restrictionibus ''Traditionis custodes'' (secundum canonem 87 Codicis Iuris Canonici) Sedi Apostolicae reservari, ita episcopis prohibens quominus suas proprias dispensationes concedant.<ref>{{qc|id=Roche (2023)}}</ref> == Receptio == === In Ecclesia Catholica === Receptio ''Traditionis custodes'' in Ecclesia Catholica valde divisa fuit. Cardinalis Gualterius Kasper documentum laudavit, asserens "maximam partem" catholicorum Missae Tridentinae adversam esse et quosdam asseclas Missae Tridentinae Benedictum XVI ad divisionem adhibuisse.<ref>{{qc|id=Kasper (2021)}}</ref> Conferentia Episcoporum Civitatum Foederatarum, per praesidem suum Iosephum Horatium Gomez, documentum accepit, episcopos hortans ad "curam, patientiam, iustitiam et caritatem" in applicatione.<ref>{{qc|id=Gomez (2021)}}</ref> Conferentia Episcoporum Galliae similiter documentum accepit, fidelibus Missae Tridentinae adhaerentes "aestimationem" suam exprimendo.<ref>{{qc|id=Conferentia Episcoporum Galliae (2021)}}</ref> Cardinalis Raimundus Leo Burke, olim Praefectus Supremi Tribunalis Signaturae Apostolicae, documentum "severum et revolutionarium" vocavit et dubitavit de potestate papae usum ritus antiqui revocandi.<ref>{{qc|id=Burke (2021)}}</ref> Cardinalis Gerhardus Ludovicus Müller, olim Praefectus Congregationis pro Doctrina Fidei, documentum "durum" descripsit.<ref>{{qc|id=Müller (2021)}}</ref> Cardinalis Iosephus Zen declaravit "multas generalizationes tendentiosas in documentis corda multorum bonorum hominum plus quam expectatum laesisse".<ref>{{qc|id=Zen (2021)}}</ref> Georgius Gänswein, secretarius Papae Emeriti Benedicti XVI, in libro ''Nient'altro che la verità'' (2023) scripsit Benedictum ''Traditionis custodes'' "cum dolore in corde" legisse et restrictionem Missae Tridentinae "errorem" esse censuisse, quia "conatum pacificationis in periculum posuerit".<ref>{{qc|id=Gänswein (2023)}}</ref> === Catholici traditionalistae === Catholici traditionalistae documentum statim ut "impetum in ipsos et in liturgiam antiquam" perceperunt.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> Iosephus Shaw, praeses Societatis Missae Latinae Angliae et Cambriae, documentum "stupendum" vocavit et dixit Franciscum "omnino solvisse dispositiones ''Summorum Pontificum''".<ref>{{qc|id=Shaw (2021)}}</ref> Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri (FSSP) "cum admiratione" documentum accepit et "magnam tristitiam" expressit de rationibus adductis ad usum Missalis Ioannis XXIII limitandum, quod "centrum charismatissui" est.<ref>{{qc|id=Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri (2021)}}</ref> Tamen, die 21 Februarii 2022, Fraternitas nuntiavit Papam Franciscum die 4 Februarii eis dixisse instituta quorum ratio existendi usus Missalis Tridentini est a motu proprio non affici, et decretum speciale emisisse quo membris FSSP facultas celebrandi Missam et sacramenta iuxta editiones typicas librorum liturgicorum anni 1962 concessa est.<ref>{{qc|id=Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri (2022)}}</ref> ''Foederatio Internationalis Una Voce'' declarationem officialem edidit in qua reiecit assertionem eos qui Missis Tridentinis intersunt Ecclesiae Catholicae et Concilio Vaticano II inoboedientes esse.<ref>{{qc|id=Una Voce (2021)}}</ref> Davides Pagliarani, Superior Generalis Societatis Sancti Pii X, scripsit: "Aetas 'hermeneuticae continuitatis', cum suis aequivocationibus, illusionibus et conatibus impossibilibus, radicitus finita est." Addidit Missam Tridentinam "conceptionem vitae christianae exprimere et tradere quae omnino incompatibilis est cum ecclesiologia ex Concilio Vaticano II orta".<ref>{{qc|id=Pagliarani (2021)}}</ref> === Academici === Curtius Martens, professor iuris canonici in Universitate Catholica Americae, notavit terminum "Forma Extraordinaria" in nova legislatione non amplius adhiberi et episcopis dioecesanis "latam responsabilitatem" datam esse quoad usum liturgiae prioris.<ref>{{qc|id=Martens (2021)}}</ref> Christophorus Bellitto, professor historiae Ecclesiae in Universitate Kean, dixit Franciscum recte intervenisse, notans decisionem Benedicti XVI "multas consequentias non intentas habuisse quae non solum Ecclesiam diviserunt sed etiam relationes cum Iudaeis turbaverint".<ref>{{qc|id=Bellitto (2021)}}</ref> Martinus Klöckener, professor liturgiae in Universitate Friburgensi, documentum ut "correctionem necessariam" approbionis Benedicti accepit, notans id auctoritatem episcopis localium restauravisse.<ref>{{qc|id=Klöckener (2021)}}</ref> === Opinio publica === Investigatio mensis Septembris 2021 a ''Pew Research Center'' in Civitatibus Foederatis facta invenit circiter duas ex tribus partes catholicorum Americanorum novarum restrictionum ignaros esse. Inter catholicos qui singulis hebdomadibus Missam frequentant, 29% restrictiones improbaverunt, 11% approbaverunt, 17% nullam opinionem habuerunt, et 42% earum ignari erant.<ref>{{qc|id=Pew Research Center (2021)}}</ref> == Applicatio == === America Centralis === Die 20 Iulii 2021, Conferentia Episcopalis Costaricae statuit nullam Missam Tridentinam in ullis dioecesibus suis permitti.<ref>{{qc|id=Conferentia Episcopalis Costaricae (2021)}}</ref> === Civitates Foederatae === Secundum ''The Pillar'', ante ''Traditionis custodes'' 657 loca in Civitatibus Foederatis erant ubi Missa Tridentina regulariter celebrabatur. Nonnulli episcopi Americani (sicut Scharfenberger, Aquila, et Cordileone) affirmaverunt Missam Tridentinam in suis dioecesibus continuaturam esse.<ref>{{qc|id=The Pillar (2021)}}</ref> Mense Decembri 2021, Cardinalis Blasius Cupich in Archidioecesi Chicagiensi restrictiones imposuit, inter alia vetando Missas Tridentinas in primis Dominicis cuiusque mensis et in Nativitate Domini, Triduo Paschali et Dominica Pentecostes.<ref>{{qc|id=Cupich (2021)}}</ref> === Britannia === In Anglia, prima paroecia personalis pro celebratione Missae Tridentinae anno 2018 erecta erat, tribus annis ante ''Traditionis custodes''. Conferentia Episcopalis Angliae et Cambriae declarationem generalem non edidit. Quidam episcopi Missas Tridentinas statim prohibuerunt, alii licentias temporarias concesserunt donec documentum diligentius examinassent.<ref>{{qc|id=The Tablet (2021)}}</ref> Mense Februario 2024, Cardinalis Vincentius Nichols nuntiavit Missam Tridentinam pro Triduo Paschali, quae quotannis in ecclesia Sanctae Mariae Moorfields celebrari solebat, cancellatam esse, quod primum erat ex annis 1990 ut Triduum iuxta ritus antiquos in Archidioecesi Westmonasteriensi non celebraretur.<ref>{{qc|id=Nichols (2024)}}</ref> == Vide etiam == * [[Summorum Pontificum]] * [[Missa Tridentina]] * [[Concilium Vaticanum II]] * [[Sacrosanctum Concilium]] * [[Desiderio desideravi]] * [[Papa Franciscus]] == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{ec|id=Franciscus (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Franciscus PP.|annus=2021|titulus=Litterae Apostolicae Motu Proprio datae Traditionis Custodes de usu librorum liturgicorum instaurationem Concilii Vaticani II antecedentium|opus=Acta Apostolicae Sedis|volumen=113|paginae=793–796|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/la/motu_proprio/documents/20210716-motu-proprio-traditionis-custodes.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Franciscus (2021a)|c={{Opus|auctor=Franciscus PP.|annus=2021|titulus=Epistula ad Episcopos totius orbis comitans Litteras Apostolicas Motu Proprio datas Traditionis Custodes|opus=Acta Apostolicae Sedis|volumen=113|paginae=802–811|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/letters/2021/documents/20210716-lettera-vescovi-liturgia.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Congregatio de Cultu Divino (1984)|c={{Opus|auctor=Congregatio de Cultu Divino|annus=1984|titulus=Quattuor abhinc annos (Epistula Circularis)}}}} * {{ec|id=Ioannes Paulus II (1988)|c={{Opus|auctor=Ioannes Paulus II PP.|annus=1988|titulus=Litterae Apostolicae Motu Proprio datae Ecclesia Dei|opus=Acta Apostolicae Sedis|volumen=80|paginae=1495–1498|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/la/motu_proprio/documents/hf_jp-ii_motu-proprio_02071988_ecclesia-dei.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Benedictus XVI (2007)|c={{Opus|auctor=Benedictus XVI PP.|annus=2007|titulus=Litterae Apostolicae Motu Proprio datae Summorum Pontificum|opus=Acta Apostolicae Sedis|volumen=99|paginae=777–781|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/la/motu_proprio/documents/hf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070707_summorum-pontificum.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Paulus VI (1969)|c={{Opus|auctor=Paulus VI PP.|annus=1969|titulus=Missale Romanum (editio typica)}}}} * {{ec|id=Congregatio de Cultu Divino (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Congregatio de Cultu Divino et Disciplina Sacramentorum|annus=2021|titulus=Responsa ad dubia de quibusdam provisionibus Litterarum Apostolicarum Motu Proprio datarum Traditionis Custodes|opus=Acta Apostolicae Sedis|volumen=114|paginae=139–149|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccdds/documents/rc_con_ccdds_doc_20211204_responsa-ad-dubia-tradizionis-custodes_en.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Franciscus (2022)|c={{Opus|auctor=Franciscus PP.|annus=2022|titulus=Epistula Apostolica Desiderio desideravi de liturgica formatione Populi Dei|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/apost_letters/documents/20220629-lettera-ap-desiderio-desideravi.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Roche (2023)|c={{Opus|auctor=Roche, Arthur|annus=2023|titulus=Rescriptum ex Audientia SS.mi|opus=Acta Apostolicae Sedis|volumen=115|paginae=370–371|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccdds/documents/rc_con_ccdds_doc_20230220_rescriptum-traditionis-custodes_en.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Burke (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Burke, Raymond Leo|annus=2021|titulus=Statement on the Motu Proprio Traditionis Custodes|url=https://www.cardinalburke.com/articles/statement-on-traditionis-custodes}}}} * {{ec|id=Müller (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Müller, Gerhard Ludwig|annus=2021|titulus=Commentaria de Traditionis Custodes}}}} * {{ec|id=Zen (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Zen, Iosephus|annus=2021|titulus=Declaratio de Traditionis Custodes|opus=Blog personalis}}}} * {{ec|id=Kasper (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Kasper, Walter|annus=2021|titulus=Commentaria de Traditionis Custodes}}}} * {{ec|id=Gomez (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Gomez, José Horacio|annus=2021|titulus=Statement on Motu Proprio Traditionis Custodes|editor=United States Conference of Catholic Bishops}}}} * {{ec|id=Conferentia Episcoporum Galliae (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Conférence des Évêques de France|annus=2021|titulus=Déclaration sur le Motu Proprio Traditionis Custodes}}}} * {{ec|id=Shaw (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Shaw, Joseph|annus=2021|titulus=Declaratio de Traditionis Custodes|editor=Latin Mass Society of England and Wales}}}} * {{ec|id=Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri|annus=2021|titulus=Communiqué on Traditionis Custodes|url=https://www.fssp.org/en/communique-of-the-priestly-fraternity-of-saint-peter/}}}} * {{ec|id=Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri (2022)|c={{Opus|auctor=Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri|annus=2022|titulus=Official Communiqué: Decree of Pope Francis granting faculties to the FSSP|url=https://www.fssp.org/en/decree-of-pope-francis-granting-faculties-to-the-fssp/}}}} * {{ec|id=Una Voce (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Foederatio Internationalis Una Voce|annus=2021|titulus=Statement on Traditionis Custodes}}}} * {{ec|id=Pagliarani (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Pagliarani, Davides|annus=2021|titulus=Epistula de Traditionis Custodes|editor=Societas Sancti Pii X}}}} * {{ec|id=Gänswein (2023)|c={{Opus|auctor=Gänswein, Georg|annus=2023|titulus=Nient'altro che la verità|editor=Piemme}}}} * {{ec|id=Martens (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Martens, Kurt|annus=2021|titulus=Commentaria de Traditionis Custodes|editor=Catholic University of America}}}} * {{ec|id=Bellitto (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Bellitto, Christopher|annus=2021|titulus=Commentaria de Traditionis Custodes|editor=Kean University}}}} * {{ec|id=Klöckener (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Klöckener, Martin|annus=2021|titulus=Commentaria de Traditionis Custodes|editor=Universitas Friburgensis}}}} * {{ec|id=Pew Research Center (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Pew Research Center|annus=2021|titulus=Survey on U.S. Catholic Awareness of Traditionis Custodes|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/11/23/most-u-s-catholics-unaware-of-pope-francis-new-restrictions-on-traditional-latin-mass/}}}} * {{ec|id=Conferentia Episcopalis Costaricae (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Conferentia Episcopalis Costaricae|annus=2021|titulus=Declaratio de Traditionis Custodes}}}} * {{ec|id=The Pillar (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=The Pillar|annus=2021|titulus=Review of the Latin Mass Directory in the United States}}}} * {{ec|id=Cupich (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Cupich, Blasius|annus=2021|titulus=Norms for the Implementation of Traditionis Custodes in the Archdiocese of Chicago}}}} * {{ec|id=The Tablet (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=The Tablet|annus=2021|titulus=Reactions to Traditionis Custodes in England and Wales}}}} * {{ec|id=Nichols (2024)|c={{Opus|auctor=Nichols, Vincent|annus=2024|titulus=Declaratio de Missa Tridentina in Triduo Paschali|editor=Archidioecesis Westmonasteriensis}}}} [[Categoria:Documenta Papae Francisci]] [[Categoria:Documenta ecclesiastica anni 2021]] [[Categoria:Liturgia catholica]] [[Categoria:Missa Tridentina]] ao723clctyarrsu7akiqn707wclyivc 3961745 3961744 2026-05-25T19:52:36Z JimKillock 109532 JimKillock movit paginam [[Traditionis Custodes]] ad [[Traditionis custodes]]: Titulus male scriptus 3961744 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}}{{Capsa documenti pontificii Vicidatorum}} '''''Traditionis custodes''''' (Latine: "Custodes Traditionis") est [[epistula apostolica]] [[motu proprio]] data a [[Papa Franciscus|Papa Francisco]] die 16 Iulii 2021 promulgata. Documentum de usu [[Missa Tridentina|Missalis Romani]] ante [[Concilium Vaticanum II]] editi agit eiusque celebrationem valde restringit. Simul abrogat normas priores a [[Papa Benedictus XVI|Benedicto XVI]] in ''[[Summorum Pontificum]]'' (2007) et a [[Papa Ioannes Paulus II|Ioanne Paulo II]] in ''Quattuor abhinc annos'' (1984) ac ''Ecclesia Dei'' (1988) constitutas.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021)}}</ref> Epistulam apostolicam comitatur epistula pastoralis ad episcopos catholicos totius orbis, in qua Franciscus rationes suae decisionis exponit.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> [[Congregatio de Cultu Divino et Disciplina Sacramentorum]] in instructione officiali (''responsa'') declaravit textum Latinum ''Traditionis custodes'' esse "textum officialem qui adhibendus est".<ref>{{qc|id=Congregatio de Cultu Divino (2021)}}</ref> == Contextus historicus == === Instaurationes liturgicae post Concilium Vaticanum II === Anno 1969, prima nova editio Missalis Romani iuxta decreta [[Concilium Vaticanum II|Concilii Vaticani II]] promulgata est, novam formam liturgiae Missae Ritus Romani constituens. Haec editio, saepe "Missa Pauli VI" vocata, anno 1970 publici iuris facta est.<ref>{{qc|id=Paulus VI (1969)}}</ref> Missale Romanum anni 1962, ultima editio Missalis Tridentini, quod a [[Concilium Tridentinum|Concilio Tridentino]] ortum ducit et sub [[Papa Pius V|Pio V]] anno 1570 promulgatum est, ita in usum ordinarium substitutum est. === Concessiones Ioannis Pauli II === [[Papa Ioannes Paulus II|Ioannes Paulus II]] anno 1984 per documentum ''Quattuor abhinc annos'' episcopis facultatem dedit permittendi usum Missalis Romani anni 1962 sub certis condicionibus.<ref>{{qc|id=Congregatio de Cultu Divino (1984)}}</ref> Anno 1988, post consecrationes illicitas episcoporum a [[Marcellus Lefebvre|Marcello Lefebvre]] factas, Ioannes Paulus II motu proprio ''Ecclesia Dei'' edidit, in quo usum Missalis antiquioris amplius concessit et Commissionem Pontificiam "Ecclesia Dei" instituit ad fidelium traditioni adhaerentes curandos.<ref>{{qc|id=Ioannes Paulus II (1988)}}</ref> === Summorum Pontificum (2007) === Anno 2007, [[Papa Benedictus XVI|Benedictus XVI]] per motu proprio ''Summorum Pontificum'' declaravit Missale Romanum a [[Papa Pius V|Pio V]] promulgatum et a [[Papa Ioannes XXIII|Ioanne XXIII]] anno 1962 editum numquam abrogatum esse. Illud "Formam Extraordinariam" Ritus Romani nominavit, Missam autem Pauli VI "Formam Ordinariam".<ref>{{qc|id=Benedictus XVI (2007)}}</ref> Benedictus statuit quemlibet sacerdotem Ritus Latini posse utramque formam celebrare sine expressa licentia episcopi vel Sanctae Sedis. Sperabat has "duas formas usum Ritus Romani" se mutuo "dituras" esse neque divisionem in Ecclesia causaturas.<ref>{{qc|id=Benedictus XVI (2007)}}</ref> === Ante promulgationem === Anno 2020, Congregatio pro Doctrina Fidei quaestionarium ad episcopos catholicos totius orbis misit de applicatione ''Summorum Pontificum'' in eorum dioecesibus.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> Exitus huius consultationis publici iuris non facti sunt. Papa Franciscus postea dixit responsa episcoporum "statum qui me sollicitat et contristat" revelare et eum persuasisse de necessitate interveniendi.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> Mense Maio 2021, paucos ante menses quam ''Traditionis custodes'' promulgata est, fama erat Franciscum in coetu clauso cum membris Conferentiae Episcopalis Italicae dixisse se textum restrictivum approbare paratum esse.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> Documentum promulgatum est duobus post diebus quam Franciscus ex nosocomio, ubi novem dies fuerat, rediit. == Praescripta principalia == Litterae apostolicae in octo articulos dividuntur. '''Articulus primus''' declarat libros liturgicos a [[Papa Paulus VI|Paulo VI]] et [[Papa Ioannes Paulus II|Ioanne Paulo II]] post Concilium Vaticanum II promulgatos esse "unicam expressionem ''legis orandi'' Ritus Romani".<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021)}}</ref> Hoc verbum "unica expressio" significat Formam Extraordinariam iam non esse alteram expressionem eiusdem ''legis orandi'', ut Benedictus XVI docuerat. '''Articulus secundus''' statuit episcopum dioecesanum esse "moderatorem, promotorem atque custodem" totius vitae liturgicae in sua Ecclesia particulari, eiusque esse "exclusivam competentiam" permittendi usum Missalis Romani anni 1962 in sua dioecesi, iuxta Sedis Apostolicae lineamenta.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021)}}</ref> '''Articulus tertius''' episcopis in quorum dioecesibus coetus Missam Tridentinam celebrantes iam exsistunt mandat ut: # Verificent hos coetus validitatem et legitimitatem instaurationis liturgicae Concilii Vaticani II non excludere. # Unum vel plures locos designent (sed non ecclesias paroeciales, nec novas paroecias personales erigendo) ubi hi coetus ad Eucharistiam celebrandam convenire possint. # Dies statuant quibus celebrationes eucharisticae iuxta Missale anni 1962 permittuntur, in quibus lectiones lingua vernacula proclamandae sunt. # Presbyterum delegatum designent, Latine peritum et pastorali cura praeditum, qui hos coetus curet. # Verificent utrum paroeciae personales pro his fidelibus erectae spirituali eorum incremento efficaciter inserviant. # Impediant ne novi coetus constituantur.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021)}}</ref> '''Articuli quartus et quintus''' praecipiunt ut presbyteri post promulgationem huius documenti ordinati, qui Missale anni 1962 adhibere velint, petitionem formalem ad episcopum dioecesanum mittant, qui ante concessionem a Sede Apostolica licentiam rogabit. Presbyteri qui iam iuxta Missale anni 1962 celebrant debent ab episcopo licentiam ad hanc facultatem servandam petere.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021)}}</ref> '''Articuli sextus et septimus''' iurisdictionem super instituta vitae consecratae et societates vitae apostolicae a Pontificia Commissione "Ecclesia Dei" erecta ad Congregationem pro Institutis Vitae Consecratae et Societatibus Vitae Apostolicae transferunt. Haec Congregatio et Congregatio de Cultu Divino et Disciplina Sacramentorum auctoritatem Sanctae Sedis in his rebus exercent.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021)}}</ref> '''Articulus octavus''' omnes normas, dispositiones, concessiones et consuetudines priores quae huic motu proprio non conformes sunt abrogat. Dispositiones statim vim obtinuerunt.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021)}}</ref> == Epistula comitans == Simul cum ''Traditionis custodes'', Papa Franciscus epistulam pastoralem ad episcopos totius orbis misit, in qua rationes suae decisionis exposuit, eodem modo quo Benedictus XVI epistulam comitantem ad ''Summorum Pontificum'' miserat. === De intentionibus praedecessorum === Franciscus in hac epistula explicat concessiones a Ioanne Paulo II et Benedicto XVI factas "praecipue motivatas fuisse desiderio sanandi schisma cum motu Mons. Lefebvre". Addit se credere "multos in Ecclesia hanc facultatem occasionem habuisse libere adoptandi Missale Romanum a S. Pio V promulgatum eoque utendi modo parallelo cum Missali Romano a S. Paulo VI promulgato".<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> Franciscus commemorat Benedictum XVI in ''Summorum Pontificum'' timorem divisionis "infundatum" vocavisse et sperasse duas formas se mutuo "dituras" esse. Sed Franciscus dicit exitus consultationis episcoporum "statum qui me sollicitat et contristat" revelare: "Occasio a S. Ioanne Paulo II oblata et, maiori cum magnanimitate, a Benedicto XVI, ad recuperandam unitatem corporis ecclesialis cum diversis sensibus liturgicis, saepe graviter neglecta est. [...] Exploitata est ad distantias augendas, diversitates roborandas, et dissensiones fovendas quae Ecclesiam laedunt, eius iter impediunt et eam periculo divisionis exponunt."<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> === De Concilio Vaticano II === Franciscus dicit se dolere de abusibus liturgicis "ex utraque parte", sed praecipue se tristari quod "usus instrumentalis Missalis Romani anni 1962 saepe characterizatur reiectione non solum instaurationis liturgicae, sed ipsius Concilii Vaticani II, asserendo, assertionibus infundatis et insustentabilibus, id Traditionem et 'veram Ecclesiam' prodidisse". Franciscus hanc assertionem reicit et dicit: "Dubitare de Concilio est dubitare de intentionibus ipsorum Patrum qui potestatem suam collegialem modo solemni ''cum Petro et sub Petro'' in Concilio oecumenico exercuerunt, et, in ultima analysi, dubitare de ipso Spiritu Sancto qui Ecclesiam ducit."<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> === De unitate Ecclesiae === Franciscus "rationem finalem" suae decisionis esse dicit quod "magis magisque in verbis et atitudinibus multorum manifesta est arcta connexio inter electionem celebrationum iuxta libros liturgicos ante Concilium Vaticanum II et reiectionem Ecclesiae eiusque institutionum nomine eius quod vocatur 'vera Ecclesia'". Propter hoc, "in defensionem unitatis Corporis Christi, cogor facultatem a praedecessoribus meis concessam revocare."<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> Ad episcopos appellans, Franciscus scribit: "Dum in exercitio ministerii mei in servitium unitatis hanc decisionem suscipio, vos rogo ut hanc sarcinam mecum participetis tamquam formam participationis in sollicitudine pro tota Ecclesia episcopis propria."<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> == Instructiones et clarificationes subsequentes == === Responsa ad dubia (2021) === Die 18 Decembris 2021, Congregatio de Cultu Divino et Disciplina Sacramentorum responsa ad undecim dubia de applicatione ''Traditionis custodes'' edidit, approbante Papa Francisco. Haec documenta, die 4 Decembris 2021 data, inter alia statuerunt: * Missam Tridentinam in ecclesia paroeciali celebrari posse solum si locus alius omnino non adest, cum licentia tum episcopi tum Congregationis, sed haec celebratio in horarium paroeciale non inserenda est. * Sacramenta confirmationis et ordinationis secundum Pontificale Romanum antiquum omnino vetita esse; sacramenta baptismi, paenitentiae, matrimonii, unctionis infirmorum et exsequiarum iuxta Rituale Romanum anni 1952 solum in paroecis personalibus permitti. * Sacerdotes qui concelebrare recusant, praesertim in Missa Chrismatis cum episcopo in Feria V Hebdomadae Sanctae, licentiam celebrandi Missam Tridentinam obtinere non posse. * Lectiones in Missa Tridentina semper lingua vernacula proclamandas esse, adhibitis translationibus a Conferentia Episcopali approbatis. * Licentiam celebrandi Missam Tridentinam ad territorium episcopi concedentis restrictam esse, et sacerdotem semel tantum in die Missam Tridentinam celebrare posse.<ref>{{qc|id=Congregatio de Cultu Divino (2021)}}</ref> === Desiderio desideravi (2022) === Die 29 Iunii 2022, Papa Franciscus epistulam apostolicam ''Desiderio desideravi'' promulgavit, in qua iterum affirmavit se ''Traditionis custodes'' scripsisse quia libri liturgici Pauli VI et Ioannis Pauli II "fidelitatem instaurationis Concilii" praebent et quia Franciscus vult "Ecclesiam in varietate tot linguarum unam eandemque orationem tollere quae eius unitatem exprimere valeat". Addit: "Ad illam formam ritualem redire non possumus quam Patres Concilii [...] reformandam esse censuerunt."<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2022)}}</ref> === Rescriptum (2023) === Die 21 Februarii 2023, Sancta Sedes rescriptum papale edidit, a Cardinali Arthuro Roche, Praefecto Dicasterio pro Cultu Divino, scriptum et die praecedenti a Papa approbatum. Rescriptum clarius statuit dispensationes a restrictionibus ''Traditionis custodes'' (secundum canonem 87 Codicis Iuris Canonici) Sedi Apostolicae reservari, ita episcopis prohibens quominus suas proprias dispensationes concedant.<ref>{{qc|id=Roche (2023)}}</ref> == Receptio == === In Ecclesia Catholica === Receptio ''Traditionis custodes'' in Ecclesia Catholica valde divisa fuit. Cardinalis Gualterius Kasper documentum laudavit, asserens "maximam partem" catholicorum Missae Tridentinae adversam esse et quosdam asseclas Missae Tridentinae Benedictum XVI ad divisionem adhibuisse.<ref>{{qc|id=Kasper (2021)}}</ref> Conferentia Episcoporum Civitatum Foederatarum, per praesidem suum Iosephum Horatium Gomez, documentum accepit, episcopos hortans ad "curam, patientiam, iustitiam et caritatem" in applicatione.<ref>{{qc|id=Gomez (2021)}}</ref> Conferentia Episcoporum Galliae similiter documentum accepit, fidelibus Missae Tridentinae adhaerentes "aestimationem" suam exprimendo.<ref>{{qc|id=Conferentia Episcoporum Galliae (2021)}}</ref> Cardinalis Raimundus Leo Burke, olim Praefectus Supremi Tribunalis Signaturae Apostolicae, documentum "severum et revolutionarium" vocavit et dubitavit de potestate papae usum ritus antiqui revocandi.<ref>{{qc|id=Burke (2021)}}</ref> Cardinalis Gerhardus Ludovicus Müller, olim Praefectus Congregationis pro Doctrina Fidei, documentum "durum" descripsit.<ref>{{qc|id=Müller (2021)}}</ref> Cardinalis Iosephus Zen declaravit "multas generalizationes tendentiosas in documentis corda multorum bonorum hominum plus quam expectatum laesisse".<ref>{{qc|id=Zen (2021)}}</ref> Georgius Gänswein, secretarius Papae Emeriti Benedicti XVI, in libro ''Nient'altro che la verità'' (2023) scripsit Benedictum ''Traditionis custodes'' "cum dolore in corde" legisse et restrictionem Missae Tridentinae "errorem" esse censuisse, quia "conatum pacificationis in periculum posuerit".<ref>{{qc|id=Gänswein (2023)}}</ref> === Catholici traditionalistae === Catholici traditionalistae documentum statim ut "impetum in ipsos et in liturgiam antiquam" perceperunt.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> Iosephus Shaw, praeses Societatis Missae Latinae Angliae et Cambriae, documentum "stupendum" vocavit et dixit Franciscum "omnino solvisse dispositiones ''Summorum Pontificum''".<ref>{{qc|id=Shaw (2021)}}</ref> Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri (FSSP) "cum admiratione" documentum accepit et "magnam tristitiam" expressit de rationibus adductis ad usum Missalis Ioannis XXIII limitandum, quod "centrum charismatissui" est.<ref>{{qc|id=Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri (2021)}}</ref> Tamen, die 21 Februarii 2022, Fraternitas nuntiavit Papam Franciscum die 4 Februarii eis dixisse instituta quorum ratio existendi usus Missalis Tridentini est a motu proprio non affici, et decretum speciale emisisse quo membris FSSP facultas celebrandi Missam et sacramenta iuxta editiones typicas librorum liturgicorum anni 1962 concessa est.<ref>{{qc|id=Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri (2022)}}</ref> ''Foederatio Internationalis Una Voce'' declarationem officialem edidit in qua reiecit assertionem eos qui Missis Tridentinis intersunt Ecclesiae Catholicae et Concilio Vaticano II inoboedientes esse.<ref>{{qc|id=Una Voce (2021)}}</ref> Davides Pagliarani, Superior Generalis Societatis Sancti Pii X, scripsit: "Aetas 'hermeneuticae continuitatis', cum suis aequivocationibus, illusionibus et conatibus impossibilibus, radicitus finita est." Addidit Missam Tridentinam "conceptionem vitae christianae exprimere et tradere quae omnino incompatibilis est cum ecclesiologia ex Concilio Vaticano II orta".<ref>{{qc|id=Pagliarani (2021)}}</ref> === Academici === Curtius Martens, professor iuris canonici in Universitate Catholica Americae, notavit terminum "Forma Extraordinaria" in nova legislatione non amplius adhiberi et episcopis dioecesanis "latam responsabilitatem" datam esse quoad usum liturgiae prioris.<ref>{{qc|id=Martens (2021)}}</ref> Christophorus Bellitto, professor historiae Ecclesiae in Universitate Kean, dixit Franciscum recte intervenisse, notans decisionem Benedicti XVI "multas consequentias non intentas habuisse quae non solum Ecclesiam diviserunt sed etiam relationes cum Iudaeis turbaverint".<ref>{{qc|id=Bellitto (2021)}}</ref> Martinus Klöckener, professor liturgiae in Universitate Friburgensi, documentum ut "correctionem necessariam" approbionis Benedicti accepit, notans id auctoritatem episcopis localium restauravisse.<ref>{{qc|id=Klöckener (2021)}}</ref> === Opinio publica === Investigatio mensis Septembris 2021 a ''Pew Research Center'' in Civitatibus Foederatis facta invenit circiter duas ex tribus partes catholicorum Americanorum novarum restrictionum ignaros esse. Inter catholicos qui singulis hebdomadibus Missam frequentant, 29% restrictiones improbaverunt, 11% approbaverunt, 17% nullam opinionem habuerunt, et 42% earum ignari erant.<ref>{{qc|id=Pew Research Center (2021)}}</ref> == Applicatio == === America Centralis === Die 20 Iulii 2021, Conferentia Episcopalis Costaricae statuit nullam Missam Tridentinam in ullis dioecesibus suis permitti.<ref>{{qc|id=Conferentia Episcopalis Costaricae (2021)}}</ref> === Civitates Foederatae === Secundum ''The Pillar'', ante ''Traditionis custodes'' 657 loca in Civitatibus Foederatis erant ubi Missa Tridentina regulariter celebrabatur. Nonnulli episcopi Americani (sicut Scharfenberger, Aquila, et Cordileone) affirmaverunt Missam Tridentinam in suis dioecesibus continuaturam esse.<ref>{{qc|id=The Pillar (2021)}}</ref> Mense Decembri 2021, Cardinalis Blasius Cupich in Archidioecesi Chicagiensi restrictiones imposuit, inter alia vetando Missas Tridentinas in primis Dominicis cuiusque mensis et in Nativitate Domini, Triduo Paschali et Dominica Pentecostes.<ref>{{qc|id=Cupich (2021)}}</ref> === Britannia === In Anglia, prima paroecia personalis pro celebratione Missae Tridentinae anno 2018 erecta erat, tribus annis ante ''Traditionis custodes''. Conferentia Episcopalis Angliae et Cambriae declarationem generalem non edidit. Quidam episcopi Missas Tridentinas statim prohibuerunt, alii licentias temporarias concesserunt donec documentum diligentius examinassent.<ref>{{qc|id=The Tablet (2021)}}</ref> Mense Februario 2024, Cardinalis Vincentius Nichols nuntiavit Missam Tridentinam pro Triduo Paschali, quae quotannis in ecclesia Sanctae Mariae Moorfields celebrari solebat, cancellatam esse, quod primum erat ex annis 1990 ut Triduum iuxta ritus antiquos in Archidioecesi Westmonasteriensi non celebraretur.<ref>{{qc|id=Nichols (2024)}}</ref> == Vide etiam == * [[Summorum Pontificum]] * [[Missa Tridentina]] * [[Concilium Vaticanum II]] * [[Sacrosanctum Concilium]] * [[Desiderio desideravi]] * [[Papa Franciscus]] == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{ec|id=Franciscus (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Franciscus PP.|annus=2021|titulus=Litterae Apostolicae Motu Proprio datae Traditionis Custodes de usu librorum liturgicorum instaurationem Concilii Vaticani II antecedentium|opus=Acta Apostolicae Sedis|volumen=113|paginae=793–796|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/la/motu_proprio/documents/20210716-motu-proprio-traditionis-custodes.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Franciscus (2021a)|c={{Opus|auctor=Franciscus PP.|annus=2021|titulus=Epistula ad Episcopos totius orbis comitans Litteras Apostolicas Motu Proprio datas Traditionis Custodes|opus=Acta Apostolicae Sedis|volumen=113|paginae=802–811|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/letters/2021/documents/20210716-lettera-vescovi-liturgia.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Congregatio de Cultu Divino (1984)|c={{Opus|auctor=Congregatio de Cultu Divino|annus=1984|titulus=Quattuor abhinc annos (Epistula Circularis)}}}} * {{ec|id=Ioannes Paulus II (1988)|c={{Opus|auctor=Ioannes Paulus II PP.|annus=1988|titulus=Litterae Apostolicae Motu Proprio datae Ecclesia Dei|opus=Acta Apostolicae Sedis|volumen=80|paginae=1495–1498|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/la/motu_proprio/documents/hf_jp-ii_motu-proprio_02071988_ecclesia-dei.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Benedictus XVI (2007)|c={{Opus|auctor=Benedictus XVI PP.|annus=2007|titulus=Litterae Apostolicae Motu Proprio datae Summorum Pontificum|opus=Acta Apostolicae Sedis|volumen=99|paginae=777–781|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/la/motu_proprio/documents/hf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070707_summorum-pontificum.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Paulus VI (1969)|c={{Opus|auctor=Paulus VI PP.|annus=1969|titulus=Missale Romanum (editio typica)}}}} * {{ec|id=Congregatio de Cultu Divino (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Congregatio de Cultu Divino et Disciplina Sacramentorum|annus=2021|titulus=Responsa ad dubia de quibusdam provisionibus Litterarum Apostolicarum Motu Proprio datarum Traditionis Custodes|opus=Acta Apostolicae Sedis|volumen=114|paginae=139–149|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccdds/documents/rc_con_ccdds_doc_20211204_responsa-ad-dubia-tradizionis-custodes_en.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Franciscus (2022)|c={{Opus|auctor=Franciscus PP.|annus=2022|titulus=Epistula Apostolica Desiderio desideravi de liturgica formatione Populi Dei|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/apost_letters/documents/20220629-lettera-ap-desiderio-desideravi.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Roche (2023)|c={{Opus|auctor=Roche, Arthur|annus=2023|titulus=Rescriptum ex Audientia SS.mi|opus=Acta Apostolicae Sedis|volumen=115|paginae=370–371|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccdds/documents/rc_con_ccdds_doc_20230220_rescriptum-traditionis-custodes_en.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Burke (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Burke, Raymond Leo|annus=2021|titulus=Statement on the Motu Proprio Traditionis Custodes|url=https://www.cardinalburke.com/articles/statement-on-traditionis-custodes}}}} * {{ec|id=Müller (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Müller, Gerhard Ludwig|annus=2021|titulus=Commentaria de Traditionis Custodes}}}} * {{ec|id=Zen (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Zen, Iosephus|annus=2021|titulus=Declaratio de Traditionis Custodes|opus=Blog personalis}}}} * {{ec|id=Kasper (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Kasper, Walter|annus=2021|titulus=Commentaria de Traditionis Custodes}}}} * {{ec|id=Gomez (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Gomez, José Horacio|annus=2021|titulus=Statement on Motu Proprio Traditionis Custodes|editor=United States Conference of Catholic Bishops}}}} * {{ec|id=Conferentia Episcoporum Galliae (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Conférence des Évêques de France|annus=2021|titulus=Déclaration sur le Motu Proprio Traditionis Custodes}}}} * {{ec|id=Shaw (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Shaw, Joseph|annus=2021|titulus=Declaratio de Traditionis Custodes|editor=Latin Mass Society of England and Wales}}}} * {{ec|id=Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri|annus=2021|titulus=Communiqué on Traditionis Custodes|url=https://www.fssp.org/en/communique-of-the-priestly-fraternity-of-saint-peter/}}}} * {{ec|id=Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri (2022)|c={{Opus|auctor=Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri|annus=2022|titulus=Official Communiqué: Decree of Pope Francis granting faculties to the FSSP|url=https://www.fssp.org/en/decree-of-pope-francis-granting-faculties-to-the-fssp/}}}} * {{ec|id=Una Voce (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Foederatio Internationalis Una Voce|annus=2021|titulus=Statement on Traditionis Custodes}}}} * {{ec|id=Pagliarani (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Pagliarani, Davides|annus=2021|titulus=Epistula de Traditionis Custodes|editor=Societas Sancti Pii X}}}} * {{ec|id=Gänswein (2023)|c={{Opus|auctor=Gänswein, Georg|annus=2023|titulus=Nient'altro che la verità|editor=Piemme}}}} * {{ec|id=Martens (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Martens, Kurt|annus=2021|titulus=Commentaria de Traditionis Custodes|editor=Catholic University of America}}}} * {{ec|id=Bellitto (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Bellitto, Christopher|annus=2021|titulus=Commentaria de Traditionis Custodes|editor=Kean University}}}} * {{ec|id=Klöckener (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Klöckener, Martin|annus=2021|titulus=Commentaria de Traditionis Custodes|editor=Universitas Friburgensis}}}} * {{ec|id=Pew Research Center (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Pew Research Center|annus=2021|titulus=Survey on U.S. Catholic Awareness of Traditionis Custodes|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/11/23/most-u-s-catholics-unaware-of-pope-francis-new-restrictions-on-traditional-latin-mass/}}}} * {{ec|id=Conferentia Episcopalis Costaricae (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Conferentia Episcopalis Costaricae|annus=2021|titulus=Declaratio de Traditionis Custodes}}}} * {{ec|id=The Pillar (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=The Pillar|annus=2021|titulus=Review of the Latin Mass Directory in the United States}}}} * {{ec|id=Cupich (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Cupich, Blasius|annus=2021|titulus=Norms for the Implementation of Traditionis Custodes in the Archdiocese of Chicago}}}} * {{ec|id=The Tablet (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=The Tablet|annus=2021|titulus=Reactions to Traditionis Custodes in England and Wales}}}} * {{ec|id=Nichols (2024)|c={{Opus|auctor=Nichols, Vincent|annus=2024|titulus=Declaratio de Missa Tridentina in Triduo Paschali|editor=Archidioecesis Westmonasteriensis}}}} [[Categoria:Documenta Papae Francisci]] [[Categoria:Documenta ecclesiastica anni 2021]] [[Categoria:Liturgia catholica]] [[Categoria:Missa Tridentina]] ao723clctyarrsu7akiqn707wclyivc 3961748 3961745 2026-05-25T20:21:14Z Bartholomite 116968 3961748 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titulus italicus}}{{Capsa documenti pontificii Vicidatorum}} {{ores|Traditionis custodes}} est [[epistula apostolica]] [[motu proprio]] data a [[Franciscus (papa)|Papa Francisco]] die 16 Iulii 2021 promulgata. Documentum de usu [[Missa Tridentina|Missalis Romani]] ante [[Concilium Vaticanum II]] editi agit eiusque celebrationem valde restringit. Simul abrogat normas priores a [[Benedictus XVI|Benedicto XVI]] in ''[[Summorum Pontificum]]'' (2007) et a [[Ioannes Paulus II|Ioanne Paulo II]] in ''Quattuor abhinc annos'' (1984) ac ''Ecclesia Dei'' (1988) constitutas.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021)}}</ref> Epistulam apostolicam comitatur epistula pastoralis ad episcopos catholicos totius orbis, in qua Franciscus rationes suae decisionis exponit.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> [[Congregatio de Cultu Divino et Disciplina Sacramentorum]] in instructione officiali (''responsa'') declaravit textum Latinum ''Traditionis custodes'' esse "textum officialem qui adhibendus est".<ref>{{qc|id=Congregatio de Cultu Divino (2021)}}</ref> == Contextus historicus == === Instaurationes liturgicae post Concilium Vaticanum II === Anno 1969, prima nova editio Missalis Romani iuxta decreta [[Concilium Vaticanum Secundum|Concilii Vaticani II]] promulgata est, novam formam liturgiae Missae Ritus Romani constituens. Haec editio, saepe "Missa Pauli VI" vocata, anno 1970 publici iuris facta est.<ref>{{qc|id=Paulus VI (1969)}}</ref> Missale Romanum anni 1962, ultima editio Missalis Tridentini, quod a [[Concilium Tridentinum|Concilio Tridentino]] ortum ducit et sub [[Pius V|Pio V]] anno 1570 promulgatum est, ita in usum ordinarium substitutum est. === Concessiones Ioannis Pauli II === [[Ioannes Paulus II|Ioannes Paulus II]] anno 1984 per documentum ''Quattuor abhinc annos'' episcopis facultatem dedit permittendi usum Missalis Romani anni 1962 sub certis condicionibus.<ref>{{qc|id=Congregatio de Cultu Divino (1984)}}</ref> Anno 1988, post consecrationes illicitas episcoporum a [[Marcellus Lefebvre|Marcello Lefebvre]] factas, Ioannes Paulus II motu proprio ''Ecclesia Dei'' edidit, in quo usum Missalis antiquioris amplius concessit et Commissionem Pontificiam "Ecclesia Dei" instituit ad fidelium traditioni adhaerentes curandos.<ref>{{qc|id=Ioannes Paulus II (1988)}}</ref> === Summorum Pontificum (2007) === Anno 2007, [[Benedictus XVI|Benedictus XVI]] per motu proprio ''Summorum Pontificum'' declaravit Missale Romanum a [[Pius V|Pio V]] promulgatum et a [[Ioannes XXIII|Ioanne XXIII]] anno 1962 editum numquam abrogatum esse. Illud "Formam Extraordinariam" Ritus Romani nominavit, Missam autem Pauli VI "Formam Ordinariam".<ref>{{qc|id=Benedictus XVI (2007)}}</ref> Benedictus statuit quemlibet sacerdotem Ritus Latini posse utramque formam celebrare sine expressa licentia episcopi vel Sanctae Sedis. Sperabat has "duas formas usum Ritus Romani" se mutuo "dituras" esse neque divisionem in Ecclesia causaturas.<ref>{{qc|id=Benedictus XVI (2007)}}</ref> === Ante promulgationem === Anno 2020, Congregatio pro Doctrina Fidei quaestionarium ad episcopos catholicos totius orbis misit de applicatione ''Summorum Pontificum'' in eorum dioecesibus.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> Exitus huius consultationis publici iuris non facti sunt. Papa Franciscus postea dixit responsa episcoporum "statum qui me sollicitat et contristat" revelare et eum persuasisse de necessitate interveniendi.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> Mense Maio 2021, paucos ante menses quam ''Traditionis custodes'' promulgata est, fama erat Franciscum in coetu clauso cum membris Conferentiae Episcopalis Italicae dixisse se textum restrictivum approbare paratum esse.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> Documentum promulgatum est duobus post diebus quam Franciscus ex nosocomio, ubi novem dies fuerat, rediit. == Praescripta principalia == Litterae apostolicae in octo articulos dividuntur. '''Articulus primus''' declarat libros liturgicos a [[Paulus VI|Paulo VI]] et [[Ioannes Paulus II|Ioanne Paulo II]] post Concilium Vaticanum II promulgatos esse "unicam expressionem ''legis orandi'' Ritus Romani".<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021)}}</ref> Hoc verbum "unica expressio" significat Formam Extraordinariam iam non esse alteram expressionem eiusdem ''legis orandi'', ut Benedictus XVI docuerat. '''Articulus secundus''' statuit episcopum dioecesanum esse "moderatorem, promotorem atque custodem" totius vitae liturgicae in sua Ecclesia particulari, eiusque esse "exclusivam competentiam" permittendi usum Missalis Romani anni 1962 in sua dioecesi, iuxta Sedis Apostolicae lineamenta.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021)}}</ref> '''Articulus tertius''' episcopis in quorum dioecesibus coetus Missam Tridentinam celebrantes iam exsistunt mandat ut: # Verificent hos coetus validitatem et legitimitatem instaurationis liturgicae Concilii Vaticani II non excludere. # Unum vel plures locos designent (sed non ecclesias paroeciales, nec novas paroecias personales erigendo) ubi hi coetus ad Eucharistiam celebrandam convenire possint. # Dies statuant quibus celebrationes eucharisticae iuxta Missale anni 1962 permittuntur, in quibus lectiones lingua vernacula proclamandae sunt. # Presbyterum delegatum designent, Latine peritum et pastorali cura praeditum, qui hos coetus curet. # Verificent utrum paroeciae personales pro his fidelibus erectae spirituali eorum incremento efficaciter inserviant. # Impediant ne novi coetus constituantur.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021)}}</ref> '''Articuli quartus et quintus''' praecipiunt ut presbyteri post promulgationem huius documenti ordinati, qui Missale anni 1962 adhibere velint, petitionem formalem ad episcopum dioecesanum mittant, qui ante concessionem a Sede Apostolica licentiam rogabit. Presbyteri qui iam iuxta Missale anni 1962 celebrant debent ab episcopo licentiam ad hanc facultatem servandam petere.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021)}}</ref> '''Articuli sextus et septimus''' iurisdictionem super instituta vitae consecratae et societates vitae apostolicae a Pontificia Commissione "Ecclesia Dei" erecta ad Congregationem pro Institutis Vitae Consecratae et Societatibus Vitae Apostolicae transferunt. Haec Congregatio et Congregatio de Cultu Divino et Disciplina Sacramentorum auctoritatem Sanctae Sedis in his rebus exercent.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021)}}</ref> '''Articulus octavus''' omnes normas, dispositiones, concessiones et consuetudines priores quae huic motu proprio non conformes sunt abrogat. Dispositiones statim vim obtinuerunt.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021)}}</ref> == Epistula comitans == Simul cum ''Traditionis custodes'', Papa Franciscus epistulam pastoralem ad episcopos totius orbis misit, in qua rationes suae decisionis exposuit, eodem modo quo Benedictus XVI epistulam comitantem ad ''Summorum Pontificum'' miserat. === De intentionibus praedecessorum === Franciscus in hac epistula explicat concessiones a Ioanne Paulo II et Benedicto XVI factas "praecipue motivatas fuisse desiderio sanandi schisma cum motu Mons. Lefebvre". Addit se credere "multos in Ecclesia hanc facultatem occasionem habuisse libere adoptandi Missale Romanum a S. Pio V promulgatum eoque utendi modo parallelo cum Missali Romano a S. Paulo VI promulgato".<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> Franciscus commemorat Benedictum XVI in ''Summorum Pontificum'' timorem divisionis "infundatum" vocavisse et sperasse duas formas se mutuo "dituras" esse. Sed Franciscus dicit exitus consultationis episcoporum "statum qui me sollicitat et contristat" revelare: "Occasio a S. Ioanne Paulo II oblata et, maiori cum magnanimitate, a Benedicto XVI, ad recuperandam unitatem corporis ecclesialis cum diversis sensibus liturgicis, saepe graviter neglecta est. [...] Exploitata est ad distantias augendas, diversitates roborandas, et dissensiones fovendas quae Ecclesiam laedunt, eius iter impediunt et eam periculo divisionis exponunt."<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> === De Concilio Vaticano II === Franciscus dicit se dolere de abusibus liturgicis "ex utraque parte", sed praecipue se tristari quod "usus instrumentalis Missalis Romani anni 1962 saepe characterizatur reiectione non solum instaurationis liturgicae, sed ipsius Concilii Vaticani II, asserendo, assertionibus infundatis et insustentabilibus, id Traditionem et 'veram Ecclesiam' prodidisse". Franciscus hanc assertionem reicit et dicit: "Dubitare de Concilio est dubitare de intentionibus ipsorum Patrum qui potestatem suam collegialem modo solemni ''cum Petro et sub Petro'' in Concilio oecumenico exercuerunt, et, in ultima analysi, dubitare de ipso Spiritu Sancto qui Ecclesiam ducit."<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> === De unitate Ecclesiae === Franciscus "rationem finalem" suae decisionis esse dicit quod "magis magisque in verbis et atitudinibus multorum manifesta est arcta connexio inter electionem celebrationum iuxta libros liturgicos ante Concilium Vaticanum II et reiectionem Ecclesiae eiusque institutionum nomine eius quod vocatur 'vera Ecclesia'". Propter hoc, "in defensionem unitatis Corporis Christi, cogor facultatem a praedecessoribus meis concessam revocare."<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> Ad episcopos appellans, Franciscus scribit: "Dum in exercitio ministerii mei in servitium unitatis hanc decisionem suscipio, vos rogo ut hanc sarcinam mecum participetis tamquam formam participationis in sollicitudine pro tota Ecclesia episcopis propria."<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> == Instructiones et clarificationes subsequentes == === Responsa ad dubia (2021) === Die 18 Decembris 2021, Congregatio de Cultu Divino et Disciplina Sacramentorum responsa ad undecim dubia de applicatione ''Traditionis custodes'' edidit, approbante Papa Francisco. Haec documenta, die 4 Decembris 2021 data, inter alia statuerunt: * Missam Tridentinam in ecclesia paroeciali celebrari posse solum si locus alius omnino non adest, cum licentia tum episcopi tum Congregationis, sed haec celebratio in horarium paroeciale non inserenda est. * Sacramenta confirmationis et ordinationis secundum Pontificale Romanum antiquum omnino vetita esse; sacramenta baptismi, paenitentiae, matrimonii, unctionis infirmorum et exsequiarum iuxta Rituale Romanum anni 1952 solum in paroecis personalibus permitti. * Sacerdotes qui concelebrare recusant, praesertim in Missa Chrismatis cum episcopo in Feria V Hebdomadae Sanctae, licentiam celebrandi Missam Tridentinam obtinere non posse. * Lectiones in Missa Tridentina semper lingua vernacula proclamandas esse, adhibitis translationibus a Conferentia Episcopali approbatis. * Licentiam celebrandi Missam Tridentinam ad territorium episcopi concedentis restrictam esse, et sacerdotem semel tantum in die Missam Tridentinam celebrare posse.<ref>{{qc|id=Congregatio de Cultu Divino (2021)}}</ref> === Desiderio desideravi (2022) === Die 29 Iunii 2022, Papa Franciscus epistulam apostolicam ''Desiderio desideravi'' promulgavit, in qua iterum affirmavit se ''Traditionis custodes'' scripsisse quia libri liturgici Pauli VI et Ioannis Pauli II "fidelitatem instaurationis Concilii" praebent et quia Franciscus vult "Ecclesiam in varietate tot linguarum unam eandemque orationem tollere quae eius unitatem exprimere valeat". Addit: "Ad illam formam ritualem redire non possumus quam Patres Concilii [...] reformandam esse censuerunt."<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2022)}}</ref> === Rescriptum (2023) === Die 21 Februarii 2023, Sancta Sedes rescriptum papale edidit, a Cardinali Arthuro Roche, Praefecto Dicasterio pro Cultu Divino, scriptum et die praecedenti a Papa approbatum. Rescriptum clarius statuit dispensationes a restrictionibus ''Traditionis custodes'' (secundum canonem 87 Codicis Iuris Canonici) Sedi Apostolicae reservari, ita episcopis prohibens quominus suas proprias dispensationes concedant.<ref>{{qc|id=Roche (2023)}}</ref> == Receptio == === In Ecclesia Catholica === Receptio ''Traditionis custodes'' in Ecclesia Catholica valde divisa fuit. Cardinalis [[Gualterius Kasper]] documentum laudavit, asserens "maximam partem" catholicorum Missae Tridentinae adversam esse et quosdam asseclas Missae Tridentinae Benedictum XVI ad divisionem adhibuisse.<ref>{{qc|id=Kasper (2021)}}</ref> Conferentia Episcoporum Civitatum Foederatarum, per praesidem suum Iosephum Horatium Gomez, documentum accepit, episcopos hortans ad "curam, patientiam, iustitiam et caritatem" in applicatione.<ref>{{qc|id=Gomez (2021)}}</ref> Conferentia Episcoporum Galliae similiter documentum accepit, fidelibus Missae Tridentinae adhaerentes "aestimationem" suam exprimendo.<ref>{{qc|id=Conferentia Episcoporum Galliae (2021)}}</ref> Cardinalis [[Raimundus Leo Burke]], olim Praefectus Supremi Tribunalis Signaturae Apostolicae, documentum "severum et revolutionarium" vocavit et dubitavit de potestate papae usum ritus antiqui revocandi.<ref>{{qc|id=Burke (2021)}}</ref> Cardinalis [[Gerhardus Ludovicus Müller]], olim Praefectus [[Dicasterium pro Doctrina Fidei|Congregationis pro Doctrina Fidei]], documentum "durum" descripsit.<ref>{{qc|id=Müller (2021)}}</ref> Cardinalis Iosephus Zen declaravit "multas generalizationes tendentiosas in documentis corda multorum bonorum hominum plus quam expectatum laesisse".<ref>{{qc|id=Zen (2021)}}</ref> [[Georgius Gänswein]], secretarius Papae Emeriti Benedicti XVI, in libro ''Nient'altro che la verità'' (2023) scripsit Benedictum ''Traditionis custodes'' "cum dolore in corde" legisse et restrictionem Missae Tridentinae "errorem" esse censuisse, quia "conatum pacificationis in periculum posuerit".<ref>{{qc|id=Gänswein (2023)}}</ref> === Catholici traditionalistae === Catholici traditionalistae documentum statim ut "impetum in ipsos et in liturgiam antiquam" perceperunt.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> Iosephus Shaw, praeses Societatis Missae Latinae Angliae et Cambriae, documentum "stupendum" vocavit et dixit Franciscum "omnino solvisse dispositiones ''Summorum Pontificum''".<ref>{{qc|id=Shaw (2021)}}</ref> [[Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri]] (FSSP) "cum admiratione" documentum accepit et "magnam tristitiam" expressit de rationibus adductis ad usum Missalis Ioannis XXIII limitandum, quod "centrum charismatissui" est.<ref>{{qc|id=Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri (2021)}}</ref> Tamen, die 21 Februarii 2022, Fraternitas nuntiavit Papam Franciscum die 4 Februarii eis dixisse instituta quorum ratio existendi usus Missalis Tridentini est a motu proprio non affici, et decretum speciale emisisse quo membris FSSP facultas celebrandi Missam et sacramenta iuxta editiones typicas librorum liturgicorum anni 1962 concessa est.<ref>{{qc|id=Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri (2022)}}</ref> [[Foederatio Internationalis Una Voce]] declarationem officialem edidit in qua reiecit assertionem eos qui Missis Tridentinis intersunt Ecclesiae Catholicae et Concilio Vaticano II inoboedientes esse.<ref>{{qc|id=Una Voce (2021)}}</ref> Davides Pagliarani, Superior Generalis [[Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Pii X|Fraternitatis Societatis Sancti Pii X]], scripsit: "Aetas 'hermeneuticae continuitatis', cum suis aequivocationibus, illusionibus et conatibus impossibilibus, radicitus finita est." Addidit Missam Tridentinam "conceptionem vitae christianae exprimere et tradere quae omnino incompatibilis est cum ecclesiologia ex Concilio Vaticano II orta".<ref>{{qc|id=Pagliarani (2021)}}</ref> === Academici === Curtius Martens, professor iuris canonici in Universitate Catholica Americae, notavit terminum "Forma Extraordinaria" in nova legislatione non amplius adhiberi et episcopis dioecesanis "latam responsabilitatem" datam esse quoad usum liturgiae prioris.<ref>{{qc|id=Martens (2021)}}</ref> Christophorus Bellitto, professor historiae Ecclesiae in Universitate Kean, dixit Franciscum recte intervenisse, notans decisionem Benedicti XVI "multas consequentias non intentas habuisse quae non solum Ecclesiam diviserunt sed etiam relationes cum Iudaeis turbaverint".<ref>{{qc|id=Bellitto (2021)}}</ref> Martinus Klöckener, professor liturgiae in Universitate Friburgensi, documentum ut "correctionem necessariam" approbionis Benedicti accepit, notans id auctoritatem episcopis localium restauravisse.<ref>{{qc|id=Klöckener (2021)}}</ref> === Opinio publica === Investigatio mensis Septembris 2021 a ''Pew Research Center'' in Civitatibus Foederatis facta invenit circiter duas ex tribus partes catholicorum Americanorum novarum restrictionum ignaros esse. Inter catholicos qui singulis hebdomadibus Missam frequentant, 29% restrictiones improbaverunt, 11% approbaverunt, 17% nullam opinionem habuerunt, et 42% earum ignari erant.<ref>{{qc|id=Pew Research Center (2021)}}</ref> == Applicatio == === America Centralis === Die 20 Iulii 2021, Conferentia Episcopalis Costaricae statuit nullam Missam Tridentinam in ullis dioecesibus suis permitti.<ref>{{qc|id=Conferentia Episcopalis Costaricae (2021)}}</ref> === Civitates Foederatae === Secundum ''The Pillar'', ante ''Traditionis custodes'' 657 loca in Civitatibus Foederatis erant ubi Missa Tridentina regulariter celebrabatur. Nonnulli episcopi Americani (sicut Scharfenberger, Aquila, et Cordileone) affirmaverunt Missam Tridentinam in suis dioecesibus continuaturam esse.<ref>{{qc|id=The Pillar (2021)}}</ref> Mense Decembri 2021, Cardinalis Blasius Cupich in Archidioecesi Chicagiensi restrictiones imposuit, inter alia vetando Missas Tridentinas in primis Dominicis cuiusque mensis et in Nativitate Domini, Triduo Paschali et Dominica Pentecostes.<ref>{{qc|id=Cupich (2021)}}</ref> === Britannia === In [[Anglia]], prima paroecia personalis pro celebratione Missae Tridentinae anno 2018 erecta erat, tribus annis ante ''Traditionis custodes''. Conferentia Episcopalis Angliae et Cambriae declarationem generalem non edidit. Quidam episcopi Missas Tridentinas statim prohibuerunt, alii licentias temporarias concesserunt donec documentum diligentius examinassent.<ref>{{qc|id=The Tablet (2021)}}</ref> Mense Februario 2024, Cardinalis Vincentius Nichols nuntiavit Missam Tridentinam pro Triduo Paschali, quae quotannis in ecclesia Sanctae Mariae Moorfields celebrari solebat, cancellatam esse, quod primum erat ex annis 1990 ut Triduum iuxta ritus antiquos in Archidioecesi Westmonasteriensi non celebraretur.<ref>{{qc|id=Nichols (2024)}}</ref> == Vide etiam == * [[Summorum Pontificum]] * [[Missa Tridentina]] * [[Concilium Vaticanum Secundum]] * [[Sacrosanctum Concilium]] * [[Desiderio desideravi]] * [[Franciscus (papa)]] == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{ec|id=Franciscus (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Franciscus PP.|annus=2021|titulus=Litterae Apostolicae Motu Proprio datae Traditionis Custodes de usu librorum liturgicorum instaurationem Concilii Vaticani II antecedentium|opus=Acta Apostolicae Sedis|volumen=113|paginae=793–796|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/la/motu_proprio/documents/20210716-motu-proprio-traditionis-custodes.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Franciscus (2021a)|c={{Opus|auctor=Franciscus PP.|annus=2021|titulus=Epistula ad Episcopos totius orbis comitans Litteras Apostolicas Motu Proprio datas Traditionis Custodes|opus=Acta Apostolicae Sedis|volumen=113|paginae=802–811|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/letters/2021/documents/20210716-lettera-vescovi-liturgia.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Congregatio de Cultu Divino (1984)|c={{Opus|auctor=Congregatio de Cultu Divino|annus=1984|titulus=Quattuor abhinc annos (Epistula Circularis)}}}} * {{ec|id=Ioannes Paulus II (1988)|c={{Opus|auctor=Ioannes Paulus II PP.|annus=1988|titulus=Litterae Apostolicae Motu Proprio datae Ecclesia Dei|opus=Acta Apostolicae Sedis|volumen=80|paginae=1495–1498|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/la/motu_proprio/documents/hf_jp-ii_motu-proprio_02071988_ecclesia-dei.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Benedictus XVI (2007)|c={{Opus|auctor=Benedictus XVI PP.|annus=2007|titulus=Litterae Apostolicae Motu Proprio datae Summorum Pontificum|opus=Acta Apostolicae Sedis|volumen=99|paginae=777–781|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/la/motu_proprio/documents/hf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070707_summorum-pontificum.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Paulus VI (1969)|c={{Opus|auctor=Paulus VI PP.|annus=1969|titulus=Missale Romanum (editio typica)}}}} * {{ec|id=Congregatio de Cultu Divino (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Congregatio de Cultu Divino et Disciplina Sacramentorum|annus=2021|titulus=Responsa ad dubia de quibusdam provisionibus Litterarum Apostolicarum Motu Proprio datarum Traditionis Custodes|opus=Acta Apostolicae Sedis|volumen=114|paginae=139–149|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccdds/documents/rc_con_ccdds_doc_20211204_responsa-ad-dubia-tradizionis-custodes_en.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Franciscus (2022)|c={{Opus|auctor=Franciscus PP.|annus=2022|titulus=Epistula Apostolica Desiderio desideravi de liturgica formatione Populi Dei|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/apost_letters/documents/20220629-lettera-ap-desiderio-desideravi.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Roche (2023)|c={{Opus|auctor=Roche, Arthur|annus=2023|titulus=Rescriptum ex Audientia SS.mi|opus=Acta Apostolicae Sedis|volumen=115|paginae=370–371|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccdds/documents/rc_con_ccdds_doc_20230220_rescriptum-traditionis-custodes_en.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Burke (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Burke, Raymond Leo|annus=2021|titulus=Statement on the Motu Proprio Traditionis Custodes|url=https://www.cardinalburke.com/articles/statement-on-traditionis-custodes}}}} * {{ec|id=Müller (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Müller, Gerhard Ludwig|annus=2021|titulus=Commentaria de Traditionis Custodes}}}} * {{ec|id=Zen (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Zen, Iosephus|annus=2021|titulus=Declaratio de Traditionis Custodes|opus=Blog personalis}}}} * {{ec|id=Kasper (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Kasper, Walter|annus=2021|titulus=Commentaria de Traditionis Custodes}}}} * {{ec|id=Gomez (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Gomez, José Horacio|annus=2021|titulus=Statement on Motu Proprio Traditionis Custodes|editor=United States Conference of Catholic Bishops}}}} * {{ec|id=Conferentia Episcoporum Galliae (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Conférence des Évêques de France|annus=2021|titulus=Déclaration sur le Motu Proprio Traditionis Custodes}}}} * {{ec|id=Shaw (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Shaw, Joseph|annus=2021|titulus=Declaratio de Traditionis Custodes|editor=Latin Mass Society of England and Wales}}}} * {{ec|id=Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri|annus=2021|titulus=Communiqué on Traditionis Custodes|url=https://www.fssp.org/en/communique-of-the-priestly-fraternity-of-saint-peter/}}}} * {{ec|id=Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri (2022)|c={{Opus|auctor=Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri|annus=2022|titulus=Official Communiqué: Decree of Pope Francis granting faculties to the FSSP|url=https://www.fssp.org/en/decree-of-pope-francis-granting-faculties-to-the-fssp/}}}} * {{ec|id=Una Voce (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Foederatio Internationalis Una Voce|annus=2021|titulus=Statement on Traditionis Custodes}}}} * {{ec|id=Pagliarani (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Pagliarani, Davides|annus=2021|titulus=Epistula de Traditionis Custodes|editor=Societas Sancti Pii X}}}} * {{ec|id=Gänswein (2023)|c={{Opus|auctor=Gänswein, Georg|annus=2023|titulus=Nient'altro che la verità|editor=Piemme}}}} * {{ec|id=Martens (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Martens, Kurt|annus=2021|titulus=Commentaria de Traditionis Custodes|editor=Catholic University of America}}}} * {{ec|id=Bellitto (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Bellitto, Christopher|annus=2021|titulus=Commentaria de Traditionis Custodes|editor=Kean University}}}} * {{ec|id=Klöckener (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Klöckener, Martin|annus=2021|titulus=Commentaria de Traditionis Custodes|editor=Universitas Friburgensis}}}} * {{ec|id=Pew Research Center (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Pew Research Center|annus=2021|titulus=Survey on U.S. Catholic Awareness of Traditionis Custodes|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/11/23/most-u-s-catholics-unaware-of-pope-francis-new-restrictions-on-traditional-latin-mass/}}}} * {{ec|id=Conferentia Episcopalis Costaricae (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Conferentia Episcopalis Costaricae|annus=2021|titulus=Declaratio de Traditionis Custodes}}}} * {{ec|id=The Pillar (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=The Pillar|annus=2021|titulus=Review of the Latin Mass Directory in the United States}}}} * {{ec|id=Cupich (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Cupich, Blasius|annus=2021|titulus=Norms for the Implementation of Traditionis Custodes in the Archdiocese of Chicago}}}} * {{ec|id=The Tablet (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=The Tablet|annus=2021|titulus=Reactions to Traditionis Custodes in England and Wales}}}} * {{ec|id=Nichols (2024)|c={{Opus|auctor=Nichols, Vincent|annus=2024|titulus=Declaratio de Missa Tridentina in Triduo Paschali|editor=Archidioecesis Westmonasteriensis}}}} [[Categoria:Franciscus (papa)]] [[Categoria:Liturgia catholica]] [[Categoria:Missa Tridentina]] n495t5w5phju73iaj9cs4rsocbghlcs 3961751 3961748 2026-05-25T21:39:29Z JimKillock 109532 3961751 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--- nullae abrogationes in prooemio contineri solent, vide textum principalem --> {{Titulus italicus}}{{Capsa documenti pontificii Vicidatorum}} {{ores|Traditionis custodes}} est [[epistula apostolica]] [[motu proprio]] data a [[Franciscus (papa)|Papa Francisco]] die 16 Iulii 2021 promulgata. Documentum de usu [[Missa Tridentina|Missalis Romani]] ante [[Concilium Vaticanum II]] editi agit eiusque celebrationem valde restringit, simul abrogans normas priores a [[Benedictus XVI|Benedicto XVI]] in ''[[Summorum Pontificum]]'' (2007) et a [[Ioannes Paulus II|Ioanne Paulo II]] in ''Quattuor abhinc annos'' (1984) ac ''Ecclesia Dei'' (1988) constitutas. Epistulam apostolicam comitatur epistula pastoralis ad episcopos catholicos totius orbis, in qua Franciscus rationes suae decisionis exponit. Congregatio de Cultu Divino et Disciplina Sacramentorum postea declaravit textum Latinum huius motu proprio esse textum officialem qui adhibendus est. Contextus historicus documentum praecessit: post instaurationes liturgicas Concilii Vaticani II, Ioannes Paulus II et Benedictus XVI per documenta ''Quattuor abhinc annos'', ''Ecclesia Dei'' et ''Summorum Pontificum'' usum Missalis Romani anni 1962 successive amplius concesserant. Anno 2020, Congregatio pro Doctrina Fidei quaestionarium de applicatione ''Summorum Pontificum'' ad episcopos misit; responsa Franciscum de necessitate interveniendi persuaserunt. Praescripta principalia in octo articulis continentur. Articulus primus libros liturgicos post Concilium Vaticanum II promulgatos "unicam expressionem legis orandi Ritus Romani" declarat. Articulus secundus episcopo dioecesano "exclusivam competentiam" tribuit permittendi usum Missalis antiquioris in sua dioecesi. Articuli sequentes episcopis mandata dant de locis et diebus ad Missam Tridentinam designandis, de novis coetibus prohibendis, de licentiis presbyteris concedendis, et de iurisdictione super instituta vitae consecratae. Articulus octavus omnes normas priores contrarias abrogat. In epistula pastorali comitante, Franciscus concessiones praedecessorum "desiderio sanandi schisma cum motu Mons. Lefebvre" motivatas fuisse exponit, sed addit eas ad "distantias augendas, diversitates roborandas, et dissensiones fovendas" exploitatas esse. Franciscus usum instrumentalem Missalis anni 1962 ad reiectionem Concilii Vaticani II et unitatem Ecclesiae laedendum reicit, hancque "rationem finalem" suae decisionis esse declarat. Post promulgationem, [[Congregatio de Cultu Divino et Disciplina Sacramentorum]] die 18 Decembris 2021 responsa ad undecim dubia de applicatione documenti edidit. Congregatio etiam in hac instructione officiali declaravit textum Latinum ''Traditionis custodes'' esse textum officialem qui adhibendus est. Anno 2022, Papa Franciscus epistulam apostolicam ''Desiderio desideravi'' promulgavit, in qua decisionem suam iterum confirmavit. Die 21 Februarii 2023, rescriptum papale dispensationes a restrictionibus ''Traditionis custodes'' Sedi Apostolicae reservavit. Receptio documenti in Ecclesia Catholica valde divisa fuit. Aliqui cardinales et Conferentiae Episcopales documentum acceperunt; alii, inter quos Cardinalis Raimundus Leo Burke et Cardinalis Gerhardus Ludovicus Müller, restrictiones criticaverunt. Catholici traditionalistae documentum ut "impetum in liturgiam antiquam" perceperunt, quamvis Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri postea decretum speciale a Francisco obtinuit. Academici et investigationes publicae opinioni mixtam receptionem in variis regionibus, inter quas America Centralis, Civitates Foederatae et Britannia, ostenderunt. == Contextus historicus == === Instaurationes liturgicae post Concilium Vaticanum II === Anno 1969, prima nova editio Missalis Romani iuxta decreta [[Concilium Vaticanum Secundum|Concilii Vaticani II]] promulgata est, novam formam liturgiae Missae Ritus Romani constituens. Haec editio, saepe "Missa Pauli VI" vocata, anno 1970 publici iuris facta est.<ref>{{qc|id=Paulus VI (1969)}}</ref> Missale Romanum anni 1962, ultima editio Missalis Tridentini, quod a [[Concilium Tridentinum|Concilio Tridentino]] ortum ducit et sub [[Pius V|Pio V]] anno 1570 promulgatum est, ita in usum ordinarium substitutum est. === Concessiones Ioannis Pauli II === [[Ioannes Paulus II|Ioannes Paulus II]] anno 1984 per documentum ''Quattuor abhinc annos'' episcopis facultatem dedit permittendi usum Missalis Romani anni 1962 sub certis condicionibus.<ref>{{qc|id=Congregatio de Cultu Divino (1984)}}</ref> Anno 1988, post consecrationes illicitas episcoporum a [[Marcellus Lefebvre|Marcello Lefebvre]] factas, Ioannes Paulus II motu proprio ''Ecclesia Dei'' edidit, in quo usum Missalis antiquioris amplius concessit et Commissionem Pontificiam "Ecclesia Dei" instituit ad fidelium traditioni adhaerentes curandos.<ref>{{qc|id=Ioannes Paulus II (1988)}}</ref> === Summorum Pontificum (2007) === Anno 2007, [[Benedictus XVI|Benedictus XVI]] per motu proprio ''Summorum Pontificum'' declaravit Missale Romanum a [[Pius V|Pio V]] promulgatum et a [[Ioannes XXIII|Ioanne XXIII]] anno 1962 editum numquam abrogatum esse. Illud "Formam Extraordinariam" Ritus Romani nominavit, Missam autem Pauli VI "Formam Ordinariam".<ref>{{qc|id=Benedictus XVI (2007)}}</ref> Benedictus statuit quemlibet sacerdotem Ritus Latini posse utramque formam celebrare sine expressa licentia episcopi vel Sanctae Sedis. Sperabat has "duas formas usum Ritus Romani" se mutuo "dituras" esse neque divisionem in Ecclesia causaturas.<ref>{{qc|id=Benedictus XVI (2007)}}</ref> === Ante promulgationem === Anno 2020, Congregatio pro Doctrina Fidei quaestionarium ad episcopos catholicos totius orbis misit de applicatione ''Summorum Pontificum'' in eorum dioecesibus.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> Exitus huius consultationis publici iuris non facti sunt. Papa Franciscus postea dixit responsa episcoporum "statum qui me sollicitat et contristat" revelare et eum persuasisse de necessitate interveniendi.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> Mense Maio 2021, paucos ante menses quam ''Traditionis custodes'' promulgata est, fama erat Franciscum in coetu clauso cum membris Conferentiae Episcopalis Italicae dixisse se textum restrictivum approbare paratum esse.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> Documentum promulgatum est duobus post diebus quam Franciscus ex nosocomio, ubi novem dies fuerat, rediit. == Praescripta principalia == Litterae apostolicae in octo articulos dividuntur. '''Articulus primus''' declarat libros liturgicos a [[Paulus VI|Paulo VI]] et [[Ioannes Paulus II|Ioanne Paulo II]] post Concilium Vaticanum II promulgatos esse "unicam expressionem ''legis orandi'' Ritus Romani".<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021)}}</ref> Hoc verbum "unica expressio" significat Formam Extraordinariam iam non esse alteram expressionem eiusdem ''legis orandi'', ut Benedictus XVI docuerat. '''Articulus secundus''' statuit episcopum dioecesanum esse "moderatorem, promotorem atque custodem" totius vitae liturgicae in sua Ecclesia particulari, eiusque esse "exclusivam competentiam" permittendi usum Missalis Romani anni 1962 in sua dioecesi, iuxta Sedis Apostolicae lineamenta.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021)}}</ref> '''Articulus tertius''' episcopis in quorum dioecesibus coetus Missam Tridentinam celebrantes iam exsistunt mandat ut: # Verificent hos coetus validitatem et legitimitatem instaurationis liturgicae Concilii Vaticani II non excludere. # Unum vel plures locos designent (sed non ecclesias paroeciales, nec novas paroecias personales erigendo) ubi hi coetus ad Eucharistiam celebrandam convenire possint. # Dies statuant quibus celebrationes eucharisticae iuxta Missale anni 1962 permittuntur, in quibus lectiones lingua vernacula proclamandae sunt. # Presbyterum delegatum designent, Latine peritum et pastorali cura praeditum, qui hos coetus curet. # Verificent utrum paroeciae personales pro his fidelibus erectae spirituali eorum incremento efficaciter inserviant. # Impediant ne novi coetus constituantur.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021)}}</ref> '''Articuli quartus et quintus''' praecipiunt ut presbyteri post promulgationem huius documenti ordinati, qui Missale anni 1962 adhibere velint, petitionem formalem ad episcopum dioecesanum mittant, qui ante concessionem a Sede Apostolica licentiam rogabit. Presbyteri qui iam iuxta Missale anni 1962 celebrant debent ab episcopo licentiam ad hanc facultatem servandam petere.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021)}}</ref> '''Articuli sextus et septimus''' iurisdictionem super instituta vitae consecratae et societates vitae apostolicae a Pontificia Commissione "Ecclesia Dei" erecta ad Congregationem pro Institutis Vitae Consecratae et Societatibus Vitae Apostolicae transferunt. Haec Congregatio et Congregatio de Cultu Divino et Disciplina Sacramentorum auctoritatem Sanctae Sedis in his rebus exercent.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021)}}</ref> '''Articulus octavus''' omnes normas, dispositiones, concessiones et consuetudines priores quae huic motu proprio non conformes sunt abrogat. Dispositiones statim vim obtinuerunt.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021)}}</ref> == Epistula comitans == Simul cum ''Traditionis custodes'', Papa Franciscus epistulam pastoralem ad episcopos totius orbis misit, in qua rationes suae decisionis exposuit, eodem modo quo Benedictus XVI epistulam comitantem ad ''Summorum Pontificum'' miserat. === De intentionibus praedecessorum === Franciscus in hac epistula explicat concessiones a Ioanne Paulo II et Benedicto XVI factas "praecipue motivatas fuisse desiderio sanandi schisma cum motu Mons. Lefebvre". Addit se credere "multos in Ecclesia hanc facultatem occasionem habuisse libere adoptandi Missale Romanum a S. Pio V promulgatum eoque utendi modo parallelo cum Missali Romano a S. Paulo VI promulgato".<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> Franciscus commemorat Benedictum XVI in ''Summorum Pontificum'' timorem divisionis "infundatum" vocavisse et sperasse duas formas se mutuo "dituras" esse. Sed Franciscus dicit exitus consultationis episcoporum "statum qui me sollicitat et contristat" revelare: "Occasio a S. Ioanne Paulo II oblata et, maiori cum magnanimitate, a Benedicto XVI, ad recuperandam unitatem corporis ecclesialis cum diversis sensibus liturgicis, saepe graviter neglecta est. [...] Exploitata est ad distantias augendas, diversitates roborandas, et dissensiones fovendas quae Ecclesiam laedunt, eius iter impediunt et eam periculo divisionis exponunt."<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> === De Concilio Vaticano II === Franciscus dicit se dolere de abusibus liturgicis "ex utraque parte", sed praecipue se tristari quod "usus instrumentalis Missalis Romani anni 1962 saepe characterizatur reiectione non solum instaurationis liturgicae, sed ipsius Concilii Vaticani II, asserendo, assertionibus infundatis et insustentabilibus, id Traditionem et 'veram Ecclesiam' prodidisse". Franciscus hanc assertionem reicit et dicit: "Dubitare de Concilio est dubitare de intentionibus ipsorum Patrum qui potestatem suam collegialem modo solemni ''cum Petro et sub Petro'' in Concilio oecumenico exercuerunt, et, in ultima analysi, dubitare de ipso Spiritu Sancto qui Ecclesiam ducit."<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> === De unitate Ecclesiae === Franciscus "rationem finalem" suae decisionis esse dicit quod "magis magisque in verbis et atitudinibus multorum manifesta est arcta connexio inter electionem celebrationum iuxta libros liturgicos ante Concilium Vaticanum II et reiectionem Ecclesiae eiusque institutionum nomine eius quod vocatur 'vera Ecclesia'". Propter hoc, "in defensionem unitatis Corporis Christi, cogor facultatem a praedecessoribus meis concessam revocare."<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> Ad episcopos appellans, Franciscus scribit: "Dum in exercitio ministerii mei in servitium unitatis hanc decisionem suscipio, vos rogo ut hanc sarcinam mecum participetis tamquam formam participationis in sollicitudine pro tota Ecclesia episcopis propria."<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> == Instructiones et clarificationes subsequentes == === Responsa ad dubia (2021) === Die 18 Decembris 2021, Congregatio de Cultu Divino et Disciplina Sacramentorum responsa ad undecim dubia de applicatione ''Traditionis custodes'' edidit, approbante Papa Francisco. Haec documenta, die 4 Decembris 2021 data, inter alia statuerunt: * Missam Tridentinam in ecclesia paroeciali celebrari posse solum si locus alius omnino non adest, cum licentia tum episcopi tum Congregationis, sed haec celebratio in horarium paroeciale non inserenda est. * Sacramenta confirmationis et ordinationis secundum Pontificale Romanum antiquum omnino vetita esse; sacramenta baptismi, paenitentiae, matrimonii, unctionis infirmorum et exsequiarum iuxta Rituale Romanum anni 1952 solum in paroecis personalibus permitti. * Sacerdotes qui concelebrare recusant, praesertim in Missa Chrismatis cum episcopo in Feria V Hebdomadae Sanctae, licentiam celebrandi Missam Tridentinam obtinere non posse. * Lectiones in Missa Tridentina semper lingua vernacula proclamandas esse, adhibitis translationibus a Conferentia Episcopali approbatis. * Licentiam celebrandi Missam Tridentinam ad territorium episcopi concedentis restrictam esse, et sacerdotem semel tantum in die Missam Tridentinam celebrare posse.<ref>{{qc|id=Congregatio de Cultu Divino (2021)}}</ref> [[Congregatio de Cultu Divino et Disciplina Sacramentorum]] etiam in hac instructione officiali (''responsa'') declaravit textum Latinum ''Traditionis custodes'' esse "textum officialem qui adhibendus est".<ref>{{qc|id=Congregatio de Cultu Divino (2021)}}</ref> === Desiderio desideravi (2022) === Die 29 Iunii 2022, Papa Franciscus epistulam apostolicam ''Desiderio desideravi'' promulgavit, in qua iterum affirmavit se ''Traditionis custodes'' scripsisse quia libri liturgici Pauli VI et Ioannis Pauli II "fidelitatem instaurationis Concilii" praebent et quia Franciscus vult "Ecclesiam in varietate tot linguarum unam eandemque orationem tollere quae eius unitatem exprimere valeat". Addit: "Ad illam formam ritualem redire non possumus quam Patres Concilii [...] reformandam esse censuerunt."<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2022)}}</ref> === Rescriptum (2023) === Die 21 Februarii 2023, Sancta Sedes rescriptum papale edidit, a Cardinali Arthuro Roche, Praefecto Dicasterio pro Cultu Divino, scriptum et die praecedenti a Papa approbatum. Rescriptum clarius statuit dispensationes a restrictionibus ''Traditionis custodes'' (secundum canonem 87 Codicis Iuris Canonici) Sedi Apostolicae reservari, ita episcopis prohibens quominus suas proprias dispensationes concedant.<ref>{{qc|id=Roche (2023)}}</ref> == Receptio == === In Ecclesia Catholica === Receptio ''Traditionis custodes'' in Ecclesia Catholica valde divisa fuit. Cardinalis [[Gualterius Kasper]] documentum laudavit, asserens "maximam partem" catholicorum Missae Tridentinae adversam esse et quosdam asseclas Missae Tridentinae Benedictum XVI ad divisionem adhibuisse.<ref>{{qc|id=Kasper (2021)}}</ref> Conferentia Episcoporum Civitatum Foederatarum, per praesidem suum Iosephum Horatium Gomez, documentum accepit, episcopos hortans ad "curam, patientiam, iustitiam et caritatem" in applicatione.<ref>{{qc|id=Gomez (2021)}}</ref> Conferentia Episcoporum Galliae similiter documentum accepit, fidelibus Missae Tridentinae adhaerentes "aestimationem" suam exprimendo.<ref>{{qc|id=Conferentia Episcoporum Galliae (2021)}}</ref> Cardinalis [[Raimundus Leo Burke]], olim Praefectus Supremi Tribunalis Signaturae Apostolicae, documentum "severum et revolutionarium" vocavit et dubitavit de potestate papae usum ritus antiqui revocandi.<ref>{{qc|id=Burke (2021)}}</ref> Cardinalis [[Gerhardus Ludovicus Müller]], olim Praefectus [[Dicasterium pro Doctrina Fidei|Congregationis pro Doctrina Fidei]], documentum "durum" descripsit.<ref>{{qc|id=Müller (2021)}}</ref> Cardinalis Iosephus Zen declaravit "multas generalizationes tendentiosas in documentis corda multorum bonorum hominum plus quam expectatum laesisse".<ref>{{qc|id=Zen (2021)}}</ref> [[Georgius Gänswein]], secretarius Papae Emeriti Benedicti XVI, in libro ''Nient'altro che la verità'' (2023) scripsit Benedictum ''Traditionis custodes'' "cum dolore in corde" legisse et restrictionem Missae Tridentinae "errorem" esse censuisse, quia "conatum pacificationis in periculum posuerit".<ref>{{qc|id=Gänswein (2023)}}</ref> === Catholici traditionalistae === Catholici traditionalistae documentum statim ut "impetum in ipsos et in liturgiam antiquam" perceperunt.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> Iosephus Shaw, praeses Societatis Missae Latinae Angliae et Cambriae, documentum "stupendum" vocavit et dixit Franciscum "omnino solvisse dispositiones ''Summorum Pontificum''".<ref>{{qc|id=Shaw (2021)}}</ref> [[Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri]] (FSSP) "cum admiratione" documentum accepit et "magnam tristitiam" expressit de rationibus adductis ad usum Missalis Ioannis XXIII limitandum, quod "centrum charismatissui" est.<ref>{{qc|id=Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri (2021)}}</ref> Tamen, die 21 Februarii 2022, Fraternitas nuntiavit Papam Franciscum die 4 Februarii eis dixisse instituta quorum ratio existendi usus Missalis Tridentini est a motu proprio non affici, et decretum speciale emisisse quo membris FSSP facultas celebrandi Missam et sacramenta iuxta editiones typicas librorum liturgicorum anni 1962 concessa est.<ref>{{qc|id=Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri (2022)}}</ref> [[Foederatio Internationalis Una Voce]] declarationem officialem edidit in qua reiecit assertionem eos qui Missis Tridentinis intersunt Ecclesiae Catholicae et Concilio Vaticano II inoboedientes esse.<ref>{{qc|id=Una Voce (2021)}}</ref> Davides Pagliarani, Superior Generalis [[Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Pii X|Fraternitatis Societatis Sancti Pii X]], scripsit: "Aetas 'hermeneuticae continuitatis', cum suis aequivocationibus, illusionibus et conatibus impossibilibus, radicitus finita est." Addidit Missam Tridentinam "conceptionem vitae christianae exprimere et tradere quae omnino incompatibilis est cum ecclesiologia ex Concilio Vaticano II orta".<ref>{{qc|id=Pagliarani (2021)}}</ref> === Academici === Curtius Martens, professor iuris canonici in Universitate Catholica Americae, notavit terminum "Forma Extraordinaria" in nova legislatione non amplius adhiberi et episcopis dioecesanis "latam responsabilitatem" datam esse quoad usum liturgiae prioris.<ref>{{qc|id=Martens (2021)}}</ref> Christophorus Bellitto, professor historiae Ecclesiae in Universitate Kean, dixit Franciscum recte intervenisse, notans decisionem Benedicti XVI "multas consequentias non intentas habuisse quae non solum Ecclesiam diviserunt sed etiam relationes cum Iudaeis turbaverint".<ref>{{qc|id=Bellitto (2021)}}</ref> Martinus Klöckener, professor liturgiae in Universitate Friburgensi, documentum ut "correctionem necessariam" approbionis Benedicti accepit, notans id auctoritatem episcopis localium restauravisse.<ref>{{qc|id=Klöckener (2021)}}</ref> === Opinio publica === Investigatio mensis Septembris 2021 a ''Pew Research Center'' in Civitatibus Foederatis facta invenit circiter duas ex tribus partes catholicorum Americanorum novarum restrictionum ignaros esse. Inter catholicos qui singulis hebdomadibus Missam frequentant, 29% restrictiones improbaverunt, 11% approbaverunt, 17% nullam opinionem habuerunt, et 42% earum ignari erant.<ref>{{qc|id=Pew Research Center (2021)}}</ref> == Applicatio == === America Centralis === Die 20 Iulii 2021, Conferentia Episcopalis Costaricae statuit nullam Missam Tridentinam in ullis dioecesibus suis permitti.<ref>{{qc|id=Conferentia Episcopalis Costaricae (2021)}}</ref> === Civitates Foederatae === Secundum ''The Pillar'', ante ''Traditionis custodes'' 657 loca in Civitatibus Foederatis erant ubi Missa Tridentina regulariter celebrabatur. Nonnulli episcopi Americani (sicut Scharfenberger, Aquila, et Cordileone) affirmaverunt Missam Tridentinam in suis dioecesibus continuaturam esse.<ref>{{qc|id=The Pillar (2021)}}</ref> Mense Decembri 2021, Cardinalis Blasius Cupich in Archidioecesi Chicagiensi restrictiones imposuit, inter alia vetando Missas Tridentinas in primis Dominicis cuiusque mensis et in Nativitate Domini, Triduo Paschali et Dominica Pentecostes.<ref>{{qc|id=Cupich (2021)}}</ref> === Britannia === In [[Anglia]], prima paroecia personalis pro celebratione Missae Tridentinae anno 2018 erecta erat, tribus annis ante ''Traditionis custodes''. Conferentia Episcopalis Angliae et Cambriae declarationem generalem non edidit. Quidam episcopi Missas Tridentinas statim prohibuerunt, alii licentias temporarias concesserunt donec documentum diligentius examinassent.<ref>{{qc|id=The Tablet (2021)}}</ref> Mense Februario 2024, Cardinalis Vincentius Nichols nuntiavit Missam Tridentinam pro Triduo Paschali, quae quotannis in ecclesia Sanctae Mariae Moorfields celebrari solebat, cancellatam esse, quod primum erat ex annis 1990 ut Triduum iuxta ritus antiquos in Archidioecesi Westmonasteriensi non celebraretur.<ref>{{qc|id=Nichols (2024)}}</ref> == Vide etiam == * [[Summorum Pontificum]] * [[Missa Tridentina]] * [[Concilium Vaticanum Secundum]] * [[Sacrosanctum Concilium]] * [[Desiderio desideravi]] * [[Franciscus (papa)]] == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{ec|id=Franciscus (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Franciscus PP.|annus=2021|titulus=Litterae Apostolicae Motu Proprio datae Traditionis Custodes de usu librorum liturgicorum instaurationem Concilii Vaticani II antecedentium|opus=Acta Apostolicae Sedis|volumen=113|paginae=793–796|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/la/motu_proprio/documents/20210716-motu-proprio-traditionis-custodes.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Franciscus (2021a)|c={{Opus|auctor=Franciscus PP.|annus=2021|titulus=Epistula ad Episcopos totius orbis comitans Litteras Apostolicas Motu Proprio datas Traditionis Custodes|opus=Acta Apostolicae Sedis|volumen=113|paginae=802–811|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/letters/2021/documents/20210716-lettera-vescovi-liturgia.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Congregatio de Cultu Divino (1984)|c={{Opus|auctor=Congregatio de Cultu Divino|annus=1984|titulus=Quattuor abhinc annos (Epistula Circularis)}}}} * {{ec|id=Ioannes Paulus II (1988)|c={{Opus|auctor=Ioannes Paulus II PP.|annus=1988|titulus=Litterae Apostolicae Motu Proprio datae Ecclesia Dei|opus=Acta Apostolicae Sedis|volumen=80|paginae=1495–1498|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/la/motu_proprio/documents/hf_jp-ii_motu-proprio_02071988_ecclesia-dei.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Benedictus XVI (2007)|c={{Opus|auctor=Benedictus XVI PP.|annus=2007|titulus=Litterae Apostolicae Motu Proprio datae Summorum Pontificum|opus=Acta Apostolicae Sedis|volumen=99|paginae=777–781|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/la/motu_proprio/documents/hf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070707_summorum-pontificum.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Paulus VI (1969)|c={{Opus|auctor=Paulus VI PP.|annus=1969|titulus=Missale Romanum (editio typica)}}}} * {{ec|id=Congregatio de Cultu Divino (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Congregatio de Cultu Divino et Disciplina Sacramentorum|annus=2021|titulus=Responsa ad dubia de quibusdam provisionibus Litterarum Apostolicarum Motu Proprio datarum Traditionis Custodes|opus=Acta Apostolicae Sedis|volumen=114|paginae=139–149|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccdds/documents/rc_con_ccdds_doc_20211204_responsa-ad-dubia-tradizionis-custodes_en.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Franciscus (2022)|c={{Opus|auctor=Franciscus PP.|annus=2022|titulus=Epistula Apostolica Desiderio desideravi de liturgica formatione Populi Dei|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/apost_letters/documents/20220629-lettera-ap-desiderio-desideravi.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Roche (2023)|c={{Opus|auctor=Roche, Arthur|annus=2023|titulus=Rescriptum ex Audientia SS.mi|opus=Acta Apostolicae Sedis|volumen=115|paginae=370–371|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccdds/documents/rc_con_ccdds_doc_20230220_rescriptum-traditionis-custodes_en.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Burke (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Burke, Raymond Leo|annus=2021|titulus=Statement on the Motu Proprio Traditionis Custodes|url=https://www.cardinalburke.com/articles/statement-on-traditionis-custodes}}}} * {{ec|id=Müller (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Müller, Gerhard Ludwig|annus=2021|titulus=Commentaria de Traditionis Custodes}}}} * {{ec|id=Zen (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Zen, Iosephus|annus=2021|titulus=Declaratio de Traditionis Custodes|opus=Blog personalis}}}} * {{ec|id=Kasper (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Kasper, Walter|annus=2021|titulus=Commentaria de Traditionis Custodes}}}} * {{ec|id=Gomez (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Gomez, José Horacio|annus=2021|titulus=Statement on Motu Proprio Traditionis Custodes|editor=United States Conference of Catholic Bishops}}}} * {{ec|id=Conferentia Episcoporum Galliae (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Conférence des Évêques de France|annus=2021|titulus=Déclaration sur le Motu Proprio Traditionis Custodes}}}} * {{ec|id=Shaw (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Shaw, Joseph|annus=2021|titulus=Declaratio de Traditionis Custodes|editor=Latin Mass Society of England and Wales}}}} * {{ec|id=Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri|annus=2021|titulus=Communiqué on Traditionis Custodes|url=https://www.fssp.org/en/communique-of-the-priestly-fraternity-of-saint-peter/}}}} * {{ec|id=Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri (2022)|c={{Opus|auctor=Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri|annus=2022|titulus=Official Communiqué: Decree of Pope Francis granting faculties to the FSSP|url=https://www.fssp.org/en/decree-of-pope-francis-granting-faculties-to-the-fssp/}}}} * {{ec|id=Una Voce (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Foederatio Internationalis Una Voce|annus=2021|titulus=Statement on Traditionis Custodes}}}} * {{ec|id=Pagliarani (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Pagliarani, Davides|annus=2021|titulus=Epistula de Traditionis Custodes|editor=Societas Sancti Pii X}}}} * {{ec|id=Gänswein (2023)|c={{Opus|auctor=Gänswein, Georg|annus=2023|titulus=Nient'altro che la verità|editor=Piemme}}}} * {{ec|id=Martens (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Martens, Kurt|annus=2021|titulus=Commentaria de Traditionis Custodes|editor=Catholic University of America}}}} * {{ec|id=Bellitto (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Bellitto, Christopher|annus=2021|titulus=Commentaria de Traditionis Custodes|editor=Kean University}}}} * {{ec|id=Klöckener (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Klöckener, Martin|annus=2021|titulus=Commentaria de Traditionis Custodes|editor=Universitas Friburgensis}}}} * {{ec|id=Pew Research Center (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Pew Research Center|annus=2021|titulus=Survey on U.S. Catholic Awareness of Traditionis Custodes|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/11/23/most-u-s-catholics-unaware-of-pope-francis-new-restrictions-on-traditional-latin-mass/}}}} * {{ec|id=Conferentia Episcopalis Costaricae (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Conferentia Episcopalis Costaricae|annus=2021|titulus=Declaratio de Traditionis Custodes}}}} * {{ec|id=The Pillar (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=The Pillar|annus=2021|titulus=Review of the Latin Mass Directory in the United States}}}} * {{ec|id=Cupich (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Cupich, Blasius|annus=2021|titulus=Norms for the Implementation of Traditionis Custodes in the Archdiocese of Chicago}}}} * {{ec|id=The Tablet (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=The Tablet|annus=2021|titulus=Reactions to Traditionis Custodes in England and Wales}}}} * {{ec|id=Nichols (2024)|c={{Opus|auctor=Nichols, Vincent|annus=2024|titulus=Declaratio de Missa Tridentina in Triduo Paschali|editor=Archidioecesis Westmonasteriensis}}}} [[Categoria:Franciscus (papa)]] [[Categoria:Liturgia catholica]] [[Categoria:Missa Tridentina]] 6lmuleux6otlvqekfbtvowkoxfa8lg6 3961755 3961751 2026-05-25T22:12:16Z JimKillock 109532 nexus 3961755 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--- nullae abrogationes in prooemio contineri solent, vide textum principalem --> {{Titulus italicus}}{{Capsa documenti pontificii Vicidatorum}} {{ores|Traditionis custodes}} est [[Epistula Apostolica]] [[motu proprio]] data a [[Franciscus (papa)|Papa Francisco]] die 16 Iulii 2021 promulgata. Documentum de usu [[Missa Tridentina|Missalis Romani]] ante [[Concilium Vaticanum II]] editi agit eiusque celebrationem valde restringit, simul abrogans normas priores a [[Benedictus XVI|Benedicto XVI]] in ''[[Summorum Pontificum]]'' (2007) et a [[Ioannes Paulus II|Ioanne Paulo II]] in ''Quattuor abhinc annos'' (1984) ac ''Ecclesia Dei'' (1988) constitutas. Epistulam apostolicam comitatur epistula pastoralis ad episcopos catholicos totius orbis, in qua Franciscus rationes suae decisionis exponit. Congregatio de Cultu Divino et Disciplina Sacramentorum postea declaravit textum Latinum huius motu proprio esse textum officialem qui adhibendus est. Contextus historicus documentum praecessit: post instaurationes liturgicas Concilii Vaticani II, Ioannes Paulus II et Benedictus XVI per documenta ''Quattuor abhinc annos'', ''Ecclesia Dei'' et ''Summorum Pontificum'' usum Missalis Romani anni 1962 successive amplius concesserant. Anno 2020, Congregatio pro Doctrina Fidei quaestionarium de applicatione ''Summorum Pontificum'' ad episcopos misit; responsa Franciscum de necessitate interveniendi persuaserunt. Praescripta principalia in octo articulis continentur. Articulus primus libros liturgicos post Concilium Vaticanum II promulgatos "unicam expressionem legis orandi Ritus Romani" declarat. Articulus secundus episcopo dioecesano "exclusivam competentiam" tribuit permittendi usum Missalis antiquioris in sua dioecesi. Articuli sequentes episcopis mandata dant de locis et diebus ad Missam Tridentinam designandis, de novis coetibus prohibendis, de licentiis presbyteris concedendis, et de iurisdictione super instituta vitae consecratae. Articulus octavus omnes normas priores contrarias abrogat. In epistula pastorali comitante, Franciscus concessiones praedecessorum "desiderio sanandi schisma cum motu Mons. Lefebvre" motivatas fuisse exponit, sed addit eas ad "distantias augendas, diversitates roborandas, et dissensiones fovendas" exploitatas esse. Franciscus usum instrumentalem Missalis anni 1962 ad reiectionem Concilii Vaticani II et unitatem Ecclesiae laedendum reicit, hancque "rationem finalem" suae decisionis esse declarat. Post promulgationem, [[Congregatio de Cultu Divino et Disciplina Sacramentorum]] die 18 Decembris 2021 responsa ad undecim dubia de applicatione documenti edidit. Congregatio etiam in hac instructione officiali declaravit textum Latinum ''Traditionis custodes'' esse textum officialem qui adhibendus est. Anno 2022, Papa Franciscus epistulam apostolicam ''Desiderio desideravi'' promulgavit, in qua decisionem suam iterum confirmavit. Die 21 Februarii 2023, rescriptum papale dispensationes a restrictionibus ''Traditionis custodes'' Sedi Apostolicae reservavit. Receptio documenti in Ecclesia Catholica valde divisa fuit. Aliqui cardinales et Conferentiae Episcopales documentum acceperunt; alii, inter quos Cardinalis Raimundus Leo Burke et Cardinalis Gerhardus Ludovicus Müller, restrictiones criticaverunt. Catholici traditionalistae documentum ut "impetum in liturgiam antiquam" perceperunt, quamvis Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri postea decretum speciale a Francisco obtinuit. Academici et investigationes publicae opinioni mixtam receptionem in variis regionibus, inter quas America Centralis, Civitates Foederatae et Britannia, ostenderunt. == Contextus historicus == === Instaurationes liturgicae post Concilium Vaticanum II === Anno 1969, prima nova editio Missalis Romani iuxta decreta [[Concilium Vaticanum Secundum|Concilii Vaticani II]] promulgata est, novam formam liturgiae Missae Ritus Romani constituens. Haec editio, saepe "Missa Pauli VI" vocata, anno 1970 publici iuris facta est.<ref>{{qc|id=Paulus VI (1969)}}</ref> Missale Romanum anni 1962, ultima editio Missalis Tridentini, quod a [[Concilium Tridentinum|Concilio Tridentino]] ortum ducit et sub [[Pius V|Pio V]] anno 1570 promulgatum est, ita in usum ordinarium substitutum est. === Concessiones Ioannis Pauli II === [[Ioannes Paulus II|Ioannes Paulus II]] anno 1984 per documentum ''Quattuor abhinc annos'' episcopis facultatem dedit permittendi usum Missalis Romani anni 1962 sub certis condicionibus.<ref>{{qc|id=Congregatio de Cultu Divino (1984)}}</ref> Anno 1988, post consecrationes illicitas episcoporum a [[Marcellus Lefebvre|Marcello Lefebvre]] factas, Ioannes Paulus II motu proprio ''Ecclesia Dei'' edidit, in quo usum Missalis antiquioris amplius concessit et Commissionem Pontificiam "Ecclesia Dei" instituit ad fidelium traditioni adhaerentes curandos.<ref>{{qc|id=Ioannes Paulus II (1988)}}</ref> === Summorum Pontificum (2007) === Anno 2007, [[Benedictus XVI|Benedictus XVI]] per motu proprio ''Summorum Pontificum'' declaravit Missale Romanum a [[Pius V|Pio V]] promulgatum et a [[Ioannes XXIII|Ioanne XXIII]] anno 1962 editum numquam abrogatum esse. Illud "Formam Extraordinariam" Ritus Romani nominavit, Missam autem Pauli VI "Formam Ordinariam".<ref>{{qc|id=Benedictus XVI (2007)}}</ref> Benedictus statuit quemlibet sacerdotem Ritus Latini posse utramque formam celebrare sine expressa licentia episcopi vel Sanctae Sedis. Sperabat has "duas formas usum Ritus Romani" se mutuo "dituras" esse neque divisionem in Ecclesia causaturas.<ref>{{qc|id=Benedictus XVI (2007)}}</ref> === Ante promulgationem === Anno 2020, Congregatio pro Doctrina Fidei quaestionarium ad episcopos catholicos totius orbis misit de applicatione ''Summorum Pontificum'' in eorum dioecesibus.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> Exitus huius consultationis publici iuris non facti sunt. Papa Franciscus postea dixit responsa episcoporum "statum qui me sollicitat et contristat" revelare et eum persuasisse de necessitate interveniendi.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> Mense Maio 2021, paucos ante menses quam ''Traditionis custodes'' promulgata est, fama erat Franciscum in coetu clauso cum membris Conferentiae Episcopalis Italicae dixisse se textum restrictivum approbare paratum esse.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> Documentum promulgatum est duobus post diebus quam Franciscus ex nosocomio, ubi novem dies fuerat, rediit. == Praescripta principalia == Litterae apostolicae in octo articulos dividuntur. '''Articulus primus''' declarat libros liturgicos a [[Paulus VI|Paulo VI]] et [[Ioannes Paulus II|Ioanne Paulo II]] post Concilium Vaticanum II promulgatos esse "unicam expressionem ''legis orandi'' Ritus Romani".<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021)}}</ref> Hoc verbum "unica expressio" significat Formam Extraordinariam iam non esse alteram expressionem eiusdem ''legis orandi'', ut Benedictus XVI docuerat. '''Articulus secundus''' statuit episcopum dioecesanum esse "moderatorem, promotorem atque custodem" totius vitae liturgicae in sua Ecclesia particulari, eiusque esse "exclusivam competentiam" permittendi usum Missalis Romani anni 1962 in sua dioecesi, iuxta Sedis Apostolicae lineamenta.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021)}}</ref> '''Articulus tertius''' episcopis in quorum dioecesibus coetus Missam Tridentinam celebrantes iam exsistunt mandat ut: # Verificent hos coetus validitatem et legitimitatem instaurationis liturgicae Concilii Vaticani II non excludere. # Unum vel plures locos designent (sed non ecclesias paroeciales, nec novas paroecias personales erigendo) ubi hi coetus ad Eucharistiam celebrandam convenire possint. # Dies statuant quibus celebrationes eucharisticae iuxta Missale anni 1962 permittuntur, in quibus lectiones lingua vernacula proclamandae sunt. # Presbyterum delegatum designent, Latine peritum et pastorali cura praeditum, qui hos coetus curet. # Verificent utrum paroeciae personales pro his fidelibus erectae spirituali eorum incremento efficaciter inserviant. # Impediant ne novi coetus constituantur.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021)}}</ref> '''Articuli quartus et quintus''' praecipiunt ut presbyteri post promulgationem huius documenti ordinati, qui Missale anni 1962 adhibere velint, petitionem formalem ad episcopum dioecesanum mittant, qui ante concessionem a Sede Apostolica licentiam rogabit. Presbyteri qui iam iuxta Missale anni 1962 celebrant debent ab episcopo licentiam ad hanc facultatem servandam petere.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021)}}</ref> '''Articuli sextus et septimus''' iurisdictionem super instituta vitae consecratae et societates vitae apostolicae a Pontificia Commissione "Ecclesia Dei" erecta ad Congregationem pro Institutis Vitae Consecratae et Societatibus Vitae Apostolicae transferunt. Haec Congregatio et Congregatio de Cultu Divino et Disciplina Sacramentorum auctoritatem Sanctae Sedis in his rebus exercent.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021)}}</ref> '''Articulus octavus''' omnes normas, dispositiones, concessiones et consuetudines priores quae huic motu proprio non conformes sunt abrogat. Dispositiones statim vim obtinuerunt.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021)}}</ref> == Epistula comitans == Simul cum ''Traditionis custodes'', Papa Franciscus epistulam pastoralem ad episcopos totius orbis misit, in qua rationes suae decisionis exposuit, eodem modo quo Benedictus XVI epistulam comitantem ad ''Summorum Pontificum'' miserat. === De intentionibus praedecessorum === Franciscus in hac epistula explicat concessiones a Ioanne Paulo II et Benedicto XVI factas "praecipue motivatas fuisse desiderio sanandi schisma cum motu Mons. Lefebvre". Addit se credere "multos in Ecclesia hanc facultatem occasionem habuisse libere adoptandi Missale Romanum a S. Pio V promulgatum eoque utendi modo parallelo cum Missali Romano a S. Paulo VI promulgato".<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> Franciscus commemorat Benedictum XVI in ''Summorum Pontificum'' timorem divisionis "infundatum" vocavisse et sperasse duas formas se mutuo "dituras" esse. Sed Franciscus dicit exitus consultationis episcoporum "statum qui me sollicitat et contristat" revelare: "Occasio a S. Ioanne Paulo II oblata et, maiori cum magnanimitate, a Benedicto XVI, ad recuperandam unitatem corporis ecclesialis cum diversis sensibus liturgicis, saepe graviter neglecta est. [...] Exploitata est ad distantias augendas, diversitates roborandas, et dissensiones fovendas quae Ecclesiam laedunt, eius iter impediunt et eam periculo divisionis exponunt."<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> === De Concilio Vaticano II === Franciscus dicit se dolere de abusibus liturgicis "ex utraque parte", sed praecipue se tristari quod "usus instrumentalis Missalis Romani anni 1962 saepe characterizatur reiectione non solum instaurationis liturgicae, sed ipsius Concilii Vaticani II, asserendo, assertionibus infundatis et insustentabilibus, id Traditionem et 'veram Ecclesiam' prodidisse". Franciscus hanc assertionem reicit et dicit: "Dubitare de Concilio est dubitare de intentionibus ipsorum Patrum qui potestatem suam collegialem modo solemni ''cum Petro et sub Petro'' in Concilio oecumenico exercuerunt, et, in ultima analysi, dubitare de ipso Spiritu Sancto qui Ecclesiam ducit."<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> === De unitate Ecclesiae === Franciscus "rationem finalem" suae decisionis esse dicit quod "magis magisque in verbis et atitudinibus multorum manifesta est arcta connexio inter electionem celebrationum iuxta libros liturgicos ante Concilium Vaticanum II et reiectionem Ecclesiae eiusque institutionum nomine eius quod vocatur 'vera Ecclesia'". Propter hoc, "in defensionem unitatis Corporis Christi, cogor facultatem a praedecessoribus meis concessam revocare."<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> Ad episcopos appellans, Franciscus scribit: "Dum in exercitio ministerii mei in servitium unitatis hanc decisionem suscipio, vos rogo ut hanc sarcinam mecum participetis tamquam formam participationis in sollicitudine pro tota Ecclesia episcopis propria."<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> == Instructiones et clarificationes subsequentes == === Responsa ad dubia (2021) === Die 18 Decembris 2021, Congregatio de Cultu Divino et Disciplina Sacramentorum responsa ad undecim dubia de applicatione ''Traditionis custodes'' edidit, approbante Papa Francisco. Haec documenta, die 4 Decembris 2021 data, inter alia statuerunt: * Missam Tridentinam in ecclesia paroeciali celebrari posse solum si locus alius omnino non adest, cum licentia tum episcopi tum Congregationis, sed haec celebratio in horarium paroeciale non inserenda est. * Sacramenta confirmationis et ordinationis secundum Pontificale Romanum antiquum omnino vetita esse; sacramenta baptismi, paenitentiae, matrimonii, unctionis infirmorum et exsequiarum iuxta Rituale Romanum anni 1952 solum in paroecis personalibus permitti. * Sacerdotes qui concelebrare recusant, praesertim in Missa Chrismatis cum episcopo in Feria V Hebdomadae Sanctae, licentiam celebrandi Missam Tridentinam obtinere non posse. * Lectiones in Missa Tridentina semper lingua vernacula proclamandas esse, adhibitis translationibus a Conferentia Episcopali approbatis. * Licentiam celebrandi Missam Tridentinam ad territorium episcopi concedentis restrictam esse, et sacerdotem semel tantum in die Missam Tridentinam celebrare posse.<ref>{{qc|id=Congregatio de Cultu Divino (2021)}}</ref> [[Congregatio de Cultu Divino et Disciplina Sacramentorum]] etiam in hac instructione officiali (''responsa'') declaravit textum Latinum ''Traditionis custodes'' esse "textum officialem qui adhibendus est".<ref>{{qc|id=Congregatio de Cultu Divino (2021)}}</ref> === Desiderio desideravi (2022) === Die 29 Iunii 2022, Papa Franciscus epistulam apostolicam ''Desiderio desideravi'' promulgavit, in qua iterum affirmavit se ''Traditionis custodes'' scripsisse quia libri liturgici Pauli VI et Ioannis Pauli II "fidelitatem instaurationis Concilii" praebent et quia Franciscus vult "Ecclesiam in varietate tot linguarum unam eandemque orationem tollere quae eius unitatem exprimere valeat". Addit: "Ad illam formam ritualem redire non possumus quam Patres Concilii [...] reformandam esse censuerunt."<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2022)}}</ref> === Rescriptum (2023) === Die 21 Februarii 2023, Sancta Sedes rescriptum papale edidit, a Cardinali Arthuro Roche, Praefecto Dicasterio pro Cultu Divino, scriptum et die praecedenti a Papa approbatum. Rescriptum clarius statuit dispensationes a restrictionibus ''Traditionis custodes'' (secundum canonem 87 Codicis Iuris Canonici) Sedi Apostolicae reservari, ita episcopis prohibens quominus suas proprias dispensationes concedant.<ref>{{qc|id=Roche (2023)}}</ref> == Receptio == === In Ecclesia Catholica === Receptio ''Traditionis custodes'' in Ecclesia Catholica valde divisa fuit. Cardinalis [[Gualterius Kasper]] documentum laudavit, asserens "maximam partem" catholicorum Missae Tridentinae adversam esse et quosdam asseclas Missae Tridentinae Benedictum XVI ad divisionem adhibuisse.<ref>{{qc|id=Kasper (2021)}}</ref> Conferentia Episcoporum Civitatum Foederatarum, per praesidem suum Iosephum Horatium Gomez, documentum accepit, episcopos hortans ad "curam, patientiam, iustitiam et caritatem" in applicatione.<ref>{{qc|id=Gomez (2021)}}</ref> Conferentia Episcoporum Galliae similiter documentum accepit, fidelibus Missae Tridentinae adhaerentes "aestimationem" suam exprimendo.<ref>{{qc|id=Conferentia Episcoporum Galliae (2021)}}</ref> Cardinalis [[Raimundus Leo Burke]], olim Praefectus Supremi Tribunalis Signaturae Apostolicae, documentum "severum et revolutionarium" vocavit et dubitavit de potestate papae usum ritus antiqui revocandi.<ref>{{qc|id=Burke (2021)}}</ref> Cardinalis [[Gerhardus Ludovicus Müller]], olim Praefectus [[Dicasterium pro Doctrina Fidei|Congregationis pro Doctrina Fidei]], documentum "durum" descripsit.<ref>{{qc|id=Müller (2021)}}</ref> Cardinalis Iosephus Zen declaravit "multas generalizationes tendentiosas in documentis corda multorum bonorum hominum plus quam expectatum laesisse".<ref>{{qc|id=Zen (2021)}}</ref> [[Georgius Gänswein]], secretarius Papae Emeriti Benedicti XVI, in libro ''Nient'altro che la verità'' (2023) scripsit Benedictum ''Traditionis custodes'' "cum dolore in corde" legisse et restrictionem Missae Tridentinae "errorem" esse censuisse, quia "conatum pacificationis in periculum posuerit".<ref>{{qc|id=Gänswein (2023)}}</ref> === Catholici traditionalistae === Catholici traditionalistae documentum statim ut "impetum in ipsos et in liturgiam antiquam" perceperunt.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> Iosephus Shaw, praeses Societatis Missae Latinae Angliae et Cambriae, documentum "stupendum" vocavit et dixit Franciscum "omnino solvisse dispositiones ''Summorum Pontificum''".<ref>{{qc|id=Shaw (2021)}}</ref> [[Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri]] (FSSP) "cum admiratione" documentum accepit et "magnam tristitiam" expressit de rationibus adductis ad usum Missalis Ioannis XXIII limitandum, quod "centrum charismatissui" est.<ref>{{qc|id=Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri (2021)}}</ref> Tamen, die 21 Februarii 2022, Fraternitas nuntiavit Papam Franciscum die 4 Februarii eis dixisse instituta quorum ratio existendi usus Missalis Tridentini est a motu proprio non affici, et decretum speciale emisisse quo membris FSSP facultas celebrandi Missam et sacramenta iuxta editiones typicas librorum liturgicorum anni 1962 concessa est.<ref>{{qc|id=Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri (2022)}}</ref> [[Foederatio Internationalis Una Voce]] declarationem officialem edidit in qua reiecit assertionem eos qui Missis Tridentinis intersunt Ecclesiae Catholicae et Concilio Vaticano II inoboedientes esse.<ref>{{qc|id=Una Voce (2021)}}</ref> Davides Pagliarani, Superior Generalis [[Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Pii X|Fraternitatis Societatis Sancti Pii X]], scripsit: "Aetas 'hermeneuticae continuitatis', cum suis aequivocationibus, illusionibus et conatibus impossibilibus, radicitus finita est." Addidit Missam Tridentinam "conceptionem vitae christianae exprimere et tradere quae omnino incompatibilis est cum ecclesiologia ex Concilio Vaticano II orta".<ref>{{qc|id=Pagliarani (2021)}}</ref> === Academici === Curtius Martens, professor iuris canonici in Universitate Catholica Americae, notavit terminum "Forma Extraordinaria" in nova legislatione non amplius adhiberi et episcopis dioecesanis "latam responsabilitatem" datam esse quoad usum liturgiae prioris.<ref>{{qc|id=Martens (2021)}}</ref> Christophorus Bellitto, professor historiae Ecclesiae in Universitate Kean, dixit Franciscum recte intervenisse, notans decisionem Benedicti XVI "multas consequentias non intentas habuisse quae non solum Ecclesiam diviserunt sed etiam relationes cum Iudaeis turbaverint".<ref>{{qc|id=Bellitto (2021)}}</ref> Martinus Klöckener, professor liturgiae in Universitate Friburgensi, documentum ut "correctionem necessariam" approbionis Benedicti accepit, notans id auctoritatem episcopis localium restauravisse.<ref>{{qc|id=Klöckener (2021)}}</ref> === Opinio publica === Investigatio mensis Septembris 2021 a ''Pew Research Center'' in Civitatibus Foederatis facta invenit circiter duas ex tribus partes catholicorum Americanorum novarum restrictionum ignaros esse. Inter catholicos qui singulis hebdomadibus Missam frequentant, 29% restrictiones improbaverunt, 11% approbaverunt, 17% nullam opinionem habuerunt, et 42% earum ignari erant.<ref>{{qc|id=Pew Research Center (2021)}}</ref> == Applicatio == === America Centralis === Die 20 Iulii 2021, Conferentia Episcopalis Costaricae statuit nullam Missam Tridentinam in ullis dioecesibus suis permitti.<ref>{{qc|id=Conferentia Episcopalis Costaricae (2021)}}</ref> === Civitates Foederatae === Secundum ''The Pillar'', ante ''Traditionis custodes'' 657 loca in Civitatibus Foederatis erant ubi Missa Tridentina regulariter celebrabatur. Nonnulli episcopi Americani (sicut Scharfenberger, Aquila, et Cordileone) affirmaverunt Missam Tridentinam in suis dioecesibus continuaturam esse.<ref>{{qc|id=The Pillar (2021)}}</ref> Mense Decembri 2021, Cardinalis Blasius Cupich in Archidioecesi Chicagiensi restrictiones imposuit, inter alia vetando Missas Tridentinas in primis Dominicis cuiusque mensis et in Nativitate Domini, Triduo Paschali et Dominica Pentecostes.<ref>{{qc|id=Cupich (2021)}}</ref> === Britannia === In [[Anglia]], prima paroecia personalis pro celebratione Missae Tridentinae anno 2018 erecta erat, tribus annis ante ''Traditionis custodes''. Conferentia Episcopalis Angliae et Cambriae declarationem generalem non edidit. Quidam episcopi Missas Tridentinas statim prohibuerunt, alii licentias temporarias concesserunt donec documentum diligentius examinassent.<ref>{{qc|id=The Tablet (2021)}}</ref> Mense Februario 2024, Cardinalis Vincentius Nichols nuntiavit Missam Tridentinam pro Triduo Paschali, quae quotannis in ecclesia Sanctae Mariae Moorfields celebrari solebat, cancellatam esse, quod primum erat ex annis 1990 ut Triduum iuxta ritus antiquos in Archidioecesi Westmonasteriensi non celebraretur.<ref>{{qc|id=Nichols (2024)}}</ref> == Vide etiam == * [[Summorum Pontificum]] * [[Missa Tridentina]] * [[Concilium Vaticanum Secundum]] * [[Sacrosanctum Concilium]] * [[Desiderio desideravi]] * [[Franciscus (papa)]] == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{ec|id=Franciscus (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Franciscus PP.|annus=2021|titulus=Litterae Apostolicae Motu Proprio datae Traditionis Custodes de usu librorum liturgicorum instaurationem Concilii Vaticani II antecedentium|opus=Acta Apostolicae Sedis|volumen=113|paginae=793–796|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/la/motu_proprio/documents/20210716-motu-proprio-traditionis-custodes.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Franciscus (2021a)|c={{Opus|auctor=Franciscus PP.|annus=2021|titulus=Epistula ad Episcopos totius orbis comitans Litteras Apostolicas Motu Proprio datas Traditionis Custodes|opus=Acta Apostolicae Sedis|volumen=113|paginae=802–811|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/letters/2021/documents/20210716-lettera-vescovi-liturgia.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Congregatio de Cultu Divino (1984)|c={{Opus|auctor=Congregatio de Cultu Divino|annus=1984|titulus=Quattuor abhinc annos (Epistula Circularis)}}}} * {{ec|id=Ioannes Paulus II (1988)|c={{Opus|auctor=Ioannes Paulus II PP.|annus=1988|titulus=Litterae Apostolicae Motu Proprio datae Ecclesia Dei|opus=Acta Apostolicae Sedis|volumen=80|paginae=1495–1498|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/la/motu_proprio/documents/hf_jp-ii_motu-proprio_02071988_ecclesia-dei.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Benedictus XVI (2007)|c={{Opus|auctor=Benedictus XVI PP.|annus=2007|titulus=Litterae Apostolicae Motu Proprio datae Summorum Pontificum|opus=Acta Apostolicae Sedis|volumen=99|paginae=777–781|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/la/motu_proprio/documents/hf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070707_summorum-pontificum.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Paulus VI (1969)|c={{Opus|auctor=Paulus VI PP.|annus=1969|titulus=Missale Romanum (editio typica)}}}} * {{ec|id=Congregatio de Cultu Divino (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Congregatio de Cultu Divino et Disciplina Sacramentorum|annus=2021|titulus=Responsa ad dubia de quibusdam provisionibus Litterarum Apostolicarum Motu Proprio datarum Traditionis Custodes|opus=Acta Apostolicae Sedis|volumen=114|paginae=139–149|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccdds/documents/rc_con_ccdds_doc_20211204_responsa-ad-dubia-tradizionis-custodes_en.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Franciscus (2022)|c={{Opus|auctor=Franciscus PP.|annus=2022|titulus=Epistula Apostolica Desiderio desideravi de liturgica formatione Populi Dei|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/apost_letters/documents/20220629-lettera-ap-desiderio-desideravi.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Roche (2023)|c={{Opus|auctor=Roche, Arthur|annus=2023|titulus=Rescriptum ex Audientia SS.mi|opus=Acta Apostolicae Sedis|volumen=115|paginae=370–371|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccdds/documents/rc_con_ccdds_doc_20230220_rescriptum-traditionis-custodes_en.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Burke (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Burke, Raymond Leo|annus=2021|titulus=Statement on the Motu Proprio Traditionis Custodes|url=https://www.cardinalburke.com/articles/statement-on-traditionis-custodes}}}} * {{ec|id=Müller (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Müller, Gerhard Ludwig|annus=2021|titulus=Commentaria de Traditionis Custodes}}}} * {{ec|id=Zen (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Zen, Iosephus|annus=2021|titulus=Declaratio de Traditionis Custodes|opus=Blog personalis}}}} * {{ec|id=Kasper (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Kasper, Walter|annus=2021|titulus=Commentaria de Traditionis Custodes}}}} * {{ec|id=Gomez (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Gomez, José Horacio|annus=2021|titulus=Statement on Motu Proprio Traditionis Custodes|editor=United States Conference of Catholic Bishops}}}} * {{ec|id=Conferentia Episcoporum Galliae (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Conférence des Évêques de France|annus=2021|titulus=Déclaration sur le Motu Proprio Traditionis Custodes}}}} * {{ec|id=Shaw (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Shaw, Joseph|annus=2021|titulus=Declaratio de Traditionis Custodes|editor=Latin Mass Society of England and Wales}}}} * {{ec|id=Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri|annus=2021|titulus=Communiqué on Traditionis Custodes|url=https://www.fssp.org/en/communique-of-the-priestly-fraternity-of-saint-peter/}}}} * {{ec|id=Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri (2022)|c={{Opus|auctor=Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri|annus=2022|titulus=Official Communiqué: Decree of Pope Francis granting faculties to the FSSP|url=https://www.fssp.org/en/decree-of-pope-francis-granting-faculties-to-the-fssp/}}}} * {{ec|id=Una Voce (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Foederatio Internationalis Una Voce|annus=2021|titulus=Statement on Traditionis Custodes}}}} * {{ec|id=Pagliarani (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Pagliarani, Davides|annus=2021|titulus=Epistula de Traditionis Custodes|editor=Societas Sancti Pii X}}}} * {{ec|id=Gänswein (2023)|c={{Opus|auctor=Gänswein, Georg|annus=2023|titulus=Nient'altro che la verità|editor=Piemme}}}} * {{ec|id=Martens (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Martens, Kurt|annus=2021|titulus=Commentaria de Traditionis Custodes|editor=Catholic University of America}}}} * {{ec|id=Bellitto (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Bellitto, Christopher|annus=2021|titulus=Commentaria de Traditionis Custodes|editor=Kean University}}}} * {{ec|id=Klöckener (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Klöckener, Martin|annus=2021|titulus=Commentaria de Traditionis Custodes|editor=Universitas Friburgensis}}}} * {{ec|id=Pew Research Center (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Pew Research Center|annus=2021|titulus=Survey on U.S. Catholic Awareness of Traditionis Custodes|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/11/23/most-u-s-catholics-unaware-of-pope-francis-new-restrictions-on-traditional-latin-mass/}}}} * {{ec|id=Conferentia Episcopalis Costaricae (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Conferentia Episcopalis Costaricae|annus=2021|titulus=Declaratio de Traditionis Custodes}}}} * {{ec|id=The Pillar (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=The Pillar|annus=2021|titulus=Review of the Latin Mass Directory in the United States}}}} * {{ec|id=Cupich (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Cupich, Blasius|annus=2021|titulus=Norms for the Implementation of Traditionis Custodes in the Archdiocese of Chicago}}}} * {{ec|id=The Tablet (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=The Tablet|annus=2021|titulus=Reactions to Traditionis Custodes in England and Wales}}}} * {{ec|id=Nichols (2024)|c={{Opus|auctor=Nichols, Vincent|annus=2024|titulus=Declaratio de Missa Tridentina in Triduo Paschali|editor=Archidioecesis Westmonasteriensis}}}} [[Categoria:Franciscus (papa)]] [[Categoria:Liturgia catholica]] [[Categoria:Missa Tridentina]] s8i8v7lsc4espq1ybtza8rko3hl7tr7 3961756 3961755 2026-05-25T22:12:55Z JimKillock 109532 3961756 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--- nullae abrogationes in prooemio contineri solent, vide textum principalem --> {{Titulus italicus}}{{Capsa documenti pontificii Vicidatorum}} {{ores|Traditionis custodes}} est [[Epistola Apostolica]] [[motu proprio]] data a [[Franciscus (papa)|Papa Francisco]] die 16 Iulii 2021 promulgata. Documentum de usu [[Missa Tridentina|Missalis Romani]] ante [[Concilium Vaticanum II]] editi agit eiusque celebrationem valde restringit, simul abrogans normas priores a [[Benedictus XVI|Benedicto XVI]] in ''[[Summorum Pontificum]]'' (2007) et a [[Ioannes Paulus II|Ioanne Paulo II]] in ''Quattuor abhinc annos'' (1984) ac ''Ecclesia Dei'' (1988) constitutas. Epistulam apostolicam comitatur epistula pastoralis ad episcopos catholicos totius orbis, in qua Franciscus rationes suae decisionis exponit. Congregatio de Cultu Divino et Disciplina Sacramentorum postea declaravit textum Latinum huius motu proprio esse textum officialem qui adhibendus est. Contextus historicus documentum praecessit: post instaurationes liturgicas Concilii Vaticani II, Ioannes Paulus II et Benedictus XVI per documenta ''Quattuor abhinc annos'', ''Ecclesia Dei'' et ''Summorum Pontificum'' usum Missalis Romani anni 1962 successive amplius concesserant. Anno 2020, Congregatio pro Doctrina Fidei quaestionarium de applicatione ''Summorum Pontificum'' ad episcopos misit; responsa Franciscum de necessitate interveniendi persuaserunt. Praescripta principalia in octo articulis continentur. Articulus primus libros liturgicos post Concilium Vaticanum II promulgatos "unicam expressionem legis orandi Ritus Romani" declarat. Articulus secundus episcopo dioecesano "exclusivam competentiam" tribuit permittendi usum Missalis antiquioris in sua dioecesi. Articuli sequentes episcopis mandata dant de locis et diebus ad Missam Tridentinam designandis, de novis coetibus prohibendis, de licentiis presbyteris concedendis, et de iurisdictione super instituta vitae consecratae. Articulus octavus omnes normas priores contrarias abrogat. In epistula pastorali comitante, Franciscus concessiones praedecessorum "desiderio sanandi schisma cum motu Mons. Lefebvre" motivatas fuisse exponit, sed addit eas ad "distantias augendas, diversitates roborandas, et dissensiones fovendas" exploitatas esse. Franciscus usum instrumentalem Missalis anni 1962 ad reiectionem Concilii Vaticani II et unitatem Ecclesiae laedendum reicit, hancque "rationem finalem" suae decisionis esse declarat. Post promulgationem, [[Congregatio de Cultu Divino et Disciplina Sacramentorum]] die 18 Decembris 2021 responsa ad undecim dubia de applicatione documenti edidit. Congregatio etiam in hac instructione officiali declaravit textum Latinum ''Traditionis custodes'' esse textum officialem qui adhibendus est. Anno 2022, Papa Franciscus epistulam apostolicam ''Desiderio desideravi'' promulgavit, in qua decisionem suam iterum confirmavit. Die 21 Februarii 2023, rescriptum papale dispensationes a restrictionibus ''Traditionis custodes'' Sedi Apostolicae reservavit. Receptio documenti in Ecclesia Catholica valde divisa fuit. Aliqui cardinales et Conferentiae Episcopales documentum acceperunt; alii, inter quos Cardinalis Raimundus Leo Burke et Cardinalis Gerhardus Ludovicus Müller, restrictiones criticaverunt. Catholici traditionalistae documentum ut "impetum in liturgiam antiquam" perceperunt, quamvis Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri postea decretum speciale a Francisco obtinuit. Academici et investigationes publicae opinioni mixtam receptionem in variis regionibus, inter quas America Centralis, Civitates Foederatae et Britannia, ostenderunt. == Contextus historicus == === Instaurationes liturgicae post Concilium Vaticanum II === Anno 1969, prima nova editio Missalis Romani iuxta decreta [[Concilium Vaticanum Secundum|Concilii Vaticani II]] promulgata est, novam formam liturgiae Missae Ritus Romani constituens. Haec editio, saepe "Missa Pauli VI" vocata, anno 1970 publici iuris facta est.<ref>{{qc|id=Paulus VI (1969)}}</ref> Missale Romanum anni 1962, ultima editio Missalis Tridentini, quod a [[Concilium Tridentinum|Concilio Tridentino]] ortum ducit et sub [[Pius V|Pio V]] anno 1570 promulgatum est, ita in usum ordinarium substitutum est. === Concessiones Ioannis Pauli II === [[Ioannes Paulus II|Ioannes Paulus II]] anno 1984 per documentum ''Quattuor abhinc annos'' episcopis facultatem dedit permittendi usum Missalis Romani anni 1962 sub certis condicionibus.<ref>{{qc|id=Congregatio de Cultu Divino (1984)}}</ref> Anno 1988, post consecrationes illicitas episcoporum a [[Marcellus Lefebvre|Marcello Lefebvre]] factas, Ioannes Paulus II motu proprio ''Ecclesia Dei'' edidit, in quo usum Missalis antiquioris amplius concessit et Commissionem Pontificiam "Ecclesia Dei" instituit ad fidelium traditioni adhaerentes curandos.<ref>{{qc|id=Ioannes Paulus II (1988)}}</ref> === Summorum Pontificum (2007) === Anno 2007, [[Benedictus XVI|Benedictus XVI]] per motu proprio ''Summorum Pontificum'' declaravit Missale Romanum a [[Pius V|Pio V]] promulgatum et a [[Ioannes XXIII|Ioanne XXIII]] anno 1962 editum numquam abrogatum esse. Illud "Formam Extraordinariam" Ritus Romani nominavit, Missam autem Pauli VI "Formam Ordinariam".<ref>{{qc|id=Benedictus XVI (2007)}}</ref> Benedictus statuit quemlibet sacerdotem Ritus Latini posse utramque formam celebrare sine expressa licentia episcopi vel Sanctae Sedis. Sperabat has "duas formas usum Ritus Romani" se mutuo "dituras" esse neque divisionem in Ecclesia causaturas.<ref>{{qc|id=Benedictus XVI (2007)}}</ref> === Ante promulgationem === Anno 2020, Congregatio pro Doctrina Fidei quaestionarium ad episcopos catholicos totius orbis misit de applicatione ''Summorum Pontificum'' in eorum dioecesibus.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> Exitus huius consultationis publici iuris non facti sunt. Papa Franciscus postea dixit responsa episcoporum "statum qui me sollicitat et contristat" revelare et eum persuasisse de necessitate interveniendi.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> Mense Maio 2021, paucos ante menses quam ''Traditionis custodes'' promulgata est, fama erat Franciscum in coetu clauso cum membris Conferentiae Episcopalis Italicae dixisse se textum restrictivum approbare paratum esse.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> Documentum promulgatum est duobus post diebus quam Franciscus ex nosocomio, ubi novem dies fuerat, rediit. == Praescripta principalia == Litterae apostolicae in octo articulos dividuntur. '''Articulus primus''' declarat libros liturgicos a [[Paulus VI|Paulo VI]] et [[Ioannes Paulus II|Ioanne Paulo II]] post Concilium Vaticanum II promulgatos esse "unicam expressionem ''legis orandi'' Ritus Romani".<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021)}}</ref> Hoc verbum "unica expressio" significat Formam Extraordinariam iam non esse alteram expressionem eiusdem ''legis orandi'', ut Benedictus XVI docuerat. '''Articulus secundus''' statuit episcopum dioecesanum esse "moderatorem, promotorem atque custodem" totius vitae liturgicae in sua Ecclesia particulari, eiusque esse "exclusivam competentiam" permittendi usum Missalis Romani anni 1962 in sua dioecesi, iuxta Sedis Apostolicae lineamenta.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021)}}</ref> '''Articulus tertius''' episcopis in quorum dioecesibus coetus Missam Tridentinam celebrantes iam exsistunt mandat ut: # Verificent hos coetus validitatem et legitimitatem instaurationis liturgicae Concilii Vaticani II non excludere. # Unum vel plures locos designent (sed non ecclesias paroeciales, nec novas paroecias personales erigendo) ubi hi coetus ad Eucharistiam celebrandam convenire possint. # Dies statuant quibus celebrationes eucharisticae iuxta Missale anni 1962 permittuntur, in quibus lectiones lingua vernacula proclamandae sunt. # Presbyterum delegatum designent, Latine peritum et pastorali cura praeditum, qui hos coetus curet. # Verificent utrum paroeciae personales pro his fidelibus erectae spirituali eorum incremento efficaciter inserviant. # Impediant ne novi coetus constituantur.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021)}}</ref> '''Articuli quartus et quintus''' praecipiunt ut presbyteri post promulgationem huius documenti ordinati, qui Missale anni 1962 adhibere velint, petitionem formalem ad episcopum dioecesanum mittant, qui ante concessionem a Sede Apostolica licentiam rogabit. Presbyteri qui iam iuxta Missale anni 1962 celebrant debent ab episcopo licentiam ad hanc facultatem servandam petere.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021)}}</ref> '''Articuli sextus et septimus''' iurisdictionem super instituta vitae consecratae et societates vitae apostolicae a Pontificia Commissione "Ecclesia Dei" erecta ad Congregationem pro Institutis Vitae Consecratae et Societatibus Vitae Apostolicae transferunt. Haec Congregatio et Congregatio de Cultu Divino et Disciplina Sacramentorum auctoritatem Sanctae Sedis in his rebus exercent.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021)}}</ref> '''Articulus octavus''' omnes normas, dispositiones, concessiones et consuetudines priores quae huic motu proprio non conformes sunt abrogat. Dispositiones statim vim obtinuerunt.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021)}}</ref> == Epistula comitans == Simul cum ''Traditionis custodes'', Papa Franciscus epistulam pastoralem ad episcopos totius orbis misit, in qua rationes suae decisionis exposuit, eodem modo quo Benedictus XVI epistulam comitantem ad ''Summorum Pontificum'' miserat. === De intentionibus praedecessorum === Franciscus in hac epistula explicat concessiones a Ioanne Paulo II et Benedicto XVI factas "praecipue motivatas fuisse desiderio sanandi schisma cum motu Mons. Lefebvre". Addit se credere "multos in Ecclesia hanc facultatem occasionem habuisse libere adoptandi Missale Romanum a S. Pio V promulgatum eoque utendi modo parallelo cum Missali Romano a S. Paulo VI promulgato".<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> Franciscus commemorat Benedictum XVI in ''Summorum Pontificum'' timorem divisionis "infundatum" vocavisse et sperasse duas formas se mutuo "dituras" esse. Sed Franciscus dicit exitus consultationis episcoporum "statum qui me sollicitat et contristat" revelare: "Occasio a S. Ioanne Paulo II oblata et, maiori cum magnanimitate, a Benedicto XVI, ad recuperandam unitatem corporis ecclesialis cum diversis sensibus liturgicis, saepe graviter neglecta est. [...] Exploitata est ad distantias augendas, diversitates roborandas, et dissensiones fovendas quae Ecclesiam laedunt, eius iter impediunt et eam periculo divisionis exponunt."<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> === De Concilio Vaticano II === Franciscus dicit se dolere de abusibus liturgicis "ex utraque parte", sed praecipue se tristari quod "usus instrumentalis Missalis Romani anni 1962 saepe characterizatur reiectione non solum instaurationis liturgicae, sed ipsius Concilii Vaticani II, asserendo, assertionibus infundatis et insustentabilibus, id Traditionem et 'veram Ecclesiam' prodidisse". Franciscus hanc assertionem reicit et dicit: "Dubitare de Concilio est dubitare de intentionibus ipsorum Patrum qui potestatem suam collegialem modo solemni ''cum Petro et sub Petro'' in Concilio oecumenico exercuerunt, et, in ultima analysi, dubitare de ipso Spiritu Sancto qui Ecclesiam ducit."<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> === De unitate Ecclesiae === Franciscus "rationem finalem" suae decisionis esse dicit quod "magis magisque in verbis et atitudinibus multorum manifesta est arcta connexio inter electionem celebrationum iuxta libros liturgicos ante Concilium Vaticanum II et reiectionem Ecclesiae eiusque institutionum nomine eius quod vocatur 'vera Ecclesia'". Propter hoc, "in defensionem unitatis Corporis Christi, cogor facultatem a praedecessoribus meis concessam revocare."<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> Ad episcopos appellans, Franciscus scribit: "Dum in exercitio ministerii mei in servitium unitatis hanc decisionem suscipio, vos rogo ut hanc sarcinam mecum participetis tamquam formam participationis in sollicitudine pro tota Ecclesia episcopis propria."<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> == Instructiones et clarificationes subsequentes == === Responsa ad dubia (2021) === Die 18 Decembris 2021, Congregatio de Cultu Divino et Disciplina Sacramentorum responsa ad undecim dubia de applicatione ''Traditionis custodes'' edidit, approbante Papa Francisco. Haec documenta, die 4 Decembris 2021 data, inter alia statuerunt: * Missam Tridentinam in ecclesia paroeciali celebrari posse solum si locus alius omnino non adest, cum licentia tum episcopi tum Congregationis, sed haec celebratio in horarium paroeciale non inserenda est. * Sacramenta confirmationis et ordinationis secundum Pontificale Romanum antiquum omnino vetita esse; sacramenta baptismi, paenitentiae, matrimonii, unctionis infirmorum et exsequiarum iuxta Rituale Romanum anni 1952 solum in paroecis personalibus permitti. * Sacerdotes qui concelebrare recusant, praesertim in Missa Chrismatis cum episcopo in Feria V Hebdomadae Sanctae, licentiam celebrandi Missam Tridentinam obtinere non posse. * Lectiones in Missa Tridentina semper lingua vernacula proclamandas esse, adhibitis translationibus a Conferentia Episcopali approbatis. * Licentiam celebrandi Missam Tridentinam ad territorium episcopi concedentis restrictam esse, et sacerdotem semel tantum in die Missam Tridentinam celebrare posse.<ref>{{qc|id=Congregatio de Cultu Divino (2021)}}</ref> [[Congregatio de Cultu Divino et Disciplina Sacramentorum]] etiam in hac instructione officiali (''responsa'') declaravit textum Latinum ''Traditionis custodes'' esse "textum officialem qui adhibendus est".<ref>{{qc|id=Congregatio de Cultu Divino (2021)}}</ref> === Desiderio desideravi (2022) === Die 29 Iunii 2022, Papa Franciscus epistulam apostolicam ''Desiderio desideravi'' promulgavit, in qua iterum affirmavit se ''Traditionis custodes'' scripsisse quia libri liturgici Pauli VI et Ioannis Pauli II "fidelitatem instaurationis Concilii" praebent et quia Franciscus vult "Ecclesiam in varietate tot linguarum unam eandemque orationem tollere quae eius unitatem exprimere valeat". Addit: "Ad illam formam ritualem redire non possumus quam Patres Concilii [...] reformandam esse censuerunt."<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2022)}}</ref> === Rescriptum (2023) === Die 21 Februarii 2023, Sancta Sedes rescriptum papale edidit, a Cardinali Arthuro Roche, Praefecto Dicasterio pro Cultu Divino, scriptum et die praecedenti a Papa approbatum. Rescriptum clarius statuit dispensationes a restrictionibus ''Traditionis custodes'' (secundum canonem 87 Codicis Iuris Canonici) Sedi Apostolicae reservari, ita episcopis prohibens quominus suas proprias dispensationes concedant.<ref>{{qc|id=Roche (2023)}}</ref> == Receptio == === In Ecclesia Catholica === Receptio ''Traditionis custodes'' in Ecclesia Catholica valde divisa fuit. Cardinalis [[Gualterius Kasper]] documentum laudavit, asserens "maximam partem" catholicorum Missae Tridentinae adversam esse et quosdam asseclas Missae Tridentinae Benedictum XVI ad divisionem adhibuisse.<ref>{{qc|id=Kasper (2021)}}</ref> Conferentia Episcoporum Civitatum Foederatarum, per praesidem suum Iosephum Horatium Gomez, documentum accepit, episcopos hortans ad "curam, patientiam, iustitiam et caritatem" in applicatione.<ref>{{qc|id=Gomez (2021)}}</ref> Conferentia Episcoporum Galliae similiter documentum accepit, fidelibus Missae Tridentinae adhaerentes "aestimationem" suam exprimendo.<ref>{{qc|id=Conferentia Episcoporum Galliae (2021)}}</ref> Cardinalis [[Raimundus Leo Burke]], olim Praefectus Supremi Tribunalis Signaturae Apostolicae, documentum "severum et revolutionarium" vocavit et dubitavit de potestate papae usum ritus antiqui revocandi.<ref>{{qc|id=Burke (2021)}}</ref> Cardinalis [[Gerhardus Ludovicus Müller]], olim Praefectus [[Dicasterium pro Doctrina Fidei|Congregationis pro Doctrina Fidei]], documentum "durum" descripsit.<ref>{{qc|id=Müller (2021)}}</ref> Cardinalis Iosephus Zen declaravit "multas generalizationes tendentiosas in documentis corda multorum bonorum hominum plus quam expectatum laesisse".<ref>{{qc|id=Zen (2021)}}</ref> [[Georgius Gänswein]], secretarius Papae Emeriti Benedicti XVI, in libro ''Nient'altro che la verità'' (2023) scripsit Benedictum ''Traditionis custodes'' "cum dolore in corde" legisse et restrictionem Missae Tridentinae "errorem" esse censuisse, quia "conatum pacificationis in periculum posuerit".<ref>{{qc|id=Gänswein (2023)}}</ref> === Catholici traditionalistae === Catholici traditionalistae documentum statim ut "impetum in ipsos et in liturgiam antiquam" perceperunt.<ref>{{qc|id=Franciscus (2021a)}}</ref> Iosephus Shaw, praeses Societatis Missae Latinae Angliae et Cambriae, documentum "stupendum" vocavit et dixit Franciscum "omnino solvisse dispositiones ''Summorum Pontificum''".<ref>{{qc|id=Shaw (2021)}}</ref> [[Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri]] (FSSP) "cum admiratione" documentum accepit et "magnam tristitiam" expressit de rationibus adductis ad usum Missalis Ioannis XXIII limitandum, quod "centrum charismatissui" est.<ref>{{qc|id=Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri (2021)}}</ref> Tamen, die 21 Februarii 2022, Fraternitas nuntiavit Papam Franciscum die 4 Februarii eis dixisse instituta quorum ratio existendi usus Missalis Tridentini est a motu proprio non affici, et decretum speciale emisisse quo membris FSSP facultas celebrandi Missam et sacramenta iuxta editiones typicas librorum liturgicorum anni 1962 concessa est.<ref>{{qc|id=Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri (2022)}}</ref> [[Foederatio Internationalis Una Voce]] declarationem officialem edidit in qua reiecit assertionem eos qui Missis Tridentinis intersunt Ecclesiae Catholicae et Concilio Vaticano II inoboedientes esse.<ref>{{qc|id=Una Voce (2021)}}</ref> Davides Pagliarani, Superior Generalis [[Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Pii X|Fraternitatis Societatis Sancti Pii X]], scripsit: "Aetas 'hermeneuticae continuitatis', cum suis aequivocationibus, illusionibus et conatibus impossibilibus, radicitus finita est." Addidit Missam Tridentinam "conceptionem vitae christianae exprimere et tradere quae omnino incompatibilis est cum ecclesiologia ex Concilio Vaticano II orta".<ref>{{qc|id=Pagliarani (2021)}}</ref> === Academici === Curtius Martens, professor iuris canonici in Universitate Catholica Americae, notavit terminum "Forma Extraordinaria" in nova legislatione non amplius adhiberi et episcopis dioecesanis "latam responsabilitatem" datam esse quoad usum liturgiae prioris.<ref>{{qc|id=Martens (2021)}}</ref> Christophorus Bellitto, professor historiae Ecclesiae in Universitate Kean, dixit Franciscum recte intervenisse, notans decisionem Benedicti XVI "multas consequentias non intentas habuisse quae non solum Ecclesiam diviserunt sed etiam relationes cum Iudaeis turbaverint".<ref>{{qc|id=Bellitto (2021)}}</ref> Martinus Klöckener, professor liturgiae in Universitate Friburgensi, documentum ut "correctionem necessariam" approbionis Benedicti accepit, notans id auctoritatem episcopis localium restauravisse.<ref>{{qc|id=Klöckener (2021)}}</ref> === Opinio publica === Investigatio mensis Septembris 2021 a ''Pew Research Center'' in Civitatibus Foederatis facta invenit circiter duas ex tribus partes catholicorum Americanorum novarum restrictionum ignaros esse. Inter catholicos qui singulis hebdomadibus Missam frequentant, 29% restrictiones improbaverunt, 11% approbaverunt, 17% nullam opinionem habuerunt, et 42% earum ignari erant.<ref>{{qc|id=Pew Research Center (2021)}}</ref> == Applicatio == === America Centralis === Die 20 Iulii 2021, Conferentia Episcopalis Costaricae statuit nullam Missam Tridentinam in ullis dioecesibus suis permitti.<ref>{{qc|id=Conferentia Episcopalis Costaricae (2021)}}</ref> === Civitates Foederatae === Secundum ''The Pillar'', ante ''Traditionis custodes'' 657 loca in Civitatibus Foederatis erant ubi Missa Tridentina regulariter celebrabatur. Nonnulli episcopi Americani (sicut Scharfenberger, Aquila, et Cordileone) affirmaverunt Missam Tridentinam in suis dioecesibus continuaturam esse.<ref>{{qc|id=The Pillar (2021)}}</ref> Mense Decembri 2021, Cardinalis Blasius Cupich in Archidioecesi Chicagiensi restrictiones imposuit, inter alia vetando Missas Tridentinas in primis Dominicis cuiusque mensis et in Nativitate Domini, Triduo Paschali et Dominica Pentecostes.<ref>{{qc|id=Cupich (2021)}}</ref> === Britannia === In [[Anglia]], prima paroecia personalis pro celebratione Missae Tridentinae anno 2018 erecta erat, tribus annis ante ''Traditionis custodes''. Conferentia Episcopalis Angliae et Cambriae declarationem generalem non edidit. Quidam episcopi Missas Tridentinas statim prohibuerunt, alii licentias temporarias concesserunt donec documentum diligentius examinassent.<ref>{{qc|id=The Tablet (2021)}}</ref> Mense Februario 2024, Cardinalis Vincentius Nichols nuntiavit Missam Tridentinam pro Triduo Paschali, quae quotannis in ecclesia Sanctae Mariae Moorfields celebrari solebat, cancellatam esse, quod primum erat ex annis 1990 ut Triduum iuxta ritus antiquos in Archidioecesi Westmonasteriensi non celebraretur.<ref>{{qc|id=Nichols (2024)}}</ref> == Vide etiam == * [[Summorum Pontificum]] * [[Missa Tridentina]] * [[Concilium Vaticanum Secundum]] * [[Sacrosanctum Concilium]] * [[Desiderio desideravi]] * [[Franciscus (papa)]] == Notae == <references /> == Bibliographia == * {{ec|id=Franciscus (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Franciscus PP.|annus=2021|titulus=Litterae Apostolicae Motu Proprio datae Traditionis Custodes de usu librorum liturgicorum instaurationem Concilii Vaticani II antecedentium|opus=Acta Apostolicae Sedis|volumen=113|paginae=793–796|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/la/motu_proprio/documents/20210716-motu-proprio-traditionis-custodes.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Franciscus (2021a)|c={{Opus|auctor=Franciscus PP.|annus=2021|titulus=Epistula ad Episcopos totius orbis comitans Litteras Apostolicas Motu Proprio datas Traditionis Custodes|opus=Acta Apostolicae Sedis|volumen=113|paginae=802–811|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/letters/2021/documents/20210716-lettera-vescovi-liturgia.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Congregatio de Cultu Divino (1984)|c={{Opus|auctor=Congregatio de Cultu Divino|annus=1984|titulus=Quattuor abhinc annos (Epistula Circularis)}}}} * {{ec|id=Ioannes Paulus II (1988)|c={{Opus|auctor=Ioannes Paulus II PP.|annus=1988|titulus=Litterae Apostolicae Motu Proprio datae Ecclesia Dei|opus=Acta Apostolicae Sedis|volumen=80|paginae=1495–1498|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/la/motu_proprio/documents/hf_jp-ii_motu-proprio_02071988_ecclesia-dei.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Benedictus XVI (2007)|c={{Opus|auctor=Benedictus XVI PP.|annus=2007|titulus=Litterae Apostolicae Motu Proprio datae Summorum Pontificum|opus=Acta Apostolicae Sedis|volumen=99|paginae=777–781|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/la/motu_proprio/documents/hf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070707_summorum-pontificum.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Paulus VI (1969)|c={{Opus|auctor=Paulus VI PP.|annus=1969|titulus=Missale Romanum (editio typica)}}}} * {{ec|id=Congregatio de Cultu Divino (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Congregatio de Cultu Divino et Disciplina Sacramentorum|annus=2021|titulus=Responsa ad dubia de quibusdam provisionibus Litterarum Apostolicarum Motu Proprio datarum Traditionis Custodes|opus=Acta Apostolicae Sedis|volumen=114|paginae=139–149|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccdds/documents/rc_con_ccdds_doc_20211204_responsa-ad-dubia-tradizionis-custodes_en.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Franciscus (2022)|c={{Opus|auctor=Franciscus PP.|annus=2022|titulus=Epistula Apostolica Desiderio desideravi de liturgica formatione Populi Dei|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/apost_letters/documents/20220629-lettera-ap-desiderio-desideravi.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Roche (2023)|c={{Opus|auctor=Roche, Arthur|annus=2023|titulus=Rescriptum ex Audientia SS.mi|opus=Acta Apostolicae Sedis|volumen=115|paginae=370–371|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccdds/documents/rc_con_ccdds_doc_20230220_rescriptum-traditionis-custodes_en.html}}}} * {{ec|id=Burke (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Burke, Raymond Leo|annus=2021|titulus=Statement on the Motu Proprio Traditionis Custodes|url=https://www.cardinalburke.com/articles/statement-on-traditionis-custodes}}}} * {{ec|id=Müller (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Müller, Gerhard Ludwig|annus=2021|titulus=Commentaria de Traditionis Custodes}}}} * {{ec|id=Zen (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Zen, Iosephus|annus=2021|titulus=Declaratio de Traditionis Custodes|opus=Blog personalis}}}} * {{ec|id=Kasper (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Kasper, Walter|annus=2021|titulus=Commentaria de Traditionis Custodes}}}} * {{ec|id=Gomez (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Gomez, José Horacio|annus=2021|titulus=Statement on Motu Proprio Traditionis Custodes|editor=United States Conference of Catholic Bishops}}}} * {{ec|id=Conferentia Episcoporum Galliae (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Conférence des Évêques de France|annus=2021|titulus=Déclaration sur le Motu Proprio Traditionis Custodes}}}} * {{ec|id=Shaw (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Shaw, Joseph|annus=2021|titulus=Declaratio de Traditionis Custodes|editor=Latin Mass Society of England and Wales}}}} * {{ec|id=Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri|annus=2021|titulus=Communiqué on Traditionis Custodes|url=https://www.fssp.org/en/communique-of-the-priestly-fraternity-of-saint-peter/}}}} * {{ec|id=Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri (2022)|c={{Opus|auctor=Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri|annus=2022|titulus=Official Communiqué: Decree of Pope Francis granting faculties to the FSSP|url=https://www.fssp.org/en/decree-of-pope-francis-granting-faculties-to-the-fssp/}}}} * {{ec|id=Una Voce (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Foederatio Internationalis Una Voce|annus=2021|titulus=Statement on Traditionis Custodes}}}} * {{ec|id=Pagliarani (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Pagliarani, Davides|annus=2021|titulus=Epistula de Traditionis Custodes|editor=Societas Sancti Pii X}}}} * {{ec|id=Gänswein (2023)|c={{Opus|auctor=Gänswein, Georg|annus=2023|titulus=Nient'altro che la verità|editor=Piemme}}}} * {{ec|id=Martens (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Martens, Kurt|annus=2021|titulus=Commentaria de Traditionis Custodes|editor=Catholic University of America}}}} * {{ec|id=Bellitto (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Bellitto, Christopher|annus=2021|titulus=Commentaria de Traditionis Custodes|editor=Kean University}}}} * {{ec|id=Klöckener (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Klöckener, Martin|annus=2021|titulus=Commentaria de Traditionis Custodes|editor=Universitas Friburgensis}}}} * {{ec|id=Pew Research Center (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Pew Research Center|annus=2021|titulus=Survey on U.S. Catholic Awareness of Traditionis Custodes|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/11/23/most-u-s-catholics-unaware-of-pope-francis-new-restrictions-on-traditional-latin-mass/}}}} * {{ec|id=Conferentia Episcopalis Costaricae (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Conferentia Episcopalis Costaricae|annus=2021|titulus=Declaratio de Traditionis Custodes}}}} * {{ec|id=The Pillar (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=The Pillar|annus=2021|titulus=Review of the Latin Mass Directory in the United States}}}} * {{ec|id=Cupich (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=Cupich, Blasius|annus=2021|titulus=Norms for the Implementation of Traditionis Custodes in the Archdiocese of Chicago}}}} * {{ec|id=The Tablet (2021)|c={{Opus|auctor=The Tablet|annus=2021|titulus=Reactions to Traditionis Custodes in England and Wales}}}} * {{ec|id=Nichols (2024)|c={{Opus|auctor=Nichols, Vincent|annus=2024|titulus=Declaratio de Missa Tridentina in Triduo Paschali|editor=Archidioecesis Westmonasteriensis}}}} [[Categoria:Franciscus (papa)]] [[Categoria:Liturgia catholica]] [[Categoria:Missa Tridentina]] b53ncpchhxa9y6nrlu132oksf00wvyb 10 325228 3961741 2026-05-25T19:47:59Z JimKillock 109532 Paginam instituit, scribens '== Formula:Capsa documenti pontificii Vicidatorum == === Fons formulae (ad paginam "Formula:Capsa documenti pontificii Vicidatorum" inserendus) === <includeonly>{{Capsa Vicidatorum | color = #f0e6d3 | imago1_property = P18 | imago1_magnitudo = 150px | imago1_descriptio = imago | grex1 = Documentum | index1 = {{#if:{{#property:P31}}|''Genus'': {{#statements:P31}}<br />}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{#property:P1476}}|''Titulus'': {{#statements:P1476}}<br...' 3961741 wikitext text/x-wiki == Formula:Capsa documenti pontificii Vicidatorum == === Fons formulae (ad paginam "Formula:Capsa documenti pontificii Vicidatorum" inserendus) === <includeonly>{{Capsa Vicidatorum | color = #f0e6d3 | imago1_property = P18 | imago1_magnitudo = 150px | imago1_descriptio = imago | grex1 = Documentum | index1 = {{#if:{{#property:P31}}|''Genus'': {{#statements:P31}}<br />}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{#property:P1476}}|''Titulus'': {{#statements:P1476}}<br />}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{#property:P50}}|''Auctor'': {{#statements:P50}}<br />}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{#property:P577}}|''Dies promulgationis'': {{#statements:P577}}<br />}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{#property:P407}}|''Lingua originalis'': {{#statements:P407}}<br />}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{#property:P921}}|''Argumentum principale'': {{#statements:P921}}<br />}} | grex2 = Nexus | index2 = {{#if:{{#property:P953}}|''Textus apud Sedem Apostolicam'': [{{#property:P953}} legere]<br />}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{#property:P155}}|''Praecedit'': {{#statements:P155}}<br />}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{#property:P156}}|''Sequitur'': {{#statements:P156}}<br />}} }}</includeonly><noinclude> == Usus == Hanc formulam licet ad caput omnis paginae de documento pontificio (epistula apostolica, motu proprio, constitutione apostolica, encyclica, aliisve documentis papalibus) inserere. Parametra apud nos nulla requirit: data omnia e [[d:|Vicidatis]] extrahuntur. Si data erronea seu lacunosa sunt, i ad paginam Vicidata respectivam (per nexum sub verbo "Vicidata" oblatum) ibique aut corrige aut adde ea quae conveniunt. This formula can be placed at the top of any page about a papal document (apostolic letter, motu proprio, apostolic constitution, encyclical, or other papal document). It requires no local parameters: it produces an infobox drawn from information at Wikidata. If the data shown are erroneous or incomplete, go to the Wikidata page and add or correct as necessary. === Proprietates Vicidatorum adhibitae === {| class="wikitable" ! Proprietas !! Significatio !! Exemplum |- | P31 || Genus documenti || motu proprio; epistula apostolica |- | P1476 || Titulus || Traditionis custodes |- | P50 || Auctor || Papa Franciscus |- | P577 || Dies promulgationis || 16 Iulii 2021 |- | P407 || Lingua originalis || Latina |- | P921 || Argumentum principale || Missa Tridentina; Missa Pauli VI |- | P953 || Textus apud Sedem Apostolicam || https://www.vatican.va/… |- | P155 || Documentum praecedens || Antiquum ministerium |- | P156 || Documentum sequens || Desiderio desideravi |} [[Categoria:Formulae Vicidatorum]] </noinclude> j7i3xbg0qipqc4kpnspal9dysyu10p5 3961742 3961741 2026-05-25T19:48:23Z JimKillock 109532 3961742 wikitext text/x-wiki == Formula:Capsa documenti pontificii Vicidatorum == <includeonly>{{Capsa Vicidatorum | color = #f0e6d3 | imago1_property = P18 | imago1_magnitudo = 150px | imago1_descriptio = imago | grex1 = Documentum | index1 = {{#if:{{#property:P31}}|''Genus'': {{#statements:P31}}<br />}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{#property:P1476}}|''Titulus'': {{#statements:P1476}}<br />}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{#property:P50}}|''Auctor'': {{#statements:P50}}<br />}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{#property:P577}}|''Dies promulgationis'': {{#statements:P577}}<br />}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{#property:P407}}|''Lingua originalis'': {{#statements:P407}}<br />}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{#property:P921}}|''Argumentum principale'': {{#statements:P921}}<br />}} | grex2 = Nexus | index2 = {{#if:{{#property:P953}}|''Textus apud Sedem Apostolicam'': [{{#property:P953}} legere]<br />}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{#property:P155}}|''Praecedit'': {{#statements:P155}}<br />}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{#property:P156}}|''Sequitur'': {{#statements:P156}}<br />}} }}</includeonly><noinclude> == Usus == Hanc formulam licet ad caput omnis paginae de documento pontificio (epistula apostolica, motu proprio, constitutione apostolica, encyclica, aliisve documentis papalibus) inserere. Parametra apud nos nulla requirit: data omnia e [[d:|Vicidatis]] extrahuntur. Si data erronea seu lacunosa sunt, i ad paginam Vicidata respectivam (per nexum sub verbo "Vicidata" oblatum) ibique aut corrige aut adde ea quae conveniunt. This formula can be placed at the top of any page about a papal document (apostolic letter, motu proprio, apostolic constitution, encyclical, or other papal document). It requires no local parameters: it produces an infobox drawn from information at Wikidata. If the data shown are erroneous or incomplete, go to the Wikidata page and add or correct as necessary. === Proprietates Vicidatorum adhibitae === {| class="wikitable" ! Proprietas !! Significatio !! Exemplum |- | P31 || Genus documenti || motu proprio; epistula apostolica |- | P1476 || Titulus || Traditionis custodes |- | P50 || Auctor || Papa Franciscus |- | P577 || Dies promulgationis || 16 Iulii 2021 |- | P407 || Lingua originalis || Latina |- | P921 || Argumentum principale || Missa Tridentina; Missa Pauli VI |- | P953 || Textus apud Sedem Apostolicam || https://www.vatican.va/… |- | P155 || Documentum praecedens || Antiquum ministerium |- | P156 || Documentum sequens || Desiderio desideravi |} [[Categoria:Formulae Vicidatorum]] </noinclude> ndu9dfmqc6aep09z5r8x7iqloto9rje 3961743 3961742 2026-05-25T19:48:37Z JimKillock 109532 3961743 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{Capsa Vicidatorum | color = #f0e6d3 | imago1_property = P18 | imago1_magnitudo = 150px | imago1_descriptio = imago | grex1 = Documentum | index1 = {{#if:{{#property:P31}}|''Genus'': {{#statements:P31}}<br />}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{#property:P1476}}|''Titulus'': {{#statements:P1476}}<br />}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{#property:P50}}|''Auctor'': {{#statements:P50}}<br />}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{#property:P577}}|''Dies promulgationis'': {{#statements:P577}}<br />}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{#property:P407}}|''Lingua originalis'': {{#statements:P407}}<br />}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{#property:P921}}|''Argumentum principale'': {{#statements:P921}}<br />}} | grex2 = Nexus | index2 = {{#if:{{#property:P953}}|''Textus apud Sedem Apostolicam'': [{{#property:P953}} legere]<br />}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{#property:P155}}|''Praecedit'': {{#statements:P155}}<br />}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{#property:P156}}|''Sequitur'': {{#statements:P156}}<br />}} }}</includeonly><noinclude> == Usus == Hanc formulam licet ad caput omnis paginae de documento pontificio (epistula apostolica, motu proprio, constitutione apostolica, encyclica, aliisve documentis papalibus) inserere. Parametra apud nos nulla requirit: data omnia e [[d:|Vicidatis]] extrahuntur. Si data erronea seu lacunosa sunt, i ad paginam Vicidata respectivam (per nexum sub verbo "Vicidata" oblatum) ibique aut corrige aut adde ea quae conveniunt. This formula can be placed at the top of any page about a papal document (apostolic letter, motu proprio, apostolic constitution, encyclical, or other papal document). It requires no local parameters: it produces an infobox drawn from information at Wikidata. If the data shown are erroneous or incomplete, go to the Wikidata page and add or correct as necessary. === Proprietates Vicidatorum adhibitae === {| class="wikitable" ! Proprietas !! Significatio !! Exemplum |- | P31 || Genus documenti || motu proprio; epistula apostolica |- | P1476 || Titulus || Traditionis custodes |- | P50 || Auctor || Papa Franciscus |- | P577 || Dies promulgationis || 16 Iulii 2021 |- | P407 || Lingua originalis || Latina |- | P921 || Argumentum principale || Missa Tridentina; Missa Pauli VI |- | P953 || Textus apud Sedem Apostolicam || https://www.vatican.va/… |- | P155 || Documentum praecedens || Antiquum ministerium |- | P156 || Documentum sequens || Desiderio desideravi |} [[Categoria:Formulae Vicidatorum]] </noinclude> nf02o5dnz4xsobxeyu02z9zpi2zqc3s 3961761 3961743 2026-05-25T22:49:56Z Bartholomite 116968 3961761 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{Capsa Vicidatorum | color = #f0e6d3 | imago1_property = P18 | imago1_magnitudo = 150px | imago1_descriptio = imago | grex1 = Documentum | index1 = {{#if:{{#property:P31}}|''Genus'': {{#statements:P31}}<br />}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{#property:P1476}}|''Titulus'': {{#statements:P1476}}<br />}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{#property:P50}}|''Auctor'': {{#statements:P50}}<br />}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{#property:P577}}|''Dies promulgationis'': {{#statements:P577}}<br />}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{#property:P407}}|''Lingua originalis'': {{#statements:P407}}<br />}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{#property:P921}}|''Argumentum principale'': {{#statements:P921}}<br />}} | grex2 = Nexus | index2 = {{#if:{{#property:P953}}|''Textus apud Sedem Apostolicam'': {{#property:P953}}<br />}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{#property:P155}}|''Praecedit'': {{#statements:P155}}<br />}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{#property:P156}}|''Sequitur'': {{#statements:P156}}<br />}} }}</includeonly><noinclude> == Usus == Hanc formulam licet ad caput omnis paginae de documento pontificio (epistula apostolica, motu proprio, constitutione apostolica, encyclica, aliisve documentis papalibus) inserere. Parametra apud nos nulla requirit: data omnia e [[d:|Vicidatis]] extrahuntur. Si data erronea seu lacunosa sunt, i ad paginam Vicidata respectivam (per nexum sub verbo "Vicidata" oblatum) ibique aut corrige aut adde ea quae conveniunt. This formula can be placed at the top of any page about a papal document (apostolic letter, motu proprio, apostolic constitution, encyclical, or other papal document). It requires no local parameters: it produces an infobox drawn from information at Wikidata. If the data shown are erroneous or incomplete, go to the Wikidata page and add or correct as necessary. === Proprietates Vicidatorum adhibitae === {| class="wikitable" ! Proprietas !! Significatio !! Exemplum |- | P31 || Genus documenti || motu proprio; epistula apostolica |- | P1476 || Titulus || Traditionis custodes |- | P50 || Auctor || Papa Franciscus |- | P577 || Dies promulgationis || 16 Iulii 2021 |- | P407 || Lingua originalis || Latina |- | P921 || Argumentum principale || Missa Tridentina; Missa Pauli VI |- | P953 || Textus apud Sedem Apostolicam || https://www.vatican.va/… |- | P155 || Documentum praecedens || Antiquum ministerium |- | P156 || Documentum sequens || Desiderio desideravi |} [[Categoria:Formulae Vicidatorum]] </noinclude> l59qd253sudywi0qv10oq8b7fvs1c41 3961770 3961761 2026-05-25T23:37:20Z Grufo 64423 De alio modo quo {{#property:P953}} ostendi potest 3961770 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{Capsa Vicidatorum | color = #f0e6d3 | imago1_property = P18 | imago1_magnitudo = 150px | imago1_descriptio = imago | grex1 = Documentum | index1 = {{#if:{{#property:P31}}|''Genus'': {{#statements:P31}}<br />}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{#property:P1476}}|''Titulus'': {{#statements:P1476}}<br />}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{#property:P50}}|''Auctor'': {{#statements:P50}}<br />}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{#property:P577}}|''Dies promulgationis'': {{#statements:P577}}<br />}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{#property:P407}}|''Lingua originalis'': {{#statements:P407}}<br />}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{#property:P921}}|''Argumentum principale'': {{#statements:P921}}<br />}} | grex2 = Nexus | index2 = {{#invoke:params|new| parsing|{{#property:P953}}|trim_all|splitter_pattern|%s+|setter_string|| trimming_values| with_value_not_matching||strict| setting|h/i/f|''Textus apud Sedem Apostolicam'': |, |.<br />| for_each|[$@ fons $#]}} <!-- -->{{#if:{{#property:P155}}|''Praecedit'': {{#statements:P155}}<br />}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{#property:P156}}|''Sequitur'': {{#statements:P156}}<br />}} }}</includeonly><noinclude> == Usus == Hanc formulam licet ad caput omnis paginae de documento pontificio (epistula apostolica, motu proprio, constitutione apostolica, encyclica, aliisve documentis papalibus) inserere. Parametra apud nos nulla requirit: data omnia e [[d:|Vicidatis]] extrahuntur. Si data erronea seu lacunosa sunt, i ad paginam Vicidata respectivam (per nexum sub verbo "Vicidata" oblatum) ibique aut corrige aut adde ea quae conveniunt. This formula can be placed at the top of any page about a papal document (apostolic letter, motu proprio, apostolic constitution, encyclical, or other papal document). It requires no local parameters: it produces an infobox drawn from information at Wikidata. If the data shown are erroneous or incomplete, go to the Wikidata page and add or correct as necessary. === Proprietates Vicidatorum adhibitae === {| class="wikitable" ! Proprietas !! Significatio !! Exemplum |- | P31 || Genus documenti || motu proprio; epistula apostolica |- | P1476 || Titulus || Traditionis custodes |- | P50 || Auctor || Papa Franciscus |- | P577 || Dies promulgationis || 16 Iulii 2021 |- | P407 || Lingua originalis || Latina |- | P921 || Argumentum principale || Missa Tridentina; Missa Pauli VI |- | P953 || Textus apud Sedem Apostolicam || https://www.vatican.va/… |- | P155 || Documentum praecedens || Antiquum ministerium |- | P156 || Documentum sequens || Desiderio desideravi |} [[Categoria:Formulae Vicidatorum]] </noinclude> m14604335thh14vtmhzdnard954d3ns 3961772 3961770 2026-05-25T23:40:23Z Grufo 64423 Documentationem in subpaginam posui 3961772 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{Capsa Vicidatorum | color = #f0e6d3 | imago1_property = P18 | imago1_magnitudo = 150px | imago1_descriptio = imago | grex1 = Documentum | index1 = {{#if:{{#property:P31}}|''Genus'': {{#statements:P31}}<br />}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{#property:P1476}}|''Titulus'': {{#statements:P1476}}<br />}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{#property:P50}}|''Auctor'': {{#statements:P50}}<br />}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{#property:P577}}|''Dies promulgationis'': {{#statements:P577}}<br />}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{#property:P407}}|''Lingua originalis'': {{#statements:P407}}<br />}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{#property:P921}}|''Argumentum principale'': {{#statements:P921}}<br />}} | grex2 = Nexus | index2 = {{#invoke:params|new| parsing|{{#property:P953}}|trim_all|splitter_pattern|%s+|setter_string|| trimming_values| with_value_not_matching||strict| setting|h/i/f|''Textus apud Sedem Apostolicam'': |, |.<br />| for_each|[$@ fons $#]}} <!-- -->{{#if:{{#property:P155}}|''Praecedit'': {{#statements:P155}}<br />}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{#property:P156}}|''Sequitur'': {{#statements:P156}}<br />}} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentatio}}</noinclude> qx93l0ghchywxpgcxt6xcz76y2ntpva 0 325229 3961746 2026-05-25T19:52:37Z JimKillock 109532 JimKillock movit paginam [[Traditionis Custodes]] ad [[Traditionis custodes]]: Titulus male scriptus 3961746 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Traditionis custodes]] jrnqwopry281ugny5v0cjwgp90ij5mb 0 325230 3961752 2026-05-25T21:40:51Z JimKillock 109532 Redirigens ad [[Missale Romanum]] 3961752 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Missale Romanum]] 5sc1556tn42capsx0tfuksg64auh3sf 0 325231 3961754 2026-05-25T22:10:46Z LilyKitty 18316 Paginam instituit, scribens '[[Fasciculus:Insigne Leonis XIV.svg|thumb|[[Insigne]] Leonis XIV]] '''Magnifica humanitas''' est [[epistula encyclica]] prima [[Leo XIV|Leonis XIV]] quae scripta et signata die [[15 Maii]] [[2026]] et publicata die [[25 Maii]] 2026 cuius titlus "hominem [[personalitas|personalem]] in aevo [[intellegentia artificialis|intellegentiae artificialis]]" est.<ref>[https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2026-05/pope-leo-xiv-encyclical-magnifica-humanitas-ai.html Pope...' 3961754 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Insigne Leonis XIV.svg|thumb|[[Insigne]] Leonis XIV]] '''Magnifica humanitas''' est [[epistula encyclica]] prima [[Leo XIV|Leonis XIV]] quae scripta et signata die [[15 Maii]] [[2026]] et publicata die [[25 Maii]] 2026 cuius titlus "hominem [[personalitas|personalem]] in aevo [[intellegentia artificialis|intellegentiae artificialis]]" est.<ref>[https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2026-05/pope-leo-xiv-encyclical-magnifica-humanitas-ai.html Pope Leo's 'Magnifica humanitas': AImust serve humanity not concentrate power]</ref> Hae epistula encyclica scripta post 135 annos ''[[Rerum Novarum]]'' scripta<ref>Et die [[15 Maii]] [[1891]] scripta fuit</ref> et abusum intellegentiae artificialis, discrimen multilateralismum et [[bellum]] ab intellegentia artificiali accusat et protectionem [[dignitas|dignitatis]] [[ius inalienabile|inalienablis]] hominis, dignitatem laboris et pacem et [[iustitia socialis|iustitiam socialem]] sub recte usum intellegentiae artificialis technologiaeque postulat. == Forma encyclicae == Hae [[epistula encyclica]] cinq capita et 245 sectionibus constituta est. *Primum caput: Accessus dynamica [[pietas|pietatis]] ad [[evangelium]] *Secundum caput: Fundamenti et principia [[doctrina]]e socialis [[ecclesia]]e *Caput tertium: [[Technologia]] et dominans. Magnitudo humanitatis in luce pactae [[intellegentia artificialis|intellegentiae artificialis]] *Caput quartum: [[Humanitas|Humanitatem]] in tempore transfomationis tuendum. [[Veritas]], Labor, [[Libertas]] *Caput quintum: Cultus [[potentia]]e et [[cultus humanus]] amoris == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == *[https://www.vatican.va/content/leo-xiv/en/encyclicals/documents/20260515-magnifica-humanitas.html Texus encyclicae] ([[Civitas Vaticana]]) {{Encyclicae Sociales}} [[Categoria:Encyclicae Sociales]] [[Categoria:Leo XIV]] [[Categoria:Scripti 2026]] 72jjlvo2moi4gua676mdmdm62jbhghl 3961758 3961754 2026-05-25T22:20:10Z LilyKitty 18316 corrigendum 3961758 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fasciculus:Insigne Leonis XIV.svg|thumb|[[Insigne]] Leonis XIV]] '''Magnifica humanitas''' est [[epistula encyclica]] prima [[Leo XIV|Leonis XIV]] quae scripta et signata die [[15 Maii]] [[2026]] et publicata die [[25 Maii]] 2026 cuius titlus "hominem [[personalitas|personalem]] in aevo [[intellegentia artificialis|intellegentiae artificialis]]" est.<ref>[https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2026-05/pope-leo-xiv-encyclical-magnifica-humanitas-ai.html Pope Leo's 'Magnifica humanitas': AImust serve humanity not concentrate power]</ref> Hae epistula encyclica scripta post 135 annos ''[[Rerum Novarum]]'' scripta<ref>Quae die [[15 Maii]] [[1891]] publicata fuit.</ref> et abusum intellegentiae artificialis, discrimen multilateralismum et [[bellum|bellos]] ab intellegentia artificiali accusat et protectionem [[dignitas|dignitatis]] [[ius inalienabile|inalienablis]] hominis, dignitatem laboris et [[pax|pacem]] et [[iustitia socialis|iustitiam socialem]] sub recte usum intellegentiae artificialis technologiaeque postulat. == Forma encyclicae == Hae [[epistula encyclica]] cinq capita et 245 sectionibus constituta est. *Primum caput: Accessus dynamica [[pietas|pietatis]] ad [[evangelium]] *Secundum caput: Fundamenti et principia [[doctrina]]e socialis [[ecclesia]]e *Caput tertium: [[Technologia]] et dominans. Magnitudo humanitatis in luce pactae [[intellegentia artificialis|intellegentiae artificialis]] *Caput quartum: [[Humanitas|Humanitatem]] in tempore transfomationis tuendum. [[Veritas]], Labor, [[Libertas]] *Caput quintum: Cultus [[potentia]]e et [[cultus humanus]] [[amor]]is == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == *[https://www.vatican.va/content/leo-xiv/en/encyclicals/documents/20260515-magnifica-humanitas.html Texus encyclicae] ([[Civitas Vaticana]]) {{Encyclicae Sociales}} [[Categoria:Encyclicae Sociales]] [[Categoria:Leo XIV]] [[Categoria:Intellegentia artificialis]] [[Categoria:2026]] 0bgd8791zocf9zzd5p9am9gvqtf9cbu 3961764 3961758 2026-05-25T23:06:40Z Bartholomite 116968 3961764 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa documenti pontificii Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Insigne Leonis XIV.svg|thumb|100px|[[Insigne]] Leonis XIV]] {{ores|Magnifica humanitas}} est [[epistula encyclica]] prima [[Leo XIV|Leonis XIV]] quae scripta et signata die [[15 Maii]] [[2026]] et publicata die [[25 Maii]] 2026 cuius titlus "hominem [[personalitas|personalem]] in aevo [[intellegentia artificialis|intellegentiae artificialis]]" est.<ref>[https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2026-05/pope-leo-xiv-encyclical-magnifica-humanitas-ai.html Pope Leo's 'Magnifica humanitas': AImust serve humanity not concentrate power]</ref> Hae epistula encyclica scripta post 135 annos ''[[Rerum Novarum]]'' scripta<ref>Quae die [[15 Maii]] [[1891]] publicata fuit.</ref> et abusum intellegentiae artificialis, discrimen multilateralismum et [[bellum|bellos]] ab intellegentia artificiali accusat et protectionem [[dignitas|dignitatis]] [[ius inalienabile|inalienablis]] hominis, dignitatem laboris et [[pax|pacem]] et [[iustitia socialis|iustitiam socialem]] sub recte usum intellegentiae artificialis technologiaeque postulat. == Forma encyclicae == Hae [[epistula encyclica]] cinq capita et 245 sectionibus constituta est. *Primum caput: Accessus dynamica [[pietas|pietatis]] ad [[evangelium]] *Secundum caput: Fundamenti et principia [[doctrina]]e socialis [[ecclesia]]e *Caput tertium: [[Technologia]] et dominans. Magnitudo humanitatis in luce pactae [[intellegentia artificialis|intellegentiae artificialis]] *Caput quartum: [[Humanitas|Humanitatem]] in tempore transfomationis tuendum. [[Veritas]], Labor, [[Libertas]] *Caput quintum: Cultus [[potentia]]e et [[cultus humanus]] [[amor]]is == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == *[https://www.vatican.va/content/leo-xiv/en/encyclicals/documents/20260515-magnifica-humanitas.html Texus encyclicae] ([[Civitas Vaticana]]) {{Titulus italicus}} {{Encyclicae Sociales}} [[Categoria:Encyclicae Leonis XIV]] [[Categoria:Encyclicae Sociales]] [[Categoria:Intellegentia artificialis]] [[Categoria:2026]] 0q1ss82sx96y9coqg8gggdfi3tcrf30 3961795 3961764 2026-05-26T02:33:00Z Bartholomite 116968 3961795 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa documenti pontificii Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Insigne Leonis XIV.svg|thumb|100px|[[Insigne]] Leonis XIV]] {{ores|Magnifica humanitas}} est [[epistula encyclica]] prima [[Leo XIV|Leonis XIV]] quae scripta et signata die [[15 Maii]] [[2026]] et publicata die [[25 Maii]] 2026 cuius titlus "hominem [[personalitas|personalem]] in aevo [[intellegentia artificialis|intellegentiae artificialis]]" est.<ref>[https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2026-05/pope-leo-xiv-encyclical-magnifica-humanitas-ai.html Pope Leo's 'Magnifica humanitas': AImust serve humanity not concentrate power]</ref> Hae epistula encyclica scripta post 135 annos ''[[Rerum Novarum]]'' scripta<ref>Quae die [[15 Maii]] [[1891]] publicata fuit.</ref> et abusum intellegentiae artificialis, discrimen multilateralismum et [[bellum|bellos]] ab intellegentia artificiali accusat et protectionem [[dignitas|dignitatis]] [[ius inalienabile|inalienablis]] hominis, dignitatem laboris et [[pax|pacem]] et [[iustitia socialis|iustitiam socialem]] sub recte usum intellegentiae artificialis technologiaeque postulat. == Forma encyclicae == Hae [[epistula encyclica]] cinq capita et 245 sectionibus constituta est. *Primum caput: Accessus dynamica [[pietas|pietatis]] ad [[evangelium]] *Secundum caput: Fundamenti et principia [[doctrina]]e socialis [[ecclesia]]e *Caput tertium: [[Technologia]] et dominans. Magnitudo humanitatis in luce pactae [[intellegentia artificialis|intellegentiae artificialis]] *Caput quartum: [[Humanitas|Humanitatem]] in tempore transfomationis tuendum. [[Veritas]], Labor, [[Libertas]] *Caput quintum: Cultus [[potentia]]e et [[cultus humanus]] [[amor]]is == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == *[https://www.vatican.va/content/leo-xiv/en/encyclicals/documents/20260515-magnifica-humanitas.html Texus encyclicae] ([[Civitas Vaticana]]) {{Titulus italicus}} {{Encyclicae Sociales}} [[Categoria:Encyclicae Leonis XIV]] [[Categoria:Encyclicae Sociales]] [[Categoria:Intellegentia artificialis]] [[Categoria:Scripta 2026]] 2a1tyh2iua536u6oeodswbqxwhbqm50 3961818 3961795 2026-05-26T05:23:07Z Bartholomite 116968 3961818 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa documenti pontificii Vicidatorum}} [[Fasciculus:Insigne Leonis XIV.svg|thumb|100px|[[Insigne]] Leonis XIV]] {{lres|Magnifica humanitas}} est [[epistula encyclica]] prima [[Leo XIV|Leonis XIV]] quae scripta et signata die [[15 Maii]] [[2026]] et publicata die [[25 Maii]] 2026 cuius titlus "hominem [[personalitas|personalem]] in aevo [[intellegentia artificialis|intellegentiae artificialis]]" est.<ref>[https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2026-05/pope-leo-xiv-encyclical-magnifica-humanitas-ai.html Pope Leo's 'Magnifica humanitas': AImust serve humanity not concentrate power]</ref> Hae epistula encyclica scripta post 135 annos ''[[Rerum Novarum]]'' scripta<ref>Quae die [[15 Maii]] [[1891]] publicata fuit.</ref> et abusum intellegentiae artificialis, discrimen multilateralismum et [[bellum|bellos]] ab intellegentia artificiali accusat et protectionem [[dignitas|dignitatis]] [[ius inalienabile|inalienablis]] hominis, dignitatem laboris et [[pax|pacem]] et [[iustitia socialis|iustitiam socialem]] sub recte usum intellegentiae artificialis technologiaeque postulat. == Forma encyclicae == Hae [[epistula encyclica]] cinq capita et 245 sectionibus constituta est. *Primum caput: Accessus dynamica [[pietas|pietatis]] ad [[evangelium]] *Secundum caput: Fundamenti et principia [[doctrina]]e socialis [[ecclesia]]e *Caput tertium: [[Technologia]] et dominans. Magnitudo humanitatis in luce pactae [[intellegentia artificialis|intellegentiae artificialis]] *Caput quartum: [[Humanitas|Humanitatem]] in tempore transfomationis tuendum. [[Veritas]], Labor, [[Libertas]] *Caput quintum: Cultus [[potentia]]e et [[cultus humanus]] [[amor]]is == Notae == <references/> == Nexus externi == *[https://www.vatican.va/content/leo-xiv/en/encyclicals/documents/20260515-magnifica-humanitas.html Texus encyclicae] ([[Civitas Vaticana]]) {{Titulus ad litteram}} {{Encyclicae Sociales}} [[Categoria:Encyclicae Leonis XIV]] [[Categoria:Encyclicae Sociales]] [[Categoria:Intellegentia artificialis]] [[Categoria:Scripta 2026]] 807lrus4izw8ii9zsr653fhzfm7ibu8 11 325232 3961762 2026-05-25T22:54:52Z Bartholomite 116968 /* Textus apud Sedem Apostolicam */ nova pars 3961762 wikitext text/x-wiki == Textus apud Sedem Apostolicam == Salve! Vicidata has multiple links to most pontifical documents to include multiple languages, which were getting strung together by the formula into a single broken link. I'm not totally happy with my fix because it leaves a big block of links, but I'm not sure how to both include the links and have them look nice. It may be best to just not include links in the formula and leave that for a Nexus externi section at the end of each article. [[Usor:Bartholomite|Bartholomite]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bartholomite|disputatio]]) 22:54, 25 Maii 2026 (UTC) drgueagf07b3mijxz5b7lr3ch1eq9i7 3961771 3961762 2026-05-25T23:39:18Z Grufo 64423 /* Textus apud Sedem Apostolicam */ 3961771 wikitext text/x-wiki == Textus apud Sedem Apostolicam == Salve! Vicidata has multiple links to most pontifical documents to include multiple languages, which were getting strung together by the formula into a single broken link. I'm not totally happy with my fix because it leaves a big block of links, but I'm not sure how to both include the links and have them look nice. It may be best to just not include links in the formula and leave that for a Nexus externi section at the end of each article. [[Usor:Bartholomite|Bartholomite]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bartholomite|disputatio]]) 22:54, 25 Maii 2026 (UTC) : Maybe [[Specialis:Diff/3961761/3961770|this]] will do? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:39, 25 Maii 2026 (UTC) 8n4pn3lkmb4tutg43adydcxnruys56a 3961782 3961771 2026-05-26T01:37:12Z Bartholomite 116968 /* Textus apud Sedem Apostolicam */ Reply 3961782 wikitext text/x-wiki == Textus apud Sedem Apostolicam == Salve! Vicidata has multiple links to most pontifical documents to include multiple languages, which were getting strung together by the formula into a single broken link. I'm not totally happy with my fix because it leaves a big block of links, but I'm not sure how to both include the links and have them look nice. It may be best to just not include links in the formula and leave that for a Nexus externi section at the end of each article. [[Usor:Bartholomite|Bartholomite]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bartholomite|disputatio]]) 22:54, 25 Maii 2026 (UTC) : Maybe [[Specialis:Diff/3961761/3961770|this]] will do? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:39, 25 Maii 2026 (UTC) ::Much better! [[Usor:Bartholomite|Bartholomite]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bartholomite|disputatio]]) 01:37, 26 Maii 2026 (UTC) 2i26bgemrmxcopae6qptyrc85rkksle 14 325233 3961765 2026-05-25T23:06:54Z Bartholomite 116968 Paginam instituit, scribens '[[Categoria:Encyclicae]] [[categoria:Leo XIII]]' 3961765 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Encyclicae]] [[categoria:Leo XIII]] ol0bugo1rp7o2u3j24a7e5fbhg8vrry 3961766 3961765 2026-05-25T23:07:08Z Bartholomite 116968 3961766 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Encyclicae]] [[categoria:Leo XIV]] 77o5gwqdlrsbp86tj44a4sasmek9xfv 14 325234 3961767 2026-05-25T23:12:29Z Bartholomite 116968 Paginam instituit, scribens '[[Categoria:Ecclesiae per civitates digestae|Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Aedificia Civitatum Foederatarum]]' 3961767 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Ecclesiae per civitates digestae|Civitatum Foederatarum]] [[Categoria:Aedificia Civitatum Foederatarum]] g5sduk00ik0arcghzso1f1ootlaxwoq 10 325235 3961774 2026-05-25T23:45:56Z Grufo 64423 [[Special:Diff/3961770/3961772|Documentationem in subpaginam posui]] 3961774 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subpagina documentationis}} {{Formula numquam substituenda}} {{Lua|Modulus:Params}} Hanc formulam licet ad caput omnis paginae de documento pontificio (epistula apostolica, motu proprio, constitutione apostolica, encyclica, aliisve documentis papalibus) inserere. Parametra apud nos nulla requirit: data omnia e [[d:|Vicidatis]] extrahuntur. Si data erronea seu lacunosa sunt, i ad paginam Vicidata respectivam (per nexum sub verbo "Vicidata" oblatum) ibique aut corrige aut adde ea quae conveniunt. ''This formula can be placed at the top of any page about a papal document (apostolic letter, motu proprio, apostolic constitution, encyclical, or other papal document). It requires no local parameters: it produces an infobox drawn from information at Wikidata. If the data shown are erroneous or incomplete, go to the Wikidata page and add or correct as necessary.'' == De usu == '''Vicitextus:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{Capsa documenti pontificii Vicidatorum}}</syntaxhighlight> === Proprietates Vicidatorum adhibitae === {| class="wikitable" ! Proprietas !! Significatio !! Exemplum |- | P31 || Genus documenti || motu proprio; epistula apostolica |- | P1476 || Titulus || Traditionis custodes |- | P50 || Auctor || Papa Franciscus |- | P577 || Dies promulgationis || 16 Iulii 2021 |- | P407 || Lingua originalis || Latina |- | P921 || Argumentum principale || Missa Tridentina; Missa Pauli VI |- | P953 || Textus apud Sedem Apostolicam || https://www.vatican.va/… |- | P155 || Documentum praecedens || Antiquum ministerium |- | P156 || Documentum sequens || Desiderio desideravi |} == Ulteriora si cupis == * [[:Categoria:Formulae Vicidatorum]] * {{Fn|Capsa Vicidatorum}} <includeonly>{{in harenario aut alibi|| <!-- Categorias sub hac linea adde --> [[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae nullum argumentum accipiunt|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae marginales|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Categoria:Formulae Vicidatorum|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> 9y9630li2bxkpft9ohtmfsgzcjzomoj 14 325236 3961796 2026-05-26T02:33:23Z Bartholomite 116968 Paginam instituit, scribens '[[Categoria:Scripta per annos digesta|2026]] [[Categoria:2026]]' 3961796 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Scripta per annos digesta|2026]] [[Categoria:2026]] ha1e3kos1blnykcimomg7lya6njdoku 0 325237 3961801 2026-05-26T03:08:43Z Grufo 64423 Redirectionem creavi 3961801 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Quadragesimo anno]] cq7288pb6azlcj95j69g3294drs1qwv